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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

DATE DUE

 

 
 
 

 

THE SIDE-LINE.
See page 350.

 

 

CASTING, OR THROWING.
See page 350.
THE

PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

Compiled from the most successful Veterinarians
in the world, and also containing
over

Two Hundred Tried and Tested Remedies and Receipts

of many of the most successful
Farmers and Stock Owners in the United States
and Canada.

Edited by
DR. GEO. A. WATERMAN,

Professor of Veterinary Science,
Michigan State Agricultural College.

ILLUSTRATED.

PUBLISHED BY
F.B. DICKERSON COMPANY,
DETROIT, MICH.
1909
=
Fi

Cor aC Cl Vo Che ocr library
Ta ty 8, eae :

COPYRIGHTED 1904-1908
BY
F, B. DICKERSON COMPANY.
CONTENTS

Horst DEPARTMENT.

 
  
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 

History tof thé Horse ic. sisec.ous td adadssacwundasseesveseunevesnsveersiee evacixene 9
Best Methods of Training...... ne ei sloeaga ES Aeame NEN Ac we eie sues sanaes 14
Anatomy of the Horse............cccsseseeeseees nahaos sananwenandds ce 27
Anatomy of Man and Horse ee ane - 54
Proportions of the Horse....... ‘isa » 55
Water and Watering.. dile’CataenoissWiedinice siagteale 56
Food and Feeding........60--ceseceseeceeeeeeeeseees sasouraaaaeuaepeseenanes 57
Antiseptics... ......66. dueg Seen sannedicbiens aus eacalesnbieg sneareesasiee 64
Disinfection. ..... its teste ethic atcinanctigaied 66
Fomentations ...........cceceessseeeeeeseeeees nies deedbeateesse:- OO
Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals cise citaiceias ineatemoren 68
Forms of Medicine and Ways of Giving..... dn dancoeiseermetutevease 69
How Often to Give Medicines............cccccccceceeccersneeeseeteeseeneesenens 73
Some Points in Determining Nature of Disease. FA
Pullseincssscceessis - 94
Temperature .....s..sssssseseesseeneenesseeseseeeceneeesecesesseeeeeseeeeenneeeeesanes 74
Diseases of the Respiratory, or Breathing Organs. .............csseeeeee 75
Diseases of the Mouth, Teeth, Salivary Glands and Gullet........... 97
Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels.......csscssssessssessesssstsersveververs 10g
Diseases of the Liver and Spleen............... saa Seeianwacense 130
Diseases of the Urinary Organs...........csesceeee os suoneapeevads 132
Diseases of the Genital Organs of the Horse.......... See necamadans 143
Diseases of the Genital Organs of the Mare..... i weve 149
Foaling (Parturition) and Attendant Diseases.. + 152
Diseases and Care of Young Foals..............++ saubpanbawene 169
Castration; Diseases and Troubles Following......... see chiguegdlene 172
Rupture (Hernias) and Methods of Treatment....... sintalsadistcsls 182
Diseases and Injuries of the Ear............cccssscessseees icasleeesbaeen 185
Diseases and Injuries of the Eye ...............0065 i ee 186
Contagious Diseases and Fevers of the Horse... eisansctacsseians: LQ
Diseases Of the: Slc10., - 2. cocsesicsesen dives ges nevvecisimawseuncaraed viaduanimerecelerd 203
Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System..........cscesssceceeeeseeneeeee 215
Diseases of the Lymphatic Systet...........cscsseseeseeeee 230
Diseases of the Heart, Arteries, and Blood-Vessels.... +1233
General Diseases of the Blood sees 240

Diseases of the Bones...........2068
Woundsand their Treatment
Diseases and Injuries of Head, Neck, Shoulders, Body, and Hips. 266
Diseases of Front and Hind Legs..........:ccsseeeeeseecseeseeceeseeesansnenens 281
Diseases of the Feet............sssceeeeee so idwwatvne
How to Break of Vices...........4+

Poisons and their Antidotes .. ...
Miscellaneous Information.......
Operations. .........ccccccsessenesercossseeneesseeeeeses

CaTrLe DEPARTMENT.

Anatomy’ of Cattlessiccsssciesiscssie sivesosaesscsssvesossesoasnivonseamasnersesieness
Action of Remedies in Cattle... aseew ai ine
Pulse, Respiration and Temperature bite
Diseases of the Respiratory ae asia
Diseases of the Digestive Organs...

 

 
  
 

 
  
 
 
  
  
 
   
 

4 CONTENTS
Rupture; or Hernia. ca. 5. cesasecacdsssoledius saunsaasisnacs ssonieosanleasieveaaineredesss 399
Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels .. see 403
Diseases of the Liver and Spleen » 405
Diseases of the Urinary Organs...........s0000c00+ - 408
Calving (Parturition) and Diseases Attendant... 414
Diseases of Young Calves............scccseeeeeeeeeeeeee . 447
Diseases of the Generative Organs of the Bull.. - 454
Diseases of the Eye.u......cceesssceseseseeeeeseeeeeneceens + 459
Disedses:of the Hare. .cccncccvsnssescesdonocnwadianaarsaesessyaornsenssee Steves 468
Fractured Bones; Wounds; Sprains of Joints and Tendons.......... 471
Diseases: Of the: Slit vss cesccsceacssiawsacesaaeseaadeseencedeaneseaaeewee See « 478
Diseases:Of the: Feet sc scncscawsresy vocaaevey waeandecadeauonscdavessinasianes s+» 490
Diseases of the Nervous System. see 494
Contagious Diseases of Cattle... 505
General Diseases of the Blood.... we 528
Poisons and Their Antidotes...........c::cssccccsssecsseeeeceeeesceesenseeneeee 536
QPEPAtONS 5, <siccavecennia ops vevavesessvwacuwscedhaasTouaLecn sie sicavenaciswanne ven wana 530
SHEEP DEPARTMENT.
Diseases and Their Treatment.............ccsseceees slaaaidaneaei ewer dewlestiaunsn 543
Diseases of Young Lambs...........:..sssseceessesseeeeccesvonee Sui caissweeneeciice 571

SWINE DEPARTMENT.

Ways of Giving Medicine............csssceeseeseseeeee dassovsptccsnansamsaiiaeees 573
Disinfection and Disinfectants ... ie

 
 

 
  

   
  

Hog Cholera and Swine Plague.... een 574

Common Diseases of Swine............::ccesccescacseceeseneeescnscsccsceeseseee 578
POULTRY DEPARTMENT.

Diseases and Their Treatment ..............0006 SUDBUDN eae TeNON SdAD esas eee 598

Poultry Houses........ sents cassie -- 610

Poultry Pointers ............. s+» 624

Articles Of POUltty Di€t. iccccdecicssascceaceasea nee veiccnnssiesbsenebsWeiehweph eeese 625
Doc DEPARTMENT.

Diseases and Their Treatment....... Sonia dd dja Vai des'ua dics sdeile qeclesa ena veeeree’s 627
MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT.

Instruments ........ccesecceesccneceeeetansenscceeerssecenescasseesasens - 645

Apparatus ........cscccereees ese eeeees - 647

Medicines—Action and Dose.. + 653

PLCSCH PtiONs sees eisedvedousiieseceta car vavwre vs aba peuausaetebsbee gereumeneeddeces 670

PRACTICAL REMEDIES AND RECIPES FROM FARMERS AND STOCK OWNERS.

Remedies for Horses sosnesassssiasisersogeasecatasincossesicaesneoedencacsectd doses 675
Remedies for Cattle ....

 
 
 

 

Remedies for Sheep.. ss 720

Remedies for Swine........ wax 725

Reitiedies for CHiCk €NS) tices caw ccsscaesseadeacguaines wer saprinabanicesvacnauese resins 733
SUGAR BEET, FERTILIZING AND SPRAVING DEPARTMENT.

SUPAL BEST: foe ones seussnes dadeou junds samaguaaansueasnusmentenm vibes muewrn 6

Fertilizing : :

SPTA YANG asics cvincwasuste yossxceansiinerckiewacwosiinst gd obeiadpeleanjanbueeleosWaleveesaesies ons
DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL AND OTHER TERMS IN COMMON USE...... . 768
ADDENDA: vasssaicnaaverssees Send eNNN GUN TANG DAOTE Daca vanereeiws wiennnenienriies 782

 
 

INDEX ....... 5 Seip bebsee’ e sinsciass sib geesesleewsceunsaeesuccdeus 784
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  
 
 
 
 
  

  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 

  

PaGE

The Thirtity: Parmer... sc) sauscscacsneseseevovecesies soseiddessascdueiavascostuvees Frontispiece
Skeleton of the: Horse sicsissicssveescvesiceesssssacescevecsenesevectarssscecaecazes facing 27
Superficial Layer of Muscles (colored plate)........ccccccsssssessssseceesee . 31
Interior of Chest Showing Heart and Diaphragm..........ccccecsccceees o 38
Anatomy of the Foot (colored plate—5 cuts) .........s:ccccessssscesssseees sf 46
Proportions of the Horse..........cccssssscccesceseesceecsesecteneeceunseeseaecesceceuese 55
GAVIA DP EN CH isis sa ssits casatceasesse tavensteeeeecoeuvvescced face; ler cvatoas facing 64
Symptomatic Cuts of Diseases of the Horse........ccccscscesssseseeees following 64

Pleurisy. Lymphangitis.

Scrotal Hernia. Open Joint.

Acute Indigestion, Capped Elbow.

Pneumonia. Splints.

Spasmodic Colic. Sprain of the Radial Ligament.

Spasmodic Colic, Severe. Bog Spavin.

Inflammation of the Bladder. Enlargement of the Fetlocks

Inflammation of the Kidneys Capped Hock.

(3 cuts). Anchylosis of the Fetlock Joint.

Inflammation of the Bowels. Grease Heel.

The Way to Poultice Lungs. Acute Farcy.

Poll Evil. Bone Spavin.

Big Head. Upper Articular Surface, Small Pas-

Fistulous Withers. tern Bones.

Dislocation of the Patella. Pastern and Coffin Bones.

Stifle Joint Lameness. Coffin Bones

Fracture of the Femur. Sole of Coffin and Navicular Bones,

Nasal Gleet. :
Position of the Left Lung........ceeee cUgeeeh eae tea vaadeiewen oSsedted facing 75
Digestive Apparatus (colored plate) saieianepasbes vee §£ OQ
Bots (4 Cuts) a csisecasscasieesssvenvnecaversvescevecsesces er ae teaspeseses) VO PEI
Intestinal Worms (5 cuts) ed anltannbenemantutes «129
The Nervous System............ ec ceeeeseeeeee at nasi svicvuisetow dei dlng «215
Circulatory Apparatus (colored plate) .... case abate soawnen uae’ “233
Ring Bone (colored plate—2 cuts) sia wera “' 256
Bone Spavin (4 cuts).......ccccseeeeee wa wom SE 259
Sling i Useesecccssicecosressercaceossonsavexecsunesssevevadasveoness Saativaenies 282
Anatomy of the foot (colored plate—4 cuts). : 303
Teeth at Hight Days................. si - 342
Teeth at Two to Three Months... Sag hae enuataiieinnawsda dtaWbinnaaczinvenee dance’ 342
Léethvat Hight to Ten. MOnths icc iscsicseasveaserssietstvn con seers sbeasedondedsnvenvene sie’ 342
Teeth at One Year................6086 seihaeaavaacs Las sisiecauigvasiegess 342
Teeth at Two Nears ioic.ccsseedecesnevesreevcessanccees: se es ae sees 343
Teeth at Two and One-Half to Three Years dadeideeseeunslvanss 343
Teeth at Three and One-Half to Four Years.............. Sade sptaveeesevees 343

Teeth at Four and One-Half to Five Vears........ sadeuevigeuacae ces 343

Teeth at Five Vears ow... ..cccceceeceesceeceeeeeeeees ies -copane er eaetaaies 344
Teeth at Six Years..... oa » 344
Teeth at Seven Vears... oe - 344
Teeth at Eight Years... ecaneneowes debarswaueeesedeee 344

The Side-Line............ sesseee facing 350
Casting; or THrOWInG 0625 cosisaa-csoodssdeusbusseverseckeiecbestaciens eshicess «350
6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

 

 
  
  
 
 
 
    
  

 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
   
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
  

PAGE
Peace and Plenty. s.csesssscssscwenctcrrecersscdsvmees rouse sec averiaaveseadsenestons facing 358
Skeleton of the Cow..... ae xdesivenrawscecenigweveeess 363
Position of the Rumen sidsaeverstaveneurs srane “382
Correct Position of the Calf in the Utero.........ccscssesecesssseeneeeeeeees “  4I4
Giving the Cow Medicine.............csecsscccsssececneecccseeeeuaeseseneeeaees “478
Lump-Jaw, Actinomycosis of the Jaw.........:ccsseccsssssssseserseaseseneees «524
Lump-Jaw, Skull Showing Bony Bute ees guctbaecoeuaage «524
Giving the Sheep Medicine. ..cccssssccssescacaseossensovasasssrcocaseaenesenate es 543
Poultry Vard...cicccccseseseeeee : §98
A Lean-to Poultry House........... w+. 610
Simple Form of Poultry House... veee GIL
Ground Plan of same........csceccseseceeeeeeeeeenees i weve OIL
Poultry House with Scratching Shed we OIL
Ground Plan of same........cscssesseesssecesseeeeees ta ee. OIL
Construction Of Roosts,.......ccscsesceee coceeeeeees wees O12
Sectional View of Platform and Nests.........cc.sscceesseeeeeeeeeeeeeene wee 612
Sectional View of Concealed, or Darkened, Nest...........:0::seceeeeeeees wee. 613
Concealed, or Darkened, N est : edavadions cwdilb enaandmusnad vacsadernnncaeianuens sveve O13
Scratching Room Under Poultry House.......... . 614
Double Poultry House with Scratching Sheds............ . 615
Ground Plan Of Same sisscecsecesssccsevsciess sive eens scnseswessesecaend sdsbneideaenarvecesiinne 615
Common A-shaped Coop with Sliding Slat... cesses eee eeeeeeseeeeeee 616
Chicken Coop with Enclosed Run........cccccesseeseessssescueeeeseereeeseceseneees 616
Chicken Coop with Hawk-proof and Cat-proof Run.,......... sarwedape thud ceeeces 617
Coop with Glass-covered Run 617
Two forms of Feed Troughs................
A Drinking Fountain made of a Can...
Colony House..........ccecscsccsessseveseees
Colony House,..........scc0scsesreseeoeseens
Colony House with Scratching Shed..........cccessecsseeee ere eeeee 3
End Plan of Ten Dollar Poultry House..........ccccceeecsseeseesesaneeecceesseeeene
Front Plan of Ten Dollar Poultry House wes

A Ten Dollar Poultry House, Complete........

The Children’s Friend—A Good Dog.............0068 facing 627
Clinical Thermometer ............cccccseseseeeeeeeeeneeeneees 649
Hypodermic Syringe and Aspirator 649
Graduate 649
Repeller.......... «+. 649
Needles........... .--- 650
Seton Needle........ war 2 650
Parturition Hook ........ v8 se. 650
Pig Forceps...........-000 diag e anestcee « 650
Artery Forceps. died shisiblew oaiaseniween atin ndstosae woe. 650
Milking Tubeisssicsassescsasstcsnsie cine cassuciaiisaciscs sees 650
Teat Slitter, or Bistoury........... ce cceceeeee eee sees 650
Tracheotomy Tube, Self-Retaining

Trachea Tube, Oval.s scicssscrsccssencevsaesansreues

Trecar and Canula, Horse.....

Hobbles, Throwing or Casting
Emasculator .....cccccsssesssseeseseeeneses

FECTASCUL saje ae aie oinaine Sais cis ob csina Sesincedie'vee

Various Types of Spavin (3 cuts)... age

Splint (colored plate—4 CUtS)........ccssssscsessetcreseetseseeeneseenees saeeeee 675
Bone Spavin, Hocks with Skin Removed (colored plate—3 cuts)... ‘ 698
Position: of the Lune sess casseonevsracenascesevosn ovanerssecasaecisienrssecvareee sess {8 705

 

Apparatus used in Sterilized Air Treatment for Milk Fever
INTRODUCTION

N editing this work, it has not been with the intention of
giving the stockman something that will take the place of
the veterinarian; no book can do that; no amount of reading can
take the place of his experience. The object has been to give
those who wish to better acquaint themselves with the diseases
of animals, an opportunity to do so; and especially is it for the
stockman who is not within reach of a qualified veterinarian.
There are many such, even in the richest, most thrifty parts of
our country, and there are others so far from a veterinarian, that
it would require many hours of valuable time to get him,

It has been the endeavor throughout the text, to use such
expressions as can be understood by those who have not had a
scientific training. A plain description of the anatomy of
animals has been given for the benefit of those who may desire
to better understand their structure, and points have been col-
lected with reference to the training of the horse, which may
prove of benefit to the inexperienced along that line.

Nothing new is claimed for the work, unless it be that an
effort has been made to make the treatment of the diseases dis-
cussed a strong feature, by telling in a simple, plain way, just
what to do, and how to do it; what medicines to use, how to use
them, and how often to repeat them. So often, when asked by
the farmer to recommend to him a book treating of the diseases
of animals, have I felt that the works intended for him do not
give the treatment of the diseases in such a way, that he may
know what drug or drugs to use and how often to use them, that
in this work I have tried to make the treatment especially plain.

While the work is in part a compilation, as editor I have
woven into it, especially with reference to the treatments, the
lectures as I have given them to our college students.

7
8 INTRODUCTION

 

The diseases of the different animals have been treated under
different departments, and while such an arrangement has caused
some repeating, it has been so arranged, because it will be easier to
follow the instructions. While nearly all the diseases of animals
have been touched upon, especial attention has been given to the
more common ones.

In giving this work to the public, I trust that it may prove
a benefit to those into whose hands it may fall.

GEO. A WATERMAN.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN,
June 1, 1904,
HISTORY OF THE HORSE

ROM earliest ages the horse has been the friend and compan-
ion of man. Prized for his beauty, loved for his docility, and
valued for his strength, he has ever been regarded as the highest
in value and importance of all domesticated animals. In the re-
motest ages, as far back as authentic history discloses anything
of the life and pursuits of man, we find that the horse occupied a
prominent position in his service. Painters have pictured on their
canvas the majesty and grace of the spirited animal. Poets have
celebrated his strength and beauty in their verses, and the inspired
writers have introduced amongst their most glowing descriptions
the horsemen and chariots which formed a chief feature in the
pomp and magnificence of those early days.

In the most ancient hieroglyphics we find him present, and
always so represented as to show that, even in the remote antiquity
from which they date, he has been brought into complete and
serviceable subjection. In the oldest Egyptian paintings the horse
is seen only in the war chariot, and in the descriptions of the
siege of Troy only the charioteer appears, from which it has been
supposed that the first horses used by the Greeks were too small
to be conveniently ridden. But in the painting in the palace of
Nimrod at Nineveh, disinterred by Layard and supposed to be
. more than three thousand years old, horsemen are exhibited both
in the chase and in war.

But farther back than even those distant times, in the ages
where authentic history merges into the shadowy light, amidst
which myth and fable mingle with the real, we find this noble
animal figuring, but then exalted into asemi-human sphere. The
Centaurs, who inhabited the passes of Mount Pelion and Ossa
and the great plains of Thessaly in Upper Greece, were probably
a race resembling in many respects the Tartars of this age, and
are supposed to be the first who brought the horse into subjection

9
10 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

to man. ‘They ‘were fabled as being half horse and half man.
They are represented as perfect horses in all respects below and
behind the withers and the chest; there, at the intersection of the
neck, began a human body, the hip joints articulating into the
shoulders of the lower animal and the abdomen of the man pass-
ing gradually into the chest of the horse. Above this the human
form was perfect, with the erect bearing, chest, shoulders, arms,
neck and head of a complete man. ‘They were reputed to be pos-
sessed of extraordinary mental as well as physical powers, and to
be as superior to ordinary men in wisdom and art as they were in
fleetness and strength. They were evidently a tribe of horsemen
whom the ignorance and superstition of that early age elevated
into a superior race, in the supposition that the horse and man
were united in one. Everything points to them as being the first
who succeeded in breaking and using the horse. i;

Coming down to the time of authentic history, we find the
Parthians to have been among the most renowned for their skill
in training and using the horse. Their feats of horsemanship in
battle showed a complete mastery of the animal, which in their
battle with the Romans rendered them so efficient as mounted
archers.

Frequently in ancient paintings the mounted steed is repre-
sented without a bridle, and the Numidian cavalry are said to
have guided and restrained their horses without it, an assertion
by no means improbable, as a Comanche Indian of the present
day will frequently jump on the back of a wild and untrained
horse, and guide him by the simple expedient of covering with
his hand the eye of the animal on the opposite side to that in
which he wishes to direct him.

In sacred history the first mention of the horse is in the time
of Joseph, when in Egypt, at which period the horse had been
broken and subjected to the harness, thus corroborating the
already mentioned records of the monuments. Thus we find
that as civilization advances, and historic records multiply, that
the use of the horse becomes more universal. Where the original
country of the horse was matters little, except as an interesting
fact, whether in Asia or on the soil of Africa, to which his near
relations, the Zebra and the Quagga are certainly indigenous.
HISTORY OF THE HORSE II

In modern times the horse has been so closely associated
with man that he appears in every phase of society, and it is only
when his numerous uses are considered that we realize how
greatly the human family is his debtor. The knight of the days
of chivalry would have been impossible but for the trusty steed
which bore him so gallantly in the lists of the tourney and amid
the deadlier strife of battle. Before the plow and at the harrow
he has multiplied the productions of the earth a hundredfold
beyond what human strength alone could have secured. Labor-
ing before the loaded wagon, he has been the steady drudge of
man. Harnessed to the elegant equipage or the humbler ‘‘cab,”’
or bearing along the dusty highway the stage coach, he has per-
formed a thousand offices indispensable to human comfort and
advancement. It is not too much to claim for him that civiliza-
tion itself would have been shorn of something of its fair propor-
tions but for the valuable services rendered by this noble animal.

Yet, with all his acknowledged value, the horse has been too
frequently the victim of neglect and cruelty; often ill-fed, poorly
sheltered and harshly treated, until in many cases the innate
nobleness of his nature has been obscured by vicious habits,
contracted by the mismanagement and abuse to which he has
been subjected and perpetuated by ignorance and prejudice.
Naturally the horse is gentle and confiding; he is quick to per-
ceive, and possesses an excellent memory, which qualities render
him capable of being educated easily, and to an extent far greater
than is generally supposed. Added to this he is capable of deep
and lasting attachment.

What the horse may have been in his native state is not
known, as none at present exist in that condition. The horses
which at the present day are found in a wild state in Asia and
America are known to be descendants of individuals formerly
domesticated. They are generally smaller, yet stronger than the
domesticated animal, with rougher coats, stronger limbs and
larger heads. Even when adult, the wild horse is easily domesti-
cated, and may be broken to any use without great difficulty,
thus proving the natural gentleness and docility of his nature.
They are captured by the lasso, bitted, mounted, and broken
within an hour by the daring and skillful Gauchos.
12 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

The Arabians, long renowned for their attachment to the
horse, early showed the extent to which intelligent training could
develop his finer qualities, and render him the most docile and
obedient of animals. Something in that country or its climate is
especially suited to the development of the horse, and although
introduced there long after his domestication in other eastern
countries, he rapidly attained a degree of excellence which sur-
passed all others, until the horses of Arabia and the adjacent
portions of Asia and Africa became the most celebrated for speed,
courage, intelligence, and docility of any of the equine race.
Small in size, he has a beautiful, lean, bony head, with a very
broad forehead, a tapering muzzle, and large well-opened nostrils;
his mane is long, thin, and silky. The Arabian has entered into
the early history of the best stock of England and America.
Although much of the superiority of these horses is attributable
to peculiarly favorable conditions of the country where they
originated, yet many of their excellent qualities may be traced
to kindness and intelligent training by which those qualities were
first developed, and through which they have been transmitted
until they have become characteristics of the race.

The Arabian understands the value of his horse, appreciates
the nobility of his nature, and treats him accordingly. They kiss
and caress him, adorn him with jewels and amulets formed out
of sentences of the Koran, as a preventive against evil and acci-
dents. ‘‘In short,’’ says a modern author, ‘‘they treat them
almost like rational beings, which are ready to sacrifice their lives
for their master’s benefit.’’ In the desert he is the familiar com-
rade, tentmate and playmate of his master, as docile and intelli-
gent asadog. The Rev. V. Monroe relates an anecdote of an
Arab, ‘‘the net value of whose dress and accoutrements might be
calculated at something under seventeen pence half-penny,’’ who
refused all offers made to purchase a beautiful mare on which he
rode, declaring that he loved the animal better than his own life.
The French author, Dr. St. Pierre, quotes a remarkable instance
of the attachment an Arabian feels for his horse: ‘Ihe whole
stock of a poor Arabian of the Desert consisted of a most beauti-
ful mare. The French Consul at Said offered to purchase her
with the intention of sending her to his master, Louis XIV. The
HISTORY OF THE HORSE 13

 

Arab, pressed by want, hesitated for a long time, but at length
consented on condition of receiving a very considerable sum,
which he named. The Consul, not daring without instructions to
give so high a price, wrote to Versailles for permission to close
the bargain on the terms stipulated. Louis XIV gave orders to
pay the money. ‘The Consul immediately sent notice to the Arab,
who soon made his appearance mounted on his magnificent animal,
and the gold he had demanded was paid down tohim. The Arab,
covered with a miserable rag, dismounted and looked at the
money, then turning his eyes to the mare he thus accosted her:
‘*To whom am I going to yield thee up—to Europeans, who will
tie thee close, who will beat thee, who will render thee miserable.
Return with me my beauty, my darling, my jewel, and rejoice
the hearts of my children.’’ ‘‘As he pronounced these words he
sprang upon her back and scampered off toward the desert.’’

It is not surprising that such a high appreciation of, and
fondness for, this noble animal, united to an intelligent training,
has resulted in the production of a race of horses unrivalled in
excellence. But among Europeans and Americans the treatment
of the horse has been usually so harsh, and the mode of training
so deficient in intelligence as to greatly lessen his value, even
where a brutal ignorance has not brought into activity every vice
latent in his nature. Of the numerous faults ascribed to the
horse, a very small portion are chargeable to his natural disposi-
tion, the remainder being the direct result of vicious training, or
rather the absence of training and the substitution of something
which, under that name, first produces and then fosters the faults
for which the animal is punished; while often the punishment is
ineffectual, because the animal has no conception of why it is
made to suffer.
THE HORSE
BEST METHODS OF TRAINING

IKE many an old system that has in the main outlived its use-
fulness, brute force as applied to horse training is passing
out, and in its place the gentler method of teaching the animal,
that while the master must be promptly and implicitly obeyed,
he is at the same time a truly indulgent master requiring nothing
that is not necessary to be done, and, the task being once done,
reward in kindness, care, and rest follow. It is not to be under-
stood of course that the whip, and spur, and the ‘‘terrible voice’
have passed the bounds of the memory of man; for there are still
too many men of brutal instincts who are only too willing to
exercise them on subject creatures, but their number is
decreasing rather than the reverse. Not only this, but a horse
trained by the more gradual and gentler methods is always
the more safe and reliable animal in every spot and place.

THE FIRST LESSONS.—tThe first lessons should be
given at a very early age. Some who should know say as early
as at five days old. The common practice has been to let the
colt remain unbroken until a certain age is reached. This is a
dangerous method to follow, both for the colt and for the trainer,
for the colt is likely by this time to have acquired habits of
which it will be hard to break him on account of his great
strength. If the little colt is trained at the proper time, and the
training patiently carried on until he is a horse, he will scarcely
know what ‘‘breaking’’ means. Take the colt in hand at an
early age and train him by degrees. The common mistake is
trying too teach him too much at atime. Be gentle and kind to
him, allowing him to examine you carefully. Whatever he
understands to be harmless he does not fear. In moving up to
him, should he show fear, be gentle, and move carefully, and he

14
TRAINING THE HORSE 15

 

will soon comprehend that you are harmless, if allowed the
privilege of examining and understanding you in his own way—
with his nose. Don’t use the whip at this early age, for if you
strike him he will be afraid; his strength can be easily overcome,
and he can be taught his first lessons without the whip. Never
let him know what fear is, yet you must control him; there
should never be a time when the colt does not recognize the
mastery of his keeper and the necessity of obedience. Handle
him every day until he is perfectly gentle and knows no fear.
It is at this early age that many of the vices are formed, if
allowed to go without proper early training. The old adage of
‘as the twig is bent, so the tree is inclined’’ is just as applicable
to the colt as to the son of his master. Be sure that the colt
has learned the first lesson thoroughly before attempting to teach
him another.

HALTER BREAKING.—One of the first lessons for the
colt is the use of the halter. This should be taught him when he
is asuckling. A strong, well-fitting halter should be placed on
him, and he should be tied short near to his mother and in
such a position that he cannot pull back too far and throw and
choke himself. A colt should always be tied strongly so there
will be no danger of breaking loose, for if he breaks loose once,
he is likely to try to repeat the act. After the colt is well halter-
broken, so that he can be tied and led, it is a good plan to let it
go with the mother at times when he will not be too much
bother, but do not keep him with her all the time; tying his halter
to her hame or collar; in this way he gets used to walking and
trotting beside another horse.

If the work of halter breaking has been left until weaning
time, or when the colt is to be stabled, the lesson will not be so
easy. In this case the colt must be first driven into a confined
space, where he cannot escape. Take the halter in both hands,
and keep holding it to the colt until he will touch it with his
nose. Do not hurry. The important thing now is to show the
colt that there is nothing dangerous about the halter. When he
ceases to be fearful, place the halter on his head quickly and
fasten it. If he shows no serious fear tie him up at once. Should
16 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

he seem frightened, allow him to wear the halter for a time until
accustomed to it. When you tie him, do so securely and see that
halter and strap or rope is so strong that there will be no chance
of his breaking it, for in all probability he will sooner or later put
it to the test. If he cannot break loose, there will be no bad
habit to break off at a later time. When he stops pulling he is
halter-wise, so far as standing quietly is concerned, and he will
cease from pulling on the halter simply to free himself. Stay
near him until he gives up, so in case he gets into trouble you
may help him out.

LEARNING TO LEAD.—The next lesson for the colt is
to learn to be led. Take the colt to some place, where, if it
throws itself, it will not get hurt. The best time to learn to lead
is within two or three weeks after birth. Have the lead strap
10 to twelve feet long. Let the colt play around in a circle if it
chooses for a time. Approach him gently, take the lead strap
four or five feet from the halter and stand facing the colt; com-
mence to pull gently, at the same time telling him to come to
you; if he starts to rear, ease up a little. After rearing once or
twice he will come to you, then pet him; step back and repeat
the process; in a short time the lesson is learned and he leads
anywhere. The next day he may have partially forgotten, but
it soon comes to him again, and in three or four days he leads
like an old horse.

TO MAKE A COLT COME TO YOU.—Have a long,
flexible whip. Place yourself just so far ahead of the colt that
you can easily touch him on the flank, and then bid him ‘‘come
here,’’ at the same time pulling on the halter. If he does not
come, touch him on the flank or on the forelegs lightly, and so
continue until he obeys. If he pulls back, check him, and con-
tinue touching him until he comes to you. ‘Then pet him, give
him a small bit of sugar, a piece of apple, or something that he is
fond of. Continue in this way until he comes readily at the
word. =

HOW TO PROCEED WITH THE BRIDLE.— To
accustom the colt to the use of the bit is one of the lessons to be
TRAINING THE HORSE 17

 

early learned. A bitting bridle should be put on for an hour or
more a day until he is familiar with it. An ‘‘open bridle” should
always be used at first in order that the colt may see and familiar-
ize himself with all that is going on about him. There should
be no lines or reins attached. Later this style of bridle may be
changed to one with ‘‘blinders,”’ then gradually the use of lines
may be taught him.

LESSONS IN SOUND SIGNALS.—Thus far the en-
deavor has been to accustom the colt to prompt obedience to
command expressed by voice and signal. ‘The voice must be the
chief reliance. The signal by sound should always precede the
signal by signs,-or the check by strap or rein, and should always
precede the tap of the whip, when the whip is necessary. The
same word should be used to induce the performance of a certain-
act, as: Whoa! back! goon! come here! When this, has been
done and the colt taught to stand at rest, to lead quietly or to
circle about the teacher at the end of the rein, he should next be
taught to follow the master about the yard without leading, first
with the halter strap in hand, the tutor backing as the colt fol-
lows, and afterwards with the strap around the neck of the colt.

The first lesson in backing may be given by taking the colt
by the head, standing in front of him and using the word ‘‘back,”’
at the same time pushing in the proper direction, and tapping
him on the breast if necessary. After a time the colt will back
promptly and continuously at the word. This lesson and all
others of flexions must be taught with the bridle and bit, since
to back easily and properly the head must be raised.

TEACHING THE COLT TO DRIVE BEFORE
BEING HARNESSED.—In breaking colts a large, smooth bit
is to be preferred. There are on the market some slightly
flexible, leather-covered bits that are very good. A straight or a
single joint bit is to be preferred. After the colt is thoroughly
acquainted with the bitting rig, a saddle, back strap and crupper
of a single harness should be carefully put on and be kept on for
an hour or two a day, until he is well accustomed to it. When
this is done a bridle can be put on, the lines passed through the
ioops for the shafts, and the colt driven. By passing the lines

2
18 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

through the loops, the colt can be prevented from whirling
around and getting tangled up in the lines. It is usually a good
plan to have an attendant lead the colt until he understands what
is wanted of him. Make haste slowly and remember that while
of necessity the instructions herein given must of necessity follow
in close order, that the instructions to the colt should be extended
gradually over his entire colthood. Teach him to move his body
in the direction his head is turned. Drive him to the right ina
circle for a time, then to the left until he readily answers the
prompting of the reins.

HARNESSING AND DRIVING.—At about two years
is the best time to put the colt to light work. He has better
teeth than at three years, and has arrived at the period when
careful driving will assist to spread and develop the frame. The
great danger here is giving too much work, and unless this be
guarded against, he best not be trained.

After the colt has been taught to drive single, the breeching
and traces should be attached and arranged so there will be no
flapping and the colt hitched up with a reliable but quick acting
horse. It isa mistake to put a colt with a slow, lazy horse, for
his actions only irritate and confuse the colt. After being driven
double awhile, hitch the pair to a substantial vehicle. When
hitching up a colt for the first time in this way, it is a good plan
to put a pair of single lines on the colt’s bridle, which may be
handled by an assistant. In hitching up double, a good, heavy
wagon is preferable, and especially one with a brake. Place the
colt on the ‘‘off’’ side, as he is more easily managed there, and
can be touched up with the whip better. If the colt rears and
plunges, keep the steady horse in motion and talk to the colt.
If he shows too much temper, a few good cuts with the whip
will bring him to terms, but in punishing strike but once,
repeating if necessary. ‘This discipline, administered with care,
and driving to make them waywise, is all the difficulty one need
ever have with colts.

Some horse trainers prefer breaking a colt in shafts before
hitching him up double. A cart for breaking colts single should
be substantial, with long, heavy thills, and the seat arranged
TRAINING THE HORSE 19

 

behind so the driver can get off and on quickly. Thecolt should
be hitched far enough ahead in the cart so that he cannot kick
to do any damage. A strap—commonly called a ‘‘kick strap’’—
attached to each shaft and passed over the colt’s croup should
always be used until the colt is well accustomed to the thills.

When a colt is first hitched up in a two-wheeled cart, an
attendant should hold him until the driver is ready, then he
should be allowed to go. Assoon as he becomes familiar with
the cart, he should be compelled to stand until he is told to start.

Teaching a colt to back is usually best done by placing him
in with a horse that will back well, the wagon being placed part
way up a slight incline so it will run back easily, and after a time
backed on level ground. An assistant takes the lines and tells
the colt to back, while the trainer takes hold of the colt’s bit on
either side and assists in forcing him backward. If he refuses to
go, a slight cut across his front legs, or tapping the legs with the
toe will cause him to step back. Time and patience are often
required to make a colt back well. He must always be compelled
to respond to a traction of the bit, even if a cut with the whip be
necessary. He should not be allowed to twist head and neck
around without moving the body. In teaching him to draw, he
should be hitched with another horse of his own temperament and
agility. At first, loads must be light, increasing as he becomes
accustomed to his work. A young horse not accustomed to pull-
ing should never be hitched to a load if there is any doubt of his
ability to move the same readily.

HOW TO SADDLE-BREAK THE COLT.—Prepare
the saddle by tying each stirrup strap in a knot to make them
short, preventing them from flying about and hitting the colt.
Then double up the skirts and take the saddle in your right arm
so as not to frighten him with it when you approach. When you
get to him, rub him gently a few times with your hand, then
raise the saddle very slowly until he can see it and smell and feel
it with his nose. Now let the skirts loose and rub them very
gently against his neck, the way the hair iies letting him hear
the rattle of the skirts and feel them against him, each time a
little farther backward, and finally slip it over on his back.
20 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Shake it a little with your hand, and ina little time you can
rattle it about over his back as you please, pull it off and throw
it on again without his paying much attention to it. As soon as
you have accustomed him to the saddle, fasten the girth. Be
careful about this. It often frightens a colt to feel the girth
tighten around him. Bring it up very gently, and do not draw
it too tight at first—only just enough to hold the saddle on.
Move him a little and then tighten as you will, and he will not
mind it. You should then lead him about thestable a few times;
then remove the saddle and replace it. See that there are no
loose straps about the saddle to flap about and scare him. After
he becomes thoroughly accustomed to the saddle, and is not afraid
to see you anywhere about him, and will follow you anywhere
you wish to go with the saddle on him, you may, if he is old
enough to bear your weight, proceed to mount.

HOW TO MOUNT THE COLT.—yYou should go all
around him, move thesaddle skirts and see that they do not frighten
him. Place a block by the side of the colt and get on the block.
If he seems frightened at your appearing higher than usual,
repeat the lesson until the fear is all removed. Goslow. Lean
on the saddle, put your foot in the stirrup, and allow him to bear
your weight. Allow your knees to rest against him and your toe
to touch him under the shoulder. Repeat this several times,
or until the animal is accustomed to it. You may now raise your
leg over his croup and he will not get frightened. When these pre-
cautions are taken, there are few horses so wild that you cannot
now mount without making him jump. When mounting, the
horse should always stand without being held.

HOW TO RIDE THE COLT.—When you want the
colt to start, do not touch him on the side with the heel or strike
him with the whip. At once speak to him kindly, and if he does
not start, pull him alittle to the left until he does so, then let him
walk off slowly with the reins loose. Get on and off until he will
stand when you get into the saddle. Get on from both sides
until he becomes thoroughly familiar with the movements and
stands still. After you have trained him in this way for several
TRAINING THE HORSE 21

 

hours you can ride him anywhere without having him jump or
make an effort to throw you. When you mount a colt, take a
little shorter hold on the left rein, so that if anything frightens him
you can keep him from jumping by pulling his head around. This
operation of pulling a horse’s head around to his side will prevent
his jumping ahead, rearing up, or running away. If he is stub-
born and will not go, you can make him move by pulling his
head around to one side, when whipping will have no effect.
Turn him around and around until he gets dizzy, then give him
his head and a little touch with the whip and he will go along
without any trouble. ‘The martingale should never be used when
a colt is learning. He should now be perfectly gentle and familiar
with the halter, bridle, saddle and the different parts of the
harness, and should be accustomed to follow readily when led
either by the halter or bridle, and to stand in either the company
of other horses or alone.

HOW TO BREAK WILD AND VICIOUS COLTS.—
One of the best plans for breaking wild and vicious colts is by
what is known as the Rarey method. This consists in conquering
the animal by depriving him of the use of his limbs, and making
him feel that he is utterly powerless in the hands of the operator,
and must submit to whatever is required of him. It isa system
that condenses in a short time the work that would ordinarily
cover the whole period of colthood up to the time. Mr. Rarey
used an ordinary halter to which he attached a straight bar bit
4% inches long between the rings, with side bars. ‘The attach-
ment is made by means of two small billets and buckles. The
first step will be to halter the colt, which may be done by driving
him into a close box or stall and haltering him if necessary from
the outside. When bridled the next move is to throw him on his
side. ‘To throw him, do as directed in OPERATIONS on page 347.
When down, rub and caress him, treating him with the utmost
gentleness, and every effort should be made to quiet his fears and
soothe his éxitement. He must be shown that though mastered
he isnot in any way hurt. Stroke his hair with the hand; pat
his body, neck, and head; handle his feet, legs, and ears; in this
way manipulating every part of the body. The operator may
22 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

now sit down upon him and get all over him; for the more
motions and changes that can be gone through with, the better.
The harness should be rubbed over him; the saddle laid on him;
and the chains rattled over him if such are used. Continue this
until all symptoms of fear have disappeared, and then allow him
to get up. When on his feet, place the saddle on his back and
each piece of harness. If he scares and jumps and acts ugly,
take them off and throw him as at first. Bring the buggy and
allow the wheels to pass around where he can see them, and lay
the shafts on him. Continue doing this until he is familiar
with every part of harness, saddle and carriage. Whatever is
undertaken must be perseveringly taught until understood, for if
the horse is not thoroughly conquered at the outset, a long course
of training will be needed to bring him to proper subjection.
Do not use harsh words or means. In handling the colt be gentle
and soothing, bearing in mind that the law of kindness is more
potent than that of force. All directions given for training colts
apply here.

Another method that is very effectual in taming wild and
ugly colts is by the use of the knee strap. It is especially good
for a ‘‘kicker.’? Take up one forefoot and bend the knee until
the hoof is bottom upward; and then slip a loop over his knee and
shove it up until it comes above the pastern joint, being careful
to draw the loop together between the hoof and pastern joint with
a second strap, to keep the loop from slipping down and off. This
will leave the horse standing on three legs; he can be handled
with ease in this position, for he cannot do much hampered in
this manner. When the horse’s foot is first fastened up, he will
sometimes get in a rage, striking with his knee and trying in
every way to get the foot to the ground; but he will soon give
this up and with it abandon all ugly actions, be willing to obey,
and generally be docile. Repeat this as often as required. This
method is attended with less trouble and danger than any other
method, since after tying up the foot you can sit down and let
him fight it out. When he gives up, go to him, let down the
foot, rub his leg with your hand, caress him and let him rest a
few minutes, then put it up again. Repeat this a few times,
always putting up the same foot, and he will learn to travel some
TRAINING THE HORSE 23

distance on three legs. When a little used to this way of going,
put on the harness and hitch up to the cart or sulky. LEvenif a
kicker, no fears need be harbored that he will do damage with
one foot up, nor run very fast; if he wants to run and is given
every privilege, and even urged, he will go but slowly on three
legs, and will soon tire and be ready to stop. If when discon-
tinuing the strapping up process there is fear that the horse may
run or act viciously, straps with rings may be buckled below the
fetlock on each foreleg, a small rope tied securely in the ring
of the strap on the right leg, passed over the belly-band and
down through the ring on the left foreleg, then passed up over
the belly-band again and held by an assistant who walks or rides
with the trainer. In case of trouble, the assistant by pulling on
the rope can hold up one or both feet. If a horse shows a tend-
ency to kick, a twitch on the lines will often distract his atten-
tion and prevent kicking. In the case of a nervous and irritated
horse, placing a blindfold over the eyes will frequently direct his
attention in another direction.

Horses have also been successfully tamed after being haltered
by attaching to the halter, by a strong snap, a long rope (25 or
30 feet) at its middle, and having the ends held by two attendants,
whose only duty is to keep the rope spread, and to accommodate
themselves to the movements of the colt, so as to keep it as nearly
within bounds as possible, the trainer’s part being to direct the
work and to talk to the colt. After rearing and plunging until
completely exhausted, the colt will be in condition for the master
to begin the lessons in training.

HOW TO USE A STUBBORN HORSE IN BREAK-
ING.—If the animal you are training has a stubborn or mulish
disposition, rather than being wild; if he lays back his ears as you
approach him, or turns to kick you, he has not proper regard or
fear of man, and it might be well to give him a few sharp cuts
with the whip about the legs, pretty close to the body. It will
crack sharply as it plies about the legs, and the crack of the whip
will affect him as much as the stroke. De not whip much; only
just enough to frighten him. But whatever you do, do it with a
good deal of fire, though without anger. If you cannot control
24 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

yourself you are not fit to handle horses. When he does right,
pat and caress him, giving him a piece of apple or something he
is fond of. If he does wrong, give him the whip. As soon as
he is frightened enough to stand up and pay some attention, go
up to him and pet him a great deal more than you whipped him;
by so doing you will excite the two controlling passions, love and
fear, and he will love and fear you. ‘Then as soon as he under-
stands what you want, he will obey quickly.

If the animal is too mulish to yield to careful and gentle
treatment as is here given, then resort to the treatment as in the
case of taming wild and vicious colts on page 21.

HOW TO MAKE A HORSE COME AT COMMAND.
Take a small-sized rope about 15 feet long and tie it around the
horse’s neck the same as though you were tying him to a post;
then draw the rope back between the horse’s neck and the rope,
and you will form a loop; by putting this over the lower jaw
you will have a bridle that will be a power in your hands.
Having put on the bridle take hold of the rope about 5 feet from
the end, and give him a few side pulls, saying at the same time,
“Come here, sir!’? Then, quickly taking hold of the end of the
rope, say, distinctly, ‘‘Come here, sir!’’ and if he comes, caress
him; if he does not come, give him a pull sidewise, and repeat
the command until he obeys. Now start off with the rope, either
to the right or to the left, and if he does not follow you, give
him another twitch, and he will soon learn to follow you.
Ordinarily it can be taught in ten minutes. Use the same means
when turning horse out to pasture, only let the rope go and trail
along the ground, and when he gets a few yards away, repeat
the command, and if he comes, pat him; if he does not, give
him a lively jerk, and he will soon obey without the use of the
rope. No matter how far away, if in the field, all that is neces-
sary is to repeat the command and he will come. It is quite
necessary to teach a horse this form of obedience, as it is the
foundation of others, and is one of the most valuable that a
horse can possess.
TRAINING THE HORSE 25

 

TO BREAK A HORSE OF REARING UNDER
THE SADDLE OR BEFORE A CARRIAGE.—Attach a
small cord tightly around the swell of the body, tie with a loop
knot, one that will not slip, and carry it back to the carriage.
By reason of not being able to expand his body, the horse will
not rear, since he cannot do so without body expansion. ‘The
method is so simple that one would say that there is nothing to
it, but if put to the test it will be found of great value in remov-
ing a most unpleasant if not a dangerous habit.

TO MAKE AHORSE STAND STILL WITHOUT
HIT CHING.—First teach the horse to follow you. When he
will do this, stand him in the center of the stable. Begin caress-
ing him at the head and gradually work backward. If he moves,
give him a cut with the whip and put him back in the same place
as at first. If he stands, pet him. Continue this until you can
walk about him without making him move. Keep walking about
him, increasing the distance gradually, but occasionally touch and
caress him. After getting some distance from him, if he should
move, give him another cut with the whip and put him back in
his place. If he stands, go to him frequently and pet him. Go
round him as before; then stand him in another spot and proceed
as at first.

TO TRAIN A HORSE TO STAND STILL WHILE
GETTING INTO A CARRIAGE.—If the horse rears up and
starts suddenly, or will not stand long enough to get in, do not
whip him for it, as that only adds to the trouble and may make
him stubborn so that he will refuse to go when called upon, In-
stead, when he is hitched, pet him about the head, then take
hold of the lines and put your foot on the step and shake the car-
riage; if he starts, pull gradually on the reins, and at the same
time say ‘‘Whoa, my boy,’’ or something like it. Then approach
his head and give him something he likes, as a piece of apple,
caress him on the head between the eyes and on the nose and
neck. Continue this for some minutes. When mounted, do not
allow him to start off in a hurry; let him start off slowly. Perse-
vere in the treatment and the horse will become kind about start-
ing off.
26 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

HOW TO MAKE AN ANIMAL GET UP THAT
THROWS HIMSELF.—Animals often get sulky and acquire
the habit of lying down. Horses that are balky when urged to
go will often lie down and refuse to get up. Oxen will some-
times lie down in the furrow before the plow. When the habit is
thoroughly settled, it becomes very annoying to the owner or
driver, and severe means are often resorted to without avail. The
following will be found effective:

When animal has thrown himself and refuses to get up, raise
the head and pour into his nostril a small quantity of water—not
over a pint—and the result will be both effective and amusing.
He will get up with an alacrity that will make amends for his
sulkiness, for the sensation will be that of drowning and there
will be no tarrying on the beast’s part to relieve himself. Simple
though this may seem, bear it in mind, and the first time you
have an opportunity to try its power, prove it to your satisfaction.
  
 

SKELETON OF HORSE.
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE

O know something of the structure of the horse is of utmost
importance to every one who breeds, rears, or buys them,
since in the perfection of the parts that go to make up the complete
animal—fineness and solidity of bone, firmness and sufficiency of
muscles, healthy organs of respirations, and a high normal condi-
tion of activity in the digestive tract—lies the real value of this
most valuable servant of man. Not only this, but having some
knowledge of the body and its structure, the organs and their
functions, one is much better fitted to care for, to treat in case of
disease and in every way advance the condition of animals under
his care.

THE SKELETON OF THE HORSE.—To make the
bony structure plain to the reader, which will first be considered,
it is shown by diagram, since it is not only the most easily under-
stood, but is the most accurate method of presenting information
of this character. To make the object lesson still more easy,
there is given in the illustration, not only the skeleton, but also
a background of the outer form and outline of the horse.

The Head.—If a cross or longitudinal cut were made of the
head, it would be seen to be full of cavities or sinuses, the uses
of which are to lighten the head and to warm the air as it passes
into the pharynx on its way to the lungs. It is also full of fora-
mina or small holes for the nerves from the brain, and blood
vessels to pass through to the organs situated in the head, as the
tongue, lips and the glands in and around the head. There are
also the cavities in which the eyes are situated, one on each side of
the head. In examining the cavity, one will find a small opening
through which the optic nerve passes in coming from the brain
to the eye. ‘This is the nerve of sight. But most important of
all is the brain cavity, which contains that organ, through which
the various movements and functions of the body are controlled.

27
28 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Cervical, or Neck Bones.—Of these there are seven in
number. ‘The first bone is called ‘‘atlas;’’ it is ringshaped with
lateral projections like the outspread wings of a bird. It articu-
lates with the skull and has great freedom of motion on the next
bone, which is called the axis or ‘‘dentata,’’ and which allows the
head to turn in any direction, as on a pivot. Between these two
bones on the upper side is the only place where the spinal cord
is not covered with bone—a spot not larger than a twenty-five
cent piece. Here is where the operation of ‘‘pithing’’ is per-
formed in killing a horse. The rest of bones are not named, but
simply numbered from before back.

Dorsal, or Back Bones.—These are next in order after the
neck bones, and there are eighteen of them. The height of the
spines on the upper part of the bones is a point of interest, as
they form the withers of the horse, as may be noticed in the cut.
On either side these bones we find the ribs attached, eighteen
pairs, corresponding to the number of bones in the back.

Lumbar, or Small-of-the-Back Bones.—These are six in
number and next in position to the bones noted. They are
situated immediately over the kidneys. Arealso called ‘‘bones of
the loin.’ Their long side processes give the width to the loins
and furnish attachment for the large muscles of the region.

Sacral, or Croup Bones.—Before birth these are five in
number, but they become united and form one bone. ‘These are
situated between the upper hip bones and help to form the croup
of the horse.

Coccygeal, or Tail Bones.—These are eighteen in number,
and the point of interest is the fact of growing smaller as the end
of the tail is approached.

Hip, or Pelvic Bones.—The pelvis is made up of six bones,
three on each side, all firmly united in one. The ilium is
strongly attached to the bones of the croup, and may be called
‘“‘the keystone of the arch,’”’ the outer part of it forming the pin
of the hip or outer angle. The ischium or hip bone is a backward
continuation of theilium, and bears an enlargement which projects
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 29

 

on each side a little below the tail. The pubis is a single bone
and is connected with the others, forming an inverted arch with
them, and forms the front part of the lower surface of the pelvis.
The bladder lies upon this bone.

Sternum, or Breast Bone.—The breast bone in the young
horse is composed of six bones, but in the full grown horse it
- becomes united into one solid piece. The front of the bone is
convex and sharply keeled, and its upper part projects so as to
be plainly outlined in what is called the ‘‘ point of the breast,”’
that part just below the lower portion of the collar. This bone is
one of the softest of the body, and the first eight pairs of ribs are
attached to it on either side.

Ribs.—There are eighteen pairs of ribs. They form the
lateral walls of the thorax or chest cavity, and afford protection
to the heart andlungs. They are attached above to the dorsal
region of the back bone. Below, the first eight pairs are
attached directly to the sternum or breast bone, and these are
called the true ribs; the remaining ten pairs are attached
indirectly to the breast bone by cartilages, and are called ‘‘false
ribs.’’ Beginning with the first rib they increase in length to the
ninth, then grow shorter until the last is reached which is only
a few inches in length.

Bones of the Shoulder.—These are two in number; the
shoulder-blade or scapula, and the shoulder bone or humerus.
They form the shoulder joint, which is a ball and socket joint,
and has a strong capsular ligament, and is held down to its place
also by several strong muscles. ‘This is the seat of what is called
‘shoulder joint lameness.’’ The elbow joint is formed by the
lower end of the humerus or shoulder bone, and the upper ends
of the radius and ulna, the bones of the forearm.

Bones of the Forearm.—The upper part of the foreleg of
the horse is called the forearm, and is composed of two bones,
extending from the elbow to the knee. One is behind and to
some extent above the other; there being a considerable projec-
tion received between the heads of the lower bone of the shoulder
30 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

(humerus), forming a powerful lever, into which are inserted the
muscles for extending the arm. The upper bone ends in a point
behind the middle of the other one.

Bones of the Knee.—These bones are eight in number,
arranged in two rows, three in each row and one back of each
row. The one back of the upper row gives prominence to the
back of the knee, acting as a lever and should be large. There
are three transverse joints in the knee, one between the upper
row and the radius above, one between the two rows, and one
between the lower row and the bones below. The greatest
amount of movement takes place between the upper row and the
radius, a small amount between the two rows, and practically
none between the lower row and the bones below; this accounts
for the fact that a bony growth on the lower part of the knee
may not stiffen the joint to a noticeable extent. The bones are
all held together by a large number of ligaments, making the
structure very strong.

Bones of the Cannon.—Between the knee and the fetlock
are three bones—one large bone and the two small or splint bones.
These form what is called the Cannon. The upper end of the
large bone articulates with the lower row of bones in the knee,
and below with the upper pastern at the fetlock joint. The large
bone is nearly straight, rounded in front and flattened or slightly
concave behind. ‘The splint bones, which are to strengthen the
cannon bone, diminish to a point before reaching the fetlock joint;
they are attached one to either back border of the large bone,
their upper ends helping to support the lower row of bones of the
knee.

Bones of the Pastern and the Foot.—By reference to cut,
“Anatomy of Foot,” showing the bones of the lower part of the
front leg, all the bones and joints may be seen. The part of the
leg between the fetlock and the foot is called the ‘‘pastern.’’ The
upper pastern bone moves freely upon the cannon bone, and at the
back of this articulation are two small bones called ‘‘sessamoids.”’
The movement between the upper and lower pastern bones is
not very great; about one-half the lower bone is within the hoof.
SaTOSAW AO YAAVIT TVIDIAMAdNS

 

  
 
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 31

The toe is formed by the coffin bone which is surrounded and
enveloped in the hoof. The navicular or shuttle bone lies beneath
and partly within the junction of the coffin and lower pastern.
It is also enclosed in the hoof.

Bones of the Hind Leg.—The femur or upper thigh bone
articulates at the upper end with the ilium, which is in turn joined
to the back bone. The femur is very large and strong, and has
upon it large projections for the attachment of important muscles.
The upper end of the femur has a rounded head on the inner
side, fitting into and articulating with a cup-like cavity formed at
the junction of the three pelvic bones. At the end below are
the two prominences fitting into the depressions in the tibia or
lower thigh bone, and in front of which is a groove for the patella
or knee-cap to work in, the whole making what is called ‘‘the stifle
joint.’ The lower thigh is made up of two bones, the tibia or
main bone, and the fibula or small bone at the outer, upper part,
which reaches down the tibia about one-third its length, and is
attached to it.

Bones of the Hock, or Tarsus Joint.—This joint contains
six and sometimes seven bones. They are interposed between
the tibia above and the cannon bones below. Most of the move-
ment of the joint takes place between the tibia and the upper
front bone of the hock; these articulate in such a way as to give
a large amount of motion; but slight motion takes place between
the other bones. The projecting bone at the back, which forms
the point of the hock, acts as a lever for the attachment of a large
tendon.

The bones below the hock in the hind legs are the same as
those below the knee in front.

THE MUSCLES OF THE HORSE.—In the previous
articles the skeleton of the horse was set forth. In this article
we will as clearly as possible say something of the muscular
system. For purposes of accuracy the scientific world has
adopted the Greek and Latin languages as the source of names,
since they are generally understood by scholars; for this reason
it is difficult to go into the detail of names ina popular work such
32 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

as this without cumbering it with a great mass of useless matter,
but we will try and give a goodly amount of instruction and put
it into language easy of comprehension.

Muscles are the active organs of motion, each being separated
from the other by a thin, delicate membrane of connective tissue,
which forms a sheath for the muscle. They are divided into two
parts—fleshy and tendinous. The first is larger than the second
and is sometimes called the ‘‘belly of the muscle.’’ Itis the ‘lean
meat,’’ to use a popular term. At both ends of the muscle is the
tendinous part, which is hard and white and forms the attach-
ment to the bone. Every muscle is attached to two or more
places on different bones, and by their contraction move the joints
of the body. ‘They are supplied with nerves, which give energy
and feeling, and also well supplied with small blood vessels,
from which the muscle is fed. There are two kinds of muscles
—voluntary and involuntary. The voluntary are under the
control of the will of the animal, as the muscles which move the
leg or head. The involuntary are those that work without con-
scious action of the will, such as those of the heart, or of the
breathing organs.

Muscles of the Head and Neck.—The masseter muscle
forms the cheek of the horse, and its function is to close the
jaw; the temporal muscle also assists in the action of chewing,
and the dimpling seen above the eye in doing so is from the
action of this muscle. The eye has two muscles—one to close
the eye and one to raise the eyelid. The ear muscles are
not conspicuous; one turns the ear forward, a second turns it
inward and backward, while a third descends at the back of the
cheek and turns the ear outward. ‘The nose and lip muscles are
important, since they aid in gathering food, and in expanding
and contracting the nostrils in breathing. They also, in connec-
tion with those of the ears, aid one in judging much as to the
temper of the horse. One muscle entirely surrounds the mouth,
and it opens and closes the lips; another, a pyramid-shaped muscle,
covers the nostril, and also raises the upper lip. The under lip
is drawn back by a narrow muscle, which is inserted into the lip
below the angle of the mouth; it passes along the side of the jaw,
disappearing under the cheek muscle—the masseter.
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 33

One of the principal muscles of the neck originates in the
four or five first dorsal bones and in the lower five bones of
the neck; from these points uniting into one muscle, which makes
up the principal lower part of the neck, and which, diminishing
in size as it passes toward the head, terminates in a tendon
inserted in the bone covering the top of the head. Above this
is another muscle called the splenius, which is inserted into all
the bones of the neck except the first, but having with this and
the top of the head a separate connection. To the form and
development of these muscles the muscularity and beauty of the
neck is due. The thick crest and massive neck of the stallion
are largely due to the development of these muscles.

On the front of the neck are three muscles that may be
mentioned, the first of which is the hyoid muscle; this is attached
to the hyoid bone of the tongue; descends along the front of the
neck close to the trachea, or windpipe, to the point of the breast,
but is for most of its length covered by other muscles. The
principal depressor muscle of the neck partly covers the hyoid
muscle; it rises from the upper part of the point of the breast,
covers the lower front of the neck, proceeds upward just under-
neath the skin, and is inserted by a flat tendon into the rear angle
of the lower jaw. It forms the lower border of the grooveon the
side of the neck, called the ‘‘ jugular furrow.’’ Extending from
the back of the head and upper part of neck, along the side
of the neck forming the upper border of the jugular furrow is an
important muscle which spreads out over the point of the
shoulder. It has a double function; with the head fixed by its
own muscles, it becomes the point from which this muscle raises
the shoulder—but the action can be reversed. With the shoulder
as the fixed point, the head can be depressed by means of a small
slip of muscle being carried forward to the point of the breast
bone to bear the head in that direction. The muscles are all
arranged in pairs, sometimes, but rarely in contact; so that in
speaking of them in the singular, their function and position is to
be understood as applying to each side of the animal.

Muscles of the Shoulders and Back.—An important

muscle is one called the trapezius muscle. It rises from the
3.
34 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

ligament of the neck and the principal bones of the withers,
and terminates in a pointed shape on the prominent part of the
shoulder-blade. Its office, assisted by another muscle, is to raise
and support the shoulders, Occupying the outer surface of the
shoulder-blade, on the front side of the spine or ridge of that bone,
is another important muscle, the anterior spinatus. It proceeds
to the lower bone of the shoulder (the humerus), and dividing
into two parts is inserted into the two prominences on the front
of it. Its office is to carry the bone forward. Covering the shoulder-
blade, back of the bony ridge, is another muscle called the posterior
spinatus. It is these two muscles which waste away in Sweeny.
Inside the arm at the junction with the body is the large pectoral
group of four muscles, whose work is to pull the whole foreleg
inward, keeping it in line with the body, inducing an even and
regular action of that member, and forming the breast. On the
outside of the shoulder, and easily seen when the horse is in
motion, is a triangular group of large muscles, whose office is to
straighten and extend the forearm, bringing it down perpendicu-
larly and in line with the lower bone of the shoulder (the
humerus). Arising from the back border of the shoulder-blade
and the lower bone of the shoulder, they are inserted into the
point of the elbow. ‘The muscles which bend the forearm up-
wards are not visible in the living horse, being nearly covered by
those of the shoulder.

The principal muscle of the back extends from the shoulder
to the haunch; it is strongly attached to the processes of the back
bones and to the ribs, and is employed in raising the fore and
hind parts and in rearing and kicking. The portion nearest the
surface is that covered by the saddle, but no part is distinctly
apparent without dissection.

Muscles of the Fore Legs.—These may be divided into
two classes—extending or straightening, and flexing or bending.
The first named are the ones that straighten the leg. Above, these
muscles are attached to the bones around the elbow joint and pass
down on the front of the forearm; about three inches above the
knee they change into tendon and become what are called the
“cords of the leg.’? Some are attached just below the knee joint
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 35

to the cannon bone, and others pass down in front of the cannon
and attach to the foot bone.

The flexing or bending muscles are situated at the back part
of theleg; are attached above to the back part of elbow joint and
pass downward on the back part of the forearm. Above the
knee they also become tendinous, a part of them attaching to the
little bone at the back of the upper row of knee bones, and in
acting bend this joint, while two continue down the back of the
cannon, forming what are called the back tendons, and are
attached to the bottom of the foot bone.

Muscles of the Hind Quarters.—Among the prominent
muscles of the hip are what are called the gluteal muscles; they
are large end make up a large part of the flesh around the hip
bone. Their function is to carry the the hind leg back, and so
when the foot is fixed to the ground, push the body forward.
They have been termed the ‘‘ kicking muscles.’’ The principal
one arises in the bones of the loin, and in the side bone of the
pelvis, and terminates ia 2 projection on the upper bone of the
thigh, (the femur).

Another important muscle is the ‘‘ three headed muscle”’ of
the thigh. Really it is three in one, having a common origin
and united together. Originating from the sacral bones, and
from various parts of the pelvic bones, it curves downward and
forward, dividing into three heads, which are inserted into the
upper part of the lower bone of the thigh behind the stifle joint.
It assists the preceding muscle in carrying the leg backward,
and hence throws the body forward when the foot is fixed.
Parallel with and behind this is the ‘double-headed muscle’’ that
descends from the croup and first bones of the tail, to the inner
side of the lower bone of the thigh. It forms the rear border of
haunch and assists the two preceding, the three being very
important muscles and should be large in draft horses. The
rectus muscle forms the front of the thigh and extends from the
side bone of the pelvis, in front of hip joint, to the patella or
knee-cap. It, with two assistants, carries the leg forward.

There are a number of muscles on the inside of the thigh
which keep the leg from swinging away from the body. Of the
36 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

muscles of the tail there are four—one on the upper side, its
office being to raise the tail; two are on either side, to draw the
tail in either direction sidewise, and one on the under side to draw
and hold the tail down.

Muscles of the Lower Thigh, or Gaskin.—Like the fore-
leg these may be divided into the flexing and extending muscles.
The first named are attached above around the stifle joint and
descending down the front of the thigh bone, one becomes at-
tached to the front of the cannon just below the hock and flexes
this joint, while the others pass through sheaths or loops at the
hock to hold the muscles firm while leg is in action; thence con-
tinuing down in front of the cannon bone to the fetlock, we find
them passing through loops or sheaths, then on down in front of
the pastern bones, and widely expanding are inserted into the
upper part of the coffin bone; these straighten the fetlock joint.
The back muscles are attached above, around the stifle joint at
its back; they become tendinous before reaching the hock. ‘Two
of the principal ones pass down to the back part of the hock joint,
known as the ‘‘ point of the hock,’’ to which one is attached; they
form what is called the ‘‘ham-string.’’ The other passes down the
back of the cannon to the fetlock joint through a sheath, along
the back part of the pastern bones, and is attached to the lower
one. ‘This tendon, from the hock down, forms one of the back
tendons of the hind legs. Another important muscle passes down
underneath the one already mentioned, through a sheath at the
back part of the hock where it is supplied with a synovial sack,
and then passes down the back of the shank or cannon bone be-
neath the other tendon, through the sheath at the fetlock to the
back part of the bone of the foot where it is attached. The one
which attaches to the point of the hock straightens that joint and
is important in propelling the animal; those going to the foot
bend that member backward.

Involuntary Muscles.—Are those that control to some ex-
tent the expansion and contraction of the lungs in breathing; the
action of the heart in beating, and they also help form the walls

of all the hollow organs, as the digestive tract, the bladder and
the womb.
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 37

 

The Diaphragm is a large muscular curtain which separates
the chest from the abdomen; it has an important action in
breathing.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.—The nervous system is a
very important set of the organs which give energy and feeling to
the body, and interpret impressions received through the medium
of the senses, such as seeing, smelling, hearing, etc. The brain
is the center of the nervous system, and is situated in the cranial
cavity. It is surrounded by three delicate membranes, called the
“‘meninges,’’ the outer one being attached to the inner wall of the
cranial cavity. From the brain the nerves which supply the
various organs in the head are passed down through the foramina
or openings to their respective points, as the optic nerve to the
eye, the auditory nerve to the ear, the olfactory nerves that
supply the sense of smell to the nose, and the nerve of taste to
the tongue. Other nerves pass to other parts of the head to
give feeling and motion, and still others to the pharynx to give
the power of swallowing. In passing from the brain along the
spinal cord, which is situated in the canal of the bones of the
back, there are numerous small nerves, given off to supply the
muscles of the neck, giving both feeling and motion. About
opposite the shoulder-blade the spinal cord gives off a large bunch
of nerves, part of which gives nerve power to the heart and
lungs. An important point to remember is: that if the spinal
cord is injured in front of these nerves, death is the result.
The other part of the nerves supply the shoulders, chest and
muscles of the front legs. Farther back are given off the nerves
that supply the organs of the abdominal cavity. In the region
of the hips are another lot of nerves given off, some going to
the rectum, the womb and the bladder, assisting in the functional
work of those organs: others supply the muscles of the hips,
hind legs and the tail, Nerves have the appearance of white
threads held together by a common tissue sheath. The brain of.
the horse weighs on the average 23 ounces; that of man 50 ounces.

THE CIRCULATION.—The system of circulation is car-
ried on by means of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins, and
the very important fluid, the blood.
38 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

The Heart.—The heart is the principal organ of circula-
tion; it weighs in the average horse about six to six and one-half
pounds. It is a hollow, involuntary, muscular organ, and acts
as a force pump in maintaining the circulation of the blood, and
is situated between the lungs. The bottom end or apex is down-
ward and rests just above the breast bone, the base or upper
part being directed upward and to the left side, the left lung
having a hollow on its side for the heart to work in. There is
a sac around the heart which helps to protect and support it,
being attached to the back bone above, and to the breast bone
below. ‘The sac is composed of a whitish fibrous tissue, smooth
inside, with many small glands that secrete a watery substance
that lubricates the outer heart wall and the inner sac wall, so
that in action the walls are not irritated. ‘The heart cavity is
in two parts, the right and left sides, each one of these are
again divided into an upper cavity called the auricle, and the
lower called the ventricle, so we have right and left auricle and
right and left ventricle. The right auricle communicates with
the right ventricle through an opening in the septum or partition
on the right side of the heart, but a return is prevented by a
valve. The left auricle opens into the left ventricle in the same
way. The right side is sometimes called the venous side and the
left side the arterial side. Two large veins empty the impure
blood of the body into the right auricle. ‘The right auricle con-
tracting forces the blood through the opening in the partition
into the right ventricle; the valve preventing return. The right
ventricle contracts and forces the blood into the pulmonary artery,
which branches a few inches above the heart, connecting with the
right and left lungs. These are again divided into other small
arteries which flow into what is called the capillary net-work,
which is situated around the air-cells of the lungs, where the
blood gives up its carbonic acid gas, and takes in oxygen from
the air, which changes the color from a dark purplish red to a
bright red. Here is emphasized the necessity of well ventilated
quarters, in order that the carbonic acid gas may be carried off
and the oxygen supplied. The pulmonary veins now return the
blood to the left auricle, and the contraction of the auricle sends
the blood through the opening into the left ventricle, which
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opening is guarded to prevent a return, while the left ventricle
contracts and forces the blood into the aorta or large artery of the
body, which passes above the heart two or three inches, where
the artery branching, sends one forward to supply the parts of
the body in front of the heart, and another backward along the
spinal bones, to supply the body behind the organ.

The branch that goes forward soon divides, sending off
branches to supply the shoulders and forelegs, while two other
branches, called the carotid arteries, pass along each side of the
neck under the jugular veins, giving off branches to supply the
muscles and parts of the neck. Just below the butt of the ears
these divide again each into three large branches, which supply
the brain and other parts of the head. The branch of the aorta
that turns backward from the heart is a very long and large one,
passing below the spine and between the kidneys, branching
again a few inches beyond into four large arteries, two to the left
and two to the right side, supplying the pelvic cavity and the
hind legs. Before the division into four branches, other small
branches were given off, supplying the liver, the spleen, the
stomach, the large and small bowels. and one to each kidney. As
the blood nears the extremities the arteries grow smaller, until at
last the blood reaches the capillaries—small vessels connecting
the arteries and veins—where the blood unloads its nutritive mat-
ter and takes on the waste material, conveying it back to the
heart through the veins.

Arteries are the vessels that convey the blood away from the
heart to the different parts of the body, which being purified
in the lungs by air contact is pure and of a bright red color.

Veins carry the blood back to the heart loaded with the im-
purities that are taken up in the capillaries, and it is then a dark,
purplish color.

The Capillary Vessels are small vessels about 1-3000 of an
inch in diameter that are arranged in varied form in net-work
between the termination of the arteries and the beginning of the
veins. It is here that the nutritive elements are given up to the
tissues and the waste matter is taken up.
40 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

The Lymphatic, also known as the absorbent system, is con-
nected with the blood vessels, and is made up of very minute
tubes and glands, which convey from the tissues of the body a
clear fluid known as lymph, and pour it into the blood of the
veins as it ison its way back to the heart. These glands are
found all through the body—in every tissue of the body supplied
by blood. It is from an inflammation of these glands that are
found inside of the thigh and shoulder, that we have the disease
known as ‘‘lymphangitis’’ or ‘‘water farcy.’”’

THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.—The digestive organs
comprise the alimentary canal and accessories from the mouth to
the anus. The chief parts are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, or
the tube leading from the pharynx to stomach and the bowels,
or intestines. The mouth is the cavity at the beginning of the
digestive canal; in front are the lips; at the sides, the cheeks,
which are lined by what is termed mucous membrane, that has
several openings in it from the glands, which supply the saliva.
On the upper surface of the mouth the mucous membrane is
thrown into folds or bars, from eighteen to twenty in number,
which assist the tongue in the manipulation of food. The tongue
is an important member in articulation, in mastication and in
taste.

The Teeth.—The teeth perform a most important office
in masticating food, thus helping to prepare it for digestion.
The horse has two sets, the milk teeth of which there are twenty-
four; and the permanent teeth of which there are forty. In the
mare the tusks are rudimentary or wanting, hence there are
usually thirty-six. The incisors, or front teeth, are twelve in
number, six in each jaw, the upper being longest; the two middle
ones are called nippers, or central incisors, the two adjoining
teeth lateral incisors, and the outer ones corner incisors. The
tusks or canine teeth are four in number, a pair above and below;
as has been stated these are generally wanting in the mare.
The molars or grinders are twelve in the milk teeth, and twenty-
four in the permanent set—six on each side above and below.
Like the incisors, those of the upper jaw are the largest. In
addition the horse may have supplementary molars called wolf
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 41

 

teeth, small round pointed teeth that come in the upper jaw,
also sometimes in the lower jaw, in front of the molars, one on
each side.

The Salivary Glands.—These are the glands that secrete
the saliva that is poured into the mouth while the animal is eat-
ing. There are three pairs of importance, one large pair on each
side of the throat below the ears, filling the space between the
jawbone and neck; this pair has ducts passing around and under
the lower jaw and up into the cheek muscles, entering the mouth
opposite the third molar. The next pair are below the first men-
tioned and open into the bottom part of the mouth. The third
pair are situated under the tongue, one on each side; by many
small ducts they empty saliva into the mouth. ‘The use of saliva
is to liquify starchy food, and to convert it into dextrin and
maltose; it also aids mastication and assists the sense of taste by
dissolving the food.

The Pharynx.—A cavity just back of the mouth common
to both digestive and respiratory tracts. It isseparated from the
mouth by a curtain called the soft palate; this is very large in
the horse, preventing food from returning into the mouth after
having entered the pharynx.

The Esophagus or Gullet.—Is a tube, lined with mucous
membrane about the same as the mouth, that extends from the
pharynx to the stomach. Its office is the conveying of food from
the pharynx to the stomach by means of successive contractions
of its muscular coat.

The Stomach.—The stomach of the horse is small, holding
about three to four gallons. ‘The walls of the stomach are com-
posed of three coats, the outside or serous membrane, the middle
or muscular membrane, and the inner or mucous membrane,
which is a continuation of the membrane of mouth and esophagus.
When the stomach is empty, the inner coat is in loose folds, and
there are found small openings in it through which gastric juice
enters from the secreting glands. This juice aids in the process
of digestion. The middle or muscular coat consists of muscular
fibres which in action give the stomach a sort of churning motion,
42 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

rolling the food around and mixing it with the gastric juice.
There are valves at the entrance and the exit of the stomach to
prevent a return of food to the gullet, or to allow coarse, undi-
gested food to enter bowels. Large ligaments hold the stomach
in place, and it is well supplied by blood vessels and nerves. In
the horse stomach, the digestion of food takes place quickly in
comparison with other animals. After the food has been fully
digested in the stomach it is changed into what is called chyme,
aud in this form passes on to the bowels.

The Bowels or Intestines.—The bowels or intestines are
divided into large and small, the two, however, forming a con-
tinuous tube with winding convolutions, their length being in
the average horse about ninety feet, of which the small bowels
are about three-fourths the total length. The coats are similar
to those of the stomach. The outer one secretes watery fluid
that lubricates the bowels and prevent irritation from contact
with the abdominal walls; the middle or muscular coat has the
faculty of contracting and relaxing, forcing the contents onward
toward the anus and mixing the food with the juices; the mucous
membrane contains small structures that absorb the nourishment
from the food after it is completely digested by the juices of the
liver and pancreas, and the glands of the mucous membrane,
pouring it into the blood, which, by the action of the heart, car-
ries it to all parts of the body. About six inches from the
stomach in the bowels are found two openings, one for the hepatic
duct, which carries the bile from the liver, and the other for the
pancreatic duct, which carries a clear fluid from the pancreas,
called pancreatic juice. These act on the food from the stomach,
changing it as stated above.

The first part of the large bowels is known as the blind gut
and is about three feet long; its use is to act as a reservoir for
water and fluid parts of food. ‘The next part of the large bowels
is known as the great colon; it is about eleven feet in length,
eight to ten inches in diameter and lies on the floor of the belly,
being doubled on itself three times, forming four portions; it is
the largest portion of the tract, holding about eighteen gallons.
Here digestion of the food is completed, the bowel contracting and
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 43

working, it takes out the nutriment, from here the contents are
carried into what is called the floating colon, which is about ten
feet long and about two inches in diameter; it is thrown into
folds and has the office of working its contents into balls, which
are then emptied into the rectum. It is suspended from the back
bone by a curtain, and lies largely in the left flank.

The Rectum.—This is the last part of the intestines, is
about eighteen inches in length, and is sometimes termed the
straight bowel. The coats are a continuation of those of the
large bowels, but the walls are very much thicker. Above this
bowel are the bones of the croup; below in the horse is the blad-
der. In the mare are found the womb and vagina or passage out,
and at the sides are the bones that help to make the pelvic cavity.
It is the receptacle for the feces passed on from the colon, which
when full, is discharged by the contraction of its muscular coat,
and the dilation of the anus or the posterior opening of the ali-
mentary canal.

THE LIVER.—The liver is the largest secreting gland of
the body, weighing from ten to twelve pounds; it is situated
between the stomach and the diaphragm and is held in place by
several strong ligaments; is dark brown in color and secretes a
fluid known as bile, which is greenish in color and bitter in taste.
The horse has no gall bladder, but simply a tube that allows the
bile, as fast as formed, to flow directly into the small intestines
about six inches beyond the stomach. It is well supplied with
blood vessels and nerves. he bile is an important digestive fluid.

THE PANCREAS.—The pancreas is an elongated, lobed
gland, which lies across the stomach and in front of the kidneys;
it is a reddish cream color, and closely resembles salivary glands;
the pancreatic juice which it secretes, and pours out into the
zmall intestines just back of the stomach, is a clear, colorless
alkaline fluid resembling the saliva, and it aids in the digestive
process.

THE SPLEEN.—The spleen is a soft, greyish-red organ,
situated on the left side of the stomach, and closely attached to it.
44 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

It has no ducts for the secretion of any fluids, and its purpose is
not well understood, but is thought to regulate the temperature
of the stomach during digestion, and to act as a reservoir for the
blood. It weighs from two to four pounds and is well supplied
with blood vessels and nerves.

THE MEMBRANES.—The muscles are enclosed and
bound in their places by a white, thin, tendon-like tissue called
fascia; the surface tissue varying in thickness in different parts
of the body, separating muscle and skin and protecting the struc-
ture beneath, besides conserving the heat of the body—fat being
a poor conductor. ‘The deep tissue not only encloses the body of
each muscle in a sheath, but it becomes united to and blends with
the covering of the bone—the periosteum.

The mucous membranes line all open cavities of the body, as
for example, the digestive organs, the breathing organs, the
urinary and the genital organs. In the mucous membranes are
a large number of glands which secrete a somewhat vicid fluid,
called mucus; this keeps the membranes moist. When the mem-
brane is diseased the mucus is secreted abnormally and a discharge
is the result, or, it is not secreted sufficiently and the membrane
becomes dry and irritated.

The serous membranes, so called because they secrete serum,
a lubricating fluid, line the cavities of the body that do not com-
municate with the air. This membrane is made up of two coats,
the inner one attached to the organs in the cavity and the other
forming the cavity lining, as for example: the belly cavity is
lined and the bowels covered with a serous coat called the peri-
toneum. Another that lines the chest cavity and covers the
lungs is called the pleura.

THE SKIN.—This is the membrane that covers the body
and consists of two parts—the epidermis or outer layer, and the
dermis or true skin beneath. ‘The epidermis is the outer layer of
the skin and is composed of minute cells or scales, its office being
to protect the under layer from injury, becoming especially thick
where the skin is exposed to friction. This layer has no nerves
and is insensible; there is a constant change going on, the dry
scale thrown off being known as dandruff.
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 45

The dermis or true skin lies beneath the epidermis, and is
made up of a network of tissues, vessels and nerves. What are
known as the sweat glands are found in this layer. Being sup-
plied with nerves of touch, it is highly sensitive, while at the
same time it protects the terminations of the nerves that supplies
it. It is a bad heat conductor, and thus serves to retain the heat
of the body; it throws off waste matter through the sweat glands,
the sweat playing an important part in regulating the tempera-
ture of the body; absorption sometimes takes place from its sur-
face. ‘The sebaceous or oil secreting glands are also found in the
skin; they furnish fatty matter that keeps the hair soft and sleek.

THE HAIR.—The hair is the clothing of the horse, and is
found in three forms; the common, which covers the body of the
animal being the finest. That of the mane and tail is coarse and
long, while a third that is stiffer is found around the muzzle, and is
sometimes called ‘‘cat hairs.’? The condition of the horse is shown
by his hair; when well, it will be sleek and glossy, while in dis-
ease, it will be dry, harsh, and staring. In the spring the old
coat is shed, a new one being ready to take its place; and as the
hot weather comes on, this is also shed in part. As the cold
weather again approaches a new suit of hair, thicker and coarser,
begins to appear.

THE EYE.—Something has been said of the eye in the
description of bone, muscle and nerve, but a little might be
added that would be instructive and of interest. ‘The eye of the
horse is a roundish body, flattened behind, mostly enclosed in its
bony cavity and membranes. It is made up of several coats
around the outside, and the interior of what are called the humors
of the eye—the same being three transparant media through
which the light rays pass, and are respectively liquid, semi-solid
and solid. The solid one is the lens, which resembles in shape
the lens of a camera, and forms a picture on the retina the same
as the lens does on the plate. On the inner side of the coats is a
thin membrane called the retina, which receives the impressions of
objects and transmits them to the brain through the optic nerve
which terminates in it. The oblong opening is known as the
pupil of the eye, and has the power of dilation and contraction,
45 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

thus adapting the eye to light received. At the back of the eye
are several muscles attached to the eye and to the bony cavity,
the uses of which are to move the eye and hold it in place. At the
front are the two movable curtains called eyelids, which serve to
open and close, and to protect from injury, aided by the eye-
lashes. At the inner angle of the eye may be seen what is known
as the haw, or winking cartilage, the office of which is to assist
in removing foreign bodies from the front of the eyeball. In
the corner of this angle is a duct that leads to the nose, which
conducts the tears of the eye to the nasal passages. A small gland
above the outer part of the eyeball, secretes the tears that flow
over the eye, keeping it lubricated.

THE EAR.—The ear of the horse is divided into several
parts. The itner part or drum is situated in the petrosal or hard
bone of the head. ‘The auditory nerve (from the Latin audire,
to hear) terminates in small structures just inside the drum of
the ear and conveys the sound impressions received to the brain.
From the drum is a small opening outward to the external ear,
which is made of cartilage to give it stifiness. This is covered
with a fine delicate skin and covered with soft, fine hair. Long
hair pointing outward fills the external ear, its purpose being
that of protection. The muscles of the ear have been mentioned
in the muscular system.

THE HOOF.—The hoof of the horse is divided into three
distinct parts—the wall, sole and frog. The wall is that part of
the hoof that is visible when the hoof rests on the ground, and is
divided into the toe, the quarters, the heels and the bars. The
toe forms the front of the hoof, the quarters are the sides, and the
heels make up the back part. The wall is thickest at the toe and
decreases in thickness from the front, being much thinner at the
sides. From the heel is a process of hoof which looks like a bar,
passing forward between the frog and the sole, one on each side,
acting as a brace to the heel and to the quarters; these are called
‘“‘bars.’’ Inastate of nature the walls are covered with a fine mem-
brane called periople, that gives the hoof a polished look. Its
office is to prevent evaporation and cracking of the horn—a fact
  
             

 

Coffin. bone

Larunar or HeratophyUus ussue
_ Coronary Groove

Inside of hoof 7
ANATOMY OF

        

Large carmon bore

Suspensory \,
ligament im

sSesamnoid bone *

Flexor perroratus } 4
‘ tendore

Frog

Mesal sectior of foot

FOOT.
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 47

 

often overlooked in shoeing when the smith rasps it away too
freely. Around the top of the wall where it unites with the skin
is the coronary band, which is that portion of the skin from which
the wall of the hoof grows. Within the wall are the coffin, navic-
ular and part of the small pastern bones, also the quick or
sensitive laminae, plantar cushion, and lateral cartilages.

The sole of the foot isa thick plate of horn shaped like the
circumference of the foot, except that a V-shaped opening is left
behind for the reception of the frog, and is concave on the lower
surface. It is produced by the velvety tissue, a thin membrane
covering the inferior surface of the coffin bone. The horn of the
sole differs somewhat from that of the wall in construction.

The frog is the prominent elastic horn found in the V-shaped
notch in the back part of the sole, and is attached to its borders.
It is wide at the back, helping to form the heels, and the point of
it in front is called the apex. Between the frog and the bars on
either side are the commissures, and on the upper part is the
membrane known as the sensitive frog, which attaches the frog
to the tendon which lies above.

The office of the frog is to destroy shock and to prevent

slipping.

THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION OR BREATH-
ING.—These comprise the nostrils, chambers of the head, larnyx,
pharynx, windpipe, bronchial tubes and the lungs.

The Nostrils are the two openings, one on each side of the
nose, held open by the aid of cartilage and muscles. About one
and one-half inches up the nostril, on under side, is a small shot-
like opening which is the terminal of the eye duct, which carries
down the tears that lubricate the eyes. The nostrils are lined
with a thin, delicate skin, that changes to the mucous membrane
as it passes into the head chambers. Above the nasal openings
are what are called false nostrils.

The Nasal Chambers give passage to the air from the
nostrils to the pharynx, and are separated by a partition of cartilage
or gristle, each chamber again being divided into three continuous
compartments by thin boi-y plates, called turbinated bones. The
48 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

nasal chambers open into the pharynx, the cavity which is com-
mon to both digestive and respiratory tracts and is described with
the digestive organs. On account of the formation of the large,
soft palate at the back of the mouth, the horse can breathe only
through the nose.

The Larynx is situated between the lower jaw bones, just
back of the root of the tongue, is box-like, made of cartilage,
gives passage to the air and is also the organ of voice. It has an
opening on the upper side guarded by a valve, which is open
except when the animal is swallowing food or water. The lining
is so delicate that the smallest particle of food dropped into it
from the pharynx, causes a violent fit of coughing. It is retained
in place by the windpipe, muscles, and bones to which it is at-
tached.

The Windpipe, or Trachea, is the tube which carries the air
from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and the lungs. It iscom-
posed of forty to fifty rings of cartilage united by strong, elastic
ligaments, which give the windpipe its flexibility, so that it can
be bent in any direction. It is lined with mucous membrane. It
can be readily felt in the front of the neck, the upper end being
very superficial.

The Bronchial Tubes and Air Cells.——The bronchial
tubes are of the same composition as the windpipe, but only
about half the size. These, after they pass into the substance of
the lungs, break up into other smaller tubes which pass all
through the lungs, terminating in what are known as air cells.
A very thin mucous membrane, which is a continuation of that
of organs already mentioned, lines all these parts. Just inside
this membrane is found the capillary net-work of the lungs, and
while the blood from the heart is slowly passing through these
capillaries it gives off to the air the carbonic acid gas, and absorbs
the oxygen from the pure air while it is in the lungs. The object
of the system being to purify the blood in this manner.

The Lungs are the essential organs of respiration. ‘They
consist of two—right and left—spongy masses, commonly called
‘lights’? and are situated in the chest cavity. On account of the
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 49

 

heart occupying a hollow in the left lung the right is the larger,
and is also the more frequently diseased. They are separated by a
partition called the mediastinum, and also by the heart, by large
blood vessels, and by the esophagus which passes on the way to the
stomach. The structure of the lung is a light, soft, but strong and
elastic tissue, and is full of air cells and tubes. Externally the lungs
are covered by the pleura or serous membrane also lining the
chest cavity. Healthy lungs float in water, and are of a rosy,
flesh color, marked by irregular marbling or mottling. The lung of
a foetus which has never respired will sink, but when once inflated
will float, if healthy, as stated. This may be made useful in
determining whether a foal was born dead or died after birth.
The lungs are well supplied with blood vessels and nerves.

Breathing consists in first drawing in the pure air, and in
forcing the impure out. The first act is caused by the contrac-
tion of muscles of the chest in such a manner as to enlarge the
chest cavity, and on account of the space between lungs and
chest walls being air tight, the lungs enlarge and the air rushes
in to fill the space. These muscles then relax and others con-
tract so as to close the chest cavity, making the lungs smaller
and forcing out the air.

THE URINARY ORGANS.—The urinary organs con-
sist chiefly of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

The Kidneys.—These are two in number and are situated
on the right and left of the spinal column, just beneath what is
termed the loins or small-of-the-back. The right one is farther
ahead than the left, lying beneath the last rib. These organs are
full of tubes which excrete the urine from the blood while it is
passing from the kidneys, this being their function.

The Urine, the fluid excreted by the kidneys, consists of
water, but holding in solution a varying quantity of earthy salts
and a peculiar nitrogenous substance known as urea, which if
not carried out of the system acts as a blood poison.

The Ureters.—These are the tubes which carry the urine
from the pelvis of the kidney down to the bladder. There are

two of them, one from each kidney, passing back on each side of
a
50 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the hip cavity close to the walls. They enter the upper back
part of the bladder close together. They are about the size of a
straw.

The Bladder— This is situated in the pelvic or hip cavity,
lying on the front part of its floor. It has a body and neck, the
body being in front with neck to the rear and in connection with
the urethra. The bladder is made up of three coats, a serous, a
muscular and a mucous, somewhat similar to the bowels. The
outer, serous, is a continuation of the lining of the beliy cavity,
the inner mucous. When the bladder is empty it is thrown into
folds. The muscular coat has the power of contraction, thus
emptying the bladder when full. The office of the bladder is to
act as a reservoir for the urine, and when full, the nerves of the
wall are acted on in such a manner as to cause the contraction
spoken of and consequent emptying of the bladder. The neck is
guarded with a muscular valve which prevents passage of urine
except when the bladder contracts.

The Urethra is the tube that carries the water from the
bladder to the outside. In the mare it is very short, passing
from the bladder along and below the womb and vagina or pas-
sage from womb to the vulva, and it opens up onto the floor of
the vulva from four to six inches from the outside. The opening
can be felt by the finger upon examination. In the horse the
urethra is a great deal longer; from the bladder it passes along
below the rectum to just below the anus; here the tube bends
downward and forward, passing into and down to the end of the
penis. In the horse this tube is used in connection with the
organs of reproduction.

THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE HORSE.—
The principal organs of generation in the Horse are the testicles
and the penis.

The Testicles are two in number and lie in a double pouch
called the scrotum. In fetal life they are at first situated in the
belly cavity near the kidneys, but about the time of birth they
descend to the scrotum through what are termed inguinal rings—
openings at the back part of the muscles of the belly—where
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 51

 

they are attached to the under part of the hip bones. ‘The testi-
cles are oval glandular organs and their office is to secrete the
semen. Lying upon the top part of each testicle is a narrow
flattened body called the epididymis. The substance of the testi-
cles is made up of small tubes, these finally uniting into a few
tortuous tubes to form the epididymis. The vas deferens is
formed by a union of the tubes of the epididymis and is the
excretory duct of the testicles. It ascends along with other
structures which together form the spermatic cord, the cord
attaching the testicle to the body.

The spermatic cord, one for each testicle, is composed of
arteries, veins, lymphatics, and the vas deferens, and extends
from the internal inguinal ring, where its component structures
are collected together, through the inguinal canal, and into the
scrotum, where it terminates by attaching to the testicle. It is
cut in removing the testicle. The vesiculae seminales are two
reservoirs situated upon the upper back part of the bladder; they
receive the semen from the vas deferens which open into them,
one into each. They secrete a fluid which is mixed with that
from the testicles. During the act of copulation the semen is
expelled from here by contraction of the walls through the ejacu-
latory ducts into the urethra. The ejaculatory ducts are two very
short tubes connecting the two vesiculie seminales with the
urethra. ‘The urethra is the tube that extends from the neck of
the bladder to the point of the penis. It is common to both
urinary and generative systems.

The semen, or seminal fluid, is the generative product of the
horse. Under the microscope it is found to contain numerous
small living forms called spermatozoa, and when one of these meets
the ovum of the female after copulation, it germinates, and from
the ovum thus fertilized the foetus develops, the development
taking place in the womb.

The Penis is the organ of copulation and may be divided
into root, body, and extremity or glans penis. The back part of
it is attached to the under surface of the pelvic bones. The sub-
stance is formed of what is called erectile tissue, which under cer-
tain conditions becomes distended with blood. ‘The urethra
52 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

passes along the under side, and acts as a conductor for both the
urine and the seminal fluid. The glans penis, or extremity, is an
enlargement of what is called the corpus spongiosum. ‘The sheath
is a loose process of skin which invests the free part of the penis;
it forms a wrinkled and folded sack, and extends from the scro-
tum, with which it is continuous, to a varying distance forward.
The sheath covers and protects the penis except during erection;
the erection is simply due to the excessive filling of the penis
with blood.

THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE MARE.—
The female organs of generation may be divided into the ovaries,
with their ducts, the womb or uterus, the vagina or passage from
the womb, and the external part which is called the vulva.

The Ovaries correspond to the testicles of the horse; they
are about the size and shape of a pigeon’s egg; are held in place
by ligaments and are a little behind the kidneys. At the back
part each has a tube leading from it to the womb, called the
Fallopian tube. Beneath the coat of each ovary lies what are
called the graafian vesicles. Each of these sacs contain a fluid,
and an ovum; the fluid increases in quantity and the vesicle
grows, and finally the wall of the ovary and of the sac gives way
and the ovum or egg escapes into the Fallopian tube and through
it into the womb.

The Uterus, or Womb, is a muscular, membranous sac or
pouch in the hip cavity between the bladder and the rectum, and
is the organ in which the development of the young, or foetus,
from the ovum takes place. It is divided into what is known as
the body and two horns, the horns projecting forward from the
body; the back end of the body is restricted and forms the neck;
it is a small organ, being only about six to eight inches in length
and a couple of inches in diameter when animal is not pregnant. It
is lined with mucous membrane and liberally supplied with blood
vessels and nerves. It is held in place by strong ligaments
attached to the sides and from there to the hip bones; these are
called broad ligaments. At the back of the womb the neck
ovens into the vagina, the opening being called the mouth of
the womb.
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 53

 

The Vagina is a membranous canal extending from the
womb or uterus to the exterior part or vulva, and is situated
petween the rectum and bladder. It is made up of two mem-
branes, one muscular and the inner mucous. It is small at the
outer part, but widens at its inner portion and surrounds the
neck of the womb. It receives the penis during the copulation,
and forms the passage of the foetus at birth.

The Vulva is the external opening of the organs of genera-
tion and urination, and is situated immediately below the anus.
It is made up of two lips and a short canal leading forward from
them In the inferior angle of the organ, in a depression on the
floor, lies what is called the clitoris; it is similar in structure to
the penis in the male, and becomes erected in copulation and
after urination. The urethra opens into the passage about four
to six inches from the external opening.

The Hymen is an incomplete partition or membrane which
separates the vulva from the vagina, lying immediately before
the urethral opening. It is ruptured during the first act of
copulation.

The Mammary Glands, or Udder, are two glands situated
between the thighs of the mare, the use of which is to secrete and
hold milk for the nourishment of the new born animal. The
glands are covered with a smooth, thin skin, and the substance of
them is filled with small glands and tubes. The glands are liber-
ally supplied with blood, from which, by some mystic touch of
nature, the milk is formed, and is conveyed to the young through
teats on the under side of the glands, the ends of which are
pierced by several holes for its escape.
54 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

ANATOMY OF MAN AND HORSE
COMPARED

HE bony structure of the horse, when carefully compared with
that of man, does not reveal those differences that one from
superficial review might think existed. As long agoas the days of
Aristotle the question had been given some study, and that wise
man was enabled to state, that though the horse was a hoofed
and apparently a single-toed animal, he nevertheless had the
rudiments of toes enclosed in the flinty hoof which developed
around the foot and protected it from the rough soil over which
the animal traveled. And the parallel, when once found to exist
in the foot of the man and the horse, is easily extended to all
the other parts of the skeleton. In the table given below, the
names of the different parts of the limbs of man and of the horse
are given in parallel lines, so that one may see at a glance, those
exactly corresponding, though called by different names.

FRONT LIMBS.
. MAN HORSE
Arm (Humerus) corrresponds to Lower boneof the shoulder (arm).
ae

Forearm “Forearm.
Wrist us “Knee.
Hand (Metacarpus) as ‘« Cannon and splint bones,
Knuckles “«  Fetlocks.
Fingers oe “ Pastern and foot.
HIND LIMBS.
Thigh (Femur) corresponds to Upper bone of the thigh.
Knee us “« Stifle joint.
Shin bone “ ‘* Lower thigh or gaskin.
Ankle “Hock.
Foot (Metatarus) “ “« Leg, back cannon.
Rall of the foot sf “  Fetlock.

Toe *S “ Pastern and foot.
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 55

 

PROPORTIONS OF THE HORSE

 

 

 

Scale of Measurements.

To assist in judging horses we give an outline indicating the
proportions of the several parts. In making thischart, the average
of six horses of perfect symmetry is combined. And while this
will not apply to draft horses, the nearer horses of general utility
come to the measurements the better they will be.

 

   

INCHES,
Pei RWG cis ne issaic ve nos usiva debnasesienutestdenewerncanaddeseassaciveasseewsay 6
Length from shoulder-point to quarter... st
Lowest part of chest to the ground............ ats
Elbow point to the ground ............ cee ceseeeeeeeee sere 39
Withers to poll just behind the ears, in a straight line...... 30
Same measure along the Crest.......... c.cceccseeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeens 32
Length of head........cccccsecsssscsessseenonses aie shebaswesoees 22
Width across the forehead sp cajeasiealeaapiealsenieeetests 9%
From withers to the ip... ....ccecsccscssssssseesssceenessecerseseesees 22
From stifie to point of hock, as in attitude of chart........... 27
RoOOt:OF tail to stifle jOMtis scsiissccnsederincas sonore osernosedemeraies 26
Point of hock to the ground 0... eee scence eee eeeeetweeees 22%
Fore arm from elbow to trapezium bone (rear bone form-

ing articulation of the knee).......... si saudieus

From trapezium bone to the ground.

 

Girth Varies 12OM1 sveseoseiscasvesne anceesisvesenbetessaresvreiiedeass
Circumference of the fore cannon bone. (large metacarpal
or shank bone extending from the knee to ee as

IOCK )vavecns destasesadgecnotuaninaiensccadurancetesgansinad snssaes
Circumference of the fore arm just below the elbow... ae y ‘ ae
56 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

WATER AND WATERING

T is generally held, at least in practice, that any water that
stock can be induced to drink, is sufficiently pure for
their use. This practice occasions losses that would startle
us if statistics were at hand. Water that is impure from
the presence of decomposing organic matter, such as is found
in wells and ponds in close proximity to manure heaps and
cess-pools, is frequently the cause of diarrhea, dysentery,
and many other diseases of stock, while water that is im-
pregnated with different poisons, and contaminated with specific
bacteria, produces death in very many instances. Smith, in his
‘Veterinary Hygiene,”’ classes spring, deep-well water and upland
surface water, as ‘‘wholesome;’’ stored rain water and surface
water from cultivated land, as ‘‘suspicious;’’ and river water to
which sewerage gains access, and shallow wells, as ‘‘dangerous.’’
The practice of depending on scooped out water holes, to be
supplied with rain water, as is the case in some states, is decidedly
objectionable. Pure water is clear and without taste or smell;
much beyond that the ordinary individual cannot go in deter-
mining water qualities, but he can use all ordinary safeguards to
insure his animals getting water such as he would wish to drink.
Considering the quantity that may be required by the horse,
it may be said that when animals have access to water continually,
they never drink to excess. When the horse is placed where he
has to depend upon his attendant for his water supply, it may be
stated, in a rough way, that he requires about eight gallons of
water daily, the amount varying with the character of the food
given, the weather and the work.

The time of watering should be carefully studied. The
horse should be watered at least three times a day; when at
work, oftener, if conditions are such as to make it possible.
There is a popular fallacy that if a horse is warm he should not
be allowed any water, many claiming that the first swallow of
water ‘‘founders’’ the animal or produces colic. This is erroneous.
No matter how warm a horse may be, it is always safe to allow
FOOD AND FEEDING 57

 

him from six to ten swallows of water, but a large quantity at
this time is harmful. If this is given on going into the stable,
he should be given at once a pound or two of hay and allowed to
rest about one-half hour before watering more and feeding grain.
When water is now offered him, it will in many cases be refused,
or at least he will drink sparingly. The danger is not in the
‘first swallow,’’ but in the excessive quantity the animal will
drink when heated, if not restrained.

Water should not be given ice-cold. In winter the water-
troughs should stand in sheltered places and where the sun can
shine on the water, or the chill removed with tank heaters.

Water should always be given before feeding, unless the
animal is too warm, in which case a little hay may be given, and
then watered as soon as rested. If watered after a full feed the
stomach is distended, and digestion interfered with. Water
needs no digestion and if given before feeding passes rapidly
from the stomach; this organ, being small, its entire capacity is
needed for the proper digesting of the food.

FOOD AND FEEDING

HAY.— The best hay for horses is mixed clover and
timothy, from one-half to two-thirds clover. It should be of
agreenish color, crisp, clean, fresh, and possessing a pleasant
aroma. Even this, if kept too long, loses part of its nourish-
ment and becomes hard, dry, and indigestible. New hay
should be fed with care, as it is difficult to digest, and produces
much slavering, and occasionally purging and irritation of the
skin. At first it is well to mix it with old hay. The second
crop, or aftermath, is not considered good hay for horses, but
prized by some as a food for milch cows, they claiming that it
increases the flow of milk. Hay should be cut when in full
flower, before the seeds fall; it becomes dry and woody, lacking
58 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

nutrition, if left longer. It should remain in the field the shortest
possible time, for if left too long in the sun, it loses color, flavor,
and wastes. There can be no fixed time for curing, as conditions
of weather govern, but, in order to preserve the color, aroma
and best quality, it should be gathered as quickly as is possible.
On the other hand, hay will spoil in the mow if not sufficiently
cured, and the last state is worse than the first, for, as before
stated, musty and moldy hay is productive of many disorders.

The average horse, getting grain, should be allowed from ten
to fifteen pounds of hay daily, but it is an error to think that
horses at light work can subsist entirely on hay, for such animals
will become pot-bellied, fall off in flesh, and will not thrive.
Colts will grow up on a hay diet solely, into long, lean, gawky
creatures, never making as good horses as those accustomed to
grain in addition to hay.

STRAW, if used at all, should be cut and mixed with hay,
and ground or crushed grain. Wheat, rye, and oat straw are
the ones most used, and of these the oat straw is the best. Pea
and bean straw are sometimes fed to horses, the pea being
preferred.

CHAFF.—Wheat and rye chaff should never be used for
horse feed. The beards get lodged in the mouth and throat, and
produce more or less serious trouble. In the stomach and bowels
they often serve as the nucleus for ‘‘soft concretions,’’ as spoken
of in diseases of those organs. Oat chaff, if fed in small quan-
tities and mixed with cut hay, or corn fodder, is much liked by
horses. ‘Troublesome and sometimes fatal diarrhea follows, in
some instances, the practice of allowing horses and cattle free
access to a pile of oat chaff.

GRAINS.— Oats take the precedence of all single grains as a
food for horses, as the ingredients necessary for the nourishment
of the body exist in them in the right proportions. ‘They are,
besides, more easily digested, and a larger proportion absorbed and
converted into body tissue. The best oats are six to tweive months
old, plump, hard, clean, bright and sweet. New oats are indi-
gestible; kiln dried oats are to be refused as a rule,: for the
FOOD AND FEEDING 59

 

drying process injures them. Sprouted or fermented oats should
never be fed. Crushed oats are the best for old horses and those
having bad teeth. Horses that ‘‘bolt’’ their food are best fed on
crushed oats, and out of a manger large enough to allow spreading
the grain in a thin layer.

A mixed grain ration, composed of a mixture of oats, corn
and bran is better than any single grain; a mixture of two parts
each of corn and oats and one part bran, by weight, is good, or
equal partsof each. During very hard work the addition of from
one-half to one pound of linseed meal or gluten feed to each ration
is of great value.

The average horse requires, in addition to his hay ration, from
four to twelve pounds of grain daily, depending upon the amount
of work being done. The best oats are cut about one week be-
fore being fully ripe. Not only is the grain richer in nutritive
properties, but there is less waste from scattering than if left to
become dead ripe. Moldy oats, like hay and straw, are productive
of digestive diseases.

Wheat and rye are not to be used as food for horses except
in small quantities, bruised or crushed, and fed with other grains
or hay. If fed alone in any considerable amounts, they are almost
sure to produce digestive diseases, founder and like troubles.
They should never constitute more than one-fourth of the grain
allowance, and best be ground.

Bran of wheatis an excellent food for horses. It should not be
depended upon and given alone, but should be fed with other grains.
It keeps the bowels free. If sour, it should not be used, as it will
disorder the stomach and intestines and may produce serious re-
sults. It is better to make it a part of each day’s ration than to
feed it once or twice a week as is so often done.

Corn is not a suitable grain as exclusive food for young
horses especially, as it is deficient in mineral salts. It may be
fed either whole or ground. If fed whole, feed on the cob.
Horses unaccustomed to corn should be fed in small amount at
first, gradually increasing the amount; otherwise an attack of
indigestion may result.

Linseed, ground, is occasionally fed with other food to keep
the bowels open and improve skin conditions. It is particularly
60 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

good during convalescence, when bowels are sluggish in action.
Linseed tea is very often given in irritable conditions of the
digestive tract.

ROOTS.—Potatoes are used for horse food in many sections.
If fed raw and in large quantities they are apt to produce indi-
gestion. Their digestibility is favored by steaming or boiling.
In common with other roots they are slightly laxative. Beets are
not much used for horses. Carrots make excellent food, especially
during sickness. They improve the appetite and slightly increase
action of bowels and kidneys; improve the coat, and some claim
that chronic cough has been cured by their use. They may be
considered as an adjunct to other foods, and fed in small quanti-
ties with benefit.

GRASSES.— Grass is the natural food of horses. It iscom-
posed of a great variety of plants, differing widely in amount of
nourishment contained, some being almost without food value,
and others eaten only when nothing else is obtainable. Some are
injurious and even poisonous. None of the grasses are sufficient
to keep a horse in work. Horses thus fed are ‘‘soft’’’ sweat easily,
purge, and soon tire on the road. To growing stock it is indis-
pensable, and it acts as an alterative to horses that are fed on hay
and grain. It must be fed to grain and hay fed animals in small
amounts at the outset. The stomach and bowels undergo rest,
and recuperate, if the horse is turned to grass for a time each
year. During febrile diseases grass acts almost as a medicine,
lessening fever and favoring recovery; wounds heal more rapidly
than when on grain, and some chronic diseases disappear entirely
when at grass. If fed to him it should be fresh cut, but where
possible he should be allowed to crop it himself; thus enjoying
not only the herbage in its native condition, but the air, and
sense of freedom as well.

PREPARATION OF FOODS.—Foods are prepared for
feeding for any of the following reasons: To render it more
easily eaten; to make it more digestible; to economize in amount;
to give it some new quality; to preserve it.
FOOD AND FEEDING 61

The different grains are more easily eaten when ground,
crushed, or even boiled. Rye or wheat should never be given
whole, and there is less waste when corn is ground; and again,
corn in common with other grainsis easier digested than when fed
whole. Hay and fodder are economized when cut in short pieces.
Not only will the horse eat the necessary amount in less time,
but it will be found that there is less waste, and the mastication
of grains—whole or ground—fed with them is assured. Feeding
the grain mixed with cut hay or fodder is a good way to feed
horses that bolt their food.

One objection to feeding cut hay mixed with ground or
crushed grain and wetted, during the hot months, must not be
overlooked. Such food is apt to undergo fermentation unless fed
at once, and the mixing trough even, unless often scalded and
cleaned, becomes sour, and enough of its scrapings are given with
the food to produce wind colic. A small amount of salt should
always be mixed with such food.

Improper feeding and watering doubtless accounts for over
one-half the digestive disorders met with in the horse, hence the
reader cannot fail to see the importance of having some proper
ideas concerning these subjects.

In this land, horses are fed chiefly on hay, grass, roots, oats,
corn, wheat and rye, and many think they could subsist on
nothing else. We are told, by authority, that in some sterile
countries horses live on dried fish, and even vegetable mold. In
Arabia they are fed on milk, flesh-balls, eggs and broth; while in
some of the countries of the far east, salt, pepper, and other
spices are made into balls with flour and butter, and these are
supposed to produce animation and to make a fine coat.

In the selection of food for horses, we should remember the
arrangement of the digestive organs, as well as the functions of
each. Food must be wholesome, clean and sweet; the hours of
feeding regular; the best methods of preparing adhered to; and
cleanliness observed in both the preparation and the feeding.
The length of stomach digestion varies with different foods. Hay
and straw pass out of the stomach quicker than oats. For this
reason oats should be given after hay, for if reversed, the hay
will carry the oats out of the stomach before being fully acted
62 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

upon, and indigestion is the result. Another reason why hay is
best first, especially if hungry, is that it requires more time for
mastication and cannot be bolted as are the grains. Water should
never be given soon after eating, as it washes the food from the
stomach, before it is ready for intestinal indigestion.

The stomach begins to empty itself very soon after beginning
to eat, and continues rapidly during the meal. Afterward the
passage is slower and several hours are required for the stomach
to empty itself. The work to be done, should direct in food
selection. Rapid or severe labor cannot be done on a full
stomach. Horses doing work of an exhausting character, should
be fed small quantities, and about two hours before going to their
work. Even slow work horses should not be fed bulky, innutri-
tious foods in large measure, just before going to work. The
small stomach of the horse would seem to lead us to the con-
clusion that he should be fed in small quantities and often, which
in reality should be done. The disproportion between size of
stomach and amount of water drank tells us that the horse
should be watered before feeding. Feeding too soon after a hard
day’s work is one of the common errors of feeding, and one that
produces more digestive disorders than any other. A small
quantity of hay may be given, but grain should not be given
for one-half hour or more. The same rule holds for horses
that have fasted for a long time; for if allowed to eat too much
the stomach becomes engorged, its walls paralyzed and colic is
sure to follow. Horses should be fed three or four times a day;
nor will it do to feed concentrated food alone. Bulky foods must
be given to detain the grains in their passage through the bowels;
bulk also favors distension, and thus mechanically aids absorp-
tion. To horses doing slow work, chopped or cut hay fed with
crushed oats, ground corn, etc., is the best manner of feeding,
as it gives the required bulk, saves time and half the labor of
feeding.

Sudden changes in diet are always dangerous—when making
a change of food, do so gradually. A sudden change from oats
to a full meal of corn will most likely sicken him. An increase
in the usual food must be done gradually. Quantity must be in
proportion to work. If a horse is to do less work, or rests
FOOD AND FEEDING 63

entirely for a few days, give less food. Were this done from
Saturday night to Monday, there would be fewer cases of ‘‘Mon-
day morning sickness,’’ such as lymphangitis and colic. Foods
should also be more laxative in nature when a horse is idle.
Don't feed musty or moldy foods; they are the cause of several
diseases. Musty hay is thought to produce disorder of the
kidneys; and the effect of smutted grasses and grains on pregnant
mares is pretty well known.

Do not exercise a horse violently immediately after feeding.
The digestive organs require time for digesting the food before
the blood is called away to nourish the muscles.

How to Make Mashes.—Take 4 quarts of good bran,
moisten it gradually with hot water, then add boiling water to
the desired consistency. Cover with a cloth and give to animal
when cool enough. A little salt may be added if wished.

Another good mash is made by boiling 2 quarts of ground
oats and 1 pint flaxseed and a little salt with plenty of water
for three hours. Then mix with it bran enough to be of desired
consistency. This is enough for a horse, and when a team has
been on dry feed, is good for a Sunday morning meal.

How to Make Gruel.—Stir 1 pint or more of oatmeal gradu-
ally into 4 quarts of cold water. Fine cornmeal and flour in
equal parts may be substituted when oatmeal is not available.
Then fill up the pail in which it is mixed, with water, and give to
animal at once. Good for a tired horse.

How to Make Hay Tea.—Fill up a bucket with the best
of hay. Pour over it boiling water to fill the pail. Cover and let
stand, pressing the hay down occasionally, or set on the stove to
keep hot while pressing. In fifteen minutes it will be steeped.
Pour off water into another bucket, and add enough cold water
to make 6 or 7 quarts. Give to the horse when cool enough to
drink. Excellent for tired horses.
THE HORSE

DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

ANTISEPTICS.—Antiseptics are substances applied to
wounds or sores to assist in the process of healing by destroying
the germs which materially interfere with the process. They are
used in solutions, are mixed with some fatty medium, as an oint-
ment, or are dusted on dry in the form of powder. Though
commonly called ‘‘healing remedies,’’ antiseptics possess no true
healing properties; the healing process being accomplished only
by the living cells of the tissues. They, however, destroy or
prevent the growth of germs, which by gaining entrance to sores
and wounds, grow and multiply, irritating the wounds, injuring
and destroying the living cells of the animal tissues, and often
form poisons that may be taken up by the blood and cause injury
or death from blood poisoning. Were it not for germs, no wound
would be fatal unless some vital organ was mechanically crippled,
and all wounds would heal without complications. Ordinarily,
wounds, abscesses, and sores, afford ideal conditions for the
growth of germs, and unless carefully treated are swarming with
them. The office of antiseptics is to destroy these germs.

Practically all antiseptics are poisonous if used in concen-
trated form, and would burn and destroy the tissues, consequently
they are used in such a strength as will destroy the bacteria
without injuring the living cells of the body. ‘To wounds, anti-
septics are usually applied in solution, as in this form they
penetrate deeper into the wound, and their strength is easily
estimated; besides, they often possess other properties than as
germicides. ‘They are applied as washes by saturating cotton or
other material and placing in or on the wound, and by injecting it,
in the case of deep wounds, with a syringe. In general it is
more satisfactory to use antiseptics freely and often without
disturbing the wound. If they do not prove satisfactory either

64
 

 

 

GIVING A DRENCH.
See pages 70 and 366.
 

PLEURISY
ote drawn up or sunken position Scrorar HERNIA
of abdomen. See page 182.
See page 91.

 

 

PNEUMONIA

Horse has a haggard look, anxious eye and
labored breathing.

See page 90.

Acutr INDIGESTION
See page 110.

 

Severs Spasmopire Conic Spasmopie Corie
See page 115. See page 1165.
 

INFLAMMATION oF BLADDER Acute INFLAMMATION OF KIDNEYS
See page 135. See page 132.

 

INFLAMMATION oF BoweELs

Curonic INFLAMMATION of KipNEys Getting down slowly and hesitatingly
See page 133. —a symptom.
See page 118.

 

Curonic INFLAMMATION OF KIDNEYS Tue Way To PouLtice THE LUNGS
See page 133. As used in lung diseases.
 

Poti Evin 31¢ Hrap—side view
See page 266. See page 251.

  

DIsLocatTion OF THE PATELLA
or STIFLED

FisruLtous WITHERS
See page 293.

See page 268.

 

StiFLE-Joint LAMENESS FRACTURE OF THE FEMUR
See page 293. See page 282
 

Nasa, Gieet—both Nostrils LYMPHANGITIS—WEED-IN-THE-LEG
See page 77. See page 230.

  

Oven JornT Cappep ELBow
See page 299. See page 281.
 

Spraty or RapiaL LIGAMENT

SpLinTs
See General Treatment of Sprains.

See page 252.

    

MANNA

 

ENLARGEMENT OF FETLOCKS,
or Winp Gat,
See page 291.

Boc Spavin
See page 296.
 

Carrep Hock ANCHYLOSIS OF FETLOCK JoInT Grease HEEL
See page 298. The natural termination and cure for See page 204.
bone lameness, such as ring bone
and spavin, is anchylosis—a
stiffening or solidifying
of the joint.

      

Bein
Acute Farcy Bone Spavin
See page 194. Sce page 259.
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DISEASES OF THE HORSE 65

increase strength or try a different antiseptic. Again, all anti-
septics do not work equally well in all cases. In apparently
similar wounds the results will not be the same with one kind of
antiseptic—one will heal finely and the other make no progress.
In unfavorable cases, change the antiseptic.

Corrosive Sublimate, or Bichloride of Mercury, is probably the
leading antiseptic. It comes in tablet form, with directions for
amount of water in which to be dissolved. The principal objec-
tion to this drug is its corrosive effect on metals, and the fact
that it is a powerful poison. It should always be plainly
labeled, and kept where children cannot get to it. It is generally
used in the strength of 1 part Corrosive Sublimate to 1,000 parts
of water (1 drachm to 4 quarts) for external application.

Carbolic Acid is one of the most frequently used antiseptics.
It is dissolved in water, and used in strengths varying from 2%
to 5 per cent. One part of acid to 30 parts of water is one of the
frequently used proportions. For a strong antiseptic or a disin-
fectant, 1 part of Carbolic Acid to 20 parts of water or a 5 per
cent. solution, is used. Pure Carbolic Acid is caustic, and will
destroy tissue by burning. Carbolic Acid is poisonous.

Sulphate of Copper, also called ‘‘Blue-Stone’’ and ‘‘Blue-
Vitriol,’’ is a mild antiseptic and in addition is astringent—tends
to pucker the tissues. It can be used in solution in the strength
of from 2 to 4 drachms to the pint of water. For certain pur-
poses, as old wounds, it can be made much stronger. When
powdered and dusted on a wound, it acts as a caustic; a crystal
of it rubbed on a surface acts as a caustic, and is useful to check
bleeding. An ointment, to dress old sores, can be made by mix-
ing 1 part finely powdered Blue-Stone and 1 part of Sulphur, with
4 parts of fresh lard or vaseline. This drug is the principal
ingredient in the Bordeaux mixture, so much used for spraying.

Sulphate of ‘Zinc, also called ‘‘White Vitriol,’’ is an antiseptic
and an astringent, and is used in the strength of one part of the
Zinc Sulphate to 30 to 60 parts of water, or 2 to 4 drachms to a
pint of water. Six drachms of Sulphate of Zinc and 1 ounce
Acetate of Lead (Sugar of Lead) dissolved in a pint of water, is

a fine remedy and one that is much used in veterinary practice.
6
66 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR.

 

It is called ‘‘White Lotion.’’ Should be well shaken before
applying. Internally it is a poison.

An excellent antiseptic ointment for use on sores or irritated
conditions of the skin, is made by combining 1 part of Oxide of
Zine and a little Carbolic Acid with 5 parts fresh Lard or
Vaseline. The Benzoated Oxide of Zinc Ointment, in the back
part of this book, is also a very fine preparation.

Creolin is a good, cheap and popular antiseptic and deodor-
izer, and is referred to in many places in this work. It is mixed
with water in the proportions of 1 to 3 parts to 100 parts of
water.

Powdered antiseptics, as already noted, are much used. Of
these, Iodoform is much used for dusting on wounds and sores, but
is somewhat barred because of odor and expense. Boric Acid is
another good antiseptic that is used in powder form. It may also
be used in solution of 20 grains of acid to 1 ounce of water, and
in this form it makes an excellent wash for the eye, for the
mouth, and for other cavities, as it is practically non-poisonous.
Lime, finely pulverized and air-slaked, is extensively used for
dusting on sores, harness-galls, and suppurating surfaces, and
when so used gives good results.

Antiseptics are applied in ointment form, when the part is
hard, dry, and irritated; the combination of fat and medicine
seeming to soften and soothe the part. In powdered form, dusted
over the surface of a sore, antiseptics are valuable in drying up
discharges and keeping the sores dry and free from odor. Some-
times the antiseptic is mixed with some sticky substance, such as
pitch or tar, and may be valuable in keeping dirt out of wound;
but care must be taken that such applications do not prevent the
free escape of pus.

The coal-tar preparations put out by different firms are very
good antiseptics. Among these are Zenoleum, Kreso, and others.
They are used in the strength of 1 part to 20 to 50 parts of
water.

DISINFECTION.—This consists in destroying the germs
or virus of a disease. When an animal has been suffering from a
contagious disease, it is necessary to disinfect the quarters and
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 67

 

ail utensils, instruments, harness and equipment that may have
become infected with the disease germs. First, remove all litter,
rubbish, and loose material of little value from the stable and
burn them. Then thoroughly scrub the walls, floors, ceilings,
mangers, pails, and other utensils with a solution made by mix-
ing 1 part of Carbolic Acid with 30 parts of water—about a 3 per
cent. solution. When this is dry, walls and mangers may be
whitewashed, using the whitewash hot. Corrosive Sublimate, or
Bichloride of Mercury, 1 part to 1,000 parts of water (1 drachm
to 4 quarts) can be used instead of the Carbolic solution, but must
not be used on metal, as it is very corroding. One part of Creolin
in 30 parts of water is also a good disinfectant, and has the added
good quality of not being poisonous. Don’t let Corrosive Sublimate
or Carbolic Acid get on food which animals may eat. Bright sun-
light is an excellent disinfectant and should be admitted wherever
possible. All infected materials, and especially bodies of animals
that have died of disease, should be either burned or buried deep,
covering with Lime before the dirt is thrown on, to prevent
further spread of disease. Dogs, crows, and other animals fre-
quently dig up and carry off parts of carcasses, where burying is
not properly done. Infection is also carried by streams of water,
by stock cars, and by litter that has been used in the cars.

Fumigating a stable is also a good method of disinfection,
and can be used in connection with the foregoing. To have the
fumigating effectual, the room must be fairly tight. Sulphur is
perhaps the most convenient substance to use for fumigating;
Formalin is also used, and is very effectual, but needs a special
appliance in order to use it.

To fumigate with Sulphur, fill an ordinary galvanized iron
pail half full of ashes or dirt, making the top of the material
saucer-shaped; place the pail in a tub of water, having the water
come up as high on the side of the pail as possible; put the Sul-
phur in the pail; when everything is ready, pour over the Sulphur
a little wood alcohol, or have under it a few rags saturated with
kerosene, the alcohol is better and safer; light the alcohol and
leave the stable, closing the door. Burn three pounds of Sul-
phur to each thousand cubic feet of space; if more than three
pounds are required, burn in separate dishes. Leave the building
68 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

closed for twenty-four hours, then open, and air out freely.
The fumigation will be more effectual if the walls are first well
sprinkled with water.

FOMENTATIONS.—These are applications of hot or cold
water toa part. The application is generally made for from one-
half to one hour at a time, though often for a longer period. The
water may be applied as hot as can be comfortably borne, and the
temperature can be kept up by adding hot water frequently. The
application may be made with sponges, cloths, or even with the
hands, while at the same time the part is gently rubbed. The
best is to surround the part thickly with woolen cloths and keep
these wet. Fomentations should be applied two to three times
daily. ‘They are much used to lessen inflammation, pain, and
swelling of recent injuries, or for any badlyirritated part. They
are used with good results in inflammation of the udder and
other glands. Cold water is also excellent to relieve inflamma-’
tion, especially when the part is badly congested. It can be
applied with cold, wet cloths, or by allowing cold water to drip
upon it by irrigation. In some cases, applying the cold water
with considerable force, as a stream from a hose nozzle, and then
rubbing briskly, has an excellent effect in toning up debilitated
parts and relieving congestion. Cold is also applied to an
inflamed part by using a bag of cracked ice.

The principal point in connection with the use of fomen-
tations is that the water should be either hot or cold, lukewarm
applications are of no value; and in order to get the most good
from them they should be continued for some time, in many
cases almost continuously.

NURSING AND FEEDING SICK ANIMALS.—As in
the case of human beings, the proper nursing and food has much
to do in the recovery of animals from spells of sickness. In the
first place, make your animal as comfortable as possible, warm in
the winter and cool in the summer. Give him plenty of fresh air
to breathe, but avoid drafts in all cases. Woolen blankets in
the winter, and linen sheets and nets are needed in summer.
Hoods to cover the head and neck are sometimes required in cold
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 69

weather. The proper temperature for the stable that is used for
sick animals is from 55 to60 F. In case of weak lambs or sick
dogs a room ranging from 62 to 70 F. is better.

The question of drainage is also important, and the location
shonld be as high as circumstances will permit.

The food should be simple, clean, nutritious, easy of diges-
tion, by being cooked, changed occasionally and administered
often and in small quantities. Give green food when it can be
had. Oats, corn, bran, shorts, etc., may be scalded with boiling
water, covered and left to steam until cold, and then given. The
grain should be ground in all cases if possible. Hay and water
should always be given in liberal quantities, and both should be
of first quality. Warm milk for calves, and the same diluted
and sweetened for lambs and colts; beef tea, raw eggs, porridge
of either oat or corn meal and milk for dogs, and the same for
pigs will be found the best diet. Bear in mind what has been
said about feeding often and in small measure, but be careful not
to over-feed, as that may put the patient back and increase fever.
Horses, cattle, etc., need to be fed three or four times a day;
colts, calves, lambs, dogs, etc., every two to four hours. Fever
patients should have water so they can help themselves. Those
suffering from diarrhea or excessive purgation should be watered
four or five times a day, but in less measure. Plenty of rest
should be given sick animals. Many cases prove fatal from being
worked too long after being taken sick, or from being put to
work too soon after recovering from a spell of sickness.

FORMS OF MEDICINE AND WAYS OF GIVING
THEM.— Medicines may be given by any of the following
channels: By the mouth; by the air passages and lungs; by the
skin; under the skin; and by the rectum.

By Mouth. — Medicines are given in powders, balls,
drenches, and electuaries or pastes.

Powders.—These should be finely pulverized in order to be
rapidly dissolved and absorbed. ‘They should be free from any
irritant or caustic action on the mouth. If agreeable to taste
and smell they are readily taken in feed or drinking water.
70 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

When placed in the feed, the food should be first: moistened and
then the medicine mixed in the feed. When mixed dry the horse
will often leave the medicine in the manger bottom. If very
small they can be placed well back on the tongue. It is always
best, when possible, to give in food or drink to avoid worrying the
animal,

Balls.—Make into the shape of a cylinder, about two inches
long and three-quarter inches in diameter. ‘They should be fresh
and mixed with honey, syrup, molasses, or some such agent, using
linseed meal, if necessary, to give consistency and body. If neces-
sary to keep some time, use glycerine so they will not harden, or
they will lose their virtue. Wrap in oiled tissue paper for ease in
swallowing. Gelatine capsules are sometimes used. Balls are
best when medicine is disagreeable; when dose is not too large;
when horse is ugly to drench; and when medicine is intended to
act slowly. Oils or caustic substances should not. be given
this way.

Balls may be given by ‘‘balling gun’’ or given by hand.
Always loosen horse before giving; if tied he may hurt himself
or the person in attendance. It is easier, after a little practice, to
give without using gag, as the horse does not like force in getting
his mouth opened. Grasp the tongue firmly with the left hand
and pull gently forward; moisten the ball slightly, and place with
the tips of the fingers of the right hand as far back in the mouth
as is possible; as tongue is loosened, it is drawn back into the
mouth and carries the ball with it. Keep the mouth closed for a
moment or two. Always offer water to drink after balling; it
may prevent coughing up, or lodging in the gullet

Drenches.—When medicine is given as a drench, only
enough oil or water should be used to thoroughly dissolve or
dilute it. Insoluble medicines, if not irritating or corrosive, may
be put in water, or better, thin gruel; the bottle to be well shaken
before giving it. Strong or irritating liquids such as turpentine,
croton oil, etc., should be mixed with olive or linseed oil, or
milk beaten with eggs. ;

To administer, put the medicine in a drenching bottle or
horn. A champagne or ale bottle holding about a quart, strong,
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 71

clean and smooth will answer. A horn or tin bottle is better on
account of not breaking. If dose is small, the horse’s head may
be held up by the left while the medicine is poured by the right
hand. The left thumb is placed in the angle of the lower jaw;
the fingers spread out in such a way as to support the lower lip.
If dose is large, the horse ugly, or the attendant unable to sup-
port the head as directed above, then have the head held up by
a loop made in a rope, and slipped over the upper jaw just behind
the front teeth, the free end being held up by passing through a
pulley, or over a beam, or through a ring fastened to the ceiling.
It should never be fastened, as the horse might hurt himself.
Elevate head enough to prevent horse from throwing liquid from
his mouth. The line of face should be raised a trifle more than
horizontal, but not much, or it will be hard for horse to swallow.
Person giving drench should stand on something in order to
reach horse’s mouth on a level, or a little above. Introduce bottle
at the side of the mouth in front of the molar teeth, in an upward
direction. This will cause horse to open his mouth, when base
of bottle is suddenly elevated and about 4 ounces of liquid allowed
to run out on the tongue as far back as possible, care being taken
to keep bottle from between back teeth. Take out bottle, and if
horse does not swallow, encourage same by rubbing the roof of
mouth with fingers or neck of bottle, occasionally removing
them. Repeat, when this is swallowed, and continue until all is
taken. If coughing occurs, or if by mishap the bottle is broken,
lower the head at once. Don’t rub, pinch, or pound the throat,
or draw out tongue. Be patient. Drenches must never be given
through the nose to a horse. If horse is hard to drench, put a
twist on upper lip.

Electuaries, or Pastes, are medicines mostly mixed with
licorice-root powder, flour and molasses, or syrup, to the con-
sistency of honey, or a ‘‘soft-solid.’’ They are intended chiefly
to act locally on the mouth and throat. They are to be given
with a wooden paddle, or a strong, long-handled spoon.

By the Nose.—These are administered by the upper air pas-
sages and lungs, by inhalation, and the nasal douche. Inhalation
is used for volatile medicines, and for medicated steam or vapor.
72 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Medicated vapors are to be inhaled by placing a bucket contain-
ing hot water, or vinegar and water, or scalded hay or bran, to
which Carbolic Acid, Iodine, or other medicines have been added,
in the bottom of a grain bag; the horse’s nose is then inserted in
the top of the bag, and he inhales the medicated steam or vapor;
or better yet, convey the steam from a kettle through a rubber
tube to the bottom of the bag. Two large holes should be cut
in the bag opposite the nostrils. Care must be taken that it is
not too hot. Or inhalation may be effected by putting the head
over the bucket, throwing some light covering over the head, but
not entirely shutting off air supply.

The ‘‘nasal douche’”’ is used in some local diseases of the nasal
chambers. ‘Take a piece of one-half inch hose, about one inch
from one end wrap a piece of cloth around it a number of times
to form a collar a little larger than the nostril. Put a funnel in
the other end of the hose; place the end with the collar in the
nostril, pressing the collar up against the nostril, elevate the fun-
nel and pour the douche into it; it will fill the nostril, run over
the upper end of the partition and come out of the other nostril.
Keep the head low when giving a douche.

By the Skin.—Medicines are often applied to the skin, yet
care must be observed when applying over the entire skin such
remedies as Tobacco water, Carbolic Acid, acid solutions, etc., as
poisoning and death have sometimes resulted. Poisonous medi-
cines should not be applied over very large, raw or abraded sur-
faces.

Under the Skin—Hypodermic Method.—Medicines are
frequently given by the hypodermic syringe, under the skin.
Medicines so used must be non-irritating and in small doses.
Pinch up a fold of the skin, thrust the needle through it and
empty the syringe. The neck or shoulder is the best to inject as
the skin is loose in these regions.

By the Rectum.-— When medicines cannot be given or
retained by mouth, they may be given by way of the rectum.
When we want a local action in the last gut, to destroy the small
worms infesting the large bowels, to stimulate the action of the
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 73

intestines and evacuate the bowels, and to nourish the body, we
resort to enemas or injections, or to suppositories.

Injections, when given merely for absorption, should be
small in quantity, neutral or slightly acid in reaction, and at a
temperature of the blood. ‘These, like foods by rectum. should
only be injected after the last bowel has been cleared, either by
hand or by copious enemas of tepid water. When given to
assist a physic given by mouth, it should be large enough to dis-
tend the bowel and cause horse to eject them. Simple water, salt
and water, or soap and water, in quantities of a gallon or more,
should be given every half hour. They should be retained for a
time to moisten the dung and favor passage. Stimulating injec-
tions (Turpentine, 1 to 2 ounces, in Linseed Oil, 16 ounces)
should be used after those already mentioned have emptied the
last bowel, to still further increase the worm-like movement of
the intestines, and rid the purging medicine.

To give an injection take four to six feet of one-half inch
garden hose; in one end place a funnel, oil the other end and
insert it into the rectum, gently press it in as far as it will go
easily, elevate the funnel and pour the injection into it. After
some of the injection has passed into the rectum the hose can
generally be pushed in still further. After the injection has
all passed in gently withdraw the hose. This is a much better
way of giving an injection than with a pump.

HOW OFTEN TO GIVE MEDICINES.— Medicines
given to reduce fever, such as Aconite, Spirits of Niter, solution
Nitrate or Chlorate of Potash, or any form of Ammonia, should
be repeated as often as every two hours in bad cases, and from
that to three to four times a day in mild cases. Alteratives may
be repeated once or twice a day. Purgatives may be repeated
after twenty to thirty hours in bad cases, and after fortv to forty-
eight hours in mild cases. ‘Tonics may be repeated once, twice or
thrice a day. Stimulants, especially alcoholic, may be repeated
after two to six hours. Doses that cause contraction of the
womb may be repeated after an half hour. Anodynes may be
repeated after an half hour, and other remedies as required in the
case.
74 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

SOME POINTS IN DETERMINING THE NATURE
OF A DISEASE.—If the horse is standing with head hang-
ing down, eating very little, breathing heavily, and coughing,
there is evidently some trouble with organs of respiration.
Should the animal be in severe pain, getting up and down,
roiling about the stall, and slightly bloated, it is safe to con-
clude that there is some trouble with the stomach or bowels.
Again, should it be that the horse has a straddling gait,
attempts to make water often, passes out and draws in the
penis, and sometimes stamps with the hind legs, there is evi-
dently some trouble with the kidneys or bladder. If you do
not see the horse when first taken, find out if possible how
long he has been ailing; how he has been acting; and what
he has done that might act as a cause. This will help you to
give an idea as to what set of organs to examine first. In all
cases try the pulse, and take the temperature. The oftener the
pulse beats above the normal and the higher the temperature
rises the more serious the case is likely to be. When you have
found out the organs affected, the symptoms of diseases in that
department will probably enable you to determine the nature of
the complaint so that you may successfully use the treatment
therein given.

THE PULSE.—The pulse is very important in diagnosing
disease and especially in determining the seriousness of disease.
The pulse indicates the action of the heart. It is generally taken
on the underside of the lower jaw just in front of the angle; by
running the fingers along this region, a small cord-like structure
will be felt, press this gently and the beating will be recognized.
Aside from counting the beats per minute, also notice the soft-
ness or hardness of the pulse, that is, does the artery feel fairly
soft, or hard like a wire; the regularity is also noticed. ‘The
healthy pulse of the horse is fairly soft, full, regular, and beats
from 36 to 4o times a minute. In order to become proficient in
recognizing an unhealthy condition of the pulse, take the pulse
of healthy animals a large number of times.

THE TEMPERATURE.—The temperature is another
very important condition in diagnosing disease. It often has to
‘ONOT GI GHL dO NOIMLISOd

 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 75

be used to distinguish between different disorders; without taking
the temperature, we can form but little idea as to the location
or seriousness of the trouble. By temperature is meant the tem-
perature of the internal organs, regardless of the external sur-
roundings, and during health will vary but little. It is taken by
means of a clinical thermometer; this thermometer is so arranged
that the column of mercury remains at the same point when
changed to a colder place, and so the reading does not change
when taken from the animal. The thermometers are graduated
to one-fifth degrees. In the lower animals it is best to take the
temperature at the rectum. First, shake the thermometer until it
reads below 100 degrees, then insert it into the rectum and press
it to one side so the bulb will lie against the rectal wall. Leave
the thermometer in the rectum two minutes. The normal tempera-
ture of the horse is 100 degrees, and during health will rarely
vary more than 1 to 1% degrees. Violent exercise may cause it
to rise a little; it is also higher after a full meal. A rise of tem-
perature is spoken of as fever. A rise of 5 or 6 degrees is
serious, and a riseof 7 or 8 degrees will result in death, unless
lowered in a short time. In some diseases the temperature is
below normal.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY OR
BREATHING ORGANS

CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD.— Catarrh
means a congestion or inflammation with a discharge from any
mucous membrane. ‘This form is an inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the nasal cavities, and often extends into the pas-
sages of the head, involving the eyes as well, the lining membrane
of which is but a continuation of that of the nose, the flow of
tears down the cheek being caused by the closing of the tear duct
into the nose by inflammation.
76 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Causes.—Exposure to storms, cold winds, standing in drafts
while warm after driving, inhaling smoke or gases, etc.

Symptoms.—At first the membrane is dry, congested and
irritable, the color being much deeper than normal; following
this there is a watery discharge from the nose, and often also
from the eyes, the tears flowing down the cheeks; more or less
fever; animal may be dull; more or less sneezing, but does not
cough unless the throat is affected; expels the air forcibly through
his nostrils as though “‘blowing his nose.’’ Ina few days the
discharge from the nose becomes a thick, yellowish-white, and is
more or less profuse. Sometimes the appetite is lost and animal
becomes debilitated.

TREATMENT.—

Give good care and attention lest it run into something
serious. A few days rest, with pure air and good food, will
accomplish more than medication while horse is excited and ex-
posed to draughts and changes of temperature. Steam the
animal’s head over a bucket of boiling water, stirring water with
a wisp of hay to make steam rise better; or a more efficient way
to steam the head is to take a canvas bag large enough to slip
over the horse’s nose and from two to three feet long; slip the
nose into this bag and hold it in place by a strap over the head,
opposite the nostrils cut two holes an inch and one-half in diam-
eter. For generating steam use a tea-kettle; into the spout of the
tea-kettle fit a cork through which is passed a piece of glass tub-
ing; to the glass tube fit a piece of rubber tubing from three to
six feet long; place the other end of the tubing in a small hole in
the bottom of the nose bag, and the steam as it is generated will
pass into the bag through the tubing. Generate the steam by
placing the kettle on a small gasoline or oil burner. Regulate
the flow of steam by the blaze or by lifting the cover of the
kettle. While pure steam is good, medicated steam is better.
To medicate, put into the water, after it begins to boil, Camphor
Gum, a piece as large as a hickory nut, 2 teaspoonfuls Fluid Ex-
tract Belladonna, or a half teaspoonful of Carbolic Acid; any one
or all three may be used. Use a little care at first not to frighten
the horse; also be careful and not burn the nose. Repeat three
 

DISEASES OF THE HORSE 77

times a day for one hour or more each time. Give bran mashes,
scalded oats, linseed gruel and grass, if inseason. If constipated,
give injections of warm water into the rectum three or four times
a day, and a pint of Raw Linseed Oil once a day, but do not give
purgatives.

If there is fever, give the following:

Fluid Extract Belladonna.............. 2 ouuces,
Fluid Extract Aconite.............00008 2 drachms.
Saltpeter ...-.sass.caesscaoeieniaserrsnsy 2 ounces.
AlCOHO] w ssavedsguceinawccssenaasesviees cocees 6 ss
Water to make..........cceceeceesesesneee I pint.

Dose: 1 ounce three to five times a day.

If the discharge continues after a week or two, give night
and morning a tablespoon, level full, of a mixture composed of
equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Saltpeter. Give in moistened
grain.

If the animal is unthrifty, give at noon the tonic recom-
mended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’

NASAL GLEET, OR CHRONIC CATARRH.—This
is chronic inflammation of some part of the membrane affected in
common cold.

Causes.—Neglected or obstinate catarrh, that will not yield
to treatment, are the usual causes, though it may arise from frac-
tures, and from diseased bones or teeth.

Sympioms.—The long continued discharge, which varies in
quantity, according to circumstances attendant—the cause of the
trouble and part affected—indicates the disease. Horses have
sometimes been condemned as glandered, who have had nasal
gleet only. It is not contagious, nor dangerous, but sometimes
dificult to cure. The glands under and between the lower jaw
may be enlarged. The ragged-edged ulcers of glanders are not
found on the lining membrane in the nostril. When in doubt,
study symptoms of glanders. The eye on affected side may have
a peculiar look, and be smaller than the other; there may be
enlargement or bulging of the face bones over the part affected,
between or below the eyes; breath may be offensive, indicat-
ing decay of bone or diseased teeth. If last, will hold head
78 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

to one side when eating, or drop food when partly chewed.
By tapping on- bones between or below the eyes, above back
teeth of upper jaw, a hollow sound is emitted if healthy, but if
sinus is filled with pus, or contains a large tumor, it will give a
solid sound. Hair may be rough over part affected, or bone soft
to touch. The horse may be unthrifty.

TREATMENT.—

First, if possible, find cause of trouble. Give good food and
regular exercise. Food box had best be put on the ground, as
this favors discharge from the head. Cases that do not require
surgical treatment must have persistent medical. Give the Iron
and Saltpeter mixture, and the digestive tonic as recommended
in ‘‘Cold in the Head,’’ except that they be given alternately.
If animal will not eat on food, give as a drench ina pint of water.
Also give twice a day for two days two ounces of asolution of:

Todide of Potash ...........:ccceseseeeweeee I ounce.
WEP srccesnnenessiiee sass cnneeninass onvadeanan I pint.

Discontinue for four days and give again, repeating in this
manner every two weeks. Steam the head as in simple catarrh,
steaming at evening if the animal works. Keep the nostrils
washed for appearance sake; a douche composed of:

BOracie ACid ss. jscaasebuncundimovensteabuw ee I ounce.

Wa tO ivi dic sise slicpensi asiguide seals tiaionts emepieate I quart.
May be of great value; for giving a douche see under ‘‘Medi-
cines,’’ fore part of book. If nasal gleet is caused by a diseased
tooth, it must be removed. The operation of .trephining, in
expert hands, is the best in such a case, as it opens up the cavity,
which can be attended direct. In all cases where the sinuses
contain either collections of pus or tumors, the only relief is to
trephine. Either of these operations will require the services of
a veterinarian.

WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTRIL. — Wounds in
this neighborhood are common, and are generally caused by
getting ‘‘snagged’’ on a nail or splinter, or by the bite of another
horse; or by getting run into; or by running against something.
Occasionally the nostril is so badly torn and lacerated that it is
impossible to effect a cure without leaving the animal blemished
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 79

 

for life, but in the majority of cases, the blemish or scar is due to
the want of proper treatment on the part of the owner or
attendant.

TREATMENT. —

As soon as possible after the accident the parts should be
brought together and held there by stitches. If too much time
is allowed, the swelling of the parts will considerably interfere.
The skin in this part is thin and delicate, and therefore it is
easy to insert sutures. Never cut away any skin that may be
loose or hanging, or a scar will certainly remain. Bring the
parts in direct apposition and place the stitches from a quarter to
an half inch apart, as circumstance may demand. It is not
necessary to have special surgeons’ silk or needles for this opera-
tion; good linen thread or ordinary silk thread will answer, but
the work must be nicely done. The wound afterward requires
only to be kept clean. For this purpose it should be cleansed
and discharges washed away daily with a solution made of:

Carbolic Acid ...ciccecceesteeeeeeeeeseeeers I part
WaAter...ccccccescssccseenenerensanesenceeeensneee 30 parts
Mix.

If the horse is inclined to rub the wound against some object
on account of the irritability, his head should be tied by means
of two halter ropes, to prevent him rubbing the wound open.
The head should be so tied about ten days, except when at work
or eating.

If swelling becomes extensive, foment and use astringent
wash, as White Lotion (page 263).

NASAL POLYPUS, OR SMALL TUMOR OF THE
NOSTRIL.—These are pear-shaped excrescences, growing in
the nasal passages, and are an obstruction to the breathing on
the side where located. ‘They vary much in size; some so small
that their presence is not manifested, while in other cases, the
size may cause serious obstruction to the passage of air. In some
cases they hang toward the nasal opening, and sometimes toward
the pharynx.
80 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—There is a discharge from the nostril, and a
more or less snuffling sound in breathing, or difficult breathing,
according to size; a discharge of blood, if injured, and sneezing.

TREATMENT.—

The only relief is the removal of the polypus, by grasping it
at the base with suitable forceps, and twisting it round and round
until torn from its attachment, or by removing it with the
ecraseur. The resulting hemorrhage is checked by an astringent
lotion, as a solution of Tincture of Iron, or Alum, 1 to 2 ounces
to a pint of water. The operation should generally be done by
an expert.

SORE THROAT; LARYNGITIS.—The larynx is situ-
ated in the space between the lower jaw bones, just back of the
root of the tongue, and is retained in this position by the wind-
pipe, muscles, and bones to which it is attached. The opening
leading into it from the pharynx is elliptical, its border is quite
thick, and is covered with thick, mucous membrane. The lining
membrane is so sensitive that a particle of food dropped into it
from the pharynx, causes violent coughing.

Causes.— Are the same as for catarrh.

Symptoms.—First symptom usually is a cough, followed by
difficulty in swallowing; so much so, that in many cases the
water drank will be returned through the nose; mouth is hot,
and saliva dribbles from it; glands of lower jaw may be swollen;
pressure on larnyx causes a characteristic cough; head is ‘‘poked
out;’? membrane of the nose becomes red, and a discharge from
nostrils soon appears. As disease advances a rasping snore is
heard, breathing is hurried, and sometimes animal seems in
danger of suffocation. The pain of swallowing is so great that the
animal refuses feed to a great extent. Temperature rises two to
six degrees. Pulse is accelerated—sixty to ninety per minute.

TREATMENT.—

In all cases steam the nostrils as advised in Cold in the Head
using medicated steam. In bad cases, steam continuously until
telieved. Put animal in a dry, warm, but well-ventilated stall,
dandage legs, and blanket body, Feed bran mashes, scalded oats,
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 81

linseed gruel, and if in season, freshly cut grass. Have temporary
feed box at about height he carries his head, so he can eat with-
out unnecessary distress. Keep fresh water where he can get
it all the time. If constipated, give him injections of warm
water in the rectum three or four times in twenty-four hours.
Rub well in on his throat, from ear to ear, a liniment composed of:

 
 

Soap Liniment..... -+ 4 ounces,

Aqua Ammonia... sie

Turpentine .........cceeeeeeecnecerceeeneeeeees as
Well shaken together. Use once or twicea

day.
Flannel cloths wrung from hot water and bound on the
throat are also of great value. Change every fifteen minutes so
as to keep continuously hot. Give the following electuary:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna 1% ounces,
Camphor ......cc.:eseseeeeneeeeenen ees a3 oe
Chloride of Ammonia............. 3 ae
Saltpeter......cccccscsseseereeeserecesonseseeee 3 “
Molasses and Flour, or better, Pul-

verized Licorice Root, to make..... 1 pint of paste.

 

Dose: 3; of the mixture smeared on the
back of the tongue with a paddle three to five
times a day.

Also throw into the back part of the mouth, with a syringe,
from three to six times a day, one ounce of the following:

Chlorate of Potash.........ssseccsseseeeene 1% ounces.
Tincture of Iron a
Water to make..ee, cccceceesereseeeeneees I pint.

 

Never attempt to drench a horse having a sore throat.

In urgent cases, where suffocation seems inevitable, trache-
otomy (see OPERATIONS) must be performed. During the time
tube is used, other treatment should be continued.

If abscesses form, use hot, soft Linseed Meal poultices, or
the hot flannel cloths, for hours, to encourage formation of pus;
after they break, treat as any abscess (see OpERATIONS). If the
glands remain swollen after attack rub over every day with an
ointment composed of the following:

TOdine.....ccceceecsecescscenceccesceeceseeeeee
Iodide of Potash..........
Biniodide of Mercury
Lard ..ccccceseessseceeeeaneceneereseresseneaees

Well mixed. Rub in well with a rub-cloth.

 
82 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

If the part gets sore, withhold for a few days and then apply
again. Should chronic cough remain, treat as described under
that heading.

CHRONIC COUGH.—This may succeed the acute diseases
of the respiratory organs, or accompany other diseases. It some-
times exists as an independent affection, the animal being other-
wise in good condition.

When cause is known, treat as given in the disease. If it
exists without any apparent connection, give every night, in a
bran mash, one of powders as given:

 

Sulphate of Copper....cccccsssseeseeseeere 1 ounce.
DigGitalis....ccosne-rossrsrssenseereeedee settee ry 88
Pulverized Squills..............seseeeeeeeee rs
Nite rice ccces casnis deateseguoseensets 7 %s
Cam phot sic sccnsssnansuscnsseamennsieeenais tee Te. Ue
Mix and make into 10 powders.
Or: 2. Gum Camphor.....cccccccseccseseeeeeneee 1 younces.
Digitalis........ce0s cescccssceecensesesoveoees I ounce.

 

Linseed Meal 2 ounces.
Powder and mix, and make into 12 powders,

and give one night and morning in soft food.

 

 

Or: 3 I drachm.
% “
I ae
I “ce
Mix into a ball with syrup and give as one
dose; give every day for a week, then skip a
week and repeat.
Or: 4. Fluid Extract Belladonna............... 2 ounces,
Chloride of Ammonia
Saltpeter ........ccccsseeeees
Water to make............
Dose: 2 ounces three times a day.
Or. 5. Todide of Potash..............ceececeeceeree I ounce.

Water cis sasecndsgaumssmuearices seceneavecee ey I pint.
Dose: 1 ounce morning and night. Give
for a week, discontinue a week and give again.
Stimulating liniments or mild blisters may be used in connec
tion with any of the above as applications to the throat.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 83

ROARING AND WHISTLING.—The terms ‘‘roaring”’
and ‘‘whistling’’ are names for variations of the same trouble.
Whistling may accompany a sore throat, passing with the disease
that caused it. .

Causes.—The immediate cause is an obstruction to the free
passage of air in some part of the respiratory tract. This may
come from the laryngitis, thickening of the membrane, nasal
polypi, deformed bones, paralysis of the wing of the nostril, but
paralysis of the muscles of the vocal cord cause by far the most.
The muscles of the left in last cause are almost invariably the
ones affected.

Symptoms.—In chronic roaring, the noise is made when the air
is drawn into the lungs; and only when the disease is advanced
is a sound produced when air is expelled, and not nearly so loud
as the inspiration. The best way to bring out the characteristic
symptoms of roaring, is to make horse pull a load up a hill, or if
he be a saddle or carriage horse, gallop, or drive fast up a hill.
In difficult cases, the animal becomes entirely exhausted, breathes
rapidly and with difficulty, with nostrils distended, and animal
appearing as if suffocation was imminent. The roaring sound
produced by inspiration can be heard some distance.

TREATMENT.—
When confirmed, nothing can be done. In recent cases give:
Todide of Potashy.....scsscsesecsseeseceeeee 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica...... .. a ff
Nitrate of Potash .......csccsseceerseeeeees os
Water to make......ccsseseeeeeeseeroeer ee 1 pint.

Dose: ounce in feed night and morning;
give for a week, discontinue for a week, give

again.

Apply the following blister to the throat:
Spanish Fly...ssssssessseeeeserreeorereree 1 drachm.
Biniodide of Mercury......+.. sutteosssens r
Lard....ccrssssceeees Shaaaaeewveweeandeee dbeeiene 2 outices,

See ‘‘How to Apply a Blister,’’ under ‘‘Ring Bone.” In the
case of a valuable hozse, a qualified veterinarian can perform an
operation on the larynx, which will generally relieve the animal
84 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Partial relief can also be produced by fastening a strap from
one bit ring over the nose to the other bit ring; fasten to the
under side of this strap on each side, a small pad, in the form of
a piece of leather, in such a way that it will press against the
wall of the nose just above the nostril. This will cut down the
size of the nasal cavity, and prevent as much air from entering,
and thus relieve the animal and also prevent, to a great extent,
the roaring sound.

BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE.—This often occurs
during the course of other diseases, viz: influenza, bronchitis,
purpura hemorrhagica, glanders, etc. It also occurs independent
of other affections, and as has been noted, is a symptom of poly-
pus of the nose. Injuries to the head, exertion and sneezing will
also induce it. The bleeding is generally from one nostril only,
and not serious; the blood comes in drops (rarely faster) and is
never frothy as when from the lungs.

TREATMENT.—

Bathe the head and wash out the nostrils with cold water;
this is generally sufficient. If it continues, pour ice-cold water
over the face, between the eyes and down over the nasal chambers.
A bag of broken ice is good. If these means fail, give a douche

of Alum water:

I ounce.
I pint.

Or use Sulphate of Iron in place of the Alum. For giving douche,
see under ‘‘Medicines,’’ fore part of book.

BLEEDING FROM THE LUNGS.—This may occur
during the course of congestion of the lungs, bronchitis, pneu-
monia, influenza, purpura hemorrhagica, or glanders. An acci-
dent or exertion may cause it. Plethora predisposes to it.
Following the rupture of a vessel, the blood may escape into the
lung tissue and cause pneumonia, or it may fill up the bronchial
tubes and suffocate the horse.

Symptoms.—When from the lungs, there is coughing; the
blood is frothy, and comes from both nostrils. ‘The ear placed
to the windpipe, along its course, will hear a gurgling and rattling
sound.

 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 85

‘TREATMENT.—

When in connection with another disease it seldom requires
special treatment. When caused by accident or exertion, the
animal should be kept quiet. If cough is frequent or paroxysmal,
give:

Tincture of Opium... 2 ounces.
Raw Linseed Oil... eecccssseeees Ss

This to allay irritability, which may stop hemorrhage by
checking cough. If bleeding is continuous and profuse, give 1
ounce Fluid Extract of Ergot; repeat in from one-half to one hour.

Or:

Acetate of Lead... ececceseceeeeeees 1 drachm

Wate risse ccescsesccsshoeceseas eovsanitenveseon I pint
May be given as a drench. Or,

Tincture Perchloride of Iron........... I ounce.

Watetts.i2 saccisatenonicasssocsionsavad tuasses I pint.

May be given instead. Dashing small amounts of cold water
against the chest may benefit. A hemorrhage into the lung may
occur without any outward bleeding and cause death.

BRONCHITIS.—Bronchitis is an inflammation of the
bronchial tubes—the two branches of the trachea, or windpipe,
leading to the lungs. The mucous membrane alone may be
affected, or the whole tube may be involved.

Causes.—The same as produce catarrh, sore throat etc.; the
inhalation of irritating gases and smoke; and by fluids, as medi-
cines, and solids, gaining access to the parts.

Symptoms.—Generally ushered in by a shivering fit—chill;
dull; no appetite; breathing very much quickened; a painful
cough, at first dry, then moist and rattling; mouth hot; pulse
at first full and quick, but later smaller and more frequent; the
temperature is elevated,—104 to 107 degrees. If ear is placed
to sides of chest, a hissing or wheezing sound is heard if smaller
tubes are affected, and a hoarser, or tubular sound, when larger
tubes are involved. A heavy, tubular sound will also be heard
by placing the ear in front of the chest at the base of the neck.
After a day or two the dry stage is succeeded by the moist, and
86 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the ear detects a different sound, caused by the air passing
through the mucus which has collected in the tubes, as a result
of the inflammation. The sound is much like that caused by
air passing through water—a bubbling sound. ‘There is a dis-
charge of mucus from the nose; breathing labored, shorter,
quicker, as disease advances; horse will not lie down; bowels
constipated and the droppings covered with slimy mucus; urine
decreased and dark; more or less thirst, but less and less desire for
food; in some cases mouth fullof saliva. If disease takes a favorable
turn, the symptoms become less marked, pulse gets stronger and
less frequent, temperature gets lower, cough less painful and
breathing easier.

In order to recognize the abnormal sounds ‘produced with
lung disorders, one should place the ear to the chest of healthy
animals, to become familiar with the healthy sounds.

TREATMENT.——
First, treat the chill; put warm blankets on the horse; rub
the legs, and give internally.

AICOHO] stsewenwea cs revzacenbarveresseesstvess 114 ounces.
Wate riestageiscnosecsacsniweabvaceaananiete tases ¥% pint.

Any other stimulant may be used in case the alcohol is not
at hand. Also give the following:

Fluid Extract of Aconite........ 10 to 15 drops.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ 1 teaspoonful.

Repeat the stimulant in from one-half to one hour, and again
in an hour and a half to two hours. Repeat the Aconite and
Belladonna in about two hours. Hot water bottles placed under
the blankets will help. Overcome the chill as quickly as possible.
After the chill subsides, commence giving mixture recommended
a little further on.

Have good quarters and plenty of fresh air without drafts.
Blanket when season demands; rub legs until warm, and bandage
from hoof to knee and hock. If hand rubbing does not suffice,
use liniment as in ‘‘Sore Throat.’’ Apply liniment well over side
of chest, behind elbow and shoulder blade, covering space imme-
diately behind elbow and shoulder blade, and running back eigh-
teen inches, and from elbow below, to within five or six inches of
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 87

the back bone. Mustard, mixed into a paste with lukewarm
water may be-used in place of the liniment. Hot water bot-
tles hung against the chest, under the blanket, are of great vaiue.
Change the water quite frequently. Steam, as in ‘‘Cold in the
Head,’’ and in serious cases repeat every hour.

After quenching the thirst by giving small amounts of water
frequently, keep a pail of fresh water before the horse con-
tinually, adding 2 ounces Epsom Salts to each pailful. Feed a
little scalded bran and oats, roots or potatoes, and grass, or if
not in season, a little clover hay. Offer only a little at a time and
remove if animal does not wish it.

Internally for the first two days use the following:

Fluid Extract of Aconite............006 1% drachms.
Fluid Extract Belladonna............... Xr ounce.
Ammonia Chloride .......ccceceeeeeeee eee 2 ounces,
Saltpeter......cccccccsssececsesreseeseceesesees mm *
AlCOHOlnciises oecsrescssevasucsedares wg

 

Water to make pint.
Dose: 2 ounces from four to six times a day.

After two days use the following:

 
 

 

Fluid Extract Digitalis ..............0666 3. drachms.
Fluid Extract Belladonna.............+ ¥% ounce.
Ammonia Chloride..........cccceeceeseees 1% ounces
Saltpeter % “
Alcohol.............. 4 “
Water to make...........c00 debe teteedinatise: I pint.
Dose: 2 ounces from four to six times a day

(24 hours).

If the fever is high and foregoing does not lower it, give 1
drachm of Acetanilid in 1%4 ounces of Alcohol, twice or three
times a day, if the case requires; % drachm doses of Quinine
three times a day is also good.

If it is hard for the animal to elevate the head to be drenched,
throw the medicine, a small amount at a time, into the back part
of the mouth with a hard rubber syringe, or give in the form of a
paste as in ‘‘Sore Throat.”

Give the animal a good brushing each day, throwing back
only one-half of the blanket at a time for the purpose.

As the animal commences to improve give a tonic in the
form of a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica and 2
88 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

teaspoonfuls of Fluid Extract of Gentian in a little water three
times a day; after a few days substitute for this tonic the ones
recommended in ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’

Let the animal thoroughly recover before giving exercise
and start in very gradually.

If cough persists give Iodide of Potash as in treatment for
“Chronic Cough.’’

If during the course of the disease the heart becomes very
weak give 2 grains of Strychnine three times a day in addition to
the other medicines.

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.—

Causes.—May follow acute bronchitis, or be due to same
causes. In most cases it is attended with thickening of the walls
of the tubes.

Sympioms.—Its course is slower and is not attended with as
much fever as in acute form. Animal’s breathing becomes
quickened and he shows signs of exhaustion if exerted. May
keep up fairly well in strength and appearance, but may gradually
run down. Cough may be husky, smothered or muffled, or be
hard and clear; whitish discharge from nose. The ear at the
side of the chest hears rattling of air through the mucus; ora
tubular sound.

TREATMENT.—

Generally the horse is kept at work, as owner says ‘‘he has a
deep cold.”’ This is wrong, for rest must be had if a cure is desired.
Exertion may bring on an acute attack. Give same care and
treatment as in acute form, giving the medicine, however, less
frequently; give the tonics, and treat the cough as recommended
for ‘‘Chronic Cough.”’

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS.—An abnormal accu:
mulation of blood in the lungs. Inflammation of the lungs is
always preceded by congestion, or to make it plainer, congestion
may be considered as the first stage of inflammation, but in this
connection we will consider it as an independent disorder.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 89

 

Causes.—When it exists as an independent affection, it is
generally caused by over exertion when animal is not in fit con-
dition to undergo more than moderate exercise; over-fat animals,
or very old hard worked animals. More apt to occur in hot
weather.

Symptoms.—Horse suddenly stops all out of breath; nostrils
distended ; flanks heaving ; countenance has an anxious look;
head down, ears forward, legs braced, elbows turned out; he
looks around as if in search of more air; may paw the ground in
effort to breathe, and acts as though suffocation were near. Pulse
100 or more; heart beating tumultuously at times, and then again
may be scarcely perceptible. If ear is placed against side of
chest, a loud murmur is heard, and perhaps a crackling sound.
There may be a frothy discharge from the nostrils, sometimes
tinged with blood; if much blood the condition is serious.

TREATMENT.—

If on road, let him stop; do not attempt to return to stable;
blanket, turn his head to the wind and loosen harness where it
may interfere with breathing. By no means have horse walked,
as is sometimes done. Rub vigorously with cloths, hay or straw,
to stimulate circulation; get legs warm if possible and use lini-
ment as recommended in ‘‘Bronchitis’’ on cold part of legs. When
circulation is better, bandage from hoofs as far as possible.
Blanket, and have rubbing done under blanket. Give Spirits of
Nitrous Ether and Alcohol, of each 2 ounces, in 1 pint of water
as a drench; repeat in an hour and then every two hours until
relieved. Also give 10 to 15 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite and
1 teaspoonful Fluid Extract of Belladonna ; repeat every two
hours. If it takes too long to get this, give 1% pint of Whiskey
in 1 pint of water, or the same amount of Brandy as often; or 1
ounce Tincture of Arnica in a pint of water every hour until five
or six doses have been given. If none of these are at hand give
2 tablespoonfuls of Turpentine shaken in % pint of milk. This
will be good until something else can be had. A tablespoonful
of Aqua Ammonia in a pint of water is also good. Active meas-
ures may cease with alarming symptoms, but good care must be
given for several days, for this may be followed by pneumonia.
a0 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Keep in comfortable stall, have legs and body well covered, give
pure air without drafts, plenty of fresh water and bran mashes,
scalded oats and grass, if in season, and use tonics as recom-
mended in ‘‘Bronchitis.’’ After animal has thoroughly recovered,
work in gradually.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS—PNEU-
MONIA.—This is an inflammation of the lung tissues; it may
attack both lungs, but usually but one, perhaps most often it is
the right one that is affected. It may be complicated with bron-
chitis, pleurisy, or both.

Causes.—It may be directly due to any of the causes for dis-
eases of the air passages, as those causing bronchitis, but in many
instances it is due to either wilful neglect or ignorance. A com-
mon cold may run into pneumonia if neglected or improperly
attended. Allowing an animal which is over heated to cool too
quickly, especially if in a draft, over exertion, bad quarters,
and many other things may tend, directly or indirectly, to bring
on an attack.

Symptoms.—The first stage is a shivering fit, more or less
prolonged, breathing is accelerated; horse hangs his head and
has a dull look; mouth is hot and sticky to touch; fever 103 or
higher; pulse very frequent, 70 to 80 or even 100 a minute, but
varying much in character; may be hard or feeble, large or small,
intermitting, etc. There is usually a dry cough from first, but
changing as disease advances; sometimes nasal discharge is tinged
with blood, and at other times seems like matter; little or no
appetite; desire for water is increasing; legs cold; bowels more
or less costive; dung usually covered with mucus: urine scanty
and dark in color. Will not lie down; if complicated with
pleurisy will lie down, but rises soon. In pneumonia, breathing
is rapid and difficult, but when pleurisy is present, the ribs are
kept as still as possible and the breathing abdominal. There is
no pain unless pleurisy is present. A healthy lung if tapped on,
produces a resonant sound, but when inflamed a dullone. If
pleurisy is present, animal will flinch, as blow causes pain. Placing
ear to chest, arespiratory murmur is heard if horse is healthy. In
first stage of pneumonia, the murmur is loud and hoarse, with a fine
DISEASES OF THE HORSE gt

crackling sound; when lung is solid, no sound is heard. The
symptoms resemble very closely those of bronchitis, except in
listening at the chest, we notice the crackling sound instead of
the tubular; the cough is not as painful as in bronchitis.

TREATMENT. —

The general outline of treatment is as in‘‘Bronchitis.’’ Best of
quarters, and plenty of pure air. It is better to blanket warmly
than to warm by stopping ventilation. Give water and feed and same
general care as in ‘‘Bronchitis.’’ Treat chill as in “‘Bronchitis.”’
Rub legs until warm and then bandage from hoofs up; if hand
rubbing is not sufficient, use liniment as in ‘‘Bronchitis,’’ and repeat
once or twice a day the rubbing and liniment. Apply to the chest
the same applications asin ‘‘Bronchitis;’’ the hot applications are
especially valuable. If constipation exists, give laxative food,
such as scalded oats, bran, and linseed mashes, and to these add
grass or clover hay if not the season for grass. If no desire is
evinced for food of above kinds, allow anything that the horse will
eat. Also give injections per rectum. Hay tea may be given as
much as animal will drink, and this may create a desire for other
food; a little corn on the cob, apples, carrots, or sweet milk with
three or four eggs to the gallon, if he will drink it, three or four
gallons may be given a day. Internally give the same treatment
as for ‘‘Bronchitis,’’ taking the same care in drenching. During
convalescence use the same tonics as in ‘‘Bronchitis.’”? The treat-
ments for the two diseases areso similar it makes but little differ-
ence whether we differentiate between them or not.

PLEURISY.—tThis is an inflammation of the pleura or
serous membrane lining the chest cavity, and also investing the
lungs. Of itself it is not necessarily fatal, but inflammation of
serous membranes is inclined to abundant effusions of serum—a
watery fluid. This condition, called ‘‘hydrothorax,”’ is serious.

Causes.—May be due to any of the causes that lead up to
other diseases of the breathing organs; by wounds that puncture
the chest; or fractured ribs; and may accompany other diseases
of the breathing organs.
92 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—We get the chill followed by a high fever; at
first the animal is apt to show more or less pain by uneasiness
and looking around at the chest, acts a little as with mild colic.
The breathing is hurried, temperature elevated, 104 to 107; pulse
accelerated, 60 to 90, or even higher, rather hard and small;
elbows turned out; the chest is held rigid, breathing is carried on
by the abdominal muscles, causing a line to extend along the
lower border of ribs up to hip bone—the pleuritic line; flanks
tucked up, animal dislikes to turn around. If-the chest is tapped
with the knuckles the horse shows pain, more noticeable if the
fingers are pushed in between the ribs. If the chest is slapped
with the hand the animal is apt to grunt or groan.

In the early stages, by placing the ear to the chest a grating
or frictional sound is heard, caused by the dry pleura covering
the lungs rubbing against that lining the chest; later on the
effusion is thrown out and this sound ceases. If the effusion is
profuse, the serum begins to collect in the bottom of tbe chest
and float the lungs up toward the top; as this progresses we
notice there is no sound below the ‘‘water line,’’ and an increased
murmur above. If the chest does not fill more than one-third
full, and the inflammation subsides, the effusion may be reab-
sorbed and recovery take place; if it fills more than one-third,
the serum will need to be drawn off mechanically.

TREATMENT. —

This varies but little from that in ‘‘Bronchitis’’ and ‘‘Pneu-
monia.’’ Adhere to the general management as in ‘‘Bronchitis’’
and ‘‘Pneumonia,’’ and give the same medicines internally; the
disease needs rather vigorous treatment, so repeat medicines full
number of times. If the heart is at all weak use the Strychnine.
The external applications to the chest are very important—use the
hot water bottles. If the chest fills more than one-third full it
should be tapped with a trocar and canula and the fluid drawn
off; this would require a veterinarian. Sometimes the lung
affected will grow fast to the chest wall. During convalescence
give the tonics.

WATER IN THE CHEST—HYDROTHORAX.—
This is the filling of the chest with water following pleurisy.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 93

Causes.—At first after active inflammation, the effusion re-
lieves pain and the horse brightens up, begins to eat and is more
comfortable until water floats the lungs and interferes with
breathing. The countenance becomes anxious and haggard;
animal is dull and weak, and shows little appetite for food:
breathing more difficult and rapid, and pulse high. Tapping the
sides of chest will produce sound like the solid sound on a barrel
of water, and the ear detects no respiratory murmur in the lower
part of the chest.

TREATMENT.—

Rub liniment, as in ‘‘Bronchitis’? and ‘‘Pneumonia,’’ over
lower part of both sides and bottom of chest. Continue the
treatment as given in ‘‘Pleurisy,’’ and use the tonics. Also give
1 drachm Iodide Potassium in a pint of drinking water one hour
before feeding every night and morning for a week or two.

Hydrothorax is sometimes difficult to overcome by medicine
and tapping is then resorted to (see OPERATIONS).

BROKEN WIND, OR HEAVES.— Much confusion
exists as to the nature of this trouble, and though veterinarians are
well acquainted with the phenomena and locality of the disease,
there is some diversity of opinion as to the exact cause. An
after-death examination in recent cases—those that have had the
disease but a short time—shows no marked changes, but old cases
show well-marked lesions, walls of bronchial tubes thickened,
right side of heart enlarged and cavities dilated; stomach enlarged,
and in many cases, intestinal walls changed. The lungs are
changed in two ways—by dilation and rupture of walls of the
cells, and by air finding its way into the tissue between the cells.

Symptoms.—The peculiar double motion of the flanks in ex-
pelling the air, points to the ailment at once. The nostrils are
inflated, and the accompanying cough is short and something like a
grunt. When excited, a wheezing noise accompanies breathing.
This may be heard to a less extent when at rest by placing the
ear to the chest. The animal is much worse during close,
“muggy’’ weather. Animal has a depraved appetite and will eat
94 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

soiled bedding rather than good food, and the abdomen may be-
come what is called ‘‘pot-bellied;’’ passes wind frequently, which
has an offensive odor. If a horse has been ‘‘doped’’ by sharpers
so that symptoms are suppressed, he can be tested by giving him
as much water as he will drink, and then drive him up a stiff hill
or on a heavy road. This will bring out the characteristics of
the disease. The cough, which is not at all regular, is usually
one of the first symptoms.

TREATMENT.—

When once well seated there is no cure for it, but judicious
feeding and remedies will help to allay its severity. In recent
cases more may be accomplished. Feed a small quantity of the
best hay and more grain, and slightly dampen to allay dust.
Water before feeding, not after. Do not work immediately after
eating. Carrots, turnips and potatoes chopped and mixed with
oats or corn are good. Pasturing gives relief. One of the best
remedies is solution of Arsenic in Hydrochloric Acid (Liquor
Arsenici Hydrochloricus). Give 1 tablespoonful with bran or
ground oats three times daily for two weeks; then twice aday for
two weeks longer; then once a day for several weeks, is a good
way to giveit. Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic is also used in the
same manner, the dose being the same.

Do not use an animal suffering from heaves for breeding
purposes.

SPASMS OF THE DIAPHRAGM—THUMPS OR
HICCOUGHS.—This is like hiccoughs in man. Is generally
thought to be palpitation of the heart, and while that. trouble is
sometimes called ‘‘thumps’’ it must not be confounded with this
disease, which is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm.

Causes.—Same as congestion of the lungs.

Symptoms.—The jerky motion affects the whole body and is
not confined to the region of the heart. If one places the hand
on the body at about the middle of the last rib while the other is
placed over heart behind the left elbow, it will be seen that there
is no connection between the jerking of one and the beating of the
other. The ear placed to the side will discover that the sound is
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 95

back of the heart. In fact the heart is usually weaker and less
perceptible than natural. If not relieved, death usually results
from congestion of the lungs.

TREATMENT.—

The treatment should be precisely the same as for “‘Conges-
tion of the Lungs.”’

Or, in ordinary cases ee the following:

 

Sweet Spirits of Niter.. I ounce,
Laudanum... Ts
Fluid Extract ] 20 drops.
WALD cscetswestaciesdeatas Svesiee adeses doses I pint.

 

Mix and give as a drench, every two hours
until relieved.

If warm weather, apply a woolen blanket wrung out of hot
water to the chest, with a dry one outside it; if cold weather,
apply Mustard paste around back part of chest and cover body
well. In some cases, after giving a few doses of mixture, if not

relieved it would be well to give:

DUrpentine weisevesccsererievertseesiersevess I ounce.
Raw Linseed Oil .........ccseseseeeseeeeee I pint.
Mix and give as a drench.

After animal is better, feed well, give exercise, and bring
gradually to regular work.

WOUNDS PENETRATING THE WALLS OF THE
CHEST .—In theory, according to some teachers of physiology,
when an opening is made in the wall of the chest, sufficient to
allow air to enter, a collapse of the lung should occur. This is
not always the case, as horses have been known to be in this
condition for several hours without above result occurring. Dr.
W. H. Harbaugh tells of a case he attended twelve hours after
the accident, and he states, that though he found the breathing
considerably altered, no bad effect followed the admission of air
into the thoracic cavity. "The wound was closed and treated by
general methods of treating wounds, and a speedy and perfect
recovery followed. If the pleura is not penetrated, no bad result
is likely to follow, but if it is, pleurisy is likely to result, and
even pneumonia if the wound involves the lung.

The condition called ‘‘pneumo-thorax,’’ means air in the
chest. This may be due to a wound in the wall of the chest, or
96 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

it may be due to a broken rib, the sharp edges of which wound
the lung sufficiently to allow air to escape into the space about
the lung, which is naturally a vacuum. Air gaining access to the
chest cavity may have a peculiar effect. ‘The wound may be so
made that when the walls of the chest are dilating, a little air is
sucked in, but during contraction, the contained air presses
against the torn part, so as to close the wound; a little air gets
in at each breath, but none escapes until the lung is compressed
in small space, and forced into anterior part of chest. A broken
rib may cause same condition, but in this case the air gains access
from the lung, and there may not even be an opening in the
walls of the chest. In hydro-thorax (water on the chest), the
gases caused by decomposition of fluid, are said to have caused
the same condition. In such cases the air is generally absorbed,
and a spontaneous cure is the result. But when the symptoms
are urgent, it is recommended that the air be removed by a trocar
and canula, or by an aspirator.

TREATMENT.—

The treatment of wounds of above kind should, for reasons
stated, be prompt. Find out by careful examination if any
foreign body remain in the wound; if so, it should be removed
and the wound thoroughly cleaned with a solution of:

Carbolic ACIG ........sseceseeeeneee ceseeree I part.
Water sswsccesssaseivsnsspesnvetuereasiesesacays 30 parts
Mix.

The wound should then be closed immediately. If an incised
wound it should be closed with sutures; if torn or lJacerated, a
bandage around the chest over the dressing is the best plan. At
all events, air must be prevented getting into the chest as soon
and effectually as possible. The after treatment should consist in
keeping the parts clean with the Carbolic solution and applying
fresh dressing as often as needed to keep the wound in a healthy
condition. Care should be taken that the discharges from the
wound have an outlet in the most dependent part. If the wound
causes much pain, it should be allayed by a dose of Tincture of
Opium (Laudanum). Pleurisy and other complications must be
treated as directed under their headings.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 97

 

DISEASES OF THE MOUTH, TEETH, SALI=
VARY GLANDS AND GULLET

SORE MOUTH — STOMATITIS.—This is an inflam-
mation of the mucous membrane lining the mouth.

Causes.—Irritating medicines, foods, or other substances.

Symptoms.—Swelling of the mouth, which is hot and painful.
to the touch; copious discharge of saliva; mucous membrane is
reddened, and in some cases there are ulcers or blisters observed.

TREATMENT. —

Feed soft food, and in many cases this is all that is necessary.
If this is not sufficient use a wash of Chlorate of Potash, Borax or
Alum, from ¥% to 1 ounce of either, to 1 pint of water. Hay,
straw or oats should be steamed or boiled, if used. Internally
give a laxative, 1 quart of raw Linseed Oil, or % pound of Epsom
Salts, or 1 ounce of Aloes; also give large teaspoonful of Salt-
peter three times a day for a few days in the moistened grain. If
ulcers form, touch them with Nitrate of Silver, Tincture of
Iodine, or other caustic.

LAMPAS.—This is the name given to the swelling of the
mucous membrane covering the bars in the roof of the mouth and
projecting in a more or less prominent ridge immediately behind
the upper incisor teeth. Not nearly so common as imagined.

Causes.—From any of the causes of sore mouth, or in the
case of colts from teething.

Symptoms.—The bars in the roof of the mouth are swollen,
red and sensitive to the touch. The bars just back of the front
teeth are often ona level or below the grinding surface of the teeth
in health, and unless red and sensitive, indicates nothing wrong.
More or less slobbering, sometimes difficult eating.

TREATMENT. —
Give the same treatment, both local and internal, as in ‘‘Sore
Mouth.’ Burning is both cruel and unnecessary.
7
98 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

IRRITATION FROM SHEDDING MILK TEETH.—
A trouble of young horses.

Symptoms.—Horse eats with difficulty, sometimes not at all;
slobbers; sweats easily; hair looks rough; is gaunt and thin;
bowels costive or affected with diarrhea, and oats come through
whole.

TREATMENT. —

Look at teeth, back and front, for shells or caps, and remove
if any are found. Give soft food, and as a tonic the treatment
recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.”’

WOLF TEETH.—These are small teeth that come just
in front of the upper and sometimes the lower molars. They
sometimes wound the cheek, by its being pulled against the wolf
teeth by the bit. They do no good, but do not, as is sometimes
supposed, cause blindness,

TREATMENT.—

Take a pair of pincers or forceps and pull them. They are
usually only attached lightly and come easily. Never break
them off by punching them out. In pulling, twist back and forth
a little, so as not to break them off.

IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.—From the
nature of a horse’s food, it is necessary that the grinding or rub-
bing surface of the tooth should be rough. ‘The upper jaw is
somewhat wider than the lower, and from the fact of not being
perfectly opposed, a sharp edge is left on inside of lower molars
and on outside of upper ones, which may injure the lips and
tongue. This can be readily felt by the hand, and when so
found, should be rasped down. Sometimes the first or last molar
may be abnormally long, owing to the absence of its opposite.
Should it be the last, an expert would undoubtedly be needed,
but the front one can be rasped down. Teeth opposite absent
ones from other jaw are much elongated, and such must be short-
ezed. When horses ‘‘quid’’ their food, or when they show
distress in chewing, by holding the head to one side, the teeth
should be examined carefully, and all sharp corners and projec-
tions removed with a rasp.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 99

TOOTHACHE; DECAYED TEETH. — Toothache is
rare, and when found is usually from decayed teeth.

Causes. —Usually from biting hard substances that split and
break the teeth, inducing decay.

Symptoms.—Horse will suddenly stop chewing, throw his
head to one side and slightly open the mouth. Willact as though
something had punctured the mouth. Will hold the head side-
wise when eating, and sometimes in drinking. Apt to be an
offensive odor from nostril or mouth; sometimes a discharge from
nostril.

TREATMENT.—

If, on examination, no foreign substance is found in the
mouth, carefully try each tooth by gently tapping with a small
hammer with a long handle; the horse will flinch when the sore
tooth is touched. A twitch may be put on the upper lip to
control, if desired or necessary. When found, the offending
tooth should be removed either with the forceps or by punching
out. For this operation a veterinarian will be required.

CRIBBING AND WIND-SUCKING. —This is not a
disease in itself, but an exceeding bad habit, though it may result
from some disease. ‘Ihe manger, post, fence, or other object is
caught with the teeth, and horse bears down until neck is altered
in position so as to form a temporary vacuum in the pharynx,
when air rushes in to fill it.

Causes.—By some is considered as the result of indigestion;
by others from pain in the teeth while teething; while still others
as a result of idleness. Old horses will sometimes become
cribbers if tied beside one that cribs.

TREATMENT.—

Put horse in a box stall and feed him from the floer, giving
feed from a pail that is removed as soon as empty; leaving
nothing which he can get hold of. Examine teeth to see that
there are no defects in them; if so, correct. A strap buckled
tight around the throat—tight enough to prevent the action—is
another means employed. Putting Red Pepper, Aloes, and other
100 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

such ingredients on edges of manger where horse can crib is also
resorted to; covering the edge of the manger with metal may
prevent. Another way is to puta muzzle on with bars across the
nose that will allow eating, but will prevent grasping the manger
in his teeth.

For wind-suckers who do not crib, a strap studded with sharp
spikes opposite the lower jaw is the best preventive.

If the animal is unthrifty, indicating indigestion, give the
treatment recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’ With young
horses having a tendency to the trouble, give regular exercise.

FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE MOUTH.--Some-
times a piece of stick becomes lodged in the roof of the mouth,
and it may be noticed by animal not feeding, and he will be try-
ing to dislodge same continually with his tongue, by working it
around in his mouth. If obstruction is not removed, he will fall
off in condition. When observed, examine and remove any such
obstruction with the hand or pincers. Barley or wheat beards,
when horses get straw for food, may get so lodged in the mouth
that the animal cannot dislodge them with his tongue. The
horse will not feed well, and will fall off in condition. If the
mouth be examined the cause of the trouble will probably be
found, and should be removed, washing any irritated spot with
Borax and Alum water.

PARALYSIS OF LIPS AND CHEEKS.—Not a com-
mon disease, but met with occasionally.

Causes.—An injury to the nerves of motion in the lips and
cheeks.

Symptoms.—Animal is not able to use his lips in eating or
drinking; they hang flabby and loose, and have the appearance
of being swollen, but this is only from the looseness that makes
them appear so. When drinking, animal puts his head deep in
the water, as this is the only way he can drink. If one side only
is affected, lips may be drawn toward the other side.

