ener HUNTINGTON FREE LIBRARY Native American Collection CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ' 3 1924 103 135 582 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DirEcror WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 219 GROUND WATERS AND IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES IN THE FOOTHILL BELT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BY WALTER C. MENDENHALL WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1908 OLS Rapa gh Ce a dae MAS Introduction CONTENTS. GGORTS Phy... -:siaisi keane evs dee ee UUs ein iy hea pe alate la General geologic conditions...............2..2.22222222022 eee e cece eee e eee Physiograph ysnee ccs sana ee goede e neddedaiee Bhd sk boats aaeeb isis General fea burestiss iiss se io.s-aa coeds ROI2 220445bd abmaleeeuenes saa Origin of physical features...........2-.2.-22220202002 2222 c eee eee eee Pat GCS css dere 3 oe ee hee eae pe 2 Baa ae Oa ee na SOEs Relative ages of the physical features.................-.-2-0-2-2222+-0--0- SUMMAPY < cades Macigeliye ce Le eager yeas cee het a aed a aN Dependence of water supplies on rainfall ......-......2.-.-2.2.2-2------ Storage 1aCwitiess ccconececcces is eemenieteesseesea eens io GNA Aee owes Measures for Absorptive c conservation of waters......-....--222-02 0-2 e cece eee eee eee tees apacity Of SaNdsis.t nul s pews een eae se acts y qeicheen techeimineiNeeietele es 3 Absorption estimates..-... 2.2.2.2. , 2-002 0 eee cece cee eee eee cece eee eeeeeees Character an d condition of subterranean TESOL OS ey airs eh eie ee awA ey oe vat The glacial hypothesis. io.: cence Seder ee ses oyx oe Seen aeae ees es Character of the rock floor of the filled BPGASe ccs F oka ude die et aabieee se Se so Ground-water districts.......-....2.2.-2-0-2- 2222202222 e eee eee eee eee eee eee Red Hills waters............-- esecauid tt but adcheuthwereaeseccenete sees San Antonio underground waters......-....-22-2-2-22-02220-0- eee eee ee ee Chino artesian belt. 2.22 a ° = rs a ow qq be oo iS) 3 4 4 ° ~ OC) ‘ol | .73) 1021 100] 462/584! 46] 3.77] 146] .19] 01] 16.11 Average, twenty-nine seasons, 15.60 inches. 20 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Rainfall, in inches, at Pasadena, Cal. Year. July.| Aug. | Sept.} Oct. |Nov.| Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May.|June.| Total, 0.00 | 1.30 | 0.00 | 2.73 | 6.10 | 13.21 | 12.99 | 5.93.| 0.77] 1.90 | 44.93 00 | .25| .89]| 3.95 | 1.22 - 00 -05 | 3.00] .33] .11] 10.00 00 | .00 | 7.49} 2.05 | 7.40) 2.82] 2.45] 4.11] .15] .00] 26.11 04) .10} 1.15 -17 | .19 | 10.66 -27 | 2.33 | .28] .00] 15.50 -383 | .12] 1.12 | 4.98 | 7.40] 1.57] 5.62] .46]} .00] .00] 21.77 -00} .45 | 5.68) 6.71} .09] 1.08] 883] .41} .95] .00] 24.20. 00 | 9.31 | 1.45 | 17.17 | 7.92 | 2.66 -90] .60] .20] .06] 40.89 26} .07| .385; 3.52] .14] 10.75 -68 | 1.84] .73}| .00) 18.34 09; .00/ .05) 2.25; 1.54] 3.40] 4.23) .25] 3.94] .00] 15.75 -00 | .62} 3.72 | 430] 7.65) 2.07] 9.84] .47] .00] .00] 28.67 00; .80| .20} 4.77] 1.51 - 82 -96 | .13] .61] .00] 10.59 -85] .04] .00|) 7.24/810] 1.44] 4.53] .53] .25] .00] 23.07 -00 | .32 | 1.30 -91 | 2.96 -00 | 3.73 | .50}] .17] .00 9. 89 00 | 2.04 / 1.88) 2.33] 5.94) 5.34) 3.57) .00] .23] .00] 21.53 -23 | 2.40] .10 - 26 | 1.50 -69 | 1.14] .39| 1.98] .03 8.92 -27) .49|] .52 - 64 | 3.18 -00; 2.08] .12] 1.88) .00 9.19 00 | 2.02 | 1.43 | 1.62] 1.11 -00/ 1.55} .82/ 2.42] .00] 10.97 -05 | .34 | 9.80 -00 | 3.78 | 6.80 rd? | 1.16 | 1.62 .00) 94.99 00 | 2.76 | .73 -00 | 1.63 | 3.01} 3.29] .38] .09) .00] 11.89 00 | .53 | 3.24] 3.07 | 4.03 -90 | 9.70] 3.09] .00] .00| 24.56 34] .00] .00 -00} .21) 3.89} 481] .93] .01] .00} 10.19 -34/ .96] .00] 1.90} 2.63 | 10.44] 865] .18] 1.44] .00] 27.07 05 17 | 2.55 -17 | 4.44] 2.54 | 10.83 | 2.64] 1.67] .00] 25.06 Average, twenty-three seasons, 20.14 inches. Rainfall, in inches, at Pomona, Cal. .| Sept.) Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. Apr. | May. | June.| Total. 0.00} 0.00} 1.05} 1.25 0.20) 828) 0.00] 2.27/ 0.28] 0.00] 13,33 00} .37) 1.25 | 3.56 | 833 | 1.70) 6.63! .00/ .00| .00/ 21,84 -00) .00 | 470) 604) .17; 148] 9.32) 871 [77] 100) 23:35 -00 | 3.85 | 1.82] 12.59; 7.10 | 2.56 +52) .381) .00] .00] 28.75 Ll] .05 +45 | 3.385} 13 | 12.78] 1.16] 1.67 | 1.02] [00] 21.86 -11] .00 -00 |} 2.69 1.02) 3.41] 2.84] .293|3.86] [42] 1470 +00) .02 | 3.45 | 2.92 | 7.06} 3.87/ 10.85] 64] :22] 05! 20°08 +17 | 1.84] 1.44) 4.59) 1.81) 1.13 -95 | .26) .44] .00] 12.70 -63 | .02 +00) 866 | 9.12} 243) 444/100! .38] [00] 26.68 -00} .05} 1.36 -91 | 2.90 -00} 4.69) 1.21) .03 | .00] 10.35 +00) 2.44] 1.49; 1.69] 5.20) 692) 4.41] (00; 143] 100! 29° 87 +25 | 2.84 -53 | 1.04) 2.16 174) 1.46] 113/203] loo! 11.18 -06} .07 06 44 | 2.83 «31 297] .07) .07] .89 7.77 -30 1.90] 1.94] 1.04 | 1.74 -13} 135) £80) 2.60] .00) 11.80 -00} .44} 10.12 -00 | 4.22 4,81 +51] .41) 1.47] 101] 21,99 -17 | 1.95 aT, +08 | 2.41] 3.21} 4.21! 1.46) 119] [10] 13,45 -00) .47/ 1.62] 291/157) 1.77] 7.23) 419! 115] ° 01 | 19.92 -38 | .01 z -O1) .33 | 2.68) 5.57 / 1.24] 107] .00| 10.31 00 | 1.19 é 1.42 | 3.36} 8.05} 850} 1.35 | 234] lol] 26.45 -02/ 12) 271) 164) 4.81} 250] 9.653] 1.58/ 1.31 | lat} ors Average, twenty seasons, 18.60 inches. RAINFALL. 91 Rainfall, in inches, at San Bernardino, Cal. Year. July. | Aug.| Sept./ Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Jan.| Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May.) June.| Total. 1870-71 . 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 3.11] 0.89 / 6.91 | 2.21 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 13.94 1871-72. -04; .13 | .60) .88] 3.91 | .00]° 2.20} .37 79 | .06; .00 8. 98 -18} .04] .00/ 1.17] 4.40} 6.50} 1.25 | .51 84} .21) .00}] 15.10 1.06) .02} .01] .74] 5.73] 5.51] & 76] 1.08 48) .42] .00] 23.81 00} .06 | 1.82] 1.88} 2.20} 7.20 +15 | .22 07) .05| .00} 13.65 -00; .00| .00 | 7.50 -02 | 6.557) 1.92 | 3.41 44) .03 | .03 | 19.90 00} .00; .20}] .40 -00 | 3.50] 4.03) .83 | .26) .30] .00 9. 52 -00 |; .00} .86] .50] 3.95] 3.33} 6.68 | 2.57/ 1.71 | .66} .07] 20.33 -00; .02) .14] .05| 4.70] 3.59) 1.00] .50/1.20) 1.24) .03| 11.54 02) .01}] .94) 3.40) 6.50] 1.56] 1.83] 1.45] 5.00) .04] .00] 20:36 .00} .00} .14} .67] 880) 1.40 -36 | 1.66] .46) .01] .00} 13.50 00} .00; .80}] .27 +50 | 1.11] 2.65 | 3.30] 2.91} .00] .00| 11.54 -00} .00; .10] .15 -45 | 1.60} 1.10 | 2.82) 2.95 | .00} .00 9.17 -00 | .53] .85] .09] 2.63 | 1.68 | 12.20 | 9.95 | 5.68 | 3.17) .59) 37.51 -00/ .00) .00/ .11 | 3.75 | 2.79 -11] .28) 1.89] 1.69/ .19} 10.81 -00} .00] .39/ 4.36] 1.20] 6:34] 2.52] 4.18] 2.36] .82] .16] 21.83 .00]) .00 00| .11 -61] .39] 6.44] 4.41 | 1.90 42) .22| 14.50 .04| .09 | 1.17) 2.29] 1.91] 4.01) 3.60 | 3.41] .58 52| .03| 17.76 .00] .00 4.12] 4.64 9 1.50 | 6.55 | 2.05 | 1.13} .00]| . 20.97 -63 | .11 | 2.80 | 2.23 | 10.85 | 5.44) 2.52} .89] .00 31) .00| 25.45 2.16 | .88 58 | 1.27 | 3.02 00} 7.78} .06| .53 | 1.67; .00| 18.08 -91) .93 |) Tr. | Tr. | 1.67] 3.24] 3.30] 1.75 | .37] 2.10) .08|] 14.35 -00 | .00} .16 | 1.02 | 2.23 | 4.53] 3.37] 8.00] .48 03} .00} 19.82 -00} .05] 1.05) .30] 2.28 | 1.26 ‘ 1.15] .40 56 | .00 8.13 -16| .87) .15 | .00! 7.25] 7.891) 1.14] 3.44! .64 44! .00} 20.98 -00] .00} .00 | 1.14 - 66 | 2.02 -00 | 2.92} .37] 1.00) .00 8.11 17 00 | 2.10] .98| 1.09] 3.40] 5.40] 3.41} .08 1i| .00} 16.74 00 13 | 2.10 21 -57 | 2.10 -60| .97} .48] 1.08] .00 8. . 00 00 | .03 05 «44 | 2.03 -51 | 3.22) .07 19 | .95 7.49 Tr. 01) .81 | 1.47 84 92 -00 | .92] 1.96} 1.71] .09 8. 64 - 00 23} .36 | 6.10 -00 |} 3.48) 4.58] .48] .56) 1.23) .05| 17.36 27 07 | 1.09 -04 | 1.65 | 3.02 | 3.89 57 12} .15) 11.15 00 00 09 | 1.94) 1.94] 1.96 | 1.67 | 6.47 | 3.10 24} .00| 17.42 15 46 07 00 - 00 18 | 2.21 | 5.34 80 16 | .00 9. 37 14 32] .00] 1.03] 3.92] 6.58 | 6.00 | 1.18] 1.55 | .00| 20.78 00 13 00 | 2.81 74 | 2.97 | 2.89 | 8.00 | 1.16 96 | .22| 19.88 Average, thirty-six seasons, 15.74 inches. The San Bernardino and Los Angeles records are the longest in this part of the State, and therefore give the most reliable general averages; but since Los Angeles is near the southern edge of the foot- hill area, and San Bernardino about an equal distance from the moun- tains, these records probably express about the lowest rainfall within the district under consideration. The record at Pasadena, kept by Mr. Nelmes, covers a period of twenty-three seasons, during which the average precipitation was 20.14 inches. This average is probably somewhat higher than the final average will prove to be when that shall have been determined by longer records. This conclusion is reached from an inspection of the records at Los Angeles and San Bernardino, where the average for the last twenty-three seasons is in each case slightly greater than the average for the full period of observations. Similar reasoning indicates that the twenty-year aver- age of 18.60 inches, now available for Pomona, is slightly below the final average which will be found for this point. Both Pasadena and Pomona, however, have heavier rainfall than Los Angeles and San Bernardino, since they lie nearer the base of the mountains; and were records available from points on the slopes and at or near the sum- ” mits they would show still heavier rainfall, in accordance with the « well-established fact of a progressive increase of precipitation from the mountain bases to a point near their summits. 22 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. DEPENDENCE OF WATER SUPPLIES ON RAINFALL, The significance of the annual rainfall to the irrigating communi- ties lies in the direct and immediate dependence on it of the surface. run-off from each of the mountain drainage basins and in the less immediate but not less important or final dependence of the under- ground reservoirs on it for recharge.. The marked contrast between the summer and winter run-off from the mountain canyons, with its unfavorable effect on irrigation pos- sibilities and on the recharge of subterranean reservoirs, is of course due primarily to the division of the year into two seasons, a wet and a dry, with strongly contrasted precipitation; but other factors also exert a pronounced influence, and it so happens that nearly all of them in southern California are unfavorable to uniformity of flow. Among these factors are the length and character of drainage lines, the steepness of slopes and of stream channels, the character of the rocks in a drainage basin, and the condition of the forest and brush cover over the slopes. Where drainage lines are short and direct and channels are straight instead of tortuous, a minimum of time is required for the passage of a given flood wave from the headwaters of the stream to its mouth, and so there is but a limited opportunity for the absorption of water by porous rocks and débris to be released later as summer flow. A closely related factor is that of steep slopes and stream channels. The process of absorption of water by soil and rocks is a slow one and is controlled by the rate of percolation through the soil, away from the saturated surface, and by the length of the period of saturation. From steep slopes and stream channels of high gradient the water escapes quickly, so there is but little opportunity for its absorption. The streams of the San Gabriel Mountains that drain into the foothill belt have relatively short and direct courses, and the slopes in this mountain range and the grades of the streams are especially steep. These conditions result in extremely rapid run-off in heavy floods of very short duration. The influence exerted by the type of rock in & drainage basin is also most marked in its effect on the character of the run-off. Loose sandstones absorb water like sponges, to yield it slowly at some lower point, perhaps in a distant drainage basin. Cavernous limestones may offer tortuous underground passages through which water ‘escapes slowly. But dense granitic and metamorphic rocks have little absorptive or storage capacity unless they are extensively shat- tered, and such water as falls upon them is usually shed promptly. By far the greater part of the San Gabriel Range is made up of rocks of these nonabsorptive types. Finally, the various cover growths are of great importance in modifying run-off. Trees and brush act in many ways to this end. RELATIONS OF WATER SUPPLIES TO RAINFALL. 293 They hold loose fragments of rock by their binding root systems, so that they are not carried down to the stream channels so soon. The crevices about the rock fragments which are thus held become little storage reservoirs. The trees also aid in making these crevices by the prying action of their roots and by the disintegrating action of the vegetable acids which are yielded by their decay. The various growths build up a porous absorptive soil by the litter which they shed and the rock sand which becomes enmeshed in their roots, and they protect the soil which thus accumulates and prevent it from being swept away. Finally, they interfere directly with run-off by the obstacles which their roots, stems, and fallen leaves and branches offer to the flow of water over the surface. In all of these functions the imme- diate escape of rains as sudden floods is checked, and their absorption to be slowly released later is encouraged. The effect of forest and brush cover, then, is to decrease the violence of winter floods and to maintain the stream flow during the crucial summer irrigating season. Forest cover throughout the San Gabriel Mountains is in bad condi- tion through the recurrence of destructive fires during past centuries. Systematic efforts are now being made by the United States Forest Service and by the State forester to improve these conditions by preserving from further destruction such covered areas as remain and by extending timber growth through tree planting. These efforts are for the benefit of the southern California communities which depend on the water supply from the mountains, and are deserving of their heartiest support and most earnest cooperation. The statement has frequently been made that the underground waters are just as dependent as the surface run-off on precipitation within the local contributing drainage basins, but the tenacity of the oft-asserted belief that these subterranean reservoirs have some other source than local rainfall makes it desirable to repeat this statement with emphasis. Each of the important subterranean basins in southern California is supplied exclusively by the water which falls upon its surface or flows into it through some tributary stream. Any other hypothesis, as, for example, that waters from the distant Sierra or Colorado River or Pacific Ocean may, by underground channels or by seepage, reach the San Gabriel Valley or the Pomona neighborhood, is erroneous, and conclusions based on it are wrong and lead to a false policy in the utilization of the ground waters. The permanence of the underground reservoirs as sources of water supply is dependent on all the conditions which have been outlined as affecting surface run-off, because, as just stated, it is the surface run-off from the mountain areas sich must be relied on to recharge these reservoirs; and, in addition, whatever makes this surface run- off erratic—extremely high in winter and extremely low in summer— not only makes it less effective in the recharge of the underground 24 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. basins, but increases the summer drafts on them. A discouragingly large proportion of the greater floods escapes entirely to the sea. These floods can not be used by the surface systems, and they pass over the gravels of the valleys too rapidly and in too great volume to be fully absorbed, and so are largely wasted. It is obvious that what- ever will reduce the violence of floods will lessen the total loss of waters by surface flow to the sea and will make more effective the restoration of ground-water levels. These levels suffer in still another way at the present stage of development of the country, by the concentration of the run-off in the winter months and its reduction to a low point during the irrigating season. Since the discovery in the nineties that large bodies of ground water were available for irrigation, there has been a constant tendency to extend acreage beyond the amount which can be covered by the summer surface run-off and to make up the defi- ciency during that period by pumping. When the summer flow is especially low and continues low for a long period, the pumping season is greatly extended and the drafts on the underground basins are proportionately increased. To sum up: The available quantity of ground waters is adversely affected by whatever tends to make surface flow more erratic. This effect is brought about in two ways—first, by the large proportion of waters which escape wholly when winter floods are violent; and second, by the greater drafts on underground sources made necessary when summer run-off is low. STORAGE FACILITIES. The canyons in the San Gabriel mountain range are too narrow and too steep for storage sites, except of very inferior capacity and excessively high unit cost, and the run-off is so erratic that to be effective reservoirs must be of exceptional capacity. The recorded flows of San Gabriel River vary between a minimum of 3 second-feet and a maximum of 11,130 second-feet; and the total estimated annual discharge since systematic records have been kept varies from a minimum of 10,489 acre-feet to a maximum of 164,700 acre- feet. These minima are probably nearly absolute, since they were obtained during the seasons of lowest rainfall known in southern California; but greater maxima than those given were undoubtedly reached during the season of 1883-84, when the precipitation was nearly twice that of any winter since the stream flow has been accurately measured, With such widely varying annual run-off, reservoirs capable of storing enough water to supply the tributary lands during two seasons, at least, would be required for safety. Such reservoir sites do not exist in the San Gabriel Mountains. . PREVENTION OF WATER WASTE. 25 MEASURES FOR CONSERVATION OF WATERS. In the lack of surface reservoirs, such minor helpful measures as are possible must be taken to prevent the present distressing waste of flood waters. Restoration of forest and brush cover is one of the most effective of these, although it accomplishes results but slowly. Gradually through reforestation summer flow should be increased and the volume and suddenness of winter floods somewhat lessened. Another measure which is practiced in a small way is the spreading of flood waters over the sand. and gravel areas about the canyon mouths, so that they may be more fully absorbed and thus may increase the ground-water supply. With certain important modifications, the simple principle that the quantity of water absorbed varies with the area of the flooded surface and with the time that it is covered is the basis of this work. If the character of a given flood channel can be so altered that the water in its escape covers twice the normal area, the amount absorbed will be increased twofold; and if the flow can be checked so that twice the normal time is required for the passage of the water between two points, absorption is again increased twofold. These are general terms, of course, and would be strictly true only if the flood waters were clear and if drainage from the flood channel were so free that the water could always escape as fast as it is absorbed. Neither of these conditions holds. Early flood waters. are filled with fine suspended matter which is deposited as the water seeps into the river bed, and which soon forms a coating of but slightly permeable slime that tends to prevent absorption. Toward the end of a flood stage, when the water is clear, this slime is washed away and absorption becomes more effective. In those parts of the flood-water channel which lie at some distance from the base of the mountains, where the ground-water plane is near the surface, rapid absorption in the stream channel quickly raises the ground-water plane locally, so that the stream is then flowing, as it were, upon a saturation ridge, and further absorption can take place only as rapidly as the waters can percolate away from this ridge. The practical result of this principle is that the first part of a flood is more effectively absorbed than the latter part, and the first floods at the beginning of a rainy season are more effectively absorbed than those which come later in the winter. These are important practical modifications of the rule that absorp- tion varies with absorptive area and time. In the application of this rule, flood waters are distributed over as large areas as possible near the heads of the alluvial fans, and the rate of their flow is checked as much as possible. The most effective work of this character that has been done thus far in southern California is that by the Riverside companies in Santa Ana Wash above San Bernardino. Here for 26 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. some years minor floods have been checked by temporary dams, and the water has been distributed in.a small way over the sands of the river wash, with what the engineers in charge regard as excellent results. Similar work on a less extensive scale has been done by the Ontario companies on the Cucamonga fan and in the lower canyon of San Antonio Creek. The great difficulty in work of this kind is to unite the interests to be benefited, so that they will support a work whose results are not easy to demonstrate. But as water becomes more valuable in southern California, and as the direct dependence of the underground reservoirs on recharge during the rainy season becomes more clearly understood, it will be less difficult to unite these interests in a concerted movement to aid in the necessary engineering work. ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY OF SANDS. The absorptive capacity of the sands and gravels of varying coarse- ness in the different portions of an alluvial fan is a subject of debate, and the general opinion among engineers seems to be that absorption takes place most effectively and readily in the sands which occur in the lower part of the stream channel. When the size of the soil particles remains uniform, the transmission capacity of a mass in- creases with the square of the diameter of the individual particles. The size of the pores, although not the percentage of the open space, increases, and the effect of friction is greatly reduced with this in- crease. Percolation thus approaches flow as the sand or soil particles become larger and larger. In nature, however, sands rarely consist of particles of uniform size. They are usually heterogeneous mix- tures, and their transmission capacity can be determined only by measurement. The effect of mixing particles of a larger size with a uniform sand is thus summarized by Slichter:¢ If to a mass of nearly uniform sand particles larger particles be added, the effect on the resistance to the flow of water will be one of two kinds, depending principally upon the ratio which the size of the particles added bears to the average size of the grains in the original sand. If the particles added are only slightly larger than the original sand grains, the effect is to increase the capacity of the sand to transmit water, and the more particles of this kind that are added the greater will be the increase in this capacity. : If, however, large particles are added, the effect is the reverse. If particles seven to ten times the diameter of the original sand grains be added, each of the new particles tends to block the course of the water. Thus, for example, a large bowlder placed in a mass of fine sand will tend to block the passage of the water. As more and more of the large particles are added to a mass of uniform sand, the rate of flow of water through it will be decreased until the amount of the large particles equals about 30 per cent of the total mass. From this time on the adding of the large particles will increase the capacity of the whole to transmit water, until, if a very large quantity ‘of the large particles be added,, so that the original mass of fine particles becomes relatively negligible, the capacity to transmit will @ Slichter, C. 8., Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 140, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, pp. 10-11. ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY OF SANDS. Q7 approach that of the mass of the large particles alone. These facts have an important bearing upon the capacity of gravels to furnish water to wells or to transmit water in the underflow of a river. The presence of large particles is not necessarily to be interpreted as indicating a high transmission capacity of the material, for this is indicated only when the large particles constitute a large fractional per cent of the total mass, as would be the case where the large particles equal 40 or 50 per cent of the whole. In an earlier paper® Slichter gives an interesting table showing the rate of percolation through transmitting media of different sizes under fixed conditions. From this table the following is adapted. A uniform size of grain, a standard porosity of 32 per cent, and a temperature of 50° F. are-assumed in each case. Rate of percolation of water through different kinds of soil. Velocity with Diameter of |a gradient of Kind of soil. soil grains. | 100 feet per : mile. Inch. Feet peryear. Dit <2 dai haen siege cess snes HEAL Oa OSS Simie pce SOG A secede var g SO 0.0012 12 Very. fine Sand oes ceneadumenk naserardeasaset Sake eoecerimeatinns 24 S8eSeem ea - 0028 66 Mine PANG ani astimesee coisas at ass hee Ewa eEa eases KaeA Ea KaaieaaTGe OSC RES - 006 304 Medium sand... ets a -014 1,650 C0 8 F868 Wa Dc acca eres ercderaes te ies SRS asters aera iatnrs eee Sie Rise cial SoS A lence 08 7,577 Pine: eravel sjocisiz.espcrneeasetina teatcawacavinoxictem ds pile Dareatiattaaedaasts Ebene 12 121, 229 When the soils are of uniform grain, therefore, the rate of perco- lation increases as the square of the diameter of the soil particles and the amount of water transmitted increases in the same ratio. Coarse material is therefore very much more effective than fine as a transmitting medium, when the sizes are not mixed. In alluvial fans, however, there is always mingling of coarse and fine material, but the average and probably the effective size of grain is usually much greater at the head of a fan than near its margins, and the transmission capacity is therefore believed to be greater near the head. To take advantage of this condition, distribution of flood waters should be effected at as high a point on an alluvial fan as is practicable, because absorption will be much more rapid at such a point. In some places it may be that the rough, bowldery. condi- tion of the head of the fan and the steep grades which exist there will counteract the advantages, and as a practical measure it will be advisable to effect the distribution at a lower point; or bed rock may lie near the surface, as in the Mill Creek fan and perhaps that of the Santa Ana in San Bernardino Valley, practically preventing rapid absorption. Where such conditions exist it is of course necessary to build the distributing works at lower points. So far as is known, however, bed rock does not lie near enough to the surface under the fans of the foothill belt to have an unfavorable effect. Steep grades @ Slichter, C. S., Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 67, U. 8. Geol. Survey, 1902, p. 27. 28. FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. and rough ground for constructing distributing canals are the only adverse elements to be considered here. ABSORPTION ESTIMATES. The rate and the total amount of the recharge of the subterranean basins through the absorption of flood waters are exceptionally diffi- cult to determine, because accurate measurements of floods are almost impossible to make on account of the steep grades and the indefinite channels that exist across the alluvial fans. But few data are avail- able on the subject, and while theoretical considerations give indica- tions as to what is happening, they can not generally be supported by figures. In southern California one set of absorption measurements was made on two minor floods in the spring of 1903 by W. B. Clapp,¢ hydrographer, of the United States Geological Survey, and while Mr. Clapp does not regard his measurements as satisfactory, because of the small force and the limited time at his disposal and the inherent difficulties of the work, they yet give certain concrete conceptions of what takes place during the flood periods. During the twenty-four hours of April 26, 1903, San Gabriel, San Dimas, Dalton, Santa Anita, and Eaton canyons discharged 757 acre- feet of undiverted waters into the San Gabriel basin, 454 acre-feet of which passed the bridge at Elmonte and was lost, while the remainder, 303 acre-feet, was absorbed by the gravels and joined the body of underground waters in the basin. On May 23 of that year the same streams discharged 225 acre-feet of undiverted waters, and all of this except the small amount lost through evaporation was absorbed, none passing the Elmonte bridge. During the two periods of measurement water was being returned to the San Gabriel Valley underground res- ervoir at the rate of 153 and 113 cubie feet per second. These measurements were not made during the period of highest water. A flood with a discharge of about 1,220 second-feet occurred on April 17, nine days before the first measurement, and the flow in the San Gabriel slowly diminished from that time until long after the date of the second measurement. _ Inasmuch as no calculation has been made of the diverted water used in irrigation, which in the San Gabriel systems was from 20 to 70 second-feet throughout the year, and a part of which was absorbed and returned to the ground waters, nor of the greater absorption dur- ing the heavier floods, nor of the rainfall over the San Gabriel Valley, which sinks directly as it falls and does not appear as run-off, nor of the hundreds of minor unmeasured rills which enter the basin during storms, perhaps one or the other of the figures given above may be not far from the average annual rate of recharge. Some slight additional 4 Hoyt, John C., Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 100, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1904, pp. 339 et seq. ORIGIN OF SUBTERRANEAN RESERVOIRS. 29 weight is given to this assumption from the fact that the San Gabriel flow at the time of the last measurement was 167 second-feet, whieh is not:far from the annual mean of 148 second-feet for 1903. e In the Paso de Bartolo, San Gabriel Valley ground waters rise in springs at the rate of 65 to 85 second-feet during the irrigating season. In_ addition, a considerable amount of water must pass into the air from the moist lands above the pass, by evaporation. This is ground water which is brought to the surface by capillarity and there evapo- rated, wherever the ground-water plane lies within a few feet of the earth surface. In addition, a certain amount of ground water escapes through the Paso de Bartolo as underflow without reaching the sur- face at all. Slichter,* using rather meager data, has estimated the amount of this underflow at 92 second-feet. This, added to 75 second- feet. assumed as a mean of the spring waters, gives 167 second-feet of escaping ground waters, without reckoning evaporation or waters pumped for irrigation. These escaping waters must be about equal to the average annual recharge. It seems likely, then, from this consid- eration of the broad probabilities in the case, that a recharge of the San Gabriel VaHey underground reservoirs takes place at a rate equal to a continuous flow ranging between 100 and 200 second-feet, and that, of course, drainage is affected at an equal average rate. CHARACTER AND CONDITION OF SUBTERRANEAN RESERVOIRS. The origin of the great reservoirs which are now so extensively drawn on in irrigation has been discussed in general terms in the section on physiography (pp. 13-18), but a résumé is introduced here preliminary to a more minute treatment of water levels. These reservoirs are irregular rock basins, due to the warping of the earth’s crust as a result of those stresses to which it is continually subject. The Pacific coast region of the United States has of late been espe- cially affected by such stresses, and its mountains and valleys are to a great extent due to them. The great interior valley of San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers is the most impressive example of a deep and extensive basin formed in this way, and the Sierra Nevada east of it is equally impressive as an example of a mountain range whose origin is to be sought in crustal movement. Earth stresses in the vicinity of the valley of southern California clearly have been most complex, resulting structures are irregular, and the final prod- uct has been a number of distinct rock basins irregular in trend and outline, each of which is an- underground reservoir more or less extensively. drawn on for irrigating waters. Among the more important and best known of these basins are the San Bernardino Valley, the San Jacinto Valley, the Cucamonga Plains, the San @ Slichter, C. 8., Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 140, U. 8. Geol. Survey, 1905, p. 54. 30 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Gabriel Valley, the coastal plain, and the San Fernando Valley. All of these are distinct, each has its own water supply, and the ground waters of each are used for irrigation, either within the basin or on accessible lands outside it. Each of these rock-floored and rock-rimmed reservoirs is filled with loose material, sand, gravel, or clay, which has been eroded from the mountains as they rose and carried by the streams to the basins as they sank. This filling has been distributed over the basins in a rather even way, so that the present surface of each of them is a plain, usually with a gentle slope away from the mountains, the source of the material. THE GLACIAL HYPOTHESIS. Inasmuch as there is a rather widely prevalent idea in southern California—an idea which has been frequently presented in suits at law—to the effect that these sands, clays, and gravels are glacial in origin, it is perhaps worth while to present here the facts which make such a hypothesis untenable. Students of glaciated regions have come to recognize certain phe- nomena as characteristic of ice-molded areas. Some or all of these evidences are invariably present where ice in glacial form has cov- ered a region. Their complete absence in southern California leads at once to the setting aside of this theory. Extensive glaciation in mountain valleys molds them into U form, cuts cirques at their heads, scars their walls and bottoms with strie, and leaves moraines along their slopes and out on the plains beyond the mountains where the ice streams ended. None of these evidences are found in the valleys of the San Gabriel Mountains. Ice flowing over mountain uplands or relatively smooth rock- floored plains shears off all rock protuberances, polishes the project- ing surfaces into roches moutonnées, sweeps away rock-disintegra- tion products, gouges out basins, which may later become lakes, and leaves in its retreat erratic bowlders that may have been carried across divides from distant sources. The San Gabriel Mountains, instead of exhibiting these phenomena, have many projecting rock pinnacles, are covered with the detritus of rock decay, are free from rock basins and lakes, and have only bowlders of disintegration scat- tered over them. If glaciers ride out upon the plains in front of the mountains in which they originate, they leave irregular heaps of unsorted rubble, angular bowlders, a hummocky topography, and deposits of till, a compact clay containing scattering glaciated rock fragments. The plains at the base of the San Gabriel Range are clearly unlike this. They are a series of typically developed alluvial fans; graded as stream-laid deposits always are, with waterworn but unstriated BED ROCK IN THE VALLEYS. 31 bowlders, progressively finer as the distance from the mountains increases, and free from lakes or undrained depressions. There is no evidence whatever of glacial action in the material of which they are built up nor in its arrangement. Water has been the agént by which this material has been transported from its original position in the mountains to its present resting place in the basins, and in consequence the sands and gravels have always been saturated below a point where they could drain freely. This saturating water is in constant slow motion from the point where it enters the gravels, along some stream channel or at the mouth of a mountain canyon, to the point where it escapes from the basin over the lowest part of its rim. Its movements are impeded by the friction which it en- counters in its passage through the fine pores, so that its surface is not level like that of a free body of water, a lake, or a sea, but: slopes from the point of supply to the point of drainage. When supply is increased the slope is steepened by raising the surface of saturation at the point of intake. When supply is decreased by a lessened rain- fall, the slope of the surface of saturation becomes flatter and the ground-water level falls, the lowering being more marked at a dis- tance from the point at which the basin drains; for since this latter point controls the escape of water in the basin, its level remains practically constant. CHARACTER OF THE ROCK FLOOR OF THE FILLED AREAS. The surface of basins like the San Gabriel Valley or that east of the San Jose Hills is invariably a sloping plain, steeper near the mountains, more nearly level at greater distances from them, and varied only by minor knobs or local changes of slope. Red and Indian hills rise above the Cucamonga Plains; a number of bed-rock knobs in the neighborhood of San Dimas and Glendora project above the plain of waterworn material which lies between the San Jose Hills and the San Gabriel Mountains; San Dimas Wash, itself a late sand and gravel filling, lies between bluffs of older alluvium; the Raymond Hill “dike,” which extends from Pasadena to a point beyond Santa Anita, is marked for much of the distance by an abrupt change of slope and in places by distinct knobs; and here and there at other points near the edges of the plain bed-rock knobs of shale or of gneiss rise above the general valley level. These projections are sufficient only to indicate the irregularity of the valley bottom; they do not enable us to restore the details of the irregularities. Well records generally do not indicate that bed rock has been reached in the borings, the wells usually being too shallow to accomplish this result. The deepest within the San Gabriel Valley—one drilled by 32 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. __, Feet. the East Whittier Company (fig. 1), north of Woyden as station on the Southern Pacific Railroad—is 1,260 feet deep, and no bed rock was encountered, although the bottom of the well is almost 1,000 feet below sea 0 Jevel. Among the wells in the vicinity of Pomona of which records have been obtained are a number be- tween 500 and 1,000 feet deep. One of the deep 20-| wells of the Irrigation Company of Pomona, situated in the old Palomares ciénaga, about three-fourths of a mile northeast of the point of the San Jose Hills, reached bed rock at a depth of about 800 feet. It was drilled 150 feet lower, but of course no water was developed in the deeper formation. Bed rock in this well is about 150 feet above sea level, 400+ as the surface of the plain here is about 950 feet above. The Lorbeer well, 1 mile northwest of Chino, is 973 soo_| feet deep and extends nearly 200 feet below sea fevel without striking bed rock. The lower 500 feet of clays, many of them red and of cemented gravel, were dry and yielded no water. These strata appear to belong to the earlier alluvium rather than to the later, more effective water-bearing gravel series. Half a mile southwest of this, a well belonging to 700+ Black Brothers & Woodhead is 718 feet deep and extends to within 25 feet of sea level. An incomplete record of this well fails to show the presence of strata older than the modern alluvium. Some other wells near bed-rock hills strike the buried slopes of these hills, but generally those out in the plains and valleys penetrate only loose sands, gravels, and clays. It may be accepted as true that the bed-rock bot- toms of the valleys whose topographic details are 1ooo-} concealed by the mantle of wash which forms the Cucamonga Plains and the San Gabriel Valley are irregular, just as the topography of those bed-rock areas which extend above the wash as hills is irreg- ular. The rock basement beneath the San Gabriel Valley is presumably not unlike the hill region be- tween Los Angeles and Pasadena in character. a An attempt to estimate the elevation of bed rock in the deepest part of the San Gabriel Valley is interesting but speculative. Since it is a valley of deformation, We sider ct Wore not one of erosion, a consideration of stream grades gen (Neadrengley” throws no light on the problem. A projection of the 300 4 600 4 8004 9004 1100 GROUND-WATER DISTRICTS. 33 mountain slopes on the north and south of the valley to some assumed point of greatest depth probably gives a maximum measure, since it is quite unlikely that the steep slopes of the unburied portion of the surrounding mountains are maintained for greater distances beneath the cover of wash than above it. Such a rude estimate gives 4,000 feet below sea level as a possible depth of the bottom of the San Gabriel basin 2 or 3 miles south of Monrovia. It is likely to be less than this. The deepest well in the basin is that owned by the East Whittier Land and Water Company. This well is just west of San Gabriel Wash and about one-fourth mile north of the main line of the Southern Pacific. No bed rock was encountered in it at a depth of 1,260 feet, or nearly 1,000 feet below sea level. The Cucamonga Plains east of the San Jose Hills represent a more extended area than the San Gabriel Valley, and bed rock may be buried to a considerably greater depth beneath them. Wells in this area whose records have already been quoted extend to points well below sea level without encountering rock, but the outcropping Red Hills and Indian Hills, the barriers to which are due the old Martin and Del Monte ciénagas, the dry red clays and cements encountered in some of the deep wells between Pomona and Chino, and the traces of earlier alluvium which flank the west end of the Jurupa Mountains on the north, indicate that this formation may be of considerable importance under at least the western portion of the Cucamonga Plains. Beneath the northeastern part of these plains, where the alluvial fans are so steep and high, water is at too great a depth to be accessible, the underground conditions are little known and of little interest, and the depth to the bottom of the basin is purely a matter of conjecture. It has been estimated that’ thé San Ber- nardino basin may be 3,000 feet deep, or thereabouts. It seems unlikely, from the general evidence which has just been given, that the San Gabriel basin is more than 4,000 feet deep, and it may be less than this. The Cucamonga Plains area may overlie a bed-rock basin that is somewhat more deeply buried than either. GROUND-WATER DISTRICTS. Within the foothill belt the development of ground waters has been most intense in certain districts where experience has proved it to be most accessible and present in greatest amount, or where, despite the rather high cost of production, the crops raised by its use are valuable enough to bear easily the expense of pumping against high lifts. It is intended to present in the following paragraphs the essential facts, so far as they are known, as to the occurrence of the waters in each of these areas. @ Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 142, U. 8. Geol. Survey, 1905, p. 31. 47505—1Rr 219—08——3 34 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. RED HILLS WATERS. The ‘Red Hills,” so called, lie about 2 miles northeast of North Ontario and nearly 4 miles south of the base of the San Gabriel Range. As a physical feature they form a nearly flat-topped mesa, which interrupts the general slope of this part of the Cucamonga Plains. 7 N ue ae VV SNOT F VANS NIN en ~ * Sr PEN ES INST Red Hills ° yo. I 2miles Fic. 2.