TREATMENT. —
Keep up strength by giving soft food, and give him rest.
Stimulating liniments or blisters may be applied to the cheeks to
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 101

stimulate a return to normal conditions. Internally give 1 drachm
doses Nux Vomica, or 2 grain doses Sulphate Strychnia three
times a day, until twitching of some of the voluntary muscles
occurs; then discontinue for several days; beginning with a smaller
dose and increasing until the twitching occurs, is also recom-
mended. ‘The trouble may be incurable.

APHTHA, OR THRUSH. — At certain times, a common
disease and seems to be somewhat contagious.

Symptoms.—Animal is dull and does not eat well; has slight
cough; is running down. On examination, the mouth, lips, and
tongue will be found covered with little blisters, and they may
extend down into the throat, stomach, and in some cases into the
intestines. The animal may be feverish.

TREATMENT.—

Give the same treatment as with ‘‘Stomatitis;’’ touching the
sores with the caustics. Flushing out the mouth with a Carbolic
Acid solution—Carbolic Acid, % ounce, water, 1 quart—is of
value. In flushing out, be careful that the animal does not
swallow much of the solution.

INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE — GLOS-
SITIS.—

Causes. —From irritating medicines and foods; or from too
rough handling in giving medicines, injury from bit, or from
rope put in the mouth, etc.

Symptoms.—Copious discharge of saliva, and on examination
the tongue will be found red, swollen and tender to touch, and in
some cases protrudes from the mouth, with laceration, abscesses,
etc., and if not relieved animal would die of starvation.

TREATMENT.—

In simple cases follow out the treatment as in ‘‘Sore Mouth’’ ot
“Stomatitis.” Severe cases might require the services of a veterin-
arian. If tongue is cut, the wound should be stitched. In bad
cases pump ice-cold water into the mouth continuously with a
force pump.
102 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TONGUE HANGING FROM THE MOUTH.—

Causes.—Primarily from projection or sharp edges on the
teeth; or from neglected injuries to the tongue, or from a para-
lyzed condition of the tongue.

Symptoms.—Are obvious.

TREATMENT. —

Examine the teeth and rasp away all sharp edges and pro-
jections if any are found. Should the tongue be sore, use remedies
as in ‘‘Sore Mouth.’’ If tongue is paralyzed, give drachm doses of
Nux Vomica three times aday. When it hangs from the mouth
as ahabit, there is no known remedy. The use of certain bits will
sometimes prevent. If it hangs from the side, large, circular
leathers attached to the sides of the bit may help.

SLAVERING OR FROTHING—PTYALISM.— This
is an excessive or abnormal secretion of saliva.

Causes. —Irregular teeth; something in the food; clover,
especially second crop; foreign substances lodged in the mouth;
inflammation of mouth or tongue; or the use of some kinds of
medicine.

TREATMENT.—

Discover and remove the cause and usually nothing more will
be necessary. Astringent washes, as Alum water or Borax water,
may be used sometimes to an advantage, applying with a sponge
or syringe. A dose of the following is recommended where
simple means fail:

I OES 3554s ascuna ted akedawl cadeasoa Basse 8 drachms,
Bicarbonate Soda...........cccccceeseeseene I drachm,
GIN Ber ie sogcsa sac uspveddelaud devveasidaters EA

Dissolve in 1 pint of water or gruel, and give
as a drench; or, give in the form of a ball.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PAROTID GLAND.--
This is the salivary giand situated below the ear and between the
back part of the jaw bone and neck.

Causes.—They become inflamed occasionally from cold settling

in them, or from injury. Disease also accompanies distemper,
laryngitis, and pharyngitis.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 103

TREATMENT .—

Bathe in hot water, or apply woolen cloths wrung from hot
water, or apply Linseed Meal poultices. If there is fever, give
internal treatment recommended for ‘‘Laryngitis ’’ If gland sup-

purates and comes to a point in any spot, open and flush out once
a day with Carbolic Acid water:
Carbolic Acid «. o:.stesscseessteastcacceseet w% ounce.

Continue poulticing as before for a day or two and then stop
poulticing.

THICKENING OF THE PAROTID GLAND.—This
is usually called ‘‘thick gland.”

Causes.—Tight reining; from distemper; or from inflamma-
tion of the glands.

Symptoms.—A pronounced thickening behind the jaw bone
and below the ear.
TREATMENT.—

Blistering is the best way to get rid of this. Use the
following:

Powdered Cantharides...........:sececeee 1 drachm.
Biniodide of Mercury.......c.--seeeeeees % as
Lard or Vaseline .......c0.sseeeeeeveeeeeeee I ounce.

Mix thoroughly and apply to the affected
gland.
For applying, see ‘“To Apply a Blister,’’ under ‘‘Ring Bone.”’
In mild cases Iodine Ointment can be used in place of blister;
the ointment is made as follows:

TOC iG sevcnddneied cavsecsaseeiioosed daemeveeses’ 2 drachms
Todide of Potash......ssesorscseecreerrseeee JB ts
Biniodide of Mercury.......scsssseeseeeee 20 grains.
VaAselitie ccc .cssendceassaesxesmesvesecsasivasin I ounce.

Apply a little once a day and rub vigorously
with arubcloth. Keep slightly irritated.

FISTULA OF THE PAROTID DUCT.—Generally
from an injury to the duct where it rounds the lower jaw on the
under side, just in front of the angle.
104 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Causes.—A tumor, or piece of food may obstruct the duct,
cause inflammation, and as a result the duct breaks through in a
new place, and as there is a constant flow of saliva, the opening
becomes fistulous.

Synptoms.—lfi, from an obstruction, there is a sore on the
cheek, usually on the outside, but sometimes on the inside, the
inner one does little harm, as the saliva isnot wasted. The saliva
flows more freely during mastication, but is continuous, If from
an injury at the underside of jaw, saliva flows from the injury.

‘TREATMENT.

Clip hair off around the opening, and remove any obstruc-
tion or irritation on the inside; see that the natural opening is
clear. Scratch edges of external opening to make a fresh wound
of it; then apply the following:

Carbolic Acid .......ccecceeceeseeeeeeceeees x drachm.

GY COLI Giesiccecins scncessses ccegertevosstenone 2 drachms.
Flour to make a paste.

Make into a paste and apply to the wound, and put a cold
Linseed Meal poultice directly over it. Dress twice a day, and
the fistulous opening will soon close if the natural passage is kept
open. A little Tincture of Iodine, or the Iodine Ointment
applied to the opening repeatedly may close it. If possible, get
a veterinarian to treat the trouble.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PHARYNX — PHAR-
YNGITIS.—The pharynx is that part of the tract that lies in the
throat just back of the mouth. It rarely exists unless accom-
panied with sore mouth, glossitis, or laryngitis.

Causes.—Are from extension of above diseases, or from
foreign substances getting lodged there. Same causes as for
laryngitis.

Symptoms.—When confined mostly to the pharynx, there is
difficulty in swallowing; but little cough unless in trying to
swallow; and there is no soreness on pressure over the larynx
(large ring of the windpipe.) Increased flow of saliva; difficulty
of swallowing liquids in particular, and cough when trying to
swallow only, water comes back through the nose, and more or
less discharge from the nose.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 105

TREATMENT.—
Same as for ‘‘Laryngitis.’’

PARALYSIS OF THE PHARYNX,OR GULLET.—
Commonly called ‘‘Paralysis of the Throat.’’ ‘This is a stubborn
disease, but fortunately not very common.

Symptoms.— Animal will take food in his mouth and chew it,
but cannot swallow; will try to drink, but there is no diminution
of water in the pail, and this he will try to do by the hour. Any
water getting into the back of the mouth will be returned through
the nose. An examination reveals no abnormal conditions, except
perhaps parts are flabby to touch. General conditions of animal
otherwise at first are good, only as owner would say: ‘‘He can’t
eat.’’

TREATMENT.—

Blister, or apply stimulating Turpentine and Ammonia lini-
ment behind and under the jaw. Swab the mouth frequently with
Chlorate of Potash or Alum, 1 ounce to a pint of water, with a
sponge on end of a stick. Give Strychnine in 1 grain doses three
or four times a day. If possible give the Strychnine hypoder-
mically. This treatment is recommended by high authority.
Another recommends feeding animal with stomach pump, hay
tea and making gruels out of chopped oats, new milk and eggs,
and pumping it down into the stomach, or giving through a hose
with funnel in one end, passed into the stomach; in this way
keeping animal alive until the muscles have regained their tone
and horse can swallow again.

CHOKING.—Choking is not so common among horses as
cattle, but it sometimes occurs.

Causes.— Animal is suddenly startled when eating apples or
roots; or, in feeding oats in a narrow, deep manger, a greedy feeder
may, by bolting his oats, get choked. Giving eggs without
breaking, or balls that are too large or improper shape, are also
causes. It may lodge in the pharynx, in middle or neck portion,
or in the chest portion near the stomach, each giving different
symptoms.
106 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—When in the pharynx, the horse will present
symptoms of distress, such as hurried breathing, frequent cough,
excessive flow of saliva, sweating, trembling, or stamping of the
forefeet, and there may be bloating. Manipulating upper part of
throat and examination by hand, will discover obstruction. If
farther down, the object will form a tumor on left side of neck,
which may be both seen and felt. Symptoms are not so severe;
horse will draw himself up, arch his neck, and sometimes utter
a loud grunt; has anxious look and tries to vomit; saliva and
mucus flowing from the nose. If choke is close to the stomach,
the symptoms are still less severe. Horse will eject food or water
through nose or mouth, after a few swallows are taken. There
are some distress symptoms, cough, and occasionally attempts at
vomiting in this form of choke. "The probang would determine
the question if an obstruction were present.

TREATMENT.—

If in the pharynx or the beginning of the gullet, try and
remove through the mouth, putting a gag in the mouth to pro-
tect the hand. While one is trying to grasp object, have another
press upward on object from below. Give a little oil carefully to
lubricate obstruction and gullet. Persevere, as continued effort
may get obstacle farther toward the mouth or cause it to be car-
ried on to the stomach. If all means fail, then use the probang
in endeavor to push it down. A half-inch hose answers very
well for a probang. It can be stiffened, if necessary, by putting
twisted wire in it, being sure the wire does not project beyond
the lower end. To pass the probang, back the horse into a
corner, have a man on each side take an ear in one hand, and one
place the other hand on his nose, the other place his hand under
the lower jaw. Straighten the head on the neck as much as pos-
sible; oil the hose well, pass it into the mouth over the back of
the tongue into the gullet; press gently until it enters the gullet,
then pass rapidly until it strikes the obstruction; then by gentle
but firm pressure try and dislodge it and push it into the stomach.
It is some seven or eight feet from the front of the mouth to the
stomach. The horse is apt to ‘‘choke down” in using a probang;
if it occurs withdraw the probang at once. If the obstruction
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 107

will not dislodge, mix 114 teaspoonfuls Fluid Extract of Bella-
donna with % teacupful melted lard, place a funnel in one end of
the hose, pass it down onto the obstruction, then elevate the fun-
nel and pour the lard mixture into it; after giving the mixture
time to run down onto the obstruction, remove the probang and
wait from one-half to one hour, and then try again to dislodge
it with the probang. Never use any hard, stiff body for a pro-
bang.

If lower in the throat give a little oil carefully, and then
manipulate with the hand. If oats, begin at lower part and
squeeze off alittle at a time. Continue trying for an hour at
least before resorting to more dangerous modes of treatment.
If the manipulations fail, then the probang may be resorted to.
The lower form of choke can only be treated by the careful use
of the probang. As a last resort, if in the neck region, the
substance is cut down onto, and removed through an opening.
Avoiding large blood vessels and nerves, an incision ismade down
onto the top of the obstruction, the opening being as small as
possible and accomplish the object. When done, draw the cut
together with catgut or silk and dress it twice a day with Carbolic
lotion:

4 drachms.
I pint.

 

Feed on sloppy diet for a week or more. A veterinarian
should be called for the operation and in all severe cases where
possible.

DILATATION OR ENLARGEMENT OF THE
ESOPHAGUS, OR GULLET.—

Causes.—Mostly from choking, and is due to a rupture or
stretching of the muscular coat of the gullet, allowing the
internal or mucous coat to form a pouch.

Symptoms.—Horse will be able to eat a few mouthfuls with-
out apparent distress; then he will suddenly paw, contract the
muscles of his neck, and eject a portion of the food through nose
or mouth. As the dilatation thus empties itself the symptoms
subside, only to reappear as he again takes solid food; or each
bolus as it is swallowed may lodge in the enlargement, to be
108 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

pushed out by the one following; in this case a little pressure or
a swallow of water causes the bolus to pass on.

TREATMENT. —

Is not very satisfactory; a drachm of Fluid Extract of Bella-
donna and 2 drachms of Alum, two or three times a day, may
help.

GOITRE, OR ENLARGEMENT OF THE THYROID
GLAND.—This gland is situated on the under side of the neck,
about five to eight inches below the angle of the lower jaw, on
each side of the windpipe.

Cause.—The cause is not known.

Symptoms.—Gland is enlarged; it is movable, insensitive,
and grows slowly.

TREATMENT.—

Wash once a day with hot water and soap; then when dry,
apply the Iodine Ointment, as recommended in ‘‘ Thickening of
the Parotid Gland.’ One-half drachm of Tincture of Iodine can
be injected into the enlarged gland with a hypodermic syringe.
Treatment should begin early.

SWELLING AROUND HEAD AND THROAT.—
This is sometimes noticed when a horse is first turned out to
pasture for a few days, and might be thought something serious.

Cause.—-It is caused by a flow of blood to the head when
horse has his head to the ground, induced by the change of feed-
ing from a manger to the ground.

Symptoms.—There is apparent swelling around jaws and
throat. When examined there is no tenderness, and animal is
sound in every other way. If brought in and fed where he will
hold his head higher, the enlargement disappears.

TREATMENT.—
In many cases no treatment is needed, but if the blood is

not in the right condition, give him a few doses of the following:
Nitrate of Potash............cceeesseeseee ees 4 ounces,
SU PHT ici as ccias cnstenvne saveensrivecensen sss 4.“
Mix and give 1 tablespoonful every night and
morning; a light laxative may also be of value.
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DISEASES OF THE HORSE 109

 

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND
BOWELS

IMPACTION OF THE STOMACH—STOMACH
STAGGERS—GORGED STOMACH.— These are terms
given to the stomach when it is so distended with food as to lose
the power of contracting on its contents.

Causes.—Overfeeding, especially after a long fast; getting
access to the grain bin and eating ravenously; getting into grain
field.

Symptoms.—Horse becomes dull and drowsy; slight colicky
symptoms; rarely lies down; carries his head extended and low,
nearly to the ground. Dullness increases, eyes partially closed;
vision impaired; presses his head against the manger and sides of
stall; paws or even climbs with his forefeet. Respiration less
frequent than in health, and pulse slow and sluggish. Symptoms
increase in severity; he becomes delirious; covered with cold
sweat; trembles violently; slobbers or vomits a sour, fermenting
mass; staggers from side to side when moved, or plunges violentiy
about until he drops dead. Symptoms resemble somewhat ‘‘mad
staggers,’’ but if one gets the cause—ravenous eating after a fast,
etc.—there need be no confounding of diseases.

TREATMENT.—

Those drugs should be given which will stimulate the stom-
ach to activity. Give the mixture recommended for ‘‘Colic;’’
repeat in from one-half to one hour, and again in two hours, and
then once in three hours. If suffering is intense, give from 3 to
5 grains of Morphine and repeat as conditions indicate. Drachm
doses of the Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica once in two or three
hours, in addition to the colic mixture, is good. If bloating is
present, give the drugs as recommended in ‘‘Tympanites of the
Stomach.’’ After recovery, give for a week or two the tonics
recommended under ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’

A purgative of Barbadoes Aloes or 34 pound of Epsom Salts
should be given after the acute symptoms have passed. Tf colic
110 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

mixture is not at hand, stimulate the stomach to action by giving
% ounce doses Cayenne Pepper or Jamaica Ginger. Injections
into the rectum of:

TUEpentinesesscee.sc6s nctaeaasarvsrensen #2 2 ounces.

Linseed Oil......cecsesesesereeseceneseereeeee gs
may stimulate the bowels to act, and thus in a measure relieve
the stomach. Cold applications to the head for the cerebral
symptoms may be of benefit in some cases.

When an animal overeats, give treatment at once; do not

wait for symptoms to appear.

TYMPANITES OF THE STOMACH — ACUTE
INDIGESTION. — This disease corresponds to ‘‘hoven’’ or
blown in cattle.

Causes.—Overloading the stomach with young, succulent,
growing food; overfeeding, particularly if given immediately
before or after hard work. Some think to fit their horse for a
hard journey by giving an extra allowance of oats or other food
just before starting. A violation of any of the correct principles
of feeding.

Symptoms.— Horse grows dull and listless; sweats profusely;
attempts to lie down; head is carried forward and downward; if
checked up, is heavy on the reins; stumbles or blunders forward,
and sometimes falls. If looked at carefully, is seen to be unusually
full over the posterior ribs; flanks may also be distended. On
placing the ear to the horse’s windpipe a distinct metallic sound
can be heard, as of air rushing through the windpipe; it is gas
coming up through the gullet. Such cases are rapid in their
course and often fatal.

TREATMENT. —
Must be prompt and energetic. Give the mixture recom-
mended for ‘‘Colic’’ and in addition to stop the bloating give:

Hyposulphite of Soda... sssssceee 4 ounces
Water cosicssctuvsnasosntrsevessavarazecicesce’ ¥% pint.

Or:
Salicylic ACI... ccescsettereeseseeees 4 drachms.
Raw Linseed Oil....... cc cccceeeeeseeeee 4 ounces.

Repeat in one-half hour.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE III

An ounce of Turpentine in a pint of Oil is helpful in case of
bloating. If medicines fail, pass one-half inch hose into the
stomach as described under ‘‘Choking.’’ Charcoal in large doses
is good.

After the acute symptoms have passed, give Aloes or Salts
as in preceding disorder, and also follow with the digestive tonic.

RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH.—This mostly occurs
as the result of engorged or tympanitic stomach; and from the
horse throwing himself violently when so affected. It may result
from disease of the coats of the stomach, gastritis, stones or
calculi, tumors, or anything closing the opening of the stomach
into the intestines, and from very violent pulling, or jumping,
after animal has eaten heartily of bulky food.

Symptoms.—Are not constant or reliable. Horse will sit on
haunches, and turn up his nose, as in ‘‘Colic’’ or ‘‘Enteritis;’’ will
try to vomit, and this is a characteristic symptom. As case pro-
gresses horse will often stretch forward the fore legs, lean back-
wards and downwards until the belly nearly touches the ground,
and then rise up again with a groan, after which the fluid from his
nostrils is issued in increased quantity. Pulse fast and weak;
breathing hurried; body bathed in clammy sweat; limbs tremble
violently; horse reels and staggers from side to side, and ulti-
mately dies.

TREATMENT.—

The postmortem reveals the exact condition. There is no
treatment that is any use whatever. ‘There is a possibility, how-
ever, of a mistake in diagnosis, and Powdered Opium in 1 drachm
doses, or 1 ounce doses of Laudanum may be given every two or
three hours, to keep the stomach as quiet as possible.

INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH—GASTRI-
TIS.—This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of
the stomach.

Causes. —Generally due to mechanical irritation, or to giving
irritant or corrosive poisons in too large doses, or without suffi-
cient dilution.
112 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—Are not well marked; there are febrile symp-
toms, the temperature ranging from 104 to 106 degrees; the pulse
is rapid, small and hard; colicky pains; attempts at vomiting;
intense thirst. When produced by poisons there will be symp-
toms referable to that particular poison. If due to salts of Lead,
there is difficult or labored breathing, abdominal pains, partial
paralysis of extensor muscles, tottering gait, convulsions and
death. Gradual lead poisoning would differ somewhat. Out of
condition; loss of appetite; staring coat; constipation; watery
swellings under the jaws; gray or blue line along the margin
of the gums; progressive paralysis, noted at first in anterior
extremities; colicky pains. Chronic poisoning may be expected
where horses are pastured near paint works, or around newly
painted buildings, where paint kegs are left in the fields, where
horses may get small particles of lead in the food, where soft
water runs through lead pipes, or where drinking water is drawn
from cisterns or wells containing lead.

TREATMENT.—

If from acute lead poisoning, give 30 to 60 drops Sulphuric
Acid, well diluted with water, milk, white of eggs, oils, and
Linseed gruel or tea. If chronic from gradual lead poisoning,
give Epsom Salts in from % to 1 pound doses. Iodide Potassium
in 1 drachm doses, two or three times a day is good. If not due
to lead, give the following:

Morphine .ciscecs caseaceessosssnovsean 3to 5 grains.
Subnitrate of Bismuth...............66+ 2 drachms.
Linseed Meal Gruel ...........ceeeseeeeees I pint.

Give as one dose; repeat three to five times a
day.

Eggs in milk are also good. For the fever give:

Fluid Extract Belladonna............... 1 drachm,
Fluid Extract Aconite...........escccees Io drops.
Salt peter iii secs ssedssissas selves iuleacat naweaeany 2 drachms,

Give in the gruel three or four times a day.

Give water in small quantities frequently. Follow recovery
with the tonics as in preceding disorders.
 

|
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—

£99.

oe The adult.

BOTS.

BOTS IN THE DUODENUM.

(2)

BOTS IN THE STOMACH.

(1)
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 113

 

BOTS.— The common gad-fly (gastrophilus equi) attacks
horses in summer, its purpose being not to get food but to deposit
its eggs. The parts selected being the shoulder, base of neck,
and fore legs, especially about the knees, for in these places the
horse will have no difficulty in reaching the eggs with his tongue.
When the animal licks the spots where the eggs have been
deposited, the heat and moisture hatches them out, and the little
bots are transferred to the stomach, where they attach themselves
to the coat of the stomach by two little hooklets on the head,
and there remain for several months until they reach their growth
as bots; they sometimes attach themselves at other points along
the digestive tract, as in the pharynx, or in the intestines. When
this time arrives, generally in the early spring, they let go their
hold and are carried out in the feces. They then bury them-
selves in the earth for a period of six or seven weeks, and finally
emerge as perfect winged insects to carry forward the work of
depositing eggs. ‘They have no mouth parts and do not bite the
horse, and yet they cause a great deal of annoyance.

The opinion that is commonly entertained that bots cause
colicky pains is erroneous. All kinds of treatment, varied and
heroic has been resorted to by horsemen to cure the animal of the
so-called ailment, such as slapping the horse on the belly to make
the bots let go, etc., but the universal verdict of veterinarians is,
that it is rare that bots produce any appreciable disturbance
whatever. ‘The opinion has been sometimes given out in a case
where the stomach has been ruptured through distension by
gases, bots being present, that “bots have eaten through the
stomach.’”? Bots never do this. They might be in such numbers
as to slightly interfere with digestion, or might at once let go in
such a mass as to clog the opening of the bowels, or be attached
in such numbers around the opening as to partially clog it, but
such instances would be rare indeed.

TREATMENT.—

Prevention is the best treatment. Keep the legs and shoulders
free from the eggs during summer and autumn. Medicines will
not loosen them from the stomach. In May and June when the

bots loosen their hold and come away in large numbers, remember
8
114 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

it is the natural course of events, and that the animal will soon
be free from them. Ordinarily it is not necessary to even remove
the eggs, but when present in large numbers it would be well to
wash the parts once or twice a week with warm soap suds. The
warm water will hatch the bots and they will be washed off. By
examining the eggs with a hand lens, those that have hatched can
be recognized, as the little cap at one end is off.

CHRONIC INDIGESTION.—The disturbances of diges-
tion included under this head are not so pronounced as to produce
colic, yet as this is one of the most common troubles of the
alimentary tract, it deserves more than passing attention.

Causes.—Improper food and feeding at improper times;
irregular or decayed teeth; bolting the food; overeating; too
much rough food; defective secretions, etc., are causes of this
disorder.

Symptoms.—Irregular appetite, refusing food at times, and
eating ravenously at others— eating everything within reach.
Appetite is also depraved, eating unusual things, as soiled bedding,
wood, his own feces; bowels irregular; food passing with but
little change—grain whole and hay in impacted masses; frequent
passing of wind with a sour odor; light attacks of colic. Animal
loses flesh; sweats easily, tires easily, loses spirits. Skin presents
a dry, hard appearance, and is tight (hide-bound). Hair is
long, harsh and rough. If all or a part of these symptoms are
present, the trouble is without doubt indigestion.

TREATMENT. —

First look to the cause and remove it. Give water to
drink before feeding. Gradually change the feed to another
kind, and give the best of food—feed a balanced ration; do not ©
overfeed, and do not allow animal to eat bedding or dirty
food of any kind. If in season, turn out to grass for three or
four months. Examine the teeth carefully, rasping down or
extracting if case requires. If due to bolting food, feed in a large
manger, where the grain can be spread so thin as to compel horse
to eat slowly. Carrots, turnips, or apples are good: A physic
given at the outset is of benefit—an ounce of Aloes, or a pint of
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 115

Linseed Oil. Give regular exercise, but do not overwork. Use
a mixture of oats, bran and linseed meal, instead of corn, for a
grain ration; clover instead of timothy hay. Medicinally, use the

following:
8 ounces.

 

ATSCNIC...... ee cee cece ecees geesheatewwesins, ¥ drachm.

Mix thoroughly; dose, tablespoon level full
morning and night in moistene grain.

At noon give the following:

Sulphate of Irom... eee - 4 ounces,
Salt peter. sc.ccstecssveisevreeuaeececeuscess 4

Mix thoroughly; dose, tablespoon level full,
given in moistened grain at noon.
In some cases the following will give better results than the
Iron and Saltpeter mixture, and can be used instead:

 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid.............00005 1% ounces.
Liquid Chloride of Iron ym
Water to makesissisccissssvees vane ce ee I pint.

Dose: 1 ounce in 4 ounces of water; give in
grain.
Give the medicine for two or three weeks, withhold a week
and then give again, continuing in this manner until cured.
These cases often require treatment for six months or a year.

SPASMODIC, OR CRAMP COLIC.—The name given to
that form of colic produced by contraction or spasm of a portion
of the small intestines.

Causes.—Indigestible food; sudden changes in feeding, or-
feeding at improper times; foreign bodies, as nails or stones; large
drinks of cold water; driving horse through deep streams in
heated condition; cold rains; drafts of air; worms, etc.

Symptoms.—These should be studied carefully in order to
distinguish from other forms of colic requiring quite different
treatment. Spasmodic colic begins suddenly; if feeding, horse
will stop abruptly, stamp impatiently, and look backwards.
Soon shows pain by pawing, suddenly lying down, rolling, and
getting up. Then an interval in which he resumes feeding. In
a little while pains return and are increased, only to pass off fora
116 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

time. As attack progresses the intervals of ease become shorter,
and pain more intense. Animal will throw himself down, roll
‘ ever and over, jump up, whirl about, drop down again, paw, or
strike with the front feet, steam and sweat, make frequent
attempts to pass water, and penis partially erected. Only a
small amount of water is passed, as bladder is so frequently
emptied. ‘The pulse is about normal in the intervals, but runs
up during the attacks. The temperature remains normal, or
nearly so. Pressure on the bowels seem to relieve, which is not
the case in inflammation.

TREATMENT. —

Give a roomy box stall, bedded, and let animal maneuver at
will. Do not run the animal; a little walking exercise is not
hurtful. Anti-spasmotics are indicated. Give 1 ounce Chloral
Hydrate as a drench in % pint of water. Another good remedy is:

 

 

 

Sulphuric Ether I ounce.
Laudantim .......cccceseeseceeeeees give: 2S
Linseed) (Ouls ésectsssesseevencunendeivesvesenee ¥ pint.
Still another is:
ALCOR OM icievsascceasetcatavisctisvas 2 ounces.
Sulphuric Ether... ee Tounce.
Fluid Extract Belladonna I drachm.
WAL ocsccdsescny seeenendeneseaedvees ¥% pint.
A favorite remedy with many is:
Sweet Spirits Niter............ cesses I ounce.
Laudanum........cecceesseseeeeeees rs
GIN BER, once seco digested etnineaengceetdes 1 tablespoonful.
Baking Soda .ccscsssssssoeeasavosvscazveavers I "
Water acauaes eesocveseerews st ideodiecancate I pint.

 

Mix, and give as a drench.

The following is also a good colic mixture:

 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia......... ¥% ounce.
Sulphuric Ether.....c0......000scccceseseees tee
Fluid Extract Jaborandi................. 2 drachms.
Fluid Extract Calibar Bean............ ¥% drachm.
Fluid Extract Belladonna I drachm,
Water to. make... scsissiescesiereresccees ¥% pint.

Give as one dose; repeat in one-half to one
hour if necessary, and again in an hour if cir-
cumstances require,
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 117

If any bloating is present, give in addition the remedies
recommended in the next disorder.

One-half pint Whiskey in hot water is good when nothing
else is at hand. Cloths wrung out in hot water to which a little
Turpentine has been added and applied to the abdomen if animal
is quiet enough, will be of use in severe cases, or the belly may
be rubbed with stimulating liniments, or Mustard paste. In-
jection per rectum of warm, soapy water, or salt and water,
lukewarm, and from 3 to 6 quarts in amount, will aid in the
cure. Repeat in one-half hour if necessary. Always follow a
recovery from colic with from a pint to a quart dose of Raw Lin-
seed Oil. And give the tonics as in ‘‘Chronic Indigestion’’ for a
week or two.

FLATULENT COLIC—TYMPANITES—WIND
COLIC—BLOAT.—

Causes.—Sudden changes in food; too long fasting, and food
given while horse is exhausted; large quantities of green food;
sour, indigestible food; irregular teeth; or anything that produces
indigestion

Symptoms.—Are not so suddenly developed, nor so severe asin
“Spasmodic or Cramp Colic.’” Resembles ‘‘Acute Indigestion,”
only the seat of the trouble is in the bowels instead of the stom-
ach. At first horse is dull, paws slightly, and may or may not
lie down. Pains are continuous from the start; belly enlarges, and
by striking it in front of haunches, a drum-like sound is heard,
most noticeable on the right side. Symptoms are aggravated if
not relieved, and in addition there is difficult breathing; profuse
sweat; trembling of front limbs; sighing respiration; staggering
and death.

TREATMENT.—
Give the ‘‘Colic’’ mixture the same as in ‘‘Spasmodic Colic,”’
and in addition the following to correct the bloating:

Hyposulphite of Soda..........seeece0 4 ounces.

Water .....cccscccsccssessrscsccevesenepssconses % pint.
Or:

Salicylic ACi......-.::ccceceeseeeeeeeette 4 drachms,

Raw Linseed Oil.........-::seeseesseseeees \% pint.
118 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

If neither of these are at hand, 1 ounce of Turpentine in a
pint of Oil is of value; repeat these in about half an hour, and
again in an hour if necessary.

Give injections per rectum and use applications to abdomen
as in ‘‘Spasmodic Colic.’’

Give a roomy place, but do not allow horse to throw himself
violently; if he lies down carefully, let him do so and roll.

If the medicines do not stop the bloating, resort to tapping,
using the horse trocar and canula. ‘Tap in the right flank in the
center of the triangular space between the point of the hip and

the last rib. Wash the place first with Carbolic Acid solution:

Carbolic ACid.. .s<ciscssctecaseneiwer caves \% ounce.
WIAD sess osscineseiecsonnaeecutidenea weaueaanits I pint.

Also wash the instrument in the same; have the point of the
trocar sharp; standing well forward, place the point of the trocar
at the right place, direct it downward and forward and press it in
nearly the whole length; withdraw the trocar and the gas will
escape through the canula; if the gas does not come out, with-
draw the canula part way, change the direction and insert again.
Leave the canula in until ali the gas escapes. If necessary to
tap a second time, do so a little to one side of the other place.
After removing the canula, wash the place with the Carbolic
solution,

Give the same after-treatment as with ‘‘Spasmodic Colic.’’

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS—ENTERI-
TIS.—This is an inflammation of the lining of the bowels, and
may extend to, and involve the muscular and even serous coats.

Causes.—Food that has sand or clay in it; continuation of
colic; corrosive poisons; exposure to cold after an exhaustive
drive; driving through deep streams of cold water when heated;
musty, bad food; and over-feeding.

Symptoms.—The early symptoms resemble those of ‘‘Colic,”’
but in the course of an hour or two the following will be noticed:
Membranes of nose, mouth, and eyes are congested and red-
dened; mouth hot and dry; respirations are increased; sweating;
pulse hard and rapid; temperature 103 to 106 F. ‘This distin-
guishes it from ‘‘Colic.’’ Colic pains are continuous. Horse
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 119

 

walks about the stall, paws, lies down carefully, may start to lie
down, get down part way, but get up again, and when down,
frequently turns himself upon his back by side of stall and re-
mains for sometime. Bowels are usually sluggish and inactive,
unless caused by irritant food or medicines, in which case purg-
ing or bloating may be present. The high pulse, fever, con-
tinuous pain, which is increased on pressure, position of horse
when down, coldness of ears and legs, etc., are characteristics of
the disease. Duration of complaint is usually from ten to fifteen
hours, but may extend over a longer time. Very frequently fatal.

 

TREATMENT.—
Give every three to four hours:
Powdered Opium..........ceee 1to 2 drachms,
Fluid Extract Belladonna.......... .... 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract Aconite Io drops.
Saltpeter......ssecceceeeeeeees 2 drachms.
Wile de sacciccesvegeeaiss rnsie coeeuasoeasazsses % pint

Mix and give as one dose,

Or, the following may be used:

Datidati uiniig.s cc cgeantiestensedepstiaensiaaes 2 ounces.

Fluid Extract Aconite Root.... ro to 15 drops.
Baking Soda.......sssccccsssseeccereeeeesees 1 tablespoouful.
Fluid Extract Belladonna..............+ 1 drachm.

Mix and give as a drench in % pint of
water, repeating every two or three hours until
relieved.

Asa trule, purgatives and injections should not be given, as
the bowels should be kept quiet. Blankets wrung out in hot
water and applied to the belly, and covered with a dry blanket,
changing to keep hot, are good; or stimulating liniments, or
Mustard paste, rubbed over the abdomen, with hot salt in a bag
applied over the kidneys, will be of benefit. During convales-
cence give linseed tea, oatmeal gruel, bran mashes, grass if in
season, avoiding all hard indigestible foods; if the bowels do not.
act, encourage by walking exercise and injections of soapy water
in rectum. If these fail, give a pint of Linseed Oil and repeat
every six to eight hours until bowels respond. Use the tonic as for
“Chronic Indigestion’ for a week or two.
120 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

PERITONITIS.—This is an inflammation of the lining of
the abdominal cavity, and of the outer covering of the bowels.
Duration, a week or more, but may kill in a few hours.

Causes.—Wounds in the abdomen; severe blows or kicks;
castration; tapping and other operations; exposures of various
kinds; and extension of inflammation from organs covered by
the peritoneum.

Symptoms.—Generally preceded by a chill; not disposed to
move; seems stiff and sore; paws with front feet, and strikes at
belly with hind ones; lies down carefully, but as pain is increased,
remains standing most of time; constipated; pressure on belly
gives pain; horse will bite, strike or kick, if so disturbed.
Temperature is higher than normal—1o03 to 104 F.; pulse
quickened—70 to 90 a minute, and is hard and wiry. The symp-
toms resemble quite closely those of ‘‘Inflammation of Bowels.’’
If extensive is generally fatal; if death does not occur soon,
disease may assume a chronic form, and there is an effusion of
water in the belly cavity, constituting what is known as ascites
or dropsy of the abdomen, in which case a baggy condition of
the abdomen is produced.

TREATMENT.—

Give from 1 to 2 ounces of Laudanum every two to four
hours to allay the pain, and also the following to control the in-
flammation:

ALCON iss scawsisctinnses sidasigeee eeacenswiecnens 4 ounces,
Fluid Extract of Acomnite.........cceccee 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ I ounce,
Salt petetesgiec ss siadedaa vee gsase wasseosadsn ss 2 ounces.
Water to Make.......ceccceeeceesesseweees I pint.

Shake; dose, 2 ounces three to five times a day.

If the temperature gets high, give one drachm of Acetanilid
and 1% ounces of Alcohol in %4 pint of water twiceaday. Use
hot applications to the abdomen, as in ‘Inflammation of the
Bowels,’’ also the liniment or Mustard paste; these are very im-
portant in this disorder. If the animal shows a desire for food,
give a little that will be easily digested. After two or three days
give 20 to 30 drops of Fluid Extract of Digitalis with each dose
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 121

of the above mixture. If the disease follows castration, flush out

the wound well two or three times a day with a Carbolic Acid
solution;

Use a syringe in flushing out. If a yearling colt, use about
one-fourth the above dose of medicine internally.

Use injections to unload the bowels and oil to move them
during convalescence.

The treatment in case the serum collects in the cavity will be
found under ‘‘Ascites.’’

IMPACTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE.—
This is a very common trouble and one which if not promptly
recognized and treated, results in death.

Sympioms.—There are at first slight abdominal pains, resem-
bling mild case of ‘‘Colic,’? which may disappear for a time, to
reappear with more violence; feces are passed in the early stages,
but in smaller quantities and more dry; abdomen feels full, but not
distended with gas; horse paws and looksat his sides. A striking
symptom is that he will lie flat on his side, head and legs extended,
but raises head to look at flanks, and remaining in this position
from five to fifteen minutes at a time, seemingly in this shape
easiest. Gets up, walks about the stall, paws, looks at his sides,
backs up against stall, pressing it with his tail, or rubs his tail, (a
very characteristic symptom), but soon lies down again. Bowels
cease to move after twenty-four hours; at first temperature is
normal, but rises as inflammation sets in; pulse is accelerated
and gets harder as disease advances. If not relieved horse may
live a week, or even two weeks, but may not live over four or
five days, dying as the result of inflammation.

TREATMENT.—
Consists of moving the bowels and preventing inflammation.
Give the following:

BIOCS visi ceswasesseccsececccsecccsesesass I ounce.
Calomel 1 drachm.

Give in form of a pill, or ina pint of Linseed
Meal gruel.

 
122 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Also give the ‘‘Colic’’ mixture three or four times a day, adding
to it each time 1 drachm of Fluid Extract Nux Vomica. Also
give two or three times a day a pint of raw Linseed Oil. If the
dose of Aloes does not act in the course of thirty-six hours, re-
peat, using three-fourths of the dose, or give three-fourths pound
of Epsom Salts, and repeat again if no movement is produced in
thirty-six hours more. Give injections per rectum, as in ‘‘Colic,”’
repeating four or five times a day; the following can be substi-
tuted for the water injection once or twice a day.

TUTPen tin’. i. cai. ssisa degeasien unces sanayeae I ounce.
GIN COPE iiss snwiosseat sscgnuacndcenvatacuvetns 2 ounces.
Raw Linseed Oil....... cece eeeeeeee I pint.

Rubbing or kneading the belly, and the application of
stimulating liniments, or strong mustard water, will also favor
expulsion of feces. If pain is intense, give from 3 to 5 grains of
Morphine three or four times a day. Give occasional walking
exercise; give all the water the animal will drink; scalded oats
or bran mash, if food is desired. If recovery does not take place
in the course of four to six days, death is apt to result, but not
necessarily so. As a last resort, 20 to 30 drops of Croton Oil
may be given in a pint of Linseed Oil. Follow recovery with
digestive tonics.

DIARRHEA, OR SUPERPURGATION.—This is the
opposite of constipation.

Causes.—Eating musty or moldy food; drinking stagnant
water; bad condition of teeth; eating irritating substances; being
kept in low marshy pastures; exposure during cold nights; low,
damp stables; or to some diseased or inflammatory condition of
the intestinal canal, or some of the internal organs attached.
Some horses are predisposed to it. Superpurgation is from an
overdose of physic.

Symptoms.—Frequent evacuations of liquid manure, with or
without pain; loss of appetite; emaciation, etc.

TREATMENT.—

At times this is simple, but requires care and judgment. If
from bad food or conditions, change them. If from some irri-
tation in the intestines, give a pint to a quart dose of Oil, and
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 123

the trouble will generally disappear with the operation. If,
however, it continues, give scorched wheat flour in water, starch
water, white oak bark tea, a teaspoonful of Copperas, or %
drachm doses of Sulphuric Acid in % pint of water twice or
thrice daily. A dose of 1 drachm of Opium, or 1 or 2 ounces
of Laudanum, and % ounce Subnitrate Bismuth, repeated three
times a day, is very good. Where there is no reason to suspect
irritation the following will be found beneficial:

Tincture Catechu......cceeceeeeerers I ounce.
Ginger.......... ‘ .. I tablespoonful.
Baking Soda...........6 3 ; ea iS

Mix and give in 1 pint coffee about as used
at the table, repeating every four and five hours
until relieved.

 
 
  

If other remedies fail give one ounce of the following:

Corrosive Sublimate.........ccseeeseeenees 5 grains.
Water ......sccceeccnercnsscrseeeeetennsensceees i pint.

Repeat every two hours until relieved.

Give water to drink, but in small quantities, and in the water
put a handful of wheat flour. Follow with digestive tonic as in
“Chronic Indigestion.’’

If from superpurgation, give flour and water to drink, and
if this does not check, then give the same as in diarrhea. In
addition to this give Brandy in 2 to 4 ounce doses with milk and
eggs four or five times a day.

BLOODY FLUX, OR DYSENTERY.—This disease is
characterized by coffee-colored or bloody discharges, that are very
offensive in odor, and are passed with much straining.

Causes. —Most common cause is keeping young horses in par-
ticular, for a long time on low, wet marshy pastures without other
feed; exposure during wet weather; decomposed foods; stagnant
water; and as a sequel of a severe attack of diarrhea.

Symptoms.—A chillis the initial symptom, but this may pass
unnoticed. Discharges are offensive and liquid, with shreds of
membrane and blood; much straining; horse lies down a great
deal; pulse and temperature higher than normal; may or may not
eat, but rapidly loses flesh and becomes a sorry looking object.
Thirst is a prominent symptom.
 

124 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

TREATMENT.—

Care and feed are most important in this disease. First put
in dry, warm, well-ventilated stable. Give frequent rubbings of
the surface of the body, and blanket, with bandage on legs. Water
must be given in small quantities, and food that is light and easily
digested. First give % to 1 pint of Castor or Linseed Oil and 2
ounces Laudanum. Follow this with the same treatment as for

‘‘Diarrhea,’’ If animal becomes weak, give:
Alcohol ..ciecsssdsaweacariacsiven sersevereensine I ounce.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1 drachm.
WALEE oissidesasnseasneaueiaancoss cieetisaraosorn % pint.

Give as one dose; repeat three times a day.

Follow recovery with the digestive tonics as in ‘‘Chronic In-
digestion.’’

TWIST IN THE BOWELS — GUT-TIE—VOLVU-
LUS.—These are terms applied to the bowels when twisted or
knotted.

Cause.—An uncommon accident, and results from the way a
horse throws himself about when attacked with spasmodic colic,
or sometimes, perhaps, in rolling.

Symptoms.—It is very hard to be sure of this disease, as
symptoms are similar at first to impaction of the bowels, and then
to inflammation of the bowels. There are no passages; animal
sits on his haunches, sweats and seems in great distress; pulse
grows weaker and weaker; there is slight bloating; bowels be-
come inflamed where twist is, and death results.

TREATMENT. —

If sure of the case, little can be done but to make animal
easy by giving Powdered Opium in 1 to 2 drachm doses every
three or four hours, or in place of this, 1 ounce of Laudanum
every hour or two. In rare instances bowel rights itself and
animal recovers.

INTUSSUSCEPTION, OR INVAGINATION.—This
is the slipping of a portion of the intestine into another, like a
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 125

partially turned glove finger. It may occur at any part of the
bowel, but is most common in the small intestines, or where the
small intestine empties into the large intestine.

Causes.—Most likely to occur in horses that are suffering from
spasm of the bowels, or where a small portion of gut is paralyzed.
May also occur in any abdominal trouble, as ‘‘Diarrhea,’’ ‘‘In-
flammation of the Bowels,’’ etc.

Symptoms.—There are no characteristic symptoms; in some
cases none except constipation. Colic pains, more or less severe,
with no passages of dung, are observed. Severe straining is some-
times noted; as disease advances, profuse sweat, sighing, anxious
countenance, and cold ears and legs are attendant. Insome cases
the part slipped into the other sloughs off and is passed out in the
dung. The parts make a new union and horse recovers.

TREATMENT.—

As the case cannot be definitely diagnosed, the same treat-
ment as for ‘‘Impaction of the Intestines,’’ or ‘‘Inflammation’’ is
used, but the treatment is unsuccessful, the animal dying, and a
postmortem reveals the true condition.

BALLS FOUND IN THE BOWELS—INTESTINAL
CALCULI.—These are generally found in the large bowels,
though they may be found sometimes in the small intestines.
May weigh from 1 to 10 pounds; be single or multiple, and differ
much in make-up and appearance. Some are soft, some porous,
and some hard and stone-like. Hair balls, so common in cattle,
are rare in horses.

Causes.—Feeding sweepings of a mill floor; swallowing nails,
pieces of wood, or something of that kind. On some of these
foreign bodies, as a nucleus, layers are formed around until, in
some instances they reach very large sizes, and obstruct the
bowels, causing inflammation and death.

Symptoms.—Are those of obstruction of the bowels. There
are no characteristic symptoms, but some weight is given to
symptom of sitting on the haunches, like a dog, though this
occurs in other diseases.
126 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT. —

In first symptoms, give a good dose of physic, and follow
with treatment as for ‘‘ Impaction of the Intestines,’’ and in cases
where the disease is suspected, oil hand and pass it into the rec-
tum, and if ball is found, remove it with the hand. Postmortem
reveals the true condition.

TUMORS OR ABSCESSES IN THE RECTUM, OR
BACK BOWEL.—

Causes.—From constipation; or from injury to parts in treat-
ment.

Symptoms.—Are most marked when passing manure. There
is severe pain in passing, and in some cases horse will lie down
on account of distress. If tumor or abscess is large, there will
be straining, but no passages.

TREATMENT.—

If there is an abscess, and examination shows it is ready to
open, do so, using a small knife or lance, allowing matter to
escape. If a tumor, and can be reached, remove by cutting it off.
The after-treatment is to give raw Linseed Oil, and feeding
boiled flaxseed in the feed to keep the bowels loose. A veteri-
narian best be employed for the operations.

PROTRUSION OF THE RECTUM, OR BACK
BOWEL.—

Causes.—Jumping fences and getting half way over; from
excessive bloating in ‘‘ Wind Colic;’’? from ‘‘ Diarrhea;’’ and
straining in ‘‘Constipation.’’ Also occurs in foaling and in cas-
tration of an old stallion.

Symptoms.—Are obvious; large red tumor at anus.

TREATMENT,

Wash bowel with cold water; place a twitch on the horse’s
nose, and have front leg held up so he cannot kick; oil the bowel
with:

OVE: Oth. orscsipites dadvensuermnciesbeass 3 ounces,
FAW AWE socio isiivicsenddnsvedascnseed sees I ounce.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 127

Commence returning the bowel at the anus, and gently re-
turn it; shove the parts well back in with hand and arm, and
have some one hold his tail down tight for an hour or more, or
until he stops straining, after the bowel is replaced. It is well,
also, to have hind parts raised by straw or boards under the hind
feet. Give the following to move bowels and relieve pain:

Raw Linseed Oil... ecccceeeeeeeeees I quart.
Wau Gani uit psccecwasssintesictaganecieentaee ances’ I ounce.

Shake together.
Feed soft food, with boiled Linseed Meal in it to keep bowels
loose. Give 3 to 5 grains of Morphine and 1 drachm Fluid Ex-

tract Belladonna three or four times a day to stop straining.
Also prepare the following:

AM cs caseuclesnzecanied ss'iedeiendeantes evade ¥% outice,
Laudanum........ccceceecceeeseeeeteeeeeeeees Tet
Warm water \s....ascesssossscsssaaseccevees I pint,

And inject into the rectum three times a day. If caused by con-
stipation, treat as for that disease.

PILES —HEMORRHOIDS.—Not a common condition,
but sometimes occurs.

Causes.—Constipation, irritation or injuries, or from severe
straining in dysentery.

Symptoms.—After manuring, bright red irregular tumors are
seen in rectum. ‘They may be visible at all times, or be seen
when horse is down.

TREATMENT. —

Attention should be paid to bowels; they should be soft, but
purging should be avoided. If tumors protrude, wash them with
warm water 1 pint, Alum 2 ounces, and then return them. Inject
the same solution into the rectum. Give the animal the digestive
tonics as recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.”’

DROPSY OF THE BELLY —ASCITES.— This is a
collection of liquid in the belly cavity. It may be clear, but gen-
erally is yellowish or reddish in color.

Causes.—Generally a result of other diseases, as acute or
chronic peritonitis, and diseases of liver and kidneys.
128 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—Slight tenderness on pressure; awkward gait in
hind legs. Horse is dull and may have slight colic pains, shown
dy looking back and striking belly with hind feet. Bowels
alternately constipated and loose, but diarrhea at last. By tap-
ping on the belly and sides, there is a dull sound, and it extends
to same height on both sides. By suddenly striking or pushing
the belly, the sound of liquid can be heard. In advanced cases
the horse becomes pot-bellied, and dropsical swellings are seen on
belly and legs.

TREATMENT.—
Encourage appetite by giving the best of food to eat, and
gentle exercise. Then give the following:

Fluid Extract of Digitalis............... 6 drachms.
Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica......... 1% ounces.
Iodide of Potash ........0...:csssseeeeceeee I ounce.
Nitrate of Potash............scceesecseeeees 3 ounces.
Water to make.........sscccnssesesseereeees I pint.

Shake. Dose, I ounce three times a day.

In severe cases tapping is resorted to by puncturing the floor
of the abdominal wall with a small trocar and canula and allow-
ing the fluid to flow off; but this calls for the services of a veter-
inarian, if one can possibly be secured.

LONG ROUND WORMS (LUMBRICI).—This is a
worm that infests chiefly the small intestines, and is much like
the common earth or angle worm in appearance, except it is
white to reddish in color, and in length varies from four to twelve
inches.

Symptoms.—Colic pains are noted at times, or there may be
switching of the tail, frequent manuring, slight straining, itching
of the anus, and rubbing tail or rump against stall or fence; evi-
dences of indigestion; is in poor condition; does not shed his
coat; is hide-bound and pot-bellied; appetite is depraved and
horse is licking walls, eating earth, and is particularly fond of
salt. Bowels irregular; rubs nose against walls or stall as though
it itched; a characteristic whitish mold-like substance below the
anus. The best evidence is worms in the manure that is passed,
Only part of these symptoms will be present, except in bad cases.
 

 

“Ascaris tregalocephala.

INTESTINAL WORMS.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 129

TREATMENT.—
Give the following:
Tit pentine sevivcnasvacatessesassdexen¥avteees I ounce.
Raw Linseed Oil .......cc cc esecseesseenees I pint.
Shake together,

Repeat Oil and Turpentine every second day for a week.
Give, in addition, 1 teaspoonful of a mixture of equal parts of
Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Copper in feed twice a day.
After a week or two of above treatment withhold and give the
digestive tonics recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion,’’ contin-
uing them as case requires, or returning to above treatment after
two weeks.

PIN WORMS.—These are transparent, thread-like worms,
measuring about one to two inches in length, found mostly in the
large intestines.

Symptoms.—Are about the same as with long round worms,
except the size of worm passed.

‘TREATMENT.—
The same as in the previous disorder. Also inject into the

rectum the following:
COpPeTAas ...cessersceeee nese eeeee .. I ounce,
Water occ ceececcseeeensereseneeneseneneeeeee 3 quarts.
Repeat every second or third day.

TAPE WORMS.—These are white, tape-like worms, six
inches to afoot in length, made up of a large number of segments.
They rarely infest the horse, but are occasionally present. They
take up their abode in the small intestines.

Symptoms—Are the same as those produced by other worms,
except the small, flat segments of the worm are found in the
droppings.

TREATMENT.—

In addition to the treatment given for the other worms, give

the following, after fasting the horse for from twelve to eighteen

hours:

 

Areca Nut (powdered )....-sccesseesere % ounce.
Oil Male Fern........sssecccessssnerseserseres 2 drachms.
Raw Linseed Oil.........cseseseeesereneees ¥% pint.

Follow this in two or three hours with three-fourths of a
pound of Epsom Salts, after which feed as usual. Repeat treat-

ment in a week if necessary.
9
130 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN

CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE
LIVER.—These two diseases are so nearly alike, having same
causes, symptoms and treatment, that they are included under
one head.

Causes.—Usually from the stimulating effects of overfeeding,
particularly during hot weather, with too little exercise. May
also be caused by injuries over the liver; from foreign substances,
or from worms in the liver; or from extension of inflammation from
neighboring parts.

Symptoms.—Dullness; horse suffers from internal pain, but
not of severe type; constipation and clay-colored dung-balls,
scanty and high-colored urine, with general fever symptoms;
when lying down is usually on left side; looks occasionally at the
right side; there may be slight enlargement over the liver, and
pain is evinced on pressure; horse may be lame in his off front
leg; lining of eyes and mouth are yellow as in ‘‘Jaundice.”’

TREATMENT.—
If animal is in good condition give:
BIGGS icsiissvinnusar coeviossbssssinctroravuaceye 8 drachms,
Sweet Spirits Niter.......c eee I ounce.
Laud amin .0.ccccecseeeseienadenenaeccanives Tt

Mix and give in 1 pint of water as a drench.

Apply a Mustard plaster well rubbed in on the under part of
the belly, and clothe body well according to the season of the
year. Follow drench with the following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.
Todide of Potash............ccccceccccsseeee I ounce,
Saltpetersssccsssvssvssecssecseaaee 2 ounces.

 

Water to make I pint,

Dose: 2 ounces in ¥% pint of water three or
four times a day. After using for two days
withhold for two days and then give again if
necessary. Give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter

ae times each day the prescription is with-
eld.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 131

Feed very sparingly on light feed, and keep bowels active by
use of oil. Exercise as soon as acute symptoms are over.

YELLOWS—JAUNDICE—ICTERUS.—This is caused

by the absorption of the bile into the blood. It is one of the most
common diseases of the liver.

Causes.—From inflammation of the liver; from gall stones
stopping passage leading from liver to the bowels.

Symptoms.—Lining membrane of mouth, nose and eyes are
yellowish instead of pale pink; urine is saffron-colored; dung is a
dirty gray color, and constipation generally present. In white
or light-colored horses the yellow color shows in the skin; also
symptoms of indigestion.

TREATMENT ,—

In springtime turn out to grass, and that will usually effect
acure. If this is not feasible, or not in season, give Calomel 2
drachms, and Aloes 7 drachms, as a drench, or in the form of a
ball. Then follow this treatment with the mixture as recom-
mended for ‘‘Inflammation of the Liver;’’ also give a teaspoon-
ful of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three times a day.
Glauber Salts, in handful doses, once or twice a day for a week is
said to be an effective remedy for jaundice. Keep the bowels
open with soft foods and pint doses of raw Linseed Oil.

OTHER LIVER DISORDERS.—While there are other
than these three disorders affecting the liver, the symptoms are so
similar that diagnosis is more or less uncertain, and the treat-
ment for all is practically the same as for the three already given.

All liver disorders need to be followed for some time with
the digestive tonics.

DISEASE OF THE SPLEEN.—While the spleen is
sometimes diseased, the symptoms are so obscure and so like those
of other disorders that it is impossible to diagnose the troubles
with any degree of certainty. Qccasionally, upon postmortem, we
find the organ greatly enlarged and otherwise affected; but aside
from this, scientific knowledge is too meager to. attempt any
popular discussion, bias
132 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS

The urinary organs of the horse are not nearly as often
affected with disease as most people think. The remark, ‘‘The
water-works are wrong,”’ is nearly always wrong; and yet the
organs are sometimes diseased, the following disorders being the
most common:

ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS—
NEPHRITIS.—

Causes.—Exposure to cold, or cold rain storms; lying on the
ground when cold and damp; giving large quantities of medicines
that act on the kidneys; from carrying too great weight on the
back; from violent efforts in racing; or very severe strains of
the back. Not a common disorder.

Symptoms.—More or less fever, pulse accelerated, temperature
elevated; manifest stiffness of the back; straddling gait with the
hind legs; difficulty in lying down and rising, or walking in a
circle, the animal sometimes groans in the effort; arching of
loins and tucking up of flanks; looking back at the abdomen, as in
“‘Colic;’’ tenderness of loin when pinched, especially just beneath
the bony processes six inches to one side the median line. Urin-
ates frequently, but small quantity and of a high color, some-
times mixed with blood or even pus. Legs tend to swell from
feet up, also dependent parts beneath belly and chest, and effusion
of liquid may occur in chest or abdomen. In the male the alter-
nate drawing up and relaxing of the testicles in scrotum are sug-
gestive, and in small horses the oiled hand may be introduced

through the rectum, the kidneys reached and their sensitiveness
ascertained.

TREATMENT.—

Give from 1 pint to a quart of raw Linseed Oil and 4
érachms of Aloes, and keep the bowels active by giving a pint
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 133

or more of oil, and 2 to 4 ounces Epsom Salts daily; also use the
following to reduce the fever:

Fluid Extract Aconite.........ceeee 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract Belladonna............... I ounce.
Liquor Ammonia Acetatis............... 4 ounces,
Water to make......ccrcncssreensevessanes I pint.

Dose: 2 ounces, three to five times a day.

If the fever runs high, give 1 drachm of Acetanilid and an
ounce of Alcohol in % pint of water, morning and evening.
Apply to the loins a blanket wrung out of hot water; have the
blanket as hot as the animal will stand; cover this first with a
rubber blanket, and then with a dry, woolen blanket; this retains
the heat; change every half hour; continue the applications
throughout the entire day; at night apply a good stimulating
liniment, or a Mustard plaster. Repeat the hot blankets each day
until recovery is well advanced. Injections per rectum of about 4
quarts of water, at a temperature of 115 degrees, repeated three
or four times a day are of value. If the animal desires food, give
a light, easily digested, laxative diet; grass, if in season, if not,
bran mashes and a little clover hay. Keep the animal warmly
blanketed and groom daily, rubbing the skin thoroughly with
brushes or straw. Give thin linseed gruel in place of water for
drink.

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.—

Causes.—It may result from blows, injuries, or from ex-
posure, but is more commonly associated with faulty condition of
the system—as indigestion, heart disease, lung or liver disease,
imperfect blood formation or assimilation.

Symptoms.—There is stiffness, weakness, and increased ten-
derness in the loins, and changed secretion of the urine (increase
or suppression), or the flow may be natural. Dropsy, showing in
swelled legs, is a significant symptom, and if the condition takes
place along the lower line of the body or in chest or abdomen,
the significance is increased. Scurfy skin, lusterless hair, loss of
flesh, softness of muscles, and pallor of nose and eyes are all sug-
gestive of the disease. The finding of albumen in the urine
would determine thecase. ‘To detect this boil a little urine and if
 

134 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

it becomes cloudy and filled with particles, when cool add a little
Nitric Acid; if the cloudiness does not clear up it is albumen, if
it does it is not.

TREATMENT. —

Give 1 pint of raw Linseed Oil as a drench, and keep bowels
loose by repeated doses daily; give a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract
of Belladonna three times a day. Give laxative food. Applica-
tions to the loins, as in ‘‘Nephritis,’’ are good. Give the Gentian
and Nux Vomica mixture recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indiges-
tion;’’ omit, however, the Saltpeter and Iron mixture until after
the animal is much improved, and then use it carefully.

Every attention must be given in the way of warm blanket-
ing, a warm stall, and pure air, along with good feed.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS—PROFUSE STALING.—
This consists of an excessive passing of clear watery urine, with
a corresponding ardent thirst.

Causes.—Excessive and long continued use of medicines that
stimulate the kidneys; acrid diuretic plants in grass or hay; an
excess of roots and other watery food; feeding hay, grain or bran
that has become musty. It is most common in wet season when
it is difficult to properly harvest hay and grain.

Symptoms.— There is excessive thirst, and horse drinks
deeply on every occasion, and passes urine at every opportunity,
the discharge being pale, watery, of low density and inodorous.
Emaciation and hide-bound soon follow. The eyes become dull
and sunken; low spirited; sweats on slightest exertion, and can
endure but little work. Horse is inclined to lick the walls and
mortar to get lime, and appetite is depraved.

TREATMENT.—

First remove cause if it can be discovered, whether drugs,
poisons or food, and supply only sound, well-cured hay and grain.
Put a liberal supply of boiled flaxseed in the drinking water to
help carry out poisons and protect irritated kidneys. Dissolve 1
ounce of Iodide of Potash in a pint of water; give 2 ounces of
this solution four times a day for two days; withhold for two or
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 135

three days and give again if necessary. One-half ounce doses of
the Fluid Extract of Ergot three times a day will be of value.
Also give the Gentian and Nux Vomica mixture as recommended
for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’? Omit the Iron and Saltpeter mixture.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER—CYSTI-

TIS.—May be slight or severe, acute or chronic, partial or
general.

Causes.—May be caused by abuse of irritating medicines, as
cantharides, turpentine, copaiba, ‘rosin, and the like; by stone
or gravel in the bladder; the application of fly blisters or tur-
pentine over too much surface; sudden exposure of a tired or
perspiring horse to cold or wet; acrid plants in fodder; or exten-
sion of inflammation from a diseased vagina, or urethra to the
bladder.

Symptoms.—Animal walks with a stiff, straddling gait, and
makes water often, in small quantities, which is sometimes
streaked with blood, and accompanied with pain, as is shown in
continued straining, groaning, and perhaps in movements of the
feet and tail. The penis hangs from sheath, or in mare the vulva
is opened and closed as in urination. ‘There is soreness when
pressed in region of sheath or udder If due to stone in the blad-
der, that will be found by examination (See ANATomy) through
rectum or vagina; the bladder will also be found to be sensitive.
The temperature will be elevated and the pulse accelerated.

TREATMENT.—

First, if possible, remove the cause, whether in food or medi-
cine, the removal of Spanish Fly or other blistering agents from
the skin. If the urine has been retained and decomposed, it must
be completely evacuated through a clean catheter, and bladder
washed out with a solution of 34 ounceof Boracic Acid in a quart
of water. This must be repeated daily until the urine no longer
decomposes. Diet must be light—as bran mashes, roots, fresh
cut grass—and the drink impregnated with Linseed tea. Inject
into the bladder a warm Alum solution (Alum % ounce, water
at 115 degrees, one quart); repeat three or four times a day.
Make hot applications to the loins, as in “‘Nephritis,’’ and apply
136 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Mustard paste to the back part of the belly, just in front of
the udder in the mare, in front and at the sides of the sheath in
the horse. Internally, use same treatment as for ‘‘Nephritis.”’

To inject into the bladder, pass the catheter, attach a piece of
rubber tubing to the outer end, put a small funnel in the other
end of the tube, elevate the funnel and pour the solution into it;
it will flow and fill the bladder, and by lowering the tube it will
run out. To pass the catheter, see OPERATIONS, page 347: If
Calculi are present, remove them. See next disease.

STONES IN THE BLADDER—CALCULI—Stones
are also found in the kidneys, or in the tubes leading down to
the bladder from the kidneys, but they are generally found in the
bladder. They are masses of lime of varying sizes.

Causes.—From kinds of food eaten, and from the use of
drinking water containing a great percentage of lime.

Symptoms.—Horse is uneasy and has colic pains; will be in
more pain just after passing water; in some cases where there are
a number of stones, the horse after making water, will pass blood,
and for afew times after this he may pass water as usual, and
then will pass blood again. In urinating, the flow will sometimes
stop suddenly, and after a moment commence again. Examina-
tion by hand in the rectum will determine the existence of the
stones or stone. In the mare they can sometimes be reached by
the finger through the urethra. (See ANATOMY).

TREATMENT. —

Give the animal soft water instead of hard water. Give
plenty of soft feed with boiled Linseed in it to keep the
bowels free, and give diluted Hydrochloric Acid in 1 drachm
doses, mixing it with 1 pint water and giving it asa drench three
times daily. The action of this acid is to dissolve stones. Con-
tinue the use until animal is better. In severe cases resort must
be had to an operation, called lithotomy—removing the stones
with forceps. The operation would require a veterinarian.

EVERSION OF THE BLADDER.—This is met with
only in mares, and is the result of long-continued labor, or from
straining in inflammation of the bladder. Isavery rare accident.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 137

Symptoms.—The bladder will be seen protruding from the
lower part of the vulva, a round, red, fleshy-looking substance,
and the entrance of the tubes from the kidneys will be plainly
seen near the neck, with urine dripping from them.

TREATMENT. —

Put rounce of Laudanum in 1 pint of water and gently bathe
the bladder with it; then press gently and continuously until it is
returned to its place. Great care must be taken not to push the
fingers through the walls of the bladder, especially if it has been
out sometime and isswollen. After it is returned, if animal is in
pain, give 1 ounce doses of Laudanum or % ounce doses of
Chloral Hydrate every two hours until animal stops straining and
seems relieved. If inclined to come out again after being returned,
put on a compress to hold it in. If possible a veterinarian should
be secured to treat the case.

The after-treatment would be as in ‘‘Inflammation of the
Bladder.”’

SPASM OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER.—
This affection consists in spasmodic closure of the outlet of the
bladder by contraction of the muscular fibres. It is most fre-
quent in the horse, but is not uncommon in the mare.

Causes.—Hard and continuous driving without chance to
make water; cold rain-storms; draughts of cold air when perspir-
ing and fatigued; administrations of Spanish fly; application of
fly blisters extensively; abuse of diuretics; acrid plants in fodder;
and calculi in the bladder. Spasms of the bowels are sometimes
attended with spasms of the bladder.

Symptoms.—Frequent stretching and straining to urinate,
with no result, or but a slight dribbling only, and this attended
by painand groaning. On resuming his normal position pains
continue, and he paws, shakes his tail, kicks at the abdomen
with hind feet, looks back to the flank, lies down and rises,
arches back, and tries again to pass water. If oiled hand is intro-
duced into rectum the greatly extended bladder may be felt
beneath it, and horse will often flinch when it is handled.
138 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Begin by taking horse out of the harness; if this fails, spread
clean litter beneath the belly or turn patient out where there is
straw. Apply hot blankets to loins, as in ‘‘Nephritis.’”’ Give
from one to two teaspoonfuls of Fluid Extract of Belladonna by
the mouth, or inject the same, in two ounces of water, into the
urethra, using catheter, as in ‘Inflammation of the Bladder.’’
In the mare, the neck of the bladder is easily dilated by inserting
the oiled finger into the urethra (see ANAToMY). In the
horse, the oiled hand may be introduced into the rectum, and
gentle pressure given from before backward on the anterior or
blind end of the bladder. If above fails then pass the catheter
(see OPERATIONS). If the instrument is at hand it is best to
pass it the first thing and relieve the animal at once. ,

PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER.—

Causes.—From weakened state of the system; from exposure
to cold; or from long continued distension of the bladder from
urine being held, as in rheumatism, lock-jaw, paralysis, or diseases
that keep the animal in a lying position.

Symptoms.—There is a constant dribbling when the neck is
involved, the liquid running down the inside of the thighs and
scalding the skin. When neck is not involved, the urine is
retained until the bladder is greatly over-distended, when it may
be expelled by the active contraction of the walls of the abdomen;
but this never empties the bladder entirely, and the oiled hand
through the rectum may feel the soft, flabby organ still half full of
urine. This retained urine is liable to decompose and the disease
result finally in the worst form of inflammation of the bladder.

TREATMENT.—

Lies in the successful treatment of the disease which it
accompanies. The urine must be drawn off four or five times a
day with a catheter to prevent over-distension of the bladder. If
persistent after the recovery of disease it accompanies, apply a
thin paste of Mustard and water over the back part of the belly in
front of the udder, and cover with cloths until hair stands erect.
In the male apply the remedy on each side of the sheath. Give
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 139

 

three or four times a day a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Nux
Vomica, or use the tonics as recommended under ‘‘Chronic Indi-
gestion,’’ omitting the Iron and Saltpeter mixture until after the
other has been used for a week or two and the water has com-
menced to pass normally.

ISCHURIA.—This is where there is no passing of water on
account of it not being excreted by the kidneys.

Cause.—From kidneys not acting properly.

Symptoms.—There is no passing of water. The non-passing
of water may arise from diseases of bladder, obstructions, etc.,
but in such cases the bladder is found, upon examination per
rectum, to be full; with this disorder it is found to be empty.

TREATMENT.—

If from kidneys not acting properly, give 1 to 2 ounces of
Sweet Spirits of Niter and a teaspoonful Fluid Extract Nux
Vomica three times daily, until horse makes water, then follow
this with the digestive tonics as prescribed under ‘‘Chronic Indi-
gestion.”’

DRIBBLING OF THE URINE—ENURESIS.—I1 this

case the urine dribbles away involuntarily.

Causes.—May come from weakness of the neck of the blad-
der; from injury to neck by the catheter; from paralysis of the
bladder, or from stone or calculi.

TREATMENT.—

If from paralysis, or weakness of the neck of the bladder,
apply the Mustard paste as recommended in ‘Paralysis of the
Bladder,’’ and give a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract Nux Vomica,
three times a day. If from injury from catheter, give the same
and also injections as in ‘‘Inflammation of the Bladder.”’ A tea-
spoonful of Saltpeter, two or three times a day, may also be given.
Cold water dashed onto the loins will sometimes help.

BLOODY URINE—HAEMATURIA.—
Causes.—Usually from injuries, as sprains and fractures of
the loins; lacerations of the sub-lumbar muscles; irritations
140 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

caused by stone in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.
May also occur in acute congestion or inflammation of the kid-
neys, with tumors in their substance, or with diseased growth in
the bladder. Acrid diuretic plants may also be a cause.

Symptoms.—The presence of blood in the urine, giving it a
reddish tinge. If blood is from the kidneys, it is more likely to
be uniformly diffused through the urine; if from the bladder,
small clots are more likely to be present.

TREATMENT.—

If due to injury to the loins, treat as for strains, If
Calculi cause, remove them. (See ‘‘Calculi.’’) Irritants in food
must be avoided. Give mucilaginous drinks, as Linseed tea, freely.
Internally, give the following.

  

Fluid Extract Belladonna................ 1 drachm
Fluid Extract Ergot.......ccccsescseseeees ¥% ounce.

Water to make.......csccsscsesserenseeee I pint.

Give as one dose, and repeat four times a
day for two or three days, if conditions require;
alternate with this % ounce Tincture of Iron,
in % pint of water,

Hot blankets to the loins would be valuable in some cases.

STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA.—This is a per-
manent narrowing of the urethra at a given point.

Causes.—Irritating ingredients in the urine; by strong injec-
tions used in gleet; or by the healing of ulcers in neglected
gleet.

Symptoms.—The urine is passed in a very fine stream with
straining, pain and groaning, and by frequent painful erections.

TREATMENT.—

Consists of mechanical dilitation, with catheters just large
enough to pass with gentle force. Insert once a day, increasing
the size as passage will admit them. The catheter should be
kept perfectly clean and washed in a solution of Borax and water
and well oiled before it is introduced. A teaspoonful of Fluid
Extract of Belladonna in an ounce or two of water injecten
through the catheter into the urethra may help in dilating. Tio
inject, see ‘‘Inflammation of Bladder.’’
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 141

OBSTRUCTION OF URETHRA WITH A CAL-
CULUS.—Occasionally the urethra is obstructed by a limy
deposit which forms either in the urethra or in the bladder
and then flows down into the urethra and obstructs it.

Symptoms.—The symptoms will be the same as those for
““Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder.’’ The urine will be retained.

TREATMENT.—

Medicinal treatment will fail; the catheter must be passed
and the deposit pushed back into the bladder and then treated as
described under ‘‘Calculi.’’ If the obstruction cannot be dis-
lodged with the catheter, it must be cut down into and removed.
This would require a veterinarian.

AZOTURIA.—The exact nature of this disease is not well
understood, and while it is not a disease of the urinary organs, it
is described in this connection, as these organs are affected by the
disease to a greater or less extent. It always occurs with over-
fed and under-exercised horses.

Causes.—From allowing the horse to stand in the stable and
feeding too well. Horses that are being liberally fed upon grain
should be out for exercise at least every other day. If for any
reason the horse cannot get out for exercise, cut down on the
grain ration.

Symptoms.—The disease always develops during exercise.
The horse is taken out for work after a period of rest, with high
feeding. He starts out feeling extra active and playful, but after
going from a few rods to three or four- miles, the driver notices
something wrong; the horse slacks up, commences to sweat pro-
fusely, breathes heavily, shows lameness or irregularity in action
of hind limbs, seems stiff, the ankles throw forward, and back is
apt to be arched; if not stopped, the weakness gets worse, the
horse reels and goes down, and is unable to get up with the hind
limbs; may rise up with the front limbs. The hind limbs are
paralyzed. The muscles of the loins are swollen and hard. If
he goes down, he shows great nervousness; if stopped before he
goes down, he braces himself, trembles, and continues to sweat
142 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

for some time; the urine, when passed, or if drawn, is of a dark,
coffee color, and apt to be thick. If down, he is unable to pass
the urine.

TREATMENT.—

As soon as the first symptoms appear, stop the animal,
unhitch and blanket warmly right where he is; do not try to get
toa barn, unless the weather makes it absolutely necessary, in
which case get to the nearest. If stopped at once, the attack
will probably be light, but a little extra exercise may turn the
scales. Frequently the driver goes a little further, to see what
develops, and this often changes a mild, into a fatal case. Get a
veterinarian to treat the case, if possible. If not, give the follow-
ing: A teaspoonful of the Fluid Extract of Belladonna and %
ounce of Bromide of Potash, in 14 pint of water, repeat in two
or three hours, and afterwards repeat every four or five hours;
also give 1 drachm doses of Iodide of Potash, in 34 pint of water,
repeat four times the first day, afterwards three times a day for
two days; also give twice a day, 1 ounce of Sweet Spirits of
Niter. Aside from these, the horse should have a purgative;
give 1 ounce of Aloes in form of a pill, or in a pint of thin Ljin-
seed gruel; 3f pound of Epsom Salts can be substituted: for the
Aloes; if the bowels do not move freely in twenty-four hours,
give a pint of Oil, and repeat every six or eight hours until they
do. Aside from this internal treatment, apply hot blankets to
the loins as in ‘‘Nephritis.’’ If the animal is down, he must be
' kept bolstered up on his chest, and rolled over five or six times a
day; if down, the urine must be drawn with a catheter, four or
five times a day. (See OPERATIONS.) If for any reason it is not
best to use hot blankets, hot bags of salt may be substituted. If
horse is treated where attacked, after six to ten hours he can
probably be very slowly worked to the nearest barn, where he
should be kept three or four days. If he goes down on the street,
remove to a barn on a large stone-boat.

The disease can always be prevented by exercising, at least
every other day, horses which are being liberally fed. Allow the
animal to become thoroughly convalescent before exercising
again, and begin by exercising gradually.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 143

DISEASES OP THE GENITAL ORGANS
OF THE HORSE

INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES—ORCH-
ITIS.—When in vigorous health and on stimulating food,
stallions are subject to congestion of the testicles, which become
swollen, hot and tender, but without any active inflammation.
The reduction of the grain in the feed, and by giving % pound
of Epsom Salts, repeating in two or three days, also a teaspoonful
of Saltpeter three times a day and bathing affected parts with hot
water, or Alum water—Alum 1 ounce, water 1 pint—will usually
restore him. From frequent copulation, heavy grain feeding, hot
weather and lack of exercise, if not relieved, congestion may run
into inflammation.

Causes.—Besides as noted, this may arise from blows and
penetrating wounds, implicating testicles; abrasions of the scro-
tum by a chain or rope passing inside of thigh; from abrasion by
rubbing against the inside of thighs in trotting stallions; from”
sympathetic disturbance in diseases of the kidneys, bladder, or
urethra.

Symptoms.—Apart from wounds of the parts, there is a
swelling, heat, and tenderness of the testicles, straddling of the
hind legs, alike in standing or walking; stiffness and dragging of
the hind limbs or limb on affected side, arching of loins, abdom-
inal pain, as shown by looking back at flanks; more or less fever,
rise of temperature, quicker pulse and breathing, lack of appetite
and dullness. Generally symptoms abate about second or third
day, and if it lasts longer abscesses are apt to form. Improve-
ment may go on slowly or malady subside into a subacute or
chronic form.

TREATMENT.—
Give perfect rest and quiet, and administer a purgative of 34

to 1 pound of Epsom Salts or, instead, an ounce of Aloes. Apply

an astringent lotion of:

Acetate of Lead........ssssssssesseeeseeeees I ounce,
Fluid Extract of Belladonna......... : ee
Water ......cccccccsecceesacscsoreseeeeseaconeee I quart,
144 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

to the affected parts with soft rags or cotton wool, and keep in
place with a bandage. Foment freely with hot water. When
abscess threatens apply warm poultices of half Linseed meal and
half bran to favor formation of pus, and when ready the knife
must be employed to give free escape of pus. The resulting
cavity may be injected with a weak Carbolic lotion:
Carbolic ACIC..........cceccesesenseeeeneeeree 2 drachms.
WALteD,...sccscscceessceesensceesscsreneceosesees I pint.
This will keep wound clean and favor healing.

Also give internally the following.

Fluid Extract of Belladonna...... .... I ounce.
Fluid Extract of Aconite............... 1 drachm,
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... % ouuce.
Salt Peter on cesese seve seotedsacnienm sevenscicaen 2 ounces.
Water to make.......ccesesesseeeeereeneeeee I pint.

Shake. Dose: Two ounces four times a
day.

Feed very sparingly on laxative diet.

DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM, OR BAG-HYDRO-
CELE.—The scrotum is the bag or pouch that contains the
testicles.

Causes.—This may be an accompaniment to dropsy of the
belly, the cavity of which is continuous with that of the scrotum
in the horse. It may result from local disease of the testicles,
the spermatic cord, or the walls of the pouch.

Symptoms.—There is enlargement of the scrotum, with a
fluctuation under the fingers; the testicle will be recognized as
floating in water. By pressure the liquid is forced in a slow
stream, and with a perceptible thrill, into the abdomen. Some-
times the cord or scrotum is thickened, and ‘‘pits’’ on pressure.

TREATMENT.—
Give a laxative in the form of one-half pound of Epsom
Salts, or 6 drachms of Aloes. Also give the following:

Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 6 drachms.

Salt peters cine ssas vacveniesseesesesdeneaeens 2 ounces.
Todide of Potash... ccccceeeeeseeeeeeeees I ounce.
Water to make... cece cecceeeeeeeeees I pint.

Dose. 2 ounces three times a day; give three
days, withhold a day or two, and give again.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 145

If there is any inflammation of testicles or cord, give local
treatment, as in previous disorder. Painting the scrotum with
Tincture of Iodine once a day is also good. One-half ounce
doses of Tincture of Iron given three times a day in % pint of
water, alternating with the previous mixture, will be helpful.
If this line of treatment fails it will be necessary to draw off the
water with asmall trocar and canula, repeating if the scrotum
fills up again, Feed nourishing but laxative diet.

GONORRHEA OR GLEET.—

Causes.—This is an inflammation of the urethra from irritat-
ing substances in the urine; excessive work in the stud; mastur-
bation; connection with a newly delivered mare; or with one that
has an irritating discharge from the womb; injury to penis; or
from stone or gravel. Mostly confined to stallions.

Symptoms.—The urine will be passed in jets, with frequent
interruptions and manifestations of pain; there is swelling and
soreness of sheath; later, there will be more or less discharge of
pus which will be seen around the head of the penis. There is
tendency to erection of penis, and in cases contracted from the
mare, the outer surface of organ will show more or less of sores
and ulcers. Stallion, in such cases, will refuse to mount, or in
case he does, will not complete act of coition. If entrance is
effected, mares are liable to infection.

TREATMENT.—

Give in early stages 6 drachms of Aloes and apply cloths
wrung out in hot water to sheath and penis. If infection is sus-
pected, inject into the urethra, through the penis, twice daily, a
solution made as follows:

BOracic Aid sesssissescersesssccsviecesaseess 1 drachm.

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.

Water (tepid).....cecceccseeveressssereeees I quart.
Mix.

Inject by passing catheter a little distance and injecting
through it as in ‘‘Inflammation of the Bladder.’ Where a dis-
charge shows later in the disease, inject:

Nitrate of Silver..........:ccesseeeeeeeerees 30 grains.

Water .....ccccccccsessscsceseccscesenesensosees I quart.
10
146 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

And the same may be applied to the surface of penis and inside
of sheath. One drachm doses of Copaiba may be given once
daily after the discharge has appeared.

One ounce doses of Sweet Spirits of Niter morning and night
may also be given.

Stallions suffering from this disease should be withheld from
service, as also should mares with leucorrhea.

Feed a laxative diet and give regular exercise.

PHIMOSIS, AND PARAPHIMOSIS.—These are swollen
or otherwise diseased conditions of the penis. In the first, the
penis is swollen and confined within the sheath, and in the sec-
ond, the penis swollen or otherwise affected without the sheath,
and cannot be drawn back.

Causes.—From castration, or from injury by blows or kicks;
from rough handling, or from too much service.

TREATMENT.—

When the penis is swollen and confined, bathe the sheath
in cold water, enlarge, if necessary, the external portion of sheath
so as to liberate the penis, and then bathe penis with cold water,
and apply a lotion made of:

Sugar Of Lead jc escsssssceasssvsevesseviiess Y% ounce.
WALD ese cieecareSeeat steseetsies veSebencinooe te I pint,

Mix, and apply to affected parts three times
daily.

When penis protrudes and is swollen outside of sheath, bathe
with cold water and apply the Lead lotion as in ‘‘Phimosis,’’ and
support the penis by a bandage passed around the loins. ‘This
should not be omitted, as weight of swollen organ is sufficient
alone to keep up irritation and inflammation. As a last resort,
the rim of the sheath may be slit up a little and penis manipu-
lated and pushed back, treating wound with lotion as before.

Paralysis of the penis will also cause it to hang from the
sheath; in this case it is not swollen, but hangs in a flabby con-
dition, otherwise looking normal. ‘Treatment in this case is to
give, internally, a teaspoonful Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica
three or four times a day; give exercise; bathe penis with hot
water.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 147

Growths upon the penis may also prevent its being with-
drawn. These would need to be treated according to their
nature. If conditions cannot be overcome, the penis can be
amputated. ‘The operation would require a veterinarian.

FOUL SHEATH.—As a general thing the sheath of a
horse needs no cleaning. The glands ordinarily secrete a fluid to
lubricate the parts in the proper amount, but at times there is
a larger secretion, or a diseased secretion, and it accumulates as a
gummy, black substance in the sheath, and irritates the parts,
causing ‘‘Foul Sheath.’’

TREATMENT.—

Wash out carefully with a little soap and warm, soft water,
being careful not to use any violence in drawing down the yard,
and particularly be careful not to scratch parts with the finger
nails, using a soft sponge or cloth. After cleaning, dry by press-
ing gently with a dry cloth and apply melted vaseline.

SWELLING OF THE SHEATH.—

Causes. —This may arise from a bad condition of the blood;
from disordered kidneys; from a foul sheath, following castration,
and in disease of the kidneys. If sheath is foul, treat as pre-
viously described. Give the horse a physic of 6 to 8 drachms of
Aloes to clear the bowels, and when this has operated, give the
following powders: Equal parts, by weight, of Saltpeter and
Sulphur; mix thoroughly and give a tablespoonful three times
daily in the feed. Give a little exercise each day and the swell-
ing will soon go down. If after castration, treat as described
under that operation.

GROWTHS ON END OF PENIS.—These are of various
kinds and ofttimes prove very troublesome and painful when
animal is urinating.

Causes.—Are varied. Sometimes from neglect in treating a
slight injury, the sore will throw out a growth. At other times
the growths are of fungoid nature.
148 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

If not very large, wash off with warm water and soap, then
touch the effected part with a stick of lunar caustic, which will
burn it. When scab falls off, wash and burn again, repeating
until growth is removed. Dress every day with a carbolic lotion.
Bad cases require treatment by a veterinarian.

WARTS AROUND THE SHEATH.—tThese are often
seen on the sheath, and in some cases may be seized between the
thumb and finger and twisted off. Or they may be removed by
tying a cord around them tightly, which will stop circulation,
and they will drop off. When it can be done this is probably the
best manner of removal. Still another way of removing it is to
cut them off with a knife or scissors, and touch the wound with
a stick of lunar caustic.

MASTURBATION.—This is a bad habit of abusing nature
that some stallions get into.

Causes.—From weakness in consequence of having too much
work in the stud, or from superfluous passion attending want of
work and being fed too highly.

TREATMENT.

If from the weakness from overwork, reduce work, and give
the digestive tonics. Give walking exercise daily. If from lack
of work, give a purgative of 6 to 8 drachms of Aloes, reduce the
grain and increase exercise, and give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter
two or three times a day. Sometimes the only remedy is a
mechanical one—the fixing of a net under the penis in such a
way as to prevent extension of the organ. It is well to use this
in connection with the other treatment.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 149

DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS
OF THE MARE

INFLAMMATION OF THE OVARIES.—This disease,

though rare, is occasionally met with in the mare.

Causes.—It usually occurs at the time of heat, and passes
away when that is over; it aggravates the passions excited at
that time.

Symptoms.—There is a slight fever, and soreness on pressure
in the region of the loins. The periods of heat are irregular; at
times almost continuous.

TREATMENT.—

Give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter and a teaspoonful of Fluid
Extract of Belladonna in a bran mash three times a day for a few
days. Feed laxative food.

ENLARGEMENT OF THE OVARIES. — This is
another disease that is met with in connection with the ovaries.

Causes.—Results from inflammation sometimes obscure.

Symptoms.—Mare is more or less irritable; falls off in con-
dition; if put to horse does not get with foal; is more or less con-
tinuously in season. Symptoms not diagnostic. Examination
per rectum might reveal condition in some cases.

TREATMENT.—

If in good condition give her a physic—Aloes 8 drachms, in
form of a pill or in thin gruel. Give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter
three times a day for a week; withhold a week and give again.
Dissolve an ounce of Iodide of Potash in a pint of water; give 1
ounce of the solution three times a day; give for a week, with-
hold a week and give again; alternate with the Saltpeter. Where
possible, an examination by a veterinarian would be advisable.
150 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

WHITES—LEUCORRHEA.-—This is a catarrh of the
vagina, or the womb, or of both.

Causes.—Originally, by aslight attack of inflammation, a dis-
charge from the irritated surfaces is set up and soon becomes
chronic. It often follows foaling, in which the parts have been
torn or injured. It invariably follows retention of the afterbirth.
Also found in old mares that are out of condition, and have ceased
to breed.

Symptoms.—There is a discharge of whitish, slimy substance
from the vulva, of a disagreeable odor; in fact, when following
retention of the afterbirth, it is purulent and very offensive.
Animal loses flesh; the coat becomes rough, coarse and staring,
and the milk dries up, or nearly so. Where the womb is involved,
the discharge is thrown off after urination, or when pulling
severely, oftentimes in large quantities.

TREATMENT.—

Wash out the womb and vagina, using a soft, rubber tube
with a funnel attached, through which pass warm water at a
temperature of 115 degrees, until it comes away clear. ‘To make
sure the treatment reaches the womb, oil the hand and tube,
introduce them into the vagina, and insert the tube through the
mouth of the womb. Elevate the funnel and pour the water into
it. Close the lips of the vulva by clasping them, thus filling the
organs full, then let it flush out. After flushing out thoroughly
with the water, pour in the following lotion:

Sugar of Lead..............sseceecesssesesees 3 drachms
Warm Water .....ccesceccecceeeseceeceecneces I quart.

Use enough to fill organs full, holding the vulva to retain it
a few minutes. Carbolic Acid, 2 teaspoonfuls to a quart of water,
can be used part of the time in place of the Lead solution. Alum
or Copperas is sometimes used in place of the Sugar of Lead.
Treat once a day at first, afterwards once in two or three days,
as case requires.

To tone up the animal, use tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indiges-
tion.”’
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 151

BARRENNESS IN THE MARE.—In this case the
mare does not breed.

Causes.—From enlarged or diseased ovaries; from contraction
or closure of the mouth of the womb; from neck of the womb
being turned to one side; diseased condition of the womb; old
age.

TREATMENT.—

Examine the neck of the womb by passing the hand, oiled,
into the vagina until the mouth of the womb is reached, and, if
you find it contracted, or closed, open it by working your fingers
gently around in it until it dilates or opens. If a little hard to
dilate, saturate a small piece of soft sponge with Fluid Extract of
Belladonna, tie a string to it and carry the sponge into the vagina
and ptess into the mouth of the womb as far as possible. Leave
it there an hour and on removing it you will probably find the
neck relaxed and easily opened. After the neck is opened, put
the mare to the horse, and she will most likely get with foal. If
the neck of the womb is twisted to one side, try and straighten it
with your hand, and immediately have her put to the horse. If
the ovaries are diseased, treat as previously described, or call a
veterinarian. Sometimes after breeding to one horse a number
of times, and she does not get with foal, a change of horse may
bring success. If ordinary copulation fails, inject the semen
directly into the womb with a syringe.

A run at grass, along with tonic preparations, as those
recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion,’’? may successfully over-
come barrenness.

If mare is fleshy, deplete her. If in poor condition, tone her up.
If womb is diseased, treat accordingly.

HYSTERIA.—This is a peculiar and rather rare nervous
affection accompanying heat, and manifested principally by the
voluntary muscles.

Symptoms.—It occurs at the time of heat; the jaws champ;
the teeth are ground; the muscles tremble; the legs and feet are
liable to paw, strike or kick spasmodically; in short the mare acts
in a generally delirious manner, at times becoming more or less
vicious.
152 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT. —

Give a quart of Linseed Oil to act as a purgative and follow
with:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1 teaspoonful.
Or:

Sulphate of Morphia .............s0e0000 4 grains.

WAGE oi sis si sis voasnsnwsesenaneteteerengeaets I ounce.

Give as one dose; repeat every three to six
hours until the unpleasant symptoms have
disappeared.
The disease is generally due to some disease or abnormal
condition of the ovaries. It is often necessary to have these
organs removed in order to overcome the disorder.

FOALING (PARTURITION) AND ATTENDANT
DISEASES

Gestation, or the period of carrying the young, continues,
on the average, eleven months or forty-four weeks, but may be
extended or shortened in some instances a month either way.
The covering around the foal, or foetus, is called the cleaning,
placenta, fetal envelopes, or after-birth, and is attached to the
inside of the womb, to the little processes called papilla;
connecting the foal and the after-birth is the navel-string, or
umbilical cord. This is made up of blood vessels, which con-
vey the fetal blood down to the fetal envelopes, where the
nourishment is received from the mother’s blood, and the impuri-
ties given up to her blood. The air element—oxygen—is also
received here, so we might say that the fcetus breathes through
the cord, and for this reason if it is broken, the foetus soon dies.
Between the foal and after-birth is a fluid, the use of which is to
protect the foal from injury from the motion of the mare.

HOW TO TELL WHEN A MAREIS WITH
FOAL.—The mare becomes gentler in disposition, and there is an
increase of fat; the belly gradually becomes distended, and at the
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 153

end of the sixth or seventh month, after the mare has taken a
drink of cold water, there is movement on the part of foal. The
signs are more noticeable on the left than on the right side.
Another way is to pass the oiled hand into the vagina and find if
the neck of the womb is closed and sealed. This must be very
carefully done, or abortion may be produced. ‘The foal may be
felt at the same time. By examination per rectum, it can also
be told whether a foetus is present or not. During the time of
gestation, it is not the rule for the mare to get in heat every three
weeks, but this is not an infallible sign, as occasionally a mare
will take the horse when with foal; but ordinarily, when a mare
ceases to come in heat after being bred, it is a good indication
that she has conceived. They will frequently pass the first period,
but come in heat at the second, and so they should be closely
watched for six or even nine weeks after being bred, for indica-
tions of being in heat.

HOW TO USE A MARE WITH FOAL.—The best
treatment for a mare that is with foal is to give her regular farm
work up to the very time of foaling. After the abdomen com-
mences to noticably enlarge, do not give rapid road work. Never
let her pull too heavy, especially toward the last, or slip or strain
herself, or back up too suddenly, as these have been the causes of
mares losing their foals. Slipping is especially dangerous. In
the absence of moderate work the mare should be kept in a lot
where she can exercise at will. During the winter she should be
out a portion of each day for exercise. The food should be
liberal but not too fattening, such as oats, bran, and good clover
hay. In the spring, turn out to pasture at night. Water should
not be too cold, and given rather often. Constipation should be
corrected by bran mashes, carrots, etc., and if medicine is needed
give a dose of oil. A few carrots or other roots fed during the
winter are excellent.

After the mare foals, turn her out with her colt for at least
ten days before putting her into work again.

SIGNS OF IMMEDIATE FOALING.—As the period
of foaling approaches the swelling of the udder bespeaks the
154 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

coming event. For a few days before, a liquid comes from the
teats, and in about twenty-four hours forms as a white wax
around the orifices. The mare should now be watched closely
until after the act takes place. The vulva enlarges, and there is
escape of glairy mucus. ‘The belly droops, the flanks fall in, aud
the loins are depressed. Finally mare becomes uneasy, stops
feeding, looks anxious, whisks her tail, and may lie down and rise
again. In many cases this is not repeated, mare remaining down.
Violent contraction of the abdominal muscles ensue; after a few
pains the water bag appears and bursts, followed by the fore feet
of the foal, with the nose between the knees, and, by a few more
efforts the foetus is expelled. This is sometimes accomplished
standing. The whole act may not occupy more than ten to fifteen
minutes, and should never be prolonged to any great length of
time if everything is normal.

When the act takes place the mare should be by herself in a
large, roomy place.

THE NAVEL-STRING—UMBILICAL CORD.—The
navel-string which connects the foal to the membranes is rup-
tured when the foal falls to the ground, or when the mare rises
if she has been down, and the membranes are expelled a few
minutes later. If the cord does not break immediately after
foaling, take a piece of cord and tie it one inch from the belly,
then cut off the navel-string an inch below where it is tied and
leave the string on until it drops off; this will prevent bleeding.
Use Carbolic Acid solution on string and also on the cord.

NATURAL WAY FOR THE FOAL TO COME.—
When there is a single foal, the usual position is with the fore
feet first, the nose between the knees, and with the front of the
hoofs and the knees and the forehead directed upward toward the
anus, tail, and croup; or, in other words, the foal lies on its belly.
When there is a twin birth, the second foal usually comes with
its hind feet first, and the backs of the legs, the points of the
hocks, and the tail and croup are turned upward toward the anus
and tail of the mare. This position also occurs with a single
foetus. In both these ways, the curvature of the body corresponds
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 155

to that of the passages. Any presentation different from these
may be said to be abnormal, and are treated under the next head-
ing. ‘The first is called a front, the second arear presentation.

CAUTIONS IN ASSISTING WITH PARTUR-
ITION.—Certain precautions are very important in assisting at
parturition; first, be gentle; also have everything clean—hand,
arm, ropes and instruments; first, wash in soap and water and
then oil freely with carbolized lard or oil (lard or oil % pint,
Carbolic Acid 1 teaspoonful) thoroughly mixed; introduce nothing
into the womb until it has been thoroughly oiled. Cut finger
nails short and have dirt cleaned from beneath them. In assist-
ing, pull steadily and gently, only when the mother throes. In
repelling, or pushing foetus back into the womb, repel only when
throes are not on, holding what you gain when she again strains.
In entering the hand for an examination, make it cone-shaped, by
placing the thumb and two outer fingers toward the center. Do
not be in too much of a hurry, gentleness is more important than
speed. In making an examination, the water sack should be
broken and the hand put inside, directly against the fcetus.
When an examination is made and the fcetus is found to be ina
wrong position, examine thoroughly and determine just how it
lies, then outline a plan for putting it into either a front or a
rear presentation, and proceed at once to carry out the plan. If
the presentation is going to be quite difficult to correct, and the
mare is straining hard, something should be given to stop it to a
great extent. ‘The best drug for this is Chloral Hydrate, dose,
from % to 1 ounce in ¥% pint of water, or 2 ounces Laudanum
may be used, or a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna.
Any of them may be repeated in one-half hour if necessary, and
again in an hour. Have the animal stand while the correction is
being made.

If after a mare has been laboring for one-half hour, there
seems to be no progress, an examination should be made to
determine the trouble. ‘The examination can do no harm if the
foregoing instructions are followed, and if anything is wrong the
sooner it is determined the easier it is to correct it. Sometimes
a very slight mal-presentation, which can be corrected in two or
156 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

three minutes, will stop the passage of the foetus. Why allow
the mother to suffer for an hour or two? The examination causes
no extra pain and may be the means of relieving so much. If a
bad presentation is found and a veterinarian is to be called, which
is always best, if one can be had, quiet the mare with the drugs,
and if the labor becomes severe, place the hand in the womb and
hold the foetus from coming back any farther. After the womb
has contracted so as to crowd the foetus well back into the arch,
it is very hard to make a correction, and by preventing this, the
veterinarian has a much better chance when he arrives.

The symptoms of mal-presentations and other difficulties to
parturition is simply the straining without progress, and an
examination determines the exact trouble.

DIFFICULTIES MET WITH IN FOALING—
MALPRESENTATION.—With natural presentation, diffi-
cult parturition is a rare occurrence. Sometimes, however, labor
pains come on and the mare wants to foal, but the mouth of the
womb remains closed. In such a case, smear hand and arm with
Carbolized Lard, enter hand with thumb and fingers together, cone-
shaped, into the passage, and in some cases you can open the
mouth of the womb very easily with your fingers. If it will not
open easily, smear the neck with Fluid Extract Belladonna and
lard, equal parts, and after a little while it will probably easily
open.

If the front legs and head appear, and the labor does not
bring the foal any farther, use gentle force, pulling on legs and
head, when the mother strains, holding what you get between
throes. Never pull upon any presented part until you are sure
the presentation is correct. Sometimes when presentation is cor-
rect, a case of dropsy of the belly—where the foal’s belly is
swollen with water—will prevent the foetus passing; in such a
case push foetus back, passin a knife, guarded by the hand to
not injure the mare, and make a small incision in the foal’s belly
to let out the water, and then start head and legs again, and she
will probably soon foal, if gently assisted.

In case of ‘‘water in the head’’ (Hydrocephalus), the feet
and point of nose will start, but advancement ceases, and an
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 157

examination reveals the difficulty; the top of the head is much
enlarged and soft; puncture the head with a trocar or knife, let
out the water and press in the thin, bony walls. Now give the
mare a little help when she labors, and the foal will come.

A foal may come with head and only one front leg extended,
and the mare cannot deliver. In such a case, push foal gently
back and bring the other leg forward, and mare will foal probably
without more trouble. Sometimes the front legs come with the
head, which is turned back, either to one side, upon the back, or
down between the front legs. Push the foal back; take a piece
of rope four or five feet long, make a noose and slip it over foal’s
nose. Have assistant pull on the rope gently, while you help to
straighten the neck and head, placing them between the legs;
follow with a little gentle pulling, if necessary, and the foal will
come. Sometimes head will appear, but both front legs are
turned back. Push foal well back, catch front legs and bring
them forward, one at a time, then pull gently on the legs to com-
plete delivery. All four legs sometimes come together and head
is turned back. In such a case it is best to push the front legs
back into the womb as far as you can with hand and arm, and
bring foal out backward, pulling gently on hind legs.

If the presentation is backward, and the hind legs come first,
the delivery will generally be normal, although not as easy as
front presentation. If, however, the foal is coming backward,
and the legs do not appear, and nothing but rump, tail, and hips,
are felt, the hind legs being turned in under; shove the hind end
of the foal upwards and towards the front of the womb, then
slip the hand down and get hold of the foot of a hind leg and lift
upward and backward until you can bring the leg out into the
passage; repeat the operation with the other leg, and the foal
will come away backward. It is more difficult to correct rear,
than front presentations.

In the case of twin foals, if there is difficulty, examine the
case thoroughly, and whichever foal is nearest the outlet, deliver
first, first making sure that the legs which are presented, and
that you are pulling on, are the legs of the same foal. The

second foal comes very easily.
158 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Sometimes the foal will be lying partially upon its side and
the feet will not come out straight, but strike the side of the
passage and prevent delivery. In such a case straighten by
rolling the foetus down onto its belly.

Each mal-presentation must be carefully studied and good
judgment used as to the best way to correct, remembering that
gentleness and cleanliness are very important.

Deformities or freaks of nature hardly ever occur twice alike,
so no specific instructions as to assisting delivery can be given.
A thorough examination must be made, and good judgment used
as to the best way of proceeding, acting on plans given in the
different positions.

In all cases where it is necessary to push the foal back into
the womb, the hind parts should be raised, by boards, by bed-
ding, or by head of mare being turned down hill, as this will tend
to make the foal go forwards. It is always best to use the hands,
and pieces of fine rope, avoiding as far as possible all knives,
hooks and harsh methods. Sometimes, when it is impossible to
correct a presentation, it is necessary to cut up the fcetus within
the womb. A veterinarian should always be secured for the oper-
ation.

Blunt or even sharp hooks can sometimes be used to advan-
tage in correcting a presentation, but due caution must be used
not to injure the mother, and they should always be attached to
a rope to avoid dropping them.

If a mare is not delivered of her foal in a half hour, or such
a matter, after the labor commences, there is something wrong,
for when everything is normal the contractions of the womb and
abdominal walls are so powerful that she foals in a few minutes.
It is best, after waiting as above, to make an examination, and if
anything is wrong to right it at once, for it is easier to do it
immediately than after the mare has been sick for a couple hours.

By so doing the mare’s life is often saved as well as that of the
foal.

CLEANING—PLACENTA, OR AFTER-BIRTH.—
Sometimes the mare will not clean properly, and part of the
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 159

membranes remain attached to inside of the womb, and it will be
left hanging out behind. In such a case try the following:

Raw Linseed Oil.........cceccesecesseeeeee % pint.
Sweet Spirits of Niter.............. I ounce.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna ........... I teaspoonful.

Mix and give as a drench.

Put cloths, wrung out in hot water, or a peck of hot salt in a
bag on the loins and cover to keep in heat. If this does not
cause it to come away in the course of twenty-four hours it will
have to be removed. Have mare held by the head, with one
front leg held up so she cannot kick, and the tail held to one side.
Oil the hand and arm with the Carbolized Oil, take hold of mem-
brane with left hand and twist it, while the right is passed in to
where the membrane is attached to the womb; commence at top,
gradually detaching it, working the fingers gently in between it
and the womb; do not be harsh. Give the mare a teaspoonful
of Saltpeter two or three times a day for a few days.

FLOODING— PROFUSE BLEEDING AFTER
FOALING.—

Causes. —From failure of the womb to contract after foaling;
from congestion or laceration; or with eversion of the womb.

Symptoms.—If blood accumulates in the womb from not con-
tracting, it may be only suspected by reason of advancing weak-
ness; swaying, unsteady gait; hanging head, paleness of the eyes
and other mucous membranes, and weak, failing pulse. A hand
examination in the womb detects blood clots. If it escapes from
the vulva, the condition is evident.

TREATMENT.—

Give a large dose of Fluid Extract of Ergot—1 ounce—repeat-
ing in half an hour, and apply cold water or ice to the loins and
external generative organs. Besides this, remove clot, if present,
and flush out the womb with an Alum or Iron solution—from 1 to
2 ounces of Alum or Sulphate of Iron (Copperas) to each quart
of water used. Flush as in ‘‘Leucorrhea,”’ filling the womb full.

AFTER-PAINS.—These are the labor pains continued
after the foal is out of the womb.
160 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—Animal will continue to strain the same as
though the foal had not been born.

TREATMENT.—

First examine to find cause; if another foal and correctly
presented, allow her to expel it; if from bleeding, treat as under
that head; if everything is normal, and the straining is due to
nervous irritation, keep mare quiet, and watch her that she does
not force the womb out, and give the following to relieve the
pains:

Chloral Hydrate.........cccssseseserereees I ounce.
WALEE cosets sseisnecisscaeds sec scsanacabatente ¥% pint.
Or:
Taudanumm.........cccsessesecseseceeenecsenes I ounce.
Fluid Extract Belladonna............... I teaspoonful.
Sweet Spirits Niter.............c.cesseeees I ounce.
Gin Se fieeicscnnsevessocarsarsrseaeassseeeesters 1 tablespoonful.

Mix in lukewarm water and give as a drench;
repeat every hour and a half or two hours, until
relieved.

Put a peck of hot salt in a bag and apply that to the loins,
or apply hot blankets as in ‘‘Inflammation of the Kidneys,’’ and
give her a hot bran mash. Stay with her until all straining
ceases, and if womb should start to evert, prevent it by clasping
lips of vulva and holding them together.

EVERSION OF THE VAGINA.—This is the turning
out of the vagina, or passage leading from the womb.

Causes.—From standing in the stall with hind feet too low
before foaling; from lying down, when on account of being so
full, the womb presses back and forces the vagina out; from
straining to pass manure.

Symptoms.—There is a bulging out of the passage through
the vulva, forming a large red tumor; it may show only when
lying down, going back when the mare gets up, or it may become
swollen and remain out.

TREATMENT. —
Bathe the part well by pouring over it cold water, which
removes the dirt and reduces the size; do not rub the part; if the
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 161

dirt does not all flush off, pick it off gently; follow by pouring
over it slowly a quart of Alum water:

Water ssinsrsvesstevedeaces sosvstasoactven estes I quart,

Catbolic Acid s.cessesissicvesconssdecsnoees 14 teaspoonfuls.
Water sect sssneceversasitvasseviesecedoinve sats I quart.

Now return it by placing the palm of the left hand against
the back of tumor and gently pushing, and with the right hand
near the vulva, gently work it back to place; see that the finger-
nails of the right hand are short, so as not to irritate the part.
After returning it, it must be retained; some do this by applying
a truss, which allows the animal to make water, but prevents the
return of the accident. Trusses are hard to keep in place, fre-
quently get off, allowing the accident to re-occur; the best way
to retain, is to put in sutures, or stitches, across the vulva. Use
strips of good factory, an inch wide, for the stitches. To put
them in, pick up a fold of the skin back from the vulva, four or
five inches, where the hair commences, take a sharp knife and
thrust the blade through this fold, between the fingers and the
body, remove the blade, and before letting go of the fold, push
one end of the stitch through the cut with a blunt nail, let go the
fold and you have the stitch underneath an inch or more of skin,
which will not tear out. Put the other end of the stitch through
a fold on the other side of the vulva in the same manner, and
then tie the two ends together across the vulva. Put in about
three stitches, and there will be no chance for the accident to
re-occur. ‘The stitches will not interfere with urinating. If she
does not strain, the stitches need not be tied tight. If she strains,
give drugs as for ‘‘After-Pains.’’ As the time for delivery
approaches, she must be watched closely, and stitches removed as
pains come on; after delivery and when the after-birth has been
removed, put the stitches in again for a few days. After this
accident, keep the animal where the hips will be the higher.
Control the mare during the operation with a twist and side line,

or hobbles, if necessary.
41
162 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

EVERSION OF THE WOMB—FOAL BED
TURNED OUT.—If the womb fails to contract after difficult
foaling, the after-pains will sometimes lead to the organ turning
inside out and passing out through the vagina, hanging as a large
red mass from the vulva, sometimes extending down to the
hocks.

TREATMENT.—

Put hobbles on the mare if necessary to prevent kicking.
Have two assistants hold a clean sheet under the womb to sup-
port it, and gently clean it as in the preceding disorder, using the
cold water, Alum, and Carbolic lotions. Support the womb with
the hands and flush off any dirt that may collect in the sheet;
great care is necessary in cleaning the part. After this is done,
return it by commencing around the vulva and putting it back.
Have the assistants hold the womb as high as the vulva, so its
weight will not pull it out. Sometimes by taking a long strip of
cloth, commencing at the lower end and winding it round and
around the womb as tightly as possible, it forces the blood out
and reduces the size and helps in making it return more easily;
then as the womb is returned, gradually unwind the cloth. Re-
turning the womb is a long, hard job; don’t get in a hurry, but
be gentle. After half or more has been returned, it will go in
much faster. After it has been returned, pass the oiled hand in
and smooth the womb out as nearly natural as possible. Put in
the sutures to retain it as in the preceding disorder. While it is
being returned, and for some days afterward, keep the hind parts
the higher. Give the mare at the beginning of the operation, to
stop her straining, the drugs as recommended for ‘‘After-Pains,”’
continuing their use for two or three days if there is any strain-
ing, giving every three or four hours. If the after-birth is still
attached to the womb, remove it before returning. ‘This is a
serious accident with the mare, and if the womb gets injured
while out, chances for recovery are very slight. As there is a
tendency for inflammation to set in, the following treatment should
be given after the womb is returned. Feed very light, on
easily digested, laxative food, and give from a pint to a quart of
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 163

raw Linseed Oil and from 2 to 4 ounces of Epsom Salts daily to
keep the bowels loose; also use the following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... “2 ounces.
Fluid Extract of Aconite .......00.00.. 2 drachms.
AICODOL iiss ccdceas csccenseasesesseeiseracieyt 6 ounces.
Salt peters. vec cssissoevsovecnesssecavsiedea ss 4, -S
Water to make...... 0... eeeeeeeeeeee I quart.

Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day,
continuing five or six days. ’

If after a time, the animal becomes dull, pulse becomes more
rapid, temperature rises, inflammation is developing; then treat as
for ‘Inflammation of the Womb.’’ Remove the sutures after
conditions appear to be normal.

RUPTURE OF THE WOMB.—This may occur from
the feet of the foal during delivery, or from ill-directed efforts to
assist, but it is especially liable to occur when there is an eversion
of the womb. The resultant dangers are bleeding from the
wound, escape of bowels through the opening, and their fatal
injury by the mare’s feet or otherwise; from peritonitis, and from
the escape of poisonous liquids of the womb into the abdominal
cavity.

TREATMENT .—

If in an eversion of the womb, the first thing to do is to
close the wound, which must be carefully sewed up before the
womb is returned, with catgut sutures. After its return, inject
daily of the following: Boracic Acid % ounce, or Carbolic Acid
3 drachms, to 1 quart of water. If inflammation threatens give
treatment as for ‘‘Inflammation of the Womb.’’ When from feet
of foal, or from ill-directed effort to assist, little can be done,
other than the medicinal treatment; it will probably prove fatal.

RUPTURE OF THE VAGINA, OR PASSAGE.—
When this happens it occurs during the act of foaling, and is
done by the legs of the foal in coming through the passage not
coming straight, or from the foal being too large for the passage.
In some cases where the mare is not attended at the outset, the
legs are found, one out through the natural passage, and the
164 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

other by a rupture, through the anus. Again, the mare may
have seemingly foaled all right, but later manure is seen coming
through the vulva. An examination with oiled hand and arm will
locate the rupture.

TREATMENT.—

If in a case where foal is coming out, and is caught with a
leg in each passage, oil the hand and push back into womb, and
bring both legs out the right way. Keep mare very quiet and
give soft feed, with plenty of Flaxseed in it to keep the bowels
free, and if in season let her have fresh cut grass. If bowels are
costive, give 1 pint doses of Linseed Oil to keep them open, but
not too loose. If feverish, use the prescription as in ‘‘Eversion
of the Womb.’’ +insh out the vagina twice a day with the
following: Boracic Acid 1 ounce, water 1 quart; close lips of
vulva around the tube and fill vagina full; once a day flush with
Carbolic Acid 2 teaspoonfuls, water 1 quart. Use tube and
funnel, as for ‘‘Ieucorrhea.”’

INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA AND
VULVA—

Cause.—Often follows a difficult case of foaling.

Symbtoms.—The vulva is inflamed and swollen and the
membrane of the passage a bright red, with more or less discharge.

TREATMENT. —

Give the animal 1 pint of Linseed Oil to move the bowels,
and then keep them free, feeding soft food with boiled Flaxseed
init. If in season, feed freely with fresh cut grass; if not, bran
mashes with 3 to 4 ounces Epsom Salts daily. Bathe outside of
vuiva with warm water, and flush out vagina as in preceding dis-
order, and give internally the prescription as recommended for
‘Inflammation of the Womb.’’ Use injections and bathing
freely.

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB—METRITIS.—
This is an inflammation of the substance of the womb.

Causes.—From injuries to the womb during or after a diffi-
cult case of foaling; from exposure to cold or wet; from the

ss
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 165

action of putrid products in the womb, and from using dirty
instruments, ropes and hands when assisting in delivery; also
follows eversion of the womb.

Symptoms.—Usually comes on two or three days after foaling.
There is first shivering, staring coat, small, rapid pulse, elevated
temperature, quickened breathing, loss of appetite, arched back,
stiff movement of body, looking back at flanks, uneasy motion of
hind legs, discharge from vulva of a reddish or yellowish fluid,
which later may be whitish or glairy, and fetid or not. By pass-
ing oiled hand in through the vagina, the womb will be found to
be hot, swollen and sensitive.

TREATMENT. —

Give a laxative in the form of a pint to a quart of raw Lin-
seed Oil and 3 or 4 ounces of Epsom Salts, and repeat Oil daily to
keep bowels active; also give the following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce,
Fluid Extract of Aconite................ I drachm.
AlCohol s.. ccdececostiescesecmewaesesaseeesseones 4 ounces.
Saltpeter..........cccsssssssecesceeeeeceeeeeees 2
Water to make... eceeeeeeeneerene I pint

Dose: 2 ounces four or five times a day.

If temperature runs high, give 1 drachm of Acetanilid and
an ounce of Alcohol in % pint of water morning and night. Half-
drachm doses of Quinine two or three times a day are also good.
Flush out the womb very freely with warm water until water
flows away clear, then inject twice a day:

 

Boracic Acid «.. I ounce,
Warm water --» I quart,

And also twice a day:
Carbolic ACid...........::ccsescssceesercoere 2 teaspoonfuls.
Warm water ......cccsceceesseseeeeennceers I quart.

In flushing, use tube and funnel as in ‘‘Leucorrhea,”’ filling
womb full by closing lips of vulva with the hand. Apply, almost
continuously, hot blankets to the loins, as in ‘Inflammation of
the Kidneys.’’ Mustard paste applied to the loins is also good.
If much pain is manifest, give 3 grain doses of Morphine every
three hours.

Following the flushing out of the womb, watch her to see
that the straining does not evert the orgaa.
166 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

INJURIES TO HIPS DURING FOALING.—

Symptoms.—There will be a falling away of the muscles on
the affected side, and the animal will be stiff and lame.

TREATMENT—

Apply to the muscles of the hip on the affected side some
good, stimulating liniment, and if this fails, blister as described
under ‘‘Ring Bone.’’? During treatment let animal run to grass,
which will also give needed exercise. Some time is required in
such cases for complete recovery.

INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER—MAMMITIS
—GARGET.— This is an inflammation of the glands that
secrete the milk.

Causes.—From exposure by lying on the cold, damp ground,
in fall or spring; from foal not sucking properly; or from injury.
Not very common with the mare.

Symptoms.—One or both the milk glands become enlarged,
hot, and tender; the milk dries up, or is replaced by a watery,
or reddish serous fluid, which at times becomes fetid; animal may
walk lame, lose appetite, and show general disorder and fever.

TREATMENT.—

Give 1% pound of Epsom Salts and repeat in two days if
bowels do not move quite freely; also give internally the follow-
ing:

Fluid Extract Belladonna............... I ounce.
Fluid Extract Aconite..........ccecseees I drachm.
Salt peter sess cei vals ccensac duc voeicesdeaseersees 2 ounces.
Water to make........cccseeeceeseveeeeeee I pint.

Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day.

Bathe the udder with hot water for two or three hours at a
time, and then apply one of the following: Camphorated oil, or:

Mur pentime sce. csesaseseseen sivas eseveveceae I part.

Spirits of Camphor, or Lard............ 4 parts,
Or:

DUPPSNE NS: cc acecice dames samndeaueteccdacs 2 ounces,

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 2 «

Soap Limiment..........cccescscceseseeseees 4 *
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 167

 

If milk should become thick, inject into the udder, through
a milking tube, warm water 1 pint, Carbolic Acid 1 teaspoonful;
then knead the udder thoroughly and milk out. If an abscess
should form, open it and wash out with a Carbolic Acid solution.

SORE TEATS, CRACKS, WARTS.—From sucking,
especially in cold weather, the teats are subject to abrasions,
cracks and scabs, and as the result of such irritation, or inde-
pendently, warts sometimes will grow and become troublesome.
These should be clipped off with sharp scissors and their roots
burned with astick of Lunar Caustic. For sore teats use an
ointment made of:

   

Vaselin @yicesscsvawssssicsans vesesqeseeaecasess I ounce.
Balsam Tol. .........cccoseseeseeeceeseaeees 5 grains.
Sulphate Of Zinc......ccceeeeeeseeeseeeneees 5 grains.
Mix and apply.
Or:
Vaseline........ccceccssssscerseeeereeseeouscos I ounce.
Subnitrate of Bismut eee. «Oe
Carbolic Acid............00 .. 15 drops.

PUERPERAL FEVER.—This is a benign fever, usually
occurring on the second or third day after foaling. It is aggra-
vated by colds, exposure, or neglect.

Symptoms.—Are those of a general fever, accelerated pulse
and respiration, higher temperature; ears and extremities are
cold; bowels constipated ; urine scanty and high-colored; milk
secretion suspended; udder inclined to inflammation and hard-
ness; appetite more or less affected. May occur in mares of all
ages, but is most often met with after the first pregnancy, and it
seems to accompany the effort of nature to secrete the milk. The
symptoms of the more severe disorders are absent.

TREATMENT.—

Keep the animal warm, but in a place where there is plenty
of fresh air. Give soft food, grass if in season, and plenty of pure
water to drink; give internally the treatment as recommended to
be given internally for “Inflammation of the Udder.’’? One-half
drachm doses of Quinine twice a day are also good. Recovery
generally takes place in two or three days unless complications
arise.
168 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

SWELLING ALONG THE BELLY BEFORE FOAL-
ING—DROPSY .—This begins at the udder three or four weeks
before foaling, and extends gradually forward until the swelling
reaches between the fore legs. The animal shows no signs of
being sick, and eats as well as usual.

TREATMENT.—

If mare is accustomed to being shut up in the stable, let her
out where she can have exercise every day, and give the mix-
tures as recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion,’’ giving about
one-half the dose. Keep the bowels moderately loose by repeat-
ing % pint doses of raw Linseed Oil and laxative foods. Not
serious usually, but best to be looked after. Mare is usually all
right after foaling.

ABORTION, OR SLINKING THE FOAL.—This is a
term used in case the foetus is expelled from the womb before it
is capable of surviving outside that organ. If advanced enough
to live, but before the regular period, it is called premature birth.

Causes.—From over work; from injury in any way; from
sight or smell of blood, if it frightens; from slipping; from acute
disease; from poor feeding and over-feeding.

Svmptoms.—Vary according as early or late in pregnancy.
In first or second month, mare may miscarry without observable
symptoms, and fact only appears by her coming in heat. If
somewhat later, there will be loss of appetite, neighing and
straining, and the small foetus is expelled with its coverings. At
a still later stage the symptoms will be still more marked, and
mare will be very restless, get up and down, walk around until
the labor pains come on, which soon cause the water bag to
appear and break, and delivery will soon be completed if presen-
tation is correct. ‘This may occupy in all an hour or two, or
may continue a day or two, the symptoms subsiding for a time,
only to reappear with renewed energy.

TREATMENT.—

Should be preventive, if possible—avoiding all conditions
which might cause the accident. After the pains come on, it is
doubtful if the accident can be prevented. Fluid Extract of
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 169

 

Black Haw, in from % to 1 ounce doses, is sometimes used,
repeating every three or four hours, until quiet; 14 ounce doses
of Chloral Hydrate, in % pint of water, may also be given. If
pains continue, however, but act does not progress, assist, as
with difficult parturition. Give the animal rest for a few days,
feed lightly, giving bran mashes, small doses of oil and a tea-
spoonful Saltpeter three times a day. (See Contagious Abor-
tion in CATTLE DEPARTMENT),

DISEASES AND CARE OF YOUNG FOALS.

BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL.—This is caused by
the blood vessels not closing when the cord is broken.

Symptoms.—Blood dropping from the end of the cord; may
be slight or rapid.

TREATMENT.—

Tie a string around the cord about an inch from the body.
If the cord is broken off so short that it cannot be ligated, fold a
piece of cloth, saturate it with Alum, or Copperas water (an ounce
of either to % pint of water), place the cloth against the navel,
and hold it in place by a bandage about the body; have the
bandage tight. Use Carbolic Acid lotion.

Sometimes the urine will flow from the cord. There is a
tube leading from the bladder down through the cord in the
foetus, and when this does not close, as it should when the cord
breaks, the urine flows from it. The treatment is to ligate, the
same as for bleeding. Sometimes the other natural opening is
not formed and then ligating will cause death, but if the natural
duct cannot be opened, the foal may as well be destroyed.

CONSTIPATION IN YOUNG FOALS.—There is diffi-

culty sometimes in getting the bowels of a young foal to move.
170 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Causes.—From the mare being fed on very dry food, aad
from foals not getting the mother’s first milk, which is a laxative.

Symptoms.—Foal will be noticed to be fuller than usual;
does not want to suck; strains as if wanting to pass something,
but without results; and sometimes will lie down and look around
at his sides as though in pain. If not relieved in a little while,
refuses to get up.

TREATMENT.—

Give small injections of lukewarm water, with a little raw
Linseed Oil in it, three or four times a day. In some cases it is
necessary to oil the finger and insert it in the rectum to clear out
the hardened feces, but in so doing be careful about irritating
the bowels. Give 2 or 3 ounces of raw Linseed Oil and 1
teaspoonful of whiskey, mixed well together, repeating this three
times a day, until the bowels move and the foal seems better.
In very obstinate cases from % to 1 ounce of Epsom Salts can
be given. This is for a day-old colt, and the amount can be
increased in proportion to size. Keep colt warm and comfortable.

DIARRHEA IN YOUNG FOALS.—This is the reverse
of above.

Causes.—From exposure and lying on damp ground too soon
after foaling; from excitement by the mare being turned in with
other horses; from the mare’s milk being too rich, or too poor;
or from sucking while the mother is too heated up from work.

Symptoms.—Are obvious in the watery discharges.
TREATMENT. —

If the cause can be discovered remove it, whether in sur-
roundings, milk, or conditions of feeding. Give the colt:

WHISK Yori toicsiacinnaetlenestaiacecsnactiacsens 1 teaspoonful,
TAU Gana a5, dsdaics cataeoucackesatiucaereeces I ae
OUP is oc55 sch ateti ests dean see deeded adewcesinal 1 tablespoonful.

Mix all with a little of the mare’s milk and
repeat every four or five hours until foal is re-
lieved.
Keep the body of the colt warm. .A little Linseed or Starch
gruel is also good. If these fail, Copperas is good—dissolve a
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 171

teaspoonful of Copperas in 2 ounces of water and give a teaspoon-
ful of the solution in a little milk, alternated with the Laudanum
mixture. From 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls of the following is good:

Corrosive Sublimate.......eeecceees 4 grains
Wate E an. ocaeeveeiss encnc cuca ben aoeaercensess ¥% pint.

Dissolve Corrosive Sublimate in the water
and give as directed.

LEAKING OF THE NAVEL, AND RHEUMATISM
IN YOUNG FOALS.—

Causes.—By some it is said to be due to a germ getting into
navel, while others say the cause is a cold, a chill, or an injury.

Symptoms.—At first one hind leg will be noticed as being
lame, and some joint swollen and tender; and there will be more
or less discharge at the cord. Navel may also be swollen and
inflamed. Swelling in leg may move from leg to leg for a few
days, when it will settle in one of the joints, which is apt to
fester and break, the discharge being offensive. When this ceases
to run and begins healing, another joint will swell and fester; this
condition keeping up until colt weakens and dies. Sometimes
the joints do not break, but the navel discharge is continuous,
resulting finally in death from exhaustion.

TREATMENT.— :

If attended to at the outset, it is curable. Apply Monsell’s
Solution of Iron to the navel with a feather two or three times
daily, and if inflamed, foment with hot water. Give the foal 1%
teaspoonful of Salol in a tablespoonful of oil and a little milk
three times daily. Foment the swollen joints with hot water and
apply a good stimulating liniment; if they break, continue the
bathing and use Carbolic Acid solution. ‘The following will also
be good to give:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract of Acotiite......cccsseeseee 12 drops.
Sweet Spirits of Niter.............cse08 I ounce.
Water to make......cccrssssssscceroreovers 1 pint.

Dose: 1 to 2 ounces three to five times a day.

Keep the colt quiet and warm, and help it up to nurse.
172 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

WEAKNESS IN THE LEGS AND JOINTS OF
YOUNG FOALS.—Bandage legs to support and strengthen
them, giving first a good hand rubbing. If down and cannot get
up, raise him up several times daily to suck, and give him a
chance to put strength in his legs.

CROOKEDNESS OF THE LEGS IN YOUNG
FOALS.—Sometimes they will be over on the knees, while in
other cases the crookedness will be in hind legs.

TREATMENT.—

Leave the foal alone; do not try to do anything with the
legs. Simply feed him well, and as he gets strong on his legs,
they will straighten up.

DISTEMPER IN FOALS.—See ‘“‘Distemper, or Sitran-
gles,’ page 197.

CASTRATION—DISEASES AND TROUBLES
FOLLOWING

This operation had best be left to the veterinarian, when-
ever it is possible to do so. It is usually done at one year
of age, but may be accomplished when a few weeks old, at the
expense of an imperfect development of the fore parts. The sim-
plicity and safety of the operation are greatest in the young, but
a delay until two, three, or four years old will, in some cases,
secure a better development and carriage of the fore parts. The
essential part of castration is the safe removal or destruction of
the testicle, and the arrest and prevention of bleeding from the
spermatic artery found in the anterior part of the cord. ‘The
months of April, May or June are the best months to operate in,
after the colt has been turned out to grass for ten days or more,
and is shedding his coat. The fall of the year is also a good time
for operating.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 173

PRECAUTIONS BEFORE OPERATING.—Do not
operate on a colt unless he is in good condition and healthy.
Select a time when the weather is right—neither too hot, nor too
cold—avoid cold winds and damp weather particularly. If more
than a year old, feed lightly the day previous, so the bowels will
be empty, as it makes it easier on the colt when thrown and tied.
Find out before throwing, by question and examination, if the
colt has been ruptured; and also see if both testicles are down
before throwing the animal. Wash and oil the sheath of old
horses a few days in advance of operating, as it often prevents
swelling.

THROWING, OR CASTING, A HORSE.— Under
OPERATIONS two methods of casting a horse are given, but we
give another here, which is commonly practiced in this country
—the rope tackling. Take about 4o feet of 34-inch rope; make
a loop by doubling it in the center, tie a knot, and slip the loop
over the head; pass the ends of the rope back, one on each side,
and run the rope through the ring in the hind hobble, which is
made of a heavy thick strap, and buckles on the hind leg below
the fetlock, and has a ring in front of it to run the rope through.
Pass the rope forward, after it is put through the ring in the
hobble, up to the neck, and through the loop at the neck.
Repeat on the other side. Now have a man at the head back
the colt, pulling the head to one side, and pushing towards the
other side, while a man on each side pulls on the ropes. This
will throw the animal and he can be securely tied, so as not to
hurt himself. He will throw more easily if one front foot is
strapped up, as described under ‘‘Training a Vicious Horse.”
Roll the colt partially upon his back, and place a rail along the
side, and he is in a position for operating. Some operate stand-

ing.

EXPOSING THE TESTICLES.—This part of the
operation is the same with all the methods. First, have the
knife and all instruments, or cords, if used, lying in a solution of
Carbolic Acid for one-half hour before the operation. When
everything is ready, wash the scrotum with some of the Carbolic
174 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

solution, and also the hands; take one of the testicles in the left
hand and roll it so that it lies perfectly straight with the dividing
line of the scrotum, and so the line comes nearly on top of the
testicle; hold the testicle firm, take the knife, which should be
very sharp, and make a good free cut, about one-half inch from
the dividing line, and straight with it, down onto the testicle;
try and cut through with one stroke, so that the testicle will pop
out; if the testicle does not come out with the first stroke, make
another and it should; if cut clear down onto, the testicle will
pop out easily. After the testicle pops out, pick it up with the
left hand and cut the thin attachment back of the cord, which
leaves the back end of the testicle free. ‘The testicle can then be
drawn out further and removed by some one of the following
methods. Repeat the operation on the other testicle, dash a little

of the Carbolic solution into each of the wounds, and let the
colt up.

OPERATING WITH CLAMPS.—This is the old
method and should not be used, as the newer methods, given
below, are less painful. The clamps were made of good,
tough wood, four or five inches long, grooved along the center
of opposing surfaces, which were filled with an ointment made
by mixing 1 drachm of Sulphate of Copper with 1 ounce of
lard. One end of the clamps were tied with strong twine, leaving
the other end free. The exposing of the testicle was the same
as now practiced with the other operations. After being exposed
the testicle was taken hold of with the left hand and the clamp
with the right, and slipped over the cord, drawing the cord just
moderately tight, and spreading it out in the clamp; the clamp
was then tightened at the end that was not tied, with a pair of
castrating pincers, and tied good and tight with strong twine.
The testicle, and the part of the cord below the clamp, leaving
from a half to an inch of the cord, was then cut off and the
clamp left in place for twenty-four hours; then by cutting the
twine at one end of the clamp, the latter was opened and the
stump liberated without danger of bleeding. If the stump hung -
outside the wound it was pushed inside with the finger and left

there. A clamp was used for each testicle, and placed so as to
lie lengthwise of the scrotum.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 175

OPERATING WITH THE ECRASEUR.—This is a
newer method of operating and is not so painful as that by the
use of clamps. After liberating the testicle, slip it through thé
looped chain of the ecraseur and slip the chain up the cord some
two or three inches from the testicle, then draw chain down and
by slowly turning the ratchet, crush the cord off. The secret of
success is to turn slowly so as not to crush the cord too rapidly;
it is the crushing which stops the bleeding, and when crushed too
rapidly, bleeding sometimes follows. When the cord is crushed
off, the body end goes back into the scrotum out of sight. In
placing the ecraseur over the testicle, place the blunter side of
the slot through which the chain draws, next to the body; it
crushes more than the sharp side, which tends to cut.

In colts two or three years old, as an extra precaution against
bleeding, the cord may be crushed twice, the first time the ecraseur
is turned down and crushes the cord some, but not clear off; then
loosen up the ecraseur, drop it down half an inch and crush the
cord off.

OPERATING WITH THE EMASCULATOR.—The
emasculator is an instrument something like a pair of pincers with
one arm having a single jaw and the other a double, the single
working between the double. One side of the jaws is roughened
so as to crush, the other is sharp and cuts. The instrument is
used by placing the cord between the jaws some two or three
inches from the testicle, being sure that the rough side is next to
tbe body so as to crush the end of the cord; close the jaws by
pressing the handles and the testicle is cut off and the body end of
the cord crushed. Some prefer this instrument to the ecraseur;
it is a little more rapid, and better where the animal is operated
upon standing. One or the other of these two instruments
is used almost exclusively now in operating upon colts.

OPERATING BY SEARING.— This is another old
method and still used in some sections; it is a modification of the
clamp system. Iron clamps are used instead of wooden ones.
Cut the cord close to the clamp, and have a hot iron ready; dip it
in oil and sear the end of the cord and artery; this prevents bleeding.
176 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Now remove iron clamp and the cord goes back into the scrotum.
Operate on the other testicle in same manner. By oiling the iron,
it is kept from sticking and pulling away the scab.

OPERATING BY LIGATURES.—This is used more on
bulls and boars than on horses. It is much like the clamps,
differing by tying a string around the cord in place of the clamp.
Better than the clamp, for as soon as the testicle is cut off, the
cord goes back into the scrotum, and so relieves the pain caused
by keeping it drawn down so long. ‘The ligature does not need
to be put on as tight as the clamps do, and so is not so painful—
just tight enough not to slip off. Catgut should be used, as it
will be absorbed and cause no trouble; a guitar or violin string
answers nicely.

CASTRATING ORIGINALS, OR RIDGLINGS.—
CRYPTORCHIDS.—This is the removal of a testicle or testi-
cles that have not descended into the scrotum, but have been
detained in the inguinal canal or inside the abdomen. The cause
of this is not fully understood. ‘The operation is one requiring
expert knowledge, and space will not be taken up in trying to
describe it here. If testicles are not down in a yearling, it is
best to let the animal run over for a year or so, for the testicles
often come down of themselves later on.

PAIN AFTER CASTRATION.—Sometimes a colt will
manifest colicky pains after castration; if so, give 12 ounce of
Laudanum, or 4% teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna to
a yearling. Repeat in an hour, if necessary.

HOW TO CARE FOR A COLT AFTER OPERA-
TION.—Put the colt in astableand keep him quiet for from twelve
to twenty hours, then turn him out, taking him up cold nights,
and in rainy, damp weather; if weather is so he cannot run out,
exercise each day. Feed on grass only. The day after the opera-
tion, oil the fingers of the right hand and place them between the
edges of each wound, opening them, as they are apt to be stuck
together and prevent discharging. Repeat each day for three or
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 177

 

four days, to be sure the cuts are kept open. If colt commences
to get at all stiff, or swelling becomes extensive, flush out the
wound twice a day with:

Carbolic Acid.........csssseccessscreevsees % ounce.
WAlGr ssienevenicivccascseesdewseessscericscouss I pint.

Use a bulb syringe and flush out freely. A twist on the nose
will control the colt. After two or three days there should be
some discharge. If swelling should become very bad, bathe the
scrotum with hot water.

BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION.—This may be
from the veins in the scrotum, or from tl.e artery of the cord.
If from the veins, it can be told by its dribbling away from cuts
and from its dark color. From an artery the bleeding is more
rapid and may come in jets, and is a bright red color.

TREATMENT.—

If warm weather, and the veins bleed too continuously, dash
cold water onto the scrotum. Cold water dashed onto the loins
will also help stop the flow of blood. Occasionally the scrotum
will have to be plugged with cotton saturated with an astringent
lotion, as Alum or Copperas 2 ounces, water 1 pint; injecting the
lotion into the scrotum may check flow. Remove cotton next day.

If from the artery in the cord, put a twist on the colt’s nose,
and then reach up into the scrotum with the thumb and first
finger, find the end of the cord; bring it down, and have an
assistant tie a string around it; use catgut, if possible, if not,
leave ends of string long, so they hang from the scrotum, and the
string will then come away later. If the cord cannot be reached,
plug scrotum as above. Monsell’s solution, diluted with equal
parts of water, is more powerful than the Alum or Copperas
solution, but is more irritating. In reaching into the scrotum
use Carbolized Oil on the hands.

RUPTURE (HERNIA).—It sometimes occurs that the
animal has a small rupture that was not noticed before operation
was performed; or, in some cases the animal will rupture himself

at time of operation,
12
178 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms—Bowels will be noticed to be hanging out of the
cut; there may be but a few inches, but sometimes they will come
down so that they will be trampled under foot. If very far out,
and they become strangulated and inflamed, the horse will be in
great pain and act as in inflammation of the bowels. Bowels will
be bluish-red, and after a time, if left out, will become mortified.

TREATMENT.—

If bowels are out, inflamed and bruised under the feet, and
he seems in great pain, nothing perhaps can be done but kill the
horse. If only a small amount of bowel is out, cast animal and
secure him, Flush off the bowel with:

Carbolic) Acidiscccsisssiccececsssseecsassases 2 teaspoonfuls.
WIAtEE!. casnisceaisenseaisancnatenstongnesmaweans I quart.

Pick up the inner lining of the scrotum and sew up the cut
in it, or plug up the scrotum with cotton saturated in the Carbolic
Acid solution. If the cotton is used, one stitch best be taken in
the cut in the scrotum, to keep it in; remove a part only of the
cotton the following day, the remainder of it the second and third
days, by which time the opening through which the bowel came
will be closed. Feed a laxative diet and give %4 teaspoonful of
Saltpeter three times a day.

FATTY CURTAIN COVERING THE BOWELS
COMING DOWN AFTER CASTRATION.— Sometimes
where there is a slight rupture, and after animal has been about
for a few hours, the fatty curtain covering the bowels comes out.
It may be but a few inches, but may be a couple of feet. It is
generally red in color and has a fatty appearance. It may cause
the animal no inconvenience, as he seems to feel well and has a
good appetite.

TREATMENT.—

The same as for ‘‘Hernia:’’ or, remove the lining that hangs
out with a pair of scissors or a knife, and see that no more comes
down. There is but little danger from bleeding.

ABSCESSES IN SCROTUM AFTER CASTRA-
TION.—This sometimes occurs after animal is apparently well.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 179

Causes.—A piece of the dead cord; some dried matter; from
the ligature when an ordinary string is used.

Symptoms.—There is heat, pain, and swelling in the scrotum;
soreness to the touch and stiffness of the gait in hind parts.
TREATMENT.—

Encourage formation of matter by poultices, and when it
“comes to a head,’’ open and let the matter escape. In some
cases, when poulticed, it will break of its own accord. After it is
open, flush it freely with:

Carbolie Acid icsesscssinssccsesdescesicctesics Ww ounce.
Water ......ccsesessecsecaseseeceeseensserecees I pint.

And repeat daily until well.

SWELLING AFTER CASTRATION.—A small
amount of swelling is not a bad sign, and is to be expected, but
when very bad, so that it affects the animal’s appetite, and incli-
nation to move about, the discharge being changed to a watery
character, and red in color, the case assumes a serious stage and
needs attention.

Causes.—From exposure; from allowing wounds to heal too
soon; or from lack of cleanliness in operation. Dirty quarters
may also be a cause, as also a bad condition of the blood.

TREATMENT.—

Keep the bowels open with small doses of raw Linseed Oil;
bathe cuts well with warm water. After parts have been bathed,
flush out freely with antiseptics:

Carbolic Acid .......ccsccceenteeseeeee serene ¥% ounce
Water 0... ccccseseecesessaseseneneereneneeoece I pint.

After bathing and opening cuts, and washing them out,
apply a poultice of warm Linseed meal and bran, and hold it to
wound by means of strings over the back. Repeat bathing, flush-
ing and poulticing three or four times daily. Feed soft food
and give the following:

  

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 4 ounce.
Fluid Extract Acomite........+ . % drachm
AICOHOI...c.-ccececcoceeetersneoers . 4 ounces.
Saltpeter .....sssecccceeerseees . I ounce
Water to make...........csecssesseeeeseeees I pint.

Dose: 1 ounce for a yearling, 2 ounces for a
two-year-old, three times a day.
180 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

In bad cases, where swelling extends along under the belly
also give:

Tincture of Iron.......ceecseesseneseeaeeee 2 drachms.
QUI Ie: cerss365 raeiateeacecbrasuanedes meeeten % drachm.
Wate riairas ccc sisi etecavensnsconcesssedevesuences ¥ pint.

Give as one dose; repeat three times a day.

Give gentle exercise, and as soon as horse begins to eat, and
the discharge is a healthy, white one, the condition may be con-
sidered favorable.

SCHIRRUS CORD--TUMOR OF THE CORD.—
This is a growth at the end of the cord.

Causes.—From cord being pulled down in removing clamp;
from colt biting and pulling down on account of itching. When
not put back into the scrotum, after removing clamp, the cut
heals around it and holds it down, and the cord being exposed to
the air becomes irritated and diseased, and a growth forms at the
end. Much more common when clamps were used.

TREATMENT.—

If it is noticed at the time, bathe in warm water to soften
cut, and with oiled fingers, break cord loose from skin and push
back into scrotum. If not noticed at the time, and it gets large.
it will be necessary to operate on it. Cast animal and secure him.
Break the skin from cord with the fingers, using knife only when
necessary to get the cord loose. Put a clamp on or ligate the
cord so the diseased part can be cut off below the clamp, and leave
the clamp on, when used, for two or three days. ‘Then cut twine
off and remove. An ecraseur best be used to crush the cord.
If animal swells after operation, treat as directed in such condi-
tions after castration. Feed with soft feed, adding Flaxseed
to keep bowels free. Serious cases would require professional
service. Profuse bleeding is apt to follow the separating of the
tumor from the surrounding tissue.

PERITONITIS FOLLOWING CASTRATION. —
This is an inflammation of the lining of the scrotum and
extending up and including the lining of the belly cavity.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 181

Causes.—From bungling work in operating, and from filthy
instruments and hands; from too severe medicines used on clamps,
when used; from exposure by lying out on damp ground, or from
cold winds and rains. Inflammation begins in the scrotum and
extends upward until the serous membrane of the abdominal
cavity is involved. It generally comes on about the third or
fourth day after castration.

TREATMENT.—

Treat cuts as in ‘‘Swelling after Castration,’ and give general
treatment as in ‘‘Peritonitis,” giving a yearling colt 4% the dose
prescribed for the adult.

LOCK-JAW (TETANUS) AFTER CASTRATION.
—This comes on from the ninth to twenty-first day after operat-
ing. and may ensue in a case that is apparently doing well.

Causes.—The disease is due to the germ which causes it,
gaining entrance into the wound, and the wound healing over,
forms an ideal condition for the development of the disease.

TREATMENT .—
See ‘‘Lock-Jaw’’ in DiskASKS OF BRAIN AND NERVOUS
SYSTEM.

BLINDNESS (AMAUROSIS) FOLLOWING CAS-
TRATION.—This disease is sometimes noticed to come o « after
castration, especially if animal bleeds freely at the time. For
further detail, see article on the subject in DiszAsES OF THE EYE.
182 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

RUPTURES (HERNIAS) AND METHODS
OF TREATMENT

SCROTAL HERNIA, OR RUPTURE INTO THE
BAG.—This is a case where the bowels pass down through the
abdominal rings, into the scrotum.

Causes.—Some foals are ruptured at birth, and may never
recover from it. Running, jumping, or other violent exercise,
may result in hernia, or it may occur in castration.

Symptoms.—The scrotum is larger than it should be, and on
pressure the bowel will go back through the ring to the belly
cavity, but descends again as soon as pressure is relaxed. It
may affect one or both sides, most often but one.

TREATMENT.—

If in a colt that has not been castrated, this may be got
rid of by castration, though it will often disappear if let alone for
some time. If a colt has a hernia at one year old it is often well
to let him go longer and it may disappear. In case it is desired
to castrate and cure rupture at same time, have animal fast a day
or so before operating, then cast and secure him, as in ordinary
castration. Push the bowel and fatty lining back into the belly,
and taking up the testicle in the left hand, also allow the hand
to rest on the opening where the bowel comes out; expose the
testicle, as in ordinary castration, except that the innermost
covering is not cut through, but pressed out of the scrotum along
with the testicle, and when out, slip the clamp over the cord, and
cover and fasten it securely, as described under CastTRaTIon.
Cut off the testicle’s covering below the clamp. This will prevent
the rupture from coming down. A day or so after operation the
swelling will fill up the opening where the bowel came down,
and the rupture will disappear. Remove the clamp after four or
five days. A good ligature may be used in place of the clamp.
In the case of a stallion, treat in the same manner. For treat-
ment of castrated horses see ‘‘Rupture Following Castration.”’
It is always best to secure a veterinarian for this operation, if
possible.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 183

INGUINAL HERNIA, OR RUPTURE INTO THE
ABDOMINAL RINGS.—This may be called an incomplete
scrotal hernia, and like the latter, may exist and cause no sign
of distress, or it may become strangulated and cause the death of
the animal. This form is seen most in stallions.

Symptoms.—When during the existence of symptoms as in
colic, we find a stallion kicking with his hind feet, while standing
or lying on his back, we should look at once to the inguinal
region or to the scrotum. ‘There is a soft, puffy swelling on the
surface in the groin that ought to be smooth, and by pressure is
easily pushed back, but only remains so long as pressure is main-
tained. By examining through the rectum just in front of the
floor of the bony arch, the bowel may be detected passing into the
ring. One or both sides may be affected.

TREATMENT.—

There is probably no successful treatment that an unskilled
person could give, so space will not be given to describe treat-
ment, except to say that the immediate treatment is to remove
the loop of the intestine by pulling it out of the ring, the hand
being in the rectum. If it is relieved, it is apt to re-occur unless
the animal is castrated.

VENTRAL HERNIA, OR RUPTURE OF ABDOM-
INAL WALLS.—In this form there is a protrusion of the
bowel through a rupture in the abdominal walls, to the skin. It
may occur in any part of the belly, except at the navel.

Causes.—Kicks, blows, hooks, severe jumping, or pulling,
etc.

Symptoms.—There is a swelling, and when animal is placed
in favorable position the intestines can be made to disappear, and
there can be felt the opening or rent in the abdominal coats or
tunics.

TREATMENT.—

In many cases there is no occasion for treatment; and again,
where the rupture is too extensive, treatment does no good. If
hernia is not large we may attempt a cure by the methods used
184 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

in ‘‘Navel Rupture,’’ or if fortunate enough to be present when
the rupture occurs, and particularly if not large, an application
of a pad and broad bandage may effect a cure. It is possible for
a surgeon to cut through the skin and sew up the rupture in the
muscular wall, then sewing up the cut in the skin. Keep the
animal quiet.

NAVEL, OR UMBILICAL RUPTURE.—When the
navel opening does not properly close at the time of birth the
bowels come down through the opening and form a pouch or sac
in the skin, varying in size from that of a hen’s egg to that of a
man’s fist. Like other forms of rupture at birth, it may disap-
pear entirely by the time the animal has reached its second or
third year. Age favors self cure.

Causes.—One of the principal causes of this form in colts is
keeping the little fellow from the dam, causing him to neigh, or
cry. ‘The contraction of the abdominal muscles and pressure on
the bowels during neighing seem to open the umbilicus and
induce rupture. It may be caused in adults by accidents, but is
very rare.

TREATMENT.—

Keep the animal fasting for twenty-four hours; cast, and
secure him. Return the bowel carefully into the abdomen, draw
up the skin over opening and put a heavy stiff clamp on it;
secure both ends of clamps with stout cord and run two skewers,
or two or three darning needles, through the skin, below the
clamp, to prevent it slipping off. (Break off points of darning
needles to prevent catching.) Let animal up and leave the
clamp on until it falls off of its own accord, which is usually from
twelve to fifteen days, by which time the opening will heal up
and the rupture be cured. Watch raw place left by the clamp,
especially in warm weather, and dress occasionally with Carbolic
lotion to keep off flies. A modification of above is to use a cord
in the place of the clamp. Great care must be taken not to draw
skin too tight, as this would cause too speedy a slough of the
skin, the opening not having time to close, the intestines would
come out and death ensue. A pad with broad bandage, having
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 185

 

rubber in it, is sometimes used, but it is difficult to keep in place.
Blisters are often applied over swelling, and as skin hardens and
contracts, by formation of scabs, an artificial bandage, or pressure,
is produced, that at times is successful. Another method is to
clip the hair from the skin over the swelling, and then apply
Nitric Acid with a small brush, using only enough to moisten
the skin. ‘This sets up a deep-seated inflammation, that in many
cases closes the opening. ‘The surgeon can operate the same as
in ‘‘Ventral Hernia.”

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EAR

DEAFNESS.—
Causes.—By an excess of noise; or from a disease of the
drum.

Symptoms.—Animal seems stubborn, and cannot be taught to
obey commands.

‘TREATMENT.—
Little can be done. Place a twitch on the horse’s nose, and
pour a little Olive Oil in his ears; this sometimes benefits.

INJURIES OR CUTS AROUND THE EAR.—If the
skin or cartilage is torn, put a twitch on animal’s nose; take a
needle used for sewing cuts in skin, and draw edges together with
silk. Bathe well with warm water twice daily and apply Carbolic
lotion.

DISEASE OF THE CARTILAGE.—

Causes.—Usually an injury of some kind.

Symptoms.—The cartilage will fester and break at times
where affected.
186 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Put a twitch on horse’s nose, and with a sharp knife split
skin and tissue open to the diseased part; scrape out all diseased
matter, and cauterize with a stick of Lunar Caustic. Afterwards
treat as an open wound.

TUMORS OF THE EAR.—Sometimes tumors of various
sizes and shapes are seen in the ear of the horse.

Causes.-—Irritation and inflammation of the skin of the ear,
producing small pimples of proud flesh.

Symptoms.—Shaking of the head; will not allow familiarity;
runs or starts back when collar is taken off over the head.

TREATMENT.—
Remove with the knife, scissors, or with a stick of Luuar
Caustic. Then apply remedies as for a simple sore.

FROST BITES OF THE EAR.—Bathe with cold water
as soon as observed, and apply the White Lotion (see page 263)
afterward, three or four times daily. If taken in time it will save
the ear. If ear becomes dead and drops off, treat the same until
healed. An application of snow is good to draw out frost, if
noticed while frozen.

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EYE

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA—CONJUNCTIVITIS.—
This is an inflammation of the outer covering of the eye and the
lining of the eyelid.

Causes.—The result of an injury by whips, sticks, twigs, or
the presence of foreign bodies, as hayseed, chaff, lime, sand,
ammonia arising from excretions, etc. It may also arise from
extremes of heat or cold, or from exposure. It may accompany
other diseases.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 187

Symptoms.—The eye is kept partly or nearly closed, eyelid
swollen, and tears flow copiously down the cheek; the lining is
red and inflamed, with haw drawn well up in the eye. After a
day or two the eye becomes clouded with a film-like substance,
and if neglected, this condition becomes more pronounced, and

becomes chronic, resisting treatment, and finally ends in blind-
ness.

TREATMENT.—

Make a careful examination and remove offending object, if
from presence of some substance in the eye. A silk handkerchief
passed over the head of a pin may be used. If from other causes,
remedy them. Makea thick pad of woolen cloth, wet in cold
water, and bind on over the eye, applying fresh water every half
hour; keep the cold pack on almost continuously during the day;
drop into the eye three times a day, from a medicine dropper, 10
to 20 drops of the following:

Nitrate of Silver... cece eeeeee eee 3 grains,
WBlER i. soce sce tenacecasis duces ce beaten eaten sian I ounce,

Keep the solution in the dark. Or, dust into the eye some
of the following powder: finely pulverized Boracic Acid and Calo-
mel, equal parts; blow in gently from a paper cylinder. If eye
is very cloudy and the foregoing does not clear it up, use Nitrate
of Silver, 5 grains, to an ounce of water, dropping 10 to 15 drops
into the eye, three times a day. A few drops of the following
mixture:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ I teaspoonful,
WAtER oss eterodeagan sadommsaysaresadereesosness 2 ounces,

Dropped into the eye will also help to relieve. In mild cases, and
if the animal is to be worked, shade the eye by fastening a
piece of cloth to the blinder of the bridle.

If it becomes difficult to remove a foreign body, deaden the
sensation of the eye by dropping into it 10 to 20 drops of a 5 per
cent. solution of Cocaine; have a druggist make up the solution.
Give laxative diet, and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a
day.
188 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

MOON BLINDNESS, OR PEROIDIC OPHTHAL-
MIA.—This is an inflammation of the inner structures of the
eye. Itis said to be quite common in the West. It is hereditary,
being transmitted by either of the parents.

Causes.—The exact cause of the disease is not known. As
stated above, it is transmissible from either of the parents.
Extremes of heat and cold, dark, damp stables, and unwholesome
food, are contributary causes,

Symptoms.—These vary according to severity of attack, but
are well marked, and with history, little trouble is had in
determining case. There is swelling of the whole eye, and the
eyeball becomes hard from effusion into its cavity. Eye is
closed, or nearly so, from the light, tears run down the cheeks,
and membranes become very red. In first attacks, symptoms
resemble very closely those of simple ophthalmia. As a result of
inflammation, pus is formed in the anterior chamber, and may be
seen as a whitish substance down in the lower portion. After a
few days the inflammation subsides, and leaves the eye nearly as
bright as natural, but if examined closely after a few attacks,
shreds of lymph will be seen hanging around in the anterior
chamber, especially at the bottom, and the pupil is ragged. In
from four weeks to three or four months the trouble will recur,
and will be repeated again and again until blindness results.
Each attack leaves the eye less bright, and pupil more ragged.
May effect one or both eyes.

TREATMENT. —

This is not satisfactory, as the cases result finally in total
blindness, but the disease may be kept back by following the
treatment as given in ‘‘Simple Ophthalmia.’’ Animals thus
affected should never be used for breeding.

INFLAMMATION OF THE IRIS—IRITIS.—This is
an inflammation of that portion of the eye surrounding the pupil
and giving the color to the eye.

Causes.— Severe external violence; extremes of light and
darkness; exposure to storms; facing the wind, and constitutional
disorders.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 189

 

Symptoms.— A pink ring is seen around the white, fibrous coat
forming the large posterior portion of the eye—the sclerotic—where
it unites with the iris. The eye is retracted and partly closed;
the haw is drawn up; the conjunctiva is inflamed; the pupil is
very small, and the aqueous humor becomes turbid, with white
flakes floating in the anterior chamber, and usually a little pus at
the bottom of the latter.

TREATMENT.—

Place the horse in a dark stall, and hang a cloth over affected
eye or eyes when cold pack is not used. If in good condition,
give a 4-drachm dose of Barbadoes Aloes, and if there is any
reason to suspect a rheumatic origin, give:

Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... % drachm,
SAI OL t ccicansdad cecidacaunssovedeces iioason tor 2drachms,
Two or three times a day.

Apply to the eye the lotions recommended for ‘‘ Simple
Ophthalmia,’’ and also apply the cold pack. Use the Belladonna
lotion. Give light laxative diet and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter
three times a day.

INFLAMMATION OF THE HAW OF THE EYE—
This is an inflammation of the cartilage (Membrana Nicitans)
in the inner corner of the eye.

Causes.—From chaff or other foreign substance getting into
the eye and setting up an irritation.

Symptoms.—The haw, which in normal conditions is only a
small part visible, becomes by inflammation enlarged and spread
over a large part of the eye.

‘TREATMENT.—

Examine eye, and if any foreign substance is found remove
it, and give treatment as for ‘“‘Simple Ophthalmia.”” Sometimes
this membrane is attacked by cancerous formations, in which case,
touch the growths with a Lunar Caustic pencil, and if this does
not destroy growth it will be necessary to remove the haw; but
this membrane was put in the eye for the purpose of protection
and should not be cut away unless absolutely necessary. When
190 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

this is necessary, the Cocaine solution should be used; the horse
secured, the eye held open and the haw seized by forceps, drawu
out from the eye, and cut off with blunt-pointed scissors. There
is but little bleeding and no pain if Cocaine is used. The
operation should be performed by a veterinarian.

CATARACT OF THE EYE.—This is a turning white
of a structure of the eye known as the crystalline lens.

Causes.—From repeated attacks of inflammation, or may be
present at birth. May develop and one not be able to assign
cause.

Symptoms.—Usually the pupil is much dilated; back of it is
seen a white body—the opaque lens. The condition comes on
more or less gradual, and at first a close examination may be
necessary. Examine first in strong sunlight, and note degree of
contraction of pupil—should be small; then place in a dark stall
and examine with a candle. The healthy eye reflects three can-
dles—one from the cornea, the second from the lens, the third
from back of lens. When either of last two are blurred or want-
ing, no further proof is needed.

TREATMENT.—
Is unsuccessful. In early stage may be treated as for ‘‘Simple
Ophthalmia.’’

STAR GAZER—GUTTA SERENA, OR GLASS
EYE—AMAUROSIS.—This is paralysis of the optic nerve and
retina. The latter is the expansion of the optic nerve over the
back chamber of the eye.

Causes.—Tumors or other diseases of the brain implicating the
roots of the opticnerve; injury to the nerve between the brain and
eye; inflammation of the optic nerve within the eye, or undue pres-
sure on the same from dropsical or inflammatory effusion. It may
also occur from an overloaded stomach, from profuse bleeding,
and even from the pressure of the heavy womb in gestation.

Symptoms.—There is a wide dilation of the pupil, so as to
show fully the interior of the eye, the expansion remaining the
same in light or darkness. In ordinary eyes, the pupils, when
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 19I

 

brought to the light, contract, and then dilate and contract
alternately until adapted to the light. The horse does not dodge
when a motion is made as though to strike him, unless hand
causes a current of air. The ears are held erect and turn quickly
toward any sound, and horse steps high to avoid stumbling over
objects he cannot see.

TREATMENT.—

This is only useful when disease is a symptom of some
curable cause, like congested brain, loaded stomach, or heavy
womb. When recovery does not follow termination of these con-
ditions, give 1 drachm doses of Nux Vomica daily. Probably
incurable.

FILARIA OCULI, OR WORM IN THE EYE.—This
is a small, thread-like worm, which can be plainly seen floating
about in the aqueous humor, in the anterior chamber of the eye.
It is from a half to two inches in length. It is probably taken
into the system in the form of egg or larva, with food or water,
especially the latter, works its way into the circulation and finally
settles in the eye. It causes inflammation and destruction of the
eye, unless removed. A very uncommon condition.

TREATMENT.—

The only remedy is to cast the animal and secure him;
Cocaine the eye and then make an incision in the upper border of
the cornea, close to the sclerotic or white of the eye, the point of
the instrument being pointed forward slightly to avoid injury to
the iris. This will evacuate the anterior of the eye, and the
worm will come out with the fluid. Then apply cold water and
astringent lotions as in ‘‘Simple Ophthalmia.’’ Keep the animal
quiet after the operation, and put him in a clean, dark, box stall
for a few days. ‘This operation should always be performed by a
veterinarian.

INVERSION OF THE EYELIDS—ENTROPIUM.—
This is an inversion of the eyelids, causing the lashes to turn in
upon the eyeballs, and giving rise to irritation. It is due to
excessive thickness of the lid above the rim, so that the rim is
made toturnin. Result of inflammation, injuries, etc.
192 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

This is relieved by cutting out an elliptical section of the
skin, the long axis of the ellipse to run lengthwise with the
eyelid, and sewing up the wound again to shorten the lid.
Afterwards dress wound.

EVERSION OF THE EYELIDS—ECTROPIUM.—
This is consequent on an inflamed and thickened lining membrane,
causing the lid to turn out. It is most common in the lower lid.
It is cured by the removing of a horizontal elliptical section of
the lining membrane, and drawing the edges of the wound
together to shorten the inner side of the lid. ‘The after treatment
is as in ‘‘Simple Ophthalmia.’’ The veterinarian should be
employed for these operations.

INJURIES TO THE EYELIDS.—The eyelids of horses
are frequently torn and injured in various ways. When torn
the edges should be brought together as promptly as possible, by
sewing them with fine silk, making fine stitches, and dressing
two or three times a day with Carbolic lotion. ‘Tie the horse in
the center of a wide stall, with a line from each side, so that he
cannot rub his head and tear the wound, and feed him from the
floor. A twitch on the nose will answer in some cases to hold
the animal, but it may be necessary to throw him. ‘The Cocaine
solution, as for removing foreign bodies (see in ‘Simple Oph-
thalmia’’), if used in the injury, will deaden pain and render
animal quiet.

INJURIES TO THE DUCTS OF THE EVE.—These
are the ducts or tubes that carry the tears from the eyes into
the nasal passages. They leave the eye from the bottom of the
inner corner. When these become injured or obstructed the
tears will flow over the cheek.

Causes.—Injuries to face, growths in the duct, and inflam-
mation of duct extending from nasal cavities.

TREATMENT.—
Examine to see if there is any mechanical obstruction; if so
remove same, if possible. A nasal douche, as in ‘‘Catarrh,”’
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 193

 

may benefit. Bathing the face below the eye, along line of nose,
with hot water, may help. Steaming nasal cavities, as in
‘‘Catarrh,’’ is another treatment. Rub Tincture of Iodine on
the face below the eye, along the line of the nose. Still another
plan is to put the point of a small syringe into the small hole
found in the bottom part of the nasal passage, and force warm
water or astringent washes up through the duct until it comes
out at the corner of the eye, or force solution through the duct
in the same manner from the eye end of the duct.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AND FEVERS
OF THE HORSE

HORSE POX—EQUINE VARIOLA.—Allanimals have
a pox peculiar to their kind; the forms seem closely allied. They
are all contagious from one animal to another, of the same
species, and. usually among the different species, to a greater or
less extent. Having any of the different kinds of variola once,
gives immunity from subsequent attacks of the other kinds, for
a number of years, at least. The period of incubation—time
after exposure before disease develops—is about ten days.

Causes.—The direct cause of horse pox is infection by com-
munication in some way with animals that have the disease.
Colts are particularly susceptible to contagion. It may be carried
in the air; harness and blankets used by horses with the disease
may also be a means of contagion. A stallion with the disease
may, through mares, spread it to many farms. Attendants carry
contagion on their clothes and hands, and may get inoculated,
which answers for vaccination. This, however, is more severe
than when vaccinated with cow pox, and should be avoided.

Symptoms.—There is a slight, sometimes a severe, fever.

mucous membranes highly reddened, heat and swelling of affected
13
194 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

parts for a day or two; then hard lumps like shot form, increasing
in size to one-half inch in diameter; the hair ruffles up and skin
reddens around the pock; on the third to sixth day a limpid,
yellowish fluid flows from the pustules, and sticks the hair up
in yellowish scabs, or streaks, on the removal of which a red, raw
depression is seen with the scab fixed in its center. In three to
four days the secretion ceases, pustules dry up, parts heal, and
the scab comes off. The eruption may be more or less general,
may be corfined to softer parts of the body, or about a wound.

TREATMENT. —

Place the horse on a low diet, with little or no grain, give
bran mashes, a moderate amount of hay, a few carrots or apples—
which will act as alaxative—and sloppy feed. Give water when
wanted, but do not have it cold. Give 2-drachm doses of
Saltpeter, or 1-ounce doses of Sweet Spirits of Niter, three times
aday. If fever is high, give Fluid Extract of Aconite 10 drops,
and 1 drachm of Fluid Extract of Belladonna with the Saltpeter.
Sulphate of Quinine, in 14-drachm doses, three times a day, is
valuable. If trouble with air passages and lungs is threatened,
apply a large Mustard plaster to the belly and sides of the chest,
and treat as under ‘‘Inflammation of Lungs.’’ If the pustules
run together—are confluent—apply to them Oxide of Zinc
ointment, or White Lotion, and if ulceration is excessive it may
have to be touched with Lunar Caustic.

Exercise great care in keeping animal from draughts; blanket
or put sheets on the body and bandage the legs. When conva-
lescent, give food easy to digest, walking exercise, and keep
bowels free by food or small doses of Glauber’s Salts. Animal
must be kept from other horses, and all straw and manure
burned. Stable must be scrubbed with disinfectants of the most
powerful kind, then closed and fumigated by burning sulphur.
(See Fumigation, under ‘‘Disinfectant.’’)

GLANDERS AND FARCY.—These are but different
names for the same disease, the first being applied to the form
where the nasal passages, air tubes and lungs are affected, while
farcy is applied to the form that is manifested in the lymphatic
glands and other tissues of the legs and body. Glanders covers
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 195

 

all forms in fact, while farcy covers the one. The two forms may
exist separately, or both may be found in the same case. The
contagion lies in the discharges, either from the nose or from the
farcy ‘‘buds;’’ it is contagious only by inoculation or direct con-
tact—the contagion does not pass through the air. The virus of
glanders may produce glanders or farcy, or both; and the virus
of farcy may do the same.

Causes.—The direct cause is inoculation with the virus from
some animal having the disease. Working in harness with a
glandered horse, or standing in the stall or rubbing the nose on a
hitching post, or fence, or the edge of a water trough where a
glandered horse has stood. The latter are common means of
infection, for when a glandered horse is driven up to a post or
trough, the first thing he does is to wipe off the accumulation of
matter from his nose, and this will retain its vitality for a long
time. ‘The poison may lie dormant in the system for from a week
to two months, and then break out in acute form, causing death
in from three to six weeks, or it may appear in a mild and chronic
form, the horse living and sowing seeds of trouble for others for
from one to four years. Unscrupulous dealers sometimes traffic
in glandered animals, explaining that the running nose is ‘‘only
a cold,” and the swollen legs ‘‘bad blood,”’ thus aiding the spread
of the disease. The disease is said to sometimes arise spontane-
ously in armies, on shipboard, and in damp, badly-ventilated
stables, but it cannot develop except as the virus is introduced in
some manner.

Symptoms.—Acute glanders is characterized by languor; dry,
staring coat; red, weeping eyes; loss of appetite; quick pulse;
elevated temperature, the thermometer showing 103 to 105;
accelerated breathing; gray purple color of the lining of the
nose; a watery discharge which soon becomes yellowish and
sticky, causing the hair on which the matter accumulates, in and
around the nostrils, to stick together. Discharge looks like melted
butter, and sinks when dropped into water. Glands under the
jaw swell, are rough and often adhere to the bone, but not always;
nasal partition becomes ulcerated—small yellow points, with purple
bases, will come up and burst, making discharge bloody tor the
196 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

time. These ulcers, with depressed centers, will spread and run
together, producing a ragged sore; the discharge increases; the
lungs may become affected by ulcers forming in them; breathing
becomes labored, and finally death ensues.

In the chronic form, the course is much longer, and toward
the last all the symptoms are observed in the modified form. At
first the symptoms may pass unnoticed. The appetite is less
impaired until near the last; discharge less copious, and emacia-
tion takes place more slowly. Should the horse be exposed at
any time to hardship or storms, the chronic may run into the
acute form. Cough is not always noticed, and ulcers may be so
far up the nose as to be out of sight. Sometimes it is necessary
to inoculate a worthless animal, or some small, susceptible
animal, in order to determine the disease, which, if glanders, will
run its course in inoculated animals in from two to three weeks;
or, the suspected is tested with mallein.

Farcy is recognized by the swelling of the lymphatics affected;
this occurring along the line of the lymphatics, on the inside of
the legs, belly, or any part of the body; small, nodular points
come up, which break and discharge a glairy, unhealthy pus;
run a few days, dry up and leave a scar or bare spot that is per-
manent. Other ‘‘buds’’ or ‘‘buttons’’ follow in the same course.
Swelling of limbs does not yield to treatment, and they become
chronically enlarged. Discharge is contagious, the same as from
nose. Farcy sooner or later runs into glanders and terminates in
death. Summing up the essential symptoms of farcy, they are:
the nodules, or buds or buttons, as they are called, which form
under the skin, varying from the size of a bullet to that of a wal-
nut, forming most often on the sides of the lips and neck, lower
part of shoulders, inside of thighs, or the outside of the legs; the
ulcers formed by the breaking of the buttons, heal slowly, some-
times not at all; the discharge from the ulcers, and the cords
formed by swelling and hardening of the lymphatic vessels.

Glanders, in some respects, resembles chronic catarrh, and
may be mistaken for it, and catarrh is sometimes mistaken for
glanders. A discharge from the nostril, the result of diseased
teeth, has also been mistaken for the discharge of glanders, and
the horse killed. In all doubtful cases, the horse should be
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 197

tested with mallein. This is the poison produced by the germ
causing the disease, and is obtained by cultivating the germs
artificially. To test the horse, the temperature is taken five or
six times during the day, and at nine or ten o’clock at night a
little of the mallein is injected underneath the skin in the region
of the neck; about eight hours after the injection, the tempera-
ture is again taken, and the taking repeated each hour through-
out the day. If the temperature rises two or more degrees higher
after injection than before, the disease is pronounced glanders.
If the disease is not glanders, the temperature ought not to rise
any higher after than before injection. If the animal is affected
with glanders, there will also be a larger and sorer tumor at the
point of injection than when not glandered. A veterinarian
should always apply the test.

TREATMENT.—

No remedies have yet been found that are of any avail what-
ever. ‘This, added to the fact that the contagion is conveyable
to man in a very fatal form, adds a still more serious aspect. The
animal should be destroyed, buried deeply or burned, and the
stable, harness and everything used about the horse disinfected.

STRANGLES OR DISTEMPER — COLT -ILL —
CATARRHAL FEVER. This is an infectious disease of
horse, mule or ass. It is most frequently seen in young animals,
and usually leaves an animal who has had an attack free from
future trouble of the kind; generally more severe with older
animals. It appears as a fever, which lasts for a few days, with
frequently the formation of abscesses on any part of the body, but
particularly around the throat. Sometimes there are no abscesses,
and the fever remains diffused through the system. In case
abscesses form elsewhere than around the throat, or where there
are no abscesses, it is called ‘‘Bastard Strangles.’’ Period of
incubation, five to eight days. Course of disease about nine to
twelve days.

Causes.—It is thought sometimes that it arises spontaneously
from the existence in the system of some morbid matter developed
while growing, for this kind is only found among young horses,
198 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

but the principal source of contagion is by infection. It is prob-
ably a germ disease, although no specific germ has ever been
isolated.

Symptoms.—Horse at first is sluggish if used, or when placed
in stable, and pays little attention to surroundings; appetite is
variable; thirst is increased, but drinks oftener rather than more
at a time, and when drinking water comes back through nose;
coat becomes dry and staring. At times there are chills in one or
more members, or in severecases all over the body, with trem-
bling of muscles, dryness of skin, and hairs on end. Membranes
of mouth are of a bright rosy color; pulse quickened, temperature
rises, and breathing may be slightly accelerated. At the end of
acouple of days there is a cough and nasal discharge, which at
first is watery, but later thicker, bluish in tinge, and finally
yellowish, like matter, and increases in quantity. The cough,
which at first is repeated and harsh, becomes softer as discharge
increases, but varies according to source of discharge. Shortly
after discharge, a swelling takes place under the jaw or about the
throat. Sometimes this is very large, and if about the throat,
head is carried out. Swelling at first is puffy, somewhat hot and
tender, and finally becomes distinctly so, and an abscess is felt, or
having broken, discharge is seen dripping from small opening.
When swellings come in the lungs, the breathing is affected, with
symptoms of pneumonia. If in the abdomen, there will be colic
pains, and he will lie down more or less of the time. Sometimes
it comes around the heart. Any of the unusual forms are likely
to be fatal.

TREATMENT. —

Ordinarily, mild cases require little treatment beyond a tea-
spoonful of Saltpeter and a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of
Belladonna, three times a day, along with diet, warm mashes,
moistened hay, warm coverings, and protection from exposure to
cold. The latter must be rigidly observed, as lung troubles,
bronchitis, and laryngitis are often the result of neglect. If the
case is more severe, give the treatment as for ‘‘Laryngitis.”’
Steam the head. Give the medicines in form of a paste if the
throat is sore, as it generally is. Poultice the swellings with
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 199

 

Flaxseed poultices, and when they point, open, or let them
break, and then flush out with Carbolic Acid solution. Prompt
action may save serious consequences. When lung complications
show themselves, apply Mustard plaster to belly and sides of the
chest, and treat as for ‘Inflammation of the Lungs.’? When
convalescence begins, be careful about exposure to cold, and go
slow about putting animal to anything like hard work.

The disease is sometimes followed by an unthrifty condition,
swelling of sheath, legs and underside of belly. In such cases,
give:

Tincture Of Iron.......csccesccesecsseceeece ¥% ounce,
QUININE. jews ssueaibae exunonereevenneTs % drachm,
Waters sicacaaniaventavervedsadssaeerecaeciecaves ¥, pint,

Three times a day, in addition to the other treatment. Ounce
doses of Hyposulphite of Soda are also good in these cases.

INFLUENZA ~— PINK-EVE — EPIZOOTIC.—This is
a specific, contagious, and infectious fever of the horse, ass, and
mule. It is attended with changes in the blood, stupefaction of
the brain and nervous system, depression of the vital forces, and
frequently inflammatory complications of the lungs, intestines,
or other parts of the body. Young horses are more subject to
the disease than older ones, and one attack usually makes the
" animal immune.

Causes.—Infection is the direct cause of the disease. ‘The
germs may be carried through the air to a considerable distance,
but the bedding, and droppings of sick animals, may convey the
disease to others, if exposed to them. Drinking troughs, and
even running water may be a means of spreading disease, while
attendants of sick animals carry the infection in their clothing.
From unknown causes the disease may assume an epizodtic form,
affecting a very large number of animals, as in 1872 and 1878.

Symptoms.—The time of incubation is from five to seven
days, during which time the horse seems in good health. The
first symptoms are those of rapidly developing fever, which
quickly becomes intense; animal is dull and inattentive; stands
with head down and back on halter, as in serious lung troubles;
has chills, and frequently grinding of the teeth, which indicates
200 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

a severe attack. The hair becomes dry and staring, and fever
ranges high. Horse becomes stupid and immobile; hangs his
head; ears drooping, and not easy to arouse. Eyes are swollen,
sometimes entirely closed, and tears run down the cheeks, in
some cases blistering them. Breathing is quickened to 25 or 30,
and pulse to 70, 80 and even 100a minute. Great depression of
muscular force ensues, and horse stands limp, as if used up. If
moved seems weak, sometimes almost staggering. The visible
membranes, as of the eye, from which it took the name ‘‘Pink-
eye,’ and the mouth and natural openings, become of a deep
saffron, ochre, or violet red color. ‘There isa great diminution
of appetite, or total loss, with an excessive thirst. Following
fever there is apt to be swelling of the sub-cutaneous tissues at
ihe fetlocks, of belly, of the sheath of the penis, which may be
tremendous. In ordinary cases the fever has reached its heighth,
105 to 107, in twenty-four to forty-eight hours, and so continues
for from three to four days. At the termination of the course of
the disease—about three days—the fever diminishes almost as
rapidly as it began, attended by a diminution of ali the unfavor-
able symptoms, with rapid gain in weight and strength. for
the first three days of high temperature there is a great tendency
to constipation, which should be avoided, if possible, for if
marked, may be followed by a troublesome diarrhea. ‘The
termination of influenza may be death, due to extreme fever,
with failure of heart’s action; from coma, due to congestion of
the brain; from blood poison; from suffocation, following con-
gestion of the lungs; or disease terminates in rapid recovery to
health; or, in too large a percentage of cases, the course of the
disease is complicated with local inflammatory troubles, as the
lung disorders, whose gravity is greater in influenza than when
occurring separately.

TREATMENT.—

When symptoms are first noticed, lay the horse up at once.
See that the stable is clean, dry and well aired, but free from
drafts; blanket body and bandage the legs; give soft food to eat,
if horse desires food, and if appetite is poor, try a little oats, car-
rots, apples and the like, grass if in season. Give animal to drink
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 201

 

of cold water in small quantities, but often. If seen during chill,
give 1 ounce of Alcohol in a little water and repeat every hour
until chill is off.

After the chill is over, give the following:

Fluid Extract of Aconite..............6 1 drachm.,
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.
Alcohols issesscsnsdesssvexsteseisariscexiaeerse 8 ounces.
Saltpeter.........ccsccssesesecsseeeeseeesseeees 2S
Water to make.....ccessssceseeesseeeeeeee I pint.

Shake. Dose, 2 ounces, four times a day.

Also give 34-drachm doses of Quinine three or four times a
day. If the fever runs high give:

 

ACOCANIIG, sc cssnva dcvsesvvsoncesecqnsnenmacncnve 1 drachm,
Alcohol I ounce,
Water .......... % pint,

Two or three times, as indicated by temperature.

After two days, use the following in place of the first mix-
ture:

Fluid Extract of Digitalis............... ¥% ounce.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... %y «
AICOHOL. 0. scessessonsvcameameeereenees 6 ounces,

 

Saltpeter a
Water to make........ceeceeseeeeeeee ceeee I pint.

Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day.

If heart shows weakness, give 1 or 2 grains of Strychnine
three or four times a day in addition to the above. If complica-
tions ensue, treat as for that disease. After animal commences to
recover, give tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion,” and put to
work gradually after thoroughly recovered. If eyes are badly
inflamed, treat as for ‘‘Ophthalmia.’’ If there is constipation,
give one pint doses of raw Linseed Oil daily, and injections per
rectum. ‘Three or 4-ounce doses of Epsom Salts may be used in
place of the oil.

SCALMA.—This is an infectious disease of the horse,
attended with fever and complications of the bronchial tubes,
the windpipe, and the larynx, which are shown by the cough
202 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

attending. It is similar to ‘‘Whooping Cough’’ in man. It
occurs often as a stable plague. It is rarely fatal, except from
complication of pleurisy or excessive spasms of coughing. The
period of incubation is six to seven days, but may develop in two
or run on to ten days. Contagion may spread by actual contact,
as standing in stall where a horse with disease has stood, or it
may be taken in the air, several stalls distant. One attack is
usually protective,

Symptoms.—The disease is ushered in by fever, which
reaches a high temperature, but not corresponding acceleration of
breathing and pulse. With fever there is developed a diffuse
bronchitis, which is sub-acute in character and course. ‘The
windpipe, larnyx, pharynx and even nasal passages may be
involved. In two or three days, a grayish discharge occurs from
the nostrils, which, in variable quantity, may last for from eight
to fourteen days, or even twenty-one days. The cough is short,
rough and painful, spasmodic in its occurrence and in character.
The slight watery or slimy nasal discharge may become more
profuse, purulent, or even ‘‘rusty,’’ if the bronchitis has extended
to the neighboring structure. Pulse and breathing, usually but
little quickened, unless from complication or coughing. Tem-
perature rises rapidly and attains sometimes 107%, but not often.
In two or three days after cough sets in, temperature usually
drops. ‘The hide is dry and rough, but horse looks ‘‘out of con-
dition ’’ rather than sick; emaciation is rapid; mucous membranes
are reddened; appetite diminishes, but animal chews constantly;
eating or drinking cause frequent fits of coughing. Percussion
on chest shows no changes, but mucus rales are heard, and at
times tubular breathing. Throughout the course of the disease
we have one constant symptom—nervous irritability. Horse
flinches when touched on the loins, even at high fever tempera-
tures, stands with head up from entrance of anyone in the stall;
will bite and strike at first touch, rear, back, and sometimes break
his halter. Course of disease is five to eight days, but cough
may continue two or three weeks with variable temperature. In
recovery the temperature drops, cough becomes less frequent,
less spasmodic, and appetite returns.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 203

TREATMENT. —

The treatment where there are a number of horses should be
first, preventive. Infected animal should be removed and com-
plete disinfection follow. The individual treatment should be
simple. Put horse in large, clean stall, with fresh air without
drafts, give frequent rubbings and blanket warmly, and tempting
food to keep up appetite. Regulate the digestive tract with
small doses of raw Linseed Oil—a pint once a day—and give the
same prescription as in the previous disorder. When cough is
excessive, give Camphor, 2 drachms, and Chloride of Ammonia,
2 drachms, three times a day. Steaming the head is good for the
cough. One-half drachm doses of Quinine, three times a day, is
valuable. If any of the lung disorders develop, treat accordingly.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN

CRACKED HEELS OR SCRATCHES.— These are
simply chaps and cracks around the heels and at the back of the
pastern; corresponding to chapped hands in man. Usually they
are simple, but sometimes stubborn, requiring time and persever-
ance for their cure.

Causes.—Exposure to cold, mud, snow, slush and ice-water,
without proper care in Fall, Winter, and Spring; washing and
not properly drying the skin; standing in dirty stables in contact
with dung and urine; or anything that will tend to irritate the
skin. Hairy, round-legged horses are more subject to the disease
than light ones.

Symptoms.—The skin is swollen in the hollow of the pastern,
accompanied with transverse cracks; sometimes there are numerous
small ones, again fewer large ones. When dry, they will be hot,
sore to touch, and painful. When the rear limbs are affected,
sometimes the bending will cause the horse to raise the feet a
couple of feet high at first, but with exercise, the soreness partially
disappears.
204 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Remove the cause if possible. If there is much heat and
inflammation, give a laxative of 5 drachms of Aloes, or % pound
of Glauber Salts, and follow with a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three
times a day. If horse has been overfed with grain, reduce same,
or replace with bran mashes, Flaxseed and other laxative food.
If debilitated, give nutritious food and a good tonic. When horse
comes in, wipe off parts as clean as possible and apply White
Lotion:

Acetate of Lead...........:sccecssceecseneees 2 ounces,

Sulphate of Zinc... eee eeeeeeeee ym *

Carbolic Acid) jisiitgu, onasssdcucaeneuneaes I ounce.

Water sccsssacacviwewensssensieedsveramenvseans I quart,
Shake

One-half the water in the lotion can be replaced with Witch
Hazel to good advantage. If the part is highly inflamed, foment
and poultice a portion of the time. If cracks get dry, apply a
little melted lard.

The front of the hocks and the back of the knees are some-
times affected with a condition similar to ‘‘Scratches.’’ and while
these conditions receive different names, the treatment is exactly
as for ‘‘Scratches.”’

GREASE HEEL.—This is a name given to a disease
which affects the back of the fetlock and the part immediately
above. It is inflammation of the skin involving the oil glands;
generally confined to the long hair known as the ‘‘Feather.’’
The name is given on account of the discharge, which is profuse
and greasy in appearance, and has a very offensive smell.

Causes.—Scratches when neglected may run into grease heel;
filth is also an exciting cause; high feeding with light exercise is
a predisposing cause. Generally confined to the draft horse, and
to those having a tendency to the thick, round legs.

Symptoms.—The affected leg is swollen at the fetlock; if the
part is handled it is found to be hot and sore, the animal picking
the limb up very high. In severe cases there will be elevation
of the temperature and accelerated pulse. After a day or two
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 205

there is an offensive, oily discharge from the part. In the more
severe cases the animal is lame. If the horse is moved much
there will form large transverse cracks above the fetlock, in
which ‘‘proud flesh’’ is apt to develop, called ‘‘grapes.’’ The
part itches more or less. Sometimes in mild cases there is little
more than a scurfy condition of the skin, with the dropping of
some of the long hair. The disease is apt to leave scars and an
enlarged leg unless properly treated.

TREATMENT.—

Give a dose of Aloes—8 drachms—and feed on soft feed for
a few days. Also give 1 teaspoonful of Saltpeter and 1% tea-
spoonful of Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed three times a day.
Locally apply hot fomentations to the leg during the day, and
poultice at night. Use Carbolic Acid water for making the
poultice, and put some charcoal in it. Bathe the part well two
or three times a day with the following:

Acetate of TLead.......... ccc cceeseeeee renee 2 ounces.
Sulphate of Zinc.........-...cccseeseeeeees ym “
Witch, Hazel saviceccassedecesecseseesecms ses I pint.
Water issciscccevientees ovecwieareseseeneraceees rs

If the proud flesh starts, destroy by dusting onto it burned
Alum or Sulphate of Zinc. If the part gets dry, grease well
with melted lard. After the inflammation subsides, if some of
the swelling still remains, exercise the horse to take it down, and
then handrub and apply a thick cold bandage, applying fresh
water every half hour. Exercise twice a day. Enlargements
that have existed for some time cannot be removed. During
the acute stage of the disease keep the horse quiet, as moving
causes the part to crack more.

MUD FEVER.—This is inflammation in the skin of the
legs, from the feet to the knees and the hocks. The skin is
covered with scabs as though blistered, and when they come off
the hair usually comes off with them, leaving the legs bare.

Cause.—Chilling of the skin by standing or working in cold
mud and ice-water. The skin becomes thoroughly chilled, almost
like frost-bitten, and when warmed the reaction is so great as to
206 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

produce much inflammation, which leads to the conditions spoken
of above, and sometimes to boils or furuncles. It is most com-
mon on limestone roads, the soil being irritating. The condition
of the animal is a predisposing cause.

Symptoms.—There is swelling of the legs. After exposure
for a day or more to cold, wet mud, or ice-water, they will be
found very hot and sore the next morning. Ina few days the
hair will be filled with scabs that cling tightly to the skin, which
after a few days more, will loosen and come off, bringing the hair
with them, and leave the legs entirely bare in some instances.
There is usually more or less general fever, with rheumatic ten-
dency. ‘There is a stiffness when the animal is moved.

‘TREATMENT.—

If a severe case, leave the animal in the barn for a few days.
Foment the legs by putting a heavy bandage around them and
keeping it wet with hot water; re-apply water every half hour.
Bathe two or three times a day with lotion as for ‘‘Grease Heel.’’
Give the same internal treatment as for ‘‘Grease Heel.’’ ‘This is
very important. When the inflammation subsides and the swel-
ling commences to go out, keep greased well with melted lard.
If animal is unthrifty, follow with tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indi-
gestion.”’

ECZEMA.—This disease is sometimes confused with mange,
but the nature is quite different, as mange is caused by a parasite
working in the skin, while eczema is not, it being a congestion of
the skin, with a thick crop of little blisters, formed by effusions
of a straw-colored fluid between the true skin and the cuti¢le, or
outer layer.

Causes.—Indigestion, and the presence of irritant matter in
the blood and sweat; high feeding with light exercise. ‘The
excitement in the skin, caused by the shedding of the coat, lack
of grooming, hot weather, hot, boiled, or steamed foods, are
conducive to the eruption. Lastly, any change of food may
cause it.

Symptoms.—First, there is a dryness of the skin on the lower
part of the limbs, around the head, neck, on the back and hips;
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 207

 

then little pimples form, varying in size from a millet seed to
that of a pea, which break and allow the escape of a fluid, which
forms as a slightly yellowish scab or crust around the roots of
the hairs. When the scabs are removed a little of the hair comes
with them. It is apt to create much itching.

TREATMENT.—

This disease is so often the result of indigestion that a
laxative should be given—3{ pound of Epsom Salts in three or
four quarts of water, or 1 quart of raw Linseed Oil, or, if the
animal is fat, give an ounce of Aloes. Feed very lightly on
laxative food, bran, scalded oats, roots, and a little hay. Also
give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter, and a half teaspoonful of Fluid
Extract of Colchicum Seed three times a day. Keep the bowels
active by repeated doses of oil, if necessary. After continuing
the treatment for a week, put the animal on the tonics, as for
“Chronic Indigestion.’’ Treatment may have to be continued
for some time. Drachm doses of Sulphur two or three times a
day are beneficial.

As a wash to stop the itching, use cooking Soda, 1 to 2
ounces; water, 1 quart; or Salt, 1 handful; water, 1 gallon; or
Sulphuric Acid, 1 drachm; water, 1 pint. As scabs form, soften
and remove them, and apply a little Carbolic Acid solution.

NETTLE-RASH— SURFEIT—URTICARIA.— This
is an eruption in the skin in the form of nodules or lumps, in size
from a hazel nut to that of a hickory nut, with little disposition
to the formation of either blister or pustule. It is an effort on
the part of nature to throw off some impurities of the blood. The
body gets fat, the blood rich, liver and kidneys become inactive,
and the skin takes on too large a contract. It is most common
in the spring, and among good feeders.

Causes.— Are shedding of coat; changes of weather; unwhole-
someness or sudden changes in the food. Too high feeding,
especially with corn.

Symptoms.—Generally comes on when animal is warmed up.
There is swelling that embraces the entire thickness of the skin,
and terminates by an abrupt margin, in place of shading off into
208 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

surrounding parts. When the swellings run together, they form
large patches of thickened skin. These may appear on any part
of the body, most common on neck, shoulders and sides; the eye-
lids may be closed; lips immovable, or nostrils so thickened that
breathing is difficult, and snuffling; there may be constipation,
or diarrhea, or colicky pains. Eruption is sudden, the whole
skin being covered in a few hours, and it may disappear as quickly,
or persist for six to eight days.

TREATMENT.—

Clear the bowels by an 8-drachm dose of Barbadoes Aloes, or
by 34 pound of Epsom Salts, and follow the operation with daily
doses of % pint of raw Linseed Oil, and an ounce or two of
Epsom Salts. Follow with the same treatment as for ‘‘Eczema.”’

WARTS.—Warts are thickenings, or growths of the skin.
They are mostly seen in young horses, about the lips, eyelids,
cheeks, ears, beneath the belly, and on the sheath, but may
appear anywhere.

TREATMENT.—

The smaller ones may be cut off with scissors and the raw
spot cauterized with a little Lunar Caustic. The larger ones may
be cut off with a sharp knife, or if with a narrow neck, they may
be twisted off and the wound cauterized. Another way is to
strangle them by a cord tied around the neck, at least three turns
being made around, and the ends fixed by passing them beneath
the last preceding turn of cord, so that they can be tightened daily,
as they slack by shrinking of the tissues. If neck is too broad,
they may be transfixed by a double-threaded needle and then
tied in sections. Very broad warts that cannot be treated in this
way, best be removed by applying a caustic. Strong Acetic Acid
is as good as anything. Moisten the wart freely with the acid,
which will kill the outer portion and after a few days the scab
can be removed; apply the acid again and another layer is
destroyed. In this manner the entire wart can eventually be
removed. ,

MELANOSIS—BLACK PIGMENT TUMORS.—
These are common in gray or white horses, on the naturally black
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 209

parts of the skin, at the roots of the tail, around the anus, vulva,
udder, sheath, eyelids, and lips. They may also form in the
lungs, liver, and the muscular tissues, but these latter are not
discoverable during life. They may appear as pea-like masses,

or as multiple tumors, aggregating many pounds, especially
around the tail.

Causes.—Unknown.

Symptoms.— Are the presence of black tumors that form under
the skin but show through quite distinctly. Usually flat and
irregularly round, varying greatly in size as above stated. Nasty,
disagreeable sores often form around them. They commence to
appear as animal commences to get whiter; are made up of the
coloring matter of the skin.

TREATMENT.—

As long as they do not interfere with animal, the best way,
perhaps, is to let them alone. Some, however, recommend to cut
them out when they first make their appearance, as it can then
be done with perfect safety. Monsell’s Solution of Iron can be
used to prevent bleeding. Sometimes they may be corded the.
same as directed to remove warts. If sores form, clean them out
and dress with the Carbolic Acid lotion as for ‘‘Abscesses.’’? Use
Tincture of Iodine in the sores. Sometimes the tumors develop
rapidly and render the animal of little value in the course of three
or four years, and again they will grow very slowly, never caus-
ing any serious inconvenience.

MANGE.—This is a disease that is due to a class of insects
called mites, of which there are three kinds that trouble the
horse. One of them burrows in the deeper layers and cracks of
the skin, while the others live on the surface under the scabs,
where, of course, they are more easily got at than the former, and
hence less difficult to treat. Mange is contagious by actual
contact.

Symptoms.—There is incessant, intolerable, and increasing
itching of some part of the skin—head, tail, back, etc.—the horse
14
210 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

inclining himself toward the hand that scratches him, and moy-
ing his lips, as if himself scratching. The hairs may be broken
and rubbed off, and some come out, but the part is never bald, as
in ringworm. Scabs of any thickness may form, but the special
features are the intense itching, and the discovery of the mites.
In fields, posts, trees, and fences will show the industry in
scratching of the horse that has the disease, and as the mites pos-
sess considerable vitality, other horses, by contact, may contract
the disease sometime after. To detect the mites, scrape off some
of the scales and examine with a small magnifying glass.

TREATMENT.—

Remove scabs with soap-suds, using a brush if necessary.
Then apply thoroughly a wash, made by boiling 1 ounce of
tobacco, and 1 ounce of Sulphur, in 1 quart of water. This may
be applied more than once, and should always be repeated after
ten to twelve days, to destroy new brood that may have hatched
in the interval. All harness, and stable utensils should be treated
the same; blankets may be boiled, and the stalls treated with a
whitewash of quicklime, containing 4% pound of Chloride of
Lime to the gallon.

Solutions of various coal tar products on the market are
good, as Zenoleum, Kreso, etc. Use 1 part to 30 parts of water.
The same applications as are used for ‘‘Scab’’ in sheep will be
effectual with the horse. If animal is unthrifty, follow treat-
ment with the digestive tonic. See ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.”’

RING-WORM.—This is a fungus, vegetable, parasite,
being especially common in young horses coming into training
and work; in low-conditioned colts in winter and spring after
confinement indoors, and during the shedding of the coat.
Horses of lymphatic temperament are more subject to it than
nervous ones.

Causes.—Contagion is the direct cause usually, but it some-
times seems to arise spontaneously from horses being poorly
kept, and from filth.

Symptoms.—There is a formation of a circular, scurvy patch,
where the fungus has established itself, the hairs of the affected
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 211

spot being erect, bristly, twisted, broken, or split up and dropping
off. Later the spot first affected becomes entirely bald, and a
circular row of hairs around this are bristly, broken, and split.
These in turn are shed and a new row outside passes through the
same process, so that extension is made in a more or less circular
form. The central bald spot, covered with a grayish scurf and
surrounded by a circle of broken and split hairs, is characteristic.

There is another kind of ring-worm called ‘‘favus, or
honeycomb’’ ring-worm. It shows the same general appearance
as the other, except that a scab forms in the center after the
ring has receded. ‘Treatment is the same.

TREATMENT.—

Clip off the hair around the affected part and paint with
‘Tincture of Iodine twice a day for two weeks, or apply crude
petroleum in the same way. Or, wash with soap and water and
apply:

Corrosive Sublimate..........cccceeseeeee 20 grains.
WEEE, ccii8s sanis tio baeaneetecacenseceatenentaee I pint.
Mix

Repeat once a day until cured. Clean and whitewash stalls,
wash harness, and then apply a solution of Carbolic Acid.
Brushes and horse clothing must also be thoroughly cleansed by
Carbolic Acid solution, or by boiling.

HIDE-BOUND.— This is not a disease of itself, but rather an
effect of some derangement of the system that interferes with the
general health and gives rise to a generally unthrifty condition.

Causes.—Indigestion, which in turn may be caused by any of
the causes which produce it.

Symptoms.—The skin is as tight on the body as a glove is on
the hand, and the hair all stands the wrong way—a staring coat,
as itis termed. Horse is usually thin; hair is dry, and skin is
harsh and dirty.

TREATMENT.—

Give the digestive tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.” Give
better cave and feed. If from ‘‘Worms,” treat accordingly. Give a
van at grass if in season. Case may require prolonged treatment.
212 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

ITCHY SKIN—PRURIGO.—This is an itchy condition
of the skin, all over the body or in patches, that sometimes almost
makes a horse frantic. He rubs, scratches, and bites himself
continually.

Causes.—It is one form of surfeit, and is caused by a sur-
feited, heated condition of the body that manifests itself in that
way; an extreme sensitiveness of the nerves of the skin.

TREATMENT.—

Give the same treatment as for ‘‘Eczema,’’ including the
purgative and other internal treatment, and the washes.

If the other lotion fails, prepare the following:

”

2 drachms.
2 grains,
I quart.

 

Mix. Apply once daily.

Or, put an ounce of Fluid Extract of Belladonna or 2 ounces of
Laudanum in a quart of water and wash the itchy parts.

ITCHY TAIL.—This is an itchy condition of the tail at its
origin or dock.

Causes.—Filth, surfeit, worms in the rectum, or some other
parasitic disease.

Symptoms.—Horse continually rubs his tail against posts,
fences, or anything that he can reach.

TREATMENT.—

Wash the tail well with soap and water once a day, and at
each washing, saturate the hair with a strong solution of salt and
water, or with cooking Soda and water. If that does not cure,
give injections of salt and water, and apply the following lotion
to the tail three times daily:

Sugar of Lead since ives. I ounce,
Water isc iiasica iscnunvwmaawsamsavateunsnvnsets I pint.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 213

 

If this does not cure, give a purgative of Aloes, or Salts, and
apply:

 

Tatinie' Acid sis :evsid caves oleverenads cc c¥ yaks ¥% ounce.
Vinegar I ounce.
Water iiveratrent .cucaeatiachteedsaoevieeess ss. I quart,

Mix and apply three times daily.
If worms are the cause, treat internally, as for ‘“‘Worms,’’
and also inject into the rectum:
Sulphate of Irons: ec. .escesaainssaw ends I ounce.
WAL Ta asia cece uste Yanase debe sdaauanctndele 2 quarts.
Repeat once a day for a few days,
If unthrifty, give digestive tonics, as in ‘‘Chronic Indiges-
tion.’’

LICE.—Two kinds of lice attack the horse, the skin-perfor-
ating and blood-sucking kind, and the broad-headed kind with
strong mandibles, that only bites the skin.

Symptoms.—Poor condition ; itching; loss of hair are the
principal symptoms. Examination and the finding of the lice is
the positive one.

TREATMENT.—

Washing the horse with any of the Coal Tar products, as
Zenoleum, Kreso, etc., using 1 part of the product to 50 parts of
water, is effectual. Creolin Lotion, made by mixing 1 ounce of
Creolin with 1 quart of water, and used as a wash, is recommended;
or sponge the horse with an infusion made by steeping for two
hours 1 pound of tobacco in 6 gallons of water. Kerosene Emul-
sion is also good. ‘This is made by taking 1 quart of Kerosene
Oil, 1 quart of soft water, and 1 pound of soap; dissolve the soap
in the water and heat to boiling, remove from the stove and add
the oil; mix violently by. pumping with a force pump from one
pail into another. When well mixed it will form a thick, milky-
colored fluid with no particles of free oil. Then add 12 quarts
more water, mix a little and it is ready for use. Bathe the horse
with the mixture; also go over the harness and the stall.

BOILS—FURUNCLES.—These may appear on any part
of the skin, but are especially common on the lower part of the
214 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

limbs, and on the shoulders and back. When about the feet the
latter name is applied.

Causes.—May be constitutional; by irritation of the skin by
parts of harness; or is attendant on unwholesome diet and over-
work, with loss of general health and condition. May follow
weakening diseases, such as strangles or distemper. When about
the feet, filth acts as an exciting cause.

Symptoms.—Boils differ from simple pimples, which are indi-
vidual elevations on the inflamed skin, in that they affect the
deepest layers of the true skin, and even layers beneath, and in
the death and sloughing out of the central part of the inflamed
mass. Again, the depth of the hard, indurated swelling, and the
formation of the core, which is bathed in pus and slowly sepa-
rated from surrounding parts, serve to distinguish the boil from
the pustule or pimple, from the farcy bud, and from the super-
ficial abscess.

TREATMENT.—

The incision of very painful boils by a sharp knife or lancet
in two directions, followed by a dressing with % ounce of Car-
bolic Acid in a pint of water, bound with cotton wool or lint,
may cut them short. Or, apply warm poultices of Linseed meal
or wheat bran, and renew daily until the center of the boil
softens, when it should be lanced and the core pressed out. Con-
tinue poulticing for two or three days and dress with a Carbolic
Acid solution. Remove the cause; if poor condition of the sys-
tem, give tonics. If animal is in good condition, give purgative
(an ounce of Aloes, or 34 pound of Epsom Salts), and follow with
smaller doses at intervals of two or three days. Also give a tea-
spoonful of Saltpeter, and % teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of
Colchicum Seed, three times a day for a week or two; withhold
a week and give again, if necessary; %4-ounce doses of Fowler’s
solution of Arsenic twice a day is excellent.
‘NALSAS SNOAUAN FHL

 

“SUXAA QOS ‘D
UMASS DIYpMAULg ‘Z
THIRIS' “9
“ALMSDOOUNIUT ‘S
‘SAYA LPQUIMO.LIOS 'F
SYA TY IIT S
PL09 Tous ‘e
“UWI “T
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 215

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN—PHRENITIS
—ENCEPHALITIS—MENINGITIS.—This is an inflamma-
tion of the brain and its coverings.

Causes.—Exposure to heat, injuries to the brain from concus-
sion, and from fracture of the cranium, and sometimes as the
sequel of other diseases.

Symptoms.—These will vary at the outset, depending as to
whether the brain itself or the coverings are more affected. If in
coverings, there is a quick pulse, quick breathing, elevated tem-
perature; visible mucous membranes are very red; delirium, horse
sometimes being perfectly frantic, dangerous to be around. After
a little the symptoms change and we get stupidity; horse places
his head against the wall and pushes and braces himself against
it, bruising his head more or less; he will eat occasioually, and
then doze off into a fit of stupor with his mouth full and let the
food drop; when aroused he will move around with an unsteady
gait, put his head against the wall and then doze off again. The
pulse is now slower than normal, and the breathing is heavy and
slow. ‘These symptoms may continue for several days and the
animal gradually recovers, or he may die during the early syimp-
toms. Animals that do recover are likely to have recurrence of
attack. Young horses are more likely to have the disease than
older ones.

TREATMENT.—
It is dangerous in treating an animal during the delirious

stage of this disease, and one must use care in going around him.
If discovered at the first stage, and it is possible to give the ani-
mal medicine, give a physic—1 ounce of Aloes, or 34 of a pound
of Epsom Salts. Also, during the stage of excitement, give %-
ounce doses of Bromide of Potash in a little water; repeat every
216 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

two or three hours until quieter, and stop giving when he becomes
stupid. Also give the following:

Fluid Extract Aconite...........coes 1% drachm,
Fluid Extract Belladonna............... I ounce.
Salt peters... .cs.sccesesssusesrmedsavionsrenedees 2 ounces.
Water to make.......csccesccesssseseesnees I pint.

Dose: 2 ounces, given four times a day.

After the stupor commences, change to the following:
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 1% ouuce.

Fluid Extract Digitalis... ¥% ounce,
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... % ounce.
AUCOHOL.... cece ecceeeeeeeceeeeeeeeseeeseneee 8 ounces,
Alt Peters, ca: asueisseseianstuceseaeaearavens 2. ee
Water to Make. icccccsscesccsuisesiec ces I pint

Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day.

In giving, be careful not to choke the animal; if very
stupid give one-half the dose twice as often. Apply an ice poultice
to the top of the head during the entire course of the disease. To
make the poultice, pound up some ice fine, mix with a little bran,
put ina small bag and fasten on top of the head; cover with a
light blanket and change as often as the ice melts. Give the
horse all the water he wishes; and a light, laxative diet, if he
wishes food. Keep in a roomy, cool, dark stall. If he gets
down, help him up after he has been down a time. Continue
treatment until thoroughly recovered. Guard against over-
heating the animal after an attack of this disease.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD,
AND THEIR COVERINGS — CEREBRO-SPINAL-
MENINGITIS. — This may occur sporadically, but usually it
occurs as an epidemic in a stable, city or farming district.

Causes.—The cause is not well known, but it is supposed
that bad sanitary surroundings and musty feed may act as acause ;:
and bacteria may at times play a part in causing the disease.

Symptoms.—They vary according to parts most affected.
There will be trembling noticed in different parts of the body;
animal seems very dull and does not feed. As the disease goes
on, there will be a peculiar jerking in the limbs, and then he will
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 217

stagger, fall, and be unable to rise; the pulse will be quick and
weak; the bowels usually costive, and the urine a dark brown
color. At first he lies in a dull, stupid manner, breathing heavy,
and sweats freely if itis very warm. After a time the dullness
passes off and the horse becomes delirious. Will thrash about,
keep the limbs going, especially the front ones, and pound the
head in endeavoring to get up. If you offer him water to drink,
he will try, but cannot, as there is paralysis of the gullet. These
symptoms gradually grow worse until he dies. When one horse
is affected with this disease, there are apt to be more, for the
same cause which gave it to him will probably produce it in the
others

TREATMENT.—

Give a cathartic of 1 ounce of Aloes; and give 1 to 2 drachms
of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, alternated every three hours
with ro drops Fluid Extract of Aconite Root. Apply strong lini-
ments or a Mustard paste to spine, neck, and throat. When the
animal is unable to swallow, give one-half the dose on the tongue
every hour. If animal can swallow during stage of excitement,
give % ounce of Bromide of Potash every three or four hours.
During early stage, while animal is still able to swallow, give 2
ounces Sweet Spirits of Niter, three times a day. Apply an ice
poultice to the head as in previous disorder. The disease is very
apt to terminate fatally. As a preventive to the other horses,
determine cause and remove it.

CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.—

Causes.—This is generally caused by the animal falling over
backward and striking the back of his head, or perhaps falling
forward and striking on his nose; by throwing the head up and
striking against a beam, or by a blow on the head in some way.

Symptoms.—There is giddiness, stupor, insensibility, or loss
of power succeeding a severe blow on the cranium. Animal
may rally soon, or not for hours, but when slight, soon recovers.
If more severe, animal may be insensible and lay as in deep sleep;
the pupils insensible to light, pulse fluttering or feeble, surface
of body cold, muscles relaxed, and breathing scarcely perceptible.
218 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

After a variable interval, recovery takes place, which may be
followed by paralysis of some parts of the body, often of a limb,
the lips, ear, etc. Convalescence is usually tedious, and fre-
quently impairment of some part remains.

TREATMENT.—

Dash cold water on the head and body to arouse heart action.
Allow animal to inhale Ammonia vapor. Give frequent injections,
by the rectum, of weak Ammonia water, Ginger tea, or Oil and
Turpentine. In most cases these means will restore senses. In
more severe cases apply Mustard plaster along the spine. When
partly conscious give Whiskey in 3 or q-ounce doses. Owing to
severity of injury, or possible rupture of blood vessels, and
effusion, inflammation of the brain may ensue, and, if so, must be
treated accordingly. For this reason stimulants must not be
given too freely, and must be stopped as soon as reaction is
restored. As a preventive against inflammation, cold applica-
tions can be made to the head for a few days; a physic in the
form of 34 pound of Epsom Salts may be given, and also a
teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day.

VERTIGO—CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN.—This
is an accumulation of blood in the vessels of the brain. It may
be either passive or active—active when there is an undue rush
of blood to the head, or passive when the blood accumulates be-
cause of some resistance to its return through the veins.

Causes— Active congestion may be due to heart trouble,
excessive exertion, influence of extreme heat, sudden and great
excitement, artificial stimulants, etc. Passive may be caused by
mechanical obstruction to return of blood, such as a small or ill-
fitting collar, tumors or abscesses pressing on the vein, or an
organic heart trouble. Extremely fat animals are most subject
to this disease. Sometimes induced by digestive disorders.

Symptoms.—-The animal stops suddenly, throws up his head,
shivers all over, staggers, and may plunge, run a ways and fall,
or may fall almost immediately. The eyes are staring, breath
hurried and snoring, and nostrils dilated. He may stand with
legs braced and not fall, and after a few minutes, shake himself
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 219

 

and go on as though nothing had occurred. Again, he may be
giddy and weak for several days. If due to organic changes in
the heart, or disease of the blood vessels of the brain, then the
symptoms may be of slow development, and show drowsiness, dim
or imperfect sight, difficulty of movement, loss of feeling and
consciousness, stupor and death.

TREATMENT .—

If animal falls, loosen the collar if it is the cause, and then
dash cold water on the head. The congestion will be relieved in
a short time and consciousness will return. Endeavor to deter-
mine cause and remove it, to prevent a recurrence. Some animals
are subject to attacks, which cannot be prevented. If the animal
is violent during the attacks he should be destroyed, as he is
dangerous. If the attacks are infrequent and animal is not
violent, he may be used with safety, but should be watched care-
fully and stopped as soon as attack commences.

APOPLEXY.—Apoplexy is often confounded with cerebral
congestion, but true apoplexy always consists in rupture of blood
vessels, with effusion and formation of blood clot.

Causes. —'Two kinds of causes are involved in the production
of apoplexy—the predisposing, and the exciting. Predisposing
causes are those that cause a degeneration, or disease that weakens
the blood vessels; the exciting ones are any that tend to induce
cerebral congestion.

Symptoms.—There is insensibility; the horse staggers and
falls; he froths at the mouth; the muscles twitch; the breathing is
stertorous and difficult. ‘The heart’s action is little disturbed at
first, but becomes slower, then quicker and feebler, and after a
little ceases. The extent of paralysis depends upon location
within the brain, which is functionally deranged by the pressure
of blood clot.

TREATMENT.—

Place the animal in a quiet, cool place, and avoid all stimu-
lating food. Give, in his drinking water, or in the feed, 1
drachm of Iodide of Potash twice daily for a week. Cold
220 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

applications to the head, as in ‘‘Inflammation of the Brain,’’ may
be of value. Generally terminates fatally, or renders animal
useless.

PARALYSIS—PALSY.—Paralysis is a weakness or ces-
sation of the power of motion and of feeling. There are two
kinds—that in which both motion and feeling are affected, and
the other in which only one or the other is lost or diminished.
Paralysis may be general or partial.

Causes. —They are varied. Acute affections of the brain and
spinal cord may lead to paralysis. Injuries, tumors, and disease
of the blood vessels of the brain, all have a tendency in that
direction. Pressure upon, or the cutting in two of a nerve, causes
a paralysis of the parts to which such a nerve is distributed.
Apoplexy may be termed a general paralysis, and in non-fatal
attacks is a frequent cause of the various forms of palsy.

Sympioms.—If the paralysis is on one side only, the animal
cannot walk straight, but goes round in a circle, and has not.
the proper use of that side. If in the hind quarters, the horse
can raise himself forward, but is powerless in the hind parts.
Prick him with a pin anywhere back of the injury and there is
no sensation. If in the face and neck, the part will be twisted
off toward the well side, and the diseased part will have no feel-
ing. If general, and he cannot move at all, he soon dies.

TREATMENT.—

If horse can stand at all, put him in slings. Clip the
hair close and apply a Spanish fly blister. See ‘“T'o Blister,”
under “ Ringbone.’’ Apply the blister from the seat of the injury
back to the croup. If it is paralysis of the face and neck, apply
the blister at the base of the brain, over the poll. The applica-
tion of Mustard pastes or strong liniments to the affected parts
are recommended in place of the blister. Give internally, 114
drachms of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica, three times a day. If
there is twitching of the muscles, reduce the dose.

SUNSTROKE; HEAT EXHAUSTION.—This term
is applied to affections occasioned not exclusively by exposure to
the sun’s rays, as the word signifies, but by the action of great
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 221

 

heat combined generally with other causes, such as sultriness of
the atmosphere and an unusual accumulation of electricity.

Causes.—Exposure to direct rays of the sun; exhaustion pro-
duced by long-continued heat and over-work; lack of proper care
in watering, in allowing rest in shady places, and in proper feed,
also contribute to the disease.

Symptoms.—Sunstroke manifests itself suddenly, Animal
stops, drups his head, begins to stagger, and soon falls uncon-
scious. The breathing is stertorous or snoring, pulse slow and
irregular, cold sweats break out in patches on surface of body,
and horse often dies without recovering his senses again.

In heat exhaustion, animal may become dull, and requires
urging sometime before any marked symptoms; generally perspi-
ration is checked, and then he becomes weak in gait, breath
hurried or panting, eyes watery and bloodshot, nostrils dilated
and highly reddened, assuming a dark purple color, pulse rapid
and weak, the heart bounding, followed by unconsciousness and
death. If recovery takes place, convalescence is slow.

TREATMENT.—

Shade the horse and roll him upon his chest and keep him
there. Apply ice or very cold water to the head and along the
spine, and give him a good stimulant—2 ounces of Alcohol or 4
ounces of Whiskey in a % pint of water. Be cautious about
choking; injection, by the rectum, of moderately strong Ginger
tea, or weak Ammonia water, may be of benefit. Brisk friction
of the limbs, and the application of Spirits of Camphor is good.
Repeat the stimulants in one-half hour, and after that every hour
or two, if pulse has not grown stronger and slower. Sponge the
body with cold water and then give brisk rubbing.

For heat exhaustion give same treatment. In either case
loosen all tight straps. Convalescence will take place slowly and
the animal will need to be kept where it is cool for a number of
days. If fat, give a 3{-pound dose of Epsom Salts; also a tea-
spoonful of Saltpetre three times a day. If run down, give tonics,
as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’ Give time for thorough recovery
before putting to work again.
222 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

In hot weather, wet sponges or light sun-shades on the head
of the horse when at work, is a preventive. An animal that has
suffered an attack is more liable to subsequent ones, when ex-
posed to the necessary, exciting causes.

EPILEPSY—FALLING FITS.—

Causes.—Seldom due to any changes in the brain, although
it may come from softening of that organ; violent derangement of
the nervous system; constipation; worms; plethora; or it may
arise from injuries about the head.

Symptoms.—'There are no premonitory symptoms. The
animal suddenly staggers, the muscles become cramped, jaws
spasmodically opened and closed; the tongue is lacerated by the
teeth; he foams at the mouth and falls in aspasm. ‘The urine
passes away involuntarily, and breathing may be arrested. The
paroxysm soon passes off, and horse gets on his feet in a few
minutes after the return of consciousness. Not a common dis-
ease with the horse.

TREATMENT.—

Dash cold water on the head during the paroxysm. After
recovery, endeavor to find the cause and remove it; if from diges-
tive disorders treat accordingly. In most cases a good purgative
will not be out of place—1 ounce of Aloes. If due to nervous
derangement, give 1 drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica and
¥% ounce Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic two or three times a day.
Feed on an easily-digested, laxative diet.

ELECTRIC SHOCK.—This may occur from a stroke of
lightning, or from coming in contact with electric wires that have
been broken. Electric railways and street lighting plants are
now so common that it is not an uncommon occurrence for horses
to be shocked.

Symptoms.—In shocks which are not immediately fatal the
animal is usually insensible, the respiration slow, feeble, and
irregular, and pupils of the eyes dilated and not sensitive. ‘The
temperature is lowered. ‘There may be a tendency to convulsions
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 223

or spasms. The predominating symptoms are the extreme
depression of the action of the heart, and of the respiratory
organs.

TREATMENT—

Sulphate of Atropia % grain, or Strychnine 1 grain, ina
very little water, should be given on the tongue, and repeated in
an hour, and after that repeat once in two hours until the heart-
beats are invigorated, the number and fullness of the respirations
are increased, and consciousness returns. Stimulative injec-
tions, by the rectum, may be useful in arousing the circulation;
for this purpose Whiskey in doses of % pint in a pint of water,
or Ammonia water in doses of 2 or 3 ounces ina pint of water,
may be used. Inhalations of Ammonia fumes are also of value.
Rub the legs.

COMA—SLEEPY STAGGERS—CHRONIC
INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.—Coma is not a disease,
but merely a symptom of a variety of affections of the brain. We
sometimes have a type of coma in horses that cannot be attributed
to any special disease of the brain, unless it be a chronic inflam-
mation of the organ. This condition is commonly called ‘‘Sleepy
Staggers,’ or the animal is called a ‘“‘dummy.”’

Symptoms.—‘‘ Sleepy Staggers’’ is characterized by drowsi-
ness, partial insensibility, sluggish and often staggering gait.
Horse may drop his head in the manger and go to sleep with a
clump of hay in his mouth, which is dropped when he wakens.
Will stand for a long time with his legs in awkward positions.
The bowels are more or less costive; the pulse is slow and soft;
with no fever or pain. Animal may remain in this way for
months without much change, or he may become gradually worse,
until it is almost impossible to arouse him, Chronic cases are
better in winter than in summer,

TREATMENT. —

There is no treatment for long-standing cases. The horse
may as well be killed. In more recent cases give laxative foods;
224 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

also 1 drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica, three times a day.
In addition give the following:

Todide of Potash..........ssscccesesceeeees 1% ounces.
Water snaiesackasdee.nekincussucesacwsseovsee sels I pint.

Dose: 1 ounce, morning and night. Give
for a week, discontinue a week and then give
again.
Strong stimulating liniments may be applied to the top of the
head.

CHOREA.—This disease is marked by involuntary contrac-
tions of the voluntary muscles, especially of the hind limbs.
Nervous horses are more subject to the trouble than sluggish
ones.

Causes.—Are not well known, but may be due to pressure
upon a nerve; to some injury of the spinal cord, or to some change
in the brain, or spinal cord.

Symptoms.—The animal will seem to be all right after once
started, but when first spoken to, the muscles of the hind limbs
will tremble, there will be a jerking up of the limb, and then the
animal will start and go off all right. Shows more in backing
than in going ahead, also shows in stepping over in the stall, or
in making a sudden turn when in motion. Resembles ‘‘String-
Halt,’’ exceptithat the jerky action is not continuous.

TREATMENT. —

Treatment is not satisfactory. One drachm of Fluid Extract
of Nux Vomica and % ounce of Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic
two or three times a day may be tried for a time. Iodide of
Potash, as in the previous disease, may also be tried. ‘Table-
spoonful doses, twice a day, of a mixture of equal parts of
Saltpeter and Sulphate of Iron may help. Unless the treatment
benefits, the animal is apt to grow slowly worse.

STRING-HALT.—This is an affection of the hind leg,
and it is known from the peculiar way in which the hind leg or
legs are raised from the ground—a quick, spasmodic jerk
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 225

Causes.—There is not an entire agreement among veterinar-
ians as to the nature of this affection, but it is quite generally
believed to be a purely nervous one. It is more often seen in
highly nervous animals, and may be brought on by the applica-
tion of severe blisters to the legs; or by clipping them and leav-
ing the horse out in the cold. Castration has been noted as a
cause, either from the irritation of the rope on the fetlock, or
from the operation. May develop without assignable cause.

Symptoms.—The leg is jerked toward the body at every step,
sometimes so strongly as to strike the belly with the fetlock. It
may be in one or in both legs. Sometimes it is so bad that the
horse will stand and jerk up one foot and then the other, with no
forward motion; but once started he will go along without hesi-
tation. It is fatiguing and wearing, and horse seldom accumu-
lates much flesh. Some horses show the trouble only in cold
weather, and then only for a time after first starting.

TREATMENT .—

If taken at the very outset, treatment may be of benefit, but
when well seated, no medicinal treatment has been found that
affects a cure. Give the same treatment asis given in ‘‘Chorea.”’
An extended run in the pasture is recommended for this affec-
tion. Sometimes the cutting of a tendon just below the hock
will overcome the trouble; in other cases it will fail to have any
benefit, or it may partially relieve. A veterinarian would be
required for the operation

LOCO DISEASE.—Loco is a disease attacking horses and
other animals in the great plains of the west, and is caused by
the eating of two weeds called ‘‘loco weeds,’’ the botanical names
of which are Astragalus Mollissimus and Oxytropis Lambertii,
both belonging to the family of plants bearing pods. These
plants attain a height of six to twelve inches; the leaves are
compound, and leaves and stems covered with very fine, minute
hairs, which give the plant a gray or silvery look. The Astrag-
alus is found mostly in the southern part of the plains, and the
Oxytropis predominates in the northern section. The word

‘‘Loco’’ is from the Spanish, meaning ‘‘crazy.”’
16
226 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Loco weeds remain somewhat green throughout the winter,
and on account of their green appearance, when other food is
scarce, animals usually begin to eat them in winter and spring,
and though they do not seem palatable at first, yet after a time
they acquire such a taste for them that they will leave other food
to go in search for them. ‘They will often stay by themselves
where the weed is abundant, and may go days without water.
They crop close to the ground, often getting a portion of the
root.

Symptoms.—Animal falls away rapidly in flesh, after getting
a taste for the weed, and as the difficulty advances, becomes so
emaciated that in the last stages is unable to stand or move
about, and unless otherwise destroyed, dies of starvation. In
the early stages there is general sluggishness, difficult locomotion,
stiff and stilted action of legs, with trembling of the voluntary
muscles. If the animal lies down, and then tries to rise, several
efforts are needed in order to succeed, and it may even turn a
somersault in getting on its feet. Head trembles violently, and
the beast may hold its mouth open fora time. Usually there is
a peculiar, vacant look in the eyes. Will sometimes start at
familiar objects, showing signs of fear, until nature of objects
seems to dawn on the brain. Sometimes, though suffering for
water, seems afraid to approach for fear of falling in. A straw,
stick, or shadow across the path of a locoed horse, may cause
him to shy, or jump high, in order to clear an imaginary obstacle.
If allowed to stare at obstacle, it comprehends and will usually
pass it freely. Locoed horses are subject to fits, or ‘‘crazy
spells.’” These are apt to occur when at work on hot days.
Becomes delirious, mey rear and plunge, often falling to the
ground unconscious, the eyes rolling in their sockets, so as to
show the whites. Fits do not usually last long. It is generally
believed that though a horse is broken of the loco weed habit he
is not of much value, as the fits are likely to stay with him.

Locoed cattle do not shed their hair good in the spring, and
can be told by the patches of old hair that still cling in mid-sum-
mer. As disease progresses the animal runs down 2nd dropsical
swellings appear on the head and legs, and other dependen: parts.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 227

TREATMENT, —

It was thought for a long time that loco was caused by
poisonous properties in the plants, but chemical analysis has
failed to find any such, and general symptoms indicate that ani-
mals suffer and die from starvation. The plant does not seem to
contain enough nourishment to sustain life. Animals that show
a tendency to eat loco plants, should be shut away from all such,
and be fed on nutritious and easily digested food. A good tonic
powder in addition may be given them—the mixtures recom-
mended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’

Cattle and sheep should be fattened for the market,

HYDROPHOBIA—RABIES~—This is a specific disease
caused by an organism; most frequently seen in dogs, but may
be communicated to all animals, including man. The virus is in
the saliva, and the bite is the most common mode of transmitting
the disease, although the saliva getting into any wound will pro-
duce it. The period of incubation varies in different animals.
In the case of the horse it is from fifteen to ninety days.

Symptoms.—The first manifestations may be increased excit-
ability and viciousness; will strike, bite, or kick, at any object
near him; often bites his own limbs and sides. Eyes are staring
and bloodshot, ears alert to catch sounds, and head erect.
Sometimes horse will bite himself in location where bitten, and
this may be first symptom. The furious symptoms appear in
paroxysms; at other times he may eat and drink, although swal-
lowing may become painful toward the latter stages of disease,
and may cause renewed paroxysms. Finally hind limbs become
paralyzed, breathing difficult, and convulsions follow; then
death.

TREATMENT.—

There is none that is of any avail. If suspected, shut the
horse up, so he can do no harm, and when sure of the trouble,
kill him.

When a horse is known to have been bitten by a mad animal,
cut away around the wound with a sharp knife, and cauterize
228 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the wound with Caustic Potash or Lunar Caustic; or, in the
absence of these, use a red hot iron. Whatever is done must be
done at once to be of use.

The same preventive treatment as is used for man would
probably be effectual. The expense, however, would perhaps
render it impracticable in most cases.

LOCK-JAW, OR TETANUS—This disease is charac-
terized by spasms affecting the muscles of the face, neck, body,
and limbs, and of all the muscles supplied by the cerebro-spinal
nerves. It is divided into two kinds—traumatic, when cause is
evident; idiopathic, when not.

Causes.—The disease is caused by a specific germ. The
organism is found in certain soils, and gains entrance into the
body, as a general thing, through a wound. Sometimes disease
develops without a detectable wound; it is then supposed to enter
through the digestive tract. Small punctured wounds, as nail
pricks, are most favorable, and especially if about the feet. The
germs will not produce disease except in absence of air.

Symptoms.—The first symptoms noticed will be difficulty in
chewing and swallowing, and the protrusion of the haw over the
eyeball; the nose is protruded; the neck straightened; the tail
elevated and trembling; the legs straddle and are as stiff as the
legs of a saw-horse; the hocks turn out and toes of hind feet tend
to turn in; the belly is tucked up; nostrils dilated; ears erect and
stiff; breathing is hurried; muscles hard; horse may sweat pro-
fusely; the jaws are set and locked as disease advances. If head
is raised, the haw is drawn completely over the eye; the tail is
more elevated; he trembles all over, and if head is pushed a little
farther up, he is likely to fall. Excitemant of any kind makes
all the symptoms worse. He never lies down; cannot eat; drinks
with great difficulty, and is in intense agony all the time. Death
usually follows in from three to ten days. If he lives two weeks,
may gradually recover.

TREATMENT.—
Treatment is of little avail, the majority of the cases termi-
nating fatally. Place the animal away by himself, where it will
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 229

be quiet, in a darkened stall. Do not let any one, except one
person, go near him, and that one only three times a day. Keep
thin gruel before him continually; he cannot eat, but he may sip
a little of the gruel. If he will sip it, also give a little milk with
eggs in it; give these fresh three times a day; also keep a pail of
fresh water before him. In some cases the horse will be able to
eat a little for some time after the disease appears; if so, give
bran mash, scalded oats, and grass, if in season. The drugs used
are those that quiet. One grain Atropine and 6 to 10 grains of
Morphine, dissolved in a very little water, can be injected onto
the tongue by placing a small syringe in between the front and
back teeth. Repeat three times a day. Never try to give
medicine from a bottle, or in any large amount. Or, in place of
the foregoing:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna ........... 2 drachms,
Bromide of Potash..............::eseeeeeee I ounce,
WEEE ci socansaiacendcessescseeacais etedee onete % pint,

May be injected into the rectum three times
daily,

It may be well to alternate, using part of the time the
Atropine and Morphine, and part of the time the Belladonna and
Potash. Cannabis Indica, another quieting drug, can be used in
2-drachm doses, along with the Belladonna and Potash.

If the animal has a wound, open it freely, so as to admit the
air to the very bottom, and flush out freely with a strong solution
of :

Carbolic ACI ........cecceeseeeeeeceetewee eee 1% ounces.
Water .....ccecececeesceenseneeeeeeeeenseeneenes I quart.

Inasmuch as punctured wounds, such as nail pricks, are fre-
quently followed by this disease, they should always be kept well
opened to the air while healing.

If taken at the very start of the disease, large hypodermic
injections of Antitoxic Serum may be of value. This is the
serum, or watery portion of the blood, of an animal that has
been rendered immune to the disease. ‘This treatment would
require a veterinarian.

Sometimes the animal can be put in a sling to advantage; at
other times it excites and makes them worse.
230 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

WEED IN THE LEG—LYMPHANGITIS—WATER
FARCY.—This is an inflammation of the lymphatic structures,
usually affecting the hind legs, very seldom the fore legs. It is
sometimes called ‘‘Monday morning sickness.’’

Causes.—Horses of sluggish nature are predisposed to this
affection. It usually attacks well-fed, lightly-exercised animals,
and in such cases is due to the excess of nutritive elements in the
blood. Sudden changes in the work or in the habits of the
animal may bring iton. Horses that are well fed and worked
hard, have it from standing in the barn over Sunday. Draft
horses are more subject to it than road horses, and those with
round, thick legs are predisposed to it.

Symptoms.—It is usually ushered in by a chill, rise in tem-
perature, and some yneasiness. Ina short time this is followed
by lameness in one leg and swelling on the inside of the thigh.
Gradually this surrounds the limb and goes down to the feet.
The leg is very tender to touch, especially on the inside, the horse
throwing it away from the body. The horse sweats; breathing is
quickened ; pulse hard, and quick, and temperature goes up to
104° to 106° F.  Bowels become costive, urine scanty; symptoms
usually increase for two days, then remain stationary for some
time, then fever abates, the swelling recedes and becomes less
painful. When once attacked with this disease, the animal is
more apt to have it again, and the result of successive attacks is
“Big Leg’’ or Elephantiasis. Quite often some of the lymphatic
glands will suppurate and an abscess will form; this may take
place anywhere from the body to the foot.

TREATMENT.—

Both local and internal. Locally, apply hot fomentations;
wrap the leg from the foot to the body in a large woolen blanket,
put a back-band and crupper on the horse and fasten blanket up to
this. Keep the blanket as hot as the animal will stand, by pour-
ing onto it, every fifteen to thirty minutes, hot water. Apply the
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 231

 

fomentations for two or three hours at least twice a day; in bad
cases, keep it up continuously during the day. Each time when
the fomenting is discontinued, rub dry and apply the following

liniment:
Witch: Hazel sicciens axsavouseccnsuedeivesas 2 ounces,

 
 
 

Soap Linimen 8 “s
Laudanum.. ergs, Ste
Turpentine...........ccccececeeeeeeeeeeeeeene I ounce.

Shake. Apply with liberal friction at least
twice a day.

If abscesses form, and not near a joint, open when they point
and treat as ‘‘Abscesses;’’ if near a joint, poultice and let them
break.

Internally, give a purgative—1 ounce of Aloes or 34 pound
of Epsom Salts—feeding sparingly on laxative food, bran mash,
handful of Linseed meal, little hay. Also give the following:

Fluid Extract of Acomnite .............4 2% drachms.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... I ounce.
GSaltpeter........cccceeeeseeserteecee nesses enone 4 ounces,

 

Water to mak I quart.
Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day.

If temperature runs high and stays there, give:

Acetanilid
Alcohol.............0006
Wate savsiaavsevsveasare seinesteceton dee seesaais

Once or twice a day, as occasion requires.

 

As the disease has a great tendency to leave the leg enlarged,
treatment should be begun early and continued vigorously.

After having had one attack, the animal should receive special
care to prevent areturn. Feed rather light of a grain ration of
bran, oats, and Linseed meal, (no corn), a few roots or potatoes;
run at grass when in season. About every third or fourth week
give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter two or three times a day for a
week. One-half pound doses of Epsom Salts once in two or three
weeks are also good.

BIG LEG—ELEPHANTIASIS.—This is a thickened
condition of the leg from repeated attacks of lymphangitis, or
weed in the leg. When the disease becomes seated, a complete
cure is not possible.
oe THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—The leg is enlarged, sometimes all the way to
the body, again only as far as the hock; the enlargement is some-
times slight, then again, the leg will be two or three times its
normal size. There is no lameness, but horse may carry leg a
little stiff.

TREATMENT.—

If the condition has existed for any great length of time,
treatment will do no good; if recent, feed on laxative diet, grass,
if in season, if not, clover hay, bran, oats, Linseed meal. Give
about 4 drachms of Aloes or % pound of Epsom Salts every third
day, unless bowels become too loose; if so, not as often. Also give
a teaspoonful of Saltpeter two or three times a day, skipping every
other week. Exercise twice daily to remove all the swelling pos-
sible, and when he comes in give liberal hand-rubbing, apply lini-
ment as in ‘‘Lymphangitis,’’ and then apply cold fomentations;
wrap the leg with a blanket and keep it wet with cold water.

SWELLING OF THE LIMBS—STOCKING.—The
above are titles applied to a swelling of the leg, usually confined
to the parts below the knees and hocks, although in bad cases it
extends above these joints.

Causes.—lIt is caused by sluggishness of the lymphatic glands
and kidneys in performing their offices. Standing still is a com-
mon cause; so much so that there is a great deal of it just from
standing from night until morning. It is most common in badly
drained and illy-ventilated stables: and in young horses more
than in old ones. A horse which has stood in the stables during
the winter months, and then is put to hard work at once, is apt
to show it. After resting at night, his legs will be swollen
the next morning. It is also often a symptom of some disease.

Symptoms.—Swelling of the legs without any other sign of
disease; the swelling disappearing with exercise, but returning
when standing any length of time.

TREATMENT.—
The same as for ‘‘Elephantiasis.’’
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DISEASES OF THE HORSE 233

DISEASES OF THE HEART, ARTERIES
AND BLOOD-VESSELS

INFLAMMATION OF THE ENDOCARDIUM—
ENDOCARDITIS.—This is an inflammation of the serous
membrane, lining the heart. It is not a common disease, and is
one that is hard for the inexperienced to recognize. The disease
may not be fatal in its early stages, but from incomplete recovery
there is a permanent thickening of the valves, which is the begin-
ning of valvular disease.

Causes.—It is met with in general rheumatism, involving the
serous membrane, in some of the specific fevers, in septic poison-
ing and in influenza.

Symptoms.—May be ushered in by a chill, with marked rise
of temperature; pulse decreases in strength or becomes irregular,
while heart beats more or less tumultuously. In early stages,
soft, blowing sounds may be heard by placing ear over heart on
left side, which correspond in number and rythm to heart’s
action. Excessive pain is manifested when animal is compelled
to trot; often difficulty in breathing is developed early in attack.
When valves are involved, visible mucous membranes become
either pale or very dark colored, and horse may faint if head is
suddenly elevated. ‘There may be marked lameness of the left
shoulder, and if horse is turned to the left, he may groan with
pain and the heart become violently excited, though pressure
will not produce pain, unless roughly applied. There is no appe-
tite, and animal does not drink much. Surface of body and
extremities are cold, and frequently body is in a subdued tremor.
There is usually suppression of urine. Symptoms may continue
for from three to seven days without marked changes. If he
shows signs of improvement, they will be slow and steady until
he seems all right, but when taken out and urged, the breathing.
may become like that in heaves, and all symptoms return in a
modified form.
234 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

In some respects disease of the heart is the most difficult of
all conditions to treat. When any organ is inflamed, the treat-
ment generally is to let that organ rest and stimulate others to do
its work as far as possible; this cannot be done with the heart,
and so perfect quiet is necessary, that in this way the heart may
be relieved. Give clean, well ventilated stable and clothe warmly.
If the animal shows any desire to eat, give grass, if in season, or
bran, scalded oats, Linseed meal, and a little hay.

Internally, give the following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.
Fluid Extract Digitalis........0......... By
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 4% “
Saltpeter...ccese se csesdsaesss wear aeasersesees 2 ounces.
Water to make..........ccccseceeeeeeeeseees I pint.

Shake. Dose: Two ounces, three or four
times a day.

In early stages, if heart beats rapidly and irregularly, give
10 to 15 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite, four or five times a day.
Later, if heart gets weak, give 1 grain of Strychnine, in a little
water, three or four times a day. If animal improves, give one
ounce of the following, three times a day:

Todide of Potash..........ccecceceseeece scene I ounce.
Water areniieimindesssasasentonags oe ecdnn soins I pint.

Also give the Gentian and Nux Vomica mixture as for
“Chronic Indigestion.’’

If there is any reason to believe that rheumatism is the
cause, give 2-drachm doses of Salol, three times a day.

INFLAMMATION OF THE SAC SURROUNDING
THE HEART—PERICARDITIS.—The sac surrounding the
heart is called the pericardium.

Causes.—May be caused by cold or damp stabling, exposure
and fatigue, from wounds caused by broken ribs, etc. Generally
it is associated with an attack of influenza, rheumatism, pleuritis,
etc.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 235

Symptoms.—Usually there are chills, with pain in moving; a
short, painful cough; rapid, short breathing; high temperature,
and a rapid, hard pulse. The fever and pulse are highest in
the evening and lowest in the morning. In early stages the
pulse-beat is regular; later, when there is much effusion in the
sac, the heart-beat becomes muffled, and may be of a redoubled,
or rebounding, character. In the early stage, when the ear is
placed at left side of chest, behind the elbow, a rasping sound is
heard, corresponding to frequency of heart-beat. This is called
‘‘to and fro friction sound.’’ Between the second and fourth
days this sound may disappear on account of distension of the sac,
by liquid exuded. When effusion partly fills the pericardium,
percussion will show an increased dullness over heart region, and
the heart-beats become less marked than in health, and sometimes
a splashing, or flapping, sound is heard. If effusion becomes
absorbed, the ‘‘to and fro’? sound usually recurs for a short
time; this friction may often be felt with the hand on the side
of chest. When the disease is associated with rheumatism, or
influenza, some symptoms may be obscure, but careful examina-
tion will reveal enough to diagnose the disease. Disease is
usually fatal, especially when complicated with other disorders.

TREATMENT. —

The treatment for this disease is quite like that for ‘‘Pleu-
risy’’—the arresting of the inflammation and the absorbing of
the serous effusion.

Gyive well-ventilated stall, clothe warmly, and feed laxative
diet.

Internally give the following:

Fluid Extract of Aconite............... 1% drachms.
Fluid Extract of Digitalis............. ¥% ounce.
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed... % “

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.
Galtpeter.....cccccccceeseeseessrseesearenseees 2 ounces.
Water to make........ccceseeeeereseceeeeees I pint.

Shake. Dose: Two ounces, four times a day.

After three or four days, drop out the Aconite. Give 2 or 3
ounces of Liquor Ammonia Acetatis three times a day. If heart
236 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

gets weak, give 1 grain Strychnine four timesaday. If animal
improves, give r-ounce doses three times a day of:
Todide of Potash..........:sscsseeeeeeeeeees I ounce.
WEED i cscsweutinsawiviedancanindsmadnionamesns soos I pint.
Apply a strong Mustard paste to the left side of the chest.
During convalescence, give the tonics, as for ‘‘Chronic Indiges-
tion.”’

ENLARGEMENT OF THE HEART. — HYPER-
TROPHY.—This disease is an enlargement of the substance of
the heart, with or without cavity changes. It may occur in
various forms.

Causes.—Diseased valves of the heart; determination of
blood to that organ; from a latent form of inflammation of
muscular structure; or from long-continued increase of action de-
pendent upon nervous disease. It may occur in connection with
other chronic disorders.

Symptoms.—In addition to the usual symptoms manifested
in organic diseases of the heart, there is a powerful and heaving
pulse at each beat, which is apparent on left side, and even on
the right sometimes. These beats are regular, and when strong
and full at the jaw, there is a tendency to active congestion of
the capillary vessels, which frequently gives rise to local inflam-
mation, active hemorrhage, and the like. In case of enlargement
with dilatation, the impulse is not only powerful and heaving,
but it is diffused over the whole heart surface, and the normal
sounds are increased in intensity. Percussion reveals an enlarged
area of dullness, while the impulse is usually much stronger than
normal. Dropsy of the pericardium will give same wide space
of dullness, but the impulse and sound are lessened. An animal
with moderate degree of enlargement may live a number of years,
and be capable of ordinary work; it depends on accompanying
disease. As a rule the disease is incurable.

TREATMENT.—

If the cause can be discovered and be removed, it should be
done. Iodide of Potash may be of use if continued for a suffi-
cient length of time. Give it in 1-drachm doses once daily for
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 237

a month or more. General tonics, freedom from excitement,
avoidance of bulky food, and good ventilation are indicated.

ATROPHY OF THE HEART—WASTING OR
SHRINKING.—This is a shrinking away of the heart sub-
stance. The walls become soft and flabby, and fail to perform
the work in a healthy manner.

Symptoms.—Pulse is weak and irregular, often missing two
or three beats at a time. There is emaciation, languor, and pallor
of visible mucous membranes. Death is likely to occur at any
time from formation of blood clot.

TREATMENT .—

Give good food and 1 drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica
three or four times aday. After two weeks, give the tonics as
for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’

FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART.—This
may involve the whole organ, or be circumscribed to patches.
When general, the substance is flabby or flaccid, and in extreme
cases, collapses when emptied or cut.

Causes.—It is associated with other morbid conditions of the
heart, as obesity, dilatation, rupture, aneurism, etc. It may be
connected with fatty diseases of other organs, as the liver, kid-
neys, etc. It may be due to condition of blood in wasting dis-
eases, or to poisoning with arsenic and phosphorus.

Symptoms.—The most prominent symptoms are feeble action
of the heart, a remarkably slow pulse, general debility, and
attacks of vertigo. It may exist for a long time, but is apt to
terminate in death on the occurrence of other diseases, surgical
operations, etc. It may involve a liability to sudden death from
rupture of the ventricular walls.

TREATMENT.—
Is of little use; counteract weakness, as in. previous disorder;
give regular exercise.
238 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

PALPITATION OF THE HEART .—This is an excited
spasmodic beating of the heart, and by some is termed ‘‘thumps,”’
which term, in this book, is applied to a spasmodic action of the
diaphragm.

Causes.—It may be due to indigestion, to fright, increased
nervousness, sudden excitement, over-exertion in speeding, or
pulling, or may follow weakening diseases. It is more likely to
occur in hot weather. Most common cause is hard work when
not accustomed to it.

Symptoms.—The heart may act with such violence that each
beat may jar the whole body of the horse; very frequently it may
be heard at a short distance away. The pulse will be rapid and
tumultuous. ‘The countenance has an anxious look, and usually
the horse is bathed in perspiration. The nostrils are dilated, and
breathing rapid.

TREATMENT.—

Stop and give the animal rest, blanket warmly and give
stimulants: ‘Two ounces of Alcohol, or 4 ounces of Whiskey,
in a little water; repeat in half an hour, and again in one and
one-half hours. Also give 12 drops of Fluid Extract of Aconite,
and 1 drachm of Fluid Extract of Belladonna; repeat in an
hour. After the acute symptoms have passed, give Fluid Extract
of Digitalis, 4% drachm, three times a day for a few days, and the
tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’ Condition for work care-
fully.

TUMOR (ANEURISM) OF AN ARTERY.—This is
a diseased condition of the walls of an artery, in which the
walls become enlarged, forming a tumor.

Symptoms.—If the aneurism is in a superficial artery, it
appears as a tumor in the course of the artery, and pulsating with
it. It is round, soft, and compressible, yielding to pressure. The
beating in unison with the heart is the characteristic symptom.
Aneurism occurs in the abdominal and chest cavities, and creates
obstruction and disturbance, but no characteristics can be given

that would be of any use. They may rupture, causing sudden
death.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 239

TREATMENT.—

Nothing can be done by way of treatment, except if super-
ficial, and located where it is possible, a gentle compress can be
applied.

RUPTURE OF AN ARTERY.—The inflammation of
the wall is the primary cause of rupture in most cases. It will
cause death when it involves a large vessel, especially if it is
situated in one of the large cavities, permitting an excessive
escape of blood. It may arise from mechanical violence, or as a
result of accident.

Symptoms.—In fatal rupture with profuse bleeding, animal
becomes weak, the visible membranes become blanched, breathing
hurried or gasping, pupils dilated, staggering in gait, swooning,
and death. When limited, the symptoms may not be noticeable.
When near the surface of the body a tumor or swelling will
form. Asa secondary result of rupture of this kind, there may
be formation of an abscess.

TREATMENT.—

When the rupture of a deep-seated artery is suspected, give
Fluid Extract of Ergot in 1-ounce doses to produce contraction
of the blood vessels. ‘Tannin in 2-drachm doses, or Tincture of
Iron in r-ounce doses are also useful. The animal should be
allowed to have as much water as he desires. Afterward give
stimulants and nourishing food.

INFLAMMATION OF A VEIN—PHLEBITIS.—
Inflammation may be simple, or diffuse. If the first, it is confined
to a limited portion; if diffuse, it involves the vein for a long
distance.

Causes. —Contusions, or direct injuries; an extension of inflam-
mation from the surrounding tissue, as in abscess, tumor, or
malignant growth. It may be due to the presence of infective
material, gangrenous matter, etc. When blood-letting from the
jugular vein was practiced, a case of dangerous phlebitis was
not unusual, being brought about by using rusty, or dirty
instruments, or from improper care afterward. Not so common
since bleeding has become a thing of the past.
240 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—The vein swells, gets hot, sore, red, and painful;
the inflammation spreads to surrounding parts, and much swelling
is a result. A diffused swelling, with great tenderness, may
extend along the vein, and the animal will manifest all the
symptoms as in an acute fever. The effect of this is quite often
the obliteration of the vein, which becomes hard, filled, and
ceases its function. In the case of the jugular vein this condition
is serious, since the horse cannot graze, owing to the blood that
is forced to remain in the vessels of the head and neck, causing
congestion of those parts, they being in a pendant position

TREATMENT.—

Foment the part affected with cloths and hot water three
times daily, and manipulate the vein to get obstruction to move
on, if it will. If nothing results, apply a smart blister along the
course of the inflamed vessel, early opening any abscesses that
may form. Give the horse complete rest, and feed bran mashes
to keep the bowels free. If fever runs high, give 1%-ounce doses
of Nitrate of Potash in drinking water three times daily, which
may be changed in two or three days for 1-drachm doses of
Iodide of Potash twice daily.

GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD

BAD BLOOD.—This is an impure condition of the blood.

Causes.—From heavy work and feeding highly nutritious
food; or from exposure with very poor food—as for example, the
run of the straw-stack.

Symptoms.—In the latter case, the animal is weak and does
not thrive, becoming hide-bound. The coat is rough, dry, ana
scurfy. If the animal is warmed up, pimples are apt to form
over the body; when horse stands in the stable over night, bis
legs swell; and if exposed to the weather, scratches ensue; ani-
mal is dull and unfit for work. Feeding does not bring him up.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 241

If from high feeding, animal may be in good condition, but the
eruption of the skin and the swelling of the limbs indicate the
disease.

TREATMENT.—

If in good condition give a purgative—an ounce of Aloes, or
34 pound of Epsom Salts; if in poor condition, give raw Linseed
Oil, 1 quart, and repeat in two or three days; give a laxative diet
and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day for a week, after
which use the two mixtures as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.” A
teaspoonful of Sulphur once or twice a day is also good. If in
the spring, give a run at grass. If he has to be kept in, give
regular exercise. May have to continue treatment for some time.

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.—

Causes.—This disease usually occurs as a sequel to debilitat-
ing diseases, such as strangles or distemper, influenza and other
weakening ailments. It may arise from badly ventilated stables,
and among poorly fed horses. Exposure to storms when in a
run-down condition may also bring on an attack of the disease.
It is apparently due to a deterioration of the blood, weakness of
the capillary vessels, and general debility or exhaustion of the
nervous system. Certain micro-organisms may play a part in its
production. Sometimes develops as an independent disorder,
with animal in good condition.

Symptoms.—The disease generally comes on rather suddenly,
and is shown by swellings on various parts of {he body, on the
head, or lips, limbs, abdomen, etc. They pit on pressure, and are
but slightly painful to touch. Swellings are characterized by
sudden termination and stop abruptly ; is not so noticeable below
hocks and knees, as above; also seen about head and on underside
of abdomen. ‘The mucous lining of the nose and mouth is
covered with dark red or purple spots, at first small, but soon
run together and form quite large patches; a bloody serum flows

rom nose, the tongue may be swollen so as to prevent eating.
In two or three days bloody serum will exude from the pores of
the skin over swollen places; later abscesses may form. The

fever is moderately high, the pulse is frequent, and weak, and
16
242 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

becomes weaker as strength fails. A cough is usually present.
Urine is scanty and high colored, and if bowels are much affected
a bloody diarrhea may set in, with colic pains. Some of the
internal organs may become implicated in the disease. A few
cases run a mild course, and begin to improve in three or four
days. In severe cases, septic poisoning is apt to occur, which
soon causes death. The appetite may remain fairly good,
especially in the milder cases.

TREATMENT.—

The treatment is to nourish the animal well and give tonics
to build up the system. Give nourishing, laxative food, good
hay, bran, Linseed meal, scalded oats. Place in a clean, well
ventilated stall. Give the following medicines:

I ounce.

1 drachm.
I pint,

 

Give as one dose; repeat three or four times
a day.

Iron is a very important drug in this disorder. Also give
the following, having an hour or so elapse between doses of this
and the foregoing:

Fluid Extract Nux Vomica............. 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed ........ I ounce.
Fluid Extract Gentian... eee 3 ounces.
Fluid Extract Digitalis......0000...... I ounce,
Saltpeter............ 2 ounces.

 

Water to make I pint.

Dose; t ounce, in a little water, three or
four times a day.

If heart shows weakness, give an ounce of Alcohol in % pint
of water three times a day. ‘T'wo-ounce doses Hyposulphite of
Soda, in % pint of water, three times a day, are good. If tem-
perature should run high, give as one dose:

Acétan lid i secnusnckorumereseceverstey I drachm.
AT CON Ol wescsevedies scccivcciecsaceoseeceaaconses I ounce.
Water ii ais ce cocsnss sepesee netavenadoawevuvecese % pint.

Once or twice a day.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 243

If swellings become bad about the head, so as to interfere with
breathing or eating, foment with hot water and keep the head up
higher than the body. If abscesses form, open them and treat as
described under ‘‘Abscesses.’’ After horse improves somewhat,
change treatment and use tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’
A veterinarian can give the Serum treatment.

RHEUMATISM.—

Causes.—This is supposed to be caused by an accumulation
in the blood of a peculiar acid, or of some natural acid in excess.
Upon the slighest provocation in the way of exposure, or
derangements of the stomach and bowels, it is apt to assume the
acute form, and to cause intense pain and lameness.

Symptoms.—There is lameness, usually of a peculiar kind,
flying from one joint to another, and from one leg to another;
sometimes the parts swell, and sometimes not; the joints most
commonly affected are the fetlocks, shoulders, and hips. There
is usually more or less fever, elevation of temperature, high
pulse, and sometimes suppuration of the affected parts. Some-
times it attacks the muscles, causing them to contract, and
changing the shape of the part; the contraction produces pain,
and the animal moves the affected member frequently, swinging
it, or pawing; if in a joint, it causes severe lameness, if in muscles
stiffness.

TREATMENT. —

Place the animal in a dry, well ventilated, but warm box
stall, blanketed warmly; give a mild purgative—6 drachms of
Aloes, or 1% pound Epsom Salits—and afterwards keep bowels
active by giving from %4 to 1 pint of raw Linseed Oil daily;
feed laxative diet, roots, bran, and a little hay. Give the
following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed...... 6 drachms.
Liquor Ammonia Acetatis 1 pint.
Saltpeter ........ceceeesserseeerneee 3 ounces.
Water to make........cececeeccseeneeeeeeeee I quart.

Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times a day.

 
244 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Also give as one dose:

Sal] wise sees case syeeaitsaskonsaescvanensadcaees I to 2 drachms.
ALCOHOL « ssccsceassnsaesvewnssusee svenssevetenes ¥% ounce.
WATER i csiieets csiancdeaebanesetesecs eas suceirene % pint.

Three or four times a day.

If the temperature runs high, give:

Atcetanili dence seetesasssecenereanauurases I drachm.

ALCOHOL vscisissvecwswssassaesieraencceveesanvens I ounce.

Wate: gieecacasteeegsauenssaieunds speaeenes ease % pint.
Once a day.

Apply dry heat to the affected part, in the form of hot
woolen blankets, hot salt bags, or hot water bottles; also bathe
the part with some good liniment, perhaps the following:

 

Witch Hazel........cccscscsssescesesseseeees 2 ounces,
Soap Liniment.... gc, “4S
Laudanum........... 2
LUTPEMt MS ever nei seeiiasnsuncne seigensanasions I ounce.

Shake.
If a joint is affected and the lameness remains after the acute
symptoms subside, apply a blister. See ‘‘To Blister,’’ under
‘Ring Bone.”’

ABSCESSES.—An abscess is a gathering of pus in a sac
from a morbid process in the glands, muscular tissues, or even in
the bones. There are two kinds, which may be classed as acute,
and cold or chronic abscesses.

Acute abscesses may arise from distemper; from bruises;
from cuts healing with foreign matter in them; or from impurities
in the blood. They are apt to form in any part which becomes
highly inflamed. A good example are those in the glands after
distemper. There is an increase in size, glands becoming firm,
hot, hard and painful. At first swelling is uniformly hard over
entire surface, but it soon becomes soft (fluctuating) at some por-
tion, mostly at the center. From this time on the abscess is said
to be “‘pointing’’ or ‘‘coming to a head,’’ which is shown by the
small elevation, which at first is dry, but soon becomes moist
from the serum transuded. ‘The hair over this part loosens and
falls off, and in a short time the abscess opens, contents escape,
and cavity gradually fills up. When in the muscular tissue,
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 245

abscesses are usually the result of bruises or injuries. In ail
cases where abscesses are forming, the ripening should be encour-
aged with hot, soft poultices—Linseed meal is the best-—until it
points or comes to a head. Then open with a knife, unless in the
region of a joint or a large blood vessel, when it is imperative to
let the abscess open of itself. When open, press gently with
fingers to remove the clots of thick pus and flush out freely, first
with water, then with a Carbolic Acid lotion:

Carbolic Acidwscieccascaesessarncossanins ¥% ounce,
Water cviccissssncisciso.nmamsdeariesseeetnes I pint,

Using a bulb syringe. Probe the abscess with the finger, and if
opening is too high to allow of good drainage, enlarge it or make
another. Bevery careful in probing abscesses about joints. It
is a good plan to inject into old abscesses, after they have been
cleaned out, 2 or 3 drachms of the Tincture of Iodine, press-
ing on the walls after the injection so as to paint the whole
interior; repeat daily for three or four days. Do not let the
opening into the abscess close too quickly; enlarge it if it closes
too rapidly —as it will unless large in the first place. If walls of
abscess are thick and hard, poultice for a few days after opening.
Repeat the flushing out of the abscess daily for three or four days,
then once in two or three days until well.

“Cold Abscess’’ is the term applied to those large, indolent
swellings that are the result of a low or chronic form of inflam-
mation, in the center of which is a small collection of pus. They
are mostly met with at the base of the neck and in front of the
shoulder joint, and are caused by the irritation of a loose or
badly-fitting collar. The swelling is diffuse, slightly hotter than
the surrounding parts, and not very painful to touch. This swel-
ling subsides gradually, and leaves the hardened mass fairly well
defined. One of the characteristics of cold abscesses is their
tendency to remain in the same condition for a long time. If,
however, the horse is put to work, the surrounding tissues assume
a tumor-like condition, which, after a few days’ rest, disappear,
leaving about as before. Sometimes, by careful examination, what
appears to be a fluid may be discovered deep-seated in the center
of the mass. It may be but little, not more thana tablespoonful,
246 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

and is not easily detected. In such a case the treatment
consists in exploring the tumor with a small trocar and canula,
or hollow needle, for the presence of pus. When found, make an
incision into the tumor and let the pus escape. After this, induce
active inflammation of the tumor to promote the solution of the
thick walls of the abscess. Insert well into the incision oakum
or cotton saturated with Turpentine or Tincture of Iodine, or
pack incision with Sulphate of Zinc and leave in for twenty-four
hours. These agents set upa destructive inflammation of the
walls. Matter is generated, and this is to be encouraged by
poulticing as in an acute abscess. Orifice must be kept open, and
if disposed to heal, again introduce some of the agents as above.
If after the abscess heals, there is still a little enlargement, apply
once or twice a day, with liberal rubbing, the following Iodine
Ointment:

Todine Crystals..........ccccseceeeeeceeeeeee 2 drachms,

Todide of Potash............ceeeeeeeee esse ee I drachm.

Biniodide of Mercury..........sccseeeeees 20 grains.

Vaseline siccssssavisscssnssesscionsteerseessas 2 ounces.
Mix.

Follow the application of a little of the ointment with ten to
fifteen minutes’ rubbing with a rub cloth. If the part gets sore
after a few applications, withhold for a time and then apply again.

ERYSIPELAS.—Not very common, except in certain sec-
tions. It is an inflammation of the skin. It may be superficial
and only involve the upper layers of the skin, or deeper seated
and involve the under layers. The superficial does not suppurate,
but the deep seated usually does. It is believed to be contagious,
and to be due to a bacterial poison. It sometimes rages as an
epidemic. It usually follows wounds, injuries, and sores, but
may come on an apparently healthy skin.

Causes.—It is, as above stated, due to a germ, but the fol-
lowing are favorable conditions for the development: Damp, hot,
and oppressive weather, especially if horses are kept in low,
unsanitary places. ‘he suppression of a chronic discharge; feed-
ing on rich, heating food, when horse has been accustomed to
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 247

poor, scanty food; keeping animals with open sores near decom-
posing animal tissues, are also favorable conditions. The common
means of contagion is by using same sponge on erysipelatous and
healthy sores, and by use of harness, clothing, etc.

Symptoms.—There is usually fever, with pulse and tempera-
ture raised; urine scanty and high colored; bowels usually con-
stipated; loss of spirits and appetite. This may be followed in
the course of twelve hours by a diffuse swelling that is hot, red,
and painful; if on a white skin, it will be found shining, tense
and deep red. It spreads rapidly, terminating at edges in a well
marked line. Swelling does not pit on pressure, but returns
when finger istaken away. It may attack a wound in any part
of the body, but aside from that, is most common in head and
legs. ‘There is a peculiar odor, like burnt hair.

TREATMENT.—

Place in a very clean, well ventilated stall. Internally, give
laxatives, as a pint to a quart of Oil, or % pound of Epsom
Salts, and give laxative, but nourishing, food,—bran, scalded
oats, roots, hay. Also give internally:

Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... % ounce.

Fluid Extract of Digitalis............... 3 drachms.
Galtpeter......cccecseccccsessrereseerssenerseees 2 ounces.
Alcohol cscsesesenah sracease ess ccarseasses tet 4 ounces.
Water to make.......ceeccceecseeeeeeeeees I pint.

Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day.

Also give, alternating with the foregoing:

Tincture of Trotee.......cccseceneeeeeeeeees 1g ounce.
QUININE. ....... cesses eeeee eer ete ten eeeene ¥ drachm.
WED sisssscecceasenasad edevausresceseey cians ¥% pint.

Three times a day.

If the temperature runs high, give:

Acetanilid.ic...c.. cccsscssceeeeereeeeeeeeees 1 drachm.
ALCOHOL. scssassever see vesceg setevscsscocesaese I ounce.
Water .......ccccseccoesceneascereeseanenseeoes ¥% pint.

Morning and night.

Locally apply to the diseased parts astringent and antiseptic
lotions.
248 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

For an antiseptic :

Apply two or three times a day.

For an astringent use:

Acetate of Lead.......ccccceeseeeeeeeee TF OUNCE,

WALD guic iis cscs sin: seassniea cians rauiecene ans T pint.
Or:

Sulphate of Iron........sseseescceeseeeevees 2 ounces.

Wateiactanistintcacscte reg ssssenasmeigeemeeters I pint.

Apply two or three times a day.

Keep the affected part covered with cloths wrung out of a
solution of Hyposulphite of Soda.

Hyposulphite of Soda..........ccesceeeee 4 to 6 ounces.
‘WALEr siaweinscurdonvancusdnaaencaasetderans I pint.

If possible get a veterinarian to give serum treatment, as
used in human family.

If abscesses form, open and treat as described under
‘‘Abscesses.’”

DISEASES OF THE BONES

CARIES, OR ULCERATION OF A BONE. — This
may affect any bone in the body. ‘The bones most frequently
affected are the teeth, the lower jaw, bones of the neck, spines of
the back, bones of the tail, in fact any bone sustaining an injury
severe enough to cause a sloughing of the bone substance.

Causes.—Wounds of any kind, affecting the bone, are liable
to be followed by inflammation and ulceration.

Symptoms.—A peculiar, offensive odor of the pus from the
wound is the first indication that the bone is affected—an odor
like decayed teeth. ‘The discharge that comes directly from the
bone is small, but enough to give the odor to the pus from the
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 249

wound. The surface of the bone is rough. The surrounding
parts swell considerably, and become in time hard and calloused.
The discharge, if applied to silver, will tarnish it.

TREATMENT.—

Wash the part and make an opening on the under side, if
possible, to allow the free escape of pus. Scrape the diseased
surface of bone with a dull-edged instrument, to remove the dis-
eased portion, and dress twice daily with the following lotion:

Hydrochloric Acid.......c:cssscseeseeneees 2 drachms,
Wate tas cass sctwscnasentecnimsinvaniaes cae% ¥4 pint.
Mix.

Apply with a swab directly to diseased spot on the bone.
This will stop progress of disease and promote healthy growth.
Continue with this until all disease of the bone is gone; then
change to the following to heal the flesh wound:

Sulphate Of Zinc .......::ssseeeseeeeeeeeeee 6 drachms.
Sugar of Lead....cceccceccseecesteeeeeeeeee I ounce.
Water anaccsesaivedsscasiuncdseedcnedennciee sees I pint.

Mix. Shake and apply three times daily.

Also flush wound with Carbolic Acid solution. ‘Tincture of
Myrrh is also good, and if weather is cold, Friar’s Balsam is
probably one of the best things for flesh wounds.

NECROSIS, OR DEATH OF A BONE.—This is the
death of a part or the whole of a bone; usually seen in the longer,
harder bones of the body, and quite often in the lower jaw-bone
of horses that pull very hard on the bit.

Causes. —External violence is generally the cause, setting up
an inflammation of the covering of the bone (the periosteum) and
cutting off the nourishment of the bone so that it perishes.

Symptoms.—There will be inflammation, the formation of an
abscess with one or more openings in the skin, through which the
pus will find its way; the offensive odor, as in the preceding dis-
ease, will be present, and occasionaliy a bit of dead bone will
pass out with the discharge. ‘The discharge is irritating and galls
the surface it rums over.
250 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Make the opening large and downward, to favor a free escape
of pus, and remove dead bone as fast as possible. The sooner
removed the sooner the bone will heal. Keep parts clean and
dress three times daily with the following:

Inject into wound.
Also use the Hydrochloric Acid solution, as in preceding
disease. Ifa limb is affected, put the animal ina sling. If jaw-
bone, feed on sloppy, easily-masticated food.

RICKETS.—The term rickets is used to denote an un-
natural softness of the bony structure in young animals. It is
due to a deficiency of earthy, and an excess of animal, material
in the bones. It may be seen in colts, calves, and in young dogs,
especially spaniels and pointers. In colts and calves the cannon
bones of the front legs generally bend first, while in dogs the
lower third of the upper arm bone, giving the animal a dwarf-
like look. When the bones of the hind legs are affected, the
toes are turned outward, the hocks inward.

Rickets appear when the animal is but a few weeks, or a
few months old, caused by constitutional debility, scrofulous ten-
dency, or by external and preventable causes. ‘Thus we find it
in calves, which are not allowed to suck the mother; in foals,
when the mare is taken to work, and colt allowed to suckle at
morning and night, or at most three times a day; young animals
fed on artificial food in place of milk and kept without exercise.

TREATMENT.—

This must be both local and constitutional, and to be suc-
cessful it must be energetic and persevering, regardless of trouble,
until a cure is effected, or it becomes plain that case is hopeless.
If the milk of the mother is suspected, change or increase her food,
—use bran, and give her alteratives and tonics. Give the mother
the mixtures as recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’ Also
give her a teaspoonful of Phosphate of Lime twice daily. The
limbs of the young should be supported by splints of heavy
teather or wood, with bandages, or by sticking a strong piece of
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 251

canvas around a strong splint and lacing it around the limb.
Care must be taken that the splint does not chafe the limb in any
way. Puta bandage around the leg before applying the splint.
The splint of wood should be applied to the concave side of the
curve, taking care that it is long enough to reach the part of the
limb that is not bent, both above and below curves. Keep animal
in a level yard, and give foods that tend to make bone, as oatmeal
and bran to colts, and bones to dogs. Also give the young a
little of the same mixtures as recommended for the mother,
especially so if the young is not sucking. Give the colt from
one-sixth to one-half the mother’s dose.

BIG HEAD.—OSTEO POROSIS.—This is a disease that
attacks horses from one to four years of age, rarely older, and
gradually comes on without any signs of soreness. ‘‘he bones of
the head, and sometimes legs, get larger and larger, and become
very porous and brittle. It more often affects the bones of the
head than of any other part of the body. An uncommon disease,
except in certain localities.

Causes.—The cause of the disease is not known, but by
some is supposed to be caused by feeding on pasture lands
deficient in the salts of lime. Others attribute it to the grass of
low-lying, swampy lands, where there is a lack of nourishing
substance.

Symptoms.—At first the symptoms are not well marked, but
the horse is noticed to be dull, falls off in condition, and his
muscles will get very soft. This may continue for several
months before the true nature of the disease will develop.
Horse will seem stiff when traveling, his belly becomes very
gaunt, and the head will be noticed as getting larger than natural;
then, after this, the bones of the legs may also become enlarged,
or sometimes these enlarge early in the course of the disease, and
as the disease goes on the bones grow larger, the animal continues
to run off in condition until he dies. It is said that in some
cases, when walking, one of the bones of the legs have broken
in consequence of condition.
252 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

The treatment of this disease is not satisfactory, and if disease
has been running any length of time, it is best to put the horse
out of his misery. If in the early stages, give good nourishing
feed, along with the two mixtures as recommended for ‘‘Chronic
Indigestion.’’ Also give a teaspoonful of Phosphate of Lime
once or twice a day for a time.

EXOSTOSIS OF THE JAW.—This consists of bony
tumors on the lower jaw, where they are quite often seen.

Causes.—Usually by some external injury, ofttimes by a curb
chain. Also from a small nose band to the halter.

Symptoms.—The bony tumor is sometimes spread over a
large portion of the jaw bone, with very broad base; sometimes
they are in the form of little lumps or nodules, the size of the end
of one’s thumb, with a very small base; they become hard, and
usually do no harm, but are disfiguring.

TREATMENT.—

As soon as the condition is noticed, remove the cause; apply
the Iodine Ointment, as in after-treatment for ‘‘Abscesses.’’
Keep the part continuously irritated by the use of the ointment.
Continue treatment for a long time. If the condition has existed
for some time, it will not respond to treatment.

SPLINT .—A splint is an enlargement on the cannon bone,
a little below the knee, usually on the inside, but is sometimes
seen on the outside. Most often met with on the front legs,
sometimes seen on the hind legs. The usual place for the
enlargement is between the large cannon bone and inner splint
bone above the middle. If close to the knee it is more serious.
They sometimes attain the size of a hen’s egg, but usually are
quite small. They cause lameness while growing, but rarely do
so after they are fully formed.

Causes.—Slipping, jumping, running, kicks, bruises of the
bone, in fact anything that may sprain the ligamentous attach-
ment between the large cannon and splint bones. Colts that have
small, weak bones below the knee, or that are very fat and heavy
on their legs, are most apt to have splints.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 253

 

Symptoms.—In early stage the colt may walk sound, but trot
lame. Exercise makes lameness worse; after resting a day or
two, may start sound, but after going four or five miles goes lame.
On examination, a sore spot may be found below the knee on
inside the leg, and a little heat may be detected. Feel for it with
leg bent and you will be apt to locate it. In later stages there
will be a bony lump, adhering directly to the leg. When an inch
or more below the knee, it is no permanent detriment, but if
nearer, it is bad, as itis likely to interfere with knee action.
When knee is affected, it usually causes permanent lameness.
This lameness is very rarely met with in horses past six years
cld — most often seen at three or four.

TREATMENT.—

The more vigorous the treatment the greater tendency to
the production of a permanent blemish—the bony enlargement.
The treatment should therefore be mild. Give the colt a long
rest; put him by himself, where he will not run and play. For
a few days at first apply cold fomentations, wrap a blanket about
the leg and keep it wet with cold water, re-wetting every half
hour; also bathe twice a day with White Lotion (page 263). Feed
laxative diet. This line of treatment requires more time, but
will generally leave the animal unblemished, and if a small
enlargement does form it can generally be reduced by using
Iodine Ointment, as described under ‘‘Abscesses.”’ If it is
desired to remove the lameness as soon as possible, regardless
of blemish, blister the part, extending the blister somewhat
above and below the affected part. But little attention is paid
to splints on draft horses, but on carriage and road horses a
splint is a serious blemish, although the animal may not be
at all lame.

SORE SHINS.—Young running horses are apt to have
sore shins from too much galloping before the bones become
thoroughly hardened. ‘The bones all along the leg, from foot to
knee, get sore and somewhat enlarged, causing lameness. The
inflammation is often followed by an ossification of the effusion
that is thrown out, and gives the leg the appearance of having
patches of bone plastered over the shins under the skin.
254 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

Causes.—Too much galloping when the bones are young and
tender. Bruises and kicks are often the cause of bony enlarge-
ments, and if on a joint the result may be serious.

Symptoms.—There is soreness in front legs, shown by short,
stiff gait; if more in one leg than in other, there will be lameness.
There is tenderness on handling, and more or less swelling at any
point of injury when it is the result of an accident. At first
swelling is soft and spongy, but in a few days it becomes quite
hard and has the feeling of bone. Soreness may extend over the
whole surface or be confined to that part near the joints, especially
the fetlock and pastern. Animal is inclined to knuckle at the
fetlock and go over on the knee.

TREATMENT.—

Give the animal rest. If in summer, bathe with cold salt
water; in winter, have hot water. After bathing, apply freely
White Lotion (page 263) and then bandage lightly with bandages
wet with a solution of Hyposulphite of Soda:

Hyposulphite of Soda.......cccecceeeees 4 ounces.
WALEL oo. .cssscesceressessssenesceessencawerenes I pint.

A lotion composed of equal parts of Witch Hazel, Arnica,
Laudanum and water, is also good to apply.

Feed on a laxative diet and give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter
three times a day for a few days. Keep up treatment until sore-
ness is gone, then, if necessary, use a light blister. ‘The bones
should never be rubbed very hard nor very much, but the tendons
on back of legs may have all the rubbing they can get.

OSTEOPHYTES.—This is the name given to bony
growths or deposits that follow sore shins or rheumatism.
There are a number of different kinds. The velvety, or
villous, like hoar frost, is usually spread over the bone in
a uniform layer, and is seen in the bones of young horses,
hack horses, and sometimes in the bones of driving horses. The
splintered or laminated kind grows more in excrescences, and
splintered as in spavin. The warty kind grows like a wart, with
either a narrow or wide base. These are seen on any bone as
the result of bruises or injury, and sometimes appear around the
hock or knee joints.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 255

Causes.—Hard work of any kind, making the bones sore;
inflammation sets in, and deposits follow as a natural result.
Accidents, bruises, kicks, etc., contribute their share. As stated,
is apt to follow ‘‘Sore Shins’’ and ‘‘ Rheumatism.”’

Symptoms.—The bony enlargement can be seen and felt.
There will probably be, in addition, more or less lameness, or,
in absence of lameness, a stiff, short, stilted gait.

TREATMENT.—

This is not very satisfactory, as it requires a long time, con-
siderable attention, and continuous rest; and perhaps then there
is no great improvement. If in early stages, the same treatment
as in ‘‘ Sore Shins,’’ followed with prolonged use of the Iodine
Ointment, as recommended in after-treatment for ‘‘Abscesses.’’

SIDE BONE.—On each side of the back part of coffin bone
is a cartilage, called the lateral cartilage of the foot, and by
pressing on the heel at each side of the foot just above the hoof,
they can be moved in and out when in a healthy state. When
diseased, they change to bone and enlarge, giving rise to the
disease as above named.

Causes.—From hard work on hard roads; from any severe
injury to the quarter, as horse stepping on his own feet, getting
the foot caught under a root in the woods; contraction of the
heels; severe nail wounds or bruising of the heels. Feet with low
heels are predisposed to the disease. If the cartilage becomes
inflamed from any cause, it is very apt to change to bone. Seen
most in draft horses, but causes more trouble when on drivers.

Symptoms.—The quarters are enlarged upward from the
hoof, hard as bone, and inelastic. In heavy horses there is no
lameness if case is not severe, but if so, there will be lameness.
In light horses, the lameness will be the first symptom, followed
by enlargement. ‘The rapid driving produces pain and lameness.

TREATMENT.—

Give the animal rest. Bathe the feet in cold water by apply-
ing cold water bandages, or stand in a tub of cold water. When
soreness is out, paint with Tincture of Iodine several times daily,
256 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

or use the Iodine Ointment as recommended under ‘‘Abscesses.”’
Should this not cure, apply a blister, using the Spanish Fly and
Biniodide of Mercury. (See ‘‘To Blister,’’ page 257).

But little attention is paid to side bones in the draft horse,
unless they are large, but in the driver they are looked upon
with great disfavor. Apt to cause lameness when horse is put
to hard roading.

RING-BONE.—Ring-bone is the growth of a bony tumor
around the upper or the lower pastern joints. It is the result of
an inflammation set up in some of the structures of the joint
between the large and small pastern bones. Sometimes between
the small pastern and coffin bore.

Causes.—Blows, sprains, overwork in young, undeveloped
animals, fast work on the road; allowing the hoofs of colts to
grow too long, or colts to follow the mare when at work, are
among the principal exciting causes. Road horses with short,
upright pasterns are apt to have the disease, and a long, sloping
pastern in the draft horse is predisposed to it. Too high calks,
or too great a shortening of the toe and corresponding high heels,
when shoeing, predispose to this disease. The predisposition to
the disease is hereditary.

Symptoms.—Lameness, more or less acute, is the first symp-
tom. Besides the lameness, there is more or less heat in
affected limb, with firm, though limited, swelling of the deeper
tissues over seat of inflammatory process. When in fore leg the
heel is placed first on the ground, a long step being taken with
the lame leg, and the pastern being kept as rigid as possible. In
hind leg, with ring-bone, the toe strikes the ground first, taking
a shorter step with the lame leg, and pastern is kept rigid. If
bony growth is under front tendon of hind leg, or if it involves
the coffin joint, the heel is brought to ground first. It is not
always easy to diagnose ring-bone at first—not until deposit has
reached a size where it can be seen and felt. The lameness is
worse on hard ground, and exercise makes worse, especially if
ring-bone is in front. When the joint between the two pastern
bones is affected—high ring-bone, as it is called—the enlargement
will appear just above the hoof; when it affects joint between
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DISEASES OF THE HORSE 257
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small pastern and coffin bones, it is called low ring-bone, and
causes the upper part of the hoof to bulge. Low ring-bone is not
met with nearly as often as high, but is more serious when it does
occur. In examining to detect the enlargement when it first
commences, compare carefully with the other limb, also wet the
hair of both pasterns; this will make the enlargement more dis-
tinct, and if inflammation is present, the lame limb will dry off
more quickly. The enlargement may eventually become very
large, or remain rather small; it may be evenly distributed around
the joint, or be larger at one point. The enlargement is spoken
of as an exostosis.

False ring-bones are bony enlargements, which sometimes
appear upon the large pastern, above where true ring-bone ap-
pears; they do not affect any joint, or cause lameness; simply an
exostosis upon the bone. ‘Treatment as for ‘‘Exostosis of Lower
Jaw.”’

 

‘TREATMENT.—

After the inflammation starts, or in other words, the ring-
bone commences, it cannot be stopped until the two bones have
grown together; this is always the ultimate result—the bones grow
together, the joint being obliterated. When this is accomplished,
the horse will travel sound, although the blemish will remain
throughout life. The treatment then is to simply hasten the
growing together of the bones (anchylosis, as it iscalled), and this
is done by blistering or firing (burning with a hot iron). The
blister may have to be repeated a number of times, at intervals,
of from one to two months. It is much easier to overcome a
ring-bone behind than in front. Keep the animal quiet during
treatment, and apply the blister to the front and side of the entire
pastern. With obstinate cases the horse is sometimes nerved,
but it should be a last resort; this and firing should be left to a
veterinarian. ‘T’o apply the blister, see ‘‘ To Blister.”’

Ring-boned horses should not be used for breeding.

TO BLISTER.—Blistering is a line of treatment frequently
used for various reasons; in case of ring-bones, spavins, splints,
etc., it is used to hasten the growing together of the bones; in

case of enlargements, to help hasten their removal; in case of
17
258 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

strains of muscles and ligaments, to stimulate the repairing pro-
cess, or to remove deep inflammations. ‘The virtue of a blister
depends upon the inflammation which the irritating substances of
which it is composed set up. With some the inflammation is
largely superficial and.answers for certain purposes; many of the
strong liniments have this effect. Other substances set up deeper
inflammation, which is required with some disorders, as for ring-
bones and spavins.

The two substances most commonly used in making blisters
are Spanish Fly, or Cantharides, a pulverized insect, and Binio-
dide of Mercury. Turpentine, some of the acids, and other sub-
stances are at times used. The following are two blisters which
will answer very nicely:

No, 1 Spanish Fly.........cccccececsseseeee 2 or 3 drachms.
Latd....<ésses Lowesiga a dveaea seas eoanaeuaeaccagea I ounce.
Mix.
No. 2 Spanish Fly.....escccccceceeesseoes 2 or 3 drachms,
Biniodide of Mercury...................... 1 drachm.
Ward iccenvgecs savas signa seduce uuepebaenaeacrecses 2 ounces.
Mix.

No. 2 is best for bony disorders and where enlargements are
to be removed. No. 1 will answer for sprains or strains.

The more thoroughly a blister is rubbed in, the more inflam-
mation will it set up and the deeper the inflammation produced.

To Apply a Blister.—The application of a blister is the
same, no matter where applied. First clip the hair from the part
to which it is to be applied, and brush vigorously with a stiff
brush to remove the dandruff, dirt, and open pores; then apply
some of the blister and rub it in, apply more and rub that in, in
this way give the part a liberal application and rub for some ten
minutes. Wash the blister from the hand as soon as the applica-
tion is completed. Now tie the horse so he cannot lie down, by
tying high. No matter where the blister is applied, do not let
the animal lie down until after it is washed off, for if he does he
will get it onto other parts of the body or rub the part; also tie
so he cannot rub the part or get his mouth to it; if on the rear
limbs, tie up the tail. The blister is left on for from twenty-four
to thirty-six hours; when the desired result is obtained, the part
 

BOND SPAVIN.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 259

will be quite badly swollen, the stub hairs will stand erect, and
the part will be covered with little blisters, which have broken
and are discharging a yellowish colored fluid; the discharge
should be quite free if a good strong blistering is wished. If the
desired effect is produced in twenty-four hours, the blister can be
washed off; if not, it can be left thirty-six, and if it isnot producing
as much inflammation as wished, a little more of the blister can
be rubbed in and left longer. No absolute rule can be given as
to the amount of the blister to use, or the length of time to leave
it on, as some horses blister much easier than others. In washing
off, use warm, soft water and soap, rubbing as little as possible;
when the blister is all off, dry the part by pressing a clean, dry
cloth against it, and then grease freely with melted lard; apply
the lard once a day until the inflammation has all subsided and
the new hair has come in. Do not wash the part but seldom;
after the first time, need not wash at all, but keep the discharge
from drying and forming a scab by the free use of lard. Care-
lessness in this is what produces the unsightly blemishes. A
very severe blister, if properly cared for after it is washed off,
will not blemish. After the blister is washed off, tie the horse so
he can lie down, but so he cannot rub the part or get at it with
his teeth. In the majority of cases after blistering, the animal
should be kept quiet. ‘The same part should not be re-blistered
oftener than once in a month or six weeks. It will require from
three to four weeks for all the inflammation to subside after a
severe blistering. If the part should swell too extensively after
a severe blistering, apply the grease freely and give internally a
large teaspoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day for three or four
days, and if this does not correct, apply cold or hot fomentations,

There are a number of blistering preparations on the market,
of varying compositions. When these are used, follow the direc-
tions.

Firing produces its effect the same as blistering, it simply
being more severe, setting up a deeper and more severe inflam-
mation. Should be the last resort.

BONE SPAVIN.—Bone spavin is the name given to dis-
ease of the hock joint, in which there is inflammation of its
260 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

structures, which results in a growing together of the small bones
of the hock, and the throwing out around the joint of more or
less bony growth—exostosis. This generally shows most on the
lower inner aspect of the joint, but may show at other places.
The exostosis varies greatly in amount. ~When the spavin forms
no enlargement, it is called an ‘‘Occult Spavin.”’

Causes.—As in ring-bone, the predisposition to spavin may
be handed down in breeding, and horses with this disease should
not be put to breeding purposes. It may be caused by sprains,
bruises of the joint by kicking, jumping, running, or by hard
work and fast driving. In fact anything that seriously injures the
hock joint may forma bone spavin. Small, fine hocks, those that
are too straight or too much bent, (cow hocks), and hocks which
drop off quickly below, are very apt to become affected if put to a
severe test.

Symptoms.—Horse will step shorter and strike the toe first
in putting down the foot; will be noticed as lame, sometimes
very bad, when first starting off after standing for atime, or over
night, but when well warmed up in traveling will go all right, or
at least better, as exertion causes secretion of the synovial fluid
(joint oil), which lubricates the joint, and the horse is comfort-
able until joint gets dry by rest. If there is an enlargement, it
will be more or less easily seen; if an occult spavin, there is no
enlargement, but only heat and soreness. At first, enlargement
may be slight, but as disease advances it will become larger, and
will extend more or less, involving the bones of the hock. There
is a peculiar hop to the gait, the hock being carried as stiffly as
possible. A good test for the occult form is to rest the horse for
a half hour after warming him up, then take the toe of the lame
leg in the left hand and raise it as high as possible to flex the
hock joint; hold it there for two or three minutes, then drop it
and rush the horse on a smart trot; if spavin, he will go off on
three legs and bring the toe down when he gets warmed up again.
In a long-standing case the muscles of the hip on the afflicted
side will waste away from not being properly used, after a time,
but this must not be allowed to mislead. Animal will sometimes
show his lameness much more in going through deep mud or snow.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 261

In examining for the enlargement when it is small, wet both
hocks with water, stand the horse squarely on all four feet, tie
up the tail, and then, sitting down in front of the horse, look
between the front legs and carefully compare the two joints by
casting the eyes quickly from one to the other. Also compare
carefully by feeling of both hocks. If both hocks are affected at
the same time, which is rare, the horse will take short, stilty steps
with the hind legs, acting much as though lame in the small of
the back. ‘The test will help diagnose these cases.

TREATMENT.—

As with ring-bone, treatment consists in hastening the grow-
ing together of the bones of the hock; the anchylosis cannot be
stopped, but when completed, if confined to the joints between
the small bones (see ‘‘Anatomy of Hock), the animal will travel
practically sound; if the inflammation extends, however, to the
joint between the large bone of the hock and the bone above—the
tibia—anchylosis will be impossible and the lameness incurable.
As with ring-bone, the treatment consists in repeated blistering;
use the Spanish Fly and Biniodide of Mercury blister; apply
blister to the whole hock, extending it a little above and below;
keep horse quiet during treatment; repeat blister once in six
weeks or two months, until two or three blisters have been applied,
then let go for three or four months and then blister again if
necessary. If blistering fails, firing may be effectual (see ‘‘To
Blister,’? under ‘‘Ringbone,’’ for the blister, and how to apply
it). Put a high-heeled shoe on the foot of the affected limb.
The cutting of a tendon which crosses the hock will, in some
cases, prove beneficial. It would need a veterinarian for the
operation.
262 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

WOUNDS AND THEIR TREATMENT

Wounds are of different kinds and are classed as follows:

INCISED WOUNDS.—An incised wound is a wound
made with some sharp body. ‘The edges are smooth, as though
cut with a knife.

PUNCTURED WOUNDS.—Are those produced by the
penetration of a sharp or blunt-pointed body, as a thorn, fork,
nail, snag, etc., and the orifice of these are small in proportion to
their depth. These are very common wounds in veterinary
practice..

LACERATED WOUNDS.—Are wounds where the flesh
is both cut and torn, as ina case where one horse kicks another,
barb wire cuts, etc.

CONTUSED WOUNDS.—Are those where the skin is
not broken, but the tissues beneath are very much bruised, as
from blows of various sorts.

GENERAL TREATMENT FOR ALL KINDS OF
WOUNDS.— Wounds are common, and in most cases have to be
treated, at least for the first dressing, at home by those who hap-
pen to be upon the premises, owing to the urgency of the situa-
tion. Bleeding is often profuse, and when stitches are needed it
is best to put them in when the wound is fresh, for not only is
the stitching more painful and less successful when postponed,
but after swelling and suppuration have begun, it is useless, for
the edges will not unite and the stitches tear out, adding to the
soreness and blemishing that follow. When the skin and flesh
are laid open by cuts, calks, kicks, or in any way, the first thing
to do is to stop the bleeding. The blood of the arteries is bright
scarlet, and that of the veins a dark blue or purple color. When
an artery is cut, apply the bandage above the wound toward the
heart, to cut off supply coming down. When a vein is cut apply
the compress below the wound, for the veins conduct the blood
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 263

 

towards the heart. The compress may be a cork bound on
the artery or vein, or a wad of cotton, or a piece of dry sponge
with a bandage wound over it tightly. If where a bandage can-
not be used, the arteries or veins cut, must be taken up and tied.
A fine pair of nippers can be used to catch the end, which must
then be tied with a piece of silk. In many cases the bleeding
may be stopped with Monsel’s solution of Iron, with Tincture of
Iron, or a solution of Copperas applied to the wound with a
feather. Clean cotton batting, dusted with flour, can be bound
into the wound for a time; never use cobwebs or other dusty or
dirty material.

If the bleeding is not severe, flush out the wound thor-
oughly, first with clean water, then with Carbolic Acid lotion:

CALHOliE AC ccincsecccssaresosesitecnesenes ¥% ounce.
Water sive cicsesssewnscasmnsttttes teaneeneasen’ I pint.

Use a syringe to flush out with; a bulb syringe is the best.
If there are any ragged pieces of tissue within the wound, cut
them off with a sharp knife or a pair of scissors and sew up the
wound at once, using a good, strong needle and silk thread,
doubled to prevent tearing out. Make stitches one-half to three-
quarters of an inch apart, and tie each one before taking another.
If wound is large, put stitches in three-fourths of an inch from
edge of wound, and same depth. Bring the edges of the wound
just together, leaving opening at bottom for drainage. Clip off
hair from edges of wound, so that none will be doubled under,
and bathe with the Carbolic Acid lotion. If the wound is on the
leg it is best to draw the edges together, even if they tear out,
and using the lotion, bandage over wound just tight enough to
hold the parts in place. When it begins to suppurate, wash with
water, apply Carbolic lotion and bandage as before, but so as to
let discharge escape. When stitches slough, cut them out.
When wound is filled nearly to the surface with flesh, change

lotion to:
WHITE LOTION

Sulphate of Zinc....-....e sees eeees 6 drachms.
Sugar of Lead.........-seeesseeseeeseees I ounce.
Water ....ccccsseceesrescereceteeenncseeeneneens I pint.

Mix and shake well together.
264 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Apply and leave off bandage. If wound is where it cannot
be bandaged, use Carbolic lotion until flesh nearly fills up
wound, then change to White Lotion. If bone begins to ulcerate,
treat as in that affection, and if joint is affected, treat as under
“Open Joint.”

Special lines of treatment for different wounds will be given
in connection with the discussion of that particular wound.

MODES OF HEALING WOUNDS,.—Wounds heal by
two methods:

1st. Healing by First Intention.

and. Healing by Second Intention.

The first is where the edges of the wound are brought to-
gether and they unite without any pus formation—trarely get it
with the lower animals.

The second is where the edges do not unite directly, but
separatea little, and the space between is filled in with new tissue,
which forms the scar; with this method there is more or less dis-
charge. With the second method, the wound should be kept
fiushed out with Carbolic lotion. In all cases horses should be
kept as quiet as possible, fed on soft food to keep bowels tree,
and if there is a thickening after the wound has healed, apply
the Iodine Ointment, as recommended under ‘‘Abscesses.’’

INFLAMMATION OF A WOUND. — This generally
follows a deep punctured wound, but may occur with other
kinds. ‘The cause is generally due to germs; the wound was not
kept clean, or the discharges could not escape.

Symptoms.—The wound becomes very much swollen, red and
tender, and the animal may be feverish and in pain; if the wound
is large, the discharges from the wound will be offensive, and
more or less bloody and watery looking.

TREATMENT.—

Keep horse quiet and comfortable, and give a teaspoonful of
Saltpeter in soft feed three times a day, using soft food, along
with a pint of Oil, every day or two, to keep bowels free. Bathe
the wound three times a day, for an hour or more, with hot water,
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 265

or wrap the part in a clean blanket, and keep this wet in hot

water; or poultice. Use freely the lotions, as directed in ‘‘General
Treatment of Wounds.’

BLOOD-POISON.—This may arise from a wound being
treated with dirty hands, or from the use of rusty or dirty
instruments, or from the pus not being allowed to escape, or
where animal is in dirty place; an animal in poor condition is
more susceptible.

Symptoms.—The wound becomes inflamed, sore and red,
begins to swell and fester, and sores are likely to form on any
part of the body, which fester and break. The animal becomes
dull, and weak, pulse rapid and hard, temperature rises, appetite
lost, and unless condition is overcome, death results.

TREATMENT. —

Is local and internal. First, enlarge the wound, if necessary,
so as to get free escape of pus, and flush out freely with Carbolic
Acid lotion—Carbolic Acid, 114 ounces; water, 1 quart; repeat
three times a day. Bathe the wound with hot water for an hour
three times a day, and poultice between bathings. Give nourish-
ing, but laxative food; bran, scalded oats, a handful or two of
Linseed meal, and hay. Give a clean, well-ventilated stable.
Give the following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 6 drachms.
Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed........ 14 ounce.
Fluid Extract Digitalis................. ye

Al COW wsccissiessussec ces have svstearmeneoeane 5 ounces.
Galtpeteticscissssssesvessaeedceeedersteesesivess 2 ounces.
Water to make.............c::eeeeeeeeeeeees I pint.

Dose: Two ounces, three or four times a day.

Also give, as one dose, three or four times a day :

Tincture of Iron... .......:.ccceeeceeeeeeeeee ¥% ounce
QUIDINE..........0 cece ceseece nee cneoeenteeerees 4 drachm
WWALED esc secwsssoecec opel accnaduesmestaa away ¥% pint

Alternate these doses with the doses of the
foregoing mixture.

Ounce doses of Hyposulphite of Soda in 1% pint of water, three
times a day, are also of value.

If abscesses form in other parts of the body, open and treat
accordingly.
266 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE HEAD,
NECK, SHOULDERS, BODY AND HIPS.

FRACTURE OF THE SKULL.—
Causes.—The skull is sometimes fractured by blows, bruises,
kicks, collisions in runaways, etc.

Symptoms.—Beside the external marks of injury, there will
be either stupor or delirium from the pressure on the brain, and
more or less fever may follow. Later, accumulation of serum in
the brain cavities, with delirium, convulsions and death.

TREATMENT.—

Get a veterinarian if possible, to raise, or trephine, and remove
the portion of bone that is broken, and likely to cause pressure
on the brain. Keep wound clean and treat as a simple wound. As
a preventive against inflammation of the brain, give the follow-
ing:

Fluid Extract Aconite Root............ 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract Belladonna............... I ounce.
Saltpeter.......ccccscccsessecesssseeeesceeneers 2-ounces.
Water icvsssseccevsascvaevasasnesancsaceseadases I pint,

Mix, and give 2 ounces, three times a day.

Apply chopped ice and bran poultices to the head continu-
ously for several days and nights. If he gets better, it will be in
three or four days, but if fever rises and delirium increases, it
will probably terminate fatally in from three to six days. (See
“Inflammation of Brain.’’)

POLL-EVIL.—Poll-evil is a fistulous sore, affecting the
bones of the neck near the top of the head or poll. Not so com-
mon as formerly, when stable ceilings were lower.

Causes.—Chafing by a heavy halter or bridle; blows on the
head from the butt of awhip; from horse striking his head against
a low ceiling, a low doorway, or on the roof of a car while in
transit. Rearing and falling backward may cause it.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 267

Symptoms.—There is first swelling and soreness, and the
horse carries his head stiffly, for it hurts him to move that part of
the neck. Suppuration sets in; the pus breaks out on the top
like any abscess, but burrows down toward the bones at the same
time, which, when the disease is long-standing, become diseased.
There is a flow of pus,which runs down the sides of the neck; if
from the muscle, it has a strong, disagreeable odor, but when
bones are involved, the odor is still more offensive, as in ‘‘Caries.’’

The pus burrows, forming channels, sometimes in a number of
directions.

TREATMENT.—

If taken at the outset, the treatment is comparatively simple.
Remove the cause, and bathe the parts well with hot water twice
a day, and after each bathing apply the ‘‘ White Lotion,” and
keep the horse quiet, feeding him out of a high manger, to
keep parts as quiet as possible. In case there is an abscess, but
no channels yet formed, open it at lowest point, so as to let all
matter escape, using treatment as for ‘‘Abscesses.’’ When
channels or sinuses are formed, they must be opened up, and a
free dependent opening made for the pus. It is more difficult to
do this in poll-evil, than in other cases; but the sinuses usually
run down into the muscles of the neck more or less. Follow
and open them up freely; then, there being free connection be-
tween the top and bottom of the sinuses, wash out thoroughly,
and inject with Carbolic lotion, repeating twice a day. Inject
a little Tincture of Iodine into the channels once in two or three
days. If the bones are affected, treat as for ‘‘ Caries.’’

In addition to local treatment, the horse should havea physic
given at the first, and be given 1 teaspoonful powdered Saltpeter
three times a day in his feed.

INJURIES TO THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK.—

Causes.—From pulling back on the halter, from getting cast
in the stall, or in some cases from having been bitten by another
horse.

Symptoms.—There is stiffness of the neck, and swelling and
soreness of parts. In some cases the neck is carried to one side.
268 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Bathe the parts with hot water three times a day, and after
wiping dry apply White Lotion, continuing treatment until
all soreness and swelling is gone. Incase an abscess forms, treat
as for ‘‘Abscesses.”’

FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE NECK.—

Causes.—From falling on the head in a runaway, or from
stumbling; jumping a high fence and striking on the head might
cause it, or it might happen in throwing an animal.

Symptoms.—lf fracture causes the bones to press on spinal
cord, death may occur at once by the stopping of the action of
the heart. If there is only a piece from one of the bones, there
will be soreness in the part and the horse will carry his head to
the side the fracture ison. Any attempt to straighten the neck
gives a spasm of pain.

TREATMENT.—

Keep the horse as quiet as possible, and feed him out of a
high manger. Bathe the part well with hot water three times a
day, wipe dry and apply a strong liniment each time after bathing,
and the bones after atime will unite. If it does not heal, an
abscess will form; then open, remove the broken bone and
treat as an abscess.

FISTULOUS WITHERS.—This disease resembles poll-
evil and takes its name from the location on the withers.

Causes.—Are often caused by bad fitting collars and saddles;
by direct injuries from blows; from the horse rolling upon rough
or sharp stones, or a bite from another horse. Fistulous withers
are mostly seen in horses that have thick necks, and those that
are very high in the withers; or, among saddle horses, those that
are very low on the withers, the saddle riding forward and bruis-
ing the parts. Under these conditions, simple abscesses, if not
treated in time, may become fistulae. The pus burrows and finds
lodgment deep down between the muscles, and only escapes when
sinus becomes surcharged, or during motion of parts, when mat-
ter is squeezed out.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 269

Symptoms.—At first we may notice soreness or stiffness of
the front legs, and upon examination of the withers, we find
small, crooked lines—superficial lymphatics—running from the
point of irritation downward and backward over the shoulder
region. In a day or so there is swelling on one or both sides of the
dorsal vertebrae; hot, painful and rapidly growing. Pain may now
grow less, stiffness disappear, but swelling increases. It fluctu-
ates on pressure, and either opens up, or its contents thickens,
dries up, leaving a tumor that gradually develops the characteris-
tics of a fibroid tumor. When enlargement is open, the cavity
should be examined, as on its condition depends the treatment.

TREATMENT.—

In earliest stages, when sore, but with no marked swelling,
the trouble may be frequently cut short. Give both general and
local treatment. Give a physic of 1 ounce of Aloes or 34 pound
of Epsom Salts; also give 1 teaspoonful of powdered Saltpeter
three times daily in the feed. Locally foment the parts with hot
or cold water for an hour at a time, three times daily, and
apply ‘‘White Lotion,’’ or liniment as for ‘‘Lymphangitis.”’
When formation of pus is evident, hasten it by the use of poul-
tices, and as soon as fluctuation can be plainly felt, open the
abscess wall at its lowest point, so that the pus will escape as fast
as formed. Probe, to be sure that there are no pockets or sinuses
to hold pus, or the work will not be well done. Then keep orifice
open and treat as for ‘‘ Poll-Evil.” If the abscess has existed for
some time and has not opened, the walls thickened, pus also thick,
then, after opening has been made, contents washed and squeezed
out, the thickened walls must be sloughed out with caustics. A
very good and safe method is to tie together a number of small
balls of cotton batting, leaving the string on the last from four to
six inches long; saturate these with Tincture of Iodine and pack
the sinuses with them, leaving the string hanging out. After
twenty-four hours, remove by pulling on the string; keep flushed
out with Carbolic Acid lotion and repeat the Iodine treatment as
occasion requires. There must be a dependent opening for each
sinus, ‘This is sometimes best made by opening the sinus up
freely, and again by passing a seton needle and tape from the
270 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

bottom of the sinus to the outside, leaving the tape in. Good
judgment is needed in treating these cases; as no two are just
alike, no fixed rules can be given. If the spines of the vertebrae
become affected, we get symptoms of ‘‘Caries,’’ and treatment will
be needed as for that trouble. If the sinuses work down back of
the shoulder blade, the treatment is still more difficult. Whenever
possible, this trouble should be treated by a veterinarian, as so
many varying conditions arise, that experience is needed to know
how to meet them.

SWEENY—SHOULDER SLIP.—Sweeny is wasting of
the muscles of the shoulder blade, leaving the spine on the blade
exposed the whole length, with deep hollows on each side. It is
often imagined and treated for, when the cause of lameness is
very remote. It is most common among young horses.

Causes.—In plowing, when the plow strikes stones or roots,
causing sudden jerks on the shoulder; by a blow from the wagon
tongue when passing over obstructions, by falling and bruising
shoulder; and by ill-fitting, especially large, collars, and uneven
draft.

Symptoms.—Injury will be followed by a slight swelling and
soreness of the part, and afterward by the wasting away of the
injured muscles. In some cases the horse is not very lame, but
goes a little stiff. The wasting may be confined to the muscle
in front of the spine, or to the one back of it, or both may be
affected. The pain comes in lifting the limb, and so the animal
swings it; it is difficult for the horse to step over obstacles. To
test: hold a foot plank on edge and lead the horse over it.
Compare both shoulders carefully by standing directly in front
of the horse, close to his head, and casting the eyes quickly from
one side to the other. Care must be taken not to mistake a
poorly muscled condition of the shoulder for sweeny

TREATMENT.—

If there is lameness, give rest. In early stage, if shoulder
is swollen, apply cold fomentations, fasten a folded blanket over
the part and keep it wet with cold water; follow this with the
application of a good liniment. If wasting of the muscles, liberal
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 271

hand-rubbing with a good liniment is needed. It is well to use

a small piece of stick or a corn-cob for rubbing. A very good
liniment is the following:

Soap Liniment...........ccccccessesssseeees 4 ounces.

TUrpen tine s,s. cdcsajerceniscsaniassasaszcess 2"

Strong Aqua Ammonia .............0.08 ioe ts
Shake.

The part needs to be kept just slightly irritated with the rubbing
and liniment; if it gets too sore, withhold liniment for a few days.
If this fails to restore the muscles, a Spanish Fly blister can be
applied. See ‘“To Blister,’’ page 257. Aseton is also used to restore
the muscles; this isa piece of tape, %4 inch wide, introduced witha
large needle just underneath the skin, entering at the top, and
coming out at the bottom of the wasted portion. The tape should
be left long enough to be worked up and down each day, and a
piece of leather tied in each end, so it cannot work out. Leave
the seton in a month or six weeks. The effect of all these treat-
ments is the same, differing only in degree—setting up inflamma-
tion, which stimulates the restoration of the muscles.

SCALDED, OR GALLED SHOULDERS.—

Causes. —Wounds of this kind are quite common during
spring plowing, or from ill-fitting collars at any time of the year.
Collars too large or too small may be the cause. The horse, on
account of being fed scantily, and perhaps doing little, is soft and
sweats easily, and if collar and shoulders are not attended to,
galls and abrasions result.

Prevention.—See that the collar fits well; that the draft is
distributed evenly over the whole surface; that the shoulder sur-
face of the collar is kept clean; to keep clean, wipe off when first
removed from the horse. When horses are at work, raise the
collars at resting spells and let the air under them; keep the
mane out from under collar, and remove the collar at noon for the
shoulders to dry off. At night bathe shoulders with cold water,
and afterward bathe with White Oak Bark tea, or White
Lotion (page 263), to toughen the skin.

TREATMENT.—
If the bruise is severe, with considerable inflammation and
swelling, give rest and foment with cold water by fastening a
272 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

folded blanket over the part and keeping it wet with cold water,
re-applying the water every half hour; also bathe well three times
a day with White Lotion. (See ‘‘Treatment of Wounds.’’)
Keep up treatment until swelling is all gone, and then when put
to work, place a pad on the collar either above or below the
injured part, so as to remove the pressure from it for a few days.
Drop the pressure back gradually, by removing the pad by layers.
If the bruised part does not swell, but forms a raw sore instead,
remove the pressure with the pad and use the White Lotion
freely. The shoulders should be examined carefully each time
the collar is removed and treatment began at first indication of
uritation.

At times, dusting onto the sores of the shoulder, a powder
composed of equal parts of Sulphur, Oxide of Zinc and Sub-
nitrate of Bismuth, or one composed of equal parts of Sulphur,
Oxide of Zinc, and air slaked Lime, will cause them to dry up and
heal nicely.

BRUISES OF THE SHOULDER.—Horses’ shoulders
are quite subject to bruises in various ways. A swelling appears
around the bruised part soon after the injury, and on examina-
tion it is found to contain water or serum.

TREATMENT. —

At first foment with cold water, as in preceding trouble, and
when the serum forms, open and treat as an abscess. See
‘“Abscesses.”’

SHOULDER JOINT LAMENESS.—Not very common,
but sometimes occurs, and the seat of the trouble is usually where
the large muscle of the shoulder passes down through the pulley-
shaped part of the bone on the front of the shoulder joint, or the
joint itself may be affected.

Causes.—A severe strain of the part, which is often caused
by the horse being cast in the stall; from going through deep
snow; from falling; from the kick of another horse, or any severe
blow; and sometimes from rheumatism settling in the joint.

Symptoms.—When horse is walking he will swing the leg
and carry the toe close to the ground; very difficult for him to step
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 273

over obstacles (see ‘‘Sweeny’’). Gets worse with exercise; worse
on soft ground; stumbles. In standing he will bring the foot
well under him, resting on the toe, and allowing the knee to bend
forward; this is to give the shoulder a rest. Horse will flinch
from soreness if shoulder point is pinched.

TREATMENT.—

In all cases of shoulder joint lameness, long rest is needed,
and where there is heat, swelling and soreness to touch, apply either
hot or cold fomentations by applying a heavy folded blanket to
the part and keeping it wet with hot or cold water, re-applying the
water every half hour. Apply for three or four hours each day,
or continuously, and rub well with some good liniment.

After the acute inflammation subsides, discontinue the fomen-
tations and use the liniment, or the blister, if necessary, as in
“Sweeny.’? Long and perfect rest is very important in connection
with the treatment.

SORE BACK AND SADDLE GALLS.—

Causes.—From badly-fitting saddles, when used any length
of time; from saddle sitting too far forward; from wearing a
saddle when not accustomed to it. The back gets bruised,
scalded with sweat, chafed with saddle, and skin rubs off in
places, leaving raw sores. This applies to breast plate, or to
harness saddle, as well as to riding saddle.

TREATMENT.—
Remove cause and treat as ‘‘Scalded, or Galled Shoulders.’’

CHRONIC SORES ON BACK OR SHOULDERS.—

Causes—From neglecting sores on shoulders and on back.
The sores show no tendency to heal and keep raw.

TREATMENT. —
Keep the horse from work. Cauterize the sores with Lunar
Caustic, Tincture of Iodine, or Sulphate of Zinc; afterwards using

remedies as in ‘‘Scalded, or Galled Shoulders.”
18
274 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

SIT-FASTS ON BACK AND SHOULDERS.—These
are large, calloused, tumor-like lumps on the back, as the result
of saddle galls; or on the points of the shoulders, from collar
galls.

Cause.—By continuing the horse at work after the parts are
galled, without removing pressure or giving proper treatment.

TREATMENT.—
If small, they can sometimes be removed by the long-con-
tinued use of Iodine Ointment. See ‘‘Abscesses.’’ If larger,

will have to be removed by cutting out. If possible, get a veteri-
narian for the operation. ‘To remove, make a vertical incision
through the skin over the center of the tumor, then dissect the
skin from the tumor, and the tumor from the muscles underneath.
After the tumor is removed cut a narrow strip from each edge of
the cut in the skin, so that when it is sewed up the skin will lie
close to the muscles; then sew up the cut in the skin nearly to
the bottom, leaving opening for drainage. See ‘‘ Treatment of
Wounds.”’ The next day inject into the wound a little Tincture
of Iodine, and repeat the injection every three or four days,
treating as for ‘‘Abscesses.’’ If, after the wound heals, there is
a little thickening left, use the Iodine Ointment. By clipping the
hair from over the tumor, and rubbing the skin well with a ten
per cent. solution of Cocaine, using about 3% ounce, and waiting
about fifteen minutes, most of the pain of the operation can be
prevented. See ‘‘Local Anzesthetics,’’ page 347.

The horse must be given a long rest, the part thoroughly
healed, and care used when put to work again, or the trouble will
return.

CRAMPS OF THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK
AND LOINS—CHORDES.—tThis disease is of a rheumatic
nature, and is most common in spring, fall, and winter.

Causes.—Exposure to cold and damp by sleeping out on the
ground in wet, cold weather.

Symptoms.—There is swelling of the muscles of the neck
and loins, tenderness on pressure, neck twisted around to one
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 275

side, and is stiff, so that the horse cannot eat from the ground.
The animal under these conditions is stiff and sore all over.

TREATMENT. —

Apply cloths wrung out in hot water, and laid on the sore
muscles. Keep horse in a warm, dry place, blanket warmly.
Give the following:

Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 14 ounce.

   

Saltpeter............. su. 2 Ounces.
Water to make..... we. I pint.

Shake. Dose, 2 ounces in grain, three times
a day.

Feed on a laxative diet, with small dose of Oil, or Epsom
Salts.

SPRAIN OF THE BACK.—

Causes.—By slips, or falls, or by having heavy objects fall
on the animal’s back. ‘The ligaments, and sometimes the cover-
ings to the spinal cord are involved, and though these are
amenable to treatment, the recovery is often slow.

Symptoms.—Sprain of the back is diagnosed by pressing the
thumb and finger along the spine, and by throwing the weight
suddenly on the tender spot, when pain will be evinced. If,
while in action, the animal is made suddenly to halt, pain is
shown by back arching, or bending sidewise, and, perhaps, legs
thrown under the body, as though unable to perform their office
in stopping.

TREATMENT. —

Clip off the hair along the spine and apply a Fly blister,
made by mixing % ounce of Cantharides in 2 ounces of lard.
Smear the blister once daily with lard or vaseline, and repeat
the treatment, if necessary. Give along rest and run in pasture.

BROKEN BACK.—The back is sometimes broken by the
fall of heavy objects, as snow or ice falling from roofs; from falls
through traps or holes; or from being cast for an operation.

Symptoms.—If the spinous processes only are broken, there
will not be much change in outward appearance; but the snap-
ping or cracking that is noticed in fractures will be present, and
276 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

there will probably be some change in the straight outline of the
back. If the back is broken so as to press upon the spinal cord,
it will cut off all sensation and power of motion from all parts
back of fracture. Prick the tail or any part back of injury with
a pin; if there is no sensation, the back is injured and spinal cord
pressed upon. When there is only muscular strain, while there
is inability to move the hind legs, there will be sensation and
ability to move the tail when pricked with a pin.

TREATMENT.—

If spinous processes only are fractured, horse will get well.
Put him into slings if he can stand when raised. If not, leave
him on the floor, for he will be more comfortable unless he can
bear most of his weight when raised. Apply cold water cloths to
fracture, and bathe with a good liniment. After active inflam-
mation has subsided, stop the cold water and just give the horse
time, allowing nature to mend the fracture. If any of the
broken pieces do not reunite and continue to act as irritants, an
abscess will form, and when it is soft and nearly ready to break,
open enough to admit finger and take out pieces. Treat after-
wards as for ‘‘Abscesses.’’ If back is absolutely broken, so that
there is displacement, loss of power in hind parts, and sensation,
the horse should be killed to save suffering.

BROKEN RIBS.—
Causes.—By falling; colliding with trees, or walls while run-
ning away; from kicks from another horse, etc.

Symptoms.—If with no displacement, there will be no exter-
nal change in appearance, and a diagnosis must be based on rapid
breathing, breath being cool; and effort to raise the flanks to
avoid working the ribs in breathing, forming a crease along the
sides of the belly; unwillingness to move; and upon the horse
persistently standing.

If displacement takes place there will be either a bulging in or
out according to whether the ends are tipped in or out, but
usually in, leaving a hollow over the break, and puncturing the
pleura, in which case the symptoms will be aggravated; more
evidences of pain and perhaps some bleeding at the nose, loss of
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 277

appetite for a day or two, and more or less fever, according to
amount of injury done to chest and contents. The injury to the
pleura will cause localized pleurisy, which may become general,
and if the lining itself is injured, inflammation of it may occur.

TREATMENT.—

Put horse in a box stall and foment the injury with hot water
by holding a blanket against it with a surcingle. Watch the
symptoms for pleurisy, and if symptoms of it appear, treat as for
that disorder. See ‘‘Pleurisy.’’

Should there be bleeding, treat as prescribed for under that
head. Give perfect rest until horse is able and willing to take
gentle exercise, which will be in four or five weeks. Two months
should elapse before horse is put to work. Feed on easily
digested laxative diet, bran. scalded oats, Linseed meal, hay or
grass, if in season.

INJURIES TO THE MUSCLES OF THE BELLY—

Causes.—Sometimes from something that turns up and
catches the muscles, from the hook of a cow, or from the kick of
another horse. ;

TREATMENT.—

If a lacerated wound, treat as directed in ‘‘Wounds’’ of that
class. If a puncture, examine to see that there is nothing
remaining in the wound, then treat as for that class of wounds.
If severe enough to allow the bowels to come out, the case is
serious. If out so that horse has trampled on them, there is
nothing to do but destroy the horse, but if not out much, and are
not injured or blackened, throw and secure animal, wash bowels
gently by pouring tepid water over them, and then a weak
Carbolic solution (Carbolic Acid, 1% ounce; water, I quart),
and push them back in place; then stitch up wound and bathe,
afterward applying lotions as for wounds. If opening is large, a
bandage should be put around the body to help support the
stitches. Keep horse quiet and feed on soft feed till wound
heals. With some animals a twist on the upper lip may control
so that it will not be necessary to throw them.
278 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

STAKED.—This is not an uncommon occurrence among
horses.

Causes.—From jumping fences and getting caught on stakes,
from running against stakes in the field, or from injury by
implement handles.

TREATMENT.—

Pull the stake out, if still sticking in the wound, and examine
carefully to see that there are no pieces of wood left in the wound.
There is not usually much bleeding in such cases unless the
stake happens to strike a large vessel, but should there be, and the
vessel cannot be tied, plug the hole with cotton batting and
leave it in for twenty-four hours. Then remove and treat as for
punctured wounds. Keep horse quiet until wound begins to
heal, and feed soft food to keep bowels free.

HIPPED.—This is a term applied where the point of the
hip bone is knocked down.

Causes —From running through a narrow doorway and
striking the sides; from falling on the hard ground, or from any
injury that will break off a piece of the hip bone.

TREATMENT. —

Make the horse as comfortable as possible, and apply hot
fomentations by means of blankets wrung out of hot water, and
then use the following liniment:

Tincture -AMI1C8. «i sivesrsnaescevseaaevezs 2 ounces.
Tincture Opititis..ncossssaveasn coenecsiivs 2 EE
Aqua Ammonia ..........ccccccceecceeeeeee 2 8
Water to make........cccccceceeeeeeeeeeees I pint.

Mix and apply twice or thrice daily until
the swelling and soreness is gone.
In case the hip swells and festers around a piece of bone that will
not reunite, open and remove it, treating the same as for an
abscess. Animal will remain one-sided, and will in some cases go
that way, but will be as useful for common work.

FRACTURE OF THE ILIUM.—The ilium is sometimes
fractured at its small part, just in front of the hip joint.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 279

Causes.—Slipping, falling, sudden turning, etc.

Symptoms.—There will be great lameness, animal scarcely
touching the foot to the ground, and if fracture of this bone is
the cause, by examining, through the rectum, the side of the
pelvic cavity, the broken condition can be recognized, especially
if bones are displaced.

TREATMENT.—

If active and high-strung, keep the horse on his feet for a
day or two, by tying his head up; then place in slings. If this is
done at first, the struggles of the animal will be apt to displace
the bones. If the animal is quiet, put him in a sling at once.
The bones cannot be got at to set; so all that can be done is to
let nature do the work. Feed soft food to keep bowels in order,
and give a long rest, two to six months, to allow union of bones.
‘The muscles of the hip will waste away more or less, but will fill up
again when the horse is able to exercise. If they do not fill in,
give treatment as for ‘‘ Sweeny.”’

In the uniting of the bone, more or less bony material will be
thrown out, forming a bony tumor, and if the animal is a mare,
before breeding her an examination should be had to see that it
will not interfere with parturition.

FALLING AWAY OF THE MUSCLES OF HIPS
AFTER FOALING.—

Causes.—By mare throwing herself; by striking against some-
thing, and bruising the muscles.

Symptoms.—The animal will be noticed as stiff and sore after
foaling, and in a few days there will be a falling away of the in-
jured parts.

TREATMENT.—

Let the mare run out and treat the wasted muscles as for
“Sweeny,’’ using liniment first, and if this is not sufficient, apply
a blister.

SORE TAIL FROM THE CRUPPER.
Causes.—From reining horse too high, drawing crupper too
tight, or from accumulation of filth on the crupper, etc.
280 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Leave off crupper for a few days, and if not clean, see that
it is cleaned and kept so. Slack the rein if from that cause.
Treat wound as in ‘‘Scalded, or Galled Shoulders.’’

FRACTURE OF BONES OF THE TAIL.—

Causes.—Usually from rearing up and falling back on the
haunches. Not common.

TREATMENT.—

Keep animal quiet, and if in fly season, cover animal ¢o that
the tail will not be kept in motion. If swollen, apply cold fomen-
tations and White Lotion (page 263) until swelling is gone.
Bandage moderately tight and leave it on a few days at a time
while the bones are uniting. Keep horse quiet until the bones
unite.

HIP-JOINT LAMENESS.—This is a sprain of the round
ligament of the hip joint.

Causes.—From stepping on a rolling stone that turns and
throws the leg forward; from slipping on the ice; or from falling
and striking on the hip.

Symptoms.—Horse steps short on affected side, and in trot-
ting, every time the leg is raised the hip is also raised; he gets
worse with exercise. When made to stand around with the hind
limbs, keeping the front nearly stationary, the same as he steps
over in the stall, he will be found to be much lamer when step-
ping towards the side of the lame leg. The muscles of the hip
waste away soon after the lameness appears.

TREATMENT.—

If a long-standing case and the joint is diseased, it is prob-
ably incurable, but if taken in time, animal may be cured by
keeping him quiet and fomenting the lame part with hot or cold
water, by placing a folded blanket over the part and keeping it
wet; also use the liniment as in ‘‘Shoulder Joint Lameness.”’
When soreness and swelling are out, blister (see ‘‘To Blister,”’
page 257). Repeat blister in a month or six weeks if necessary.
Put the horse in a sling if he does not lie down.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 281

SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLES OF THE HIP.—This
is, perhaps, more common than hip-joint lameness.

Causes.— By slipping while pulling a heavy load; from slip-
ping by being pulled up too suddenly; by falling; by getting up,
etc.

Symptoms.—There is swelling and soreness of the muscles;
great difficulty in bringing the leg forward if those on the front
of the leg are strained; dislikes very much to pull if those on the
top and back of the hip are strained. When standing, horse does
not always rest the leg, and only shows the lameness when in

action. If one stands directly behind the animal, the swelling is
more noticeable.

TREATMENT.—

Keep animal quiet; bathe well with hot water, three times
daily, or apply hot blanket; after bathing, wipe dry and rub the
parts well with the liniment found in ‘‘Shoulder Joint Lameness,”’
follow with blistering, if necessary. (See ‘‘To Blister,’’ page
257.) Give rest until thoroughly recovered.

DISEASES OF THE FRONT AND
HIND LEGS

CAPPED ELBOW—SHOE-BOIL.—This is an enlarge-
ment at the point of the elbow.

Causes.—From laying the point of the elbow on the hard
floor, or from lying down, so that the elbow-point rests on the
shoe; or from wearing a heavy belly-band on the harness that
rubs the elbow; or by bruising the elbow against the floor in
springing to get up.

Symfptoms.—At first a scurfy wrinkled appearance indicates
the danger, and if cause is not removed, it goes on growing day
by day, until a large tumor is deveioped. Sometimes a large, hot
swelling may form in a few days, very sore to touch, which is not
282 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

usually the case with those of a slow growth. The enlargement
is generally covered with hair, but sometimes it is raw, and has
a proud-flesh-like growth, hence the name ‘‘shoe-boil.’’

TREATMENT.—

If caused by the shoe, have him shod with a short-heeled
shoe, and for a time put a large pad on the leg, so that shoe can-
not strike the part. When hot, sore, and of short duration, give
the horse a laxative of 114 to 2 pints Linseed oil; bathe the parts
with hot water, or apply a poultice until liquid collects; as soon
as this is detected, open at lowest point and treat as for ‘‘Ab-
scess.’’? Inject with Tincture of Iodine, and if any enlargement
is left, use the Iodine Ointment. If no pus forms, continue
fomenting until inflammation subsides, and then use the Iodine
Ointment. If the tumor is solid, like those that occur on the
shoulders, it is best to dissect them out. See discussion under
‘‘Sit-Fasts on Back and Shoulders.’’ Ifa blood-vessel should be cut
during the operation, pick it up and ligate. See ‘‘Treatment of
Wounds.’’ After the tumor is removed, treat as an abscess,
using the Iodine Ointment to remove the thickening that is left.
Sometimes, if the tumor is not too large where it joins the leg—
not over two or three inches through—a string may be tied tight
around it, over skin and all, close to the leg; this cuts off the circu-
lation, and the tumor sloughs in from two to three weeks. Tighten
the string occasionally. After the tumor sloughs, treat the raw
spot as an ordinary sore and it soon closes in. This method causes
extensive swelling, and pain.

With any of the treatments, the horse must be kept standing
until wound has healed.

Nailing a two-inch plank, which is from eight inches to a
foot wide, across the stall a little back of where the front feet
stand, will act as a preventive against the return of the trouble;
in lying down, the under side of the chest strikes against the
plank and raises the body a little, preventing the bruising of the
elbows.

FRACTURES.—
Causes.—Fractures with horses may arise from numberless
ways, but the principal causes, perhaps, are those of running
 

 

 

 

USE.

THE SLING IN
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 283

away and falling, or colliding; being kicked by other animals;
getting a limb through a hole in the stable floor, or through a
bridge, etc.

Fractures are divided into the following classes: Simple,
when nothing else is broken but the bone; compound, when the
ends of the bones pierce through the flesh and skin; complex,
when the bone is shattered in many pieces, and one or more
prick through; transverse, when the bone breaks straight across;
oblique, when bone is broken in a slanting direction; green-stick,
when bone breaks as a green stick, splitting, bending, and
twisting, without breaking directly off. Bones may be cracked
or broken without displacement. Bones of old horses are much
more subject to breaks than those of young ones.

Symptoms.—When a fracture is suspected, manipulate with
the hand and listen, and if grating of ends of bones is heard, the
symptom is unmistakable. Great lameness always accompanies
fracture, be it ever so slight. When the bone is only cracked,
there will be great lameness, with few, if any, conclusive symp-
toms to indicate a break, but by careful examination a sore place
can be felt; horse will not bear weight on the limb, and lifts often
as though in great pain. In all cases there will be a rise in the
pulse and respiration from the nervous shock and pain, more or
less inflammation follows, and the temperature will be raised a
little. In time, if not relieved, all symptoms increase, the nostrils
dilate, the face looks haggard and anxious, the eyes sunken,
the injured limb swells, becomes hot, and in all fatal cases, when
inflammation reaches its height, mortification begins and extends
toward the body, when death is only a question of hours. The
part gets cold and clammy, a peculiar, offensive sweat appears,
the skin, if white, gets purplish, but if black, discoloration can-
not be seen. Pain ceases when mortification sets in.

TREATMENT. —

Treatment is rarely practical except with young, or valuable
animals. If a fracture of the cannon, arm, thigh, femur, shoulder
or back, it is fatal in most all cases, if displacement takes place,
and especially so if a compound or complex fracture. If it is a
fracture of the back, paralysis of all parts back of fracture will
284 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

enstie. In many of the above instances the horse might as well
be killed. If the horse could be kept quiet many of the cases
might be successfully treated, but with the swinging of the leg,
and moving about, the bones will not knit. If it is the shoulder
or thigh, it is so deeply embedded in muscle that it is very dif-
ficult to set the bones, especially if the fracture is oblique, for the
muscles contract and draw the ends of the bones past their proper
positions from two to six inches, and it is impossible to bring the
ends together even with the aid of a pulley and tackle. But, if
it is a fracture of the foot, pastern, fetlock, hip, or any other
part where there is no displacement, a cure can usually be made.
If it is desired to try treatment, put the horse in slings to take
the weight from the injured leg, and to relieve the weight from
the others. Bring the broken ends of the bone together in a:
natural position, then envelop for a distance of five or ter inches,
with Plaster of Paris bandage, or if that is not handy, soak a
piece of sole leather in water until soft, mold it to the form of the
leg and bind it on, so as to keep it perfectly tight and solid, and
in its place. Splints may be used with the leather, or a Starch
bandage is good with splints. Have the starch very stiff, fill the
hair with it and then begin to wind a long strip of cloth, not
tight, but just so as to keep the parts in their places; put on a
quantity of starch with each wind of the bandage; after making
half a dozen turns, put on splints, one on each side, and one on
the back, but none in front; then wind for four or five turns. If
leg swells so as to make bandage too tight, slit bandage up a little
way at either end. Leave on five or six weeks, keeping horse in
slings, just tight enough to give gentle pressure to the belly.
Talk to him, if unruly at first, and he will soon get accustomed to
the conditions.

Should any pieces of bone become detached, they will act as
foreign matter and must be removed. If leg is bandaged, the
condition will be recognized by increased swelling in surrounding
parts, and also in heat and soreness, uneasiness, and increase in
temperature, pulse, and in respiration.

When the hip is broken down—‘‘ hipped '’—there is nothing
to do except to give time, and what constitutional treatment is
indicated. Fracture of the shoulder blade is treated in the same
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 285

way, except that it might be advisable to put the horse in slings.
In all cases watch the symptoms, but it would be well to give the
following:

Fluid Extract Aconite Root............ I drachm.
Spirits of Niter....0......:ccssssssssseseees 4 ounces.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.
Nitrate of Potash...........ccccccssceeees 1¥% ounces.
‘Water to make... ceeeeeereneee I pint.
Mix, and give 2 ounces, three or four times
a day.

Give as long as there is high fever. Give all the cold water to
drink the horse wishes, and give it often. Give liberal, but laxa-
tive, diet.

Plaster of Paris Bandage.—When the broken bone is
in the leg, where there is very little soft tissue covering it, and
consequently very little swelling, a Plaster of Paris splint, or
cast, can be applied directly over the flannel bandage. Pre-
pared Plaster of Paris bandages may be bought at drug stores, or
they can be made by using strips of cheese-cloth or thin cotton
two and a half inches wide and six feet long. These bandages
are liberally sprinkled with Plaster of Paris, which is worked into
the meshes of the cloth and sprinkled on its surface. The band-
age is then rolled up. When ready to apply, the bandages are
placed in a dish of water until thoroughly saturated, which will
be shown when bubbles cease to rise. Now apply bandage over
the fracture, beginning below and winding upward until a jacket
is formed at least one-half inch thick. The plaster cast should
extend as far above and below the fracture as is possible. It isa
good plan to start the plaster bandage at the foot or at a large
joint, in order to prevent its slipping down, as it is likely to do if
the swelling in the part should subside. The plaster soon sets,
and a very firm jacket is formed.

STRIKING THE KNEE (SPEEDY CUT).—This is a
case where the animal strikes the inner, lower part of the knee
with the opposite foot.
286 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Causes.—Faulty conformation is the most prolific cause. It
may happen when the feet grow too long; from defective shoeing;
swelling of the leg; high knee action; and because the chest is
too narrow. Horse is more apt to strike when tired.

Symptoms.—Generally the evidences of striking are easy of
detection, for the parts are tender, swollen, and skin broken.
There may be lameness and occasional tripping or unsteady gait,
when the knee is hit. It only occurs with horses with high
action, and when they trot.

TREATMENT. —

Give the horse rest; wrap a blanket around the knee, holding
it in place with a strap around it above and below the knee; wet
it down with fresh water every half hour, apply the whole of
each day until inflammation and swelling are gone. Bathe well
once a day with White Lotion (page 263), and once a day
with the following:

 

Soap Limiment..........cccccseeseeeseeeens 3 ounces.
Witch Hazel 3 e
DUT PeU tin Oy chawesnveestinewechieaeecacabaeces 2 is

Shake; apply with liberal rubbing.

If it is evident that an abscess is to form, change the fomen-
tation to a poultice, and continue poulticing until abscess points,
and when covering over pus gets thin, open; use extra precaution
not to have knife go too deep; have an assistant hold foot straight
out in front, clasp the knife so that only a little of the point
extends beyond the thumb and finger, and make the opening at the
bottom of the abscess; flush out with water, then inject a little
Iodine and continue poultice for a few days, and then go back to
the fomentations again; inject abscess once a day until it heals,
with a Carbolic Acid solution. If there is any swelling or
thickening afterwards, use Iodine Ointment. (See ‘‘Abscesses.’’)
It is very important that there be no scar or thickening left. Do
not give fast roading until wound is thoroughly healed, and use
a knee boot for some time afterward. Also shoe to prevent
striking. Shoe opposite foot very close on the inside and with a
short heel, turning inside calk lengthwise of shoe, and slant off
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 287

the inner border of the web. Spread the gait by making the
outer web of the shoes much wider than the inner web, thus
making the outside of the shoe heavier. During treatment give
laxative diet and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day.

BROKEN KNEES.—This term is applied to any injury
to the front of the knees.

Cause.—From falling on the knees.

Symptoms.—These will vary much, depending upon the speed
at which the animal is going and the kind of ground fallen upon.
Sometimes there is only a little bruise and the hair brushed off;
at other times the skin is cut; and again, the skin and tendons are
cut, or the joint may be opened, or the bones broken. With the
milder forms there may be no lameness, with the more severe the
lameness will be very great.

TREATMENT .—

If the skin is not broken, apply the fomentations and lotions
as in ‘Speedy Cut,’’ and if an abscess should form later, treat
that as for ‘‘Speedy Cut.’? In opening, have the leg drawn well
forward, with the foot held a foot or more from the ground, so
that horse will jerk away from, instead of against the knife.

If the skin is broken, clean off all dirt by syringing water
into the wound; after the dirt is removed examine to see how
deep the cuts are; if confined to the skin and quite long, put in a
stitch or two, provided they can be put in and not stop drainage,
and then follow with the treatment as above, and in addition flush
out the wound daily with Carbolic Acid lotion:

Carbolic Acid 20.0... ..ceeeeeeeeeeee rere eeees ¥% ounce,
Water ........ccescesecnscrcescnsceesesecowences I pint,

And with the White Lotion (page 263). If, upon exami-
nation, the cuts are seen to be deep, after cleaning apply a poul-
tice and leave on twelve hours, and then remove carefully to see
if there is any synovia (joint oil) on it where it contacted the
wound; if joint oil is present it may be recognized by its looking
much like the white of an egg, except that it is a light yellow
in color. If there is no joint oil, treat as before described; if
there is, treat as an open joint. See ‘‘Open Joint.”’
288 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

If the bones are broken, unless a very valuable breeding
animal, it may as well be destroyed, for if recovery took place
the knee would be stiff.

If the tendons are cut, the chances are that they will not
unite, but treatment may be tried. Stiffen the knee, so as to
keep the ends together, and treat the same as when the joint is
not opened.

In all cases the horse must be kept standing until cured; in
the severer cases he should be given a sling. Give a laxative
diet, and in the milder cases give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter two
or three times a day. In the most severe cases use the following:

Fluid Extract of Aconite............... I drachm.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna...... .... I ounce.
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... % ‘

 

Saltpeter.ciissnccudecssssenscsnsneawan' +. 2 ounces.
Water to make I pint.

Shake. Dose: Two ounces, two or three times a day.

PUFFY ENLARGEMENTS AROUND KNEES
AND FETLOCKS (BURSAL ENLARGEMENTS.)—

Causes.—From striking the knees against the manger while
pawing; from lying on the hard floor; or from any cause that
will bruise the knees or fetlocks.

 

Symptoms.—There is a puffy enlargement, but not sore to
handle, and it feels as if it was full of fluid.

TREATMENT.—

At first apply cold fomentations, as in ‘‘Speedy Cut;’’ follow
this by using the Iodine Ointment, as recommended under
‘‘Abscesses.’’ Continue the use of the ointment for a long time.
Some of these enlargements can be opened the same as for
“Speedy Cut,” or ‘‘Broken Knees,’’ but it best be left to the
judgment of a veterinarian as to when this is practical.

KNEE-SPRUNG—This isnot a disease, but the effect of one.

Causes.—From hard and fast work; from standing in a stall
that has too much slope; or from feeding out of a very high
rack; or from a sprain of the back tendons of the leg. Being
shod with high heels will also cause it. Horses with weak,
small knees are most subject to this trouble.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 289

Symptoms—The appearance; the knees are partly bent; at
first may have to stand at the side and examine carefully to
detect it, but later it is very marked.

TREATMENT.—

If the animal is wanted for work, while being treated, first
make the stall floor level, and feed horse from the floor. Bathe
the legs with cold water twice a day; after drying, apply a good
strong liniment at night and bandage for a few hours; shoe the
horse with a flat shoe, if roads wil! allow. If horse can rest,
turn him out and blister the back cords below the knee if the
back tendons have been strained; above the knee, if not. Use
the Spanish Fly blister. See ‘To Blister,’’ under ‘“‘Ring-Bone.”’
Blister but one leg at a time, treating the other two weeks later.
With cases that have been in existence for some time, the
treatment will be unsuccessful. In some cases the knees can be
straightened by cutting some tendons on the back of the leg,
above the knee. ‘The operation would require a veterinarian.

SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDONS.—

Causes.—Hard driving; too oblique pasterns; slipping; too
small tendons; shoeing with shoes too short at the heels; shoeing
with heels lower than toe calks; allowing the toe to grow too long
or cutting the heels away too much.

Symptoms.—There is more or less swelling and heat along
the sprained tendons; horse will be lame in traveling; and if the
cords are pressed upon, the horse will flinch. Lameness gets
worse with exercise; strikes toe to ground first. Heat and swell-
ing may be close to the knee or down lower; a very little swelling
is easily recognized here, as the parts should be very clean cut.
Straightens the pastern, and points with the lame foot, or may
stand with knee a little sprung.

‘TREATMENT. —

Apply cold fomentations as in “Speedy Cut;’’ use high-heeled
shoe; apply a good strong liniment twice each day. Give long
rest. If liniment fails, apply a Spanish Fly blister. (See ‘‘ To

Blister’? under ‘‘Ring-Bone.’’)
19
290 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT.—

Causes.—From horse stepping crooked, or turning over on
his ankle.

Symptoms.—The animal will be very lame; the joint will be
swollen and sore to handle. Aside from the location of the swell-
ing, the symptoms wili be the same as for ‘‘Sprain of the Back
‘Tendons.’’

TREATMENT.
Give the same treatment as in ‘‘Sprain of the Back Tendons.”’

KNUCKLING, OR COCKED ANKLES.—The fetlocks
are often knuckled forward, but this, like knee-sprung, is only a
symptom of some other trouble. The fetlocks are often mistaken
for the seat of trouble and are uselessly blistered and burned
without benefit.

Causes.—Colts are sometimes born with this condition, but
usually it is only temporary. Horses with erect pasterns are
subject to this condition, especially in the hind legs. Heavy work
in hilly sections; fast work on the track or roads are exciting
causes of knuckling. It may be caused by disease of the suspen-
sory ligaments, or of the back tendons, whereby they are short-
ened; or by disease of the fetlock joint itself.

Symptoms.—The appearance of the fetlock; it is thrown
forward, partly flexed. When first coming on, it may fly back
when pulling, but be thrown forward when standing still.
TREATMENT.—

In colts no treatment is necessary, unless very bad deformity
is present, and then a veterinarian is needed. When knuckling
is begun, relieve the tendons and ligaments by proper shoeing.
Prepare the foot by shortening the toe as much as possible, leav-
ing the heels high; or if the foot is prepared in usual way make
the shoe thin in front and with thick heels or high calks. A
long-heeled shoe with high calks is best for the hind feet. In
the early stages, as soon as the weakness shows, give rest and
treat the fetlock or back tendons, in whichever the trouble lies,
as for ‘‘Sprain of the Back Tendons.’’ If the fomentations and
liniments do not relieve, blister the parts. In cases of long-
standing, treatment will fail to relieve.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 291

INTERFERING, OR STRIKING THE FET-
LOCKS.—An animal is said to interfere when one foot strikes
the opposite leg in passing, during locomotion. It is seen more
often in the hind than in the fore legs. It causes a bruising of
the skin and deeper tissues, and usually there is abrasion of the

surface. Lameness, tripping, and thickening of the parts may
result.

Causes.—Are sometimes from shoeing with too heavy a shoe,
and making a long trip before horse is used to it. Faulty con-
formation is the most prolific cause, which shoeing will largely
correct; too long feet; rough, slippery roads; weakness; ex-
haustion; fast work; or from narrowness of hips.

Symptoms.—The injury, and in severe cases, lameness.

TREATMENT.

Rest. Foment as in ‘‘Speedy Cut’’; apply the White
Lotion (page 263) freely. After sore is gone, use pad for some
time when driving, and shoe as in Speedy Cut to spread action.

WIND-GALLS.—Joints and tendons, where they rub
against another part, are furnished with sacs containing a lubri-
cating fluid called synovia (joint oil). When this sac is over-
distended at the fetlock by reason of excessive secretion of the
fluid, it puffs out on each side at the back upper part of the
joint; the back tendons prevent it from projecting straight, and
so get the double puff. The condition is commonly called
“‘Wind-Galls.’’ It may affect either front of rear limbs.

Causes.—Are often seen in young, over-grown horses, seem-
ingly from too much weight for limbs; from heavy work; exces:
sive knee action; hard roading. Horses used to start heavy loads
on slippery streets are apt to have wind-galls in the hind legs.

Symptoms.—The lump is more or less tense when foot is on
the ground, but soft when picked up. They generally come on
slowly and cause no inconvenience. If caused by excessive strain
of the joint, they develop rapidly, are tense, hot, and cause more
or less lameness; horse stands with joint flexed; walks with short
steps, the toe coming to the ground first.
292 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

The trouble in colts generally disappears after a time without
treatment. If due to severe strain, rest, and apply a high-heeled
shoe. Foment with cold water, and rub well twice a day with a
good liniment; after the acute stage, use the Iodine Ointment.
In cases of long-standing, nothing can be done, unless there is
lameness, in which case blister. See ‘‘To Blister’’ under ‘‘Ring-
Bone.”’

THICKENING AROUND THE FETLOCK.—

Causes.—This is generally from hard work, and from strains
of the joints, interfering, etc., and is often seen in livery horses.

TREATMENT.—

Apply cold fomentations and liniments, with liberal hand-
rubbing; if these fail, use Iodine Ointment. See treatment
for ‘‘Abscesses’’ for the ointment.

BREAK -DOWN—RUPTURE OF THE SUSPEN-
SORY LIGAMENT.—This ligament extends from the knee
to the fetlock, between the back tendons and the large cannon
bone. This may occur in both the fore and hind legs, and is seen in
horses of all ages. In old animals, especially hunters, runners
and trotters, the seat of trouble is nearly always in one or both
front legs. In horses of heavy draught, the ligaments of the
hind legs are the ones most affected.

Symptoms.—When both branches are torn from their attach-
ments to the sessamoids, or both are torn across, lameness comes
on suddenly and is most intense; the fetlock descends, the toe
turns up, and as the animal attempts to walk, leg has the appear-
ance of being broken off at the fetlock. These symptoms are
followed by heat, pain, and swelling of the parts at point of
injury. In milder cases, fetlock will descend only a little, and if
simply a strain and not a complete rupture, will get symptoms as
in ‘‘Sprain of the Fetlock Joint.’’

TREATMENT.—
When rupture has taken place, put the horse in a sling, puta
large wad of cotton at the back of the pastern and bandage tightly
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 293

to help keep the part in place; or, better, put a long-heeled
shoe on, fasten an iron band between the heels, bent the right
shape and extending up the back of the cannon and fasten it below
the knee with a strap; put a pad under the end so it will not irri-
tate the leg. Get the leg up into as nearly a natural position as
possible. Foment and use liniments as in ‘‘Sprains of Back Ten-
dons;’’ afterwards blister. Long rest will be necessary to effect
a cure, and the animal will always be more or less weak.

SPRAIN OF THE STIFLE JOINT.—A strain of the
ligaments of the stifle joint.

Causes.—Slipping is the most common cause, although the
joint may be injured and inflammation set up in other ways.

Symptoms.—Animal cannot bring the leg forward, and it is
very sore when you press around the joint; also swollen the swel-
ling being more or less puffy.

TREATMENT.—

Bathe twice a day for an hour or more with hot water and
vinegar with a little salt in it; after bathing, wipe dry and apply
any good strong liniment (see back part of book). If this fails,
blister (see ‘“T'o Blister,’’ under ‘‘Ring-Bone.’’) Give long rest,
and in severe cases give the animal a sling, so he will not have to
lie down and get up. Much inflammation in this joint is always
serious.

DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLED.
—lIn this case the patella, or knee cap, slips out of the pulley-like
process in the bone in the front part of the stifle joint, and as
soon as this slips out, it locks the joint so the animal cannot
move it.

Causes.—Dislocation ‘is caused by a slip and twist at the same
time, the weight probably being upon that leg at the time. The
horse recovers from the slip and finds himself with the leg as far
back as it can be, having carried the body forward on it, and
when ready to bring the leg forward he is unable to move it. The
leg remains extended backwards until help comes to relieve the

situation.
294 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Syinptoms.—Are as above described. The other legs move
all right, but the one remains with foot extending backward in
one position, as though fastened to the ground. There will be an
enlargement on the outside of the stifle, as the patella always goes
outward.

TREATMENT.—

In most cases this is simple. Have the horse’s head held
and let some one pull forward on a rope fastened to the pastern
of the affected leg while the hand is placed against the enlarge-
ment at the joint and shoved in toward the animal, and forward, as
hard as possible, until the bone goes into its place, after which
the animal is put in a single stall, tied so he cannot lie down, and
‘the joint rubbed with some good strong liniment twice a day for
a few days, and then it is generally best to blister the part,
applying the blister to the outside and inside of the joint; the
inside blisters easily, however, and does not need much rubbing.
Use the Spanish Fly blister. See ‘‘To Blister,’’ under ‘‘Ring-
Bone.”’

PARTIAL DISLOCATION OF THE STIFLE
JOINT.—This usually occurs in young foals when running on
rough grounds, or in colts in the spring, when they are weak,
but sometimes later in life.

Sympitoms.—At first when noticed, the stifle will slip out
and the leg will be locked for a few steps, then it will slip in
with a snap, and he will be all right again. Sometimes there
will be a catch, as it were, followed by the snap. If allowed to
go on, the bones will become diseased and weakened, and the
patella will get part way out and enlarge the groove. The joint
will get larger than natural, and the horse will never have
proper action again.

TREATMENT.—

Put the animal in a single stall, tie so he cannot lie down;
secure foot forward by fastening a strap around the pastern. and
running a rope from it under a surcingle, and tying to a strap
about the neck; tie so the leg is kept just a little ahead of the
other one, and then blister as in the preceding. Keep standing
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 295

for two or three weeks. A sling can be used to rest the animal.

Follow with long rest in small enclosure. Long-standing cases
are incurable.

CRAMP OF THE MUSCLES OF THE THIGH.—
These are sometimes affected with cramp in hard-worked horses,
especially old ones. They are often incorrectly diagnosed, being
mistaken for dislocations of the stifle, and in fact are rarely
recognized except by an expert.

Causes.—Very severe exertion, especially if prolonged; mus-
cles become fatigued, and the nerves in them irritated; then, if
forced to continue work, cramp is very likely to take place.
Sometimes horses, when swimming, are seized with cramps.

Symptoms.—Horse will seem all right, except that he is
laboring from fatigue, when suddenly one or both legs will
cramp, and muscles draw all into knots; a constriction will be
seen in the hollow of the thigh; point of hock is drawn up, and
horse crouches with hind parts. Horse is drawn up and unable
to move. When both legs are affected, horse falls in agony, not
being able to stand. When one is affected, it is usually drawn
upward and backward; he is unable to extend it. May pass off
soon, or last for several hours.

TREATMENT.—

Get hot water as quickly as possible and apply it, bathing
the parts until muscles relax and leg is let down, when the horse
walks as well as ever. Then rub dry and apply the following

liniment:

Tincture of Arnica 2 ounces.
Tincture of Opium
Aqua Ammonia..
Water to make...

Mix, and apply.
In absence of liniment, Tincture of Camphor, Arnica, or hot
vinegar, are good. Give patient a few days’ rest.

 

 
  

SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLE ON FRONT OF THE
HIND LEG, BETWEEN THE HOCK AND STIFLE
JOINT.—This is a sprain of the what is called the flexor
metatarsi.
296 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms—The muscle will be swollen and sore; in moving
the horse forward, when he lifts the leg and attempts to bring it
forward, instead of going forward, it will go backwards and
upwards.

TREATMENT.—
Keep the horse quiet and treat as for ‘‘Sprain of the Back
Tendons.”’

SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLES OF THE INSIDE
OF THE HIND LEG, RUNNING UP FROM THE
HOCK.—

Causes.—From a severe sprain of the leg, by slipping out-
ward when pulling a heavy load.

Symptoms.—There is a thickening of the muscles above the
hock, and the horse will be stiff for a few days; the stiffness will
soon disappear, but if not treated, there may be a permanent
thickening.

TREATMENT. —
Let the animal rest from work, and treat as in foregoing.

BOG SPAVIN.—This is an enlargement, or distension,
along with inflammation of the synovial membranes of the hock
joint, partly on the inside and partly on the front. There is an
excess of joint oil (synovial fluid) secreted, and this bulges out
the capsular ligament at this part of the joint.

Causes.—From severe sprain of the joint; from jumping,
kicking or being kicked; from pricks by forks; or nails in stall
when horse may be kicking.

Symptoms.—There will be a large, soft swelling on the front
and inner side of the hock, just a little above where the enlarge-
ment for bone spavin occurs. It is of the same character as
‘“‘wind-galls;’’ seems filled with air, but it is joint oil, or synovia.
In mild cases there is little lameness, but in bad cases there is
lameness, resembling that of bone spavin, the animal getting
better with exercise.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 297

TREATMENT .—

First try fomentation, along with liniment and liberal hand
rubbing as for ‘‘Sprain of the Back Tendons.”’ If this, with rest,
does not affect a cure in three or four weeks, blister, using
Spanish Fly and Biniodide of Mercury. (See ‘‘To Blister’? under
‘‘Ring-Bone.’’) If blistering fails, firing may be tried. In many
cases, treatment is unsuccessful.

HYDRARTHROSIS.-—A condition affecting the hocks of
large, over-grown colts, the appearance of which is the same as
bog spavin, except there is no lameness; there is the same
puffy enlargement on the inner front aspect of the hock. The
enlargement generally disappears as the animal reaches maturity;
if treated at all, use only some mild liniment, as equal parts of
Soap Liniment and Witch Hazel, with lots of hand rubbing. Do
not break colt until fully matured. Never use more severe treat-
ment unless lameness develops, and then treat as for ‘‘Bog
Spavin.’’

THOROUGHPIN.—This is of the same nature as bog
spavin—a distension of the synovial bursa—but is found in the
back part of the hock.

Causes.—It is produced by many of the same causes that
produce bog spavin; is most often seen in horses that do hard
work, as draft, hack, and stage horses, and those of general
utility. It is often seen in stallions, from weight thrown on hind
legs, and in colts that are large and heavy for their age.

Symptoms.—There are two puffs, one on each side of the
hock, at the bottom of the depression in front of the point of the
hock. If one is pressed against, the one on the other side
becomes larger, and if there is bog spavin, as there frequently is,
if the puff in front is pressed against, both the thoroughpin
enlargements will increase in size, showing that a thoroughpin
and bog spavin affect the same synovial sac, but at a different
place. When lameness is present it is the same as in bog spavin.
298 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT .—

The same as for ‘‘Bog Spavin.’’ When the puffs appear in
young, rapid-growing colts treat as for ‘‘Hydrarthrosis,’’ under
“Bog Spavin.’’

CAPPED HOCK.—The point of the hock is liable to
injury, giving rise to swellings of the nature of a tumor. It is
filled with a watery fluid, slightly tinged with blood. If not
emptied and properly treated they become calloused and changed
into a solid, fibrous mass in a month or so. ‘The callous on the
hock never gets so large as on the elbow, but it is just as hard
and unsightly, and far more noticable.

Causes.—By kicking either in stall or in harness; by sitting
on haunches in getting up; sometimes by runaways; or by
being struck by timber falling on the hocks, or by the breaking
of an evener.

Symptoms.—The points of the hocks are found to be much
swollen; hot and sore to the touch if examined soon after the
injury; later the enlargement becomes puffy like a sac of water,
caused by a serous fluid collecting under the skin; oceasionally
the fluid is synovia. Sometimes the enlargement is hard and
firm.

TREATMENT.—

In the early stages fasten a folded blanket about the hock
and keep wet with cold water; keep on throughout the day and
bathe well night and morning with White Lotion (page 263);
after the acute symptoms have abated, use the Iodine Ointment,
as recommended under ‘‘Abscesses.’’ If this treatment fails and
a fluid collects, open at the bottom and treat as an ‘‘Abscess.”’
Use the Cocaine solution in opening (see OPERATIONS).
After opening, inject a little Tincture of Iodine, and flush out
once a day with Carbolic Lotion. If proud flesh forms at the
opening, use Sulphate of Zinc on it. Use the cold fomentations
after opening, to keep down the swelling, and afterward use
the Iodine Ointment to remove any thickening.

SPRAIN OF THE HOCK JOINT.—
Causes.—Severe slipping, or by getting the foot caught.
_ DISEASES OF THE HORSE 299

 

Symptoms.—Horse is very lame, and keeps the hock stiff in
bringing the leg forward. There is swelling and heat around
the joint.

TREATMENT.—

Foment the hock during the day with hot or cold water, by
wrapping a folded blanket about the hock and keeping it wet.
Night and morning apply some good liniment. Later, if lame-
ness still continues, blister. Spavin is quite apt to develop; if so,
treat as under ‘‘Spavin.”’

FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE HOCK.—
Fractures of the bones of the hock are not very common.

Symptoms.—Horse will be very lame; will hold up leg with
pain; joint will become swollen and sore to touch, and by manip-
ulation the grating of the bones may be heard.

‘TREATMENT.—

If very bad, there is no remedy, and horse had better be
killed. If horse is young and break is not bad, and confined to
small bones in the lower part, put him in a sling, with just pres-
sure enough on the belly to ease the weight on the legs, and
apply a splint if necessary (see ‘‘Fractures’’). If the splint is
not necessary, use fomentations to keep down part of the inflam-
mation; after five or six weeks, blister as for ‘‘Spavin,” and
repeat if necessary.

BLOOD SPAVIN.—This is the enlargement of a vein
which passes over the front of the hock. The symptom is the
enlargement fading above and below into the vein. Do not
attempt to treat.

OPEN JOINT.—This is one of the serious injuries that
horse-flesh is subject to, and it is not uncommon.

Causes.—Cuts, bruises, pricks from nails, from a fork in
handling manure and bedding, falling on the road, and kicks
from other horses, are common causes.

Symptoms.—There is the wound, lameness, swelling around
the injured joint, and leaking from the puncture of an oily-
looking fluid, which is the synovia, or joint oil. In some
300 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

cases the flow of synovia is so slight it cannot be detected; in
such cases apply a poultice, leaving it on twelve hours, and upon
taking it off the synovia can be seen on the poultice, if the joint
was open. The synovia is yellowish, as thick as the white of an
egg, and slippery feeling.

TREATMENT. —

Put the horse in a sling to help keep the joint quiet. If the
wound is large, first clean by pouring water over it, and then
pour over it Carbolic Acid solution, but do not inject into it; if
stitches are necessary, put them in, but do not sew up tight;
stiffen the joint with a splint and apply a poultice at night, and
keep on, during the day, heavy clean bandages wet with cold water;
at night bathe the joint well with White Lotion (page 263), and
in the morning bathe well with a lotion composed of equal parts
of Witch Hazel and Soap Liniment. If the edges of the wound
commence to look red and angry, dust on a little burned Alum.
Continue treatment until after the opening closes and the discharge
stops; after this, continue the cold fomentetions and rub well with
a strong liniment. If the lameness continues, blister, using the
Spanish Fly and Mercury blister (see ‘‘To Blister,’’ under ‘‘Ring:-
Bone’). Do not attempt to close the opening into the joint
quickly; let it close gradually. Internally give the following:

Fluid Extract of Aconite ............... I drachm.

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... J ounce.

Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... % ounce.

Salt peter saz .csswerdocvewseeoucse vasewesedag woes 2 ounces,

Water to make......ccceeessecsseceneeeee I pint.

4 Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, two a three times a
ay.

Depending upon the amount of fever; give for a week, dis-
continue for a few days, and then give again if necessary. Feed
on laxative diet, giving a handful or two of Linseed meal three
times a day, and grass if in season. If the appetite keeps good,
temperature remains near normal, joint does not swell badly, and
limb is held quiet, the symptoms are favorable; if, however,
appetite is lost, fever high, limb badly swollen, and limb kept
swinging, the symptoms are unfavorable, and treatment needs to
be applied more vigorously, if possible; in the later case death is
apt to follow.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 301

 

CURB.—This is a strain and an enlargement of a ligament
on the back of the hock a little below the point. It is seen in
the form of a bowed section, about four inches in length; some-
times it is swollen up as thick as an inch from the healthy form,
and at other times it is hardly noticeable. When in the inflam-
matory stage the disease causes lameness, but when the swelling
is once hardened it seldom does. It is most commonly seen in
sickle or cow-hocked horses.

Causes.—A sprain of the ligament at the back part of the
hock; by getting the hind feet too far under the body; stopping
suddenly and feet slipping under; rearing; backing heavy loads, etc.

Symptoms.—Standing at the side of the horse and opposite
the hind parts, and looking across the legs, you will notice a
curve on the back and lower portion of the hock, instead of a
straight line as in a healthy leg, from the point of the hock to
the fetlock. In recent cases there is lameness, heat, soreness
to touch, and, like all sprains, it grows worse with exercise. In
moving, the horse strikes the toe to the ground first.

TREATMENT.—

If near a blacksmith shop, have a high-heeled shoe put on;
then wrap the joint in a folded blanket and keep it wet with cold
water, applying fresh water every half hour; once a day bathe
freely with White Lotion (page 263), and once with a lotion
composed of equal parts of Witch Hazel and Soap Liniment;
continue until lameness subsides, and then use Iodine Ointment
to help in removing the enlargement (see under ““Abscesses’’).
If the above fails to effect a cure, blister, using the Spanish Fly
and Mercury blister. (See ‘“To Blister’ under “‘Ring-Bone.’’)

CUTTING THE BACK TENDONS.—The back ten-
dons of the hind leg are sometimes cut by the horse backing up
onto something sharp, as mower knives, scythe, corn-cutter, etc.

Symptoms.—The appearance; a wound in the back of the leg
between hock and fetlock, and if both tendons are cut the fetlock
descends so that the horse walks on the back of the pastern; and
upon examining the wound the separated ends of the cut tendon
can be seen.
302 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT. —

Bind a large wad of some material on the back of the pastern
to keep it from going down so far, and get the animal to the
stable; then put on the long-heeled shoe, and attach an iron to
extend up the back of the leg, as with ‘‘Break Down.’’ ‘The leg
must be supported in its natural position, so that the cut ends of the
tendon will come close together, otherwise, when they unite, they
will be too long, and the fetlock will go down too low; dress the
wound with White Lotion (page 263) and the Carbolic solution.
Bandage it loosely, but in putting bandage on and taking it off, do
so gently, so as not to disturb the tendons. If proud flesh starts to
form, keep it down with burned Alum or Sulphate of Zinc. Put
the horse in a sling at once, and keep him there until the part is
entirely healed and strong, which will take from six weeks to two
months. Feed on light, laxative food. If the limb seems to be
weak after the parts have healed, apply a mild blister.

RUPTURE OF THE MUSCLES.—

Causes.—Muscles are sometimes ruptured across the fibres by
over exertion, severe sprains, etc.

Symptoms.—Great lameness is noticed as an early symptom.
Swelling, heat and soreness follow in from two to six hours after
an injury. There is unwillingness, amounting to inability, to
move the affected part. When inflammation has subsided and
swelling is gone, there will be a depression in the muscle at the
seat of injury.

TREATMENT.—

During the active inflammation, apply hot fomentations as
continuously as possible, and also apply, three times a day, the
following anodyne lotion:

Soap Liniment...... 0. cee eeeeeeees 4 ounces.
Tincture of Arnica..........cccccecsseeeees 3 4M
Tincture of Opium ............. sees ai UES
Witch Hazel to make........eeeeeeeeeeee I pint.

When inflammation has gone and the muscle depression is
formed, apply strong liniments or a blister, as for ‘‘Sweeny.’’
“LOOH HO ANOLVNV

220s

          

                

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sugtydoypsay BOY IFES:
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. 8NS ST LIUTLULD T Vv i PROA0OULAL

| f90Y JOLLY FUC

         

DI/NLOULAL

SINSST] DUMALIES ~ UOPUT) LOX Ao

UOT STII

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DISEASES OF THE HORSE 303

 

ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES.—This is a wasting
away, or shrinking, of a muscle or group of muscles, leaving a
flattened or hollow surface in the place of the normal fullness.

Causes.—Sprains, strains, bruises, severe pressure, are prin-
cipal causes. Inaction of a muscle will also produce it.

Symptoms.—A flattened or hollow place will be found in the
place of the muscle. Compare with corresponding muscle of the
other side, and the difference is easily detected.

TREATMENT.—
Treat with strong liniments, friction, blisters, and seton, if
necessary, as recommended under ‘‘Sweeny.’’ It is an atrophy

of the muscles which has to be overcome in that disease.

DISEASES OF THE FEET.

QUITTOR.—This is the name given to a disease of the
foot, when the festering of any sore works up through, and
breaks out on top of the foot at the junction of the hair.

Causes.—It is usually the result of a neglected corn, prick of
a nail, gravel getting into nail-hole, or a severe, poorly cared for
wound at the top of the hoof, working downward.

Symptoms.—It usually occurs on the quarters, anywhere from
the heels to two or three inches forward, but is oftener seen on
the inner quarter, because most corns are found there. After
horse has been lame some time, it makes its appearance by swel-
ling at the coronet, which may reach the size of a hen’s egg. In
the course of a day or two it breaks and discharges matter, when
horse will be relieved of some of the pain, which is intense during
the formative period. Sometimes foot can scarcely be put on the
floor, and may be paining most of the time. When the sore has
been discharging two or three days, the flesh around opening will
turn purple and soft, and the matter will spread, extending each
304 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

way, but more toward the front. In a couple of weeks, pipes will
have formed, pointing downward in all directions, having one
common center in the opening at the top. If let alone, the walls
of the pipes will thicken and harden, and enlargement at the top
increase in size. If allowed to run for three months, the foot be-
comes so full of pipes and so large, hot, and painful, as to require
very persistent treatment to stop disease, and it can never be re-
duced to natural size again. In extreme cases lameness is per-
manent, the toe turns up, and horse walks on his heel.

TREATMENT.—

If taken as soon as it breaks open at the top, poultice the
foot for twenty-four hours to soften the parts. Then give the
diseased part vent at the bottom to allow matter to run out if it
will; but if none is found at the bottom, do not cut hoof to make
it bleed, as that would only make another sore. Open freely at
top and probe with a smooth probe to find depth and direction of
hole. ‘Then follow the probe with a knife, and open right out
and down the hoof, as far as the hole goes, taking out a V-shaped
piece of the wall to allow escape at the bottom, instead of making
it come out of the top. Then sponge out with warm water to
cleanse it, and follow with a lotion made as follows.

Sulphate of Copper.........ccsseeceseeeoee 2 drachms,
Watt aici set eavsnsicaaensvassttseveestcseestace ¥% pint.

Mix, and inject well down into the wound.

Also flush out twice a day with the Carbolic lotion. If after
a week the wound does not appear to be doing well, change the
Copper lotion to the following:

Sulphate Of Zinc.........cesecceeeseeeeeeeee 3 drachms.
WALEED seciatessasvatsreasyagcvasces sessdeners ¥% pint.
Mix

See that the opening is down at the bottom all the time to
let the matter out. Foment or tub the foot the most of each day,
and poultice part of the time at night. Keep the shoe off until
the foot is well enough to work; then put on a bar shoe to pro-
tect the weak quarter.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 305

In very bad cases, where several pipes are running in as
many directions, it is absolutely necessary to open each one fear-
lessly. Then go on with lotions as above, and change occasion-
ally to the following:

Corrosive Sublimate................:.ee0e 15 grains.
Waters assessed lassi seventlececmtucseneds se I pint.
Mix, and inject.

In long continued treatment it is advisable to change the
lotions every week. On account of inflammation, foot will grow
faster, and it should be pared down occasionally. When discharge
is dried up and disease cured, apply Iodine Ointment to the
enlargement to reduce it (see ‘‘Abscesses’’). It is also well in
some cases to apply a blister. (See ‘To Blister,’ under ‘‘Ring-
Bone.’’)

SEEDY TOE.—tThis is a dry, mealy condition of the wall
of the toe.

Causes.—By bruising of the toe, by the clip of shoe being
pounded into toe too tightly; the bruised parts take on a sort of
dry rot, or gangrene, which extends up between the wall and the
laminae. It may occur at other parts of the foot than the toe,
from various causes. It is a separation of the two layers of horn
which compose the crust of the hoof, resulting from disease due
to bruises or faulty condition of the body.

Symptoms.—When shoe is removed, a mealy, whitish-looking
substance will be seen immediately under the wall, at the toe,
running up toward the hair, sometimes an inch or so, and may
be picked or broken down easily with a nail, leaving a hollow
beneath the shell.

TREATMENT.—

Pare away the wall at the toe, after removing the shoe, so
as to take the bearing therefrom. Pick out all the mealy sub-
stance that breaks down easily, and turn in warm tar and press
in a little wad of tow. Replace the shoe, and apply a mild
Spanish Fly blister to the coronet. (See ‘To Blister,’’? under
‘Ring Bone.’’)

20
306 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

CONTRACTIONS OF THE FOOT.— This is most
always the effect of some other disease, especially when bad, such
as navicular disease, corns, sprains of the tendons, ligaments and
muscles of the legs or shoulders. Any long-standing lameness is
always attended with more or less contraction of that foot which
is favored. It may also be the result of bad management in the
stable or blacksmith shop. Leaving shoes on for six, eight or
twelve weeks is a prolific cause of the trouble, as is allowing the
feet to become very dry by standing on a plank floor too much of
the time.

Symptoms.—The horse is lame; if it accompanies some other
disease, the lameness will be characteristic of that disease, and
there will also be a contraction of the foot, especially at the heels.
The hoof will also be hard and dry. If the result of poor care of
the feet, and both are affected, the action will be stilty, striking
the toes to the ground first, and there will be the narrow heels
and dry, hard hoofs.

TREATMENT. —

If the shoes have been on a long time, have them removed
and the feet dressed as for shoeing, but do not cut them too much;
then soften up the feet by fomenting, tubbing, or standing in a
clay puddle (see OPERATIONS). The clay puddle is perhaps the
best. After the feet are well softened, have the horse shod with
bar shoes, giving quite a little frog pressure and leaving out the
heel nails in nailing the shoe on; continue the fomenting, allow-
ing him to stand in the water or puddle two or three hours each
day. Turning in a low pasture is also good. After the bar
shoes are put on, the animal may be given slow work. After the
above treatment has been continued for two months, if there is
still lameness that is not improving, apply a Spanish Fly blister
to the pastern from hoof to fetlock. (See ‘‘To Blister,’’ under
‘‘Ring-Bone.’’)

GRAVEL IN THE FOOT.—

Causes.—Gravel is apt to work up into any sore in the foot,
and cause much trouble. It may get into a corn, or a nail hole
made in shoeing, or by one picked up on the road getting under
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 307

the shoe and working up through the foot. It may get into the
quarter crack, calks, or in other wounds, and it always causes
increased inflammation, by aggravating existing affection.

Symptoms.—There is lameness, oftentimes very severe, for
which there seems to be no cause; by removing the shoe and
examining the foot carefully, may find where gravel entered.
After a time there appears a swelling at the coronet. It is very
sore, gets larger and finally breaks, allowing gravel to escape.
The lameness improves rapidly, often times entirely disappearing
in a few days.

TREATMENT.—

As soon as gravel is suspected, poultice the foot, continuously,
changing morning and night; this hastens the removal of the
gravel; soon after the enlargement appears at the coronet it may
be opened and the process hastened somewhat. After the gravel
escapes treat the wound as for ‘‘Calking,’’ continue the poultice
for two or three days, and keep the hole well flushed out. If
poorly cared for, a quittor is apt to form.

CANKER IN THE FOOT.—Canker of the foot is a
disease due to the rapid reproduction of a vegetable parasite. It
not only destroys the sole and frog, but by setting up a chronic
inflammation in the deeper tissues, prevents the growth of
healthy horn by which the injury might be repaired. Heavy
cart horses are more affected than any other class.

Causes. —The essential element in the production of cankers
is, of course, the presence of the parasite; consequently the dis-
ease may be called contagious. But as in all diseases due to
specific causes, a suitable soil must be found in which to grow,
before they can be reproduced. Dampness is a favorable con-
dition. Filthy stables; muddy roads; and injuries to the feet
that expose the soft tissues, are predisposing causes.

Symptoms.—Usually canker attacks one foot; it may attack
two, three, or all of the feet at once; or, as is more commonly
seen, the disease attacks first one, and then another, until all
may have been successively affected. When disease follows injury
which has exposed the soft tissues of the foot, the wound does
308 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

not heal, but instead there is secreted a thin, watery discharge
from inflamed part, which undermines and destroys the surround-
ing horn, until a large part of sole and frog are diseased. The
living tissues are swollen, dark-colored, and covered at points
with new, soft, yellowish, thready horn, which is constantly
soaked in the abundant secretions. As this secretion escapes to
surrounding parts, it dries and forms small, cheesy masses, com-
posed in part of the partly dried horny matter, exceedingly
offensive to smell. When disease results independent of injury,
the first evidences are the offensive smell, the liquid secretion
from cleft and sides of the frog, and the rotting away of the horn
of frog and sole.

TREATMENT.—

First clean the foot with warm water, and then apply a
poultice containing either a handful of charcoal, or a tablespoon-
ful of Carbolic Acid. The diseased portions of horn are now to
be carefully removed with sharp instruments until only healthy
horn borders the parts. Pare edges of sound horn thin, so that
the swollen, soft tissues may not overlap their borders. Cut off
all prominent points of the soft tissues, shorten the walls of the
foot, and nail on a broad, plain shoe. Give the newly shod foot
a bath for an hour or two a day in a solution made by adding
2 ounces of Sulphate of Iron to a gallon of water. Also use
freely the Carbolic Acid lotion, and White Lotion (page 263).
Saturate cloths with the solutions and bind them onto the
affected part. Change dressings once a day, or even twice a day
at first. When they are removed, all pieces of horny matter,
which are now firmly adherent, must be rubbed off with the
finger, or a piece of cloth. As secretions diminish, dry powders
may prove an advantage, such as Calomel, Sulphate of Iron,
Sulphate of Copper, etc. The sulphates must not be used pure,
but with animal charcoal in the proportion of 1 part of the
sulphate to 8 parts of charcoal. When soft tissues are all horned
over, the dressings should be continued for a time, weak solutions
being used, to prevent recurrence of the disease. If patient is
run down in condition, give the tonic as recommended for ‘‘Chronic
Indigestion.”’
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 309

ACUTE FOUNDER.—This is an inflammation of the

sensitive part of the foot, or what is commonly called the
‘quick.’

Causes.—It may be caused by overwork, in which the feet
are pounded and bruised, causing inflammation of the laminae,
or leaves; inflammation may leave some other part of the body
and go to the feet by a peculiar transference called metastasis, as
in congestion of the lungs, pleurisy, colic, inflammation of the
bowels following parturition, etc. Drinking cold water when
warm, or standing in a draft when heated, will cause it Some-
times a feeding of wheat will cause indigestion and then turn to
a bad case of founder. Over eating of wheat or corn is avery com-
mon cause. Hard driving on dry roads when shoes are poor, or
poor shoeing, may also cause it. Flat feet are predisposed to the
disease.