—Diagrammatic section through the Red Hills; a granitic rocks; ), c, earlier and later alluvium and hypothetical boundary between them. Approached from the north the mesa appears only as a lessening of the slope, but its southern edge is a scarp 50 to 150 feet high. The hills are made up of a deposit of the earlier red alluvium which has here escaped the destruction of the older topography by erosion during Feet 100 ca aT 60 60+ 404 204 eae Teer ca Feet 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 | 1600 | =—2000 2200 Fia. 3.—Section along line of the Eddy or Cucamonga tunnel. the deposition of the later alluvium. The low mound therefore rep- resents the top of a hill of red clay, sand, and gravel, whose slopes are deeply buried under modern wash (fig. 2). Indian Hill represents a similar outcrop, and the same red-clay formation is reported to show RED HILLS UNDERGROUND WATERS. 85 between these two points. The Martin and Del Monte ciénagas are likewise probably due to buried: hills of this older deposit which approach near to the surface. Its distribution beneath the modern gray alluvium therefore appears to be extensive. This buried earlier alluvium affects the occurrence of underground waters in two ways. In the first place, where the hills of the older, concealed topography lie athwart a line of under- ground circulation through the later alluvium, they serve as a dike or underground dam, forcing the waters which are percolating through the overlying gravels to or near to the surface, where they flow out in springs or are easily developed by wells. Or again, where the older alluvium lies near the sur- face the waters which circulate through it may be brought within reach of development. As the older alluvium has been folded in some localities by crustal disturbances which have taken place since its deposition, it may be that where it projects above the general plains surface it has been brought to this position by folding. The section of the Eddy tunnel through the base of the Red Hills near their west- ern margin (fig. 3) seems to show a dip of the beds FEET nut 04 100 + 200 4 300 + Tae DORA a%e 29000 9 Q i) toward the north. It is probable, therefore, that as e508 this body of older alluvium stands above the general Bae 8553] 400 plain because it has been brought up along or near the axis of such an arch. Some of the waters which are percolating through it southward from the base of the San Gabriel Mountains will be brought to the surface at this point and will issue as springs, or where their volume is not great enough to force them out as springs, they will at least be brought near enough to the surface to be accessible and may be developed by pumps. As a matter of fact, the vicinity of the Red Hills has been a source of irrigation water since the settle- | ment of this part of southern California. Originally 700 ~ the waters utilized rose to the surface, principally pie. 4—section of in the ‘East’? and “West” -ciénagas. The West Cucamonga Water ciénaga lay along the west base of the Red Hills and . seein the East ciénaga in a ravine which drains south- ™n8!e). ward from a point east of the highest. part of the mesa, but near the center of the outcrop of the red alluvium. As the colonies dependent on these waters expanded, several devices were adopted for increasing the output of the water-bearing land. OOS] OO 20% 20) 500 REINS 600 4 36 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. The Y tunnel was driven into the hill east of the East ciénaga in 1886 and 1887. Another tunnel, three-fourths of a mile farther east, was driven into water-bearing ground in 1887 and 1888, and the Eddy tun- - nel was extended under the West ciénaga at about the same time. More recently, especially in the late nineties and since, many wells rerr bave been drilled and pumping plants installed to ~ °7 increase or to maintain the original supply. The original ciénaga waters and the pumped waters which now take their place seem certainly to be derived both from the earlier and later alluvium. '00-| The ultimate origin of the water in each of these formations is the same—namely, the rainfall upon the San Gabriel Range, north of the Red Hills—but the courses which they follow to the point of devel- 200-| opment, or at which they originally issued, are prob- ably essentially different. Nevertheless, waters from both sources were no doubt mingled in the old springs and are probably now mingled in some 500- of the wells. Itis to be remembered that the Red Hills as a partially buried topographic feature act as a barrier against which the modern stream wash has been 400+ piled. (See fig. 2.) The waters which are percolat- ing southward through this wash reach the barrier, rise behind it, and flow over it as springs, except where they are taken out by development before 500~ they reach the surface. Waters within the older formation, the red alluvium of the hills, enter the 7 porous beds of this terrane at points near the base of the mountains, follow a deeper and presumably 600 longer course entirely below the modern wash, and rise along the fold which is expressed by the Red Hills, to escape as springs or to be taken out before their escape by development. Important evidence 7oo— of this difference in the courses followed by the two Tia. 5—Section of Sun- groups of waters is furnished by their temperatures. set Water Company’s 7 fs well (No, 54, Cuca- ‘Che waters of the east-side wells issue at tempera- monge quadrangle). tures of 70° to 72°; those of the west-side wells have temperatures of about 64°. This difference of 6° or 8° indi- cates that the former waters rise from regions 350 to 400 feet deeper than the latter, if the usual increment of 1° increase in earth heat with each 60 feet in depth is accepted as applying in this region. Inasmuch as the increase is probably less rapid than this in these unconsolidated gravels, it is likely that the difference in the SAN ANTONIO UNDERGROUND WATERS. 37 depth from which the two waters rise is greater than that given above. If this evidence of the temperature is accepted as a safe basis for a division of the waters, the Haskell wells (No. 79, Cucamonga quadrangle) and those farther east fall into the group which derives its waters from the Red Hills formation, the older alluvium; while those to the west derive their FEET waters from the overlying modern wash. The loca- Oe tion of the wells in areas which are recognized as respectively in older and in modern alluvium sup- ports this evidence of the temperatures. It is unlikely that the waters of the two groups are wholly distinct. Interchange probably takes place through leakage from one formation into the other. However, even though the separation is not entirely perfect, it is probably sufficiently defi- nite to bring about certain differences in the be- havior of the two groups of waters under the influence of development. The supply in the west- side wells may be expected to respond somewhat more promptly to wet and dry years than that of the east-side wells, whose waters follow a longer course through somewhat less pervious material to the point where they are pumped to the sur- face. In many places, also, the older gravel is less - is open and yields its waters less freely than the newer, so that individual wells are expected on the average to have a smaller capacity. The water developed from both formations in the vicinity of the Red Hills is probably supplied largely by the run-off from Cucamonga Canyon and the canyons farther east. 100 + 200 4 300 + 500 “600 4 SAN ANTONIO UNDERGROUND WATERS. The area whose ground waters are supplied by run-off from San Antonio Canyon is so distinct and p so important that it is best to accord it separate se. ¢—section of San treatment. The Palomares, Del Monte, and Martin Antonio Water Com- . = 6 . pany’s well (No. 73, ciénagas, at one time prolific sources of artesian water Cucamonga quad- and still yielding valuable pumped waters in large ™ns!e). quantity, the Indian Hill group of wells, and another series of scattered wells near the San Gabriel foothills northwest of Claremont all draw the major part of their waters from the run-off of the San Antonio basin and the much smaller and less important basins of Thompson and Liveoak creeks. Their situation, which has been determined as 38 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. most favorable by years of work in development, is in the belt through which practically all San Antonio waters must percolate. The pecu- liar position of the old Palomares ciénaga, on the high ground at the eastern point of the San Jose Hills and appar- ently notin the direct line of run-off from any of the important canyons, together with the abundant water supply which it has always yielded, makes it of especial interest. Practi- cally all of the surface-discharge of San Antonio Canyon now passes east of Claremont, and the run-off from the next large canyon to the west—San Dimas—is entirely westward toward the San Gabriel. The Palomares ciénaga is nearly on the divide between them. Appar- ently the only element in its situation favor- able to the formation of an artesian basin is the barrier of the San Jose Hills back of it. Surface conditions alone would lead the student of the ground-water supply to expect the greater part of the San Antonio percolation to be well east of Claremont, but development proves that it is practically all west of a line which crosses the Santa Fe Railway about 1 mile east of the town. The true explanation of this diversion of the San Antonio percolating waters westward against the foot of the San Jose Hills, when their normal course apparently should be di- rectly southward from the mouth of the can- yon, is to be sought in the buried older topog- raphy (fig. 7), which has been discussed in part in the consideration of the Red Hills waters. The evidence furnished by well records, which is rather scant, and by water levels, also scant but yet more complete than the other, indi- cates that a barrier (a so-called ‘‘ dike”), which is probably only a buried hill of the older allu- vium, extends from the base of the spur east of the mouth of San Antonio Canyon south- ward and slightly westward in a gentle curve toward the south line of the Palomares ciénaga and the east point of the San Jose Hills. West i of this curved line lie the producing wells of er the district, with a water plane high enough, except at some points near the base of the mountains, so that the waters may be pumped '§ Indian Hill © a Claremont 4 s “moy} Useajoq AIBpuNnog [voJoy,od Ay puv WINIANI[Vs 1918] pus sole Jal]1VI=I ‘Q ‘SYOOI oY{UBIZ=D ‘oulYO PUB “WUOULAIIO ‘INH UBIpUl Ysno1y, esuvyY poquy ug eY4 Jo asvq EY} WO] UOTes OFeMUMBISeIG— “OL SAN ANTONIO UNDERGROUND WATERS. 39 readily; east of it are many dry shafts, or if water is encountered it is at a much greater depth than across this line. Underground waters from the Cucamonga Canyon are checked and held up so that they are accessible by the Red Hills and by buried north- FEET west and northeast extensions of them, while the [ 5 same effect is produced on the San Antonio Canyon waters by the buried ridge indicated above. Between these two valuable water-bearing districts is an irregularly triangular area, with its axis per- haps a quarter or a half mile west of San Antonio avenue and its base extending along the Santa Fe tracks, in which ground waters are found only at depths too great for profitable development at pres- ent. This is presumably a valley in the earlier buried “Red Hills” topography, and the under- ground waters entering it across the buried ridges or ‘‘dikes”’ to the northeast and northwest sink at once to lower levels, much as surface waters are found at lower levels below a dam than above it. The first waters taken from the old Palomares ciénaga (Pl. I, (-D and fig. 8) were waters which rose naturally under artesian pressure and supplied San JoseCreek. These waters were diverted into a ditch and used for irrigation as early as 1840. The use was not extensive, however, until the seventies, when the available amount was increased by devel- opments consisting of drainage ditches cut into the ciénaga and of artesian wells. These wells continued to yield a supply until near the end of the decade between 1890 and 1900, when they gradually failed as a result of increased development and drought. Now all waters drawn from this original artesian basin are pumped. The smaller Del Monte and Martin marshes have had similar histories. They first yielded spring waters; then with the ‘‘develop- ment”’ of the water-bearing lands, short-lived arte- sian wells were procured and the springs dried out. 800 Now all water used is pumped. Fra. 8.—Section of Gird well No.6, Palomares 100 200-4 300 400 4 500-4 600 4 700 4 ciénaga (near No. 284, CHINO ARTESIAN BELT. oe quad- rangle). All the waters which escape underground from the higher water- bearing lands to the north, all the return irrigation waters from the extensive irrigated areas about Pomona, Claremont, Ontario, and 40 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Cucamonga, and the winter flood waters from the mountain canyons between Lordsburg and Etiwanda which are absorbed south of a line connecting the eastern part of the San Jose Hills and the Red Hills, percolate slowly southward toward Santa Ana River, the main drainage line of this part of the State. In the vicinity of Chino and for 5 or 6 miles southeast of that town these ground waters are under sufficient pressure to rise to the surface when wells are drilled in the water-bearing sands. The area within which these rising waters are known to occur covered about 21.4 square miles in 1904. This represents a slight shrinkage from the maximum original area of approximately 23 square miles, when the basin was entirely undeveloped and rainfall in this part of the State was heavy. The southwestern rim of the basin is °= formed by the bed rock of the Puente Hills. Toward the northeast it is indefinitely limited by the rising j ground of the Cucamonga Plains. Its southern edge, so far as-it is revealed by development, is a 100 rather difinite line that is probably determined by the shoaling of the basin in this direction, through the rise of its relatively impervious base toward the surface. This base seems to consist of an older 200 oravelly alluvium, like the coarser phase of the Red Hills beds, but beneath this Tertiary sandstones and shales or granitic rocks such as outcrop near Corona would doubtless be encountered in sufficiently deep | 300-{ drilling. ; Pore ern Throughout this belt, as in most of the artesian Brown’swell(No.221, districts, there are moist lands and springs that 7 a quadran- mark the points at which the waters under pressure below leak to the surface. Chino Creek and other small streams which drain the area do not show the usual shrinkage of southern California streams during the last decade, but on the contrary have maintained their flow or have increased it slightly. Santa Ana River at the narrows below Rincon has increased in flow from a minimum of 14 or 15 second-feet in 1888 to a minimum of 60 or 70 second-feet in 1904. This increase is accepted as one of the striking examples of the effect of return irrigation waters in adding to the volume of flowing waters below the irrigated lands during a dry period. Much of this increase is no doubt due to irrigation in the vicinity of Riverside, but an important proportion is also to be attributed to the steady application of water to the land in the colonies along the western margin of the Cucamonga Plains. A large part of this latter return water passes through the Chino artesian belt in its slow percolation seaward, and helps to account for the fact that this basin has exhibited less shrinkage during the trying years of CHINO ARTESIAN BELT. drought which have just passed than other important artesian basins of this end of the State. It is also true that this basin has been less vigorously devel- oped than others, chiefly because there has been difficulty in securing good titles to ‘land on the old Chino rancho until recently. These two conditions, then, moderate development and favorable situation in relation to return irrigation waters, account for the fact that this basin is now in excellent condition so far as its water supply is concerned. The Chino basin proper has not been explored to great depths by the driller, the deepest well being that belonging to Edward Lester (No. 36, Cuca- monga quadrangle). Itis 467 feet deep, and all the coarser strata are found above 390 feet. Most other wells within the basin are 300 feet or less in depth. (See fig. 9.) The deepest well in the Cucamonga Plains, the Lorbeer well (fig. 10), just northwest of Chino, was drilled to a depth of 973 feet, but the record indi- cates that below 500 feet the drill pierced the older alluvium, consisting of ted clays and cemented beds which yielded no water. Southwest of Chino, toward Santa Ana River, there are outcrops of slightly hardened gravel which seem to belong to the earlier alluvium. These scattered facts suggest that the filling of modern wash within the Chino district is a comparatively thin veneer, 500 feet or less in thickness, beneath which lie relatively compact older clays and cemented gravels which are dry or but meagerly water bearing. If this inference is correct, the value of wells drilled in this region in the future will not be increased by extending them in depth beyond 300 to 500 feet. The data are too incomplete as yet to state this as more than a probable condi- tion. A few deep test wells drilled in the area extending 4 or 5 miles southeastward from Chino will give much needed light on the underground conditions. The apparent shallowness of this basin, taken in connection with the rather irregular topography along its southern border in the vicinity of Saant 41 FEET O75 100 © 2004 300-4 400 | 5007 600-4 700] 800 4 900 1000~ Ana River, leads to the belief that its limits in this Fr¢-10—Section of Lor- direction are due to the rise toward the surface of beer weil (No. 154, Cu- camonga quadrangle). 42 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. the dry older alluvium which forms the floor of the basin farther north. SAN JOSE VALLEY. The Puente and San Jose hills, which together constitute the north- western extension of the Santa Ana Mountains, are separated by the valley of San Jose Creek. This stream is peculiar in that it rises not in the hills themselves but in the western edge of the Cucamonga Plains, whence it flows directly across the hill area through a restricted valley into the San Gabriel basin. It is believed to be a compound stream, resulting from a reversal of drainage caused by the growth of the San Antonio alluvial fan. The original divide between the eastward-flowing and westward-flowing elements of this compound stream seems to have been about 2 miles below Spadra. At that time the east end of San Jose Valley drained into the Santa Ana, and the west end drained as now toward the San Gabriel. With the growth of the San Antonio fan southward the original eastern outlet was blocked, slowly filled, and finally given a westward slope. The Palomares ciénaga probably originated with this growth of alluvial deposits and its excess waters became the source and principal feeder of San Jose Creek. Now, when there is a surface flow in this creek, its waters rise on the north slope of the eastern point of the San Jose Hills, flow westward around the point of the hills, and double back into the San Jose Valley, giving a very tortuous alignment to the upper portion of the stream. The sand and gravel filling in the eastern portion of the San Jose Valley in the vicinity of Pomona is rather deep; wells have been drilled here to depths between 300 and 400 feet without reaching bed rock. Near Spadra are wells between 150 and 300 feet deep which do not reach the rock bottom of the valley, but others much shallower near the borders of the area encounter rim rock, the “‘hill formation,” as it is locally called. In the vicinity of Lemon bed rock seems to be near the surface of the valley. In the Howell well and tunnel the hill shales are found at a depth of 35 feet, but the McClintock, Lee & St. Clair well, 1 mile farther south, failed to reach rock at 100 feet. From this neighborhood westward the valley presumably deepens gradually until it unites with the main San Gabriel basin below Puente. Its underground water supply, while replenished in part, of course, by local run-off from the surrounding hills, has been fed in the past to an important extent by the excess from the Palomares ciénaga, which San Jose Creek drains, and that supply has, with but little question, been adversely affected by the extensive drafts on this ciénaga for irrigation about Pomona. UNDERGROUND WATERS OF SAN DIMAS WASH. a 43 SAN DIMAS DISTRICT. DEVELOPMENT. West of the Cucamonga Plains and between the San Jose Hills and the base of the San Gabriel Range is an area, extending westward to San Gabriel Wash, which has been growing steadily in importance in recent years as a productive citrus district. It includes the towns of San Dimas, Covina, Glendora, and Azusa, with their surrounding tributary horticultural belts. The preservation of the citrus acreage planted previous to 1897 and its extension since have been accomplished here, as in most of the orange-growing sections of the south end of the State, by the develop- ment of underground waters. To bring about this result many important wells have been put down during the last decade. This development has been particularly extensive in San Dimas Wash because valuable lands about Glendora and Covina could be con- veniently served by these waters, and on the mesa lands about Laverne because this region is especially adapted to citrus culture and is not served by gravity waters from either the San Gabriel or the San Antonio system. The flowing waters from the smaller canyons between these two streams are of course utilized, but the flow from them ceases or seriously diminishes during the heated term, and must be augmented by ground waters to provide for the continuous irrigation which citrus fruits require. This development has resulted in the accumulation of a considerable mass of evidence on underground conditions, and inasmuch as a large acreage is depend- ent on waters obtained by pumping, great: interest is felt by the dependent communities in the conditions which the developments reveal. SURFACE CONDITIONS. The red mesa lands, which represent the older topography of the Indian Hill and Red Hills type, are widely distributed in this narrow- est part of the valley between the San Jose Hills and the San Gabriel Mountains. They form the mesas on either side of San Dimas Wash, which is, indeed, a canyon cut in this older alluvium and then par- tially refilled by the modern stream débris; they extend from San Dimas eastward beyond the mouth of Liveoak Canyon and southward toward Laverne and Lordsburg. In the latter direction their sur- face extent can not be determined with accuracy because they are mantled by the later alluvium, and the soils derived from the two formations are very commonly so much alike that they can not be distinguished. The obscurity is increased where the older mesa formation is coarse and gravelly, as it is in numerous places near the mountains. In many such places its red color is wanting and it is to 44 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. be distinguished from the latest wash only by its distribution and by a slight induration, which although very imperfect is usually some- what greater than that of the later gravels. North of San Dimas Wash a bench of the red clays, in many of the exposures very typic- ally developed, extends eastward from the point of the hill south of Glendora to the base of the main range. Between Azusa and Glen- dora a fringe of this formation flanks the mountain base. In these described areas it forms the actual surface; over other sections it is probably not deeply buried. For example, it presumably underlies the entire area about the head of Walnut Creek, extending from Laverne, San Dimas, and the country to the west, southward to the San Jose Hills, and it may underlie much of the Glendora district at slight depths. It should be understood clearly that these red clays and gravels were distributed just as the clays, gravels, and sands are being distributed to-day over their channels by the San Gabriel] and other streams. In both cases the material laid down is simply the ground-up rock brought by the streams from their mountain can- yons, and the total quantity of earlier and later wash is equal to the amount removed by the streams in cutting the canyons. The important facts about the older alluvium are that in certain areas it has been uplifted since its deposition and that time enough has elapsed to permit it to be eroded by the streams since its uplift, so that an irregular topography has been produced in it. There are hills here and valleys there, canyons in one area, mesas in another, and these have all been smoothed over and partially buried by the modern stream wash. We do not know this older topography, there- fore, in detail. We see only here and there a hilltop or a broad mesa standing above the modern wash. The rest of the red alluvial hills and valleys are buried beneath it. In many areas, however, they manifest themselves distinctly in the influence that they exert on the circulation of the ground waters. While this influence is marked, it is not everywhere complete, because the old alluvium is not imper- vious. A ridge of it buried in the later alluvium may therefore not entirely deflect the waters percolating through the latter, although the difference in porosity is in many places great enough to Hake the deflection nearly complete. Both the older and the younger alluvial deposits exhibit the irregu- larity which is characteristic of the alluvium everywhere. Both have their coarse and their fine phases, their pervious and their impervious lenses and strata. This fact increases the difficulty of distinguishing between them, because though, taken all in all, the modern wash is more open and permits of freer circulation of around waters than the older wash, yet many of the better beds in the older wash may be superior to the poorer beds in the modern wash in this important respect. Both are water bearing, and under favorable conditions good wells are procured in each, but the greater number of better wells UNDERGROUND WATERS OF SAN DIMAS WASH. 45 are drilled in the modern gray wash, and in many places the older alluvium is dry. UNDERGROUND CONDITIONS. The extensive developments about Lordsburg and Laverne and in San Dimas Wash have brought to light certain important phases of the underground conditions. Bed rock has been found in enough of these wells to give a hint as to the depth of the alluvial filling and the downward limits of water- bearing gravel. A well which has been mentioned before, belonging to the Irrigation Company of Pomona (No. 182, Pomona quadrangle), enters bed rock at a depth of about 800 feet; that is, at 160 feet above sea level. In one of the Covina Irrigating Company’s wells south of Lordsburg the drill entered lava, similar to that which outcrops in the hills farther to the south, at 244 feet from the surface, although other wells of this group which were drilled 150 feet deeper are in alluvium to the bottom. In the recently drilled Peyton well (No. 247, Pomona quadrangle; see fig. 11) a granite bed rock, first encountered at 538 feet from the surface, was penetrated for nearly 100 feet. Bed rock here stands at something more than 600 feet above sea level and in the Covina well at about 750 feet. The San Dimas Irrigating Company’s wells on the site of the old ““Mud Springs” ciénaga reached a shale bed rock at about 200 feet below the surface; that is, at about 800 feet above sea level. These and the Covina wells are near the south rim of the valley. At the bottom of wells Nos. 208 and 210, owned by Baker & Son and by N. L. Sparks, a lava bed rock was found at 330 and 300 feet, respectively, below the surface; that is, at alittle less than 900 feet above sea level. North and south of San Dimas Wash are bed-rock hills of shale, sandstone, and lava, and 7p. (07 ven tno. wells drilled near these knobs strike the same rock 247, Pomona quad- formation at slight depth. The Deacon wells, be- ™"®”” longing to the Covina Irrigating Company, are of this type. Of the wells mentioned none are in the center of the valley, where bed rock is probably deepest, although the Peyton well, north of Lordsburg, is not far from the center. A number of the San Dimas Wash wells are more than 500 feet in depth (fig. 12), and so far as reported, in no well except those of the Deacon 100 4 200 5 300 4 a 400 500 4 DY ra Ax» A] 600 4 yx 700 — 46 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. group, drilled near the base of a bed-rock mound, was rock found in place. It seems unlikely, however, that bed rock is more than 1,000 feet below the surface in this vicinity. The buried bed-rock surface, it is to be remembered, is probably quite as irregular as that part of it which lies above the alluvial filling. It consists of ridges, knobs, and valleys, so that the depth to it will not be uniform and can not be predicted with exactness at any point. The records of the wells which have been mentioned support the Fest opinion that, would be formed by a mere inspection of the topography, namely, that bed rock lies closer to the surface in this narrow belt, where the Coast Range approaches nearest to the base of the San 1o-| Gabriel Mountains, than in the broader San Gabriel Valley to the west or in the wide Cucamonga Plains to the east. : The greater part of the sands, gravels, and clays zo0-} in the San Dimas area belongs, as has already been indicated, to the older alluvium, the ‘ Red | Hills formation,” asit is locally called; butin San Dimas Wash itself a fairly deep canyon has been 3o0-| cut into this older wash and then partially filled again by the loose sands and gravels brought out | by the stream (fig. 13). The walls of the unfilled portion of this older canyon limit the mesa north of San Dimas and Laverne. The depth of the loose modern filling in the wash seems to be only about 100 or 200 feet. Below that depth some of the wells encounter red clays which presumably belong to the older- alluvium that forms the walls of San Dimas Wash. The depth to bed rock in the wash is of in- terest to irrigators because it determines the final lower limit from which irrigating waters can be drawn. None of the owners who have put down Fie. 12.—Section of wells near the middle of the wash, where the freest Western Water and : ; PowerCompany’s wel Water-bearing gravels are found, have reported (No. 233, Pomona bed rock, although it has been reached in a num- lias ber of the wells near the southern edge. In view of the restricted character of the middle valley of the San Dimas and the fact that it is only about 1 mile from rim rock on the south of the wash to rim rock on the north, near the town of San Dimas, it is manifest that bed rock can not lie at great depth below this part | of the stream bed. North of Laverne the valley is broader and may be deeper, since its bottom is probably irregular, but the greatest depth to bed rock 3) 400 4 500 + 600 — SAN GABRIEL VALLEY GROUND WATEBS. 47 here is probably beneath the mesa in the old alluvium, while the principal producing wells lie in the wash within less than three-fourths of a mile from the northern rocky border of the valley. If the gen- eral average slope of this mountain rim, a slope of 1,000 to 1,500 feet er mile, is maintained beneath the wash, as it probably is, then bed rock is to be expected at less, probably at considerably less, than 1,000 feet from the surface in that part of the wash where develop- ment is most intense. The great value of the gravels which have been pierced here is due to their coarseness, openness, and looseness, and the consequent free- dom with which they yield the water that they contain, and the readiness with which they are recharged after having been heavily pumped. The San Dimas area forms the extreme eastern extension of the San Gabriel Valley, but has been discussed as a separate district because of the intensity and importance of its development, and because, as it stands near the divide between the San Gabriel Valley Feet Cc 500 ° V2 imile a Fic. 13.—Diagrammatic section across San Dimas Wash; a, lava; 6, alluvium; c¢, shale. and the Cucamonga. Plains, underground conditions are unlike those in either of the latter areas. SAN GABRIEL VALLEY. Westward from San Dimas the valley of San Dimas Creek gradu- ally opens out into the San Gabriel Valley proper, which extends as a wide plain with a gentle slope toward the south to the San Rafael Hills beyond Pasadena. San Gabriel River at the mouth of its can- yon discharges upon this plain and leaves it through the Paso de Bartolo, a dozen miles to the southwest. Throughout much of the year its channel across the plain is a dry wash, but during the period of the winter rains a surface stream often extends entirely across the valley. At other seasons the water which reaches the inner edge of the plain from the canyon sinks and crosses the valley by percolation underground. Water always rises in and near the Paso de Bartolo in springs, which feed Rio Hondo and the San Gabriel and thus supply the canals which head here with irrigating water. So far as known, this central portion of the basin is a simple broad valley of deformation, whose bed-rock bottom may be several thousand feet below the surface. 48 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. That part of the San Gabriel Valley, however, which lies north and west of a line connecting South Pasadena with the spur of the San Gabriel. Mountains between Santa Anita Canyon and Monrovia, is a distinct province so far as its underground waters are concerned. A fold in the late strata which form the valley filling, a fold which in places expresses itself topographically as a ridge or a series of knobs, here forms an effective underground barrier to the waters that are percolating toward the axis of the valley from the northwest, and so makes of this northwestern tract a distinct area, which will be spoken of as the Pasadena Basin. In the central part of the San Gabriel Valley development has not as yet been very intense. The cultivable lands along the northern edge, particularly those east of San Gabriel Canyon, are irrigated largely by canals which take gravity water from the canyon. There are a number of successful wells west of the wash close to the foot- hills, where soils are good, but farther south is a wide area of rough land which has little agricultural value and beneath which the water plane lies at considerable depths. Still farther south, toward Bassett and Elmonte, the soils are finer and more productive, and the water plane lies nearer the surface, so that the development of under- ground waters is less expensive. In this area they are more generally used. The Paso de Bartolo is the water gap through which the San Gabriel Valley waters are discharged upon the coastal plain. It is less than 2 miles wide, and its depth is not known, although the topography and the records of wells drilled in the pass indicate clearly that the depth must be considerable, perhaps 600 or 800 feet. The valley to the north is doubtless much deeper than this, and the rise of the ground waters in the pass is due to a combined lateral contraction and shoaling of the basin, so that the cross-section of the field through which the waters are percolating is very much lessened, and they are forced out as surface flows. The waters which accumulate here above the pass and escape through it, either over the surface or beneath it, include all the waters that drain into the San Gabriel Valley from San Dimas westward to Pasadena, except those that evaporate from the water or soil surfaces. The greater portion of the subsurface circulation of even Arroyo Seco probably escapes to the coastal plain by this route, although its surface waters join the Los Angeles River system at Los Angeles. The greater San Gabriel basin, in which the absorptive gravels occur, is a constructional valley of the type almost universal in southern California. It is one of the more extensive of the basins of this type, and its dimensions are difficult to estimate. Wells are not numerous except near the southern margin, and these are gen- erally of depths so moderate that they give no clue to the position SAN GABRIEL VALLEY GROUND WATERS. 49 of the bottom of the basin. One exception is to be noted. The test well of the East Whittier Land and Water Company, just west of San Gabriel Wash and north of the Southern Pacific tracks, has been extended to a depth of 1,260 feet. Throughout this distance the drill penetrated only alternating sand, gravel, and clay strata. The coarsest beds were found between 70 and 350 and between 570 and 780 feet from the surface. Below 780 feet coarse strata are unusual and clay predominates, but the bottom of the well is in unconsoli- dated material, bed rock not having been reached. Wells 300 feet deep in the narrowest part of the Paso de Bartolo likewise failed to reach bottom, so that this outlet of the San Gabriel Basin has been depressed since it was cut by the stream until it stands below sea level. Just below and west of the pass, on the inner slope of the coastal plain, is a 500-foot well which penetrates alluvium throughout. At Elmonte a well belonging to the Southern Pacific Company is 480 feet deep, and of course is in alluvium to the bottom. Other wells from 300 to 500 feet deep in the vicinity of San Gabriel and Savannah record the same conditions. East of the San Gabriel and 3 miles north of Puente is a well belonging to Edward Fickewirth which is 850 feet deep (fig. 14). The record shows only an alternation of sand, clay, and gravel strata, but some of the gravel is reported to be cemented and may belong to the Pliocene rocks, which outcrop in the Puente Fills only a mile away. Shallower wells near this one are reported to yield more freely. In general the developments have furnished no evidence which will permit a direct estimate of the position and character of the rock floor of the San Gabriel Valley. It certainly lies well below sea level, not less than 1,000 feet below at the East Whittier pump- ing station, where the land surface has an elevation of about 300 feet. Without exploration to it, statements as to its position can have little value. The basin is too broad and irregular in outline to make projection of the slopes of the bordering hills a safe guide to the position of bed rock beneath the surface, and the existence of a fault or fault zone of great magnitude along the northern border adds to the uncertainty of the bed-rock position in this direction. It is highly probable that the depression of valleys of this type has been gradual, and that the filling by unconsolidated materials has also been gradual, since it has, no doubt, accompanied the depres- sion and has probably kept pace with it. The more deeply buried sands and gravels are therefore the older, and their consolidation is likely to be more thorough. It is quite possible that alluvial sedi- mentation of this type began toward the end of the Tertiary period, which is represented in the folded conglomerates, shales, sands, 47505—1R8 219—08——4 50 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. and clays in the Puente Hills, and that it has continued with more or less regularity since. If this is true, bed rock beneath parts of the FEET 0-7 agus 100 + 200 + 300 + 500 4 600 + 700 + 4+ 800 900 — Fig. 14.—Section of Ficke- wirth well (No. 99, Po- mona quadrangle). valley, at least, will not be a distinct and easily recognizable featur. Instead, in deep drilling, the jate alluvium would gradually ‘become more compact with depth until it passed by imperceptible gradations into bed rock of the type which outcrops in the Puente Hills. Wherever granitic islands stood up from the deener-lying granitic basement, however, and were finally engulfed only in the latest accumulations of alluvium, they may be encountered by the drill in its explorations, and then a perfectly distinct and definite bed rock will be recognized. Such a gra- nitic island which projects above the present sur- face is to be found in Monk Hill, Pasadena, and others which lie beneath this surface are more likely to be encountered in drilling near the north- ern and western than near the southern and eastern edges of the basin. PASADENA BASIN. The Raymond Hotel stands on the crest of a hill near the southern edge of Pasadena. The axis of this hill is an overturned anticline of Miocene sand- stones and shales. (See fig. 16:) North of east from the hotel are a series of low knobs and abrupt changes in the valley slope, which extend toward the spur of the San Gabriel Range that lies just east of the mouth of Santa Anita Canyon. At some points along this line the knobs and the steepening slope which are the surface evidences of certain significant underground conditions are con- spicuous. At other points they are insignificant, but even here the topography is usually uneven and the zone along the upper edge of the ‘‘dike” is marked by dark peaty soil. The behavior of the underground waters which are seeking an outlet by percolation southeastward from the Pasadena Basin toward the main San Gabriel Valley is even more significant of under- ground conditions along this line. Above it ground waters lie near to the surface or flow out over the surface in certain places. Below it they lie more than 100 feet lower. The condition is similar to that above and below a surface dam, the water level being much nigher above than below because of the imper- PASADENA BASIN GROUND WATERS. 