Symptoms.—The acute form is easily recognized by the horse
being in great pain, persistently standing in one place, as if riveted
there, it being almost impossible to make him move in any direc-
tion, especially backward. He stands with front feet out in front
throwing weight on heels, hind feet drawn well up under him.
He absolutely cannot back, but will hang the body back, throwing
most of the weight on the hind legs and stretching the fore legs as
far forward as he can. If he tries to lift a foot it causes so much
pain in the other one that he ceases trying, and acts as though the
foot were fast on the floor. The pulse is quickened, temperature
raised, mucous membranes become red and injected, breathing
quickened, may sweat profusely , will not lie down, and appetite is
more or less lost. The striking symptom is inability to back; if
an effort is made to force animal back, the body will incline back-
ward without foot motion. When exhausted from standing,
horse will drop, and will lie down most of time afterward, often-
times absolutely refusing to get up. The inflammation is followed
by an effusion of water which separates the leaves or laminae of the
‘“‘quick’’ from the horny part, forcing the toe of the foot downward,
forming pumiced foot if itis not attended to (see “Pumiced Foot’’ ).
Sometimes the inflammation goes on tosuppuration. Matter forms
and extends around the hoofs, and may cause them to drop off in
310 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

very severe cases. If the case is not properly treated, it becomes
incurable, forming what might be called chronic, acute founder.
The animal presents a pitiable sight. He goes hobbling along
with his front feet well out in front of him, keeping the weight
on his heels, his hind feet drawn up under him; the sole of the
hoof is pushed down, the toes become long and turn up, and there
are rough ridges running crosswise of the wall. Acute founder
is one of the most painful conditions the horse is subject to.

TREATMENT.—

The treatment should be prompt and vigorous, in which case
the majority of the cases recover. It is both local and internal.
Locally, wrap the feet in large blankets and keep wet with cold
water, applying the water every fifteen to thirty minutes; where it
is possible the feet may be tubbed (see OPERATIONS), but it is
often impossible to get the animal into the tub. Keep up the
fomentation continuously throughout the day; at night can
change to poultice if it is possible to get the feet up to apply the
poultice; if not, keep up the fomentations well into the night,
and continue them until all inflammation is gone and the lame-
ness subsides. After he is somewhat improved, use the clay
puddle part of the time. If the horse persists in standing, give
him a sling, unless he should lie in it too heavily, in which
case it will have to be taken away. If he lies down, keep the
fomentations on the same, and roll him over three or four times a
day, and keep him lying upon his chest part of the time at
least. After being down for two or three days, best try to get
him onto his feet for a little while. The local treatment is very
important. Remove the shoes as soon as it is possible to do so.

Internally, if from any of the causes except following colic
or inflammation of the intestines, give a purgative (6 drachms of
Aloes, or 34 pound of Epsom Salts); repeat the third day, using a
smaller dose, if the bowels do not move freely. If following colic,
give from a pint toa quart of raw Linseed Oil. Feed a light
laxative diet, and grass if in season; if not, a little hay, scalded
oats, bran mash, and a handful or two of Linseed meal at a feed.
Give water frequently; also give the following:
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 311

Fluid Extract of Aconite................. I drachm.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... 1% ounce.
DAltPCtePisciecescssssssecdceecesersscecssevernas 2 ounces.
Water to make,.....cccesesceccrseseeeees I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, five times between
§ o'clock A. M. and midnight.

After improvement commences, give four times a day, and later
three times a day. After twoor three days, leave the Fluid Extract
of Aconite out of the prescription and put into the prescription in
its place, 3 drachms of the Fluid Extract of Digitalis. After im-
provement is well started, withhold the internal treatment for
two or three days, and then give again for a few days. After
three or four weeks, if there is still some lameness, blister the
pastern from hoof to fetlock, using Spanish Fly blister. (See ‘“T’o
Blister’’ under ‘‘Ring-Bone.’’) Blister only one at a time.

Where the case has been allowed to run, and this acute form
becomes chronic, treat as for ‘‘Pumiced Foot.’’ Also use the
rubber cushion pad when shoeing.

SORE FEET (CHRONIC FOUNDER.)—This is a
form of founder, when it has been of long-standing; has become
a part of the organized system, but is not attended with fever,
other than slight local heat.

Causes. —Hard work, especially driving on hard roads; bad
shoeing, letting the shoe rest too much on the sole; standing on a
dry floor, and letting feet become hard, dry, and contracted.
Flat feet are predisposed to the affection.

Symptoms.—Are a modification of the acute form. In bad
cases there is difficult backing, lameness, pointing of the feet,
first one and then the other; horse will go off with a shambling
gait, as though the legs were all stiff, keeping the feet well out
in front, throwing the weight on the heels, giving chest the
appearance of being drawn in. Some make the mistake of
thinking the chest is foundered. Shoes will be worn off at the
heels, and when pointing them he will extend the feet and rest
them on the heel, turning up toes as much as possible. Horses
with this disease will choose the soft parts of the road. Hoofs
312 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

will feel hot all the time, and there will be uneven growth of
hoof, forming rings. Foot becomes much contracted, and hoofs
brittle. Is worse on hard ground, and much worse going down
hill. Drags the front feet in backing, pulling the straw from
the stall in backing out. While the horse will warm up some
after starting, a long drive always makes him much worse
for a few days afterward. Inturning around short, horse steps
one front foot over the other in a peculiar and awkward manner.

TREATMENT.—

If long-standing, the treatment is generally not very satisfac-
tory. The first thing is to rest and soften the feet; to do this
tub or stand in the clay puddle (see OPERATIONS). Keep the
horse in these at least one-half of each day; if a mild case and
horse is worked some, put him in an hour or two in the morning,
at noon, and again in the evening. Turning into a low pasture
is good; avoid hard roads and keep on soft ground as much as
possible. Keep off from dry, plank floors. Shoe with a bar shoe,
and if flat-footed use a wide web, covering a good part of the sole,
but have the upper surface of the web beveled so as not to press
on the sole, or use the rubber cushion pad in shoeing. If this
treatment fails, blister the pastern as in ‘‘Acute Founder.”’

FLAT FEET AND LOW HEELS.—While this is not
a disease it is a conformation which is very subject to disease,
and in order to prevent the various diseases to which such feet are
subject, careful shoeing is necessary. Do not leave the shoes on
too long without setting; not over four weeks, and in some cases
they should be set oftener. Use a bar shoe, giving a good degree
of frog pressure; have the upper surface of the web beveled so it
will not press upon the sole. The rubber pad is good for this
class of feet.

SHOEING.—While whole books are written upon this
subject, we simply wish to call attention to a few points. In
preparing the foot for the shoe, do not cut too much. If a shoe
has been removed, cut away what has been prevented from wear-
ing away. Cut from the frog only the loose, ragged pieces. The
sides of the bars should not be cut at all; the lower edge can be
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 313

taken off a little if it has grown well down; from the sole remove
only that which has scaled up and partially separated, and
remove enough from the lower border of the wall to bring it even
with the sole; be sure this border of the wallis level. Be careful
about cutting down the heels too much, they need to be left
strong. Never ‘‘open up the heels,’’ as the blacksmith calls it,
which is simply cutting away parts of the bars and frog-struct-
ures that should be left strong. Do not keep a hot shoe against
the hoof for any length of time. In summer, shoe road horses,
especially in front, with plates—shoes without calks. Shoes
should be set every month or six weeks, depending somewhat on
the shape of the foot. It is a good plan to let farm horses which
do not go on the road much, go barefooted for awhile each spring;
and some horses with good feet, and on clay or sandy farms, can
go without shoes allsummer. The feet should be trimmed occa-
sionally, however, and kept in good shape. In shoeing, the front
of the hoof should never be rasped above the nail clinches.

PUMICED FOOT.—This disease is generally the result
of acute founder when disease has been allowed to run too long.
When inflammation in the feet is allowed to run on several days
before treatment is applied, the connection between the sensitive
and insensitive laminae, or leaves, is destroyed by the effusion
that soaks them apart, letting the toe of the bone tip onto the
sole, pushing it down to the ground, and making the lower sur-
face convex, instead of concave as it should be. In some cases
the bone will punch quite through.

Symptoms.—Take up the foot, and instead of seeing a nice,
cup-shaped sole, it will be found bulged down toward the ground,
making it oval the wrong way. If bone is punching through, it
will be seen, and will leave no doubt as to what it is. Horse
will be lame, with all characteristics of chronic founder.

TREATMENT .—

Nothing can be done to cure the disease. Horse will be worth
nothing for road work, but he may be made to work pretty well
on the farm, at slow work by blistering him around the tops of
the hoofs as in chronic founder. Then turn him out for some time
314 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

with a wide-webbed bar shoe, well calked up, and have it well
beveled, so he will not have to bear any weight on the sole of the
foot; have the whole weight come on the wall, and also have the
shoes set regular about once a month. Keep the animal standing in
a moist place. In very bad cases the animal should be destroyed.

CORNS.— Corns generally affect the front feet, but may be
found on all; are also found most on inside heel of front feet, but
may be on outside heel.

Causes.—Horses with weak, flat heels are most subject to
them, and they are usually brought on by bad shoeing, the shoe
resting too heavy on the heel and bruising the sole between the
bar and quarter of the wall. Driving on hard roads has a tendency
to bring on corns; steady driving will also cause them; neglect
on the part of the owner to have shoes set often enough is a com-
mon cause, the foot growing out over the shoe.

Symptoms.—Lameness appears, slight perhaps at first, but
growing worse. Horse will show inclination to favor sore quar-
ter, and shoe is not worn as much on that heel; heat will some-
times be noticed in sore quarter if hand is applied to foot. Trap-
ping with a hammer will make horse flinch when sore part is
reached, and he will thrust foot forward, resting on the toe and
raising heel from the ground. If on both feet, he will point
first one, then the other. If corns are small and not very sore,
he will go better after getting warmed up, but after a rest will be
as bad, or worse, than before. When festered there is great lame-
ness, and he will hardly touch heel to the ground, moving only
with great reluctance. When the shoe is removed and the horny
sole at the quarter cut away, a purple spot is found just before
reaching the sensitive sole, in the angle between the wall and bar,
near the heel.

TREATMENT.—

Remove the shoe, pare out the sole of the quarter well, but do
not cut quite through to sensitive sole unless there is pus, in
which case let it out; the thinning of the sole relieves the pres-
sure; then put foot in a Linseed poultice made up soft with hot
water. Leave it on twenty-four hours, then renew it, While
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 315

poultice is off, examine to see if foot needs any more paring; if
pus has formed a deep hole, you will need to cut hoof away to
allow matter to escape freely; if not well done, it will work up
through the top of the hoof. If cut through to allow escape of
pus, before renewing poultice, pour into the opening a little Car-
bolic Acid solution, and White Lotion (page 263). Repeat dres-
sing once a day until all the soreness is gone, and the horse will
stand on the foot as well as ever; then stop poulticing. If a
proud-flesh-like growth starts to grow from wound, dust into it
burned Alum or Sulphate of Zinc. The hoof pared away will
soon grow again. ‘The foot may be tubbed in place of the
poultice (see ‘‘ Founder’’). When dry, and horse walks sound
on the foot, put a bar on the shoe to protect the weak quarter,
giving frog a gentle pressure. Keep the wound clean until it
fills in with horn. When shoeing afterward, avoid too heavy
bearing on the heels. When quarter has grown out and is
strong, the bar shoe may be replaced with an open one. If the
foot is much contracted, take the bearing off the quarters by
reducing the walls a little, so as to have the appearance of the
shoe having been sprung off the heels, but let the shoe be per-
fectly level, and give quite heavy frog pressure.

A foot that is inclined to have corns should be shod often—
every three or four weeks—and the quarters cleaned out each
time. ‘The bar-shoe may have to be used continuously. Extra
care will have to be taken of feet that have had corns, to keep
them soft. Soak them in a tub of either cold or warm water, or
pack the hoof with Linseed meal or Oil Cake meal, wet up with
warm water. If there is fever in the feet, put on swabs, made of
felt or pieces of old blanket or woolen cloth, folded under the
foot and tied around the pastern, wetting often with hot or cold
water.

THRUSH IN THE FEET.—Thrush is the name given
to a disease of the frog. It is an inflammation and ulceration of
the frog, attended with a very offensive discharge. In some
cases the insensitive frog rots completely off, and the disease
extends down into the cleft.
316 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Causes.—The most common cause is the filthy condition of
stables in which animal is kept. Mares are more apt to contract
the disease in the hind feet when from this cause, while geldings
aud stallions are most apt to have it in the fore feet. Hard work
on rough, stony roads; change from dryness to excessive moist-
ure; muddy streets where mineral substances are plentiful; and
some diseases such as contracted heels, scratches, and navicular
disease predispose to thrush. An unthrifty condition of the sys-
tem predisposes to it.

Symptoms.—At first there is simply increased moisture in the
cleft of the frog, accompanied by an offensive smell. After a
time a considerable discharge takes place—thin, watery, and
highly offensive—changing gradually to a thicker, pus-like mat-
ter, which rapidly destroys the horn of the frog. As the disease
advances, the horse becomes lame and the inflammation may
extend to the back part of the heels. In bad cases the pus
collects and separates the insensitive frog from the sensitive one
underneath.

TREATMENT. —

Keep horse out of wet and dirt, and keep the stable clean.
Trim off all the ragged parts of the frog, clean out holes and crev-
ices and cut away any horny frog that has separated; then poultice
a day or two with Linseed meal, using a Carbolic Acid solution for
making the poultice, and add a handful of charcoal. Then clean
the cleft of frog and grooves on edges, and fill them with dry
Calomel, using a case knife or some instrument to see that all
places are well filled. If discharge is profuse, repeat daily,
otherwise let a day intervene between application. Continue
until all discharge ceases. If horny frog is removed, protect
until a new one is formed by fastening cloth under the bottom of
the foot. In bad cases give internally a laxative and also a tea-
spoonful of Saltpeter three times a day.

NAILS IN THE FEET ; PUNCTURES.—

Causes.—May come from driving a nail against the quick
when shoeing; or a nail may be picked up in the street. It is
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 317

often done by stepping on a board containing a nail, which often
pulls out as horse steps off, or the nail may be broken and left
inside.

Symptoms.— Sudden lameness denotes that something is
wrong. Examine the sole of the foot, and if necessary pull off
the shoe. If a shoe nail has punctured the quick, it will be moist
and black. If a nail is found anywhere in the foot, pull out care-
fully so as not to break it off. Should it break off, pare away the
hoof around it, get hold with nippers and pull it out. If the nail
was in a board and pulled out when the foot was lifted, by care-
fully examining the hole may be found. ‘The lameness will
accord with amount of injury; if the tendon that plays over
the navicular joint is pierced, it will be great, long-continued and
sometimes permanent. In many cases there is high fever, great
pain, restlessness, blowing, redness of eyes, and horse will not lie
down. Will paw or continuously raise the feet. Sometimes loss
of appetite; flanks tucked up, and great pain is evidenced,
especially if wound is in hind foot, and more so still if navicular
joint is punctured. In latter case there will be a discharge of
joint oil, which clots like blood after running out. When dress-
ing, amber-colored matter is found on poultice. In bad cases, leg
swells even to body. ‘There is great heat in foot and leg, and
pain is shown if foot is tapped: There will be a swelling, hard
and hot, in hollow of pastern and around heels, with much tend-
erness to touch. Cases in which the joint is not wounded may
become serious if wound is not properly treated.

TREATMENT.—

When shoe is taken off and puncture is found, pare away the
horn for some distance around the opening, and at the point
where the nail entered, open to the quick; this will remove
pressure when it swells. Then turn in a small quantity of
strong Carbolic solution—1 of Acid to 20 of water. Now
put the foot in a poultice of Linseed meal; change once a
day and examine the wound each time to see that any matter
that forms can escape. Or, instead of the poultice, the foot may
be tubbed, or they may be alternated. (See “Founder’’ for
tubbing). In mild cases, wounds will get well soon, lameness will
318 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

disappear, and horse can be shod and used. If a bad case and
much matter forms, it will extend under the hoof and spread.
In order to prevent this, it is best to remove that part of hoof
which has matter under it. The same rule applies to frog; some-
times matter works under the frog, and it has to be removed, but
a new one forms quickly.

A hot poultice is perhaps best, except when the joint is
punctured, then put on a cold one instead. At each dressing put
on Carbolic lotion, and poultice right over it. Should proud flesh
come up, apply burned Alum or Sulphate of Zinc once a day; if
it comes up suddenly, and large like one’s thumb, cut it off with
perfect safety, then when bleeding stops, apply the Alum or Zinc.
When there is no more matter, and lameness is nearly gone,
leave off poultice and dress once a day with the Carbolic lotion,
also White Lotion (page 263). If joint is opened, the accident
becomes very serious; continue the poultice, and bathe the foot
with White Lotion twice daily. Tub with cold water part
of the time in place of the poultice. Do not try to stop the dis-
charge suddenly. Put a sling under the animal if he will not lie
down. Feed lightly on laxative diet, and give the following
internally:

Fluid Extract Acomite.........ccccceceee 2 drachms
Fluid Extract Belladonna............... 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed........ I ounce.
Saltpetetivsssoeccsnsmsscerncseouetacassecsys 3, ounces.
Water to make........cceecccceeeeseeeeseees I quart.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day.
After giving for five days, discontinue for two
or three days and give again.

Neglected nail pricks are apt to be followed with lock-jaw,
for this reason nail pricks should always be opened freely to
admit the air (see ‘‘Lock-jaw’’). The outer opening of the
puncture should never be allowed to close quickly, but keep freely
open and use strong Carbolic Acid lotion freely. When a valu-
able horse receives a nail prick, it is a good plan to have a veteri-
narian give an injection of the tetanus anti-toxin as a preventive
against lock-jaw.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 319

 

QUARTER CRACKS AND SAND CRACKS.—These
are cracks in the hoof, usually extending lengthwise of the fibre,
though sometimes they may break across the fibre fora distance
of an inch or more. ‘They sometimes extend through the hoof
into the laminae, or quick, and cause lameness. Quarter cracks
occur at the quarters, usually on the inside quarter, on account
of that one being thinner and weaker than the outer one. Sand
cracks may come on the hoof anywhere forward of the quarters,
and are so called because more common in sandy sections.

Causes. —A brittle condition of the hoof, from want of suf-
ficient moisture. Sometimes the hoofs become cracked from the
heating, drying influence of sandy roads, stony pavements in
cities, and long continued want of moisture, A transfer from
pasture to a dry stable floor may produce cracks. Small feet
with hard hoofs, and feet that are excessively large, are more
susceptible to sand cracks than those of better proportions.
Heavy shoes, large nails, and nails set too far back toward the
heels, with such diseases as canker and quittor, occasionally cause
sand cracks, while fast work on hard roads, jumping, injuries to
the coronet, and calk wounds of the feet, when they injure the
coronet, are causes of quarter crack.

Symptoms.—A crack or split in the hoof, which may be only
at top or bottom, and very short, or in the center between top and
bottom; or it may extend from top to bottom. It may extend in
but a little way, or go in to the quick so that soft parts are
pinched between edges of crack, causing great lameness. The
lameness may come on gradually or at once, depending whether
crack extends at once to quick or deepens by degrees. The quar-
ter crack is generally more serious than the sand crack.

TREATMENT.—

Remove the shoe and reduce the wall of that quarter, to take
off bearing, and apply a bar-shoe giving frog pressure. If
broken through into the quick, take a sharp, shoeing knife and
pare down the edges of the crack the whole length, enough
to relieve the pinching, but not through to the quick, and for a
half inch on each side the crack, to make it pliable. Then take
a sharp knife, or a file, and cut across the crack at the top, nearly
320 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

to the quick. Make cut at least an inch long; this is to prevent
the crack from continuing, and the new hoof will grow down sound
and natural. If the crack does not extend to the quick, it is
not necessary to pare away edges. This you may know by the
horse not being lame. It is a good plan to cut across the crack
at the top, and to take off bearing at the bottom, but not to cut
as deep as in severe cases. Then have a plate of iron or copper,
half inch wide, and an inch and one-half long, screwed on across
the crack; have screws about one-fourth of an inch long, and
screw them into the hoof, while the assistant draws the edges of
the crack together with a pair of pincers; the horse at the time
standiug on the other foot to take the weight off the one being
treated. Or, in place of the plate, cut a little shoulder in the
wall, three-quarters of an inch back from the crack on each side;
bend a piece of stiff wire much the shape of a hog ring; fit the
points of the wire against the shoulders and press together with
pincers. If flesh grows up between the edges of the crack, burn
it down with powdered blue vitrol, or burned alum, applied once
aday. When it is dry and the soft parts healed by the vitriol,
dress it with pine tar once aday. ‘To hasten the growth of a
new hoof, keep the feet moist by poulticing, or tubbing, and this
should always be done if crack goes to the quick; or a Spanish
Fly blister applied just above the coronet will hasten the growth
of new horn (see ‘‘To Blister’). Ifa quarter crack is the result
of an injured coronet, which, in healing, left a break in its
substance, it will be very hard to overcome, as the wall will
always be weak at that point. The continual use of a bar-shoe
may support the weight without acrack forming. Great care
should be taken in dressing an injured coronet to see that the
torn edges contact each other perfectly.

CALKS.—Horses wearing shoes with sharp calks are liable
to wounds of the coronary region, either from tramping on them-
selves, or on each other. These are common in draft horses,
especially on rough roads and slippery streets, or where an animal
gets into deep mud or snow. ‘The fore feet are more liable than
the hind ones, and seat of injury is commonly in the quarters.
In the hind feet the wound often results from the animal resting
with the heel of one foot set directly over the front of the other.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 321

TREATMENT.—

As a preventive measure, boots could be used to protect the
coronet of the hind foot, if horse stands with one foot over on
the other.

If the wound is in the skin and of any length over an inch,
take a stitch or more, putting them half an inch apart, but not
in such a way as to prevent drainage. If an artery is cut so as
to bleed a stream, pick up and ligate, or put on a dry sponge, and
bandage it tightly with coarse cotton, and leave on twelve hours;
then take off and dress with Carbolic lotion and bandage again,
but only tight enough to keep parts in place; see ‘‘Treatment of
Wounds.’’ Remove bandage twice a day, and syringe out with
warm water, and afterwards with the Carbolic lotion. Later
apply White Lotion, as given in ‘‘ Wounds,” dressing with
this twice a day, and washing as often as is needed to keep
clear of pus. If wound is inclined to gape open, continue the
bandage a few days.

If the calk is on the coronet, running down under the hoof,
it will fester; pus will accumulate and cause great lameness; part
will swell, and be red, hot, and tender to touch; in some cases
horse is so lame as to prevent putting the foot on the ground at
all. One of the principal points in treating this wound is to
keep the torn ends of the coronet together, so as to have it heal
without any break init. Pare away all ragged edges of the skin
and enough of the hoof, following the sore down, to allow escape
of the pus; remove any hair or other foreign matter that may
have gotten into it; then apply a poultice, after syringing with
Carbolic lotion. Change poultice twice a day, using lotion each
time, and examine wound carefully to see that there is no pocket
containing pus. Cut away no more of the hoof than is necessary
to keep the pus out of the wound, but enough for that. Con-
tinue the poultice, or tub part of the time, till hole fills up and
lameness is nearly or quite gone; then quit the poultice, and use
White Lotion (page 263). Lay horse up until wound is well
enough not to be injured by sand getting into it. If proud flesh
springs up, burn it down with burnt Alum, or Sulphate of Zinc.
When hoof is growing down, apply a mild blister to the coronet,

and trim new growth to keep it smooth. The flesh that fills up
21
322 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the hole must be kept down even with the deep edge of the old
hoof, otherwise the edges press against the flesh and prevent it
from healing. If the coronet is badly torn, unless carefully
brought together, and the wound properly dressed, there will
always be a weak place in the hoof below, which will bother
about cracking.

OVER-REACHING.—An over-reach is where the shoe of
the hind foot strikes and injures the heel or quarter of the fore
foot.

Causes.—Is generally caused by fast driving, and is most
common in trotting and running horses. In trotters it most
commonly happens when the animals break from a trot to a run.

Symptoms.—The coronet at the heel, or quarter, is bruised or
cut, the injury involving the horn as well. When hind foot
strikes well back on heel of the fore foot, catching the shoe—an
accident known as ‘‘grabbing’’—the shoe may be torn from the
fore foot, or horse fall on his knees.

TREATMENT.—

The treatment is much the same as for calking, depending
somewhat upon the nature of the wound. Sometimes the wound
can be sewed, sometimes not. Cold fomentations, Carbolic lotion
and White Lotion (page 263) are to be used. Keep wound clean
by syringing. If part becomes inflamed and fomentations do not
overcome it, poultice part of the time.

When horse is known to be subject to over-reaching, he
should never be driven fast without quarter boots, which are
made for protecting the heels and quarters. If there is a dispo-
sition to ‘‘grab,’’ treat as for ‘‘Forging.’’

FORGING.—Forging is the habit of clacking the fore and
hind shoes together when trotting. The only real harm is the
wearing off of the toe of the hind foot, but it is very annoying to
the driver, and fatiguing to the horse. As the fore foot is being
raised off the ground, with the heel already raised, and the foot
in the act of rolling on the toe, the toe of the hind foot comes
flying in under the heel of the fore, and the two shoes come
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 323

together, the toe of the hind against the underside of the web of
the fore, making the clacking noise. It often wears off the toe
of the hind foot badly. With some horses the hind shoe is apt
to grab the front one and pull it off, or cause the horse to fall.

TREATMENT.—

Increase the action and activity of the fore leg, to get the
foot out of the way of the hind foot. To do this, keep the toe
of the front foot as short as possible, raise the heels a little by
using longer heel, than toe, calks; and with most forgers, shoe
rather heavy in front. Slow up the hind feet by shoeing light,
by letting the toe grow iong, and by raising the toe just a little
by using longer toe calks. With some horses it is impossible to
overcome the difficulty, and they will need to be kept at slow
work.

If there is a tendency to grab the front shoe, keep its heels
as short as possible so that the hind shoe cannot catch them.

BRUISES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT; STONE
BRUISES.—

Causes.—Stepping on stones or other hard substances; or
from wide-webbed shoe pressing on the sole.

Symptoms.—The horse, in traveling, steps either long or short
to keep on heel or toe of the affected foot; by tapping the sole of
the foot with a hammer, he will flinch when the bruised spot is
struck. If not attended to, symptoms will be more severe; horse
will hardly be able to put foot to the ground, and it will be hot
and swollen around the top.

TREATMENT. —

Remove the shoe and find affected spot by tapping on the
sole with a hammer, and if there is no signs of festering, put on
a poultice of bran and Linseed meal in equal parts, or tub the
foot. Change poultice twice a day until the soreness is all out.
Should there be signs of festering, pare a hole in through the sole
to allow escape of matter; flush out with Carbolic lotion, then
poultice as above directed until animal is better. Use Carbolic
lotion and White Lotion (page 263) in treating wound each time,
324 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

before applying poultice. If proud flesh starts, apply burned
Alum or Sulphate of Zinc. Give laxative diet and a teaspoonful
or Saltpeter three times a day in his feed.

FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT.—

Causes. —By striking the foot with great force against any
substance, especially if the foot receives the blow on the quarter;
by being run over by a loaded wagon; or by being stepped on by
a heavy horse.

Symptoms. —Extreme lameness comes on suddenly, soon after
the accident, and increases with time. The foot swells around
the coronet, and horse will not put any weight on it at all.

TREATMENT. —

All that can be done is to keep down the inflammation as
much as possible by tubbing and poulticing. Give the horse a
sling so he will not try to liedown. Long rest will be necessary,
if recovery takes place at ali.

FALSE QUARTER.—This is a term applied when there
is a more or less separation of the quarter from the toe by a bad
quarter crack, or an irregular growing of the horn of the quarter.

Causes.—An injury to the coronet, from which the hoof
grows. Very apt to follow severe calking unless injury is properly
treated. ‘This causes an alteration of the horn of the hoof below,
corresponding to the extent of the injury.

Symptoms.—There is a crack or depression in the hoof, vary-
ing in width, and depth with the extent of the injury. Animal
may not be lame, but a misstep is apt to cause the thin hoof to
crack and produce lameness.

TREATMENT.—

Apply a bar-shoe, giving frog pressure and removing pressure
from the affected quarter; also strengthen, as recommended in
treatment for ‘‘Quarter Crack.”

COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS—NAVICULAR DIS.
EASE.—OCne of the back tendons passes down the back of the
jeg, enters the hoof in front of the frog, beneath the navicular
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 325

bone, that lies directly above the frog, and attaches itself toa
rough hollow on the sole of the coffin bone. Disease in that part
of the tendon, which contacts the navicular bone, is navicular
disease. The tendon becomes inflamed, inflammation extends to
the navicular bone, which becomes rough and porous, the tendon
and bone growing together in bad cases. In some cases disease
begins with the bone. The disease is much oftener seen in the
citv than in the country.

Causes.—Severe sprains of the tendon in its lower portion;
any severe bruise on the frog or heels; the prick of a nail entering
the foot far enough to wound the tendon, or joint; and severe
contraction of the foot might cause it by pressure on the navicular
bone, interrupting nutrition, and thereby setting up disease.
Hard driving on pavements, or hard dry roads, or by allowing
feet to become hard and dry, also act as causes.

Symptoms.—The lameness comes on gradually, and at first
may be very slight when first starting, but later it becomes
continuous, and is always worse when he first starts. It will
improve as he gets warmed up, though not so as to go sound, for
the tendon being inflamed, it is impossible for the lameness to dis-
appear altogether. Horse will wear shoes out most at the toes,
will point feet when standing, alternating if both are affected,
and rest them on the toes. As disease progresses the gait
becomes short, horse is liable to stumble, going too much on his
toes, forming lameness known as ‘‘groggy lameness.’’ ‘The horse
keeps his feet well back under him, which distinguishes it from
founder, in which the feet are kept out in front, and weight
thrown onto the heels, The pastern will be straightened up
nearer the perpendicular than is natural. The feet will become
contracted, especially at the heels; the heels getting high, the
frog small and dry.

TREATMENT.—

As a general thing treatment is very unsatisfactory, and with
cases that have existed for any length of time is alleviative only.
As soon as the first symptoms of lameness are noticed—slight
lameness, with inclination to stumble, going out a little lame and
improving on warming up, with exercise—put on a high-heeled
326 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

shoe, give the horse long rest, and tub the feet, or allow the
horse to stand in a clay puddle half of each day; the remainder
of the day keep the horse in a low pasture, or in a box stall with
a damp, dirt floor. Continue the treatment for a month or two,
and if there is still some lameness, blister from hoof to fetlock
with Spanish Fly blister (see ‘‘To Blister’ under ‘‘Ring-Bone’’);
follow this with another month or two of the previous treatment.
If taken at the very outset, this line of treatment may benefit
materially, if it does not cure. If the disease is well seated
all that can be done is to alleviate as much as possible. To do
this, shoe with high-heel calks, or use a rolling-motion shoe—
a shoe with the web extra thick at the heels, but commences a
a little back of the center and tapers down until very thin at the
toe. Keep the feet moist and soft by standing the horse in a clay
puddle a portion of the time. Turn into low pastures when
possible. Keep off of hard roads as much as possible and give
slow work. With severe, confirmed cases the horse may be
nerved; the operation consists in cutting the nerves which lead
to the foot, thus destroying sensation. ‘The operation would
need be performed by a veterinarian. It does not cure the dis-
ease, simply stops the lameness. The horse may do good work
for a number of years after the operation, or he may go down in
a short time; he will not save the feet as much as before opera-
tion, and the extra strain may break the weakened tendon where
it passes over the bone. The foot of the horse that has been
nerved should be carefully watched to see that it is not injured
in any way.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 327

 

HOW TO BREAK OF VICES

GNAWING THE MANGER AND CLOTHING.—This
habit, especially gnawing the manger, indicates a derangement of
the digestive organs, a want of salt, or is simply the product of
idleness. Blanket tearing sometimes results from horse being
too warm, more particularly when horse is fat; the skin gets hot
and itches, and he would be much more comfortable without the
blanket. In some cases he might need medical treatment.

TREATMENT. —

If animal is unthrifty, give treatment for ‘‘Chronic Indiges-
tion’? and for ‘‘Worms.’’ If the result of idleness, give plenty of
work and feed accordingly. If the habit is persisted in, smear
manger with asafetida, or cover edge with sheet iron. If a
blanket is a real necessity, the horse can be prevented from tear-
ing it, by tying a stick from the check piece of the halter to the
surcingle. If the skin shows disease of any kind, treat accord-

ingly.
KICKING WHILE EATING GRAIN.—This is an out-

growth of idleness in connection with nervous disposition. The
horse, while eating his grain, will kick the side of his stall four or
five times a minute. This he may do with one foot, or he may
alternate, using first one and then the other.

TREATMENT.—

Tie a piece of chain, a foct or two in length, to the pastern
of the foot used; this will sometimes prove effectual. Another
plan is to run a small rope from a collar under a surcingle to the
foot. Or, place the feed box rather high, so that his head will

be kept well up.

WASTING GRAIN.—This is a habit of taking up grain
into the mouth and then, by swinging the head around, lose a
large amount of it. In some cases is due to the animal holding
his head sidewise from diseased teeth.
328 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

If the teeth are at fault give treatment as is recommended in
such cases. If not from this, spread the grain out in a thin layer
over the bottom of a large manger, so that his time will be fully
employed picking it up; or, if fed in a small feed box, place a few
stones the size of a man’s fist in the box; the grain will sift in
among these and he can get but a small mouthful at a time

PULLING BACK AND BREAKING HALTER.—
This commonly originates from fright, when by suddenly jump-
ing back the halter is broken. The animal knowing that what
has been once done can be done again, repeats, and it finally
becomes a vice.

TREATMENT.—

Have a very strong halter, and tie animal high on the
manger; this will give the horse less power to pull than when tied
low. Another way is to take a long rope, pass one end around
the body just in front of the hips and tie in a slip-knot; pass the
other end underneath a surcingle, between the front legs, through
the ring in the halter, and tie to the manger. He will make
only a very few attempts to break loose.

CRIBBING AND WIND-SUCKING.— (See page 99.)

BALKING.—The best way to break a horse of balking is
never to be in a hurry, but, rather let him stand to his heart’s
content; avoid hitching him to any load he cannot pull easily;
coax and pat him; feed him apples, salt and sugar, etc., out of
the hand; if checked, uncheck him; pull his ears; hold up one
front foot for a time; try to divert his attention. If possible, let
the same person drive him. If these fail, and he is with a trusty
herse, back the trusty one as far as possible, and lead the balky
one up; take a good sized rope, put it around the flank of the
balky horse, and tie in a slip-knot, but so it cannot slip only so
tight, but tight enough to pinch him in good shape; tie the other
end to the hame of the other horse, and start him gently. This
should not be resorted to if there is a heavy load behind the
horses, or if he has any reasonable excuse for balking. Never
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 329

get the horse that has a tendency to balk into a tight place. No
two balky horses are exactly alike, so the disposition must be
studied, and the animal treated accordingly. In all cases, how-
ever, use kindness. The habit is most often formed by over-
loading young horses, or by asking them to pull when very tired.
A disposition which tends toward balking may be inherited, and
animals inheriting this disposition should be carefully handled
when young.

POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES

Horses are frequently poisoned in various ways: by eating
noxious plants; by getting poisons left in the stable; and some-
times by overdoses of strong medicines. Malicious persons, from
motives of revenge, may be the cause of horses being poisoned.
Therefore it is well to know something of the nature of common
poisons, and also the simpler antidotes. It might be a good
investment to commit to memory these few general directions:
When an animal is poisoned by an alkali, give him an acid, such
as vinegar, etc. For poisoning by an acid, give an alkali, such
as Bicarbonate of Soda (Baking Soda). ‘These articles are nearly
always at hand.

POISONING BY DRUGS AND MINERALS.—

Aconite is frequently given in an overdose, and causes
profuse perspiration; spasm of the glottis, seen in the continual
swallowing when there is nothing to swallow; congestion of the
lungs, with difficult breathing; inflammation of the stomach and
bowels; and quick pulse, gradually becoming imperceptible.
Antidote—Give stimulants, Alcohol or Whiskey; if these are not
at hand give strong Coffee in pint doses every fifteen minutes
until relieved. One-half to 1 grain of Atropine dissolved in a
little water and given by the mouth helps counteract the action
on the heart.
330 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Arsenic is at times the cause of poisoning. It is a cor-
rosive irritant poison, causing diarrhea, mucus discharge from
the eyes and nose, a quick, wiry pulse, and injected mucous
membranes. Antidote—The best chemical antidote is Sesquioxide
of Iron (iron rust). To prepare, dissolve Copperas and Bicarbon-
ate of Soda separately in water and then mix the two solutions,
when iron rust will fall to the bottom. Wash it with warm
water, put in a bottle, and give 3 or 4 tablespoonfuls every ten to
fifteen minutes. Being insoluble, it will have to be washed down
the horse’s throat with plenty of hot water from the bottle.
When this remedy is absent, give eggs, milk, powdered charcoal,
or blue clay. Also give an ounce of Laudanum to help counter-
act irritation of digestive tract.

Aloes in large doses is poisonous. It produces diarrhea and
superpurgation; dryness of the mouth; yawning and straining;
quick, hard pulse, gradually becoming imperceptible; injected
mucous membranes, and sometimes irritation of the kidneys.
Antidote—Give powdered Ipecacuanha in 14-drachm doses every
hour; starch gruel, internally, and cold injections of the same
into the rectum, with 1 ounce of Laudanum in each injection,
repeating gruel and injection every hour; Opium in 1-drachm
doses, or r-ounce doses of Laudanum every four to six hours;
chalk, port wine, or any drugs used to counteract diarrhea, and
hot fomentations to the belly. Give alcohol to stimulate the
heart.

Ammonia, Carbonate, is sometimes given in too large
doses, or not sufficiently diluted, when mouth, throat, and
stomach become blistered and burned, and salivation follows.
Antidote—Give Olive Oil in doses of two to three tablespoonfuls,
five or six times a day; also milk and eggs.

Belladonna is a favorite remedy in some cases, but if given
in too large doses is a poison. ‘There is dilatation of the pupils of
the eyes; stupor, swelling of the head, and delirium. On post-
mortem the blood will be found fluid, and decomposition sets in
early. Antidote—Give Alcohol, Whiskey, or strong Coffee, as
with Aconite poisoning; apply Mustard to the chest and cold to
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 331

the head; give milk and Linseed Oil—a pint of each, mixed—
and gentle exercise, and also a tablespoonful of Saltpeter,

Calomel is a corrosive, irritant poison, and causes a dis-
charge of black, offensive manure, diarrhea, with great depres-
sion. Antidote—Give Opium in 1-drachm doses, or Laudanum,
t-ounce doses three times a day; also use Flaxseed tea.

Cantharides (Spanish Fly) is a narcotic, irritant poison,
causing inflammation of the urino-genital organs; imperceptible
pulse, and injected mucous membranes. Antidotes—Give 1 pint
Linseed Oil, which follow after an hour with large quantities of
Flaxseed tea or mucilage; apply hot cloths to the loins; give
xtarch gruel injections, with an ounce of Laudanum in each in-
jection; or Opium in 1-drachm doses, or Laudanum in 1-ounce
doses, three or four times a day. Give drachm doses Fluid Ex-
tract Belladonna three or four times a day.

Chloroform is a narcotic poison. It causes a slow pulse;
slow, heavy breathing; insensibility to pain; muscular twitch-
ings; dilatation of the pupils; foaming at the mouth, and stupor.
Antidote.—Throw cold water over the animal; raise and lower
the fore legs continuously; pound the chest to induce respira-
tion; use bellows at the nostrils; if possible, give Alcohol or
Whisky, if not, have him inhale fumes of Ammonia.

Chloral Hydrate is similar, both in effects and antidotes,
to Chloroform.

Croton Oil is an acrid, irritant poison. It may be either
swallowed or absorbed from the skin, and causes inflammation of
the stomach and bowels, drastic purgation, and great prostration.
The treatment is that for ‘‘ Diarrhea, or Superpurgation.’’

Copper Sulphate is a corrosive irritant poison, bring-
ing on inflammation of the stomach and bowels, and diarrhea;
ulceration, perforation, and thickening of the mucous membranes;
quick, hard, almost imperceptible pulse; and when near smelting
works, emaciation, paralysis, and bony disease of the joints. These
332 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

latter symptoms characterize the chronic, slow poisoning resulting
from grazing in the vicinity of such works, and inhaling the
condensed fumes, or eating the poison-tainted grass; the remedy
is: To remove from that vicinity. In cases of acute poisoning
give a pint of Linseed Oil, eggs, soap in small quantities, and
milk, or Flaxseed tea.

Corrosive Sublimate is frequently taken in the form of
rat poison, and is an irritative, corrosive poison, causing inflam-
mation of the stomach and bowels, fetid diarrhea, salivation,
fetid breath, quick, weak pulse, and yellow appearance of the
mucous membranes. Axtidote—Give milk and eggs in large
quantities, with occasional doses of opium in 1-drachm doses.

Ergot of Rye is a fungus that grows on rye and other
kinds of grain, and is developed on low, undrained soils by long
continued damp weather. In large amounts it causes narcotism,
colic, diarrhea, and perverted nervous action; impairs the appetite;
induces weakness and wasting, and serous, sometimes bloody,
discharges from the mucous surfaces; and in a chronic case,
sloughing of the ears, tail, and even of the limbs. <Avtidote—
Give a pint of Linseed Oil, and follow it with large quantities of
Flaxseed tea, and give % ounce of Ether in % pint of water
three to four times a day.

Iron Sulphate is a corrosive, irritant poison, causing the
same symptoms as the Sulphate of Copper. Amtidote—Tannic Acid,
2 drachms in % pint of water, or Bicarbonate of Soda, 1 ounce.
After a few minutes give large quantities of Flaxseed tea.
Repeat the whole treatment every few hours.

Nux Vomica is an irritant poison, and causes tetanic
spasms and general convulsions; convulsions of the diaphragm,
causing labored breathing, and sometimes asphyxia. Amtidote—
Give Chloral Hydrate in doses of 1%4 ounce every two hours, with
an occasional dose of opium—z1 drachm; also 1 ounce of laudanum,
repeated in an hour, or Fluid Extract of Belladonna 1 drachm.
Avoid exciting animal in any way.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 333

 

Opium is a narcotic poison, producing partial or total
paralysis, stupor, labored breathing, slow pulse, and contracted
pupils. After death the blood is fluid, and decomposition sets in
early. Antidote—Shower with cold water, give Tannic Acid 2
drachms, and an occasional dose of Sweet Spirits of Niter, %
ounce at a time; also 1-ounce doses of Alcohol, and a dose or two
of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, 1 drachm at a time, and compel
horse to take exercise.

Lead, in all its forms, is a corrosive, irritant poison, which,
in acute cases, produces violent constipation, delirium, colic pains,
tremor of the muscles, and inflammation of the stomach and
bowels. In chronic cases, where the symptoms develop slowly,
there will be noticed what is called ‘‘Plumbism,’’ bony deposits,
solidifying of the joints, paralysis, staring coat, a blue line around
the gums, emaciation, quick and wiry pulse; black feces that are
glazed and fetid, the abdomen tucked up, and constant moaning.
Antidote—Give Epsom Salts, 4 to 8 ounces; after an hour give
Iodide of Potash, 2 to 3 drachms; accompany any of these with
occasional doses of Opium, 1 drachm. Put Mustard paste on the
belly, and use large quantities of Flaxseed tea.

Nitrate of Potash—Saltpeter, in large doses, is an irritant
poison, causing inflammation of the stomach, bowels and kidneys,
injected membranes, inflammation of the gullet, colic, and the
like, and it has a powerful sedative action on the heart. Andéi-
dote—Give Linseed Oil and follow it with Flaxseed tea and
Whiskey; also give vinegar; put Mustard paste on the belly and
over the gullet.

Strychnine is to be treated the same as Nux Vomica.

Turpentine is an irritant poison, causing inflammation of the
intestinal tract, strangury of the kidneys, quick and hard pulse,
diarrhea, and a violet odor and a high color to the urine. Az#t-
dote—Give a pint dose of Oil, with Starch gruel and Laudanum,
both internally and as an injection; if these are not at hand, give
milk; put hot cloths on the loins.

White Hellebore is an irritant poison, causing intermittent
pulse, inflammation of the stomach and bowels, diarrhea, spasms
334 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

of the superficial muscles, salivation and great prostration. It
may be absorbed from the skin, as well as taken internally, doing
damage in either case. Awntidofe—Give eggs and milk in large
quantities, and small doses of Olive Oil and Sweet Spirits of
Niter.

POISONING WHILE GRAZING.—

While animals, as a general thing, refuse to eat plants which
are poisonous, yet, under certain conditions, such as poor, short,
or dry pasture, or where the poisonous plant is mixed with hay,
they may eat suificient quantities to produce poisoning.

Prevention is the principal treatment. Do not allow animals
to pasture where the poisonous plants grow, and especially so if
the pasture is short and dry, and the plant green. The medicinal
treatment is to counteract symptoms; if weak heart, with prostra-
tion, give Alcohol or other stimulants, with a little Strychnine or
Nux Vomica; if convulsions, give quieting drugs, as Chloral
Hydrate, Belladonna, Opium. Oil or Linseed gruel is always
good, as it counteracts the irritation to the digestive tract, if
present. Permanganate of Potash in 14 drachm doses in a quart
of water, for the horse, is of great value. The following are
plants that have the reputation of being more or less poisonous:

The Larkspurs—Some species being more poisonous than
others.

The Black Cherry—The leaves or fruit, when taken in
sufficient quantities, have been known to poison.

Loco Weed poisoning is treated in connection with the
nervous disorder (see ‘‘Loco Disease’).

Water Hemlock, a plant growing in damp, marshy places,
one of the most poisonous plants growing in the United States;
the roots seem to possess the greatest amount of the poisonous
principle, and animals have been poisoned by eating them.

Poison Hemlock, another species of hemlock, also called
spotted parsley and by a number of other names, is also poisonous.
The poison is found in the seeds and leaves.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE _ 335

Laurels.—There are a number of species which possess
poisonous properties, and deaths have been reported where animals
have eaten the leaves and smaller stems.

Horsetail is also claimed to be poisonous to horses when fed
in their hay for any length of time. The weed should be removed
from the hay before it is fed.

Millet has been proved by experience to be a slow poison
when fed as a fodder alone. ‘The term ‘‘Millet Disease’’ has
been adopted as a name in some parts. Principal symptoms are
those of increased action of the kidneys, with lameness and swel-
ling of the joints. There is infusion of blood into the joints, the
bone texture is destroyed, rendering it soft and less tenacious, so
that ligaments and muscles are easily torn loose. Axztidote—Dis-
continue the feeding of millet, give other foods, and use tonics as
for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.”’

VEGETABLE POISONING BY CONTACT.—

Poisoning by the skin, the same as with people, is not an
uncommon occurrence, from the nose or lips coming in contact
with poisonous plants in grazing, such as poison oak, poison ivy,
poison sumac, St. John’s wort, etc. The symptoms of such poison
ing are about those manifested by man from the same cause,

Antidotes — Are both constitutional and local. Internally
give a laxative of Oil; and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a
day. Locally wash the affected parts with the following:

Sugar of Lead......cceceeeeeesseteeeeens 1¥% ounces,
Alcohol ces vcnvesisapsenssne Svesectuaeraedsts I pint.
Watet di saciscssveseaesvnsasneseesaies teases I pint.

Shake. Apply as a wash, two or three times
a day.

POISONING BY STINGS OR SNAKE BITE.—

In many sections the farmer is liable to have his team
severely stung, by hornets, bumble-bees, or the like; while in the
Southwest the torture inflicted on stock by swarms of gnats and
poisonous flies is quite as serious. Horses are also bitten some-

imes by venomous snakes.
336 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

For stings, any of the following remedies may be used: A
strong solution of salt and water. Onion juice is another good
remedy. In severe cases bathe with Ammonia water (strong
Ammonia, two or three ounces to a pint of water, or the weak
Ammonia with an equal part of water.) Sponging the parts
with lime water, or with a weak solution of soda and water, and
following this by smearing over with Linseed oil is very good.
To protect against gad-flies, wash the flanks and parts most
likely to be attacked, with a strong infusion of the green bark of
the common elder. As a protection against, buffalo gnats, that
are very troublesome in some parts, smear the parts they most
attack with a mixture of lard, 2 parts; tar, 1 part; or equal parts
of petroleum, lard oil, or bacon drippings, and tar.

For the bite of a rattlesnake, or other venomous serpent,
give as quickly as possible:

Parts horns cei eses solic sees Sanu ieetuasets 1 teaspoonful
Whiskey sj sntacteresceaisvameaa ¥% pint or, 3 ounces Alcohol.
Wart, waters secesssvenesseveseccsnexees I pint.

Mix, and give. Repeat the mixture in half
an hour, and again in one hour after, as symp-
toms indicate.

Cauterize the wound at once with a hot iron at white heat,
and keep the adjoining parts wet with Ammonia for some hours
with a sponge.

Stings of centipedes, scorpions, and tarantulas, should be
treated as for snake bite, except it is not customary to cauterize
the wound.

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

A CHILL.—

Cause.—From taking a cold drink of water after working
hard; or from being allowed to stand in the cold afterward; or it
may develop as the early symptom of some internal disorder.

Symptoms.—Horse will refuse to eat; shivers; looks dull;
back arched; respiration heavy; the pulse is accelerated, and the
temperature rises. This is not a disease in and of itself, but is
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 337

rather the symptoms of one, and the animal should be carefully
watched afterwards to see what disease is to follow, and treat
accordingly; sometimes it is nothing but a mild fever, but many
times something more serious may ensue.

TREATMENT. —

As soon as noticed put the horse in a warm stall and put on
an extra blanket or two to get him warmed up. If his legs are
cold, rub them to arouse the circulation, and give as a drench:

Sweet Spirits of Niter...........c0cecee I ounce.

AICONOL sis siss cvecaes sues sehseneuse soe deesstise Tr. %8

Fluid Extract Aconite..........0.. 5 to 10 drops.

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1 drachm,

GIN SEP icp cesesiaecs ren, revert Ties ideo vei. 2 tablespoonfuls.

Mix, and give in a pint of lukewarm water,
repeating the Alcohol and Ginger in an hour,
and the entire dose an hour later if the chill is
not over.

If the above is not at hand give any stimulant, as Alcohol or
Ammonia, A chill should always be overcome as soon as pos-
sible, as the longer it runs the more serious the fever that follows.
After the chill is over, give a fever mixture, as the one recom-
mended in early stages of ‘Inflammation of the Lungs,’’ and
watch for complications.

HOW TO EXAMINE FOR SOUNDNESS.—The great
thing to remember in examining a horse for soundness is to be
systematic; and while we can commence at any point, it is perhaps
best to commence at the left side of the head. In examining
any part, think of that part only, and of all the diseases which
might affect it. If possible, see the horse while standing in his
stall, undisturbed, to see if he has any stable vices; watch him
carefully as he is backed from the stall, because some slight lame-
nesses only show at thistime. After taking the horse from the
stall, have him jogged at the halter, past you, away from you,
and toward you; have him turned both ways. Having satisfied
yourself that he is free from lameness, stand him squarely on all
four feet and commence your systematic examination. Commence

by examining nostrils and mouth, looking at his teeth in order to
22
338 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

tell his age; then look close into the eyes to see that there is
nothing wrong; pass the hand up around the ears and the top of
his head, to see that they are all right; then examine the neck,
by starting at the top, running the hand over it to the withers,
then over the shoulder, down the outside and inside of the fore
leg, and watch carefully for splints, side-bones, ring-bones, and
like affections; then raise the foot and see if it is well formed,
with good, strong heels; look back along the belly for warts and
running sores as the result of castration; then pass the hand down
the back of the hips and see that the hip bones are both the same
size; then follow the hind leg over the hock and hind fetlock and
look for spavins, wind-galls, curbs, splints, side-bones and ring-
bones, and also at the stifles, and see that they are all right;
examine the foot as you did in front, then go over the other side
in same detail. Go slowly, dwelling on each part a sufficient time
to think of all its diseases. After this, stand back and see how he
stands on his legs, if hips are symmetrical, and also how he holds
his head and neck; then pass to the front and notice if he stands
with his front feet well under him, for this is a good sign; at the
same time see if he is inclined to be weak in knees or fetlocks.
Beware of calf-kneed horses, for they are always stumblers; see
that horse stands neither too straight nor too crooked on his hind
legs; see that he has a well-formed breast, and that he does not
toe in nor toe out too much; then make an effort as though you
would strike him with a whip over the side; if he grunts as he
jumps, examine to see that he is not a roarer; to do this have him
run for one-eighth of a mile, stop him suddenly and place ear
quickly to the throat; there should be no whistling. Then hitch
him up and drive him, to see that he carries his front and hind
legs well and that he has good action, also noticing whether he
carries his tail straight or not. If for draft, hitch him to a load
of some kind to see how he pulls. Now put him in the stable for
an hour or two, giving him a pail of water and a feed, for in
some cases of lameness, the animal will not show it until he has
stood for awhile. After this, go into the stall and take the horse
out yourself, noting how he steps over and how he backs out,
for fear of string-halt and chorea. After this give him another
trot to test for lameness and soundness of wind. A person
_ DISEASES OF THE HORSF 339
cannot be too careful in examining a horse, as there are so many
troubles, it is easy to overlook some conditions that may prove
more cr less serious.

FORMS OF GUARANTY OR WARRANT OF
SOUNDNESS.—

When a horse is bought on a guaranty, the language should
be concise and comprehensive. Equivocal language and verbiage
is the resort of tricksters, who wish by this means to deceive,
and honest men should avoid the appearance of evil. The follow-
ing are good:

Received of Mr. ; Dollars.
RS ties , warranted... years old, and under._.......-years, sound,
free from vice, and quiet to ride or drive.

SURE UI aio ceetiacerctslasshata iter eaenetnante u

The place, date of purchase, the name of the person who
pays, the amount paid, the description of the animal with pedi-
gree, if any, and reference to the proper stud book, and the age,
should be filled out and signed by the seller. A form fully filled
out might read as follows:

DEtRoIT, MicH., June 15, 1904.
Received of John Adair, seven hundred and fifty ($750) dollars, for the
dark bay imported stallion Imperial; black mane and tail, and one white
hind fetlock. Sire, Alexander; dam, Alicia, etc., as contained in the stud
book. Said stallion is warranted five years old, and under six years old,
sound, free from physical defect, and safe and quiet to ride or drive.

(Signed) ARTHUR Q. MCKENZIE.

This covers the ground, and may be changed to suit any
transaction in the buying of a horse.

A bill of sale might read as follows:

DETROIT, MicH., June 15, 1904.
For and in consideration of the sum Of. esses Dollars (or, if a
note is given for the whole or part, state this fact). I have this day sold to
John Adair, the horse, etc , etc. (as in the other form).
340 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TO TELL THE AGE OF HORSES
BY 0. R GLEASON

To tell the age of any horse,

Inspect the lower jaw, of course;

The sixth front tooth the tale will tell,
And every doubt and fear dispel.

Two middle ‘‘nippers’’ you behold

Before the colt is two weeks old.

Before eight weeks two more will come;
Eight months, the ‘‘corners’’ cut the gums.

Two outside grooves will disappear
From middle two in just one year.

In two years from the second pair;
In three the corners, too, are bare.

At three the middle ‘‘nippers’’ drop;

At four the second pair can't stop.
When five years old, the third pair goes.
And then a full new set he shows.

The deep black spots will pass from view,
At six years from the middle two.

The second pair at seven years;

At eight the spot each ‘‘corner’’ clears.

From middle nippers, upper jaw,
At nine the black spots will withdraw,
The second pair at ten are white;
Eleven finds the ‘‘corners’’ light.

As time goes on, the horsemen know
The oval teeth three-sided grow;
They longer get, project before,
Till twenty, when we know no more.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 341

HOW TO TELL A HORSE’S AGE BY HIS TEETH.
—In buying horses it is often desirable to be able to judge of
the approximate age of the animals. With a little experience
this can be done quite accurately by examining the teeth. In
judging, we may confine ourselves almost entirely to the lower
front teeth, called the lower incisors. In the horse there are six
of these, and they are named as follows: The two middle ones
are called the central incisors, the ones on each side of the centrals
are called the laterals, and the ones next to these, or the outer
ones on each side, are called the corners. Those on the upper
jaw are named the same, but we need not study them in judging
age. The back teeth are called the molars, or grinders, but
these do not aid in judging of the age, except at one period,
which will be mentioned later. In structure, the teeth are made
up for the most part of a hard, bone-like substance called dentine,
the outside being covered over with a still harder substance, the
hardest in the body, known as enamel. The enamel not only
covers the outside of the tooth, but dips down into the tooth at
various places. In the molars it dips down in a number of places,
and being harder than the surrounding dentine wears away more
slowly, and hence keeps the grinding surface of the tooth rough.
In the incisor teeth the enamel surrounds the cups, which are in
the grinding surface of these teeth. This enamel, which dips
down into the substance of the tooth, is called the internal
enamel to distinguish it from that on the outside of the tooth,
called the external enamel.

The horse has two sets of teeth; the first, which are called
the temporary, or milk teeth, are twenty-four in number, twelve
in each jaw; six incisors and six molars, three molars on each
side. The second set, which are called the permanent teeth, are
forty in number, six incisors, twelve molars, and two canines, in
each jaw. ‘The canines are generally absent in the mare; they
are the sharp-pointed teeth in the space between the incisors and
molars. ‘he canines and the fourth, fifth and sixth molars are
not present in the temporary set, and hence the horse has only
one set of these teeth.

At birth’ the colt generally has the central incisors in both
lower and upper jaws, four front teeth; sometimes these do not
342 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

come through for a week or ten days after birth. At eight to
ten weeks the lateral incisors on each jaw come through, and at
about ten months the corner incisors come in. The colt now has
a full colt’s mouth, all his temporary, or milk teeth, as they are
called. The temporary back teeth, or grinders, are in at birth.

 

Eight Days. Two to Three Months,

The fourth molars, the first permanent teeth, come in at
about ten months of age, but they need not be considered for
judging age, as the corner incisors come in at that time, and the
age can be judged by them.

At from twenty months to two years the fifth molars come
in, and as there are no very marked changes in the incisors at
this age, the presence or absence of the fifth molars helps us in
judging at this time. This is the only time when it is necessary
to refer to the molars in judging age.

 

Eight to Ten Months. One Year.

-The next change noticed in the teeth is the shedding of the
temporary, and the appearance of the permanent teeth. The
permanent teeth are formed down in the jaw underneath the
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 343

 

 

Two Years. Two and One-Half to Three Years. *

roots of the temporary ones, push up against the roots of the
temporary, absorbing a large part of the root, and pushing out
the remainder of the tooth. The first of these changes takes
place with the teeth at from two years nine months to three years,
when the temporary central incisors are shed, and the permanent
ones take their place; it is about three months from the time the
periaanent teeth appear, until they are in wear. The permanent
teetiz are much larger than the temporary, so there is no danger
of mistaking them.

The next change is at from three years nine months to four
years, when the lateral incisors change. The four-year-old colt
then has four large permanent incisors in each jaw and the two
small temporary corners.

 

Three and One-Half to Four Years. Four and One-Half to Five Years.

At five the corner incisors change; the colt now becomes a
horse, having all his permanent teeth, the permanent grinders
having replaced the temporary ones during the last two years,
and the sixth molars and the canines having come in during the
last year. Technically speaking, the male animal under five
344 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

years of age is called a colt; past five, a horse. The female under
five is called a filly; past five, a mare.

After five the age is judged by the way the teeth wear away.
When the tooth first comes in wear, there is in the grinding sur-

 

Five Years. Six Years.

face, a cone-shaped cavity, commonly spoken of as the ‘‘cup,’’ and
as the tooth wears away this cup becomes shallower and smaller;
as the teeth come in wear at different periods the cups in the dif-
ferent teeth wear away at different ages. Surrounding the cup
is a thin layer of a very hard substance called the internal enamel;
being harder than the rest of the tooth, it wears away more
slowly and projects above the rest of the surface.

At six the cups in the lower central incisors are becoming
small and shallow, but not entirely gone, the cups still being fair
_ size in the laterals.

2

iil 2.
aN

       

    
  

Eight Years.

Seven Years.

At seven the cups are gone from the central incisors and
becoming shallow in the lateral incisors.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 345

At eight the cups are gone from the lateral and getting shal-
low in the corner incisors.

At nine the cups are gone from the corner incisors, and from
this time on we cannot judge the age with the same degree of.
accuracy.

We referred above to the internal enamel surrounding the
cups; when the cup is gone this internal enamel will be recognized
as a thin, whitish layer, forming an oblong ring in the center of
the grinding surface; it shows more plainly when the mouth is
so held that the sun shines on the tooth, or it can be felt by
passing the finger over the surface. As we have said, when the
cup is first worn away, the ring is oblong and quite large, but
as age advances it becomes smaller and rounder, and finally
disappears entirely; then the surface will feel smooth to the
touch. After the animal is nine yeas old we note the shape and
size of this ring of internal enamel in judging the age.

At ten the ring of internal enamel in the lower central incisors
is becoming quite small and round, but not entirely gone.

At about twelve the enamel is gone, or nearly so, from the
centrals, and small in the laterals.

At about fourteen the enamel is gone from the lateral incisors,
and small in the corners.

At about sixteen the enamel is gone, or nearly gone, from the
corner incisors; and after this we can judge the age only by the
general shape of the teeth.

The foregoing rules are more reliable when the upper and lower
teeth oppose each other perfectly. Sometimes the upper teeth
project beyond the lower; if the defect is only slight it will not
cause much variation; if bad, however, it will prevent judging
the age, as the lower teeth will not wear away. We also some-
times find that one side wears faster than the other; upon looking
at the corner tooth on one side we might judge the animal fifteen
or sixteen, while the other corner might indicate only twelve.
So in judging age consider all the points; do not form an opinion
from one or two teeth.

In addition to the specific changes in the teeth already
mentioned there are certain other general changes, which help to
determine whether a horse is old or young.
346 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

As an animal grows older the shape of the arch and also the
shape of the teeth change. In the young horse, one seven or
eight, the upper teeth extend nearly straight down and the lower
up, meeting each other in such a way that the front surface of
the upper and lower teeth form nearly a straight line; as the ani-
mal grows older, both upper and lower teeth project forward and
from an angle with each other, this angle becoming sharper as
the animal advances in age.

In the young horse the teeth are broad from side to side, and
narrow from before back; as the animal grows older the teeth get
narrower from side to side and wider from before backward.

In endeavoring to judge the age of a horse, then, first see if
the upper and lower incisors oppose each other perfectly, and also
if those on one side of the centrals are wearing the same as those
on the other; if these conditions exist the age can be judged with
a good degree of certainty; if they do not, allowance must be
made for any irregularity. Anyone by using the foregoing rules
can, with a little experience, become quite proficient in judging
the age of horses.

Independent of the teeth, the general indication of old age
are: Deepening of the hollows over the eyes; gray hairs over the
eyes and about the muzzle; pendulous lips with a wrinkled
appearance; sharpness of the withers, sinking of the back, etc.

The value of an old horse so far as his teeth are concerned,
will depend very largely upon the condition of the molars, as
these are really the working teeth. If these teeth are still fairly
large, their grinding surfaces rough, and the grinding surfaces
on the same straight line, they are in condition to grind the food
in good shape; if, on the other hand, they are getting small, the
grinding surfaces are smooth and some are longer than others,
not much can be expected of them by way of preparing the food,
and the animal will be of little value,
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 347

OPERATIONS

Whenever it is possible, all operations, except a few simple
ones, should be left to the veterinarian, but for the benefit of
those who cannot secure a veterinarian, a few of the operations
will be considered.

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS.—Whenever possible,
deaden the pain of an operation by using either local or general
anzesthetics. Never inflict unnecessary pain. Secure the animal
so he cannot hurt himself, or those assisting. Have all instru-
ments used, perfectly clean, placing them, a little while before
operating, and keeping them, when not in use during the opera-
tion, in a solution of Carbolic Acid, % ounce, water, 1 pint.
Have the hands clean, and operate in a place free from dirt and
dust.

LOCAL ANA:STHETICS are those preparations which
destroy sensation in the part to which they are applied; one of
the best is a solution of Cocaine; an eight per cent. solution is
generally used, except when applied to mucous membranes, then
a five per cent. solution is used. Have a druggist make up the
solution. In sewing up wounds about the head it is sometimes
difficult to hold the head still; by rubbing the edges of the wound
with a little of the solution, all the pain is deadened; in opening
an abscess, if the skin is rubbed well with a little of the solution
for five minutes, then wait a few minutes, it can be opened with-
out pain; very valuable in those places where a little movement
of the animal is apt to interfere, as about the knee or hock. In
cutting out tumors, by injecting a drachm under the skin with
a hypodermic syringe in three or four places around the base of
the tumor, and then rubbing around the tumor, it can be removed
with very little pain. Much of the pain can be destroyed by
rubbing the surface of the tumor as in opening abscesses. A few
drops of a five per cent. solution dropped into the eye, will destroy
the pain in operation upon that organ. Never use more than an
ounce of the solution during an operation, and not much more
than one-half ounce if injected under the skin.
348 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

GENERAL ANA:STHETICS.—These are the drugs
which produce unconsciousness and loss of sensation. Those most
used are Chloroform and Sulphuric Ether, and are given by inhal-
ing the vapor. There is danger, in using them, of their causing
death by stopping respiration and the heart’s action, and so
they should only be used by the experienced, except in extreme
cases. Anesthetics should, however, be used in all the severe
operations. Chloroform is most used with horses and cattle;
Ether with dogs. The animal is thrown and secured, a sponge is
then saturated with the drug to be used, and put into a bag
one-half the size of a grain sack, the nose put into the bag,
and the bag held fairly tight around the face, below the eyes;
sometimes a paper flour sack is put inside the other sack, and
the sponge put into this; with this there is some danger of giving
chloroform too fast, as some air should always be given with it.
Another way is tocover the cloth sack with arubber blanket, and
this can be held down to prevent the chloroform from wasting,
and yet kept open enough to admit sufficient air. If the chloro-
form sack is made of thick canvas it need not be covered at all.
In case of death, respiration stops a little before the pulse, and so
this act should be carefully watched, but the finger should also
be kept on the pulse, and if either of these acts show indications
of stopping, remove the sack at once and let the animal inhale
the fumes of Ammonia. ‘To tell when the animal is under the
influence of the drug, the eyeball is touched with the finger;
when unconscious, he will not wink. The sack is then removed
and a few breaths of pure air are given, and then the sponge is so
fixed that he will get a little chloroform with each breath, the
larger part being air; if he commences to become conscious, more
chloroform is given for a few seconds, or until he goes under its
influence again. These drugs affect different animals differently,
and so each case needs careful attention. From three to four
ounces of chloroform isrequired to put a horse under its influence,
and keep him there an hour.

THE KNIFE.—Almost any knife will answer for operat-
ing, if not too large to be awkward to handle. A medium sized,
one-bladed jack-knife, with a blade some two and one-half inches
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 349

long and half an inch wide, answers very well. It should be per-
fectly clean and very sharp. A dull knife inflicts much more
pain than a sharp one. The knife is held in different ways; when
doing careful dissecting, much as a pen is held in writing. When
a firmer grasp is needed, and the tissue is to be cut down onto,
hold as follows: open the knife and lay it on the table, sharp edge
of blade down; now pick it up, clasping the blade between the
thumb and first finger, a little back of its middle. If the cut is to
be made by an upward stroke, or where there is to be simply an
inward thrust and an immediate withdrawal, as in opening an
abscess, hold the knife as follows: open it and place it on the
table with back of blade down; now pick it up, clasping the
blade between the thumb and first finger, just far enough from
the point to cut the required depth; holding in this way, the
thumb and finger acts as a shield and prevent too deep cutting.
Make a cut with as quick a movement as it is safe to make, as
the pain is less than with a slow movement; also make as few
strokes as possible, as a cut two inches long made with two
strokes causes twice the pain it would if made with one stroke.

METHODS OF CONTROLLING ANIMALS.—

A Twist.—To make a twist, take a piece of fork handle
about two feet long, and one inch from one end, bore a three-
eighths-inch hole; through this put a one-fourth-inch soft rope,
about one and one-half feet long, and tie the two ends together,
forming a loop. To apply it, take hold of the stick with theright
hand, slip the left hand through the loop and clasp the upper lip
well up towards the nostrils; slip the loop off the hand onto the
lip, and twist the stick until the loop is so small it will not slip
off. The upper lip is very sensitive and a horse can be held in
this way and allow operations he would not allow without it.
Do not turn the twist tighter than is necessary, as it can be made
a very inhumane instrument, and if twisted too tight, or kept on
too long, may paralyze the lip.

Blindfolding.—By blindfolding a horse, he will submit to
operations he would not submit to, if not deprived of his eye-
sight. It is always well to blindfold in throwing a horse: he
will not resist so much.
350 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

The Side-Line.—This is a means of holding one hind foot
off the ground, and prevents serious kicking when working about
the hind legs (see cut). Apply the side-line to the leg that
is not being operated upon.

Holding Up One Front Foot is also a means of controlling
a horse; the foot on the side the operator is working, if about the
hind legs, is the one to pick up.

Stocks.—Animals can also be confined in stocks. ‘Tempo-
rary stocks can be made by setting two posts about three feet
from the side of a building and eight feet apart; nail on the in-
side of the posts, up some three feet from the ground, a good,
strong plank; also nail aeross from one post to the building a
strong plank; have one or two rings securely fastened to the
building opposite the side plank; lead the horse into the stocks
and pass over the back, and securely fasten to the rings and the
side plank, a rope, much as a kicking strap is put on a colt.
This is a good way to secure animals for dressing wounds when
they are inclined to be vicious.

Casting.—The most effectual way to secure a horse is to
lay him down, but as there isa little danger in this, especially
with an aged animal, it is not done when other means will answer,
but in some cases it has to be resorted to.

‘There are many ways of casting a horse. ‘The chief point is
to throw him carefully so as to not injure him in any way. A
very good way is to put hobbles on the feet, and run a chain
through the D’s and draw the feet all together, having a rope
running from one arm over the back, to make him fall on desired
side. A good man should be at the horse’s head to prevent him
throwing it around and falling on it, and thus breaking his neck,
or lunging forward onto his head. Have a good bed for him to
fallon. Another good plan, without hobbles, is Rarey’s. Tie up
the fore leg, then tie a strap to the pastern of the other fore leg
and pass it over the horse’s back; standing at the shoulder, push
him over a step, at the same time pulling up the foot and bring-
ing him to his knees. He will do some rearing and jumping
about, but when he gets tired he will lie quietly down, when his
 

 

 

 

THE THRIFTY FARMER.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 351

legs can be tied and held down. ‘To prevent him pounding’ his
head, have a good man there, who should put one knee on his
neck, and turn his nose up at an angle of forty-five degrees. As
a safeguard against too severe straining, tie a rope from just
above one knee to above the hock of the leg on the same side,
and draw the legs as closely together as possible, and confine them
there. This lessens ability to struggle. The double side-line
is also used, as per ‘‘cut,’’ and as described under CASTRATION.

OPENING AN ABSCESS.—This is not a difficult opera-
tion, but if not done properly it is of little use, and is apt to retard a
cure. When ready to open, ascertain as near as possible where
the bottom is, and insert the knife at that point, making an open-
ing quite to the bottom for the escape of the pus. If this is not
possible, open at the top, and evacuate with a sponge or syringe.
The main point to bear in mind is to open as near as possible to
the bottom. A twist on the nose is usually sufficient to keep
the animal quiet. After opening, flush out well with water,
using a bulb syringe, and then inject a little Carbolic Acid lotion—
1% ounce of the acid to a pint of water. Flush out each day for
four or five days and then once in two days until healed. If the
opening gets small before the abscess heals, as it will if the
abscess is large, enlarge it; if it closes before the abscess heals
from the bottom, it will form again. In treating old abscesses
having an inside lining, it is well to inject a drachm or two of
Iodine into them every other day for a few days. Or, tie together,
along on astring, a few small wads of cotton batting; saturate
these with the Tincture of Iodine, and press them into the abscess,
leaving the ends of the string hanging out. Leave in twenty-four
hours and then remove by pulling on the string.

In some cases it is well to poultice an abscess a few days
after opening; this is especially good if the abscess has just
formed.

BLISTERING—(See under ‘‘Ring-Bone).’’

PUTTING IN STITCHES.—Following operations, and
also where the skin and muscles are cut accidently, it is often
desirable to draw the edges of the wound together with stitches, or
352 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

sutures. Of these there are four kinds: The interrupted, the unin-
terrupted, quilled, and twisted sutures. The interrupted suture
is the one generally used. For this, needle and silk, or silver
wire, or cat-gut, are needed. Clip the hair from the edges of
the wound, and be sure that everything is clean. Draw the
edges of the wound together with a slightly curved needle and
silk, and when tying the knot give the ends an extra turn in
making the first part of the knot, which will keep it from slip-
ping back (the surgeon’s knot); then go on and make a hard
knot in the usual manner, and cut off the silk. Then another,
and so on.

The continuous or uninterrupted suture sews up the wound
by continuing right along, as in sewing cloth, and in tying the
ends. ‘The quilled suture is when two quills, or pieces of wood,
are used as skewers, and the end of the silk caught over them,
the quills being placed one on each side the wound, to prevent
tearing out. The twisted suture is simply a pin inserted through
the edges, and a hair, or silk thread, wound around its ends in the
form of a figure 8. Before sewing up a ragged wound, cut off
all ragged pieces of tissue from within the wound before drawing
the edges together; draw the edges so they just nicely touch,
and leave a little opening at the bottom for drainage. It is hard
to pass an ordinary needle through the skin, and soit is much
easier to use a surgeon’s needie, or in the absexce of this, the
old-fashioned buckskin needle will answer.

BANDAGES.—In the treatment of lameness, especially
strains, when in the legs, and also in the stopping of hemorrhages
and dressing of wounds, bandages are often used. For lameness
and dressing wounds, stopping bleeding, etc., coarse, unbleached
musJin answers very well. For moderate pressure, as in the
case of wind-galls and stocked legs, the Derby bandage, sold by
harness makers, is good. Elastic bandages are good when tension
is required, but need careful attention to avoid irritating the
skin. Three or four inches is a convenient width for a bandage.
To apply it, first roll the bandage up into a snug roll, and, com-
mencing at the bottom of the part to be bandaged, wind it around
the part, unwinding the roll as it is applied. Keep the bandage
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 353

smoothed out, and overlap about half each time around; about
every second or third round, turn the bandage half way over, or
this can be done at each round; this keeps it tight and in place.
Secure the upper end of the bandage by tying with a string.
Bandages should be applied tight when used with strains; loosely
when used to cover wounds.

PASSING THE CATHETER.—The catheter is a tube
for drawing the urine from the bladder. With the horse it needs to
be a little more than two feet long, and is a tube made especially for
the purpose. With the mare any small, rubber tube six or eight
inches long will answer. To pass it into the horse, stand at the
left side, pass the left hand up into the sheath, get hold of the
penis and gently draw it down so the end shows below the sheath;
near the center of the penis will be seen the opening. Have the
catheter clean, warm, and well oiled with melted lard; take it in
the right hand, insert the end into the opening in the penis and
keep gently pushing it in; have an assistant raise the tail and
watch the skin just below the anus, and when the catheter is
about two-thirds passed, he will notice the skin bulge outward;
have him press upward and forward and the catheter will round
the arch, and can be pushed on into the bladder. In the mare the
operation is much simpler; the opening into the bladder will be
found on the floor of the vulva about five inches from the posterior
opening. ‘The first finger of the right hand can be passed into
the passage and the opening located, and then the tube can
be passed with the left hand underneath the right, and directed
into the opening and pushed on into the bladder, which will be
ouly two or three inches.

FOMENTING.—By fomenting is meant the continual bath-
ing of a part with hot or cold water. It can be done with a sponge,
but this is more work and not so effectual as when the part to
be fomented is wrapped with a heavy blanket and this kept wet
with hot or cold water; the water should be re-applied at least
every half hour. For inflamed glands, or where there is great pain,
use hot water; at other times cold can be used. The effect is about

the same with either. Lukewarm water is no good. In towns,
23
354 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

or in the country where the farm has waterworks, a hose can be
fastened under the blanket and a stream of water allowed to run
continuously. Another way to foment the fetlock, or below, is to

TUB.—This is allowing the horse tostand in a tub of water.
The end of a kerosene barrel makes a fairly good tub, only it is a
little small; but if placed in one corner of the stall the horse can
be made to step into the tub, and tied so he will stand there. Must
be careful in getting him into it the first time, not to frighten
him. A tank some eight inches high and three feet square, can
be made out of plank, that answers nicely for tubbing. The
water should be changed twice a day, or ice can be added to it
and the water kept cold inthis way. Another way to foment the
feet, or rather to poultice them—for the two operations are prac-
tically the same—is to stand the horse in a puddle of blue clay.
Any box large enough, and six or eight inches high, can be used
to puddle the clay in.

TAPPING THE CHEST.—In hydrothorax the chest fills
with water; it is the stage of effusion in pleurisy. ‘The lungs are
floated up, and suffocation results. The presence of water is
detected by the solid sound—the sound of fullness—when tapped
with the hand, and by the absence of the respiratory murmur;
and often, the splashing of the water by the action of the heart
can also be heard.

Clip the hair from a spot about three inches back of the
elbow, and five or six inches from the bottom of the chest.
Ascertain the exact location where a puncture can be made
without striking a rib, keeping in the middle between two; cut
through the skin with a knife, then insert the trocar and canula
and withdraw the trocar, leaving the canula to act as a spout;
hold a pail to catch the water. Should pieces of lymph clog the
canula, pass a small probe and push them off the end. Drain off
all the water and withdraw the canula. It is often necessary to
repeat the operation, in which case, use a new opening. Have
the instrument very clean.

TAPPING THE BELLY.—In peritonitis the belly often
fills with water, which can be evacuated by inserting the trocar
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 355

 

and canula on the median line, a couple of inches back of the navel,
following general lines as to care and operation, as in ‘“T'apping
the Chest.’’ The operation may be repeated, if necessary, but
make a fresh incision, rather than to insert again in the former
wound.

TAPPING THE FLANK FOR FLATULENCE.—
See ‘‘ Flatulent Colic.”

THE HYPODERMIC SYRINGE. — This is a small
syringe, with a hollow needle attached, for injecting medicines
underneath theskin. ‘To use it, first wash it out with the Carbolic
lotion, by drawing the syringe full and then forcing it out; then
draw into the syringe the dose of the medicine, take the syringe in
the right hand, clasping the needle between the thumb and first
finger, about an inch from the tip; graspit firmly, pick up a fold of
the skin with the left hand, and with a quick thrust, push the
needle through the skin, and force out the fluid. Medicines can
only be given in this way when the dose is small and the drugs
non-irritating. The syringe is used for injecting Cocaine solu-
tions in operations.

GIVING A DRENCH.—For holding the horse to give
medicine from a bottle (see cut). The twist is put on only moder-
ately tight, simply to hold the head still and make the horse swallow
better. Hold the head up with the rope, not with the twist. If
the ceiling of the barn is high enough, fasten the ring in the
ceiling well towards the front end of one of the stalls; and when
giving medicine, back the horse into the stall. The looped strap
is passed under the noseband of the halter and into the mouth,
around the upper jaw; see that it does not press the edges of the
lips in against the teeth. This leaves the tongue and lower jaw
free for the act of swallowing. If the horse refuses to swallow,
remove the bottle and tickle the roof of the mouth with the
finger. Medicine can also be given, when the dose is small, by
throwing it into the back part of the mouth with a hard rubber

syringe.

TUMORS AND THEIR REMOVAL.—Tumors may be
described as any unnatural enlargement upon the body. They
356 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

differ very much in nature and structure, some being composed of
the same kind of tissue as that in which they are found, others
being made up of an entirely different tissue than that which
surrounds them. ‘The tendency with some is to keep on growing;
others remain the same size after once formed. Some tumors
can be removed; others, on account of their location, or structure,
cannot be removed.

To remove tumors, some, if not too large, can be absorbed
by using Iodine Ointment, see treatment for ‘‘Abscesses.’’ Others
have to be dissected out. ‘To dissect out, large blood vessels
must be guarded against. Control the animal by some of the
methods, a twist is frequently enough; use Cocaine to deaden
pain, see ‘‘Iocal Anzesthetics’’ in this section. With a sharp
knife make a cut up and down through the skin, over the center
of the tumor; then dissect the tumor from the skin, first on one
side, then on the other, and then dissect the tumor from the tissues
underneath it. If any large blood vessels are cut, twist them,
or take up and ligate, see ‘‘General Treatment of Wounds.”
After the tumor is out, remove a little of the skin from each edge
of the cut, so it will lie close and not form a pouch when. sewed
up. Sew up the upper part of the skin wound, leaving the lower
open for drainage; follow with treatment as for an ordinary
wound. If there is some thickening left after wound has healed
use the Iodine Ointment.

TRACHEOTOMY .—This is opening the trachea, or wind-
pipe, and inserting a tube into it, to prevent death from threatened
suffocation. ‘The tube should be three-quarters of an inch in diam-
eter, curved so as to slip into the windpipe easily, with a plate at
the end, of like material, to tie to the neck to keep it in place;
silver or hard rubber tubes are generally used. Open the skin by
an incision about two inches long, at a point about eight inches
below the throat, where the windpipe is close to the surface;
divide the muscles, and lay bare the windpipe; then cut out a
circular piece, including two rings, making a hole large enough
to insert the tube. Once a day take out the tube, clean it with
Carbolic lotion and replace as soon as possible. The tube may
be removed for good when the cause of suffocation is removed.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 357

The wound will soon heal. While the operation seems somewhat
dangerous, it is simple; the principal point is to have instruments
clean and not to drop the circular piece cut out, down into the
trachea. The operation becomes necessary sometimes in bad
cases of distemper or laryngitis.

SPAYING.—This operation is rarely ever performed on
mares, except in case of disease, and as it is a dangerous opera-
tion, should only be performed by a skilled man. It consists in
removing the ovaries.

FIRING (ACTUAL CAUTERY).—This is burning with
a red-hot iron to set up a great amount of counter-irritation or
inflammation. It is mostly used for ring-bones, spavins, curbs,
and sprains of the back tendons. It should never be performed
except by a veterinarian.

There are a large number of other operations performed upon
the lower animals, but they are of such a nature that only the
veterinarian should perform them.
CATTLE

THEIR DISEASES AND TREATMENT

ANATOMY OF CATTLE

Each of the bones and joints of the ox receive the same
name as the corresponding ones in the horse, but there are a few
important points of difference in the structure of the skeleton.
The ox has thirteen pairs of ribs, while the horse has eighteen
pairs. The breast-bone or sternum is much larger and flatter
than in the horse, and the cartilages of the ribs attach to it with
true joints; this is important to keep in mind, tor when there is
any disease of lungs or chest in cattle, they always lie down, as
when they take that position, the chest is expanded and animal
gets more relief than when standing. In the horse the case is
reversed, the ribs and the breast-bone being so formed that the
chest is contracted when lying down, hence in diseases of the
lungs, the horse stands instead of lying down.

The bones of the head in the ox differ from those of the
horse in being very heavy and wide at the upper part of the
skull, and the skull has a bony projection at each side, called the
‘‘core of the horn.’’ This is important to know in dehorning,
and all interested in that work should become familiar with the
fact. This projection, or core of the horn, is hollow, which is a
continuation of the sinuses or cavities of the bones of the head.
Attached to the core of the horn and covering it, is the horn itself.
Another point of difference between the ox and the horse, is that
there are in the heart of the ox two small bones, called cardiac,
or heart bones. There are no such bones in the horse. One
more point of difference is that the bones of the feet of the ox are
divided into two parts, while in the horse they are without
division.

358
 

 

 

PEACE AND PLENTY.
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 359

THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION.—

The Upper Lip of the ox is thick, hard, and hairless, the
color varying with the color of the animal, and when in good
health this part is always moist; it is called the muzzle.

The Cheeks on the inside are covered by numerous little
processes, which give them a very rough appearance.

The Tongue of the ox is stronger than that of the horse,
is more prehensile, and is very thick and heavy at the base; it is
pointed at the front end, and the upper surface is very rough.
It is by means of the tongue that food is gathered and taken into
the mouth.

The Salivary Glands are similar to those of the horse.

The Teeth are much differently arranged from those of the
horse; the ox has no front teeth in the upper jaw, their place
being taken by a pad of cartilage or gristle. The lower row of
teeth presses against this pad in grazing, and its function is that
of teeth, but it may be easily seen that cattle cannot thrive on as
short pasture as though they had both lower and upper incisors.
The front teeth of the lower jaw are eight in number, chisel
shaped, and set loosely in the gum. The molars are similar to
those of the horse, but are smaller, and not so smooth on upper
surfaces. ‘hese are twenty-four in number, which, added to the
eight front teeth, give a total of thirty-two teeth,

The Soft Palate of the ox is small, and does not close the
opening from the mouth to the pharynx as in the horse.

The Pharynx in the ox is much larger than in the horse.
The esophagus, or tube of the throat, which conveys the food
to the stomach, is well developed; the fibres in it are very strong
and have a double action. When the animal is eating they carry
the food from the mouth down into the stomach, but during the
time of ruminating, they act in a reverse manner, conveying the
food from the stomach to the mouth, and returning it again to
the stomach when sufficiently masticated.
360 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

The Stomach is a very important organ to study, for cattle
suffer much from diseases of the stomach. The stomach of the ox
has a capacity of about sixty gallons, and has four compartments.
The first is the paunch, or rumen; the second is the reticulum,
or honey-comb; the third is the omasum, or manyplies; and the
fourth is the abomasum, or true stomach. The first three prepare
the food for the fourth, where the real process of digestion is
carried on. The paunch, or rumen, is very large, and in an old
animal it fills up nearly three-fourths of the belly cavity; it lies up
against the left side of the belly, where it is attached and held in
place by ligaments. Its situation is important to remember, for
in many of the diseases of the paunch, or rumen, it is first noticed
on the left side, and in tapping the paunch for bloating, the
entrance is always made on the left side, on account of its position.
The paunch has two openings, an entrance and an exit, both of
which are in front; the food passing from here into the reticulum,
or honey-comb, which is the smallest division of the stomach. In
this the entrance is at the front,and exit is at the rear; its office does
not seem marked in food preparation, but may help in preparing
the food to return to the mouth for remastication. From the retic-
ulum the food passes into the third part, or omasum, which is the
second largest division of the stomach. When full, it is ovoid in
shape, and placed just behind the reticulum and at the right side of
the paunch. This, ifexamined, is found to be full of folds or layers
of membrane. The function of this part is, while food is passing
through, to draw into its folds all the coarser parts of the food
and to roll the same about until finely divided and well prepared
to pass on into the abomasum, or true division of the stomach,
where it is digested. When this part becomes deranged and the
food becomes dry and hard between the folds, it then sets up the
disease called ‘‘impaction of the omasum, or manyplies,”’ or dry
murrain. ‘The food passing from here, as stated, goes into the
fourth or true stomach. Here the food is digested. The walls
of this part are redder than those of the preceding three, and they
contain the glands that secrete the acids and gastric juices of the
stomach, to aid in the work of preparing food for assimilation; this
stomach corresponds to the stomach of the horse. From here the
food passes into the small intestines.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 361

 

The Bowels, or Intestines, of the ox are divided into large
and small, the same as those of the horse, being similar in struc-
ture and in action. The small bowels are not quite as large as
those of the horse, but about twice as long, being about 150 feet
in length. ‘The large bowels are very much smaller than those
of the horse, being only two to three inches in diameter, and
are about thirty-six feet in length.

When the fourth stomach has completed its work in the
process of digestion of the food, it passes into the small intes-
tines, and is acted on by the bile from the liver, and the pancreatic
juice from the pancreas—these juices being emptied into the first
part of the intestines through little ducts or tubes which lead
down to the bowels the same asin thehorse. After this, through-
out the rest of the bowels, the nourishment of the food is taken
up by little villi which are situated in the coats of the bowels, and
the nourishment, when once in the blood, is carried out to all
parts of the body, while the part that is not taken up, passes on
and out in the form of manure.

THE LIVER.—The liver of the ox resembles that of the
horse, but differs in that it has a gall-bladder resembling a pear
in shape, and acting as a vessel to store up the gall during the
time there is no digestion going on. During time of digestion,
the walls of this vessel contract and the bile is forced down into
the intestine.

THE PANCREAS.—The pancreas resembles that of the
horse; the juice secreted by it having the same office to perform
as in the case of the horse.

THE SPLEEN.—The spleen is the same in structure and
use, but different in shape; it is oblong, and attached to the
rumen.

THE RESPIRATORY, OR BREATHING OR-
GANS.—The organs of respiration in the ox are similar in
structure and office to those of the horse, but in general are not
so liable to disease, except tuberculosis, perhaps, which is some-
what common with cattle and rarely affects horses.
362 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

THE URINARY ORGANS.—The chief point of differ.
ence in these organs is in the kidneys, which in the ox are larger
than in the horse, and instead of being smooth as in that animal,
are rough, resembling a bunch of grapes. The bladder and
passages resemble those of the horse, except that in the cow just
back of where the urethra opens into the vulva, is a little blind
depression which bothers in passing the catheter.

THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE COW.—

The Ovaries of the cow are smaller than those of the mare,
but are much the same in structure.

The Womb of the cow is somewhat like that of the mare,
but the inside surface is different, being covered with button-like
processes, very small when the animal is not pregnant, but
increasing with gestation until, at the time of calving, they are
nearly as large as a man’s fist. These are called ‘‘ cotyledons”’.
The placenta, or after-birth, is attached to these, and some study
should be given to them and their office by every stockman, since
they are associated with some of the troubles attending calving.
The passage, or vagina, is formed on the same principle as in the
mare, but is not solong. The vulva is much the same, but the
clitoris is very small.

The Udder, Mammary Glands, or Bag, should be pretty
well understood. The bag is divided into halves, and these
halves again divided, each part being known as a quarter of the
bag, each quarter having a mammary, or milk gland, and a sinus,
or pouch, to hold the secreted milk until the cow is milked. The
sinus is situated just above the passage of the teat.

THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE BULL.—

The Testicles.—The testicles are ovoid and well developed,
lying vertical instead of horizontal asin the horse. ‘The sper-
matic cord and artery are small, when compared with the horse.

The Penis.— The penis is long and pointed, and has an
S-shaped curve in it, when not projected, just below the pubis
or hip-bones; this curve may be felt with the fingers (if the buli
don’t object), just in the rear of the scrotum. The sheath is long
‘MOO GHL 0 NOLO 10xUS

 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 363

 

and runs farther forward on the belly than with the horse, and
has a tuft of hair on the point. When the penis is extended
forward, as in serving a cow, the S-shaped curve of the penis
straightens. The S-shaped curve prevents the passage of the
catheter through from the end of the penis, as in the horse. The
urethra has to be cut into just below the anus, where it rounds
forward.

ACTION OF REMEDIES IN CATTLE

On account of a different make-up, remedies work quite dif-
ferently in cattle than in the horse. Medicines should, as far as
possible, be given them in liquid form, andin more bulky form than
for the horse. ‘Ihe medicine should also be given slowly, as the
chances are better for it passing into the fourth stomach. Cattle
also take from one and a half to two times the dose taken by
horses.

Aloes, though so excellent a purgative for horses, is not a
good remedy for cattle, while Epsom Salts, that are cold and
drastic for horses, on cattle work like a charm. Calomel and
other forms of mercury act violently on cattle, salivating them
soon, and in milch cows is excreted through the milk, affecting
sucking calves seriously. Oils, used as purgatives, do not work
very well on cattle; melted lard is perhaps the best. Mustard,
as a blister, acts with more vigor on cattle than on the horse, but

Turpentine acts with less.
364 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

PULSE, RESPIRATION AND
TEMPERATURE

The normal pulse in cattle varies from fifty to fifty-five beats
per minute; in old animals, and in calves especially, it is more rapid.
The pulse is the most conveniently taken on the under border of
the lower jaw, just in front of the angle, the same as with the
horse. In health it is softer and less tense than it is in the horse.

The respiration requires no special skill to diagnose; this
will come with practice. The soft, rustling sound of the healthy
‘‘respiratory murmur,’’ when the ear is placed to the chest, is
altogether changed when there is any disease affecting the lungs
or air passages. The number of respirations in cattle per minute
(usually twelve to eighteen) can be easily counted by the heav-
ing of the chest. Some practice is required to make one a good
judge of sound as obtained by percussion, which in health is
always clear and resonant. Percussion consists in placing the
forefinger of the left hand upon the chest, and striking it smartly
with the ends of the first three fingers of the right hand.

The temperature in cattle—as in all animals—is an index of
great value. It can only be arrived at, with any degree of satis-
faction, with what is called a ‘‘ clinical thermometer,’’ which is so
shaped that when taken from the body the reading remains the
same until shaken down. It is inserted into the rectum and left
two or three minutes and then removed and read. The normal
temperature of cattle is about ror degrees, a little higher than
the horse. A rise of temperature above the normal is called a
fever.

OTHER INDICATIONS OF DISEASE.—A “staring
coat,’’ as it is termed, in which the hairs stand like bristles, is an
obvious symptom, and sometimes the only one, of a low state of
health. Shivering, when animal is only exposed to moderate
cold, or none at all, should receive prompt attention; for it is
infallibly the ushering in of an attack of disease that is usually
severe. Cold sweat coming out on the skin of an animal severely
DISEASES OF CATTLE 365

ill, indicates a desperate if not a fatal condition. The posture
when standing, the method of lying down or getting up, the
action in moving around—all these are significant, and should be
noted carefully.

The countenance, and especially the eye, will betray the dis-
tress and pain which the dumb sufferer is unable to express in
words. ‘The muzzle, which in health is moist—covered with
‘‘dew’’—in fevers especially, becomes unnaturally hot and dry,
or cold, and sometimes changed in color—sometimes paler but
more commonly injected with blood. One of the earliest signs of
constitutional disturbances, as well as of special disorders, is the
suspension of rumination—ceasing to chew the cud. In the case
of milch cows, a nearly coincident symptom is the drying up of
the milk.

Inasmuch as cattle are not subject to the same conditions as
the horse in many respects, diseases of some parts of the body are
very much less common, although exclusive of lameness, nearly
all the diseases of the horse are met with in cattle. In this work,
where the treatment is the same, the reader will be referred to
the treatment as given for the disease with the horse. To find
the page in which the disease is described, unless given at the
time, refer to the index.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY
ORGANS

CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD.—Simple cold,
or catarrh, is inflammation, more or less acute, of the membrane
lining the nose and passages of the head, generally implicating
the eyes and throat. Neglect in attending the early symptoms
frequently occasions diseases of a more serious nature.

Causes.—Damp, drafty, badly drained stables; but generally
from exposure to storms, and sudden changes in the weather.
 

366 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

Symptoms.—There will be more or less fever, as indicated by
the thermometer; sneezing; cough sometimes accompanies;
mouth is hot and nose dry; horns hot at the base and cold at
tips; ears and extremities are cold. Discharge from the nose is
at first watery, but in a day or two becomes purulent. Eyes are
red and swollen, and inclined to weep. If not relieved, symptoms
become aggravated; pulse rapid and hard; no appetite; urine
scanty and high colored; bowels very apt to be constipated.

TREATMENT.—

Put animal in a comfortable, dry place, and give a small
dose of Epsom salts (34 to 1 pound); repeat in two days if bowels
do not respond; give light, laxative food, and also the treatment
as for the disease in horses, remembering that the dose is one and
a half to two times as large. Steaming the head is as valuable as
with the horse, and is done in the same way (see page 75).

MALIGNANT CATARRH.—This is a malignant disease
affecting the chambers of the head, and causing offensive discharges
from the nose. These at first are watery, but later on they
become purulent, and in last stages are accompanied with exten-
sive sloughing. It is contagious.

Causes.—Are not very well known, but thought to be due to
minute organisms, perhaps belonging to the bacteria.

Symptoms.—It is ushered in with a chill, with all the attend-
ing symptoms of fever; the muzzle is hot and dry; animal hangs
his head and isolates himself in the pasture; membranes are of
a bluish color; eyes are closed and swollen ; soon nose and eyes
begin to run a watery fluid, and saliva drools from the mouth.
Pulse is quick and not very strong; a dry, hard cough ensues;
bowels are usually costive, feces being black and hard, but diarrhea
may set in at any time. There is great thirst, but no appetite,
and urineis scanty and high colored. In the course of twenty-four
hours discharges become purulent, taking off the hair wherever
they touch; passages of the head become so much inflamed and
filled with matter, that when head is tapped on the outside with
the fingers, a dull, heavy sound is heard. Breath becomes fetid,
and temperature rises to 105 to 107 degrees. There is extensive
DISEASES OF CATTLE 367

sloughing in last stage. Prostration is great; pulse becomes
faint; convulsions follow, and a great fall in temperature; in some
cases ulceration of the cornea takes place, letting out the humors
of the eye. Death follows in from nine to eleven days.

TREATMENT.—

Put the animal in an isolated place, and have it cool in
summer and warm in winter. Give a purgative to clear the
bowels (1 to 13 pounds of Epsom Salts); also use the following
to try and check the fever:

Fluid Extract Aconite.............. 1% drachms.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce,
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed... Ir ‘
Galtpeter.........cccceccerseseeeeneseeeeeeneene 2 ounces.
Water to make....ccccccessessseeereeees I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three to five times a
day.

If fever runs very high give 2 drachms of Acetanilid and
2 ounces of Alcohol in half a pint of water, twice a day.

After two days, drop the Aconite from the foregoing pre-
scription and put in the prescription in its place 34 ounce of
Digitalis. Also steam the head, as in simple ‘‘Catarrh.’”” Put 2
teaspoonfuls of Carbolic Acid in the water from which the steam is
generated; also put ina little Camphor. The steaming is very
important, and can be kept up most of the day. If the eyes
become badly affected, treat as for ‘‘Inflammation of the Eyes.”
After the animal commences to improve, use tonics, as with
‘Chronic Indigestion.’’? ‘To prevent the spread, thoroughly dis-
infect where the animal is kept.

SORE THROAT—LARYNGITIS.—This is an inflam-
mation of the larynx, or upper part of the windpipe.

Causes.—Are usually those of a common cold, but some ani-
mals seem predisposed to it, a slight exposure bringing on an
attack.

Symptoms.—Animal may appear hungry, but does not eat,
owing to inability to swallow; respiration becomes quick, painful
and hurried; pulse is rapid; there is more or less fever, and if
368 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

water is taken, some of it is likely to return through the nostrils,
owing to inflamed throat. Head hangs; ears droop; and saliva
runs from the mouth.

TREATMENT.—

Give the same treatment as‘‘Laryngitis’’ in the horse, remem-
bering that the dose for cattle is one and a half to two times that
for the horse. Also remember that the medicine is to be given
in the form of a paste. Steam the head and apply liniments and
fomentations to the throat as for the horse (see page 80).

MALIGNANT SORE THROAT.—This is a disease that
centers itself in the throat in form of acute inflammation, followed
by an effusion that is apt to cause suffocation by closure of the
larynx. It is fatal to cattle; also to swine, in which it is known
as ‘‘Quinsy.’’

Causes.—Probably due to some infection.

Symptoms.—It starts like a common cold-fever—injected
mucous membranes, cough, etc.; throat swells enormously; tongue
becomes spotted with purple and is protruded; animal gasps for
breath, until at last he falls suffocated, struggles a little and dies.
Disease usually attains its height in three or four days.

TREATMENT.

Use the same treatment as for simple ‘‘Laryngitis.’’ Give
the medicines in the form of a paste. Steam the head, using
Carbolic Acid in the steam as for ‘‘Malignant Catarrh.’’ Also use:

Chlorate of Potash.........cecsecsceseeenee I ounce,
Chloride of Iron.........eceeceessaseeeeeee 6 drachms.
Watetssisuecicsresa esd necensvassirwensiwecsives I pint.

Mix. Inject 2 ounces well back into the
mouth and throat, four or five times a day.

If speedy suffocation is threatened, the operation of trache-
otomy must be performed (see OPERATIONS).

Apply liniments and fomentations to outside of the throat.

The animals that die should be buried deeply.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 369

BRONCHITIS.—This is an inflammation of the mucous
membrane lining the bronchial tubes, which extend from the
lower end of the windpipe into the lungs.

Causes.—Exposure accompanying a common cold; or from the
extension of inflammation in cases of catarrh and laryngitis.

Symptoms.—lLoss of appetite; a peculiarly anxious expression
of countenance; the respiration is painful anda slight grunt is
noticed at each breath; a husky, wheezy and painful cough; on
placing an ear to the windpipe, in the early stage, you get the
tubular sound as with the horse, and later you get the rale. The
temperature is elevated and pulse rapid and soft. Disease reaches
its height in two to four days, and in favorable cases begins to
abate in from five to eight days.

TREATMENT.—

Put in a dry, warm, and well-ventilated place, but avoid
drafts. Apply Mustard paste mixed up with water, or water 2
parts and Ammonia 1 part, and rub well in at the base of the neck,
over the windpipe, and on the sides. Keep body warm by
blanketing. Use injections per rectum, to keep the bowels soft;
avoid violent purgatives, but 14 pound of Epsom Salts may be
given every second or third day. Aside from above, give treatment
as for the disease in the horse (page 85), giving nearly twice the
dose given to the horse.

FILARIA BRONCHITIS; HOOSE OR HUSK.—This
is a disease that afflicts young cattle and sheep, more than older
animals, for the reason, perhaps, that they graze closer than
older animals, or else the parasites affect them more. It is caused
by a parasite (strongylus micruris), the eggs of which are swal-
lowed in feeding. ,

Symptoms.—There is a slight husky cough; the coat-soon
becomes staring; and the breathing more and more embarrassed.
Cough becomes more frequent, and in character more suffocating
and more mucus; worms, either single or in greater number,
will be coughed up.

at
370 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—
Feed liberally with nutritious diet, including Linseed meal
and roots, giving in the food:

TUYPeH tine s.ccceiccspagiardssscasspenssaneses 1% ounces,
Raw Linseed Oil........sccssesssceeeseese I pint.

Give as a dose night and morning for two or
three days, then discontinue for two or three
days, then giveagain. For yearling calves give
one-fourth the dose.

Burn turpentine on pine shavings in the pen with the calves,
and let them inhale the fumes, or burn a little sulphur; care
must be taken not to suffocate. The following is perhaps the
most effectual treatment:

Turpentine’ socssssevcvserressiosseanstessee sees 15 drops.
Carbolic: Acid iscsi casscsaissssccaveecaceess 5 drops.
CHoroforwm........ceeccee esses ceeeeeeseeeens 8 drops.
OLiVEsOM . cocseces deste cadesesvsveseaesiie dance r drachm.

Give as one dose by injecting into the wind
pipe with a hypodermic syringe; insert the
needle of the syringe in between two of the
rings and inject slowly. Thedoseis for a good
sized calf; it can be doubled for adult animals.

Prevention is better than cure. Stock should be kept off
affected pasture, and cattle must not be allowed to drink from
stagnant ponds. The drainage of low pastures should be looked
after.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS — PNEU-
MONIA.—This is an inflammation of the lung tissue.

Causes—May come from a cold, exposure, etc., but oftener
from the inflammatory conditions of bronchitis, or laryngitis
extending into the lungs,

Symptoms.—This disease is preceded with a chill, staring
coat, loss of appetite, cessation of ruminating, and if a milch
cow, loss of milk. The pulse is soft, full, and quick; respiration
rapid and heavy; temperature, 104 to 107. When the sides are
tapped, a dull, heavy, full sound is heard, and on listening with
ear to side, a crackling sound is heard, but in later stages there
DISEASES OF CATTLE 371

 

will be no murmur in affected parts; in early stages expired air
is hot; later is cold; ribs are fixed, breathing being done by the
abdominal muscles; flanks heave, nostrils are dilated, and coun-
tenance has anxious appearance. In second stage, temperature
generally drops 1 to 2 degrees; respiration difficult; cough painful
and frequent; animal lies down most of the time; when standing
fore legs are wide apart and elbows turned out; locks haggard;
extremities alternately hot and cold; crackling sound no longer
heard; and percussion gives dull sound. If one side only is
affected, well side will show increased murmur.

TREATMENT. —

Place in a light, well ventilated box stall, and give the best
of care and nursing. Feed laxative foods, and give small doses
of Epsom Salts, 3 or 4 ounces daily; keep fresh water before
the animal. Aside from the foregoing give the animal the same
medicinal treatment as was recommended for the horse (see
page 90); remembering that the dose is 114 to 2 times as large.
Use the Mustard or liniment applications to the chest freely. In
some instances hot applications in the form of hot water bottles
could be used to advantage. Blanket warmly. If seen during
the chill, stop it as soon as possible, as recommended for the
horse.

PLEURISY.—tThis is an inflammation of the pleura, or
serous membrane which lines the chest cavity, and which is
reflected over the lungs. If this disease is not attended at an
early stage, its usual termination is hydrothorax, or water in the
chest.

Causes.—The same causes which bring on inflammation of
the lungs, bronchitis, and other diseases of the respiratory
organs. Also external injuries to the chest, broken ribs, etc.

Symptoms—There is more or less fever; quick pulse, but
small and hard, inclining to be wiry; breathing is quick and pain-
ful; elbows turned out; ribs are fixed, and breathing is done by
abdominal muscles; a crease is seen extending from the elbows
along toward the flanks, where ribs join the cartilages of the
chest. Inspirations are short and imperfect, while the expirations
372 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

are prolonged and more easily affected. Pressure between the
ribs causes pain, and a rasping sound is heard when the ear is
applied to the sides; head hangs low; ears droop; nose is dry; and
though eyes are partly shut, the countenance has an anxious
look. ‘There is no appetite; flanks are tucked up; hacking, pain-
ful cough; pains in chest cause animal to turn the head around
to his sides. Unlike pneumonia, tapping on the ribs produces a
clear, resonant sound, and causes pain; the expired breath is not
hot, and there is no mucus rale as in bronchitis.

TREATMENT. —

Give the same general care as recommended in ‘‘Bronchitis’’
or ‘‘Pneumonia.’’ Give 3 or 4 ounces of Epsom Salts daily, unless
bowels act freely. Apply strong Mustard paste or Turpentine
liniment to the chest and the internal treatment as for the horse
(see page 91), giving nearly double the dose. If water collects in
the chest, it is recognized and treated as given under ‘‘Hydro-
thorax.’’

HYDROTHORAX—WATER IN THE CHEST.—
This is not a disease in itself, but is simply a condition where an
excessive effusion of water takes place into the chest cavity in
pleurisy.

Symptoms.—As soon as an effusion commences to take place,
pain ceases, respiration is deeper, longer, and less painful; elbows
no longer turn in; appetite returns; eyes get bright; and to a
causal observer, animal appears to have taken a decided turn for
the better. After a short time, however, there are unfavorable
symptoms, as flapping of the nostrils, quick labored breathing,
heaving of the flanks. The legs and chest become dropsical;
eyes sparkle and countenance has an anxious look. No respira-
tory murmur is heard at the bottom of the chest, but increased
at upper part, and later, a splashing may be heard when water
reaches the heart. Percussion on ribs produces a full, dull sound
at the lower part of the chest; pulse rapid, but small, and gradu-
ally fades away. Death comes from suffocation, the water
crowding the lungs into too small a space in the upper part of
the chest.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 373

TREATMENT. —

If the drugs recommended for pleurisy have been given
liberally, and yet the fluid has collected, medicinal treatment will
fail; if the drugs have not been given, and the chest is not more
than one-third full, by giving them, the fluid may be absorbed.
If it cannot be removed in this way the chest will have to be
tapped (see OPERATIONS). Continue treatment, as chest is apt to
refill. See the disease in the horse (page 92).

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

WOUNDS AND CONTUSIONS OF THE LIPS.—

Causes.—From a blow by the horns of other cattle; from the
whip of a driver of oxen; or from the bite of a snake.

Symptoms.—As a result of a bruise the lips are thick and
swollen, and if neglected become hard and indurated, so much so
that it is difficult to eat. In such cases the tongue is made use
of to endeavor to gather and bring into the mouth the desired
food. In case of snake-bite the swelling limits are not well
defined; and it is soft and comparatively painless. If the skin is
broken it will at once suggest the trouble.

TREATMENT.—

For a bruise, bathe the affected parts steadily three or four
hours, twice a day with hot or cold water. Also bathe well with
White Lotion, and the Turpentine, Witch Hazel, and Soap
Liniment (see PRESCRIPTIONS, back part of book). If the skin is
broken, treat as for ‘‘Wounds’’ in the horse (page 262). Iffrom a
snake-bite, make a cut through the center of the wound and then
another at right angles to the first. Press a wad of cotton
against the wound until the bleeding is nearly stopped, and then
apply the following lotion several times a day:

Permanganate of Potash.............0.+ 2 drachms,
Water ....ccsssseccesesessscccnanssescsoeeeeeens I pint.
374 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

As snake-bites are likely to result in depression, and later
stupor, it is advisable to give ¥%4 pint of Whiskey in a pint of
water, repeating only often enough to prevent sinking into a
stupor.

SLAVERING, OR SALIVATION.—This is a dribbling

of saliva from the mouth.

Causes.—From a wound or the presence of any foreign matter
in the mouth or teeth; from eating irritating plants, such as wild
mustard; from the use of mercurial ointment; or as a symptom of
other disease.

TREATMENT.—

This will depend on the nature of the cause. Examine to
see if any foreign body is in the mouth. If from eating irritating
plants, dissolve an ounce of powdered Alum in a quart of water,
and syringe out the mouth with the mixture twice a day, using
ahalf pint each time. If from the presence of a thorn, splinter
of wood, or any foreign substance imbedded in the cheek or
tongue, remove the offending object and wash the mouth occasion-
ally with a weak solution of Carbolic Acid and water, % ounce
to the quart; do not allow the animal to swallow much; also use
the Alum solution. When the condition is produced by some
disease, as by ‘‘Foot and Mouth Disease,’’ follow the treatment
given under the disease causing the trouble.

IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.—This may be
occasioned by the unequal wearing of some of the teeth or by
some of the incisors being broken, which occasionally happens in
cattle pastured on sandy or gravelly soil. The molars may also
show irregularity from similar causes. ‘Their edges may become
sharp, or it may happen that a molar tooth has been accidentally
fractured. In shedding, the loosened teeth get partially dislodged
and cause trouble.

TREATMENT.—

Examine the animal’s mouth by grasping the tongue with
one hand and partially drawing it out of the mouth, so as to expose
the incisors and molar teeth for inspection. When it is desired
DISEASES OF CATTLE 375

to examine the molars with the fingers, an instrument like the
balling-iron which is used for horses, or a large clevis held up
edgewise, should be put into the mouth to separate and keep the
jaws apart. Any sharp edges must be removed with a rasp.
Any chance tooth that interferes with mastication, or any frac-
tured or loose one should be taken out. In performing such
operation it is advisable to have animal cast and to hold the head
securely, so the operator can do what is necessary without diffi-
culty. Whenever possible secure a veterinarian to operate if it
becomes necessary to remove sound teeth.

CAPS ON THE TEETH-—tThis sometimes occurs in
cattle between the ages of 2 and 4 years, when they are shedding
their milk grinders. Instead of teeth dropping out as they
should, caps hang on the new teeth, causing them to fester at the
roots, and causing a lump on the jaw-bone.

Symptoms.—Animal will hold its head to one side; has difii-
culty in eating, and sometimes spits the food out; will fall off in
condition, and in time a lump will form on the jaw-bone opposite
the festered tooth.

TREATMENT.—

Examine the mouth carefully until the capped tooth is
found. ‘This will be known by the tooth projecting above its
neighbors. When found, remove with pincers, or even a ham-
mer, and a long, somewhat blunted, chisel, by tapping gently
until cap is knocked off.

DECAYED TEETH (CARIES) IN CATTLE.—

Symptoms.—The presence of decayed teeth may be suspected
by the bad odor of the breath, and by the animal occasionally.
stopping while eating, and perhaps spitting out the food, and
holding the head sidewise. If the mouth be examined, as directed
in ‘‘Irregularities of the Teeth,’ and then explored with the
hand, the bad tooth will be found.

TREATMENT .—
Have animal tied short and have the tongue pulled out and
held. ‘Then remove the tooth with a pair of large pincers, or by
376 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

forceps for that purpose. When the crown of the tooth has been
destroyed, and only a stump, or root, is left, it cannot be drawn,
but can be punched out; in such cases, if animal can be fattened,
it is best to sell it to the butcher. If ugly, animal will have to
be cast. Get a veterinarian to operate, if possible.

LUMPS ON THE JAW-BONES FROM TEETH
OR FROM INJURY.—

Causes.—As stated in heading.

TREATMENT.—

If caused from a cap staying too long on the tooth, causing
the roots to fester, remove the cap; do not pull the tooth at first,
but try a blister on the lump. Use the Spanish Fly and Mercury
blister (see ‘‘To Blister,’’ page 257); or the Iodine Ointment, as
used in ‘‘Abscesses,’’ can be used. If the blister is used, repeat
the treatment in four or five weeks, if necessary. If this treat-
ment does not stop the lump from growing, throw the animal and
pull the tooth with forceps. If the cause is from injury, treat as
above. For other information as to lumps on the jaw, see
‘‘Actinomycosis of the Jaw-Bones.”’

INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE.— GLOSSI-
TIS.—

Causes.—F rom eating irritating substances; from eating acid
plants; or little blisters may form in the mouth of calves when
having indigestion, constituting what is termed ‘‘Aphtha;’’ also
from injuries from various kinds.

Symptoms.—The saliva dribbles from the mouth, and when
examined, the surface of the tongue and other parts of the mouth
will appear red and inflamed. In the case of calves, in the form
of disease called ‘‘Aphtha,’’ small, red elevations are seen on
tongue and other parts of mouth, having little white points on
their centers. These white patches are succeeded by ulcerated
surfaces, which are exposed by the shedding of the white patches.
In some cases the tongue is so badly swollen as to protrude from
the mouth.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 377

TREATMENT.—

When there is merely a reddened and inflamed condition of
the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue, syringe the
mouth several times a day, using about 4 ounces at a time of the
following:

ALUM os saacesedssedaece sesececrnsnswed svvveceas 2 outices,
Water ass ssceceonestoarisssevsnsienteessecvetees I quart.

When the edges of the tongue and other parts of the mouth
are studded over with ulcers, these should be rubbed over once a
day with the Nitrate of Silver, using the Nitrate of Silver pencil,
or by holding a large crystal in a pair of forceps.

When indigestion is associated with an ulcerated condition
of the mouth, the disorder should be treated as indicated under
that heading.

GANGRENE OF THE MOUTH IN YOUNG
CALVES—GANGRENOUS STOMATITIS.—This affec-
tion usually appears in young calves about the time they are
cutting their teeth.

Causes.—Insufficient nourishment; debility resulting from
diarrhea, and from inflammation of the navel, predisposes animals
to this disease, and its development is associated with disorder
of the digestive system resulting from the cutting of teeth. Adult
animals have been known to be affected with the disease, but the
cause is not well understood.

Symptoms.—In early stage there is redness of the mouth,
from which the saliva dribbles, but in two or three days a whitish
point appears on some part of the mucous membrane of the mouth.
It gradually extends in size and depth, and a red, inflamed zone
surrounds the affected part, which begins to present a yellowish,
cheesy appearance, and then, as it begins to break up and decom-
pose, exhales a fetid, disagreeable odor. Sometimes the entire
thickness of a portion of the tissues composing the cheek become
gangrenous. If decayed part is not removed with a knife, it is
gradually separated from surrounding living tissue by the process
of ulceration. In some casesa hole will be made through the
cheek through which the saliva is ejected in process of mastication.
378 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

It may be complicated with diarrhea and consequent weakness.
Malady often terminates in death, and runs its course in from
seven to ten days. In adult cattle, recovery does not take place
under three to four weeks.

TREATMENT.—

For the calf, give 5 to 10 grains of Quinine, according to
size and age of animal, and repeat dose four times a day. If
diarrhea is present, give Lime-water in %-ounce doses. When
animals show signs of debility, or diarrhea is present, Whiskey or
Brandy, in 1-ounce doses, should be given three or four times a
day. Mix with two or three parts of water. It may also be
given when appetite is poor, two or three times a day. To cleanse
the mouth and remove odor, syringe several times daily with the
following solution:

When the gangrenous part has sloughed, then use White
Lotion (page 263), and a Carbolic Acid lotion (Carbolic Acid,
¥% ounce to a pint of water). Swab the raw surface several times
a day to promote healing. ‘The diet should be nutritious, and for
calves the cow’s milk is to be preferred. When the gangrenous
tissue assumes a yellow, cheesy look, the animal’s recovery
will be hastened by removing the dead tissue with the knife.
During the convalescent stage, give, in combination with the
Quinine, Sulphate of Iron. For calves, give it in 10 to 20-grain
doses, and to cows in 2-drachm doses.

CHOKING.—This is a rather common occurrence on the
farm.

Causes.—From attempting to swallow too large an object,
such as a turnip, potato, beet, or an apple or pear, though in
rare cases it may occur from bran, chaff, or some other finely
divided food lodging in and filling up a portion of the gullet.
The latter form is most likely to occur in animals which are
greedy feeders.

Symptoms.—Animal will stop eating, slaver at the mouth,
cough, breathe heavily, and after a time become bloated in
DISEASES OF CATTLE 379

paunch, which is noticed on left side. Will also keep chewing,
poking out the nose, and swallowing, and when it drinks water
it is soon ejected, and there is seen an anxious expression on the
countenance. If the choke takes place in the neck region, the
enlargement will be seen on the left side.

TREATMENT.—

If the obstruction is in the back part of the mouth, or upper
part of throat, put a clevis in the animal’s mouth, so the hand
can be inserted, then while the head is held in a horizontal
position by two assistants, pass the hand into the mouth and take
out the offending object. An assistant to manipulate the obstruc-
tion on the outside, and push it up against you, will help in the
removal. If the object cannot be reached, give carefully a swallow
of melted lard, then try by manipulation on the outside, until
the lard works around it, to move it downward to the stomach.
If this fails, pass the probang (see ‘‘Choking,’’ in the horse, page
105). The one-half inch hose answers very nicely—-making it stiffer,
if necessary, with the wire. ‘Two assistants, by taking hold of the
horns and nose, can straighten the head out nearly straight.
The probang does not bother catile in breathing as much as it
does horses, and is easier to pass in cattle. Where the animal is
badly bloated, and efforts to press the object down fail, tap on
the left side with a trocar and canula, or even with a knife (see
‘“Tympanites’’ for tapping.)

If the obstruction is very firmly lodged, use the Belladonna
along with the lard, as recommended for the horse. Never use
a rake-handle, or anything rigid, for a probang, as is so often
done; if you do the esophagus is almost sure to be injured.

LOSING THE CUD—REMASTICATION.— It was
once thought, and perhaps still supposed by some, that the ox
sometimes loses his cud, and that something must be given him
to take its place, and so old rags, pieces of pork, and various
other substances were pushed into his throat to act as a new cud.
In order that such a ridiculous practice may be discontinued by
those who refer to this book, an explanation of the cud and how
it is disposed of will be given
380 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

All those animals which remasticate their food, when fed,
eat hastily, very imperfectly chewing the food and swallowing
it in a very poorly masticated condition; food swallowed in this
condition passes into the large paunch, and when this organ is
opened the food in it is always found to be very coarse. After
eating up its feed the animal goes and lies down and commences
to chew its cud, or remasticate the food, and appears perfectly
happy. In order to get the food back to the mouth a small
portion of this coarse food from the paunch is thrown, by an
action very much like vomiting, into the lower end of the
esophagus, and this organ, by reversing its action, commences to
contract at the lower end first, and forces the food back into the
mouth. ‘This portion of food constitutes the cud, or bolus. The
animal now chews this very thoroughly, putting it into excellent
shape for digestion; when the chewing is completed the bolus is
swallowed, not stopping in the paunch, but, by a peculiar struc-
ture of the parts, passes directly into the third, and from that
into the true stomach and on into the intestines, never again to
return to the mouth. Almost as soon as the bolus has been
swallowed, another portion of the food from the paunch is thrown
into the esophagus and carried back to the mouth, constituting a
new cud, ‘The process is repeated over and over again, until the
animal is satisfied; then the process of remastication is suspended
for a time, to be continued again when the sense of hunger
returns. Each cud is a new one. Not all the food is remasti-
cated; some of it passes from the paunch on into the second and
third stomachs without going back into the mouth. Almost any
disease will causé an animal to stop chewing its cud, simply
because it has lost the desire for food; when the disease is over-
come and the appetite returns, the animal will again commence to
remasticate without being given any artificial cud.

BLOATING—HOVEN—TYMPANITES—This disease
is characterized by swelling of the left flank, and is caused by the
formation of gas in the rumen, or paunch, as the result of fer-
menting food.

Causes. —Choking, sudden changes in food, wet clover,or eating
frozen roots of any kind. Anything which will cause acute
DISEASES OF CATTLE 381

indigestion. Very often caused by turning cattle into luxuriant
pasture when not used to green feed.

Symptoms.—The abdomen is very much enlarged, and espe-
cially the left flank; by tapping with the fingers on left side over
the paunch, a hollow, drum-like sound is emitted. Animal has
all anxious expression of countenance, moves uneasily, and is evi-
dently distressed. If flank is pressed in with fingers, it springs
back quickly. If relief is not obtained in time, the animal
breathes with difficulty, reels in walking or standing, and in a
short time falls and dies from suffocation. The distension may
become so great in some cases as to cause rupture of the stomach.

TREATMENT.—

In mild cases medicinal treatment may be of value, but in
severe cases tapping should be resorted to at once, as the danger
of the operation is very slight, and it relieves the suffering to a
great extent almost immediately.

For medicines give the following:

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ......... I ounce,
Fluid Extract of Jaborandi............. 4 drachms.
Fluid Extract of Calibar Bean......... 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract of Belladouna........... 1 drachm.
Hyposulphite of Soda..........cccceeeeeee 4 ounces.
Water, to make ........cccescceeeeeeeeeeeee I pint.

Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat in
one-half hour if necessary.

If these drugs are not at hand, give a good dose of Ginger,
or an ounce of Turpentine in a pint of Oil.

A piece of fork handle held in the mouth as a bit will some-
times help in getting rid of the gas.

If the bloating continues, tap the animal. Cattle are tapped
in the left flank, in the center of the triangle, or where the bloat
is most prominent. Use the horse trocar and canula, as it is
smaller, and yet answers every purpose. To tap, wash the
instrument first in the Carbolic lotion (see OPERATIONS), and have
the point of the trocar sharp; also wash place of tapping with
Carbolic lotion; place the point of the trocar against the flank,
direct it downwards and forwards, and push it in nearly the
382 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

whole length; withdraw the trocar and the gas will escape. If
it is necessary to tap a second time, do so in a slightly different
place. In absence of a trocar and canula, a knife and a quill
can be used; insert the small blade of a knife, and when it is
withdrawn, put in the quill. Every stock owner should have a
trocar and canula, as this disease so frequently occurs, and it
generally develops so rapidly that there is no time to send for
help. The gas can be removed by passing the hollow probang
(see ‘‘ Choking’’).

Even if the animal is tapped, the medicines should be used
to pass the fermenting mass onward, and after the acute symp-
toms have passed off, give a good physic—1% pounds of Epsom
Salts, and 2 tablespoonfuls of Ginger, in 2 quarts of water. Give
for a week or two the digestive tonics, as recommended under
“‘Chronic Indigestion,’’and see that the cause producing the dis-
ease does not again occur.

IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR PAUNCH.—
This is a case where the animal’s paunch is so filled with food
that it causes temporary paralysis, and the whole mass lies like
so much soggy material in a leather bag.

Causes.—From taking a large feed of straw, or bulky food—
engorging itself; from getting loose and eating too largely of
grain; or eating freely of food that animal is unaccustomed to.
Getting into a grain field, or at a bin of grain, is most common
cause.

Symptoms.—In some cases there is slight bloating, while in
others there is no bloating at all; animal is uneasy, makes a
grunt, or groan, every time it breathes. If a milch cow, the
milk flow will fall off in one night. The nose will be dry;
breathing and pulse will be quickened, and animal will keep
getting up and down, and will not take much food or water. On
pressing the flank with the closed fist the indent of the hand
remains for a short time in the flank, as if the rumen were filled
with a soft, doughy mass. Tapping over the stomach gives off
a dull, heavy sound. Bowels are costive, and the passages are
dry and slimy-looking, with a bad odor. If the animal has eaten
a very large amount, the left flank will be distended; the history
of the case helps diagnose.
 

POSITION OF THE RUMEN.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 383

 

TREATMENT.—
Give a dose of physic as follows:
Epsom Salts.........:0. ccsssssessseceeeneers 11g to 2 pounds.
Bicarbonate of Soda..........ceeseeeeeees I ounce.
Gln gre: swosseanys-cvechoconmecevacds pemeeine a 6

Dissolve in 2 quarts of lukewarm water and
give as a drench.

Also give the following to assist in passing the mass along:

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia......... I ounce.
Sulphuric Ether..........:ccceseeeeeeseees ye
Fluid Extract of Jaborandi ............ 2 drachms,
Fluid Extract of Calibar Bean......... % drach.
Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica......... 1% drachms.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna.......... I drachm.
Water to make..........cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee I pint.

Shake, Give as one dose and repeat three or
four times a day until the animal is relieved.

If there is great pain, also give 5 grains of Morphine three
times a day. If the bowels do not move freely in thirty-six
hours, repeat the dose of Epsom Salts, and if, after thirty-six
hours longer, the mass is still unmoved, give 1 pound of Epsom
Salts along with 2 to 4 drachms of Gamboge, or ¥% to 1 drachm
of Croton Oil; if the oil is used, give it in a pint of raw Linseed
Oil. It is also good to give a quart of melted lard a day from
the beginning of the attack. Give the animal all the water it
wishes, but not too large an amount at one time. Give only a
little sloppy food. If the medicine fails to have the desired effect,
rumenotomy may be performed. This is opening the rumen
through the flank and taking out the material. It requires a
veterinarian. Where an animal has eaten a very large amount.
it might be best to have the operation performed at once, as the
chances would be less than those taken by trying to get rid of
the mass by the use of medicines. After the mass moves on out
of the stomach, feed carefully and use the tonics as for ‘‘Chronic
Indigestion,’’ continuing their use for a week or two. If, during
the course of thé disease, there is bloating, give 4-ounce doses of
Hyposulphite of Soda in 1 pint of water, three or four times a
day, or tap (see ‘“I'ympanites’’).
384 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

IMPACTION OF THE MANYPLIES, OR THIRD
PART OF STOMACH.—MAW-BOUND.—The omasum,
or third stomach, is the stomach with a great number of leaves,
arranged so as to rub constantly on one another, keeping up a
grinding action on the food, as it passes between them. Sometimes
this part becomes firmly packed with food, which does not pass
on, and the disease is produced.

Causes.—From eating dry and over-ripe food that has little
nourishment. In thespring, when cattle are turned out early, in
trying to get at the new grass, they fill themselves with the old
dry grass, and this lodging in the omasum, sets up au impaction
of it. Is also caused by eating dry, dead grass late in the fall, or
by keeping largely on straw or corn-stalks during the winter.

Symptoms.—It comes on gradually as an ordinary case of
constipation, with abdominal pain, a looking around to the right
side, and disinclination to move. Kicking at belly with hind
feet, grunting at nearly every breath; later fever sets in, and
slowly increases as the disease makes progress; there may be
some tenderness in the right side, just below the ribs. The pulse
becomes more rapid and at the last, weak. The colic pains and
fever grow more intense; animal makes attempts to manure, but
only a few hard pieces are passed; delirium and vertigo set in,
and death follows if not relieved. The symptoms resemble
closely those of impaction of rumen, except that the left flank is
normal, and there is no bloating.

TREATMENT.—

The treatment is the same as for ‘‘Impaction of the Rumen;’’
use the melted lard freely; give water freely. Injections of
warm, soapy water per rectum may be used as in ‘‘Impaction of
the Large Intestines’ in the horse (page 121). This disease cannot
be relieved by an operation, as can impaction of the rumen. Upon
exatiining the omasum after death, it is found to be filled in
between the leaves with layers of very hard, dry food, and when
the food is removed, the covering of the leaves comes off.

VOMITING. — This is not a very common affection in
cattle, but it sometimes occurs.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 385

 

Causes.—From some irritation of the first or fourth stomach;
eating indigestible material, as old clothes, or a boot, or it may
result from indigestion.

Symptoms.—Animals that vomit are usually in poor condi-
tion. After eating tranquilly for some time, the beast becomes
suddenly uneasy, arches the back, stretches the head and neck,
and suddenly ejects a greater or less amount of the contents of
the rumen. Ina little while after this, uneasiness subsides, and
the eating is resumed as though nothing had happened.

TREATMENT.—
Give easily digested food and plenty of water. In order to
allay the irritation of the stomach the following should be given:

 

Chloral Hydrate........cccssesseseeneveeee ¥% ounce.
Subnitrate of Bismuth 3 drachms.
Thin Linseed Gruel ............ccsceceeees I pint.

Repeat dose as conditions seem to require.

If there is reason to suspect that something indigestible has
been eaten and does not pass on, give the following physic:

Epsom Salts.......cccceesssesesseeeeereeees I pound.

alti sschsasaisasciensces Raccaehanvassesseemsenss 2 tablespoonfuls,
Mix in a quart of lukewarm water and give

as a drench.

Also give the stimulating mixture as is recommended for ‘‘Im-
paction of the Rumen,” repeating two or three times a day for
two or three days, and then give the tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indi-
gestion.’’

SUB-ACUTE INDIGESTION—OFF-FEED.—This is
a disease in which the digestive function is more or less imper-
fect.

Causes. —The condition is most often caused by high feeding,
especially with grain. Quite frequently seen in fattening ani-
mals, and also in dairy cows. Poor food may also cause the con-

dition.
26
386. THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—The first thing noticed, the animal leaves a part
or all of its grain, and takes but little coarse feed; animal also
shows some dullness; after a day or two bowels are sluggish.
The symptoms resemble, somewhat, impaction of the rumen, but
are milder. If not relieved, the more severe symptoms of im-
paction may present themselves.

TREATMENT.—

As soon as an animal is seen to leave a part of its grain, cut
down the feed at once, or let them go without for a feed or two.
Give a dose of Epsom salts—1%4 pounds — and an ounce or two
of Ginger, in 2 quarts of water; also use the following:

Fluid Extract Nux Vomiica........... 1¥% drachms.
Fluid Extract Jaborandi............0006 3 drachms.
Fluid Extract Calibar Bean............ 1 drachm,
Aromatic Spirits Ammonia ............ I ounce.
Water, to make .......ccccccccrererseeeeeee I pint.

Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat three
or four times a day, until animal is eating again,
Give a little sloppy diet if he will eat. After commencing
to eat be careful about overfeeding again, and give the tonics as
for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion”’ for two or three weeks.

CHRONIC INDIGESTION.—This is a condition in which
the digestive organs are only partly performing their function,
the condition having existed for some time.

Causes.—The cause is generally due to poor feed, or to too
long continued high feed. Cattle are not so subject to the disease
as horses, yet it is not infrequent.

Symptoms.—The animal is unthrifty, is not doing well, hair
is harsh, skin harsh and dry; animal is dull; the appetite may
remain good, or be capricious, one day eating well, another day
eating but little; increase of feed produces little or no improve-
ment in the animal’s condition; if a cow, milk secretion is small.
The feces are dry and hard.

TREATMENT. —
<xive the animal the best of feed, roots, or silage, if possible,
aiong with clover hay and bran, oats and corn, and alittle Linseed
DISEASES OF CATTLE 387

 

meal. If bowels are costive, give a 1-pound dose of Epsom Salts,
repeating once a week; also use the following tonics:

 

Gentian ...6s.0issaversevecssedscuscvescecesees ¥% pound.
Bicarbonate of Soda........... wy as
Nux Vomica..........cscssseecceececceecsees yy“

ATSENICS, ovscssewstevessdkiseaeesestvadeWrchesce 1 drachm.

Mix. Dose: Tablespoonful morning and
night in moistened grain.

At noon give a tablespoonful of the following:

Sulphate of Tron... .eeeeseseesseeeee 4 ounces.
Saltpeter........cceee sa eseneeeascoececresccess or
Mix.

Or the following iron mixture may be used:

Liquid Chloride of Iron..............000 2 ounces.
Nitro-hydochloric Acid ...........ccce00e aaa
Water to make... eeeeeeeseseeenens I pint.

Shake. Dose: 1 ounce, diluted in 8 ounces
of water.

HAIR, OR BINDER TWINE BALLS, OR CON-
CRETIONS.—These may be found in rumen or paunch, or in
the reticulum or second stomach. In calves, foreign substances
are sometimes found in the fourth stomach.

Causes.—Hair balls are caused by animals licking each other
in spring, when the hair is loose, and this hair collects in a ball
in the stomach. In the case of binder twine, the cattle get the
twine from eating straw which has been bound with twine, and
this collects and forms into balls.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of these foreign bodies are not at
all characteristic; if in the first or second stomach they produce
but little trouble, the animal acting normal; when in the fourth
stomach, substances are apt to cause more irritation, and produce
symptoms similar to inflammation of the stomach, or impaction.
Upon opening the stomach of cattle which have been slaughtered
for meat, foreign bodies of various kinds are frequently found,
having produced no apparent disturbance.
388 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Inasmuch as the exact condition can not be recognized,
symptoms only can be treated; if they are like those of inflam-
mation of the stomach, treat as for that; if there is impaction,
treat that. If there is good reason to believe that there is some-
thing in the rumen, rumenotomy could be performed. See ‘‘Im-
paction of Rumen.”’

INFLAMMATION OF THE ABOMASUM, OR
FOURTH PART OF THE STOMACH.—This disease is
more common in calves than in older cattle.

Causes.—It is caused by eating frozen roots, or grass, and
also by eating over-ripe food. In calves it is caused from chang-
ing too suddenly from sweet to sour milk; in the case of young
calves, especially, this change irritates the stomach and sets up
disease.

Symptoms.—First there is diarrhea, then constipation, chang-
ing from one to the other every day or two; animal breathes
quickly and groans with pain; nose is hot and dry; belly hasa
tucked up look and is sore to pressure; the legs and ears are cold.
The pulse is rapid and hard, the temperature elevated; animal
refuses all feed.

TREATMENT.—
To calves give the following drench:
Raw Linseed Oil......cccsseseeeee cones . ¥ pint.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ Io drops.
Taudanum......ccsccccssecccssecssceseseoeuse I drachm.

Mix and give as a drench.

Give the belly a good rubbing with Mustard and vinegar;
blanket to keep warm, and place some hot salt in a bag over the
back, and after this give a teaspoonful of Laudanum and 10 drops
of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in % cup of milk three or
four times a day, until it gets relief; 1 drachm of Subnitrate of
Bismuth, divided into three powders, and one given in a little
thin gruel three times a day is also good. If it will drink, give
it small quantities of new milk, and every time it is fed, put a
teaspoonful of baking soda in the milk.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 389

To old cattle give the following:

Raw Linseed Oil..........:cccseeessesveees 1 pint.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1 drachm.
Veaidan Gms sicscscsessswvsiestevasce ids secess I ounce.

Mix and give as a drench.

Afterward give the following:

Tad an uti tse cs ctaameraeeasensseeuriecsp ounce I ounce.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract of Aconite Root......... 15 drops;

Mix in a pint of water and give as a drench
three times a day until relieved.

Subnitrate of Bismuth in 2-drachm doses, in a little thin
gruel, three times a day, is also good. Clothe the body well and
put hot salt in a bag to the back. Feed soft food and give luke-
warm water to drink.

DIARRHEA, OR SCOURS. — Diarrhea results either
from increased action of the muscular coat of the intestines, or
an increased secretion of the juices, or from both of those con-
ditions combined.

Causes.—Food taken in excess, or of improper quality; ex-
cessive secretions, especially bile; impure water, and water drunk
in excess; mechanical congestion of the intestinal vessels; acute
or chronic inflammation of the bowels; sudden change in feed.
Exposure to changes of temperature, either of heat or cold, may
produce it. May be a symptom of other diseases.

Symptoms.—In severe cases, the animal is dull, places its
feet well under its body, arches its back, and shows thirst. Pas-
sages from the bowels are frequent, at first consisting of thin
dung, but as disease advances they become watery and offensive
smelling, and may even be streaked with blood. Frequently the
malady is accompanied by fever, great depression, loss of
strength, rapid loss of flesh, and it may terminate in death. Mild
cases simply show a too fluid condition of the droppings.

TREATMENT.—
When the disease is from irritating properties of food, give
a mild purgative, as a pint of either Linseed or Castor Oil.
390 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

And also give the following:

Laut ative evinided sieeve seviaveccaecess +. IY ounces,
Bicarbonate Of Soda.....c..ssceescessceeee I ounce,
Water ssiissas sieves ctavevecasvarenevnacseasees 1 pint.

Shake. Give as one dose; repeat three or
four times a day until condition stops.

Alternate with the above, in bad cases:

COPPeLas ....eseccsseeseecesrssseeceneeeeenans % ounce,
WIAter: <:. casccetresaaeaiconccesieatest eceeneet I pint

Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat three
times a day.

If these fail to check, use the following:
Corrosive Sublimate.....cccsesesseeereee 7 grains,
Water sstieebe eeciidcssassceied deaaeseseeveevaes I pint.

Shake. Dose: 4 to 1 ounce, repeated three
or four times a day,

This is very poisonous, and care should be taken to use it as
directed.

Give dry feed, limit the water, giving Linseed meal, starch,
or flour gruel. If the animal will eat, give dry, burned flour.
The doses given are for the adult; give calves about 1, the
dose. See ‘‘White Scours’’ for the disease in calves. If there is
great prostration, blood in passages, and pain, see ‘‘ Dysentery.”’
When the condition is a symptom of some other disease, that dis-
ease must also be treated.

DYSENTERY—BLOODY FLUX. —Dysentery begins
with inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon, but
may extend until all the bowels are involved.

Causes.—Feeding musty hay and grain, or other forage in
like condition; acid, poisonous plants; bad water; sequel of
neglected diarrhea; or following almost any debilitating disease.

Symptoms.—Animal eats slowly, ruminates less frequently,
and walks slowly. There are sometimes colic pains. As dis-
ease advances, animal ceases to eat and chew the cud, the muzzle is
dry, eyes sunken, coat rough, and the skin dry and hide-bound;
stands with the back arched. At first, bowels act irregularly,
DISEASES OF CATTLE 391

passages are thin, then become fetid, and are streaked with
blood; pulse rapid and weak, temperature elevated. Disease
may or may not run a rapid course, and, when fatal, the lining
of the bowels will be found thickened and reddened at some
points, showing ulceration at others, and on some portions of its
surface covered with a layer of mucus. ‘There is more or less
mucus passed along with the droppings during the course of
the disease, giving them a slimy appearance.

TREATMENT.—

The disease is treated much the same as ‘‘Diarrhea,”’ starting
in with the Oil; also use the Laudanum, but the astringents more
especially are needed in this disease; use the Copperas solution
part of the time and part of the time, in its place, use the following:

Acetate of Lead........ccccsseseceesesseeeee 1 drachm,
Waters geseadeciancnaas see susan oussarecattere I pint.

Shake. Give as one dose, and repeat two or
three times a day.

The Corrosive Sublimate solution can also be used, as with
“Diarrhea.’’? Also use the gruels and burned flour. Blood flour is
also excellent for this trouble; give an adult animal from 2 to
4 tablespoonfuls in a pint of warm water.

With this disorder also use the following as a stimulant, and
also to allay the fever:

Fluid Extract of Aconite.......ccccccee 1% drachms.

   

Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ I ounce.

AVGGHOlesiisevescccsecsecssescsasee ss coerecewss 5 ounces.
Galtpeter .....sceeccesssee cerseeceeseeeeeeeens 2 ounces

Water to make I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times
a day, in % pint of water.

If necessary to continue for more than two or three days,
leave the Aconite out of the prescription, and put % ounce of
Fluid Extract of Digitalis into the prescription in its place.

After recovery, use for a couple of weeks the tonics as for
“Chronic Indigestion.’’
392 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

COLIC.—

Causes.—From drinking copiously of cold water, which pro-
duces cramps of stomach and bowels; or from a change of food,
especially if green or frozen. Not as common a disease with
cattle as with horses.

Symptoms.—There is some distension of the abdomen, but no
accumulation of gas. As distension and pain occur immediately
after drinking, there can be no question as to cause. The animal
is uneasy; lies down and gets up; stretches out and strikes the
feet against the belly; moans, and looks around at the side, show-
ing distress.

TREATMENT. —

Walk the animal about for ten minutes. In some cases the
walking exercise will result in a diarrhea, which will bring about
a cure for the disorder. In case the pain persists, give the fol-
lowing:

Sulphuric Ether.......ccc-sescseevereseses I ounce.
LAU GAR UMS isi iicccesesiedesssoncswesvaveenede re
Wartt water ......cccssssescessecenenseeenes I pint.

Give as one dose, and repeat in an hour if not
relieved, and again in two hours if necessary.

In an emergency, when the medicine is not to be had, give
4 ounces of Whiskey mixed with a pint of warm water, or a
tablespoonful of Ginger may be given in the same way as the
remedies already mentioned. Do not exercise beyond a walk.
Give one of the colic mixtures as recommended for the horse
under ‘‘Colic’’ (page 115). Hot applications to the loins or abdo-
men, if possible, will be of great value.

DEPRAVED APPETITE—PICA.—Cattle suffering
from this disease have a capricious and variable appetite as
regards their ordinary food, but show a strong liking to lick and
eat substances that healthy cattle show no inclination for, such
as lime, earth, coal, gravel, or even the dung of other cattle.

Causes.—Bad food, especially food that has undergone
changes, which lessens its digestibility and nutritive qualities, is
DISEASES OF CATTLE 393

a common cause. Cattle pastured on low, swampy land are pre-
disposed to it. It occasionally happens that one individual suf-
fers, though all are fed alike; in such case the trouble must arise
from a lack of assimilation.

Symptoms.—In addition to licking and eating strange things
as above noted, animals affected with this ailment fall off in con-
dition, their coats become staring, the gait slow.

TREATMENT.—
Give treatment as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.”’

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS—ENTER-
ITIS.—This is an inflammation of the lining and also the
muscular wall of the bowels, and is quite different from the
inflammatory stage of dysentery.

Causes.—From eating various poisonous substances, either
animal, vegetable, or mineral; it may follow a too sudden
checking of the diarrhea; drinking of ice-cold water may produce
it; or exposure to a cold, damp wind, or any influence that sud-
denly chills the surface of the body may act as a cause.

Symptoms.—There is constipation, such feces as are passed
being hard, dry, and mucus coated, and sometimes offensive and
bloody; high fever with quick, hard pulse; dry mouth, with fur
over tongue and cheeks; great thirst; appetite fails, and in cows,
the milk; rumination is stopped; colic pains may occur, although
pain is more apt to be constant; more or less pain is produced by
pressing against the right flank; breathing is labored, and more
or less bloating may be noticed; urine is scanty and high colored;
back is arched, animal moans, grinds his teeth, and refuses to
move; pulse gradually becomes imperceptible, and extremities
are cold; and in fatal cases, death follows in a day or two. The
high temperature and rapid, hard pulse helps distinguish this
from the other diseases of the digestive organs.

TREATMENT.

If the inflammation is caused by irritating poisons, either
vegetable or mineral, give thin Linseed gruel freely ; and from
whatever cause, a liberal amount of the gruel is good ; it helps to
unload the bowels without irritating them. Give water in small
394 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

quantities very frequently. Give r-ounce doses of laudanum
five to seven times a day, and also the following :

Fluid Extract Belladonna............00 I ounce.
Fluid Extract Acomite.....cccecccseseeeee 1% drachms.
Salt peter scccsccwassaien scecntevearessavevectia 2 ounces,
Liquor Ammonia Acetatis ...........60 8 ounces.
Water to make......ccccceeccseceeeeeeneee I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, four times a day in
a half pint of water.

The Ammonia Acetate solution may be left out if not at hand.

Apply hot blankets to the loins-and right flank ; apply as
hot as the animal will stand, and change every half hour. If the
weather will not permit of using hot water, rub on a little
Turpentine liniment or Mustard plaster and apply hot salt bag.
If animal recovers, feed carefully for some time, and give half
doses of tonics as for ‘‘ Chronic Indigestion.’’

INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING OF THE
BELLY CAVITY—PERITONITIS.—This is an inflamma-
tion of the membrane lining the cavity of the belly, and covering
the bowels and other abdominal viscera.

Causes.—From standing in a cold rain, or wind, after being
warmed up and sweating; or from being wet and afterward lying
out on the cold ground. It may also be caused by wounds pene-
trating the abdomen. Sometimes follows castration or spaying;
sometimes follows parturition.

Symptoms.—Continuous or occasional shivering; animal lies
down, but acts uneasy; often turns the head toward the flanks
and lcws plaintively; pressure on flanks produces pain; no appe-
tite; muzzle dry, and no rumination; while standing, legs are
placed well under body; pulse small and hard; temperature ele-
vated; dung small and hard. If disease is complicated with in-
flammation of the bowels, pain is more severe and animal more
restless. The skin is cold and dry in early stage, but when more
advanced, this condition may be succeeded by heat of skin and
quick breathing. The fits of trembling, uneasiness, small and
hard pulse, elevated temperature, and tension of left flank with
pain upon pressure, are symptoms the presence of which are
DISEASES OF CATTLE 395

indicative of the disease. Symptoms are very much like inflamma-
tion of the bowels, only not quite so severe, and disease runs a

slower course. If from wounds, the presence of these help to
diagnose.

TREATMENT.—

When from injury by the horn of another animal being
thrust through the abdominal walls, or when resulting from
castration, give special treatment, as indicated under the title of
injury, and follow general treatment as here given:

The body should be warmly clothed, and it is advisable when
practicable, to have a blanket, which has been wrung out in hot
water, placed over the abdomen, then covered with several dry
blankets, which are kept in place by straps or ropes passed
around the body. If the animal is lying down the straps are not
necessary. The wet blanket must be changed as often as it cools
(every half hour), the object being to draw the blood to the surface
of the body, and relieve internal parts. If for any reason the
wet blanket had best not be used, as in a cold stable, apply Tur-
pentine liniment or Mustard paste to the abdomen, and put hot
salt bags under the woolen blankets.

Internally, use the same treatment as recommended under
“Inflammation of the Bowels,’’ the disease first preceding this,
for the first two or three days, then change the prescription and
give the following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I cance.
Fluid Extract of Digitalis............06 6 drachms.,
Todide of Potash.......ccscecceseeessreseere 6 ae
Saltpeter ......csecccseccsessscecenseeseseneres 3 ounces.
Water to make.........cssesseseessereneeree I pint,

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day.

If a large amount of fluid should collect in the abdominal
cavity, treat as recommended under the next disease.

DROPSY OF THE BELLY—ASCITES.—In this
disease there is a watery effusion into the cavity of the abdomen,

Causes.—From peritonitis, or acute, or chronic diseases of
the liver. Also from a run-down condition, resulting from poor
feed.
396 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—A gradual increase in the size of the belly at its
lower part, while the flanks become hollow; pallor of the mucous
membrane of the mouth and eye; weak, sluggish gait; want of
appetite, and irregularity of ruminating. On percussion, or
tapping of the surface of the abdomen with the fingers, a dull
sound is produced. If hand and arm are oiled and passed into
the rectum as far as possible, on moving hand from side to side,
the fluctuation caused by the presence of fluid in the abdomen
may be felt. ‘The fluctuation may also sometimes be felt by
pressing in suddenly in the lower part of the right flank.

TREATMENT.—

Give nutritious food, and use the Gentian and Nux Vomica
tonic, as recommended under ‘‘ Chronic Indigestion,’’ along with
the last preparation as given under ‘‘ Peritonitis.’’ But give the
tonic in thin gruel, so as not to throw the animal off its feed.
If the bowels are sluggish, give %-pound doses of Epsom Salts
every three or four days. If this treatment fails to reduce the
amount of fluid, the abdomen will have to be tapped. This is
done the same as for Tympanites (see that disease) , except that the
trocar and canula is introduced a few inches back of the navel,
on the underside of the abdomen. Push the instrument in only
far enough to go through the wall, withdraw the trocar and
the fluid will flow out through the canula. Continue the internal
treatment after tapping.

CONSTIPATION.—This is a condition which exists when
there is not sufficient moisture in the stomach and bowels, and
the feces are passed tardily and in hard, dry lumps.

Causes.—From the too free use of dry, over-ripe feed; from
insufficient or impure water ; from too little exercise. It is often
symptomatic of other disease, especially that of theliver. Calves
sometimes suffer from constipation immediately after birth.

Symptoms.—It is recognized by the hard, dry manure, which
is also sometimes glazed. Animal may not care to eat or drink,
and the muzzle is dry. It is apt to run into inflammation of the
bowels, colic or impaction if not overcome. If a symptom of
other disease, the symptoms of that disease will be present.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 397

TREATMENT. —

Give the same internal treatment as recommended under
“‘Sub-Acute Indigestion; Off-Feed.’’ Also give laxative food,
and plenty of pure water to drink. If a mild case, laxative food,
with a handful of salt and plenty of water may be all that is
required. Injections into the rectum of warm water and soap
are of much benefit in aiding either laxatives or purgatives.
When a symptom of a disease, treat as indicated under the
affection.

In the case of calves suffering from constipation immediately
following birth, give an ounce or two of Castor Oil shaken up in
an ounce of new milk. The dam’s milk is the best preventive of
this trouble, as it contains laxative substances which help in
unloading the bowels. Inject a little warm, soapy water into
the rectum. If the oil fails, give 1 or 2 ounces of Epsom Salts
in 4 ounces of warm water, and also a little of the mixture as
recommended above.

INTESTINAL WORMS IN CATTLE.—Cattle are less
infested with worms than any other species of domestic ainmals,
and it is rarely necessary to apply treatment for the removal of
these parasites. Tapeworms and round worms are, however,
sometimes found in the intestines of cattle. Tapeworms more
often than the round ones.

Symptoms.—An examination of the manure is the only cer-
tain method of making sure that there are worms in the bowels,
and if present the worms will be found to some extent in the
droppings. In some cases the animal may fall off in condition,
though the appetite may be very good.

TREATMENT.—

For tapeworms, feed lightly for a day or two and then give %
ounce of Oil of Male Fern twice a day in a pint of milk for three
days in succession, and follow the last dose with 134 pounds of
Epsom Salts.

For round worms give 2 drachms of Sulphate of Iron, three
times a day, mixed in moistened grain, and after three days’
treatment with this, give the Epsom Salts as above. Oil of Tur-
pentine may be given in doses of 1 ounce with a pint of milk or
398 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

raw Linseed Oil, or Santonin in 1-drachm doses in feed, to be
followed by the purgative as described. In treating calves, which
are more apt to be infested with worms than older cattle, give
from one-quarter to one-half the dose given above.

WOUNDS OF THE ABDOMEN.—A wound of the
abdomen may merely penetrate the skin, but as such cases are
not attended with much danger, the purpose of this article will
be to consider more especially those wounds which penetrate the
entire thickness of the walls, and expose, to a greater or less
extent, the organs contained.

Causes.—By falling on sharp ehjects that penetrate; by a
blow from the horn of another anima! ; incautious use of caustics
in treating hernia.

Symptoms.—When the wound is small, at first the bowel
exposed looks like a small round tumor, but in a few minutes a
loop of intestines may emerge from the opening. Animal will
then show symptoms of severe pain, by pawing with his feet,
which will accelerate the passage of new loops of the intestines,
so that they may in some cases reach the ground. The pain now
is so great that the animal becomes almost frantic,

TREATMENT. —

In case the bowels are torn and bruised, there is nothing to
do but to slaughter the animal at once. If the parts have not
been lacerated, the bowels should be cleaned by pouring tepid
water over them and then Carbolic Acid lotion, as in cleaning the
vagina in eversion of that organ. After cleaning the bowel,
return it, wash the edges of the wound with water and the Car-
bolic Acid lotion, sew up the muscles with catgut, the skin with
silk (see OPERATIONS, page 347). Apply bandage as with
‘“‘Hernias.’’ Dress the wound daily with the Carbolic Acid
lotion. (See ‘‘General Treatment of Wounds,’’ Horse DEPART-
MENT), If only the skin is torn, treat as under same heading.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 399

RUPTURE, OR HERNIA

A hernia is a displacement of some of the abdominal organs,
generally a portion of the bowels, outside the abdominal cavity;
they are named according to their location.

VENTRAL HERNIA is an escape of some one of the
abdominal organs through a rupture in the abdominal muscles,
the skin remaining intact. The small intestine, or part of the
large intestine, are the parts which usually form a ventral hernia.

Causes.—Hernia is frequently produced by blows of the
horns of other animals, by kicks, and by falls. In the case of old
cows this may occur without any direct injury. In advanced
stages of pregnancy, the increase of the size of the abdomen
causes a thinning and stretching of the muscular fibers, which at
last may rupture or give way.

Symptoms.—The hernia is most often situated at the right
side of the abdomen, producing an enlargement of greater or less
size. The swelling is not usually painful, is of a doughy appear-
ance, or elastic, according as the intestines does or does not con-
tain feces. By working with the hand, the bowel can be pushed
back and the enlargement reduced, and the rent in the abdominal
wall felt. If on the upper and right side, the hernia is usually
formed by the small intestine. It is not so readily reduced, but
when once done is not as likely to be reproduced as in those
occurring lower. Adhesion to the abdominal wall, and strangu-
lation are complications which sometimes take place. In adhesion
the rupture cannot be reduced by pressure, and when strangula-
tion exists there is pain. In the latter case, the edges of the
opening press on the bowel, so as to stop the passage of the feces,
produce inflammation, and finally gangrene. The strangulated
hernia will cause severe abdominal pain, shown by uneasiness,
kicking belly, etc.

TREATMENT.—

When a hernia can be put back into the abdomen (reduced),
it should be kept there to allow the walls of the wound
to grow together. This may be done in a number of ways.
400 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

The following method of applying a bandage has been recom-
mended by some. Prepare a bandage of strong material about
10 yards long and 3 to 4 inches broad, and a flexible but solid
piece of pasteboard adapted to the size of the hernia. Push back
protruding organ into the abdomen; this being done, a layer of
melted pitch and turpentine is quickly spread on skin covering
seat of hernia and extending somewhat beyond. Cover this
adhesive layer with a layer of fine tow, then put a new layer of
pitch and turpentine on the tow, and lay on this the pasteboard,
the outer surface of which cover with the same preparation ;
lastly, the bandage, adhering to the piece of pasteboard, to the
skin, and to the different turns which it makes around the body,
is carefully applied so as to form an immovable, rigid, and solid
bandage, which retains the hernia long enough for the wound in
the abdominal walls to heal permanently. Bandages get loose as
the animal changes slightly in size from day to day, and so must
be watched.

Resorting to surgery for the curing of ventral hernia is
advisible, if the rupture is not too large. The skin is cut
through over the rupture and the muscles sewed up with
cat-gut and then the skin sewed up with silk. A bandage
is then put around the animal to help support the stitches; see
OPERATIONS, in HORSE DEPARTMENT, for general principles for
operations. Large hernias best not be operated on in this way—
a rent over six or eight inches long. Ruptures on the under side
of abdomen are more apt to recur when they have been returned,
and wounds made in operating on them are more difficult to heal
than when hernia is on the side. When a ruptureis strangulated
—circulation of contents of sac stopped—it is advisible to open
the sac carefully and return the parts, enlarging the opening in
the abdominal muscles enough to return protuding organs, after
which close the wound in the muscles with cat-gut stitches, and
then the wound in the skin with silk thread. Put over this a
compress of ten to twelve folds of cloth; and apply a bandage
around the body to hold it in place, fastening the two ends at
the back. A ventral hernia may also be treated by ligating the
fold of skin, or by the use of the elastic bandage as with umbil-
ical hernia.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 401

UMBILICAL, OR NAVEL HERNIA.—The umbilicus,
or navel, is the opening in the floor of the abdomen through which
the blood vessels pass from the foetus to enter the umbilical cord;
naturally this closes after birth. Sometimes this remains open
in new-born calves, and allows a part of the bowel to slip through
the opening, constituting what is called umbilical hernia, or rup-
ture. .

Causes.—In a new-born animal, in which the accident occurs,
the opening is too large, or does not close as it should, and a
portion of the intestine passes through it. May be caused by
roughly pulling away the cord; by kicks, or blows, on belly; by
any severe straining which affects the navel.

Symptoms.—There is an enlargement at the navel, and by
laying the animal on his back, and working it with the hand, the
bowel can be pushed back and the opening felt.

TREATMEN’.—

It is well to bear in mind that many of the smaller ruptures
will heal of themselves—nature effects the cure. As animal
grows older, the muscles on the sides of the opening get stronger
and resist pressure, bowels grow larger, and do not so easily pass
through opening, so that from a combination of causes there is a
gradual closing of the navel. When there is no evidence of self-
closing, the calf should be laid on its back, and if rupture does
not return into belly, the reduction may be brought about by
gentle handling. When this is done, clip the hair from around
the parts, and apply a compress of ten to twelve yards of linen,
or cotton, bandaging as directed in ventral hernia. Or, use a
bandage having in it some elastic webbing; this keeps the bandage
tight, regardless of the movements of the animal. In case there
is adhesion, so that the intestines cannot be put back, the skin
must be laid open with a knife in the long direction, and
adhesions carefully separated, and after the protruding parts have
been put back, the sides of the umbilicus freshened by cutting,
and.then edges of wound brought together with catgut stitches
and the wound in the skin sewed with silk. Bandage with a plain,
or elastic, bandage, and dress wound daily. See principles for, in

OPERATIONS, Horse DEPARTMENT. Another plan is to cord the
26
402 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

pendulous portion of the skin—after returning the intestines,
gather up the loose skin and tie a string around it, close to the
body; tie tight enough so it will not slip off. This will likely
slacken in a few days, when a new piece should be applied, just
above the first one. This sets up inflammation and causes the
edges to adhere, and by the time the skin below the tie has lost
its vitality and dropped off, the umbilicus is closed and there is
no danger of the bowel coming down. Sometimes adhesion does
not take place, the skin sloughs, and the last state is worse than
the first; this is due to tying the string too tight and sloughing
too quickly, or to the edges of the umbilicus being so healed over
that they will not unite, which might be the case if the hernia
has been present for some time. With these old hernias the best
treatment is to cut in, raw the edges and sew up, and then use
the compress and bandage.

INGUINAL HERNIA.—Inguinal hernia is caused by a
loop of the intestine passing down into the inguinal canal—the
canal leading from the abdomen down into the scrotum, in which
lies the spermatic cord. ‘This accident is more apt to occur in
bulls, although it may happen in steers. It rarely occurs. The
bowel becomes strangulated, and the condition is only recognized
when this occurs, and then the following symptoms are presented.
The animal becomes restless, stamps with his feet, lies down and
gets up, kicks at his belly, looks at his flank, etc. With these
symptems an examination should be made through the rectum.
Pass the hand into the rectum and feel along the front border of
the pelvic floor, and if the condition exists, the bowel can be felt
entering the canal a little to one side of the center and just in
front of the pelvic border; the swollen condition of the bowel will
help recognize it.

‘TREATMENT. —

Place the animal with the hind feet higher than the front,
and remove the bowel from the canal by pulling upon it. After
removing the bowel, if a steer, and ready for the market, dispose
of him, or fat as soon as possible, as accident may re-occur. Ifa
bull, and it re-occurs, castrate as for scrotal hernia.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 403

 

SCROTAL HERNIA.—This is a hernia in which the
bowel passes down through the inguinal canal into the scrotum.
With male calves the condition is sometimes present at birth, and
later on gradually reduces itself by the canal closing and crowd-
ing the bowel out; or, the condition may continue, the canal being
large enough to allow the feces to pass through the loop of the
bowel without being obstructed, or it may become strangulated
and cause serious trouble.

Symptoms.—The scrotum is larger than it should be,
especially on one side ; by feeling of it, it is found to contain a
mass under the testicle, and by laying the animal on his back the
bowel can be worked back into the abdomen. The condition
may exist for a long time and cause no apparent inconvenience,
or the bowel may become strangulated at any time and cause
symptoms as with inguinal hernia.

TREATMENT. —
Castrate the animal by the covered operation, the same as
recommended for the colt or pig affected with this trouble.

DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD
VESSELS.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM—
PERICARDITIS.—This is an inflammation of the sac or mem-
brane enclosing the heart, and it is often associated with pneu-
monia, pleurisy, rheumatism, and other constitutional diseases.
It also occurs as an independent affection, due to causes similar
to those of other diseases of the chest, such as cold, or dampness,
and changes of the weather.

Symptoms.—It may be ushered in by a chill, followed by
fever of more or less severity; the animal stands still and dull,
with hanging head and an anxious expression. Pulse may be
large, perhaps hard; there is also a venous pulse. Hand against
chest will feel beating of heart, which is irregular, sometimes
404 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

violent, then again weak. Legs are cold; breathing quickened,
and usually abdominal; tapping or striking left side of chest
gives pain. There may be a line or furrow along line of the
false ribs from below and behind elbow back to flank. Spasms
of the muscles may occur in region of breast, neck, or hind legs.
After a time, which is varying in length, legs may swell, and
swelling may appear under chest and brisket. In first stages,
the ear applied to chest will hear a to-and-fro friction sound, cor-
responding to the beats of heart; when exudation into heart sac
takes place the sound is not heard, and will not be until fluid is
absorbed sufficiently to allow surfaces to come together again. A
murmuring sound like that made by bellows sometimes takes
place of friction sound, which indicates that the endocardium, or
heart lining, is also involved. The friction sound in pleurisy is
heard in consonance with breathing, so there is no need in con-
fusing the symptoms, if one is careful.

TREATMENT. —

When this disease is associated with other diseases, these
must be treated as directed in description of them. Keep animal
in a quiet, comfortable place, free from excitement. Clothe body
warmly and hand-rub the legs until circulation is re-established,
and then snugly bandage. Give nutritious food in moderate
amount. At the beginning, give a mild purgative of 1 to 1%
pounds of Epsom Salts, dissolved in a quart of warm water.
Otherwise give the same treatment as recommended for this dis-
ease in the horse, remembering that the dose for cattle is one
and one-half to two times the dose for the horse (see page 234).

INFLAMMATION OF VEINS—PHLEBITIS.—

Causes.—From bleeding without proper care, or with unclean
fleam or lancet; by animal rubbing the wound against some
object.

Symptoms. —When inflammation follows the operation, the
coats of the veins become enlarged, so much so that the vessel
may be felt, hard and knotted beneath the skin, and when pressed
on, pain is shown. A thin, watery discharge, blood tinged, issues
from wound. When pin is taken out it is seen that wound has
DISEASES OF CATTLE 405

 

not healed ; the blood becomes coagulated in the vessel, and in
inflammation of the jugular, the coagulation extends from wound
upward to first large branch. Abscesses may form along vein.
The inflammation is followed by obliteration of that part of vein in
which coagulation exists. This is of small import, as cattle have
an accessory jugular vein which gradually enlarges and thus fits
itself for increased amount of blood it must carry.

TREATMENT. —

The treatment for inflammation of the vein is the same in
cattle as in horses (see page 239). As bleeding is very rarely
practiced now, this condition is not so frequently seen as for-
merly, when animals were bled for nearly everything.

DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN.

YELLOWS, OR JAUNDICE; CONGESTION OF
THE LIVER.—

Causes. —Congestion, or inflammation of the liver; from bile
stones forming in the duct of the liver, obstructing the flow of
bile. It is most common in stall-fed cattle.

Symptoms.—Pressure along the margin of the short ribs on
the right side produces pain; appetite is poor, and animal shows
hardly any inclination to drink; mucous membranes of the mouth
and eyes are yellow, the urine has a yellow or brown appearance,
and animal lies down much, and moves with great reluctance,
moans occasionally, and has a staggering gait. The horns and
ears are cold; in cows the secretion of milk is much diminished,
and that which is secreted has a bitter taste; sometimes the
animal has a dry, painful cough, and presents a dull, stupified
appearance.

TREATMENT.—
To produce a free action of the bowels, and remove the
usually congested condition of the portal vein and liver, give 144
406 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

pounds of Epsom Salts, dissolved in water, and after the effect
has worked off, give 4 ounces of Glaubers Salts each day; aside
from this give the treatment as for the horse, remembering that
the dose is one and one-half to two times as large for cattle as
for the horse (see page 131).

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER—HEPATITIS.
—This is a more advanced stage of congestion of the liver. It is
frequently restricted to a special part of the liver and the rest of
the organ may be comparatively healthy. The gland cells are
the seat of inflammation, and abscess formation is the result.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are sometimes obscure, and their
real significance is frequently overlooked. The most prominent
symptoms are yellowness of the white of the eye, and membrane
lining the mouth; the appetite is poor; the body presents
an emaciated appearance, but there is frequently fullness at
the lower part of the abdomen. The gait is weak, and animal
lies down more than usual, and while doing so often has the head
turned around resting on the side of the chest.

TREATMENT .—
Give:
Sulphate Of Soda.....c..ccssssscserereeoees ¥% pound.
‘TAYAX ACUI .......ssseseececesseseseseccceens ¥% ounce.
Tepid water .......ccccccscsesssesescceeeees 2 quarts.

tix, and give asone dose. Repeat this night
and morning until a relaxed condition of the
bowels is produced.

The object is not a strong purgation, but a laxative effect,
which should be continued several days. After treatment has
been continued for several days, give the following:

QUININE sess sascesescoase seems ecstiansvcsdenes 1 drachm.
Nitro-muriatic Acid..........cecceeesteeee 1 drachm.
Shake up in a quart of cold water.
This dose should be given three times a day
until the animal has regained his strength,

Rub Turpentine liniment well in, once a day over the region
of the liver, on the right side. Extreme heat, and pasturing
animals on low-lying ground, are conditions favorable to the pro-
duction of this disease.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 407

 

FLUKE DISEASE IN CATTLE—WORM IN THE
LIVER.—This occurs in cattle and sheep pasturing on low-
lying lands, and is more often met with in rainy seasons. Not
met with except in a few localities in this country.

Cause.—Is a parasite, called the fluke, or Fasciota Hepatica,
which infests the biliary ducts of the liver. The immature forms
are taken up in the drinking water, or in grazing, in this way
passing to the stomach, and, changing their forms, finally find
lodgment in the liver. When the full development stage is
reached, the fluke passes out in the excreta, and its eggs, by the
agency of moisture, hatch, and the young fluke passes through
a number of changes before it infests other cattle.

Symptoms.—Upon first entering the liver, when the flukes
are small, they seem to stimulate its action and the animal
seemingly thrives better than ever; but when the flukes attain
their growth and are present in large numbers, they set up an
inflammation of the organ. ‘The liver becomes soft and very
easily broken down. Animal becomes dull and weak; swellings
form under the throat. Mucous membranes become yellow, skin
harsh and dry. Fever, with great emaciation and dropsical
accumulations in the chest and belly, follow, which is soon in turn
followed by death. Upon post-mortem the parasites are found in
the liver; small, flat worms.

TREATMENT.—

Is of no avail. Affected animal should be killed at once, and
unaffected cattle should be moved to a higher and dryer pasture.
Horses are unaffected with this disease, and can be put into a lot
where cattle have been attacked.

DISEASE OF THE SPLEEN.— While the spleen is
sometimes affected with disease, aside from those conditions of it,
which are the result of other disorders, yet the symptoms which
the animal presents are so uncharacteristic that it is almost, if
not quite, impossible to diagnose disorders of the organ during
life. About all that can be done is to treat symptoms, in cases of
this kind, where a diagnosis cannot be made. Laxatives, tonics,
and fever mixtures are generally in order.
408 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS—NEPHRI-
TIS.—

Causes.—External violence, wounds, strains, etc.; eating
acrid, diuretic plants; and too free use of diuretic medicines.

Symptoms.—It is rather rare in cattle. When it occurs, there
are colicky pains, with great uneasiness; the urine is thick and
dark colored, and voided often and in small quantities, and with
much straining and pain; there is tenderness over the loins,
especially at the sides immediately below the transverse spines of
the lumbar vertebrae; the gait is straddling, and lameness is
noticeable, sometimes in one leg and sometimes in both; the
appetite is poor; fever runs high; rumination ceases; the back is
arched when standing; sometimes blood, and in the later stages
pus, is evacuated with the urine; nose becomes hot and dry,
horns and extremities cold, and breathing labored. Diarrhea
often sets in and sometimes dysentery; this state being often
followed by constipation. At the last there is profuse sweating,
great pain; the pulse becomes small and weak; and stupor and
death follows.

TREATMENT. —

First, remove the causes as far as possible. Give a fairly
brisk purgative—from 1 to 1144 pounds of Epsom Salts and a
quart of melted lard. Aside from this give the same treatment,
omitting the laxative, as recommended for the horse (page 132),
giving from one and one-half to two times the dose. Apply the
hot blankets to the loins and also the Mustard plaster. The chronic
form of the disease is rarely met with in cattle, but in case it
should exist, treat as for the horse.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS, OR PROFUSE URINA-
TION.—This disease is characterized by the excessive amount
of urine that is passed.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 409

Causes.—From being fed on swill food; from blood pressure
in the kidneys; acrid, diuretic plants taken with food; excess of
sugar in food; frozen food; moldy or musty hay and fodder;
alkaline water and alkaline incrustation on the soil.

Symptoms.—The large amount of clear urine that is passed.
If allowed to continue, animal becomes unthrifty.

TREATMENT.—

This is mainly in the change of diet to one more solid, and free
from the cause of the affection. Boiled Flaxseed is very good in
addition to the solid, wholesome, dry food, and by way of medi-
cine use the following:

Todide of Potash........scssessecssereevsees I ounce.
Water to make.......ccsssceceesereeeeeseees I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, two or three times a
day.

One-ounce doses of Fluid Extract of Ergot twice a day are
also good. To correct the digestive function, give the Gentian
and Nux Vomica tonic, as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’

BLOODY URINE IN CATTLE—HAEMATURIA.—
This is a common affection among cattle in certain localities.

Causes.—From injury to loins or kidneys by external vio-
lence; from active congestion of the kidneys from calculi; eating
acrid herbage, and eating of frozen roots may cause the affection.
It is also a symptom of diseases in which the urinary organs
themselves are not diseased.

Symptoms.—It is simple haematuria when blood is found in
the urine in clots, or when, under the microscope, the blood glo-
bules can be detected. It is smoky urine when no distinct clots
or discs can be found, but merely a general browning, reddening,
or blackening of the urine, by presence of dissolved blood-color-
ing matter. If due to gravel, gritty particles are usually passed,
and may be found in dish in which liquid is caught; if from in-
jury to loins, there is likely to be some loss of control to limbs,
and more or less paralysis of the tail. If without blood globules,
it likely results from other diseases, from irritating plants, and
410 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

from eating frozen roots. ‘There may be fever or not, with ten-
derness of abdomen on pressure, and with or without marked
paleness of mucous membranes, and general weakness. When
direct injury to kidneys is the cause, urine will be passed often
and in small quantities, and with much straining. When there
is a watery blood from lack of nourishment, fever is absent, and
red water is at first the only symptom. When cause has been
irritant plants, there will be abdominal tenderness, colics, and
other signs of bowel inflammation.

TREATMENT.—

This will depend whether cause has been a direct irritant
operating on a subject in vigorous health, or from some cause
acting on an animal deficient in blood and vigor. In the first
case, give a smart purgative—1 to 14% pounds of Epsom Salts—
to clear the bowels and allay fever. Sometimes this, with a
liberal supply of good, wholesome food, will be all that is required.
boiled Flaxseed and wheat bran is especially good.

In the case of diuretic plants, give 1-drachm doses of Fluid
Extract of Belladonna and 1 ounce of Alcohol, repeated three or
four times a day.

Also apply hot fomentations over the loins. In cases due to
sprained or fractured loins, to inflamed kidneys, or to stone, or
gravel, the treatment must be for the particular disease in ques-
tion. When from anzemia, or watery blood, whether from badly
adjusted rations, or from running on marshy soil, treatment must
be tonic and stimulating. Rich, abundant, and digestible food
must be given. Also, as a tonic, the preparations as for ‘‘Chronic
Indigestion.’’ In some cases, in addition to foregoing, 1-drachm
doses of Quinine three times a day are of value. Where simply
a symptom of some disease, not directly affecting the urinary
organs, treat as for disease causing the condition.

ALBUMEN IN THE URINE—ALBUMENURIA.—

This is very similar to Bright’s disease in the human being ;
not very common.

Causes.—Chronic inflammation of the kidneys, which in turn
may arise from various causes. The long continued use of poor
food may cause the disease. Injury to the loins may also cause it.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 4it

Symptoms.—When trouble arises from injury to the loins,
back will be arched and feet drawn together, but in ordinary
cases the most common and characteristic symptom is stretching
at full length and getting the hind and fore feet as far apart as
possible. Generally there is constipation, straddling gait, stiff-
ness and disinclination to move. ‘To test the urine for albumen,
boil a little in a tube, or bottle, and it becomes cloudy; let it cool
and then add a little Nitric Acid, and if it still remains cloudy it
is due to albumen; if the cloudiness clears up, it was due to other
causes. Death may result from paralysis of hind parts, from
blood poisoning, or from coma (stupor).

TREATMENT. —

Will usually be directed to the disease on which it is
dependent. In the absence of any other recognizable disease,
mucilaginous drinks of boiled Flaxseed, Slippery Elm, or Gum
may be given, Tannic Acid, 1% drachm, twice daily, and fomen-
tations or even Mustard poultices over the loins. When the
disease is chronic, and there is no attendant fever (elevation of
temperature), tonics (Hydrochloric Acid, 6 drops in a pint of
water; Phosphate of Iron, 2 drachms, or Sulphate of Quinine, 2
drachms, repeated twice daily) may be used. In all cases, the
patient should be kept carefully from cold and wet; a warm, dry
shed; or, in warm weather, a dry, sunny yard or pasture being
especially desirable.

RETENTION OF THE URINE—DYSURIA.—

Causes.—May be brought about by eating acrid food, causing
inflammation of the urinary organs, and irritability and spasms of
the neck of the bladder. May be due to a calculus in the urethra,
preventing the flow. Tumors pressing in the urethra may cause
it. The two most common causes in cattle are spasms of the
neck of the bladder, and calculi. Paralysis of the bladder may
sometimes be a cause.

Symptoms.—There are frequent and ineffectual attempts to
pass urine, with straining and colicky pains. The animal keeps
stepping with his hind legs. Shows pain by groaning; is off feed.
By examining through the rectum, the bladder is found to be
full of urine. See the same disease in the horse.
412 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Will depend largely on the cause. If due to eating irritating
substances, give a purgative, as 144 pounds of Epsom salts; also
give 1-drachm doses of Fluid Extract of Belladonna four or five
times a day, and 1-ounce doses of Chloral Hydrate two or three
times a day. Also apply hot blankets to the loins, and give in-
jections per rectum of water at a temperature of 110 to 115 de-
grees. Thesame treatment, with the exception of the salts,
should be given in all cases of spasm of the neck from whatever
cause. With the cow, pass the catheter at once and relieve the
animal; with the male this is a difficult operation, but if the ob-
struction is a calculus in the urethra the operation has to be per-
formed, requiring a veterinarian. The urethra is cut down upon
and opened where it rounds the arch just below the anus, and the
catheter passed from that point. If the calculus is between this
point and the end or the penis, the operation will afford only
temporary relief, the animal urinating through the cut until it
heals. The only way to produce permanent relief is to locate the
calculus, and remove it by an operation. In the cow, the catheter
is passed the same as in the mare, except as the finger is passed
along the floor of the vulva, just before it reaches the opening
into the urethra, it will enter a little blind depression, and in
passing the catheter it enters this instead of the urethra; to get
the catheter to pass this into the urethra, keep the finger in the
depression, and try and work the catheter on into the urethra;
the depression and the urethra are close together, separated by
simply a thin membrane, and it is quite difficult to get the
catheter to enter the urethra, but by perseverance it can be
passed. If the obstruction should be a calculus and it is pushed
back into the bladder, treat as for ‘‘Gravel and Stone in the
Bladder.’’

INCONTINENCE OF THE URINE—ENURESIS.—
This trouble may be considered as the opposite of the one just
considered; the urine dribbles away involuntarily.

Cause.—Paralysis of the muscle at the neck of the bladder.

Symptoms.—The urine dribbles more or less continuously.
DISEASES OF CATTLE A13

TREATMENT. —

The same as for the same disease with the horse (page 139),
the dose of the drugs used being nearly twice as large.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER — CYSTI-
TIS.—This is inflammation of the bladder, affecting more espe-
cially the mucous membrane lining the same.

Causes.—-Any derangement of the digestive organs is apt to
change the character of the urine, making it acid and irritating,
instead of alkaline, asin health. In other instances, cystitis is
caused by eating poisonous plants, by calculi, and incautious use
of diuretic medicines. Retention of the urine will also cause it.

Symptoms.—The animal is more or less off feed; there is a
rise of temperature; pulse accelerated; animal shows uneasiness,
and there is frequent passing of urine in small quantities, or many
times, the attempt to pass will be without results, the bladder
being empty, but the sensation due to the inflammation is the
same as when urine is present. The urine that is passed is hot
and high colored, and contains mucus. By examining, through
the rectum, the bladder will be found to be sensitive. Unless
relieved the animal becomes very weak, fever high, pulse weak,
and death follows.

TREATMENT.—

Give a mild purgative—1 to 1% pounds of Epsom salts—and
aside from this, the treatment as recommended for the horse with
the same disorder (page 135). Use the Linseed tea in place of
water for the drink; apply the hot blankets, and flush out the
bladder in the cow (in the male this will have to be omitted); and
use the drugs with the dose increased.

GRAVEL AND STONE IN THE BLADDER—CAL-
CULI.—In cattle there are sometimes found one or more hard
lumps of material, commonly called ‘‘stones’’ or “‘ gravel.’
They may occur in the bladder, in the kidneys, or in the duct
leading from the bladder to the outside, called the urethra. They
are composed cf saits, usually containing lime, deposited by the
urine in the form of concretions. They vary in size from that of
414 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

shot to that of an egg, but in most cases they are small and irreg-
ular in form. ‘Technically, when in the bladder, they are known
as ‘‘cystic calculi.”’

Symptoms.—These vary, but in general there is irritation
and difficulty in passing the urine, the animal standing and
straining after passing it. The urine often contains a little blood
and mucus. They may cause inflammation of the bladder and we
then get symptoms of that disease. If the bowels are emptied by
an injection, they can sometimes be feltif the oiled hand is passed
into the rectum and applied to the bladder, which lies just
below it on the front part of the pelvic floor. In some sections
the disease is common, while it is rare in others. ‘The reasons
for this are not definitely known, but are thought to be associated
with an excess of mineral substances in the food and water. If
the calculus is in the urethra it produces obstruction to the flow
of urine.

‘TREATMENT.—

The treatment is the same as for the horse (page 136). If
the acid treatment is used, the dose is one and one-half that given
to the horse. If an operation is necessary, it is performed the
same as in the horse and requires a veterinarian.

CALVING (PARTURITION) AND DISEASES
ATTENDANT.

HOW TO TELL WHEN A COW IS WITH CALF.
—Ordinarily when the cow is in perfect health she will come in
heat every third week, when not pregnant. If a cow remains
for three or six weeks after service without showing signs of
heat, she is probably with calf. There are exceptional cases, but
this is the rule. After taking service, and cow is with calf—
pregnant—she will cease coming in heat and will thrive and feed
better, and is of a quieter disposition than before. After a few
 

CORRECT POSITION OF CALF IN THE UTERO.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 415

weeks she commences to get larger in the flanks, which is more
noticeable on the right side on account of the calf lying mostly
on that side. Calf gradually grows, and at the end of the fifth
or sixth month can be seen to move at the side after the cow has
taken a drink of cold water, and by pressing the hand in quickly
at the right flank one may feel the calf, which is easily told by
the shape and solidity of the object. An examination through
the rectum will show her condition. Springing begins in young
cows about four months before calving, and udder gradually
increases until parturition, while older cows ‘‘begin to make
bag’’ from four to six weeks before calving.

THE PERIOD OF GESTATION IN COWS.—From
extended statistics it is found that the average period of gestation
in the cow is 285 days, or about nine and one-half calendar
months. A calf born at the 240th day may live, and a case is
reported, by an authority, as born on the 336th day. In most
cases of prolonged pregnancy the offspring was a male.

SYMPTOMS JUST PREVIOUS TO PARTURI.-
TION.—During the last few weeks of gestation, the vulva
gradually enlarges, but more noticeably so the last few days
before parturition, and while the udder has been gradually form-
ing for three or four weeks, it fills up more rapidly and becomes
much harder during the last two or three days. Another quite
noticeable symptom which occurs a few hours before the act
takes place, is the appearance of the hollows, one on each side of
the hips, back close to the tail. This symptom shows more
plainly upon the thinly-muscled dairy animals than upon the
thicker-muscled beef animais. Any time after these symptoms
appear, the pains are liable to come on, or they may be delayed
for some reason for a day or two, and so the animal should be
watched and given a place where she will be undisturbed during
the act of parturition itself, and for a little time afterwards.

TROUBLES MET WITH IN CALVING—(MAL-
PRESENTATION).—After those symptoms appear which
indicate that parturition is liable to occur at any time, the animal
should be watched quite carefully; not more than four or five
416 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

hours should elapse without seeing her. In fact, sometimes the
act occurs without noticeable warning symptoms, and so after
the normal period of gestation, all preparations should be made
for her comfort; a clean, well-bedded box stall, or a place at
pasture, if the weather is mild, neither too hot or cold, by her-
self. ‘The immediate symptoms of parturition are the same as in
the mare; the animal is a little uneasy; lies down and gets up;
utters low moans; upon getting up, turns around and looks
where the hips were lying; back is arched, tail elevated; these
symptoms indicate that the contractions of the womb have com-
menced, and very soon the animal will commence to strain, the
efforts gradually getting more severe as the act progresses. The
normal positions for the calf are the same as those given for the
colt, and if the position is correct, the act will generally be com-
pleted without any assistance. The act is generally more pro-
longed with the cow than with the mare, often requiring, when
everything is normal, an hour or more (see FOALING, page 152).