51 meable barrier between. Over the face of this subterranean dam, the Raymond Hill dike, the ground-water level has a steep grade, as sur- face waters have a steep fall over the crest of a surface dam. Above the dike percolating waters are checked in their southward move- ment and accumulate under pressure where proper physical conditions exist, so that they are artesian. The greater number of the wells of the Pasadena Basin are located along a zone just above this dike, for the waters here are much more accessible than elsewhere in the basin. A few important wells, all of which, however, involve high lifts, have been in- FEET stalled in a subdivision of the main Pasadena Basin, ad near its northern edge, which may be spoken of as the North Pasadena Basin. Among these are wells belonging to some of the Pasadena water companies in the neighborhood of Las Casetas and Marengo. On the mesa just northwest of Devils Gate one of the Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water Com- pany’s wells (No. 434, Pasadena quadrangle) is 614 feet deep and does not reach bed rock, although rock outcrops in Arroyo Seco, only a mile away. This illustrates the steepness of the buried bed-rock slopes in this part of the Pasadena Basin. They are prob- ably comparable in steepness with the mountain slopes to the north of the valley. The record of this well indicates a very common succession of sand, gravel, clay, and bowlders to 560 feet. Below that point the proportion of what the driller calls ‘‘rock,” a term which he generally applies to very coarse material, increases and continues to the bottom of the boring. It seems unlikely that bed rock lies at a great distance below the bottom of this well. 500 — Monk Hill (fig. 16), in North Pasadena, is a bed- Fc. .15—Section of rock outcrop which is clearly a southeastward con- [N>"ty. Pesndena tinuation of the spur of the San Rafael Hills through quadrangle). which Arroyo Seco has cut at Devils Gate. This partially buried ridge is thus an eastward extension of the south wall of La Cafiada Valley. Its presence is clearly indicated not only by the accumu- lated underground waters north of it which have been utilized with such success in the Devils Gate developments of the Pasadena companies and the wells about Las Casetas station, and by the much greater depth (200 feet or more) at which waters are found below it, but also by the records of wells Nos. 74 and 74a, which are reported to have reached bed rock at 135 and 146 feet, respectively, from the surface. These wells lie between Monk Hill and 100 > 200 + 300 + 400 + 52 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. the granitic outcrops in Arroyo Seco below Devils Gate (Pl. I, A) and furnish practically conclusive evidence that a continuous bed- rock ridge lies buried under the alluvium between these two points. The effect of this barrier is to check the southward movement of the underground waters which accumulate above Devils Gate, and. to force them to make a long detour to the eastward around Monk Hill before continuing southward. They are thus thrown into the San Gabriel drainage basin instead of being tributary to that of Los Angeles River as are the flood waters of Arroyo Seco. An under- ground barrier thus changes entirely the route followed by the under- ground circulation of the upper course of the stream, and we have the interesting spectacle of the surface flood waters of a drainage basin flowing seaward by way of one river system, and the under- ground waters seeking the same destination by another route. Before the Devils Gate developments were undertaken, some of the surplus underground waters which were held behind this Monk Hill barrier rose to the surface at Devils Gate in the series of springs which formed one of the important original’ sources of Pasadena water. This surplus is now taken out by the tunnels and wells and sthe springs have ceased to flow. It is safe to say also that more water may be continuously developed by this system than the springs originally yielded, because much was lost by evaporation in the moist lands about the springs under the original conditions, and also because a part of the surplus which originally no doubt found its way eastward around Monk Hill is probably now brought out by way of the tunnels and wells. At the Sheep Corral springs, as at Devils Gate, Arroyo Seco cuts through a spur of the San Rafael Hills so that its canyon becomes narrow, with rock walls and bottom impermeable to percolating waters. These waters are thus forced to the surface—or were before they were intercepted by develop- ment work—and appeared as springs. The situation is less favor- able here than at Devils Gate because the Monk Hill bed-rock ridge deflects much of the ground waters eastward away from Sheep Corral, and it is probable that the developments there are supplied in an important measure, perhaps almost entirely, by those Arroyo Seco flood waters which are absorbed in the wide part of the arroyo which lies between Devils Gate and Sheep Corral. At both points sub- merged dams have been built to bed rock across the narrow part of the arroyo to hold back the underground waters or to force them to the surface. (PI. IT, B.) One of the group of four wells belonging to the East Pasadena Land and Water Company on Franklin avenue and California street is 736 feet deep, its bottom being almost at sea level. It is nearly a mile north of the dike and in its record there is no trace either of the sandstone which underlies Raymond Hill or of the crystalline U. & GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 219° PL. II A. DEVILS GATE. B. SUBMERGED DAM ABOVE DEVILS GATE. PASADENA BASIN GROUND WATERS. 53 rocks which appear in the vicinity of the Sheep Corral springs. Sand, clay, and gravel, such as constitute the general basin filling, are reported clear to the bottom of the boring. wo & $F The deepest well reported ia the Pasadena 3 0c 8 8 2 38 neighborhood is one drilled on the Hurlburt = a place near the south end of the city, just east g _of Orange Grove avenue. The depth givenis & z 1,300 feet, and it is stated that much of this 5 distance was bored through ‘‘granite.”’ Details are not available, however, and as the well is near the western border of the basin, where bed rock is to be expected at comparatively shallow depths, it has no especial significance. A few of the wells drilled near Raymond Hill, as for instance No. 53, belonging to the Euclid Avenue Water Company; No. 448, belonging to the Pasadena Land and Water Company, and No. 449, of the Graves & Bean system, reach the shale or sandstone which appears at the surface about Raymond Hill, but is buried farther east. Other wells drilled farther east along the dike, while numerous, are usually shallow, do not reveal the existence of bed rock, and throw comparatively little light on under- ground conditions. If the consolidated sand- stoné and shale beds continue to form the core of the dike in this direction, they lie deeper than the drill has yet reached. But the dike is none the less efficient as a dam, and even in those areas where the only surface outcrops are unconsolidated gravels a comparison of the water levels above and below its line indicates that clays or other impervious materials must form its axis. Folds of this character in beds which are very recent are not at all unusual in this part of the State, and they have an impor- tant and significant relation to several of the most prominent artesian areas. The San Ber- nardino artesian belt, for example, is limited on the downstream side by the Bunker Hill ‘‘dike,’”’ an anticline in late clays very similar to that which extends eastward from Raymond Hill. The great coastal-plain basin also is limited on its seaward side by a broad broken ridge, which is the surface expression of a gentle arch in the coastal-plain sediments. ‘a[BYys PUB OUOASpUS ‘9 ‘TIMANT[V “gq {SYOOI opIWVis ‘o :]OUM AVO pus [TH ALOW ysnory} UoAUVD PIVITIW Wosy AeA TEIqsy uss SSOIOB LOL}0es O1PVUIUBI. 54 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. All these gentle anticlines are very late features, geologically, and are most important factors in the storage and development of Cali- fornia ground waters. ca FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND-WATER LEVELS. EVIDENT EFFECTS. It is probable that ground-water levels in the basins of southern California were highest in the early nineties, at the end of the decade of heavy rainfall which included the exceptional seasons of 1883-84, 1885-86, 1889-90, and 1892-93. The recurring wet winters of this period and the fact that at that time comparatively little develop- ment of underground waters had been undertaken, so that there was practically no artificial drainage, were favorable conditions for raising the saturation level of the sands and gravels. The southern California artesian areas occur in the subterranean basins wherever a favorable alternation of coarse and fine material, a sufficient water supply, and a barrier against which the waters can accumulate are found together. These fayoring circumstances are to be sought along the lower edge of the various basins, nearly all of which contain areas that yield such flowing waters. The great- est combined area of the artesian water-bearing lands in southern California was 375 square miles, and while a very definite date can not be fixed for this maximum, it probably occurred in the early nineties. By 1904 there had been a contraction of one-third—to 250 square miles. Much of this contraction was due to the lessened rain- fall of the last six or seven years of the nineties, but inasmuch as, in some of the basins at least, shrinkage continued during the four years following 1900, when the rainfall throughout southern Cali- fornia was about equal to the average, this shrinkage must be attrib- uted in part to drainage of the reservoirs by pumping plants and artesian wells. Ground-water levels in the various basins offer better evidence than changes in artesian areas as to the effect of drought and development on the level of the plane of saturation. For certain areas outside of the foothill belt such evidence of this character as is available has been discussed in preceding reports.* It may be stated here, however, that records kept by Mr. Neff, near Anaheim, indicate that in that particular region the underground waters are being drawn out by the numerous pumping plants more rapidly than they are restored by natural processes during years of more than average rainfall. A similar conclusion is forced on the student @ Water-Sup. and Irr, Papers Nos, 137, 138, 139, and 142, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905. FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND-WATER LEVELS. 55 of conditions in the San Bernardino Valley, where the artesian basin is smaller and somewhat more complete records are available.* In the foothill belt no long-continued observations of ground- water levels have been made. A series of such observations has been begun by the United States Geological Survey, and in time they will furnish accurate criteria from which to judge the effects of the intensive development which the favorable character of the citrus lands there has induced. As yet no far-reaching conclusions can be drawn from them, but such evidence as they present will be discussed. Although in this area continuous measurements on ground-water levels are not to be had, certain important facts in the history of the artesian belts are available. In the first place it needs to be reiterated that various parts of the foothill belt constitute separate and independent water basins, and that the fluctuation of the ground- water levels in each of these basins depends on local rainfall or con- tributing local run-off and local developments, and is not. necessarily similar to the fluctuation in an adjacent area. Thus the Cucamonga Plains east of the San Jose Hills are to be regarded as one province, San Dimas Wash as another, the lower San Gabriel basin about Elmonte and Bassett as another, the North Pasadena Basin above Devils Gate as another, and the lower Pasadena Basin above the Raymond Hill ‘‘dike” as still another. The developments in some of these basins may affect the supply somewhat in others, but this effect is on the whole slight. For instance, excess waters from both the Pasadena basins and from San Dimas Wash have always drained toward the Elmonte basin, and have made small contributions to the supply there, but inasmuch as far the greater part of this supply comes directly from San Gabriel Canyon, the effect on the Elmonte water levels of developments at Devils Gate or San Dimas is negligible. A more pronounced effect of this sort is to be observed in the result in the San Jose Valley of developments in the old Palo- mares ciénaga above Pomona. At a time preceding the settlement of the valley San Jose Creek was a summer stream, fed by the waters which rose as springs in this ciénaga. After the settlement these waters were diverted for irrigation, and San Jose Valley was thus deprived of a part of its normal supply. Similarly all developments in the San Dimas pass about Lordsburg probably affect in a small but indeterminable measure the ground-water supply east and west of that locality, in areas toward which these waters would drain if not disturbed. All of these effects are in part, and some, perhaps, are wholly, neutralized by the return waters which seep down from the irrigated lands. a Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 142, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, pp. 56-67. 56 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. The principal original artesian areas of the foothill belt were the Pasadena Basin, a long, narrow area just above the Raymond “dike;” the area 3 miles south of San Gabriel, in which were three or four weak flowing wells; the Palomares ciénaga, above the eastern point of the San Jose Hills; the Del Monte and Martin ciénagas, near Clare- mont, and the ‘‘east”” and ‘‘west”’ ciénagas, in the Red Hills. Water rises to the surface naturally in but two of these areas at present; in the others a heavy lift is required to bring it out to the level of the heads of the ditches. The effect of development and drought here is even more pronounced than that observed in the coastal plain or the San Bernardino Valley, where continuous measurements of the decline in ground-water levels indicate that drafts at present are excessive. In the Palomares ciénaga water rose to the surface as late as 1900 in some of the stronger wells, and much artesian water was available there two or three years before this date. In 1905 the ground-water level in the heart of the old area of flow was 35 feet or 40 feet below the surface, and in some of the wells which were once artesian the water stood 60 or 70 feet below the surface. Tunnels at 50 to 100 feet below the surface now tap the waters of the East and West ciénagas in the Red Hills district, and the gravity flow, even at these levels, is small. MEASUREMENTS. In order to obtain definite data on these phenomena of changing water levels the United States Geological Survey has selected a number of wells in various localities for rezular measurement. WELLS NEAR POMONA. In the vicinity of Pomona two wells thus selected belong to the Gird group near the east end of the old Palomares ciénaga. The measurements thus far made are given below. Measurements of fluctuation of water level in wells near east end of old Palomares ciénaga. Depth to water. Depth to water. Date. Well No. | Well No. Date: Well No. | Well No. 284. 299. 284. 299. 1904. Fl. in.| Ft. in. 1905—Continued. Ft. in.| Ft. in September 7.............-...- 75 2 7 2 || August 16...............0.... 7l 73°=«9 October 6....-.. 75 44) 77 2 |! September 21.. --| 73 5 75 3 November 16.. 74 6 76 ot November 11... --| 70 48) 71 5 December 18.........-...-.--- 74 3 76 = 24|| December 20.................. 67° 68 8 68 103] 70 5a] J Peis ANUATY 26 isos Siew oisseands pes 64 9 68 6 66 #1 67 -84|| March 14 oes. cctecnwe nein, 62 10 67 4 65 11 67 54|| May 8....... eae 62 5 62 4 63 11 65 = 74|| June 26........ rete 64 5 65 10 62 11 64 5 || August 1...... st 67 68 1 66 8 68 2 || September 24.. 67 4} 68 3 70 10 72 8 || December 10 64 34) 65 8 FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND-WATER LEVELS. 57 These two wells are near together and their measurements are very similar throughout. Each shows a gain between the Septem- ber measurements of 1904 and 1905, and a more pronounced gain when the water level in September, 1906, is compared with that of September, 1905. The period spanned by the measurements includes only two high-water dates—May, 1905, and May, 1906—and a slight gain is indicated at the later period, the gain being more pronounced in well No. 299 than in its neighbor. Well No. 284 is within 100 feet of one of the Gird wells which flowed until 1896. The sharp rise in the water plane in these wells between the measurements of Decem- ber, 1904, and January, 1905, is probably to be attributed to the ces- sation of pumping in the vicinity at this time; and the almost equally sharp fall between the May and June measurements of the following spring marks the vigorous opening of the summer pumping season. If any two dates a year apart are selected in the table, it is seen that the water level has risen by amounts ranging from a few inches to as much as 7 feet in the interval, so that in this part of the basin the heavy rainfall of 1904-5 and 1905-6 has resulted in a marked improvement in conditions. As the water level fell at an average rate of 7 to 8 feet per year during the decade from 1896 to 1906, improvement is welcomed. A well near the western edge of Pomona, owned by B. Linnas- truth (No. 12, Pomona quadrangle), has been measured since Decem- ber 19, 1904. The results are as follows: Measurements of fluctuation of water level in Linnastruth well, near Pomona. Depth to Depth to Date. water. Date. ore 1904. Ft in. " 4905—Continued. ee December 14......-------+-222-.2e eee eee 90 63/1 November 12..........-.---2.0ceeeeeeee 93 DGCOMUDCL 21 oo. o.nrxyeres sie sieslasiacsiwisiesiensiereees 93 6 1905. JONUALY 12 pe ocuiscinscesiceceesesersaeee es 90 9 1906. ’ February 2a. scsectesscieaenissasanemeeres Oh UN Mareb 1B. sacra sicctaacsinciges acidic aieciainarcrsrs 92 6 ae MH 16S ere do bulauitesecanen cea nseun OL) BN) May’ 9 a ci5:s: ce ccamoscincsasenase cinerea 94 «6 ay 17..... :..{ 91 6$l} June 27... ..- ‘| 93 6 JUNG! 22... ce cetminee ee se teeedecirtcmaapees 92 August 2........-- dees 95 6 TOY 20 :- 0. ctcnted aegeceratesesieet weees 92 10%|| September 25 sie 96 BEDECOUDGE Qo. pia on neicecndeeremens cattle 9s © || December 1) cs cccsnseayeeeeersemewaesass 9 2 This well is unfavorably situated, in that it lies below the majority of the strong pumping plants of the Pomona neighborhood and away from the storm-water channels, so that it gets the full adverse effect of heavy pumping and but little of the beneficial effect of the flow in the flood channels. The result is that. there has been an almost uniform slow decline since the beginning of measurements; the water plane in December, 1906, being 4 feet 74 inches lower than in December, 1904. During only four of the thirteen intervals between measurements was there any recovery whatever, and the greatest of. 58 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. these, which took place between the May and June measurements, 1906, registers an improvement of only 1 foot. WELLS NEAR SAN DIMAS. In the years following 1896 San Dimas Wash attracted attention because of the ease with which water could be developed in it, and because of its elevation, which made it possible to conduct the water by gravity to the citrus lands in the Glendora and Covina neighbor- hoods. In 1896, when the first plant was installed by J. O. Enell, the ground-water level was within 44 feet of the surface; but with the continued installation of plants and continuous pumping during the dry years the water plane was drawn down to about 135 feet in 1905, and when all the pumping plants are operating, it may be tem- porarily lowered below 200 feet in this immediate vicinity. Details of this decline are not available. United States Geological Survey measurements have been maintained about two years, and they indicate that during that time there has been a gratifying improve- ment in conditions in the wash, due directly to the increased rain- fall within the San Dimas watershed and the consequent added quan- tity of water which has been absorbed by the gravels there, and to the increase in gravity waters in other near-by canyons. Since many of the irrigating systems use pumped water only to augment their gravity supply, this increase has greatly reduced the drafts on the San Dimas basin by the pumping plants established there. One of the wells selected for measurement (No. 246, Pomona quad- rangle), belongs to K. Firth, and is situated half a mile west of the prin- cipal group of pumping stations and about 50 feet below them. It is far enough away from them not to be greatly affected by the fluc- tuations due to the starting and stopping of pumps, and so records the general rise and fall of the ground-water level. The record is as follows: Measurements of fluctuation of water level in Firth well. Depth to Depth to Date. water. Date. | vated: 1904. Ft. in. 1905—Continued. | Fi. in. RERUOINDO Tc cccncscaauaeewss peeeetqande 0 63]) August 16..........220 20.2.0 2000 2222 - 105 10 October 7...........--- 111 7 || September 21._.. 106 7} November 16 113° 2 || November 11.... 108 14 December 18 cciis cee cocnsanes seecessnscings 413 11 |) December 20... cccccuess sysceewnaeenea 109 1905, 1906. Pamdary! Me savccvscesawndst widcweaeaeneee 114 -S4]) Jamu ary 2? a2 se cicinctesesamevetiececces 107 64 February 20......-- eaal DN UL | Maret The. ces vycreaess eis 108 March 11.......-.-- seca) AIS OT [MOV ccmawuns rete cans unan 87 10 April VAs seveveceums 106 10) WPM) 26 oes nccies ede 92 11 ay 17...- ----| 104 9 |) August 1..... ail4 5 JUNC! 22 «2c oursanolne Sk xb rk Adewae emus aese 104 4 |) September 24.....2 22.0022. 97 44 July 20.220... cee eee erect eee net eens 105. 6 || Deeeraber 10. oa cicvsccceswecwwremnmanaee | 96 11 a Pumping. FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND-WATER LEVELS, 59 A comparison of September measurements in this well indicates a gain of 4 feet between 1904 and 1905, and a gain of over 9 feet between 1905 and 1906, or a total of 13 feet for the two years. The lowest period following the summer of 1904, however, was not reached until January, 1905, and that of the succeeding season came in December. A comparison of these two dates indicates a gain of somewhat more than 54 feet in the interval. If we accept the September measurements of 1904 and 1906, with their recorded recovery of 13 feet, as indicating fairly the improve- ment in conditions during these two years of heavy rainfall, and re- gard the decline between 1896 and 1904 as aggregating about 65 feet, the greater part of which took place in the latter part of the interval, we reach the conclusion that ten years of rainfall as heavy as that of the last two seasons will restore the underground waters to their original level. Even during these two years of heavy rainfall, how- ever, not all wells in the vicinity exhibit so marked a recovery, as is evident from the following record of the Azusa Irrigating Com- pany’s well (No. 251, Pomona quadrangle) : Measurements of fluctuations of water level in Azusa Irrigating Company's well. Depth to Depth to pate water. Date. water: ‘ 1904. Fu. in, 1905—Continued. rer Seabee IIIT) Sf a] September beeen eee a DOREITT AD serhsenessuaets seohensarorn oe | ember a 1905 . 1906. Terenas See eee a ‘ JONUATY, 27 eveoensooscsexeseiyels Reaaetet 97 10 March 1i...... “| 97 4 || March 15.. sua. || 8% 2 April 14. ... “] 95 6 cae eg a) May 17..... 94 3 || June |} ol i June 22.... 94 7 (|| August 1... veee| QO2 4 July 20, 95 4 September 24..2.2002002 00 98 7h ‘August 16..........2.ss0sssesceeeeeeeee 96 4 || December 10.........-.--.---------.-- 100 11 This well is about one-half mile southwest of the Firth well, is far- ther from the storm-water channel and from the big pumping plants, and is consequently expected to exhibit less marked fluctuations. There was but 1 inch difference between the low-water periods fol- lowing the summers of 1904 and 1905; but the low-water period of 1906 is 1 foot 11 inches below that of the preceding fall. The Sep- tember measurement in 1906 shows a loss over that of 1905, and the latter a slight loss over the October measurement. of 1904. The high- water period of June, 1906, however, shows a recovery of 3 feet as compared with that of June, 1905. There is a slight net loss in the two years of observations, but as measurements are made at consid- erable intervals, with a resulting improbability that either the highest or the lowest water periods are detected, it may be said in a general way that this well is just about holding its own. 60 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Two other observation wells (Nos. 144 and 149, Pomona quad- rangle), belonging respectively to William Ferry and Sidney Deacon and located 1} to 2 miles southwest of San Dimas, show somewhat different results. Their record is given below. Measurements of fluctuations of water level in wells near San Dimas. Depth to water. Depth to water. Date: Well | Well Date. Well | well No. 144. | No, 149. No. 144. | No. 149. 