If the foetus is a little large, and the throes are not able to
expel it, assist the animal a little by taking hold and gently pul-
ling when she strains; be sure, however, that the presentation is
correct before pulling any; here is where a great mistake is often
made—a part of the fcetus is seen protruding from the vulva, and
it is caught hold of and pulled upon, oftentimes by two or three
strong men, regardless of the position of the feetus. This is all
wrong—never do it.

If, after the animal has labored an hour or such a matter, no
apparent progress having been made, make an examination and
determine the cause. In making the examination, follow care-
fully the instructions for examining the mare. Have the hand
and arm clean, the finger-nails clean and short, use the Carbolized
lard, and be gentle. If the instructions are followed, the exami-
nation can do no possible harm, and if anything is wrong the
sooner it is corrected the better. Never let an animal labor three
or four hours without an examination. The pain suffered during
this time is infinitely greater than that which a careful examina-
tion will cause.

It is never best, when the act is progressing fairly rapid, to
take the calf away suddenly by pulling upon it; if this is done
DISEASES OF CATTLE 417

the womb stops contracting to a great extent, remains large and
flabby, and bleeding is apt to result.

If, upon examination, the position is found to be correct,
withdraw the hand carefully and allow the act to progress undis-
turbed; if, however, the position is found to be incorrect, correct
it at at once, remembering the principles given for correcting in
the mare, or if the presentation is bad, send at once for some one
of experience, and in the meantime keep the cow quiet by giving
an ounce of Chloral Hydrate in a pint of water, or 2 drachms of
Fluid Extract of Belladonna. Cover her warmly, and if the
straining continues and is severe, place the hand in the womb
and hold the foetus from coming back farther.

Corrections are more easily made with the cow than with the

mare, the neck and legs of the calf not being so long as with
the colt.

Tos AFTER TREATMENT.—

After delivery, leave the mother with her offspring undis-
turbed, simply watching to see that none of the accidents, which
sometimes follow the act, occur. Do not be in a hurry to feed
her, she needs nothing for twenty-four hours, and then only a
little laxative food for three or four days, when the feed may be
gradually increased. Give her a small amount of water soon
after parturition, and a little more every hour or so afterwards,
until she gets all she desires. Do not turn the animal out in the
hot sun for two or three days after calving, neither expose her to
cold, stormy weather. With regard to milking her, see “Milk
Fever’’ preventive treatment.

DROPSY OF THE WOMB BEFORE CALVING.—
This ig due to some disarrangement of the fetal envelopes, and
there is an over-abundant amount of fluid secreted around the
foetus.

Symptoms.—The belly gets larger and larger, until the cow
seems almost as broad as long, and on account of so much fluid
forming, she becomes weak and has difficulty in getting up and

moving about. Mild cases will simply give the animal the
27
418 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

appearance of being unduly large and will cause no serious
trouble, the fluid escaping in the natural manner at the time of
parturition.

TREATMENT.—

There can be but little done in this disease except to keep
up the strength by giving good nourishing food, and using the
tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion,’’ unless it becomes so bad
that the animal cannot get around, in which case the mouth of
the womb may be gradually opened, the fetal envelopes broken,
and the fluid allowed to escape; this, of course, will produce
abortion, or premature birth in case the period of gestation is
nearly completed.

PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERS BE-
FORE CALVING.—This is generally noticed in poorly-fed
and unthrifty cows, especially if exposed to cold or wet, and is
caused by the calf in the womb pressing on the nerves that go to
supply the hind quarters with power.

Symptoms.—Are the loss of power in the hinder parts. The
animal is unable to get up, but in every other way appears
normal.

TREATMENT. —
Give 1%4-pound doses of Epsom Salts once or twice a week,
according to action on the bowels, and give the following powder:

Ground Gentian Root......... cesesceeeee 4 ounces,
Salt peters. ves ssisvatiucenanececseaneseedicse 4. <
Powdered Nux Vomica...... ..ssssseeee 4 *

Mix, and give a tablespoonful in a slop
twice a day.

Give plenty of good food and keep cow warm. Have good
bedding under her, and turn her from side to side three times a
day, until she calves; then she will generally come out all right.
Never attempt to put her in slings; let her lie until she is able to
get up. If she does not get up after calving, continue the treat-
ment, and also rub the loins and sides of the hips twice daily with
strong Turpentine and Ammonia Liniment. (See PRESCRIP-
TION, inthe back of book.) If this fails, a blister may be applied.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 419

 

CLOSURE OF THE NECK OF THE WOMB AT
CALVING.—It sometimes happens that when calving time has
come, and labor pains come on, that the neck of the womb keeps
contracted or closed, not allowing the calf to pass.

Symptoms.—The animal labors, but no progress is made, and
an examination shows the mouth of the womb closed.

TREATMENT. —
Give the following drench:

 

Epsom Salts I pound.
Sweet Spirits of Niter.... I ounce.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna... 1 drachm,

 

Mix in a quart of lukewarm water and give
as a drench.

Keep body warm with blankets and apply hot salt in a bag
to the loins. Also take a small sponge or soft piece of cloth, tie
a string to it and saturate it with Fluid Extract Belladonna, 2 or
3 drachms, then insert it like a plug into the neck of the womb.
In an hour or two examine again; if still as tight as before,
re-apply more of the Belladonna. Do not use rough treatment,
but after the Belladonna has been applied for one-half a day,
try again to dilate with the fingers, and if it fails, an operation will
probably have to be performed, which will require the veterinarian,
and if possible get one at the commencement of the trouble.
While the Belladonna is acting, quiet the animal by giving
t-ounce doses of Chloral Hydrate in 1 pint of water, repeated
once in three or four hours.

PARALYSIS, OR PALSY, AFTER CALVING.—
This consists in a more or less complete loss of control of the
hind limbs, occurring after calving.

Causes.—From low condition, weakness and exposure to
cold, or to injurious pressure on the nerves of the hind limbs by
a large calf passing through the pelvis.

TREATMENT.—
Give the following drench :

Epsom Salts
Sweet Spirits of Niter ‘
Tepid Water......sssccscssressrssssrecees I quart,

 

  
420 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Keep the body warm with blankets, and apply 4% pound of
Mustard, mixed in vinegar, over the loins every second day.
Feed on soft food, with boiled Flaxseed in it. Milk cow dry
twice a day, and turn her over three or four times a day from
side to side, but do not put her in slings. Also give 2-drachm
doses of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three or four times a day;
if twitching of the muscles occurs reduce the size of the dose.
If this treatment fails, use liniment and blister as recommended
for ‘‘Paralysis before Calving.”’

PROLONGED AFTER-PAINS.—These sometimes occur
after protracted and painful delivery, from failure of the womb
to contract, or from retention of the after-birth; from nervous
irritation; or from bleeding.

Symptoms.—The animal continues to strain after the foetus is
expelled.

TREATMENT. —
Examine to try and find cause; if from bleeding, give treat-
ment for ‘‘ Flooding.’’ If there is another foetus, and correctly

presented, leave alone; if the womb is large and flabby, dash a
little cold water on the loins, and onto the vulva, and give,
internally, drugs to quiet. If everything in the womb seems to
be normal, it is due to nervous irritability, and quieting drugs are
to be given. For this, give 1 ounce of Chloral Hydrate and 1
drachm of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in % pint of water, and
repeat in an hour, if pains continue; apply hot blankets, or salt
bag, to the loins; blanket warmly. Remain with the animal
continually until straining stops, to prevent womb from being
everted; when she strains, clasp the lips of the vulva and hold
them together.

FLOODING, OR UTERINE HEMORRHAGE.—

Causes.—Too rapid calving, and a consequent failure of
womb to contract when calf has been removed; protracted labor;
from injuries to these parts during parturition; or from unskill-
ful removal of placenta. Eversion of the womb may also cause it.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 421

Symptoms.—Blood may be flowing from the vulva, or in
examining for cause of ‘‘After Pains’’ one will find blood clot in
womb.

TREATMENT .—

Dash cold water with force onto the loins; cool the hand and
insert it into the womb, which will sometimes cause the latter
to contract upon it. If these means are ineffectual, inject cold
water into the womb through a rubber tube furnished with a
funnel; or inject Alum or Copperas water into the womb, using
2 ounces of either to each quart of water; fill the womb full and
clasp lips of vulva to retain the solution for a few minutes. In
very obstinate cases a still stronger solution could be used, or the
womb can be packed with clean, soft cloth wet with the solution,
but do not pack unless absolutely necessary. Internally, give
1 ounce of Fluid Extract of Ergot, repeat in one-half to one hour,
and again in an hour if necessary. After all bleeding has stopped,
clean out all blood clots by flushing the womb with cool water,
that has been recently boiled.

RUPTURE OF THE WOMB; OR, PASSAGE OUT
FROM THE WOMB.—These troubles occur at the time of
calving in the cow, in the same manner as in the mare in foaling,
and for symptoms and treatment see ‘‘ Rupture of the Womb,”
or ‘‘Rupture of the Vagina, or Passage,’’ in the Hors— DEPART-
MENT.

REMOVING AFTER-BIRTH, OR CLEANING.—It
sometimes happens that the cleaning, or after-birth, is retained,
and if so, means must be taken to assist in the removal. This is
more apt to occur with the cow than with any of the other ani-
mals.

Cause.—Is a congested and swollen state of the duttons on
inside of the womb, to which the after-birth is attached. The
cow often retains the after-birth for twelve hours or more before
it comes away, but if retained much longer than this, it will
probably not come away without help.
422 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—
If the cow retains the after-birth for more than five or six
hours, give the following:

Epsom Salts .....ccssssseeseeeeeeceeseeeeeees I pound.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ 1 drachm,
Sweet Spirits of Niter..........ccccseeeeee I ounce.
Water ......cccccsceneceecssoeteecessesoeareness I quart,

Mix, and give as a drench.

Blanket well and keep a peck of hot salt in a bag on the
loins; give a hot bran mash and keep her quiet, and the after-
birth may come away. If in thirty hours it has not passed away,
it will have to be removed mechanically.

In removing the after-birth from a cow, the anatomy must
be remembered. Scattered over the inside of the womb are some
forty to sixty large, button-like enlargements, at this time nearly
as large as one’s fist; these are attached to the womb by a
restricted neck, and are called ‘‘cotyledons.’’ On the outside of
the fetal envelope are saucer-shaped masses, corresponding in
number to the cotyledons, and the attachment of the envelope to
the womb is accomplished by the saucer-shaped structure fitting
over and being attached to the cup-shaped cotyledon, much as
the palm of one hand would clasp the closed fist of the other
hand. The attachment can be rather crudely illustrated by a
style of glove fastening. The surface of the saucer-shaped struc-
ture has a large number of small, pointed bodies, projecting from
it, which fit into depressions in the cup-like cotyledon, and these
hold the two together.

To remove the after-birth: Place the cow with her right side
against a partition; have an assistant stand by her left side and
keep her from arching her back by rubbing on the loins with a
small stick. Bare the right arm to the shoulder, clean the finger
nails and hand, and sil hand and arm with Carbolized lard; take
that part of the after-birth which hangs from the vulva in the
left hand, and twist it into a rope; make the right hand cone-
shaped, and pass it gently into the vulva along this rope-like
structure; upon reacing the womb, the rope will seem to be
made up of a large number of strings running together; follow
up one of these and it will lead the hand to acotyledon. ‘The
DISEASES OF CATTLE 423

large, cup-shaped cotyledon is to be left on the womb, the saucer-
shaped structure on the envelope is to be separated from it; to
do this, slip the neck of the cotyledon in between the first two
fingers, place the thumb on top of the cotyledon and press down
as the fingers clasp the neck quite firmly, and slip along it towards
the thumb. If they adhere too closely to be separated in this
way, gently work the fingers in between the two structures and
separate them, remembering that only a thin outer portion of the
mass is to be taken off. Repeat the process with each of the
masses. Be gentle, and don’t hurry. ‘Twist occasionally with
the left hand, but pull but very little. When the cotyledons have
all been separated, the entire mass will slip away and the opera-
tion is complete. Sometimes it is an easy matter to separate the
cotyledons, at other times a difficult task. If no putrefaction has
taken place, nothing need be done after the envelopes have been
removed; if some decomposition has taken place, flush out the
womb with a weak Carbolic Acid solution, 2 drachms to a quart
of water (see ‘‘Abortion’’).

TURNING OUT OF THE VAGINA, OR PASSAGE
LEADING FROM THE WOMB -EVERSION OF THE
VAGINA.-

Causes.—From standing, before calving, in a stall with the
hind feet too low; and while lying down, on account of its being
so full, the womb presses back against the passage and turns it
out. It may occur for a few days after parturition, from strain-
ing, or may be caused from constipation in effort to pass the
feces.

Symptoms.—There protrudes from the vulva a red tumor; if
small, it may go back when animal gets up, but if larger, it re-
mains out, becomes swollen and hard; may be as large as a peck
measure. ‘The animal stands with the back arched, and strains
more or less.

TREATMENT.—

As soon as discovered, secure the animal so she can not
bruise the part in any way, and get an assistant. Then clean,
by pouring over it cold water; this also reduces the size; if all
424 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the dirt does not flush off, pick it off gently; do not rub the part
in cleaning. When clean, pour over it a quart of Alum or
Copperas solution, using an ounce of Alum or % ounce of Cop-
peras to a quart of water, and also pour over it a weak Carbolic
Acid solution—two drachms of the acid to a quart of water.
Return in the same manner as recommended in the mare, and re-
tain it with the sutures in the same way (page 160). It must be
returned gently, otherwise abortion may be produced. After
returning, keep the cow on a floor that slants slightly forward.
When the labor pains come on, remove the sutures, and after the
calf is born, the after-birth best be removed, and the sutures put
back in again for a few days. After the accident, keep the
bowels loose with laxative food, and, if necessary, small doses of
Epsom Salts; and also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter twice a
day for a few days. To relieve the pain and straining somewhat
during the operation of returning, give 1 ounce of Chloral Hy-
drate, or 2 drachms of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in ¥% pint
of water at the outset; also repeat two or three times a day if
straining continues after the operation.

WOMB, OR CALF BED, TURNED OUT—EVER-
SION OF THE WOMB.—This is the turning inside out of a
greater or less portion of the womb itself.

Causes.—From cow lying with her hind parts too low. After-
pains may cause the cow to strain and turn it out. Or it may
follow removing the after-birth, especially if roughly done. It
sometimes is thrown out almost immediately.

Symptoms.—There lies, or hangs, behind the cow a large
pink, bag-like mass, covered with mulberry-like excrescences all
over the surface. It very soon swells and becomes a hard tumor-
like mass, hanging from the vulva nearly to the hocks, or lying
out behind the animal if she is down; a very repulsive sight.

TREATMENT.—

As soon as noticed, secure the cow so she cannot injure the
part and get three assistants, and a veterinarian if possille, and
turn the case over to him. First, have two of the assistants
support the organ by placing a clean sheet under it, the same as
DISEASES OF CATTLE 425

was recommended with the mare (page 162) ; also at the outset
give something to quiet—an ounce of Chloral Hydrate or 2
drachms Fluid Extract of Belladonna in % pint of water. Clean
the womb the same as with ‘‘ Eversion of the Vagina,’ using the
Alum and Carbolic Acid solution the same. Be sure all dirt is
removed ; the use of the Carbolic lotion is very important. If
the after-birth is still attached, remove it before cleaning. When
ready to return, proceed as recommended with the mare, being
careful not to injure the organs with the finger nails. Have the
hind limbs of the animal higher than the front ones, and have an
assistant keep the animal from arching the back by pressing on
the loins. When it is returned, pass the oiled hand in and
smooth it out. Retain by using the sutures as for ‘‘ Eversion of
the Vagina’’ in the mare (page 160). Keep her from straining
as much as possible by repeating the Chloral Hydrate or the
Belladonna once in three or four hours, Keep the hind feet much
the higher.

AFTER TREATMENT.—While this accident is not quite as
serious with the cow as with the mare, yet it is serious, and needs
careful attention.

Give the cow a liberal laxative—1 to 14% pounds of Epsom
Salts; feed lightly on laxative food; grass if in season, if not, a
little hay, bran mash and scalded oats ; and also use the following :

Fluid Extract Aconite.............c0066 2 drachms.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.
GSaltpeter.......:sccccccsssccceeneeeesseeeeuners 3 ounces.
Water, to make ......ccceesessneeerrecnneee I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times
a day.
If the animal shows weakness, also give 2 ounces of Alcohol in
¥% pint of water three times a day.

If the temperature keeps nearly normal (1or degrees), and
the pulse also nearly normal, the conditions are favorable for
recovery ; but if temperature runs up, pulse becomes rapid and
hard, and animal dull, it indicates that inflammation is setting in
and the conditions are unfavorable; then treat as for ‘‘Inflam-
mation of the Womb.’’ If everything goes along nicely for three
or four days, recovery will probably take place. Do not let the
426 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

calf suck the cow. Leave the sutures in for a week or ten days.
If the womb is much injured while out, the chances for
recovery are slight. If very badly injured, it can be ampu-
tated; a veterinarian would be required for the operation. If
the cow recovers, and is a valuable breeding animal, she may be
bred again, paying special attention the next year, to see that
the accident does not again occur.

INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA—VAGINITIS.

—This may occur independently of inflammation of the womb.

Causes.—From lacerations, bruises, or other injuries, sus-
tained during calving.

Symptoms.—There is swelling of the lips of the vulva, which,
together with their lining membrane, become of a dark red, or
leaden hue, and the mucus discharge increases and becomes
whitish, or matter-like, and may become offensive. Passing of
the oiled hand causes pain, and the walls will be found to be
thickened, making the cavity much smaller.

TREATMENT.—

Slight cases recover without treatment, or under warm
fomentations and mild antiseptic injections, as:

Carbolic ACid........cccccssssccececesssceee 2 teaspoonfuls,
Water ...cccccsssesssssonsesencensecsasseersones I quart,

Severe cases may go on to the formation of large sores, or a
considerable portion of the mucous membrane may die and
slough off. In all severe cases the antiseptic, and warm water
injections, must be applied perseveringly; and also use the follow-
ing:

Inject into the vagina twice a day with a
rubber tube and funnel.

Hyposulphite of Soda (2 ounces, to 1 quart of water) is also
excellent for an injection; alternate with the Lead loticn. Inter-
nally, give from 1 to 1% pounds of Epsom Salts, feed on laxative
food, and give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day for
afew days. If the disease is allowed to run and becomes chronic
it is called ‘‘ leucorrhea.”’
DISEASES OF CATTLE 427

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB—METRITIS.

—This disease, when it occurs, usually comes on two or three
days after calving.

Causes.—From getting wet, or standing in a draft; from
injuries received in difficult calving; or from dirty hands, ropes,
or instruments, used when assisting. It also follows eversion of
the womb, and may occur when it is difficult to assign a cause.

Symptoms.—Slight shivering; the horns, ears, and legs are
cold, the pulse is rapid and hard, the breathing quick, the tem-
perature elevated, 104 to 107; cow loses appetite and stops chew-
ing her cud; countenance depressed; is restless and uneasy in the
hind legs, as though in pain; is tender to pressure on the right
side, especially if jarred in the right flank; the vulva is swollen,
and there is a discharge from it mixed with blood; the bowels
are costive, and urine is high-colored; the animal lies down most
of the time, sometimes refusing to get up at all; when up, stands
with back arched. By passing the hand into the rectum the
womb is recognized as enlarged and hard, and more or less
sensitive to pressure. The secretion of milk is diminished. The
disease is sometimes mistaken for milk fever, but need not be;
with this disease there is a marked rise of temperature, while in
milk fever the temperature is normal, or below. With milk
fever the animal is unconscious; with this condition she is
conscious, although she may refuse to get up.

TREATMENT.—

This is a serious disease and very often terminates fatally.
The treatment is both internal and local. Internally give a
laxative, 1 to 114 pounds of Epsom Salts, and repeat half dose in
two days if the effects of the first dose are not quitemarked. Also
give the following :

Fluid Extract of Aconite..........0000 2 drachms.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1% ounces.
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 1 ounce.
Saltpeter ......ssscccssssssssseececceenseseeeee 3 ounces.
Water to make.........-ssesescseesneeseeee I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces three or four times
a day.

If she shows great weakness, give 2 ounces of Alcohol with each
dose of the above in 1% pint of water; and if the fever runs high,
428 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

give 2 drachms of Acetanilid twice a day with the Alcohol.
After two or three days take the Aconite out of the above pre-
scription and put 3 drachms of Fluid Extract of Digitalis into
the prescription in its place.

Apply to the loins, continuously, blankets wrung from hot
water ; change every half hour and keep the hot blankets covered
with a rubber blanket and dry woolen blankets. Have the water
as hot as the animal will stand. It is also well to flush out the
womb, part of the time, with a mild antiseptic lotion, as Carbolic
Acid 2 drachms, water 1 quart; and part of the time with an
astringent lotion, as Acetate of Lead 3 drachms, water 1 quart;
or Hyposulphite of Soda, 2 ounces to a quart of water, is good.
Use each lotion about twice a day. Flushing with large quan-
tities of water at a temperature of 115 degrees, just before
injecting the above lotions, is a good practice. For injecting, use
a soft rubber tube with a funnel in one end. After flushing, if
the cow strains, watch to see that the womb is not everted.
In using the injections and in flushing, be sure the solutions
enter the womb. The tube best be carried through the vagina
with the hand and inserted into the womb; have the hand and
tube well oiled with Carbolized lard, and insert it carefully. If
the animal lies down, roll her gently from one side to the other
two or three times a day ; keep her lying on her chest. Give her
all the fresh water she wants to drink, but in small quantities at
a time, and a very little laxative feed if she desires to eat.

PUERPERAL FEVER.—This is a simple fever occur-
ring at the time of parturition.

Causes.—Undue exposure to cold, or wet, or to hot sun.
Also occurs when the animal is unthrifty; with animals that have
been highly fed for a time before parturition, or fed too quickly
after parturition. Young animals are more susceptible than
older ones.

Symptoms.—It may develop any time within two or three
days after parturition. ‘There is a slight dullness, partial loss of
appetite, a rise of temperature, 103 to 106; pulse more rapid than
normal, 60 to go beats per minute; the mucous membranes of the
 

DISEASES OF CATTLE 429

eyes and nose are red; the milk secretion is partially stopped, and
the udder is apt to be inflamed. ‘These same symptoms are met
with in other disorders at this time, and so we have to recognize
this disease by the absence of the symptoms characteristic of other
diseases.

TREATMENT. —

The disease generally runs a mild course, but complications
sometimes arise, and so treatment should be given—even in mild
cases. Give the cow a laxative—from 1 to 1% pounds of Epsom
Salts, dissolved in two quarts of water. Feed lightly on laxative
food for a few days, and also give the following:

Fluid Extract of Aconite, ...........c.6 2 drachms.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.
Saltpeter i sissesasssawesenuessenesveseieseteaese 4 ounces,
Water to make......cccsesccsesesseseenees I pint.

Shake. Dose: 1 ounce, three or four times
a day.

Watch for complications, and if any should develop, treat as
for that disease.

WHITES — LEUCORRHEA.—This is due to a con-
tinued or chronic inflammation of the womb, the vagina, or of
both these organs.

Causes. — Usually results from injuries sustained in calv-
ing as the result of rough handling, or from irritation by putrid
matters in connection with retained after-birth, or from the use
of some object in the vagina, as a pessary, to prevent eversion of
the womb. Very apt to follow abortion. The disease will also
develop when it is hard to assign a direct cause.

Symptoms.—The principal symptom is the glairy white dis-
charge flowing more or less constantly from the vulva (sometimes
more when the cow lies down), soiling the tail, matting its hairs
and those of the vulva. When lips of vulva are drawn apart, the
mucous membrane is seen to be redder than normal, if vagina is
affected. ‘The discharge has more or less of an offensive odor.
Health may not suffer at first, but if discharge continues and is
putrid, the health fails, milk shrinks, and flesh is lost. If womb
430 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

is involved, the hand passed into the vagina may detect mouth of
womb slightly open and some of the liquid collected within its
cavity. With oiled hand in rectum, the outline of womb beneath
may be detected, somewhat enlarged. In some cases cow may
be in heat oftener than normal, and it may be more intense, but
she rarely conceives, and if so, generally aborts. In other cases
she does not come in heat at all.

TREATMENT.—

In mild or recent cases, give injections as in ‘Inflammation
of the Vagina.’’ In more obstinate ones stronger solutions may
be used after the womb has been washed out by a stream of hot
water at a temperature of 115 degrees, until it runs clear. To do
this, insert a rubber tube into the womb, carrying it through the
vagina with the hand; oil hand and tube; place a funnel in its
raised end, and pour the water and afterward the solution
through this. Hold the lips of the vulva together until the womb
and vagina fills, and hold the solution in for a few minutes. If
neck of womb is so closed that the liquid will not flow out, with-
draw the tube and let it flush out and then refill. As injections,

use:
Acetate of Lead .....cseesssessesssseseeseeee 3 drachms,

Water sviiensscaveicectsriersvesssousseneeseeaes I quart.
Afix and inject as above directed.

Or, instead of this, use:

Sulphate of Iron.......c. sesseesecseseeeeee 3 drachms.
Waterescscssswinsecasessseweccsvemsse sovacenns I quart.

Hyposulphite of Soda............. 1to 2 ounces.
Water. .ccssscoece ccoecsccssesscceccsvecersacces I quart.

It is also well to use, part of the time, the following antiseptic
injection:
Carbolic Acid.......ssscccsescesces daedieuse 2 drachms.
Water ......46 sigbeigncosecseases sap scoeeas toneses I quart,

At the beginning of the treatment, flush out with the water
and use one of the injections every day; later, once in two days,
and as improvement takes place, once in three days.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 431

 

Internally, give the following:

Sulphate of Trott.........cessssssscssseeoes % pound,
Saltpeter........:ssscssscccssesesseccseeeeneees ym os

Mix. Dose: Tablespoonful in moistened
grain, twice daily.
If the animal is unthrifty, alternate with the foregoing the
Nux Vomica and Gentian tonic, as recommended for ‘‘Chronic
Indigestion.’’

*MILK FEVER—PARTURIENT APOPLEXY—The
term ‘‘milk fever’’ is not a correct name for this disease, as there
is rarely any fever associated with it; in fact, the temperature is
usually below normal. Neither is the latter name entirely correct.
It does not follow difficult or protracted labor, flooding, nor
retention of the placenta, as is the case with puerperal fever,
with which it is sometimes confounded, but is a disease of well-
fed, large, milk-producing cows, and when it occurs, it nearly
always follows an easy parturition.

Causes—The exact cause of the disease is not known, but
certain things seem to predispose to it. High feeding before
parturition, getting the animal into what would be called an
excellent condition, is a well-recognized predisposing cause. This
is dangerous, however, only with mature cows, and good milkers;
heifers with first, or second, calf do not have the disease, neither
jo light milkers. It is a disease of the dairy cow.

Symptoms.—In many cases the cow is down and partially, or
entirely, unconscious, when disease is first noticed. If the attack
is seen early, the first symptom is uneasiness. The cow keeps
stepping with the hind feet, is dull, appetite gone, and milk
secretion is lessened, or stopped. If the cow is forced to walk,
there is a reeling of the hind limbs; there is also a sort of vacant
stare to the eyes. These symptoms increase until the cow is
unable to stand, and falls, or lies down. After going down the
head is usually turned toward the side, with the nose against the
side of the chest, just back of the elbow. In severe cases the
cow is totally unconscious, but in mild cases only partially so.
If the head is straightened out in front, a sort of kink will be

* See new treatment in Addenda, page 782.
432 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

seen in the neck. Often there is a slight moan with the breath-
ing, due to the stupor. Sometimes, instead of lying as above,
the cow is delirious, thrashing about almost continuously.
The temperature is about normal, or a little below, pulse some-
what rapid. The feces collects in the rectum, but is seldom
passed off, and the urine remains in the bladder. With this
disease the cow is to a great extent unconscious, or delirious,
and so it need not be mistaken for other conditions. The fact
that there is no fever, unless there is some complication, also
helps distinguish it from inflammation of the womb, for which it
is sometimes mistaken by the inexperienced.

TREATMENT.—

It is very important, in treating this disease, that the cow be
kept lying upon her brisket. Keep her bolstered in this position
with bags of straw if necessary; let the head lie around against
the side. See that her front and hind feet are under her natu-
rally for lying in this position. She should be rolled from one
side to the other, three or four times a day. Blanket the cow
warmly ; it is a good plan to put-bottles of hot water or bags of
hot salt under the blanket. Clean the feces from the rectum two
or three times a day with the hand; also draw the urine with a
catheter three times a day. To draw the urine, see ‘‘Suppression
of the Urine,’’ under DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

Internal treatment must be very carefully given, as the
animal will not swallow, and the medicines will pass into the
lungs and cause inflammation of them. Never drench a cow
after she goes down, and very carefully after the first symptoms
show, and before she goes down.

The following may be given, by giving very slowly:

Fluid Extract Belladonna ...........066 ¥ teaspoonful.
Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica........... % es

Fluid Extract Digitalis................006 15 drops.
Watetivsccuitisscacscndes decocssonenescaansnes cows 2 tablespoonfuls

Mix, and give as one dose every two hours.
Elevate the nose a little and give a tablespoon-
ful slowly into the back of the mouth; after a
few minutes give another, and so on, until the
dose is given,
DISEASES OF CATTLE 433

 

Along with the foregoing, give the treatment into the udder,
Known as the Schmidt treatment. Great care is necessary in
ising this treatment, or the udder will be inflamed ; everything
must be very clean. ‘The necessary equipment is a milking tube,
a piece of rubber tubing about two feet long, a small funnel, a
quart bottle, and a quantity of 3 per cent. Carbolic Acid solution
—Carbolic Acid 1 ounce, water 1 quart—and 234 drachms of
Iodide of Potash—the drug to be injected. First clean the quart
bottle with hot water, and then put into it 1 ounce of the Car-
bolic Acid solution and shake it; now put into it the 214 drachms
of Iodide of Potash. After this fill up the bottle with water that -
has been recently boiled, pouring directly from the teakettle into
the bottle; set the bottle into a dish of water nearly as hot, to
prevent its breaking. After the bottle is filled, cork it, and we
know the bottle is free from germs. Cool the solution until it is
the temperature of milk, by setting it in a pail of warm water
and then gradually cooling the water by pouring cold water into
the pail. The solution is now ready to inject into the udder.
Fasten the milking tube into one end of the rubber tube, and put
the funnel in the other end, and place in a dish containing some
of the Carbolic Acid solution—enough to cover the tube and
rubber ; dip up some of the solution and let it run through the
tube. These instruments should be clean. Place the rest of
the Carbolic Acid solution into another dish. To inject, milk
all the milk from the udder, then pick up one of the teats and
wash it off with the Carbolic Acid solution, especially the end of
the duct. Have the assistant pick up the funnel, taking hold of
the outside of it, and raise it up so the solution all runs out ; take
hold of the milking tube and insert it into the teat, taking care
that it does not touch anything after it leaves the solution until
it enters the teat; elevate the funnel, dash a little of the Carbolic
Acid solution over the mouth of the bottle, remove the cork and
pour one-fourth of the amount into the funnel. Let the funnel
empty two or three times so that some air will be forced into the
udder. Remove the tube from the teat and place it in the Car-
bolic Acid solution; cork the Potash solution; clean another teat,
and inject in the same manner. Repeat with each of the teats.
The principal point in the injection is to see that everything is

28
434 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

clean, and use the Carbolic solution freely on instruments, hands
and teats. After injecting the solution, knead the udder gently
for ten to fifteen minutes. If the animal shows no improvement
after eight or ten hours, strip out the udder and repeat the
injection: it may be repeated again in ten or twelve hours later
if required, using only 2 drachms of the Potash. A cow often
recovers from the disease very rapidly, being on her feet and
showing a desire for food in three or four hours after improve-
ment commences ; on the other hand, they often die very quickly.
It is very hard to tell which way the disease is going to turn
from the appearance of the animal; some cases which seem to be
light, terminate fatally, while what seem to be very severe
cases, get well.

Another treatment which is coming into use, and seems to be
even more successful than the Schmidt treatment, is the Oxygen
treatment, which consists in filling the udder with Oxygen gas.
This treatment requires a veterinarian, and in small places they
cannot get the gas.

After the cow gets up, give her from 1 to 1% pounds of
Epsom Salts, if she did not have any before parturition; and also
give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day for a few
days. If she has required three or four doses of the Iodine
treatment, she will come to her feed slowly and also to her milk
slowly.

PREVENTION.—As this disease can in many cases be pre-
vented, the preventive treatment is important. Do not give
heavy milkers, rich, milk-producing food for a time before calving.
If the cow is in good pasture, put her into poorer, or in the stable
and feed hay. Do not feed silage after a cow goes dry, until after
calving. Keep the bowels loose by giving occasional pound-doses
of Epsom Salts, commencing two weeks before, and give every
three or four days, giving the last dose, if possible, just before
she calves, or immediately after. Also give Saltpeter, a table-
spoonful once or twice a day, commencing two weeks before
parturition should take place. Another preventive measure
which some consider very valuable, is not to milk the cow dry
after delivery; taking only what the calf wants for a couple of
DISEASES OF CATTLE 435

days, and then gradually taking a little more, until the fifth or
sixth day she can be milked dry. Many things go to indicate
that this is a valuable preventive measure, and is perfectly safe.
Do not commence to feed milk-producing food for four or five
days after parturition. The fact that an animal has the disease
once is no indication that she will have it again.

INFLAMMATION OF THE MILK-BAG OR UD-
DER—MAMMITIS—GARGET .—This is an inflammation of
the mammary gland. Sometimes the term ‘‘caked bag’’ is
applied to it. The term ‘‘garget’’ is used more when the milk
secretion is changed, and appears as a thick or stringy fluid. This
disease usually occurs at the time of parturition, but it may
appear any time during the period of lactation.

Causes. —May arise from irritation or injury, as kicks, blows,
or another animal stepping on the udder; from the retention of
the milk too long without being drawn; by germs entering the
udder; by exposure, being out in cold rains or lying on wet
ground. It often follows the careless use of the milking tube.

Symptoms.—Adverse type of mammitis that takes on the
active inflammatory character may be ushered in by a shivering
fit, which is succeeded in a short time by fever and dullness. In
the milder forms these symptoms are absent, and only the local
symptoms in the udder are present. The udder becomes hot, and
hard, red, swollen, and sore. In bad cases, it being so painful to
touch, the cow is averse to being milked. Milk is often curdled,
and sometimes bloody. The trouble may stop here, and terminate
by a change for the better, or it may go on to suppuration,
the pus, in some cases, discharging inside and coming away with
the milk, and in others, through an opening on the outside.
Again it may not fester at all, but become hardened, and remain
permanently enlarged, or it may become gangrenous and slough
off. ‘The inflammation may attack one quarter only, or all the
udder. Sometimes the only symptom indicating that there is
inflammation present, is a little thick or bloody milk. Some cows
are auite susceptible to this condition.
436 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT .—

If dependent on calving, and the cow is fat and feverish,
give a good laxative:

Epsom Salts...cccccccsccsccecccseeeeeceeeees I to 2 pounds,
GHA EL o.seccereasscccsestseecerneaeconnaasngees I ounce.
WALT ssawec ssa cdeesaii ressnasecnievey “tedeans 2 quarts.

And follow this with %-ounce doses of Saltpeter two or three
times a day, and in very bad cases, along with this, 15 or 20 drops
Fluid Extract of Aconite, and 1 drachm Fluid Extract of Bella-
donna. Foment the udder with hot water several times a day,
and after each fomenting rub the udder well with one of the fol-
lowing: Camphorated Oil, or:

Camphorated Oil......ceecccesseeseeseeeees 4 ounces.
TUrPentine....ccccccercresccseseesserneesenees I ounce.
Shake.
The following is also good:
Witch Hazel.......c.ccscssssssseeeseeenseee 3 ounces.
Soap Liniment..........sccseccssescreeeeeee Bio 8
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 2 ounces.

A very good method is to alternate the lotions. In bad
cases, the fomenting should be kept up almost continuously; this
can be done by suspending the udder in a shallow bag; to sus-
pend, pass straps, or strings, from the front corners of the bag
over the loins and tie, and from the back corners of the bag
between the hind legs and up, and tie to the front strings where
they pass over the loins. Place a folded grain bag on the loins
under the strings; pack in the bag, around the inflamed part of
the udder, woolen cloths, and pour over these, every fifteen
minutes, water as hot as the animal will stand. If an abscess
forms, continue fomenting until it points and then open and treat
as given for ‘‘Abscesses.’’ If it becomes hard, use Iodine Oint-
ment (see PRESCRIPTIONS, back of book).

If the milk in the udder is thick and difficult to get out,
inject into the udder a little recently boiled water that has cooled
dowa in vhe ‘eakettle; inject, as in ‘‘ Milk Fever.’’ After
injecting, gently knead the udder for a few minutes to break up
DISEASES OF CATTLE 437

 

the thick milk, and then milk out; repeat the process, if neces-
sary. If there is reason to believe that the inflammation is due
to the action of germs within the udder, inject into it a mild
antiseptic lotion, as:

TV SO]s.. os secuaets scttaiseanena ste ncegdivaiesins vase 2 drachms.
Weateresunseaicncgeactieccivns tsnncSaaccaapegal I quart.
Shake ,

Inject from 4 to 6 ounces into each affected quarter; knead
gently for ten minutes, and then milk out; repeat three times a
day.

In mild cases, where there is simply a little thick or bloody
milk, the dose of Epsom Salts and the use of the Saltpeter for a
few days will generally correct; if not, use the lotions.

In the more severe attacks, feed lightly, withholding the
milk-producing foods. This disease should always receive prompt
attention, for if severe it is apt to destroy a portion of the udder.
When the udder shows inflammation before parturition, as it so
frequently does, first try the Epsom Salts and Saltpeter, and if
this does not check it, commence milking the cow and use the
local applications.

SMALL ROUND LUMPS IN THE MILK PAS-
SAGE.—Little pea-like tumors sometimes grow in the milk
passage, in the teat, resulting in some cases in its complete
obstruction and the subsequent loss of the quarter.

Symptoms.—The presence in the duct of a small body which
prevents to a greater or less extent the flow of the milk.

TREATMENT. —

This is oftentimes quite unsatisfactory. At first try applying
to the outside of the teat, over the obstruction, Tincture of Iodine;
apply two or three times a day and rub in well. If this does not
relieve, a little weak tincture may be injected directly into the
duct; dilute a little Tincture of Iodine with equal parts of water,
close the duct above the obstruction, so the solution cannot go
into the udder, by pinching the teat between the thumb and
finger, then inject into the duct through a milking tube the
Iodine solution; repeat once a day. If this fails, it is sometimes
438 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

possible to pass a fine-looped wire into the duct, hook it over the
obstruction and remove it. Everything else failing, the obstruc-
tion can be cut down upon and removed; this best be done when
the cow is dry, but can be done when giving milk. Whenever
possible, leave the operation to a veterinarian. To operate, use
the Cocaine solution, injecting a little of it inside the duct as well
as rubbing on the outside (see OPERATIONS, page 347). Pass a
milking tube, and then cut down onto the duct, just a little to one
side of the growth, and with a pair of scissors remove the obstruc-
tion. Sew up the wound. If giving milk, use the milking tube
until the wound heals; if dry, pass the tube twice each day
until healed, to prevent duct from closing up. (See ‘‘Passing
the Milking Tube.’’)

PASSING THE MILKING TUBE.—The milking tube
is a small tube of silver or hard rubber, for introducing into the
duct of the teat to draw the milk, when, for any reason, it can
not be got in the normal way. It is very simple to pass the tube
up into the teat, but in order to prevent inflammation of the
udder as the result of the irritation produced, great care should
be taken in using the tube. The tube should be perfectly clean
and, before being used, placed in a Carbolic Acid solution; a
convenient way to do this, is to tie a small string around the end
which does not go into the teat, and then drop the tube into a
small bottle of the solution; by leaving the string outside, the
tube can be readily taken out for use; put it into the solution a
few minutes before using it; in introducing it, take hold of it be-
low the part which enters the teat, shake a little, to remove the
Carbolic lotion, apply a little clean Carbolized lard—lard, 1
teacupful, Carbolic Acid, 1 teaspoonful—and gently push it into
the duct, introducing it only far enough to pass the obstruction.
Unless carefully used, the tube will cause inflammation, and
destroy the quarter.

BLOODY MILK.—

Causes.—Blood may escape with the milk from injury to the
bag; when it is congested or inflamed; when the circulation
through the udder is, for some reason, suddenly increased, and
the small blood vessels rupture.

 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 439

TREATMENT,—

The treatment will vary with the cause. If due to injury,
or inflammation, treat as under ‘‘Inflammation of the Udder.”’
If simply due to a congestion, and there seems to be no inflam-
mation, give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day; if
this fails to correct the trouble, give with the Saltpeter a tea-
spoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna, and apply to the udder
the Witch Hazel and Belladonna liniment, as for ‘‘ Inflammation
of the Udder.’”” A dose of Epsom Salts will sometimes prove
effectual.

BLUE MILK.—

Cause.— From the presence in the milk of germs (bacillus
cyanogenus), milk takes on a skyblue color; these germs gener-
ally enter the milk after it leaves the udder, but in some cases
the germs may get into the ducts of the teat and enter the milk
as it passes out. Ifthe germs are thought to bein the udder,
flush it out with the Lysol solution, as recommended under
‘Inflammation of the Udder.’ Use:

LySOl: sac sesisigiaciessecd Vecaseces:sbaevievenssvee 2 drachms,
Water....ccseecreccrssscssrenees scceresseeesoes I quart.

After injecting it into the udder and kneading the gland,
place a finger over the end of the duct, force some of the solution
into the duct and hold it there for a few minutes, and then milk
out. Repeat, if necessary. Also give all milking utensils a good
scalding.

STRINGY MILK.—Stringy milk is another condition of
the milk which is produced by certain germs getting into it.
The germs may get into the udder by cows being allowed access
to stagnant ponds, where they can get the udder covered with
mud and slime. Cows giving milk should not be allowed access
to stagnant ponds, or be forced to drink water from such places.
The water they drink should be pure.

TREATMENT. —
Same as for ‘‘ Blue Milk.”
440 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

CHAPPED OR SORE TEATS.—

Causes.—From anything that irritates them. The sudden
chilling of the teat in winter after the calf has let go, or after the
completion of milking with wet hands; contact with cold water
or putrid water, or with filth in lying down; from cows running
through the wet grass; or, flies may be the cause.

TREATMENT.—
Each time, after milking, rub the teats with some healing
ointment, as the following:

Waseline ivesissdidentacesgenhecsinoeiaden at ne 2 ounces.
Oxide of Zinc 1 drachm,
Carbolic Acid 25 drops.

 

Mix well together, and apply as directed.

Or:
ValSe lini veces sas aaiaccegeveia cover aestcveces 2 ounces,
Subnitrate of Bismuth.............csese08 ¥% ounce,
Carbolic Acid.....cssscosscsecvevecceceees 25 drops.
Mix.
Or.
Gly Cerin Gives sain sacencsswscervevecderaveveessee I ounce,
Witch, Hazel. s..2.4. cis. s.ecsaseens varveeees I ounce,
Carbolic AIC. ...sccccesccssteccesesessenees ¥ drachm.
Shake.

‘“‘White Lotion’ (page 263), is also good to apply to the
teats.

In some cases a tablespoonful of Saltpeter, given internally
twice a day, will prove of value.

WARTS ON THE TEATS.—These are often trouble-
some, yet they may be greatly benefited or entirely removed by
smearing them thickly after each milking with pure Olive Oil.
If they persist, they may be cut off with a sharp pair of scissors
and the sore touched with a stick of Lunar Caustic. They may
then be oiled and the caustie repeated if necessary, to prevent
their return. Applying a little Acetic Acid to the warts once in
three or four days will remove them. If there are a large
number on the teat, treat only a few of them at a time.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 441

CUTS AND INJURIES TO THE TEATS.—

Causes.—The teats of cows are often injured by barb wire;
from other animals stepping on them, etc.

TREATMENT.—

The treatment will depend upon the injury. If a cut, and
it extends into the duct, it should be sewed up; if the teat is torn,
the edges must be brought together in such a way as not to leave
the duct open. ‘To sew up, first apply to the edges of the wound
a little of the Cocaine solution (see OPERATIONS, page 347), then
bring the edges together and hold them there with stitches. Be
sure the wound is clean before sewing up (see Wounps). Draw
the milk with a milking tube until healed, and keep the cow
quiet and well bedded.

Injuries which do not open the duct may be treated with oint-
ment as under ‘‘ Chapped or Sore Teats.’”? When the end of the
teat is injured, care must be taken or the duct will close and
make milking difficult. To prevent this, keep in the end of the
teat a little plug, shaped something like a bone collar button, a
button with a rather small round head answers fairly well if the
neck of the button is large enough to keep the duct frora closing
too much. Keep this in the end of the duct all the time, except
when milking, and use a tube for drawing the milk until the
injury is healed.

FISTULA, OR EXTRA DUCTS OF THE TEAT.
—Sometimes an extra duct will lead from the main duct out on
the side of the teat, or at one side of the end, the extra duct
eading into the main duct before it reaches the udder; sometimes
the extra duct will lead into a small, extra gland near the base
of the teat.

Causes.—The condition is present at birth, except where it
results from an improperly treated wound.

TREATMENT.—

If the two ducts unite before reaching the udder, close the one
which is out of place as follows: Rubthe end of theduct fora few
minutes with the Cocaine solution (see OPERATIONS, page 347),
then make a little cut about half an inch long through the center of
442 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the opening and lengthwise of the teat—cut in about one-half
way to the main duct ; then scrape the duct where it is cut open
until it is raw, and put in a stitch and draw the edges of
the wound close together. The best time to operate is when the
cow is dry. If giving milk, use the milking tube until the
wound heals.

If the extra duct leads into a small gland, the little gland
can be destroyed by injecting into it a little diluted Tincture of
Iodine; dilute a little Tincture of Iodine with an equal amount
of water and inject a little of it into the part to be destroyed.
This will set up inflammation, which will destroy the part.
Before doing this, be sure the extra duct does not lead into the
main gland; in such a case do not inject, but close the end as
described above.

STRICTURE OF THE DUCT AT THE BASE OF
THE TEAT.—Sometimes it is found, when a cow freshens, that
the milk will not come down into the teat—it is closed where it
joins the udder. The closure is due to a membrane forming
across the duct, where it unites with the cavity in the udder.

TREATMENT. —

The treatment is to break the membrane; this can be done
by pushing a milking tube through it, but the hole thus made is
so small that the milk will not come down, except through the
tube, and by passing the tube at each milking, the quarter soon
becomes inflamed, and so the teat bistoury has to be used and the
stricture cut. To use the instrument, the little knife is drawn
within the tube, it is then passed the same as a milking tube
until the knife is beyond the stricture, the knife is then pushed
out and the instrument drawn down past the stricture, cutting it;
when below the stricture, the knife is again concealed and the
instrument withdrawn from the teat. It may be necessary to cut
the stricture in two directions. The milk flowing through at
milking time will keep the cut from closing up.

ABORTION AND PREMATURE BIRTH.—Prema-
ture expulsion of the foetus is called abortion in the earlier
periods of gestation, and premature birth in the latter part of
DISEASES OF CATTLE 443

gestation. It not infrequently takes on a contagious character,
which will be treated under ‘‘Contagious Abortion.”

Causes.—Poor condition; weakness and too watery a state of
the blood; being hooked or pushed about by other cattle, or
kicked or clubbed by brutal attendants; jumping, leaping or fall-
ing; irritant poisons; and any severe sickness may act as causes.

Symptoms.—In the first two or three months of pregnancy
no symptoms may have been observed, and unless the aborted
product is seen, the fact of abortion may escape notice. The
cow coming in heat later on, suggests that the accident happened.
Some soiling of the tail with mucus, blood, and the waters, may
be seen, or udder show firmness, and in virgin heifer or dry cow
a few drops of milk noted, or the foetus with membranes found.
In advanced pregnancy, abortion is much the same as parturition
with like symptoms. The important thing is to distinguish the
early symptoms in order to apply treatment, and try to arrest the
progress of the trouble. A cow is dull, sluggish, separate from
the herd, chewing cud languidly, or there may be frequent lying
down and rising; uneasy motions of hind feet or tail; back arched
and tail carried well back from the body, and slightly accelerated
pulse and breathing. If these conditions exist in a pregnant cow,
examine for any increase in mucus in vagina, or for blood or
liquid there or on root of the tail; for enlargement, or firmness
of the udder, or in dry cows for milk, and for any slight straining
like labor pains.

Although the first symptoms of trouble may have appeared,
in some cases, further progress can be checked. So long as the
foetus has not perished, or water discharged, nor water-bag pre-
sented, progress of disease should be stayed, if possible; and as
it is impossible to tell whether these conditions do exist or not,
the treatment is given to all cases. If any of the foregoing con-
ditions have taken place, the treatment will be unsuccessful, and
abortion will take place.

TREATMENT. —

Place the animal in a quiet place, and give quieting drugs;
Chloral Hydrate in 1%-ounce doses, or Laudanum in 2-ounce
doses, giving either one with a drachm of Fluid Extract of
444 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Belladonna in 14 pintof water; repeat in two hours; again in three
or four hours; and then three or four times a day. Also give from
1 to 2-ounce doses of Black Haw (Viburnum Prunifolium),
repeated three timesaday. This drug has a special quieting
action on the uterus. If treatment fails, the labor will increase
and the foetus be expelled. Where it takes place late in the
period of gestation, assistance may be needed as with normal
parturition, and the same principles, with regard to making an
examination, should be carried out.

The after treatment is important; if there is any reason to
suspect contagious abortion, treat as under ‘‘Contagious Abortion”
in ConTacious DISEASES OF CATTLE. If thought to be due to
other causes than contagion, keep the cow by herself for a week or
two, feed laxative foods, or, if these cannot be had, give 1%4-pound
doses of Epsom Salts every second or third day; also give a table-
spoonful of Saltpeter and a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of
Belladonna three times a day for a week. It is also well to flush
out the womb once a day with an antiseptic, or an astringent,
lotion, as for ‘‘ Inflammation of the Womb.’’ Do not breed the
cow again for two or three months. Abortion is quite apt to be
followed with leucorrhea, and so the after-treatment is important.
If the after-birth does not come away, it should be removed the
same as with normal parturition.

BARRENNESS IN COWS AND BULLS—STER-
ILITY.—This is an inability to reproduce the species. Such
an animal is called a ‘‘non-breeder.’’ ‘The trouble is more
common among pure bred, highly-fed cattle than with the
so-called ‘‘scrubs.’’

Causes.—In cows, from their being kept in a high condition ;
from diseased ovaries ; contracted or diseased neck of the womb;
from womb being deformed in some way, as twisted to one
side; being one of twins, the other of which is a bull—a free-martin;
from altered mucus secretions ; leucorrhea, etc.

In bulls, it may be from fatty degeneration of the testicles,
seen most in old bulls; from malformation or disease of the
genital organs; from high feeding and too little exercise ; from
poor feeding ; the using too freely, especially when young.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 445

In both bulls and cows, it may come from being too closely
inbred for several generations.

TREATMENT.—

In cows, if from high condition, restrict feed, give opportun-
ities for liberal exercise, and give her a physic of 1% pounds of
Epsom Salts in a quart of tepid water, as a drench ; also give a
tablespoonful of Saltpeter twice a day for two or three weeks.
Examine the cow and if the mouth of the womb is closed, try to
open it by gently inserting the finger. If this is difficult, tie a
string to a small wad of cotton batting, saturate with the Fluid
Extract of Belladonna and press this into the mouth of the womb
and leave it there for an hour; also give a teaspoonful of the
Belladonna internally and apply hot applications to the loins.
After an hour or two, again try to open the womb and, if success-
ful, breed the cow. Cone-shaped structures made of sponge, called
““tents,’? are also used to press into the mouth of the womb,
which, when moistened, soften and enlarge the mouth. These
can be procured of instrument dealers. If there is leucorrhea or
any disease of that nature present, treat by flushing out the womb
as described under ‘‘ Leucorrhea,’’ using the same lotions. If
everything seems to be normal, and yet the cow fails to conceive,
give for one month the tonics as recommended for ‘‘Chronic
Indigestion,’’ and follow this for two weeks with the following :

Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ I drachm,
Camphor,.........ccccssecessnseccseseseseeenees 1 drachm.
ASafetida iss iasasccesingsassaetcdssosecssxeaces I drachm.
Thin Linseed gruel .........cccessssereee I pint.

Give as one dose, twice daily.

In case of the bull, if he has been closely confined, and rather
highly fed, reduce the feed and give exercise; to do this, stretch
a large wire between two posts or trees which are some distance
apart, and high enough so the bull can pass under it; have a ring
on the wire, and near the ends fasten something to the wire so
the ring will not slip up close tothe tree (keep it far enough
away so the bull cannot pass around the tree and get tangled up)
and fasten the bull to the ring on the wire by means of a rope four
to six feet long, fastened to the ring in his nose. If he does not
446 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

exercise much, make him, by taking a whip and driving him
back and forth ai a good, sharp pace for half an hour, three times
aday. After he gets quite poor, gradually bring him back into
condition again by good feed, and the use of the tonics as for
“Chronic Indigestion,’’ and continue the exercise. During treat-
ment, do not allow him to cover any cows. Working in a tread
power is excellent exercise for a bull. If there is any disease of
the generative organs, treat accordingly.

NYMPHOMANIA.—This is an excess of desire for sexual
intercourse on the part of the cow. Such cows will take the bull
at any time, but rarely ever conceive, and when they do, nearly
always abort. In some sections they are called ‘‘ bullers.’’

Causes.—Usually from chronic inflammation of some of the
generative organs. It may also be excited by an excess of highly
nitrogenous food, as beans, peas, vetches, wheat bran, middlings,
etc.; especially if there is a lack of exercise, and subject to the
constant association of a vigorous young bull.

Symptoms.—The animal is in a state of continual sexual
excitement, and is constantly riding, or being ridden, by other
cattle; in bad cases, the excitement and actions are such as to
keep the animal in poor flesh,

TREATMENT.—

This will vary with the cause. Overfeeding on rich food
should be stopped, and exercise given in an open field by herself.
Diseased ovaries may be removed by spaying (see in OPERA-
TIons). Catarrh of the womb and passages may be treated as

called for in ‘‘Leucorrhea.’’ Internally give 1-pound doses of
Epsom Salts every four or five days, and also use the following:
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1 drachm,
Cam Phone cvinssssis eves seaiaenvaldeevdinesiwers 2 drachms.
Saltpeter ........ ¥% ounce.
Thin gruel ¥% pint.

 

Give as one dose, twice a day. Continue for
two weeks, withhold, and then give again if
necessary.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 447

DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES

SUSPENDED BREATHING IN NEW BORN
CALVES.—The moment the circulation through the navel
string is stopped, death promptly follows unless breathing is
established. Fortunately the desire to breathe, aroused by the
circulation of the venous blood and the reflex action from the
wet and chilling skin, usually at once starts the contractions of
the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles, and life is insured.

Causes.—Among the causes of suspended breathing before
and during birth are: compression of the navel cord stopping
circulation, while fcetus is still in such a position that respiration
cannot commence; the detachment of fetal membranes from the
womb too early in the act of parturition; a run-down, weakened
condition in the calf from starvation or disease in the cow; faint-
ing in a debilitated calf, when calving has been prolonged; when
the calf is born with head so wrapped in membranes that it can-
not breathe; and tenacious phlegm in mouth and nose acting in
like manner.

TREATMENT, —

Give attention to calf at once and relieve it of its investing
membranes, aud of any mucus that has accumulated in nose and
mouth. Wiping out the nose deeply with the finger or a feather
excites to sneezing, and in this way to breathing. Blowing into
the nose has a similar effect. Sucking the nostril through a tube
applied to it is even more effective. Slapping the chest with
palm of hand or with a towel dipped in cold water, compression
and relaxation alternately of walls of the chest, by carrying the
front legs forward and apart, and then back, and crowded
together, at the rate of about twenty movements per minute,
may start the action, and ammonia fumes or tobacco smoke
blown into the nose may suffice. Every second is precious, how-
ever, and if possible the lungs should be dilated by forcing air
into them from a bellows or from human lungs. As the air is
blown in through bellows or tube, the upper end of the windpipe
448 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

must be pressed back against the gullet, or otherwise the air will
go to the stomach. Ina large dairy, a piece of elastic tubing
one-third inch in bore, should be kept at hand for sucking or
blowing in such cases.

BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL.—This may happen
in two ways—when the cord is cut off too close to the navel and
left untied, and when it tears off at the navel. It may also bleed
when torn across naturally, if it is sucked by the dam or another
calf. In an animal that has but little plasticity to its blood, it
will flow under almost any circumstances.

TREATMENT.—

Where any cord is left it is always safe to tie it, and it is
only when swollen and when it may contain a loop of the bowel,
that there is any danger of doing so. By pressing upward any
bulky contents, such danger is avoided. If torn or cut too close
to be tied, the bleeding may be checked by applying powdered
Alum or Copperas, holding in place with compress and tight
bandage around the body, or by holding against it, for a fraction
of a second, the end of a rod at dull-red heat. Before tying the
cord or applying the astringents, wash with Carbolic Acid lotion
and also wet the string, which is used to tie around the cord,
in the same solution.

URINE DISCHARGED THROUGH THE NAVEL.
—Before birth the urine passes from the bladder by a special tube,
the urachus, through the navel and string into the outer water-
bag. This at birth closes, and in the calf the tube is drawn in
toward the bladder. It is more likely to remain open in the bull-
calf. The urethra is sometimes abnormally narrow, or even
closed, in the male.

TREATMENT.—

If part of the cord remains, tie it, as for ‘‘Bleeding from the
Navel,’’ and allow it to wither up naturally. If the end is too
short to tie, apply the astringents as for bleeding. A blister of
Spanish Fly, causing swelling of the skin, will often close the
orifice. A hot iron may also be used. If the urethra of the
male is closed, and cannot be opened, and the urachus is closed,
DISEASES OF CATTLE 449

the urine will collect in the bladder and cause death, but often-
times after the urachus is closed the urine will pass out through
the natural channel.

INFLAMMATION OF THE NAVEL URINE-
DUCT.—

Causes.—Inflammation of the urachus, or navel urine-duct,
may arise from direct injury to navel in calving or shortly after,
with or without irritant or septic matter on its cut or lacerated end.

Symptoms.—There is redness and swelling at the posterior
part of the navel and an escape of urine and a whitish serous pus
from the orifice of the urachus. Where the urine is not dis-
charged there is a tender swelling, like a thick cord, that extends
upward and backward from navel to abdomen. Navel enlarge-
ment may be considerable, but it is solid, and cannot be pressed
back into abdomen as in hernia. In cases at first closed, the pus
may burst out later from back part of navel and swelling extend
backward. In some cases whitish pus may pass in urine by
ordinary channel, showing that it has opened back into bladder.
In other cases the umbilical veins are involved, and swelling
extends forward as well as backward. Disease may result in
destructive disorders of the liver, lungs, and above all, of the
joints.

TREATMENT.—

Disease may be warded off, or made comparatively harmless,

by applying antiseptics to the navel string at birth, as:

Carbolic Acid..i.ccccsseessnsesswecseeses I teaspoonful.
Gy cerine...u...sccseessseccccncenscosescneses 2 ounces.
Watets. icin. .csdecesninesseeec sc yeastee sede’ 2 ounces.

Mix and apply.

After a day or two, if discharge continues, apply White
Lotion (see PRESCRIPTIONS, in back of book). If inflammation
is extensive, apply hot fomentations or a poultice, helding in
place by a bandage about the body. If joints become affected,
treat as under the next disorder. In bad cases, also give inter-
nally 5 drops of Fluid Extract of Belladonna and a tablespoonful
of Sweet Spirits of Niter in a little water, three or four times
a day.

29
450 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS IN CALVES
—JOINT-ILL.—This occurs in young calves within the first
months after birth. It may attack any of the joints, quite often
the hocks or knees, and is usually connected with inflammation
of the navel.

Symptoms—Are swelling in one or more joints, which are
very hot and tender. Calf is stiff and lame, lies down constantly,
and does not suck; there is very high fever, and quickened
breathing and pulse; and there is inflammation, swelling, and
pus-like discharge—often fetid—from the navel. There may also
be symptoms of disease of liver, lungs, heart, or bowels, but the
important point is to look to condition of the navel in all such
cases of diseased and swollen joints beginning in the first month
of life.

TREATMENT .—

Treat navel as in preceding disorder. Foment the joints with
hot water, by putting a heavy woolen bandage about them and
wetting this with hot water, as hot as the animal can stand;
cover the wet bandages with a dry blanket; re-apply the water
every half hour; also bathe the joints well, two or three times a
day, with the following liniment:

Soap Limiment ........66 sesceeeeesseeseees 3 ounces,

Witch Hazelssicssisascivsasersvenssaasosons 2 ounces.

Turpentine .........cccceeceeneeceeeeeeeeeeees I ounce,

Laurdanumnh....ccssessecsserenesenseaneesnevees 2 ounces,
Shake.

White Lotion (page 263), is also good to bathe the joints
with.
Internally give the following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna ........... 2 drachms.
Fluid Extract of Aconite ............... ¥% drachm.
Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed........ 1¥% drachms,
Sweet Spirits of Niter..........c. cee 4 ounces.
Water, to make...........cccescesseseen eens I pint.

Shake. Dose; 1 ounce, three or four times
s day.
4

DISEASES OF CATTLE 45

Also give:
Hyposulphite of Soda... ee 2 drachms.
QUINN oe sancsvesensioresideid sactheadescedenes Io grains,

Three times a day in a little thin gruel.

If abscesses form about joint, treat as recommended under
‘‘Abscesses.’’

CONSTIPATION IN CALVES—RETENTION OF
THE MECONIUM.— At birth the bowels of a calf contain
the ‘‘meconium,’’ a tenacious, gluey, brownish-yeliow material
largely derived from the liver, which should be expelled within a
short time after birth, that they may go on with their natural
function. The first milk of the cow—colostrum—rich in albumen
and salts, is nature’s laxative to expel the meconium, and it
should never be withheld from the calf. If for lack of this, from
the dry feeding of the cow, or from any other cause, the calf is
costive, straining violently without passage, lying down and
rising as in colic, and failing in appetite, no time should be lost
in giving relief; give an ounce or two of Castor Oil and 1 drachm
Cascara Sagrada, assisting the action by injections of warm soap-
suds or oil into the rectum. Whatever meconium is within reach
of the finger should be carefully removed. It is also important
to give the cow a sloppy, laxative diet. If the oil fails to move
the bowels, give from 1 to 2 ounces of Epsom Salts in a littie
warm water.

The following may also be given in obstinate cases:

Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica......... io drops.
Fluid Extract of Jaborandi ............ 20
Aromatic Spirits Ammonia ............ I teaspoonful.
Water to make......sscceecceseeseeseereeeee 2 ounces.

Shake. Give as one dose; repeat three times
a day if necessary.

Restrict the feed until the bowels move.

INDIGESTION IN YOUNG CALVES.—

Causes.—This may occur from different causes, as costive-
ness, a too liberal milk supply; too rich milk; the furnishing of
452 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the milk of a cow jong after calving, to a very young calf; allow-
ing a calf to suck the first milk from a cow that has, in any way,
been violently excited; too long intervals between feeding; dirty,
fermented milk; from feeding the mother unwholesome food;
bad quarters; feeding starchy, artificial food; or overfeeding on
artificial food. Licking hair off themselves, or others, and the
formation of same into balls in the stomach, causes obstinate indi-
gestion.

Symptoms.—Are dullness, indisposition to move, uneasiness,
eructations of gas from the stomach, sour breath, more or less
loss of appetite, lying down and rising as if in pain, fullness of
the abdomen, which gives out a drum-like sound when tapped
with the fingers. The costiveness may be marked at first, but it
soon gives place to diarrhea, by which offensive matters may be
carried off, and health restored. In other cases it runs into
inflammation of the bowels, fever sets in, and calf ultimately
dies.

TREATMENT. —

To clear the bowels, give 1 to 2 ounces Castor Oil, and also
use the prescription as recommended in the preceding disorder,
adding 10 drops Fluid Extract of Belladonna in case of much
pain; and if sour eructations of gas from stomach are marked,
give 2 tablespoonfuls of Lime water, or 1 teaspoonful Cooking
Soda two or three times a day. If disorder continues after
bowels are moved, give a large tablespoonful of Rennet, or 30
grains of Pepsin at each meal, along with the above mixture. If
constipation recurs, give injections of warm water and soap, and
treat diarrhea as in that disease. See next article. Feed good,
wholesome milk, giving in it a teaspoonful of Blood Flour, and a
little Linseed meal gruel.

WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES.—GASTRIC
CATARRH—DIARRHEA.—Hand raised calves are sub-
ject to a form of diarrhea to which several names have been
applied.

Causes.—Not common with calves which suck, though may
be occasioned by their sucking at long intervals, thus overloading
DISEASES OF CATTLE 453

the stomach and bringing on indigestion. Calves separated from
their dams and given considerable quantites of cold milk at long
intervals are liable to this form of trouble. Calves fed on milk
substitutes frequently contract it, as do also those fed on milk
from creameries, or from filthy pails.

Symptoms. —'The passages have a thin, yellowish-white
appearance, are quite offensive, and become very frequent. The
calf becomes dull, whisks its tail as though in pain every time
there is a passage from the bowels, loses its appetite, becomes
weak, and unless disease is checked it is apt to run into dysen-
tery, when the passages become bloody and very thin; calf shows
more or less pain by grating the teeth, and depressed countenance.

TREATMENT.—

Give 1 to 2 ounces Castor Oil with a tablespoonful of Lauda-
num. This will clear the bowels. Then follow with teaspoonful
doses of Laudauum three or four times a day. Dissolve a table-
spoonful of Copperas in a pint of water and give 2 ounces of this
solution in a little milk, three times a day. Give at different
times than the Laudanum. Also give a teaspoonful of Cooking
Soda or an ounce or two of Lime water. From a teaspoonful to a
tablespoonful of Blood Flour is excellent for Scours, often check-
ing severe cases without other treatment. In bad cases, where
there is dysentery, use the following:

Corrosive Subfimate..........ccececeee 7 grains.
Weatericsressccccncssis wvesimncaevaviavioereses I pint.

Shake. Dose: 1 to 3 tablespoonfuls, three or
four times a day.

Give a small amount of milk, three times a day, with 1 or
2 well-beaten, raw eggs. Give clean, dry bedding frequently
and cover calf with a blanket.

INFECTIOUS SCOURS.—There is a form of scours
which attacks calves two or three days after birth, and which
terminates fatally in a short time. The disease is due to germs
entering through the umbilical cord. Other organs as well as
the bowels are affected, but the scouring is very characteristic.
454 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—The scouring, great weakness, and death in a
day or two.

‘TREATMENT.—

The treatment is preventive, as curative treatment fails.
The prevention is to have everything very clean where the cow
calves. The stall should be very clean; if other animals have
used the same stall and their calves have died of the disease, the
stall must be thoroughly disinfected and whitewashed before
using again (see ‘‘ Disinfection,’’ page 66). As soon as the calf
is born, remove it from the stall, wash the navel cord thoroughly
with a Carbolic Acid solution—Carbolic Acid, % ounce; water,
1 pint—ligate the cord close to the body with a string that has
been soaked in the same solution, and then cut the cord off one-
half inch below the string. Apply to the cord four or five times
a day, or until it dries up, the Carbolic lotion and also the
White Lotion (see PRESCRIPTIONS, in back of book).

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE
ORGANS OF THE BULL

INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES—
ORCHITIS.—

Causes.—Usually the result of blows, or other direct injuries,
but may result from excessive service, or from some growth in
the gland tissue.

Symptoms.—Bull moves stiffly, with straddling gait, and the
right or left half of the scrotum in which the affected testicle
lies is swollen, red, and tender, and the gland is drawn up in the
sac and dropped down again at frequent intervals.

TREATMENT.—
Give the following as a drench:
Epsom. ‘Salts iicsccssssiicatevsnecensgeevivses 1¥% pounds.
GIN PEF is vveraecans wocercesosnevsenavadaeonwence 2 drachms.

Water, Lépid cn. csccacriiimecsivcededeeren I quart,
DISEASES OF CATTLE 455

Foment the testicles well with hot water, the same as was
recommended for fomenting the udder in inflammation of that gland
(page 435), and use the same lotions on the scrotum, especially the
one containing the Belladonna. When not fomenting, apply a
Linseed poultice. While treating, feed on soft food, and give a
tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day; if th: bull is a
large fellow, heap the spoon. Should a soft point aypear, indi-
cating formation of matter, open and treat wound daily, with a
solution made by adding 2 teaspoonfuls of Carbolic Acid to a pint
of water. Usually, when inflammation has gone to point of sup-
puration, the testicle is ruined for service, and must be removed
by castration. A test, by putting bull to cows after he is well,
will determine whether he will be of any more use in that line.

INJURIES TO SHEATH AND PENIS.—

Causes.—From jumping fence and being caught so as to
injure parts; or in case of work oxen, from pressure and friction
of the sling, when held in stock for shoeing.

Symptoms.—lf there is severe crushing of both sheath and
penis, it leads, some hours later, to the development of a hard, hot,
and painful swelling, reaching from scrotum to sheath. There is
fever, dry muzzle, red eyes, hard, full, rapid pulse, and quickened
breathing. Animal stands with hind legs apart and urine drop-
ping from sheath. Appetite and rumination suspended. Later,
unless promptly treated, mortification may result, the swelling
getting cold and doughy.

TREATMENT.—

In severe cases must be prompt and judicious. Put straps
around the patient, with soft pads in contact with affected parts,
constantly soaked in cold water for at least twenty-four hours.
Give 1 to 2 pounds of Epsom Salts in 2 quarts of hot water, anda
tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day if the penis is not
badly injured. The second day the parts may be bathed with:

Extract of Witch Hazel................ 4 pint.
Sugar of Lead.........---sesssseeeseereeeee I ounce.
Taudanum ........scccesscscesesenserseseenee 3, ounces.

Water to make.........ceseeeeseeeteeeeneees I pint
456 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

If active inflammation persists, the cold water application
should be continued. If suppuration occurs, open at point of
fluctuation when ready, letting out pus, and afterward syringe
cavity with Carbolic lotion as for dressing wounds. Careful
antiseptic treatment is also necessary in case of extensive slough-
ing, as sometimes happens with severe inflammation. In mild
cases simply bathing parts three times daily with hot or cold
water and applying the White Lotion (see PRESCRIPTIONS, in
back of book) after wiping dry, continuing the treatment until
well, will be found sufficient.

INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA—GON-
ORRHEA.—This is an inflammation of the urethra—the canal
which conveys the urine through the penis from the bladder.

Causes.—It may originate in gravel, the excitement of too
frequent service, infection from a cow with leucorrhea, or from
extension of inflammation from the sheath.

Symptoms.—There is an oozing of whitish'liquid from the
end of the penis and sheath, tenderness and pain when handled,
and while there is no actual arrest of the urine, its flow is subject
to voluntary checks, as it irritates the tender surface.

TREATMENT.—

Give 1% pounds of Epsom Salts in a quart of tepid water
as adrench; bathe the sheath well with hot water twice a day,
and inject into the urethra a little of the following lotion:

Acetate of Lead.......cccceccssetseesreesees 2 drachms,

Water asi cctnsesassnessdansevedse’ vemssanasanens I quart.
Or:

Permanganate of Potash..........s0es0 20 grains.

Wrateticn osccatiwaaarcemanbeseninnanseeaueean I pint.

Mix and shake well before using.

Inject part of the time with:

TiySOl siieice oi won cannes avsaconsssapvuasttopancesss I drachm.
Water say cagcioesinessusctucgs ad ease wwaeatiegael I pint.

To inject the solution, use a milking tube, a rubber tube and
funnel, as for injecting into the udder in ‘‘ Milk Fever.’’ Put
DISEASES OF CATTLE 457

 

the milking tube into the urethra at the end of the penis, elevate
the funnel and pour the solution into it; the funnel should be
held as high as the back.

Keep bull away from cows until he is cured, as some varieties
of the disease are contagious, ,

CASTRATIONS OF BULLS AND CALVES.—This
consists in removing the testicles, the essential organs of gener-
ation in the male. The best position for castrating bovines is
standing, but they can be cast the same as the colt; the same
kind of a throwing harness will answer. Use the Carbolic lotion
the same as operating upon colts, or pigs; have the knife sharp.
Before operating wash off the scrotum with the Carbolic lotion.

To operate standing, place animal with his right side against
a partition, and tie his head short, so he cannot push forward;
have an assistant stand against his left flank and hold him against
the partition; the operator, with the knife in his right hand,
stands with his left side against the left hip of the animal, facing
to the rear; reach in between the legs from the rear with the left
hand and grasp around the scrotum, just above the testicles,
crowding the testicles to the very bottom of the sacs; make the
cut in the center of the back side of each sac, commencing well
towards the top of the testicle and carrying it down to the very
bottom, so as to be sure of good drainage; try and make the cut
onto the testicle with one stroke of the knife. When the testicle
is cut onto, the pressure produced by the hand clasping the
scrotum above will cause it to pop out of the cut; cut down onto
both testicles before letting go of thescrotum. After the testicles
pop out, take hold of one and draw it out a little and it will
be seen to be attached at its front surface by a thin attach-
ment to the front of the scrotum. Cut this attachment quite
close to the testicle, and then it can be drawn down, being held
simply by the spermatic cord; if a young calf, draw the cord
dcwn five or six inches, and cut it off; a dull pair of shears is a
good thing to cut it off with, or it can be cut, or scraped, off
with the knife; if scraped, or cut, with the dull shears, which
mash close, there is less apt to be bleeding. If a larger animal,
and danger of bleeding, draw the cord down and tie a string
458 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

around it, about three inches from the testicle, and then cut the
cord off about an inch below the string; a catgut string is best;
if silk is used, leave the ends long enough to hang from the cut,
so that they will be pulled out later when they slough. Have
the string lying in the Carbolic solution for a few minutes before
using it. After both testicles are removed, dash a little of the
Carbolic lotion into each wound. Place the animal ina clean
stall. The day following the operation, wet the fingers in the
Carbolic lotion and open the cuts. If there is undue swelling or
bleeding after the operation, treat as is recommended for same
condition under CASTRATION, HoRSE DEPARTMENT. ‘The best
time to castrate calves is when they are about a month old; the
pain is much less when they are small and there is less tendency
to bleeding.

If there is a scrotal hernia, castrate by the covered operation,
the same as with colts.

If the animal is cast, make the cuts in the sides of the scrotum;
it is handier than to make them on the back side; otherwise the
operation is the same as when performed with the animal standing.

“RIGS” OR RIDGLING BULLS.— These are animals in
which the testicles, one or both, have never come down into the
scrotum. They cannot be castrated like horses, and after attain-
ing some age, become nuisances.

When castrating a calf and only one or neither testicle is
down, fatten and get rid of it, for they rarely come down later.
It will save much trouble to get rid of such when young.

SWELLING OF THE POINT OF THE SHEATH
IN STEERS—STONE IN THE SHEATH.—

Causes.—From grazing in pastures where limestone abounds,
or from drinking water impregnated with limestone, by which it
is taken into the system, and this, together with the fact that the
steer, in making water, does not protrude the penis, but lets it
dribble out of the sheath; causes the lime in the urine to collect
and form a concretion, or ball, which soon gets large and sets up
irritation and swelling.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 459

Symptoms.—The end of the sheath is enlarged, and it may
obstruct the flow of urine, when animal will show uneasiness,
pain, etc., as in ‘Suppression of Urine.’ An examination
reveals the presence in the sheath of the limy deposit.

TREATMENT.—

If the animal is quiet, let him stand, and have him held by
the horns and nose, while operator with oiled fingers passes one
of them up into the sheath, and by manipulation and working
the stone about, it can soon be removed, when the sheath should
be oiled both inside and outside. In case animal will not stand
to have this done, he can be cast and secured as in ‘‘Castration,”’
or strap his hind legs together, putting the strap around above
the hocks, crossing it between the legs like a figure 8, which
prevents its slipping down.

DISEASES OF THE EYE

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES— SIMPLE
OPHTHALMIA.—This is an inflammation of the mucous
membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball. In severe
cases the deeper coats of the eye may be involved.

Causes.—It may result from a bruise of the eyelid; from
chaff, hayseed, dust, gnats, or such matter in the eye; from
exposure to cold; from irritating or poisonous vapors arising
from filthiness of the stable.

Symptoms.—A profuse flow of tears; closure of eyelids from
intolerance of light, retraction of the eyeball, and protrusion of
the haw; disinclination to move, and in milch cows diminution
of milk. In parting the lid, the lining membrane is found injected
with an excess of blood, giving it a red and swollen appearance;
the white of the eye is bloodshot, and the cornea may be cloudy.
If disease advances, inflammation of the cornea may ensue.
460 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT. —

Carefully examine the eye for the presence of chaff, dust,
cinder, and the like, and remove same when found. Do this by
flushing the eye with warm water, by means of a syringe, or, if
substance adheres to eyeball or lid, it may be scooped out by the
handle of a teaspoon or some other blunt instrument. If it
removes with difficulty, drop a few drops of the Cocaine solution
into the eye (see OPERATIONS, HoRSE DEPARTMENT). To relieve
congestion and irritation, use a wash composed of:

Nitrate of Silver ........:ccccssseeceeeeeees 3 grains,
WLOrpHine....scsececsersssaseneusccoessssateaaas I grain.
WAtEr ....cessenecsnscnsssereerssssseeseosesnes I ounce.

Keep in the dark.

Mix, and put a few drops of this in the eye
with a medicine dropper, a small, pointed glass
tube with rubber bulb, three or four times a
day.

Put animal inacool, darkened stable, and fasten a woolen cloth,
folded several times, over the eye, or eyes if both are affected.
Keep wet with cold water, re-wetting every half hour during the
day, but remove it at night. If there is much fever and consti-
tutional disturbance, give 114 pounds Epsom Salts dissolved in 1
quart of water. Also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three
times a day, and feed a laxative diet.

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA—CATARRHAL CON-
JUNCTIVITIS.—This form of inflammation of the membrane
of the eye generally appears in epidemic form and affects quite a
number of the herd.

Causes.—It is usually attributed to some irritant material car-
ried in the air or coming from the soil, but is probably due to
bacteria. It is most prevalent on low grounds and is seldom seen
in winter months. It affects old and young alike, but one attack
is believed to make the animal immune.

Symptoms. — This disease is characterized chiefly by a mucous,
matter-like discharge from the eyes, an intense degree of inflam-
mation of the mucous membrane, accompanied by swelling of the
eyelids and an early darkening of the cornea. The flow of tears
DISEASES OF CATTLE 461

 

is mixed with pus which gathers in large masses on the cheek.
The eyes are kept closed. When the cornea is affected, the animal
is frequently blind for a time, and sometimes other diseases of the
eye follow. ~

TREATMENT.—

Animal should be placed in a cool, dark stable, supplied with
soft, succulent food and plenty of fresh water to drink. Give 1
to 1% pounds Epsom Salts in 2 to 3 pints of water. Also give a
tablespoonful of Saltpeter, three times a day, and 1m bad cases give
with the Saltpeter, 1 drachm Fluid Extract of Belladonna and 15
drops Fluid Extract of Aconite. Foment the eye with the cold
water, as in the previous disorder, and also use the same solution
in the eye. A powder composed of equal parts of finely pulverized
Boracic Acid and Calomel is good to dust into the eye—blow a
little into the eye twice a day from a quill or small, paper cylinder.

INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA— CORNEI-
TIS.—This is an inflammation of the strong membrane, which
forms the front part of the eyeball. The sclerotic, or white coat
bordering on the cornea, becomes involved to some extent.

Causes.—As the cornea is the most prominent part of the
ball of the eye, it is subject to injury in a variety of ways, such
as scratches, pricks, contusions, lacerations and the like. It may
occur from the extension of inflammation from ophthalmia, or
from some internal inflammation, or may occasionally occur with-
out any known cause.

Symptoms.—There is a severe inflammation of the part,
causing a cloudiness of the cornea. The swelling on front part
of eyeball may be in bladder-like points, or it may begin at outer
border, abruptly thickening, and diminish to center. Tf whole
cornea is affected, it has a gray or grayish-white appearance.
The tears do not flow as freely, neither is the suffering so great
as in ophthalmia. One or both eyes may be affected. In favor-
able cases conditions should begin to improve in a week. In
unfavorable cases the sight is lost and the opacity remains.

In what is called suppurative corneitis—where there is a
formation of matter—the symptoms are somewhat. different, but
462 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

it may follow the above form. More commonly it develops
rapidly by a raised swelling on or near the center of the cornea,
that soon becomes yellow, while the edge of the swelling fades
into an opaque (clouded) ring. Disease is seldom foticed until
matter formation has occurred. When it is the result of diffuse
corneitis, ulceration and escape of confined pus is inevitable;
otherwise matter may be absorbed. When deep membranes are
involved, the sight of the eye may be permanently lost. It will
sometimes attack a number of animals, being more or less con-
tagious.

TREATMENT.—

Place the animal in a darkened stable, give green or sloppy
food, and 6 ounces of Epsom Salts, dissolved in a quart of water
once aday. Also give tbe following:

Fluid Extract of Aconite...........06 1% drachms.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ I ounce.
Saltpeter............ssccscosscesseesessensenees 3 ounces,
Water to make.....ceccssecseeeeesscneeeeees I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times a
day.

As an application to the eye use the following:

Nitrate of Silver...........:ssssessceeerees 3 grains.
Sulphate of Morphia..............::00006 I grain.
Soft: Water niivsgecvea mionccarsarsieeracneas I ounce,

Keep in the dark. Drop 15 to 20 drops into
the eyes, three times a day, with a medicine
dropper.

If ulceration occurs, use Nitrate of Silver, 5 grains, to an
ounce of water. Apply directly to the ulcers with a camel’s hair
brush. (See ‘‘Ulcers of the Cornea).’’

To remove opacity after inflammation has subsided, continue
the Nitrate of Silver solution.

ULCER OF THE CORNEA.—
Causes.—In consequence of the bursting of a small abscess in
the delicate membrane over the cornea; or, in the cornea itself,
DISEASES OF CATTLE 463

after violent corneitis, or specific ophthalmia ; or ulcer may be

caused by bruises, scratches, and other direct injury to the
cornea.

Symptoms.—At first the ulcer is a pale, gray color, with
edges high and irregular, and discharges, instead of pus, an
acrid, watery substance, and has a tendency to spread super-
ficially and also to extend deeper. If it spreads superficially, the
transparency of the cornea is lost; if it goes deeply, and reaches
the anterior chamber of the eye, the aqueous humor escapes and
the eye is destroyed.

TREATMENT.—

Give internal treatment as with ‘‘ Inflammation of Cornea,’’
if it has not already been used, in which case continue it.
Endeavor, as soon as the ulcer appears, to prevent its growth.
Convert corroding process into a healthy one. For this purpose
nothing is better than a strong solution of Nitrate of Silver. Drop
a few drops of the Cocaine solution into the eye (see ‘‘OPERA-
TIONS,’’ HoRSE DEPARTMENT). The animal’s head is then firmly
secured, and an assistant should part eyelids; then all parts of
the ulcer are touched, using a camel’s hair brush, with a solution
of 10 grains of Nitrate of Silver to an ounce of water. Repeat
treatment once a day until ulcer looks healthy. When healthy
action succeeds, ulcer assumes a delicate fleshy tint, and former
redness around ulcer gradually disappears. In abrasions where
there are no holes or cavities made, caustic treatment is not
needed ; simply treat as for ‘‘Inflammation of the Cornea.”
Excessive ulceration may cause fungus growth upon the cornea,
which appears to be nourished by loops of blood vessels in the
mucous membrane covering same. This growth must be cut
away and wound cauterized with Nitrate of Silver, or eye will be
destroyed.

STAPHYLOMA.—This isa disease of the eyeball in which
the cornea loses its transparency, rises above the level of the eye,
and even projects beyond the eyelids, in the form of an elongated
whitish, or pearl-colored tumor, which may be either smooth or
uneven.
464 THE PRACTICAL STOCE DOCTOR

 

Causes.—-Inflammation is the only known cause, although it
may not occur immediately. It often follows catarrhal ophthalmia
and corneitis.

TREATMENT.—

In a few cases restoration of sight may be affected by punct-
uring the projecting tumor and treating it afterward with Nitrate
of Silver, as given in ‘‘Ulceration of the Cornea.’’ Cases have
been known in which spontaneous rupture of the tumor occurred
and healing resulted without treatment.

CATARACT OF THE EYE.—This is a disease in
which the crystalline lens becomes opaque and loses its trans-
parency; power of refraction is lost and animal is blind.

Causes.— Generally it is the result of deep inflammation of
the eye, but sometimes seems to be due to an improper nourish-
ment of the lens.

Sympioms.—It is known by the whiteness of the lens, as seen
through the pupil; the cornea is clear and healthy. Sight is
totally lost when the cataract is fully formed. Formation is
usually slow.

TREATMENT.—

There is no treatment with the lower animals. The lens
could be removed the same as it is in the human, but it would
not benefit, as animals cannot wear glasses, as is necessary in
order that its removal may benefit.

AMAUROSIS.—This is blindness from paralysis of the
optic nerve, and retina. The retina is the expansion of the
optic nerve over the back of the chamber of the eye.

Causes.—Concussion from a blow on forehead, fracture of
bone over eye causing downward pressure, rheumatic inflamma-
tion of optic nerves, or from extension of deep inflammation
involving retina. It sometimes occurs from excessive loss of
blood, or of great debility.

Symptoms.—This disease is seldom noticed until animal
shows, by gait and actions, that it is blind. Generally both eyes
DISEASES OF CATTLE 465
are affected. The eyeball remains clear, and the pupil perma-
nently dilated. No response to light is manifested.

TREATMENT. —

If due to debility, or loss of blood, give tonics as for
‘Chronic Indigestion,’’ but the treatment will probably be of no
value.

INJURIES TO THE EYVELIDS.—This accident is not
uncommon where cattle are fenced in by barbed wire; an animal
may be caught under the eyelid by the horn of another; may
occur in the stable from projecting splinters of wood or from
nails.

TREATMENT.—

If there is much laceration, the edges of the wound should
be brought together closely and correctly, and held, either by
sutures of silk or even linen thread (see ‘‘Sutures’’ in Hors
DEPARTMENT). Use the Cocaine solution (see OPERATIONS, page
347). Keep the parts dressed with the Carbolic Acid lotion, and
if there is much swelling, or the inflammation extends to eye,
use the cold fomentations, as for ‘‘ Inflammation of the Eye.”’

INVERSION AND EVERSION OF THE EYE-
LIDS.—See Horsk DEPARTMENT.

FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE EYE.—Some-
times chaff, barley-beards, or splinters of wood, hedge-thorns,
pieces of cornstalk, or leaves, stems of hay or straw, twigs, or
weeds may penetrate the eye, break off, and remain, causing
inflammation, blindness, abscesses, and the like. The eyeball
sometimes is penetrated, but in most cases substances get between
the eye and lids.

Symptoms.—Vary according to extent of injury, but in
ordinary cases, animal will show evident suffering, or annoyance,
by keeping eye closed, and, perhaps, by turning head slightly

awry, and tears will run down over the cheek.
30
466 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Catch the animal and examine the eye and remove offending
substance. Drop15 to 20 drops of the Cocaine solution into the
eye and the examination and removal of the object is quite easy
(see OPERATIONS, page 347). When substance is removed, apply
treatment as case seems to require; cold fomentations and the
lotion as recommended for ‘‘Inflammation of the Eye”’ will
generally bring about recovery. If the eyeball is punctured
nothing can be done other than the fomentations and lotions.
This generally means loss of the eye, but a very small puncture
might not destroy the organ.

CANCER IN THE EYE—FUNGUS HAEMATODES.
—-This is the same as a cancerous growth that may develop
on any part of the body; it is not common, and yet may appear
in the eye.

Causes.—Unknown

Sympioms.—It frequently commences in the eyeball as a
small, red mass, eventually bursts through, and pushes its way
outside the orbit of the eye, as a large, spongy, fungus-like
excrescence that bleeds upon the slightest injury, in fact upon
the mere touch.

TREATMENT.—

When the exact nature of the case is known, the eye should
be taken out. For removing the eye, the animal should be given
an anaesthetic (see OPERATIONS, page 347). The after-treatment
would be the same as for ‘‘ Dislocation of the Eyeball.’’ The
operation should be left to the veterinarian. As these growths
often return, unless the animal is valuable as a breeder, it best be
fitted for the butcher.

DISLOCATION OF THE EYEBALL.—The eyeball
may be torn out by the horns of another animal in a fight, or it
may be crowded out with the blunt end of a club, cane, or probe,
in the hands of some brutal person.

TREATMENT.—
When the optic nerve is not lacerated and the retractor
muscles at the back of the eye are intact, an attempt to replace
DISEASES OF CATTLE 467

 

the eye is advisable. This, however, must take place immedi-
ately after injury and before swelling takes place. Divide the
outer corner of the eyelid to enlarge the orifice, then by pressure,
with the fingers of both hands placed upon the sides of the eye,
the ball may be put back in its place. Apply a firm compress
over the injured eye and keep it constantly wet with cold water,
containing 1 drachm of Sugar of Lead to each quart of water.
If the attempt to replace is not a success, tie the artery at the
back of the eye with strong cord, and then cut off the whole
mass as deep within the orbit as possible. The cavity should be
packed daily with fresh absorbent cotton, after washing it out
with a 3 per cent. solution of Carbolic Acid.

INFLAMMATION AND ENLARGEMENT OF
THE HAW.—The haw or membrana nictitans, that small
structure at the inner angle of the eye, is subject to inflammation
and swelling from the extension of conjunctivitis or ophthalmia,
or direct injury by foreign substances. It presents a red, swollen
appearance, accompanied by considerable pain anda profuse flow
of tears.

TREATMENT. —

The application of cold fomentations and the lotions as
used in ‘‘Ophthalmia’’ will generally reduce the swelling and
restore it to its normal function.

There is, however, a tendency for an inflammation of this
membrane to take on a chronic character, which may result ina
permanent enlargement, resembling a tumor. When it attains
sufficient size to protude itself permanently over the eye, or pro-
ject between the lids so as to obstruct the sight, its removal may
become necessary. A threaded needle is passed through the
body of the enlarged mass by which the membrane is drawn out
as far as possible, then with a blunt pair of scissors, it may be
cut away from its attachments. Use the Cocaine solution to
destroy the pain, by dropping 15 to 20 drops of it into the eye
ten or fifteen minutes before operating (see OPERATIONS, page

347).
468 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

DISEASES OF THE EAR

INFLAMMATION OF THE INTERNAL EAR—
OTITIS.—Inflammation of the deep part of the ear is often
difficult to recognize in cattle.

Causes.—May be caused by the disease of the bone of that
region, from blows inflicted by drivers, or from injury by other
cattle. Occasionally it may arise from extension in ‘‘lump jaw,”’
or be the result of tuberculous affection.

Symptoms.—Animal will hold its head to one side, or shake
it, while the ear is held immovable. The movement of the jaws
in eating gives evident pain; the base of the ear may be feverish
and swollen, and very sensitive to the touch. If the inflamma-
tion has advanced to a suppurative stage, matter will flow from
the ear, and the discharge will generally be offensive in odor.

TREATMENT.—

At first apply hot fomentations to reduce pain and fever, and
follow with a sharp blister applied below the ear. Too relieve pain
and soften secretions, the following may be injected into the ear:

Laudanumn.......cceccccssssccceveveeeneeeeees I part.
QUIVE OTL cco sessiceiea enaee ewagpenenesiis iceaseeas Io parts.

If there is a discharge from the ear, it should be thoroughly
washed out by injections of warm soapsuds until clean, then
inject a little of the following mixture twice a day:

Sulphate of Morphia..............cccee00 20 grains.
Waterss coe sceses cis tase dsuce sensutisievesteense I pint.
Gly ceriue saceisii wovsassreesevereeersersexsces 4 ounces,

Injections of a solution of Acetate of Lead, % ounce; water,
I pint, may help in some cases.

ABSCESS OF THE EAR.—Abscesses sometimes form
about the base of the ear, either inside or outside, caused by con-
tusions. Cysts or pouches, containing a watery fluid, are found
occasionally between the cartilage and the skin on the base of the
ear, which may be due to similar cause.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 469

 

TREATMENT.—

Make a free incision with the knife into the most prominent
part of the abscess or cyst, then wash out the sac with the Car-
bolic Acid lotion, using a syringe for the purpose. If the abscess
recurs, open it again, wash it out, and inject a little Tincture of
Iodine.

FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EAR.—Bugs have been
known to gain access to the ear of an animal. Foreign bodies of
various sorts may become lodged in the ear.

Symptoms.—A continuous uneasiness or frequent shaking of
of the head; occasionally manifestations of severe pain. Animal
may rub head and ear against trees and other objects, in endeavor
to get rid of offending body.

TREATMENT.—

When suspected, catch the animal and examine the ear, and
when object is found, remove the same with forceps, a hair pin,
or with a piece of wire bent at one end. If inflammation exists
and ear is swollen, so substance is hidden from sight, insert a
probe to feel for object, and when found remove, even if neces-
sary to split the ear at the base to do so. Afterward treat the ear
with hot water fomentations, and injections of mild astringents,
as Acetate of Lead, % ounce; water, 1 quart.

FROSTBITE—GELATIO.—This is not an uncommon
occurrence among young cattle which are poorly fed and exposed
outdoors to storms and extremes of cold; a condition, however,
which ought never to occur.

Symptoms.—This affection naturally presents every degree
of severity from the mere chilling of the tip of the ear to positive
freezing and death of a portion. Ina day or two the ear will
become swollen and painful; the dead part will remain cold and
begin to shrivel; a line of separation forms between the inflamed
and dead, or dying, portion; and finally the dead piece drops off,
leaving a raw surface. When only slightly chilled, there will be
a peeling off of the superficial skin, accompanied by some pain
and itching.
470 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—
A good liniment for frozen ears is:
Turpentine sissescsss csvitasissevsscevevises I ounce,
AMAIMON Tale vse sc ca diaeieisdassitedexs ecndearte I ounce.
Chloroforitiwscnsocws capsvescuenanr cites x 4
OUIV EI OM ia ccivcssteantinees steseoed esedcevexce 6 ounces.

Mfix and rub the ears several times daily.

It will relieve pain, and stimulate circulation, thus favoring
a recovery of the injured structures. If a portion of the ear
sloughs, treat the resultant wound as an ordinary wound.

TORN OR LACERATED EARS.—Dogs are the most
frequent cause of lacerated ears, generally leaving a torn, ragged
edged and bruised cartilage.

TREATMENT.—

If the wound is extensive it will be necessary to trim off
the ragged edges; then fasten the edges together with stitches of
cat-gut, silk, or strong, thick, linen thread, taking a deep hold.
Secure the animal so it cannot rub the part, and dress daily with
the Carbolic Acid lotion.

DISEASE OF THE CARTILAGE OF THE EAR.—
Sometimes the cartilages of the ear become affected, usually from
a deep bruise ; pus forms, which burrows under the skin, and
may find outlet at some point more or less distant from seat of
trouble. When cartilage has been extensively injured, pieces of
it become dead and dissolve, and are carried away in the pus, or
it may lead to sloughing and the formation of many running
sores. In this affection there is seldom much swelling or great
pain. Discharge is usually offensive and often blood-streaked.
Whenever there is long-continued discharge from one or more
openings in the ear, this disease may be suspected.

TREATMENT.—

The sinus formed by the passage of matter should be
probed and searched to the bottom for the presence of foreign
substance or evidences of decaying cartilage. When probe
touches decaying cartilage it will feel like a piece of dry leather
DISEASES OF CATTLE 471

 

or partially softened wood. A counter-opening must then be
made at this place and all diseased cartilage cut away with a
knife. After this keep wound open for the pus to discharge,
and inject into it once or twice a day, until the wound is healed,
the following solution :

Acetate of Lead.....cccccesccesssceeeeees I ounce.

Sulphate of Zinc... eecceeeseeeeeeeees ¥% ounce.

Carbolic Acid.......ccecsecceseeeeeetesereees ¥% ounce.

Water to make...........cesssesenrerseseees I pint.
Shake.

FRACTURED BONES; WOUNDS; SPRAINS
OF JOINTS AND TENDONS

FRACTURED BONES.—A fracture is a break in a bone,
It may occur in a variety of ways; the kick of a horse, getting
caught in the fence while jumping, falling, being chased by dogs,
by being hit by anything hard enough to cause a fracture. Asa
rule, fractures are more easily repaired in cattle than in horses,
owing to their being more quiet. Fractures are classed as trans-
verse, oblique, ‘‘green-stick,’’ simple, compound and complex.
In transverse fracture the bone is broken across; in oblique,
slanting; in ‘‘green-stick,’’ it is bent and split but not broken
entirely off. In simple fracture, only the bone is broken without
complications; in compound, the ends of the bones punch through
the flesh and protrude; in complex, the bone is shattered into
many small pieces. As arule, when the fracture is so bad that
the bone is shattered, or a piece of the bone protrudes through
the skin, it is best to slaughter the animal. If the condition of
the animal is otherwise healthy, if slaughtered at once, the meat
is fit for food, and the loss is not so great. When the care and
expense of treatment is considered, this is probably the best dis-
position of these cases, except, perhaps, where the animal is
valuable for breeding purposes.
472 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

FRACTURE OF THE LOWER JAW.—This is a
fracture that generally occurs from a kick or a blow of some
kind, and is first noticed by the animal not being able to eat, the
mouth seeming crooked, and by the bloody discharges from the
mouth.

TREATMENT. —

If any other than a simple, transverse fracture of one sideonly,
the animal may as well be destroyed; if simple, put the ends of the
bone together, and hold them there if possible, by passing copper
wire around the teeth; in order to do this it may be necessary to
cut through the cheek, opposite the fracture. Feed on soft and
sloppy food until recovery takes place. Flush out the mouth
freely after each feeding to remove any particles of food which
might interfere with the uniting of the bones. Later, the wire can
be removed through the mouth, or the cheek again opened

FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE NECK
AND BACK.—If the fracture should be through the body of
the bone, there is likely to be pressure on, or laceration of the
spinal cord, causing paralysis to parts back of the injury. Frac-
ture of the spines of the vertebrae occur, without interfering
with the canal containing the spinal cord. Such accidents may
pass unnoticed, for though animal may suffer pain, it is not
likely to be shown in a way to attract attention, and the deep
muscular covering hides the injury. When a fracture occurs in
the upper part of neck, the muscles of breathing are paralyzed,
and death by suffocation soon follows. The more common seat
of fracture is in the loins, and when a fracture of the body of the
vertebrae occurs here, paralysis of the hind legs and quarters
results. Diagnosis of such an accident is more difficult than in
the case of other fractures. The parts can not be moved one
upon another, so that crepitation (grinding) is not noticable.
The heavy coating of muscles conceals changes that might other-
wise attract attention. About the only symptom is paralysis of
nerves of motion and sensation, back of the seat of the injury,
which careful examination may reveal. If the result of a blow,
there is apt to be abrasion of the skin. If paralysis is present, and
the irregularity of the spinal column is so marked as to leave no
DISEASES OF CATTLE 473

room for doubt, the only thing to do is to destroy the animal. If,
on the other and, the paralysis is incomplete, with no evidence of
irregularity in spinal colum, or other evidence of fracture, put the
animal in a well-bedded box stall, and allow a few days to pass
before the case is abandoned.

The symptoms last described might result from a strain of
the muscles of the loins, in which case an improvement will soon
be noticed. In which case treat as for strains.

FRACTURE OF THE BONES OF THE HIP—
HIPPED.—This accident is likely to occur as the result of
crowding when running through a narrow door, falling violently
on the point of the hip, or from a blow directed downward and
forward against it. The fracture is not dangerous, but it dis-
figures the animal. The animal is lame at first, but this symptom
will disappear.

TREATMENT.—

If sore after being ‘‘knocked down,’’ bathe twice a day in
hot water, and apply the White Lotion (see page 263) until the
soreness is out. If the bones heal all right there is nothing more
to be done. Sometimes the bones do not unite, and it will soon
begin to fester around the broken piece and an abscess will form.
When the abscess is formed, open and remove the piece of bone,
and treat as under ‘‘ Abscesses.’? Fracture of the under part of
the hip bones, the floor of the pelvis, generally occur from the
animal slipping on the ice with legs spread apart. As soon as it
gets up, it walks off stiffly and the legs are kept out apart while
either walking or standing. ‘The treatment for this is to keep
animal very quiet, by tying it in a stall until the bones unite—
from four to five weeks.

FRACTURE OF THE RIBS.—Thisis always the result
of a kick or a blow of some kind. ‘The ribs farthest back are the
most liable to injury.

Symptoms.—Pain in moving, slight swelling over seat of
injury, and difficult breathing are evident symptoms. If the
fracture be complete the grinding of the bones may be noticed
by placing the hand flat over the injury, noting carefully the
474 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

motion as chest contracts and expands in breathing. ‘This
symptom is more noticeable when animal coughs. In slight
cases the animal can get up and down, but in severe cases may
remain lying.

‘TREATMENT.—

Unless the point of the broken bone penetrates the chest
cavity, no treatment is required other than quiet, good care and
food. For a few days the animal should be restricted in the
amount of food and water, the stomach being kept as nearly
empty as possible. Sloppy food should be given, to encourage
as much as possible the free action of the diaphragm in breath-
ing, If breathing is labored and attended with much pain,
motion may be limited by applying a wide bandagefirmly around
the chest. If the animal remains down, turn it over from side
to side three times a day. If point of rib penetrates the lung
and sets up inflammation, there is little chance of recovery.

FRACTURE OF THE SHOULDER BLADE OR
SHOULDER BONE.—Fracture of these bones is indicated by
the extreme lameness it produces, and on moving the leg the
grating of the bones may be heard. In a case of this kind it is
best to destroy the animal, unless a very simple fracture and the
animal is a young one, in which case keep it very quiet and give
good care ; time will do the rest. The less the fracture is worked
over, the better.

FRACTURE OF THE BONES BELOW THE
KNEE AND HOCK.—

Symptoms.—There will be crookedness of the leg, lameness
and extreme pain, and when leg is moved the grating of the
bones on one another will be heard.

TREATMENT.—

Put the animal in a quiet, roomy, well-bedded place, set the
leg in shape, and have it held while bandaging it with a starched
bandage, which is a long strip of cloth dipped in starch used
for starching clothes. When drawing strip from the starch, draw
it between the fingers to get off as much as possible, then wrap
DISEASES OF CATTLE 475

 

it moderately tight around the leg, using plenty of bandage, and
have leg and bandage held in one position for an hour or more
for bandage to harden. Thin wooden splints, or thick leather
ones, can be used in connection with the starch bandage. After
this, the bandage will hold leg in shape. Leave it on four or
five weeks until the bones heal. Keep animal quiet until the
bones are well knit together. If leg should swell with the band-
age, take it off and put on a looser one. The Plaster Paris
bandage may be used in place of the starch (see Horsk
DEPARTMENT).

Fractures above the knee are sometimes treated by this
method but it is not nearly so successful. Cattle cannot be put
in a sling as can horses. They are less nervous and will keep
quieter than the horse, however, and treatment is fairly successful
if the fracture is a simple one.

FRACTURE OF THE BONES ABOVE AND
BELOW THE STIFLE JOINT.—

Symptoms.—Animal may not be able to stand, but if so, the
leg will be hanging loose. By moving the leg one can hear the
broken bones grate upon each other.

TREATMENT.—

In severe cases it is best to destroy the animal; if fat, kill it
for beef. When above the stifle, the only thing that can well be
done is to keep the animal quiet, and leave lying down or stand-
ing, asit prefers. If below the stifle, down quite close to the hock,
the bone can be set the same as when below the hock.

STIFLE OUT IN CATTLE.—For this disease the
reader is referred to article in the Hors— DEPARTMENT, the
causes, symptoms, and treatment being the same.

SPAVIN IN CATTLE.—This is generally seen in work-
ing oxen, or cows. ‘There is lameness and enlargement on the
inner side of the lower part of the hock joint, similar to spavin
in horses.

TREATMENT. —
Blister the same as recommended for ‘‘Spavin’’ in the horse.
476 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

SPRAINS.—A sprain is an injury to the joint, caused by
violence, which produces more or less injury to the ligaments
binding the joints together and to the soft tissues of the joints.
It is usually caused by twisting or bending the joint in an unusual
direction.

Symptoms.—If severe, lameness usually comes on at once;
joint becomes inflamed, swollen, and tender, and is moved with
much difficulty.

TREATMENT.—

Animal should be kept quiet. If there is severe pain, apply
fomentations of hot water to soothe and relax the parts. When
there is severe and persistent inflammation, cold applications in
the form of water or ice bags are beneficial. When inflammation
subsides, if lameness and swelling persists, apply the White Lini-
ment (see PRESCRIPTIONS, in the back of book), well rubbed
in, three times aday. In some cases a light blister will hasten
recovery. If sprain is in the joint of the legs, the legs may be
bandaged each time after bathing; this will relieve pain and sup-
port the joint. A part that has been severely sprained should
have a long period of rest, as recovery from sprain is slow. For
sprains of any particular region, see discussion for the same in
Horse DEPARTMENT.

WOUNDS OF ALL KINDS.—For treatment of wounds,
see HORSE DEPARTMENT (page 262). Causes and treatment are
essentially the same.

AIR UNDER THE SKIN CAUSED BY A WOUND.
—Sometimes from a very small wound in cattle, air gets under
the skin into the tissues which connect the skin to the body.
The amount of air varies greatly; sometimes only a small amount
works in just around the wound, while in other cases quite large
amounts may be drawn in, enlarging the part very much. In
order to make sure that it is air, rub the hand over the skin and
it will make a peculiar crackling noise. Tapping on the skin
with the fingers produces a drum-like sound.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 477

 

TREATMENT.—

Puncture the distended skin with a broad-bladed knife and
let out the air. Treat the wound thus inflicted as an ordinary
wound; or, if possible, work the air out through the opening
through which it entered. Keep the animal quiet, to prevent its
collecting again, as movements have much to do with the air
working in.

MAGGOTS IN NEGLECTED WOUNDS; SCREW-
WORMS IN WOUNDS.—No thrifty farmer, or stockman,
should, if possible, allow such a condition to occur. But if from
oversight, or other circumstance, such a case exists, the wound
should be thoroughly cleansed with soapy water, and maggots
removed; then apply a Carbolic Acid lotion—Carbolic Acid, 6
drachms; water, 1 pint; or, Creolin, 1 ounce; water, 1 pint. If
case is so bad that this does not effect a cure, give the wound a
good application of Spirits of Turpentine, and follow as at first
twice a day.

In some sections screw-worms, the larva of the screw-fly,
are a great pest, causing serious loss to live stock. They attack
even the smallest wounds, as tick bites, wire cuts, and the like.
For these, inject into the wound with a machinist’s oil can, a
strong Creolin solution, or Kerosene, or Turpentine. Oil of Tar
is also good. Protect fresh wounds with Tar.

WENS RESULTING FROM WOUNDS AND
BLOWS.—tThese are hard, fibrous bunches, or tumors, fre-
quently seen on the ribs, legs, and jaws. Are seen mostly on
oxen.

TREATMENT.—

If noticed when first started, foment them with hot water
several times a day; after a few days, the soreness being partly
out, use Iodine Ointment (see PRESCRIPTIONS, in back of book)
once a day. If, however, they have become large and hard,
nothing will be of any use short of cutting them off. This may
be done without danger. (See ‘‘Tumors,’’ in Hors— DEPART-
MENT). Afterward dress the wound with a 3 per cent. solution
of Carbolic Acid.
478 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

DISEASES OF THE SKIN

ECZEMA, ACUTE AND CHRONIC.— Eczema is an
inflammation of the skin, associated with small blisters. The
disease may run an acute course and disappear, or it may become
chronic.

Causes.—Filthiness and lousiness, over-feeding, excessively
damp or too warm quarters are conducive to this disease. Cattle
fed on sour substances, distillery slops, house or garden garbage,
may develop the affection.

Symptoms.—There is swelling and heat of the skin; little
blisters form, containing a watery fluid; these break and dis-
charge, dry up and heal, but while these are healing, a new crop
breaks out in another place. From the beginning, animal will
rub the affected parts, and disease is not always easy to recog-
nize, as the rubbing will abrade the skin and leave surface raw—
sometimes bleeding. In some cases the discharge will be profuse
and disease will be spread over a large surface. Atother times-the
formation of crust or rawness of skin will be a striking feature.

TREATMENT. —

If animal is fed too high, give an active purgative once a
week—1 to 1% pounds of Epsom Salts—and give in the feed,
twice a day, % ounce of Saltpeter. If the animal is in poor con-
dition, give the tonics as recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion,”
along with occasional doses of Epsom Salts.

If animal is lousy, lice must be destroyed before eczema can
be cured. Much washing is harmful, yet crusts and scales must
be removed to make external applications effective. In the blister
stage, when skin is hot and outer part peeling off, exposing raw
surface, apply the following solution:

Boracic Acid. ciccseevarecgenays aaversoeawies ¥% ounce,

Water sicecnccdseduseutiwniaes os aeetaieceses 8 ounces,
Or:

Acetate of Lead...........ccsssscsesseeeeees 4 ounce
‘erg oavd 20¢
‘ANTOIGGW MOO GHL ONTAIO

 

 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 479

 

This will often relieve the smarting or itching, and serve to
stop exudation and dry the surface. Alternating with the fore-
going can be used:

CreOlltts scesisecsssccactorasvenseverovenveavewes I ounce,
WALEE ses sciscersvoveassaniis ceca seseiseceeds I quart.

‘These may be used several times a day until a healthy scab
is well established. Then use: ’

CreOlitt cos siasn svsinsnssvacasasencecnaseeseces I ounce.
SWEGtiOll 5. ses ccnicasereanienniiers I pint.

Or the Benzoated Oxide of Zinc Ointment (see PRESCRIP-
tIoNS in back of book), giving affected surfaces a thorough
application once a day. Remove cause and feed moderately
on stich as green food, bran mashes, ground oats, clean hay,
and plenty of salt.

In chronic cases the treatment will need be prolonged and
the internal treatment given especial emphasis, along with appli-
cations to the diseased parts of some softening ointment, as the
one mentioned above.

ERYSIPELAS.—This is a diffuse inflammation of the
skin, sometimes spreading to the deeper tissues and causing
much pain and irritative fever. It may be transmitted to other
animals or to man, by direct inoculation through a wound, or by
infected instruments, but it is not contagious in the true sense of
the term.

Cause.—The cause is due to a certain class of germs that
gain entrance through a wound, though this wound may be so
minute as to escape notice.

Symptoms.—The skin is hot, tender and swollen, and if
normally white, turns intensely red. Color does not disappear
under pressure. The inflammation and swelling affect the deeper
tissues, which have a ‘‘doughy”’ feeling and ‘‘pit’’ under press-
ure; there is a well-defined line between the healthy and diseased
parts. In severe cases there is a tendency toward the formation
of a brownish, bad-smelling pus under the skin, and extensive
sloughing of the diseased tissues.
480 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—
If there is fever and the animal is fat, give a physic of 1 to
1% pounds of Epsom Salts, and also use the following :

Fluid Extract Acomite........ sesscssesee 1¥% drachms.
Fluid Extract Belladonna.............. 1¥% ounces,
Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed........ I ounce.
Salt peter sssiniccsinssascsemawegacasseseseness 3 ounces.
Water to make.........cceeeeeeeeeseeeeees I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day.

But, if, on the other hand, the animal is run down, withhold the
Salts and give the following :

Tincture of Iron.........cccseeeeseeeeeeee 6 drachms.
QUININE .......... cecceeeseecnestessseeecoees I ounce.
Water to make .......cccccceseeeeeeveeneee I pint.

Dose: 2 ounces, in % pint of water, three
times a day.
In connection with the constitutional treatment, the affected
parts should be wet frequently with one of the following mix-
tures, and covered with a cloth wet with the same:

 

Chloride of Iron........ eee ceeeeeeeeeeees I ounce.

ALCOHOL ......cceeceeceeeeeeeceeeeeesenaeeneeee ¥, pint.

Wate R cox.ccucinstccocassdt datenenmmacienssesa ¥% pint.
Or:

Sugar Of Lead ..........ccesseseeteneeeeeees I ounce.

WAtEDinssvancnascussssvasenswednecunssaiannn ese I pint.
Or:

Hyposulphite of Soda............... 4 to 6 ounces.

Water...ccccssees ossssecssenenessesceraaaseenes 1 pint.

When pus forms, the cavity should be opened and washed
out twice daily with the following solution :

15 grains,
I quart.

 

Or, with a 5 per cent. solution of Carbolic Acid:
Carboli¢ Acid | ssvcsiidsatsacieniovsvaneiiees 6 drachms.
WAtER ic: os sivncaeauisscctereicaseveissonosanaans I pint.

The serum treatment, as used with the human, cotld be tried
in severe cases and where the value of the animal would warrant
the expense. A veterinarian or a physician would be required
to administer the serum.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 481

 

LICE.—The lice of cattle are of two kinds—the blood-
sucking lice and the biting lice. There are two varieties of the
first, known as the long-nosed ox louse and the short-nosed ox
louse. ‘The short-nosed louse is the hardest to exterminate. It
infests, almost exclusively, the neck and shoulders. The long-
nosed louse is the most common. The biting louse, or bird
louse, generally called ‘‘ the little red louse,’’ is very commonly
found on cattle.

Symptoms.—Lousiness generally shows itself in winter and
toward spring, when animal is found to rub infected parts of the
body, sometimes so much so as to abrade the skin. It becomes
thin in flesh and run down. A close examination will reveal the
true condition, and prompt treatment should be given.

TREATMENT.—

This does not vary in the different species, though the short-
nosed fellow is the hardest to kill. The following is recom-
mended by Dr. W. H. Low: Take % pound of Cocculus Indicus
for each animal, then add 2 quarts of vinegar, and set on the
stove to simmer for one hour. Apply this by rubbing well into
the hair over affected part. This will not affect the skin, nor
sicken animal, and it remains effective long enough to kill all the
young lice as they are hatched from the ‘‘nits.’’ Kerosene
Emulsion is very effective and is made as follows:

Kerosene Oil. .........cceceseeceeeeeeeeeeeeee 2 gallons.
Common or Whale Oil Soap............ I pound.
Soft Water. scccisdcsesssescasenansvencenseses I gallon.

Dissolve soap in water and add solution boiling hot to the
Oil; then churn mixture from five to ten minutes, or until it is
white and creamy-like and no free oil can be seen. Dilute Emul-
sion in 9 parts of water and apply it to the animal with a sponge
or brush. Be careful that the animal does not catch cold.

The various Coal Tar products are also very effectual, as:

CreOlin ........ccsseccssecssscceneseenacesesenes I ounce.

WALES 0... .ctossrececercnsaserereaineseeearsoes I quart.
Or:

Zenoleut, OF KresO.....ceecssssceseeerene I part.

WALEL ..scccassesseceeresssccsssccnceaconscnees 50 parts,

Apply the same as the Kerosene Emulsion.
482 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

With any of these a second application should be made in
ten days or two weeks, as the applications do not destroy the eggs
and these will have all hatched by that time, and none of the lice
hatched will have matured and deposited eggs.

The mangers and stalls where the animals are kept, should
receive an application with the same preparations as used on the
cattle.

If the weather is such that the washes cannot be used, some
benefit will be derived from liberally dusting Pyrethrum powder
into the hair.

If the animal is run down, give tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indi-
gestion.’

RING-WORM.—This is an affection of the skin due to a
vegetable parasite, and is rather a common one in cattle. It is
most frequent toward spring, after cattle have been confined in
stable during the winter. It is sometimes called ‘‘ barn-itch.”’
It is not readily transmitted from one animal to another, but,
under favorable conditions, it may be done.

Symptoms.—The disease may be recognized by circular
patches, varying from one-half to several inches in diameter, from
which the hair is fallen. These patches usually occur about the
head, neck, or back. ‘The skin from which the hair has fallen is
slightly thickened and scaly, and patches, when incrusted, are
of a silvery-gray color. Very early in disease the hairs split,
twist, and break off close to the skin. ‘There is more or less
itching.

TREATMENT .—

Wash off crusts with soap and water, and apply Tincture of
Iodine once a day for a few days to destroy the parasite. Tur-
pentine, Kerosene, and a solution of 1 part of Carbolic Acid in
20 parts of Sweet Oil are all very good. Acetic Acid, Sulphur
Ointment, or Nitrate of Mercury Ointment are also recommended.
Cleanse stable, and whitewash, to destroy spores scattered by the
crusts.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 483

 

MANGE, OR SCAB, IN CATTLE.—Cattle scab, or
itch, is caused by a mite very closely resembling that of the
sheep scab. It is most common on the great cattle ranges of the
west and southwest, and is commonly known there as the ‘‘cattle
itch.’’ This disease is not troublesome during the grazing
season, but when cattle are on dry feed in winter, or when first
turned to grass in the spring, the trouble exhibits itself, and may
cause considerable loss. It is mostly confined to young cattle,
and to those out of condition.

Symptoms.—The first symptom is an intense itching, usually
in the region of the neck and shoulders, and at root of tail;
animals lick themselves, bite and rub, using even barbed-wire
fences for scratching, and tearing skin till it bleeds. From these
localities disease gradually extends along back, sides, and down
the outside of legs. In early stages tae coat looks rough, and
hair stands on end. The skin becomes scurfy, and a gummy
exudation from it forms a crust in the hair sometimes a half
inch in thickness. The hair then comes off, or is rubbed off,
leaving patches of calloused, thickened and wrinkled skin. When
the hair comes off, the mites leave, bald places heal, and hair
starts again. Animals fall away rapidly in flesh, and have a
dejected, debilitated look; appetite is poor.

The disease spreads rapidly, especially so if the general con-
dition of the stock is not good, and in from six to eight weeks
after the appearance of complaint, the herd will generally be
affected. ‘Thrifty animals resist disease longer, and recover more
quickly when attacked. Disease is spread by direct contact,
either from one to another, or through rubbing places. It is
easy to confound this disease with eczema, and assurance depends
on the discovery of the parasite. It may be seen on the hair,
and scales from the skin, by the aid of an ordinary magnifying
glass, or by the unaided eye, as minute, white points moving
about, when animai stands in the full glare of sunlight on a warm
day.

TREATMENT. —
As soon as disease is discovered, remove all animals not
affected, to new places not occupied by diseased stock. If this is
484 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

not feasible, separate all animals and thoroughly disinfect all
places where animals may have rubbed, by scrubbing with a solu-
tion made by dissolving 1 part of Carbolic Acid in 20 parts of
water. Watch animals that appear healthy, and if any show
signs of disease, separate from others at once. As an internal
remedy, give Sulphur, in combination with salt, and place where
animals can lick it at will. Mix in the proportion of:

Sil put iscd ss csvendeacesices vecnasceaconsbaces ae I pound.
Salt scsiva vs sspaauenNeetinewurateny ckeeatentae 8 pounds.

If cattle are not accustomed to eating salt, limit quantity to
a small handful at first, and increase amount gradually. The
external treatment consists of application of remedies to destroy
parasites and eggs without injuring the animal. If many cattle
are affected, the most satisfactory means of treating is by a dip-
ping vat or swimming tank, in which the submerging of the
stock destroys the parasites. Efficient remedies for external
application are some of the Coal Tar products, such as Zenoleum
or Kreso, which are used in the proportion of 1 part of the pro-
duct to 50 parts of water. A very cheap and effective dip is the
Lime and Sulphur dip, as recommended by the Department of
Agriculture:

Flowers of Sulphur............::.cccceees 21 pounds.
Unslaked Lime.........cccsccevscssscssssees 163%“
"WALED ciersenwtipadectss vinteatiiascstoatinndactneses 1oo gallons.

Slake the Lime with water enough to form a thick paste,
sift in the Sulphur and stir well. Put this mixture in a kettle
with 25 to 30 gallons of water and boil two hours, or until the
Sulphur disappears; then put in a barrel, with bunghole some four
inches from the bottom, and allow the chocolate-looking mass to
settle; draw off the clear liquid, adding enough water to make
100 gallons. All dips should be used warm—1roo to 110 degrees.
Keep animals in the dip about two minutes, or until the scabs are
thoroughly saturated. A second dipping in about two weeks will
kill any mites that may have hatched after the first dipping. If
only a few animals are diseased, hand treatment may be resorted
to, but it must be thoroughly done. The remedies may be
DISEASES OF CATTLE 485

 

applied with scrubbing brushes, cloths, or sponges. All scabs
and crusts must be thoroughly saturated, and remedy should be
applied warm, as in dipping. Warm, sunny days should be chosen
for treatment.

HORN FLY.—The horn fly—also called ‘‘ Austrian fly”’
—is a small, black fly, about one-half the size of the common
house fly, and of the same general shape. It was imported into
America about 1887, and since then has spread all over the
country. It causes considerable irritation and a consequent loss
of milk. ‘The name arises from the fact of their habit of collect-
ing in numbers at the base of the horns to rest. They do not
bother cattle when in this position, but by biting the skin of the
back, sides, and flank. ‘They appear with the first warm weather
of spring and disappear with the first severe frost.

TREATMENT.—

Almost any greasy substance applied to the skin and horns
will keep the flies away for several days, and must then be
repeated. Common axle grease, Whale Oil, Carbolized Oil, or
Tar may be used. A mixture of equal parts of Pine Tar and
Kerosene Oil, and two parts of Fish Oil, or crude Cotton Seed
Oil, is good; first ‘‘cut’’ the Tar with the Kerosene and then add
the Fish Oil. ‘The crude Kerosene is as good, or better, than the
refined. Brush mixture over hair surface as often as is necessary.
A wash of Creolin applied twice a week is also good. Make it
by mixing and shaking together:

CHG ol] iit case cds asians oc sini Senectagoectasiaus 2 ounces.
Waters tcsiscicc deg craewans wesssoacsreceeniideny I gallon.

BUFFALO GNAT.—This is a smail fly, common in the
lower Mississippi Valley, that proves a great scourge to the cattle
of that region. In color they are black, but are covered with
grayish-brown, short, silken hairs. ‘They are migratory, or are
driven in swarms by the wind, and are found in localities remote
from breeding places; in some instances as far north as Jackson
County, Ill., and Daviess County, Ind. They appear each year
with warm weather of spring, and duration in infested region
4386 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

lasts, from a few days to five or six weeks. They are most lively
in early morning, and when very numerous, cover cattle without
regard to position. The bites of a few gnats will not affect an
animal seriously, but when attacked by swarms, he weakens rapid-
ly from loss of blood and shock, and may later die from exhaustion
or blood-poisoning. When attacked, the animal ‘‘puts for the
brush,’’ or jumps into the water to get rid of them. The fatality
is even greater among mules then cattle.

TREATMENT.—

Preventive treatment counts for much with the buffalo gnat.
Smoke from fires built of wet wood, burning leather, Tar, rags,
and the like, will keep them at a distance. As soon as gnats
appear, build fire as above, making as much smoke as possible,
drive cattle up to it, and they will stay while gnats are about.
Stabling during the day and turning out late in the evening until
early morning, is a reasonably safe measure to adopt. Cotton-
seed Oil, mixed with Tar, Fish Oil, Kerosene, or Carbolic Acid,
as for ‘‘Horn Fly,’’ applied to cattle twice a day, will protect
them to a great extent. When animal has been weakened by
attack of gnats, give from ¥% to 1 drachm of Carbonate of Ammo-
nia, and 4 ounces of Whiskey, in 1% pint of water, every four hours
and keep him in a dark, cool place. Occasional immersion in
cold water has been beneficial.

GRUB IN THE SKIN— WARBLES.— Little round
lumps or tumors will often be found along the backs of cattle
during late winter and spring. These are called warbles and are
lairs of the larvae of the ox gad-fly. When cattle are attacked
by this fly it is easily known by the stir and commotion made.
The unfortunate object of attack runs bellowing to some distant
part of field or nearest water. Other animals scatter out of fear.
The eggs of this fly are laid in the region of the heel, and are
taken by licking, into the mouth, where they hatch, and the iarve,
after remaining some time in the gullet, finally work their way
into the cellular tissue beneath the skin of the back. Here they
remain until early spring, forming the lumps called ‘‘ warbles.’’
The loss from discomfort to cattle, and in consequence of ‘‘grub-
by’’ hides, is great.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 487

 

TREATMENT.—

Whenever cattle have these tumors, every warble should be
treated from January on, by applying Turpentine, or even some
thick grease, or a mixture of the two, to the opening directly over
the lump. This will kill most of the warbles. The few that
remain should be squeezed or picked out to prevent the develop-
ment of a fly. To squeeze out, enlarge the opening leading
through the skin, to them, with asmall, blunt stick. If this plan
were generally carried out, the fly could be exterminated. The
gad fly does not travel far, so that a person by this means could
rid his cattle of the pest.

SNAKE BITES.—There are several varieties of snakes in
this country whose bite is poisonous, among the number being
the rattlesnake, the cotton mouth, and a small snake of the
south. On cattle, the bites are generally about the head, feet or
limbs. Close inspection will generally reveal the marks where
the fangs pierced the skin. When the poison has been freely
injected into the wound, excessive pain is soon manifested,
quickly followed by swelling; extreme prostration sets in and
the animal may soon become partly unconscious; body gets cold,
and pulse-beats faint; finally heart fails and death results.
Usually, however, poison does not cause pain, but recovery from
effects of it is slow. Abscesses and sloughs may form, requiring
a long time to heal, or death from exhaustion may result.

TREATMENT .—

Give Whiskey in 1%4-pint doses every thirty minutes to an
hour, until it arouses sinking vitality. Aqua Ammonia in 1-
ounce doses, diluted in 2 quarts of water, may be used instead of
Whiskey. External treatment should consist in cauterization of
wound by plunging a red-hot iron into the wound as deeply as
the location of the wound will permit. Cut gashes in the skin
over the swollen part, to drain the blood away and lessen the
danger of sloughing. Afterwards keep parts well painted with
Tincture of Ionine.

BITES AND STINGS OF INSECTS.—These may be
inflicted by tarantulas, scorpions, wasps, bats, hornets, and the
488 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

like. Occasionally an animal may be stung by wasp or bumble-
bee, and, owing to condition of the blood, the injured skin will
swell and form a painful enlargement. If stung by a swarm of
bees, prostration and sickness may follow.

TREATMENT.—

Apply a lotion made by dissolving 2 drachms Sugar of Lead
in a pint of water, which will usually relieve the pain and swel-
ling. An ounce or two of Laudanum may be added if pain is
severe. Lotions of Cooking Soda, or Ammonia, or of Carbolic
Acid, will also be found good. The White Liniment (see Prz-
SCRIPTIONS, in the back of book) will also be found beneficial
in drawing out the poison. If there is prostration, give 1 or 2-
ounce doses of Alcohol in % pint of water, repeating as occasion
requires.

BURNS AND SCALDS.—For burns, an excellent remedy
for cattle and all domestic animals—man included—is what is
called Carron Oil, being composed of Linseed Oil and Lime water
in equal parts. Shake, and apply. Common white paint is also
a good remedy. If not convenient to get this, Cooking Soda,
Flour, or Starch may be spread on the wound dry, and covered
with cotton batting and a light bandage, if possible.

For scalds, the surface may be bathed with a solution of
Baking Soda, or a weak solution of Sugar of Lead—1 drachm
to a pint of water—may be used. The dry treatment, or Lime
water, as in burns, may also be used; or instead, Oil of Turpentine
may be applied over the scalded skin.

For either burns or scalds, a dressing may be used as follows.

Carbolic ACI .......ccccccecceceeeteeseseevee 1% teaspoonful.
SweetiOi aarisiosnncnstuaseedepeanageatencsirds 4 ounces.

Blisters should be opened to let fluid escape, but the thin

cuticle raised by blister should be allowed to remain.

WARTS AND SMALL GROWTHS ON THE SKIN.
—Warts are tumors of the skin. ‘They may be found on any
domestic animal, but are more common in horses and cattle than
among other animals. ‘The cause of warts is not clearly known,
though an abnormal nutrition of the skin is the explanation gen-
erally given.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 489

 

TREATMENT.—

In their early stages, warts can be destroyed by an applica-
tion of pure Acetic Acid, applying it drop by drop until the wart
is saturated and soft. Ina week or ten days the wart will come
off. Should it not come ‘‘by the roots,’? make another applica-
tion. A good way, in case warts have a neck, is to tie a string
firmly around the base of the wart, which will soon slough off.
If there is no neck, cut off with a sharp knife and cauterize the
wound with a stick of Lunar Caustic or a hot iron. Small lumps
and tumors in the skin are somewhat common to cattle, but are
easy to get rid of. Have the cow held securely, then cut a hole
in the skin over the lump, dissect it out and cut it off at the bot-
tom. ‘There is not much danger of bleeding so long as no large
veins are cut, which can be seen in the skin. After removing,
apply White Lotion twice a day. (See PRESCRIPTIONS, in the
back of book.)

TUMORS.—Tumors are abnormal growths of tissue. There
are many kinds, named usually according to the kind of tissue
of which they are composed. Warts are tumors of the skin.
Sore tumors that tend to spread and do not yield to treatment are
known as malignant tumors. The cause of many tumors is not
known. Fibrous tumors are sometimes caused by irritation,
such as a repeated hitting of the part. Tumors may sometimes
follow surgical operations, or wounds.

TREATMENT.—

The only satisfactory treatment for tumors is their removal.
For doing this there are several methods employed. The best
one for most tumors, and for some the only one, is to cut them
out with the knife. Care should be taken to guard against
hemorrhage, as the supply of blood to some tumors is large.
(See ‘‘ Tumors,’” Horse DEPARTMENT.) Another method that
can be used to advantage when the growth has a small base or
neck, is to tie a strong cord tightly around the neck, or wind a
rubber band several times around it, thus shutting off the blood
supply. In a few days the tumor will slough off and the result-
ing sore can be treated as a simple wound. Still another way is
490 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

to use caustics. Arsenic, or Corrosive Sublimate, are commonly
used, both singly or combined. A pellet of the caustic about the
size of a small pea, wrapped in tissue paper, or muslin, is pushed
into a small incision made in the base of the tumor. If the
tumor is large, two or three pellets are often used. In a few
days the tumor will begin to separate, and will finally slough off.
The difficulty in using caustics is to confine their action to the
diseased tissue. ‘The least painful and most satisfactory way is
to remove by dissecting, using the Cocaine solution as a local
anaesthetic. (See OPERATIONS, HorsE DEPARTMENT). With
small tumors, the repeated use of Iodine Ointment may remove
them. (See PRESCRIPTIONS, in the back of book.)

DISEASES OF THE FEET

FOUNDER—LAMINITIS.—This is an inflammation of
the sensitive structures of the foot, or what is commonly called
the ‘‘quick.’’ Owing to the simplicity of the structure of the
foot of the ox, as compared with that of the horse, the disease is
rarely seen in an acute form, but a mild form, commonly called
‘‘soreness,’’ is a more common occurrence.

Causes.—Overfeeding, overheating, or being driven for long
distances over rough, stony soil. In the cow it sometimes follows
parturition.

Symptoms.—Animal persists in lying down most of the time,
but when standing, front feet are well out in front of her, hind
feet drawn forward under her; the feet are hot and sometimes
swollen around the top of the hoof and sore to touch ; there is
more or less fever, the pulse is accelerated, and breathing is quick-
ened; will drink greedily, but there is not much appetite.
When forced to move, excessive tenderness of the feet is manifest
by the short, stilty steps. The disease is most apt to affect the
front feet, but may affect all four, When all four are affected,
the front ones will not be put out forward to the same extent.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 491

 

TREATMENT. —

Keep animal as quiet as possible and foment the feet with
cold water, by tying blankets about them and keeping these wet
with cold water, re-applying the water every half hour, or, have
the animal stand in a shallow tank of water. Give animal a dose
of Epsom Salts—1 to 134 pounds in a quart or two of water, and
also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day, and in
bad cases give with this a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Bella-
donna and ro drops of Fluid Extract of Aconite. If the animal
can stand in a stream of running water having a soft bottom a
few hours a day, this will take the place of the fomentations.

Soreness of the Feet from any Cause may be treated
the same as ‘‘ Founder,’”’ and by keeping the animal quiet. If
toes are too long, cut off with mallet and chisel.

LOSS OF HOOF.— Cattle sometimes become fastened
between planks, or otherwise, in suck a way as to pull off one or
both claws in the effort to extricate themselves; or the claws of
one or more feet may be shed as the result of founder.

TREATMENT. —

Apply a thick coating of Pine Tar over the bleeding surface,
then cover with a layer of oakum or absorbent cotton; apply
another coat of Tar over this, and then bandage closely and
firmly. ‘This may remain without redressing till new wall is
strong enough to bear weight of animal. If at any time pus
should form under dressing, as increased pain, and an oozing, or
a bad odor will indicate, remove bandage and redress all the
unhealthy surfaces with White Lotion (see page 263), and a
Carbolic Acid lotion, and then apply a light dressing of Tar and
cotton batting, and bandage. Repeat every day as long as there
is pus formation. If loss of hoof is due to suppurative laminitis,
the raw surface must be thoroughly cleansed, and disinfected with
the foregoing lotions. Then apply a moderately thick layer of
cotton and apply the Tar, and bandage over this. After this,
the solutions may be poured in at the top of the bandage daily.
It may be necessary sometimes to remove whole dressing once a
4g2 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

week, to give the parts a fresh cleaning, and then to re-apply it.
In all cases, where it can be avoided, the first dressing should not
be removed entirely, but holes may be made through it for the
escape of the pus, and the application of the lotions.

FOUL IN THE FOOT—FOOT ROT.—This is inflam-
mation of the foot between the claws or toes, and in some cases
the inflammation extends around the bulb of the heels and also
around the coronet.

Causes.—From overgrowth of the claws and inward pressure
of the same, as in ingrowing nail in man; from the irritation of
stable filth; or to foreign substances becoming wedged in between
the toes. This disease is most commonly seen on the hind feet,
though all four may be affected. It is not contagious, as in sheep,
although a number of animals exposed to the same conditions
may develop the disease.

Symptoms.—'The animal is observed to limp in walking. On
examining the feet, there is found fever and swelling above the
hoof, and of the soft parts between the claws, which fre-
quently snreads the toes apart to a considerable extent, or the
inflammation may have advanced to softening and sloughing of
the soft parts between the toes. If disease is neglected at this
stage, deep abscesses may form and the pus burrow under the
horny wall, or the joint within the foot may become inflamed, in
which case the treatment is difficult and recovery tedious.

TREATMENT.—

In the early stages, before the pus burrows beneath the
horn, thoroughly cleanse the part and apply a 3 per cent.
Carbolic Acid lotion and also the White Lotion (see PRESCRI¥-
TIONS, in back of book), and then foment in cold water, as in
‘‘Founder,’’ also treat internally as for ‘‘Founder.’’ Feed on
laxative diet, and give clean, dry stable. If deep sloughing has
taken place, the Carbolic solution should be used the same, and a
wad of oakum or cotton, smeared with Pine Tar, should be firmly
secured in the cleft. This can be done by taking a strip of strong
cloth, two inches wide, passing the middle between the toes, then
tying the ends, after winding them in opposite directions, above
DISEASES OF CATTLE 493
the hoof. Sometimes warm poulticing with Linseed meal, boiled
carrots, or boiled, mashed potatoes, can be used in place of
fomenting. If pus burrows under the horn, its channel must be
followed by paring away the horn, until the bottom is reached.
Then treat as already recommended. If the joint has become
inflamed, the animal should be placed in a shallow tank of water
and the other treatment continued. If the animal does not take
kindly to the fomenting or poulticing, stand him with the affected
feet in a shallow tank of water, containing 4 ounces of Acetate of
Lead and 4 ounces of Carbolic Acid to each pailful of water used.
Keep the water cold by adding a little ice occasionally.

PRICKS AND WOUNDS; FISTULA OF THE
FOOT.—If an animal suffers from a penetrating wound from
prick of fork or nail, the orifice of the wound should be enlarged
to allow a free discharge of pus; then apply a Linseed meal poul-
tice, changing it three time a day until the fever has abated, and
flush out the wound with the Carbolic Acid lotion. Keep animal
on a clean floor until all lameness has gone.

If an animal is cut in the foot with barbed wire, glass, or any
other substance, dress the wound, after careful cleansing with
Carbolic solution:

Carbolic Acidvaiiseeccsisensisesrecesecees 6 drachms.
WALLER: ce ssssastaviesiscnsserteeeaavaabseeenenss I pint.

If any uneven edges of horn or skin, or of torn flesh project,
trim them off and apply, where possible, a tarred bandage. This
will hold parts in place, keep out flies, and exclude dirt. When
the wound has extended into a joint, surgical treatment may be
needed, and a veterinarian should be called. Sometimes, by foot
getting caught in a crevice, it gets bruised, wrenched, or some
part of the foot is fractured: In such a case apply cold-water
blankets to the part until the fever and swelling disappear; after
which allow the animal rest until the foot is strong. Unless com-
plications arise, this will be all the treatment needed.

In case the wound becomes fistulous, which will be known
by lameness, and discharge from a small opening, which shows
no tendency to heal; pare out the horn around the sore spot, so
494 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

as to allow a free discharge of contents, and inject the Carbolic
Acid lotion; then poultice with hot Linseed meal until the offend-
ing substance is removed. After this is out, the wound will heal
without further trouble. With these wounds, standing in the shal-
low tank, as for ‘“‘Founder’’ or ‘‘Foul,’’ may prove a very effectual
treatment.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

APOPLEXY; CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN.—
Apoplexy is the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain; congestion
is the abnormal flow of blood to the vessels of the brain.

Causes.—It may be due to degeneration and consequent rup-
ture of a blood vessel in the brain, the alarming symptoms being
due to the pressure of blood upon the nerve substance. Fat,
full-blooded cattle are most likely to be affected with disease.

Symptoms. — Attack is sudden, animal generally falls as
though hit with an ax; convulsions similar to those described in
encephalitis may ensue, or may be both unconscious and motion-
less; the eyes are open and blindly staring, mouth frothy, and
body cold; breathing is loud or snoring, pulse frequent and small.
Symptoms may moderate, but continued escape of blood causes
death. In the case of plethoric cattle, in hot weather, symptoms
are similar but milder; animal may at first be dull, staggering,
and fall only to the knees, the muzzle resting on the ground.

TREATMENT. —

Cold applications should be applied to the head, in the form
of cold, wet blankets, or better, ice poultices, and the general
treatment, as in ‘‘Encephalitis, or Inflammation of the Brain,”’ is
indicated. If simple congestion, the animal will recover in a
comparatively short time; if apoplexy, it is more serious, and
treatment may fail.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 495

CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.—

Causes.—From striking the head on some hard object while
running, or from falling on the head. The injury may fracture
the cranium and cause compression (pressing together) of the
brain.

Symptoms.—These vary with severity of injury. Animal may
lie prostrate and unconscious, with loss of sensation and power;
if there are slight convulsive movements, they are without effort
of the will. Death may follow injury; or if blow was not serious,
recovery follow in a short time; or animal may remain uncon-
scious, or may partially recover and encephalitis result in a few
days. ‘The injury may not only cause concussion, but at the
same time may fracture one or more bones of the cranium; this
may be simple—a crack in the bone without depression, or broken
bone may be depressed, pressing on the brain, producing what is
called compression of the brain. Compression of the brain may
also follow injury without fracture, where there is a ruptured
blood vessel, the escaped blood pressing on the brain substance.
Or the injury may cause inflammation, and compression be due
to pus formation. Compression, when due to escape of blood,
may be suspected when insensibility continues. When from pus
formation, the animal partially recovers, but after three or four
days becomes unconscious again.

TREATMENT.—

If there is fracture with depression of bone, the part must
be elevated, which in some cases may be done with a strong piece
of steel, like a knife-blade. In many cases it is necessary to
remove a portion of the bone in order to be able to raise the
depressed part, but such cases call for expert treatment, and if a
veterinarian is not immediately at hand, and the animal not a
very valuable one, it should be butchered as soon as possible after
accident, before the meat is unfit for use.

In concussion of the brain, during the first stages, when the
surface of the body is cold, cover body and legs with warm
blankets. It is useless to try to give medicine while animal is
insensible. Cold water, or crushed ice, should be applied to the
head, and when consciousness returns give the purgative drench,
496 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

as in ‘‘Encephalitis.’’ Assist the animal to its feet, put in a
comfortable place, free from noise and light. Only small amounts
of food, in the form of bran slops, or freshly cut grass, should be
given for some time. As a preventive against ‘‘ Encephalitis,”’
which is very apt to result from injuries of this kind, give the
general treatment for that disorder.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN—ENCEPHA-
LITIS.—Inflammation of the brain and its membranes, is tech-
nically called ‘‘ Encephalitis,’ but owing to various symptoms,
which, no doubt, depend on the particular part affected, disease
is known by a variety of names, as ‘‘staggers,’’ ‘*stomach
staggers,’’ ‘‘mad staggers,’’ ‘‘sleepy staggers,’’ and the like.
Inflammation of the brain without involving membranes, is so
rare, and the possibility of distinguishing it by symptoms so
remote, that it will be included in this treatment.

Causes.—May be caused by blows, or injuries to the head;
by irritation from tumors of the brain ; or, food containing ergot
or other fungus growth, may cause the affection. In some local-
ities certain plants have the reputation of causing the affection,
as, for example, the Atamasco lily is called ‘‘ stagger grass.”

Symptoms.—These vary much; but a careful observer will
notice trouble with nervous system. First signs may be those of
frenzy, but generally at the start the animal is dull and sleepy,
and may stand with head pressed against a wall or fence with
legs kept moving as though animal were trying to walk through
an obstruction ; or the body, especially the hind part, may be
leaned against side of stall or stable, as if for support. Bowels
are constipated and urine scanty and dark colored. ‘There may
be trembling and spasms of muscles in different parts. In dull
stage, breathing is slower than normal, and there may be snoring;
pulse large and less frequent. If aroused, animal acts startled
and stares wildly. The gait is staggering. When delirium
ensues animal is said to be mad ; it bellows, stamps the feet, runs
about wildly, grates the teeth and froths at the mouth. If con-
fined, it rears and plunges, and fits are so violent that it is often
dangerous to offer aid. May be wet with sweat; fall; muscles
DISEASES OF CATTLE 497

 

twitch and jerk ; often head is raised and dashed to ground until
nose and mouth bleed. Eyes may be blood-shot ; limbs straight
and stiff, or may be kicked about recklessly ; head may be drawn
back, or to one side ; urine may come in jets; often the haw is
drawn over the eye. Convulsions may be succeeded by a more
or less prolonged stupor, and animal regains senses, gets on its feet
and perhaps eats, while at other times it gets up with difficulty
and staggers blindly about the stall or field. The abovesymptoms
are not all present in one case. In those cases called ‘‘sleepy
staggers,’’ the general symptoms of drowsiness are shown, while
in other cases the frenzy symptoms cause affection to be called
‘mad staggers.’’ In other cases, when the spinal cord and its
membranes are involved, there are, in addition, symptoms of
paralysis, swaying of hindquarters, inability to rise, etc. The
various symptoms increase in frequency and violence until they
end in death, which usually results from an attack of Encephalitis
in cattle. When disease follows injury to head, symptoms usually
do not follow for two or three days.

TREATMENT.—

To be of any use, treatment must be prompt. Give a good
purgative; to a cow of average size the following:

 

Epsom Salts .....cccscceceessseeeeeeeeseneens 1% pounds.
Pulverized Gamboge. 1g ounce.
Wartt Water. ...cccsscsseeeee coreeeeeeeeees 3 quarts.

Mix all together and give as a drench.

In addition, inject into the rectum about two quarts of warm
water, or warm soapsuds, every three or four hours. Keep
animal quiet; give plenty of cold water, but no food except bran
slops in small quantities, and freshly cut grass, if in season.

During convulsions, give quieting drugs—r-ounce doses of
Bromide of Potash, along with 1-drachm doses of Fluid Extract of
Belladonna, every three or four hours, and a tablespoonful of
Saltpeter three times a day; keep animal from injuring itself;
hold head to the ground and have plenty of straw under it. Cold
water should be continuously applied to the head, or ice-bags

used on the head.
32
498 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

If the animal is dull instead of delirious, do not give the
Bromide of Potash, but instead give the following.

Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed........ my “
AICOOL eh conatesacieis cameecs- sea nstnesceeeeys 8 «
Galtpeter.....cccccccccccseserrscsseereeeressee Poe!
Water, to make...........eseeceseeeee ones I pint,

Dose: 1 ounce, five or six times a day. Give
very carefully, or animal will choke.

Continue the ice poultices to the head. Mustard paste is
sometimes applied along the spine and may be of some value.
After two or three days, if the animal shows some improvement,
give the following, alternating the doses with those of the fore-

going:

Todide of Potash.......ccccsssssseenneenees 6 drachms.
Fluid Extract of Digitalis............... yy ounce.
Water to make......cceceeceeee cence eenn eee I pint.

Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day.

PARALYSIS.—Paralysis is a loss of voluntary motion.
Its most common forms are better known under the names of
paraplegia and hemiplegia. In the former, the whole fore or hind
parts are affected; in the latter case, one side of the body only is
affected.

Causes.—May be due to concussion of the spine; fracture of
a bone of the spinal column; concussion of the brain; compression
of the brain. An. injury to one side of the brain may produce
paralysis of that side of the head and of the opposite side of the
body. May occur in connection with parturient apoplexy, lead
poisoning, ergotism and the like. It may be associated with
indigestion, or affect cows heavy with calf.

TREATMENT .—

Find out the cause of trouble and give treatment as directed
under the same. If the cause is not well understood, the follow-
ing treatment may be beneficial. Give a mild purgative, as fol-

lows:
Epsom Salts
Ginger............

 

Wix and give as one dose.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 499

 

Give also the following as one dose and repeat it night and
morning for a month.

NUK! Vi C4 ws itaavncsiaesessatecwodeancustes 2 drams.
Salt peterisissssasanaciss cvsaauscaensieanessasviers % ounce.
Mix.

If muscular twitchings should occur, discontinue for a few
days.

EPILEPSY—FITS.—

Causes.—The exact cause of epilepsy, in a majority of cases,
is not known. Diseases of the brain in some cases are causes;
and in other instances the trouble has been shown in connection
with a diseased condition of the blood. Teething, worms, and
chronic indigestion are also causes of the affection.

Sympioms.—This disease is characterized by the onset of
sudden convulsions. Animal may seem in fair condition, but at
any time may have an attack, manifested by staggering, falling,
and violent convulsive actions of the muscles of the body. Urine
or dung may be passed, during fit, involuntarily, and breathing is
stertorous or snoring.

TREATMENT.—

If there are symptoms of worms or indigestion, follow the
general treatment as indicated under their proper heads. If due
to irritation caused by teething, the inflamed gums must be
lanced. If unshed temporary teeth are the cause, they must be
extracted. When the cause cannot be discovered, there is little
prospect of a cure. Some benefit may be derived, however, by
an occasional dose of purgative medicine, as a pound of Epsom
Salts dissolved in a quart of warm water. In addition to the pur-
gative, 4 drachms of Bromide of Potash dissolved in drinking
water, three times a day, has sometimes been found efficacious.

CORNSTALK DISEASE.—Throughout the corn-grow-
ing regions of the Western and Central States it is a common
practice to turn cattle into the fields after the corn has been
gathered to eat the stalks and leaves that would otherwise be
wasted. From these conditions occurs the disease as above

named.
500 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Causes.—The real cause is not known, but is probably either
acute indigestion or poisoning by some substance in the stalks.
It is most common in years when there is a heavy growth of
stalks, and after the same arethoroughly dried. Attacks seem to
be associated with cold, wet storms. Young cattle are more sub-
ject to the disease than old ones, and the trouble is most frequent
when the cattle are first turned into the fields, or are changed
from one field to another.

Symptoms.—Disease comes on with few premonitory symp-
toms. The first usually noticed is that animal stands ‘‘humped
up’’ and apart from his fellows. If made to move, he does so
reluctantly and with a peculiar, wabbling gait. There is twitch-
ing of the tail and kicking at the belly. Usually there are indi-
cations of delirium, and as disease advances these become more
marked and associated with signs of severe pain, such as bellow-
ing and moaning. Death usually follows in 24 hours.

TREATMENT.—

There is no medicinal treatment that has proved of any bene-
fit, but preventive measures will greatly reduce the loss. Cattle
should be well fed and watered before turning them into the
fields, and some laxative food, such as alfalfa or millet, fed every
day. At first,a half hour a day in the field is enough, then
gradually increase until they have become accustomed to the
change in food.

SUNSTROKE.—This is not a very common occurrence
among cattle. Working oxen, stall-fed cattle that have been
driven some distance on the road in hot weather, and cattle shut
up in pens, or cars in transit, are the most subject to attack.

Symptoms.—The first are those of exhaustion—dullness,
panting, frothing at the mouth, tongue hanging out, irregular
gait, uneasiness, palpitation of the heart, when, if conditions are
not mitigated, animal staggers, falls, struggles, and then becomes
quiet, or he may continue struggling and try to get up again.
In serious cases unconsciousness may come without premonitory
symptoms.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 501

TREATMENT.—

When not severe, remove to a quiet place for a few days, and
keep on a reduced diet. This, in most instances, is all that will
be needed. When animal has fallen, apply cold water, or ice, to
the head; rub the body and limbs with cloths wet with cold
water, or wisp of straw, and keep up the rubbing for some time.
If power of swallowing is not lost—which can be found out by
trying with a little water—give:

Liquor Ammonia fortis..............0:005 3 drachms.
Water, Cold sssisenicsacsisetenseeceuseces cases I quart.

Be careful in drenching. Repeat in one-half hour, and again
in one hour. Instead of Ammonia, the following may be given:

Spirits of Nitrous Ether.......0...0...0. 3 ounces.
Water). Cold scscussssscnesvsocsvssssenivess T pint.

Or: 4 to 6 ounces of Whiskey, or 2 to 3 ounces of Alcohol,
in one-half pint of water.

The Ammonia is preferable, however. If unconsciousness
continues so that the remedy cannot be given by mouth, give
same amount of Ammonia and water as an injection. The com-
mon Aqua Ammonia, or Hartshorn, may be used, if other is not
at hand, but it is much weaker, and 134 ounces would be required
for a dose, with amount of water as above. When Ammonia is
not at hand, shake 2 ounces of Turpentine in a pint of milk and
inject in the rectum, and this will be beneficial until Ammonia is
procured. As soon as the animal can rise, get to a shelter. Give
all thecold water it will drink, and give the Ammonia, or Alcohol,
drench as long as there is much failure of strength. Sloppy food
and a little freshly cut grass, in limited quantity only, should be
allowed for several days. When signs of returning strength are
shown, give 12 ounces of Epsom Salts in a quart of water—in
those cases that have been down and unconscious; give slowly.
Never resort to bleeding in this trouble.

LOCK-JAW—TETANUS.—Cattle are subject to this
disease, but it is not common. Horses and mules are much more
subject to it. It is serious, but not always fatal.
502 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Causes.—It arises from operations or wounds of any kind
and in any part of the body. The cause is a germ, or bacterium.
that enters the system through a wound.

Symptoms.—The first symptom is usually a stiffness in the
manner of carrying the head; the muzzle is elevated, ‘‘ poked
out’’; ears are also carried stiffly, and moved little, if any. The
haw or ‘‘washer’’ is forced over the eye, as though there were
some eye trouble; animal walks stiffly, as if the legs were sticks;
when turned, body is kept straight, as though a log. Animal stands
with legs propped, and tail is elevated. Jaws at first are moved
stifly, and there may be grating and champing of the teeth, but
if an attempt is made to open the mouth wider, rigidity will be
shown. Animal will eat as long as jaws are not set; pulse at first
is hard but not much changed, but later is quicker; urine and
dung are passed with difficulty. As disease advances, all symp-
toms are more pronounced. Haw extends farther over eye,
breathing is more rapid and difficult, jaws become more set and
locked, and swallowing, which was difficult, becomes nearly or
quite impossible. At times, and especially if annoyed, the inten-
sity of the spasm or contraction is so great as to amount to
paroxyms.

TREATMENT. —

At appearance of first symptoms, if the animal is still able
to swallow, give the following drench; give carefully, as effort of
giving may cause spasms and jaws will set:

Epsom Salts........cccccsscssccsceeseeeeeees Io ounces.
Common’ Salt... ccdsisenscevesaaenacsceiesd Io ounces.
Caloimell oso sitecconn td terseonauseee tena 3 2 drachms.
Pulverized Gentian................ceceeeee I ounce,
WATM Water ccicsvadsiecenciveswernsovcbasunes 2 quarts.

Mix, and give as one dose. Not to be repeated.

Examine closely for wounds on every part of the body.
Don’t neglect the slightest scratch. Put animal in a dark, quiet
stall, away from noise and excitement. Wash all wounds with
hot soap-suds, so that a nice clean sore is presented. ‘Then use.

Bichloride of Mercury...........sssseee 30 grains.

Or, Pure Carbolic Acid .............00006 14g ounces.
Walter nieiiiciciesescsensoancsaviiewen Seeeeninn I quart.

  
DISEASES OF CATTLE 593

Pour some of this solution on each wound, and sop it with a
wad of cotton or a piece of cloth, so that the wound is well satu-
rated with the medicine. Then wet a pad of absorbent cotton
with the solution, and bind on the wound. Repeat treatment
once a day thoroughly on every scratch you can find, until well
healed. If in the foot, cut away hoof to expose injury before
dressing. Painful wounds of the feet should be poulticed twice
daily for three or four days, with Linseed meal poultices, but at
each change of poultice, wash wound with solution, and when
this is discontinued, dress with cotton and medicine once a day.
Feed regular food as long as it can be eaten, and then give sloppy
feeds of bran, corn meal and small quantities of Linseed meal.
Give cold water freely. Arrange so animal can get food and
water with little reaching. The excitement of drenching does
more harm than medicine does good, so do not attempt it. Dis-
solve 1 ounce of Bromide of Potash in every 2 gallons of water
the patient will drink. ‘Three times a day inject into the rectum
the following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ 2 drachms,
Fluid Extract of Cannabis Indica.... 2 es
Warm water...cc.cccccssscccnceeseseesenans I pint.

Do everything in a quiet, orderly manner, and don’t allow
visitors to see animal. Excitement must be avoided. When
improvement is seen, drop off remedies gradually, at first give
two-thirds, then one-half, finally stop; but at any time return to
original amount if unfavorable symptoms are shown.

LIGHTNING STROKE—ELECTRIC SHOCK.—
When an animal is struck by lightning, the shock is immediately
expended on the nervous system, and as a rule death occurs at
once; but when not fatal, animation is suspended to a greater or
less degree.

Symptoms.—When not fatal, symptoms vary according to
severity of the shock. Animal generally falls as from an apoplec-
tic attack, and symptoms are shown as in concussion of the brain.
Muscular system may be completely relaxed; legs limber; muscles
soft and flabby to touch, or there may be convulsions, spasms,
504 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

and twitching of the muscles. Breathing is generally labored,
irregular, or interrupted, and slower than normal. In most cases
the electric fluid leaves its mark by singeing the hair, or by
inflicting wounds, burns, or blisters.

TREATMENT. —

So long as the heart beats, efforts to restore the animal should
be made. Dash cold water over the head and body; rub the
body and legs; smartly whip the body with wet towels or switches,
Rub Mustard paste over the legs, back of the head, and on each
side of the neck. Inject into the rectum as follows:

Liquor Ammonia fortis..............000 4 drachms.
Warm Water invcrccensvesceserssssoscenecies I quart.

One and one-half ounces of Ammonia may be used instead of
Liquor Ammonia, if former is not to be had. Cautiously, and
not too suddenly, hold an uncorked bottle of Ammonia to the
nostrils to be inhaled. In desperate cases, artificial respiration
should be tried. With both hands spread out, press down alter-
nately on abdomen behind ribs, and on chest back of shoulder, in
regular order, so that chest and abdomen are pressed on alternately
about twenty times a minute. Press slow and steady, imitating
the motions of breathing. To aid in work, a hand-bellows may
be used each time after chest is pressed on, by inserting the noz-
zle into the nostril and gently forcing in air. When animal is
revived enough to be able to swallow, give the Ammonia remedy
above, as a drench, and repeat the dose in an hour. Be careful
in drenching not to strangle animal.

Where shock does not produce insensibility, give the Am-
monia and water remedy at once as a drench, or instead:

Brandy, 4 ounces; or Whiskey........ 8 ounces.
WKER ssrcevinnestonaetarie vee Semececbanses genie I quart.

These doses may be repeated every three or four hours if
necessary. When serious symptoms are gone, give Sulphate of
Quinine in 2-drachm doses twice a day until well. If any paraly-
sis remains, give 134 drachms of pulverized Nux Vomica witb
the Quinine. Burns or blisters should be treated with antisep-
sics as in treating wounds. ‘Treatment applies to electric shock
in every form.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 505

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION.—In some regions, this is
one of the most serious diseases that stockmen have to contend
with, and when once established, it is difficult to eradicate.

Causes.—The cause of this disease is thought to be a germ,
or a number of kinds of germs. It is transmitted from a cow
that has aborted by the discharges from the vagina, or by the
feetus, or its membranes. It is also thought probable that a bull
that has served a cow that has aborted, may communicate the
disease to other cows.

Symptoms.—Cows may abort at any stage of pregnancy, but
most commonly after the fourth month; if at an earlier period,
there are few symptoms. There may be a discharge of mucus
from the vagina, and the vulva may be slightly swollen; small
yellow ulcers may sometimes be seen on examination, in the
membrane lining the vagina. At a later period the signs are
those of approaching parturition—there may be a rope of mucus
hanging from vulva, milk secretion may start, and the cow be
‘‘down in her hips.’’ The finding of the foetus and envelopes,
or the hanging of the envelopes from the vulva, is a sure indica-
tion that the accident has occurred. It is impossible to tell
whether an abortion is of a contagious nature, or from other
causes, and so it is safest to treat each case as if contagious. If
a number of animals abort, it indicates a contagious condition.

‘TREATMENT.—

When a cow has aborted, or shows signs of aborting, she
should at once be isolated from other cows, and the place where
she stood be thoroughly disinfected by a 5 per cent. solution of
Carbolic Acid, or a 1 to 1000 solution of Corrosive Sublimate—
about 1 drachm dissolved in a gallon of water is a rough propor-
sion—after the stall has been scraped and all loose litter burned.
After using the antiseptic, give the stall a good coating of white-
wash. Burn or bury deeply the aborted calf and membranes,
and flush out the vagina and uterus with a Lysol solution, using
506 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

2 drachms of Lysol to each quart of water; 2 drachms or Carbolic
Acid can be used in place of the Lysol, but the Lysol is better.
The tail and hinder parts should also be washed with a 3 per
cent. solution. Continue treatment of vagina and womb as long
as discharge is observed, and the adjoining parts wash daily for
ten days longer. A cow that has aborted should not be bred for
sometime after all discharges have ceased. If the discharges
continue, or any other indications of leucorrhea, treat as for that
disease. Two days before breeding, wash out the vagina with
the Lysol solution. Sometimes a cow becomes barren after an
abortion. Cleanliness, isolation of infected cows, the free use of
antiseptics, and precautions against breeding to infected bulls,
are the best means of combating this disease. If these are per-
sistently carried out the disease will finally disappear.

As preventive remedies, Sulphite, or Hyposulphite of Soda,
in r-ounce doses, twice or thrice a week, may be of value. A
mixture as follows seems to give good results:

Hyposulphite of Soda............cceseees I pound,
SU PHUF se ese sae snes secenacesianseasiacnsenens rE
Common Ssalt.........c.ccsceccseseeeeenseeees Io pounds.

Mix, and give a handful to each pregnant
cow two or three times a week,

In addition, keep cows in fair flesh and in a good, vigorous
condition.

As the bull may be the means of spreadiig the disease,
precautions should be taken to see that a bull does not cover a
cow which has aborted, until after she has been carefully treated,
and even then it would be best to disinfect the bull after covering
her. He should also be disinfected after covering any suspicious
cows. ‘To disinfect the bull, pass a piece of rubber tubing into
the sheath and hold the end of the sheath tight around it, elevate
the other end of the tube, put a funnel in it, and pour the disin-
fecting solution into funnel; use the same solution as for flushing
out the womb of the cow. The funnel should be held as high as
the back. Hold the solution in the sheath for a few minutes after
it fills. Repeat every second day for a number of days.

If a cow aborts and there is good reason to believe that it
might be of a contagious nature, all the pregnant cows should
DISEASES OF CATTLE 5°7

 

have their vulvas, and back part of hips and tails washed off once a
day, for a few days, with a 3 per cent. Carbolic Acid solution,
or the 1 to 1000 Corrosive Sublimate solution.

While, perhaps, contagious abortion is more often seen
among cows than other animals, it may affect any of the animals;
it not infrequently attacks mares where quite a large number are
kept for breeding. The same general treatment should be given
to all.

CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. — This is
one of the most fatal and contagious diseases to which cattle are
subject. As the name indicates, it is an inflammation of the lungs
and the pleura, or covering. It was brought into this country
from Europe, where it has caused heavy losses to the cattle
industry. Through the efforts of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
the disease has been stamped out in the United States, and the
only danger now lies in cattle brought in from other lands, but
with our well-established and carefully carried out quarantine
regulations this will probably not occur.

Causes.—On the American continent, at least, it arises from
contagion by coming in contact, or being near, an animal that
has, or has had, the disease within a year. The exact nature of
the virus of contagion has not been determined. The time after
exposure before the disease appears, is generally from three to six
weeks, but may be three months.

Symptoms.—The first symptom is a rise in temperature to
103 to 106 degrees, which clinical thermometer in rectum will
indicate; there will be loss of appetite; a staring coat; slight
shiverings; a hard, dry cough; loss of milk; scanty urine, which
is dark colored. Following this will be tenderness on pressure
between the ribs over the lungs; cough will increase; breathing
quicken; nose will extend; back will be arched; hind legs will be
drawn under the body, and the elbows turned out. Later there
will be a watery and more pronounced discharge from the nose
and eyes; obstinate constipation, or a watery, fetid diarrhea; a
rapid weakening of the system, ending in death. In early stages
percussion over the lungs brings back a clear, resonant sound;
508 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

later it will be dull and heavy. Also in first stages, on listening,
there will be a dry, crackling sound; later it will be duli and
heavy.

In America the disease is apt to be more severe during warm
weather. Yet the slow, sub-acute cases are just as capable of
spreading the disease, hence watchfulness must be exercised.

TREATMENT.—

Perhaps one-half the affected animals will recover, but treat-
ment does not seem to assist, and from the fact that the disease
spreads so readily, medical treatment should not be attempted.
Prevention consists in keeping animals so they will not be exposed
to contagion. When this plague exists in a locality, the owner
of healthy animals should keep his stock from coming near those
affected, and from those exposed. Persons who have been on
infected premises should not be allowed to visit premises where
there is healthy stock. When pleuro-pneumonia breaks out in
a herd, every animal in that herd should be slaughtered and
buried deep, the stables cleaned and thoroughly disinfected,
and no other cattle allowed on premises for 90 days. When
disease has broken out, the matter should be put into the hands
of government inspectors appointed for that purpose, and they
will devise means for stamping it out. As has been said, the
disease does not exist in the United States at the present, it
having been stamped out some twelve years ago at great expense.
The foregoing is simply given that stockmen may have a little
idea of its nature.

TEXAS FEVER—SPANISH OR SPLENIC FEVER
—SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER.—In Australia this dis-
ease is called ‘‘ tick fever,’’? and in other sections, owing to color
of urine, it is called ‘‘redwater.’’ Cattle coming from the region
south of central Virginia and ‘Tennessee, and east of central
Indian Territory and Texas, and from lower California, come
from a permanently infected territory, and have the parasites of
Texas fever in their blood; but they do not suffer from it, as
they possess immunity, contracted when small calves.

Causes.—It is caused by a microscopic parasite, which attacks
and destroys the red blood corpuscles, and is transmitted from
DISEASES OF CATTLE 509

 

southern cattle to susceptible northern ones, by means of the
southern cattle tick. When southern cattle, from tick-infested
districts, are brought north during warm weather, the mature
female ticks drop from their bodies and lay a great number of
eggs, that hatch in from two to six weeks, depending upon the
weather. The young ticks are active, and show a tendency to
climb, and when northern cattle pass over the ground, the young
ticks get on their legs, crawl up to their bodies, and soon bury
their mouth parts in the skin of the belly, or inside of thighs. In
this way the disease is transmitted. In about ten days after
young ticks are established on susceptible cattle, they begin to
show symptoms of disease. Ordinarily thirty to forty days elapse
after southern cattle pass over and infect the ground, before
northern cattle show signs of the affection, though it may be longer,
depending on the length of time it takes the eggs to hatch.
When susceptible northern cattle are taken into infected southern
lands, the symptoms of the fever usually appear in from ten to
fifteen days, as the young ticks are all ready to get on them at
once. ‘The litter cleaned from cars in which southern cattle are
shipped, may be a means of contagion to cattle running at large.
Cases from this method of contagion have been called ‘‘town-cow
disease,’’? as cows running at large in towns, where southern
cattle are fed during shipment, or cars are cleaned, contract the
disease in this way.

Symptoms.—There is a loss of appetite, and suspended rumi-
nation, but, though unobserved, these symptoms are preceded by
a high fever, 105 to 108 F. Animal keeps by itself. As disease
advances, there is great weakness, with trembling and difficulty
in getting up; the head droops; the ears lop; the flanks are
“tucked up;’’ usually constipation, though there may be
diarrhea, which latter is regarded as a favorable symptom; loss
of milk in milch cows; urine, toward the last, is a dark cherry-red
in color, and this may be considered a marked symptom of the
disease. Young ticks will be found on belly, inside of thighs,
and on the fore legs and brisket. They are minute, and a close
examination is often necessary to reveal them. The disease
develops before the ticks reach maturity. In after-death exami-
nation, the blood is found to be thin, and does not clot readily;
510 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the gail-bladder is distended, with a dark, thick, granular bile.
Spleen is greatly enlarged, and of a tarry consistency, hence the
name, ‘‘splenic fever.’’ The liver is also enlarged, and is yel-
lower in color than normal; especially is this noticed when it is
cut open. ‘The kidneys are, also, more or less congested, and the
urine in the bladder of a red color.

TREATMENT. —

As soon as the disease appears, all well animals should be
removed from the tick-infested ground and the ticks, if any,
which are on them, should be removed. The sick should also be
removed to tick-free quarters and ticks removed from them; this
can be done by picking off many, and by applying something to
destroy those remaining. Cotton-seed Oil applied with a paint
brush will destroy any that may have been overlooked, or a
thorough application of any of the dipping preparations will
destroy them. Place the animal in comfortable quarters and
give nourishing food and plenty of fresh water. It is a good
practice at the outset to give a dose of Epsom Salts—from 1 to1%
pounds, along with 3 or 4 ounces of Ginger dissolved in 2 quarts
of water. This helps to get rid of some of the waste products,
which are very numerous. Also give Quinine liberally—from
1 to 2-drachm doses every two to four hours as long as the
fever remains high. To give the Quinine, dissolve in % pint of
water to which 10 drops Sulphuric Acid has been added. If there
is great weakness, give 2 to 3 ounces of Alcohol in % pint of
water, three of four times a day. Good nursing counts for much;
if animal will not eat, drench three or four times a day with a
quart or two of milk, and the same amount of Linseed meal
gruel to which 3 or 4 tablespoonfuls of Blood Flour have been
added. Eggs are also good to give in the milk or gruel. While
the treatment will, without doubt, fail with the severe attacks,
it will help tide over milder cases, which might otherwise
succumb.

Strict quarantine regulations prevent the shipment of south-
ern cattle north, except for slaughter, and then with certain
restrictions (from February 15 to December 1), so that now there
is little danger of this disease, except near the quarantine line or
DISEASES OF CATTLE 511

along the lines of railroad over which southern cattle are shipped
to market. ‘Tick-free districts south of the quarantine line are
also liable to the disease if cattle having ticks on them are intro-
duced. Cattle which have been kept free from ticks are also
subject to the disease if put into tick-infested pastures. Cattle
in the tick-infested territory acquire immunity by becoming
infested with ticks when small calves, and having a mild form of
the disease.

Immunity can be produced by vaccination; this consists in
injecting a little of the blood (% to 1 drachm) from an animal
which has ticks on her, or has recently had them, into the animal
to be rendered immune. ‘The vaccinated animal has the disease
in a mild form and recovers, and is then vaccinated again the
second time with a larger amount of the blood, and after the
second attack, if she contracts it, she can be placed in tick-
infested pastures with safety. Late fall or winter is the best
time to vaccinate; young animals acquire immunity more readily
than old.

Cold weather kills the ticks, so the disease is not carried
north during winter, and there are no restrictions with regard
to shipping cattle north from December 1 to February 15. Cattle
from which ticks are removed before shipping, will not spread
the disease. Dipping is resorted to to remove the ticks, but is
not as yet entirely satisfactory, as some of the ticks withstand
the dipping.

CONTAGIOUS ECZEMA—FOOT AND MOUTH
DISEASE.—This disease is also known as ‘‘ epizootic aphtha,”’
‘“taphthous fever’’ and ‘‘eczema epizootica,’’ and is an acute, highly
contagious fever of a specific nature, marked by blisters in the
mouth, around the coronet of the foot, and between the toes.
It attacks cattle principally, but may also be transmitted to sheep,
goats, pigs, and other domestic animals. Man may contract the
disease from infected animals. It is generally considered a germ
disease, though the specific organism has not been discovered.
The disease has prevailed many years in Europe, and great loss
has followed its ravages, some sections being rarely free from it,
while in other parts it appears at irregular intervals. One attack
512 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

does not confer immunity. In this country it isa new disease,
the first being discovered in the early fall of 1902, in the New
England states, where it was confined and stamped out by rigid
quarantine restrictions, prescribed by the general government
and the different states. At present the disease does not exist
in the United States, and our quarantine regulations will probably
prevent its ever getting a foothold. The disease varies in
virulence. In some outbreaks it is much more severe than in
others. As a rule the mortality is very low, the greatest loss
arising from falling off in flesh and milk, and the general deterior-
ation resulting from disease, and the restrictions in live-stock
trade.

Causes.—As above stated, is believed to be due toa specific
germ. Is transmitted by direct contact, and through the medium
of infected food, litter, watering places, stables, cars, and attend-
ants. Possibly contagion may be carried a short distance in the
air. The milk of an affected animal is highly contagious. The
time for development of disease varies, but is short—from two to
twenty days; usually in three or four days.

Symptoms.—Usually begins with a chill, which may pass
unnoticed. The animal keeps by itself; back is arched; hair
staring; flanks tucked up; and there is shivering or twitching of
the muscles. Animal moves with reluctance, and with marked
lameness; a thick, yellowish secretion comes in inner corner of
eye and about edges of nostril; temperature of animal rises from
two to five degrees F.; pulse is accelerated. Blisters form in
mouth, about the feet, and on udder, varying in size from a pea
to a 25-cent piece, and are filled with a watery fluid. They soon
burst, leaving raw surfaces, and shreds of tissue hanging about
edges. In the mouth the blisters form on the lips, tongue,
cheeks, and pad of upper jaw. ‘The animal champs with a smack-
ing noise, and there is a profuse slavering from the mouth.
Saliva at first is normal, but later becomes thick and ropy.
Mouth is often so sore that animal cannot eat solid food. The
blisters about the feet are on the coronet, and between the toes,
and often cause severe lameness. One or all the feet may be
affected. When blisters burst, raw, angry sores result. In
‘DISEASES OF CATTLE 513

severe, untreated cases, the hoof may be shed, or ulceration may
involve the greater part of the soft structures of the foot.
Pneumonia may also result as a complication, from inflammation
extending from the mouth.

TREATMENT.—

The disease tends towards recovery without treatment, but
treatment assists. Uncomplicated cases practically all recover.
Flush out the mouth with astringent and antiseptic lotions.
Use a lotion of Alum or Boracic Acid—an ounce to a pint of
water; and also a lotion of Carbolic Acid, 2 drachms, to a pint of
water. Alternate the lotions, using each twice a day, syringing
into the mouth freely, letting the animal spit it out. Treat the
feet as for ‘‘Foul,” using the antiseptic lotion—Carbolic Acid
I ounce, to a quart of water, and also White Lotion (see PRE-
SCRIPTIONS, in back of book). Use lotions freely. In cases where
fever is high, give fever mixture, as the following:

Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ I ounce,
Fluid Extract of Aconite.............0008 1% drachms.
Salt Peter iss, csacecsccessecaataesaedencnccaters 3 ounces,
Water to make..........sscceeeeeceseeeeeees I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times a
day.

It is also good to give %4-pound doses of Epsom Salts every
other day.

In order to stamp out the disease with the recent outbreak,
ail diseased and exposed animals were killed. As the disease
does not now exist in this country, this discussion is given simply
for general information.

ANTHRAX—CHARBON.—This is a malignant, infec-
tious disease, attacking all animals, and even man, when infected
from animals. In some parts of the west, and much more so in
the south, it causes great losses in cattle, sheep, and mules.
Severe losses result from it in some parts of the old world. It 1s
most common near tanneries, the infection being brought in with
the hides; or in localities where the disease has existed before,

and the virus still remains; or where it has been scattered from
33
514 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

infected localities, either by diseased animals, or contaminated
materials, that may be carried by dogs or other animals, or
washed by streams.

Cause.—Anthrax is caused by the anthrax bacillus, a slender
rod-shaged germ that can be easily found by a microscopical
examination of the blood or tissues of a diseased animal, by mak-
ing cultures, or by inoculating a small animal.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of the disease vary greatly. In
some cases there are no premonitory symptoms, the animal being
found dead in the morning. This is often called the ‘‘apoplectic’’
form, seen at the beginning of an outbreak. Other cases show
high fever, weakened, accelerated pulse, with discharges of bloody
mucus from the bowels and other natural openings of the body.
Mucous membranes are of a bluish color, and there is great weak-
ness and prostration, as is shown by the trembling of the muscles.
Toward the last, the animal may be too weak to get up, but will
lie convulsively kicking, pawing and champing the jaws. Death
generally occurs in two or three days, although sub-acute cases
may run longer, and a few cases may recover. Dropsical swel-
lings frequently appear on the body; also tumors, called car-
buncles, which at first are hot, tender swellings, but later become
cold and painless, as the result of mortification. After-death
examinations show bloody spots in the muscles and on internal
organs; the spleen is greatly enlarged, the interior being very
dark and thick; the blood is dark, thick and tarry in appearance,
and does not clot readily; the veins are distended with dark
blood, and there are bloody fluids escaping from the openings of
the body. After death, the animal bloats badly and decomposi-
tion takes place rapidly.

While the foregoing are characteristic symptoms of the dis-
ease, a certain diagnosis is made by having the blood and _ tissues
examined by a bacteriologist for the germ which causes it.

As the disease is communicated to man, great care must be
exercised in post-mortems, or in handling animals dying of the
disease; the skin should never be removed. Unless necessary te
post-mortem, to determine the nature of the disease, the dead
body shoula be disposed of intact, with as little flow of blood or
DISEASES OF CATTLE 515

discharges as possible, as these contain the germs in great num-
bers. The body should be burned, or buried deeply, covering it
with lime. This best be done where it dies, if possible; if impos-
sible, move carefully, so as to spread the infection as little as
possible, and disinfect place where animal died, thoroughly, by
soaking with strong disinfectants and covering with lime. After
the germs escape from the body, they take on a form which will
retain its vitality for years under favorable conditions, hence dis-
infection cannot be too thorough. Pastures becoming once
infected, retain the infection for a long time. Low, damp, black
soils remain infected much longer than higher, dryer soils.
Animal become infested by the germs entering through wounds
or with feed or water.

In man, the disease is often called ‘‘ Malignant Pustule,’’
because it appears as a sore which is hard to cure; also known as
‘‘Wool-Sorters’’ disease, by being contracted by people handling
wool and hides from animals dying of the disease.

‘TREATMENT.—

Medicinal treatment is of little use; in the milder attacks, the
treatment as recommended for ‘“Texas Fever’’ might help to tide
the animal over, but the important thing is prevention. If it
should break out, remove all animals at once to high, dry pas-
tures, and keep all animals away from where the sick die or are
disposed of. A very effectual preventive is vaccination, and all
animals in districts where the disease is apt to occur should be
vaccinated. This is much like vaccinating against small-pox.
The animal is vaccinated with material containing the germs ina
very much weakened form, and contracts a very mild form of the
disease. In about two weeks it is vaccinated a second time,
using a stronger vaccine, and this produces immunity. The
vaccine is manufactured by different firms, and is given by inject-
ing the required dose underneath the skin with a hypodermic
syringe. When this disease breaks out, a veterinarian should
supervise the care of the sick, the disposal of the dead, the dis-
infection, and the vaccination.
516 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

BLACK-LEG—BLACK QUARTER—QUARTER
ILL.—This is a rapidly fatal infectious disease of young cattle,
from six months to four years of age (rarely after three years of
age), associated with external swellings, which emit a crackling
sound when handled, and an offensive odor when cut into;
formerly regarded as a form of anthrax, but investigations have
proved that it is a specific disease, produced by a germ quite
different from that of anthrax. ‘The disease is spread over quite
a large part of the west, and some parts of the east and south.

Cause.—By a germ that the cattle get through wounds at
pasture, or in food or drinking water. This germ will resist
destructive agents for a considerable length of time, and may
produce disease when inoculated, after several years of drying.
Some regard moist, undrained, and swampy pastures as favorable
to this trouble, but in high, dry prairies of the west it is quite as
common as on lower lands. It is also thought that the disease
germ does not belong naturally within the animal body, as it will
develop outside the body, but being taken into the body of young
animals, it finds conditions favorable and disease is produced.
It sometimes breaks out in new localities where the disease has
not been known before, the germs having been introduced in
some manner. Infected localities are quite well known and there
is no great tendency for the infection to spread any great dis-
tance.

Symptoms.—They are of both a general and a local nature.
In from one to three days after infection takes place, there will
be loss of appetite and rumination, with dullness, debility, and
a high fever. To these will be added lameness or stiffness of one
or more limbs, due to the tumor, or swelling, that invariably
attends the disease. After a few days of illness the animal
usually dies; toward the last becoming very weak; labored
breathing; weak pulse; lowering of the temperature, and more or
less distress, The tumor, or swelling, is the marked feature of
the affection; in some cases it may be the first noted symptom.
It may be located on the thighs—hence the name—or on the
neck, shoulder, breast, flanks, or rump, but not below hock or
knee; sometimes in the vicinity of throat. At first, tumor is
DISEASES OF CATTLE 517

small, but it spreads and deepens rapidly, and when stroked or
handled, a peculiar crackling sound is heard under the skin, This
is due to a collection of gas formed by the germs, as they multi-
ply. At this stage the skin becomes dry, parchment-like, cool
and insensitive to touch in the center of the tumor, due to the
decomposition that has taken place. If cut into, a dark red,
frothy, and ill-smelling fluid is discharged. Animal shows little
or no pain during operation. An after-death examination shows
that the tissues under the skin are filled with blood, a yellow,
jelly-like material, and gas bubbles; these, with the unchanged
spleen, the clotting of the blood, and the crackling sound noted,
will readily distinguish the disease from anthrax, in which the
spleen is much enlarged, blood is tarry, does not easily clot, and
the tumor, if present, does not crackle, and no gas is present.

TREATMENT.—

Remove well calves and young animals to uninfected pastures
or quarters, and give them uncontaminated water. Medical
treatment has thus far been of little avail. Exercise and purging
with Salts are recommended, the latter given as a drench in % to
1-pound doses, depending on the size of the animal. As a pre-
vention, all susceptible animals should be vaccinated with black-
leg virus, which is a safe and reliable preventive. In regions
where this trouble prevails, the young cattle should be vaccinated
a month or so before it is time for the trouble to occur, and as it
occurs at slightly different times in different localities, the time
for vaccinating will vary some—some time during the spring or
early summer.

Black-leg vaccine is made from the diseased flesh of a calf
that has died of the disease, by heating it to a temperature that
weakens the germs. ‘Two forms of the vaccine are prepared—
the ‘‘single,’’ which requires but one injection, and the ‘‘double,”’
which requires two injections, ten days apart. The double vaccine
makes more trouble, and in some cases the expense of vaccinating
the second time precludes its use, but it is safer to use, and unless
the disease has broken out in the herd, it is recommended as giv-
ing better protection; and besides, in the case of very fat calves,
which seem to be more susceptible to the disease, the single is not
518 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

entirely effectual. The vaccine is put up in various forms; some
firms send it out in the form of a little pill, others in the form of
a string saturated with the virus, these to be inserted under the
skin—the pills with special instrument, the string with a needle
and it also comes in powder, to be mixed with water and injected
under the skin with a hypodermic syringe, following directions
carefully. Vaccine and instruments can be purchased through
any reliable druggist. The experiment stations in many of the
states where the disease is prevalent, prepare the vaccine and
send it to those applying for it, with full directions for its use.
While one vaccination may carry an animal through its susceptible
period, it is safer to vaccinate at least once each year until the
animal is two years old. Calves need not be vaccinated until they
approach six months of age. Some recommend vaccinating fat
calves oftener than once a year.

Inasmuch as vaccination is such an effectual preventive, it is
not wise to rely upon other preventives, although the following
is said to have some preventive value :

  

SW PHUe ccsssressacsacgecsetientensetaseenyyetys Io pounds.
Salt peter s.sceciisesscssesiancustenessv snore 3 pounds.
Sulphate Of TfOn..vc.ccieccesssedinevescieds 6 pounds,
Air-slaked Lime...........ccccceseeeeneeeeee 3 pounds.

Mix thoroughly, and use 1 pound of the
mixture in 1 gallon of salt; this to be given to
the animal in place of common salt,

HA MORRHAGIC SEPTICA:MIA.— While, perhaps,
this disease is not entirely confined to cattle, it is much more
common with them than with the other animals. At the present
time there is not much known about the disease, except that it
generally runs to a fatal termination. Just how widely distrib-
uted it is, is hard to say, as in many cases it may have been
diagnosed as some other disorder, as anthrax, black leg, corn
stalk disease, etc.

Causes.—The disease is caused by germs, and hence is con-
tagious ; but, just how it is spread, or how the organisms gain
entrance into the body is not known, but it has been demon-
strated that the disease is caused by at least one specific organism,
and perhaps others may cause closely related conditions.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 519

 

Symptoms.—The symptoms presented with the disease are
not very characteristic, and may vary somewhat; it generally
runs a rapid course, and terminates fatally within thirty-six
hours; it may, however, take on a somewhat chronic form.
In the acute form, towards the last, at least, the animal shows
great weakness or paralysis; the temperature remaining about
normal. ‘The conditions found in an after-death examination
are quite characteristic, the most noticeable being the hemor-
rhages, or blood-stained areas which have distinct borders, and may
be small red spots, or large blood-stained surfaces. These are
seen just under the skin, the muscles looking as though they had
been slightly bruised ; they may be found on the pleura covering
the ribs, lungs or diaphragm; or on the intestines, or the peri-
toneum lining the abdominal cavity, or on the mesentery which
supports the intestines. The spleen is not enlarged, which
distinguishes it from anthrax, and there is not the external
swelling, filled with offensive gas, which distinguishes it from
black-leg.

TREATMENT.—

As yet nothing has been found to be of value along this line,
and the only practical suggestions that can be given is to separate
the healthy from the sick, and use disinfectants freely, disposing
of the dead the same as with those dying of anthrax or black-leg.

The foregoing is a short summary of a bulletin by Dr.
Reynolds, published by the Minnesota Experiment Station, which
gave the result of Dr. Reynolds’ study of a number of outbreaks
of the disease in Minnesota during the past three years.

TUBERCULOSIS.—Tuberculosis is a contagious disease
that may attack any animal, though it is found mostly in cattle.
It is distinguished by the formation, in the various organs of the
body, of nodules or tubercles having a characteristic appearance,
which contain the germ called Bacillus Tuberculosis, or Tubercle
Bacillus.

Cause.—The cause is a germ, or bacterium, as above noted.

The germs are always present in an animal having the disease.
Any condition which weakens the animal’s system lessens the
520 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

power of resistance to the disease. Asa result of the drain due
to the production of large quantities of milk, tuberculosis is per-
haps more common among dairy cows, but any animal is apt to
contract the disease if exposed to the contagion.
The disease is important, not only on account of the loss of
the cattle, but because of its relation to the health of the general
‘public who use milk. The milk from cows that are badly affected
with tuberculosis, and especially if the udder is affected, is con-
sidered a dangerous food, as it may be the means of conveying
the disease to people using it, unless it is pasteurized by heating
to atemperature of 185degreesF. At present there is a difference
of opinion among bacteriologists as to whether tuberculosis in
cattle and consumption in man are exactly the same—that is,
caused by exactly the same germ or not. But until it is positively
proven that they are not, it is safest to consider them as the same,
and as communicable to each other.

Symptoms.—Owing to the fact that the disease may attack
almost any part of the body, there are a great variety of symp-
toms; the severity of the attack is also a great modifying factor.
The lungs are attacked the most frequently; the liver, spleen,
diaphragm or midriff, lymphatic glands, bones or joints, may also
be the seat of the disease. In case the lungs are attacked, and
become badly diseased, the animal is out of condition and falls
away in flesh; appetite is capricious; coat is rough and staring;
eyes are sunken and dull. There is usually a cough, that is
especially noticeable when animal is first disturbed in the morning,
or when turned out to exercise. There is often a discharge from
nose and eyes, that from the latter drying at the inner corners.
These symptoms are by no means diagnostic, as other diseases
cause them. In fact, there are no diagnostic symptoms; some-
times an animal will be badly affected with the disease and give
no indication of it in its general appearance. The only means of
diagnosing the disease with any degree of certainty, is to test
with tuberculin. The disease is contracted by the germs of this
disease entering the system of a healthy animal through wounds;
by being taken in with the food or water, or by being inhaled
and taken in through the lungs; mainly by the last two methods.
Sucking calves may get the germs in the milk from a tuberculous
DISEASES OF CATTLE 521

cow, in addition to the above methods. The discharges from the
nose which contain the germs, being dried, are inhaled by healthy
animals in the form of dust, thus producing the disease. In rare
cases the disease is congenital, the calf contracting it before birth.

In after-death examination, the diseased tissue appears as
lumps, or nodules, in or on the organs affected. If these lumps,
which are rather hard, are cut open, they will be found to contain
a yellow, granular substance, which, when cut into, seems to be
gritty. In some cases it has turned to pus, with lumps of cheesy
material in it. In some cases the disease appears as a fibrous
growth, in reddish bunches, on the outside of the organ or part
affected, giving the characteristic appearance when cut into.
These tubercles vary in size from that of a pinhead, to the size of
aman’s double fist, or even larger. They may be scattered quite
freely throughout the body, or there may be only a few. The
tubercular deposit is often found in some of the lymphatic glands,
the ones just back and above the pharynx, or in those between
the lungs, or along the border of the intestines, or in the
udder. ‘These glands, when healthy, vary in size from a bean to
that of a man’s thumb, and when cut open, are solid and of a
brownish color—when affected with disease they are enlarged,
sometimes very much so, and show the characteristic, granular,
yellow material when cut open. ‘The tubercles are often found
attached to the pleura lining the ribs, or masses of the material
may be found in the liver, spleen, lungs, or any other organ of
the body. In some cases the womb is literally lined with small
tubercles.

‘TREATMENT.—

There is no known treatment that cures the disease, but
there are preventive measures that are of value. The best method
of preventing the disease, is to keep healthy cattle from coming
in contact with affected ones, or with stalls, food, feed boxes, and
drinking places that are infected. If, for any reason, an animal
is suspected of having the disease, or the symptoms are plainly
manifest, it should be isolated from the others and the quarters
thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with strong disinfectants, and
whitewashed.
522 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Aside from protecting cattle from disease germs, the best
means of prevention is the keeping of animals healthy and
vigorous. While the disease will never develop without the
presence of the infection, weakened animals will contract the
infection quicker. Quarters that are dark, damp, filthy, and
badly ventilated, are hotbeds for the propagation of the disease
when it is once introduced, and in such stables the disease spreads
much more rapidly than in a stable that is dry, well lighted and
well ventilated. Sunlight is known to be a great disinfectant,
and germs of this disease are killed when exposed to the direct
rays of the sun for a few hours. An abundance of fresh air is
also very important in the preservation of the health of animals,
as it brings oxygen, carries away waste, and keeps stables dry.
With cattle in good health, and well cared for in good stables, the
disease will spread rather slowly, if by chance it is introduced.

The Tuberculin Test—The most accurate means of detect-
ing tuberculosis is by testing cattle with tuberculin, called the
tuberculin test. Tuberculin is a liquid which represents the
poison which is produced by the tubercle bacilli, but as prepared it
contains no germs, so is incapable of producing the disease.
The test depends upon the fact that if the animal has the disease,
in from six to twelve hours after injecting the tuberculin, a rise
in temperature, or fever, follows, which lasts a few hours and
then subsides. The test is applied as follows: The temperature
of the animal to be tested is taken every two hours throughout
the day to determine its normal temperature; at about 10 o’clock
in the evening the required amount of tuberculin is injected
under the skin, generally in the region of the neck; six or seven
hours after the injection is made, the taking of the temperature
should again be commenced, and taken every hour or two
throughout the day. If the animal has the disease, some time
between six and twenty hours after the injection, the temperature
will commence to rise, will gradually increase for a few hours,
and then gradually go back to normal, generally getting back
to normal toward evening. The rise of temperature may be
from 2 to 6 degrees. If the temperature rises 2 or more degrees
higher after the injection than it was before, it is considered a
sign of tuberculosis; a rise of 114 degrees is looked upon as being
DISEASES OF CATTLE 523

 

suspicious. If the animal is free from the disease, the temper-
ature should not rise higher after the injectisu than the highest
before the injection. Besides the rise of temperature, the affected
animal often has a chill just as the temperature commences to
rise.

Points to be Observed in Making the Test.—Keep the
animal under her accustomed conditions during the test; on this
account, a time of year when the animal is accustomed to being in
the stable, is better than a time when she is at pasture and has to
be taken up. Do not give a large amount of water or feed at any
one time during the test; give a little, more frequently; especially
is this true of cold water, after the injection. Ifa reaction takes
place, be sure nothing else has entered in to cause it. Do not
test an animal while in heat, or for a month before or after par-
turition. The test does no harm at these times, but is not
reliable.

The test is not infallible, but it is by far the best means of
diagnosing the disease that we have. Badly diseased animals
will sometimes not respond, but in such cases their condition is
such as to warrant their destruction. Occasionally an animal
will respond that is not diseased, but this is rare if due care has
been exercised.

One test destroys the effect of subsequent tests for a year,
hence, in suspicious cases, a re-testing cannot be given inside of
nine months. ‘The test in no way injures a healthy animal; it
may cause one that has the disease to break down more rapidly,
but this is not always true.

The test should always be applied by a veterinarian, or by
some one having experience with the use of the thermometer and
hypodermic syringe. The dose of tuberculin depends upon its
strength—different firms prepare different strengths.

All animals having the disease best be destroyed, as no cura-
tive treatment is known. The test in no way indicates the degree
of the infection, and so the animal that responds may be very
dangerous from a standpoint of spreading the disease, or it may
not be so dangerous. While healthy calves can be got from
affected animals by removing them from the cows as soon as
524. THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

dropped, in but few cases will it pay, as the expense of keeping
the diseased by themselves is too great, and then there is always
some danger that the infection will in some way be carried to
the healthy animals.

If a herd is tested and some respond, the stable should be
thoroughly cleaned, disinfected by solutions and by fumigating
(see ‘‘Disinfection,’’ page 66), and then whitewashed. After-
wards the herd should be tested once a year for three or four
years. No new animals should be introduced into the herd until
after they are tested.

While this disease is not very prevalent, taking the country
at large, yet many herds are affected, and it is always safest,
especially when high prices are paid for pure-bred cattle, to buy
them subject to the test.

LUMP-JAW—BIG-JAW; ACTINOMYCOSIS. —
This disease is due to a vegetable organism that gains entrance
to the tissues, and growing, produces a lump, or tumor, which
may grow to a large size. The disease generally affects the
upper or lower jaws, but may affect the tongue (when it is called
‘“ wooden tongue’’), or other parts of the body. The tumors are
not infrequently found about the throat, just back of the lower
jaw. ‘The disease is also found in the lungs.

Causes.—The disease is caused by the organism known as
the actinomyces, or ray fungus. The fungus grows on plants
and it is supposed that it gains entrance into the body by being
taken in with the food, entering through some wound, a scratch,
perhaps, inflicted by harsh food, or about the teeth at shedding
time. The disease is rarely, if ever, transmitted directly from one
animal to the other. While the pus from the tumors contains
the fungus, yet for some reason it does not have the power to
produce the disease even when injected directly into another
animal. ‘The only way to transmit the disease directly from one
animal to another, is to introduce a piece of the diseased tissue
itself underneath the skin of another animal; this course would
never occur naturally. ‘The disease cannot be strictly called
contagious, and the only way that the diseased animal can be a
‘quowias.iejua Auog Surmoys [[NYS “£eg adpg aay
“MV [-d NT "MV ZHL dO SISOOAWONILOY ‘MV (-dW1’T

 

 

 

 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 525

 

means of spreading the disease, is by the fungus in the discharg-
ing pus, when discharged upon grass, growing and regaining its
vitality, and becoming a source of infection to others, through the
food. On this account it would be best not to allow animals with
running sores to run at pasture, where other animals are to be
pastured.

Symptoms.—The first symptom is a slight swelling, such as
might come from an injury, usually appearing upon the upper or
lower jaw, but as before stated, may form in other places. Where
the bone is affected, the enlargement is due to the outward bulging
of it, and when the soft tissues are affected, it is due to an
increased growth of the tissue, as a result of the inflammation
and irritation that the growing fungus produces. As the disease
advances the tumor grows, and finally breaks, discharging a
thick, sticky pus, but causing little diminution in the size of
the growth; the wound may heal over, but it gradually becomes
larger and breaks again. The only peculiarity about the pus is
that it contains small, hard, yellow grain-like particles, not
much larger than the point of a pin; these can best be seen by
spreading a thin layer of pus on a piece of glass. If the jaw is
affected, the teeth, in affected part, may become sore and interfere
more or less with eating. Sometimes the disease develops very
slowly, sometimes rapidly. The case represented in the cut was
six months developing. When the bone is affected it becomes
very porous. The only positive diagnosis of the disease is to
have the pus examined with a microscope for the fungus.

TREATMENT.—

If the tumor is free from the bone and away from large
blood vessels, the best treatment is to dissect it out, cutting well
back so as to be sure and get it all, and after removing the tumor,
apply a caustic around the inside of the sack to slough out any
that may be left—Caustic Potash can be used, rubbing it around
in the interior. eave the wound open, so if growth starts it can
be sloughed out. After the slough comes out, apply to the sore,
once a day, the Iodine Ointment. (See PRESCRIPTIONS, in
back part of book.) If the tumor has pus in it, open it and
let the pus out, and then slough out the interior as above. ‘There
526 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

are sloughing preparations in the market which, if used early,
will kill the fungus and reduce the size of the tumor. Fleming
Brothers, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, put out one of these
preparations.

Along with the external treatment, it is well to use Iodide
of Potash internally. The drug is given until a condition known
as ‘‘iodism’’ is produced; this is recognized by the animal going off
its feed, eyes and nose discharging, hair becomes harsh and
rough, skin harsh and wrinkled, especially on top of the neck,
and a large amount of dandruff in the hair—large bran-like
flakes. When these symptoms are plainly produced, the medi-
cine is discontinued for atime. If symptoms are very marked,
give a dose of Epsom Salts, and also a tablespoonful of Saltpeter
twice a day for afew days. After two or three weeks repeat the
treatment. To give the drug, dissolve 2 ounces of Iodide of
Potash in a pint of water, and give 1 ounce of this solution in %
pint of water twice a day for a few days, and then three times a
day until the iodism symptoms are produced.

As to using the meat of an animal affected with this disease:
If the disease is localized about the head and does not produce
any constitutional disturbance, there would be nothing unwhole-
some about the meat, discarding quite a large portion in the
vicinity of the tumor. There would be nothing unwholesome
about the milk until the animal became constitutionally affected.

In case of operations, if possible have a veterinarian perform
them.

HYDROPHOBIA—RABIES.—It seems unnecessary to
repeat the general statements regarding this disease in the HorsE
DEPARTMENT of this work (page 227). The disease is, of course,
incurable, and from its dangerous nature, a suspected animal
should be immediately confined, and as soon as the symptoms
become pronounced, it should be killed, and the carcass buried.

COW POX—VARIOLA VACCINNA:.—This is a con-
tagious disease similar to, if not identical with, as is claimed by
some, small pox of the human family. A heifer inoculated with
small pox virus, will have a disease identical with cow pox, and
DISEASES OF CATTLE 527

 

when men are vaccinated with cow pox, the resulting disease is
similar to a very mild form of small pox, and renders immunity
to small pox. The question of identity does not seem well set-
tled. The fluid from the pustules of cow pox is the material
used to vaccinate people against small pox. Disease may be
transmitted to man by sores on the hand when milking an affected
cow.

Symptoms.—Cow pox, or kine pox, is a specific disease, prob-
ably produced by some kind of an organism, and develops in from
three to nine days after inoculation, showing itself by a slight
fever for a couple of days, which may be overlooked, then breaks
out in pimples on the teats and udder, and may extend to the
flanks, escutcheon, and around the vulva, nose, mouth and eyes.
These pimples, red at first, enlarge from day to day, until they
reach a diameter of one-half to one inch, and become yellow. A
distinct blister forms, breaks, runs a yellowish lymph, which
contains the active virus of the disease, dries up, a scab forms
over it, which leaves a pit when it comes off. The only trouble
to be had from the disease in cattle is in milch cows, from the
teats getting sore. These are covered with small blisters, that
may become confluent—run together—rendering milking a very
painful operation.

TREATMENT.—

Disease runs its course in from ten to twenty days, and little
treatment is necessary, except to keep the parts soft by some
healing ointment. Oxide of Zinc Ointment is good. After
milking, apply a little White Lotion (see PRESCRIPTIONS, in back
of book), also Carbolic Acid lotion, and follow that with Zinc
ointment, or some of the preparations recommended under
‘‘ Chapped or Sore Teats.’’ The following solution is also recom-
mended as a wash:

Hyposulphite of S0da........s0000 seer 2 ounces.
Waleieecccisssiossncsnesesseeeectaceeseaeernrse I pint.

Mix and wash frequently.
When the udder is greatly inflamed, bathe with hot water,
as for ‘‘Inflammation of the Udder,’’ and give the same drugs
internally as for that disease. In milking, animals affected with
528 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

gow pox should always be milked last, in order that the disease
may not be conveyed to the healthy cows. After milking, the
hands of the milker should be carefully washed and disinfected.
A milking tube may be used when the teats are sore and give
very much pain. Milk from cows with cow pox should not be
used for food.

Sometimes when the disease breaks out in a herd, all the
cows are vaccinated on some part of the body away from the
udder, as the hips or neck, in which case the sores are not apt to
form on the teats and udder, and do not interfere with the milk-
ing process.

GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD

PLETHORA.—This may be defined as a very rich con-
dition of the blood; it is conducive to very many serious results
by interfering with the circulation, especially that through the
vital organs, rendering them inert and unable to eliminate from
the system the waste material which at such a time exists in
increased amount. When left in the system, these impurities
lead to blood poison, to congestion and inflammations in case of
disease, thus greatly increasing dangers attending disorders of all
kinds.

Causes.—Are rich, stimulating food, such as oil-cake, corn,
and other grains, rich pastures, in fact anything that fattens very
fast, especially if the animal does not get exercise enough. Of
course the condition is normal up to a certain point whenever
animals are fattened; when pushed too far, however, the system
becomes an easy prey to disease—rheumatism, inflammation of
the feet, and other disorders are apt to occur.

Symptoms.—Unusually rapid improvement, exuberant spirits,
sleek hair, loose skin, and tendency to fatten rapidly. Occasion-
ally slight fever may be seen, at first of short duration, but
increasing with each attack, until violent congestion occurs, fol-
lowed by inflammation of some part of the body.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 529

 

‘TREATMENT.—

Deplete the animal by giving a good purgative, 1% to 2
pounds of Epsom Salts dissolved in 2 or 3 quarts of water. Also
give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day, and cut down
on the feed. Aside from this give treatment for the special dis-
ease which develops.

AN AEMIA.—This is a condition of the body when there is
a deficiency of blood, or blood corpuscles, the reverse of plethora,
seen in animals from a lack of sufficient or proper kinds of food,
especially when this lack is accompanied by exposure to the
weather, or impoverishment of lice or other parasites; also the
result of wasting diseases. It is apt to lead to purpura hemor-
rhagica, rheumatism, etc., and always predisposes to lice or other
parasites.

Symptoms.—The animal is weak, unthrifty and dull, and the
mucous membranes of the eye and nose are very pale.

TREATMENT.—
If infested with lice or other vermin, destroy by treating as
directed under proper heading, and give the following Iron tonic:

Liquid Chloride of Iron.........seccceee 3, ounces.
QUININE «53 censescscermnmessererseeererenecedes I ounce.
Water to make.......cccccscccccensseereeee I pint.

Shake. Dose: 1 ounce in % pint of water,
mixed in the grain, three times a day.

Use for two weeks, then discontinue and use tonics, as recom-
mended for ‘‘ Chronic Indigestion.’? Give a liberal amount of
good feed.

RHEUMATISM.—

Causes.—The immediate cause of rheumatism is a peculiar
kind of acid that has accumulated in the system, and which has
a tendency to produce inflammation around the joints, along the
sheaths of the tendons, and in the synovial membranes. The
exciting catises are over-feeding, rendering the system too pre-
thoric, or exposure to cold and dampness from want of shelter

and poor stabling.
34
530 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

forms.—In the acute form, which is the most common, the
affected parts swell, and often suppurate, discharging quantities
of pus and with it more or less synovial fluid. It often extends to
the bones and the membranes covering them, when it takes on
what is called a chronic form, and more or less bony growth is
thrown out, which may stiffen the joint. The disease also often
extends to the chest, and settles in pleura, heart, etc., and some-
times causes fatal diseases of the latter organ. The disease may
affect the muscles, causing them to be sore and stiff, and some-
times to contract and distort a part.

Symptoms.—'There is lameness, stiffness and disinclination to
move, and a staring coat. After this a jotnt—or perhaps more
than one—begins to swell, and is found to be hot, hard and
painful. A day later some other joint may be found swollen, or
perhaps another leg is affected, the disease showing a tendency
to go from one place to another. There is considerable fever,
with high pulse, reddened mucous membranes, and an inclination
to remain lying down. Bowels are apt to be constipated, and the
urine scanty and high colored. Abscesses may form and discharge
pus.

TREATMENT .—

Keep animal in a dry, warm stable, with ample bedding.
Apply dry heat to the affected parts in the form of hot water
bottles, or hot salt bags, covering with woolen blanket. Also
bathe affected parts with some soothing lotion, as:

Soap Liniment..............000 isenaeeshenes 3, ounces.
Witch Hazel....ccccccecccseceeesseeneees 2 ounces.
WUPPCH ET Gy. asacsessascees enced scihues sds caees I ounce,
Laurdan uns: sissavesechsesevesasessasey event 2 ounces,
Shake. Apply twice a day with liberal rub-
bing.
Internally give the following:
Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce.
Fluid Extract of Aconite...........00 1% drachms,
Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed...... I ounce.
Mal tpPeter ssricrsesserspcsaccscshateeseedbee cases 3 ounces,
Water to make....ccccccsssssseerereneneee I pint.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 531

Also give 1 to 2 drachms of Salol three times a day, in a little
thin gruel, Keep the bowels loose with occasional doses of Epsom
Salts, and give a laxative diet.

URAMIA.—This disease is the result of the kidneys and
bladder not performing their functions in a right manner, and the
urine is absorbed back into the system, causing a poisoning of
the blood from an accumulation of urea.

Symptoms.—There is loss of appetite, dullness, and a failure
to secrete the urine; the nose and mouth are dry, and the former
is fetid; rumination ceases, the coat stares, and a smell of urine
is detected on the skin; the pulse and respiration become slow,
and the former is soft; pupils of the eyes are dilated, and delirium,
stupor, and death follow.

TREATMENT .—

Examine the urinary organs very carefully to discover, if
possible, the cause, and then give treatment to remove same.
Give large quantities of Linseed tea to drink, and as a mild pur-
gative the following:

Epsom Salts........ssscseeeesessssessreees I pound.
Gim ger oo... ccecceceeeeeseeseeeceseeneneneeeees I ounce.
Water to make.........cccecseeeeseeceeennee 2 quarts.

Mix, and give as one dose.

Also give 2 ounces of Liquor Ammonia Acetatis, three times
a day.

Feed on a laxative diet. Study over the diseases of the
urinary organs and try and find out which is operating to cause
the trouble, and treat accordingly.

PYZMIA AND SEPTICZMIA—(BLOOD POI
SONING.)—This is a condition that results from absorbing into
the system, putrid, poisonous matter, or pus, especially that
from an ulcer, or suppurating surface.

Symptoms.—There is high fever, with increased temperature;
the pulse is hard and fast, and the breathing is quickened; the
breath is fetid; rumination is suspended and appetite lost; coat is
532 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

staring; rapid loss of flesh, and in fatal cases delirium. There is also
the abscess, or wound, from which the poison is absorbed, which,
if situated externally, can be seen; if the abscess is internal it
will be overlooked.

TREATMEN?. —

Find the cause, if possible, and if a sore of any kind con-
taining confined pus, let it out and dress the wound with a 3 per
cent. solution of Carbolic Acid, applying it two or three times a
day, using a syringe; if on the surface, bind on a sponge wet with
the solution; give internally the following:

Liquid Chloride of Iron..............2666 3 ounces.
QUININE sctscsicncvense ceecessasveersoseaceores I ounce.
Saltpeter: nesivciscincesriteonetert en 4 ounces.
Water to make.......ccsssecseecrsecencceee I quart.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, in 1 pint of water,
three or four times a day.

Also give, alternating the doses with the foregoing, the following:

Fluid Extract Digitalis... 6 drachms.
Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica.......... 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed..........114 ounces.
ALCON sess csucecstnccsveteuceianctgebeauesnets 8 ounces.
Water to make........eeccseceeeeeeeseeeteee I pint.

Dose: 1 ounce, three or four times a day.

Give a mild purgative in the form of 1 pound of Epsom Salts
and feed on a laxative but nourishing diet.

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.— This is a specific
blood disease, that is somewhat common in horses, but rare in
cattle.

Causes.—It is caused by an impoverished condition, more
especially, of the blood, which becomes deficient in some of its
elements, and oozes through the coats of the blood vessels, and
produces swellings in the more dependent parts of the body,
causing swelling of the legs, and belly, and also of the head.
(See description of the disease in the Horst DEPARTMENT).

TREATMENT.—
Give the same treatment as recommended for the horse,
giving from one and one-half to twice the dose given to the horse.
DISEASES OF CATTLE 533

 

HAEMATURIA—RED WATER.—As the name implies,
this is a disease in which the urine becomes red in color, due
either to the presence of blood itself, or to the red coloring mat-
ter of the blood, which is set free and thrown off by the kidneys,
as a result of the breaking down of the red blood corpuscles from
various cattses.

Causes.—If blood itself is present, this is due to inflamma-
tion or some disease of the urinary organs themselves—injuries
to the loins, strains, calculi in bladder or kidneys, etc. If the
urine is simply colored by the coloring matter, it may be due to
some specific disease, as Texas fever; or it may be due to an
impoverished condition of the system, as the result of poor feed,
especially the pasturing of cattle continuously on certain kinds of
low, swampy lands. The condition may also be due to eating
poisonous plants, which irritate the kidneys, or using medicines
too freely, which act upon these organs.

Symptoms.—There is the colored condition of the urine,
which varies from a light red to a dark brown, and in some cases
it is much increased in quantity. If blood itself is present, there
will be the symptoms of the disease of the urinary organs, causing
the trouble (see DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS). If the
trouble is due to some specific disease, as Texas fever, the symp-
toms of that disease will be present. If due to an impoverished
condition, there will be unthriftiness; animal will become weak;
pulse will be weak; anzemia will be present; the animal will
become poor in flesh, and unless the condition is corrected, death
will occur.

TREATMENT.—

If due to the blood, treat the disease causing it. If from a
specific disease, treat that. If from an impoverished condition of
the system, give first-class nourishing food; if from running on low
pastures, change to higher and better. Also give tonics, especially
the Iron tonics as recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.” If
animal is very low, give the following for a week or two, and
then change to the tonics as recommended above:

Liquid Chloride of Iron.......e 3, ounces,
QUIMINE......ccsessesescneneeeeeceeseeeenenere I ounce.
Water to make......scccesesscssseecereeneee I pint.

Shake. Dose: 1 ounce, in a pint of water,
three times a day.
534 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Alternate with these doses the following:

Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica......... 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract of Gentian.............06 ss
Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic........... Io ‘€
Water to wakes ciseiidustes schenasmeatyiecca se I pint.

Shake. Dose: 1 ounce in a little water,
three times day.
If the heart is weak, give 2 ounces of Alcohol in % pint of
water, two or three times a day.

HOLLOW HORN AND WOLF IN THE TAIL.—
These imaginary diseases, which in the past were supposed to be
the cause of a great many deaths among cattle and which were
treated by boring a hole into the horn and pouring in all sorts of
irritating substances; or slitting open the tail and filling the cut
with the substances, are now known by nearly every one to be
purely imaginary, but as we still occasionally hear them referred
to, they are mentioned in this connection. The horns of nearly all
cattle are hollow, and the fact that a horn is hot or cold indicates
but little in diagnosing disease. If the tail shows anything wrong,
salt and pepper will be of no value. Tone the animal up, or if
an abscess forms, as of course it might from various causes, treat
as any other abscess; some little irritation or disorder about the
tail need not be looked upon as the cause of constitutional dis-
turbances. Do not be guilty of such foolish and barbaric opera-
tions as those referred to above.

ABSCESSES.—Commonly these are called ‘‘ gatherings.”’
They are accumulations of ‘‘ matter,’ or pus, in cavities within
the tissues of the body. There are two kinds, classed as ‘‘ acute’’
and ‘“‘cold.’’ Acute abscesses form rapidly, and are accompanied
by marked inflammation, with heat, pain, redness, and swelling.
Cold abscesses are of a chronic nature, forming gradually without
marked symptoms of inflammation until they are of considerable
size. Abscesses are caused by some injury, by bacteria, foreign
bodies, or irritants within the tissues.

TREATMENT.—
There are two methods used in the treatment of abscesses:
The absorption, or ‘‘scattering’’ treatment, and the ‘‘drawing
DISEASES OF CATTLE 535

toa head’’ method. In some cases it is a good plan to try and
“‘scatter’’ the abscess by rubbing and by applying remedies to
absorb the pus, or fluid. Rubbing with a stimulating liniment,
or applying light blisters, is useful. Iodine, either as tincture
or ointment (see PRESCRIPTIONS, in back of book) may be applied
daily until the skin gets sore, and then stop application for a few
days, and then apply again. This is good in the removal of
bunches and enlargements, but best be applied when there is no
acute inflammation in the part. The second method, and the
one generally used, is to encourage the formation cf pus, as an
abscess is usually an effort on the part of nature to rid the body
of some injurious substance. Bathing, or fomenting, the affected
part with hot water and the applying of poultices to soften and
soothe the tissues, assist materially in ‘‘drawing abscess to a
head.’’ As soon as pus, or matter, is detected in the tissues—
which is indicated by a soft fluctuating feeling when the part is
manipulated under the fingers—the abscess should be opened.
To do this use a sharp-pointed knife, taking the blade firmly
between the thumb and forefinger about the distance from the
point that it will be necessary to insert knife-point to reach the
pus cavity. Insert quickly at the lowest part, so there will be
no pocket, and the pus will all drain out. Make opening large
enough to allow pus to escape freely and then wash out and treat
cavity. Abscesses should always be thoroughly examined for
foreign bodies, such as sticks, pieces of bone, and the like, and if
found should be removed. When cavity is empty, wash out and
treat with antiseptics freely. The incision should not be allowed
to heal until cavity has healed from the bottom, or another
abscess is likely to follow. Keep open by plugging with absorb-
ent cotton, or tow. ‘The hair below a wound should be well
greased, and kept so, in order to prevent the discharges from
irritating, or scalding, the skin.

If an abscess is not opened, it will usually break and dis-
charge of its own accord at last; but as the pus burrows into the
tissues seeking an outlet, the early opening of the cavity greatly
hastens the final recovery. In opening abscesses,care must be taken
not to cut, by mistake, into a hernia or rupture, or into a joint
or cavity containing synovial fluid or ‘‘joint oil.’’ If the abscess
536 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

is in the vicinity of large blood vessels or important organs, pre-
cautions must be taken to prevent injury tothem. In such places
it is generally best for the inexperienced to continue poulticing
until the abscess breaks of its own accord, after which it should
be treated as above.

POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.— For symp-
toms and treatment, see HorSE DEPARTMENT (page 329).

In case of antidotes, the dose for cattle is one-and-one-half
to double the dose given to a horse of the same age.

OPERATIONS

With operations upon cattle, the same general principles
should be carried out as given, under OPERATIONS, in HorsE
DEPARTMENT. Anzesthetics are used the same way. Thesame
antiseptics—Carbolic Acid and the like—should be used freely
on instruments, hands, and place of operating. Cattle can be
secured by holding with the snap-ring ‘‘ bull-dog,’’ in the nose,
or by putting head in stanchion; if operating about the hind limbs,
tie the legs together with a piece of rope just above the hocks,
crossing the rope between the legs like a figure 8, so that it will
not slip down; or cattle may be cast the same as the horse; or
secured in the stocks.

HOW TO RING A BULL.—First secure the bull by
throwing him, or put him in a narrow stall. To insert the ring,
first whittle a piece of wood so it may be entered into the nostril
to meet the blow given on the punch. Select a hollow punch to
make a hole corresponding to the ring. See that the bull is tied
securely, if not thrown and secured, and let the assistant hold
the piece of wood. Set the punch in the opposite nostril, low
enough so it will not cut the cartilage (gristle) of the nose, and
strike a smart blow, forming the hole. Put in the ring, set the
screws tight and the work is done. Some burn the hole through
the partition by using a red-hot, pointed iron. Have an assistant,
DISEASES OF CATTLE 537

 

with a glove on his hand, take hold of the nose and stretch it
forward to open the nostrils, then push the iron through and
jerk it back quickly.

DEHORNING.—This consists in the application of some
substance to the budding horns of calves that will prevent their
growth, or in the removal of the horns by some surgical oper-
ation. Itis better to remove, or prevent the growth of, horns
in calves than to wait until the animals have attained their
growth.

The best method of removing the horns is to apply Caustic
Potash to the budding horn as soon as the button can be felt
beneath the skin on the head of the calf; within a week after
birth. The hair should be clipped off, the skin over the immature
horn wet, and then well rubbed with the stick of Caustic Potash;
the fingers being well protected from it by wrapping the stick
with a paper. In applying the Caustic, use care to cover the
whole button, for after the horn is started, it is difficult to remove
with Caustic. Rub each button for about a quarter of a minute,
let it dry, then wet the stick of Caustic a little and rub again the
same length of time. Do not get too wet, or the Caustic may
run down, making a large sore, or get into the eye. It is
much better to use the Caustic than to gouge out the buttons, as
is sometimes done.

In removing the horns from the mature animal, the beast is
confined in a stanchion, or chute, made for the purpose, a halter is
put on the head, and the latter pulled well forward and to one
side, and firmly held. ‘The horn is then removed, either with a
saw or with a dehorning shears made for that purpose. In
removing the horn, a small ring of the hair is to be taken off with
the base of the horn, or the horn will grow out asa stub. After
the horn is removed, some Pine Tar with a little Carbolic Acid in
it, may be applied, and a ‘ayer of clean cotton batting, which has
been previously heated in an oven for a half hour or so, placed
over the wound to stop the bleeding and keep out the dirt. If
bleeding is bad, apply to the wound with a small brush a little
Monsel’s solution, or sear with a hot iron, or take hold the bleed-
ing vessels with pincers and twist them. Cattle should not be
538 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

dehorned when flies are bad, and, after dehorning, should not be
allowed access to straw stacks where they can get chaff into the
wounds. While dehorning causes pain at the time of the opera-
tion, it does away with the inflicting of pain on other animals, as is
also apt to be the case with some individuals. It is not necessary
to apply the cotton to the stubs after the horns are removed, and
it best not be done unless the cotton is kept very clean and treated
as above. If it is applied, and after two or three days there is any
indication of pus collecting under it, remove it and wash the
wound with an antiseptic solution, turning the head up sidewise
to let any pus run out that may have formed in the cavity.

BLEEDING.—This once very common operation, in both
the human family and the lower animals, is not now performed at
all with the human, and is fast becoming an operation of the past
with animals, and should be so entirely, as it has no virtue as a
curative agent.

TAPPING THE CHEST.—This operation has for its
object the removal of water in ‘‘ Hydrothorax.’’ Clip off the hair
from a spot about three inches back of the elbow, and on a level
with it. Make an incision through the skin and muscles to about
the depth of two inches, being careful to locate it so it will pass
between two ribs, and not too close to the posterior aspect of the
front one of the two—as near midway as possible. Now pass in
the trocar and canula, withdraw trocar, and leave canula to draw
off the water. Should any substance clog the canula, push it
away with a probe. The other side may be tapped in the same
way. A horse trocar is about the right size. The antiseptics
should be used freely during the operation. The operation should
be left to the veterinarian, as it is not always easy to tell when it
should be performed. The after-treatment is to apply the anti-
septics to the wound, two or three times a day.

TAPPING THE BELLY.—This operation is to empty
the abdominal cavity in case of ‘‘ Ascites.’’ Make the incision
through the skin in the center line of the belly, just back of the
navel, and just large enough to admit the trocar and canula; then
insert the instrument into the cavity and let the fluid flow off.
The same principles apply as in ‘‘ Tapping the Chest.’”’
DISEASES OF CATTLE 539

TAPPING THE BLADDER OF OX OR BULL.—
When it is necessary to draw the water of male cattle, an opening
must be made at the point where the urethra turns over the angle
of the pelvis, just below the anus, and the catheter introduced at
this point. The incision should be made very carefully, and no
larger than is really necessary to introduce the instrument.
Dress the wound with a 3 percent. solution of Carbolic Acid,
twice daily. If it is desired that the opening heal up at once,
it is advisable to take a stitch in it. Sometimes, when the
urethra is obstructed below, it is left open, the animal urinating
at this point. The curve of the urethra canal, when penis is not
protruded, is what makes this operation necessary, as it renders
the introduction of the catheter by the penis impossible. The
operation should be left to a veterinarian.

TAPPING THE PAUNCH, OR RUMEN.—This is an
operation performed to relieve animals in severe cases of ‘“I'ympa-
nites, or Hoven,’’ when medical treatment is of no avail.

Find the center of a triangle made by the last rib, the anterior
point of the hip, and the transverse processes of the lumbar spines
on the left side, or where the bloat is most prominent. Insert the
trocar at this point, directing it downward and inward obliquely,
and it will pass directly into the paunch. Pull the trocai out and
the gas will escape through the canula. Puncturing is not a
serious operation in cattle, and in cases of great distension should
be performed without hesitancy or delay. Relief is almost instan-
taneous. ‘The horse trocar and canula is large enough for cattle
(see cuts of instruments, MiscELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT). Have
the point of the trocar sharp and use the antiseptics on instru-
ment and point of tapping. Every stockman should have a trocar
and canula.

RUMENOTOMY.—The operation of opening the paunch,
or rumen, in cattle and the removal of-the contents of the same
through the opening, is called rumenotomy. It should only be
performed where the paunch is excessively overloaded and dis-
tended. Clip the hair over the point on the left side, described in
‘“Tapping the Paunch, or Rumen,”’ and make an incision, running
up and down, large enough to admit the hand. Use the Cocaine
540 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

solution (see OPERATIONS, Horse DEPARTMENT). Open first
the skin, then the muscles, and then the wall of the paunch.
Insert a clean towel, wet in the antiseptic, and arrange it to cover
the lower edge and part of each side of the wound, to keep the
food from falling into the abdominal cavity. Now remove from
the paunch with the hand, half or more of the material.

Wash the edges of the wound with a little Carbolized warm
water and sew it up with cat-gut sutures. Sew up the paunch
first, putting in the stitches quite close together; then the mus-
cles, then sew up the skin with silk. Dress the whole with 3 per
cent. lotion of Carbolic Acid and water, keeping the parts wet
nearly all the time. The cat-gut sutures will be absorbed. Feed
animal on light, laxative diet for a week or more, and give a
tablespoonful of Saltpeter two or three times a day. ‘The opera-
tion should always be left to the veterinarian when he can pos-
sibly be had.

CASTRATION.—See ‘‘Castration’’ in DiszasEs oF GEN-
ERATIVE ORGANS OF THE BULL (page 457).

SPAYING.—This is an operation to remove the ovaries of
the cow. In young heifers it is best done in the flank. Fast the
anima. twenty-four hours. Secure the animal in the stocks.
Clip the hair from the same place as for ‘‘Rumenotomy,’’ and
make an incision through the skin and muscles into the abdominal
cavity, the same as in that operation, large enough to admit the
hand. The rumen, being partially empty, will be forward, out of
the way; pass the hand in, down and back and find the womb,
follow it up to the end of the horn and find the ovary, one-half
the size of a man’s thumb; passin a long ecraseur, slip the ovary
through the loop in the chain and take it off, the same as the
instrument is used in castrating colts. Be carefuland donot drop
the ovary. Take off both ovaries through the same opening.
Stitch up the muscles with catgut, the skin with silk, the same
as in ‘‘Rumenotomy;”’ the after-treatment is also the same.

Cows can be operated upon through the vagina. Peritonitis
sometimes follows the operation, in which case the symptoms
DISEASES OF CATTLE 541

 

and treatment would be the same as given under that head. This
will rarely happen if antiseptics are used freely throughout the
operation.

The operation should be left to the veterinarian, or should
not be attempted at least, until after it has been seen performed a
number of times.

CAESAREAN OPERATION.—This is sometimes de-
manded, when the distortion and narrowing of the hip bones are
such as to forbid the passage of the calf, or when inflammation
has practically closed the natural passages and the progeny is
more valuable and worthy of being saved than the dam; also in
cases in which the cow has been fatally injured, or is ill beyond
possibility of recovery and yet carries a living calf. It is too
often a last resort after long and fruitless efforts to deliver by the
natural channels, and in such cases the saving of the calf is all
that can be expected, the exhausted cow, already the subject of
active inflammation, and too often also of putrid poisoning, is
virtually beyond hope. ‘The hope of saving the dam is greatest
if she is in good health and not fatigued, in cases, for example,
in which the operation is resorted to on account of broken hip
bones or abnormally narrow passages.

‘The stock owner will not attempt such a serious operation as
this. Yet, where the mother has just died or is to be immediately
sacrificed, no one should hesitate at resorting to it in order to
save the calf. If the cow is to be sacrificed, a blow on the head
with an ax will secure quietude. Then the prompt cutting into
the abdomen and womb, and the extraction of the calf, requires no
skill. ‘The operation to save both cow and calf requires profes-
sional skill, hence will not be described here.

SUTURES AND BANDAGES.—Sutures are used in
sewing wounds whenever it is desired to hold the edges together.
The material generally used is silk, doubled once or twice, to
make the cord large to prevent it from pulling out. Cat-gut
is also used; it should be used where stitches cannot be taken out,
as it will be absorbed; guitar or violin strings answer nicely for
sutures. Pass the needle through the skin, about one-half inch
542 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

back from the edge of wound, and tie so the edges are just
brought together, leaving the ends about one-half inch in length.

Bandages are particularly useful in wounds on the legs, since
there the stitches will almost always pull out, unless thus rein-
forced. For other details on the subjects, see OPERATIONS in
the HorsE DEPARTMENT.

GIVING MEDICINE TO CATTLE.—(See cut)—To

give cattle medicine, catch them by the nose, the thumb in one
nostril, the forefinger in the other, and hold the nose up only a
little above the level, and keep the head and neck straight with
the body, put the nozzle of the bottle in the mouth and pour the
medicine in slowly. If the head cannot be held with the hand,
put the spring ring ‘‘ bull dog’’ in the nose, tie a rope to it and
put the other end of the rope through a ring overhead, and the
head can be held up.
 

 

 

 

 

GIVING THE SHEEP MEDICINE.
Do not raise the nose but a little.
SHEEP
DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD.—This is an
inflammation of the mucous membrane which lines the nasal
passages, and which sometimes extends down into the throat.

Causes.—Exposure in cold rains and sleet, especially during
the fall and spring seasons. It also occurs during the washing
and shearing time.

Symptoms.—There is a discharge from the nose, and affected
animal keeps snuffling, sneezing and coughing; does not eat or
feel well.

TREATMENT.—

The best course is to prevent such trouble by not having
cause. Good, comfortable, well-ventilated quarters, that in bad
weather are always accessible, will usually effect a cure without
any further treatment. In case it will not yield to this treatment,
give the following mixture:

Salt peter sisiesseissescdcsess sacgsncesdesesvens 4 ounces
Sulphur ssscscsscesscases-ssvsinoinevesnenesneseese a
Gentian Root, powdered .............044 4 *

Mix and give twice a day, 1 teaspoonful in
its feed; or if it will not eat, shaken with water
from a bottle.

Or, give 1% teaspoonful doses of Sulphate of Iron 3 times a
day in its feed, or dissolved in water, from a bottle. Give
soft food, keep dry, and wash off any discharges that accumu-
late about the head. In very bad cases with valuable <nimals,
steam the head as recommended for the horse.

DISTEMPER, OR EPIZOOTIC CATARRH.—Malig-
nant, epizootic catarrh is a disease that is accountable for the loss
of many thousands of sheep. In the malignant form it is a con-
gestion and inflammation of the nasal cavities, extending some-

times into the stomach and bowels.
543.
544 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—At first there may be only a nasal discharge;
animal appears dull and drooping; the eyes run a little and are
partially closed; the pulse is slightly increased in frequency and
is languid; more or less loss of appetite; breathing is not affected
unless the bronchial tract is involved. After a few days, unless
relieved, the symptoms become aggravated; the nasal discharge
is thick and glutinous and sometimes tinged with blood; the eyes
are nearly closed, with a thick, yellow secretion about them.
There is great prostration and emaciation; the pulse is very weak;
respiration is difficult; no appetite and animal soon dies.

TREATMENT.—
Put the sheep in warm, well-ventilated place, and if bowels
are costive give the following:

Carbonate AMMONIA... ceceeseesseeeee I ounce,
RbUbAaL wississ doses ctiesssccievensvasswncewsccsias rT
GIN FEL. ciossveseceatsndd oosneu dee sapsenssasoars 2 ounces.
Gentian scseississsscesessnnrawseversvesassenwess >

Simmer Rhubarb, Ginger and Gentian for 15
minutes in 1 quart of water, and when cold add
the Ammonia and cork bottle.

Dose: 2 tablespoonsful three times a day.

Also give % teaspoonful doses of Saltpeter and 15 to 20 drop
doses of Fluid Extract Belladonna three times a day. Give good
nourishing food and drink, for without care medication is not
of much value. Steam the head as described in Horse Dz-
PARTMENT.

HYDATIDS ON THE BRAIN.— The bladder worm,
which is the cause of this disease, is one of the larval stages of the
tapeworm. ‘The disease is spread by dogs, which eat the head of
sheep that have died of this disease, and through their excrement
spread it in fields and pastures where sheep run, where it is taken
into the mouth in grazing. Dogs should not be allowed to eat
uncooked heads, nor prowl in strange pastures.

Symptoms.—Animal has a dull, moping way; will separate
from the flock; is unsteady in gait, and will sometimes stop sud-
denly and fall, and at other times run across the field, paying no
DISEASES OF SHEEP 545

heed to fence or ditch; after the disease has existed for some
time, will almost constantly move in a circle.
TREATMENT. —

When the hazard and cruelty attending an operation are con-
sidered, as well as the liability of a return of the trouble, except
in the case of valuable sheep, the best way would be to kill the
animal.

In the case of valuable sheep, the veterinarian locates the
hydatid and removes it by an operation.

APOPLEXY.—A disease that is generally confined to fat
or well-conditioned sheep.

Symptoms.—The sheep leaps frantically into the air two or
three times, dashes itself on the ground, then suddenly rises, and
dies in a few minutes.

TREATMENT. —

When a fat sheep seems dull and partially unconscious of
surroundings; nostrils and pupils of eyes dilated; membranes
of the nose deep red or violet; pulse hard and breathing stertorous;
apply cold water or pounded ice to the head and give 20 drop
doses of Fluid Extract of Belladonna every hour for three or
four doses, then once in three or four hours; also give 2 ounces
Epsom salts, and follow this with an ounce every six hours till
a full evacuation of the bowels is secured.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.—Is caused by
the same conditions that bring on apoplexy, and is often a
secondary effect of that disease. ‘The sheep is dull and inactive;
eyes are red and protruding, andas the symptoms become intensi-
fied, the animal rushes about in the wildest delirium. The gen-
eral treatment is the same as in apoplexy.

SWELLED HEAD.—

Causes.—'This may arise from a variety of causes—snakes,
insects, etc.
TREATMENT.——

In the case of snakes the animal is usually dead; but in case

of venomous insects, cut the wool away from the affected parts
36
546 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

and bathe with strong Saleratus water, or Ammonia water, and
give internally, if necessary, the following until relieved:

Chloral Hydrate........ccccccenes renters ¥% drachm.
Soft Water........cccccccescseseseereeeeeeeee I “s

Mix. Repeat every hour as needed.

TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW.—

Causes.—There are various causes for this trouble, as inflam-
mation after castration, injury to horns and hoofs, or from a
wound in any part.

Symptoms.—If able to walk at all, the animal does so with
great difficulty; muscles become hard and limbs stiff, the jaws
become set, and death generally follows

TREATMENT.—

Medical treatment is of but little avail, the malady being
usually fatal. Put the animal in a dark place alone. Then give
three times a day 20 drops Fluid Extract Belladonna on the
tongue. Warmth and quiet are necessary. When worse symp-
toms are over, give gruel and soft, nourishing food.

PARALYSIS, OR PALSY.—Paralysis, or palsy, is a
diminution or loss of the powers of motion in some part of the
body. It is somewhat rare, but sometimes occurs in the case of
poor lambs, poor, pregnant ewes, and in those who have just
lambed.

Symptoms.—The animal seems to have lost all strength in its
loins, and the hindquarters are powerless; it makes ineffectual
attempts to rise, but cannot stand on its feet.

TREATMENT.—

Make the animal warm and comfortable. Give warm gruel
and a little Ginger as a stimulant. Three times a day give 20
drops Fluid Extract Nux Vomica in a little water, and continue
treatment for two or three weeks. If severe, clip off the wool
and apply a blister of:

Spanish Fly .......cccssscsscseeseesseesvers 1 drachm.
Lard si ciesssetncsansseveaesienmecsvasetonesdese I ounce.
DISEASES OF SHEEP 547

 

Along the spine from hip to shoulder, leaving on 24 hours. In
most cases it would be more economical and equally humane to
kill the animal at once.

HYDROPHOBIA, OR RABIES.—Sheep are very liable
to be bitten by dogs that are wandering in the grip of that dread
disease. ‘The dog and all sheep attacked should be killed at
once.

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES, OR OPHTHAL-
MIA.—In cases where there is serious inflammation, apply to the
eyes the following wash:

Nitrate of Silver......ccccccsessesseerereee 5 grains.
Soft Water ......cccssssssecsecreeeeeeeees I ounce.
Taudanum .........c.ceseeereecensenseseeeees 15 drops.

Dissolve the Nitrate of Silver in the Water
and add the Laudanum.

Bathe eyes with hot or cold water three times a day, and
apply lotion with a camel’s hair brush twice a day. Equal parts
of finely pulverized Boracic Acid and Calomel is good to dust into
the eye.

SORE THROAT.—

Causes.—Are similar to those of Catarrh.

Symptoms.—There is swelling and soreness about the throat;
the animal stands with nose held elevated, and coughs, flinching
as though to save itself; when drinking, the water returns through
the nose.
TREATMENT.—

Rub the throat well with stimulating liniment. Feed with
soft food placed so that the animal can eat with most comfort.

Give the following mixture:

Galtpeter ......--esssesessesseeeereseenees 4 ounces.
Sulphur oo... seeceseeersesseeeeeereeeeees 4
Aliit....cecccccenceceeseeeeceneeenseenesoeeees a. 4
Camphor Gut .....ssesceseesessereerenees ge) ate

Make into paste with molasses and flour, and
give a teaspoonful on the tongue three or four
times a day.

Steam head as in Catarrh.
548 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

BRONCHITIS.—This is an inflammation of the bronchial
tubes, or air passages of the lungs.

Causes.—Are the same as those of colds.

Symptoms.—The same as in colds in aggravated form, and
attended with more fever, rapid pulse and a tenderness of the
throat and belly when pressed upon. Animal will lie down most
of the time, and a wheezing sound is heard at the bottom of the
windpipe. Normal temperature of sheep is 102°, pulse 45.

TREATMENT. —

Keep animal quiet in a comfortable, well-ventilated place;
give cold water in small quantities, with hot mashes and nourish-
ing food. Give as a drench three times a day until better:

Sweet Spirits of Niter.......cccce cece ¥ ounce,
Fluid Extract of Aconite Root....... 3 drops.

Fluid Extract of Belladonna...1oto 20‘
Mix ina teacupful tepid water, and do not
taise head too high, nor allow animal to be-
come choked. After two or three days, drop
out Aconite and put 5 drops of Fluid Extract of
Digitalis in its place.
If very weak give:

WHISKEY secccccsaestusdecenneaesereotsas 4 tablespoonfuls
GINGER... Siseiscdaasseeneses cdtaneneveces 1 teaspoonful.
Oatmeal Gruel........c.e-cecececeeee % pint.

Repeat three times a day.

2. Bronchitis.—Give salt in doses of from % to 2 ounces,
with 6 to 8 ounces of Lime Water given at some other time of the
day.

FILARIA BRONCHITIS.—

Causes.—This disease is caused by the presence of worms
(Strongylus Filaria), which are found in the bronchial tubes, the
windpipe, and sometimes in the lungs.

Symptoms.—There is a dry, husky cough; quickened breath-
ing, loss of appetite and flesh, and animal will rub its nose on the
ground; dysentery with fetid discharges may be present. On
examination worms may be found in lower end of windpipe and
in the tubes which branch from it.
DISEASES OF SHEEP 549

 

TREATMENT.—
Give the following:
Sulphate of Magnesia..........cccsseereee 6 ounces.
Nitrate of Potash..........scccessessseseseees Zo ts
SWI PHUE ca seccsec dea eesseeeccseccnaseucsesceses ao ss
Sulphate of Trot ......cceeecseeeeeeeeeeeeeeee I ounce,

Mix and give a small handful to each sheep in
feed once a day for one week. Wait three
weeks and repeat.
Burn Sulphur or Turpentine so sheep will inhale the fumes,
giving about the strength that a man could stand.

2. Filaria Bronchitis—Give as a drench every third day
until cured:

Turpentine. .........cccccceceseeeseeeeeeeees ounce.
Linseed, Oil .cdscisssedecravessinvsnssn esses ¥ teacup.
Mix together.

3. Filaria Bronchitis.—Inject into the windpipe with a
hypodermic syringe the following:

Carbolic ACid..........::.cccseseeceeseeseenes 5 drops.
Chloroform
Turpentine
Olive OU scesasusisiesenaendenenwseaaeeeneanves

Insert the needle of the syringe into the wind-
pipe between two of the rings, well toward the
upper part, and inject slowly.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS; PNEU-
MONIA.—

Causes.—Exposure to sudden cold, or from getting chilled in
a cold rain, or from neglected cold in the head.

 

Symptoms.—Animal is dull and ceases to ruminate; no appe-
tite, but drinks greedily and its breathing is rapid and labored;
eye is clouded; teeth are ground together to be heard at some
distance; pulse at first is rapid and hard, but intermits, and at
last it becomes weak. When fever is at height flanks heave
violently; there is a hard, painful cough at first, which becomes
weaker and seems more painful in the last stages. If wool is
parted on the side and ear placed over the lung, a peculiar grat-
ing sound is heard.
550 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Put the animal in a warm, dry, but well-ventilated place,
and if recently shorn, cover with blankets, otherwise do not, but
avoid drafts. Give the following:

Sweet Spirits of Niter........6 cece ¥% ounce.

GIN e®. ......cccessceeeeesseeeeweeerseesueees I teaspoonful.
Fluid Extract Aconite Root........... 3 drops.

Fluid Extract Belladonna...... Ioto 20 “

WAter sssccwssescssarserwssvansenens entrances ¥% pint.

Repeat three times a day, being careful about
choking, and allow plenty of time in taking.
After three or four days replace the Aconite
with Fluid Extract Digitalis, 5 to 8 drops.

When better, if very weax, give the following stimulant:

 

Repeat three times a day until sheep is well.

Mashes, water often, but in small quantities, and good care,
count for much in the treatment.

SHEDDING TEETH.— While shedding teeth, when from
one to two years old, there may be a cap of the grinders sticking
cn the new tooth, causing trouble in eating.

Symptoms.—Animal does not thrive; seems willing to eat and
takes food, but throws it out again; sometimes will be noticed
working the tongue around in the mouth.

TREATMENT .—
Examine the mouth, and if there is a cap it will project more

than the teeth adjoining. Remove with pincers, and animal
will soon be in better condition.

FOREIGN SUBSTANCES LODGED IN THE
TEETH.—

Causes.—Sometimes in eating, sticks or other foreign matter
get lodged in teeth.

Symptoms.—Acts peculiar and keeps the tongue working
around trying to dislodge the offending substance.
DISEASES OF SHEEP 551

TREATMENT .—

Catch and examine mouth, removing whatever is found,
either with fingers or pincers.

LOSS OF TEETH FROM AGE.—It sometimes happens
that an old ewe that has lost some of her teeth is with lamb, and
owing to the fact of having only two or three front teeth she gets
thin, and there is poor prospect of her wintering and of yeaning.

TREATMENT, —

Catch the animal and pull out the few front teeth so that her
gums may meet, and when healed she will be in condition to
carry through. ‘The few teeth interfered with her catching food,
and with these out of the way, the gums will meet to take in the
food for the grinders, which may be in fair condition.

CHOKING.—
Causes.—Generally from eating sliced roots.

Sympitoms.—Animal stops feeding; froths at the mouth;
coughs; works its tongue; eyes are blood-shot; sometimes bloating.

‘TREATMENT.—

Give a swallow or two of melted lard with 20 drops of Fluid
Extract of Belladonna, being very careful not to choke, and
manipulate the obstruction externally with the hand, to move i
up or down. If this plan fails use the probang, as described in
the CATTLE DEPARTMENT, using the utmost care and gentleness,
or the laceration may cause death, even though the obstruction be
removed. Ifa hollow probang is used, the Lard and Belladonna
may be poured through this directly onto the obstruction.

BLOATING, HOVEN, TYMPANITES.—A distension
of the paunch by gas, the product of fermentation.

Causes. —From being turned out to clover or other succulent
food when the stomach is empty; by eating frozen roots or grass;
by chill from a copious drink of cold water.

Symptoms.—Animal is uneasy, keeps getting up and down,
and acts distressed. On examination the left side will be found
552 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

to be bloated. If the wool over the paunch on left side be sepa-
rated and the puffed-up surface be tapped with the fingers, it will
give back a hollow, drum-like sound.

TREATMENT. —
In ordinary cases prolonged, but gentle driving will effect a
cure. The following is also recommended for quick treatment:

Epsom Salts......:ssscccsseccsesscsensseeeensees 4 ounces.
Sweet Spirits Niter...........0. ¥% ounce.
Hyposulphite of Soda rs
Ginger (a drachm equalsa teaspoonful) 1 drachm.
Water issicannsccsorseocsapannescosenenbsesaeeeacanee I pint.

 

Mix and give as one dose.
If not relieved in one-half hour give:

Turpentine .......cceccccescsseeeneeessseeeenceees 1g ounce.
Raw Linseed Oil... cesses enon I teacupful.

Mix and give as a drench.

If not relieved in one-half hour give as a drench:

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia.............. 2 teaspoonfuls.
Hyposulphite of Soda.............060 %4 to I ounce.
GINGEL sreveosnapiieimarsienersissesaaans oaeeies 1 drachm.

Repeat every two hours until relieved.

When animal is swelled almost to bursting and will not
move, it is better to open the paunch at once. At the most pro-
tuberant point of the distension, on the left side, half way
between last rib and hip bone, after having removed the wool,
plunge the trocar and canula forward and downward into the
paunch. The gas and some of the contents will pass out through
the canula when trocar is drawn, and if obstructed by solid mat-
ter, push away with a probe. When gas is out withdraw canula.
A flexible probang, or in default, a rattan or grape-vine with
knot on end, may be gently forced down the gullet and the gas
allowed to escape.

IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR PAUNCH.—

Causes.—From the animal getting food that it is not accus-
tomed to, such as grain; and eating an unusually full meal;
from a change of pasture, going from a lean to a very good one;
DISEASES OF SHEEP 553

eating a poor quality of peas, straw, or clover hay, especially if
musty or over ripe, is said to cause it.

Symptoms.—No appetite; looks dull; grates its teeth; does
not ruminate, and has a short, quick grunt in breathing, caused
by the food in stomach pressing on the lungs; walks about
stupidly; what passages there are, arehard anddry. By pressing
the hand on the left side over the stomach, it is found hard;
tapping on the spot gives a dull, heavy sound, showing presence
of a mass of food.

TREATMENT. —
Give the following to move the bowels:

4to 6 ounces,
evap anu sacadesanayagiean veawendveeredassaeeds I drachm.
: I oe
... % ounce,

Wiad a idalerens aw os bredacuitiw absbitined ad oasade Caledon I pint.
Give as a drench.

 
 
  

In eighteen hours, if it does not operate, give:

TUrpentine ......ccesesecercresssseesecceneenenens % ounce.
Raw Linseed Oil...........cecccseeeeeereenees ¥% pint.

Mix and give as a drench, and if no relief at
the end of twelve hours more, repeat the first
dose.

Also give three or four times a day:

Fluid Extract Nux Vomica,................ 20 drops,
Fluid Extract Jaborandi ...........cseeeeee 1 teaspoonful.
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia.............. 2 teaspoonfuls.

And if much pain, 20 drops Fluid Extract of
Belladonna, in % pint of water.

If much weakened give:

Whiskey ....cccsscsscssssrsssseseescceceeeerserers I ounce,
GUAGE. cas sccvesaaaosersnnscaezeactseetenersnie ss 1 teaspoonful.
Bicarbonate Soda .....cccesssccssssseeeneneers I o

Mix and give in % pint of gruel. Repeat
three times a day until well.

COLIC—STRETCHES.—
Causes.—Improper food; from drinking cold water.
554 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—The animal will be seen lying down and rising
every moment or two, and constantly stretches the fore and hind
legs so far apart that the belly almost touches the ground.
Sometimes when lying on the ground it will strike its feet up
against the belly. Appears to be in pain, and will not eat.

 

TREATMENT.—

The following is recommended in such cases:
Epsom Galt vice csccssaeenstetsiweddcnasssiaesecie ¥% ounce.
Jamaica Ginger 1 drachm.
Essence Peppermint. .......csesscesseseenees 60 drops.

Or:
Fluid Extract Jaborandi ......0...ccceeeee I teaspvonful.
Fluid Extract Nux Vomiica...........00+ 20 drops.
Fluid Extract Belladonna .............ce00 i5. “
Aromatic Spirits Ammonia..............00+ 2 teaspoonfuls.
Water iso snicwsassnisnvainasisigtietceaeeeessmreneeesy \% pint.

Repeat in one hour if necessary.

The salts alone may effect a cure, or an equivalent dose of
Linseed Oil may be given.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.—Not an
uncommon disease among young sheep.
Causes.—From chill from over exposure; eating foul pea

straw; from eating too much snow; or irritating food of any
kind.

Symptoms.- -'There is severe, continuous distress, causing the
animal to lie down, and then immediately get up again, only to
do the same over and over again; pawing with one foot and then
with another. The ears and extremities are cold, and pressure
on the belly causes the animal to moan as in pain. ‘Temperature
elevated, pulse hard and rapid. ‘There are no cessations as in
colic pains.

TREATMENT.—
Give the following drench:
Laudanittics saci secscssscssscvsscovoescavasoacoes ¥{ ounce,
Tincture Aconite ROOt........ccsccccssseseees 3 drops.
Fluid Extract Belladonna ...............06 ig

Raw Linseed Oil ..........ccecceceeeeeeeeeeeee \% pint.
DISEASES OF SHEEP 555

 

Turn the animal on its back and rubinon its belly where the
wool is short, 4 pound Mustard wet up with vinegar. Afterward
grease where it is blistered. If a ram, be careful to not get the
paste around the pointof thesheath. Repeat remedy every two
hours until relieved, but after first dose leave out the Linseed Oil.

STOMACH WORMS.—That sheep are troubled with
worms more than the ordinary grower imagines is beyond
question, but unless present in large quantities they do not affect
the animal enough to cause attention. Lambs under one year
old suffer most from this parasite.

Symptoms.—The affected animal becomes unthrifty, runs
down in flesh, does not grow, although the animal eats well;
gets weak, hard for it to follow the flock, and at last is apt to
have diarrhea.

It is necessary to hold a post mortem to determine this
disease for a certainty, and if these worms are present they will
be found in the fourth stomach. They are small, only about 34
of an inch in length, and of a reddish color, so may be over-
looked. If a number of animals in a flock are unthrifty it is
always best to destroy one and hold a post mortem to determine
which of these parasites are present, and treat the entire flock.
The sooner treatment is commenced the more successful it
will be.

TREATMENT. —

As a preventive use in the salt, when salting the sheep, a
mixture composed of equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sul-
phate of Copper. Add about 1 ounce of the mixture to the salt
required for each 40 sheep. A good worm drench that is simple
is the following:

Turpentine........seeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeceeees % ounce.
Linseed Oil............ Nee eeai ae eeetne 4 ounces,

Mix and give as one dose, after fasting the
animal eighteen hours.
556 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

The following is also effective:

GasOlin€ sos icsecsosmnioscaccbvesasiennse 1 tablespoonful.
INGW MAILE. fcssucesssunssuceccuevescess 4 ounces.

Mix and give after fasting animal eighteen
hours, and repeat each second day until three
doses have been given.

From 2 to 4-ounce doses of a 1 per cent. solution of Coal-
Tar Creosote is also good. A 1 per cent. solution is: Coal-Tar
Creosote, I ounce; water, 3 quarts.

Sheep affected with this parasite should receive grain, and it
is good to give with this a mixture of equal parts of Sulphate of
Iron and Sulphate of Copper. The dose of the mixture is one
ounce for each 30 to 4o sheep; dissolve in a pint of water and
mix evenly with bran or oats. Give once or twice a day as case
requires. Give two weeks, withholda week, and give again. This
may be used in connection with the foregoing. It is good to use
occasionally with the flock as a preventive.

TAPEWORMS.—The tapeworm is more common among
sheep than-stock owners are generally aware, and their presence
may not be suspected unless accidentally found, or the sheep fall
off in condition, and the worm found by post mortem. It is
most common among young sheep but may affect the older ones.
The exact source from which sheep get tapeworm is not known.
They are found in the small intestines.

Symptoms.—Animal falls off in condition and the eyes have a
peculiar, dull, look; has a good appetite but does not thrive;
may be thrown into convulsions and die in a short time. When
these conditions are present, watch the droppings for the presence
of tapeworms, and if flat joints 14 inch long come away, the
trouble is probably found. The post mortem is important here,
the same as in the preceding disease.

TREATMENT.—

Shut the affected sheep by themselves, where they can be
watched, and let them fast eighteen hours. Then give each
affected sheep the following drench:

Oil Male Pertijcccistadsevenenxovevesss I teaspoonful.
Areca Nut Powder.. 2 teaspoonfuls.
TULPENtiNS sais yiessvesser essen cesaeecs 1 teaspoonful,
Raw Linseed Oil, or New Milk... 4 ounces,

Shake while giving.

 
DISEASES OF SHEEP 557

Feed lightly and watch results. Should therc be no action,
repeat in two or three days after another eighteen-hour fast.
Give lambs % the above dose,

NODULAR DISEASE.—This is another internal parasitic
disease of sheep and lambs. It is characterized by the presence
in the walls of the intestines of small nodules varying in size
from a small to a large pea. When cut open the nodules are
found to contain a greenish, cheesy pus. The nodules are caused
by an immature worm. After remaining in the nodule for a
time, they return into the intestine and develop into a mature
worm about 3{ of an inch long. When the nodules are few in
number they cause no harm; but when present in large numbers
they cause serious inflammation of the intestinal wall and inter-
fere with digestion.

Symptoms.—The outward symptoms will be the same as
with stomach worms; it takes the post mortem to distinguish
between them.

TREATMENT.—

The treatment is less satisfactory than with the others. The
same as recommended for stomach worms may be used; also use
the same preventive measures.

Sheep should not be kept on low pastures, or on the same
pasture continuously—or year after year, but change pasture as
often as possible during the summer, and upon different fields
from year to year. Wean the lambs early, and place them on a
pasture where the old sheep have not been kept.

DIARRHEA.—Diarrhea or scours ordinarily manifests
itself by the amount and watery condition of the discharges.

Causes.—Are generally due to improper food, as bad hay or
noxious weeds; or to a sudden change from dry food to green; to
overfeeding, or to cold, wet weather; also to internal parasites.

Symptoms.—In simple form the thin, watery discharge is
about the only prominent feature. The appetite is usually good,
though it may be poor; there is no apparent fever, and the gen-
eral conditions remain unchanged.
558 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

When light and not long-continued, no remedy is called for,
and confinement to dry food for a day or two often cures. With
lambs in the fall it is more serious. If severe, and if mucus is
present in the feces, give a mildcathartic, as, Rhubarb % drachm;
or 1 ounce Linseed Oil; or % ounce Epsom Salts. Then give an
astringent, as 15 to 30 grains Sulphate of Iron, and in most cases
this will be enough. If not give:

Prepared Chalk...........::::ese:eeeeeeeee ¥ ounce.
Laudanutti......cccccccsecceseceeeeenee 3to 4 teaspoonfuls.
Tepid Milk.....cccccccseseeeceeeeeeesesenee . % pint.

Mix and give twice a day for two or three
days, which in ordinary cases will suffice.

Or, in more serious cases prepare the following:

   

Castor Ollie. civssosscievseseseccesevencotenses 46 teacupful.
Laudanuti ........cccsssecconsseeeeens ... % ounce.
Gin SEP. vcstadeccovesessnceecacowoerestsetiee 1 drachm.
Bicarbonate Of Soda....scseessseeeeereee r
Tepid Water......cccccsescccrsesesssseesnees ¥ teacupful.

Mix and giveasa drench. Repeat, omitting
the Castor Oil, every three hours until relieved.
In very bad cases, add to the drench % ounce
Tincture of Catechu.

DYSENTERY.—

Causes.—This is caused by an inflammation of the mucous
or inner coat of the intestines, causing an abnormal increase in
the secretions and a morbid change in character. It is frequently
a sequence to diarrhea and arises from the same cause.

Symptoms.—There is fever; appetite is variable, but generally
none; the discharges are thin and watery, but adhesive from
presence of mucus. As disease advances the feces are tinged
with blood and the odor is very offensive. Unless relieved the
animal wastes away.

TREATMENT.—

Use the last preparation recommended for diarrhea, and
alternate with it a teaspoon nearly half full of Sulphate of Iron
(copperas) dissolved in 1% pint of water.
DISEASES OF SHEEP 559

Give teaspoonful doses of Blood Flour, or

Corrosive Sublimate.......ceccseseeeeeeee 4 grains,
Waters scnivsiecsdescssisisnrnvenncensins % pint.

Dose ¥% to 1 teaspoonful every three or four
hours.

This last is very poisonous, and due care must be taken in
its use.

FLUKE DISEASE IN SHEEP; ROT, OR LIVER
FLUKE.—

Causes.—Small flat worms (Fasciola Hepatica and Distoneum
Lanceolatum) in the liver, called the ‘‘liver fluke,’’ are the cause
of this disease.

Symptoms.—There is tenderness and weakness about the
loins; dropsical swellings come under the jaws, on throat, chest
and belly; eyes are yellow as in jaundice, and if the skin be
rubbed back and forth, when taken up between the thumb and
fingers, it is soft and flabby, with a crackling sensation.

TREATMENT.—

If there is diarrhea, weak pulse and general stupor, remove
to a high, dry pasture, or to a dry, well-ventilated place. Prepare
and give the following:

Sulphate of Magnesia........ssesseeesee ¥% pound.
TUrpentine.......cesecccessessssceeneeeeeees 6 drachms.
Water... cece cesses ceeeeeeeeetereesoasseneees 1% pints.

Mix Magnesia with the Water and add the
Turpentine. Give one-third of the amount for
a dose every two days, shaking the bottle each
time.

Follow this with tonic:

Oatinieal scinsisavevasdsedsssevscoyeseswarten 40 pounds.
Powdered Gentian ....ccscecceeceeeeee 7
Salt ..cs casas cones teviscsvanssasmusenaceenienaes 4
Sulphate of Iron.....eeesseeeeeeeeee rt

Mix and give % pint to each sheep once
a day fora week. Wait three weeks and repeat.

High, dry pastures and salt marshes are destructive to the
fluke, while low, wet pastures favor the perpetuation of the
disease. ‘This disease is uncommon, except in a very few sections
of this country.
560 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

GRUBS IN THE HEAD.—What is known as ‘“‘grub”’
is the larvae of the oestrus ovis, or gad-fly of the sheep. The
young larvae is deposited by the fly about the nostrils, passes up
the nasal cavities into the sinuses just below the eyes. This
takes place in July, August and September. ‘The larvae remain
in the sinuses until the following spring, when they descend and
pass from the nostrils and enter the ground, change their form,
and in three or four weeks come forth as the adult fly. The
grubs cause but little irritation unless a number are present in
the sinuses, when their presence may be indicated by sneezing,
discharge from nose, dullness. When the flies are troubling the
sheep, their presence may be known by the action of the animals,
They will collect in clusters, with heads inward and noses thrust
toward the ground, and into it if any loose earth is available.

TREATMENT. —

Preventive treatment is probably the best treatment that is
available to the layman. Keep a portion of the field plowed—at
least a furrow—so that sheep may have access to loose soil.
Smear the noses once a day during the season with Tar and Fish
Oil, An old remedy to dislodge grubs is:

Scotch Snuff ......c:0ccceceseseesseennens % pound.
Boiling Water...........ccccsseeeeeseessees 2 quarts.

Stir and let cool. Inject a tablespoonful of
this liquid into each nostril, and repeat three or
four times from October to January.

An easy and fairly effectual way to get the tar onto the nose
is to bore a number of large auger holes in a log; put salt in the
bottom of the holes. After the sheep get to going to the log for
salt, put Tar and Fish Oil around the holes, and it will get onto
their noses.

SCAB.—

Cause.—Scab is a cutaneous disease, analogous to mange in
horses and itchin man. It is produced by a microscopic insect
that burrows just beneath the cuticle, producing much irritation,
and causing the exudation of a watery fluid, which in drying
forms the scab that brings away the wool in larger or smaller
patches.
DISEASES OF SHEEP 561

Symptoms.—Sheep suffering from scab are exceedingly rest-
less; rub themselves constantly against trees, stones, fences, etc.;
will bite its fleece and scratch with its hoofs; the fleece becomes
ragged and drops off. It is very contagious.

‘TREATMENT.—
A very cheap and effective remedy is:
CreOlint.. ssernvesevesvenesessas.casseossans ones 2 teaspoonfuls.
PRAIA Wate Psciacc.sivenciesucpentessasaceeeaces I pint.

Shake well and go all over the body of the
animal with a brush. Repeat every second
day until the disease stops and the wool begins
to grow.

Or the following, which is in great repute in Australia:

Tobacco Leaves......ccccseceseeeeseneees Io pounds.
Sulphur... ccssecasecdonceranscacnsaeenascasene Io ‘*
WA ter eisessica coeate seas arengsageeseasevsuvess 60 gallons.

Boil the Tobacco in the water and add the
Sulphur while water is hot. Dip the sheep in
liquor as hot as can be borne for five minutes.

Lime and Sulphur Dip for Scab.—Take 8 to 11 pounds
unslaked Lime, place in mortar box, kettle or pail, adding
enough water to form a paste. Sift into this 3 times its
weight of Sulphur (24 or 33 pounds) and stir mixture well.
Weigh both; don’t guess or measure. Now place in a boiler or
kettle with 25 to 30 gallons boiling water, and boil at least two
hours, stirring well together. Pour all into a tub or vat that is
provided with a bung-hole about 4 inches from bottom, and allow
ample time to settle. Draw off the clear liquid and add enough
water to make 100 gallons. As a precaution draw off through
bagging, so there will be no sediment in clear liquid. The sedi-
ment may be used for disinfecting purposes, but under no circum-
stances should it be used for dipping.

Use the smaller amounts of ingredients in fresh cases and the
larger inseverecases. Dipsheepat a temperature of 100 to 110 F.,
keeping them in two minutes by the watch, ducking the head at
least once. Rams are more apt to be overcome in the dip than
ewes. Be careful about pregnant ewes, as injury may result.
Repeat dip in ten days.—/rvom U. S. Bulletin.

36
562 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

The various coal-tar dipping products which are on the
market are fairly effectual. All dips should be repeated in ten
days.

Affected sheep should be separated from the healthy and
stables thoroughly cleaned and treated with the dipping fluids.

WOOL FALLING FROM SHEEP.—

Causes.—Feeding too much hot food, as pea or wheat meal,
and keeping in too warm quarters.

Symptoms.—In spring, wool becomes loose and falls off in
patches; sheep will rub some, but shows little signs of irritation.

TREATMENT.—

Is largely in changed conditions. Put in cooler quarters and
change the food to roots, such as mangels and grains of a lighter
character, to cool the blood. In severe cases give the following
powder once a day for a while in doses of one teaspoonful to each
sheep: Saltpeter, Sulphur and ground Gentian Root, equal parts
of each by weight. Mix and give as directed.

TICKS.—The sheep tick is a winged insect, but has no
wings developed. Are large, live on the surface and suck blood.
They may be plainly seen by dividing the wool, or, at the time of
shearing, at which time they will go to the lambs.

TREATMENT .—

The tobacco remedy in ‘‘Scab’’ may be used, or put 2 table-
spoonfuls Creolin in a pint of water, and go over the animal with
a brush. The Coal-Tar dipping preparations are very effectual
here, dipping the sheep the same as in scab. One treatment is
generally sufficient, but sometimes requires a second in about two
weeks.

MAGGOTS FROM BLOW FLIES.—Maggots are more
common than they should be, both in neglected wounds and
from the accumulation of filth about the thighs.
DISEASES OF SHEEP 563

 

TREATMENT. —

Cleanse parts thoroughly and touch wounds with the
following lotion:

Creosote sis wees saiiescoeeancaevversaeansaaveses I part.
Alcohol ss censecssisercerarssiastesesincevinres 4 parts.
Mix, Then bathe daily with Tincture of
Myrrh.
Or, remove all maggots and dress wounds with following:
Acetate of Lead... ececeeconeeners I ounce,
Sulphate Zince...:+.0..-.sessseesseascscne seas Bm
Carbolic Acid wisceesssiesicscee set eenes eden dos
Waterss casa vessieeeisacsccten's caseon canes I pint.

Shake and apply freely.

Keep sheep well tagged by shearing from under the tail, and
thence diagonally down the thighs

FOOT ROT.—
Causes.—A contagious disease caused by a micro-organism.

Symptoms.—Skin at the top of the clefts of the hoofs and over
the heels, which normally is smooth, dry and pale, becomes red,
moist, warm, and rough, as though chafed. Next, there is a
discharge, and ulcers form extending down to the upper portion
of the inner wall of the hoof. The walls become disorganized,
and the disease penetrates between the fleshy sole and the bottom
of the hoof, an offensive, purulent matter is thrown out, and
the whole foot becomes a mass of corruption. Animal early
becomes lame, and at length dies from exhaustion.

TREATMENT.—

Separate the affected sheep and put them in a dry, well-
littered yard, or dry, short pasture. Cut away all diseased parts,
cleaning knife from time to time in a solution of Carbolic Acid.
Prepare a tank, and fill it to the depth of four inches with a
saturated solution (all that will dissolve) of Blue Vitriol (Sulphate
of Copper). Keep this as hot as can be borne by putting in
from time to time a piece of hot iron. Let each sheep stand in
this ten minutes. Then cover the hoof with Chloride of Lime
and fill the cleft with a fillet of tow, long enough to twist and
564 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

tie ends about fetlock, Examine daily and renew lime if
necessary. It is necessary sometimes to apply a caustic to the
worst spots; Muriatic Acid is good for this; it can be used full
strength, or diluted with one or two parts of water, as conditions
require. It must be applied carefully with a swab. The disease
is frequeatly hard to overcome, and will reappear from time to
time. Feed good nourishing food, and if a tonic is needed give
the following powder once a day, as circumstances dictate:

Common Salt........cccceeseeeeeeee ree 2 drachms,

Sulphate of Iron... Biceees ¥% drachm.

Nitrate of Potashu.......cssessseeeeees % as
Mix.

FOUL IN THE FOOT.—This is not an uncommon diffi-
culty, especially with sheep driven on the road or pastured on
low, marshy pastures.

Symptoms.—Much like previous disease, only not so severe.
TREATMENT.—

If inflammation is severe, poultice with Linseed poultice,
changing twice a day. Apply the Sulphate of Copper solution, or:

Acetate of Lead........ccssceesceeeveeeeenens I ounce,
Sil phate Of Zi Cscscecevsdensccaeesncsean tess 6 drachms.
Car bolic Actas vies svc ciscscudgeavacyewan'davess ¥% ounce.
"Water saimaet: calicdsesencmsdaneieanaanedeseats T pint

Shake and apply freely after washing,

The Muriatic Acid may need to be used in bad cases, as in
‘‘Foot Rot.’’

SWOLLEN FOOT;—DISEASEOF THE BIPLEX
CANAL.—

Causes.—From the introduction of foreign bodies, or from
other reasons.

Symptoms.—The issue or biplex canal in the front and upper
part of the hoof becomes inflamed; there is redness and enlarge-
ment around the pastern, particularly about the orifice of the
canal, and the toes are thrown wide apart.
DISEASES OF SHEEP 565

 

TREATMENT. —

Examine to see if there is any substance lodged therein; if
so, remove. If simply swollen and inflamed, treat as for ‘‘Foul;”’
if pus has formed, open and let it out. Wash out with:

Carbolic Acids... :ccsseesnsaieiss seensesssees ¥% ounce,
Weatersccscerassessssidtveccssendansiacpervenneess I pint.

And inject a little of the Tincture of Iodine. Continue poulticing
and dressing each day. If it refuses to improve, use the Muriatic
Acid in addition to the other treatment, and also the Lead and
Zinc lotion, or the Copper solution.

FRACTURES.-—If there be no wound of the soft parts,
the bone being simply broken, the treatment is not difficult, and
in case of a valuable animal would pay trouble and care. Apply
a piece of wet leather, taking care to ease the limb when swelling
intervenes; or, after setting the bones, apply a long bandage
saturated with starch, the same as for the laundry, but in taking
out draw through the fingers to squeeze out a good portion to
allow it to dry quicker; then wind it around the broken leg
moderately tight, being sure to have the bones set straight; then
have some one hold the animal and keep the leg in shape till the
bandage hardens, and after this let remain for a month or more.
Examine leg, and if it gets too tight or becomes sore, cut off and
put on anew one. Remove when sheep is well Keep the sheep
in a small enclosure by itself, where it will be disturbed as little
as possible.

SPRAINS, STRAINS AND BRUISES.—

‘TREATMENT.—

Treat precisely as advised in Horse DEPARTMENT. Insimple
cases hot fomentations and the subsequent application of Camphor
or other good liniment is the rule generally followed. For a
sprain, to immerse the limb in water as hot as can be borne for
half an hour at a time, and repeated several times a day, will
usually effect a quick cure.

INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES.—
Causes.—A kick, or a bunt from some other animal.
566 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—The scrotum is swollen and tender; ram walks
stiffly; does not eat much, and lies down most of the time to
relieve the pain caused by standing.

TREATMENT.—

Separate the ram from the flock and put him in a quiet place.
Apply hot poultices—half meal and half bran. Change every 3
hours, and each time before a new one is applied, bathe the part
with hot vinegar, or with the Lead and Zinc lotion recommended
for Foul in the Foot. Witch Hazel extract is also good to bathe
with. Also give the animal the following drench:

Epsom SaltSiscissscovseusessssesvccazwens 4 ounces.

Fluid Extract Belladonna.............. 30 drops.
Saltpeter...... hing he Phedignbedaeaaemuban ssn 1 small teaspoonful.
Water occrscscsssnarccvsensi caisnveccasaivsnvesse ¥y pint.

Repeat three timesa day, omitting the Salts after
the first dose.

Wash the scrotum with Carbolic Acid solution:

In case the bag festers, lance when ready and let the matter
come away, and wash out with Carbolic Acid water. Continue
poulticing until all the matter is drawn out and the ram is better,
but after the inflammation is well reduced, poultice only about
one-half the time.

CASTRATING RAMS.—Throw the ram and have him
held firmly; take a sharp knife and make an incision lengthwise
of the scrotum, on what would be the rear surface when ram is
standing, near the bottom so that no pocket will form. Cut the
hole large enough so that the testicle will slip out easily, and
when out the place where the covering is attached to the testicle
will be seen. Cut this attachment with the knife, pull the
testicle up 3 or 4 inches and tie a pretty strong string around
the cord, tying it tight enough to stop the blood, leaving the ends
of the string 4 or 5 inches long so they will hang out of the
incision, and not heal up in the scrotum. They will come away
after a few days without assistance. As soon as this is done, cut
DISEASES OF SHEEP 567

the cord off 14 inch below the string; then operate on the other
testicle in the same manner. Pour into the wound a little of the
Carbolic Acid solution:

Carbolic Acid...........csccesesseeeereeeeees % ounce.
WALEE. caicccccecdonennancanniecosssaeencneoaes I pint.

Have a dish of Carbolic solution to put the knife in before
using and when not using it during operation; also for string.

If there is swelling, open the incisions and flush out daily
with the Carbolic solution. Do not allow the animal to get wet.

CASTRATING LAMBS.— Lambs should be castrated
at from 2 to 10 days of age. An assistant should hold the
lamb, turning him on his back, holding rump between his
knees with head toward himself, taking the fore and hind legs
in each hand with fore legs outside of hind, and holding
them firmly just above the knee joints. Take hold the pouch
and pull gently so to get as much as possible of it, and then with
a sharp knife and a single stroke, or better, with a pair of strong
shears, take off the pouch close to the testicle. Then take firm
hold of each testicle, separately, between thumb and finger and
pull it out with all the cord that adheres to it, or pull out a ways
and cut cord of. Perform in the morning so that lambs can go
about, and this will in great measure prevent any disposition to
swelling, which would be the case if allowed to lie around for a
time afterward. Use the Carbolic Acid solution the same as with
the ram.

DOCKING.—Docking, like castration, should be performed
when lambs are a few days old. Perform with a single stroke of
a sharp knife and in the evening, being careful to sever the tail
at a joint, the assistant drawing the skin of the tail to the body
so that the end will cover the stub. Then allow the flock to lie
down and keep quiet so that they may lose the least possible
amount of blood. By morning the wound will have dried sufi-
ciently that there will be little danger of bleeding. Never exert
after docking. If much bleeding ensues apply a little Monsel’s
solution, or touch lightly with a hot iron.
568 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

LAMBING.—The ewe goes with young from 145 to 162
days, generally stated as five months. Ewes are usually coupled
in the month of November in the north, but this is varied some-
what by circumstance and purpose. A good way to tell whether
a ewe has been served is to shake dry paint on the ram’s breast,
and when he has served the ewe the paint will be on her back.

After about the third month in young ewes and fourth in old
ones, the udder will begin to enlarge, and will continue to grow
larger until a few days before she drops the lamb. The predispos-
ing signs are, when the ewe stretches herself frequently; separating
herself from the rest; showing restlessness by not remaining in
any one place long; lying down and then getting up again; paw-
ing ground with the foot; bleating as if in quest of a lamb, and
appearing fond of the lambs of other ewes. Very soon after these
symptoms is the immediate one of the expulsion of the water bag.
When this is observed the ewe should be watched, for labor pains
may be expected to come on at once. When these are felt by
her the ewe presses or forces with earnestness, changing from
one position to another as if desiring relief.

TROUBLES MET WITH IN LAMBING.—The ewe
does not often require assistance. Her labors will sometimes be
protracted, and her moaning evince the extent of pain. Insome
cases will even go about several hours, and resume her grazing
with the fore feet and nose of lamb protruding. If left alone,
however, nature will generally relieve her. The objection to
interfering, except in necessity, is that the ewe is frightened
when caught, and her efforts to expel the lamb cease.

Sometimes wrong presentations are made, and the attendant
should be ready with Carbolized Lard, clean hand, oiled and
warmed in warm water to render assistance, inserting his hand,
pushing back, and changing as case requires. Sometimes the
lamb comes with feet out but head turned back, in which case
the head must be brought forward after pushing lamb back; then
draw on head and legs and it will come right. If coming with
only head and neck out and front legs turned back, push lamb
back into womb, straighten the legs, drawing gently on them and
the head. If coming with only head and one front leg out, push
DISEASES OF SHEEP 569

back into womb and straighten the other front leg; bring front
legs and head gently forward. Sometimes there are twins, anda
leg of each will come forward; in which case in straightening, be
sure the two legs of one of the lambs are straightened out before
assisting presentation, or injury may result. A case of breech
presentation may occur, where the ewe will labor and nothing is
accomplished—the tail and rump only are felt in passage, and the
hind legs are turned forward along the lamb’s body. Push lamb
back into womb and hook a finger around one of the hind legs
and bring it backward toward you until straight out in passage;
then do the same with the other; then draw out backward. Don’t
try to turn a lamb. Be gentle and careful not to injure womb.
In case of trouble from neck of womb remaining closed give;

Fluid Extract Belladonna.............. 15 drops.
Tepid Water .........cccccccceseeceecnerseeee ¥% pint.

Repeating every two hours until the neck re-
laxes, and smear mouth of womb with a little
Belladonna in Lard.

If a lamb is dropped at night and gets chilled, put it ina
warm bath, dry thoroughly after, and give it a few spoonfuls of
milk, diluted a little and sweetened, with a speck of Red Pepper
in it.

THE CLEANING, OR PLACENTA, NOT COMING
AWAY.—The cleaning, or placenta, generally drops from the
ewe in the course of a very short time—sometimes in a few
minutes—after lambing. In case it does not, give the ewe a
warm drink, and leave her alone; then if it does not come away
after a time, give a drench as follows:

Epsom Salts.....cccccsccceses cesessseens 4 ounces,
Sweet Spirits of Niter.......,...-265 YY ounce.
Fluid Extract Belladonna.............. 15 drops,

Mix and give in a pint of tepid water.
The protruding mass may be gently pulled upon.

EVERSION OF THE WOMB, OR LAMB BED
TURNED OUT.—It sometimes happens that by reason of
violent after-pains, the womb is forced right out through the
vagina, and is turned inside out.
570 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

As soon as this is known, if there is any cleaning attached
to the button-like processes, remove, then bathe with cold water,
having placed the womb on a sheet to keep it clean, When
thoroughly cleaned, pour over it a solution of Carbolic Acid:

1 teaspoonful.
I pint.

 

Have the hind part of the ewe elevated, and, having the
hands well oiled, start returning by beginning at the vulva and
keep working until all is in the passage; then push it back into
normal position. Put three good, deep stitches in the vulva, to
prevent eversion again, but leave sufficient space for animal to
make water. Leave stitches in for from four days to a week.

In case straining is severe and continues, give internally:

TLavidaniiitiiicesccsecscasessessacedeaesseerert
Fluid Extract Belladonna....

 

Give 4 ounces Epsom Salts as a laxative; feed very lightly.
Do not let lamb suck if he butts.

Also give:
Fluid Extract Aconite......cccecee 3 drops.
Fluid Extract Belladonna............ 20. «(
Salt peter. cicceescasccsccaeas swieecernectens ¥% teaspoonful.
Wate ressisscsosssescerns scene cdssecrivesiceees ¥% pint.
Mix and give three times a day for four or
five days.

INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER (GARGET.)—
This is an inflammation of the udder, somtimes known as ‘‘caked
bag,’’ with or without general inflammation.

Causes-—Generally from too great an accumulation of milk
prior to lambing, but may be in consequence of the death of the
lamb, or from a cold.

TREATMENT.—

Draw the milk from the udder so that the hungry lamb will
butt and work at it an unusual time in pursuit of food, and bathe
it a few times with hot water. This will usually suffice. If the
lamb is dead, the milk should be drawn a few times at increasing
intervals, bathing the udder for some time with hot water after
each milking. In severe cases the udder should be anointed with:

Strong Spirits Camphor.............0.. 3 parts.
Trpentine: ....cessareaeiesrasessntyecdesonee I part.
DISEASES OF SHEEP 37!

 

Witch Hazel is good or Camphorated Oil. Give 4 ounces
Epsom Salts, also 14 teaspoonful Saltpeter two or three times a
day.

Should there be suppuration, the affected part should be
opened and washed out with a Carbolic Acid solution.

DISEASES OF YOUNG LAMBS

WEAKNESS.—

Causes.—Sometimes where the ewe is not properly fed and
taken care of; or where there are twins; or from coming ona
cold night and getting a chill, the lambs are weak and unable to
stand.

TREATMENT.—

If from a chill, put it in a warm bath, dry thoroughly after-
ward by warmth and rubbing; then give in a tablespoonful of the
ewe’s milk, a teaspoonful of Whiskey and repeat every hour until
strong enough to take the teat.

CONSTIPATION.—

Causes.—From being fed with cow’s milk, especially when
not diluted with water and sweetened, and from causes unknown.

Symptoms. —The lamb is dull, and there is some distension of
the sides; there is straining to move the bowels, but no passage.

TREATMENT.—

Very young lambs are subject to a disease that is sometimes
called ‘‘pinning,’’ the first passages being so adhesive and tenacious
-in their nature that the orifice to the anus is closed and subse-
quent evacuations prevented. In such cases remove the adhering
matter, rubbing with a little dry clay to prevent further trouble.
If from food or other causes, give Linseed Oil in teaspoon to
tablespoonful doses two or three times a day until bowels are
in condition. Epsom Salts in % to 1 drachm doses may also be
given. Injections of soapy, lukewarm water may also be given
in % teacupful quantities one or more times a day.
572 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

DIARRHEA IN LAMBS.—

Causes.—From milk not agreeing, or from a chill.

‘TREATMENT. —

Put a teaspoonful of Whiskey and one of Castor Oil in a
tablespoonful of the ewe’s milk and give it from a small spoon,
being careful in administration. In four hours if not better, give
5 drops Laudanum in a teaspoonful of Whiskey, together with a
tablespoonful of the mother’s milk. Repeat every four hours until
relieved. Keep lamb warm and comfortable, and see that the
ewe is kept milked out, to prevent garget. See also ‘‘Diarrhea”’
in other part of this department, which may be adapted to con-
ditions. Part of a teaspoonful of Blood Flour in a little water is
good. Part of a teaspoonful of cooking soda is also good.

Note.—Sheep may be affected with other diseases not men-
tioned here but described in the Horse or CATTLE DEPARTMENT.
In such cases they would be treated the same as there, except
that the doses of medicine would be about 1-6 that for cattle and
1-3 that for horse,
SWINE
DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

WAYS OF GIVING MEDICINE TO SWINEW—A
common way is to put a noose on the upper jaw and draw up the
head. Use horn or bottle in giving liquids. Sometimes the
struggles do harm, and care must be used to not strangle by
pouring too fast—take time. Another way which has high
recommendation is: Pull the cheek away from the teeth so as to
form a pouch, and pour the medicine into this slowly; the animal
will quit squealing when he finds out what it is, and will begin to
swallow. Put the hog in a chute where he cannot turn around,
and give him a shoe which has a hole in the toe to biteon. The
medicine is poured in the shoe and taken while le is biting on it;
or a short piece of hose with a funnel attached to one end. Still
another plan is to take a board 8% inches wide by 10 to 12 inches
long, which includes handle cut down at one end. About 3
inches from one end cut a notch 134 inches deep and 3 inches
wide. Opposite the middle and on the other edge, cut another
notch an inch square; then cut away for ahandle. Let one hold
while another drenches; catch by ears and set back on hind-
quarters, place the board in mouth with small notch down, pour
from a strong bottle, in the front of mouth, on the end of the
tongue. Vary size of board to animal.

Medicine in the form of small powders, pills, or paste, may
be placed well back on the root of the tongue.

DISINFECTION AND DISINFECTANTS.—The dis-
infection of places where animals having malignant or contagious
diseases have been kept should be rigorously carried out. Every
part should be stopped tight, and Sulphur and Wood Tar, in the
proportion of 1 of Sulphur to 2 quarts of Tar, mixed with tow,
should be burned and allowed to smoke thoroughly until the
building is thick with the smoke. Places where sick animals

573
574 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

are should be fumigated two or three times a week, but not so
much as to set sick animals to coughing. All parts of the build-
ing should be wet with Carbolic solution, either by sprinkling or
washing, using in proportion of roo parts of soft water to 3 parts
of Carbolic Acid. Discharges should be treated with Chloride of
Zinc, using in the proportion of 1 ounce of Chloride of Zinc to 1
to 2 gallons of water. Chloralum is a disinfectant that is not
poisonous and has no odor. It is made by dissolving 3 pounds
Chloride of Aluminum in 2 gallons of water. A cheap and pow-
erful disinfectant that is non-poisonous is made by dissolving 8
ounces Chloride of Zinc and 16 ounces of Sulphate of Iron in one
gallon of water. Addr pint of this liquid to 1 gallon of water,
Another cheap and very powerful disinfectant is Corrosive Subli-
mate, one part to one-thousand parts of water, 1 drachm of Cor-
rosive Sublimate to 1 gallon of water. It corrodes metals and so
must be made and used from wooden vessels. It is poisonous
and must be used with due care.

HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE.—These
two diseases—which have caused such widespread devastation
among the swine all over the country—resemble each other very
closely both in their symptoms and in their effect on the bodies
of animals; so much so in most cases that an after-death examina-
tion by experts would be necessary to clearly distinguish them.
The difficulty of distinguishing between the two diseases is of no
great consequence from a practical standpoint, as in either case
they must be combatted by measures to prevent exposure, or to
destroy them when introduced, and sick animals must be treated
by remedies that will reduce fever, stop multiplication of germs,
and assist the affected organs in resuming their normal functions.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of the serious diseases of swine
are not so characteristic as in larger animals. Animals often die
before sickness has been observed, or after a few hour’s illness.
Such cases are most frequent at the first appearance of the
diseases, but in many cases the progress of disease is slower and
ample opportunities are allowed for studying the symptoms.
There are first seen signs of fever, shivering, unwillingness to
move, more or less loss of appetite, elevation of temperature
DISEASES OF SWINE 575

 

which may reach 105 to 106 F.; the animals appear stupid and
dull, and have a tendency to hide in the litter or bedding or to
remain covered by it. ‘The bowels may be normal or constipated
at first, but later there is generally liquid and fetid diarrhea,
abundant and exhausting, that persists tothe end. Theeyes are
at first congested and watery, but soon the secretion thickens, be-
comes yellowish, accumulates in the angles and gums the lids to-
gether. ‘The breathing is more rapid than usual and may be op-
pressed and labored in the later stages. ‘There is a cough, which
however is not very frequent and is generally heard when the
animals are driven from their bed; it may be single and it may
be paroxysmal. The skin is often congested and red over the
abdomen, inner surface of the limbs, under surface of the neck,
and on the ears. ‘The color varies from a pinkish red to dark
red or purple. An eruption is sometimes seen, which leaves
crusts or scabs of various sizes over the skin. There is rapid
loss of flesh; the animal grows weak; stands with an arched back
and the abdomen drawn up, and walks with a tottering, uncer-
tain gait; there is less and less inclination or ability to move, and
the weakness and exhaustion increases until death results.

The symptoms of swine plague in many instances are
not noticeably different from those of hog cholera. Frequently
the lungs are extensively inflamed in swine plague, and in that
condition the breathing is more labored and the cough more
frequent and painful.

The course of these diseases varies from one or two days to
two or three weeks.

TREATMENT.—

When the hogs are first found to be infected with either hog
cholera or swine plague, the lots or pens where they have been
confined should be disinfected by dusting plentifully with dry,
air-slaked lime or by sprinkling with a 5 per cent. solution of
crude Carbolic Acid. ‘The animals should be moved into new
quarters. If possible, the sick and well should be separated and
put into different lots. They should be put into dry, clean places
where there is no mud, and above all, no stagnant water. Keep
well disinfected by the use of air-slaked Lime or Carbolic Acid.
576 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Give:
Wood Charcoal.....csscseccsseeeeseeeeeeeeeees 1 pound
SuIphur.......cccceecceseeceeeeseeceeeeseeeeeeeee bp
Sodium Chloride..........cceseeeceeeeeeeeeeee 2 pounds
Sodium Bicarbonate.............0006+ 2 as

  

Sodium Hyposulphate... pies

Sodium Sulphate ............ccceseeecee seers I pound,

Antimony Sulphide(Black Antimony) 1 ‘“
Pulverize and mix thoroughly.

In case there is profuse diarrhea the Sodium
Sulphate may be omitted.

Dose: 1 large tablespoonful for each 200
pounds weight to be treated, oncea day.

Hogs affected with these diseases should be fed at least
once a day with soft feed, such as bran and middlings, middlings
and corn meal, or ground, soft oats and corn, or ground oats
and corn, or crushed wheat with hot water, and then stir-
ring in proper amount of medicine. If unable to eat, drench
by pulling the cheek away from the teeth so as to form a pouch,
into which the remedy may be slowly poured. It will flow into
the mouth, and when the hog finds what it is, it will stop squealing.
Apparently this remedy has been more efficacious in cholera
than in plague. ‘The best of care must be given in addition to
this in order to secure the best results. As a preventive, put the
remedy into the feed of the herd and see that each one gets his
share.

Notes.—Both hog cholera and swine plague are caused by
bacteria, the hog cholera germs being slightly larger and more
elongated than those of swine plague. They are provided with
long thread-like appendages, which enable them to move rapidly
through liquids, while bacteria of the swine plague have no
such organs, and are unable to move except as carried by the
liquid in which they float. The germs of cholera gain entrance
through food and drink and the air as well, while those of the
plague gain entrance through the lungs. Cholera germs are
hardy and vigorous, living and multiplying for a long time in
water or soil, while those of the plague are delicate and easily
destroyed.
DISEASES OF SWINE 577

When several animals are affected with the symptoms in the
neighborhood, we may decide that one or both diseases are pres-
ent. If button-like ulcers are found on the intestines, the disease
is no doubt cholera, though in acute cases they will not be pres-
ent. Ifthere be inflammation of the lungs, and particularly if
cheese-like masses be found in the substance of these organs, the
disease is probably swine plague. Small blood spotsin the tissues
or scattered over the internal organs indicates hog cholera, while
inflammation of the serous membranes—the membranes lining the
closed cavities of the body—indicates swine plague. In hog
cholera there are hemorrhages in the tissues, in the lymphatic
glands, and in the various organs of the body; ulceration of the
large intestines, collapse of the lung tissue, and less frequently
broncho-pneumonia. In swine plague there is inflammation of
the lungs, numerous small necrotic points in these organs, or a
few larger cheesy masses; inflammation of the serous membranes
with fibrinous deposits; congestion of the mucous membrane of
the intestines, or inflammation of the same with fibrinous deposits.

In times of plague or cholera remember that non-intercourse
is the safest rule. A particle of dirt carried on a shoe, by a dog
or other animal, or on the wheel of a wagon, will be sufficient to
start an outbreak.

When there is reason to fear an outbreak, hogs should be
shut in a small enclosure, kept as dry as possible—for it is certain
that if filth is not the cause, it will greatly facilitate it—and dis-
infect at least once a week as directed. Three to 15 drops of
Carbolic Acid, according to age, in the drinking water will tend to
prevent infection. Also keep hogs thrifty and vigorous by using
the prescription recommended for Chronic Indigestion.

Measures of Prevention.— Promptly destroy and bury
deep all animals that are known to be sick of the plague,
and disinfect the premises, or if impracticable, remove other
animals to high dry ground—if fresh plowed so much the better.
Give clean food and freshly drawn well water, and as a preven-
tive give in the drinking water three times a day 10 drops Carbolic
Acid for every 150 pounds live weight; or instead, 1 teaspoonful
Hyposulphite of Soda for every 100 pounds live weight till danger

37
578 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

is past. Separate healthy, sick and suspects, and treat accord-
ing to class, allowing no communication in any way between the
lots. If one person attends all, he should attend the well ones
first in every case. Buckets used for the sick should not be used
for the well. Dogs may carry contagion from one pen to another.
The lot in which the healthy hogs are placed should never be on
ground capable of taking drainage from the others, and contami-
nation by running streams must be scrupulously looked after in
such times. Operations such as ringing, cutting ears and tails,
spaying, castrating and the like should be delayed till epidemic
is past, but if necessary, dress the wound daily with an effective
disinfectant, as a solution of Carbolic Acid.—From U.S, Bulletin.

COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS; PNEUMONIA;
LUNG FEVER.—

Symptoms.—Breathing is rapid and labored; there is shiver-
ing of body and limbs, more or less severe cough, no appetite,
elevation of temperature.

TREATMENT. —

Put the animal in a quiet, comfortable and well-ventilated
place, free from drafts. Put a preparation of Mustard and water
on the chest and side and give the following:

Fluid Extract Aconite....... eee 16 drops.
Fluid Extract Belladonna............... 1 teaspoonful.
NAIEPELEE, jais vis si cesanccadiessateecieeescaues 2 drachins.
AICONO) viscicapoanswatuaattes seuieaesewaseets 1% ounces,
Water to make... 6i.cssressesneseenssdesies 14g pint.

Give one ounce of the solution four or five
times a day.

Give nourishing food such as the hog will eat and keep it
covered with a blanket, and this with good nursing will probably
effect a cure.
DISEASES OF SWINE 579

QUINSY, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TON-
SILS.—This is a common and often fatal disease if prompt re-
lief is not given.

Symptoms.—Hog has difficulty in swallowing; there is slav-
ering and the tongue sticks out; there is swelling and soreness
under the lower jaw and neck.

TREATMENT.—

Apply to the swelling cloths wrung out in hot water, chang-
ing them frequently to reduce the inflammation. As soon as pos-
sible use the following:

Sulphate Magnesia........ccccceeesees 4 ounces.
Oil of Turpentine............ccceceeeeee 2 drachms,
Soap Suds.......ccccsscccceceeeeeeesseees \% pint.

Mix and inject into the rectum with a
syringe.

If the animal eats give, mixed in a little gruel:
Turpentine...........eceeeeeeerere 2 teaspoonfuls.
Lard Oil.......ccscccceessesresneeeees 4 tablespoonfuls.

If he does not eat, swab the tonsils often with the mixture by
means of a swab fastened on a small rod. Following is also good:

Fluid Extract Belladonna............ I teaspoonful.
Chlorate of Potash............:sssseseees I “
Camphor......csseceececssceceseeeeeererers I is
Galtpeter........-::sscsseeseeseereeceeeeeees 2 teaspoonfuls.

Mix into paste with molasses and flour and
place p, as a dose on back of tongue with a
small paddle, three or four times a day.

SORE THROAT.—Common among pigs, but may occur
at any age.

Causes. —Generally from catching cold, changing pens, or
getting wet.

Symptoms.—There is sneezing and coughing; water will run
through the nose when drinking; throat will be swollen and sore
to press upon; much like quinsy only no external swelling.
It is liable to extend through the litter from common cause
580 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Have good dry quarters, with ample bedding. Feed soft,
warm food, with a large tablespoonful Sulphur for each six pigs,
twice a day. When they will not eat, take 2 ounces each of Sul-
phur and Saltpeter, powder and mix, and throw a half teaspoon-
ful back on the tongue three timesa day. Rub stimulating liniment
on the throat: = good one is:

Soap Liniment.........cccsssseceseceeeeees 4 ounces,
Aqua AMMONIA.........ccccceecesceeee ees 2 “
Turpentine waceiecsscasewedereasmencns tances 2 s

In severe cases use the hot cloths externally and the paste on
the tongue as in Quinsy.

APOPLEXY, OR CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN
(STAGGERS; BLIND STAGGERS).—

Cause.—Is usually filthy, ill-ventilated and poorly-drained
quarters, with liberal feeding. Disease is most common among
over-fat animals.

Symptoms.—Animal will be stupid; stands in a corner with
ears lopped over; will not eat. As disease advances, becomes
partly or wholly blind, going in a circle and striking against
objects; the ears, nose and about the head becomes purple, and
at last it falls unconscious. Sometimes there is an effusion on
the brain, without other symptoms being especially marked;
the animal falls suddenly, limbs stiffen, froths at the mouth, and
breathing is hard, with a snorting sound. Comes on sometimes
when commencing to eat.

TREATMENT.—

Give plenty of air; let cold water fall from a height on the
head, or apply pounded ice in a cloth sack to the head. Prepare
and give the injection as in ‘‘Quinsy’’ to move the bowels.
Where not convenient to give injection, the following is recom-
mended: For a pig 3 months old, 1 tablespoonful Epsom Salts;
for one from 3 to 6 months old, 2 tablespoonfuls Epsom Salts,
and for from 6 to 12 months old, 3 to 4 tablespoonfuls Epsom

Salts; add according to age to Salts:

Sweet Spirits of Niter............ Ito 2 tablespoonfuls.

GUA GET sis sists raves sasmsaacessaenntngses see I teaspoonful.
Dissolve in a half teacup of lukewarm water

and pour down the pig after it becomes con-

scious.
DISEASES OF SWINE 58h

 

Feed sparingly for a few days, give exercise and clean quar-
ters, and give in feed the powder recommended for Indigestion.

COLDS.—
Symptoms.—Those commonly attendant on catching cold.

TREATMENT.—

Keep animal warm and quiet; feed well with food easy to
digest; rub Vinegar and Mustard on the chest. Should disease
not yield readily to treatment, give the solution recommended for
Pneumonia.

SNUFFLES.—This is a common disease that usually gives
way with warmth, good care and light, digestible food. Some-
times it assumes a chronic form, as nasal gleet. In such cases
the animal had better be killed at once and buried. Give solu-
tion recommended for Pneumonia. Cause pig to inhale steam.

CHOKING.—This sometimes occurs by the animal trying
to swallow something hard and too large for the throat.

Symptoms.—Animal coughs and saliva runs from its mouth.
When it tries to eat or drink, the food or water will run back out
of its mouth.

TREATMENT.—

Pour down a tablespoonful or two of melted lard with ro
drops Belladonna, and then if you can feel the obstruction in the
neck passage, try and work it around so that it will go down.
If in the back part of the mouth, open with a stick and remove
obstruction with another stick or a pair of pincers. If these
means do not succeed, use the probang as in cattle, pushing the
obstruction down into the stomach. First tie a rope around the
upper jaw and have the head held up; then place gag across the
mouth, using as for cattle, but use a smaller probang.

ACUTE INDIGESTION.—

Causes.—Usually from a change of food. A pig that is
poorly fed, gets into a field of peas or grain and overfeeds; or it
may occur from too sudden a change in shutting up a pig to fatten.
582 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.~- Animal refuses to eat; seems bloated; very uneasy
and in pain. If from causes as enumerated, the trouble is pretty
sure to be indigestion.

TREATMENT.—
For a six months old pig to a yearling, give the following:
Epsom Salts..........sssseseeseeeeeeseeees 3 tablespoonfuls
Hyposulphite of Soda..............006 1 teaspoonful.
Gin Gers ss essicdetes si sensed enaiuarthebe ade 1 tablespoonful.
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia...... I es
Fluid Extract of Belladonna......... 10 drops,

Mix ina % pint of luke warm water and
pour it down the pig, Give every three or four
hours until animal is relieved.

Follow for a few days with powder recommended for
Chronic Indigestion. In giving drench do not pour down too fast
for fear of choking the animal. Dcath may result at any time
from rupture of the stomach.

STUNTED, OR CHRONIC INDIGESTION.—A com-
mon trouble with pigs that have been put to solid food too soon
after weaning; or poorly kept animals of any age. Is apt to
follow preceding disease. May be also caused by worms.

Symptoms.—Good appetite, but no corresponding results in
growth.

TREATMENT.—

If caused by worms, treat as under that heading. if the
trouble be from feeding, change back to simpler and more liquid
food, and let the change to heavy food be more gradual. Give
with the soft food:

Gentian scncsevsncrcorineceersaawassaisessieays 1g pound.
Bicarbonate of Soda.........cccssecsseeees wy
NGS VOnil64sccscs tase sicenseauas ncaa swsens we
ATSCNIC vcaeseseasgiesitescesssesedenes’s veeeaess 1 drachm.

Mix thoroughly. Dose: One tablespoonful
to each 6 to 12 pigs, according to age.
Give in feed two or three times a day until they begin to
thrive; also give twice a week a handful of hardwood ashes,
charcoal and salt, in their feed.
DISEASES OF SWINE 583

 

CONSTIPATION.—This is liable to affect swine of any
age, but more often those of the stunted class.

Causes.—In old hogs from having too much food, and being
penned up too closely. In young pigs from indigestion and
worms,

TREATMENT. —
For young pigs give the following:
Epsom Salts......ccccccssccseessessennee 2 teaspoonfuls.
Ginger .......ccccceeeeeeeeeseeeeeneeeeeeees ¥% teaspoonful.
Bicarbonate of Soda............:seseeee X¥ ss

Dissolve ina % cup of lukewarm water; give
every day until the bowels get in good condi-
tion.

For yearlings the amount can be doubled, and proportionately
more for older and larger hogs. Modify amount and repetition
according to condition. From 1 to 4 ounces of raw Linseed Oil
or Castor Oil may also be given. In bad cases give the following:

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, I tea-
salsa s Seed sas Ce saa waiudaieved spoonful to 1 tablespoonful.
Fluid Extract Nux Vomica...... 5 to ro drops.

Water isis csssivisaseresscceensssseneecstessece ¥% teacupful.
Mix and give, repeating dose three times a
day.
DIARRHEA.—

Causes.—Sudden change in kind of food; eating something
frozen; excitement from being chased; or, in case of sucking pigs,
from food or some disability in the sow.

Symptoms.—Watery discharges; no appetite, but great thirst.

TREATMENT.—
In the case of sucking pigs, give the sow:
I teacupful.
I teaspoonful.

 

Gin ger..iccccccceceeceseeeeteereeeeseeeetsenees I sf
Taudanunts....ccccescccsscceeseneeeeeees Ito 2 teaspoonfuls.
Takewarm Water......csccceereeeeseseeeere I quart.

Mix and give. Repeat three times a day.
Also give the pigs a few teaspoonfuls of the same three times
a day. If this does not control, give each pig a little Blood Flour
in a little water.
584 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

In ordinary cases—not sucking pigs—change food and give:

Et] OLE swceues careaniieiesdaas sieves seweveaseademants I teacupful.
Bicarbonate of Soda..........:ccerecseoeeee I teaspoonful,
Gill SER, eweer sie sgisste.dednes xeceomeeesunnioys 2 teaspoonfuls.
Taudanum .......ccscccceeesecssseeeeseneaeeee 1 teaspoonful,
Water ccisteueceaccspis ciisessanmecontadacciuce I quart.

Mix and give as a drink three times a day.

Also give a teaspoonful of Blood Flour in a little water to
each pig three times a day. Have a mixture of charcoal, hard-
wood ashes and salt where the animals can get at it.

TURNING OUT OF THE RECTUM OR BACK
BOWEL.—

Causes.—Generally caused in young swine by getting too
much dry food. The bowels become costive, and while straining
to pass manure the bowel is turned out. Or where pigs rise on
their hind feet in the pen when fed; by being caught while trying
to jump some low fence the same results follow.

Symptoms —The back bowel bulges out in size from a half
hen’s egg to double or more that dimension.

TREATMENT.—

Syringe the protruding part with lukewarm water, with 1
ounce Alum or Copperas in each quart. Thoroughly clean, then
oil the bulging part with:

Melted Lard.........cccsecsssscccseseesereerees 2 parts.

TAUdaHUEs) 6c 2s2cccssoeessvecauocdcasbaeeras as I part.
And push it back to its normal place. Ifa small pig give it a
drench of:

FEipsom Salts..........sssssseeseeeeeecereeeserees 2 teaspoonfuls.

Tutkewarin Water..........ccseccsoecesenseeees ¥% teacupful.
And give:

Fluid Extract Nux Vomica........ 3 to 5 drops.

Castor Oil... eee saaeigs +465. I to 3 ounces,

Three times a day for a few days,

Fasten the pig so that it cannot get up on its hind feet.
Watch and oil and push back each time as soon asexpelled. In
case the bowel becomes blackened and will not remain in, let it
DISEASES OF SWINE 585

alone and the piece of dead bowel will drop off of its own accord,

and the pig may be all right in a week or so, but keep the bowels
moving freely as directed.

WORMS .—Mostly seen in young swine.
Symptoms.—The animal eats plenty but does not thrive well;

sometimes small or very large worms may be seen in the manure
that passes.

TREATMENT.—

Give a handful of charcoal and hardwood ashes in the food
twice a week. Give twice a day to each 6 to 8 pigs; one tea-
spoonful of Copperas in their food. The following is also good:

Turpentine ssscssccessvescscnsaesiaveeseaveness ¥ teaspoonful.
Raw Linseed Oil............ceeeeeeeeee eens 2 ounces.
Dix.
For Tapeworms, add to the oil and Turpentine:
Oil Male Fern.............:0cccseeee 15 to 30 drops.
Areca Nut Powder..........cceceeeesee nese I teaspoonful

These are rarely present however.

FITS IN YOUNG PIGS FROM WORMS.—

Cause.—As stated in title.

Symptoms.—At first pig will probably be noticed as not
thriving. After a time it has fits. The legs begin jerking, the
head and neck bend back, and it champs its teeth, and after a
time, falls over as if dead. Ina short time it gets up and seems
well for a time, and then another fit ensues, until finally if not
relieved it dies.

TREATMENT.—
For a pig two months old, mix and pour down the following

drench:

Turpentine ...ccccccscerercessecreeessereerereans ¥% teaspoonful.
Raw Linseed Oil.....ccseescoseresesesceees ¥y teacupful.

Repeat once a day until bowels move and pig is relieved,
after which feed once a day powder as recommended in treatment
of ‘Stunted Pigs,’’ and once a day Copperas as recommended

for Worms.
586 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

MANGE, OR SCAB.—Is the product of a parasite (Sar-
copetes suis) and should not be tolerated any more than the itch
on mankind.

Symptoms.—Itching, with a scurvy condition of the skin
TREATMENT.—

Give at once and thereafter, once a day for two weeks, the
following:

SuULPHUs ., cassescoscasscensescaseadaa radon rns ¥% ounce.
Nitrate of Potash......... cece eee ee eee eee I drachm,

Mix and give as one dose in the food.

Wash the animals with same preparation as recommended
for Scab in sheep; especially the Coal Tar products. Remove to
clean quarters, with new bedding. Burn old bedding and white-
wash with Quicklime, slaked with water in which Carbolic Acid
has been added in the proportion of:

Carbolic: Acid. .icviscissesccsesnscesecseeses 3 parts.
WaAlet ssiascevassseveawerorssosas seaeasencveness Ioo =‘

Paint the floor cracks and all surfaces outside and in. Do
the job well.

LICE.—Swine that are infested with lice will not do well;
and there should be nc reason for their having them.

TREATMENT.—

Put 2 teaspoonfuls Creolin in a pint of water, and with this
solution go over the pig carefully with a brush, rubbing it well
over him. Make a second application in about one week, and the
cure is usually complete. Clean pen thoroughly and sprinkle
Lime on the floor. Give them new and clean bedding. Wash
pigs with some of the Coal Tar products or with Kerosene
Emulsion:

Kerosene: Oils cigicssssacsseeesspesseaecvenvas I gallon.
Soft: Water. .cssevsesssvessceeesnvsnvasneeoarnes ro
Hard Soa pwsescissesosscwsaccesseaasecsacenveeie % pound.

Cut the Soap into shavings and dissolve in the water by
boiling; remove from the stove and add the oil while the suds is
hot, and churn with a force pump until a thickish white cream is
formed; then add about 12 gallons more of soft water and
thoroughly mix, and the Emulsion is ready for use. Apply warm.
DISEASES OF SWINE 587

 

FOUNDER, OR SORE FEET.—This is not an un-
common trouble in pigs that are fattening, when shut up in close
quarters, with hard floors. Driving on hard roads, or giving a
feed of wheat when not used to it, will also cause the trouble.

Symptoms.—The actions of the animal in trying to favor
his front feet are obvious indications of this complaint; front
feet kept out in front of him.

TREATMENT. —

If in summer, turn the affected animals out where they can
have access to the soft ground. Pour water in the place where
they lie every day, as the wet ground will be healing to the feet.
Prepare the following:

Sulphur...c.cccccccsssessccereereesescneeanaes ¥% pound
Saltpeter.............ccssseeesseeeeeneeeeeeees %y «

Mix and give 1 teaspoonful to each, twice a
day in soft or liquid food.

In winter keep in dry, warm place, and keep bowels active
with Epsom Salts, and give Saltpeter as above; feed light, sloppy
food. In bad cases poultice the sore feet, and the animal will
soon be well. ,

WOUNDS.—Wounds may arise from various sources—
the bite of a dog, or of other hogs; from a barbed wire fence, from
nails or from other causes.

TREATMENT.—

If serious, it may be best to sew it up, using needle and
thread as directed in Horsz DEPARTMENT; put in stitches about
3f of an inch apart; but first wash out with warm water and
apply freely Carbolic Acid lotion:

Carbolic ACIC......cccessccccscsrsceseeeeeees yy ounce.

And dress each day afterward with the same solution by inject-
ing it into the wound. If wound swells and looks red inject

daily with:

Acetate of Lead....ccccssscssseseseceeeeees I ounce.
Sulphate of Zinc... cesesceeseseeees ye
Carbolic ACI... ......cccceeeseeeeeseeeeeeees % *
588 THE PRACTICAL, STOCK DOCTOR

 

CASTRATION.—Pigs should be castrated at from two to
three weeks old; never delay longer than the age of four weeks,
since it requires about three weeks to recover from its effects
before being weaned.

In this operation with all animals use the Carbolic Acid
solution freely:

Have a dish of it, into which the knife and anything else to
be used during the operation are placed a few minutes before
commencing to operate, and when the knife is not being used
during the operation, place it back in the solution, and not down
on some dirty board. Before making the incision into the
scrotum, dash a little of the solution onto it and wash it off; and
after finishing the operation, just before letting the animal up,
dash a little of the solution into each wound. If there is any
undue swelling after a day or two, separate the edges of the
wound and syringe out freely with this solution. Repeat daily
if necessary.

The operation with young pigs is very simple. Let an assist-
ant hold the pig on its back, with its head and shoulders between
his knees and the legs spread apart. With a sharp knife cut
down into the scrotum, and onto the testicle; press it out from
the scrotum and cut the thin attachment holding the testicle ta
front of scrotum, and with a jerk break the cord; or the cord may
be cut with a dull pair of shears to prevent bleeding. Dash into
the wounds a little of the Carbolic solution. If there is swelling
the second day, inject with the Carbolic solution.

To castrate a boar, catch and turn him on ‘his back and tie
him securely. Place the right hand under the testicle and press
it up to what is the top of the scrotum as the hog lies on his
back; then take hold of the testicle with the left hand, and with
a sharp knife in the right, make an incision in the scrotum large
enough to allow the testicle to come out easily; commence the cut
at the upper part so that there will be no pocket after hog is up
As soon as testicle is out, separate the covering from the testicle,
where it is attached on the front side, by cutting the thin attach-
ment. Pull the testicle and cord out three or four inches and tie
DISEASES OF SWINE 589

 

a strong cord tightly around the cord to prevent bleeding; leave
the ends of the string four or five inches long so they will hang
out of the cut. If catgut string is used ends need not be left
long. As soon as the cord is tied, cut the testicle off half inch
below where it is tied, and proceed in same manner with other.

In case of ruptured pigs or boars—which will be known by
the enlarged scrotum, from the bowels coming out into it, and
which can be recognized by the fact that on pressure they will go
back to place, and immediately return when pressure is removed.
Ruptured pigs should be castrated when young. If an old boar,
starve him for twenty-four hours to empty the bowels, and they
will go back to place easier. Have help enough to hold the hind
end of the pig well up while you press the bowels back, and they
will stay there while operating. Proceed as in other cases, except
in making the incision be careful and do not cut through the last
covering next to the testicle, but separate this from the outer
covering and press it out along with the testicle; draw them down
two or three inches and tie the string tightly around the cord and
covering, and then cut off both testicle and covering one inch
below the string. Asa safeguard against the bowel coming out,
in case the string slips off, the incision in the scrotum can be
-sewed up. After a couple of days, if the bowels do not come
down, cut out the stitches and syringe out the wound with the
Carbolic Acid solution. If ruptured on one side only, remove
the other testicle first. Ifa small pig, let him run with others;
if a large one, keep him in a quiet place, and feed him very
lightly for a few days.

PARALYSIS.—Sometimes a pig will become paralysed in
its rear limbs, being unable to use these members.

Causes. —Sometimes obscure, at other times perhaps due to a
blow or other injury to the back.

Symptoms.—The animal has lost all use of the rear limbs,
and when it moves drags the rear parts. These parts have also
lost their feeling to'a very great extent. In other respects
animal may appear quite normal.
590 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

Rather unsatisfactory; feed on laxative food and give three
times a day in the feed 5 to 10 drops of Fluid Extract of Nux
Vomica. Apply to the loins once a day with liberal rubbing a
good liniment, as:

Strong Aqua Ammonia................. 2 ounces,
Turpentine.......cccccseeseceeceeerreesees 2 “
Raw Linseed Oil............sesecsseseeees 4 oe

RHEUMATISM.—Pigs sometimes seem to be affected
with this trouble. While the exact cause is not known, animals
kept in dark, damp quarters without opportunity for exercise are
most subject to disorder.

Symptoms.—These vary somewhat; the animal may be dull,
partially off feed, and when it moves does so as if sore and stiff
all over; in a more severe case, animal may refuse to get up, and
cries with pain when forced to move; limbs may be swelled.

TREATMENT.—

Place in a warm, dry place, well littered, and feed sloppy
food. For medium sized animal give 3 ounces of Epsom Salts.
Also the following:

Sweet Spirits of Niter...........cceeees 1% ounces,
Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed...... % drachm.
Fluid Extract Belladonna............. I

Water csicesaseasses ca ggeseeesce deers accaasess 8 ounces.

Dose: 1% ounce four times a day.

Also give 1% drachm of Salicylic Acid in a little milk three
or four times a day. Keep covered with woolen blankets.
Bottles of hot water placed around the animal under the blanket
would be good.

BLACK TEETH IN YOUNG PIGS.—These are small,
black teeth that are found in the mouth of young, new born pigs,
and which continue to grow for some time after; but after a time
they may drop out of theirown accord. Sometimes, however,
they grow in such a manner as to cut the tongue or cheek, and
unless attended to cause the pig considerable annoyance.
DISEASES OF SWINE 591

 

TREATMENT.—

When a pig is not thriving, examine his mouth to see that
he is not suffering from laceration caused by such teeth, and if
so, pull at once. If no laceration look elsewhere for cause of
unthriftiness.

FRACTURE OF A LEG.—

Causes.— May be from various sources. A kick; getting the
foot through a hole in the floor; being struck with a stone, and
the like.

TREATMENT.—

If itis a fat animal and about ready to kill, butcher it at
once. If a valuable animal and one you wish to keep, and the
bones do not come through the skin, it may be worth the trial of
saving. Take a long bandage of cotton, soak it in a thick
starch, as for starching clothes, draw it between the fingers, and
scrape with a knife to get out a portion of the starch so it will
dry quicker, then roll it up so it will be in shape to handle. Set
the broken bone in place and wind the bandage on moderately
tight. After it is on keep the leg and bandage straight until
the bandage hardens. Keep the animal quiet, feeding it so it
will not have to stir around. In three or four weeks, when the
leg is healed, remove bandage by cutting it off. If break is in
hip or where it cannot be set and bandaged, leave pig in quiet
place, and sometimes the broken bone will knit together. Read
article in Horse DEPARTMENT for fuller details.

FARROWING, OR PIGGING.— The average time of
gestation for sows is three months, three weeks and three days.
There is, however, a variation of from twenty to thirty days.
Young and weak sows carry their young a shorter time than
older and stronger ones. In about a month and a half the sow
begins to get large, and continues doing so until farrowing time.
When the time comes, see that there is abundant short material
for a bed, and in good warm quarters if in winter. Nothing
is more susceptible to cold than a newly born pig. A temperature
of not lower than 65 is necessary until properly dried off and the
592 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

teat is taken; then a temperature of not under 50—60 would be
better—is necessary for their doing well. Just before the time
approaches, the sow becomes uneasy and starts to make her bed.
If disturbed she makes a fuss and seems excited. When the bed
is made she seems sick and lies down; the labor pains come on;
she will strain and the water bag will appear and break. If all is
right she will soon be delivered of one; the front feet and head
should come first, but sometimes the hind feet come first. Ina
few minutes she will strain again and another will soon be deliv-
ered, and so on until the litter is complete. After this there is
usually no trouble, unless there is too much bedding and she
smothers or lies on the pigs. Sometimes in farrowing a pig will
come crooked and get lodged in the passage, in which case the
sow must be assisted. The pig may be coming head first with the
front feet turned back, or coming breech first with the legs turned
in under it, and in examination all you can feel is the tail and
rump. If the sow is large enough, oil with Carbolized Lard and
pass your hand into the passage; if the front legs are turned
back, shove it back into the womb; catch the legs with your
finger and bring them up even with the head, then pull legs and
it will come right. If coming backward and the hind legs are
turned under, shove the pig back into the womb and straighten
out the legs so that the hind feet will come first. In doing this
kind of work always have the hand well oiled and try and not
bruise the passage, for it will swell and make the work still
more difficult. If the pig is crowded well back in the passage-
way with the front feet bent back, it may be possible to extract
it without correcting the position by catching hold of the head
with a pair of pig forceps, or by slipping a looped string into the
mouth and slipping it down tight onto one of the jaws, or by
crowding the looped end beyond the head and twisting down
tight. A hooked wire may be used to advantage at times,
especially if the pig is dead. A pig should not be allowed to
block the passageway for any great length of time, as those un-
born are apt to die if the straining is kept up. Gentleness is
required in all this work, and everything used should be clean
and well oiled. Read discussion of subject in Horsg and CATTLE
DEPARTMENTS.
DISEASES OF SWINE 593

 

FEVER IN SOWS.— This disease is occasionally met
with in sows, from varying causes.

Symptoms.—When the pigs are farrowed and go to the teat
they can get no milk, and on examination it will be found that
the teats are soft instead of being full and hard, showing that no
milk is being secreted. The sow seems sick and is feverish;
takes but little or no notice of the little ones; will not eat, but is
very thirsty and will drink a great deal if where she can get it.

TREATMENT.—

To a good sized sow give 4 ounces of Epsom Salts. Also
give:

Sweet Spirits of Niter.............cee Y% ounce.
Fluid Extract of Belladonna..... 5 to 10 drops.
Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica...... .. Io fé
WAGER ccd cvess nn senna ad eaeeeenecnd ses tevmerteen 4 ounces.

Repeat four times a day.

Give soft feed, bathe milk glands three times a day with hot

water, rubbing dry after each bathing and rubbing freely with:
Spirits of Camphor.......cccceseseeeeeeees 3 parts.
Turpentine... cccccccessssenseceeres I part.

Wipe off any excess of liniment so it will not irritate the pig’s
mouth. Keep the pigs sucking to encourage a flow of milk.
Feed the pigs milk from a new milch cow, reducing the milk
one-third with water and sweetening it with sugar. Feed with
a spoon or let them suck from a bottle. By keeping up treatment,
not forgetting to keep pigs at the teat as much as possible for a
few days, the sow will probably come round to normal condition.

INFLAMMATION OF THE MILK GLANDS IN A
sow.—

Causes.—Catching cold; losing part of the litter, and not
having enough pigs to keep the milk glands properly drained
out, for which reason they get so full of milk as to swell, become
sore and inflamed.

Symptoms.—Sow is dull, feverish, may refuse to eat; when
pigs suck it causes pain, and they do not get much milk; milk
glands are found on examination to be swollen, hard and tender

to touch.
38
594 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—
Give the sow 4 ounces of Epsom Salts. Also give the fol-
lowing:

Saltpetets igsarvedinkosdccsssocdisegenesty 3 drachms,
Fluid Extract Belladonna........... i drachm.
Watetisccissenene aleinaleite aiawieretistea bases 8 ounces,

Dose: 1 ounce of the solution three times a
day.
Bathe the glands for an hour three times a day with hot
water, rub dry after each bathing and apply with liberal rubbing
Camphorated Oil, or:

Spirits Camphor. .......ceeeeeeeeeee 3 ounces,

Witeh Hazel, 15.0 soscesessenestepueaieeis 3 os

Turpentine s..c.seseezesonrrensegestsesssvis I ounce.

Fluid Extract Belladonna.............. rE
Shake.

If any abscesses form open and wash out with a Carbolic
Acid solution. In severe cases wean the pigs.

EVERSION OF THE WOMB, OR PIG BED
TURNED OUT.— This is sometimes a result of farrowing
where the sow lies in a place where her hind quarters are lower
than the front; the womb works back in the passage, causing her
pain; she strains and forces the womb inside out.

Symptoms.—Are obvious. ‘The womb, or pig bed, which is
turned out behind, is larger than a man’s head, and in a short
time becomes very red and swollen.

TREATMENT.—

As soon as seen, bathe the womb by pouring cold water over
it to reduce swelling, and cleanse it. Apply the water for fifteen
to thirty minutes, and then pour over it a little Carbolic Acid
solution—Carbolic Acid, 2 teaspoonfuls; water, 1 pint. Have a
couple of men raise the sow’s hind parts straight up while you
return the womb, beginning at the passage. Keep turning in
until all is in the passage. Now oil hand and wrist with Carbol-
ized Lard—Carbolic Acid, 1 teaspoonful; Melted Lard, 4 ounces—
and pass hand into passage, pushing the womb back into place.
DISEASES OF SWINE 595

 

As soon as done, sew up the vulva, or entrance to passage, put-
ting two or three deep stitches across it, just leaving opening
enough at the bottom for sow to urinate. Leave stitches in from
two to four days until she stops straining, then cut and pul
them out. If she keeps straining after womb is replaced, give as
a drench:

VpAUG ANU i. ceeee cen ce cnvacdeadnncevensiuets YY ounce.

Fluid Extract Belladonna............... to drops.

In a little water.

Repeat in two hours if not relieved, and continue to do so
once in three or four hours until straining stops, and apply to the
loins large cloths wrung out from hot water. Give the sow 3
ounces Epsom Salts and feed lightly upon sloppy food for four or
five days. Also give the following:

Sweet Spirits of Niter..........0.000 2 ounces.
Fluid Extract Belladonna.............. 1 drachm.
Fluid Extract Aconite.............0. 15 drops.
WALEL sisi canis ca sean coadnnacteasutan seacees 8 ounces,

Dose: 1 ounce three times a day.

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB.— This is an
inflamed condition of the womb which sometimes follows far-
rowing; it is apt to result where the womb has been everted; it
also results from rough and careless assistance at farrowing, or
from farrowing in a filthy, damp place; and again it occurs when
there seems to have been no cause.

Symptoms.—It comes on from one to five or six days after
farrowing; at first animal may appear to be doing nicely, but
later shows dullness, refuses feed, desires to lie down, gives little
or no milk, apt to show great thirst, may evince pain when flank
is pressed against, vulva is apt to be swelled with a discharge
from it; the animal has a fever, the temperature being from four
to six degrees above normal (normal temperature of pig about

102 degrees).

TREATMENT.—
Give the same treatment as recommended for the after-

treatment in throwing out of the womb, giving about five times a
day instead of three. The Laudanum and Belladonna given for
596 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the straining may of course be omitted. Apply blankets wrung
from hot water to the loins, changing frequently. Also well to
flush out the womb twice a day with the following:

Warm Water (temperature 115°)... 1 quart.
Carbolic ACI ...ccsccsssssseeeeseeeceeenees 1% teaspoonfuls.
AIIM... eeersneeees soneneeeseseaerescesenenes ¥% ounce.

To use take a piece of rubber tubing with funnel in one end,
oil the other end, insert gently into the vulva, elevate the funnel
and pour the solution into it. Watch for a little time to see that
any straining which may follow does not throw out the womb.
Give but little sloppy food if sow desires to eat; feed pigs as in
‘*Farrowing Fever.”’

THUMPS.—This is a disease which attacks small pigs
generally before weaning.

Causes.—The disease is a result of a spasmodic contraction of
the diaphragm, the exact cause of which is unknown. Seen most
often in overfat pigs, which do not have sufficient exercise.
Before the disease attacks them they are beautiful looking
little fellows.

Symptoms.—The animal is affected with a sort of hiccough,
which is more or less continuous; this causes a jerking of the
body, a sort of thumping, and hence the name. May also get a
heavy beating of the heart. ‘The little fellow refuses to eat, is
much depressed and unless relieved will die.

TREATMENT.—

Prevention is better than cure; with heavy, milking sows,
where the pigs are apt to become unduly fat, see to it that both
mother and pigs take a good amount of exercise; also keep
the bowels of mother active by use of laxative food. To pigs
which are affected with the disease, give from a teaspoonful to a
tablespoonful of Epsom Salts, and 1 to 3 tablespoonfuls of Castor
Oil. Also give the following:

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia... 2 teaspoonfuls.

Tincture Digitalis..............00000 ¥% teaspoonful.
Tardanumis. ss cccsssszcvesessewsse ren I ef
Tincture Belladonna................ I ce
Water cers imeausies ctrtnciesecianice. afiies 4 ounces.

Dose: Teaspoonful to small pig before wean-
ing; repeat every two to four hours.
DISEASES OF SWINE 597

 

If one pig of the litter shows trouble, give the remainder a
laxative and more exercise; and also give the mother 4 ounces
of Epsom Salts.

HOW TO RING A PIG.—There are many who do not
believe in the practice of ringing swine, except for stock that is
being fattened, or fed in the fields with that end in view, since it
prevents hogs from getting food in the natural way—by rooting.
Make a noose on the end of a small rope, slip it into the animal’s
mouth and draw it tight over the upper jaw, and have the rope
over a beam to draw the head up tight; have pincers and ring
ready, and while the hog pulls back, close the ring on its nose
so as to catch not over %{ of an inch on the gristle; this is done
by pressing on and closing pincers over the ring. See that rings
are not rusty, and put in from one to three rings, according to
age and size,

Note.—Swine are subject to many other disorders, the same
as other animals, and need the same treatment for these dis-
orders as described in the other departments, dosing according vo
size.
POULTRY

DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

APOPLEXY.—

Causes.—The cause of this disease is over-feeding and con-
finement in close quarters; with hens, perhaps the straining in
laying the egg.

Symptoms.—In mild cases the fowl may be moping for several
days, but usually the trouble is not noticed until it falls and dies
with hardly a struggle.

TREATMENT.—

There is generally no opportunity for treatment; in a mild
case the same treatment as for vertigo would be indicated. The
prevention lies in plenty of exercise and abstinence from over-
stimulating food and well ventilated quarters.

VERTIGO; CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN.—

Causes.—Usually caused by strong feeding and lack of room
for exercise; worms in the digestive tract; exposure to hot sun.

Symptoms.—The fowl runs in a circle with but little control
of its legs, or runs backward with head thrown up, and in some
cases falls; has convulsive movements and may die.

TREATMENT.—

As soon as noticed hold the head of the fowl under a stream
of cold water, which will soon give relief. About 10 grains
Jalap may be given after the water treatment, or a laxative in the
form of about %4 drachm of Epsom Salts or a tablespoonful of
Castor Oil. If due to worms, treat to remove these. Keepona
low diet and in a cool place.

CATARRH, OR COLD.—
Causes.—The causes are damp poultry houses, and roosting

in exposed situations or in drafts.

598
‘dadvi AULTACd

 

 
DISEASES OF POULTRY 590

7

Symptoms.—In simple catarrh or cold there will be swelling
of the eyelids, a watery or other discharge from the nostrils, and
the face may be more or less swollen at the sides, In very bad
cases the breathing may be interfered with and the fowls appear
dull.

TREATMENT.—

Remove to dry and better quarters. Give warm food liber-
ally dusted with pepper. In bad cases, wash mouth, nostrils and
eyes with an astringent wash, as:

Alum, or Boracic Acid..........ceeeeeeee % ounce
Water’. ceccceddsaawee natexeeeatevererasecdesvens I pint

Let the bird inhale steam from water into which has been
put a little Camphor and %% teaspoonful Fluid Extract Belladonna.

BRONCHITIS (Sometimes Called Croup).—

Causes.—Results when the effects of a cold extend into the
air passages of the lungs.

Symptoms.—There will be a cough, raising of the head to
breathe, a more or less offensive smell, dullness, and upon
listening to the breathing, a blowing or wheezing sound may be
heard at the base of the neck.

TREATMENT .—
Place in fairly warm, clean, light, well-ventilated quarters.
In severe cases mix and give:

Cal Oni el sieceecdsasuaes nes decgneraaniensiions seine I grain,
Tartar Emetic.......cccccsesscsseeeeeteeeeeee ym *
Let the fowls drink the following solution:
Chlorate of Potassium..........cccceeeees ¥Y ounce.
Soft Water ......ssecscsscsrersssseseeeeeeenes 2 quarts,

Steam the head as in Catarrh. Some recommend ro drops
of Turpentine in a teaspoonful of Castor Oil twicea day. Asa
prevention have proper care, cleanliness and good ventilation.

ROUP—CONTAGIOUS CATARRH.—
Causes.—Roup is a highly contagious disease, and one of the
principal ones that afflict poultry. While neglected colds, or cold,
600 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

damp conditions may predispose to it, the real cause is a micro-
organism—hence its contagious nature.

Symptoms.—Are at first like those of Catarrh of a severe type;
but it terminates in a thick, opaque and offensive discharge from
the nostrils. Froth appears at the inner corners of the eyes; the
lids swell and often eyes are entirely closed; sides of the face are
swollen, and bird rapidly loses strength, presents a very dejected
appearance, and if not relieved soon dies.

TREATMENT. —

The first thing to do is to separate all affected fowls from the
well ones. The separation must be complete, otherwise all will
contract the disease. Remove the healthy to new quarters, as
the quarters of the sick are infested with micro-organisms of
the disease. ‘The sick may be left where they are if quarters are
desirable.

With common fowls it may be as well to kill and burn as soon
as the true nature of the disease is determined, as time required
for treatment makes it expensive.

Have dry, warm quarters, free from drafts, and give soft and
stimulating food. Give as soon as possible, for a small fowl, 1
teaspoonful, or for a large fowl, 1 tablespoonful, Castor Cil.
Syringe out the nostrils with a small syringe inserted in the slit
of the roof of the mouth; also the eyes with:

BOracite -ACidisicaisie seaasisccdyigehvevsinades % ounce
Carbolic Acid ssccecsmassemncusseuseageree dss 1 teaspoonful,
Wateriiicssesseannnciavedas sec wennteutens I pint.

Three or four hours after giving oil, give the following:

Balsam Copabia............cccceeesseeeseees 4 ounce.
Licorice Powder...........scccsscsseeereeees Jae) oof
PUPCPLING '3i23 9244 og soesinsiewen ss sanladonsawsads ¥% drachm.

Mix and make into 30 doses, and give 1 two
or three times a day. Steam head as in
Catarrh.

If affected fowls continue to grow worse, kill and burn them.
Kerosene Oil is also recommended, injected into the nostrils, as
is Camphorated Sweet Oil; and also Sulphate of Copper, 1 to
DISEASES OF POULTRY 602

2 teaspoonfuls to a pint of water. All dishes used should be disin-
fected with a solution of Carbolic Acid or some equally good dis-
infecting fluid. The house where the sick fowls have been kept
must also be thoroughly disinfected and not used for other poul-
try foratime. (See ‘‘Disinfection’’ under Hoc DEPARTMENT.)

DIPHTHERIA.—This disease by some is considered the
same as Roup or Contagious Catarrh; by others it is considered
to be a different disease. It is a contagious disease and is intro-
duced and spread the same as other contagious disorders.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are very similar to those of Roup,
about the only difference being that in this disease there form on
the tongue, in the mouth, throat, and perhaps in the windpipe,
what are called false membranes, a grayish or yellow colored
layer. If removed the tissues underneath are left raw and bleed-
ing. For other symptoms see ‘‘Roup.”’

TREATMENT.—

The treatment is about the same as Roup, especially the
washing of the affected parts with Carbolic Acid, 2 teaspoonfuls;
Water, 1 pint. Paint the false membranes with Tincture of
Iodine. Glycerine is also good to apply to them.

As some cases are recorded where children seem to have con-
tracted this disease from poultry, keep them away from the
affected fowls. It is not, however, the same as the ordinary
diphtheria affecting people.

DIARRHEA.—

Causes. —Inadequate shelter; cold, wet weather; filth, or
from reaction after constipation caused by too little green food;
also accompanies various diseases.

Symptoms.—Are obvious.

TREATMENT.—

Remove the cause as far as possible, and feed on warm
barley meal liberally sprinkled with powdered chalk; and give
four times a day:

Spirits of Camphor......sseceresseeeees 3 drops.
Tavidantiti:....<sssisceieseneaxeccssvemssacsace 5
Tincture Catechu......cccscccccreeeresrers 5 Ss
602 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

In a pill of meal, or a little water. It is sometimes well to give a
teaspoonful of Castor Oil at first. Give from 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls
Copperas in each pint of drinking water. One drachm Subnitrate
of Bismuth in a little Linseed Meal gruel, divided into 30 doses,
is oftentimes valuable.

CHICKEN CHOLERA.—

Causes.—A contagious disease caused by a micro-organism,
predisposed by overcrowded, dirty quarters, unwholesome food
and the like.

Symptoms.—Fowl has a sleepy, droopy look; the feathers
roughen, wings droop, head drawn toward the body, giving the
fowl a ball-shaped form; is very thirsty and has slow gait; some-
times staggering and falls from weakness. Comb and wattles
lose their normal color, generally turning pale, though sometimes
dark. The crop fills with gas and mucus, and at the last food is
not digested. There is diarrhea with greenish, or sulphur-like
discharge; passages frequent; breathing heavy and fast, eyes
close, and after a few hours the fowl dies.

TREATMENT. —

First separate healthy from diseased and renovate the coops
thoroughly; saturating the roosts, floor and sides with a so-

lution of:
Carbolic- Acids: ssisissessaswessavevevecvacsd y% ounce.

While different remedies have been recommended from time to
time in the treatment of this disease, it is doubtful if any of them
has much value. Isolation and careful disinfection will have to
be relied on to check the spread of the disease. It is often best
to kill and burn the first affected. All the droppings about the
yard having the characteristic color of the disease should be
gathered and burned and the ground wet with the Carbolic Acid
solution. The following solution is sometimes used:

Carbolic Acid sisssiisceresenssssveasees 1 teaspoonful.
WER, siscessnssescgrawencesveensiensaannns I quart.

Give 1 teaspoonful of the solution three times
a day.
DISEASES OF POULTRY 603

 

A solution of Hyposulphite of Soda is also used; a tea-
spoonful three or four times a day of the solution made by
dissolving 1 to 2 ounces in a quart of water. One teaspoonful of
Copperas dissolved in % pint water, and a teaspoonful of the
solution given twice a day, may be of value.

As a preventive with the unaffected, keep them strong and
vigorous by the use of good feed and the following tonic:

Get tala open vis dscceewessee sien eee s sldeaauetssiies 2 ounces.
Cooking Soda.........cccecceeecceeeseeeeee gist

Nite Vomiiea icc secsaciecisanessecvaesceeses I ounce.
Charcoal........ cia lavi eee see ateaietew! 2 ounces.

Give a tablespoonful in the feed twice a day
for each 40 to 60 fowls.
Thorough and continuous disinfection, and the isolation of
the sick as soon as they show symptoms of sickness, must be the
principal reliance in fighting this disease.

PIP.—It is not a disease, but rather the result of one. A
scale or crust forms on the tip of the tongue, as the result of
inflammation of the mouth from various causes, perhaps breath-
ing through the mouth when nostrils are closed.

TREATMENT.—

Do not tear the scale off, but rather soften it and thus hasten
its coming off. If result of breathing through the mouth, remove
this cause. Moisten the tongue with a mixture of equal parts of
Glycerine and Witch Hazel. Syringe out mouth with the fol-
lowing:

Chlorate of Potash.........ccesseereeeeeees ¥% ounce.
WALL. crssecceccsenessecsssecstssaeceaereeneees I pint.

Or with Boracic Acid same strength. Give teaspoonful Castor
Oil and feed on soft food.

GAPES.—

Causes.—The cause is a parasitic worm, and occurs usually
in chickens from two to four months of age. The worms are
found in the windpipe attached to its lining. The female is
about one-half inch in length; the male only about one-half this
length; they are frequently attached to each other.
604 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Symptoms.—The affected birds are seen to gape frequently,
hence the name. In bad cases, become weak, wings droop, cough,
and if one of the affected is destroyed and windpipe opened and
examined, the worms may be seen.

TREATMENT.—

To cure the gapes strip a stiff feather almost to the tip,
dip this in Spirits of Turpentine, and insert it into the opening
to the windpipe at the base of the tongue; turn it around once
or twice and withdraw; be gentle in this or it may kill the chick.
Insert feather when entrance to windpipe opens in breathing.
Give warm, dry shelter, good, soft food well mixed with black
pepper, with skim milk to drink. A bit of Camphor the size of
a grain of wheat, daily, is recommended; also 5 grain doses of
Asafetida.

In the case of very young chicks, who suffer most, the only
remedial treatment that seems to be successful is rubbing the
neck from time to time with Lard or Vaseline, thoroughly mixed
with a little Turpentine (3 parts of the Lard or Vaseline to 1
part of Turpentine). This treatment should begin before the
disease makes its appearance. It will not help a chick in the last
stages of the disease. Pure Turpentine will very quickly kill a
chick when rubbed on the neck over the trachea.

All the healthy should be separated at once from the diseased
and put where the diseased have not been. Thoroughly disinfect
the houses, runs and coops of those affected (see under ‘‘Roup’’)
to destroy worms or eggs which may be in these places. The
birds become affected by taking the worms or eggs with their
food.

CROP-BOUND.—

Causes.—Usually irregular feeding. The hungry bird stuffs
his crop to such a degree that the whole when moistened becomes
a hard, compact mass. Sometimes a bone will serve as a nucleus
for other material to gather round.

Symptoms.—The bird is dull, refuses feed, appears drowsy,
and the crop is enlarged and hard.
DISEASES OF POULTRY 605

 

TREATMENT .—

Give a little Castor Oil, 1 teaspoonful. After giving the Oil
work the end of the crop nearest the throat and try and break up
the mass and work it back out of the mouth; hold the head down
as it is worked out. By a little patience and the occasional use
of Oil the mass can generally be removed; afterward feed lightly
on soft feed for a few days.

CANKER.—

Causes.— Unsanitary quarters and musty or unwholesome
food.

Symptoms.—Running sores on the head and in the mouth or
throat, accompanied with a watery discharge from the eyes.

TREATMENT.—
Wash head and swab out the mouth and throat with:
BOracie: AGIA: ssies seenscsccsieion ses ascdienss ¥% ounce.
WAtEL siecsesuersmienieeereteatanite aereeutes I pint.

And then apply a little burnt Alum. Feed on soft food.

RHEUMATISM.—

Causes.—Damp, unwholesome premises, and from chickens
running about in the dew or wet in early season. Cramp is pro-
duced by the same causes.

Symptoms.—Most apt to affect feet or joint above, swell and
and become painful; bird is lame, dislikes to stand and may re-
fuse to walk.

TREATMENT.—

Prevention is very important. Good, clean, dry quarters,
with plenty of nutritious food, varied as much as possible, is neces-
sary in the treatment. The affected bird may also be given a
606 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

laxative: Epsom Salts, 1%4 teaspoonful. Also give three times
a day a solution of:
Salicylie Acid iis stesciancccedteens ye> ceases 1 drachm,
WLC E atienc camden d ohaieeMiiatiansbesmein enue 3 ounces.
Dose: 1 teaspoonful.

Apply Spirits Camphor and Laudanum, equal parts, te the
swellings.

INFLAMMATION OF THE EGG PASSAGE.—The

disease is rare, but sometimes occurs.

Sympioms.—lf the inflammation is at the lower end of the
passage, the egg is without shell; if at the middle portion, the
membrane is misshapen or incomplete; if the whole passage is in-
flamed, the yolk is passed out without any covering; also get
misshapened eggs and eggs without yolk, or eggs with more or
less blood. The laying of soft shelled eggs is not an evidence of
inflammation; it may be from being driven about, or from lack
of lime material. In inflammation there will be fever, and the
feathers, over the back especially, will be ruffled, the hen moping
and at times trying to discharge contents of the passage.

TREATMENT.—
The following is good:

Calomel..........0. I grain.
Tartar Emetic Se
Give in a little Gelatine.
Or: Epsom Salts, % teaspoonful; give in a little water.
Keep the hen on nourishing but not stimulating food, and
give 1 teaspoonful of the following three times a day:

 

Cooking Soda......ccceececsscsessesseeeeeeeee I teaspoonful,
Tincture of Aconite........::ccccsceseeeeerees ro drops.
Tincture of Belladonna............0000. 20

WALEED ...sececsccrencsererssceseersecttaneconcorees 3 ounces,

If the fowl is not a valuable one, the best thing is to kill it.

LICE.— There are two varieties, one the common hen louse
and the ‘‘hen spider,’’ the latter being almost microscopic.
DISEASES OF POULTRY 607

TREATMENT.—

For the first, Scotch Snuff or the Flowers of Sulphur is said
to be efficacious, using it to sprinkle both the breeders and nests.
The little lice are best exterminated by fumigation and insecti-
cides. A good plan is to drive the fowls from the hen house,
and close it tight, then put a pound or more of Sulphur in a pot,
and set it on fire with coals, and keep it burning for severai
hours. Be careful about inhaling the fumes. Then open doors
and clean the place thoroughly, for no half way measures will
count. Putin plenty of hardwood ashes and coal dust for the
hens to roll in. Cover the floor and roosts and sprinkle into all
cracks road dust. This will kill the lice. After about a week
repeat the fumigation and the ashes and coal dust. Whitewash
everything in the hen house, and change the straw in the nests.
If your building cannot be closed tight enough to fumigate, then
clean and scrub every part of the building, and cover every
surface and fill every crack with whitewash, to which a little
Carbolic Acid, 3 ounces to a gallon, has been added. Wash the
perches, nests, etc., with a solution made by adding 1 pound of
Potash to a quart of water; or spray house thoroughly with
Kerosene Oil. Make an application of Flowers of Sulphur or
Pyrethrum Powder to the fowls themselves. The fowls them-
selves may be dipped in:

CHOON tics saiascocccsvnsesiesnsavse secon 24% ounces.
WALLED scids casuenenedsersicnetesinevisescd tens I gallon,

Or some of the Coal-Tar products may be used for dipping, as
Zenoleum or Kreso. In case of small chicks grease with pure
‘ard.

WORMS.—Poultry, like other animals, ure apt to be
affected with worms in the intestines, both the round worms and
tapeworms; especially is this true where they are kept upon the
same, and rather small, runs year after year.

Symptoms.—There is nothing very characteristic about the
symptoms; the birds appear dull, are poor, may have diarrhea;
but upon opening the intestines of one which had died or been
killed, the worm will be found.
608 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT.—

For the round worms Turpentine is good, 10 to 15 drops in
a teaspoonful of Castor Oil. Sulphate of Iron given in the feed
is good, % teaspoonful for 60 birds. Santonin, 1 drachm to each
20 fowls, is also good. For tapeworms:

Areca Nut, cis ccsveaaceiveinnaseciedvecarenes 20 grains,

Oil Male Fern.........cccccccccseeees 5 to 10 drops.
Turpentine. ...sccacndescace ciserecsensnnn ase ro |

Castor Oil ssiecsesisacedansssen eewsdevacseys 1 teaspoonful.

Give after keeping bird away from food
eighteen hours.

LEG WEAKNESS.—

Causes.—A disease of young fowls, and more generally of
young males. It sometimes arises from inbreeding, or breeding
the same strain of fowls too long. The larger breeds are most
subject to it; also improper feeding and too close confinement.

Symptoms.—The bird is unable to stand, and walks, if at all,
with great difficulty. Upon examination, legs are found to be
free from swellings or soreness.

TREATMENT .—

The remedy is a nourishing diet, with a due proportion of
insect or animal food. From 3 to 8 grains of Citrate of Iron may
be given daily as a tonic. A mixture composed of:

Sulphate Of Irot......sesssesesseesseeeceeees 2 ounces,

Phosphate of Lime... ceeeeeeceeeeee a «
May be used as a tonic. Give an amount as large as two peas on
the tongue twice a day, or mix in the feed. Give an opportunity
for exercise.

SCALY LEGS.—
Causes.—A contagious disease which is caused by a small
parasite that burrows under the skin.

TREATMENT.——

The most effective remedy is to dip the fowl’s legs up to the
feathers in Kerosene Oil. This is said by authority to be very
effective and not harsh. Or, clean the houses thoroughly and
DISEASES OF POULTRY 609

 

especially use Kerosene freely on the roosts, and also paint the
legs of the fowl with Kerosene Oil three times a week until the
scales drop off; then scrub the legs with soap and water and rub
every other day with Vaseline. This will cure the trouble if it is
not too bad.

The diseased should be separated from the healthy and the
house thoroughly treated, as recommended with ‘‘Lice.’’

Before applying treatment soak the legs in warm water and
remove all loose scales.

Dip or soak legs in Creolin Solution, as recommended in
treatment for ‘‘Lice.’’

BLACK HEAD; CONTAGIOUS INFLAMMATION
OF INTESTINE AND LIVER.—This is a disease which has
been reported from various parts of the country for the past
twelve to fifteen years. It is especially prevalent in New
England. ‘The disease affects turkeys. It is caused by a micro-
organism belonging to a class known as the Protozoa. These
parasites are taken along with the food or drink, and upon reach-
ing the caeca, the two blind portions of the intestinal tract, they
multiply, set up inflammation, enlarging these organs and
thickening their walls. They also pass to the liver and produce
in this organ discolored spots of a grayish or a yellowish color;
the liver is also very much enlarged.

Symptoms.—The disease generally runs a slow course, and at
first the symptoms are hardly noticeable; a little dullness, hanging
behind the flock or not going with them, and sooner or later
diarrhea and unthriftiness. Very often the comb, wattles and
perhaps the skin about the head becomes black or dark colored;
hence the common name. ‘The post mortem shows the internal
symptoms already given. Young fowls are more apt to contract
the disease, but it often runs a lingering course, so that death
may not occur until fall. On the other hand, they may die in a
few weeks.

TREATMENT. —
Medicinal treatment is entirely unsatisfactory, except, per-
haps, keeping the turkeys vigorous by the use of the tonics as
39
610 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

recommended for ‘‘Chicken Cholera.’? The Copperas or Hypo-
sulphite of Soda may also be added to the drinking water.

The disease having once made its appearance, all the flock
which survive should be killed and the raising of turkeys discon-
tinued for a year or two at least. All runs and houses thoroughly
disinfected, and when the raising of turkeys is again tried, start
by getting eggs, and keep the birds out of the old houses and off
the old runs if possible.

POULTRY HOUSES

hh i iT
Kt Hie 3

il
"il i

 

UT i

Hy

 

Fig. i—A Lean-to Poultry House
DISEASES OF POULTRY 61%

\

POULTRY HOUSES.—It is very desirable that poultry
should be provided with a house somewhat separated from the
other farm buildings, but near enough to the barnyard so that
they can spend a part of their time in scratching for, and gather-
ing up, the many seedsand grains which otherwise would not
be utilized. On farms where no poultry house is provided the
hens are compelled to seek roosting places wherever they can
find them—sometimes in fruit trees, sometimes on feed racks,

GROUND PLA.

    

et
window

ig. 2—Simple Form of Poult Fig. 3—Ground Plan of Simple
ne ease = Form of Poultry House

sometimes on the farm machinery, or even the wagons and car-
riages. ‘The result is not only untidiness, but fruit, feed, imple-
ments and wagons are soiled and injured by the droppings, and
sometimes vermin swarm in the roosting places to such a degree
that the hens are voted a nuisance rather than a desirable part
of a farm stock. If these vermin-infested places are near the

GROUND PLAN

 

 

 

 

 

 

SSS]
OST & NESTS |
OPEN
SHED
Ooon. 000R
WINDOW.
ig. 4— 1try House with Fig. 5—Ground Plan of Poultry
ae Soapiogshed House with Scratching Shed

horse stable, the mites may attack the horses, causing itching
and a mangy condition of the skin, the origin of which is not
always suspected.

PREFERABLE CONDITIONS.—Poultry houses need
not be elaborate in their fixings nor expensive in construction,
612 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

There are certain conditions, however, which should be insisted
upon in all cases. In the first place, the house should be located
upon soil which is well drained and dry. A gravelly knoll is
best, but failing this, the site should be raised by the use of the
plow or scraper until there is a gentle slope in all directions
sufficient to prevent any standing water even at the wettest times.

 

 

Fig. 6—Construction of Roosts

A few inches of sand or gravel on the surface will be very useful
in preventing the formation of mud. If the house is sheltered
from the north and northwest winds by a group of evergreens,
this will be a decided advantage in the colder parts of the

country.

UNUSED BUILDINGS.—Sometimes there is already on
the farm a small building which has been used for implements or

 

Fig. 7—Sectional View of Platform and Nests

animals, and which is no longer needed for those purposes. Sucha
building may be easily fitted for poultry by cutting a small door
in one side and placing roosts and nests in the interior.
DISEASES OF POULTRY 613

 

INEXPENSIVE STRUCTURES.—In case there is no
building suitable for remodeling into a poultry house, an
inexpensive lean-to may be built (Fig. 1), or a new building

 

Fig. 8—Sectional View of Concealed or Darkened Nest

constructed. A house for this purpose should be planned with a
view to simplicity, economy and convenience, while supplying
the conditions proper for successful poultry keeping. One of the
simplest forms of ae house is shown in Fig. 2, and the ground

      
    

        

(i inh Mi Ma t 4
ih i no)
ae

Ne V

lh

Fig. g—Concealed or Darkened Nest

nae ii |
f iil i il hl
i Me in i)

nea Nt lh

   

  

 

 

       

 
     

  

          
  

   
614 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

plan of the same, Fig. 3. Ascratching shed may be attached to
the side of this house, as in Figs. 4 and 5, which, if desired, may
be inclosed in front with poultry wire, so as to keep the birds
confined.

FITTINGS.—

Roosts.—The details of construction of, roosts are seen in
Fig. 6. The important points are nearly flat or rounded surface
on the upper side and as few cracks and crevices as possible ia

 

Fig. 1o—Scratching Room Under Poultry House

which vermin may hide. The roosts may be made of 2x 3 inch
scantling, and should be put in so that they can be easily removed
at any time for cleaning and disinfection. A platform is often
placed under the roosts to catch the droppings, and the nests are
placed under this platform. In the house, such as Fig. 7, the
manure platform may be dispensed with and the nest boxes placed
along the front or sides of the building.

Nests.—The simplest form of nest is a box placed upon the
floor of the poultry house. With heavy fowls, which are apt to
break their eggs in fighting away other hens that try to enter
DISEASES OF POULTRY 615

 

their nests when they are laying, and thus acquire the habit of
egg-eating, a more concealed or dark nest may be necessary.
See Figs. 8 and 9.

Floor.—One of the most troublesome parts of the poultry
house to make satisfactory is the floor. Many use earth floors,
but these are often damp, especially, and induce rheumatism,
colds, roup, digestive disorders, and various other diseases.
Some have put in cement floors, but have found these cold and
also more or less damp. Probably a good cement floor laid on

 

Fig. 11—Double Poultry House with Scratching Sheds

broken stone and covered with a few inches of earth, would be
satisfactory if not too expensive. A board floor 6 or 8 inches
above the earth, with a good ventilation under it, is dry but’too
cold except in the South. A good double flooring, laid tightly
with building paper between, or a good single flooring covered

GROUND PLAN.

 

AOOSTANESTS.

 

OPEN
SHEO

DOOR aor. o00R,

 

 

 

 

winoow.
Fig. 12—Ground Plan of Double Poultry House with Scratching Sheds

with a few inches of dry earth, is probably the best. In all cases
of board floors there should be sufficient space beneath for venti-
lation and to guard against the lodgment of rats.

GOOD PLANS.—A good style of poultry house, with
scratching room under it, is shown in Fig. 10. Incase more than
one flock is to be kept, the plan shown in Figs. 11 and 12 have
been found satisfactory, and may be mutiplied to any extent by
616 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

adding to the ends. With such houses there may be fenced runs
at the back or front, or on both sides, so that the birds may be
kept confined.

SPACE TO BE ALLOWED.—The amount of space to
be allowed to each bird depends upon the size of each bird,
whether a shed is attached to the house or whether the fowls

 

Fig. 13—Common A-shaped Coop with Sliding Slat

have a free run of the open fields. For birds in confinement there
should be from 6 to 15 square feet for each adult bird in case
there is no shed attached to the house, and with a shed this space
may be reduced about one-half. The yards should be large
enough to allow exercise in the open air, and to furnish more
grass than the birds will eat. This will vary from 60 to 150
square feet per adult fowl. The open shed facing the south,
where the birds can be induced to hunt for their food and take

 

Fig. 14--Chicken Coop with Inclosed Run

exercise at all seasons of the year, and where they can enjoy the
pleasure of scratching and dusting themselves in the sunshine,
even in winter months, is of great assistance in maintaining the
DISEASES OF POULTRY 617

health and productiveness of the flock. The roosting space
allowed should be 6 to 8 inches for the smaller breeds, 8 to 10
inches for the medium breeds, and 10 to 12 inches for the larger
breeds,

ove
COTES SILT Coon
wae EE
ZF Z

 

Fir. 15—Chicken Coop with Large and Inclosed Hawk-proof and Cat-proof Run

VENTILATION.—Poultry houses should be well ven-
tilated, but so arranged that drafts will not strike the birds.
Windows and doors should be provided in such locations that the
sun may shine into the building a considerable part of the day.
Sunshine is required both to keep the house dry and to destroy
the various forms of infection.

 

Fig. 16—Coop with Glass-covered Run

POULTRY COOPS.—A liberal supply of coops should be
provided for the confinement of hens with broods of small chicks,
and for those hens which insist upon setting at inconvenient
times. A few days in solitary retirement will usually break up
the desire to set, and the hens will soon after resume laying.
613 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

A common A-shaped coop is one of the easily constructed
and convenient forms in use. ‘The one disadvantage connected
with it is the difficulty of removing the feeding and drinking
vessels for cleaning, or of catching a bird in it without danger of
some other bird escaping. Too obviate this, one of the slats may
be made to slide, as in Fig. 13. The opening made by sliding
this slat is sufficient to admit the hand and arm so that any part
of the coop may be reached without leaving an avenue of escape
unguarded. Other forms of coops for the same purpose are shown
at Figs. 1gand15. Forearly hatched chicks, which come out when
the atmospheric temperature is so low as to be injurious to them,
a combination of coop and glass-covered run, as shown in Fig. 16,
has been found very useful.

FEED TROUGHS AND DRINKING FOUNTAINS.—
Two forms of feed troughs are represented in Fig. 17. For the
small chicks the troughs must be very shallow, or for the few

 

Fig. 17 Fig. 18
Two Forms of Feed Troughs A Drinking Fountain Made of a Can

days the feed may be placed upon a square piece of board.
Numerous forms of drinking fountains have been devised. A
good fountain is easily made by cutting a small hole in a tin can,
as shown in Fig. 18, filling the can with water, covering with a
shallow pan or vessel of any kind, and then inverting the whole.
The shallow vessel will remain filled with water as high as the
top of the aperture until the can is exhausted. It is important
DISEASES OF POULTRY 619

 

that fresh, pure water should always be accessible to fowls, and
the drinking fountains should be cleaned and filled two or three
times a day, if possible, and under no circumstances less frequently
than once a day.

RANGING OF FOWLS.—Poultry may be raised with
the greatest economy on the large farms of the country, where
there is unlimited range, and exhaustless supply of insects and
worms, and an abundance of seeds and grains going to waste

LE
YY Ss, I yy
Ly
SSS. sq
Uy;
—

       
   
 

 

 

 

 

   
 
 
  
  

  

> - ly
SIaoesinert

   
   
 

    

  

     
   

   
      

   

TERNS r on SUR Y y ACH hid
My Ha ee Ne ue NG

AAI OR ae
SSRN CEUTA UR AD Cu Ne

 

Fig. 19—Colony House

which poultry alone can utilize. Under such circumstances fowls
take care of themselves so well and are so energetic in seeking
their food that they are either forgotten and allowed to shift for
themselves when they really need attention and assistance, or
they are regarded as a nuisance because they do a little damage.
620 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

 

Fig. 21—Colony House
DISEASES OF POULTRY 621

 

When fenced away from the gardens and flower beds, fowls do
little damage and cause scarcely any annoyance on a farm. On
the other hand they do an immense amount of good in the
protection of crops by the destruction of injurious insects, larvae
and worms.

COLONIES.—Sometimes it is advisable to divide the farm
flock into colonies, and place these at different points on the farm,
in order to secure additional range; to remove the birds tem-
porarily to a distance from certain crops, or for other purposes.
In this case cheap, light and easily handled colony houses (Figs.
19, 20 and 21) may be constructed and placed where the fowls
are desired to range. After being confined in these houses a few
nights the birds will adopt them as their habitations and return
to them.—U. S. Bulletin.

A TEN DOLLAR POULTRY HOUSE.—A cheap and
at the same time substantial poultry house, containing 100 square
feet of floor space, can be built for ten dollars by any man or boy
of ordinary ingenuity. All the tools needed are a saw, hatchet,
square and screw driver. These are usually the property of any
householder. The materials used are:

200 feet of 8-foot fencing, 2t $14.50.......cesecceeeeeteeeereeeees
200 feet of 10-foot flooring (2d quality), $16
4 ten-foot boards, 12 inches wide, at $18................
3 two-by-four scantling, 10 feet long...............00+

2 burdles lath
asecond-hand sashes svesscscccseccsecdsecccnecetasaecsosoewendieveaee.
20 pounds tar paper, at 3C.........:ceeesscceseesereeseeeeeeeseeeeees
1 pair half-strap Minges..............::scceeeeeeeeeeeeees .

Nails, ete: and paint . 0. cesccids dasen sessions tac siesansesned vd eanen's

 

The fencing comes 6 inches wide, and the flooring about the
same width. No posts are used in this plan, and the house is
none the less strong. To construct it, first saw twenty of the
fencing boards to 6 feet long for the back of the house, and saw
the waste ends of these to 2 feet long. Rip one of the 12 inch
boards into two 6 inch boards, one of which is for the base of the
622 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

back of house, and the other is to be again ripped into two 3 inch
strips, upon which nail the 2 feet fencing pieces, leaving two
pieces loose near each end of the doors. This forms the base of

L

ye Lg 8 ys

Ne

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. x

the front. ‘The base of the whole house can now be nailed to-
gether, using two of the wide boards for the sides.

The front base slants outward (see Fig. 1). The frame is
then constructed by erecting a long fencing board at three feet
from the front end of each side base and a shorter one at rear
end of each, as Fig. 1, which shows these boards trimmed to fit

 

 

 

 

eae S 2

 

 

 

 

 

HOUT

Fig. 2

torder the roof. These two sets of uprights are then connected
by scantling for the roof; under the ends of these scantling fenc-
ing boards are nailed, which hold the third scantling in place to
support the center of the roof. The top of the longest board is
DISEASES OF POULTRY 623

then connected with the front base by a fencing board, and two
boards nailed across the front to support thesash. ‘The whole
frame is then complete.

Figs. 1 and 2 show the full details of the frame. The boards
for back, sides and roof can then be nailed on, flooring boards
being used for roof. When the sashes are adjusted in their
proper places on the front, with strips of tin above them to turn
water, flooring boards are sawed to proper length and fitted on.
The ventilator is made with four flooring boards: its lower end is
near the floor at center of house.

The remaining 12 inch board is for base of the partition, a
narrower board for top and lath nailed on close, divides the house
into two compartments for two pens for fowls, or a pen of fowls
and room for young chicks, or two rooms for young chicks of

 

different ages. The cracks on sides and back of house are stripped
with lath; the inside of house is lined with tar paper, and the
roof and front painted with a cheap mineral paint, which renders
the house waterproof, as the boards are tongued and grooved.
This makes it warm enough for almost any latitude. For the
south the strips and tar paper might be dispensed with. The
slant of sash is sufficient to shut out the perpendicular rays
of the sun in summer and flood the whole floor with warmth in
winter.

An outside door and a gate in the partition makes the whole
house of easy access. The small doors for fowls are made on the
trap door principle, and open and close by a cord attached to
624 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the fastening bolt, which is heavy enough to fall into place when
the cord is slackened. Sufficient scrap pieces will be left to make
feed, dust and nest boxes, and the inside arrangements can be
made to suit the owner. ‘The floor is earth, packed hard and
covered with gravel; on top of which for young chicks scatter
grass.

It will readily be seen this plan can be extended an indefinite
length by the addition of three posts every 10 feet to support the
roof.—American Poultry Journal,

POULTRY POINTERS.—A successful raiser of poultry
gives the following pointers in the Standard American Poultry
Book:

In raising poultry or stock of any kind it should be the aim
of everyone to keep it healthy and improve it. You can do it
very easily by adopting some systematic rules. These may be
summed up as follows:

1.—Construct your house good and warm, so as to avoid
damp floors and afford a flood of sunshine. Sunshine is better
than medicine.

2.—Provide a dusting and scratching place where you can
bury wheat and corn, and thus induce the fowls to take a needful
exercise.

3.—Provide yourself with some good healthy chickens, never
to be over three or four years old, giving one cock to every
twelve hens.

4.—Give plenty of fresh air at all times, especially in summer.

5.—Give plenty of water daily, and never allow the fowls to
go thirsty.

6.—Feed them systematically two or three times a day.
Scatter the food so they can’t eat it too fast or without proper
exercise. Do not feed more than they will eat up clean, or they
will get tired of that kind of feed.

7.—Give them a variety of both dry and cooked feed. A
mixture of cooked meat and vegetables is an excellent thing for
their morning meal.
DISEASES OF POULTRY 625

 

8.—Give soft feed in the morning and the whole grain at
night, except a little wheat and cracked corn placed in the
scratching places to give them exercise during the day.

9.—Above all things, keep the house clean and well venti-
lated.

10.—Do not crowd too many into one house; if you do, look
out for disease.

11.—Use Carbolic Powder occasionally in the dusting bins
to destroy lice.

12.—Wash your roosts and bottom of laying nests, and
whitewash once a week in summer and once a month in winter.

13.—Let the oldand young have as large a range as possible,
the larger the better.

14.—Don’t breed too many kinds of fowls at the same time,
unless you are going into the business. Three or four kinds will
more than keep your hands full.

15.—Introduce new blood into your stock every year or so,
by either buying a cockerel or a setting of eggs from some reliable
breeder.

16.—In buying birds or cages, go to some reliable breeder
who has his reputation at stake. You may have to pay a little
more for birds, but you can depend on what you get. Culls are
not cheap at any price.

17.—Save the best birds for next year’s breed, and send the
others to market. In shipping fancy poultry to market send it
dressed.

ARTICLES OF POULTRY DIET.— Potatoes are
rather poor food used alone, contributing almost nothing to the
fatty tissues, and very little, if anything, to the growth of bone.
They are, however, quite useful, if boiled and mashed up with
other things which can supply that which they lack. Indian
corn or oatmeal are good things to mix with them.

Broom-corn seed is sometimes fed. It will not be eaten
whole, at least not with great relish, but must be ground.

40
626 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Green-cut bone is excellent for the fowls, as they enjoy it,
but care should be taken to see that the bones are fresh.

Scalded curd may sometimes make up a part of the poultry
bill of fare.

Brewers’ grains, if fed alone, cause diarrhea. If kept on
hand they are liable to ferment. To prevent this, put them into
a hogshead two-thirds full, and fill up with cold water. The
grain was waterlogged before, and a little more water does no
harm.

Fine hay, or rowen, or clover, or alfalfa chopped, and then
soaked or scalded, is excellent for winter use.

Cocoanut meats—namely, the outer part of the kernel—dried
(ground), are prepared at the factories, and sold at a rate not
much higher per pound than pork scraps. Fowls are said to
telish them highly.

Hemp seed, in limited quantities, is used to give a gloss to
the plumage. It makes the plumage of quails black. If fed
daily it is injurious to poultry.

Millet is excellent for small chickens, being easily swallowed
by them. Sunflower seed may be fed freely. It promotes laying,
increases the gloss of the plumage, and the general health.

Charcoal must be furnished in small pieces. In some cir-
cumstances fowls crave it and will devour it with avidity. Fowls
enjoying a free range seldom care for it, however, which indicates
of course that they do not need it,—Foultry World,
 

 

 

THE CHILDREN’S FRIEND—A GOOD DOG.
THE DOG

DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT

Much of the sickness occurring among dogs is due to
ignorance as to cleanliness and the proper method of feeding.

One of the most important things to be considered in the
care of a dog is his feeding. The same general rule may be
observed in the feeding of dogs, no matter what breed they may
belong to, though the character and quantity of the food should
differ somewhat, according to the breed of the dog and the use to
which he is put.

Small house or pet dogs certainly do not require the same
amount of nutrition that hunting dogs do, as in the former there
is little waste of tissue, while in the latter, from the violent
character of the exercise he undergoes while at work, there is
great waste of tissue, which must necessarily be supplied through
the diet.

One general rule may be observed in the feeding of all
puppies, no matter what may be their breed, from the time of
their weaning until they reach the age of maturity, which varies
somewhat according to breed. For instance, the smaller breeds,
such as toy terriers and pet dogs, mature at the age of about
fifteen months, whereas the larger breeds, such as mastiffs and
St. Bernards, are hardly thoroughly matured at the age of
two years.

THE PROPER FOOD FOR PUPPIES.—Puppies are
usually weaned at the age of five or six weeks. For about three
weeks after that time it is advisable to keep them almost ex-
clusively on a milk diet, allowing a little stale bread which may be
broken in the milk, which should always be well boiled, as sweet
milk unboiled not only engenders worms, but also is liable to
cause serious looseness in the bowels, owing to the marked

627
628 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

difference between the cow’s milk and that furnished by the
puppy’s mother. The former lacks the sugar of milk which
strongly predominates in the mother’s milk.

After the third week soup may be allowed, also a small
quantity of well cooked meat, chopped fine. As the character of
the puppy’s stomach changes, so must his food. The best soup
is beef or mutton broth. From this time on vegetable diet may
be gradually introduced.

The old, fallacious idea of feeding puppies on milk and meal
has long since been abandoned by the best informed breeders.

For as the dog is by nature carniverous I consider he requires
some meat diet to enable him to enjoy perfect health and strength,
and it is especially requisite that while a puppy is growing he
should be provided with such food as will make bone and muscle.
We frequently find defective nutrition in the bone structure,
causing what is generally termed Rickets, which is made evident
by crooked limbs and enlarged joints. This malady may be pre-
vented by giving in the food Carbonate and Phosphate of Lime,
which are bone making materials.

From the age of six months to one year puppies should be
fed not less than three times daily. Thereafter twice a day is
sufficient, feeding lightly in the morning and making their even-
ing meal the chief one, as digestion goes on much better in a dog
while at rest than in action.

FOOD FOR GROWN DOGS.—No dog in health can be
fed better than from the scrapings from the table, whereby he
gets a variety of diet, consisting of meat, bread and well cooked
vegetables of all kinds. Potatoes are not so easily digested by
dogs as other kinds of vegetables, and consequently should be
well mashed. From the fact that a dog’s stomach closely
approaches in character that of a human being, one may say
that what is good for a man is good for a dog.

The old idea of keeping dogs on corn meal to a great extent
is a very erroneous one, as it not only is deficient in nutrition,
but is also very heating to the blood.

Dogs require some cooling food, which is only obtained
through a vegetable diet.
DISEASES OF THE DOG 629

A pet dog of course requires a small amount of food com-
pared with that needed by a hunting dog. The latter may be
allowed all the meat they can consume while they are at work,
for in no animal is the waste of tissue so rapid as in this dog.

A dog taken into the field in the morning comparatively fat
will return at night after a hard day’s work showing a loss in
weight of between three and five pounds, enough to make the
animal appear thin.

HINTS ABOUT KENNELS.—To begin with, kennels
should be kept scrupulously clean and disinfected as frequently
as is necessary, which is probably once or twice a week. I con-
sider the most effective germicide to be a solution of Bichloride of
Mercury—Bichloride of Mercury, 1 part; Water, 1,000 parts;
use with caution; or Creolin—sufficient is used to turn water
white. The Creolin solution is non-poisonous and is very good.

Kennels should be located on high, dry ground having proper
drainage, as dampness is apt to cause rheumatism.

Dogs should at all times have access to fresh, cool water.

As a summer bedding, nothing is better than cedar or pine
shavings, as fleas do not take kindly to the odors of these woods.

Regular exercise of at least two hours a day is almost im-
perative to a dog’s well-being. Few if any dogs kept in the city
get this amount of exercise, and are in consequence more liable
to sickness than dogs kept in the country, especially those that
are at liberty at all times.

No dog should have a chain put on him before he is one year
of age, except sufficiently to chain-break him. A dog raised
from puppyhood on the chain, which is a direct contradiction to
nature, will, by pulling on the chain, combined with a lack of
exercise, become ill-shapen in limbs and body. It is exercise and
good feeding which develop our most perfect specimens.

EXERCISE AND GROOMING.—Once a week is quite
often enough for a dog to be washed, first using tepid and rinsing
with cold water. He should then be rubbed as dry as possible
and encouraged to play or exercise until he is thoroughly dry.
630, THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

In order to keep a dog’s coat in nice condition he should be
groomed daily, using a stiff bristle brush, which is far preferable
to the wire brushes sometimes used for that purpose, as it does
not irritate the skin, but improves the capillary or surface circu-
lation.

The above rules apply generally to all dogs.