1904. Ft. in. | Ft. in. 1905—Continued. Fi. in Ft. in October 7..........0...2202006 199 8} 124 38 ye Bore November 16.............0.0.. 199 10| 124 ete: a) ore hae December. 13 ....0-.02202s sexe 199 10%) 124 December 20... 1 eee J je 199 93| 193 6 1906 anuary 1. woes sccwe sess eeee : February 21. LI] 199 123-5 || Jauary 27.....---------2-++-- at 3 isi : Maret 10,1002. ----| 199 84} 127 “| 501 3 April 14......... ....| 200 4/ 125 8 a aes May 17... a| setae 124 8 201 9 June 22...... .---| 200, 43] 125 13 oe ae DUG, 28 so cise ee Sie s SEB 200 6) 125 5 Oo: a AUUSE Ui. cw acvaaany naanannde Oy |) Jab 1 REEVE SU etenekenceseernsn] AEE) RE feessenes The water levels in these wells exhibit but little variation, but such changes as have taken place have been in the direction of loss, the fall measurements of 1905 and 1906 being in each case about 1 foot lower than those of the preceding year. In the Deacon well (No. 149) the fall measurements for 1906 were interfered with by an abnormal rise, probably due to the inflow of surface water; but the 1905 measurements indicate a loss as compared with those of 1904, and the high-water measurements one year apart indicate the same con- dition. Both of these wells are some distance from any of the washes through which the ground waters are replenished; therefore they exhibit but slight monthly and annual fluctuations. The slow wave of percolating waters, which starts from the washes in all direc- tions through the gravels, with each winter’s floods, is very flat indeed before it reaches these more distant wells. Its maximum height in the Ferry well was 24 inches, reached in February, 1905. In the Deacon well this crest was 10 inches above the low level reached during the previous October. WELLS NEAR VINELAND. Two wells at Vineland, near San Gabriel Wash, show this wave of percolating water much more strongly developed. In a case of this kind,, where the annual fluctuations are violent, long records are necessary before accurate conclusions can be drawn. In such short records as we now have, general movements of the water plane up or down are obscured by the great range of the seasonal fluctuations. On the face of these records, however, a distinct net gain is observed. FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND-WATER LEVELS. 61 Measurements of fluctuations of water level in wells at Vineland. Depth to water. Depth to water. Date. Well | Well Date: Well | Well No. 87. | No. 88. No. 87. | No. 88. 1904. Ft. in. | Ft. in. 1905—Continued. . ‘ Ft. in. | Ft. in. December 14.....-.-..----.--- 104 «1 93 10 |) November 12......-------2-2- 9 «9 84 9 1905. December 21.....-.......----- 96 7 8 7 JARUSTY 12. exes aecseesccscess 104 6 93 6 1906. ore te oa) AU AB Br P| Ranta B camnaaieamcanimocs 97 86. April 15... 93 11] 82 7 |) March 16... cae alee yi7.. TIN) 90 8 | 78 10 || May 8... 3: 4) AG June 22.02.2222 90 11| 79 4 |) June 27.. 81 13} 70 3 Tuly 21... SI] ot 4] 79 10 || August 1 Sees oo ‘august 16 “1 gg 9 81 4 Septembe: 85 il 75 13 September 20........cccc...2., 98 9 | 82 10 |) December 11 810) BF The recovery in each of these wells for the two years of observa- tion was 7 or 8 feet annually, with a net gain for the period of 15 feet 3 inches. Not only are the recoveries rapid and of great magnitude, but the annual fluctuations exhibit the wide range of 7 to 15 feet. WELLS NEAR LORDSBURG. Two record wells on the mesa northeast and northwest of Lords- burg, belonging to F. H. Massey and Charles Alley (Nos. 67 and 250, Pomona quadrangle), are measured regularly. They serve to record conditions on these valuable bench lands, where water developments have been extensive of late years. Measurements of fluctuations of water level in wells on bench lands near Lordsburg. Depth to water. Depth to water. Date. well | Well Date. well | Well No. 67. | No. 250. No. 67. | No. 250. 1904. . in. | Ft. in. 1905—Continued. ‘ . . Ft. in. | Ft. in, October 7...-..-..----------++ 145 4 Se ptember 21.......-... plat sista 200 150 11 Deven err a 143 10 | November t2..000..20..00.....) 202 Wo] 162 7° CCEIN DER DORs assienc ree ae December 20.-....-......---+- 200 11] 152 1905 s 1906 . January 11.. 146 9 |! yonuar ‘ K PDT scenes mere etes 201 14 151 5 ee te a March i5..... TINT 200 2) 149 25 ‘ALIA 00 147 7'|| May 8.---- ees -| 198 43] 149 6 phir un |a159 June 26 197 6) 149 4 J ay 0. 146g || August 1... 196 54) 153 1h italy 50... Siaaiiaaed iso 3 || September 197 73) 154 4% ‘August Gece Meee 1503 December 10... 197 34) 154 7 a Pumping. The record of well No. 67 is rather erratic within narrow limits, probably because of variations in the pumping in its vicinity, yet gen- eral tendencies are discernible. A comparison of the water levels during the autumn months of 1904 with a corresponding period in 1905 indicates a slight loss of 1 to 3 feet, but when the 1905 and 1906 measurements are compared in the same way a distinct gain of 2} to 5 feet is indicated, the net result for the two years being a recovery of 1 to 3 feet. 62 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Well No. 250, over a mile farther northwest and near more large pumping plants, shows a decline in both the yearly periods. This decline amounted to 5 or 6 feet for the interval between November, 1904, and November, 1905, but was reduced to 2 or 3 feet for the interval from December, 1905, to December, 1906. The net loss in this well for the two years is 8 or 9 feet. WELLS SOUTHEAST OF POMONA. The group of four wells here discussed lies southeast of Pomona, toward the Chino artesian belt. In this direction the water plane and the land surface gradually approach, until in the artesian belt they practically coincide. This fact, as well as the fluctuations of the water table, is illustrated by the following measurements: Measurements of fluctuations of water level in wells southeast of Pomona. Depth to water. Date: Well No. | Well No. | Well No. | Well No. 177. 201. 181. 214. Ft. in.) Ft. in.| Ft. in.| Ft. in. - September 8 89... [exessecece 34° «6 3 9 October 6......--.-. ea oer 88 10 58 93) 36 63 6 64 November 16. ---| 88 103) 60 3 34 10 3 10 DICCOMDS TS 5 iio caie 3g 25.5 a inicdes, dare bit teae,otsisisid's Haid gpegigid eisisiewredieaios 88 10 60 64 34 10 3.3 1905. UBUD atone kedratei Adon Se aay tye Boe Stra eee eens aivaketereeren ©! 88 10 60 10 34 = 93! 2 6 ReDruary 20) c2ccccced eh soos ecedeccteeeniase senses eas-meeeees 89 61 Is 34 = «7 2 March 10 os ic cscicicacccecs ae sade scenes sce sasem veces sees 89 61 44) @35 2 2. ih April 14.... ---| 88 60 8 32 10 bo 45 BAT: 2ra\ rardvaicrasascts ine Sicibeisseel Aa ncismieian atbaieiet sasinigleela wemcermaemaarll somes sate 60 11 32.7 2 June 22.... 88 11 61 1 33° «6 7 5 July 20.. 90 13) #62 11 35 4; 12 10 August 16.. ---| 90 5 61 6 35 12 2 September DU serene Se Gemeente aera elie teense. Sasuscune 90 8%! 61 10 35 «6 11 108 November (is: sc tava scan eceee catcher cee ancenmmemaiacta 90 5 62 4 35 8 4 7 December 20 icone chek cogecescuintsevisesheneaccedaeseoaens eae 90 6 62 5 35 (73 4 1 1906. DONUBTY 265-5 sections ioe Cow Cokedeeemicatsedasewsededwetnemeciines 89 6 62 33! 36 8} 4 3) Mareh 14: ..c Calculated from slope and section of flume, IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES, 69 the Hermosa tract originally embraced 480 acres of land, upon which the waters of Deer Canyon and its tributaries are used. The Hermosa Water Company was organized by owners of realty who had purchased lands and undivided iiterests in the waters of Deer Canyon from Adolph Petch or from the Hermosa Land and Water Company, organized by Petch in 1882. The water company was incorporated in October, 1887, with a capital stock of $192,000, divided into 1,920 shares with a par value of $100 per share. Four shares of stock were issued to each acre of the original tract, and each owner received a share of the available water proportional to his holdings of stock and acreage. For many years the canyon flow was sufficient for the needs of the colony, but after the dry years of the late nineties the supply from the mountains so diminished in volume that it became necessary to augment it from some other source. In 1901 the company pur- chased 80 acres of land from the Cucamonga homestead, one-half mile north and west of the Hermosa tract, sunk a well on this property, and installed a pumping plant (No. 56, Cucamonga quadrangle). The water from Deer Canyon and its branches, Calamity and Hermosa canyons, is collected by means of about 4 miles of 2-, 3-, and 4-inch pipe, and carried out of the canyon and down the are a dis- tance of nearly 4 miles, through an 8-inch cement main, to a reser- voir at the head of the colony lands. Just below the mouth of the canyon a branch pipe from Alder Canyon joins the main line. The company is entitled to the water of Alder Canyon up to 20 miner’s inches. The upper part of the main-canyon conduit, which was originally an open flume, has been replaced by an 18-inch cement pipe. Delivery from the reservoir to the lands of the irrigators is made through 4- and 8-inch pipe. The summer flow from Deer Canyon and its branches varies with the rainfall of the previous winter. The company reports that in July, 1903, it received 70 inches of mountain water, an average of 45 inches through the irrigating | season of 1904, and 80 inches in August, 1905. Pumped water is used as an ecules to the canyon flow. During the season of 1902 the plant, consisting of a 20-horsepower gas engine and Ames Fulton pump with a capacity of 30 miner’s inches, was in operation one hundred and forty days consecutively. During the season of 1903, following a wet winter, the flow from the canyon supplied the needs of the company and the pumping plant was not used. Again during the summer of 1904 mountain water was short in quantity, and pumped water was used freely in making up the deficiency. The water supply is divided into heads and distributed to the irrigators in rotation every twenty-four days. The time given to each irrigator varies with his holdings of stock. A man owning 40 70 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. shares is given twenty-four hours’ run of a half head every twenty- four days. The cost of operating and maintaining the system is prorated among the stockholders according to the proportion of stock held by each, the annual cost of water varying with the volume of pumped water used. The actual cost of pumping a 30-inch head for twenty- four hours is $5.25 under present conditions. The only expense attached to the delivery of canyon water is the cost of keeping the pipe lines in repair, the secretary’s annual salary of $50, and the zanjero’s fees. The average cost of all water used, gravity and pumped, during the past four seasons, is reported to have been $5.75 per acre per annum. There are 40 irrigators in the colony, and at the present time about 500 acres are supplied with water. The com- pany owns 1,200 acres of land in Deer and Calamity canyons, which were homesteaded by stockholders and deeded to the company in order to protect its water rights there. The company’s investment is as follows: Pumping-plant site, 80 acres, $4,900; reservoir site, 24 acres, $125; pipe system and reser- voir $4,000; well and pumping plant, $3,300; total, $12,325. The right to use the water for power purposes, reserved by the promoters at the time the land and water rights were sold, is now held by the company. IOAMOSA WATER COMPANY. The loamosa tract, in which there are 500 acres of irrigated land, lies about 1 mile north and west of the Hermosa colony. The lands are a part of the old Cucamonga Homestead Association’s property, and the water with which they are supplied comes entirely from Cucamonga Canyon and belongs in part to the Cucamonga Develop- ment Company. The Ioamosa Water Company was incorporated in 1883, with a capitalization of $50,000, divided into 500 shares, with a par value of $100 per share. The company holds title to 8; of the surface and developed flow of Cucamonga Canyon and leases the balance of all water derived from that source from the Cucamonga Development Company at a yearly rental of $500. The water procured by diversion of the surface flow and by 700 feet of tunnel intended to intercept the underflow is brought to the mouth of the canyon through a 30-inch conduit 3,400 feet long. Thence it is taken diagonally across the slope in a southeasterly dircetion in a 12- and 8-inch cement line to a small reservoir at the upper end of the colony lands. Below the reser- voir about 2 miles of 8-inch vitrified and 6-inch iron pipe have been laid for delivering the water to the irrigators. : It is reported that from 10 to 40 inches are developed in the tunnel, while the total flow, natural and developed, is said to vary from 30 IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. “1 to 100 inches. The duty of water in the colony is reputed to be 1 miner’s inch for each 74 acres, distributed in two 40-inch heads, twice each month to each 20-acre lot. Twenty-three irrigators are supplied, and the cost of water is about $2 per acre per year. CUCAMONGA LANDS AND CUCAMONGA WATER COMPANY. What are known as the Cucamonga lands are situated in the western portion of San Bernardino County, between the San Ber- nardino base line and the Southern Pacific Railroad, which is about 4 miles distant on the south. They extend eastward about 4 miles from the Ontario colony lands and Cucamonga Wash, and include in the aggregate between 8,000 and 9,000 acres, about one-third of which is irrigated, while another one-third is cultivated as vine- yard but is not under irrigation. The well-known Red Hills, famous as water-bearing lands, lie in the northwest corner of the Cucamonga tract, and the develop- ments in and adjacent to these hills supply the water used for irri- gation in the Cucamonga district and a portion of that used farther west by the San Antonio system. The Cucamonga Water Company, which at present supplies nearly all of the water used in the district, was incorporated in December 1887, by certain members of an older organization called the Cuca- monga Fruit Land Company. This company owned all the waters flowing from the ‘‘West ciénaga,” the moist lands west and north of the Red Hills, and one-half of the waters flowing from the ‘East ciénaga,”’ a similar area lying in and northeast of the Red Hills. At that time the total amount of water thus owned was between 250 and 300 miner’s inches. The other half of the east-side waters belonged to the Cucamonga Vineyard Association, and a total of about 400 acres was under irrigation by both organizations, the Vineyard Association being the heaviest water user. In addition to these rights there were certain obligations out- standing against the Fruit Land Company. The “Class A”’ rights comprised 33.84 miner’s inches due a certain group of ‘‘old settlers.” The “Class B” rights comprised 67.75 miner’s inches due another group of ‘‘old settlers,’ who had signed agreements to accept 1 miner’s inch of water for each 10 acres of land owned by them. Other obligations constituting classes ‘‘C” and “‘D” were agree- ments to furnish water, by a company to be formed later, to lands which had been sold earlier by the Fruit Land Company. Some- thing more than 300 inches was conveyed under these two classes. All of the Fruit Land Company’s rights to waters that were then flowing, all of its lands which were then recognized as water-bearing lands, and all of its obligations were conveyed to the Cucamonga Water Company at the time of its organization in 1887, and in 72 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. addition the older company contracted to develop and deliver to the purchasing company enough water to fulfill all of the obliga- tions which had been conveyed with the rights in the deed. In fulfillment of the terms of this contract, the Fruit Land Com- pany, during the years 1888, 1889, and 1890, expended from $75,000 to $100,000 in developing water by sinking wells and driving tun- nels, so that when measurements were made in July, 1890, it was found that about 500 inches of gravity water, in part natural flow and in part the result of the development work, belonged to the Cucamonga Water Company. This amount was more than enough to satisfy the rights outstanding at that time. During the dry period which followed, the flow from these various sources decreased, until in 1899 only 190 inches of gravity water were available, and the water company was forced to aug- ment its supply by pumping from the Lone Star Springs above the base line. During this year the Fruit Land Company bored a deep well on the lands which it still held on the west side but which, at the time of the transfer of its rights to the Cucamonga Water Company, had not been recognized nor classified as water-bearing lands and were therefore not included in the transfer. This well at first yielded 100 inches of water, and at about the time of its development the Fruit Land Company contracted to deliver to the San Antonio Water Company 100 inches of water for $100,000. Suit was brought by certain stockholders of the Cucamonga Water Company against both the Cucamonga Fruit Land Company and the San Antonio Water Company to prevent the consummation of the sale, but judgment was rendered in 1900 against them and the sale was confirmed. During the summer of 1900 the control of the Cucamonga Water Company passed into the hands of the stock- holders who had brought this suit, through the purchase of out- standing stock, and they also bought of the Cucamonga Fruit Land Company an interest in all the lands still owned by that company that could be regarded as water bearing on the east and west sides of the Red Hills. Since 1900 three or four wells have been put down, the tunnel has been extended, and a pumping plant known as the Lone Star system has been installed, so that stockholders have received their full quota of water, although gravity water has constantly de- creased. This decrease has been particularly marked in the Y tunnel and in the creek near the old Cucamonga Hotel that drains the original East ciénaga. It is stated that the original supply from these sources was from 150 to 500 inches of water, and that now (1906) it is less than 5 inches. The Cucamonga Water Com- pany regards this decrease as due to the battery of wells and pumps installed by the San Antonio Water Company north and west of IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 63) the Red Hills and used extensively as an adjunct to the San Antonio system. Suit has therefore been brought against the San Antonio Company to prevent pumping from these wells and to recover damages for property claimed to have been destroyed through this pumping. This suit was still in the courts in 1906. When the Cucamonga Water Company was organized, in 1887, its capital was fixed at $100,000, divided into 10,000 shares at $10 per share. One share, representing one-tenth of a miner’s inch of water continuous flow, was to be distributed with each acre of land sold. In 1901 or 1902, when a consolidation of interests was effected by the purchase of stock and rights owned by the Cucamonga Fruit Land Company and others, the capital stock was increased to $100 per share and bonds to the value of $250,000 were issued. Although the capitalization of the company was effected on the basis of 10,000 shares, the issue of stock has been controlled by the quantity of water available, not more than 10 shares being distributed for each inch of water owned, the amount of the water being determined by measurements made on July 15 of each year. The greatest amount of stock outstanding at any time was 4,500 shares, and this has been reduced by purchase to less than 3,000 shares. In addition to the rights and lands which have been referred to, the company owns a number of tunnels, wells, and reservoirs, con- structed generally by the Cucamonga Fruit Land Company in ful- fillment of the contract entered into by it at the time of the organi- zation of the Cucamonga Water Company. The west side or Eddy tunnel is one of these structures. It was originally a timbered tunnel, 3,600 feet long, but the timbering has been replaced by a 30-inch concrete pipe line. The charges for the maintenance of this line are shared with the San Antonio Water Company, which also uses it, the proportion of water in the tunnel belonging to each company determining the proportion of the running expenses: borne by each. The east side or Y tunnel, just east of the old Cucamonga Hotel, also belongs to the Cucamonga Water Company, and, like the Eddy tunnel, has been replaced by a concrete pipe line. At the head of each arm of the Y is a well, ‘but since 1903 this work has yielded no water. A third tunnel, 3,000 feet in length and running northwest from the center of sec. 3, on Hellman avenue, extends through a 35-acre tract belonging to the Cucamonga Water Company and into the Lone Star tract. Eight or ten artesian wells discharge into this tunnel, but the greater part of the water which it yields is supplied by the upper well of the Lone Star group. In addition to these development works the company owns an ade- quate distributing system, which includes three reservoirs and 20 or 25 miles of iron pipe that serves all of the lands under irrigation. 74 FOOTHILL BELY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. All of the water distributed is delivered under pressure in 30-inch heads, each 10 shares of stock entitling the holder to a flow of 30 inches for one day in each month. The fixed charges of the company, comprising the interest charges on the bond issue, amount to $15,000 annually. The maintenance charges amount to about $6,000 per year, and these expenses are met by annual assessments on the stock of $10 or less per share. OLD SETTLERS WATER COMPANY. The Old Settlers Water Company was organized by stockholders of the old Cucamonga Fruit Land Company, who held rights to 33.84 inches of the surface flow of the Red Hills East ciénaga. When this ciénaga ceased to flow, because of the dry years and the draft on the underflow caused by the tunnels and pumping plants in the vicinity, these irrigators found it necessary also to resort to pump- ing. With this purpose in view the present company was incor- porated June 21, 1902, and capitalized at $33,840, divided into 33,840 shares of $1 par value each. Land was purchased three- fourths of a mile north of Cucamonga, a well was sunk, and a pump- ing plant, consisting of an 18-horsepower gas engine and an Addison deep-well pump, was installed (No. 53). This plant pumps about 33 inches of water. The distributing system consists of 14 miles of 6-inch and 1 mile of 8-inch concrete and vitrified pipe. Two hundred and seventy acres are irrigated and the water is delivered in 33-inch heads in rotation, every thirty days, on the basis of 1 inch constant flow to 8 acres. The cost is $10 per acre per annum. The water is not appurtenant to the land, but stock is held exclu- sively by irrigators. Oranges and deciduous fruits are raised. SUNSET WATER COMPANY, The Sunset Water Company was incorporated January 10, 1901, with a capital stock of $60,000, divided into 2,400 shares, all of which have been issued. The company was organized by stockholders of the Cucamonga Water Company for the purpose of increasing their water supply. Thirty acres were purchased in the water-bearing lands northeast of the Red Hills, where a well was sunk and equipped with machinery for pumping. The pumping plant (No. 54, Cuca- monga quadrangle) consists of a 14-horsepower motor and a Gar- rett pump, and has a capacity of 30 inches. The water is raised to the level of a discharge tunnel 30 feet below the ground level at the well, and brought to the surface through the tunnel, 1,000 feet below the plant. From this point the water is distributed to the lands of the irrigators through 3} miles of steel pipe 4 to 12 inches in diame- ter. In practice about 1 inch to 10 acres is used, though there is no restriction on the amount that may be used. Sie hanna acres are IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 75 partially irrigated. The water is distributed in 30-inch heads monthly. The cost to the irrigators is $10 for a twenty-four-hour run of 30 inches. During the three seasons preceding the spring of 1904 the water level in the company’s wells declined 4 to 6 feet annually, and with the low- ering of the water plane the capacity of the plant has dropped from 42 to 30 inches. ' The plant is in operation about six months of each year. ONTARIO COLONY AND SAN ANTONIO WATER COMPANY. HISTORY OF RIGHTS. The Ontario colony occupies lands lying immediately west of Cuca- monga Wash and extending in a strip 1 to 3 miles wide from the mesa at the foot of the San Antonio Mountains down the slope for a distance of about 6 miles, On the west the upper part of the colony tract is separated from the Claremont and Pomona irrigating districts by San Antonio Wash, and the lower part of the tract adjoins lands that are covered by the Del Monte Irrigating Company of Pomona. On the east Cucamonga Wash lies between the colony lands and those of the Cucamonga irrigators. About 5,000 acres are under irrigation in the Ontario district. Gravity water is supplied to the tract from San Antonio Canyon and from the Cucamonga tunnel in the water-bearing lands of the Red Hills, which lie to the east of the colony, midway between North Ontario and Cucamonga. The canyon and tunnel flow is supple- mented by pumped water derived from wells north of the Red Hills on the east and from the neighborhood of Claremont and Indian Hill on the west. By far the greater part of the water supplied to the colony is owned. and distributed by the San Antonio Water Company. The Ontario Water Company is an adjunct organization, whose stockholders belong to the San Antonio Water Company but pump independently in case of a shortage. Several hundred acres lying west of North Ontario are supplied with pumped water by the plants of the Upland, Mountain View, and Canyon Ridge water companies. The San Antonio Water Company is a mutual company, one of the early organizations of its kind in the State. Stockholders are owners of realty, and water can not be delivered by the company to others than stockholders. The company was incorporated in October, 1882, by the Messrs. Chaffee, who owned the water rights on the east side of San Antonio Canyon, and these rights, together with diversion works, conduits, and pipe system, were later transferred to the San Antonio Water Company. This company was organized with a capital stock of $1,500,000, divided into 15,000 shares of a par value of $100 each; 6,064 shares have been issued. In 1882, by agreement between the Chaffees and the Pomona Land and Water Company, which owned 76 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. water rights on the west side of the canyon, the surface flow at a point about 1 mile above the mouth of the canyon was divided equally, and a joint diversion dam was constructed. About 1896 the San Antonio Water Company acquired what was known as the Gird or Dexter interest in the canyon, consisting of several hundred acres of land, together with a prior right to 20 miner’s inches of water. In 1897 the San Antonio Water Company and the Pomona Land and Water Company entered into an agreement by which the latter con- veyed to the San Antonio Water Company all of its interests in the canyon, in return for which the San Antonio company agreed that whenever the total flow in the canyon was 624 inches or less the Pomona company was to receive one-half, and that all water in excess of 624 inches should belong to the San Antonio company. After entering into the above agreement the San Antonio company began to divert the 20 inches of Gird or Dexter water, piped it past the division dam, and continued this diversion for five years, when suit was brought by the Pomona Land and Water Company; but Janu- ary 6, 1905, Judge Allen rendered a decision in which he held that the San Antonio company had acquired a good title to this water. In 1902-3 the Ontario Power Company laid a conduit from the south line of sec. 36, T. 2.N., R. 8 W., diverted the canyon flow at that point, and piped the water along the west side of the canyon to a point on the hills above the division dam and constructed a power plant. This conduit is a 30-inch cement line, except where iron pipe is used in inverted siphons in crossing side canyons. It is laid partly in trenches and partly through tunnels. For a year previous to the laying of the conduit careful measurements were taken by expert hydraulic engineers at the south line of sec. 36 and at the division dam 3 miles below, and it was determined that 19 per cent of the water was lost from the natural flow of the canyon stream between the two points. After the completion of the conduit by which this loss was prevented, the Ontario Power Company laid claim to and appropriated 20 per cent of the flow of the canyon as salvage. This claim was subsequently disallowed by the courts, which ruled that the Pomona irrigators were entitled to one-half of the saving effected through the higher diversion of the Ontario Power Company. It became apparent in the early days of the colony that there would not be sufficient surface water from San Antonio Canyon to supply all of its requirements, and steps were taken to procure additional water from other sources. In January, 1883, a tunnel was begun in the gravel bed of the canyon about 1 mile above its mouth; it was gradu- ally extended during the succeeding years, and completed about 1889. This tunnel has a sectional area of 34 by 64 feet. It is 3,000 feet in length and is reported to have cost about $50,000. The upper 600 feet penetrates bed rock below the wash material of the creek, the IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. RE bottom at the upper extremity being 110 feet below the bed of the creek. F. E. Trask reported the average July output from this tun- nel for 15 years previous to 1903 as 116 miner’s inches. B.C. Shep- herd, secretary of the company, states that the flow varies from 50 to 150 inches and averages about 75 inches during the irrigating season. The creek waters and the San Antonio tunnel waters are brought together in the main ditch about 500 feet below the mouth of the tunnel. West of the Red Hills, in what is known as the West ciénaga, a tunnel 3,600 feet in length was constructed by the Cucamonga Fruit Land Company for the Cucamonga Water Company in the late eighties. This tunnel, which has since been extended to 4,000 feet or more in length, is known as the Eddy or Cucamonga tunnel. Some time after its construction the San Antonio Water Company acquired water-bearing lands in the West ciénaga, a 20-foot right cf way, and one-half interest in the carrying capacity of the tunnel. In 1889 a 22-, 24-, and 30-inch cement pipe was laid from the division box at the mouth of the tunnel to North Ontario, and connected with the system there. Several wells were sunk along the upper course of the tunnel, and cut to flow into it at depths of 90 to 110 feet from the surface. It is. known that one of these wells (No. 80, Cucamonga quadrangle) was flowing in 1905, and it is supposed that others were flowing then, but this could not be ascertained. The water from this tunnel, which belongs in part to the Cucamonga Water Com- pany, is apportioned in a division box at the mouth of the tunnel, and is conducted thence to the distributing systems of the owning companies. Of the Ontario companes’ share of the Cucamonga tun- nel gravity water, the San Antonio Water Company receives the first 130 inches and the Ontario Power Company the balance. The aver- age flow received by these two companies during the irrigating season has been reported as 150 miner’s inches. Previous to 1893 the canyon and tunnel water had been nearly suf- ficient for the needs of the colony. Beginning at about that time, several dry years followed in succession, causing a decline in the canyon flow and an extreme shortage of water. As the necessity for more water became pressing, the company sought relief through the further development of underground waters, which had been begun in a small way in the Del Monte ciénaga in 1889. Nine hundred and fifty acres of land were purchased east of the colony, north of Six- teenth street above the Cucamonga Red Hills, and in 1898 a well was sunk (No. 75, Cucamonga quadrangle), a pumping plant installed, and 16- and 20-inch vitrified pipe laid to connect with the canyon distributing system. At various times since then four additional plants have been installed on this property, the last in 1904. Water rights have also been acquired on the adjoining Rubio property, where 78 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. a plant has been installed, and still farther east two other wells, known as the Haskell wells, have been purchased and equipped with pump- ing plants. In all, the San Antonio Water Company owns and operates eight plants (Nos. 73-79, Cucamonga quadrangle) in the Red Hills dis- trict, with a combined pumping capacity of 450 inches. The wells are seldom pumped to their full capacity, and the output varies with the needs of the colony and the fluctuations in the gravity flow from San Antonio Canyon and tunnel and the Cucamonga tunnel. In addition to these more important Sixteenth street and Red Hills wells, the company has four wells, two of which are equipped with pumping plants, in the old Del Monte ciénaga, near Claremont. The output of the two wells pumped in this field is given as 75 miner’s inches. In the operation of these wells, electric power supplied by the adjunct corporation, the Ontario Power Company, is used. This power succeeds the gas and steam engines which were used in the early pumping operations. In 1898 the company acquired the Bodenhammer well (No. 88, Cucamonga quadrangle) and a tunnel located along the west line of the colony lands, about 1} miles below the mouth of San Antonio Canyon. Since the well was sunk and the tunnel driven the water plane in this vicinity has dropped many feet below the tunnel level. The San Antonio company also owns 1 mile of tunnel, which was driven into the mesa at the foot of the mountains just west of Cuca- monga Wash. This work is reported to have cost $80,000. There is no summer yield during dry years, but in winter a moderate amount flows from the tunnel. PIPE LINES AND CONDUITs. The Ontario colony is piped throughout with carrying lines, con- structed principally of cement and vitrified clay, and ranging from 8 to 40 inches in diameter. Distributing mains and diagonals have been laid in such a manner that the supply from the various sources can be readily shifted to different parts of the tract. Water in the pipes is not under pressure, but the onward flow is partially cut off by gates which hold the water and cause it to rise to the top of a short standpipe or turn-out, placed at the highest point of each 10- acre lot. Domestic water is carried from these turn-outs through iron pipes to the homes of the irrigators. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. Theoretically the San Antonio Water Company delivers 1 miner’s inch of water to each 10 acres on each 10 shares of stock. In practice the available supply is prorated to the stock and a twent y-four-hour IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 79 run is given each 10 acres monthly, but the size of the irrigating head varies with the water supply, though the average is about 30 inches. During the irrigating season of 1905, succeeding a winter of excessive rainfall with a large canyon flow, the company expected to deliver 40-inch heads throughout the season. ANNUAL COST. The average cost of operating and maintaining the system of the San Antonio Water Company is $60,000 per annum, and the average cost per acre varies from $10 to $12. Funds for meeting obligations in the shape of interest, sinking fund, maintenance, and expenses are derived from assessments on the stock. A part of the floating indebtedness was paid off during 1904, and total assessments of $25 per acre were levied that year. Other payments were made in 1905, and an assessment of $20 per acre was collected. ONTARIO WATER COMPANY. The Ontario Water Company was organized in 1900 by stock- holders of the San Antonio Water Company who did not hold enough stock in that company to insure them a sufficient water supply in years of light rainfall. The organization was effected on the basis of a capitalization of $100,000, divided into 1,000 shares with a par value of $100 each. In 1905 six hundred and twenty shares had been issued, 495 to irrigators and 125 to nonresidents, and the market value was reported by the company’s officers to be $50 per share. In 1900 a tract of 134 acres lying east and south of Indian Hill was purchased at a cost of $34,000. Six wells were at on cesunk on the tract and a pumping plant was installed, the expenditures for these purposes being $10,000. The plant consists of a 70-horsepower steam engine and a Smith-Vaile air compressor, by which all the wells which lie within a radius of 600 feet of the plant may be pumped. The water, about 70 miner’s inches, is conducted through a 14-inch line about 3 miles in length to the tract owned by the stockholders. This tract lies about 1 mile southwest of Upland. As the water is used as an auxiliary to the canyon supply, it is necessary to pump only during the summer months, and not then if the flow from the canyon is large. The plant was in operation during four months in 1900, 1901, and 1902, but was not used in 1903. The water is distributed in 30-inch heads and is: prorated to stock- holders according to their interest. The cost of the water is given at 673 cents per hour for a 30-inch head; that is, 2} cents per hour- inch. In order to carry out the necessary improvements for developing and distributing the waters, bonds amounting to $25,000 were issued 80 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, in July, 1900. Two thousand dollars of these bonds fall due annually for ten years, beginning with 1906, and $1,000 each year thereafter until they are paid. POMONA IRRIGATION. RIGHTS. The flourishing district about Pomona and Claremont derives its irrigating water from San Antonio Canyon and from numerous wells and pumping plants that have been installed, mainly in the old ciénaga lands in the vicinity of Claremont and about the eastern point of the San Jose Hills. (See Pl. I, C, D, p. 8.) The rights to the flowing waters of the canyon date back to Ignacio Palomares, one of the early owners of the San Jose rancho, and to N. Alvarado, a squatter on this tract. Both of these men built ditches from San Antonio Creek and acquired rights to its waters. These rights were subsequently transferred to American purchasers and-have been subject to adjustment as between the Pomona and Ontario users, the former holding the old rights to the west-side waters from San Antonio Canyon, and the latter to the east-side waters. As the matter stands at present, the San Antonio Water Company, supplying Ontario and vicinity, and owners of the earliest right on the stream, the Gird or Dexter right, are entitled to the first 20 miner’s inches flowing from the canyon. After this amount is taken out, the remainder is divided equally between the east-side and west-side users, until it exceeds 624 inches. All of the flow in excess of this amount belongs to the San Antonio Company, repre- senting the east-side ownership. The Pomona users miay there- fore receive not to exceed 312 miner’s inches of this water, and will receive less than that if the canyon flow falls below 644 inches. CANYON WATER -.COMPANY OF POMONA. About 83 of these 312 inches (or a proportional amount of a smaller flow of canyon water) belong to lands lying in the north Palomares and Martin tracts; the remainder of the flow belongs to the Loup & Meserve tract, and the owners of a larger part of this share organized in 1897 as the Canyon Water Company of Pomona. This company controls 453 per cent of the west-side San Antonio waters. The remainder of the Loup & Meserve owners maintain their original status of tenants in common. The Canyon Water Company is capitalized at $312,000, divided into 31,200 shares with a par value of $10 each; 14,169.3 of these shares have been issued. The organization was affected by a number of the holders of eanyon, water rights, who deeded those rights to the company and received stock in exchange. In 1905 there were 87 IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 81 stockholders. The majority of the stockholders held 125 shares per 10 acres, some held in excess of this number, and a few had but 100 shares. Each share represents one one-hundredth of a miner’s inch when there is enough water flowing in the canyon to give the west- side irrigators their full quota of 312 inches. At other times it rep- resents a smaller amount, whose value is proportional to the water available. The officers of the company state that the cost of the water to users is about 80 cents per acre per year, for maintenance and distribution. During periods of diminished flow in the canyon the water derived from this source is supplemented by pumped water supplied by several private plants and by the Kingsley Tract Water Company, the Claremont Cooperative Water Company, and the C. W. Brundage Company. This accessory water is arranged for by individual irri- gators and not through the company. Official measurements of the waters of San Antonio Canyon are made three times yearly, on the first Mondays in July, August, and September, as a basis for the division of the waters. The share received by the Pomona irrigators as a result of these measurements from 1900 to 1905 is given in the following table: ; Quantity of water, in miner’s inches, delivered to Pomona irrigators from San Antonio y gi Canyon, 1900-1905. Year. Jul¥. August. | September. @y. 8 (2) 257. 07 218. 55 128, 06 101.6 271.05 214.77 147. 