A. Clay Glover, D.V.S.

DISTEMPER.— This is the bane of the canine. It is very
common in dogs from three to six months of age, but afflicts them
at all ages, especially during the fall, winter and spring months.
It is contagious.

Causes.—It is caused by a parasite or germ getting into the
blood.

Symptoms.—There is langor, loss of appetite and redness of
eyes; nose hot and dry; urine high colored; bowels sometimes
constipated and sometimes loose, but discharges always offensive;
there is much disinclination to move. In a few days hair becomes
dry; there is discharge from nose, eyes, and sometimes from
penis. Symptoms become more aggravated. If bowels are the
seat of complications there will be black, offensive feces, streaked
with mucus. If skin is affected there will be pustules inside the
thighs, arms and along the belly; these fill and discharge a dark
watery matter. If in the brain, there is great heat; a desire to
raise head up against hand when stroking, and fits usually follow.

TREATMENT.—

The treatment is simple. Isolate dog from all companions
in a dry, warm room with good ventilation, and encourage appe-
tite by nourishing foods, such as broths, new milk, etc. At the
outset of the disease give a teaspoonful of the following mixture:

Tincture of Aconite................. 1¥% drachms.
Spirits of Niter............cccecseeeeees 2 ounces.
Muriate of Ammonia................. 1% drachms.
Chlorate of Potash.............0cc.00 3 «

Syrup of Orange Water to make. 4 ounces.

Give as above every two hours until 6 doses
have been given; then four times a day until
fever subsides.
DISEASES OF THE DOG 631

 

Follow this with equal parts Saltpeter, Sulphur and Powdered
Gentian, by weight; mix thoroughly; give a large dog 14 teaspoon-
ful three times a day in milk or on tongue, and allow him plenty
of fresh water to drink; wash discharges from his nose and eyes
and afterward dry them with a soft cloth. If bowels are costive,
give from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of the Syrup of Buck-
thorn, according to size, once a day until the bowels move freely;
then once or twice a week to keep them in condition, but never
use drastic purgatives. Treat complications which may arise, as
Chorea, Fits, or Lung troubles, as directed under those headings.

COLDS, COUGHS AND LUNG DISEASES.—Dogs
often catch cold, cough, run at the nose, sneeze and have consid-
erable fever, which condition, if neglected, may run into pneu-
monia. If taken at the start, give:

Tincture of Aconite Root...........++4 ¥% drachm.
Waterss ccsvivsivocsseresisncececeess sulvotiaws 4 ounces.

Mix and give 1 teaspoonful together with 2
or 3 grains of Quinine three times a day.
If the affection has run on into a cough and discharge from
the nose, rub Mustard paste well into the throat and give:

Tincture of Aconite Root........0 ¥% drachm.
Syrup of Squills............cceeeeeeeeeeeee r-*
Syrup of Ipecac........esessseseenseeooeee 2 drachms.
Spirits of Niter....... esses eeeseeeeees 3 SE
Water to make.......sccccceseseeeeeeeeeeee 4 ounces.

Mix and give 1 teaspoonful three times a day.

If thé lungs are affected and there is a short, distressing
cough and rapid, painful breathing, accompanied with a slight
grunt at each expiration, apply Mustard paste to the sides, rub-
bing it well into the hair and covering to retain the fumes. After
an hour sponge it off with tepid water and repeat the application.
Give the following until the fever is broken:

Tincture of Aconite Root.............+. 30 drops.
Sweet Spirits of Niter............ccce ¥% ounce.
Tincture of Gentian.........ceeeceeeeeeees By
Syrup of Tolun.......sseceseccesssreeeseeees 2 ounces.
Water to make, ........c.cceceeceeee eee eeee are

Mix and give 1 teaspoonful every two hours.
632 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

When fever is gone, give:
Elixir of Calisaya, Iron and Bismuth 2 ounces.

Syrup of Tolu........ ccccesesse eee eeeeeeeee 2 eS
Chlorate of Potash............cceeeescseeene 3 drachms,
Water to make.........scssscseeseeseseneeres 6 ounces.

Mix and give 1 tablespoonful every three
or four hours,
Continue the Quinine right through. Feed lightly and see
that there is good ventilation, but avoid drafts and have a tem-
perature of about 60 to 62.

FITS.—This is a common ailment in a dog, owing to a
highly developed nervous system.

Causes.—Worms; indigestion, overeating, etc.

Symptoms.—There is champing of jaws; frothing at the
mouth; delirium; the dog falls, works his legs violently, and after
a minute or so gets quiet; very soon gets up, shakes himself,
looks around rather wildly as though bewildered for the moment,
and in a few moments is as well as ever until another comes on.
Each fit weakens him more and more, and he may finally die from
exhaustion.

TREATMENT.—

Nothing can be done until the fit is over. Then give a dose
of Castor Oil—r to 3 tablespoonfuls, according to size of dog—
and inject into rectum the following:

Sulphuric Ether............cccsseecsseseeee I ounce,
Epa anit eins se'scaear eevee coesnavsteseeaus rs
Water svccansaeawendentsracvewdsgaeics decorsess 2 ounces.

 

Mix and inject 1 teaspoonful into the rectum
occasionally,

After one-half hour begin on the following:

 

Bromide of Potash 2 drachms.
Walter cccsiess wiveeawain Coewesstesteeee riers 6 se
Mix and give 1 tablespoonful until the Oil

operates.
Should there be more fits, continue for twelve hours longer.
If fits do not return, give three times a day for a couple of days.
If worms are suspected treat for them.
DISEASES OF THE DOG 633

GOITRE, OR SWELLED NECK.—This is an enlarge-
ment of the thyroid gland, situated at the side of the neck, two
or three inches from the throat. It has been known to grow as
large as the fist, and frequently interferes with the breathing by
pressing on the windpipe. May be on both sides.

TREATMENT.—

Paint it once a day with the Tincture of Iodine, or instead
of that:
Todide of Potash........ccsscsseceseeeee 2 drachms.
Tat saiie tn teweessansseteacsoessaoaeaee sass 2 ounces.
Mix and rub it on once a day.

Will usually yield to treatment in a few weeks.

DIARRHEA.—This is not a very common disease in dogs,
but is sometimes produced by a change of food.

TREATMENT.—

Keep the dog quiet and give him boiled milk with a little
dry flour in it, and in many cases this will be sufficient. If this
is not sufficient give a large dog:

Tata lati wit ayecseend tirasiwinn haste tonne nes % drachm.
WHISKEY i, csseasssesesntessacessersdcaeeaes I tablespoonful,
Boiled Milk and Flour.............0+- % cup.

Repeat three times a day until well.

Sometimes a dose of Castor Oil at the outset will be effectual
without treatment. Proper care and surroundings should sup-
plement the treatment.

CONSTIPATION.—This is quite a common disease among
dogs.

Symptoms.—There is little or no action of the bowels; dog
strains, and what little is passed is hard and dry. Is dull and
will not eat.

TREATMENT.—

Give a large dog a dose of Castor Oil, % ounce, repeating
in ten hours if bowels do not move. Soapy water injections may
also be used to assist action. Or, give to a large dog 4 ounce
634 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Syrup Buckthorn, night and morning, until bowels move. Give
new milk for food and see that he has moderate exercise. En-
courage dog to eat Oat Meal, well cooked, and vegetables; well
cooked Liver is also beneficial.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.—

Causes.—Eating caustic substances; fram poisons, or from
lying too long on cold, icy ground.

Symptoms.—There will be whining; uneasiness; frequent
getting up and down; pain on pressure of the belly; high fever;
rapid pulse; hurried breathing and constipation.

TREATMENT.—
First, give % ounce Castor Oil with a tablespoonful Olive
Oil in it toa large dog. Ina half hour give the following:

Tincture Aconite Root..............008 % drachm.
WAte®, .ssccstesnc ccs nos steeeddeseneecaees 4 ounces.

Mix, give 1 tablespoonful of mixture and
repeat every half hour.

Give :s to Y grain of Morphine every three to four hours to
allay pain, and apply a Linseed Meal poultice, with a table-
spoonful of Mustard init, wet up with hot water, to the bowels.
Injections of warm water are helpful.

WORMS.—The two principal kinds of worms that trouble
the dog are tapeworms and round worms, and we give treatment
for those.

Symptoms.—The general symptoms of worms are: Generally
a good appetite, but does not thrive; dry, staring coat; cough,
with a desire to vomit; sometimes vomit worms; diarrhea or
constipation; sometimes worms seen in manure; if badly affected
or reduced, fits are apt to follow. In some instances there may
be bloody passages and a pot-bellied look.

TREATMENT. —
For round worms give every morning for a week before
feeding the following:

Santonine............ cc seesesseeseeeeeeeeees 4 grains,
Sulphuret of Irom....... 0. 2
Sugar of Milk... eeeeccesssseeeees 20 “

Powder and mix and give as one dose.
DISEASES OF THE DOG 635

Follow the last dose with a dose of Castor Oil, 2 tablespoon-
fuls, with 10 drops Turpentine in it. Repeat the treatment at
the end of three weeks. Or, give 1% drachm Oil of Male Shield
Fern in 4 tablespoonfuls Milk every third day until bowels move
well and animal is free of worms. Put well back in his mouth
and hold his head until swallowed.

For Tapeworm have the dog fast for 24 hours, and then
give him 1 drachm Areca Nut, coarsely powdered, and made
into a pill with syrup. In four or five hours give 2 tablespoon-
fuls Castor Oil, and when it has operated give:

Male Shield Fern..............0000066 20 drops.
Olive Oil...........:csceevessseesereeeees 1 tablespoonful.
Mixed together.

Examine passages carefully to find head of tapeworm, and if
this does not come away, repeat after two weeks. This dose is
for large dogs; give small or young dogs proportionately less.

MANGE.—Mange is caused by a mite-like organism that
burrows into the skin. It spreads all over the body, but mostly
affects the skin on the back, head and neck. It will spread by
contagion, even to human beings.

Symptoms.— There is intense itching, and the dog will scratch,
rub and bite himself until the hair falls off, and in some cases
the skin gets so sore and irritated that it will bleed. It usually
appears first on elbows, fore legs, around eyes, on belly, in the
flanks, and down inside the thighs, but soon spreads to all parts
of the body, being characterized by a reddish, pimply eruption,
with scaly patches between pimples, and by loss of hair. There
is also a disagreeable odor.

TREATMENT.—
Clip off hair and wash thoroughly with soapy water; rub dry
and apply the following wash, rubbing into the skin all over

the body:
Creolin......ccccccsssseecereeseesceeeee 2 tablespoonfuls.
Water....csscccccececcssececeetereee ees I pint.
Repeat once a day until the dog stops scratch-
ing himself, skin heals and hair starts out.
636 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

In addition give a large dog 1 teaspoonful of Sulphur in milk
twice a day. Or, instead of Creolin, make an ointment of:

GUlphur o..ceeeseeccsceeeeseseeeeeeeeneeneeee 2 ounces.
Tear Gin vecsadwiaseswtsecansiewassasnans oes descies Qo ©

‘fix and apply once a day; but washing
need not be repeated unless more than four
applications are required.

In case of prolonged treatment, wash every fourth day. Use
discretion about washing and clipping when weather is cold.
The kennel must be thoroughly renovated and disinfected, using
boiling water and soap, and solution of Carbolic Acid, or
one part Corrosive Sublimate to 1,000 parts water, to destroy
germs.

RINGWORM.—
Cause.—A parasite that causes considerable local irritation.

Symptoms.—The elevation of the skin in the form of a ring,
which spreads by the ring increasing in size, the skin becoming
scaly and rough, and soon the hair drops off.

TREATMENT.—
Wash with soapy water and apply the following:
Oil GF Tati. cessieces setveavaees igccaaaepons I ounce.
Whale Oil.......... Lepindaenssasteenteedsnade 20 ounces,

Mix and rub in well.
This remedy is also good for Mange.

FLEAS.—These are very troublesome to dogs, and occasion
him and others a great deal of regret.

TREATMENT.—

Clean the kennel and put in clean bedding. Use Persian
Insect Powder liberally, dusting down into the roots of the hair,
around on carpets if dog is kept in the house, and on places where
he is accustomed to lie. Or use the Creolin wash, as in Mange—
2 tablespoonfuls Creolin in a pint of water, repeating every three
or four days. The following ointment is also recommended:

OUsOf ARISE isee See viv see lea aeavateesedetess eh I ounce.
Olive: Ol vccassscsnecaxnecontesstecwavers aesuet To ounces.

Mix and rub well into the hair, washing off
after six hours.
DISEASES OF THE DOG 637

LICE.—There are two kinds of lice that sometimes ‘trouble
dogs—the blood-sucking and the bird lice.

TREATMENT. —

‘These may be eradicated with the Creolin wash, as in Mange
and Fleas, or by sifting wood ashes into the hair; by oiling the
dog with Whale Oil and washing it off a few hours afterward, or
washing him in an infusion of tobacco.

SORE EVES.—This is an inflammation of the eye and
its covering.

Causes.—From something getting into eyes; or from a bite
or scratch, or any other irritant.

Symptoms.—Eyes are red and inflamed, and after a time a
{1m will come over the sight; sometimes the eyelids are swollen
and tears run from the corners.

TREATMENT. —
Examine eye for the presence of foreign matter and remove
it if found; then apply the following eye water:
Boracic ACiG........csecceseeeeeeeeeeeneees 20 grains.
Distilled Water .......cccseesscnseeeeeees 2 ounces.

Mix and apply hot to eye twice each day
after bathing with hot water.

Or:
Sulphate of Zimc....scecceceeeeeeeneeees Y drachm.
Sugar of Lead ......eseceeseseeeesseeeees uo is
Fluid Extract of Belladonna.......... 15 drops.
WhALEE sciniccsccssngaceewaniseneasoe ten sinnge tate 4 ounces.

Mix and apply to the eyes after bathing
with new milk.

CANKER OF THE EAR.—This is a common disease of
dogs.

Causes.—Improper and high feeding; and also said to be
commen in dogs that run through long, wet grass.

Symptoms.—Shaking the head and scratching the ear; there
js a discharge from the ear that has a bad odor; dog holds his
head to one side.
638 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TREATMENT. —

Give a vegetable diet for a time. ‘Thoroughly syringe ear
with warm water and apply Oxide of Zinc Ointment, or apply a
lotion of:

Sugar Of Lead......seeccceeseseesesceeeeseeeee I part.
Water ieincouses ssasnaiinwind wdsdascswasdennneacss 16 parts.

Let one hold the dog’s head in one hand, having the root of
the ear between the thumb and first finger of the other hand.
Pour 1% teaspoonful into ear and close it, working it with fingers
so that the liquid penetrates thoroughly. It gives no pain.

DEAFNESS.—A common trouble with old dogs, but may
occur from accumulation of wax.

TREATMENT.—

If an old dog, little can be done, but if it be a young one,
syringe out the ear with soapy water and drop into the ear a few
drops of Olive Oil. Repeat every other day for a few days.

CHOREA.—This is a disease of the nervous system.

Causes.—It may follow an attack of Distemper or arise from
an injury.

Symptoms.—There is a quick, nervous jerking of the affected
part, which is most commonly the head, neck and fore parts. It
may be so bad as to make the animal utterly useless.

TREATMENT.—

When once seated it is incurable, but if taken in time
Bromide of Potash in % to % drachm doses, twice a day in milk,
or on the tongue with a spoon, will be found a good remedy.
Or give:

Sulphate of Iron..........cceeesseeseeeeee 3 grains,
Salt peter sccisese sesesesvanseiecsdeteseeeerses ao
Browtl Sugar..g:i.304 2cieseacasiestinovsswen’ ¥% drachm.

Powdered and mixed.

Repeat night and morning for a couple of weeks.

RHEUMATISM.—This disease occurs in the dog in both
the acute and chronic form.
DISEASES OF THE DOG 639

 

Causes.—Exposure to bad weather; remaining idle and wet
after being in the water; damp kennels; high living, etc.

Symptoms.—The attack comes on rather suddenly, the joints
swell, the pulse becomes full and tense, the eyes blood-shot,
stomach deranged and bowels costive. Severe pains run through
the joints, tongue is coated, the muzzle hot and dry, and animal
whines or howls from pain.

Chronic rheumatism is known as gout: There is pain in the
parts, the muscles are tender and joints stiff, with but little
inflammation. Pain seems to be eased by exercise.

TREATMENT.—
For acute forms give the following:
Extract of Colocynth.............ccce00 I scruple.
CalOmel sc .csssaecnciec ee sad ea cernoramaeee Io grains,
Powdered Gamboge............sssceeeee a us
BIOES sivapaccess cencyad consieseacnveies oxteede Io ‘

Mix and make into four pills and give two
at night and two in the morning.

The dog should be wrapped in warm blankets, and a warm
bath may be used. Keep the bowels in condition by using purga-
tives. Plasters may be applied to the spine.

The treatment for the chronic form is similar to the acute.
It consists of warm baths, warm, dry quarters, strict attention to
food and in keeping the bowels in proper condition. Stimulants
may be applied to parts. Spirits of Camphor is excellent, but
other stimulating liniments may be used instead.

PARALYSIS.—This disease is rather common, but yields
to treatment.

Causes.—Generally as a sequel to distemper, but may follow
a bad cold.

Symptoms.—There is at first a staggering gait in the hind
parts, which grows rapidly worse until dog has no power over
them.

TREATMENT.—
Clip the hair off over the loins and apply the following to

back along the spine:
Tamar Caustic........cceceseresnesecseeeers 1 stick.
Water......ccceccccceeeceseeeaseceeeeeasenees 1 teaspoonful.
Mix and apply with a camel’s hair pencil.
640 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Prepare the following:

INGikS VOT CAs claisde sievonsesoetecvecsesacene I drachm.
Gentian sscevecoscoekvndees eins hewiedeeas 2 drachms.
Todide of Potash............--scsesecsseeee 2 ue

Sim ple SyrUps svscecspesdeneervsaceovevernce q. s.

Mix and make into 30 pills.

Give of a pill night and morning for three days, then in-
crease to % pill for three days, then to 34 of a pill for three days,
and finally a whole pill. If dog is young give until an effect is
noticed in rigid muscles and stiff legs, in one-half to 1 hour after
taking. If an old or large dog continue to increase dose up to
2 pills; then keep on till symptoms are noted. When giving
larger doses, don’t omit, or the next might kill the dog. Repeat
blister if needed. Feed nourishing food, keep clean, and keep
bowels open with occasional doses Castor Oil.

RABIES, OR HYDROPHOBIA.—This disease is the
effect of a specific blood poison introduced by innoculation in
some way. It is also thought to arise spontaneously in hot
weather among some animals. The bite of another dog is the
common means of conveying the disease.

Symptoms.—It comes on gradually. At first a nervous un-
easiness, a melancholy look, an unusual fondness for the master,
and a quiet, subdued manner in actions with a loss of playfulness.
This changes to a wild expression of countenance, and an inclina-
tion to hide; may be called out, but will seem scared and run
back; if poked with a stick, will snap; appears very thirsty, but
cannot swallow, cannot eat. In afew days symptoms will develop
and he will become a tramp. If shut in, will go round and
round as if wanting to get out. If out he will walk off, snapping
and biting at everything that comes in the way, injuring his
mouth so that the froth that hangs from the jaws is streaked
with blood. He howls dismally once in a while. The tongue
gets black, the lower jaw often drops and tongue protrudes, and
though in his paroxysms he will close his jaws enough to bite, he
cannot howl. Symptoms grow worse till death.
DISEASES OF THE DOG

TREATMENT.—

Kill the dog. In case a valuable dog is known to have been
bitten, cut out a piece where bitten and cauterize the wound with
Caustic Potash, Nitrate of Silver, or a red-hot iron. The animal

should be kept chained till all danger of madness is past—not less
than six weeks.

SURFEIT.—Dogs that are kept in close confinement and
over-fed are subject to surfeit, as shown by plethora, pimples on
the skin, and sometimes in a mild form of fits or vertigo.
TREATMENT.—

Reduce feed, give more exercise and give 1 drachm doses of
Jalap made into pills with Syrup.

ABSCESSES AND TUMORS.—These frequently occur
in weakly dogs that have been run down by disease, and from
impure blood. Tumors are common in puppyhood.
TREATMENT.—

Poultice, and when ready to open lance and let out contents.
Inject this lotion three times a day:

Carbolic ACid.........ccccscseeeeeeeeeaere 2 drachms.
Water ssicssaseesvsncneeiosanavecusscasanniss 1 pint.
Mix
If animal is run down in condition give:
Sulphate Of Irom.......cssseereeeseeesovees 3 grains.
Galtpeter......scccccssssseeseeseceeneveesesees 4. =
Brown Sugat........seceecssesceceecereoeees ¥% drachm.

Mix. Repeat night and morning for a week.

If dog is in good condition give instead:

Cream Tartar.......cecsseccceeseseeneeeees 1 tablespoonful.
Water...cccccessesecesececeseereeeeeeeeeassees % pint.

Mix and give 2 tablespoonfuls every morning,

FRACTURES AND WOUNDS.—Dogs often get bones
fractured in various ways—as a kick from a horse, or by being
struck with something.

If the back is broken nothing can be done but kill the
animal to get him out of pain. If a hip or shoulder bone is

41
642 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

fractured and the dog is young, keep him quiet and the bones
will knit together, but there is not much chance for an old one.
If in the leg, set straight as possible, and do up with splints and
a starch bandage (a long strip of cloth soaked in starch water
and wrung out as dry as possible), rolling it around the fractured
leg so it will go above and below the break, moderately tight,
and holding leg till it dries or hardens. Keep dog quiet and
keep the bandage on for three or four weeks, or until healed.

In case of wounds or cuts, attend at once. If sore footed
from thorns or long exposure to cold water examine, and if there
are slivers or thorns remove them; and if needed, apply a poultice
until inflammation subsides; then apply the following—bandaging
feet loosely to prevent licking:

Sugar Of Lead icscccaccasccssecevserereness I ounce.
WALEDs vccssennacencssuneseactansieateedasaceenes I pint.

Mix and bathe the parts twice a day.

If wound is torn much, secure the dog’s mouth and tie his
limbs; then stitch up the wound as directed in the Horse
DEPARTMENT. ‘There are some that say that there is no need to
apply lotions after dressing a wound such as this, but just leave
the dog in a quiet, dark place and allow him to lick the wound, it
having great healing power. If where he cannot lick it, or you
do not wish him to, use the following:

Carbolic Acid vsessseessswewanvscvexconite 2 drachms,
Wate ti sisevaccncsssinuausvvaveaveenesis sean I pint.

dix and apply.

BREEDING AND LITTERING.—Bitches usually come
in heat about twice a year, but some of them oftener. There is
a period of nine days coming and the same going off. During
that time she will take the dog about half the time. The time
of gestation is nine weeks. At the end of that time she will
go by herself and make a nest. As a rule, after the first pup
comes the rest of litter comes soon after. The front feet and
head should come together, or it should come hind feet first.
Should there be a deviation, push pup back and with oiled finger
bring forward lacking member or members so that it can come
tight. Don’t meddle too much if matters go fairly well. In case
DISEASES OF THE DOG 643

a pup remains in passage for a half hour or more, assist, but do
so gently or you will injure one or the other, or both. Keep
mother warm and feed easily digested food for a few days; then
if there are no signs of fever, her feed may be more abundant and
hearty. If appetite fails and she runs down, feed pups on boiled
milk and give the mother the Sulphate of Iron tonic mentioned
in Chorea. Put pups to bitch three times a day, but only for a
few minutes to avoid worrying her. In case of a swollen and
sore teat, or part of the udder, wash with warm water, dry and
bathe with:

Gum Camphor .......sseecereeneeneeeeeeees I ounce,
Olive Othicsicscccsnaiwcomenieevenes 4 ounces.
Mix.

If pups die, milk bitch two or three times a day to keep
down inflammation. Pups should be weaned in from four to six
weeks.

HOW TO CUT PUPPIES’ TAILS.—Is usually done
when about one month old. The length of tail varies with the
breed. Decide on length wanted and then find a joint in the tail.
Cut it through with one stroke of a sharp knife. Usually there
is not much bleeding, but should there be, touch the wound with
Monsel’s Solution of Iron, or touch it with a hot iron to sear it
over. In most cases it will be all right without treatment.

GONORRHEA.—This is not an uncommon disease in the
dog and frequently comes on without any assignable cause.

Symptoms.—Will be known by the matter seen dripping from
the end of the sheath, or clinging to it.
TREATMENT.—

Syringe out the parts with tepid water, and afterward with

the following lotion:
Sugar of Lead.....secseeeesseeeeteees 2 drachms.
Water. sscccscsseeeseeceeensneeersseenneee t pint.
Mix and inject a little twice a day.

POISONS AND ANTIDOTES.—When a dog has been
poisoned the first thing to do is to give an emetic—a teaspoonful
644 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

each of Mustard and salt, in a little warm water—just lukewarm.
If this does not vomit him in a minute, repeat it, and if it still
does not act, give a half teaspoon Blue Vitriol in a little warm
water, or the same quantity of the Sulphate of Zinc; then give a
few swallows of milk, or a raw egg, or a little Olive Oil. A
tablespoonful of the last named may be given every five minutes
for a half hour; also a few raw eggs. These are to moderate the
corrosive or otherwise destructive action of the poison upon the
tissues that line the stomach and bowels. For chemical antidotes
(to counteract the effect on the blood, nervous system, etc.), refer
to Poisons in the Diseases of the Horse, regulating the dose to
suit the animal. A dog of average size requires about the
same dose as a man, or about one-twelfth of the dose for the horse.
MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT

INSTRUMENTS

See pages 649, 650, 651, 652 for Instruments preceded by *,

*Bistoury.—For making incisions. It consists of a handle
to which is attached a blade, variously shaped, according to exact
use for which it is to be put, either fixed or movable.

Catheter.—For drawing off the contents of the bladder when
animal cannot make water. Is also used in treating deep ulcers,
liquid being injected through it by means of a syringe, It is
around gutta-percha tube, of which one end is open, the other
end being rounded, with two small holes at the side near by. It
should always be oiled and introduced carefully.

Firing-Iron.—For actual cautery—burning with a red-hot
iron—which though not used as much as formerly, is still useful
in some classes of cases.

*Forceps.—For extracting splinters, pieces of bone, teeth,
and the like; also for seizing arteries to tie them. They are
pincers with long jaws. ‘Those with a spring are preferred.

*Needles.— For sewing up wounds, etc. They are of differ-
ent shapes as well as different sizes.

Probang.—A straight, flexible tube, with rounded end, for
pushing substances down the throat in cases of choking.

Probe.—For exploring wounds. They are made of silver
wire, with one end slightly knobbed, and are of different sizes.

Scalpel.—A surgeon’s knife, straight and keen-edged. For
veterinary purposes, it should be broad and strong.

Scissors.—Straight or curved, and are necessary for trim-
ming edges of wounds, for clipping off the hair, etc.
645
646 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

*Seton Needles.—These are for drawing setons under the
skin. Their blades are broad and curved, with a round shank
twelve inches long, and with eye at the blunt end.

Shoeing Knife—Frog Knife—Drawing Knife—Used
for cutting into and paring the hoof, as in horseshoeing. It isa
thin blade with a sharply-curved end, fixed on a handle, and is
useful in caring for a horse’s feet.

*Syringe.—There are regular horse and cattle syringes now
in market. For giving small doses of liquid medicines, one that
can be used with one hand is very useful. The India-rubber pipe
and funnel is a good substitute in giving injections. A bulb
syringe for injecting abscesses and cleaning wounds is very desira-
able. (For description of the Hypodermic Syringe, see page 355.)

*Trocar.—This is a simple instrument resembling an awl.
It is generally provided with a hollow tube that encloses it,
called a canula. It is used for puncturing the abdomen, chest,
etc., the canula, being allowed to remain in until the water,
serum, or gas has escaped.

*Repeller.—A rod with a short, slightly-curved cross-bar at
one end for repelling a fcetus, in order to make a correction
when the foetus is crowded too far back in the pelvis.

A CHEAP AND PRACTICABLE INSTRUMENT
OUTFIT FOR THE STOCKMAN.—The following outfit
will serve the purposes of most stockmen, and all can be selected
at a moderate cost through any druggist. They should all Le
kept clean, in perfect order, and together in a neat case, or
wooden box:

*A clinical thermometer.
*A pair of spring artery forceps.
A silver probe.
A frog, or shoeing knife.
A pair of curved scissors.
A broad scalpel. A single-bladed, medium sized jack-knife
makes a good substitute.
INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 647

 

A few surgical needles, of different sizes and shapes; some
silk thread, and a little catgut. These should be kept in a leather
case or roll.

*A horse trocar and canula.
*A milking tube.

A two-ounce hard rubber syringe, for giving medicine,
injecting small abscesses, etc.

A plain bulb syringe, for syringing out abscesses and wounds,

A horse catheter is often of great value if one is a long way
from a veterinarian.

*A graduate for measuring liquid medicines,

APPARATUS

The following are the apparatus and appliances which the
stock owner will find useful to have on hand:

Drenching Bottle.—This is now generally used instead of
the drenching horn of older days. It should have a long neck,
and be good and strong. A champagne or ale bottle is good.
Have one holding a pint and another holding a quart; also several
olive oil bottles for drenching sheep and calves.

*Hobbles.—For use in casting, or to prevent kicking. ‘They
are usually two strong ropes 25 feet long; also two strong leather
straps, doubled and sewed, with a strong buckle and a ring, or D,
for each. The straps are buckled to the hind pasterns, and the
ropes are passed from the rings, or D’s, forward through a loose
collar on the horse’s neck. (See ‘‘Casting’’ in OPERATIONS, and
in CASTRATION.)

Slings.—They are not difficult to make. Take for the belly
support two or three thicknesses of very stout canvas, about 28
inches wide and about 7 feet long; fasten the ends by sewing them
around and tacking to smooth sticks, which are a little longer
than canvas is wide, to which fasten very strong loops of rope.
648 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Hook the loops into the hooks of a whiffletree turned upside down;
fasten the lifting rope to the ring on the upper side of the whiffle-
tree and pass the other end through a fixed pulley overhead.
The girdle is kept in position by breeching and breast straps.

To use the sling, place it under the animal’s belly and draw
it up snugly against it—about tight enough to take off the stretch
of the ropes. A sling cannot be used unless a horse can support
nearly three-fourths of his weight; it is intended for a horse to
settle into and rest himself. It is alsoa great help in using the
slings to surround the horse with a frame. Place him with one
side against a strong partition; along the opposite side, some six
or eight inches from the horse, securely fasten a strong stick—a
four by four or a pole; fasten the front end to the manger, the
back end to something solid behind; have it pass along about the
middle of the side; across from the side piece to the partition,
some six inches in front of his breast, securely fasten a two by
four, and the same across just back of the thighs; pad these with
some old cloth. The frame prevents the possibility of the animal
falling out of the sling, either forward or backward, as he will
sometimes do if it isnot used, and it also furnishes a support for him
to lean against. If possible a sling should be lowered away from
the animal for a little time each day to dry off the belly. (See
cut, in Hors— DEPARTMENT.)

Sponges.—Two or three of these should be kept by the
stockman, the smallest of which should be fine; the others should
be larger.

A Twist.—For controlling the horse; to make and apply,
see OPERATIONS, HorRsE DEPARTMENT.

Probang.—A piece of soft, one-half inch rubber garden
hose, to be used as a probang in choking, for giving injections
per rectum, and for flushing out the vagina and womb. Also
a piece of small rubber tubing, two or three feet long, and a small
funnel to use in milk fever, inflammation of the udder, etc.

A Spring-Ring “Bull Dog” to snap in the nose of cattle for
holding them.
INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 649

    

     

 

see ET LEG
700 5 “

 

CLINICAL THERMOMETER.
For description, see page 75.

 

HYPODERMIC SYRINGE AND ASPIRATOR.
For description and use of Syringe, see page 355.

 

REPELLER.
650 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

     

NEEDLES.

 

SETON NEEDLE.

 

PARTURITION Hook. Pic FoRCEPS.

 

ARTERY FORCEPS,

 

 

MILKING TUBE.
For use, see ‘Passing the Milking Tube,” page 438.

 

THAT SLITTER, OR BISTOURY.

As an example of use, see in “Stricture of Duct at Base of Teat,”
page hh2.
INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 651

 

 

SELF-RETAINING TRACHEOTOMY TUBE,

 

Horsk TROCAR AND
CANULA.

 

OVAI, TRACHEA TUBE.
THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

652

 

 

EMASCULATOR.
For description and use, see page 175.

 

For one of tts uses, see page 175.
MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 653

 

MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE

It is not to be expected that in the brief space allowed in a
section of this kind that much can be said that will take the place
of experience, but at the same time something may be given that
will enable one with good judgment to arrive at safe conclusions
in the treatment of at least the morecommon diseases to which
domestic animals are subject. Where one is not familiar with
the action of a drug, it is best to err on the safe side and to give
in small doses, repeating until the desired effect is produced. In
all cases where a doubt exists, consult a veterinarian, for if an
animal is worth saving at all, it is worth the advice of a man of
skill and experience.

The doses described in this section are for adult animals of
medium size of their class, unless otherwise mentioned, or where
the disease being treated is peculiar to a certain age. The age,
temperament, and size of the animal must always be taken into
consideration. Animals with compound stomachs—those that
chew the cud—as cattle and sheep, can take much more medicine
in proportion to their size than animals with simple stomachs.
Asarule, a cow will take 114 to 2 times as much asa horse.
Sheep will take about %4 as much as a horse; hogs, ¥% to I-10 as
much as a horse. Dogs require about the same dose as a
man. ‘The proportionate dose for each animal, as to age, is about
as in the following table:

HORSE. Ox. SHEEP. SWINE. DOGS. DOSE.
4 years, 3 years, 1% years, 1% years, 1% years, full dose.
a a I year, I year, I year, K ee
2. #8 I year, gmonths, gmonths, gmonth, % “
I year, g months, 6 a 6 * 6 “ YY «
6 months, 6 a 3 ee 3 e 3 cc 6«
At birth, at birth, at birth, at birth, at birth, 75 “

Allowance must also be made, in case of continued use, for
decrease in effect, as the tendency is for remedies to ‘‘ wear
out,’ and have less and less effect ; for effect on the individual,
654 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

as may be noticed by observing action on the particular subject ;
and also for the influence of the disease when it is likely to affect
the action. For example, in most diseases of the brain and
spinal cord, and in some impactions of the stomach, double the
usual quantities of purgative medicines are necessary, while in
influenza and other low fevers, half the usual dose may prove
fatal. In acute congestion of the brain, narcotics, such as Opium,
would aggravate the symptoms.

HOW OFTEN TO GIVE MEDICINES.—See Horse
DEPARTMENT (page 73).

SOME OF THE FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES
ARE DISPENSED.—

Powders.—A great many medicines are in powdered form;
they can be given this way, if finely pulverized, in moistened
feed; they can be dissolved in water, if soluble, and given asa
drench; or, if not soluble, mixed with thin gruel and given asa
drench.

Fluid Extracts.—A fluid extract is a liquid preparation of
a vegetable product, which is of the same strength as the crude
drug itself. They are made by dissolving the active principles
of the drug in Alcohol, Ether, or some solvent, and then evapor-
ating until of the strength of the crudedrug. The dose of a fluid
extract and the crude drug are the same. ‘The fluid extracts are
largely used for the lower animals.

Tinctures.—Tinctures are Alcoholic solutions of the various
drugs. The strength varies with the different drugs, generally
one-third to one-fifth as strong as the fluid extract.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.—In compounding some
medicines it is mecessary to be very exact as to weight and
measure. It is best in most cases to have formulas put up by
competent druggists, but where it is not convenient to do so, the
farmer and stockman should have his own scales and measuring
glasses, and use care in compounding. ‘The following are the
two tables of weights and measures used :
MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 655

 

Table of Apothecaries’ Weight.

 

20 grains make. I scruple.
3 scruples ‘‘ 1 drachm.
8 drachmis ‘' I ounce.
12 ounces ‘ 1 pound,

While the above table is used by the druggist in filling
prescriptions, when he sells drugs in bulk he gives 16 ounces for
a pound, instead of 12 ounces. In this work, where the pound is
used, 16 ouncesisintended. In referring to weights, the scruple
is rarely ever used, but instead, 60 grains, 1 drachm.

Table of Apothecaries’ Liquid Measure.

60 minims make ..........ceeeeeeeeeeees I fluid drachm.
8 fl. drachms make..........cseecenees r ‘* ounce.
16 fl. ounces OE, qigedued oudestanimaks r “ pint.

2 pints make..........c cece seeeeeeeees r ‘© quart.
4 quarts $o  cieeeececeeeeeeeseeeeene eters I gallon.

Where remedies are not of a violent nature, the following
comparative table may be made use of, though not so accurate as
above methods :

Comparative Table of Weight and Measure.

1 drop equals about.........seeeeeeee I minim,
60 drops equal............ 1drachm, or 1 level teaspoonful.
3 teaspoonfuls equal.........s. I tablespoonful.

8 tea- or 3 tablespoonfuls equal... 1 ounce.

I teacupful equals ..........:seceeeeeeeee 6 ounces.

1 coffeecup or tumblerful equals... 8 ounces or ¥% pint.

Acetanilid.—A white crystalline substance used to lower
temperature in cases of high fever. It has a depressing action
on the heart and should not be used too frequently ; should
always be given with a full dose of alcohol asa stimulant. Dose:
Horse, 1 to 2 drachms; cattle, 2 to 3 drachms; sheep, 20 to 40
grains.

Acetic Acid.—Is the sour principle of vinegar, and is one of

the most common vegetable acids. Pure Acetic Acid is used to
remove warts. Soak the warts well in it.
656 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Aconite.—Is derived from the root of the Aconite plant,
also known as wolfsbane, monkshood, etc. It slows the action of
the heart. Good for the early stages of fevers and inflammations,
but should not be given when the action of the heart is weak.
Applied externally it relieves pain, but should only be used in
small quantities. Poisonous. Dose of Fluid Extract: For horse,
1oto 15 drops; cattle, 15 to 30drops ; sheep, 3 to 5 drops; swine,
1 to 2 drops; dogs, +; to 1 drop..

Alcohol, Whiskey, Brandy.—Good for chills, depression
and collapse, or when animal is very weak. Dose of Alcohol:
For horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; cattle, 2 to 3 ounces; sheep, 14 ounce;
swine and dogs, 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls. Dose of the others: Twice
as much as the dose of Alcohol.

Ale and Beer—Stimulant. Dose: Horse, % to 1 pint;
cattle, 1 pint; sheep, 4% to % pint; swine and dogs, 1 wine-
glassful.

Aloes.—Act as a purgative, and in small doses as a bitter
tonic. ‘The kind known as Barbadoes Aloes is generally used
for stock. Dose as a physic: Horse, 6 drachms to 1 ounce.
Not used much, except with the horse; best purgative for him.
As a tonic for horses, give in doses of 1 drachm. Operates in
from 24 to 36 hours.

Alum.—lIs an astringent that is used mostly as washes for
wounds. Is also used dry, in the form of powder to dust
wounds, it being very drying and healing. Is also used in gar-
gles for sore throat, influenza, and aphtha or sore mouth. Fora
wash, use 1 ounce of Alum to 1 pint of water. Dose internally :
Horses, 1 to 2 drachms, cattle, 3 drachms; sheep, % drachm;
pigs, 4 drachm. Used in diarrhea.

Alum, Burnt.—Used on old sores and proud flesh in the
form of powder.

Ammonia Water.—Is a stimulant, and is good in indiges-
tion, colic, and bloating. Dose: Horse, % ounce; cattle, 1
ounce; sheep, 2 drachms; dogs and swine, % to 1 drachm. Dilute
well with water. Externally it is used for liniments.
MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 657

Aqua Ammonia Fortier.—Strong Ammonia water. Dose:
one-fourth the Ammonia water. Used in liniments.

Ammonia, Carbonate of.—Is a stimulant, prevents or
allays cramps, is an antidote for acids, good in colics and indiges-
tion. Dose: Horse, 1 to 2 drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms;
sheep, % to1drachm. Givein oil or thin gruel, as it is very
irritating.

Ammonia, Aromatic Spirits of.—A flavored preparation of
Ammonia Carbonate, Alcohol, and Aqua Ammonia. One of the
best Ammonia preparations for internal use; good in colics, indi-
gestions, impactions, etc. Dose: Horse, % to 1 ounce; cattle, 1
to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; hogs, 1 drachm. Dilute with at
least sixteen times its amount of water.

Ammonium Chloride—Sal Ammoniac.—-A mild stimulant,
especially to mucous membranes. Very valuable in case of coughs.
Dose: Horse, 2 to 3 drachms; cattle, 3 to 4 drachms; sheep %
to 1 drachm.

Anise Seed.—Stimulates indigestion, sweetens the stomach.
Is also recommended as a tonic when recovering from weakening
diseases. Dose: Horse, 1 ounce; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, 2
to 4 drachms; dogs and swine, 1 to 2 drachnis.

Areca Nut.—The ground seed of a palm; a drug used very
largely to destroy tapeworms; generally given in combination
with Oil of Male Fern. Dose: Horse, % to 1 ounce; sheep, A
ounce; lambs, 2 drachms; dogs, the dose is 2 grains for each
pound of dog’s weight.

Arnica, Tincture of—Causes sweating and lessens fever.
Dose: Worse, % to 1 ounce; cattle, 1 ounce; sheep, 2 drachms;
swine, % drachm. Externally, it is mildly stimulating to the
skin, and is used in liniments.

Arsenic.—White Arsenic is a heavy, white powder, very
poisonous. In medicines it is used for chronic indigestion, chronic
lung disorders, as heaves, and skin disorders, for all of which

it is very good. Dose: Horse, 2 to 5 grains; cattle, 4 to 7 grains;
42
658 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

for smaller animals, best to use it in the form of Fowler’s solu-
tion. Always commence with small dose, and increase if
desired.

Arsenic (Fowler’s Solution).—Is given as a tonic in
chronic diseases and in heaves, and as a tonic after weakening
diseases, such as distemper; it will often start animals thriving
when other remedies fail. Dose: Horse, % to 1 ounce; cattle, %
to 1 ounce; sheep, % to 1 drachm; swine, 5 to 20 drops; dogs, 1
to 5 drops. Give in food after eating.

Asafetida, Gum.—Good in colic, indigestion, constipation
and worms. Jose: Horse, 2 to 4 drachms; cattle, 4 drachms;
sheep, 1 drachm. Give in a ball, or dissolved in Alcohol, diluted
with water.

Asafetida, Tincture of.—Dose: Horse, 2 ounces; cattle, 3
to 4 ounces; sheep, % ounce; swine and dogs, 1 to 2 drachms.

Belladonna, Fluid Extract of—Good in fevers, cramp
colic, tetanus and caked bag. Full doses should not be re-
peated oftener than three or four times a day. Dose: Horse,
¥% to 1 drachm; cattle, 1 drachm; sheep, 20 drops; swine, 3 to 8
drops; dogs, % to 3 drops.

Benzoin, Compound Tincture of (Friar’s Balsam).—
Chief use is for healing wounds, by painting over with a feather
twice a day. Good to add to lard or Vaseline in making oint-
ments—1 part to 4 or 5 parts of the lard or Vaseline. Is not
used much internally.

Biniodide of Mercury.—Is chiefly used for blistering bony
enlargements, such as spavins, ring-bones, side bones, splints, etc.
The proportions in which it is used is 1 to 2 drachms to the ounce
of lard or Vaseline.

Boric Acid.—Is a non-poisonous antiseptic. Used for sore
mouth, sore eyes, roup, and also for an injection into the udder.
Used in solution, 1 ounce to the pint of water.

Bromide of Potash.—Chief use is to quiet the nerves in
diseases of the character of lock-jaw, convulsions, chorea, and
other painful diseases. Dose: Horse, % to 1 ounce; cattle, 1
ounce; sheep, 1 drachm; swine and dogs, 4% drachni.
MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 659

Buckthorn—Cascara Sagrada.—Used mostly as a physic
for dogs and cats. Dose: Of Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada,
horse, 1 to 2 ounces; dogs, % to 2 drachms; cats, 4 to % drachm.
Give night and morning until results are obtained.

Butter of Antimony.—Use pure, on a swab, as a caustic to
burn out proud flesh, old sores and fistula. Is very powerful,
and must be applied to diseased tissue only. Part must be dry
when it is applied. Not used internally.

Calibar Bean, Fluid Extract.—Obtained from the seed of
a plant; it stimulates the activity of the bowels. Good for colic,
impaction, etc.; generally combined with Jaborandi. Dose: Horse,
14 to 1 drachm; cattle, 1 to 2 drachms; sheep, 20 to 30 drops.

Calomel.—Internally its chief use is as a physic and to
expel worms. Externally, it is dusted on old sores to dry them
up and heal them. Dose: Horse, % to 1 drachm; cattle, 1 to
2 drachnis; sheep and swine, 5 to 20 grains.

Camphor, Gum.—Good in colic, diarrhea, coughs, and to
lessen pain. Checks secretion of milk. Dose: Horse, 1 to 2
drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, % drachm.

Camphor, Spirits of.—Camphor, 1 part; alcohol, 10 parts.
Dose: Horse, % to 1 ounce; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, 2
drachms; swine and dogs, 10 drops to % drachm. Give with
water. Externally, good to relieve pain and sprains.

Cantharides.—See Spanish Flies.

Carbolic Acid.—As sold by druggists is a colorless, oily
liquid; turns pink on exposure to light. Used mainly as an
antiseptic and disinfectant. It is a valuable medium in the treat-
ing of wounds. Used as a 3 per cent. solution—1 ounce Carbolic
Acid to 1 quart of water. Poisonous. When used internally,
Dose: Horse, 10 to 30 drops; hogs, 3 to 10 drops; well diluted.

Castor Oil.—A most excellent purgative, and can be used
where harsher ones cannot. Dose: Horse, 1 to 2 pints; calves,
2 to 4 ounces; sheep, 4 ounces; swine, 2 ounces. In small doses,
combined with laudanum, it is a most excellent remedy for
scours.
660 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Caustic Potash.—Its principal use is to burn out warts
and growths and cauterize poisonous wounds, as the bite of a
mad dog; also for dehorning calves. Sticks must be kept in well-
corked bottles, as air dissolves them. When used must be held
in paper to prevent burning the fingers. Wet the sticks before

applying.
Charcoal.—Finely powdered, is used in condition powders,
and also for dusting on wounds. Hogs like charcoal to eat.

Chloral Hydrate.—A drug used to allay pain and to lessen
irritated condition of the nervous system. Good to allay throes
in making corrections in difficult parturitions; good to give for
after-pains, for hysteria, etc. Dose: Horse, % to 1 ounce; cattle,
1 to 2 ounces; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms; hogs, % to 1 drachm.

Chloroform.—Is given by inhalation for the purpose of pro-
ducing anzesthesia (insensibility). Must be given carefully,
especially to dogs, who are very susceptible, or it will cause
death. For colic in horses, 1 drachm given with laudanum is
excellent.

Chlorate of Potash.—Is used internally for sore throat;
when animal cannot swallow, a solution is sprayed into throat
with a syringe, or put on the tongue, as a paste, with flour and
molasses. Dose: Horse, 1 to 2 drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms;
sheep, % drachm; swine and dogs, % drachm.

Copperas—Sulphate of Iron.—One of the best mineral
tonics; also a good astringent, in solution of 1 ounce to a pint of
water, for wounds. Excellent internally for diarrhea. A leading
ingredient in condition powders. Dose: Horse, 1 drachm; cattle,
2 drachms; sheep, 20 grains; swine, Io grains.

Corrosive Sublimate—Bichloride of Mercury.—Used
externally as an antiseptic and disinfectant. Is one of the most
powerful in both lines. The proportions generally used is 1
part to 1,000 parts of water. Tablets can be bought that will
enable one to mix properly to get right solution, or if these can-
not be got, 1 drachm of Corrosive Sublimate to 1 gallon of water
equals 1 to 1,000. Cheapest and best for disinfecting stables,
MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 661

etc. The drug is very poisonous, and is not used internally,
except for diarrhea. Dose of the 1 to 1,000 solution: Horse, %
to 1 ounce; calves, 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls.

Creolin.—Used in the form of lotion for wounds, scratches,
grease, and diseases of like character, as an antiseptic and as a
disinfectant. It is also valuable to destroy parasites of all kinds.
‘The proportions to use are from 1 to 3 parts Creolin to 100 parts
of water. Should be bought pure and only mixed as needed.

Croton Oil.—A drastic and powerful purgative that is only
used when milder means fail, asin impaction of the rumen, and
diseases of that character. Dose: Horse, 15 to 30 drops; cattle,
¥% to 1 drachm; sheep, 5 to 10 drops; swine and dogs, 2 to 3
drops. For horses and cattle, give in a pint of Linseed Oil; for
sheep, give in % pint of oil; and for swine and dogs, give in 2
tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil.

Crude Petroleum.— Used in making hoof oils, and as a
remedy for ring-worm on all domestic animals. Is a cheap and
effective remedy.

Digitalis, Fluid Extract of—A powerful heart and lung
tonic. Used in weakening diseases, such as influenza, distemper,
and lung troubles, whenever the heart is weak. It is sometimes
given for heaves. Dose: Horse, 20 drops to % drachm; cattle,
¥% to 1 drachm; sheep, 5 to 15 drops; swine 1 to 3 drops; dogs,
Y{ to 2 drops.

Epsom Salts.—Used mainly as a purgative for cattle and
sheep. Dose: Cattle, 1 to 1% pounds; sheep, 2 to 4 ounces;
horse, % to 34 pound; hogs, 1 to 2 ounces. Dissolve in warm
water. Acts in 24 hours.

Ether, Sulphuric.—Given by inhalation to produce anz-
thesia (insensibility). Internally as a stimulant in colic, indi-
gestion, etc. Dose: Internally, horse, 14 to 1 ounce; cattle, 1 to
1¥% ounces; sheep, 2 to 4 drachms; hogs, 1 to 2 drachms.

Ergot.—Checks bleeding and is used in parturition and
internal bleeding. Dose: Horse, 1% to 1 ounce; cattle, 1 to 2
ounces; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms.
662 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Fowler’s Solution.—See Arsenic.

Gamboge.—Is a powerful physic, mostly used for cattle
where milder remedies, such as Salts and Castor Oil, fail. It is
generally combined with other medicines, as here given:

Epsom Salts.......c.ccsssseccessseeeeeereeeees I pound,
Common Salt......csecccceseeerseeeecereeeees 2 tablespoonfuls.
Gamboge........cccrecvsorseresesesesees 2to 4drachms.

Bicarbonate of Sodaand Ginger, each 1 tablespoonful.
Mix in a quart of lukewarm water.

Very effective in bad cases of constipation and impactions of
the stomach.

Gentian, Fluid Extract—Used after debilitating diseases.
Dose: Same as of the powder.

Gentian Root, Powdered.—A bitter tonic that is much
used in Condition Powders, given to animals that are weak and
run down. Dose: Horse, 2 drachms; cattle, 4 drachms; sheep,
1 drachm; swine and dogs, % drachm.

Ginger.—A stimulant; neutralizes gases, and sweetens
stomach; is used in physic drenches to prevent griping; and is
good in colic, indigestion, and many other affections. Dose:
Horse, 1% to I ounce; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms;
pigs, 1 drachm.

Glauber’s Salts (Sulphate of Soda).—An excellent pur-
gative for animals that chew the cud—ruminants. Dose: Cattle,
1 to 1% pounds; sheep, 2 to 4 ounces. Dissolve in water and
give asadrench. Action same as Epsom Salts, only not quite as
certain.

Glycerine.—Two to 4 ounces in warm water makes an excel-
lent injection. Externally applied, it softens and soothes irritated
parts.

Hyposulphite of Soda.—One of the most valuable drugs to
check bloating, especially if the gas forms in the stomach; also
given in various blood disorders; a solution of it is good to apply
to mucous surfaces which are inflamed. Dose for bloating: Horse,
2 to 4 ounces; cattle, 4 to 6 ounces; sheep, 14 to 1 ounce. When
MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 663

used for blood disorders, one-fourth to one-half the foregoing
dose is used, repeated three times a day. For a wash, use 2 to 4
ounces to a pint of water.

Iodine, Tincture of.—It is not often used internally, but
for external application is much used for a sweat blister for
enlarged glands, wind puffs, etc., by painting parts once a day
until it blisters; then grease parts and let heal; then wash with
soapy water and repeat blistering until cured. Inject into old
sores and fistulze, once in two or three days. Used also in destroy-
ing ring-worms.

Iodide of Potash.—lIts chief action, when given internally,
is as an absorbent—as in dropsy of the belly or chest, to absorb
the fluids. It is also used where there is a thickening about the
throat, legs, or milk glands. Dose: Horse, % to 1 drachm,
twice a day; cattle, 1 to2drachms. If given too long, iodism
ensues; animal goes off feed, eyes and nose discharge, hair rough,
skin harsh and wrinkled, dandruff in hair; if we get these symp-
toms, stop giving for a time.

Jaborandi, Fluid Extract.—Obtained from a plant; it
stimulates the secretions of glands; good for colic and impactions,
etc. Dose: Horse, 2 to 4 drachms; cattle, % to 1 ounce; sheep,
¥% to 1 drachm.

Kerosene.— Internally, good for stomach worms. Give
lambs 1 to 2 drachms in 4 ounces of oil or milk. Externally, it
is a mild irritant. Rub it in well.

Lard.—When used fresh on irritated skin it softens and
soothes. Internally, given as a purgative to small animals.
Melt and give from 1 to 8 ounces, according to size.

Laudanum —Tincture of Opium.—Externally used to
relieve pain. It is used internally in almost every disease that is
attended with pain, as colic, diarrhea, etc. Dose: Horse, 1
ounce; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms; swine and dogs,
5 to 20 drops.

Lime Water.—Is made by slacking fresh lime and using
as much as the water will take up in solution. Allow to settle
664 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

and pour off the clear liquid. ‘This is useful in diarrhea in young
animals. Dose: Calves, 1 to 6 ounces.

Lime —Finely-pulverized, air-slaked lime is good to dry up
sores by being dusted on them. Unslaked lime is valuable for disin-
fecting stables and buildings that animals are kept in, by dusting
it in dry form around on the floor. It is especially good in the
poultry houses to keep away lice and other vermin; also good to
use in form of whitewash.

Linseed Oil, Raw.—Acts as a very mild physic, or what
is called alaxative. It is at once purgative and soothing. Dose:
Horse, 1 to 2 pints; cattle, 2 to 3 pints; sheep, 1% pint; calves, 4
to 8 ounces; lambs, 2 ounces; dogs, % to 2 ounces. Externally
applied, 1 part Carbolic Acid and 25 parts Linseed Oil is good
for scratches.

Mercury.—See Calomel and Corrosive Sublimate.

Monsel’s Solution of Iron.—Used for stopping flow of
blood. Is very astringent. Is used in leaking of the navel.

Morphine, Sulphate of.—A drug made from opium, having
its actions, only much more powerful; not so constipating as
opium, and so better to use to allay pain in colics; a convenient
form to use hypodermically. Dose,by the mouth: Horse, 3 to
Io grains; cattle, 6 to 10 grains; sheep, %4 to 2 grains.

Mustard.—Used chiefly for plasters on various parts of the
body of animals, as in severe cases of colic, or inflammation of
the bowels; in diseases of the chest and throat, and over the loins
in kidney affections. When mixed with warm water to a paste
and applied to the skin, it blisters. For a plaster of ordinary
strength for a thin-skinned horse, take 4% pound of mustard, 2
tablespoonfuls of flour, and tepid water or vinegar to make a paste.
In severe cases use only mustard and vinegar, or water. Apply
by rubbing into the hair over part on which a blister is desired.
A heaping teaspoonful in 4 to 6 ounces of warm water is an
excellent emetic for swine and dogs.

Niter.—See Sweet Spirits of Niter.
MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 665

Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid.—A mixture of Nitric and Hydro-
chloric Acids; it stimulates the secretions of the glands of the
intestinaltract; very valuable in certain kinds of indigestion with
torpidity of the liver. Dose of the medicinal acid: Horse, 1 to 2
drachms; cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, 20 to 40 drops; hogs, 10
to 20 drops; dogs, 3 to 10 drops.

Nux Vomica—(Powdered Seed.)—Is used in paralysis,
and in weak, debilitated conditions. A great nerve tonic. Useful
in condition powders. ‘The active principle is strychnine, and
when twitching of the muscles occurs the medicine should be
stopped. Poisonous. Dose: Horse, % to 1 drachm; cattle, 2
drachms; sheep, 20 grains; swine, 10 grains.

Nux Vomica, Fluid Extract of.—Used after debilitating
diseases with Gentian; also used in impactions, constipations,
etc. Dose: Same as the powder.

Nitrate of Silver—(Lunar Caustic.)—A pencil form of
Nitrate of Silver, used for cauterizing warts, growths, venom-
ous bites, proud flesh, etc. Sticks must be kept in tightly-corked
bottles to prevent dissolving. To use, simply wet and apply.
A solution of 2 to 5 grains to the ounce of water is used for
inflammation of the eye.

Nitrate of Potash—Saltpeter.—Chief action is on the
blood and kidneys, causing the latter to secrete a large amount
of urine. It reduces fevers and dropsical swellings. Dose:
Horse, 1 to 4 drachms; cattle, % to 1 ounce; sheep, % to 1
drachm.

Oak-Bark Decoction, or Tea.—Good for diarrhea. Ex-
ternally it dries up sores and toughens the skin. Dose: Colts and
calves, 1 to 2 ounces; lambs, % ounce. Give in milk. Dose
can be doubled, if necessary. To make: Boil 1 ounce of oak
bark in 1 pint of water.

Oil of Tar.—Used chiefly in cases of chronic cough, and for
such is an effectual remedy. Dose: For horse, 1 teaspoonful
three times a day in feed, or on the tongue with a spoon.
666 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Oil Male Shield Fern.—A most effectual remedy for worms,
especially tapeworms. Jose: Horse, 3 to 4 drachms in a pint
of raw Linseed Oil; cattle, same as horse; sheep and swine, 1 to
2 drachms in % pint Oil; dogs, % to 1 drachm ina half teacupful
of new milk.

Olive Oil_—Laxative. Dose: Horse, 1 to 2 pints; cattle, 2
to 3 pints; sheep, 3 to6ounces. Externally it is used for healing
and soothing irritated wounds; for this, may be used in the pure
state or with Carbolic Acid—1 drachm of Acid to 4 ounces of Oil.

Opium.—The dried juice of the poppy; appears in the form
of a gum, and a powder. It is used to allay pain; it stops the
activity of the bowels, and so is not good to use in colic, but is
very valuable in diarrhea. Laudanum, which is an alcoholic
solution of Opium, is a convenient form in which to use the drug.
Dose of Opium: Horse, % to1 drachm; cattle, 1 to 2 drachms;
sheep 5 to 20 grains; hogs, 3 to Io grains.

Pepper, Black.— Used in a ground form to warm the
stomach and bowels, and in this way relieve pain in colic, indi-
gestion, etc. Dose: Horse, 1 tablespoonful; cattle, 1 tablespoon-
ful; sheep and swine, 1 teaspoonful; dogs, % teaspoonful. If
combined with Whiskey in a drench, it is excellent.

Peppermint, Essence.— Good in indigestion and colic.
Give in sweetened water. Dose: Horse, 40 drops to 1 drachm;
cattle, 1 to 2 drachms; sheep, 10 drops; dogs, 2 to 5 drops.

Pumpkin Seeds.—Vermifuge, and tapeworm remedy. Dose:
Horse, 1 pint.

Quinine, Sulphate of.—Reduces fever, stimulates, and in
small doses is a bitter tonic. Dose: Horse, % to 1 drachm;
cattle, 2 to 4 drachms; sheep, % drachm; pigs, ro grains; dogs,
1 to 5 grains.

Salol—A drug made from Salicylic Acid and Carbolic Acid;
very largely used for rheumatism. Dose: Horse, 1 to 3 drachms;
cattle, 3 to 5 drachms; sheep, % to 1 drachm; hogs, 20 to 40
grains; dogs, 2 to 15 grains.

Salts.—See Epsom and Glauber’s Salts.
MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 667

Salt, Common.—Useful as food in small amounts. All ani-
mals should be given a little salt in food. A solution of 1 ounce
salt in a pint of water is good as a wash for sores and wounds.

Saltpeter.—See Nitrate of Potash.

Soda, Bicarbonate of (Baking Soda).—Useful in indiges-
tion. Give before feeding. Dose: Horse, 2 drachms to 1
ounce; cattle, 1% to 1% ounces; sheep, 1 drachm to % ounce;
swine, 2 drachms,. Wet with water is good to apply to stings of
bees and other insects.

Spanish Fly (Cantharides)—Not given internally. Is
used in making blisters for reducing enlargements, such as curbs,
tumors, and thickenings, after wounds have healed. Is used in
proportion of 1 to 3 drachms Cantharides to an ounce of lard or
Vaseline, as the case may require. For cattle, the blisters may
be made a little stronger than for the horse.

Strychnine.—A powerful drug, made from Nux Vomica;
very poisonous; has the same action as Nux Vomica; is a power-
ful nerve tonic. Dose: Horse, 1 to 2 grains; cattle, 2 to 3
grains; sheep, 4% to % grain; dogs, 1-60 to 1-30 grain. If the
drug is used hypodermically, the dose is one-half the above.

Sugar of Lead (Acetate of Lead).—Is used externally
to heal sores and wounds. Asa plain lotion, dissolve 1 ounce in
1% pints of water. Used in White Lotion (see PRESCRIPTIONS).

Sulphate of Copper—Blue Vitriol—Blue Stone.—Is an
antiseptic astringent and a mild caustic. Internally, it is used
for checking discharges, as nasal gleet or chronic catarrh, and
leucorrhea. Externally, it is used to burn out proud flesh, by
dusting it on, every two or three days, according to how much
it burns. Is also used in solution of 1 ounce to a pint of water,
or stronger, if necessary. Dose internally: Horse, % to 1 drachm;
cattle, 1 drachm; sheep, Io to 20 grains.

Sulphate of Zinc—White Vitriol—Astringent and tonic.
Dose: Horse, % drachm; cattle 1to 2 drachms; sheep, 15 to 30
grains; Externally it is used in healing lotions, as White
Lotion and eye washes. Externally it is also good to destroy
proud flesh by dusting it on the part once in two or three days.
668 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Sulphur.—When given internally, it acts on the blood, and
also on the skin, helping to destroy parasites and germs. Dose:
Horses and cattle, % ounce; sheep, 1 drachm; swine, 20 grains.
An ointment made of:

Sulphur «+ ounce.
Tear j), sec cesuceaesebsssvasesseasategrcsaestaass 6 ounces.

Is good for lice. Sulphur is a fine disinfectant, by being
burned in empty, closed rooms in an iron vessel. A larger dish
containing water should hold the one with Sulphur to prevent
fire.

Sweet Spirits of Niter—Spirits of Nitrous Ether.—In
small doses it acts on kidneys and skin and reduces fever. In
large doses it acts on the stomach and bowels, relieving pain and
neutralizing gases. Good in different forms of indigestion and
colic. Dose: Horse, 1 to 2 ounces; cattle 2 to 3 ounces; sheep,
3 to 6 drachms; swine and dogs, 1 to 2 drachms.

Tincture of Chloride of Iron—-Muriate of Iron.—Is used
as a tonic, to stop bleeding, and as an application cr wash in sore
mouth, sore throat, and skin diseases. Dose: Horse, % to 1
ounce; cattle, 1 ounce; sheep, % to 1 drachm; swine, 10 to 30
drops; dogs, 2 to 10 drops. As an application, use 4% ounce of
the tincture to 8 ounces of water.

 

Liquid Chloride of Iron, Strong.—JDose: One-fourth as
much as Tincture.

Turpentine—Spirits of Turpentine—Oil of Turpen-
tine.—Good for colic, bloating, and intestinal worms. Also
stimulates the kidneys. Give in oil, gruel, or milk. Dose:
Horse, % to 1 ounce; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, 1 to 3
drachms; swine, 1 drachm; dogs, 5 to 30 drops. Externally, it
is an irritant, and is used in stimulating or blistering liniments.
It is also added to Linseed Oil in the proportion of 2 ounces of
Turpentine to 6 ounces of oil as a stimulating injection.

Vaseline.—Softens and soothes parts applied to. Is also
much used as a base for ointments and blisters.

Vinegar—Is used externally as a cooling, stimulating
fotion. Can be used hot. Internally, in small doses, and diiuted
with water, it may be given for cooling fevers.
MEDICINES—ACTION AND DOSE 669

 

Whiskey.—See Alcohol.

Wood Alcohol—Methylated Spirit—Is not used as an
{internal remedy. Externally, it is used in liuiments.

THE STOCKMAN’S MEDICINE CASE.—The import-
ance of the stockman keeping on hand a few medicines and
preparations, will depend upon his distance from a veterinarian
and a druggist. A few things should always be kept, however,
as when they are wanted, they are wanted at once, and if not at
hand, their use is often neglected. All medicines and prepara-
tions should be plainly labeled; should be kept in a dark, cool
place; all liquid in well-corked bottles, powders in covered cans.

‘Two or more colic mixtures:

One pound of the digestive tonic.

One-fourth pound of Saltpeter.

One-half pound of Sulphate of Iron (Copperas).

Three to five pounds of Epsom Salts.

Two quarts of raw Linseed Oil.

Four ounces pure Carbolic Acid.

One quart of a3 per cent. solution of Carbolic Acid, ready

for use.

Two ounces of Lysol.

One-half pound or Acetate of Lead (Sugar of Lead).

One-half pound of Sulphate of Zinc.

One pint of White Lotion, ready for use.

One-half pint of Alcohol.

One-half pint of some good strong liniment (Modified White

Liniment).

One-half pint of mild, soothing liniment.

One-half ounce of Fluid Extract of Aconite.

One ounce of Fluid Extract of Belladonna.

One ounce of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica.

Four ounces of Laudanum.

One ounce of Monsel’s solution for stopping bleeding.

The foregoing list will meet nearly all emergencies, and other
things can be sent for if needed. In the list, where a preparation
is mentioned, *¢¢ under LRESCRIPTIONS.
670 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

PRESCRIPTIONS

Soothing Lotion.—

  

Fluid Extract of Belladonna I ounce.
Lattda ntti x. 0 ccs.ccisvesetesissccossaseun sees I ounce.
Tincture of Aconite I ounce.
Soap Linitient sj scssiepccssssecercsteandsesebussexeoss 5 ounces,

Mix. This liniment will relieve pain and soreness where there is much
inflammation. Is also good for sprains, in connection with fomentations.
Will not blister. A part of the soap liniment in the above lotion can be
replaced by Witch Hazel.

White Lotion.—

Sugar of Lead .......ssscccsceeeesseececeseteeseeeseees I ounce.
Sulphate Of Zinc....cc.sscssesseeessececeeeeeesseseees 6 drachms,
Water ...cccccecssscescssessesesececessenenseasseeeesceers I pint.

Shake well before using. This is extensively used for wounds, sores,
scratches, summer sores, ard fistula. It can be used three times a day.

Modified White Lotion.—

 

Sugar of Lead .........ccseessseseee cceeeeeeeenennnees I ounce.
Sulphate Of Zimc.....cccceceessceesseeeeseeeenenrens 6 drachms,
Carbolic Acid ¥% ounce.
Water; to makers. scissscoensse eveseanivnsswonnexeee I pint.

Shake. Uses, same as White Lotion, but as it contains Carbolic
Acid, is antiseptic, and hence more effectual in many places.

White Liniment.—

Aqua AMMONIA ..........sseeessesessseeesseseseceeees 2 ounces.
Turpentine 2 ounces,
Linseed Oil 4 ounces.

 

Mix, and apply by rubbing. Bottle must be kept well corked. Ifa
stronger liniment is wished, add more Ammonia and Turpentine; if a weaker
is desired, add less Turpentine and Ammonia. This will blister if used freely
and well rubbed in, especially, if part is covered to prevent evaporation.

Modified White Liniment.—

Aqua Ammonia (strong) ............::.606 Jeesewe 2 ounces.
Turpentine ..........:.cccceeeseeereeee 2 ounces.
Soap Liniment 4 ounces.

Shake. Action same as White Liniment; will not dirty parts so
badly. Good for all sorts of strains, or wherever liniment is desired. Can
make it weaker or stronger by changing the umount of Ammonia and Tur-
pentive. An excellent liniment.

 
 

VARIOUS TYPES OF SPAVIN.
PRESCRIPTIONS 671

Acid Liniment.—

First put into a quart bottle, 2 ounces of Turpentine; then add to
this, very slowly, % ounce of Sulphuric Acid, allowing it to run down on
inside of bottle, which is turned partly on side. Take five minutes to add it.
Then pour into bottle 2 ounces Wood Alcohol, adding slowly; add to this
Cider Vinegar enough to make 1 quart; shake well, and it is ready for use.

Thisis a blistering liniment, and is effective in removing puffy enlarge-
ments, as bog spavin, wind-galls, thoroughpins and other puffy swellings
around the legs. It is also good in sweeny, curbs, etc., where horse is needed
for work. For rheumatism, rub affected joints every third day. This had

better be put up by a druggist, as Sulphuric Acid is rather dangerous for the
inexperienced to compound,

Cantharides, or Fly Blister.—

Powdered Cantharides.............cccseceesesseeees 2 drachms.
Lard, or Vaseline .........sccsssscsscsceseceneseeeons I ounce.

Mix, and apply as directed in ‘‘Blistering’’ in Hcors—E DEPARTMENT
page 258.

Red Mercurial Blister.—
Biniodide of Mercury.........sscsseeersseceeceeneeee 1 drachm.
Lard, or Vaseline ..........ccccceeecceeeseeeneneenees I ounce,

Mix, and use as directed in ‘‘Blistering”’ in HORSE DEPARTMENT,
page 258.

Combination Blister.—

Powdered Cantharides...........csssereseenseeeeoes 2 drachms.
Biniodide of Mercury .........sccssereseeeeeeeeeeee 1 drachm.
Lard, or Vaseline .......seccreseceseeseeeseeseeeeeens 2 ounces.

Mix, and use as above. Good for spavins, ring-bones, etc.

Drying and Healing Powder.—
Oxide Of Zinc.........ccseeeeeeeseceentereeesensneeeees 2 ounces.
Calorie] .........sececceseeceeesereesenereerencanes .. 2 ounces,
Boracic Aci......ccccsccscseesesseeeeveeseseeees we. $2 Ounces.
Air-slaked Lime 2 ounces.
Mix. Dust on wound. Good for galls and sores where a dry dressing
is desired. By adding Lard or Vaseline, it can be made into an ointment.

 

Carbolated Oil.—

Olive, or Sweet Oil
Carbolic ACIC........0::secesereeeseeeeeenseesereneeens

Shake well together. An excellent remedy for healing wounds,

 
672 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Carbolic Lotion (3 per cent.).—

Carbolic Acid ¥% ounce.
Water sisissivsesisesecasssessiecia vavecessteonvaevecnens I pint.

 

Mix, Anexcellent antiseptic wash for all kinds of wounds.

Creolin Lotion.—

  

This makes an excellent healing lotion for wounds, and it also makes
an excellent wash for destroying parasites, lice, or ticks on all animals,

I to 1000 Corrosive Sublimate Solution.—

Corrosive Sublimate..........cccccsesecseees coseseee 15 Grains,
Water iiccswisasennsssecnsens Seca cenrcceessonevess saesoeeee I quart.

Shake. An excellent and cheap antiseptic for wounds; cannot be used
on instruments.

Oxide of Zinc Ointment, Benzoated.—
Oxide of Zinc............ce000 das careaseiadeesaeaere I ounce.
Benzoated lard..........ccccscssssccseccescceceseceece 4 ounces.

Mix welltogether. This is an excellent healing ointment for dry,
angry looking sores.

Iodine Ointment—Absorbing Ointment.—

TOdine Crystals ssc. cscgssssicessescrineseesesaccanseees 2 drachms.
Biniodide of Mercury 20 grains.
Iodide of Potash.......... 1 drachm.

 

Lard, or Vaseline ..........:.cccccseseccessecenensees 2 ounces,

Mix. Apply twice a day until part is slightly sore, and then once a
day, or once in two days, to keep it slightly irritated.

1. Eye Lotion.—

Sulphate Of Zite........sccsseesseccccecsssssecceces ¥% drachm.
Fluid Extract Belladonna.............csssceseeeees ¥% ounce.
Water, to make. szavecctict a ccdicessasacesceds ote ane 8 ounces,

Mix, Shake thoroughly, and itis ready for use. A good lotion for
sore eyes, or for sores in the region of the eyes. Apply twice a day, after
bathing the eyes with warm water or freshly-drawn milk.
PRESCRIPTIONS 673

2. Eye Lotion.—

 

Nitrate of Silver wn... .ceeccssesssssessnereneees 5 grains.
Morphine Sulphate...........ccceccsseseneeeeseeeees 5 grains.
Atropine Sulphate... 2 grains.
Water; towmakessiiicsissacssioeesscesannedecoeveates 2 ounces.

Shake. Drop 10 to 15 drops into the eye, three times a day with a
medicine dropper. Keep in the dark,

1. Cough Mixture.—

 

Fluid Extract Belladonna...........ccccseceseeeee I ounce.
Pulverized Opium wee 3% ounce.
Gum Camphor........... deeduee shou seeevervareeae I ounce.
Ammonium Chloride........ccccseeeeeeneeeeeeee 2 ounces.

Add molasses and flour, enough to make ¥ pint of paste. Witha small,
wooden paddle daub a tablespoonful on the back teeth, three to five times
a day.

2. Cough Mixture.

 

Fluid Extract of Belladonna soos §©2 OUNCES.
Ammonium ChIOride ........seceee ceceseeeeeeeeonee 3 ounces,
Todide of Potash ......csccscsscssesecssseecessoeeeeeee I ounce.
Saltpeter .....c:cccsessseerseseesesssseeseeeseesersenaes 3 ounces,
Water, to make... seeeceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees I quart.

Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three times a day, in grain, or as a drench,

4, Colic Mixture.

 

Tarrdanum.....seccccsccesseceeseeeotenesceeaeseeeeaeees 4 ounces.
Aromatic Spirits of AMmmomia.........eseeeee 3 ounces.
Sulphuric Ether .........s:cccsssssseeeeseeeseseeeees 2 ounces.
Essence of Jamaica Ginger seseeeee 4 Ounces.
Water, to make.......-..ssceseeeers 1 pint.

Give from 2 to 3 ounces of this in a half pint of hot water. A second
dose can be given in one-half to one hour, and be repeated an hour later.
Always dilute with hot water, but not hot enough to scald the animal

2. Colic Mixture.—
Aromatic Spirits of AMmMomia..........eee ¥% ounce.

  

 

Sulphuric Ether..........sccessesceseesesreeseseeeene ¥ ounce.
Fluid Extract Belladonna.........s:ssescereseees I drachm,
Fluid Extract Jaborandi.......sssssseeesererereeee 2 drachms.
Fluid Extract Calibar Beath.........sccseeocees ¥ drachm.
Hyposulphite of Soda aed 2 ounces.
Water, to make......cccccesssssreeeeesseesssennaeess ¥y pint.

Shake. Give as one dose; repeat in one-half to one hour if necessary.
43
674 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Physic Drench or Ball for Horses.—

Barbadoes Aloes 6 to 8 drachms.

 

Baking Soda................ ae 1 drachm.
QGID 8 OP 5 sins a seeing cane wadeeaiane seams caednes 2 to 4 drachms.
Water (lukewarm) or thin Linseed meal

GLUE sc soeig Ueiusencemoveaewiendenamene trees: I pint.

Mix, and give as a drench, allowing horse to stand in the stable a day
after giving it. A good purgative to clear the bowels, Or, by mixing with
molasses to make a stiff dough, may be given as a ball.

Physic Drench for Cattle.—

I to 1% pounds,

 

 

+. I ounce,
SY PMP Hs iasaiasasniadvcessiusbisencoveesuencesnarecsneek 4 ounces.
Water) C6 GMa G si. ccs seciedosnasscasdncemeneoneces aes 2 quarts.

Mix, and give as one dose.

Cough Mixture for Cattle.—
Gum. Cam phorsciessis ssiesocscssnaicctiassesensaneas 2 drachms.
Saltpeter ....... .. 3 drachms.
Spirits of Niter I ounce.
Water or Gruel I pint.

INix, by dissolving Camphor in the Spirits of Niter, and add the water
(or gruel) and Saltpeter, and give as one dose. May be repeated two or
three times a day.

General Condition Powders.—
Gentian Powder.......seccccssssecsseesccevenesesees
Cooking Soda ................ ;
Nux Vomica, powder....... :
ATSEMIO id. cs vs vietuautediaspceraaebarsdes weesunagans

 

Mix. Dose: Tablespoon level full morning and night in moistened
grain. At noon give the following:
Sulphate of Irom oo... cee eeeeeeeee sees ee eee 4 ounces.
Salt Peter sasibowivedsaeisve viene cvades sudandecie 4 ounces.

Mix. Dose: Tablespoon ievel full.
Hoof Ointment.—

 

Raw Latseed. Olli sivscsvsieecsassseeceaccvscesenoniseds 4 ounces.
Crude: Petrolewiti...seisecuesedeaniansceswnsse ceased 4 ounces.
Neatsfoot Oil 4 ounces.
PI eT ats nas cccvsaauians eaanesetaugenacte ncessPacvaanenel 4 ounces.

Mix well, and apply every night with a brush, all over and under the
hoof—even a little in the hair above the hoof. Clean ont hoof before
applying.
a
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SPLINT.
PRACTICAL REMEDIES AND RECIPES

o--FROM PRACTICAL ..

FARMERS AND STOCK OWNERS

‘THE aim has been to make this book one of great value

from a practical as well as from a scientific standpoint.
Every successful farmer has a few favorite remedies that he has
tried and tested and that he knows to be valuable. To gather
these remedies has been a long and difficult undertaking, but
we have succeeded, and it is believed that the following, gathered
from all sections of the country and from the most reliable
sources, will be found the most valuable collection of sure and
simple remedies ever gathered for the home use of the farmer

and stock owner.
PUBLISHERS

REMEDIES FOR HORSES

TO KEEP HORSES IN HEALTH. —Give leaf tobacco
finely pulverized, one tablespoonful once a week in wheat bran;
colts, one teaspoonful once a week.

Robert EF. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. 1.

BLOATING.—If bloated from wind, give injection of
warm soapy water; if animal shows signs of inflammation, give
about 30 drops of Tincture of Aconite.

John Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada.

BLOOD PURIFIER.—

Sulphur ...........:csesoeeesssonneerseeaoeene 2 ounces.
Cream of Tartar .......cccscssesssecseeees 2 «6
Sassafras. svissasecsnscexes ovens cewareeanesuss Be te
Mandrake, powder Of.............se000e 2.

Mix and give one tablespoonful once a day
in grain.

Walter Whitheld, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D.6
675
676 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

BOG-SPAVIN AND THOROUGH-PIN.— Keep the
horse as quiet as possible in a box-stall and blister once every
month as long as necessary with the following:

Biniodide of Mercury..........sssseeeee 1% drachms,
Cantharides:.ccssicsiccecescasteszossasessc 1} ae
Vaseline svacecsscvseacsauaiensiensestdcasacsne 2 ounces,

Mix well together,

Clip all the hair off and rub the blister (the above ointment)
wellin. Besure to tie him up so that he cannot bite the parts.
In twenty-four hours rub well again, and in twenty-four hours
longer wash off and apply sweet oil every day. It is sometimes
necessary to blister several times to effect a thorough cure.

J. Kearns, Palmerston, Ontario, Canada.

BOTS.—Drench with 1 pint of Indigo water reasonably
strong. 7. S. Harper, Novelty, Missouri.

BOWELS, INFLAMMATION OF THE.—I treat about
the same as in colic. I always employ the best veterinarian I
can, when I have a case of this kind, and they often fail to do
much. My experience is that much can be accomplished by
treating the same as colic, and applying lots of heat to the body
in the form of woolen blankets wrung out in hot water, and held
up to the belly; also heat the back if you do not use the blanket
and hot water. Have found it good to use:

Spirits of Turpentine... eee I ounce.
MUStard icici oncnesessieousteteearesureesce ¥% pound.
WANES AF avs su ssees wsgacsasenss coavmsessivee ¥% gallon

Mix together and rub on the belly and strap
a blanket on the horse; also apply some on the
back of the animal.

T am a farmer 60 years of age and have farmed all my life.
Have used all the recipes I am sending you, for over 35 years,
and found them to be of great success with my own stock, as
well as to the neighborhood in which I live. I believe I could
sell a number of your books here, as the farmers around would
like to get hold of some of the recipes I am sending you.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 677

The recipes I am sending you are intended for animals that
have come to maturity, and should be reduced according to the
age and strength of the animal.

I wish you success with your book.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

BREAST BRUISED FROM EATING OUT OF A
HIGH MANGER.—Put in a rowel made of leather or silk
thread. Keep moving it every day until it is running well, then
remove the string and keep sore washed well with warm water.

7. P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

CASTRATION, BLEEDING FROM.—Rub back with
salt water and apply vinegar to sore.
Almer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota.

CATARRH IN THE HEAD,OR THE HEAVES.—
Feed western prairie hay. This hay has plenty of resin plant in it.
D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio.

COLIC.—Sulphuric Ether, given in 1 ounce doses, mixed
with twice the quantity of warm water or milk—dose repeated in
15 minutes if not easier—will positively cure any case of acute or
spasmodic colic. This remedy will also cure colic in any animal
or human, and will positively cure the so-called ‘‘Lamb Cholera’
in young lambs if discovered before they are too far gone. ‘‘Lamb
Cholera’ is nothing but colic produced by sickness or changes in

the dam’s milk.
Geo. M. Wilber, Marysville, Ohio.

2. Colic.—Have found whiskey and soda the safest remedy.
Give 1 pint whiskey and a tablespoonful of soda mixed. Repeat
the dose if not relieved in thirty minutes.

W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky.

3. Colic—Take 1% pints of lard, heat quite warm, place
in a bottle and drench the horse with it. ‘This can be used when

other remedies cannot be had.
Gurley Taylor, Boonville, Indiana.
678 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

4. Colic.—20 drops Wild Yam in 14 pint warm water every
fifteen to thirty minutes will cure colic.
W. f. Reynolds, Pitestone, Minnesota.

5. Colic—Make 1 quart of strong hop tea, drench the
horse, then move him briskly for half quarter and back.

My remedies for Bots and Colic I got from my father, who
was a veterinary. I never knew him to lose a horse, and he

traveled all over this country.
7. S. Harper, Novelty, Missouri.

6. Colic.—In early stage.

Aqua Ammomnia............csceee I teaspoonful.
Sweet Milk.........cescceeceessese eee I pint.
Shake well and give in one dose. °
7. Colic.—
Spirits of Turpentine...............:006 I ounce.
PAUGAR UM csvcsncerntiorannrceneaieseasaniyg ne 2 ounces.
Warm Water.......:.ccccsscsescesseoneeerees I pint.

Mix and give in one dose.

Colic is about the only thing that ever ails my horses, and if
I fail to have the above on hand, I give 1 pound of common
baking soda in a quart of water and repeat in half an hour if
necessary. ‘This has never failed me yet.

W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan, R. 4. D. 2.

8. Colic.—A horse’s stomach holds but four quarts. If
watered after feeding it will force all feed into the large
intestines, where it will ferment and cause colic.

Laudanum.
Sulphuric Ether.
Spirits of Nitre—equal parts of each.

Give 2 tablespoonfuls every half hour in
pint of water.
Jacob Shearley, Franklin, Pennsylvania.

9. Colic.—Give one heaping tablespoonful of soda in one
quart of buttermilk. Put the soda into the buttermilk just
when ready to give. Repeat in half an hour, if necessary.

Robert E.. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. 7.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 6

“I
oO

to. Colic or Pain Cure.—
TAUGa neh occ cdaacsscccancseveceeaseactes I ounce,

 
 
 

Spirits of Camphor..... TM
Tincture of Rhubarb............. 7)

Oil of Peppermint.............. ... 2 drachms,
Oil of Cinmamon.......cccceeceseesee eee 2 a

Dose for a horse, 30 to 4o drops in %- pint
warm water.

Excellent for persons also, given, of course, in smaller doses.
D. H. Clifton, DeCliff, Ohio.
Iz. Colic.—Pour one teaspoonful of Turpentine on spine,
then insert an onion up the rectum, then let him inhale the
Turpentine. This will cause a passage. If not, move him about.
J. P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

12, Colic.—One-half cupful of Spirits of Turpentine in one
quart of warm water, given as a drench.
Isaac Salkeld, Goderich, Ontario, Canada.

13. No. 1.—For Colic.—

 

Sweet Spirits of Nitre.........eseeee 1% ounces.
Tincture of Opium I ounce.
Extract of Ginger...........ccseeeeeeee X¥% x

ivicc and give as one dose.

14. No. 2.— -For Wind Colic.—

PBLOLOFOLM .0..cccccececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees % ounce.
Litaseed O1l, raw.......ecceeeeeeeeeeee I quart.

Mix and give as one dose.
Wm. A. Hale, Anamosa, lowa.

15. Colic.—

Wormwood, Oil Of ...-eececseeeees % ounce.
Origanum, Oil Of........- cc ceeeeeeees % es
Taridanum.....csecseeccseecrecceeeensceeeers ye
Gum Camphot........ccesesecsseseeeeees yo
Capsicum, pulverized...........seeeee Be
ALCOHOL. s sasescsscnsaveaevewnsisiseseinsials des 1% pint.

Dose.—For a horse, one tablespoonful in one-
half teacupful of lukewarm water. Repeat in
half an hour.

Walter Whitfield, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R.f. D.6.
680 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

16. Colic.—
Chamomile Tea (warm) I pint.
Spirits of Nitre ......sseeeee I ounce.
Saleratus (or Soda)... ceecesseeeseeeeeees rf

 

Mix and give to horse out of long-necked
bottle, as one dose. Rub horse’s flanks and
small-of-back and keep fairly warm with a

blanket.
Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota.
17. Colic.—
Chloroform ......eseceeeeeeeseeeeee I teaspoonful,
Cayenne Pepper............00+ I “
Git PEF 5. .csisinsepsesienavesveanass 1 tablespoonful.

Give in one pint warm water, then follow in
fifteen minutes with from one to one-half pints
raw Linseed Oil.
The above, so far as I have tried or have seen tried, has

proved entirely successful.
HT, M. Hance, Shepherd, Michigan.

COLIC, CRAMP.—

Sulphuric Ether. 2 ounces.
Landantiti..,...ccsssissviavessassassansceess ge
Give in } pint Linseed Oil raw.

G. D. Foster, Kingfisher, Oklahoma.
COLIC, SPASMODIC.—

Tincture of Asafetida.......cecceeee sees 4 ounces,

Sulphuric Ether 1% ounce.
Mix, and give 4% of contents in 1 pint of

warm water every ten minutes until relief.

Gilbert Holmes, Hillsboro, Ohio, R. F. D. 6.

 

 

2. Colic, Spasmodic.—

Sweet Spirits of Nitre...........0008 1% ounce.
Tincture of Opium......ccceccceeseseees I ounce.
Extract of Ginger.....cccceseseeeeseees a
Water sosacesadescereosnetenedsaccanaeeaddnes % pint.

Mix and give as one dose. When pos-
sible, give warm water injections.
Have used this remedy for twenty-five years with very good

results in nearly every case.
John Gawthrop, Milford, Indiana.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 681

 

3. Colic, Spasmodic.—My favorite remedy for this is:

Sweet Spirits of Nitre...............0 I ounce,
Tincture Laudanum...............06 r

GIN Ber iiss scstcansvessoussncvseseseaueesaenia’ 1 tablespoonful.
Common Soda........sccsesceseeveeceesseees r 2 8
Lukewarm Water..........:eeseeeseseeeees I pint.

Mix and give as one dose. Repeat every
four hours until better. In bad cases apply
hot cloths to the belly,

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

COLIC, WIND OR FLATULENT.—I treat the same
as in Spasmodic Colic, given over my name, only I give an
occasional drench of:

Common Soda.....ceseseceeees 3 tablespoonfuls,

Gilet. i cercssetvceeney 1 tablespoonful,
This is to take the wind away.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.
COLLAR GALLS.—

VASElING ...5, se cdsennisedetaentarcedessees 4 ounces.
DAW o2.si tosses cise cciavecoen'e das aden 2 drachms.
Apply morning and evening.

Almer L. Maland, Rushtord, Minnesota.

COLLAR, SCALD UNDER.—Bathe in cold water.
W. S. Starcher, Berlin, Wisconsin.

CONDITION, TO.—When a horse is sick and does not
eat well, feed him a hot mash and some apples.
J. B. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

CONDITION POWDER.—The following is a recipe
which I know to be very good, in fact, the best I ever used, and
I have used quite a number of the different powders.

 

Ginger.......600 6 ounces.
Elecampane 6 «
Juniper Berries.......s.sssececseeceeoeeees 4 “
Fenigreek.........cccccssseseccssrscesseeee. 6 es
Epsom Salts ......ccccsssssseseeeeeeeeseees 4 a
Gentian Root ....ccccscsscescesssvcceceeces 4 sf
Tartar Emetic.....ccccsssssssesersceeeesees a

Powder all well together and give one table-
spoonful in soft feed twice a day.
Valentine Thoeny, Tell, Buffalo County, Wisconsin.
682 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

2. Condition Powder.—

COpPperas....ccceeereeeeeeee
Poplar Bark
Pet greek i yccsscdesaesavacssvgessageneesars

Blood Root. . .sisscsssecssiesvavanemnectawens qs

 

Pulverize and mix. Dose,1 tablespoonful in
feed or bran mash.

I have used this condition powder for thirty-five years and
have found it the best thing ever tried for conditioning horses.
It cleanses the stomach and bowels, removes worms and purifies
the blood. It is highly praised by liverymen who have used it.

J. FR. Holmes, Fiillsboro, Ohio, R. F. D.3.

3. Condition Powder.—For horses that are run down and do
not thrive. First, examine the teeth.

Fenugreek, Cream of Tartar, Gentian, Sulphur, Saltpetre,
Rosin, Black Antimony and Ginger, equal parts; Cayenne
Pepper, one-half part. ‘Thoroughly mix and give one table.
spoonful in bran once a day.

J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota.

COUGH.—If a horse has a cough following distemper, or
any disease of the respiratory organs, or in heaves, give the
following:

   

OU Tate aia sissieeas des sdeateenautaaaesioevae 4 ounces,
Oi AIM BEE ccsccsuavevaweriantangecseneseebess A! 88
Coal Oil (Kerosine)........cecec ee ceeeeee “ao
Spirits of Turpentine... 4 *

Mix Oii Tarand Oil Amber in one bottle and
the Coal Oil and Turpentine in another. To
give: Put one tablespoonful of the latter in
the drench bottle, and shake so the Tar and
Amber Oils will not stick; then add one table-
spoonful of the Oils of Tar and Amber. Shake
and give as a drench, repeating every night
after feeding until the cough stops.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 683

 

Also give a teacupful of Raw Linseed Oil every morning.
This will cure heaves or any other cough if properly used. It is
the best throat and lung medicine in use.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

CUTS.—For cuts of any kind apply Turpentine as soon 48
possible, then follow with liberal applications of Sweet Oil.

fT. M. Hance, Shepherd, Michigan.
CUTS AND WOUNDS.—

Tanseed Oil........cceccceesecscecseeeeesees 8 ounces.
Carbol@ Acids. iiendecanacorisadeeees I ounce.
Todoforin):. ysccsssaincteas tandvaavdeeeadace 1 drachm.
Oxide: Of (Zine oscorcssecuceacseescusecsuas I a

Mix thoroughly and apply twice a day.
Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin.

FRESH CUTS, SALVE FOR—CALLED “BISHOP'S
SALVE.”—

Boil together. Care must be taken in boil-
ing or it will burn or get too hard to use.

D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio.

CRACKED HEELS, SCRATCHES, OLD SORES,
OPEN JOINT.—Is excellent for all enumerated, and will stop
the oil from running out of the joints.

Sugar of Lead... .eeeeeeeeee seen 1 tablespoonful.
ALUM... . ce ccecneece sense eee eneweneecee I
Bluestone (Sulphate of Copper) 1 a

Best Vinegar.....c..csscescceseseeeeees I teacupful

Mix. ¥or fresh wounds add more vinegar.

I paid $5.00 for this recipe and it is the best money I ever
invested. Ifa horse gets kicked on the stifle joint, bathe with
hot water with a little salt in it. Have water as hot as your hand
will bear, and continue applying for twenty minutes. Wipe dry
and apply the above liniment freely. Have saved many a good
horse with this liniment. I never poultice a horse when kicked
on the stifle joint; think it is a great mistake to do so. If you
have to use a syringe with this liniment use a glass one, as it will

spoil any other kind.
. i George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.
684. THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

DIARRHOEA IN YOUNG FOALS.—In mild cases give
the following :

Pour ics ose auaeheneaeowseces xs 2 tablespoonfuls.
Cold Wate ricsrccccessenassne I teacupful.

Mix and drench twice a day.

If the colt is in pain give the following:

Tincture laudanum............... 10 to 15 drops.
CAaStOE Olli cea. cesasctcssdeioeteadens I ounce,
Whiskey or Brandy.......00..08 2 tablespoonfuls.

Mix and drench, Also apply mustard plas-
ter—mustard and flour in equal parts—to the
belly, and keep the colt warm.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario,

DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES.—

 

Powder, mix all together and give 1 table-
spoonful twice per day in feed.

I never knew it to fail. Had nine head of my own with it
one fall and they got along finely under this treatment.

John D. Allen, Worthington, Indiana.

2. Distemper.—Keep bowels open with % pint Castor Oil
and % pint Salts dissolved in warm water. Give warm. If the
throat is badly swollen, take 1 gallon shelled oats, pour boiling
water on them, and when cool enough put them in a sack and
bind under jaw and throat. Rub the throat with the following
liniment:

Olive: Oils siscscesosmsssdareoerasiveceins 4 ounces.
Spirits of Turpentine..............c060. I ounce,
Spirits of Camphor..............esseccees I on
Aqua AMMONIA. cceeseeceseeeeees 1¥% ounces,

This liniment is good for sprains, bruises, sore shoulders,
stiff joints and pains generally, in man or beast.

Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. 1.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 685

3. Distemper.—
Common Black Gunpowder... 1 tablespoonful.

Vpn siseessves ran sisaysiaicisevoseuaenss I
Soapsuds (stiff)... ee I es
Pine: Lar sssesssieriesssetcasssansese 2 tablespoonfuls.
Gum Myrrh... eeceeeeceaes 1 tablespoonful.

Mix and put one teaspoonful of the mixture
on horse’s tongue twice a day.

Bathe throat with Tobacco tea, as follows: To one quart of
water add one ounce of cheap Tobacco and let water boil up.
Apply as hot as horse can bear it.

Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota.

4. Distemper.—In bad cases of distemper in horses or mules I
use Linseed Oil, Pour one tablespoonful into each ear.
7, M. Hume, Williamstown, Kentucky.

5. Distemper, or Strangles, A Good Remedy for.—Will
prevent gathering or breaking if used at the outset.
Spanish Flies (powdered )...........4. I ounce,
White Wine Vinegar........cceeccc esses I gallon.

Mix. Clip off the hair from the throat and
apply the remedy twice a day. Do not let the
mixture freeze. Keep ina warm place in the
winter.

This is also a good remedy for laryngitis or inflammation of

the throat, and should be applied in the same way as for distemper.
For internal use take:

Saltpete sg: uic.cgecie avin se oiswwsadeaaeet eens Y pound
Chlorate of Potash..........ccsseecreeeeee yet

Mix and give one teaspoonful on the tongue
three times a day.

George Cambbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

6. Distemper, or Strangles, Bastard.—For this disease I
mix mustard and cayenne pepper in equal parts with water to a
thin paste and apply to the throat and windpipe, down on the
chest, and also apply some to the abscesses to bring them ‘‘to a
head.” When ready to open, lance abcesses on the lower part, to
favor escape of matter, and press it out.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.
686 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

EYES, INFLAMMATION OF THE.—Use Extract of

Witch Hazel freely to bathe the eyes. Very good.
Almer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota.

2. Eyes, Inflammation of —

 

Sulphate of Zine.......cccececeeeeeeeeee 1 drachm.
Carbolt Acid vite secsysiccucteueciseesen: i ee
GI CC ri 6 5:55: see shantgeaeestnnceadnd I ounce.
Water rs vesruavesemesemenecea repecuncesy 4 ounces.

Get this lotion prepared by a druggist and put four or five

drops into the affected eyes morning and evening.
Walter Whitfield, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. 6.

 

FARCY.—
Nitrate of Potash, powdered finely. 4 ounces.
Black Antimony........ccececceseeeeeeee a ss
Sulphite of Soda, powderd,.. +. Iounce,
Elecampane, powdered............:60.48 2 ounces,
Mix and give 1 tablespoonful once or twice
a day.

This remedy I have tried a good many times in the last thirty

years and it has never failed to do the desired work.
Tilman Wilkin, Spencerville, Ohio.

2. Farcy.—Or swelling along the abdomen caused by indi-
gestion from heavy feeding and run down condition.

 

Salt Pete nic sie ss si cske ade aunty bancsmneseaiaats 3 ounces.
Sulphur... 3 s
Cream of Tartar 3 oe
AMNISe: Seed vsssceceasesesssxecsdvaevarseessa 3 a“

Mix and divide into four powders. Give
one powder in feed the first meal, one the
second, miss the third, give the fourth, miss
the fifth and give thesixth. Better to be given
in soft feed. A sure cure.

John Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada.

FISTULA, OR POLL EVIL.—

AICO GI ss eicsessseasies sueimaderecneverveons
Oil of Spike... i.
Oil of Sassafras
Camphor Gum............
Ox or Beef Gall
Oil of Tansy...

Apply once per day before pus has formed.
It is a sure cure,

John D, Allen, Worthingion, Indiana.

 
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 687

FOUNDER.—The following receipt is a sure and speedy
remedy: Take a tablespoonful of pulverized Alum, pull the
horse’s tongue out of his mouth as far as possible and throw the
Alum down his throat. Let go of his tongue and hold up his
head until he swallows. In six hours time, no matter how bad
the founder, he will be fit for moderate service. I have seen this
remedy tested so often with perfect success that I would not make
five dollars difference in a horse foundered (if done recently) and
one that was not.

Gilbert Holmes, Hillsboro, Ohio, R.F.D. 6.

2. Founder.—Founder is produced by three different causes:
over-feeding, watering when too warm, or by driving a horse
until he is very warm and letting him stand in a cold, raw wind
without blanket. The last case is very severe and is difficult to
cure.

For Founder of short standing, take the small blade of a pen-
knife, one-half inch from the point, and bleed in the wart of the
feltlock of each fore leg, taking one teaspoonful of blood from
each, and cause him to swallow a teaspoonful of dry Alum. If
he has been foundered for any length of time, treat as above and
bathe the legs thoroughly with the following:

Beef’s Gall, fluid contents of........... 6 ounces.
BICOWO! so vscae dcacskionas veerteesawasiiaesiens 6 sy
Ammonia, Spirits of ......... eee 3 ue

Shake well and bathe twice a day.
F. £. Battle, Falls, Texas.

3. Founder.—A good remedy if the trouble is caused by too
much grain. Keep the animal from water for twelve hours. As
soon as you can, draw one gallon of blood from the horse’s neck,
then drench with one quart Linseed Oil and rub the fore legs long
and well with very hot water.

J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota.

4. Founder, From Grain.—Drench with one pint Linseed
Oil. Stand his front feet in a tub of hot water. Inone hour, if
he has not had a passage, repeat the dose. Give him exercise

ater.
and some w J. P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.
688 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

5. Founder, To Prevent.—For a horse that has been‘over-
fed grain, if taken immediately, give one tablespoonful of powdered
Alum by drawing out tongue, placing thereon and letting go at
once. Follow with 1% quarts raw Linseed Oil. Bleeding in feet
will also help if the person is competent to use the knife.

Wm. A, Hale, Anamosa, lowa.

FROST’S CELEBRATED BLACK OIL FOR MAN
OR BEAST.—

Neat’s Foot: Oil ccssicssscssesnseoiseassvacs I pint.
Spirits of Turpentine ..............ceee Le
OmOh Spike, cccccsiiccsteessisacvanceiaceees 2 ounces,
Oil of Origanum......eeeeeceeeeeeeeeee a ws
OOF Vitriol: ccsseecsecteagedcinnee cevagire I ounce,

This liniment mst be properly mixed to be of value, as fol-
lows: Secure a half gallon jug, put the first four ingredients in
and stir them thoroughly together, after which add a Uitte
of the Vitriol and continue stirring for a few minutes, then
add a little more Vitriol and repeat the stirring, continuing this
until the Vitriol is all used. J¢ requires about two hours to get the
Vitriol in without burning the liniment. Then let the whole mix-
ture stand a few hours and it is ready for use.

This liniment should be applied externally and is the best
and cheapest all-around stock liniment Ieversaw. It is especially
valuable for cuts, bruises, rheumatism and stiff joints. Itis strong
enough to kill bone spavin, and will not produce any more sensa-
tion in a fresh cut than so much water ifit is properly mixed. Tf
it is not properly mixed, it produces a burning sensation and is
valueless. If used on animals, it should be washed out of the
hair every other day asit may cause the hair toslip; otherwise it
will not do any damage. Itis the best wire-cut remedy I ever
saw as it leaves the least scars.

This recipe has been in use in our family for fifty years and
is the most valued one we have.

L. L. Frost, Mirabile, Missouri.

GALLS ON HORSES.— White Lead moistened with Sweet
Oil or sweet milk. Cover the galled spots twice a day. Wash
before each application.
J: P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 689

GREASE HEEL.—Give Sulphite of Soda, % ounce three
times per day, and also give Cantharides, 5 grains once per day.

Joseph HI. Reed, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. 38.

2. Grease Heel, Scratches and Old Sores, Good Lini-
ment For.—

Tyinseed Oil....cecessssccnenescensasensesess I quart.
Turpentine cvs sssicesesweccsnnscrooaseesnes % pint.
Oil of Vitriol.... cs. pasceisesssocnesiads 2 ounces.

Put the Linseed Oil and Turpentine into a
glass jar or earthern vessel and drop the Vitriol
in slowly, stirring until cool.

Joseph H. Reed, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. 38.

Grease Leg.—Prepare horse for physic by giving bran
mash diet for twenty-four hours, then give the following:

Barbadoes AlO€S.........ccceeseeeeeeeeee 6 drachms.
Ginger, ground......cssssesesereeeeneees 2
Oil, LAW......cccceseceescenereeeeneaeeeeceeee I pint.

Next dissolve two ounces of Saltpeter, put into one-half pail
of cold water and bathe the leg thoroughly for thirty minutes;
then spread a poultice of boiled flaxseed on a cloth large enough
to cover leg from back to fetlock, sprinkle poultice freely with
Carbolic Acid, place poultice on leg and bandage well with flan-
‘el to retain heat. Renew poultice on leg several times for a
couple of days until grease is well drawn out or scab is formed on
leg, then remove poultice and wash leg regularly with the follow-
ing:

Waler, SOft occ sssscccsecsseeentseeneceee ¥ pailful.
CreOlith .......::sccseeesseecenaetneseasesens 2 tablespoonfuls.

Also use Castile soap and continue the washings until all
scurf is removed. Keep leg bandaged while operating, gradually
changing to lighter bandages until finished.

The above is a sure cure for grease or swelled leg. I have
used it on several of my own horses during the past ten or fifteen
years and have given it to many of my neighbors, and have never
known it to fail when taken in the early stage of the disease and
properly and carefully applied. I first got the remedy from a
clergyman from the Highlands of Scotland.

J. D. Baskerville, Dominion City, Manitoba, Canada.

44
690 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Grease, Ointment For.—

 

Melt together the first three ingredients, pulverize the bal-
ance and mix in by stirring until cold. Put on lint cloth, bind
on and keep on for 40 hours. Repeat as needed. Give purify-
ing powders.

I have tried and seen the above tried in several cases and
never knew it to fail. This receipt is worth as much as the
horse, for it will cure the grease, and a horse with grease heel is

worthless.
A. B. Dickerson, Lakeview, Michigan.

HEAVES.—I have known horses to have the heaves so bad
that they were entirely useless, and cured them completely by
feeding nothing but ear corn for six to eight months.

S. W. Powell, Polo, Minois.

2. Heaves, or Broken Wind.— Give eight or ten drops
Tincture of Phosphorus in the drink several times a day for eight

or ten days.
Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin.

HOOF BOUND.—The following receipt I know by experi-
ence to be very good:

BCS Wax tiavancmeerveeces otessesaenenn esters 2 ounces.
Venetian Turpentine...........0.000 Bs oe
Burgundy Pitch. cs.cscivesevesereesees as
ROSIN sass tiees sasnssaacanedagiteseueal seeacss Bs, ©
Olive: Oth isidasesvessmuctevsnaveevarnass 3 tf
Pine Var seccssugersedeasaotsseta sceandeodans a te
Dissolve and add Spirits of Tur-

PCUUMIE ss ssa deicasveigsesohentdseeandlesaet re

Rub well on hoof affected once every day for eight or ten
days, and in severe cases repeat the treatment after an elapse of

one week.
Valentine Thoeny, Tell, Buffalo County, Wisconsin.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 691

 

HOOF OINTMENT.—

 

Melt together and apply twice a day.
Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin.

2. Hoof Ointment.—For crack in hoof or to grow on a

new hoof.
Muriatic Acid...........ccscssssccnscseoeere I ounce,
Butter of Antimony. eee ae
White Vitriol, pulverized ............... T oF

Mix and apply to parts.
Tohn Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada.

INDIGESTION, ACUTE.—One quart raw Linseed Oil.
Use as a drench and repeat if not relieved soon.
W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Mlinots.

2. Indigestion, Acute.—First mix and give the following:

Common Soda 4 tablespoonfuls.
Ginger ........e0e 1 tablespoonful.

This will neutralize the gasin the stomach. In % hour after
I give the following:

 
 

 

 

Spirits of Turpentine............ssese. I ounce.
Tincture Laudanum... Nex Dn
Raw Linseed Oil .......csccecceereeeeeesees I pint.

Mix and give as a drench, and repeat every
four hours until better. Apply to the stomach
hot cloths as directed in congestion of the
lungs over my name.

I treat chronic indigestion the same as acute indigestion,
only I use more Ginger and Soda, or ground Gentian Root.
George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

LICE.—Insect Powder dusted over a horse well, then blank-

eted for an hour, will kill lice. Repeat in one week.
Elmer C. Wood, Mt. Gilead, Ohio.

LINIMENT FOR SPRAINS, BRUISES, ETC.—

Liquor AMMONIA. ..coscecessceeeresseeeees I ounce.
Tincture Of ALMica ..rcccssessseceessereees I as
Tincture of Opium ... ss... saaeaae esse I ae
Oil of Turpentine....cccecmcecrrrsereseers 7 OM
ACOH], .......cc ese eeeeeeo ee I vs

 

Water, add to make I pint.
Bathe two or three times daily, rubbing in
well with the hand.
692 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

This is a splendid remedy for sprains or bruises, good for
man or beast. One of my neighbors had a very sore foot which
he cured with this remedy. Have used this liniment continuously

for thirty years.
John Gawthrop, Milford, Indiana,

2. Liniment.—
Oil of Spike...........

Origanum ...........66
Hemlock: ...cs0ssesccciccss :
Wormwood ...cccceecccceeseecrseeenes ssleiee
Sweet: Oilsiscsssssunevers cadre serwovswsvasaes
Spirits of Ammonia
Gum Camphot......ccceesesesereeeeneeeene
Spirits of Turpentine... BM
Alcohol (strong)......ccscseeesereeeees I quart.
Mix well together and bottle tight.
An unequaled horse liniment, and one of the best ever made
for human ailments, such as rheumatism, sprains, etc.

Gurley Taylor, Boonville, Indiana.

 

3. Liniment, Clifton’s.—

Spirits of Ammomia...........ccceneeeree I ounce,
Spirits of Camphor........ cece 2 ounces.
TUPPeM ein esses saiesicasnsesdncestesiouces ayes

 

Sweet. OU] ss sccee asses ssmustevie cevnnsnevves I ounce.
Gasoline, sufficient to make ......... 1 pint.
Keep away from the fire when applying it.
D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio.

4. Liniment.—My favorite, and an excellent one for lumps,
cuts, bruises, etc.
Turpentine, .....cccccsesssscecscceeeeeeseees 4 ounces,
Linseed Oil............ 4
Oil of Spike............ 4
Gum of Camphor
Rub on as often as the case seems to require.

James M. Ross, Fairmount, West Virginia, R. F. D. 3.

5. Liniment for Sprains, Bruises, Sores, Lameness,
Etc.—This liniment has been thoroughly tested for years, and
no one will be disappointed in using it.

 

 

Olive: Oil ccnwcsaxecacwatan sesacscsne spore 4 ounces.
Turpentine 4‘
Gum Camphor,.......ccececseeeseeeeee 5 cents worth.

Charles E. Haynes, Hilisboro, Ohio.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 693

6. Liniment.—

Whiskey, va sonssinesasszeccssesaieeacenses 6 ounces
PUMPS ti NS si cisicaaiecdayeieeotentteass 2
Spirits of Camphor............cceccceees au “ies
Spirits of Soap.....cccceseeeeesseeseeeces a iN

Apply three times a day.
Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin,

7. Liniment, Good for Man or Beast.— Mix 2 ounces
Spirits of Turpentine with 1% pint hard water and shake thor-
oughly for five minutes. Add one hen’s egg well beaten
and shake again for five minutes. Put in 2 ounces Methylated
Spirits of Alcohol (wood alcohol) and shake five minutes; add
2 ounces strong Liquor of Ammonia and shake five minutes.
Add hard water enough to make up a quart and shake again
thoroughly and the liniment is ready for use. This is a great
and effectual remedy for all kinds of sprains and bruises when

the skin is not broken.
L. D. Arnold, Bergen, New York.

LOCKJAW, CURE FOR.—Bleed the horse in the third
bar of the mouth and drench with strong, salt water.

J. P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.
LUNGS, CONGESTION OF THE.—Give the following:

Sweet Spirits of Nitre........eeccccceee I ounce.
Taudanum.......cccsssecesssecseeseeneeeeeees mt
Cold Water ........ccscccesressecssenserrenses I pint.

Mix and give as a drench in one dose,
repeating every two to three hours. If the
horse is in high condition, add to the above Io
to 15 drops of Fleming’s Tincture of Aconite.

Apply hot cloths to the chest, that are wrung out from the
following:

Mustard ......sssssssresrerrcsseeessssesserses 2 ounces,
Spirits of Turpentine............ 0 s§
Hot Water......cccccesccsesessrreeeeeneeeees % pailful.

If the horse has a cough afterward give him the remedy
for cough, to which my name is signed.
George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.
a

594 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

   

MANGE.—
No, 1.—Carbolic Acid . I ounce.
Sulphur......... i
Water..... . I pint.
No. 2.—Sulphur. .. ¥% pound.
Lard...... iene sf
Olive Oil... I ounce.

 

Wash with tar soap and warm water and apply No.1; the
next day apply No. 2; the third day wash again with tar soap
and warm water and apply No. 1, and so on.

Almer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota.

2. Mange, or Any Skin Trouble.—Also good for dogs.
—One bottle of Babbitt’s Concentrated Lye dissolved in %
gallon of water. Add 4 pounds of Sulphur and stir until dis-
solved. Put contents into 4o gallons of water and then add 5
ounces of Sulphuric Acid. Rub animal from head to feet with

the mixture. It will cure the worst case.
ff. B. Gentry, Bloomington, Indiana.

NAIL IN FOOT.—Crush peach leaves and moisten slightly,
press or inject into the wound the juice or moisture obtained,
then bind on to wound a poultice of the moist crushed leaves.
This is the best remedy that in over forty years’ experience as a
farmer I have ever known. It is a most remarkable remedy for
wounds, swellings and malignant sores of any kind, and is just
as good for use on man as beast. It is also a remarkable anti-
septic.

S. Alexander, Birmingham, Michigan.

NAIL PUNCTURE.—Clean out the puncture at once and
stand the foot for two or three hours in a strong lye made of
hardwood ashes and hot water. Then make a poultice of Indian
meal and this lye and apply to wound, keeping it on for six or
eight hours and changing frequently to keep poultice as hot as
possible. ‘The lye kills the poison and lockjaw will not set in.
This remedy is also good for man.

D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio.

NAIL WOUNDS.—A splendid and never failing remedy
is a liberal application of Antiphlogistine (found at any drug
store). Wash off and repeat as the occasion may demand.

W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 695

 

OVER EATING, WHEAT OR OTHER GRAIN.—
Give the following:
Common or Baking Soda.... 4 tablespoonfuls.

Gil Ger sis. ineavasesisaneneseraecee 1 tablespoonful.
Lukewarm Water...........000 I pint.
Mix and give as a drench and this will
neutralize the gas.
One-half an hour afterward give:
Saltpeter .........ccceeesseeteeeeeee 1 tablespoonful.
Raw Linseed Oil................ 13% pints.

Dissolve the Saltpeter in hot water, mix it
with the oil and give it as a drench.
If the horse is not better, treat the same as in ACUTE
INDIGESTION, only do not give any water to drink for twenty
hours. George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

PNEUMONIA, OR LUNG FEVER.—Raw whiskey
with soft food is the most effective medicine. If the horse is
cold, give him a quart for first dose, then. in quantities to keep
warm. Under no circumstances feed grain toa horse suffering
with this disease. When he lies down, he is either dead or im-
proving. If the latter, let him sleep as long as he will, then be
very careful about feeding.

W. A. Langtord, Richmond, Kentucky.

POLL EVIL.—See remedy for Fisruta and Por, Evi.
given by Yohn D. Allen, Worthington, Indiana.

RINGBONE, BUNCHES, STIFF JOINTS, ETC.,
LINIMENT TO REMOVE.—

Turpentine .......cceccsceseceeeses 4 ounces,
Salt: sicnsictevianenscireanwenaen acess 1 tablespoonful.
Eggs, whites Of............seessee ¥% dozen.

Shake thoroughly together and apply.
W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan, R. F.D. 2.

SCRATCHES.—
Vaseline.......ccccssssssecsseccsccennsansesees I ounce.
Sugar Of Lead..seceseeeeessesecseesseees i>
Carbolic Acid........sccsseececnnntterenees Io drops.

Make into an ointment.
Cleanse thoroughly with castile soap and warm soft water,
rub gently with a soft cloth until dry, then apply the ointment.
R. H. Rogers, Hudson, Michigan.
696 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

2, Scratches.—Give the horse each day enough Epsom
Salts to keep the bowels loose, and apply the following:

Nuit: Gall ovecsdesieecesssccsseabeisieds seaes 2 ounces,
COpPPElas vos swiss vssiansns saewssaavsonnse saves gr ss
Blue Vitriol sicizesssiasveaceresaseccescseves iQ bs
AUG iii bcstinndacddiescawad oe onioacaaa veckenead 2 us
Cider “Vinegars sinsivcesuanscrasaveadgsis ¥% gallon.

Warm until dissolved and rub in well.

Jacob Shearley, Franklin, Pennsylvania.

3. Scratches.—Wash the affected part clean with strong
soapsuds and apply freely Gombault’s Caustic Balsam. Have
known this to cure when all other remedies had failed.

W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky.

4. Scratches.—The best remedy I have found for Scratches
is to clean the horse’s legs thoroughly, rub dry, then apply White
Lead softened by mixing with Linseed Oil. Apply each night
until cured.

James M. Ross, Fairmount, West Virginia, R. F. D. 3.

5. Scratches and Grease Heel.—

Apple! Vinegar ssccisnsssveiscctienwe see I quart.
Dithar ge ssciccvacsescisenvsseees tbetens 4 ounces,

Put in a pot, simmer to one pint, strain and let cool. Wash
the affected part with castile soap and warm water, dry and apply
the liquid cold, either with a soft brush or cloth. Keep the
animal in a dry place.

Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. 1.

6. Scratches, Grease, Wounds and Bruises.—The
following is a remedy I have used for a long time and have
found to be an excellent thing for healing all kinds of wounds
and brttises where the skin is broken. Also where the skin is
irritated, such as scratches, grease, etc. The men working for
me often use it for chapped or cracked hands in the fall and
spring.

Sulphate Of Zinc........ccccesseeeeseeseees I ounce.
Sugar of Dead scsswies.aasnessetasteceeses ru
Alum, pulverized........cicseeeeceseeeeee x oS

Add enough water to make 1% quarts, shake thoroughly,
apply to parts affected with a soft sponge or cloth. If for
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 697

scratches, wash first with warm water and white castile soap
and apply morning and night till cracks heal and the soreness is
gone. L. D. Arnold, Bergen, New York.

SHOULDERS OF HORSES, LUMPS ON, CAUSED
BY COLLARS.—

Biniodide of Mercury......ccceeeeees I drachm.
Wad se. iess cacannscaessmassvesziavaecoveavis I ounce.
Mix and rub a little on hard lumps once
every ten days till they disappear.
Walter Whitfield, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. 6.

Shoulders, Sore.—See that the collar fits well and keep it
perfectly clean. Bathe the shoulders three times a day with cold
water and lots of salt, and apply to the raw surface a lotion
composed of the following:

Sulphate of Zinc....ccscseeeeesr seers I ounce.
Acetate of Lead ........cccsseeseeeeeenee eee roe
Carbolic Acid ......ccccessseecseeeeeeeees cess 1 drachm.
Water, Soft .......cccceeeseceeeeeeeneeeerenene I pint.

Shake well together.
7. Kearns, Palmerston, Ontario, Canada.

Shoulders, Swelling of —

Sugar of Lead (solution)... 1 pint.
ALtlica....ccccsescssecssecconecuesee senescence ese 4 ounces.

Apply once a day for three days in succession, then stop for
three days, then repeat the process again and so on until the
swelling has left. ‘To obtain the best results the horse should be
given an"absolute rest during the time it is treated.

Valentine Thoeny, Tell, Wisconsin.

SORES, OLD OR FISTULOUS.— Pyroligneous Acid.
Reduce with equal parts of water.

I used this remedy ona horse that had a bad sore on his
neck or shoulder. I first cleansed it with Castile soap and soft
water and then applied the remedy as a wash, using a syringe so
as to reach all parts of the sore. The sore finally healed up in
fine shape, after using other remedies and being out of the use of
the horse for about three months.

Note.—It is important with sores like the above that they be
allowed to drain well and not have a sac that holds the fluids and
prevents drainage. A.B. Brown, Alexandra, South Dakota.
698 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Sores, on Neck, Back, Shoulders, Etc.-— See remedy for
Warts given by /. £. Battle, Marlin, Texas.

SPAVIN.—
Corrosive Sublimate .............0006 2 drachms.
Tard, ccsessvewevesvsonenctareaieereuseres I ounce.
DAR secs sina tos ssiesai Sasaicune eadtearsaaeeys ym SS
Cantharides........ccccseeceseeeeeesnessee 2 drachms.

This blister should be thoroughly rubbed in with the hand
for about ten minutes. ‘Twenty-four hours afterward apply a
little oil or vaseline, and repeat night and morning until the
blister heals. Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin,

2. Spavin, Curb, Bunches, Sweeny, Lameness, Etc.—
Use Gombault’s Caustic Balsam in the following manner: Rub
the flesh briskly with a coarse towel to cause irritation, then
apply the Caustic Balsam in small quantities, rubbing it in with
the hand very thoroughly until the flesh becomes tender. In
twenty-four hours apply more Balsam, but without much
rubbing. The best time to make these applications is in the
evening when a piece of flannel can be put over the affected
part and allowed to remain until morning. After the second
application leave entirely alone for the next five days, then
repeat the same treatment and thereafter at intervals of five days
until you feel that the cure is complete.

Almer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota.

3. Spavin, Splints, Ringbone, Enlargement of Glands;
Blister for.—

Var vssaievanecssnesonvt dese cuzentnwavneesens I pound,
Durpentiness cscs sanecamessovessecse ses 4 ounces,
Powdered Flies (Cantharides)..... 3 “
Biniodide of Mercury................. 6 drachms.

Mix thoroughly’ tage: and apply. Heal
raw surface with oil of vaseline.

Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin.
4. Spavin, Ringbone, Bog Spavin, Wind Galls.—

Cantharides............cccccececseceeeees 2 ounces.

  

Mercurial Ointment .. 4 a
Tincture of Iodine.... 5 «s
Turpentine... eee 4 on
Corrosive Sublimate... .. 5  drachms.
DAT icc snd dv agavaaiedeaiaeea ey ecevensiee -» 1% pounds.

Mix the other ingredients thoroughly into
the lard.
‘CGHAOWAU NIMS HLIM ‘SHOOH ‘NIAVdS UNO

 
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 699

 

For Ringbone or Bone Spavin cut off the hair from the part
affected, anoint the lump with the ointment and rub in well with
the hand. In two days grease with lard, and in two days wash
off with soap and warm water and again apply the ointment and
repeat as before.

G. R. Padelford, Hastings, Michigan.

5. Spavin, Bone.—Take soft soap, salt and Turpentine and
mix together to make a soft salve. Apply three days, then leave
off three days, but rub gently each day; then apply six days;
rub gently again until a yellow matter oozes out, then apply once
in two or three days as long as swelling lasts.

IV’. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan, R. F. D. 2.

6. Spavin, Bone.—A few years ago, while living in south-
ern Minnesota, I became acquainted with a prominent veterinary
surgeon who was very successful in removing spavins. The
remedy became so popular that hundreds of farmers paid $2.50
for the recipe. Having a valuable horse that ‘‘went lame,’’ I
called the doctor and he informed me the trouble was due toa
spavin, Following is the recipe, which I used with success:

   

Todine Crystals......ccccsccsseeseeeeeeeeeers ao grains.
Todide of Potash...........:.cssecerseeeeeee 20 =‘
Cantharides, powdered ...........cceeeee go “
Corrosive Sublimate...... we. I drachm.
Red Iodide of Mercury ... 2drachms,
Vaseline, add to... ..cesecsecseseeeseeeeee I ounce.

Dissolve the Iodide of Potash in a few drops of water (10 of
15), add the Iodine Crystals, which will readily dissolve, and
mix this with the Vaseline. Then add the Corrosive Sublimate
and the Red Iodide of Mercury, mix thoroughly and add the
powdered Cantharides. The prescription should be prepared in
a porcelain or glass vessel. The mortar used by druggists is con-
venient, or a flat piece of glass, as a window pane, may be used.
In the last case make a wooden knife with a broad, flat blade,
break down the lumps of Iodide of Potash in the water, add to
the Vaseline, add the other ingredients as described and mix
thoroughly. In mixing in iron or any metal the metal will unite
with the Iodine Crystals, the Corrosive Sublimate and the Red
Iodide of Mercury.

How to Apply.—First wash the spavin with warm water and
soap, thoroughly, then clip the hair close over the spavin and.
700 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

apply the remedy, rubbing it in for five minutes or more. Makea
second application the second or third day, first washing the sur-
face perfectly clean with soap and warm water. Three applica-
tions are usually enough, although each spavin must be treated
according to its needs. ‘The remedy will destroy the growth, and
when it has all, or nearly all, disappeared, wash clean and apply
Sweet Oil once or twice a day until the surface heals. After the
first application the leg will be quite sore and it will require
patience in the further treatment.
S.J. Wilson, M. D., 88 High St. W., Detroit, Michigan.
Dr. Wilson is one of the most reliable physicians in Detroit. He says he knows of 25

or 30 cases where this remedy has cured bone spavin, and he absolutely guarantees this
recipe if used as instructed.—Publishers.

SPLINTS.—I have found that the Tincture of Iodine
applied daily for four or six weeks will in some cases remove

splints.
Lilmer C. Wood, Mt. Gilead, Ohio.

SPRAIN.— Bandage with salt and vinegar as warm as the

horse will stand it.
J. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

SWEENY, OR CURB.—Or for any hard lump the fol-
lowing liniment is good:

Sweet Oil.

Cantharides.

Hartshorn.

Origanum.

Camphor, equal parts of each.

/. Davis, Liberty, Indiana.

2. Sweeny.—

Carbonate of Ammonia............0006 I ounce.

 

Apply three times daily, rubbing thoroughly,
then skip three days. Repeat three times,
after which grease. This is good liniment for
sprains or bruises.

R. H. Rogers, Hudson, Michigan.

3. Sweeny, Fistula, or any Enlargments or Sprains. —

I consider Gombault’s Caustic Balsam the best remedy I have
ever used. C. B. Keys, Richland Center, Wisconsin,
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 7OI

 

4. Sweeny Liniment.—

Spike, Oil Of...-..cssccssssssssseeessseesses I ounce.
Amber; Oilofiiisssdvesecesnsssensoreensnears 1 «
Wormwood, Oil Of ..........cccececeeeeees rc
Origanum, Oil Of... cesseereereeeees rf
Spirits of Turpentine..........ccceeeee Ti
Hartshorn........secccecseecesseeeeeseeeesene z *
AlCOWOlsssvsssss sess seesesasascasaseserdennens % pint.

J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota.

THOROUGH-PIN.—See remedy for Bog-Spavin given by
/. Kearns, Palmerston, Ontario, Canada.

THRUSH.—Clean the foot out clean, then pour the Essence
of Salt (Muriatic Acid) in around the frog and hold the foot up
until it quits boiling. Do this once every three days until it is
dried up.

J. Davis, Liberty, Indiana.

2, Thrush.—To be applied externally:

(a) Carbolic Acid ......cscsssseserceseee 1% ounce.
Spirits of Nitre...... cece 3 ounces.
Sweet Oil... cccceseseeeneeeeee 2
Ver digris.....csccssccecneeeneeneeoes 4 drachms.
British, Oil sccecgcavessconcsscooesases 3 ounces.

The above should be compounded by a druggist as the
combination is explosive.

To be given internally:

(5) Cream of Tartar.....seccccccersreees 3 ounces.
Nitrate of Potash..........ss..006+ 3 «
Podophyllitt......---seessssesesesereee a
Giger. oo... eceee cece senreeneeeeeeeees 2a
Sulphate of ron........secseeees 2
Fenugreek..........cssscsesesseeensees I ounce.

Apply ‘‘a’’ once a day for three days; give ‘‘3’’ twice a day
for three days. Repeat till cured. I have found this good for

Scratches also.
D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.

3. Thrush in Horses or Cattle.—Use equal parts of lard,
pine tar and Blue Vitriol. Pulverize the Vitriol, warm the lard
and mix all together. Clean out all decayed parts and dirt and
702 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

apply once a day for a week. Follow with applications of
common salt. If no better in two weeks, use the first another

week and follow with salt as before.
William A. Hale, Anamosa, lowa.

THROAT, SWELLING IN, TO REDUCE.—

Todide of Potassium ............se0e08 4 drachms,
Oil of Hemlock...........ceeceeseeeeeee 2 ounces.
Turpentine.....cssecccccsrrsessssesenenes gs

Oil Stone (liquid)......cccccceeeeeeees a
Writ wood ees sccsaccedanses ste sveoeceacses I ounce.

Mix all with Alcohol, 8 ounces; add Tincture
of Cantharides, 2 ounces.

Rub swelling thoroughly with this lotion, leave it on for
three or four days or even a week, then grease for a day or two.
If the swelling is not reduced sufficiently, wash off grease and
apply the blister again. Repeat until cured.

D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.

URINE, RETENTION OF.—For stoppage of water, 1
tablespoonful of Turpentine to 6 tablespoonfuls of warm water on
the small of the back. This remedy has never failed with us.

D.C. & C. B. Cook, Cazenovia, New York.

2. Urine, Retention of—When horse cannot pass urine,
give Sweet Spirits of Nitre, 1 ounce, and increase, if not
relieved, to 134 ounces mixed with 1 drachm Cantharides
(Spanish Fly.) Give every half hour until relieved. Rub back
with Camphor or a mixture of mustard and ginger.

Almer L. Maland, Rushford, Minnesota.

3. Urine, Retention of.—To relieve a mare of her water
insert half of an onion, a small lump of salt or a little pepper in
the vagina at the ends of your fingers as far as possible. This
done at first will draw her water in ten minutes. This does not
cure the animal but simply relieves her. Follow with mixture
No. 1, or with mixture No. 2, if it is thought to be wind colic.
(See Colic remedies Nos. 13 and 14 over Mr. Hale’s name.)
Blanket well if cold weather.

Wm, A. Hale, Anamosa, Iowa.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 793

WARTS.—There are two kinds of warts—the cancer or
bloody, and the dry or seed wart. Should it be the dry or seed
wart, make the outer surface raw with a knife and then apply
the following:

COPper as sssnsisveaseeseveciniesiesesiseesee % ounce.
CAlOM El vei cacenosen chicas cesactisseveges %y
ATU at ciced sete cdedencetedcseessdendeaenease % *“

In preparing this, grind the Calomel and Copperas together,
burn the Alum, mix all together and apply dry to the raw sur-
face as often as the scab sloughs off until cured. This is a good
remedy for sore necks, backs, shoulders, etc., also for destroying

proud flesh.
F. E. Battle, Marlin, Texas.

WIRE CUTS.—The free and frequent use of common coat
oil will heal up a wire cut as rapidly and perfectly as any liniment
I have ever used or any preparation prepared by a veterinary

surgeon.
J. P. Steele, Winterset, Iowa.

2. Wire Cuts and Bruises, Salve for.—

Lard (fried out of old pork)............ ¥% pint.
Pine Tar ........ccccceeceeseeeseeeseseeeeeerees %

Mix and apply freely to sores, It will keep
off the flies, heal up the wound quickly and
leave no scar.

Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota.

3. Wire Cut, or Any Raw Sore.— Take equal parts of
Ammonia, pure cider vinegar, eggs and Turpentine. Shake
well, let stand twelve hours and apply with syringe twice a day.
Will keep sore clean and heal it rapidly from the bottom.

W. I. Reynolds, Pipestone, Minnesota.

4. Wire Cuts, or Flesh Wounds.—Pulp onions and boil in
clean, sweet lard. Get as strong of onion flavor as possible.
Strain and keep clean. Apply on fresh wire cuts or flesh wounds
once a day. It will cleanse the wound and prevent calloused
edges, which are so common in wire cuts. I have found this an

i edy.
eee A. L. Stutzman, New Sharon, lowa.
704 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

WORMS.—Mix a handful of strong fine-cut tobacco with
the oats or bran once a day for a week. Home-grown tobacco

dried and pulverized is the best.
D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio.

2. Worms.—
Sulphate of Iron.......csssesssseeeerees i drachm,
Tartar Emetic .........cccssscssccneseees I ee
Linseed Meal..............ccceeeseeecaeee 2 drachms.

Mix and give as one dose.
Give this dose twice daily for one week and then give as

follows:
Spirits of Turpentine.................0 I ounce.

Linseed Oil, raw ........sccscseccsseenenees I pint.
Mix and give as one dose.

A. B. Brown, Alexandria, South Dakota.

3. Worms in Horses, Long Round.—Give:

Spirits of Turpentine........ sssssceseees I ounce.
Raw Linseed Oil ............cccceeeesseeree \% pint.

I also give a teaspoonful Sulphate of Iron in the feed twice a
day. If a horse is fed 4 quarts raw potatoes twice a week they
will kill bots or worms. Salt and hardwood ashes mixed in
equal parts, and about 2 tablespoonfuls given in their oats or
soft feed is also very good.

George Cambbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.
WOUNDS OR CUTS, APPLICATION FOR.—

AICOHOL, ccc assvsdegonsssaedescasvesaasesecveg I pint.
Cami ph ors. ccsevinsiauesitss tes coisensasnscese I ounce,
Salt peter wsiisicscnesisnavseswcsvacsnssieyesss rs

Gum Guiacum

John Oatway, Green Ridge, Manitoba, Canada.

 

2. Wounds, Fresh.—

Lard ccsessmsavinwoeseesseteiuestcceossaevnnssice I pound
ROSLH soy 4 sac sesisdpstsachwad mona ccceaeeaetess yes
Eggs, white Of...........cccecseessceseeeees 2

Heat the lard and rosin and when nearly
cold add the eggs.

D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.
ONOT AHL AO NOILISOd

 
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 705

REMEDIES FOR CATTLE

TO KEEP CATTLE IN HEALTH.—Give 1 héaping
tablespoonful of leaf tobacco once a week in wheat bran.
Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. r.

COW POWDER.—The following is a very good cow
tonic:

Saltpeter....ccccsccsscccesccsecssscsscnsreeees I part.
COPPeTAas 5 ssecscoei cits seein cinitnn ont esdanees 3 parts
ROSI vicaints aotoudinan des shauneatoneeeden ages 4 4
Sulphur ssisoincciveseoreeesaree tase eseens Bh
W0d Soot...ccccccccssececssereeescereeeees 6
Mix thoroughly and give 1 tablespoonfula
day. ‘

Hiram Graham, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R. FD. 2.

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.—When a cow
or steer gets sick and begins to lose flesh, examine the tail, and if
at the end of the tail bone it seems hollow or flabby, split the
hollow and fill with common salt, then wrap with a rag saturated
with Turpentine. This will be all the attention necessary.

If sick from overeating or eating frozen corn or damaged
food, give one quart Castor Oil.

W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky.

SUGGESTION FOR CARE OF.—I think cattle do best
when turned out and have as many different kinds of rough feed
as it is handy to give them. Keep the consumptives out of your
cattle, also the lump jaws.

S. W. Powell, Polo, Illinois.

ABORTION, TO PREVENT.—Take 1 ounce of pure
Carbolic Acid and mix thoroughly with 1 gallon of salt. For
fifteen cows feed this amount every four weeks; for a less number,
feed in proportion.

For Contagious Abortion separate each cow that has
aborted from the herd and treat in the following manner: Give
each cow 10 drops of pure Carbolic Acid diluted in 3 pints of water

45
706 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

sprinkled in ground feed, a day for two weeks; then skip a week,
then repeat the treatment for two weeks again, continuing this
for two months and gradually increasing the dose to 14 drops.

Also obtain a bottle of Lysol, and for each cow take 1 ounce
of Lysu: to 3 quarts lukewarm water, mix thoroughly and inject
the solution with a syringe (% pint metal is the best) into the
vagina of each, three times a week for three months.

T. M. Scott, Winterset, lowa, R. F. D. r.
(Breeder of Aberdeen Angus Cattle.)

AFTERBIRTH, TO REMOVE—WHEN COW
STRAINS HARD.—Fasten animal between two planks or walls
to prevent jumping sideways and tie upshort. Enter vagina with
oiled hand, follow afterbirth carefully into womb and loosen same
along the walls of the latter.

Where cow does not strain hard, give 1 quart Linseed Oil 2
to 3 times a day and afterbirth will come loose in a short time.

Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota.

Afterbirth, Retention of the —To a cow that does not clean
herself after calving I give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times
aday. ‘This is a certain cure.

7. M. Hume, Williamstown, Kentucty.

BLACK LEG, TO PREVENT.—I have for many years
used the following remedy as a preventive of Black Leg among
young cattle, and whenI have used it regularly have never had
a case of the disease. I am confident that it is a preventive if
used for two or three weeks before the disease would naturally
attack the calf, but will not cure if the animal has already been
attacked,

Sul pl Utisncsesteatereveces setae icenesaseevees Io pounds
COpPeras.....ccsscccsseseescaceccceeesaenees 6 “8
Salt Peter’ soci. sassvesectusiies eesewateaven 3 “
Lime, air-slacked...........ccsseecceeeee 3 “

Pulverize and mix and use in the salt trough
in the proportion of one to four, or not to ex-
ceed one to three.

J. P. Steele, Winterset, Iowa.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 707

 

2. Black Leg, to Prevent.—

Copperas......... Siainids tas aeeigeaiinatsennewens I pound.
Saltpeteri sis: sscsscsesseeseaveseeenasn ces I a
Lime, air-slacked...........ccccceeeceees I «s
Sulphur... eeececeeseeseeseeeeeeees 2 pounds,
Ashes, from hard wood.............06+ 3 es

Mix with 20 pounds of common salt and use
same as common salt, keeping it before the
cattle all the time.
In thirty years’ use I have never had a case of Black Leg.
Tohn Schoenberger, East Peru, lowa.

3. Black Leg.—Put small teacupful of salts and % teacup.
ful of common salt into a quart of water. Shake until thoroughly
dissolved and give to animal as soon as found. Repeat in about
four or five hours. If animal is still alive in the morning, give
twice a day for two days.

It is a common belief among people that there is no help for
an animal that has an attack of Black Leg, and perhaps that is
so. I have lost a good many cattle by this disease, and never
had one recover after it was attacked until I used the above
simple remedy. I have saved about fifty per cent. since using it.

G. D. Foster, Kingfisher, Oklahoma.

BLOATING.—Use trocar if possible. If same is not at
hand, use small-bladed knife and tap the paunch half way be-
tween the last rib and the hip bone. Enter an open goose quill!
or clean pipe stem into cut and let gas escape. When down to
usual size, remove quill, apply a salve of Turpentine and lard

(equal parts) to wound and leave alone.
Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota.

2. Bloating.—When cattle are sick and bloat, give Cam-
phor, 2 tablespoonfuls to a dose, mixed with water about 1 pint.
Dose may be repeated in half hour if necessary. Seldom have to
give more than two doses. Relieves at once.

Harmon Rossman, Lakeview, Michigan.

3. Bloating, or Colic.—One quart buttermilk, 1 tablespoon-
ful soda. Put sodain when ready to drench. Shake the bottle,

pull the cork and drench at once.
Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. 1,
708 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

4. Bloating.—Hither tie the animal up or get it into some
enclosure where it cannot get away from you and pour cold water
on back or sides, where bloat is shown. Continue this pouring
of water for fifteen or twenty minntes if need be. I have had a
good many cases of bloating and never failed with this remedy
but once; then I used a trocar.

Tilman Wilkin, Spencerville, Ohio.

5. Bloating —
Sal AMMOoOmiac ....... eee ceeee ee eeeeeee I drachm.
WHISK CY sis cssasion ccnswasiectvearer servers 1g pint
WV ALOE. tists wariaaveiansmes ameuwinwi’. I pint

Give as one dose. If not relieved in half an
hour, repeat the dose.

Bartley Jost, Alma, Wisconsin.

6. Bloating in Cattle—Take a round piece of wood about

2% to 3 inches in diameter, and 12 inches in length. Put as a

gag crosswise in the animal’s mouth; make fast and leave until
the gases escape.

Lsaac Salkeld, Goderich, Huron Co., Ontario.

7. Bloating.—Give 1% pint common beans, uncooked. Of
course the animal will not eat them and they have to be forced
down. the throat.

This remedy was given me by an old physician one day when
calling at my home. Shortly after I had an animal with a bad
case of bloat and tried the above with perfect success, complete
relief being had in fifteen minutes.

A. B. Dickerson, Lakeview, Michigan.

8. Bloating.—Last week one of my cows got the bloat—
ate too many cold (not frozen) pumpkins. Breathed so hard
could be heard rods away. I took 2% ounces of baking soda and
mixed it into a ball with wheat flour and a little water, put it
down her throat, and in two hours she was over it and eating hay.

D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 709

 

9. Bloating.—For bloating in cattle I give:

Common Soda............ 4 or 5 tablespoonfuls,
Gin gerivs. sceecsectecctaecer 1 tablespoonful.

I also put a wooden gag with a hole in the middle of it in the
beast’s mouth and leave it in for half an hour. If the bloating
does not subside, I remove the gag and give the following:

Spirits Turpentine........... cee 2 ounces.
Common Soda..,....ccececcccsseeseeeesees 2 tablespoonfuls.
Raw Linseed Oil.........cteeeceeeeeeenee I pint.

Mix and give as a drench, and replace the
gag again, repeating remedy every three hours.

If the case is very bad, I puncture and let off the gas. If
cattle bloat from eating too much grain, treat them the same, only
do not let them have water to drink for twenty hours.

Geo. Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe, Co., Ontario.

10. Bloating, Clover.—Stand the beast with front feet on
higher ground than hind feet. Also tie stick in mouth and run
the animal.

To prevent trouble, keep salt before cattle at all times and
have plenty of good fresh water.

W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Mllinois.

CAKED UDDER.—When cow calves and her udder be-
comes caked, the following is a very quick cid sure remedy:
Equal parts of mutton tallow, beeswax and rosin. Melt together
and add a little Currier’s Oil to make it spread on the udder
better.

Harmon Rossman, Lakeview, Michigan.

2. Caked Udder.— Rub well with Flaxseed Oil or hog’s

lard.
John P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

3. Caked Udder.—First give 14 pounds Epsom Salts, then
hand rub and bathe the udder with hot soapsuds.
Thos. Newbggins, Atwood, Ontario, Canada.

CHOKING.—If the apple, or whatever it is, cannot be
worked up and out, take a piece of rubber. hose and push it

down. Never take a whip stock or broom handle.
D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio.
710 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

2. Choking.—For a choke, use a piece of gum hose to dis-

lodge the obstruction.
W. A. Langford, Richmond, Kentucky.

3. Chcoking.—If the obstruction can be felt from the out-
side, try to work it down with the hands, first putting a little
Linseed or other oil down the throat. If this fails take a com-
mon buggy whip, wrap a little soft cloth around the butt end, and
after securely tying it on raise the nose to a level with the body,
put the butt end of the whip down the throat until the obstruct-
ion is reached and gently force it into the stomach. A clevis
put crosswise in the mouth will hold it open.

C. B. Keys, Richland Center, Wisconsin.

4. Choking.—For apple in the throat take the cow by the
nose, open the mouth and break one egg, shell and all, into the
mouth, and the apple will come out.

I have tried this several times.

D. C. Cook, Cazenovia, New York.

5. Choking.—Pour down the throat % pint of lard, or 4%
pint of soft soap reduced with warm water, or the white of four

eggs.
John P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

6. Choking, Sure Cure.—Take fine cut chewing tobacco, the
stronger the better, enough to make a ball the size of a hen’s egg,
dampen it with molasses or any similar substance so that it will
adhere closely, raise the animal’s head, pull out the tongue and
put the ball down the throat as far as possible. In a short time it
will cause sickness and vomiting, which relaxes the muscles so
that whatever is choking the animal will he thrown up. If any
person thinks this will not work, just let him try it on himself,
especially one who is not used to tobacco, and see how quickly it
will work. It is a simple, sensible and positive remedy.

Fred. M. Warner.

COLIC.—See remedy for Conic in horses given by Geo. M.
Wilber, Marysville, Ohio.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 711

2. Colic.—Cattle as a rule do not need much doctoring if

properly fed and cared for. One remedy for Colic that I like very
much is the following:

Whiskey .......cccccssseseeeeeseees Pevaaete'ts ¥ pint.
Black Pepper.........cssececesseeceesceeee sees I tablespoonful.
Gin Geri sesssiicascise cecscensaainnneadnetiaaios I a

Mix in a pint of lukewarm water and give as
a drench.

If the animal does not get relief, follow up in an hour with
another like dose. The danger of this disease is that it may ter-
minate in inflammation of the bowels.

L. D. Arnold, Bergen, N. Y.

3. Colic.—For colic in cattle give the following:

Spirits Turpentine................ 1% ounces.
Raw Linseed Oil..........:cceeescees I pint.

Mix and give asa drench every two hours
until relieved.

Another good remedy is:

Black Pepper......seesseecseees 1 tablespoonful.
Whiskey.......ccccccsseesseeeereeees ¥% pint.
Lukewarm Water..............- I pint.

Mix and give as a drench. If the beast is
not better in two hours, add ten drops Fleming’s
tincture aconite to the turpentine-oil recipe,
and give as a drench.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

CORNSTALK SICKNESS.— This is not a disease,
but a sickness due to the farmer’s own fault. He turns cattle
that have been running in pasture, and perhaps half starved, into
a stalk field, and they fill up with dry feed until the stomach be-
comes impact. Let them into the stalks by degrees and see that
they have plenty of water and some soft feed and there will be no
trouble. I have seen more cattle lost by this sickness than by all

other diseases put together.
1. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota.

2. Cornstalk Sickness.—There is no cure for this when
once the animal has it, but there isa preventive that has never
failed for me when I have followed it. Feed the cattle all the
712 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

corn fodder with the corn on, or if there is no fodder, feed them
all the corn they will eat for two weeks before turning them into
the cornfield. Since following this plan I have never lost a head,
but before I found it out I always lost several head.

Joseph Hynek, Wilber, Nebraska.

3. Cornstalk Sickness, or Impaction.—A strong infusion
of Tansy given in frequent doses of a pint or more at a dose will
bring about the desired effect if persisted in. I have never known
this simple remedy to fail in a case of impaction when the treat-

ment was thorough.
A. L. Stutzman, New Sharon, Lowa.

EYES, SORE.—Feed soft feed for 24 hours, and purge with
Epsom Salts, 1 to 134 pounds. Give 1 to % amount for a calf.
Keep in a partly darkened stable and bathe the eyes 3 times a day
with lukewarm water, and after bathing put a few drops of the
following lotion into each eye:

Sulphate of Atropia........cceeeceeeceee 4 grains,
WaAtOD pines sengeiecseercitigiteacesseisecieseases 2 ounces.

J. Kearns, Palmerston, Ontario, Canada.

FEET, SORE.—First clean the foot well by drawing a
rope through between the hoof, then apply the following remedy:

Tinseéd Oil sccs-cgecaciscviesupseneeiuss 2 parts
TjAr Gls 53s5isPsjius sersiatateasssues scieens MampeR ee tns 2
Carbolic Acid sssssasssecvecscasacsvsneven sane I part.

Mix thoroughly and apply.
Gurley Taylor, Boonville, Indiana.

2. Feet, Sore.—Sore feet, particularly in cattle that are
being fitted for show purposes, can be cured as follows:

Tie the animal up short to a good strong post. Insert a
small round post between the hind legs, and with a man at each
end of the post to lift, the foot can be raised from the ground and
the hoof paired with a strong, sharp knife. Then dissolve 8
ounces Blue Vitriol in 1 quart warm water and wash the foot.
This will take three men—one at each end of the pole and one
to pare the hoof.

Geo. E. McEathron, Tepeeotah Stock Farm, Huron, South Dakota.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS = 713

FOUL FOOT IN CATTLE.—Caused by filth, or ay
and filth, and prevents growth of animal until cured.

Tie the animal, stretch the leg back, clean between the hoof
by running wet rag back and forth, and apply finely pulverized
Blue Vitriol. W. W. Reynolds, Utica, Ohio.

FOOT EVIL.—Can be cured in its early stages by apply-
ing Spirits of Turpentine from one to three times freely to the
affected parts. W. R. Jewell, Alkires Mills, West Virginia.

2. Foot Evil—A sure cure for the disease. Thoroughly
pulverize 4 ounces of Blue Vitriol, add 4 ounces of Calomel, then
I ounce of Borax. Apply with swab twice a week until a cure is
effected. Chas. E. Haynes, Hillsboro, Ohio.

3. Foot Evil—Use Butter of Antimony or Oil of Vitriol.
Whichever is used, apply it directly to the part affected. If the
burn causes too much soreness, apply lard or some soft oil to cause
it to heal. If the first application does not effect a cure, repeat
in about ten days. W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia.

GARGET.—Give 10 drops Tincture of Iodine in feed once
a day until cured. Have found this a positive cure.
D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.

HOLLOW HORN.—See Mitrx FEVER or HOLLow
Horn, given by John D. Allen, Worthington, Indiana.

2. Hollow Horn, or Indigestion—Give 4% pound Glauber
Salts every third day until cured.
W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia.

HORN DISTEMPER.—The following is a German
remedy and one which I have found to be very successful.

Galt ....scccccsescsernsscsnscsaeees 3, tablespoonfuls,
Black Pepper .....sssseereecereee 3 ‘
Ginger ...ccccsessesresetseeees 3 “s
White Hen Manure........... 3 as
Wo0d Soot .......ccceeeereeeeeees 3 ss

Add three fresh eggs and mix with flour to
make three pills. Give one pill three morn-
ings in succession.

Hiram Graham, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. 9.
714 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

HORNS ON CALVES, TO KILL.—As soon as the
horn appears, clip off the hair around the button and rub with
Caustic Potash until the horn becomes red and inflamed.

D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.

INDIGESTION. — See Hottow Horn or INDIGESTION,
given by W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia.

2. Indigestion in Dairy Cows.—I keep a herd of Jersey
cows, and find this the best cure for indigestion: Take from 1 to
1% pounds Epsom salts—according to size of cow—and two
tablespoonfuls ginger. Mix with one-half gallon of water and
give as a drench at one dose.

Ginger—one tablespoonful in feed once or twice a day—is
almost a sure preventive of indigestion.

James W. Ross, Fairmont, West Virginia, R. F. D. 3.

LICE ON CATTLE.—Take what Calomel can be held on
the end of a jacknife, or 4 teaspoonful, and deposit in the hollow
at the back of the head. Lice are found mostly along the spine
and they travel over the head to the nose for moisture. ‘The
Calomel destroys them, and at the same time is placed where the

animal cannot lick it and become injured by it.
C. B. Keys, Richland Center, Wisconsin.

2. Lice.—Sprinkle wood ashes all over the animal.
Tohn P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

3. Lice on Cattle—Boil one-half bushel of potatoes in
four gallons of water until the potatoes are nearly soft, then
take the water the potatoes are boiled in and wash the cattle (on
a warm day) from eyes to tail and half way down each side.
Repeat in a week.

D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio.

4. Lice.—To prevent cattle from getting lousy take:

Common Salt.......cccsscseseessseeneenes Io pounds.
Sulphur ..........ccceseeeceeseancsseeeeeers 2, it
Saltpeter.....cc. essere gf pound.

Mix and put in a box where cattle can have
access to it at all times and you will have no
lice on them.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 715

LUMP JAW.—A local ailment peculiar to head and upper
part of neck only. Caused by the introduction of a vegetable
parasitic spore into the tissue or at the surface of bone or tooth,
the multiplication of which irritates. Ailment shows at first by
a small lump, which, if let alone, grows for months or years,
causing death from pain and emaciation. If in the bone, it honey-
combs it full of pus; if in the tissue, there is a pocket of it. In
either case it finally breaks, but never works its own cure. If
the germs are not destroyed or removed, the animal dies a linger-
ing death. There is small chance for destruction or removal
except during the early stage.

Treatment.—A destruction of the germs is very probable by
a daily drench of one drachm of Iodide of Potassium in a pint of
water for about ten days more or less. The animal will thrive
all right, but he must be watched and the medicine discontinued
when his nose inflames to interfere with breathing. Then after
a few days rest, repeat again. The two efforts are almost certain
in early stages, and even in advanced stages it will retard and
sometimes cure.

A removal of the germs by the knife from tissue and by the
chisel from bone is positively certain and the best means to
adopt.

There is no reason except ignorance or carelessness why any

steer should die from Lump Jaw.
W. W. Reynolds, Utica, Ohio.

2. Lump Jaw.—Cut the enlarged place open and insert all
the air-slacked lime you can get into the incision. This will eat
out all impurities. W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Ilinots.

3. Lump Jaw.—Cut lump open and cleanse with a strong
solution of Carbolic Acid and water, than inject one-half ounce
Tincture of Iodine.

Another treatment for severe cases or where lump is a hard
bony growth: For a 1,000 pound animal give one-half drachm
Todide of Potash once a day for four days, then twice a day for
four days, then once a day for four days. Rest one week and
repeat treatment. Keep animal in barn and give in drinking
water. ‘These two treatments are entirely distinct and separate
from each other. A, L. Fox, New Sharon, Lowa.
716 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

4. Lump Jaw.—When the lump first makes its appearance
bathe it frequently with Kerosene or Coal Oil; if broken or a
sore, use one-third Iodine and two-thirds Kerosene or Coal Oil.

Ff. M. Brown, Kiel, Kingfisher Co., Oklahoma.

MILK FEVER.—The following is the only remedy I have
ever known to cure this dreaded disease. I have seen it used
with success after a cow was down and, as I supposed, beyond
help. While it is best always to give treatment at earliest pos-
sible moment, I would try it even in later stages of disease.

No. 1.—Epsom Salts........seeeseeeserees 1% pounds,
Ginger, powdered..... I ounce.
Mix together, dissolve in lukewarm water
and give in one dose.
No. 2.—Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia... 10 ounces.
Spirits of Nitrous Ether........... zo |

Mix together, and immediately after giving
No. 1 begin with No. 2 by giving three ounces
of the mixture in a pint of cold water every
half hour until five doses are given; then every
hour until the thirty ounces have been given.

 

No. 3.—//ix one pound of ground Mustard with
hot water and rub in well along the
back from hips forward.

Keep cow well blanketed.
John Shankland, Brooklyn, Ohio.

Notz#.—While teaching district school near Cleveland, Ohio, several
years ago, the farmer with whom I was boarding had a cow show symptoms
of milk fever. I drove several miles to a drug store, secured the above
medicines and returned in time to save the cow. The animal was down and
we supposed it was too late. It meant at least $50 to the owner, and I con-
sider the recipe worth more than that to every owner of cattle.

Geo. Foote, Detroit, Michigan.

2. Milk Fever.—Place cow in a dry, warm stall with plenty
of bedding. Give injections of warm soapsuds in rectum to start
passage. Give twice a day the following:

 

Flnseed Oil s.issscceccsassseacssasencdvecase
Camphor Gum
Glauber Salts ..........ceseccssseeseereeee

Rub small of back and udder with the
following:
Spirits of Turpentine... I pint.
Camphor Gutt..........cccecseseeteeeees 4 ounces.
Val socccescsesecwessiethentiadaeneeaeees Ao kes

Milk every hour until relieved.

Ernest Heine, Elendale, North Dakota.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 717

MILK FEVER, OR HOLLOW HORN.—Clean out
womb good by inserting hand well greased. Put % pint of raw
Linseed Oil into the womb. Apply Turpentine over small of
back or kidneys and small amount on neck back of head. Also
give the following:

Epsom Salts.........cccccseeesessecceeeeees 1 pound.
Lard (warmed)......scccccscssseceeseeees I quart.
Ginger (pulverized)......cceceeeee I ounce,

Mix well with warm water and use as a
drench, :
The above is infallible. Have been using it for fifteen years

and haven’t lost a cow.
John D, Allen, Worthington, Indiana.

MILK FEVER PREVENTIVE.—When I dry off my
cows I stop all grain feed. I feed for roughage, ensilage in re-
duced quantity, hay and stover, until about two weeks before
time to freshen, I begin to feed some bran, about two or three
quarts per day, and give as much Glauber Salts every four or five
days until she freshens as a man can hold in his hand by taking
it real full. If cow has not had any Salts for four or five days,
give immediately after calf is dropped, which I usually give in
water, if cow is thirsty, when I take water to her. I take Salts
with me and try her with the water, and if she seems thirsty I
stir the Salts into the water and nine times out of ten she will
drink it. If she seems to be a little chilly, give 2 ounces of
Ginger. Inno case give a cow more than 2 gallons of water at
one time, and warmed a little if it be cold. Repeat at intervals
of an hour or so until thirst is slacked. If the cow does not eat
Salts in her food, dissolve and pour down from a long-necked
bottle.

My experience is that milk fever is due to carelessness more
than anything else. I have 50 cows and have not had a case in
nearly three years, and only four cases in the twenty-three years

I have kept cows.
D. F. Diener, Brookville, Pennsylvania,

2. Milk Fever Preventive-—As I have been in the dairy
business for fourteen years, I might give you my experience
with Milk Fever. Wehad some trouble at first with our best
718 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

cows, and lost some of them. The Schmidt treatment (see
this treatment in CATTLE DIsHzASES in body of book) was our
best remedy, but we have found prevention better than cure.

As there is almost no danger with a heifer the first or second
calf, we feed them well when coming near their time, but after
the second we are more careful, and still more so as they mature.
If they are heavy milkers and in good flesh, we feed sparingly
for two weeks before coming in—not more than half ration—and
nothing but water in small quantities for twenty-four hours after
coming in. If they appear all right the second day, we feed a
little hay—less than half a feed—and gradually increase.

Since we have learned by hard experience to practice this
thoroughly we have not had one case of Milk Fever. If cows
are in good flesh this treatment will do them good, even if there
might not be any danger of Milk Fever.

Toseph Meighen, St. Marys, Ontario, Canada.

RINGWORM.— Usually starts around the eyes and spreads
sack. Take a blunt knife and scrape off crust on sore, then apply
alittle Tincture of Iodine with a feather. If first application
does not cure, apply again in one week.

Walter Whitheld, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. 6.

SCOUR IN CATTLE, HORSES, CALVES, AND
CHOLERA OR DIARRHEA IN PERSONS.—Frequently
a handful of salt will relieve horses and cattle from scour, but if
this does not afford relief in twelve hours, I have recourse to a
remedy for the above disease that has never failed me. I use
Spirits of Camphor, Tincture of Rhubarb and Laudanum, equal
parts of each. Mix thoroughly. For a horse or cow, give a
dessertspoonful; for a calf, a teaspoonful. If not relieved in
three hours, repeat the dose. For grown persons I use 30 drops;
for a child, 8 or 10 drops. For persons, give ina little sweetened
water; for stock, in half a pint of warm water. I have known
many of the worst cases of diarrhea in children to be cured in a
very short time from using this remedy, and I consider it one of
the most valuable recipes I have ever come across.

M. £E. Wees, West Superior, Wisconsin.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 719

2. Scour in Young Cattle or Calves.—For calf under
three months of age, give 1 tablespoonful of Castor Oil twice a
day; for older ones, increase the dose according to size.

Another remedy for the same: Take equal parts of Ginger,
pulverized charcoal and common baking powder, mix well to-
gether and give 1 teaspoonful twice a day. Pull out tongue and
throw powder on back part and they will swallow it, or give it
by way of drench.

I have found the above to be good remedies.

Tilman Wilkin, Spencerville, Ohio.

3. Scours in Calves.—Put one teacupful raw flour in the
milk given the calf, twice a day, until cured. If the calf is in
pain give: Tincture of Laudanum, 1 teaspoonful, Raw Linseed
Oil, 2 ounces, two hours after first dose is given.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

4. White Scour in Calves.—Give 30 drops of Laudanurt
in 1 tablespoonful of Castor Oil three times a day until well.
I have found this to be one of the best recipes I ever used.
Never lost but one calf.
William Wales, Osborne, Kansas.

5. Scour in Calves or Lambs.—

Tincture of Catechu..........sseeee 6 ounces.
Prepared Chalk, powdered ......... 3 drachms.
Laurdan ......cccccccsessereecnecceoenee I ounce.

Dilute in Alcohol to make one pint, shake
well and give as follows: To calf, one table-
spoonful every four hours; to lamb, one-half
teaspoonful every five hours.

A, L. Fox, New Sharon, lewa.
720 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

REMEDIES FOR SHEEP

TO KEEP SHEEP HEALTHY.— Give 1 teaspoonful
of leaf tobacco in wheat bran once a week, and plenty of salt, and
sheep will always be healthy.

If sick, give 14 teaspoonful of Turpentine and 1 tablespoon-
ful of sorghum molasses well mixed. Give morning and evening
until the sheep will eat its food.

Have used the above for twenty-five years.

Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana.

SHEEP POWDER FOR APPETITE.—

Sulphate of Iron .............4. deaiseses . 2 ounces.
Gil Ber ons pesssatisaacaensa sae tdiaevansdotess 8 “
Fenugreek......cscsccesccseseseeescesseenee 8
GeNtAT ins ssessseseisncderssscnastevesseevinas Arcot

Mix the above with 2 gallons oil cake and
feed 1 pint daily, mixed with 1 peck corn and
oats.

Joseph H. Reed, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, R. F. D. 38.

SHEEP, TO KEEP IN CONDITION.—Sheep do much
better in small bunches of about fifty than they do in larger
bunches. Plenty of salt and exercise are also needed for sheep.

S. W. Powell, Polo, Mlinois.

BLOATING.—
Ginger... eee eeescesseeeseeetterseene i drachm.
Baking Soda ssissssssscssesevssvecvesesose I oe
Spirits Ammonia (Aromatic)......... 2 drachms,
WaAter.....ccceecccsseccessees seceeeseeeeees 1 pint.

Give as one dose, and if it does not have the desired effect,
repeat in ¥% to 1 hour, according to severity of the case.
G. R. Padelford, Hastings, Michigan.

CHOLERA, LAMB.—Sulphuric Ether given in 1 ounce
doses mixed with twice the quantity of warm water or milk—
dose repeated in fifteen minutes if not easier—will positively cure
the so-called ‘‘Lamb Cholera” in young lambs if discovered be-
fore they are too far gone. ‘‘Lamb Cholera’’ is nothing but
colic produced by sickness or changes in the dam’s milk.

Geo. M. Wilber, Marysville, Ohio.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 721

COLIC, OR STRETCHES.—Give one drachm each of
Ginger and Soda in water as a drench; if this fails to relieve,
repeat the dose in one hour and give four to six ounces of raw
Linseed Oil. G. R. Padelford, Hastings, Michigan.

2. Colic, or Stretches.—Let the shepherd take the sheep
by the hind legs, with its back toward him, and raise it as high
as his head three times.

Lsaac Salkeld, Goderich, Ontario, Canada.

CONSTIPATION IN LAMBS, TO PREVENT.—After
the ewe has dropped her lamb, take a pint of bran, add a table-
spoonful of salt to it, and pour over the bran boiling water to
make a soft mash; let it cool and when lukewarm give to the
ewe. Repeat once a day for 2 or 3 days.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

FLUKE WORM.—See Ticks anp FLUKE WorM, given
by W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan,

FOOT ROT.—

Strong brine (made with hot water) 1 quart.
Sulphate of Copper (Blue Vitriol),
powdered, add all that brine will
cut, then add:

Bottle for use.

One application with a swab, if trimming of foot is thoroughly
done, will effect a cure. However, the entire flock should be
gone over once a week and the feet examined by using knife to
see if any parts are still affected, and such examination continued
‘until flock is known tobe sound. Ihave known this remedy to cure
large flocks of sheep (including my own) when remedies costing
$10.00 per pint had signally failed. But no medicine will cure
Foot Rot without it finds its way to the parasite which causes it,
and this can only be done by practice with the use of the knife.

Thrush in Horses’ Feet.—The above remedy will cure
this disease equally as well and should be used in the same
manner.

Ringworm.—It will also cure Ringworm in human flesh,
or any parasitic affection anywhere.

Geo. M. Wilber, Marysville, Ohio.

46
722 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

2. Foot Rot.—Pour Turpentine freely into the affected
parts. Also mix Turpentine in feed, or in bran and salt, and let
sheep have access to same. A quantity of Sulphur added will
be of benefit both in sore mouth and sore foot. These seem
to be kindred diseases of the blood.

W. R. Jewell, Alkivres Mills, West Virginia,

FOUNDER.—I have had four sheep foundered and saved
three after they got puffed, and two of them stiff so as to prevent
walking. Remedy: Give 2 tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil warmed,
or 2 tablespoonfuls of Linseed Oil, and inject the lower bowel full
of warm soapsuds. Repeat both the oil and the injection in two
hours. I have tried both oils with success.

Geo. H. Banta, Shelbyville, Kentucky, R. F.D. 3.

GADFLY, TO KEEP AWAY.—Rub pine tar on their
noses. Keep it on through July and August.

John P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

GRUB IN THE HEAD.—Confine sheep in tight stall or
pen, place large canvas over pen, then fumigate by burning
Sulphur in iron pot. Keep them in until they cough violently.

W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Illinois.

2. Grub in the Head.— Pour into each nostril one-half tea-
spoonful of Kerosene Oil.
John P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

LOSS OF, APPETITE.—See Sracczrs or Loss oF
APPETITE, given by W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia.

MOUTH, SORE.—Hold the sheep’s head firmly between
the knees, letting it occupy same position as is natural when
sheep is standing, and pour Turpentine down over nose and mouth.
Also mix a quantity of Turpentine with wheat bran, to which
add salt, and feed to the entire flock.

W. R. Jewell, Alkives Mills, West Virginia,
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 723

__PILES.—Apply clamp and burn off protruding part with a
knife-shaped iron which has been heated to a white heat. Then
apply Boracic Acid twice a day.

D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan, R. F. D. 4.

PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE
LUNGS.—Give two to four grains of Quinine in one-half ounce
of whiskey every six hours. In one hour after giving the
Quinine give:

Saltpeter......uccccccsesscsesseeeeees 2 grains.
ACOMIE 55 cosas scisoninon sete douaaeid sents 1 to 3 drops.

Drop the Aconite on the Saltpeter, and put the mixture on
the tongue; repeating remedy every four hours until the fever is
gone. If the case is very bad, repeat a little oftener.

I never gave this to swine, but should think it would be
equally as good for them as for sheep.

G. R. Padelford, Hastings, Michigan.

ROT.—For my sheep I use two-thirds salt and one-third
Epsom Salts. I usually keep it lying by them.

I make a dip by boiling tobacco until it is very strong. To
every 100 gallons of the juice I add one gallon Carbolic Acid and
about twenty pounds of salt. I use a tank that will take a sheep
or hog into it and put them under head and ears. My neighbors
use a box and dip them back down, but I prefer having them on
their feet as I drive them in and lower them out of sight. The
dip should be well stirred so as to not have them swallow the
Acid.

I have used this same dip for hogs for ten years and have
never had any cholera since.

J. M. Hume, Williamstown, Kentucky.

SCAB IN SHEEP.— Mix Wood Soot and Turpentine with
their grain when feeding. .
John P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

STAGGERS, OR LOSS OF APPETITE.—Give 1
tablespoonful of Turpentine. The one dose is usually sufficient,
but in severe cases a second dose might become necessary.

W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia.
724 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

TICKS.—To prevent sheep from having ticks, give the
salt, sulphur and saltpeter treatment as in cattle. This will pre-
vent scab or any skin diseases and keep the sheep healthy.

George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

2. Ticks and Fluke Worm.— Salt, Sulphur and Ashes,
equal parts, to be kept where sheep can eat it at any time.
It will keep them in good condition.

W. A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan, R. F. D. 2.

WOMB, EVERSION OF.—I have had several sheep with
womb come out which all died until I used the following treat-
ment: Wash the womb gently in warm water and grease well
with Sweet Oil or Castor Oil and put back. Then take a com-
mon hog ringer and fasten one hog ring through the vagina so
the womb cannot come out, and the sheep will fatten for market.
I have not lost one since I used this treatment.

George H. Banta, Shelbyville, Kentucky, R.F.D. 3.

WORMS.—Equal parts of Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate
of Copper.
Dose.—One drachm for four sheep. Feed in salt, or any way
it can be fed best, once or twice a day.
flarmon Rossman, Lakeview, Michigan,

2. Worms in the Head of Sheep, to Prevent.—Put salt
in a sharp-bottomed trough and spread tar on each side of the
trough. When the sheep eat the salt they get the tar on the
nose, and that keeps away the fly that lays the egg which forms

the worm in the head.
Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana.

3. Worms.—Keep salt and Sulphur before them all the
time in the proportion of one pound of Sulphur to ten pounds

of salt.
7. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota.

4. Worms, Ticks and Other Sheep Parasites.—Simple
but effective. To be almost wholly exempt from sheep parasites,
keep rock salt in pastures with a few drops of Turpentine put on

salt occasionally, Chas. E. Haynes, Hillsboro, Ohio.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 725

WORMS IN LAMBS.—Take one part Coal Tar Creosote
to 99 parts water. After lambs have missed one feed, give as a
drench two to four ounces of the mixture, according to size of
lamb. Repeat in four or five days if first treatment does not
prove effective,
A, L, Fox, New Sharon, lowa.

2. Worms, Stomach, in Lambs.— Take Gasoline one
part to fresh milk four parts and give one tablespoonful twice a
day for two days, or until they are better.

The following also I find very good: Creosote of Tar one
part to water fifteen parts. One tablespoonful once a day for
two days.

There is no disease that stock is subject to that causes
greater loss than stomach worms in lambs.

J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota.

REMEDIES FOR SWINE

HOGS, TO KEEP IN CONDITION.—I have been rais-
ing and feeding hogs for twenty-eight years and have made hog
raising a close study. At first I hada good many failures. After
trying all the paper remedies on hog ailments, I find if a hog gets
seriously sick you might as well kill it at once, for if it does not
die it will never be thrifty, and is useless as a feeder or producer.
I have for the last several years been very successful, and now
have no fears of disease among ‘my hogs. My theory is, prevent
instead of cure. My care and treatment is simple and inexpensive,
and is as follows:

Keep the lice off, which can be done with a mixture of coal
oil and lard, about equal parts, sprinkled on the hogs about once
every thirty days if necessary. Sometimes it is not necessary
oftener than every two, three, or four months, but at any rate it
is necessary in order to have healthy hogs to keep them free

from lice.
726 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

The next important thing is to keep their digestion in order.
This is easily done by keeping plenty of coal cinders where they
can have free access to them.

With these rules strictly adhered to in this latitude, the hog

raiser need have no fears.
J. F. Ware, Danville, Kentucky.

2. Hogs, to Keep in Condition.—I keep air-slaked lime
and salt, equal parts, in a trough in the lot. I think it a good
conditioner and disinfectant.

James B. Wehrman, Nelson, Nebraska.

3. Hogs, To Keep in Condition.—In summer a good run
to grass and plenty of water.

In winter feed Sulphur, soft coal siftings, clover hay and
bran. Do not feed swine of any kind very long on clear corn or
corn meal. Milk is always good. My method of feed in winter
is as follows:

To a 150 to 200 pound shote give a heaping tablespoonful of
Sulphur at a time in some kind of ground feed, one in the
morning and one in the evening, for a week. Skip a week and
give for three or four days, after which give none for about three
weeks. Soft coal siftings or charcoal should be fed between
meals every alternate day—that is, every other day while the
hogs are in confinement and cannot root in the ground—from a
half pint to a pint each, according to size of hog. They will eat
the coal very readily without mixing anything with it. I feedin
the trough the same as I do other feed. If clover hay is handy,
feed every other day in place of coal, or one day with hay and

one day with coal. L. D. Arnold, Bergen, New York.

4. Hogs, To Keep in Condition.—I feed my hogs all the
salt and ashes, mixed, that they care to have. It may be put in
boxes or in heaps on the ground. I also give them a little
Turpentine—about 1 tablespoonful to a pail of swill. Let them
run out where they can have plenty of exercise, and also keep
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS ~~ 727

them from piling up on one another in their sleeping place. Give
them all the green corn you wish.

S. W. Powell, Palo, Ogle Co., Illinois.

[P. S.—You may state that one year I lost most of my hogs with cholera
(about 80 head). All that I had except 12, which latter had a habit of
getting through the wire fence and eating all the green corn they wanted.
For this reason I think green corn is good food.—S. W. P.]

5. Hogs, To Keep in Condition.—Salt and ashes fed once
a week, keep my hogs from getting sick. Never had any sick

ones. F. M. Brown, Kiel, Kingfisher Co., Oklahoma.

TO KEEP SWINE IN HEALTH.—As I never have
any sick hogs I cannot give any remedies, but will say that my
hogs always have free access to all the soft coal they want, and
it will surprise anyone who has not fed it to see how much they
will consume. Also a box of salt and ashes, mixed, placed where
they can eat it is a preventive of worms, which are very detri-
mental to the health of hogs.

W..A. Eastwood, Chesaning, Michigan, R. F.D. 2.

2. To Keep Swine in Health.—Give them all the charcoal
they want and they will always be healthy.
One teaspoonful of leaf tobacco twice a week to each hog
and you will not have any sick hogs.
Robert E. Chambers, Spencer, Indiana, R. F. D. 2.

SHOTES IN POOR CONDITION.—Wash and scrub
thoroughly in very strong soapsuds with a kitchen scrubbing
brush, and pull or break out the black teeth. If lousy, mix

lard and lamp oil and grease them.
D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio.

PIGS, TROUBLES WITH SUCKING.—In this sec-
tion of the country a great many farmers lost their little pigs the
first week or two after they were farrowed, and I was called upon
to investigate for the cause. I found that the sows were fed on
strong food, such as barley meal, pea meal and the like, causing
the milk to be too strong, and producing indigestion in the little

pigs.
728 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

To prevent this trouble the sows should be fed lightly for a
week or two after farrowing with equal parts bran and middlings
or shorts, pouring over the mixture boiling water so as to cook
it. Add x tablespoonful of Sulphur once a day. This will also
prevent what we call ‘‘cancer of the tail.’’ If you notice little
pigs, you willsee that they get sore at the root of the tail, the sore
taking the form of a ring at the root of the tail, which later drops
off.

To prevent the tail dropping off and to heal the sore take:

SWEStiOM 06.02 c6ccceesusaseatoarsesoscacesees 30 drops..
CarboliG Acids Ase sacaciieasetiexiteastens t drop.
Mix and apply to the sore spot.

Another new disease in this section is that the pigs will get
sore back of the ears; a yellow discharge will come from sores,
and it has avery bad odor. To cure this, apply coal oil (kerosene)
to the affected part and give the hog a tablespoonful of sulphur

once a day.
George Campbell, Gilchrist, Simcoe Co., Ontario.

I give two remedies which I have found to be most valuable
to me in my swine raising, one below and one under ‘‘Pneu-
monia,”’

BACK, WEAK.—For the past two years in this locality
young pigs (perhaps 20 per cent. of the total number), show a
weakness in the back. For instance, they may be standing still,
then suddenly give down in the back until the belly touches the
ground; or they may be walking and suddenly duck as though
going under a low fence. I have consulted many veterinarians,
and thus far have not been able to find one who can classify the
disease. It is never fatal so farasI know. It affects pigs of
from six weeks to four months old.

Use Spirits of Turpentine, about 1 teaspoonful, pouring it
along the back. Usually one application is sufficient, but a
second, or possibly a third, may be necessary. It is an absolute

cure. H. T. Morgan, Mt. Morris, Michigan.

BLIND STAGGERS, OR RUN-AROUND.—Pour one
tablespoonful of Linseed Oil into each ear.
J. M. Hume, Williamstown, Kentucky.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 729

CHOLERA, TO PREVENT .—Hog raising is my forte,
but I use no medicines or stock fodder with the exception of
Radway’s Scientific Discovery, which is a preventive of Cholera.
My hogs seem perfectly healthy—no cough or disease of any

kind. John L. Babcock, Neligh, Nebraska.

2. Cholera.—Some years ago I had a severe attack of Hog
Cholera among my hogs. I used the following, with the result
that I lost only one hog after commencing its use, although I had
anumber at the time which could not stand up, and they had
previously been dying at the rate of two or three a day.

  

Lime, unslaked.......0006 cccsccsseceesees 2 pounds,
GSal-Soda.....ccccesecsscescceeeseeseeeeeseeeees I pound.
SL AT, ici Lovie dub suse guonweaenteiea dy sasninivaiion’ %
AMNTIMONY.....ceccereseceeeeeesereeeeeeeaeees ye
Sulphur iscsscasecrscevssecdesoescsednssane cee % *
Poke Root (ground and pulverized). 6 ounces.
May Apple Root “ 7 .6 «
Asafetida............ wn 6
Saltpeter........cceccesccseeneceeees ‘ 6 *

Put the Lime, Poke Root and May Apple Root into 4 gallons
of water when boiling and stir well; then put the balance of the
ingredients in when cool and stir well again; then put the whole
into a barrel of swill or mash. In a severe attack, such as I had,
I double the strength by taking twice as much of each. When I
commenced using it many of my hogs could not eat mash, and
we gave it to them asadrink. I have since given the recipe to
others, who have tried it with success.

The above can also be used as a preventive by giving one
pailful once a week to eight hogs, or say a quart to a hog.

E. A. Wallace, Winamac, Indiana,

3. Cholera——An exchange says that every paper in the
state should publish the fact that burnt corn is a sure cure for
Hog Cholera, and adds: ‘“‘It was first discovered by a distillery
in Peoria, Il. It was thrown to the hogs to be eaten by them.
Before that time a number had been dying each day with cholera,
but the disease disappeared immediately.’”’ It is so simple a

remedy that it can easily be tried.
Harmon Rossman, Lakeview, Michigan.
730 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

4. Cholera.—
ATSEHIC ssi cossessccicwsiceg cossesarnvaaaronanis 4 pound.
Cape Aloesiis cescisscnes veacssssnssseeasens % a
BlUE Vitlioh: siccecsacesseesvaussseversvaneee yy ss
Black, Antimon yissecvissaecessasencvanswens I ounce.

Dose.—One teaspoonful 3 times a day, every
other day, to a hog of 1co pounds weight.

Bartley Jost, Alma, Buffalo Co., Wisconsin.

5. Cholera.—As a preventive, mix in the proportion of 2
quarts charcoal to 1 handful salt. Leave it where the hogs can
have free access to it. Do this 3 or 4 times a week.

D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan.

6. Cholera.—I recommend the following not only as a pre-
ventive but as a cure for this scourge of swine:

Sulphur wo... ccc cecceseeeeeeeeneeeeeeeceeeeeee I pound.
Saltpeter, pulverized ........0..... cece pos
Madder, pulverized............:cecceeeecses Ee
Black Antimony, pulverized............. Vee ts
Asafetida ca: sscsssraowsvissenmoarsennereceises 2 ounces.

Mix thoroughly together.

As a preventive.—Mix with the slop twice a week in the
proportion of 4 tablespoonfuls to five hogs. If they do not eat it
at first, starve them to it. As a cure.—Give in the same propor-
tion once daily.

At least half a dozen farmers have told me they have used
the above remedy with most excellent results, claiming that it is
the only thing they have ever discovered that will cure Hog

Cholera. D. B. Freeman, Detroit, Michigan.

7. Cholera.—Charcoal and ashes is about the best thing I
have ever tried for hog Cholera. G. C. Luce, Coldwater, Mich.

8. Cholera.—The following is an unfailing cure for Hog
Cholera, and also a preventive of the disease: Give to each hog 1
teaspoonful of White Hellebore in food. One dose is sufficient

fliram Graham, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R. F. D.1, No. 9.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 731

9. Cholera.—The following formula is from the Govern-
ment Veterinarian. I have used this remedy, and while it will
not always cure the disease, it is nevertheless a good one.

Wood Charcoal.........ss.cccessssseecceeeeers I pound.
SUIPHUE, oi... sccsescnasodcseedanseewedentensns rf
Sodium Chloride............c..ceceeeeeeeeeee 2 pounds.
Sodium Bicarbonate.............ccccceeeees 2 Ss
Sodium Hyposulphate..........ceeeeee 2) as
Sodium Sulphate... eee I pound.

Antimony Sulphide (Black Antimony) 1 “
Mix. Dose, 1 tablespoonful to a 200 pound
hog once a day.

A.B. Brown, Alexandria, South Dakota.

10. Cholera, To Prevent.—Keep them from sleeping in
manure piles and old wet straw stacks. Feed charred corn, salt
and sulphur, and you will not have the disease in your hogs.

J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, North Dakota.

CONSTIPATION AND LAMENESS CAUSED BY
STRONG FEED AND WANT OF EXERCISE.—Feed all
the wood ashes and salt they want to eat and give them a chance

to exercise. Eynest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota.

COUGH.—A small quantity of Venetian Red put into slop
and given to hogs will stop cough. To a hog that weighs 100
pounds, give teaspoonful at a time. If not relieved, repeat the
dose in twenty-four hours. To a larger hog, give a larger dose;
to a smaller hog a smaller dose.
Gurley Taylor, Booneville, Indiana.

LAMENESS.—See ConstTIPATION AND LAMENESS, given
by Ernest Heine, Ellendale, North Dakota.

2. Lameness and Stiffness.——Give Sulphur 1 to 2 tea-
spoonfuls and Epsom Salts 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls, according to size
of hog, in the regular feed till the bowels move freely. Keep in

a dry place. Thomas Newbgging, Atwood, Perth Co.,Canada.

LICE.—Sprinkle hogs with undiluted coal oil. Use plenty,

and repeat in ten or fifteen days.
W. R. Sedberry, Pittsteld, Minos.
732 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

PNEUMONIA.—I have found Turpentine—administered
by a metal syringe, which they cannot injure by biting—to be
the most satisfactory of any remedy. Fora pig of 100 pounds, take
a tablespoonful of Turpentine and mix with half a teacupful of
milk. Reduce dose and repeat in six hours. If in pain, add 30

drops of Laudanum.
HT, T. Morgan, Mt. Morris, Michigan.

RHEUMATISM; ALSO LICE.—Rub well with kerosene
oil. It will not take the hair off.
John P. Woodard, New Comerstown, Ohio.

SCOURS IN PIGS.—This is a common and dangerous
ailment in young pigs, and is most frequently caused by feeding
dam too much rich slop too soon after farrowing. If pigs get
Scours, which will soon be noticed by the white excrement and
general appearance, take 1 teaspoonful of Copperas, dissolve and
put into a little swill for the sow and slack up on the slop feed
for sow until pigs get older. If pigs get Scours after weaning,
give Copperas to them. One or two doses will cure,

T. M. Hume, Williamston, Kentucky.

2. Scours, To Prevent in Young Pigs.—For each pig
give one tablespoonful of air-slaked lime two or three times 2
week. This is an excellent remedy at all times with feeding hogs.
I have pursued the course of slopping my feeding hogs twice a
week and making the slop as strong with lime as they will take
it in small quantities, so that fifty head would not take more than
six or seven pailfuls. I have lost scarcely any hogs by disease,
and have been feeding for forty years.

David F. Hoover, Pennville, Jay Co., Indiana.

WORMS (STOMACH) IN HOGS.—

Sulphate of Iron.........0.cccceeeee 1 drachm
Gentian (ground) .........e ee I “

Give the above to each full grown hog once a day in feed;
to young pigs about half the quantity.

Walter Whitfield, Sr., Pontiac, Michigan, R. F. D. No. 6.
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 733

2. Worms.—Give in milk one teaspoonful of Turpentine for
each pig twice a week before feeding in the morning. I kept this
up for two weeks with good results. Put Turpentine and milk in
trough in above proportion.

D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan.

REMEDIES FOR CHICKENS

CHICKENS, SUGGESTIONS FOR CARE OF.—A
very good thing for chickens is a good sized pile of sand and
gravel for them to dust and feed in. Cooked meats, also ground
bones and cracklings from the butcher’s kettle, are good to make

hens lay. S. M. Powell, Polo, Mlinois.

CHOLERA.—The following, ‘‘Douglas Mixture,’’ is a
Cholera cure, and is an excellent tonic to give at any time to pre-
vent disease.

Douglas Mixture.—Dissolve % pound of Sulphate of Iron
(green copperas) in 1 gallon of water. To another gallon of
water add carefully 1 ounce of pure Sulphuric Acid. Mix the
two together in a jug and keep it tightly corked.

Dose.—From 1 teaspoonful to 2 tablespoonfuls
to a pint of water, according to the severity of the

sickness.
D. H. Clifton, De Cliff, Ohio.

2. Cholera.—Soak corn or any grain in kerosene for twelve
hours and feed. Repeat three times. Sure cure for Chicken

Cholera. W. 1. Reynolds, Pipestone, Minnesota.

3. Cholera.—Mix a tablespoonful of Carbolic Acid in a
bucketful of scalded wheat bran and feed.
D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio.

4. Cholera.—
Corn Meal........cccccsesssceseesseseeeeeee 40 parts.
Black Pepper......ssseserccsrresereeeseees I part.

I feed the above freely at the first signs of Chicken Cholera.
It seems to be a good tonic for chickens.
James B. Wehrman, Nelson, Nebraska.
734 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

5. Cholera, to Prevent.—Give as a drink, equal parts of
Alum and Saltpeter dissolved in pure water.
Hiram Graham, Franklin, Pennsylvania, R.F.D. 1, No. 9.

6. Cholera, to Prevent—Grind Salts in drinking water,
1 teaspoonful to a gallon of water.
f. M. Brown, Kiel, Kingfisher Co., Oklahoma,

7. Cholera.—Give the sick fowls 1 teaspoonful each of
Castor Oil, and follow this with Carbolic Acid in the drinking
water—%% teaspoonful of Carbolic Acid to 1 gallon of water.
Isolate the sick fowls.

£. C. Wood, Mt. Gilead, Morrow Co., Ohio.

8. Cholera.—Dissolve 1 pound Copperas in 2 gallons water
and add 2 ounces Sulphuric Acid. Dose: One ounce of the
solution in one quart of water once a week,

D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan.

GAPES, A SURE CURE FOR.—Place the chicken in a
tight box, and spread a thin cloth over the box. On this cloth
put a handful of air-slaked lime; shake it gently to cause the
lime to sift through. The chicken will gape and swallow the
lime, and this will kill the worms. Care must be taken to not
leave the chicken covered too long or it will suffocate. If used
properly, the chicken will surely recover.

James M. Ross, Fairmont, Marion Co., West Virginia.

2. Gapes.—For Gapes use crude oil about their feeding
troughs and runs. W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia.

LICE.—Take dust from the road and wood ashes, about
three times as much of the dust as of the ashes, mix and keep
dry for chickens to dust in. DF Piex Fick. Cis.

2. Lice.—Spray the chicken house twice a month in warm
weather with kerosene or coal oil and water in equal parts. It

is fine to kill lice.
£. C. Wood, Mt. Gilead, Morrow Co., Ohio.

3. Lice on Chickens.—In a dry time gather and sift dry
road dust and keep in a dry place where the chickens can get at
PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS 735

it, mixing ashes with it. For instance, take a box about 2 feet
square by 1 foot high, and put into it 1 wood ashes to 34 dust,
mixing them up together. In the fall gather the dust for winter
use and store in a dry place. I gathered several bushels last fall.
D. F. Pike, Lisbon, Ohio.

PARASITIC BOWEL DISEASE OF CHICKENS. ..
“A trouble that kills thousands of young chickens.’’—Dissolve
20 grains Citrate of Iron in a pint of water. Place this where
the chickens may have free access to drinking basins. Repeat
every day until relieved of trouble. Used successfully by Mrs.

Haynes for years. Chas. E, Haynes, Hillsboro, Ohio.

ROUP.—Mix lard and Sulphur, make pills and place in
their throats. Also grease their heads with coal oil.
W. R. Sedberry, Pittsfield, Minots.

2. Roup.—Take a chicken and stick head in coal oil over
the nostrils until it breathes once. By that time it will have
inhaled enough to effect a sure cure.

D. B. Freeman, Detroit, Michigan.

SCALY LEGS.—Mix 1 teaspoonful of kerosene oil with 2
or 3 ounces of lard—or in that proportion—and thoroughly grease
the shanks of the afflicted fowls. This will kill the mites that

cause the trouble. D. TerBush, Fenton, Michigan.

2. Scaly Legs.—For Scaly Legs dip the feet in crude oil

or blackstrap.
W. S. Starcher, Berlin, West Virginia.

Note.—The foregoing recipes have been collected, and compiled wita
much care, from many of the most reliable farmers and stock owners, and
Dr. Waterman isin no wise responsible for the remedies in this department.

PUBLISHERS.
THE SUGAR BEET

By U. P. HEDRICK
Professor of Horticulture, Michigan State Agricultural College

SOIL FOR SUGAR BEETS.—It is now fairly well
settled that the ideal soil for growing sugar beets is a clay loam.
Such a soil gives the highest yield and the greatest percentage of
sugar. Added to the above advantages are those of a reasonable
certainty of a crop and a soil easily worked. Clay loams retain
moisture in a dry season and give off the excess water when the
rainfall is too great. The sugar beet must have high culture.
It is essential, then, that the soil be such that it can be easily
prepared and tilled.

Heavy clays, in the main, should be avoided. Not, possibly,
from the standpoint of food, but because such land is hard to fit
for seeding; in most seasons it cannot be well tilled; and the
beets find it dificult to push their way downward in the hard
soil. It is almost necessary to subsoil such land. The sugar
content, too, of beets grown on clay soils is usually low. Again,
heavy clay land is very productive of rough miss-shaped roots.
Besides subsoiling, clay lands must be kept supplied with vege-
table humus; and in the growing seasons must be well cultivated
to preserve moisture and to keep the soil from baking.

True muck lands are seldom desirable for sugar beets. While
such lands are fairly productive, often producing extra large
crops, yet the sugar content is so low that the crop is unprofitable
to growers. Some so-called muck lands have sufficient amount
of clay and sand in them to produce beets quite rich enough in
sugar; or, a clay subsoil may be near enough to the surface to
give the beets a high percentage of sugar. Each individual farm
of such soil should be carefully experimented upon with growing
beets before a large venture is made.

Sandy soils and sandy loams have several advantages for
sugar beet growing, but all these are usually outweighed by two

736
THE SUGAR BEET 737

great disadvantages. These are that such soils will not hold a
sufficient supply of moisture in any but a very wet season, and
that sands are seldom fertile enough to produce a large crop.
The advantages are that such soils produce roots rich in sugar;
that the land is easily worked, and that the crop can be harvested
with comparative ease,

Whatever the soil, the aim must be to grow medium sized
beets rather than very large ones. It has been well demonstrated
that beets weighing over three pounds contain a small percentage
of sugar. Roots with a weight under one pound are unprofitable
to handle, because of greater expense in handling. To avoid ex-
cessively large roots sow rather thickly.

SOIL PREPARATION.—Second only to the quality and
kind of soil is its preparation. From the nature of the crop it is
obvious that one of the first requisites is a deep, mellow root-run.
Beets grow straight down and entirely beneath the ground. To
secure this deep root-run a soil at all hard, or one having a heavy
subsoil close to the surface should be subsoiled, and in any case
plowed as deeply as possible. Only thus can one grow properly
shaped roots with a high percentage of sugar. Sandy soils and
those with a sandy subsoil are better without the subsoiling.

Deep plowing and subsoiling should be done, asa rule, in the
fall. ‘Thus the ground has a chance to settle so that it will hold
more moisture and hold it longer in the growing season, and the
work for the spring is put forward by reason of having the plow-
ing done in the fall. Whatever the time for plowing, it is not
well to turn under a large amount of coarse plant roughage.
Spring plowing should be done at the earliest time consistent with
the fact that wet sodden soil is always injured by being worked.
Tf coarse manure is to be used, by all means plow it under in the
fall. In most cases it will be found of advantage to apply coarse
manure for humus to the preceding crop.

The harrow and the roller in the spring preparation should
at once follow the plow. While it is all essential to have a mel-
low soil, yet if the porosity be too great the evil effects of drouths
are much more marked. Harrow the ground until it is in uni-
fornly good surface tilth. The number of times to harrow
depends entirely on the condition of the soil. A few times may

aT
738 THE PRACTrcAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

suffice, and on the other hand several times over may not bring
the soil into the desired condition. The more nearly the field
resembles a garden bed, the greater the chance of success.

INFLUENCE OF PREVIOUS CROPS.—The previous
cropping of a piece of land has a decided influence upon the
growth and quality of sugar beets. Undoubtedly the most
desirable crops to precede sugar beets are some of the garden-
like plants now so commonly grown in sugar beet regions. A
previous crop of cucumbers or of tomatoes leaves the ground in
good condition for beets. Beans followed by beets is a good
rotation. Heavy sods leave land in poor condition for beets, as
do all crops which make necessary the plowing under of much
coarse vegetation. For this reason, corn stubble land is not the
best, though the stubble of the grain crops often gives good
results. Beets followed by beets is often undesirable, because
diseases have a better chance at the after crops: Many growers,
however, sow beets two and three times in succession without
decidedly evil effects from fungi and insects of the previous crops.

SEEDS AND VARIETIES.—Beet seeds are usually, if
not always, furnished growers by the sugar company: ‘This isa
requirement in most contracts. It is well for the grower and the
factory alike that such is the case: The seed is imported from
Europe by the sugar companies and is usually well tested before
distribution to the grower. Thus certainty of growth and of the
proper variety is insured. The cost to the grower is much less
than if he were compelled to buy in small lots from seedsmen.
Probably it will come about that our seed will be American grown
and of improved varieties for our conditions, but it will be long
before the average grower can secure seeds of as high a quality
as those that can be furnished from the factory: Not less than a
score of varieties of sugar beets have been tested in the Michigan
growing regions. Without doubt some are better adapted to
certain regions than others. Within theopportunities given him
by the factory, the grower should test the varieties to be had to
ascertain which suits his conditions most advantageously:

SOWING THE SEED.—The notion prevails that seed
sowing is a difficult and expensive operation: This is wrong and
THE SUGAR BEET 739

the reverse of the truth, for the seeding is about the simplest of
the beet growing operations Ordinary garden seed drills of
some makes may be used in sowing small plats, but the special
sugar beet drills will soon pay for themselves in a field of more
than a few acres. Grain drills are never satisfactory without
beet seed attachments, and are seldom satisfactory with these.
Cultivation is facilitated somewhat if the same number of rows
are drilled at one passing as will be cultivated at a single pass-
ing of the cultivator. To illustrate, do not follow a three row
drill with a two row cultivator.

It is false economy to be sparing in the amount of seed for
the beet field. On the other hand it is often profitable to be
somewhat prodigal of seed—far better to err on the side of too
much rather than on that of too little seed. If all of the seeds
could be placed just where each is wanted; or if all would grow,
a very few pounds per acre would suffice. Experience, however,
has well demonstrated that not less than fifteen pounds should be
planted, and in many cases this amount can be increased a few,
pounds. The soil, the season and the condition of the field have
much to do with the amount of seed.

The time for planting has been a matter of much experi-
mentation. Happily it has been decided that there can be
considerable range as to time. In the latitude of Michigan,
planting may begin April fifteenth in the average season and
continue until the first of June. ‘The ideal time is from the
tenth to the twentieth of May. If a large area is being planted
several dates for planting may be advisable to give a longer
period for thinning, cultivating and harvesting.

The depth to plant depends, of course, upon local conditions.
The lighter the soil and the later the seeding, the deeper the
seed should be planted. ‘The distance apart of the rows is like-
wise dependent upon individual conditions. The poorer the soil,
the greater the distance between rows. The limits as to the
distance are from eighteen to twenty-four inches with twenty-
one, the average, as the best distance for most conditions. The
beet tops must cover the ground.

THINNING.—The operation of thinning is about the most
important one connected with the growing of sugar beets. It is
740 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

the one, too, that is most often neglected in that it comes
at a busy time of the season, and in that it is a tedious operation
and must be done with exceeding care if done well. The time
for thinning should be guaged by the growth of the young plants
rather than by number of days. Thus we say begin to thin
when the fourth leaf begins to show. Usually this will be a
month or a little less, depending upon conditions, after the com-
pletion of seeding. The rule for thinning is that there shall be
but one beet for each six or eight inches of row. For most part
the thinning must be done by hand. If used with skill and
judgment, a hoe greatly aids in the work of thinning, but imple-
ments must not be put in the hands of the unskilled. Thinning
is usually performed by gangs of women and children under the
charge of expert foremen. ‘Thinning should be done promptly
and expeditiously, asany delay increases the expense of the opera-
tion and retards the crop.

CULTIVATION AND WEEDS.—Cultivation in the
beet field serves four chief ends. First, it saves the moisture.
By forming an earth mulch on the soil surface evaporation is
prevented and the moisture is conserved for the use of the plant.
Second, it sets free plant food by breaking up clods and hard
spots, and by permitting the freer entrance of air. ‘The action of
the elements, too, on the mellowed soil makes available plant
food, which otherwise the plant could not have used. Third, it
enables the roots to obtain a full supply of Oxygen. Plants, like
animals, must have Oxygen, and the more porous the soil the
more freely the air cancirculate. Fourth, cultivation kills weeds.
In the care of beets the last is probably the chief end of cultiva-
tion, as a crop of weeds unchecked is fatal to the beet crop.

Cultivation to kill weeds should begin before seeding. When
seed are to be put in toward the middle of Mayor a little
later, the soil should be cultivated several times before sowing,
that all sprouting weeds are killed as they show themselves.
Cultivate up to the day before the seeds are sown. Some prefer
extra early planting, thus giving the beets equal chance with the
weeds, with the intention of cultivating as soon as the beets
appear. Whatever the treatment to get ahead of weeds, it is a
safe procedure to start the horse cultivator as soon as the rows of
THE SUGAR BEET 74l

 

beets can be seen and keep it going once a week until the beet
tops cover the ground. Once the leaves entirely cover the ground,
the weeds will grow no more. It is well to keep in mind that
the greatest growth of the beet is made, and that most of the
sugar is formed after the leaves have covered the ground.

BEET PULLING.—Beets begin to form sugar and to
mature early in October. The beginning of the ripening period
is indicated by the leaves, which at this time turn yellow. More
accurately the period for harvesting can be determined by a
chemical analysis, the general average for unripe, immature beets
being below the 12 per cent. standard. Fully mature beets
should exceed the standard just given, the amount of excess
depending upon the soil and the season. Happily the harvesting
period can be prolonged six weeks to suit the convenience of
grower or of buyer. It is estimated that about one-fourth of
the expense of growing beets comes in the harvesting. It is
obvious that the grower must not neglect nor put off so important
an operation until the cold and wet of autumn entirely prohibit
out-of-door work.

In the latter connection it is important to note that sugar
beets may be frozen to almost any degree without injury if used
before they are thawed. Repeated freezing and thawing before
conversion into sugar, however, spoils the product.

Several special tools are used to lift the beets out of the
ground. Without doubt a special tool for the purpose is better
than the subsoil plow, or the common plow, often seen in the
beet field. ‘The kind of special tool depends largely upon the
soil. No device yet invented can be successfully used in wholly
removing tops from sugar beets. For most part topping is done
by hand, using a special knife for the purpose. Here again
women, and boys well along in their teens, can be employed in
well managed gangs to advantage. The crop is easiest picked
and carted to cars and factory in bushel slat crates, now to be
had in almost every neighborhood.

We have followed through the essential phases of sugar beet
growing from soil to harvesting: ‘There are still, however,
several important considerations that need attention if one con-
templates growing beets. The first of these is the contract.
742 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

THE CONTRACT.—Nearly all sugar beets are grown
under contract. ‘These are made between the agents of the com-
pany and the grower during the winter campaign preceding the
growing season. Dear experience has taught farmers to beware
of contracts as a rule, but the beet sugar industry is such that
the contract is an essential for the farmer and factory. On the
part of the farmer he must know that he can dispose of his crop
to the factory, otherwise they are almost a dead loss. ‘The
factory must be sure of a definite acreage and that the product of
its seed goes to no other factory. The chief things specified in a
contract are: Acreage, a stipulated price determined by the
purity of beets and the percentage of sugar; the regulation of
matters pertaining to seeds; and the penalties. ‘The latter are
such that they can be inflicted only through the claim arising
from the factory’s having furnished the seed. Sugar beet con-
tracts may be characterized in the main as fair and just.

LABOR.—The growing of sugar beets requires more labor
than can be found in most farming communities. To secure
labor it is almost necessary that the beets be grown near a town
or city. Fortunately cheap and unskilled labor largely suffices.
It must be such, however, that it can be concentrated. Gangs of
workmen are absolutely necessary at certain periods. Near
towns women, boys and girls in their teens, and unemployed men
can be secured without trouble. Special inducements in the way
of a meal, or in the way of a free ride night and morning, go a
long way toward securing help. The crop is such, for most part,
that high wages cannot be paid. A skilled, active foreman or
two is a necessity with such labor. It is obvious that the acre-
age of beets aman can grow must be largely dependent on the
laborers he can secure.

FERTILIZERS FOR BEETS.—Sugar beets are heavy
feeders and quickly exhaust land. The problem of supplying
soil fertility at once confronts the man who expects to grow beets
regularly. Unlike most phases of general farming, there is little
or nothing to be returned to the land from the refuse of the crop,
and the grower must look almost wholly to outside sources for
fertilizers.
THE SUGAR BEET 743

It has been found that barnyard manures are not ideal fer-
tilizers in sugar beet growing unless applied the season previous,
and in no case later than the previous autumn. Sugar beets
grown in a soil containing manure not well rotted, as is the case
when the manure is applied in the spring, are usually miss-shaped
and lacking in sugar. Even well rotted stable manure is best
applied the fall previous, that it may become thoroughly incor-
porated in the soil.

Commercial fertilizers are quite generally coming into use.
Just what fertilizers can be best applied depends largely upon
the food elements in a soil and upon the texture and condition of
the soil. Of the various special brands of fertilizers on the
market, manifestly those for root crops are better for beets than
the grain fertilizers. As a rule, fertilizers rich in Potash and
Phosphoric Acid are wanted for beets, as these elements increase
both tonnage and quality. Nitrogen is not so much needed,
except to give the young plants a start. In the main, fertilizers
for beets should be quickly available, and with the exception of
Nitrate of Soda, possibly, should be sown broadcast before
seeding and thoroughly mixed with the soil. It has been found
that a ton of unleached wood ashes and 100 pounds of Nitrate of
Soda per acre on the average soil is a good formula. Another
acre formula is:—120 pounds Nitrate of Soda, 250 pounds Acid
Phosphate, or of dissolved bone; and 125 pounds Sulphate of
Potash.

TOOLS.—The plows and harrows for this crop may be
those in common use. ‘The only suggestion in regard to them
is that they should be adapted for the soil in which they are to be
used. Each kind of soil, in general, has a plow and harrow best
adapted for it. Many, many acres of sugar beets are grown
without special seed drills or special tools for lifting. Neverthe-
less, the man who is growing any considerable acreage will find it
greatly to his profit to provide himself with a beet seed drill,
sugar beet cultivators, beet weeders, special hoes, topping knives
and the beet lifter. The total expense for these implements is
not great, and need not exceed $80.00 or $100.00, depending upon
the sizes purchased. Some factories furnish tools at wholesale
prices; others rent tools to their growers. In some neighborhoods
744 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

tools are owned in partnership by two or more growers. It is
obvious that the more expensive and the scarcer labor is, the
greater is the need of having a thorough equipment of the best
sugar beet tools.

HIGH QUALITY.—A most important point in the grow-
ing of sugar beets is to secure a high quality—that is, a large
sugar content and a high degree of purity. In this the sugar
beet differs much from most other crops, the chief requirement in
the growing of which is productiveness, regardless of quality.
The selection of the soil and the management of the crop, then,
must always be such that they are conducive to high quality,
with tonnage as a secondary consideration.
FERTILIZERS

 

By U. P. HEDRICK
Professor of Horticulture, Michigan State Agricultural College

Fertilizers are materials which render a soil more productive
or more fertile. The most common examples are: Stable Manure,
Guano, Nitrate of Soda and Land Plaster. ‘The question at once
arises, what substances can be added to make ground more
fruitful? This cannot be answered without ascertaining what
materials are present in a soil that is called rich or fertile.

ELEMENTS NEEDED IN PLANT GROWTH—In
order to determine the latter point many chemical analyses of
plants and soils extending over a great number of years have
been made. The results of these analyses have enabled scientists
to divide the substances necessary to the nourishment of plants
into three groups: First, those absolutely necessary to plant
growth which must always be present and in such form that
plants can make use of them. These are: Oxygen, Hydrogen,
Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur, Calcium
(Lime) Magnesium and Iron. Second, there are some substances
which are present in all plants, but do not seem to be indispen-
sable to growth: as Chloride, Sodium and Silica. ‘Third, there
are always admixtures depending upon the soil, as Aluminum,
Zinc, Copper, Nickel and others.

What is the remedy if any of the necessary substances are
wanting in the soil? Obviously, it is to add the missing element
or elements in some available form. ‘This is called fertilizing.
Happily, many of the substances necessary for plant growth are
always found in sufficient quantities in soil or atmosphere, and
the plant grower needs to add but comparatively few. The
elements that are commonly lacking, and which must be added
as fertilizers of one kind or another, are: Nitrogen, Potassium

and Phosphorus.
745
746 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Having determined what substances are likely to be wanting
in a soil, we must ask, In what form does the plant find these
substances in the soil?

But before this question can be answered a knowledge of
what the soil is, is necessary. Soil consists of finely divided rock
fragments mixed with decayed vegetable and animal matter.
Now, the structure of the soil has much to do with soil fertility.
By structure is meant the size and character of the rock frag-
ments composing a soil. Thus we may have gravel, coarse sand,
fine sand, clay, silt, etc. The structure of the soil is intimately
connected with the fertility because upen the structure de-
pends the amount of air circulating in a soil; the amount of
water held for the plant; and the possibility of favorable decom-
position of fertilizers added.

The best structure for a cultivated soil is one which is not
too coarse to hold sufficient water for plant growth, and yet is
not so fine that it retains so much water that the soil is saturated,
thereby excluding air.

The practice of fertilizing soils is made possible by the capa-
city of all soils to attract and retain the substances which plants
take from the earth. The capacity of a soil to retain the various
elements of fertilization is known as its power of absorption.
Now, a plant takes in through its roots not only the water held in
the soil, but also the substances absorbed by the water.

We are now ready for the question as to the form in which
plant food exists in the soil. In this connection we need to dis-
cuss only the three foods as given above.

Potassium is absorbed and held by soil for the use of plants
in the form of some one of several Potash Salts, as the Sulphate,
Chloride, or Nitrate. All of these are somewhat of the nature of
common salt. All may be purchased as chemical fertilizers,
although the last named is too expensive for common use. The
above salts may also be added to land in combination with other
elements, as in the case of ashes and stable manure.

Phosphorus is available to plants only as Phosphoric Acid.
As such it may be absorbed by the soil if it enters in solution,
where it combines with some of the metals. The best condition
of this acid is, as it is combined with Lime, Magnesium or Iron,
FERTILIZERS 747

making the so-called Phosphates sold as commercial fertilizers.
Usually, the richer a soil is in Lime, the more Phosphoric Acid it
will absorb and retain for the use of plants.

Nitrogen, the third important element, is about us in the air
everywhere, but is not available for plants except in the case of
the so-called leguminous plants—peas, beans, clovers and their
like, which have the power of taking nitrogen in through their
roots by the aid of bacteria in minute root tubercles, which all
must know. Plants make use of Nitrogen chiefly as Ammonia,
and in salts known as Nitrates. Very little of the Nitrogen in
these compounds is derived from the air, and we may say that
practically all of this element must come from fertilizers except
that taken from the air by the clover-like plants.

REPLENISHING PLANT FOOD.—Howcan we replace
plant foods in the soil? For it must be apparent to all that no
soil can endure loss of foods year after year without being replen-
ished. As well expect a man to continue to draw from his bank
account without ever adding thereto.

Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon are replaced by natural pro-
cesses; as by means of water and from the air. Lime is found in
sufficient quantities in most soils and is easily added to those
lacking it. Iron and other mineral elements are always present
in sufficient quantities. We need, then, to add but the three chief
elements—Potassium, Phosphoric Acid and Nitrogen. These may
be added in many forms, as we have seen above, which, however,
fall into two great groups—inorganic or mineral fertilizers, and
organic or vegetable and animal fertilizers.

INORGANIC FERTILIZERS.—The soil can be replen-
ished with all the plant foods in the form of chemicals. These
have the advantage of being concentrated, easily applied, and of
having the amount and value of each element in them definitely
known. Besides furnishing food to plants, chemical fertilizers
have a mechanical action on soils, making them in most instances
more compact and more retentive of moisture. They also have
an indirect effect in furnishing food, inasmuch as most of them
help to set free plant nourishment already in the soil, but not
available to plants because not in the right chemical form.
748 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

POTASH COMPOUNDS.—The chief source of inorganic
Potash fertilizers are certain salts mined in Germany, of which
Commercial Kainit is an example. These salts are found on the
market under the name just given and as Sulphate of Potash and
Muriate of Potash. The salts of Potash are very concentrated,
and it is seldom advisable to apply them in the hill or in the
row with seeds or plants, nor immediately before the planting
of seeds or the setting out of plants. Serious injury is often done
tender seedlings by the injudicious use of Potash salts, They
are best applied at a considerable time before planting. ‘The
quantities vary greatly, depending on the crops, the soil, and the
value of the fertilizer. Recommendations as to the amounts to
be used for the different crops are usually furnished by the
experiment stations or by the sellers of fertilizers.

Whichever of these salts is used, it should be mixed in the
soil and not placed on top, and at a time when a damp period is
likely to follow. A choice of the three named depends on the
crop. Kainit is the cheapest but is less concentrated, and the
distance from the sea coast, upon which the price largely depends,
because of transportation charges, may make it the most expensive.
The Muriate of Potash is usually most quickly available, there-
fore best for early crops and for use when an immediate effect is
wanted.

Wood ashes are a most valuable source of Potash and at one
time furnished the entire supply of this element. A drawback to
the use of ashes is that the product is not uniform, that from dif-
ferent woods varying much. Usually the softer the wood the
poorer the ash. Ashes should always be bought subject to an-
alysis, paying so much per pound for the food constituents. The
value of unleached hardwood ashes ranges from twenty to thirty
cents per bushel. They can usually be purchased for much less.
Coal ashes have no value. Ashes have a very favorable effect
upon the soil structures of light soils, making them more com-
pact. ‘The very great value of ashes is seldom realized by those
who use fertilizers.

PHOSPHORIC ACID COMPOUNDS. — Phosphoric
Acid is also obtained in several forms as an inorganic fertilizer.
The chief source is the various rock Phosphates mined in several
FERTILIZERS 749

parts of the United States. These contain from 18 to 30 per cent.
Phosphoric Acid. All are fairly uniform in character, easily
handled, and for most part are highly satisfactory Phosphate fer-
tilizers. The chief drawback is that they are not very soluble,
and not therefore quickly available as plant food. All dealers in
commercial fertilizers handle them.

Iron Phosphate, or the Thomas-slag, is a waste product in
the manufacture of steel. It is produced in large quantities in
steel making countries, and its production is increasing. It con-
tains from 15 to 20 per cent. Phosphoric Acid and comes in the
form of a fine powder. Like the Rock Phosphate, it is somewhat
insoluble and not quickly available.

The Rock and Iron Phosphates are usually considered ‘‘raw
material,’’ of little use to plants without some preparatory treat-
ment to make them more soluble and so more available for the
use of plants.

Usually they are made more soluble by treatment with an
acid, which changes them into the so-called acid-phosphates.
We shall not have further occasion to mention the acid-phos-
phates, and must here call attention to their great desirability as
a means of furnishing Phosphoric Acid. Rock and Iron Phos-
phates may go through the change of decomposition in the soil,
in which case they must be added long before it is expected the
plants will need them. In the latter case, the plants make use
of the Phosphoric Acid as rapidly as it becomes soluble. The
rate at which the above phosphates become soluble, and thus fit
for plant food, depends upon the fertilizer itself; the fineness of
division of the fertilizer, the character of the soil, and the kind of
crop.

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS.—Of the three food elements
we are discussing, Nitrogen is the most expensive and the most
useful in the various systems of fertilizing. It is obtained for
most part from barnyard manures, and yet large quantities come
from two chemical fertilizers—Nitrate of Soda and Sulphate of
Ammonia.

Vast deposits of Nitrate of Soda are found along the Pacific
coast of South America. As this fertilizer comes to us it contains
from 15 to 16 per cent. of Nitrogen. From the standpoint of
750 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR
availability as a food for plants, this must be regarded as the most
desirable form of Nitrogen. Plants can make use of it at once;
it is in concentrated form, and since it is readily soluble it dis-
tributes itself well throughout a soil.

Sulphate of Ammonia is a salt derived from the manufacture
of gas and coke from coal. It contains about 20 percent. Its
advantages are that it is very concentrated, thus reducing the
cost of handling. It is stable and always in the same form, so that
the purchaser knows what he is buying; and it is soluble and
therefore quick in its effects on plants.

The difference in usefulness between these two Nitrogen
fertilizers depends most largely upon the character of the season.
The Sulphate of Ammonia is most useful in a wet season, as the
Nitrate of Soda dissolves rapidly and is washed out and lost if
there is much water in the soil. On the other hand the Nitrate
of Soda is the most useful for a dry season. Both possess advan-
tages over organic forms of Nitrogen fertilizers, in that they are
definite compounds, always alike in their appearance, and always
behave in the same way.

ORGANIC FERTILIZERS.— Originally organic fertiliz-
ers in the form of animal manures were the only fertilizers added
to the soil. Notwithstanding the evident value of inorganic food
substances, and notwithstanding the fact that they are indispen-
sable to any rational system of agriculture, animal manures still
hold first place as fertilizers. The good husbandman, whatever
the crop he grows, still aims to get as much organic fertilizer as
possible, and then supplements it with inorganic fertilizers.

The greatest advantage of organic compounds over inorganic
ones for enriching lands is that the former improves the physical
conditions of all soils, while the latter, though it may benefit
some soils temporarily, invariably causes the soil to deteriorate in
structure if applied solely for more than a few years. Moreover,
inorganic fertilizers for most part lose their valuable qualities
after several applications, if not carefully rotated with barnyard
fertilizers or green manure crops.

STABLE MANURES.—The chief aim in adding fertil-
izers to the soil is to increase the plant food in the soil. This is
recognized by all, but there is a second end now considered almost
equally important; namely, to improve the physical condition of
the soil. Barnyard manures are ideal in that they serve both
purposes to a high degree. Thus heavy soils are made more
fertile and yet lighter and more porous in physical condition by
the addition of manures which contain more straw, while light
soils are enriched and made more compact by adding manures
lacking in straw or those that are well rotted.

The disadvantages of farmyard manures are: that the
fertilizing elements in them are seldom in good proportion; they
have much Nitrogen but lack Potash and Phosphoric Acid; they
are bulky and therefore expensive to handle. It often pays to
buy chemical fertilizers rather than to accept inferior barnyard
manures as a gift and distribute them. ‘Third, one can seldom
determine the true value of such manures, some being much
more desirable than others. Lastly, the food substances in them
are not in quickly available form, and excessive amounts must be
applied to obtain immediate effects. While such manures are
indispensable, plant growers now recognize that used alone they
are inadequate.

Farmyard manures, including the dung of all farm animals
and poultry, are used almost entirely as sources of Nitrogen,
though all contain the other two food elements in varying degrees.

Their application to the soil should generally precede plant-
ing by several months, unless extremely well rotted. The practice
of hauling manures at once to the fields as they are made in the
stable is rightly growing in favor. Depending upon the crop,
manures are added at the rate of from 10 to 50 tons per acre.

OTHER ORGANIC SOURCES OF NITROGEN.—
Slaughtering establishments furnish several valuable products
rich in Nitrogen. Chief of these is dried blood, which is the
most concentrated and richest of the Nitrogenous fertilizers. It
decays very rapidly in the soil and is quickly available as a plant
food. It contains from 13 to 14 per cent. of Nitrogen. Dried
meat obtained from the same source is similarly desirable. Hoof-
meal is another high grade product from slaughtered animals.
Tankage, which contains such waste matters as hairs, bones, ten-
dons, and all unsalable parts of slaughtered animals, is more
752 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

common than any of the above, but is not so desirable because
not so uniform nor of so high a grade. Tankage usually contains
considerable Phosphoric Acid and some Potash as well as the
Nitrogen. All of these are commercial fertilizers, and can be
obtained at reasonable prices from dealers.

The guanos, bird manures, obtained for most part from Peru,
were at one time a large and valuable source of Nitrogen. But
these can scarcely be considered now owing to the fact that the
supply is nearly exhausted; but where obtained at a reasonable
price they are very desirable, mostly for their Nitrogen, but some-
what for the other two elements as well.

ORGANIC SOURCES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID.—
The chief of all sources of Phosphoric Acid are the bones of
various animals. For a long time bones were the only source of
this fertilizer. The form in which the compound is found in the
bones is that af Phosphate of Lime. In nearly all bone fertilizers
there is also some Nitrogen, but there is little or no Potash.
Bone fertilizers are found in our markets in various forms, chief
of which is raw ground bone.

Raw bone is that which has not lost any of its original con-
stituents. For this reason it is highly esteemed as a fertilizer.
It contains about 22 per cent. of phosphoric Acid and 4 per cent.
of Nitrogen. Applied to the soil in this state, considerable time
elapses before it decomposes and becomes available. Hence it
should be used some time before the plants need it, and should
always be ground as fine as possible. ‘‘Bone Meal,’’ ‘‘Bone Dust’’
and ‘‘Fine Bone,’’ as sold by the trade are all raw bone.

Most of the bone sold for fertilizers has been cooked or
steamed to secure the fat, which is valuable for other purposes,
This deprives the bone of much of the Nitrogen, but makes a
somewhat better source of Phosphoric Acid, as this element be-
comes more available through the cooking. Probably this is the
most desirable form in which to purchase bone fertilizers, other
things being equal.

Bone black or animal charcoal is another valuable source of
Phosphoric Acid. This material is much used in the arts,
especially for clarifying sugar. But after it has served its purpose
in the arts, or because of the impurities it gathers, it becomes a
FERTILIZERS 753

high grade fertilizer. It must be said, however, that it is now
so valuable for manufacturing purposes that it is not much used
as a fertilizer. Inasmuch as it decomposes very slowly, it is
scarcely as desirable, as the other forms of bone.

In concluding the matter of organic fertilizers, a great num-
ber of other substances might be discussed, nearly all of which
are most valuable for their Nitrogen. A fair percentage are
sought for their Phosphoric Acid and a very few are applied for
their Potash. Among the less well-known organic substances
are: garbage, tankage, various forms of fish, wool, leather and
hair, cottonseed and linseed meal, castor pomace; tobacco stems
which are valuable as an organic source of Potash; muck and
peat end along the ocean, seaweeds of different kinds.

GREEN MANURES.—A great deal might be said con-
cerning the value and the place of green manures. The term
is applied to any crop which is grown primarily to enrich the
soil and not for a product to be harvested. For most part these
are Nitrogen gatherers and add Nitrogen to a soil, though a few
are Nitrogen consumers and take surplus Nitrogen from the soil.

The most useful of green manures that add Nitrogen to the
soil are those that belong to the clover family, as: the red and
crimson clovers, cow peas and soja beans. These accumulate
Nitrogen from the air, and at the proper time are plowed under,
adding the element to the soil. It is easy to see that it would be
injudicious to long continue the use of green manures as the soil
will gradually become too rich in Nitrogen. Artificial manures
must be rotated with the green manures.

BUYING FERTILIZERS.—Dear experience has taught
most users of commercial fertilizers that the best fertilizers to
buy are the unmixed fertilizing materials rather than special
mixtures, or the so-called standard brands. The unmixed
fertilizers are cheaper, more stable and reliable, and the practice
in general, of applying single constituents is a better one than
that of using special formula for this and that crop. The buyer
should seek to purchase a certain definite number of pounds of
plant food, rather than a mixture supposed to possess remarkable
qualities of the patent medicine order.

48
754 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

—

 

THE USE OF FERTILIZERS.—There are many, many
factors which govern the profitable use of fertilizers Much of
the farmyard manure is wasted through injudicious methods of
using, and money for commercial fertilizers seldom goes as far as
it should because of a lack of knowledge in using the fertilizer.
Is the application made for the immediate crop or for a large
yield from a number of crops? What food is needed by the soil?
What was the previous cropping? Am I practicing a system of
rotation of fertilizers? What food element does the crop in hand
demand? ‘These are some of the questions a grower of plants
must have answered for him in the use of fertilizers.

SOIL AS A GUIDE TO THE FERTILIZER
NEEDED.—A wide difference exists in the chemical composition
of soils. As would be expected, in the application of fertilizers,
much can be told by the character of the soil. Thus, Potash is
usually the most needed constituent for a sandy soil. On the
other hand clay soils are well supplied with Potash, but asa rule
lack Phosphoric Acid and Lime. Ina limestone soil, Phosphoric
Acid is very likely present in sufficient quantities; Potash is also
usually present, but Nitrogen is generally lacking in sufficient
quantities. But it must not be thought that the soil is a perfect
guide. Soils of the same kind vary widely as to fertilizers needed,
and the above statement must be taken in a very general way.

PREVIOUS CROPS AS A GUIDE FOR FERTILIZ-
ERS.—The growing of crops for several years in succession is
bound to rob the soil of the food element demanded by that crop.
Thus, continuous cropping with wheat removesa larger proportion
of Phosphoric Acid than of the other elements, and the soil becomes
deficient in this food. Timothy hay would remove more of the
Potash than of the two other elements. Corn would take a rela-
tively large amount of Nitrogen. As with these, so with all
crops, each taking more of one food element than of the others.
When an attempt is made to bring land to a richer degree of
productiveness, and to equalize the proportion of plant foods,
previous cropping must always be considered. In the above
statements are found reasons for a rotation of crops. By rotating
crops, nearly equal quantities of the plant food may be taken
FERTILIZERS 755
from the soil, and if the rotation includes such fertilizing crops
as clover, the lands suffer the least possible from cropping. A
rational, economical system of fertilization goes hand in hand
with a well thought out system of rotation.

THE KIND OF PLANT AS A GUIDE.—Perhaps the
best guide, as taken alone, as to the kind of fertilizer to be added
to the land, is the kind of plant to be grown on the land. Thus,
the grains require much more Phosphoric Acid. But because of
their great extent of root system, and the structure of their roots,
they are able to get a larger per cent. of Phosphoric Acid and
Potash from the soil than can most plants. On the other hand
they need much Nitrogen early in the season to insure proper
plant growth. The cereals, therefore, require a well balanced
ration of plant food. Grasses and all plants grown as forage
crops need much Nitrogen, since the leaves and stems contain
large amounts of this element. The clovers, also largely grown
for their foliage, it must be remembered, take Nitrogen from the
air and hence need but little in the soil. The clovers need liberal
applications of Phosphoric Acid and Potash with no Nitrogen.

FRUIT CROPS.—Fruit trees and plants differ chiefly
from farm crops in that a much longer period of growth is re-
quired before the product of the plant appears. Several years
elapse from setting to bearing. Fruit crops should be provided
with food compounds that will give a slow and continuous growth
rather than a rapid one. It can hardly be said which of the ele-
ments is most necessary—all should be found in abundance.
There must be no dearth of Potash, while too much Nitrogen
may do serious damage by stimulating leaf and wood growth at
the expense of the fruit.

VEGETABLE AND ROOT CROPS.—The vegetable
and root crops for most part are grown rapidly to insure high
quality and tender tissues. In order to accomplish this end they
must be supplied with an abundance of plant food that is quickly
available. Nitrogen is the great promoter of leaf and stem
growth, and is absolutely necessary in large quantities for this
756 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

class of plants. It can be best supplied by the use of well rotted
stable manures applied at plowing time, or Nitrate of Soda
applied to the growing plants in several top dressings.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AS A GUIDE.—There is
an all to common notion that a system of fertilizing can be based
upon a chemical analysis of soils to show what elements are
lacking. Such analysis serve as indications, but are never to
be taken as absolute guides, and are of no more value in
indicating a proper system than are the factors hitherto dis-
cussed. The best guide by far is direct experimentation by the
farmer himself. Neither the scientist nor the experiment station
worker can give detailed or absolute advice for a farm not directly
under his charge. Each farm has conditions peculiar to itself.
Each crop needs fertilizing peculiar to itself. A system of
fertilization, then, must be worked out by the farmer himself.
The only absolute statement that can be made is that the most
unsatisfactory and the most expensive method of soil fertilization
is the “‘hit or miss’’ system quite too generally practiced.
SPRAYING

 

By U. P. HEDRICK
Professor of Horticulture, Michigan State Agricultural College

Spraying is the art of applying extremely fine particles of
liquid or dust to cultivated plants in such a way that the
plants are protected from injurious insects and fungi. The
practice is a comparatively new one, and it is worth while
making inquiries as to why it became necessary, and as to
whether the necessity will continue.

Spraying has become necessary within the last quarter of a
century because of the changes in the relationship between
fungi and insects and cultivated plants. Chief of these changes
are: Native plants have been destroyed in many localities, and
insects and fungi have been driven from the woods and wilds to
feed upon the crops of the field, garden and orchard. Again,
before the advent of fast steamships, insects and fungi could not
live through the long ocean voyage, and but few were introduced
from foreign countries. Now, in our commerce, we bring pests
from all parts of the world, some of which have become our
very worst enemies. A third reason is that pests have been
breeding in neglected orchards and gardens for a century, and
now come forth in countless numbers. Lastly, our methods of
cultivating plants have changed. Formerly we grew crops of all
kinds in small and isolated fields. Now farm joins farm and the
fields are immeasurably larger than they were a generation ago.
It is easier under present conditions for pests to get from farm to
farm, and once a foothold is gained they spread more rapidly in
the large fields, just as smallpox sweeps through the city with
greater virulency than in the country.

Thus we can largely account for the great number of kinds
and number of individuals of insects and diseases now here.

757
758 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

There are no reasons why they will not continue a menace to
the products of the soil and why they will not be re-inforced
by newcomers in the future. Spraying, then, is an established
orchard and garden operation, and every successful grower of
vegetables and fruits must come to practice it.

The troubles for which the grower of plants must spray may
be classified under three general heads:

first—Insects. These injure plants in two ways. They
may eat parts of plants, as do the caterpillars, beetles and borers;
or they may use their beaks to suck the juice from plants, as do
plant lice, scale insects, true bugs and their like. Depredators
of the first class are killed by applications of poisons with their
food. Sucking insects do not take poisons with their juicy food,
and must be killed by destroying their external parts with some
caustic solution, as lye, kerosene, or whale oil soap. Another
class of insecticides kills insects of both kinds by filling up the
breathing pores, thus smothering them; such substances are
Buhach Powder, Tobacco,Sulphur and Lime. Both types are some-
times repelled by noxious materials as Tar, Carbolic Acid and fish
soaps. Some insects may be trapped, or picked by hand, or
burned with various devices, or scalded with water, or caught in
sticky substances. Many remedies have combined in them several
of the above principles.

Second—Fungi. Fungi are plants just as truly as are the
cultivated crops we treat in spraying. They differ chiefly from
comiuion plants in that they bear no flowers and have no green
coloring matter in their organs. They feed on living and dead
organic matter. Rusts, mildews and smuts grow on live organic
matter, while toadstools, puff balls and molds get their food from
dead matter. We are concerned with the former and their like
for the most part.

Parasitic fungi, those living on growing plants, are charac-
terized by definite spots, discolorations or excrescences scattered
over the leaf, fruit or branch. Common parasitic fungi are apple-
scab, black-knot of the plum and cherry, and the leaf-blight of
the pear. After a fungus gets into the tissue of a plant it is
almost impossible to kill it without injuring the plant. Treat-
ment, therefore, is preventive rather than remedial. To prevent
SPRAVING 759

fungi from gaining a foothold on plants we cover the parts exposed
with a thin film of some substance which kills the spores (the
reproductive bodies corresponding to seeds) of the fungi.

Third—Bacteria. Bacteria are small organisms consisting
of one or several round, rod-shaped, or cork-screw like cells.
They have no green coloring matter and are either refuse-
eaters or parasites on plants or animals. They are found
everywhere in air and water, and are the cause of most of the
contagious and infectious diseases of mankind, animals and
plants, as smallpox, anthrax, pear-blight and probably peach-
yellows. The difference in appearance between the bacterial and
fungus troubles of plants is chiefly in that the former are not
localized in definite spots, but sooner or later the entire plant
shows disease. There are no specific remedies or preventives for
the bacterial diseases of plants. The plant grower can practice
the same kind and degree of sanitation practiced with similar
troubles of mankind. ‘Thus, all diseased plants should be removed
and destroyed and all conditions which favor the development of
bacteria should be avoided.

‘The number of specific kinds of insects, fungi and bacteria
loosely classified above are almost beyond the computation of
man. ‘To describe even the most important of them is more than
could be attempted in this treatise. Happily the same sprays,
applied as the life habits of the pests dictate, may be used for the
most part on insects and fungi which fall in the same general
classes. The following are concise directions for making and
applying those sprays which the accumulated experience of plant
growers the country over have found most effective.

INSECTICIDES.—The chief insecticides, spraying sub-
stances which kill insects, are: For insects that chew, Paris
Green, White Arsenic and Hellebore; for those that suck the
juices of plants, Kerosene Emulsion, Lime, Salt and Sulphur,
Tobacco and Whale Oil Soap. Pyrethum, or Buhach, is valuable
against both chewing and sucking insects.

Paris Green.—

Unslaked Lime 2 pounds.
Paris Green... ... I pound,
Water.......ccscccsseensneeeees 150-200 gallons.

  
760 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Slake the Lime and while it is slaking stir in the Paris Green.
Strain the mixture through a coarse sieve and dilute with the
required amount of water. The stronger mixture is used on
potatoes and the weaker one for fruits. Paris Green is some-
times used as a dust spray, either alone or with one hundred
times its weight of Plaster. London Purple is a substitute for
Paris Green, but is less likely to be pure and is more likely to
injure the foliage.

White Arsenic—White Arsenic is much cheaper than Paris
Green, is less likely to be adulterated, and is just as effective.
It is prepared for spraying as follows: In 2 gallons of water,
place 2 pounds of freshly-slaked lime and 1 pound of Arsenic.
Boil from one-half to three-fourths of an hour. The boiling
dissolves the Arsenic and enables the two ingredients to
unite in an insoluble compound. One pound of Arsenic prepared
above suffices for 300 gallons of water for fruit trees and 200
gallons for potatoes. It is very desirable that this mixture be
used with Bordeaux as a fungicide as well as an insecticide.

Hellebore.—
White Hellebore.........ccccssseeccceeenees I pound,
WALD cs sainaa eck prasattiadatilmtan cateenbs eeined 40 gallons,

s

White Hellebore is most often used as an internal poison,
but it also kills by contact. It is best applied as a liquid in the
above proportions, but can be ised in a dust spray by mixing it
with four times its weight of plaster. Hellebore is especially use-
ful as a spray when parts of a plant are ready for use, asit quickly
loses its poisonous qualities. It is the standard remedy for cur-
rant worms.

Kerosene Emulsion.—Place 2 gallons of ordinary Kerosene
in a warm place and allow it to become as warm as possible without
danger from fire. Boil 1 pound of laundry or whale oil soap in a
gallon of soft water until completely dissolved. Remove the soap
solution from the fire, and while still boiling hot add the Kerosene
and agitate with a spray pump by forcing the liquid back into the
vessel from which it was pumped until theoil is emulsified. When
the liquid is perfectly emulsified it will appear creamy in color, and
will flow evenly down the side of the vessel. Care should be
SPRAYING 761

taken to completely emulsify the oil, and this is accomplished
much more easily when the mixture is hot. This oil emulsion
may now be diluted with water and used, or it may be stored
away for future use. When cold it is like sour milk in appear-
ance. It should be dissolved in three or four times its bulk of
hot water before diluting with cold water. If the water is at all
hard, add a little sal-soda before putting in the soap. In spray-
ing, dilute with from 3 to 20 times as much water as Kerosene.

Lime, Salt and Sulphur.—This is a contact insecticide
which should be used late in the winter, but before the buds
swell in the spring. If used when foliage is on the tree, the
foliage will be killed. It is made as follows:

Stone Limes ccawsecescaeenesensaressoes 14 pounds,
Flowers of Sulphur.............ceeeeee 5H *
COmiti9n, Salts... ce. secspceisesanssesceeegs 15 “8
ELOCWAtEE a oivessnenecesascarsaece dads eceieus 50 gallons.

The Lime is slaked with hot water and the Sulphur is added,
after which the mixture is boiled, just enough water being used
to dissolve both Lime and Sulphur. When both are dissolved,
the liquid should be amber colored and clear. (It should take an
hour or more of boiling.) Then add the salt and boil again for
fifteen minutes, or until all is dissolved. Strain, dilute with hot
water to make 50 gallons, and apply warm through a coarse
nozzle. ‘This is the standard remedy for San Jose scale.

Tobacco.—Tobacco, in the form of dust or stems, may be
obtained from cigar manufacturers. It is useful in destroying
root-aphis, especially woolly aphis on young trees. It should be
worked into the ground liberally for root-aphis. Thrown on the
ground about the roots it repels the striped cucumber beetle. It
will prevent various beetles from depositing eggs, and usually
keeps the roots of plants free from grubs for this reason.

A teaspoonful placed on the surface at the base of each
cabbage plant when set out will protect it from the cabbage
maggot.

A decoction or tea, made from stems, will kill plant lice on
foliage if applied when the insects first appear.
762 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Whale Oil Soap.—This remedy has the advantage of being
ready made; it requires no preparation other than that of dissolv-
ing. It may be used in winter or summer. In winter it should
be put on warm. It costs from 3% to 5 cents per pound when
purchased in quantity. For a spray against San Jose scale, or
any other scale, the insects should be covered by the liquid in the
early spring if possible, but before the buds begin to swell.

As a summer spray against plant lice, etc., it is prepared by
dissolving 1 pound of the soap in from 4 to six gallons of water.

Insect Powder, Buhach, Pyrethrum.— This valuable
remedy has one drawback, namely, high cost. It is too expen-
sive for use on a large scale. It kills insects but is harmless to
man and beast. It is the sovereign remedy for fleas; rub it into
the hair or fur of the infested cat or dog, and blow it on the
carpet if the house is infested. It will kill many of the insects of
the garden if dusted on; or it may be made into a tea by boiling
with water, and diluted to the proportion of 1 ounce to 2 gallons
of water.

It is very effective against flies. Draw the flies into one
room by darkening the rest of the house, and then in the evening
blow the powder into the air. Sweep the flies into the fire the
next morning before they recover from the stupefaction caused
by the Pyrethrum.

Use this powder when it is undesirable to use poisons, but
never buy it unless it can be had in tightly sealed packages. It
loses its strength after a short exposure to the air.

FUNGICIDES.—It is necessary to recommend but three
formulas for fungicides, the following being sufficient for all
practical purposes:

Bordeaux Mixture.—

Copper Sulphate...........cceesesseceeee 4 pounds.
Oimiek LAmMe so: oie scnnaceaneviparevdeesies 4 se
Water inccic sissy sanseesiscreessisesseecaoaies 40 gallons.

Dissolve the Copper Sulphate in a barrel by suspending it
in a basket. Use 10 gallons of water. Slowly slake the Lime,
which must be of good quality and not at all air-slaked. Add
SPRAYING 763

to gallons of water to the slaked Lime. Then mix the two ina
third receptacle, pail by pail, taking care that the water is cold,
and add the remainder of 4o gallons of water. The above direc-
tions should be carefully followed to obtain the best results.

For the large orchards stock solutions are made by dissolving
40 pounds of the Sulphate in as many gallons of water. Slake
40 pounds or more of Lime in a box. As needed for spraying:
take as many gallons of the Copper Sulphate solution as are
required, remembering that there is one pound of the chemical in
each gallon of water. Dilute this solution with the required
amount of water in the tank or barrel of the spraying outfit,
and then add the prepared Lime, estimating as closely as possible
the correct weight. To make sure that sufficient Lime has been
added, test as follows:

Insert a clean, well-scoured knife blade in the solution.
Copper will be deposited on the blade if there is not sufficient
Lime. Or, blow the breath on a saucer full of the mixture; a
film of Carbonate of ime will form on the surface of the liquid
if sufficient Lime has been added.

Copper Sulphate Solution.—

Copper Sulphate.......-.:cessssseeeeeeeeseee I pound.
WALT cecccweccsvevasssssnesncereeseese 25 to 50 gallons.

This is a cheap, simple, effective winter and early spring
spray. Its effect on fungi is the same as is that of Bordeaux
mixture, though it is not as lasting. It has the great merit of
being easy to prepare and to apply. It is obvious that it should
never be applied to any plant when the leaves are out. This
solution is especially useful as a preventive of leaf-curl of the
peach.

Used at the rate of 1 pound to 300 gallons of water, this
solution is most excellent when fruits are nearing their ripening
period in place of Bordeaux mixture, which would discolor them.

Potassium Sulphate.—
Potassium Sulphate.......sseceeesseeeees 3 ounces.
Water...ccrccccccescccasceescecsssreeseneeeeaees Io gallons.

This formula is much used for gooseberry mildew, for which
it is more effective than Bordeaux mixture. It is not poisonous
and does not discolor the fruit.
THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

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760 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

HINTS ON SPRAYING.—

first.—It is never necessary to spray whem plants are ir
bloom, and it should never be done, as bees and other beneficial
insects are thus poisoned. Fruit blossoms are not well cross.
pollinated without large numbers of bees or other like insects.

Second.—A tree is well sprayed only when it is wet all over
from tip toroots. On the other hand all drip is clear waste.

Third.—The time to spray and the number of applications
depends upon each particular case. The conditions that affect
spraying most are rainfall, prevalence of pests, varieties and
value of crops.

Fourth. —The fruit grower must know exactly what he wants
to kill and how to kill it. ‘Therefore, the more he knows of the
life habits of pests the better he is able to combat them.

fifth.—Apples, pears, plums, peaches and grapes should be
sprayed every year. Other fruits should be sprayed only when
signs of pests or of their coming are apparent. Spraying is to an
orchard what insurance is to a householder; it is more, since
spraying always does some good.

Sixth.—There is no danger in eating fruits properly sprayed
with Paris Green or other Arsenites. The quantity of the poison
applied is too minute, and it is mostly washed out before fruits are
edible. Animals are never poisoned by eating the pasturage
under properly sprayed trees.

Seventh.—Fruit trees are often injured by Bordeaux mixture
in wet weather. The rainwater sets free an acid which burns
fruit and foliage. An excess of lime in the mixture prevents
such burning.

THE SPRAYING OUTFIT.—A good spraying outfi
consists of a round bottom tank holding three hundred gallons, best
mounted on a handy wagon, to hold the spraying solution. A
barrel can take the place of a tank for a small orchard. Mounted
on the tank or barrel should be a pump of good pattern, having
sufficient power to supply two runs of hose. ‘The hose must be
of best quality and preferably should be 5% of an inch ip
SPRAYING 767

diaineter. Each run of hose should supply a double nozzle of
approved style. A ten foot extension rod is necessary to get the
nozzle up into the branches, and for very high trees a steeple
platform on the tank is a valuable adjunct.

The essentials of a good spray pump are: That it be durable;
that it work with ease; that the parts be easily gotten at for
cleaning or repairing; that it be compact and that it have an
eficient agitator. To secure the first end the pump must be
made of brass. Iron is rusted or eaten by almost all spraying
mixtures. To secure ease the pump should be one of the vertical
rather than of the horizontal type. Agitators that paddle up and
down with the movement of the pump handle are better than
those that rotate. In the garden the bucket pump is better than
the knapsack sprayer.

The nozzle is an all important part of the spraying outfit.
The style of the nozzle depends largely upon the work that is to
be done. It is essential that the spray reach the tree in the shape
of a very fine mist or fog. A good nozzle must carry a stream
for some distance and then cause it to break up into a mist. Of
the hundreds of nozzles, the Cyclone is admitted to be the best
for short range, as for use on small fruits and vegetables. While
the Vermorel, or some of its modifications, is the best for long
range. Double, triple and quadruple nozzles now take the
place of the old single ones.

No matter what the nozzle, it must be lifted up into the
branches. For this purpose a bamboo extension rod lined with a
34 inch brass tube is the best. At the lower end of the rod is a
stop-cock and a hose connection; at the upper end is the nozzle or
cluster of nozzles. Extension rods vary from eight to twenty
feet in length. Long rods come in sections.

In conclusion it may be said that man’s power over the tiny
organisms which destroy the plants we cultivate never has been
as great as it is at the present time. Spraying has put this power
in our hands. Spraying as a practice is founded on careful
investigations by scientists, and upon the accumulated experience
of all our best plant growers, and it is now as firmly established
as is any other farm or orchard operation.
DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL AND OTHER
TERMS IN COMMON USE

It has been the aim of all concerned in the publication of this
book to make all statements as free as possible from technical

and uncommon words,

but occasionally one’s mind needs to be

refreshed as to the meaning of a word in the book, or the owner
of a copy may hear a term used in connection with animal dis-
eases, which he does not understand. To help the subscriber in such

a case, this dictionary is added.

Abdomen—The belly ; that part of the
body containing the stomach and
intestines.

Ablactation—A weaning or cessation
from suckling.

Abomasum—tThe last or fourth stom-
ach of animals that chew the cud.

Abortion—Expulsion of the foetus be-
fore it is capable of sustaining life.

Abrade—To rub off, asa piece of skin.

Abscess—A swelling and its cavity
containing pus or matter.

Abscission—The cutting away or re-
moval of a part.

Absorb—To swallow up; to drink in;
to cause to be removed.

Absorbent—In anatomy, one of those
vessels which imbibes or takes up,
as the lacteals or lymphatics. In
medicine, any substance, as chalk,
or magnesia, used to absorb acid:
ity of the stomach; or any sub-
stance applied to a ‘wound to take
up the discharge.

Accelerate — Growing quicker and
faster, as an accelerated pulse.

Acetabulum— The bony cup which
receives the head of the thigh
bone.

Acid—Sour. The last fermentation
before the putrid.

Acme—The top, or highest point.

Acrid—Pungent, irritating.

Acute—Sharp, severe; an acute dis-
ease is severe, and peedily comes
to a crisis.

 

Adamantine Substance—The enamel
of the teeth.

Adenitis—Inflammation of the glands.

Adhesion—A joining together, as the
union of parts in healing.

eens matter; belonging to
at

Adventitious— Accidental; acquired,
as diseases.

Aerate—Mixing with air, as the blood
in the lunys, by which it absorbs
oxygen.

Aetiology—Relating to the cause of
disease,

Affection—Disease, or disease of some
particular part.

Affinity—The attraction which causes
bodies to adhere and form com-
pounds. That which causes to co-
here.

Affluence—Determination of blood, or
of humors, to a part.

Albumen— Substances, animal and
vegetable, resembling the white of
an egg.

Albumenuria--That condition in which
the urine contains albumen, and an
excess of urea, coagulable by nitric
acid and heat.

Aliment —Any kind of food.

Alimentary Canal—The canal extend-
ing from the mouth to the anus,
through which the food passes.

Alkali—Any substance that will neu-
tralize an acid, as magnesia, soda,
potash, etc.

768
DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 769

Alterative—A medicine that gradually
induces a change.

Alveolar Processes—That part of the
jaw that contains the sockets of the
teeth.

Amaurosis—A loss of sight from loss
of power of the optic nerve.

Amnion—A membrane enveloping the
foetus and the liquid.

Amyloids—Foods composed of carbon

_ and hydrogen, as sugar and starch.

Anzmia—A morbid condition of the
blood, in which it is deficient in
quantity or in quality.

Anasarca—Dropsy of the limbs, abdo-
men, chest, etc.

Anzsthetic—That which produces in-
sensibility to pain.

Analysis—Separation into parts; re-
solving into original elements.

Anatomy—The science of the struc-
ture of the body.

Anchylosis—The stiffening, or unit-
ing rigidly the parts of a joint.

Animalcule—An animal that is invis-
ible, or nearly so, to thenaked eye.

Anodyne—A medicine that allays. or
diminishes, pain.

Antacid—A remedy for acidity, as an
alkali.

Anterior—Before; in front of another
part.

Anthelmintic—A remedy to destroy,
or expel, worms; a vermifuge.

Antidote—A remedy to counteract the
effects of a poison; that which
counteracts hurtful, or noxious,
substances.

Antiperiodic—Medicine to arrest, or
retard, the return of a paroxysm in
a periodic disease.

Antiseptic—An agent for preventing,
arresting, or retarding putrefaction.

Antispasmodic—A remedy which re-
lieves spasms.

Anus—The posterior opening of the
alimentary tract.

Aorta—The first great artery to leave
the heart.

Aperient—Laxative medicine; that
which gently operates on the
bowels.

49

 

/

Aphtha—Ulceration of the mouth, be-
ginning with minute blisters, and
ending ina white slough.

Apoplexy—Sudden effusion of blood
into the substance of the brain.

Aqueous—Watery; having the prop-
erty of water, as watery matter,
aqueous pus.

Arachnoid—A thin membrane cover-
ing the brain.

Areolar Tissue—A network of deli-
cate fibres spread over the body.

Artery—One of the blood vessels
which carries the red blood from
the heart.

Articulate--Joining, working together,
or upon one another, as the bones.

Asphyxia—Apparent death, or sus-
pended animation. Death frori
want of air.

Assimilate—To make like anothe';
assimilation of food in the nutrition
of the body.

Asthma—A disease attended with dif-
ficulty of breathing, and a sensa-
tion producing wheezing, cough-
ing, and other distressing symp-
toms.

Astragalus—The largest bone con-
posing the hock joint, lying in fron’

of another called os calcis.

Astringent—That which binds or cop -
tracts. Astringent medicines con
tract the tissues and suppress dis-
charges, as from the bowels, blood,
or mucus.

Atlas—The first bone of the neck, or
first cervical vertebra.

Attenuate—To draw out, to make
thin, to reduce in size, or strength.

Atrophy—A wasting away from lack
of nourishment.

Auricle—The external part of the ear;
also parts of the heart, one on each
side resembling ears.

Auscultation—A method of distin-
guishing diseases, especially those
of the chest, by listening to the
sounds made by the ‘ungs and
heart.
779

Bars—(Of the hoof).—The two ridges
of horn, passing from the heels of
the hoof toward the toe of the frog.
(Of the mouth). The transverse
ridges on the roof of the mouth of
the horse.

Bicipital— Two-headed, as _ biceps
muscles, bicipital groove, etc.

Bile—A bitter, yellow, or greenish
fluid, secreted by the liver.

Biliary—Pertaining to bile. Biliary
duct, a canal containing bile,

Biology—The science of life, or of
living bodies.

Biped—Two-footed, as man.

Bisect—To divide into two equal parts.

Bistoury—A small cutting knife.

Blood Serum—The yellow serum that
is left after the coagulation of the
blood,

Bolus—A large pill. Medicine formed
in a round, or cylindric, shape, and
often called a ball. The cylinder
shape is best.

Boot—A buffer, a leather band, worn
to prevent one foot cutting the
other when traveling.

Bougie—An instrument for opening
the urethra, or urinary, or other
passages,

Breeding-in-and-in—Breeding to close
relations, in the same sub-family,
as the produce of the same sire but
different dams, or of the same sire
and dam.

Bronchi—First two branches of the
windpipe. Bronchitis is the in-
flammation of the bronchia.

Broxy—Term applied to a number of
fatal diseases of sheep, especially to
a form of anthrax or carbuncular
fever.

Cadaverous—Having the appearance
of a dead body. (From the Latin
cadaver, a corpse. )

Czsarian Operation—The cutting in-
to the abdomen and womb to bring
away the foetus, when natural de-
livery cannot be accomplished.

Calcareous— Containing lime, lime-
like.

 

THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

Calculus—Stores formed by the de-
posit of solid matter in any part of
the body.

Calks or Calkins—The heel of the
horseshoe when turned down to
prevent slipping; also wounds made
by the calks.

Callous—Induration; a hard deposit;
an excess of bony matter

Canal—A tube or passage, as the ali-
mentary canal.

Canine Teeth—The teeth between the
lateral incisors and the small molars
of the jaw.

Canker—Any sore that eats or cor
rodes, as eroding ulcers of the
mouth.

Cannon-bone— The bone below fne
knee and the hock,

Canula—A hollow tube of metal or
other substance, used especially
with the trocar when tapping cav-
ities, to draw off water or gas.

Cantharis (plural, Cantharides)—A
winged insect or beetle, used for
blistering; Spanish flies.

Capillary—Hair-like; a term applied
to the minute branchings of the
blood vessels. The capillary ves-
sels connect the veins and the
arteries,

Capsular Ligaments—The ligaments
surrounding the joints.

Capsule—A membranous bag or sac.

Carbon— An elementary substance
forming the base of charcoal, which
is impure carbon. The diamond
is pure carbon. Carbonic Acid gas
is expelled from the lungs in
breathing.

Carminatives—Warming, stimulating
and aromatic medicines which tend
to expel wind, or to remedy colic
or flatulencies,

Carotid Arteries—The great arteries
of the side of the neck.

Cartilage — Gristle. — The substance
covering the ends of the bones
moving and working upon eack
other.

Caseine—The curd or coagulable part
of milk; the basis of cheese.
DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Castrate—To geld, emasculate; to
deprive of testicles.

Catarrh—An inflammation or conges-
tion of any mucous membrane; a
cold attended with running of the
nose.

Cataract—An opacity of the crystal-
ine lens of the eye, causing partial
or total blindness,

Cathartic—A purgative medicine, used
for freely opening the bowels.

Catheter—An instrument used for
drawing the water from the bladder.

Caustic—A substance which burns or
destroys tissue, as Caustic Potash,
and Nitrate of Silver.

Cauterization— Searing with a hot
iron, or with Caustic medicines.

Cellular Tissue—The membrane, or
tissue, which invests every fibre of
the body, composed of minute cells
communicating with each other,
and which serves as reservoirs for
fat.

Cephalic—Pertaining to the head.

Cerebral—Pertaining to the brain.
Cerebellum, the smaller and lower
brain. Cerebrum, the upper and
larger brain.

Cervical—Belonging to the neck.

Characteristic—That which is pecu-
liar toa thing, or distinguishes it
from another.

Cholagogue--A medicine that increases
the secretion of bile.

Chronditis—Inflammation of the car-
tilages.

Choroiditis — Inflammation of
choroid coat of the eye.

Chronic—A lingering, long-standing
disease, succeeding the acute stage.

Chyle—The milky liquid food, as it is
found in the intestines during
digestion, and prepared from the
chyme, and ready to be absorbed
by the lacteal vessels before being
poured forth into the blood.

Chyme—The food as modified and
prepared by the action of the
stomach. :

Cicatrix—aA scar left after the healing
of a wound, or ulcer.

the

 

77%

Cilia—Small hairs,

Circulation—The vital action which
sends the blood through the arter-
ies and back again through the
veins to the heart.

Clyster—Liquid medicine injected into
the lower intestine.

Coagulate—To change toa curd-like
state; to thicken, or harden.

Coffin-bone—The lower bone of the
leg encased in the hoof.

Collapse—A falling together. A clos-
ing of vessels, Extreme depression
of vital powers.

Colon—The largest division of the
intestinal canal.

Coma—Lethargy. Drowsiness pro-
duced by depression of the brain.

Conception—The beginning of preg-
nancy; fecundation by the act of
the male.

Concretion—A mass formed by the
union of separate particles into one
body.

Condiment—Substances used to im-
prove, or heighten, the flavor of
food.

Congenital—Born with another; of the
same birth. Belonging to the in-
dividual from birth.

Confluent—Flowing together ;
ning one into another.

Congestion--An accumulation of blood
in any part of the body, as the
lungs, brain, etc.

Conjunctiva-The membrane that lines
the eyelids and covers the outer
surface of the eyeball.

Constriction—Drawing, or binding,
together, as constriction of the
muscles of any part.

Constipation—An unnatural detention
of the fecal matter of the bowels;
costiveness.

Contagion—The transmission of a
disease by direct, or by indirect,
contact.

Contorted—Twisted, twisting, writh-
ing, as the body in pain, or from
the result of disease.

Contusion—A bruise; a wound made
by a blow, or a bruise.

run-
772

THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Convoluted—Rolled together, or upon
itself. The cerebrum is convoluted.

Cornea—A transparent covering of the
front of the eye.

Coronet—The upper part of the hoof,
just where it joins the skin.

Corrosive—That which eats away,
destroying the texture of the living
body.

Costal—Belonging to the ribs.
Costa, a rib.

Counter Irritation.— An application
to irritate one part of the body to
relieve pain in another. A blister,
or mustard poultice, produces
counter-irritation.

Cranium—The skull.

taining to the skull.

Crepitation—Term applied to the
noise made by the ends of frac-
tured bones, when they grate to-
gether. Also the sound produced
by pressing together cellular tissue
in which air is contained.

Cribbing (of Horses) — The act of
seizing any hard substance, or pres-
sing thereon with the teeth, and
gulping; sometimes called wind-
sucking, though the latter is not
necessarily cribbing.

Croup or Crupper—The top of the
hips of a horse; also the strap of
leather going under the tail.

Cul-de-sac—A passage closed at one
end.

Curb—A soft swelling becoming hard,
situated on the back part of the
hind leg, just below the point of
the hock.

Cutaneous— Pertaining to the skin.
Cuticle, the epidermis or scurf
skin.

Cyst, Cystis—A small bladder or sac;
applied to those containing morbid
matter or parasites, which become
encysted or enclosed in an envel-
ope.

Cystitis—Inflammation of the bladder.

From

Cranial; per-

Decoction—An extract prepared by
boiling something in water.

Defecation— Purifying from impuri-
ties of foreign matter. The voiding
of excrement from the body.

 

Deglutition—The act of swallowing.
Power of swallowing.

Dejection—In medicine; the act of
voiding excrement; the excrement
voided.

Degenerate—To grow worse or in-

ferior.

Deleterious—That which is destruct-
ive or poisonous,

Delirious—Insanity; a wandering of
mind in disease.

Deliquescent—The act of becoming
liquid by attracting moisture from
the air.

Demulcent—A liquid or substance that
is of a mucilaginous nature, and is
thought to protect the tissues from
the action of acrid or irritant sub-
stances.

Dens—A tooth. Dental, pertaining
to teeth. Dentition, the develop-
ment of teeth.

Deodorizer—A substance that destroys
bad odors.

Depletion—The act of emptying. A
condition of exhaustion.

Dermal—Pertaining to the skin.

Dessicate—To dry up.

Desquamation—A scaling off of the
skin.

Diabetes—An excessive flow of urine.
A flow of urine containing saccha-
rine matter.

Diagnosis—The distinguishing of one
disease from another.

Diaphoretic—A medicine that causes
perspiration, or sweating.

Diaphragm—The midriff, The mem-
brane, or broad muscle that sepa-
rates the thorax, or chest, from the
abdomen, or belly.

Diathesis—Peculiarity of constitution.

Diffuse—To extend, or drive out. That
which may flow or spread, as a dif-
fusible stimnlant,

Dilate—To open wide, as the eye.

Dilitation—The expansion of a body
from over-fullness.

Dilute—To make thin, as medicine
with water, with oil, etc.
DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Diminution—A lessening, or decreas-
ing, as of pain, etc.

Disinfection—The act of freeing from
infectious matter.

Dislocation—Putting out of joint.

Dissection — Exposing the different
parts of a dead body, in order to
study structure and arrangement.

Distorted—Deformed, crooked, out of
the natural shape.

Distend—To stretch out, or swell.

Diuretic—A medicine that increases
the flow of urine.

Dorsal—Pertaining to the back. The
dorsal column; the back bone.

Douche—Dashes or jets of water or
vapor directed to some diseased
part.

Dram or Drachm—The eighth part of
an ounce.

Drench—Liquid medicines given by
the mouth.

Duct—A tube or vessel for conveying
a fluid or the secretions of the
glands.

Duodenum—The first portion of the
small intestines, into which the
bile is poured.

Dura Mater—Thick fibrous membrane
lining the cavity of the skull.

Dysuria—Painful and incomplete pas-
sage of urine.

Ecbolics—Agents that cause contrac-
tion of the womb.

Ectozoon—Parasites, as lice, infesting
surface of the body.
Ecraseur—An instrument used in sur-
gery, especially in castration.
Effluvia—Morbid exhalations of the
body; sometimes applied to animal
and vegetable odors.
Effusion—The pouring out of blood or
other fluids from the proper vessels
into the cellular tissue or into a
cavity.
Ejection— Casting out, as ejecting
improper matters from the stomach.
Eliminate—To discharge or expel.
Emasculation—Removal of the male
generative organs; castration.

 

773

Embryo—The impregnated ovum in
the womb, after its growth has be-
gun,

Emetic—A medicine given to induce
vomiting.

Emollient—Softening or relaxing.

Encysted—Enclosed in a sac.

Endocardium—The lining membrane
of the heart.

Enema—Medicines given by injection
into the rectum.

Enteric—Belonging to the bowels.
Enteritis is inflammation of the
bowels.

Entozoa—Parasites within the body.

Epidemic—A disease that affects a
large number, as though carried
through the air, and in which the
death rate is high.

Epiglottis—The covering of the glot-
tis. A tongue-shaped projection to

revent food or liquids from enter-
ing the windpipe.

Epithelium—The thin covering upon
the lips, nipples, mucous,and serous
membranes; the lining of the blood
vessels and other canals.

Epizootic—A contagious disease, at-
tacking a large number of animals
at once, Applied to catarrhal fever
or influenza, which spreads rapidly.

Equine—Belonging to the horse.

Esophagus — Oesophagus —The gul-
let, or tube of the throat which con-
veys food to the stomach,

Evacvate—To empty, or pass out, as
to evacuate the bowels.

Excision—The cutting out, or cutting
off, any part.

Excoriate—To remove the skin in
part; to rub and gall, or break the
skin; to abrade.

Excrement—Refuse matter; the dung.

Excrescence—An unnatural or super-
fluous growth.

Excretion—The act of throwing off
effete matter from the animal sys-
tem. That which is thus thrown off.

Exhalation—A breathing out, as the
air from the lungs.

Exostosis—An unnatural growth, or
projection of bone.
774

Expectorant—A medicine that pro-
motes discharge from the lungs or
throat.

Extensor-tendons—The tendons
which stretch out the limbs.

Extirpation—The complete removal

of a part with a knife.

Extravasate—To let outof the proper
vessel, as the blood, after the rup-
ture of a blood vessel.

Exudate—A sweating, or passing out
of a liquid through the walls or
membranes containing it. The
liquid after it is passed out.

Facial—Pertaining to the face.

Feces—The excrement from the intes-
tines.

Febrifuge—A medicine that lowers
the temperature of the body, and
counteracts fever.

Febrile—Pertaining to fever.

Feculent—Foul or impure matter,
formed by the breaking down of
the tissues; excrementitious matter.

Femur—The thigh-bone proper.

Fermentation—A change brought
about by a process of decompo-
sition.

Fetid—Having an offensive odor.

Fibrin—An organic substance found
in the blood, which causes it to clot.

Fibrous Tissue— Connective tissue,
composed chiefly of white inelastic,
or yellow elastic fibers.

Fibula—The small, or splinter bone
of the leg, attached to the outer
side of the tibia.

Fistula—A deep, narrow ulcer, having
a passage leading to it, with a con-
stant discharge.

Flanks—That part of the horse he-
tween the false ribs, hips, and stifle.

Flatulent—Generating, or tending to
generate, wind in the stomach and
intestines.

Flexor—A muscle whose office is to
bend a part. In apposition to ex-
tensor.

Fetus—The young unborn.

Fomentations—Local applications of

cloths wrung out in hot or cold
water.

 

THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

Foramen—A hole passing through;
applied to holes in bone; also other
tissues.

Fumigate—To apply smoke or vapor.

Function—The office or duty of any
part of the body.

Fundament—The anus or extremity of
the bowel. The end of the gut.

Fundus—The bottom or base of any
organ.

Fungus—A spongy growth resembling
mushrooms.

Gall—The fluid contained in the gall-
bladder, consisting principally of
the bile secreted by the liver.

Ganglion—A bunch of nerve fibers,
causing the enlargement ofa nerve,
and resembling a knot. A nerve
center,

Gangrene—Death of a part of the
body, or of any portion of its tis-
sues.

Gastric—Pertaining to the stemach.
Gastritis, inflammation of the
stomach.

Gelatine—Animal jelly. Gelatinous:
jelly-like.

Generate—To beget offspring; beget-
ting or producing young; breed-
ing.

Genitals—The organs of reproduction
or generation.

Gland—A structure for secreting cer-
tain fluids of the body, and con-
taining a tube.

Glans—The head of the penis.

Gestation—The condition of pregnacy,
or being with young.

Gleet—Thin matter issuing from an
ulcer. In horses, applied to nasal
gleet almost exclusively.

Glottis—The narrow opening at the
top of the windpipe.

Graminivorous—Feeding on grasses
and other vegetable food.

Graniverous—Feeding on grain and
other seeds. ,

Granulate—To grow or develop in the
form of grain, as new flesh in the
healing of a wound.
DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Gravel—Calculous matter found in the
kidneys or bladder.

Gravid--The state of being with young.

Groin—The oblique depression be-
tween the abdomen and thigh.

Haunch—That part of the body that
lies between the last ribs and the
thigh. In the horse, the bony
region of the hips.

Haw—The process of the eye socket,
which is thrown over the eye to
clear it of foreign substances.

Haematin—The coloring matter of the
blood.

Hemiplegia—Paralysis, affecting one
side of the body.

Hemorrhage—A discharge of blood
from the vessel containing it; bleed-
ing.

Hepatic—Belonging to the liver.
Hepatitis: inflammation of the
liver.

Herbivorous—Feeding on herbs.

Hereditary—Transmitted from parent
to offspring.

Hernia— Rupture, or soft tumor,
formed by the protrusion of any
internal part through a natural or
accidental opening in the enclosing
membrane.

Humor—Any fluid of the body, excep-
ting the blood.

Humerus—The upper bone of the fore

leg.

Hybrid—The offspring of two different
species of animals, as of the horse
and the ass—the mule.

Hydrocephalus—Water in (dropsy of)
the head.

Hygiene—The preservation of health
and prevention of disease.

Hymen—The fold of mucous mem-
brane between the vulva and the
vagina.

Hyperemia —A superabundance, or
congestion of blood in any part of
the body.

Hypertrophy—Excessive growth; en-
largement; thickening. _

Hypodermic—Beneath the skin. Used
principally of medicines—as mor-
phia, etc., applied by injection
under the skin.

 

775

Ieum—The lower part of the small
intestine.

Iium—tThe flank bone, which in the
foetus, is distinct from the other hip
bones.

Impregnation—The act of rendering,
or state of being, pregnant.

Incision—The act of cutting, as in
an operation.

Incisors—The front teeth of the jaws.

Incontinence —Inability to retain the
natural evacuations.

Induration—The hardening of a part
from the effects of disease.

Infection—Communicating disease by
germs.

Infusion—Liquid produced by steep-
ing insoluble substances in water
without boiling.

Inhalation—A drawing into the lungs;
the inbreathing of medicated or
poisonous fumes.

Injection—Liquid medicines thrown
into a natural or artificial cavity.
Usually with a syringe.

Inoculation—The production of dis-
ease by virus or matter froma sore,
communicated from one animal to
another.

Instinct—Sense, as applied to animals.

Integument—The covering which in-
vests the body (the skin), or a
membrane covering any particular
part of it.

Intercostal—Between the ribs.

Intermittent—Coming and going at
intervals.

Interstice—A small space between the
particles of a body.

Intussusception—The slipping of the
upper part of the small intestines
into the lower.

Iris—The circular membrane of the
eye, which gives the eye its color,
and perforated to form the pupil.

Jejunum—The middle division of the
small intestine, or that portion be-
tween the duodenum and the ileum.

Jugular Vein—The large vein of the
neck.
776

THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Labial—Belonging to, or pertaining to,
lips.

Lacerate—Totear. A lacerated wound
is a torn wound.

Lachrymal—Pertaining to tears. The
lachrymal duct is the one leading
from the nose to the eyes.

Lactation—The act of giving suck, or
time of suckling.

Lacteals—The lymphatic vessels of
the intestines.

Lactic Acid—The acid of sour milk.

Lamella—A thin plate or scale; per-
taining to the anatomy of the foot.

Laminitis—Founder; an inflammation
of the sensitive parts between the
pedal or coffin-bone and the hoof.

Larynx—The enlarged upper portion
of the windpipe, and extending
into the throat. Laryngitis: in-
flammation of the larynx.

Lateral—At, or to, one side.
Lesion—Any hurt or injury.

Levatoer—A general name for a muscle
whose office is to raise some part,
as the lip or eyelid.

Ligaments—The bands which bind
the bones together at the joints.

Ligature—Silk or flax thread, or any
material suitable for tying arteries.
Also a bandage used to stop bleed-
ing.

Liquefaction—The act or process of

reducing a solid to a liquid form.

Lithotomy—The operation of extract-
ing a stone from the bladder.

Lobe—A round, projecting part of any
organ, as of the lungs and liver.

Loin—That portion of the body be-
tween the hip-bone and ribs.

Lotion— Fluid applied externally, usu-
ally by means of a cloth kept con-
stantly wet therewith. Liniments
are applied externally, but with
rubbing.

Lumbago—Rheumatism of the lumbar
region of the back,

Lymph—A transparent and nearly
colorless fluid, found in the lym-
phatic vessels,

 

Macerate—To soften and separate the
parts of, by steeping, as ina fluid,
or by the digestive process.

Malady—Disease, or ailment.

Malar—Pertaining to the cheek-bone.

Malformation—Badly, or unnaturally,
shaped, or formed.

Malignant—Severe. Tending to pro-
duce death.

Mallenders—An eczematous condition
occurring in the flexures of the
knee-joints, causing dryness and
scurfiness of the part.

Mammals—Having an udder, or teats,
for suckling the young.

Mammary Glands—The glands which
secrete the milk.

Manipulation—The act of treating,
working, or operating with the
hand.

Massage—Kneading and rubbing the
flesh with the hands.

Mastication—The act of chewing the
food.

Materia Medica—A term including

all medicines, or substances, used
in the cure of disease,

Maxilla—The upper, or lower, jaw.
Meatus—Canal, or passage.

Mediastinum—The partition formed
by the meeting of the pleura, divid-
ing the chest into two lateral parts,
and separating the lungs.

Medullary—Consisting of, resembling,
or pertaining to, marrow.

Membrane—A thin, sheet-like struc-
ture, usually fibrous, covering, or
lining, some part, or organ.

Mesentery—The fold, or membrane,
which attaches the intestines to the
spine.

Metastasis—The transference of dis-
ease from one part to another,

Miasma—The product of animal or
vegetable putrefaction, causing dis-
ease.

Midriff—The diaphragm.

Milk Fever—A disease affecting cows
soon after parturition.

Molecule—The smallest portion of
matter which can exist alone.
DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Morbid—A state of disease; the pro-
duct or result of an unnatural state,
as morbid humors.

Mortification—The death of a part
from gangrene,

Motor—That which causes, or is the
instrument of, movement; as the
motor muscles.

Mucus—A mucilaginous fluid found
on the surface of certain mem-
branes, which keeps them soft and
pliable.

Nevus—A natural mark or blemish;
a birth-mark.

Narcotics—Drugs which allay pain
and produce sleep, but first produce
excitement.

Nasal—Pertaining to the nose.

Nausea—Any sickness of the stomach
with inclination to vomit.

Necrosis—Death of a bone, or a por-
tion of a bone.

Neuralgia—A painful affection that is
seated in the nerves, especially of
the face.

Neurotomy—The cutting or division
of a nerve.

Neutralize—To destroy the force or
effect of anything.

Nutritive—Tending to nourish or
build up. Nutrition: that which
nourishes,

Ocular—Relating to the eyes.

Oedema—Effusion of serous fluid into
the cellular tissues, producing
swelling.

Omentum—The Caul—A fold of the
peritoneum membrane covering the
intestines in front and attached to
the stomach.

Opacity—Want of transparency; that
quality of bodies, by which they
cannot transmit the rays of light.

Optic—Pertaining to sight, as the
optic nerve; relating to the laws of
vision.

Orbit—In ocular anatomy, the bony
cavity in which the eye is situated.

Organic—Composed of, or pertaining
to an organ, or its function; de-
pendent on, or resulting from,
organism.

 

777

Orifice—The mouth or entrance to any
cavity of the body.
Os—The technical name for a -bone.
Osseous: resembling bone; bony.
Ossification: changing to bone.

Ostalgia—Pain in one or some of the
bones.

Os uteri—The mouth of the womb.

Ovariotomy—The operation of remov-
ing the ovaries from the female
animal; spaying—analogous to the
gelding of the male.

Ovaries—The organs connected with
the uterus that mature and give off
the ova (eggs), which, when im-
pregnated by the male, produces
the foetus.

Oxygen—The life-supporting element
of the air, and constituting a little
more than one-fifth of it. With
nitrogen and argon it forms air;
with hydrogen it forms water.

Ozcena—Nasal gleet; catarrh.

Palate—The roof of the mouth,

Palpitation--A rapid,thumping, move-
ment of the heart, from mental
excitement, or from disease.

Papilla—Small, nipple-shaped prom-
inences found on the tongue and
skin.

Pancreas—The narrow, flat gland ex-
tending along the duodenum, some-
times called the ‘‘ sweet-bread.”

Paralysis—An affection impairing, or
destroying, the natural function,
especially the voluntary movement,
of a part; called also “‘ palsy.”’

Paraplegia—Paralysis of the hind
quarters on both sides; usually due
to some injury or inflammation of
the spinal cord.

Parasite—An animal which lives on,
or in, the body of another animal.

Parotid Gland—The largest of the
salivary glands, situated below the
ear.

Paroxysm—In disease, a recurrence
coming after an intermission.

Parturition—The act of bringing forth
the young.

Patella—The knee-pan.
778

THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Pathology—The science which treats
of the causes, nature, symptoms,
and cure of disease,

Pectoral—Pertaining to the breast, as
the pectoral muscles. A remedy
for affections of throat and lungs.

Pelvis—That part of the trunk bound-
ing the abdomen at the rear, con-
taining a part of the intestines, and
the internal urinary and genital
organs.

Penis—The exterior male organ of
urination and generation.

Pericarditis —Inflammation of the
pericardium, or serous, membrane,
enclosing the heart.

Perincum—The space between the
anus and the genital organs.

Periosteum—The fibrous membrane
covering a bone,

Peritoneum—The serous membrane
which lines the cavity of the abdo-
men.

Peritonitis—Inflammation of the peri-
toneum.

Pharynx—The muscular tube at the
back part of the mouth which leads
to the gullet.

Physiology—The science which treats
of the functions of the various
organs of the body.

Placenta—The membrane covering
the young in the womb—the after-
birth.

Plethora—Having a full habit of the
body; full of blood.

Pleura— The serous membrane which
lines the interior of the chest and
covers the lungs.

Plexus—Any union of vessels, nerves
or fibers in the form of net-work.

Polypus—A tumor with narrow base
which grows from mucous mem-
branes.

Portal Vessels—The cluster of veins
that join and enter the liver.

Post-mortem—Literally, after death.
The examination of a dead body.

Predisposed—Prepared for, or fitted
for, beforehand; inclined to; as be-
ing predisposed to disease.

 

Process—A prominence or projecting
part; any protuberance, eminence
or projecting bone.

Procreation—Generation and produc-
tion of offspring.

Prognosis—The act or art of judging
by the symptoms, the probable
course of a disease.

Prolapsus Uteri— Falling of the
womb.

Prophylactic— That which preserves
or defends from disease; a pre-
ventive.

Proteids—Food composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen—
as the white of an egg.

Proud Flesh—A fungus growth on an
ulcer, or an excrescence of flesh
in a wound from excessive granu-
lation.

Pulmonary—Relating to the lungs.
Pupil—The circular opening in the
colored curtain within the eye.
Purgative—A medicine that operates

strongly in evacuating the bowels.

Pus—The matter discharged from a
tumor when lanced, or from a sore.
Healthy pus is yellowish-white in
color, and is always secreted in the
process of healing.

Putrefaction—The process of decom-
position; state of corruption; rot-
teness,

Pylorus—tThe lower orifice of the
stomach on its right side, through
which the food passes to the intes-
tines.

Quickening—The time when the mo-
dion of the foetus within the womb
is first perceptible.

Quittor—An ulcerous formation, re-
sembling fistula, inside a horse’s
foot.

Rabies—Madness; hydrophobia,

Rales—The noise produced by air pas-
sing through the mucus of the
lungs.

Ramify—Branched; running in various
directions.

Raphe—A seam or suture,

Rectum—The last intestine; the anal
gut.
DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Reflux—In medicine, the return of the
blood from the head, or from to-
ward the extremities, to the heart,

Refrigerants — Medicines or lotions
that diminish heat.

Regurgitate—To throw or pour back;
to swallow again,

Remittent—Ceasing for a time, as a
fever or a pain.

Reproduction—The act or process of
producing the young; breeding.

Resolution—The disappearance of in-
flammation without suppuration.

Resolvent—A medicine or substance,
that will scatter inflammatory or
other tumors, and prevent their sup-
puration,

Respiratory Murmur —The murmur
which, when the ear is applied to
the chest, is heard in the lungs, and
attending the act of breathing.

Retention—A stopping or withhold-
ing, as retention of the urine.

Retina—The expansion of the optic
nerve in the back part of the eye,
on which the image is formed in
the act of seeing.

Retrocession—Change of an eruption
from the surface, to the inner parts.

Roaring—A disease or constriction of
the wind-pipe, producing a roaring
sound in breathing.

Rumination—The act of chewing the
cud.

Rupture— The common name for
hernia. The act of breaking or
bursting, or state resulting there-
from.

Saccharine—Containing or having the
qualities of sugar.

Saline—Containing salt in solution;
salty.

Saliva—The secretion of the glands
of the mouth, which moistens the
food in chewing, and keeps the
mouth and tongue moist.

Sallenders—The same as mallenders,
except that it occursin the flexures
of the hock.

Sanitary—Relating to the preserva-
tion of health; tending to health.

Sarcoma—A fleshy tumor.

 

779

Scaphoid—Shaped like a boat, as the
navicular bone.

Scapula—The shoulder-blade.

Sclerotic— The thick, hard, white,
outer coat of the eye,

Sciatica—A rheumatic or neuralgic

affection of the hip.

Scrotum—The bag which contains the
testicles.

Sebaceous Glands—The oil tubes of
the skin.

Secretion—The separation of various
substances from the blood.

Sedatives—Soothing medicines; reme-
dies that depress nervous power, or
lower circulation.

Semen—The male generative product
secreted in the testicles,

Septic—Causing or promoting putre-
faction. Antiseptic: arresting pu-
trefaction.

Septicemia— Blood poisoning; usu-
ally an absorption.

Serum—The yellowish, watery por-
tion of the blood remaining after
coagulation.

Seton—An artificial passage under the
skin, made by a seton needle, and
kept open with tape, silk, or the
like, which is drawn in, and is
moved back and forth daily to keep
up an irritation, with a view of set-
ting up inflammation.

Sialogogue—A medicine that pro-
motes a flow of saliva.

Sinus—An orifice or canal containing
pus or matter.

Slough (pronounced sluff)—To fall
away, separate from, as in disease,
or in mortified parts,

Soporific—A medicine that induces
sleep.

Spasm--A sudden, involuntary contrac-
tion of the muscles; a convulsion.

Spinal—Relating to the spine, or back-
bone.

Splint—An excrescence on the can-
non bone of ahorse. Splint bone:
one of the bones of a horse’s leg.

Spleen—A livid-colored organ attached
to the stomach, the office of which
is not well understood.
780

THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Spontaneous—Occurring without any
apparent cause from without.

Sporadic—Separated, scattered; oc-
curring here and there, as sporadic
cases of disease.

Sternum—tThe breast bone, situated in
the fore part of the thorax.

Stomachics—Medicines that promote
digestion.

Strangulated—Choked; having the cir-

culation stopped in any part.

Strangury—The stopping of a passage;
generally applied to urinary organs,

ahah vhost or obstruction of
a passage of the body, by morbid,
or spasmodic, action.

Styptic—An astringent; having the
property of stopping bleeding.

Sudorific—A medicine that will cause
sweating, or perspiration.

Suppuration—The process of forming
pus, or matter; the result of inflam-
mation in an abscess, or a wound.

Suture—A stitch, or fastening, for
joining edges of wounds. The
seam or joint which unites the
bones of the skull.

Synovia—A fluid resembling the white
of an egg, secreted by the joints,
and articulations, which it lubri-
cates and keeps in healthful con-
dition—joint oil, so called.

Tenia—Literally a fillet, or band.
The technical name of the tape-
worm.

Tapping—Drawing off collected fluid.

Tarsus—The cartilage toward the
edge of each eyelid, giving it shape
and firmness. The hock joint of
the horse.

Tendon—tThe dense, fibrous structure
in which a muscle ends, and by
which it is joined to the bone.

Tent—In medicine, a pledget, or
plug, introduced into a wound.

Tenuity—The property of being thin;
small; rarefied.

Tetanus—A disease in which the vol-
untary muscles are spasmodically,
but persistently, contracted, caus-
ing rigidity of the parts affected.
When in the face it 1s called lock-
jaw.

 

Therapeutics—That part of medicine
that relates to discovery and appli-
cation of remedies for diseases,
The use of diet and medicines.

Thorax—The chest, or that part of
the body between the neck and
abdomen.

Thrush—Ulceration of the cleft of the
frog, and extending over the whole
of it, with a discharge of fetid
matter. A disease of the mouth.

Tibia—The large bone of the hind leg
of a horse above the hock joint.

Tonics— Remedies which gradually
and permanently improve the sys-
tem.

Tonsil—An oblong gland situated on
each side the fauces, terminated by
the larynx and pharynx at the rear
of the mouth, and having excretory
ducts opening into the mouth.

Torsion—The act of twisting and
turning, as in drawing a tooth with
the turnkey.

Tourniquet—An instrument to arrest
bleeding.

Trachea—The windpipe.

Tractile—Capable of being drawn out.

Transfusion—The introducing of
blood from one living being to an-
other.

Transudation—Passage of liquid
through the tissues of the body.
Traumatic—Relating to a wound or

injury.

Trephining—An operation to perforate
the skull with a trepan, in order to
remove a piece of bone.

Trichina Spiralis—A mite which bur-
rows in the muscles, and which
before becoming encysted, some-
times cause the death of the ani-
mal, They are principally gener-
ated in swine, fowls, rats, and other
omniverous feeders.

Tubercle—A small tumor, as tuber-
cle of the lungs.

Tympanum—The drum of the ear.

Ulna—tThe larger of the two bones of
the fore arm.

Umbilicus—The navel.
DICTIONARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Unciform—Curved or crooked, as a
clam or finger nail.

Urea—A constituent of the urine. It
is white, transparent, and crystal-
lizable.

Ureter—One of the two canals or
ducts, which convey the urine from
the kidneys to the bladder.

Urethra—The canal leading from the
bladder outward.

Urinary—Pertaining to the urine.

Urine—The saline secretion of the
kidneys.

Uterus—The womb.

Vagina—The canal in female animals,
from the vulva to the uterus.

Varicose Veins—Veins, generally in
the legs, which are permanently
dilated, knotted and irregular.

Vascular—Pertaining to the vessels of
animal and vegetable bodies, as
vascular functions. The arteries,
veins, lacteals, and the like, com-
pose the vascular system. Animal
flesh is vascular.

Venesection—Letting blood by open-
ing a vein.

Venous—Pertaining to the veins, or
contained in veins.

Ventral—Pertaining to the abdomen
or belly.

Ventricles—The posterior ch.mbers of
the heart.

Vermicular—Worm-like in shape or
appearance.

Vermifuge—A medicine or agent that
destroys or expels worms.

Vertebra—A division,or separate bone,
of the spinal column.

Vesicle—A small blister.

Villi—Minute, thread-like projections.
The inner mucous membrane of
the stomach and intestines is called
the ‘‘villous’’ coat, from its abound-
ing in villi or minute projections.

Virulent—Dangerous, or malignant;
as a virulent type of disease.

 

781

Virus—Contagious, or poisonous mat-

ter.

Viscera—The organs contained within
the cavities of the body, particu-
larly of the head, chest, and abdo-
men.

Viscid—Sticky, or tenacious, with a
glutinous consistency.

Vivisection—The dissection of, or
cutting into, living animals,

Volatile—Giving off vapor, flying off
in vapor,

Vulva—The outer opening, in female
animals, of the generative parts.

Warbles—Tumors caused by the de-
positing of the eggs of the gad-fly
in the backs of cattle. Also small,
hard tumors on the backs of horses
from the irritation of the saddle.

Wen—A distinctly defined tumor
under the skin, seldom hurtful. An
encysted tumor.

Wind-galls—aA distension of the syn-
ovial membranes of a horse’s fet-
lock joints.

Womb—The uterus,or pouch, in which
the young are carried in the fetal
stage before birth.

Xiphoid—Sword-like—A small cartil-
age at the bottom of the breast
bone.

Zoology—That part of natural history
which treats of the structure, habits,
classification, and habitations of an-
imals.

Zoon—An animal; having animal life.

Zootomy—Dissection of the lower ani-
mal.

Zygomatic—Pertaining to the cheek
bone, or to the bony arch under
which the temporal muscle passes.
From zygoma, the cheek-bone.

Zymotic—Caused by, or pertaining to
fermentation; as a zymotic disease,
being one in which some morbific

rinciple acts on the system like a
fennent
ADDENDA

MILK FEVER.—Since writing the first article on milk
fever, the statement has been made that filling the udder with
sterilized air is as effectual a treatment as either the oxygen or
Schmidt treatments; if this be true, and there are many reasons
for believing that it is, the treatment of this dreaded disease
becomes very simple. ‘The air pumped into the udder must first
be freed from germs, and this can be done by pumping it through
sterilized cotton. A simple and yet effectual apparatus can be
made as follows: Get a tinner to make a tin tube six inches long
and one inch in diameter, have the seam pressed and use as little
solder as possible; or better yet, if it can be obtained, is a piece
of steel bicycle tubing the same size; this can generally be had at
a bicycle repair shop; have a druggist fit each end of the tube
with a cork, having through it a small piece of glass tubing, as
shown inthe cut; have the corks fit tightly; fill the large tube just
nicely full with a fine grade of cotton batting or with absorbent
cotton, which can be had at any drug store, and the apparatus is
complete. There is also needed a milking tube with a short
piece of rubber tube attached, and a small bicycle pump.

Before using the apparatus it must be sterilized; put a little
cotton plug in the end of each of the glass tubes, as shown in the
cut, and roll the tube in four or five layers of newspapers, tying
the ends around the glass tubes, as shown in the cut, and it is
ready to be sterilized. To sterilize it, put in an oven with a slow
heat, about right for baking cake, and leave it there for one
hour; the oven should be hot enough to just slightly scorch the
paper, and turn the cotton plugs in the glass tubes just a little
brown; if too hot, the cotton inside the tube will be burned too
much, but the cotton plugs and the paper will indicate the
amount of heat to use. The tube is now ready for use, and by
pumping air through this sterilized cotton, the germs will be

filtered from it. ‘The apparatus can be sterilized and laid away,
782
     

HON

A450) su ua

 

 

 

STERILIZED AIR TREATMENT FOR MILK FEVER.

APPARATUS USED IN
ADDENDA 783

leaving the paper around it, in some clean place, and it will be
all right for use when needed; it would be best to re-sterilize if
not used for three weeks after sterilizing.

To use in treating the cow, put the milking tube, with the
piece of rubber tubing attached, into a solution of: Carbolic Acid,
¥% ounce; water, 1 pint, to sterilize it; remove the cotton plug
from one of the glass tubes and attach the bicycle pump by
means of a short piece of rubber tubing; remove the cotton plug
from the other glass tube and attach the milking tube, first
shaking all the Carbolic Acid lotion from it; wash off the end of
one of the teats with the Carbolic lotion, and insert the milking
tube into it and pump air in slowly. If pumped too fast, germs
may be forced through the cotton. Be sure the milking tube
does not touch anything after it comes from the solution before
it enters the teat; it can be dipped into the Carbolic solution just
before introducing it, if the apparatus is held with the tube end
down, so that the cotton inside the large tube cannot get wet;
this must be kept perfectly dry, or it will not sterilize the air.
After pumping into a quarter all it will hold, remove the milking
tube and take a small bandage about one inch wide, and com-
mencing at the bottom of the teat, bandage the teat tightly to
close the duct and prevent the air from escaping. The bandage
is safer than a string tied around the teat. Treat each quarter
the same. Wet the milking tube in the Carbolic lotion each time
before putting it into a teat, being careful not to let the cotton
get wet. After filling the udder, knead gently. After six or
eight hours the air could be worked out and the udder refilled
with fresh air, if necessary. With this treatment the cow should
receive the same general treatment as given with the first article.

The apparatus may require new corks, and also to be refilled
with fresh cotton, after it has been sterilized a number of times.
INDEX

NOTE—For index of Cattle, see page 794; Sheep, page 800: Swine, page 8or;
Poultry, page 802; Dog, page 803; Miscellaneous Department, page 803;
Practical Recipes from Farmers, page 804; Sugar Beet, Fertiliz-
ing and Spraying, page 806; Dictionary of Technical
and Other Terms in Common Use, page 768.

THE HORSE

ADOTHON dessisaseasseancissdensecseanadens
Abscess, opening an....
ADSCESSES:....c.esisiessiudiesavserseassimssiics

in the rectum ............... 126

in the scrotum ............. 178
After-birth, the ........... ‘
After pain svisnsioscnesacermerceesreescaness 159
Age of horse, to tell by the teeth.. 341

 

 
  

 

horses, to tell 340
AMAUrOSIS.........ceeeeeeeeee 190
Anesthetics, general 348

VOCED was. acces srvaivevensese 347

Anatomy of the horse..........ccc000 27
man and horse com-

Pared...ceeccsecseeee 54

ANOUTISH 26.6 0.ccsscicteose obseees: odence 238

Animals, methods of controlling.. 349
nursingand feeding sick 68

 

 

Ankles, cocked. 290
Antiseptics..........::..0 64
Aphtha, or thrush... IOI
Apparatus .......ceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 647
Apoplexy
Arm, bones of the fore............06+ 29
Arteries, the......cccccessscsseseseeeenees 39
Artery, rupture of an..............eeee 239
tumor Of AD.........eeeeeee eee 238
Atrophy of the heart ...............04 237
muscles...........0606 303°
AZOLE seeds vides pene sated secerse eaeeooees I41

 

 

 

 

  

Back, bones of the...........ccsseeeeere 28
broken . 275
chronic SOres OM.. .......eseeeeee 237
muscles of the...........eeeee 33

vee 274

seer 7 3

+ 275

328

125

or pills, to make and give... 70
Bandage, plaster of Paris............ 285
starch, see ‘‘Fractures’’ 282

Bandages. ssevsseessnccsetoricarsasseccies. 352

Barrenness, in the mare............... I51

Belly, dropsy of the............... 127, 168

injuries to the muscles of the 277
tapping the........ cece eee 354

Big head sien BSL

Big. Le P ssceseravcaseusveeseeded seicac cise, 123

Bladder, eversion of the 136

135

paralysis of the.............. 138

spasm of neck of the...... 137

stones in the 136

EHO}... Satssgenceaasenceetes see 50
Bleeding, after castration 177

foaling, profuse ... 159

from the lungs............ 84
MAaVel ........000 169
THOSE wis cenceacians 84
 

  
 

  
 

INDEX 785
Blindfolding.........cccccssssssssseveees 349 | Bridle, how to proceed with. ........ 16
Blindness, following castration.... 181 | Broken back...........cccccsseseeseeeeees 275
Blister, to........ a EM eGS serseus aude veswacocaasuzes 287
apply a TDS vs saeesendsrasinaeereceesenss 276
Bloatowaccovtesaits icctusyctiveessancucuese wind, or heaves.......,...00 93
Blood, bad...s.50cccvsvessatdenesacusenaaees Bronchial tubes and air cells, the.. 48
poison Bronchitis
spavin

Bloody flux, or dysentery
urine

Bog spavin...........

BolSescsicsigesen yasaees

Bone, breast
caries, or ulceration of a.....

 

 

necrosis, or death ofa.........
SIMS rst ciwancoshoegeteeus te nceaawesa
spavin
Bones, cervical, or neck...... 0.0...
coccygeal, or tail...........4 28
dorsal, or back 28
hip, or pelvic...........cceeeeee 28
lumbarorsmallofthe back 28
of the cannon...........ceeceee 30
fore arm 29
foot ......... 30
hind leg 31
hock or tarsus joint 31

 

Bowels, balls found in the..........
inflammation of the........
or intestines, the............
twist in the.......sscceceeereee

Brain, concussion of the.......

congestion of the............
inflammation of the..........

   

215
chronic 223
Brain, spinal cord, and coverings,

 

inflammation of the 216
Break GOWN .....:005 vesseseeeeesees .
Breaking, see ‘‘ Training ’’........++ 14

hralter ........cceeceeseceeees 15
a stubborn horse......... 22

60

 

 

  
 
 

Cannon, bones of the..............006
Capillary vessels, the..........cccce0
Capped elbow.

 

248

350
172

Castration, diseases and troubles
abscesses in the scro-
tum after... ....c600.0
bleeding after............
blindness following ...
care of colt, after........
exposing testicles ......
fatty curtain of bowels
coming down after..
lock-jaw after............
operating by searing...
with clamps.,

ecraseur

emasculator
ligatures.....

178
177
181
176
173

178
181
175
174
175
175
176
176
176
180

originals or ridglings..
pain after.......secceeeees
peritonitis following..
precautions before op-

Crating....cseseeee creeee
rupture (hernia)........
schirrus cord.........6066

173
y77
 

 

 

 

 

 

  

786 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR
Castration, swelling after............ 179 | Cracks in the teats.........cssecesseee 167
throwing, or casting... 173 quarter and sand...,......0-+6 319
tumor of the cord...... 180 | Cramp of the muscles of the neck. 274
Cataract of the eye... seeseere I90 loins, 274
Catarrh, or cold in the head......... 75 thigh 295
CHOC... .eesee sevens regeneks 77 | Cribbing and wind sucking......... 99
Catheter, passing the...........ssce0 353 | Crookedness of the legs in foals... 172
Cantery, actual wisssexsasiisieceveecevess 857 | Cur bisssseses cvccecces vveveceassessssceioses 30
Cerebro-spinal-meningitis........... Cutting the back tendons............ 301
Cheeks, paralysis of the...........06 LOO | CySstitis.....cuscccorscssensesceeseeceroenee + 135
Chest, tapping the......... cceeeeeeee 354
Water In thesis: westiwencsvies 92 | Deafness........cccseceresseesecerssaneneoes 185
wounds penetrating the..... 95 | Diabetes, insipidus......... saetdsnsesee 134
Diaphragm, spasms of the........... 94
PhS see saiantevene ies cebaees - 37
Diarrhea, or superpurgation ........ 122
Clamps, operating with... 174 in young foals,............ 170
Cleaning, the. Difficulties met with in foaling..... 156
Cocked ankles sss scoacoseserseesorives 290 | Digestive organs, the.........ssereeee 4o
Coffin joint lameness ........... eee 324 | Dilitation or enlargement of the
Cold in the head esophagus or gullet.......ssees 107
COliG, Matuletit...iscscseneinetesagesey yess Disease, determining nature of..... 74
spasmodic, or cramp......... II5 WOCOssassnrsaudcessosscasen sass 225
WING: :.20s siunwartuaspencietedaeins 117 millet ..... + 335
Colt, care after castration............ 176 navicular... ses 324
how to mount............cccccee 20 of the cartilage of the ear 185
PICs cs i acsvansnsnonsiened 20 SPOS isessvssssecasses + 131
saddle break............ 19 | Diseases and care of young foals.. 169
teaching to drive....... cess 17 injuries of the ear..... 185
to make come to you........... 16 eye..... 186
Dec scisvnawdaleswvenacdeabeasacesiseters 197 | Diseases and injuries of the head,
Colts, to break wild and vicious... 21 neck, shouldets, body and hips 266

Comparative anatomy.........
Concussion of the brain..... ...
Congestion of the brain

 

liver... .......s0066 130

Tungs......... eee 88
Conjunctivitis.......ccccccccsrsssrsceseee 186
Constipation in young foals......... 169
Contractions of the foot...... ......4. 306
Contagious diseases and fevers ... 193
Cord, the spermatic...
COENS sdinsdees ascce oueiaeeeses ges ec
Cough, Chronic...........ccce ceseee eens

 

Cracked heels, or scratches

 

Diseases and troubles following

CaStratlOn sssvecevesscccvesteves scesse 172
Diseases of the blood, general...... 240
BODES: sesisecissessseoters 248

brain and nervous
SYStOM...cececeeeeee « 215
LECE ssc de ces cacdasaaegows 303

front and hind legs 281
genital organs of
the horse...... vere 143
genital organs of
the mare............ 149
heart, arteries, and
blood vessels...--. 223
INDEX

Pi
Diseases of the liver and spleen..... 130
lymphatic system.. 230

mouth, teeth, sali-

vary glands, and

  

Sullet a sesececscass 97

Diseases of the respiratory or
breathing organs...........ccceecece 75
Diseases of the skin.............cecee. + 203
stomach and bowels 109
urinary organs...... 132
Disinfection ...........ccccccsseseseceseee 66
Dislocation of the patella........... + 293
partial .. 294
Distemper ..........cccsssssssseesssseeee + 197
in foals......... 172
Douches, nasal.............s00eeee see 72
Drench, giving a..........ccce0e + 355
Drénehes).,..cssccsecsvenedees 7O
Dribbling of the urine..............006 139
Driving, harnessing and.............. 18
Dropsy of the belly............... 127, 168
scrotum or bag...... 144
DYSENLETY ..rcccccrscsssccsscssscerereescns 123
Ear, diseases of the cartilage....... 185
frost bites of the............cccs06 186
injuries or cuts around......... 185

 

 

Elbow, capped..........sccssccessseneere 281
Electric ShOck..........ccsseceseeeceeees 222
Electuaries, or pastes 2 9
Elephantiasis.. .......secessseeeee . 231
Encephalitis............ccccc00 sng. 215
Endocarditis............sseccessseeeeeeeee 233
Enlargement of the esophagus..... 107

heart............ 236

OVATIES .......46 149

thyroid gland 108
Enlargements, bursal................+. 288
Enteritis......cccosessseccceseeeereseeeeces 118

Exntropiuim..,....sscsssecersersssscscscnees 191

 

 

  

Esophagus or gullet, the.............. 4I
dilatation of... 107
Eversion of the bladder............... 136

 

Exostosis of the jaw.........cccsccese 252
Eye, cataract of the.....cccc.eeeeseeee I90
gutta serena, or glass........... 190

inflammation of haw of the 189
injuries to ducts of the........ 192

Eyelids, eversion of the............66
injuries to the ......
inversion of the

 

Fatty degeneration of the heart... 237
Feeding, food and... ceeeese ees

sick animals

Feet, flatiscsevsaeceress evs

nails inl the,..c..5:.0ciessersecieoe

 

   

Fetlock, striking the
thickening around the... 292
Fetlock joint, sprain of the......... 290
Fetlocks,puffy enlargements about 288
Fever, catarrhal...........csecccssseeeee

Pllerperal.....scee ccccereneerere
Filari OcUli w.....cseeeeeersees

 

Fistulous withers.............--sse0

 

Fits, falling. ..........cccssesscceceneeseee
Flatulence, tapping the flank for.. 355
FIOOdIng ...cseesseeseeseeseveeeeneee soeeeee 159

Foal, abortion, or slinking the..... 168
THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

788

Foal, how tell when mare is with 152
natural way to come.......... 154
bed turned out..........c sees 162

Foaling and attendant diseases..... 152
difficulties met with in.... 156
falling away of muscles

of hips, after.........c0+ 279
injuries to hips during 166
profuse bleeding after..... 159

 

 

 

 

signs of immediate......... 153
swelling on belly before... 168
Foals, constipation in young........ 169
crookedness of the legsin.. 172
diarrhea in young............ 170
diseases and care of young 169
Cistemper ith.......cssecceeeeeees 172
leaking of navel and rheu-
matism in young........... I7I
weakness in legs of young 172
Fomentations.......ccseceseeseeeereecenes 68
Fomenting, oo... sccccnossedooncosenassnnes 353
Food and feeding.... 57
Foot, bones of the 30
bruises of sole of 323
canker in the.....ssccsseseeeee 307
contractions of the............ 306
fracture of bones of the...... 324
gravel in the.........:.ceeeeeee 306
holding up front 350
PUMICE .cisis cesardeadveeteiases 313
Fore arm, bones Of,............csseeeere 29
Foreign substances in the mouth.. 1oo
Fore legs, muscles of the............ 34
FOrQinS wessiiassnisaamiweaineevsasnearanexs 322
Form of guaranty.... +» 339
Foul sheath ......... 147
Founder, acute ........ 309
CHYONICicisuxasseseneeeeseasice 311
Fracture of the bones of the foot.... 324
hock... 299
neck .. 268
tail..... 280
UMM... eee eeee eee 278
SKUs wevis weseesese sore 266
FractureS...ccccsssccssecee seeeeseeneceeeaee 282
Frost bites of the ear... sesevee 186

 

Frothing, slavering Or............ecee Io2
Fumigation, seein ‘‘Disinfection’’ 66
Buiruncles: siscesavscoweesiestecinass convenes 213
Galled shoulders..............csseseeees 271
Galls, saddle se
Garget......cceee

 

Generative organs of the horse..... 50
miare.... 52
Genital organs of the horse, dis-

eases Of ‘the... sisissserassesecoesacene 143
Genital organs of the mare, dis-
eases Of the..........ceceeeeseeseoeeee 149

Gland, inflammation of the parotid 102

thickening of the parotid... 10
Glan dersycicccssisvcsieiuerecswseeeeyedoerses
Glands, the mammary........

salivary .....

Gleet, nasal...... ....ccsceseeees ae
GlOSSILIS suis socsiediagscearegisudatasnnenies
GOitrOvecciscaneccsdeassasnaaservovanenswvess
Gonorrhea, or gleet _
Gorged stomach............... es
Grain, kicking while eating......... 327

Wastin gsi scicseseacedeakwaaiesses 327
Grain ration, a mixed.............0006+ 59
Grains for feeding
Gravel in the foot
Greasé Heel s.cccissssssestesicssece secisases
Growths on end of penis.
Gruel, how to make.............
Guaranty, form of............. sith
Gutta serena, or glass eye..........+ Igo
Gute sisccsivinsacsaansicote seared oveavees 124

   

 

 

FIP MAturia, sccowens csovosaveswerieneassate
Hair, the..........c000 sé
Halter breaking.......... .
Halter, pulling back and pieaking 328
Harnessing and driving ............6 18
Hay for feeding.........cccccsseesveesees
Hay tea, how to make..
Head, muscles of the......
swelling around

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

INDEX 789
Heart, enlargement of the............ 236 | Icterus ........ccceeeceeeseeceeeeeeeeee toners 131
fatty degeneration of the.... 237 | Ilium, fracture of the..............0 278
inflammation of sac of the... 234 | Impaction of the large intestine... 121
palpitation of the............... 238 stomach 109
HG sich eacvatncaeuaideoakedencon ies 38 | Indigestion, acute............... » IIo
Heat, exhaustion..................ceeee 220 CHLOUMIC sss cseareausceanse II4
HOA VES scsasscocseusdcnopsdoehestaeumacsis 93 | Inflammation of a vein............. 239
Heel, Grease sivsssascavccsssecseveracesss wound............ 264
Mel ss LO Winsesse se ceesghectave cates cncccs the bladder ......... 135
Hemorrhoids......... 118
Hernia, inguinal 215
navel or umbilical........... 184 brain, chronic, 223
SCrOtaliiccssstewesaasotnes 177, 182 | Inflammation of the brain, spinal
ventral cord and their coverings......... 216
Hiccoughs.......sseseeeeceeeeee ade Inflammation of the endocardium. 233
Hide bound............ccceseeeeeeeeee neces haw of theeye 189
Hind quarters, muscles of the...... 35 UTS esse acdoaiarss 188
Hip, or pelvic bones............0 28 kidneys,acute 132
sprain of muscles of the....... 281 chronic 133

Hip-joint, lameness
Hipped.......cssseseecceceesesseeserereeseee
Hips, falling away of muscles of...

injuries to, during foaling...

 

166
History of the horse.......sceereseee 9
Hock, capped...cccccssseerreeesseseseeees 298
fracture of the bones of the 299
or tarsus joint, bonesof the 31
joint, sprains of the........... 298

muscles of the...
POK veesseceseeeeeeeseseeecereeeens

proportions of the............ 55
skeleton of the... = 27
to examine for soniideiess 337
to make come at command 24
to make stand without

 

 

Hitching..........--eeseceeeee 25
Hydrarthrosis .........sscesesserseesreees 297
Hydrocele

 

Hydrophobia
Hydrothorax.....

 

 

Liverineisucicacs 130
lungs..........- go
ovaries ......... 149
parotid gland 102
pharynx........ 104
heart sac ...... 234
stomach........ IIr
testicles ........ 143
tongue ......... IOI
Ndder sssccceases 166

vagina .......6

Vulva oo eee

woth ........4. 164
Injection pipe, simple............6 73
Injections per rectUm.........-eee sree 72

underskin (hypodermic) 72

Injuries, or cuts, around the ear... 185
to the ducts of the eye..... 192
Cyelids.....ceaseeceseee Ig2

hips during foaling 166
muscles of the belly 277

neck 267
Instruments .....ccccceceseeeeeeeneeeeeeee 645
Interfering... ieseeeeeesseenseneees 291
Intestinal calculi.......c:sseeeesseeeees 125
Intestine, impaction of the large.. 123
Intestines, the bowels, or..-.......... 42
 

 
  

 

  

 

  

 

790 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR
Intussusception.........006 ceceeeee eee 124 | Liver, disorders, other................ 131
Invagination.....sccccccseesseeeserereenes 124 inflammation of the.......... 130
Inversion of the eyelids............... I9I Heres se saicecisiccesaartencees ety aes
Involuntary muscles, the.... 36 | Limbs, swelling of the
Irregularities of the teeth............. 98 | Lock-jaw, or tetanus...... ...c.sseeee
Irritation, shedding milk teeth..... 98 after castration... 181
TritiSs sanscesesavaadeeasesscoseseeesassnseeeis LOCO Cisease........sseseeeeeeseeveeseeees 225
IsChuria.......s0cccceececeeecenseeeneceeees Loins, cramps of the muscles ofthe 274
Itchy tail..... Long, round WOrms..........sseecseae 128
skin... Lotion, white.........cccsescceees seve 263
A GUMDPICL. vss. vasecstense aiakseserton see 128
Jaundice .......... aseeeisevawtntexnetaised ys Lungs, bleeding from the 84
Jaw, exostosis of the congestion of the............. 88
Joint, Open sisasievissisersaseeness soe inflammation of the......... 9°
sprain of the stifle...........-. 293 the verseemvesiedeneswenecwssanssetss 48
Lymphangitis ...... ...ccceceeeseseeeees 230
Kidneys, acute inflammation of the 132 Lymphatic system, the............... 40
chronic inflammation of 133
HB nscs cnc eocekchessie. Malpresentation...... ....ccsseeee ceeees 156

Knee, bones of the
striking the

 

  
   

 

SPIUNQ...ceeeeeeee
Knees, broketl..........ccccesscseseeeeee
puffy enlargement about... 288
Bnuckling.........ccccsecsesseeeee cones 290
Lameness coffin joint..............6 324
Hip jOintsscesseiesecsaen 280
shoulder joint... 272
Vat pasissceansisneneaseneeavercnsneceas sane 97
Laryngitis........ccceceesssceesesees sence 80
Larynx, the............ 48
Lead, learning t0..........ssssseeseeeee 16
Leg, weed in the.......ccceeeccceeeeees 230
bones of the hind..............0 31
Leg, sprain of muscles on front of
Hind jswsdeewsceenssvenes aves creverav este 295
Leg, sprain of muscles on inside
OF HIN vssseccaessasconve veonsacdensses 296
Legs, muscles of the fore............ 34
Teucorrheas: ¢ sicauccidsccssacsvcccsevonsss I50
LACG s,s cccesscecees adoaatersenee atteceateaees 213
Ligament, rupture of suspensory.. 292
Ligatures, operating by.............+. 176
Lips, paralysis of the....... w+ 100
Liver, congestion of the........... 130

 

Mammary glands, the...... 0.0.0.0. 53

 

how to tell when with foal.. 152
how to use when with foal.. 153
Mashes, how to make.

 

 

Masturbation ..........ccsssecceeeessccees
Medicines, forms of, and ways of
PAVING ecsine ndjsasens tee snnandcais swaeees 69
Medicines, how often to give,...... 73
HStiOk sssssseessoesaeuwesese
Melanosis sccusecncasarvevexscesestsneewoees
Membranes, mucous
SELOUS) csieacescooveseeteuee
Meningitis........ sHusicdgi eahesaeenlia ees
Methods of controlling animals... 349
blindfolding.............. 349
CASHING so viccseserrsrasanzes 350
holding up front foot.. 350
side line, the............. 350
stocks
twist, a
Metritis ..........csee0ee

   

Millet disease.
Miscellaneous information
Moon-blindness.............cscceeseeeeee
INDEX

 

 

 

791
Mouth, foreign substances in the.. 100 Ophthalmia, simple... eee. 186
sore Trtteteeeeeeeeetseeeeeeneee 97 specific or periodic... 188
tongue hanging from...... 102 | Orchitis oo... ccceeeccssscecceeees 143°
Mucous membranes......ceeecceccn Organs of respiration or breathing 47
Mud fever... eccsceeeseees the digestive... 40
Muscles, atrophy of the the urinary... 49
involuntary Originals, castrating.........0000.. 176
of the back Osteophytes ..........cccsssseseeeccccccee 254
fore legs Osteo Porosis........ccccesscsesseceees 251
head vissbsieaasuesesiote 32 | Ovaries, enlargement of the......... 149
hind quarters... 35 inflammation of the........ 149
HOrSCveisisecsceccccees I The vis weisaeid eis peaenrexanedesencs 52
lower thigh (gas- Over-reaching..........cccescesecccceceee 322

KGN) ss sessceeevece 36

 

PISCE ieee cesseatenecs 77
polypus 79
Natural way for foal to come....... 154
Navel, bleeding from the............ 169
leaking of, in young foals.. 171
Navel-string, the..........cccceeceeeeeee 154
Navicular disease..............s00000000 324

Neck, cramps of muscles of the... 274
fracture of the bones of the 268
injuries to muscles of the... 267

 

muscles of the...............06 32
Necrosis, or death, of a bone ...... 249
NGPHTItis, 3s ceinatienccineceseatenvnaveats 132
NGttle-Pas hi viviciiccnecenssncatavedaissensties 207
Nervous system, the.............0008 37
Nose, bleeding from the w 84
Nostril, small tumor of the.......... 79

wounds about the........... 78
NOStrils, thei si cccsccescwseese-tereeecceven 47

Nursing and feeding sick animals 68

Occult spavin, see ‘‘Bone Spavin’’ 259

Operations.......ccc05 cseseesceeee coneenee 347
someimportant pointsin 347
the knifein.........cseeeees 349

Open joint........ccerccrsesecerrreeecceeee 299

 

  
    
 

Paralysis

of the bladder.
pharynx or gullet... 105
lips and cheeks...... Ioo
Paraphimosis .................ccceeeeeeeee 146
Parotid duct, fistula of the........... 103

gland, inflammation of the 102
thickening of the... 103

 

 
  
 

Parturition .c5e ses saveveteeseessvansese sus 152
cautions in assisting in 155

Patella, dislocation of the............ 293
partial dislocation of the.. 294

Penis, growths on end of ............ 147
PHO 5 iss cain anlescmuneoncntvecsts 51
Pericarditis... 234
Peritonitis..... 120
following castration..... 180

PHAr YASS: a. ssseenerescaeen esnaversers 104
Pharynx, inflammation of the...... 104
paralysis of the............ 105

the 41
Phimosis............. er 146
PHleDiS asd esewass se easeeecsavcwwvacteys 239
PHYTEN 1S se ssinsiis ddavasresstacrecevesseoess 215
Piles .....00008 bs suse 127
Pith WOTMS o.......ssseseceeeeeeeceeneeees 129
Pink-Cyeiusssseccsisensscesceeesceseescn ces 199
 

792 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

Placenta Ae: ..3ccceccsecceceseseeseesen 158 | Protrusion of the rectum, or back
Plaster of Paris bandage.............. 285 DOWEL ccc cesssnrcisavccens ansreey Aivseswes
PIGUYI SY: ¢ se isso saidaiicene sseaieiicdsueeneeente QT | Prurigo.......ceeeeeees

PNEUMONIA sees sseosswsscde aeseeeeecerses 90: | Rtyalisin vescices settessiweens axis
Poison, bIOOd.......... cc ceeceee eee eeeee 265 | Puerperal fever

Poisoning by contact, vegetable... 335
drugs and minerals.. 329

 

 

 

 

aconite
arsenic
BlOES % aesseaneresvenaseics
ammonia
belladonna
calomel
cantharides ............ 331
chloroform
chloral hydrate...... 331
croton Oil...........60 331
copper sulphate...... 331
corrosive sublimate.. 332
ergot of rye............ 332
hellebore, white...... 333
iron, sulphate......... 332
lead ssssercoctsgesncedoesas 333
nux vomica............ 332
OPM vs eerancuns eawc ties 333
saltpeter (nitrate of
POSH). scssewsecewavees 333
strychnine .... 333
turpentine 333
stings or snake bite.. 335
Poisoning, while grazing............. 334
cherry; black sescconsccess. 334
hemlock, poison......... 334
hemlock, water........... 334
horsetail.....c. cee 335
larkspurs, the............ 334
laurels, the
loco weed........ eee
MISE asnesin needen secnccn
Poisons and their antidotes
POW SEV sac csvnanietivc diac sae dudtouecdeavess
Polypus, nasal
POWGES ssp ssivicvessiseeaeisevacceceseveves
Preparation of foods...
PRESCTIPUOHS) .1ssssesesevessresss dennis
Proportions of the horse.............. 55

 

 

Puffy enlargements around knees
and fetlocks............ dddige asoewaky
Pulse, the a
Pumiced foot...........c.s. eseeees
PUNCHUITES | ci. sscnstnsesandtinowes
Purpura Hemorrhagica

  
 
 

 

Quarter cracks, ....cssecoueassincvasasees 319
Quarter; falser ci ciccsctcsuesioucdepeeseer 324
QUittOr secescainesiierpunmedseted acckanes 303
RADIOS 5 de vgsdasisuieecissenaieeweiee nuances 227
Ration, a mixed grain see 59
Rattle-snake bites......... cece 336

Rearing before carriage,to break of 25
Rearing under saddle, to break of.. 25
Rectum, giving medicine by the... 72

protusions of the

 

tumors or abscesses inthe 126
Respiration or breathing, organsof 47
Retention of the after-birth, see... 158
Rheumatism.............cccccccseseeeeeee
in young foals

    
 
   
    
 

Ridglings, castrating
Rin g-NOM Cvs os ochscccseesiaanenesesvuns

RiDg-WOLtM «00... cececeseeessseneneeeeees
Roaring and whistling....
Roots as food
Rupture after castration
of an artery... eee
of the muscles ..............
stomach ..........0...
suspensory liga-
ment............0. 272
vagina we. 163
WOM Dieeiesccverensens 163

Ruptures (hernias) and methods
of treatment,
INDEX

 

Saddle galls... cccceesssesssnees 273
Salivary glands, the... eee 41
Sarid. CraCkS vssess.siinsensseccebeanmseent 319
SCAM Ac ..s ssavysescduvsveceernsee cesses 201
Schirrus cord ........cceceseesesceseeeees 180
SCLALCHES sesaseschssecddeveansas case vivedes 203
Scrotum, dropsy of the

Seedy: toe@.sss.ccvectssecnnenees

Semen, the sesssecevssesceve

Serous membrane, the.....

Sheath, foul..................

swelling of the..........0..

 

warts around the
Shedding milk teeth, irritation

  
 

 

 

PF ONT deciceeetscteesieacaats heeds sensei
Shins, sore............
Shock, electric
Shoe DOL]......cceseseceseseceseeceeeveeens
GHOCING .....cseseccconeceeceseeseeeeceneees
Shoulder, bones of the.............06 29
bruises of the............4 272
SLIP. .cecceecessseceseseneeeeees 270
joint lameness............ 272
Shoulders, chronic sores on......... 273
muscles of the ........... 32
sit fasts OD.........ccceee 274
Sick animals, nursing and feeding 638
Side: DOME: seccesvsesneese scrismarensenteraee 255
ide-line the
Signs of immediate foaling.......... 153
Sit-fasts on back and shoulders.... 274
Skeleton of the horse..........csssse0 27
Skin, itchy ......ccsesescsstersceeseserees 212
THE. oe sazsdogaiecs varansevens wonetleces 44
Skull, fracture of the.......:..seeeee 266
Slavering or frothing..............0++ 102
Slinking the foal 168
Smake Dite....ccccsseccsecerreeeresseee ees 335
Some points indeterminingdisease 74
Sore back......csccceseseeccneescneereeees 273
LOSbsse sn Sivavedesenensieesesns- steers 311
THOULL...ccoscccccececeseeceenscneuers 97
SHINS......c0ecesceeeee ereeeeeeeseees 253
tail from crupper........-..e.eee 279
COALS. .crcereccsereseeceererencrenerees 167
80

 

 

793

Soundness, forms of guaranty, or
warrant Of...........668 339
how to examine for... 337
Spasm of the neck of the bladder 137

Spasmodic, or cramp colic.........4
Spavin, blood

 

BOS sa seesvccgestsy sein casseass gare

DONEC oprasissins goees eee Ses savevenes

occult see Bone Spavin...... 259
SPAYINS) seed, snssweseies-seeedeeeteaceddces 357
SPCCMy CUE a siasicnceosiestwannsiensaan ae 285
Spermatic cord, the......... cece 51

Spinal cord and coverings, inflam-
mation Of Draim...... ..ccceeseeeees
Spleen, disease of the

  

tendons.......... 289
fetlock joint .......... 290
hock joint............. 298
muscles in the hip......... 281
Sprain of muscles on front of hind
VO Gras iccs cwcsmasadcueveuveiscweveaoractes 295

 
 
 
  
 

Sprain of the stifle joint ....

 

Staggers, SlEePy.........-.seseeeeeeeeees
Stomach ..........ccseeeeeee eee
Staked és
Staling, profuse..........ceeeceeeeeeeee
Starch bandage, see Fractures...... 282
Star QaZer....cceeeeeeeecsseseeeeeeeseeseees 190
Sternum, or breast bone.............. 29
Stifle joint, partial dislocation of 294
sprain of the............ 293
Stifled....
Stings.....ccsscceesssseecrseceeteseeeeenees
Stitches, putting in
Stocking
Stock, the
Stomach, Gorged......sssccerresesereees roa
inflammation of the...... III
impaction of the ......06 10g

rupture of the ...........46 II
 

 
 

794. THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

Stomach, staggers.....ccescseceseseeeens Testicles, inflammation of the...... 143
THE eecivcsusensereravesnvine ves THe oes ieessscetan sisseseaseriiges 50
tympanites of the... Tetanus ..cccsccesscrsesssrrsrerstsenseeees 228

Stomatitis sisceseccvsecsvs sevesecesiveess Thickening around fetlock.......... 292

 
   
  

Stone bruises
Stones ‘in the bladder ne
Strangles, or disteraper............... 197
Straw as food. #8

 

String-halt ....
Sunstroke ............+. hy
Superpurgation ......cccccseccscseseeee
Surber seiscaswetdanaviwancanensieteeaaas ees.
Sutures (see stitches) ...
Sweeny ssessevictetsasni sania sevens
Swelling after castration.

  

179
along belly before foaling 168
around head and throat... 108

 
 

of the limbs ..........seeeeee 232

of the sheath .............0008 147
Syringe, the hypodermic ............ 355
System, lymphatic or absorbent... 4o
HET VOUS Ss seciessiedseaemsateese 37

Tail, bones of the 0.0... ec ceeeseeeees 28
fracture of bones of the......... 280
MUCH Ys aievsssteserien css sses ccsvence coon 212
sore, from crupper ............0.. 279
Tape WOMMS sccescvivesaaesiaasitsinusves 129
Tapping the belly............eeeeeee 354
the flank for flatulence... 355

tHE CHESE... cs ccidsceseecnaicnes 354

‘Peats) (SOreisssccscaerawatnewerieuereenveens 167
warts on the........cceseeeeene 167
Teeth, decayed........ ee eeeeeeeeetseeeees 99
irregularities of the........... 98
irritation from shedding 98

The ssscwsdeas sovsesnencosevertivexens 40

to tella horse’s age by..340, 341

98

Temperature, the... 74
Tendons, cutting the back........... 301
sprain of the back......... 289

Testicles, exposing, to castrate..... 173

 

of the parotid gland... 103
Thigh, cramp of the muscles of the 295

  

  

muscles of the lower......... 36
Thoroughpin .........ccccseeseceeeeeeeee 297
Throat; SOLre:. vss esscevssiicenssconwessees 80

swelling around.............. 108
Throwing, or casting a horse..173, 350
TL PLUSH sissy esine ceded ssvicgn sa go saetedewe tees IOI

in the feet seed BTS
Thumps, or hiccoughs.............004 94
Thyroid gland, enlargement of the 108
TOG; S€Od Yiecsciscsawaisisevineeectandiiees 305
Tongue, hanging from the mouth 102
inflammation of the...... IOI
Toothache.......0. seccessessssereseseaees 99
Trachea, the windpipe or............. 48
Tracheotomy scissscsiscsesseccseerseces 356
Training, best methods of............ 14
first lessons .... 0.0.00... 14

halter breaking............ 15

harnessing and driving.. 18
how to break wild and

vicious colts ............6 2
how to make a horse
come at command...... 24

how to make animal get

up that throws himself 26
how to mount the colt... 20
how to proceed with

BEG Eiisseccsssiuasseovgssacs 16
how to ride the collt...... 20
how to saddle-break the

COltiecssssegsoteeceecestveess 1g
how to use a stubborn

horse in breaking...... 23
learning to lead............ 16

lessons in sound signals. 17
teaching colt to drive
before harnessed.......... 17
to break a horse of rear-
ing under saddle or
before a carriage......, 25
INDEX 795

Training,to make a colt come..... 16 | Vices, kicking while eating grain 327

to make a horse stand pulling and breaking halter 328
still without hitching. 25 wasting graim .....ssseceeeeere $27

to stand while getting Vicious colts, how to break......... 21
into a carriage.......... 25

Tubes, bronchial, and air cells..... 48
Tumor of an artery. ..ccccececceeeeeeeee

of the nostril, small
Tumors and their removal

  
 
 
 
 
  

      
  

 

black pigment..... Me aka
in the rectum.............0.65 on the teats.......ccsceccseereeeee
of the cord Water in the chest
ocala duet ace seieaits and watering ees
ne or ree een PATCH weeeeesesseeeseeerereetseetees
Be ee tide terra Weakness in legs of young foals... 172
Weed in the leg..........::eseeseeeeeees 230
White lotion.......... sateen 203
Wits sss ccsbsacasessedtcennatittemionssnes I50
Whistling, roaring and.............. 83
Wild and vicious colts, to break... 21

Ulceration of a bone.............- ss Wind colic
Umbilical cord, the.... fe
Ureters, the.......ccecccceeeseeeseereeeeee

 
 
 
 
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

Urethra, obstruction of.............+
stricture of the
tHE ia. suinnseoaeee
Urinary organs, the... sees Womb, eversion of the.........1+
Urine, DIOOdy..........eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 139 inflammation of the......... 164
dribbling of the ........--.+ 139 rupture of the ...... sss 163
the «0. eeeereee eres etter eetee eters 49 tHE i ai v.doseesaskensense eee Sane’ 52
Uterus or womb, the..........-2.:226+ 52 | Worm in the eye I9I
Urticaria. ....cecceceeeeereeccrees eee ensen ces 207 Worms, long, TOUDG. ....ccecececeeeceee 128
‘ Pil... .eeeeeseees susvenvvess 129
Vagina, eversion of the...........-++-+ 160 tape 129
inflammation of the........ 164 Wound, inflammation of a........... 264
rupture of the.....-+.-+----- 163 Wounds about the nostril............ 78
te vecsccdewsan neces cscceenins otet 53 and their treatment........ ‘abo
Variola, equine........--sessscerrerrree 193 Tash ieell cs cout une sea
Vein, inflammation OF Aiwsiewsguasnvse 239 general treatment of all. 262
Veins, .ccccccceecceneceeeeeeneceeeesnanenenes 39 Poet cca cbs
Vertigo.....cccccscccrscecesereerreesesesenm 218 Teco bal sucs oes —
Veasels, the capillary.......----ss-++ 39 dodewof heading 264
Vices, how to break Of. ....--++++++++ 327 penetrating wallsof chest 95
Dalking ...eccceeceeeserereeeeees 328 Tou tae andes 262
cribbing and wind-sucking 328
gnawing manger, etc.....--. 327 | Yellows ....s-sessrerssssesesssenensessesens 131
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

796 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR
CATTLE

Abdomen, wounds of the......... eee 398 | Bloody flax... ccccee ceeceeee teens
Abomasum, inflammation of the... 388 milk
Abortion and premature birth...... 442 urine

CONLAQIOUS.....ceeceeeevseeees 505) | Blue Milkia..csiscscessessesscsssveviesesee
Abscess of the ear ss Bones, fractured.............ccceeeeseees 471
ADSCESSES.....seeveserensseresnseceeseeeess Bowels, inflammation of the........ 393
ACtinOMyYCOSiS .......ssseseeseeereeeeeeee or intestines, the............ 361
Action of remedies in cattle. Brain, concussion of the............. 495
After-birth, removing-.............666 421 congestion of the............. 494
After-pains, prolonged.............++ 420 inflammation of the......... 496
Air under the skin from a wound, 476 | Breathing organs, the... 361
Albumen in the urine............cc0 (ATO | Bronchitis ..........cccceceseeeseesteeeeee 369
Albumenuria ALATA henecesseeiectesssdoue 369
Amaurosis........0+ Buffalo gnat, the...........:.cccceeeeeee 485
ANSP ML Aiscoacdeaesan deacon qledevevensaeavens Bull, genital organs of thie........... 362
Anatomy of cattle.....ceeeeeeees 358 How to ring ......... sec eceeeseceee 536
Anthrax vee to disinfect. siccs csecceiessesseoes 506
Antidotes, poisons and ...........0008 536 | Bulls, barrenness in............ eee 444
APOPleXy .iccesecceccessccseeeeeeseeanees 494 castration Of ...........ceseeeeee 457

rigs or ridgling..............4 458

Apparatus cveresscorssccaceresssvareseass 647 | Burns and scalds................eeeeeeee 488
Appetite, depraved........-s.sssee 392 | Ceesarian operation...........0cceees 541
ASCHES esiisstacgavndaas seeaseosascotaeisaines 395 | Caleuli
Back, fracture of the bones of the.. 472 | Calf, to tell when cow is with...... 414
Balls, or concretions, in stomach.. 387 | Calves, castration Of.......cc.cceseceees
Bandages.c. crvancscesesnessrasteons ses cents constipation in
Barrenness in cows and bulls gangrene in mouth of...... 377

   

Birth, premature
Bites and stings of insects...

Black-leg—black quarter ............
Bladder, gravel and stone in........ 413
inflammation of the....... 413

 

 

indigestion in... 451
inflammation of joints in.. 450
suspended breathing in..... 447

white scours ith... eeeeee 452
Calving and diseases attendant..... 414
closure of neck of womb 419

dropsy of womb before... 417

paralysis before............. 418
paralysis, or palsy, after.. 419
SIGNS OEy ssssuigevacsve Seezeeans 415
troubles met with in...... 415
Cancer in the €Y€........ceccessseeeeeeee 466
Caps on the teeth... ccceeeee 375
Caries, or decayed, teeth............. 375

Castration of bulls and calves...... 457
 

INDEX 797
Parirect Of the: eve sisesssssvis-cessess 464 | Disease of the spleen..............0. 407
Catarrh, gastric anes ae wslenaue aoe on tates 452 other indication of......... 364
malignant ded bediavieiseinneses ies 365 | Diseases of the blood, general...... 528
or cold in the head......... 365 digestive organs... 373
Catarrhal conjunctivitis .

 

Cattle, anatomy of.........ccc.cceeeeee

the action of remedies in...
Chapped teats
Charbon ie
Cheeks: the@wesevcessssteassin wouietice:

  
 
 
 

Cleaning, removing

421
Closure of neck of womb at calving 419

Cold in the head, catarrh or......... 365
COLCA Wateos: cwinentacsiiieciaes asda 392
Concussion of the brain......... - 495

Congestion of the brain...

 

 

 

 

of the liver... 405

Contagious abortion............cceeeee 505
diseases of cattle........ 505

CCZOMIA + secedsiteicecessiccdians 511
pleuro-pneumonia...... 507
Conjunctivitis, catarrhal............. 460
Constipation .....ccceccceressceeees 396
in Calves. .......cceeeeeees 451

Contusions on the lips 373
Cornea, inflammation of the........ 461
ulcer of the..........csseeceeee 462
Corneitis .........ceccee scenes . 461
Cornstalk diseases. 499
Cow, genital organs of the........... 362
how to tell when with calf.... 414

POK eee cceceeeeeeeeeee sees se neeentens 526
Cows, barrenness in............+ wee 444
Cud, losing the ........s:eseeecereeeeeees 379
Cuts and injuries to the teats....... 441
Cystitis ....cccccccceceeeeeeeereeseseeesenens 413
Decayed teeth........e:ccsseeeeeeeerens 375

537
408

Dehorning...........-0++
Diabetes insipidus

  

 

Diarrhea or scours 452
Digestion, the organs Of ...-....-.--- 359
Disease, cornstalk see 499

foot and mouth.............. 5II

of cartilage of the ear..... 470

 

 

generative organs
of the bull.........
heart and blood
vessels...........26 403

454

liver and spleen... 405
nervous system..... 494
respiratory organs 365

SAM ties hieddesteers 478

urinary organs ..... 408

young calves........... 447
Dislocation of the eyeball............ 466
Dren ching iasceiseiceseoncssasesececiesivans 542
Dropsy of the belly.........scccceeeeee 395

womb beforecalving 417

 

 

 
  
 

diseases of cartilage of the.... 470

foreign bodies in the............ 469

inflammation of the internal.. 468
Ears, torn or lacerated. ...........065 470
Eczema, acute and chronic ......... 478

CONTAGIOUS ........eseeeeeeeee 511

Electric shock
Encephalitis............s:::seeeeseseeeees
Enlargement of the hae saat
Enteritis
Enuresis igs vee
Epilepsy.......ssescceeceesessseeeeseeseeees
Erysipelas ........s:sccccesesssseeseseees

Eversion of the eyelids

Eye, cancer in the........sceceesreeee
cataract of the..........::cseeeee
foreign substances in the...... 465
inflammation of the............ 459

Eyeball, dislocation of the ........ 466

Eyelids, eversion of the.......+0 465
798

THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

Eyelids, injuries to the.....
inversion of the

  
 
  
 
  

Feet, soreness of the.........csseceeeee 491

Fever, milk...........eeeeee oe
Pllerperal ...... ccsssesseeeesere
southern cattle..............0+ 508

Fistula of the foot...
teat...

Flooding
Fluke disease..
Fly, horn
Foot and mouth disease.............4 511
foil in the........cscscssesseevees x
fistula of the.....

   

Foreign bodies in the ear
substances in the eye...... 465

Foul in the foot..........cccssceereceeees 492
POM eR: j/.c5: scsi leatenensesesasientires 49°
Fracture of the bones above and
below stifle joint............cccceee 475
Fracture of the bones below knee
and: Hock isisesssoveseesssisesoe edison 474

Fracture of the bones of the back. 472

hip... 473
neck. 472

lower jaw..

  

shoulder blade or
shoulder bone... 474
Fractured bones, wounds, sprains
of joints and tendons
Frost Dite.c..sssssevsssacsote acne
Fungus haematodes...........ccceeeee

 

Gangrene of the mouth in young

CALVES cn .iscanssedsrviedasanvonesdeasn’s «377
GALE etic cescetiesitesanes seesevuinanveve aedeive's 435
Gelati Onis snassesssagecceanespnesatessiasics 469
General diseases of the blood....... 528

Genital organs of the bull, the..... 362
Genital organs of the cow, the..... 362

 

 

Gestation, the period of............... 415

 

Glands, the salivary........... seve 359
GIOSSIES sss ccucnnosigastavassecuawesieotans 376
Gnat, the buffalo... eee ee 485
GOnOrrhe a. vevaseteucsctcsassarsaceamecie’ 456
Gravel and stone in the bladder... 413
Growths on the skin... eee 488
Grub in the skin 2... ee eeeeeeeee 486
Gullet, the pharynx OF..........0..c00e 359
Haemiaturia .v.cccsercosvessecvoases 409, 533
Hair, binder twine balls, or con-
CLCLIONS teassesicsdeeseeaveinssesiesadeane 387
Haw, inflammation of the..... . 467

 
 

Haemorrhagic septiczemia ...........
Hemorrhage, flooding, or uterine 420

    
  

 

Fle patitis sis. ssvedsasesseevesuanuazatessaae
Heart, diseases of the..........sccc000
Hernia, or rupture... ee
inguinal
scrotal
umbilical, or navel...
VOI tral vac devnevesienusaavesvevaevis
Hind quarters, paralysis of the.... 418
Hip, fracture of bones of the........ 473
FIP Ped si5. pc noatadervarietieitivesedassein 473
Hollow horn.........c. cecseceeeeee wee 534
Hoof, loss of..........066 éssavevex: AQT
Hoose or husk 369
Horn Fly........... ee ewteieend A405
TONE inn cco spe necnusanedeadantwecetie sa 380
Hydrophobia ............csseeeeeeeeeeeeee 526
Hydrothorax (water in the chest) 372
Impaction of the manyplies......... 384
rumen,orpaunch 382
Incontinence of the urine............ 412
Indications of disease..............0044 364
Indigestion, chronic.............:0c000 386
in young calves........ 451
sub-acute.........eeeeeeee 385
Inflammation of the abomasum..... 388
lining of belly
cavity......... 394
bladder......... 413
bowels.......... 393
INDEX

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

799
Endammation: of the cornea........ 461 | Liver, congestion of the............... 405
internal ear... 468 inflammation of the........... 406
CV Cis steraceusg 459
haw... 467
jointsincalves 450 | Lock-jaw.........sscscsesesssessseteesees
kidneys sities 408 | Loss of cud......
Livers. ,.sccsseees 406 hoof... ,
lungs teeeeeereees G70° |, TAM DATA W ssc cscseemsscanancinincdesadohens
milk bag or Lumps in the milk passage ......... 437
udder......... 435 on the jaw bone............. 376
navel urine .
duct.....c8 449 Maggots in neglected wounds...... 477
pericardium .. 403 Malignant catarrh..............csc006 365
testicles......... sore throat...........eeee 368
tongue ......... Malpresentation Ms
udder............ Mammary glands.........cccccsseceoeees 362
urethra......... Maminitis: ssscecr cusses ates suissncesanesaaeg 435
vagina... MATS... sscicisasaatdenscectinoesaybuatasacnss 483
veins...... Manyplies, impaction of the........ 384
WOUD ooccecceece Maw-boungd........ccesceccceeeesereeeeuee 384
Injuries to the eyelids............0.. Meconium, retention of the......... 451
sheath and penis......... 455 | Medicine, giving
Injury, lumps on jaw bone from... 376 Medicines, list of
Insects, bites and stings of........... 487 Metritis
TyStruments. ninsississsnacsvooantasessans 645 | Milk, bloody
Intestinal WOrMs.........cceeseseeeeoees 397 blue
Intestines, the bowels or............+ 361 fever ‘
Inversion of the eyelids............... 465 ett lumps in the
Irregularities of the teeth............ 374 Milking tube, passing the
Jaundice sass seoad des sesssssereveeceanennens 495 | Navel, bleeding from the
Jaw, actinomyeosis:of sn SEF TUPLUTE.......cseeeeereereeeeeeeees 401
fracture Of the..........ceeceeceee 472 urine discharged through. 448
Jaw-bone, lumps on the............++ 376 Navel urine duct, inflammation of. 449
Joimt-ill ......cceee ceseeeeeteeeeeetreseeene 45° | Neck, fracture of the bones of the 472
Knee, fracture of the bones below 474 Nephritis...... Dueies seissne-veomeamndsotnnee 408
Kidneys, inflammation of the...... 4o8 | Nymphomamia ......s-e-sseeeeees 446
Lacerated €ars ....cecrecscseeeereseeeees 470 | Off feed .......sececceeesteereereretteeeees
Laminitis........:sceccesseeneeersserse neces 490 | Operation, Czesarian ...
Laryngitis, sore throat.........s-+ 367 | Operations......sseeeretererrreeesrees
Leucorrhea....sccreeesseeseesereesereanees Ophthalmia, simple .......ceceeeeeeeees
Lice on cattle.......cssseesesseeeceeeeeees specific... *
Lightning stroke Organs of digestion dpvenvacaeanss Hessen
Lip, the upper......++-- respiratory or breathing.. 361
the urinary... scccccceeeseee 362

Lips, wounds and contusions of... 373
THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

 

Palate, the Soft...........sccsscsssceeenes 359
Pancreas, the dig
Paralysis) sscavescossvueiiatuvseneeseangions
of the hindquarters....... 418
or palsy, after calving... 419

 

  

Parturient apoplexy... 431
PArturitlOMN: ssccrsecvesecswness 414
symptoms of 415

Passage from the womb, turning
OUEOP THE siacensacsssannaeicsecsettoes 423

Passage out from the womb, rup-
GUTEOL HHO iccasacassicsewsgaparticncvvase 421
Passing the milking tube............ 438

Paunch, impaction of rumen or... 382

 
 
 
  

 

 

tapping the rumen or...... 539

Penis, injuries to the.......s.cseeeee 455

AN ei cceanidsicacepeemsencaasentanee 362
Pericarditisiscccsiscesseasrecsiweasenes ss 403
Pericardium, inflammation of the. 403
Period of gestation..........c..ccceeee AI5
PEFILODILS A scssvenvrnteronsoeeaneuesetene 394
Pharynx, or gullet, the 359
Phiebitis 404
PlCAispaccsacstecmmens 392
Plethora............ ae 528
PIGUEISY sc soe25 iizsds cdueniageeaeoasncaadeaes 371
Pleuro-pneumonia ........cccseseeeeeee 507
Pneumonia
Poisons and antidotes
ROX: COWsbxsiesuatereerresdinw tte edna 526
Pricks and wounds... +
PLESCH PONS sscrccawsnadianerrimenededus
Prolonged after-pains...
Puerperal fever ssssiesessaveceisaearieves 428
Pull SOs cs sinsvveshiedeavenseineetgess cress 364
Purpura hemorrhagica
Pyeemia
QMar CER Wake ashe cectes seedensanachoenee 516
IREDIES aiiatncussnacsterssncceianwaeoeeseseten 526
Red) Waterisiss ssiesasainaiieaevenasessacsse 533
Remastication cvsccsasscrssseredsinesess 379

 

Remedies in cattle, the action of.. 363
Removing after-birth, or cleaning 421
Respiration..........6Gecnd csssseesereeee 304
Respiratory or breathing organs... 361

 

  

Retention of the meconium......... 451

see 4II
Rheumatism wee 529
Ribs, fracture of the. ............::008 473
Rigs, or ridgling bulls ....... ate toaie5 458
RANGING HULLS 5. .isivecsenvineveecoeaersses 536
RIN S= WOM wssssiacnsene svadssearwmacnses 482
Rumen, impaction of the. s+» 382
RUMECH OOM iscosscssese scree. cspe cede 539
Rupture, or hernia...........: eee 399

of the womb, or vagina., 421

  

 

Salivary glands, the... eee 359
Salivation, slavering or...... .. dee BA
Scab in cattle......... seve 483
SCAIS ccc secenevectocoosuscess -. 488
Scours, diarrhea or ..........scseseeeeee 389
Infections. .ccensessisseseaver sien 453

in calves, white ......, 0... 452

Screw wornis in wounds nae AGT
Scrotal hernia... + 403
SepuycHe iad ws. scsesisnesscssccvsaccsserezen 531
heemorrhagic............ 518

Sheath, injuries to the.......... ++ 455

  

swelling of point of......... 458

Stone in the... eeeeeee 458
Shock, electric ........c.cccccsseeseeeeee 503,
Shoulder blade or shoulder bone,
Fracture: Of vwsisisseterantesiececeseed 474
Skin, air under...........ccescceeeceeees 476
CISEASES! avsasidctvcnaten ods egsvesiee 478
STUD T/T) va cis edsscensseiadesdienes 486
warts and small growths on.. 488
Slavering or salivation.. .............. 374
Stake DICES sscsceisesee sep evi sey seessiosens 487
SOre teats. scss ec sessbicccougtasnauon ved 440
Throats sscsccweeasiecsoswaveaserecasce 367
malignant... 368
Southern cattle fever... 508
Spanish, or splenic fever............. 508

Spavin in cattle se8
SPA Vi S cass pe satiaasunnsiavicnrsavesdvae’

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

  
 

 

    

 

INDEX Bor
eplcety ope OF thE ose eeseeseee 407 | Tongue, inflammation of the........ 376
‘ Conceeveearbeeenens pabegeatncerss 361 PG cin cakeesarernseobanauunves 359
Sprains cs, 4 asi iencnuecesareieres A976 | Torn arsias caviscentectermeteevecesdiwsss 470
Troubles met with in calving....... 415
ras Tuberculin test, the... aaaucaentees
Stifle joint, fracture of bones above Tuberculosis...........4. edits
; and below sev cee'd dedderclssgreavaebtesis 475 | TUMors ...scccssecssseceeseecsseneeresesees 489
Stifle Out im cattle... econ 475 | Turning out of the vagina or pas-
Stings of imsects....... eee 487 sage from womb .............5. seve 423
Stomach, balls, or concretions, in 387 | Tympamites ............ cceceeeeeeeeees 380
impaction of third........ 384 ;
inflammation of fourth.. 388 Udder, inflammation of the 435
PELE, cisrvacesietanniersietneasosen 360 or bag, thenessesesseesvess 362
Stomatitis, gangrenous.... 377 Uleer of the COrmea.......seeeeeeeseeeee 462
Stone in the bladder.............:006 413 Umbilical, or navel, hernia.......... 401
Sea net ieee 458 Ureerma .se.sseeeeee sua iewensientsesdertr sind 531
Stricture of duct at base of teat.... 442 Urethra, inflammation of the. ..... 456
Stringy Mik... eee eee 439 Urinary (0) 424: 6: eee 362
Stroke, lightning ...........:ce cece oq | Unation, profuse... ++ 408
Sub-acute indigestion............005 385 | Dame: albumen in...-.....- seve ATO
GunistrOk€ vsicnesvenseaseiaeativevonsives 500 bloody. ipeieeenseeeian eres} 409
Suspended breathing in calves..... 447 discharged through navel. 448
Surturessccyosaccs.ceseseensdior tueeet saath 541 iiicefiumertee of the........... 412
Swelling of point of sheath ......... 458 retention of the a sevateeeeois ease 41
Urine duct, inflammation of navel 449
Tapping the belly........ 0... eee 538 Vagina, eversion of the... 423
bladder of ox or bull 539 inflammation of the........ 426
CHESt...ce eee cece eeeee eee 538 rupture of
paunch, or rumen... 539 | Vaginitis .......--.eee
Teat, fistula of the...... eesti 441 | Waviola vaccine? ..siciwianee
stricture of duct in the........ 442 | Vomiting......ccccceeeeceereseteteeeee
Teats, chapped OF SOTE.......eeeeeeree 440 | Veins, inflammation of the ......... 4o4
cuts and injuries to the...... 441
warts OM the......cesceeeeseeeers 440 | Warbles.......s0 scscceererecceteresreneess 486
Teeth, caps on the ........ ... 375 | Warts, and small growths on skin 488
(caries) decayed ........-++ 375 on the teats... eereeeeee 440
irregularities of the........... 374 | Water in the chest .....-ssereees 372
lumps on jaw bone from the 376 | Wens from wounds and blows...... 477
the. ..cceccceeecnserereee cere eeeenens 359 | White scours in CALVES wo... cee cee 452
Temperature... vase 364. | Whites .....cscereecresersereetessssr scons 429
Test for tuberculosis.........--:e+ 522 | Wolf in the tail, sccesesderieesniaeaeceas 534
points in making 523 Womb, closure of neck of........-. 419
Testicles, inflammation of the ..... 454 dropsy of the.....-s.ere 417
the sivcnseciinracineres es 362 eversion Of the .....-+++10+ 424
VOLATIUS ooeeeeereee cereretereeeneseeeaeees 501 inflammation of the......... 427
Texas fEver...sceceieccccre cerstertieners 508 or calf bed turned out, the 424

61
302 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

 

Womb, rupture of the .............05 421 | Wounds, maggots in neglected..... 477
THE eeoivesessic as sacuaeaeeme es 362 of all kinds......0...cccceeeee
Worms, intestinal..............066 outa 397 pricks and..........ccceeeseeee
in the liver ....cccs:scce.seeee 407 screw worms in
Wound, air under the skin from a 476 wens from.........seseeeeceens
Woundsand contusions of the lips 373
in the abdomen............. 398 | Yellows, or jaundice.............0.... 405

SHEEP

 

 

  

After-birth, retention of, see........ 569 | Fluke disease............sccseeeceseeee oe 559

Age, loss of teeth from ............... 551 | Foot rot 2

Apoplexy......ccccececeeeceeee ce nesee neces 545 swollen

A PPAPAlUS ccccdsdeincreancniciacrsmiondies 647 | Foreign substances lodged in teeth 550

Biplex canal, disease of............... 564 scesiaa foot

Bloating oo. wwsosdeccosnesverasaocasauorssene Bob ese es ee pie eee

Bowels, inflammation of the........ 554 | Garget.w. eee cue eeearaues 570

Brain, hydatids on the............... 544 | Grubs in the head... eeeeeeeeee 560

inflammation of the..........

Brow ee ae 548 Head, swelled... eee e seers 545
HOVE Riess cccstncanscretocdamincaiudeaute 551
Hydatids on the brain...........0..... 544

Hydrophobia, or rabies............... 547

Impaction of the rumen, or paunch 552

Catarrh, distemper or epizootic... 543 Inflammation of the bowels Seveneains 554
or cold in the head........ 543 braitt ........++. 545
Choke lings. siccvssscedsyanesesveriavevssces 551 CUES seesescacine 547
Cleaning, or placenta not coming lungs oStesaceht 549
WAY texcciawcctveheenent vaseetessouies 569 testicles....... 565
COLIC ssacvsaveterrseenneviseaceeesiaatecianes 553 udder........... 97°
Constipation in young lambs....... 571 TnStruments srceicaccdeseascrasenacesenees 645
Diath éaeiccsicsin sie hae os oases 557 Lambing...ssserceseesesseeee Sega 568
in young lambs............. 572 eons met with de... 508
Disease of the biplex canal........... 564 Lambs, castrating. seeseeeceaeeseneeeaes 567
Diseases of young lambs.............. 571 oe ation AA Sees apr ase 97!
Distemper, or epizodtic catarrh .... 543 HATTA? TH, MOUNE Soectsc sts 572
DOCG ca cisswsabenvssccs de caiecesacassseea 567 diseases of young eeewanerds 7t
DY SEULELY voice saane'siniedsinn sag suniierisvlaveanys 558 weakness in young......... s7t
Lock-jaw (tetanus) vcccccccccccsres
Eyes, inflammation of the........... 547

Maggots from blow flies
Milk-bag (see udder)...
Flies, maggots from blow............ 562 | Medicines, list Of.........cscccceeeeen oe

Eversion of the womb,or lamb bed 569

 

 
 

 

 

  

INDEX 503
Nodular disease ..........cceseeseeeeers SGP |! Stretehes). cn avecdeaeaesenreeaieereees 5 53
Ophthalmia.....c.ccccccccscccseseceeceees 547 Swelled head ..........ccccceseeseseeee ees 545
Paralysis, or palsy.cessecssescesseseees 546 Tape WOrims ........ceeceeeeeceeeeeeeees 556
Pelt-rot (see ‘Wool Falling from Teeth, substances lodged in the... 550
SHES )iessssveus vesecusecaneesexeeaecs 562 JOSS Of ...esssecseeseeesseesssees
Placenta not coming away........... 569 shedding Ce
PUEUMONIG se502 yess eeevawaniwrigeencesuves 549 Testicles, dnt tiom OF CBee 565
Prescriptions....c.ccccscsesessveseeeseeee 670 TACKS siceawsnns iataise wicveas eesaae amend see
Tympanites
Rams, castrating...........cccseseseeee 566 ‘ i
Rot, or liver fluke............c..cceeees 559 vee econ pee ertotie
Rumen, or paunch, impaction of 552 Wool, falling from sheep.........066 502
Worms, intestinal (see ‘‘ Nodular
Scab sssesesenesenenesesaeeeeeneseunenen nee 560 disease’) c.ssciscsescoaseas 557
lime and sulphur dip for ..... 561 StOMACH: sisciscs.ccncseeseeeres 5E5
Sore throativcescersesi. civeactescseecouees 547 CAPO... ceecereceeesecesceeeneseetes 556
Sprains, strains, and bruises........ 565 | Womb, eversion of the ..........ce00 569

SWINE

 
 

APOPlexy...ecceccesereersteeecreceeeeeaeees 580
Apparatus .......ceeeeeereeeeewesereeeeeres 647
Black teeth in young pigs .........4 590
Blind staggers ...ccccsscsseceeeesseeeeese 580
Bowel, turning out of the back..... 584
Castration ..........ccceccerseeserseneerens 588
CHOKINg.....ceeeeceeeeseeceneeetenseeeeeens 581
Common diseases of swine........... 578
COVA Se ec steal ncatdvaeamesawlevsavor seoiare 581
Congestion of the brain .............. 580
Constipation .......::eeereeeeeeseeeneee oe 583
Diarrhea .......-.ccssceceeneecereneeerecees 583
Disinfectants and disinfection...... 573
Farrowing..... Santee recess 5QT
Fever in SOWS.......+ 593

TUNG. cece ese eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 578

Fits in young pigs from worms ...
Founder, or sore feet
Fracture of a leg.......++++

 

Hog cholera and swine plague....« 574

 

Hog cholera, measures of preven

PGE sac cg ies eicienes 577

NOLES OD ....eeceecee eevee 576

Indigestion, acute.........seseeeereee 581
ChrOMICss s:asesseaesaesicis 582
Inflammation of the lungs........... 578

milk glands. 593

Instruments.......-seceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Leg, fracture of a.....

 

 
  

Mange or Scab.......scsssssseseeeseeeees 586
Medicine, ways of giving .......... 573
Medicines, list Of........s0:00: cooeeeere 653
Milk glands, inflammation of the. 593
Paralysis v...cccecceeeseseeeesseseseesttnees 589
Prescriptions ........ iWenntigsinas 670
Pig, how to ring...... ee 597
Pig-bed turned Out... 594
Pigging—farrowing «....eeesereeesereee 591
Pneumonia. oo. .eecerseceecesereeees secee 578

 

Quinsy
 

 

  
 

 

 

 

  
 

 

 

  

804 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR
Rectum, turning out of the......... 584 | Teeth, black, in young pigs......... 590
Rheumatism.............0.ccceeeee see eenes 590 | Thumps... sesseeeesseees 596
RINQing Pgs... reer ceeeeererereerees 597 | Tonsils, ‘efimaimation of ie sesciias 579
SCA eco naming ons ceendsncaniacinasiaeuminmnts ie oT J
SHUMES sys nehatovicowtiwsaiaosieuniares WAYS HE TIECICILE PO:WAne B73
Sore feet Womb, eversion of the............. 594.
throatiscenssanisasaaeveracecte sense 579 inflammation of the........ 595
Stag gers vcncversiseect conde tottaen 580 | WOTMS...... eee. ceeeeeeeene 585
Stunted, or chronic indigestion... 582 fits fects
Swine plague.....csecccsesereverseseeees 574 | Wounds
POULTRY
APOPlery isiinccessenariieraasateasccces Poultry house, a ten dollar.......... 621
Apparatus HOUSES ...eeeeeeseeeeesseeeeeeee es 610
Black head COLONIES «0.2.2... eeeeee 621
Bronchitis drinking fountains 618
Canker 5 scscisiieutidanedeeagiiadsessiavereee feed troughs 618
Catarrh, or cold fittings .......... 614
contagious.... floor... 615
Cholera, chicken...........ccccesseeeeee MESES. »..+-+00. 614
COGPS sence ssa seteasmtamlenaruidsinanesdens eae ces 614
Congestion of the brain.... good plans cihaiteesi2sicine 615
Crop bound .......ccc ese ceeeeeeeeee IDEA TEUGINS: BELnG:
“ tesa LULES sseevessiivesexe, 613
Croup (see ‘‘Bronchitis’’)............ 599 preferable condi.
Diarrhea. scsies ct encase cate ra reaneaensas OT Soc code eseeade 611
Diet, articles of poultry... space allowed........ 616
Diphtheria wb. gthaine seeteneeeesesesnesanens unused buildings... 612
Drinking fountains...............cceeee ventilation............ 617
Feed troughs ..........cccessseseenecsnens PONIES 5. vcdsssoescrsiseees
GaPeSe disds tence rea seueretiduansinatons Prescriptions... .ecesereecesssees cesses
Inflammation of the intestine and Ranging of fowls...
liver, contagious...........sceee 608 | Rheumatism..........
Inflammation of the egg passage. 606 ROU s sve dsceusceis'sedasdaeqenesmsseanmenns
TAStrumien tS iccscdsiuse cacsantetevawenccne 645, i Sally VES S ssvcnmcsvecgurvncdseeiweavenecces
Leg weakness.......ccssseeeeesereerees 608 | Spider, hen (see ‘‘Lice”’)... »- 606
TACE scvins tunentes soanceenaudateancotanced gS 606 | Tape worms (see ‘‘Worms’’)....... 607
Medicines, list of........ssecccccceeeeeee 653 | Turkeys, black head in, see ........ 608
Pip isnesenicanysinanscsetvesersnaarsacsieuwenne, 603
Poultry COOPS..soesseseesererscesereseeney 625

 

 
Abscesses and tumors............00008
Antidotes, poisons and.
Apparatus

Bowels, inflammation of the ........
Breeding and littering

Ear, canker of the...........ssseeeeeees
Exercise and grooming
EYyeS, SOF€....e000

 

     
  

 

805

DOG

645
629
637

 

Littering, breeding and . 642
Lung diseases.......cscccceceeeeererneeees 631
Mange......eecccescereeeereereee seeeeeeees 635
Medicines, list Of...........::eseeeeeeeee 653
Neck, swelled... .....cccceeeceeceeeneee 633
Paralysis .......s.ccsesseeceeeesseeeen seems 639
Parturition (see ‘‘Littering’’)...... 642
Poisons and antidotes ..........cessee 643
Prescriptions.........cc:ecceeseereseeeeees 670
Rheumatism .........cceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees 638

 

Ringworm

 

   

 

 

Round worms (see ‘“Worms’’)...... 634
FitS.. ssecccresecnusaee nenideerseenisesutdcvinses
PLCAS icc oeex eiaeis eee dees nee SOLE CYES...eseeeeeereeeetseeeeteeseeeer ees 637
Food for grown dogs.......cec Suitfeit! cciiecnnearacesenes ceveacccaeasans dees 641
Food for puppies.........-ceeeeereeeees Tails, how to cut puppies’ .......... 643
Fractures and wounds...........:+++% Tapeworms (see ‘‘Worms’’)........ 634
Goitre, or swelled neck..........-..+5 633 | TUMOLS ones secsesesesessesseeeeceteresens 641
Gonorrhea. ......ssresseerseseseresrerseies 643 | Wornts......cceccecseereesre reece ceieneaes 634
Hydrophobia—rabies.....+..-++ee0+ 640 | Wounds ........:eseeesererseseeesrnseeeeees 641
MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT
Apparatus .....scccessreerereerrrrtrrtes 647 | Condition powders, general......... 674
drenching bottle .... 647 | Corrosive sublimate solution
hobbles .. 647 (1000 tO I) ssseeseeesetereereresseseetes 672
probang 648 | Cough mixture (2) 673
SHMQS. ...ceeeeeeeseeereeeeteetaces 647 674
sponges 648 | Fluid extracts... 654
spring-ring ‘‘bull dog’’....-- 648 | Hoof ointment... rere: 674
twist, ds..sseeeeeeserseeceeeeereeee® 648 | Instrument outfit, a cheap and
Blister, cantharides, or fly......---+ 671 practical....cccecece trees 646
combination 671 | Instruments

 

Distoury ...eeeeeeeeeeeeeeescreeees 645
Catheter s.sccceseeereeceseceneeeees 645
 

   
 
    
 
   

 

 

 

806 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

firing-iron Medicines, action and dose.......... 653
forceps ........ alphabetic list of.... 655-669
needles........ some forms Of............. 654
probang ...... Oil, Warbola ted iccediiosesnnsansctaonss 671
probe aera esac eee e cette ere eeseeeeeeree Ointment, benzoated oxide of zinc 672
SCal Pel sssicscecidevsnraayensrareans 645 Teot eee ee. 674
SCISSOTS.. ..eeeseeeseee jodine .......606 672
seton needle ;

: . Physic drench for cattle 674
shoeing, or frog knife......... oe ce Sail for horses, Gra
SVTINS OS). sesseonaventncen OSs tegen 46 | powder Bitisendhéslinge a
PLOCAL isin taveseancedenecnancemneess

il POWERS «ssssssscncsvsncsssassscvevesnunenes 654
vepell Prescriptions. .w.nsictsviceneene

Viniment; acidicsnscesseassnecinestascts ee ax RYO
Wie ieschcenceeteagsensexinss Table of apothecaries’ weight...... 655
modified... liquid measure 655
Lotion, carbolic.... a comparative weight and
CEEOL... sec esescerereesvenees TMEASUTE «00 0seeeeeeeeeesen 655
OVEN) svccechcsansn ldiocd? proportionate dose for
soothing all animals

   

white

 

PRACTICAL RECIPES FROM FARMERS

REMEDIES FOR HORSES
Black oil for man and beast, Frost's 688

 

 

 

BI OAHIHG:..acstscsnsaescavieceajaageusanees
Blood purifier
Bog’ Spa viltin: ce segas cthiencticeiceeaye
BOtSrecaicsasieniidaw cteuesshdicoknrdeddaeas
Bowels, inflammation of the........ 676
Bruises ......cceeeesee eee 691, 692, 696, 703
OF HLEASticisccsoreweresenrerainne 677
BunChes scse<csecicnesaasrwewssasesas 695, 698
Castration, bleeding from............ 677
Catarrh int head ssccscscusassessavevess 677
Colic (17). ..ccccseeeeeees 677, 678, 679, 680
CLAMP oa jou szsouesespasaasieaseacrs 680
spasmodic (3) ......seseees 680, 681
Colic, wind or flatulent 681
Collar. pall sis ccsseexennesesseseses ve. 681
scald under ..........:: cc cceeeee 681
Condition powders (3)... 681, 682
Condition, torsccrcrisovrcssegseeas Suedsnaye 681

 

 

 

COUSD sisseceedsawwinn oueaeernemneieeed te
Cracked heels
CURD teas sas ca cdinnaneomnnsnanedanenney
Cuts (8)
Diarrhea in young foals............... 684
Distemper or strangles (6)...... 684, 685
Eyes, inflammation of the (2)...... 686
Hare y? (2) ccaidisiadevsenstinnnsy phen seukeen 686
Fistula .s.iw sans cue sevorinamenenraverivs 686, 700
Hoitider (5) saisvawigeuaeaseesseneos 687, 688
Gals sintcossises sonieescunnansasseeyatayiites 688

COM AL sccssins: sivxeunecdsnen deceenst 681
Grease heel (3)

LOS iis Panendiy vadavetancuduizeeises

2 ointment for.
Reaves (3) esse ciesssd canes
Hoof bound

Ointment (2)... ceceeeeeeeeeee 691
Horses, to keep in health..... ...... 675

Indigestion, acute (2).........:.c006 691
 

 

 

 

 
 
   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

INDEX 807
TACO isis seuen oxy maregeaceresmnane eran cauans 691 | Cattle, suggestion for care ........ 705
Liniment for ring bone, bunches, to keep in health............. 705
stiff joints, etc......... 695 | Choking (6) ...ccccesecesceeeeceeees 709, 710
sprains, bruises, etc. COLIC IGG) sis odinva dan sve saueber aagancssr 710, 71I
(7) .s++e0+008 691, 692, 693 | Cornstalk sickness (3).........+ Jil, 712
LOCK JAW secsaesineaesiesenncinsgeworsees sess 693 | Diarrhea, see ‘‘Scouis’’......... 718, 719
Lungs, congestion of the............. 693 | EiyeS, SOG .......ccssecseseeseecerseeeeeres 712
Lumps on shoulders............:..ccee 697 | Heet, Sore (2) ic. cisersseasecssessiecetaraes 712
Mange (2) assis sesestenedanenies ceasioences 694
Nail pricks and wounds (3) ......... 694
Old SOLreS: siwssisawarcseteanseeinaes 683, 697
Open joint........ceceeeeseeeeeeneeene 683
Over eating wheat or other grain.. 695
POM =Cya sews csntratiernduamedasiagdeenese’s 686 | Horns on calves, to kill...........600 714
Pneumonia or lung fever............. 695 | Indigestion (2) .........2. cere eeees 714
Ring bone (3) ..seseeeeereeereeeees 695, 698 | Information, miscellaneous ......... 705
Sal vis. s.cvcrncaceevedons: seeedgsernadests 703 | Lice (4).sceeeeccrrseeeseeeeeeeeecsseescsenes 714
FOE! CULS in coon ecceiaaceseuarabere 683 | Lump jaw (4)... eeeeereeees 715, 716
Scratches (6).....:::0.ceeeeeeeeees 695, 696 | Milk fever (5) ..........0. 716, 717, 718
Shoulders, lumps OMn......--....seeeee 697 | Powder, cow vee 705
SOLE ucrsessciamaaceatevssvowss 697 | Ring-wornm .......-.sseeeeee ceeeeeeeeees 718
swelling Of........cseeees 697 | Scours (5) -.ssseseeeeereeserreeers 718, 719
Sores, FiStulOUS.....00ccrscedsssciedaveccs 697 REMEDIES FOR SHEEP
Old vesassngeavers catncsnasves 683, 697 720, 722
on neck, back, shoulders... 698 720
Spavin (6)... sees eee 698, 699 . 720
Splints... cee eters 698, 700 | Golic or stretches (2) vol
Sprain...cceeeeccereecccees os 691, 692, 700 Constipation in lambs, to prevent.. 721
Stiff joints... sseeeesseetessrees GIS er aie aarSP NE us sacaonsreusundarnan 721, 724
Sweeny (6)secrsrererreree 698, 700, 701 | Foot rot (2)...eceeeeeseee ete 721, 722
Thoroughpin......--.1eseecrrerees 676; FOL | Ponder. ccvesnsveesecesdocsessicnrvenesnese
Throat, swelling in.......006 ceeeeees 702 | Gad fly, to keep away .....
Thrush (3) diveassiaee Riaceeresesheaseeet For Grub in the head (2) ese al etteercnaals
Urine, retention of the (3) .---- 722 | Mouth, Sore... ceseeseeereeeeeeees
Warts (2)-.s-cesseercerreerseees serteees 793 | Pilese.ssecoscsescaseeresveseserneereeecesen
Wind galls, ....cccccceseessseeereseeeserees 698 | Pneumonia ......cccerirecceenceeeeeeneee
Wire cuts (4)eiccccccccreeererersensersees 7°93 | Powders for appetite......s:seeeeee
Worms (3) .--eseersenseeesnecerteesscetenes TOK. | RAGE senpuncoeecraconesn tae’
Wounds (5)...-:--eeee 683, 636; 703, 704 | Scab
Sheep, to ane healthy.....ccseeeees 720
REMEDIES FOR CATTLE in condition. ....... 720
Abortion, to prevent....s.seseeee 705 | Staggers.--seeeeerreresrererrrrsreresres
After-birth, to remove (2)....+-+++++ 706 | Ticks (2) ;
Black leg, to prevent (3)..--.+-- 706, 707 | Womb, Eversion of the...-..--+s++ 724
Bloating (10) --+seseereree ..707, 708, 709 | Worms (4) eanenn® : i sednibe darting nausncae® Le
Caked udder (3).:-1cree 709 in lambs (3)-----++ssereeeees
THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR

 

808

REMEDIES FOR SWINE
Blind staggers. ......csscseesesseceeseeeee 728
Cholera (10) ...ccccssssennconis 729, 730, 731
CoustipatiOtissccsen caresnaemansiceatees 731
COWS D: sedesiuaiavoasmeaieeredosmaniceers wants 731

Hogs, to keep in condition (5).....
725, 726, 727

LAMENESS (3) sires sivasesainaceenosneasnns 731
TLCS. sina aiseaicaies siacticpind San tenuid ses stars 7315-932
Pigs, troubles with sucking......... 727
PrEUMONIA ..... 000 cseceessereeteceeeren een 732
Rheumatism .......0...cceeceeeneren eens 732
Scours in pigs (2)... cetensiats 732

 

Shotes in poor condition. ............. 727
Swine, to keep in health (2)......... 729
Weak: Dack oy icc sssctasesnecdessatcvoesewes 728
WOPMS...0c.ccseresccneesecesessnsenees 732, 733

REMEDIES FOR CHICKENS
Chickens, care Of..........c.csceseeesees 733

Parasitic bowel disease........ 2
ROWP (2) scsavevua cerned arsconsiessescvenesns
Scaly lees (2) sssssosscdcspesnveneniens

 

SUGAR BEET; FERTILIZING; SPRAYING

  

  

Sugar beet, the.........cccsececeeeeereee 736
contract for growing.......... 742
cultivation and weeds......... 740
fertilizers for...........cee cee 742
influence of previous crops... 738
labor.....ccccerecerses
pulling...

 

quality, high

seeds and varieties.............. 738
Fe) 0 <0) oe 736
soil preparation ...........--+-+ 737
sowing the seed.........2..065 738
thinning

 
 

tools
Fertilizers
analysis, chemical,as a guide 756
PUYING cavers corse seasecrsranensaes 753
elements needed in plant
QTOWtD. cc ecreeceesenneeeeees 745
for fruit CTOPS ......cseseeeeeeees 755
for vegetable and root crops 755
INOTGANIC ....eeeeeeeeereeeetereees 447
kind of plant as a guide...... 755
MAMNUTES, YTCCM.....eeeee scene eee 753
manures, stable ..............0+ 750
nitrogen compounds.......... 749
nitrogen, other sources of... 751
OTZAMIC. reece ec eeeteeeeeteeeeeee 750

phosphoric acid compounds 748

 

phosphoric acid, organic
SOULCES Of ....ceceseeee eceeees + 752

 

soil as a guide.
USCIOL. casesessadunrensestapaincnetys sss
Spraying iccrsiwesenanseoosecaernaysceseaee
bacteria
PWG sos vests see sckeeviensiansted
fungicides ...........cceeseeeeeeee 762
Bordeaux mixture....... 762
coppersulphatesolution 763
potassium sulphate...... 763
insecticides ........secceceeeseeees 759
hellebore ..........cceeeeeee 760
insect powder, buhach,
pyrethrum............... 762
kerosene emulsion........ 760
lime, salt, sulphur........ 761
Paris green, ........ cece 759
tODACCO.. a seeeeeeeeeeeee eee
whale oil soap............
white arsenic...
UMSECHS 2... .... ceceeeene sree eeeeeee
spraying calendar.........
hints OM......s..ceee
OUTFITS... eeeeeeres

 

Dictionary of Technical and Other Terms in Common Use, . 768
5

 

This is to Certify, that
has purchased a copy of ‘‘The Practical Stock Doctor,”’ and
that he «s entitled to free consultation concerning the diseases or
symptoms of any domestic animals owned by himself, wife or any
member of his family only, for five years, from and after the
purchase of this book.

F. B. DICKERSON COMPANY

Date ccc as, —-190 By. Agent

NOTICE.—Enclose two-cent stamp for reply. We have arranged with three of the best Veterinaries in the country, to
whom all inquiries will be promptly submitted for reply. In making inquiry observe the following: First—Address all
communications to the home office, F. B. DICKERSON COMPANY, Detroit, Michigan. Second—Give the name of the
agent above. _Third—State fully and plainly the symptoms, how the animal acts, etc. Fourth—Be sure to give your name
and address. Fifth—If any purchaser of this book has any remedy or receipt not already in the book, that he has thoroughly
tested and knows to be valuable, we ask him to send it to us that we may print it. Qur aim is to make this the most prac-
tical, valuable book for the farmer ever published. This certificate must be dated and signed by the agent.—PuBLISHERS.

 

 

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