54 132, 25 312 312 DEL MONTE IRRIGATION COMPANY. The Del Monte Irrigation Company is one of the four companies distributing water in the Pomona region, organized originally by the Pomona Land and Water Company. The organization of this branch was effected in February, 1887, with a capital stock of $400,000, divided into 40,000 shares with a par value of $10 each; 21,000 shares have been issued at the rate of 10 shares per acre, and the market value was reported in 1906 as $8 per share. There were at that time between 175 and 200 shareholders, all of whom were land- owners under the system. Absentee ownership is not permitted. From the Pomona Land and Water Company the Del Monte Company received the right to the natural flow from Del Monte ciénaga, one-fourth mile southeast of Claremont, and a right to develop water in a tract of 150 to 200 acres there. They also obtained from the same source the right to develop water in a 12-acre tract in 47505—1rr 219—08——t 82 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Martin ciénaga, one-fourth mile west of Claremont. In 1899 the company purchased an additional water right covering 68 acres in the Martin ciénaga. The price paid for this right was $25,000. As early as 1886 artesian wells were bored in the ciénagas, and the number was gradually increased until about 28 in all had been sunk. The artesian flow, however, slowly decreased as a result of the increas- ing development and the succeeding dry years, and finally ceased in 1897. Thereafter the company depended entirely on pumping. The lift in 1905 was about 80 feet, but decreased markedly as a result of the three succeeding wet years. In the Del Monte ciénaga the company operates a compressed-air plant, installed in 1899, from which seven wells within a few hundred feet of the plant were pumped in 1905. A Corliss air compressor ‘operated by a 140-horsepower steam engine is used. Three wells in the Martin ciénaga have been pumped from this plant, but they were notin usein 1905. The air compressor, engine, and pipes are reported to have cost $15,000, and the output is given at 155 miner’s inches. In addition to this central plant, one well-in the Del Monte ciénaga is in use. A 40-horsepower motor and a Pomona deep-well pump are also used in the Martin ciénaga. The water developed by the pumping plants is divided into four heads, prorated to stock and distributed at intervals of twenty-seven and one-half days by schedule through about 15 miles of 8 to 20 inch cement pipe owned by the company. Annual assessments of 60 cents per share, or $6 per acre, cover the cost of operating and maintaining the system and interest on indebt- edness. IRRIGATION COMPANY OF POMONA. The Irrigation Company of Pomona was organized by the Pomona Land and Water Company in July, 1886. It was capitalized at $245,000, divided into 24,500 shares with a par value of $10 each; 2,450 acres were included in the district, and lands in the tract were sold with 10 shares of water stock per acre. All of the stock has been issued. When the majority of the stock had been transferred to the purchasers of land in the district, the management of the company was turned over to them and the organization has since been operated as a mutual water company. The original sources of water were San Jose Creek and the moist lands in which it rose and a number of artesian wells bored in these lands, which constituted the old artesian belt north of Pomona. About 45 wells have been bored at various times. With continued development and recurring dry seasons these sources of cheaper water failed, the artesian wells ceasing to flow from 1896 to 1899, and now the company depends entirely on pumped water. One large IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 83 central pumping plant (No. 182, Pomona quadrangle) has been installed, and from this station, equipped with a 150-horsepower Corliss-Cross compound air compressor, 16 wells, the farthest half a mile away, are pumped. Smaller auxiliary plants have been used in the past, but were abandoned for the more economical concentrated system. It is estimated that the company has, in addition to the pumping plant, about 25 miles of iron and cement distributing pipe, varying from 6 to 20 inches in diameter. It owns one reservoir on Holt avenue, east of Pomona, whose capacity is 1,900,000 galions. Tt also has the right to develop water on 200 acres of ground in the vicinity of the plant. The company pumps for about seven months in the year, and produces from 200 to 250 inches continuous flow during this period. The water is divided into four heads, and each block of 100shares of stock is given a twelve-hour run of one head monthly. The expenses of maintenance, operation, and distribution are met by assessments on the stock, which amount to about 40 cents per share, or $4 per acre annually. Of the 2,000 acres irrigated by this company, one-third is planted to citrus fruits and the remainder to diversified crops. PALOMARES IRRIGATION COMPANY. The Palomares Irrigation Company is one of the four companies organized by the Pomona Land and Water Company and succeeding to its rights. The organization was effected on February 23, 1887, with a capital stock of $60,000, divided into 6,000 shares at $10 per share. The water rights which the company owned were made appurtenant to 600 acres of land, and 10 shares of stock were sold with each acre. The original source of the water used was a group of five artesian wells near the northern edge of the Pomona: artesian area. These wells ceased to flow, with others in the same belt, in the late nineties. A pumping plant was then installed, and by its use from 40 to 80 inches of water are now procured from two wells (No. 291, Cuca- monga quadrangle) and carried through a 22-inch main in a south- easterly direction to the Palomares tract, which lies between the territory covered by the Irrigation Company of Pomona and that served by the Del Monte Irrigation Company. Pumping is usually begun in April and is continued thirty days per month and twenty-four hours per day until November. The water is distributed in full heads of 40 to 80 inches, each 100 shares receiv- ing a twelve-hour run monthly. The expenses involved in the maintenance of the plant and the dis- tribution of the water are met by an annual assessment on the share- holders. For a number of years this assessment varied between a minimum of $3 and a maximum of $6 per acre annually. 84 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. CONSOLIDATED WATER COMPANY OF POMONA. The Consolidated Water Company of Pomona was organized by Messrs. Becket, Brady, and Lathrop, and incorporated May 23, 1889, with a capital stock of $500,000, divided into 5,000 shares of $100 par value each. The company serves the city of Pomona with water for domestic purposes. The supply is obtained from five pumping plants located in the old artesian basin about three-fourths of a mile south of North Pomona and from wells and tunnels in San Antonio Wash, one-fourth of a mile east of Indian Hill. Four of the five plants were installed in 1897 and 1898, and the fifth in the spring of 1904. Three of them are equipped with Addison-Lindsey deep-well lift pumps and two with centrifugal pumps. Electric power is used, and the combined capac- ity of the five plants is given at 200 inches. The cost is stated to be about $15,000. In the years 1892-1896 land east of Indian Hill was purchased from Peter Fleming and James Becket, and a tunnel was driven into the wash in order to develop a gravity flow. This tunnel, starting at the surface near Claremont, is about 1 mile in length and reaches a depth of 120 feet at the upper end. Two wells have been sunk along it and now flow into it. A pipe line has also been laid along the lower part of the tunnel, and this section filled. The combined cost of the land, tunnel, and wells is given as $150,000. The flow from this system varies with the season and the rainfall. During the winter months it reaches 160 inches, and is then ample for the city’s needs. During the summer season, when the demands are heavy, the flow decreases, and an auxiliary supply is furnished by the pumping plants. Early in June, 1904, the flow from the wells and tunnel was reported at 70 inches, and during July of the same year, 54 inches. The city requires about 130 inches during the heated term, a large amount being applied to lawns, shrubbery, gardens, etc. In 1905 the company reported 1,500 taps in active use. d (spouting wells), Q=5.35d?./h When h 74d, O75 OF 138 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Yield of flowing wells. [California miner’s inch of 9 gallons per minute or 0 .02 second foot] Diameter of well, in inches. 1 | 12 | 13 | 14) 15 Height of 1);2);314)5/6)]7] 8) 9 | 10] 1 dome, in inches. SSe 0.2. 4H a) aio ayo ty ayo ay ayo i 4 Po A of 2] 2] 3] 3] 31 3] 4 6 41 1; 2] 2} 2} 3] 8) 4] 4] 5] 5] 6] 6 8... 1/ 1} 2] 3] 4] 4] 5] 6! 7] 8] 8| 9] 10 1.0.. 1| 2] 3/ 4] 5] 6] 7} 8{ 9] 11] 12] 13) 14 1.2.. 1/2] 4) 5!] 7] 8! 9} 41) 18! 14] 16] 17) 19 TA csas 1| 2] 4! 6] 8]10/12] 14] 16] 18} 20] 22) 24 1.6...... 1| 3] 5] 7|10]}12]15} 17] 19) 21) 24] 26) 29 18 1| 3) 5] 8]12]14)17] 20} 23) 25} 28} 31) 34 2.0 1| 3] 6| 9/13]16/19| 23; 26] 29} 32] 36) 40 2.2 1} 3) 6/11] 15]18] 22] 26! 30] 34) 37) 41) 45 2.4 1| 4] 7] 12] 16; 20/25! 30; 34] 38 50 2.6 1| 4] 7}13] 18] 22 | 28] 32; 38) 42 2.8 1| 4] 8]14/ 19] 24] 31} 36} 42) 47 3.0 1| 4] 9] 15] 21] 26} 383) 40; 46] 51 3.2 1} 4] 10 | 16] 22 | 28/35}; 43/| 50| 56 3.4 1| 4] 10] 17] 23 | 30} 38; 46) 53] 60 3.6 1| 4] 11/17] 24] 32] 41) 49; 57) 65 3.8 1| 4] 11] 18 | 26] 34] 43] 52| 61] 70 4.0 1| 5] 11] 18] 27) 36] 46] 56) 65| 75 4.2 1| 5] 11] 19 | 28] 38] 48] 58| 69] 80 4.4 1| 5] 12) 19 | 29] 39) 50} 61; 73) 85 4.6 1| 5] 12] 20] 30] 41 | 52) 64| 77] 90 4.8 1! 5112] 20/31! 42 | 54! 67| 81) 94 5.0 1| 5] 12] 21 | 82] 44] 57] 70) 84| 97 5.2 1| 5] 12] 21 | 33 | 45 | 59] 73) 87 | 101 5.4 2] 5 | 12] 22 | 34| 46/61) 76} 91 | 106 5.6 2] 5|18| 22 | 34/ 48] 62| 79) 94] 110 5.8 2] 5] 18] 23] 35} 49] 65| 81) 97 | 114 6.0 2] 5 | 18] 23 | 36 | 50 | 67| 84 | 100] 118 6.2 2) 5] 18] 24 | 36] 51] 68 | 86} 104 | 121 6.4 2} 6 | 14 | 24 | 37 | 52] 70; 89 | 107 | 126 6.6 2| 6 | 14] 24 | 88/53} 72] 91 | 111 | 130 6.8 2) 6| 14] 25 | 39} 54/73} 93 | 114 | 134 7.0 2] 6| 14] 25 | 39 | 56| 75! 96 | 116 | 138 72 21 6| 14] 25 | 40 | 57 | 76} 98 | 119 | 142 74 2] 6| 14] 26 | 40; 58 | 78 | 100 | 122 | 146 7.6 2] 6 | 15 | 26 | 41 | 58 | 79 | 102 | 124 | 149 7.8 2] 6] 15 | 26 | 41 | 59 | 80 | 104 | 128 | 152 8.0 2] 6| 15 | 27 | 42 | 60 | 81 | 106 | 130 | 154 8.2 2] 6 | 15 | 27 | 42 | Go | 82 | 108 | 133 | 157 8.4 2] 7 | 15 | 27 | 43 | 61 | 83 | 110 | 136 | 160 8.6 2] 7 | 15 | 28 | 43 | 62 | 85 | 111 | 138 | 163 8.8 2] 7 | 15 | 28 | 44 | 63 | 86 | 113 | 140 | 167 9.0 2] 7 | 16 | 28 | 44 | 63 | 87 | 114 | 142 | 170 9.2 2] 7] 16} 29 | 45 | 64 | 88 | 116 | 144 | 175 9.4 2] 7 | 16 | 29 | 45 | 65 | 89 | 117 | 146 | 178 9.6 2] 7] 16 | 29 | 46 | 66 | 90 | 118 | 148 | 180 9.8 2] 7] 16 | 30 | 47 | 67 | 91 | 119 | 150 | 184 10.0 2| 7 | 17 | 30 | 47 | 68 | 92 | 121 | 153 | 187 MAPS AND TABLES. Such information on the foothill belt as is capable of graphic pre- sentation has been assembled in maps and tables. The maps (Pls. ITI-IX, in pocket) show the lands irrigated in the foothill belt, the chief pipe and canal lines of the various irrigating companies, the pumping plants, the artesian wells, a few of the domestic wells, ground-water levels, indicated by hydrographic con- tours, and artesian areas past and present. In the tables the information collected during a careful canvass of the wells of the foothill belt has been assembled. This informa- tion includes the name of the owner, the location of the well, the date of its completion, its diameter, depth, and cost, the cost of the installation where pumping machinery is in use, the use made of the water, and the amount produced. For some wells temperature data and rough determinations of the amount of solid matter in the MAPS AND TABLE. 139 water in parts per 100,000, as a result of measurements of the electric resistance by the Wheatstone bridge, are included. It has not been possible to obtain all of this information for each well examined, and in many cases that collected is only approximately correct, but such facts as are known are presented. The greater part of the data thus assembled, both in the tables and maps, has been collected by W. N. White, field assistant, to whom cordial acknowledgments are due. In assembling the material in the office for publication, both Mr. White and A. J. Fisk, jr., have assisted. The following list of useful equivalents has been compiled by J. B. Lippincott: USEFUL EQUIVALENTS. 1 United States gallon of water weighs 8.345 pounds. 1,000,000 gallons per day=1.54723 second-feet. 1 cent per 1,000 gallons=$3.367 per acre-foot. 1 old California miner’s inch=1,728 cubic feet per day, or sy Second-foot, or 12,925 gallons per day, or 538.5 gallons per hour, or 630,720 cubic feet per year, or 14,478 acre-feet per year. 1 new California miner’s inch=1} cubic feet per minute, or zs Second-foot. 1 Colorado miner’s inch=2,250 cubic feet per day, or 17,000 gallons per day (approximately). 1 second-foot=50 California miner’s inches, or 38.4 Colorado miner’s inches, or 450 gallons per minute, or 723.92 acre-feet per year, or 1.983471 acre-feet in 24 hours, or 594 acre-feet in 30 days, or 646,315 gallons per day. 1 second-foot per year=13.57 inches in depth per square mile. 1 acre-foot=25.2 California miner’s inches for 24 hours, or 43,560 cubic feet, or 325,851 United States gallons. 2 acre-feet in 30 days=continuous flow of 0.034 second-foot. 1 cubic foot=7.4805 gallons. 1 cubic foot of water at 62° F. weighs 62.355 pounds. 1,000,000 cubic feet=23 acre-feet (approximately). 1 barrel crude oil=42 gallons. 1 barrel crude oil of 14° gravity weighs 340.6 pounds (usually taken at 341 pounds). 1 gallon crude oil weighs 8.12 pounds. : Pressure per square inch for each foot of head=0.433 pound. Pressure in pounds per square inch X 2.31=head in feet. Grains per gallon X 1.71=parts per 100,000 of solids. Velocity of 1 mile per year=0.000167 foot per second. GENERAL STATISTICS. Flowing wells, pumping plants, irrigated area, etc., in foothill belt of southern California am 1905. Cucamonga Pomona Pasadena Total quadrangle. | quadrangle. | quadrangle. e Number of flowing wells ..............--------- 25 0 13 38 Number of pumping plants................-.-- 107 93 168 368 Estimated investment in wells and pumping OQUIPMEN bea cicrciaisiaatrrieicorinneaampsoncsecamenrsier $388, 839 $355, 643 $448, 642 $1, 193,124 Estimated average output, continuous flow, S000 d=1CCb ar- wie enreeie omens isees wees snceweser ete: 25 20 40 85 Area irrigated 21,643 | 17, 288 16,750 55, 681 Artesian area, 1905 ....... 3.5 0 1.3 4.8 Original artesian area...... 4.75 11 2 7.6 Estimated area tillable land 150 147 148 445 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 140 OPE | 289 9e8 [tttttttttt op7777" gest |777 791 122222027 op?7777\.77 77 ABMoneD “LV | SI gaiseiee| patereae ee ope ates teese 4 oooog |r-tte ero prey BOL £02 Opg [treet op"*"° geet | -ST-T [oo een JoUIVY “LY |} LT Ser Peay dIyseuod | 00°SL oo"see. 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AN, “"l"" OPT ‘OTe O6F | OF | @) YoUr-L ‘porog, |o---- [== Gog feet topes | nee op Lee “Wil fosaul0g 00 ‘08 08 c6r S6P “*" Your, ‘polog | Osst |" "6-@ [ott opor tt fertre TISSBIN “V | 928 “""ojseul0q: Ree eas OL | S68 | Osh |"300F9 Aq 9 *Snq | 2geBT |77-OI-V |otttt oper fete reads “D “gs | szE 8... fel geod AN sl] pr | gor | ore |---Hours “barog ee Moret i, | et setere|eee sees Penn tete|cnsaientsea|earmmnce as srtelese-l gp 62 | Ogee [007g 4qg ‘sng ze 6 ax a Se ee ge a $ @| 3 i Fh oo = Z xe o a 2515) % | Zo | B82 2 : 8 = 2 ° #3 a ot 4 Bos 3 ° Mad eo i ee — aN 3 i y 2 g "1078 JO asQ g s “IL JO pouoW ne a & m ad 2 33 “][AM JO SSB z SCE “MONBIOT *13UMO = Bs 5 = ga| S| "7" | Bo |sso = : os 5 es S23 lo} gs ef & s 2) 7. |Beg a rs < aS & i wm |A97 A “‘penuiyuop—ATONVUGVNAS VNAdVSVd “‘penutyu0pj—nuwofyog wlayynos fo 19g 1p%y,O00f 94) Ur 77244 eA WELL STATISTICS. ‘u01ye3 *M 8 ‘orysoutog 90@ | Set GT |" "Your-6 ‘pezog | ZO6T |""""ZI-V |°U “SSL ‘OL Oe8 | SeOULA Pe BTN | Te **O1ysanlod 606 | 921 00z "7" youl-s ‘perog |é668T |” “WOIBULBD *¢ “W SST | 618 > WOTYVSTIIT IZ | OFT O12 =|" qour-zt ‘perog | T06T |” ~7 7 Sas1od “UW "SST | BLE ag eens or4soulod og -| LOT G1% “"*youl-2 ‘petog | PLgT |” sootttss*"edOOH “"T | LL er “¥o04s ‘oy]seul0q, Peery s1e ““parog | Ssst |” “AOC “£°L | OLE *O9 Jequiny seeeee[eee reso ee (Eitan ghte s[rakiee beers Aekseswen teem cei _emees setae gale | pee G@e |" oul-ZT ‘potog |----"ls--zT-W [occ cope tt] wos~noOg = ueuTUy | qe “(s1TeM €) “09 3 --|- “77 |+00T | 6ST) She | GOULZT ‘perog |------ POPSGTAN, | [SES rE: top 77 Am YoMoaTOyIOVT | PLE ; se "TT] 19 | 86 /é88T | OFZ = |7* - YOUT-z ‘perog | gest |-~**9T-V |77777777777 ODEN pee rena ee aoBISNG “f | SLE = *-oseutog | "777Gb | SE fesTt | 92a |" Your-9 ‘parog |p6sT |” 777 APBASIVY SOPIVYD | TE ‘ “77J9]M ON | sys) gg | Sad | OTE = |" out-2 ‘patog /gs6ST |----9I-A [7 optttn pre uBuind "Of | Le “Ja, auIB ‘09 Cees seen sen Opt rjrrttr resets seersetesecsessscopeesslo---1 16) 16 | G2e | Sze | AIP JOoy-c ‘“Bnq [azest |--ST-a@ [777 Ops 7+ "| PeOTT TEL puowrerq | ozg “JaJOUIV aE TL | 92 | OPE | -IP qooj-¢ ‘3nq GI-O [opt trees pve | 698 “1aJoUulV oe. 682 008 “Ip 100}-¥Z ‘3nd |Z068T &068T pee equow “a ersser | go¢ “pxwuoe’y LV | 198 preeeee UBUD “WT | 998 g6 | ee | sie |---qoutz‘ par0g éF68T “Apouuey “a Saw | coe “(S19 Z) ps 409 | 08% | 06¢ | yourgr ‘perog |------|- A PEER TREE ERE EG DET EOS “(stam xr) ) Bay ézg | 082 | 062 | &) your-z‘pasog |------ “Mag sepsuy soy | poe “1940 6 | 922 | 8% -wrerp yooyg'3nq | L6RgT ordeg 10j0q | e9¢ st | ese | 00g |300 gq e'Bnq [Z088T WPH “SW saw | 29E ze | 282 | 00 |" Your-z ‘poxog | s6BT “**Breang a0f | 19e 409 | Zig | he 7" -Youl-9 ‘posrog |-*"*~- ~eRvI “dT | 098 ‘09 edIg Jemeg puz eu01g sejesuy soy | ecg “""umorg [ereg | ge “7*" pqlORIS “WT | Lge “sOIg Syoo1g | 9¢¢ ce | ate =| she = [3007 g Aq g‘Bnq | e06T ce | LO «=| OPE = | FOOS F Aq FE ‘BNC | ZE8T SI | ze | OPE |" yoo; g Aq ‘Sn | sEsT “Top GOT | 286 | See |“ YoUur-gi ‘perog | f06T |7"*"ZI-V |* Aqosajeduy soy OOT | 099 | 00L |" 90079 AQ G‘Bnq [~~ 7*]- Bay [Ree eee Op ttt|etrrcre eee op. coe ST “HI foygseuog |--"* ee 09 | O99 «| GOL = |"300F 2 Aqg fn |---| Tay fo op’--"" pee EES op--"** roe sisiniats a “7 payetduroa ON |° nee 6P S16 096 |" 40039 Aq g ‘3n “""yeRyey uvg “ULOWLL “HO | ece 02 77 WoYBSPIIT | 00000'T og | tee | OPE [7 "= op" “Aya sopasuy soy |-"* oudvg “F adi0ay | Zoe A op. 00 00¢‘z “7") OST | 6 | Seg |-- YouT-gr ‘perog | 268T [---- "SV op." “OD 197BM OodOLL | TSE “u0T}83 ; sages “tt topmROCOtt OPS =| soos p Aq F ‘Bn | LET | --6-V [ott opt "|-7- puvpresug uyor | ose mae “YOUI-OT ‘pero SPOUT R BELT [er ge Pe oie seh op--"** ae 0e¢ yoo} GL au parr ie| ccs Saye Ss ees Ope Ftp mets Oso Sapreyg | ere : 288 ‘YOUI-ZT - TO1}BS ‘peroq ‘139 09 | ‘09 Lee | Gog $99 ‘qooy ¢ &q p ‘80g cOT |.29¢ gcg | -4ooy ¢ Aq fF ‘Bnq GhT | ss9 OP. =| youT-z ‘perog 19784 JUepusdepu] | FE eae uATIOMePT “M | OFF “U0JION “VM | SE Wry Soyyseuroct | 00 °00z ‘T nie ** Goesif ae orseulod |” FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 172 88 ~op7777"| OOBT [777 79T-@ strope 77777 $OLBHOVN “TN | FOF “oljsoulog oot oe Utes sprog TO6T |" Ayosepesuy soy |-----"-UuBy ‘d's | SOF WOTPBSLIIT 1 tT | e9| pele: f GLt -parog |-77-7* eereyqegp [oroceset tt opr ttt Buyusely *1) “| ZOP 89 | SPT) BE TTT! Oe ah oa ; 7100 77 3u0M Buoyg | Tor 86} ser (| cet pn op-"""") OBL |777772I-O Joviiiiriiopr ry eubed a. |: O0¥ meee Ost GLI 77 Out-) ‘pa1og TTTTT TT reusing “VT | 668 G0Z Let SBT | WOUul- SuNyoeNUE “4y@ pessaidurog | 09 | oF | 082 | ger | gos [77 "OUTS ‘Derog | goer |" “LT-@ |"777 “ommoguy ug | -ayey TO semoreyT | ge eo “310038 ‘onseur0q spurs ‘sep |") $9 | STZ | Let | GOs) "MOM OT ‘Dero | cost [77 2T-@ | ropes oT aA“ | oe a leds das JOVISOUTO (Dee ee ole ween eee PUM 8h js OST cer = |" Wout-z ‘pezog |; 006T oot ae8 1010d | $88 Oot 4f : pene ODieraliee veneer ac (er eee pst lomieg eer op-"**" “Th 28e feeTt | OBE op-"** F061 ; ee op BESE Pte Woy Bat] “ITB pesse1d M0 “"""| 966 )G6TT O61 =|" WOUl-ZT ‘perog | Z06T solg e100W | ese Priore er oa Of soulog coreses ss" pUuLAl Og | SST S21 G6I | “WOUI-OT ‘pelog | ZO6T ommoyny ues | i "7" pueTiol “S “AM | Ze = Q real i as ge g | g ae] 8) 2 lent 4 z a 2 | 2 aBl=| 3) 22 /EEE E as = 2 £3| 2| .F | #4 (Reo a 2 og]. 3g = ‘ a213] ¢ mP /Emo] « g | ‘won i te d < aa 1938M Jo os 5 q Hi JO pompN | AE) A] So at |BB5 T[aM JO SSBIQ i=} -o] dey WOl}BIO'T 13UMO & 5S 5 7 se} S| >" | Fo (ese = : Ba s P| 2 sp lola z as 2 : 8 She Bec a “3s 3 4 5 21497 : ‘penuyu09—ATONVUGVAS VNACVSVd “penutjuo)—vruofiyng wsayynos fo 39 1pyjoof ay) Ur Sq1aA4 178 WELL STATISTICS. *499] 00F ‘per0q, Ol tae aes? op---* £9] 0G | S24 |2996 | OFT‘T | +300 GT ‘Bn jeeost |--"~" g-a |e SESS ODRe [peer en op---*> ‘Brey PST **ope"""") 08 "%ST , | "24006 ‘pero ; TREC -are passerduzog | e9 | oz | sze fasge | opt‘ | ‘3003 cat ‘nq |Zeoe. |---- gem [overt topes ttt topeo | Fer = “O° 10398. pus puey wuepestg pue "0D 107M | pues puey piv Gg eeeastesicie Op Sees) Pe wieininsiate einesieinerSieis | eseicie nite or sey | 9 | €% | Sg $26 | 000‘T | "300784q 9‘Snq | GEST |" ** Soop Rees ops" -OUIA YyB'T BUCpEss | SF : “Your-Z1 709 1078 MA “m01} ‘perod ‘400y ; pus puey pavd at eStit ‘oyyseutog |-*---*""*"} oo ‘weg “er|"""*-**ureaag |----] st | OL =| FFL «=| O86 | OL te Sana -oULA OYB'] BUEpBsed | Cer Sagaen [Sere oysomog jure roper ter) ag | 9g Teg | 22g | -Ip qooj- ‘3nq cots suBeRT Me | Te *m01}. : *your-2, ‘peroq ~BBLITT OV4seuI0 “11% ) OST | #99 | O8G =| $2007F AQ HSN [2z06T |" 7" G-O pope uund “HW | 0g Seer PSS Qpr te “| oF | OF e9¢ | g2g¢ = | -qooyg Aq g‘anq |, "7" YoMuUaM SeIByO | 62F suiicrs 79" OT samo “| G% | 98 19 =} Gog = |-* -Your-z ‘parog * WOSUIM “WA ‘SI | SCF “m0ty --raquny Avy ‘sit Leh peer ye « xnBT “IW | 98h 73 see -| 06g | g00rF Aq F ‘Sng 2909 | 0¢9 |" “Wour-¢er ‘parog *400} OLT‘ TOUT-¢ ‘parod £4994 08 ager | sig | “oorg Aqp'Snq | POT |7-77B-V [iT ope rrr HUH “a “N | Ser €80‘T | Goo‘T [7 Bud joy r > Aanred °O'V | ver POT ‘T | 00G‘T |7J00R8 Aq g*snqg 26 | S08 |" Your-gI ‘perog sep | Sho |" yoUur-¥6 ‘porog “WROIM “N “fC | Tor ize =| Sg | YOUT-ZT ‘parog ae BIOUIVO “I | OCF Re ~eBLIit! eed aatda (acauen a1qsoul0g, 09 | 02 | og zee «| OFS" Wour-z ‘porog 7-777" aopind “dd “¢ | Bir Ord jon eusautT OL | | O9T | 61% | See |" Yaut-o1 ‘parog OQ uoONBsTII[ WoouTY | LIF *UOTLBSLLIT 00z4 | {19098 fo4sem0qg vrttlttt | gp 813 | Gee |*- "Wout, ‘perog | OO6T |"""" ZT-T |* OT041¥q op oseg 7 "dam0S38 MM UYOL | OTF sree elers eens uoIyeStiIy “6a pL BB | 09S | "WOUN-ST ‘potog: [--°""*)-"- -ST-W ee Sead eT “Tossed “A | STF é ‘ Al. sSosc [PRE eees o1soulog 29 | 02 | 08 9T%@ | G2 rGiiom 2) odijo,J op 010130 |" ~*~ -""10WIBF SINO'T | FTF ood |rcteeee wor eS1IIT $9] 8G) LOT | OST | Oot | WouI-ZI ‘perog “ofoqBg op ose [7777777 42005 "M *D | SIF neces “ya0js ‘oyjseutog | 00‘00e | 00 ‘00T “"") Te] O8t | Tet | 00% |" “qout-z ‘pezog pee eee Oper oe en “f | oF : eM seeeeeeceee Opa sens sins smitee ciel eaeetcmen “| pe | OSF | SPT | O6T >" Gour-er ‘perog pus puvy aun eT Ilr ~£104 = eg se* “s"]-"7") 008 | OST =| 0B |" “WOUT-FT ‘perog -eued TIN. a oul-oT iperog -"-Your-g ‘perog “qoulFt ‘parog ‘rejoule -Ip qooy-, ‘3nq *qooy9 Aq p ‘3nq -+=--op- oynbspouesy weg op-*-*- i °M Bt ‘N TW ‘Sg “00g eee pRogon Seas OnE aes orymey “gq °*) +> youvl sn4qiy “077+ SPUPIT NLL OD 1098 MM pus puey euopeseg “09 quemmeaordury pus pus] u0ywuyuny op. “-" 10948 “Gg eBLOeH -" OC 109M OSUAIeyy ‘OD 1018 MA pus pues] suapeseg sey WOspIByOry *g ‘OD 1818 AA pus puey vaepeseg “09 018M edorg Auung “" rang yoee "7" gamlO¢ YUBIT -“WeetD “YD sor" "* JafOUTTTSM 4) “TIT Medien “aL sO01g ople A aw 08? 6LP LLp OLP Pl Slr GLP OlP 69F 89F 29% 99F g9oF SoF cor oor 6gP Sor Lap ocy SSP INDEX. A Page. Absorption, rate of. ..-..........0.20-.220-5 28-29 relation of, to character of soil.......... 26-28 tO 1000S sec exesecoes se yesceeseeeiess 25-26 Alhambra Addition Water Co., irrigation DISME/ Ole cco egialscsacionineiosisictingd 120 Alkire tunnel, description of................ 88 Alley, Charles, well of, fluctuations in.. 61-62 Allin, T. D., aid of... 67 Alluvium, water in..........0.....022.2002- il See also Earlier alluvium; Later allu- vium. Alvarado, M., water rights of.............. 380 American Beet and Sugar Co., wells of....... 145, 146-147, 148 Anaheim, rainfall at.......0..0..0.02202-005 19 underground water at, fluctuations of. . 54 9 125, 128 123 8 125 Artesian areas, maps showing Pocket. Artesian Belt Water Co., irrigation plant of. 95-96 Artesian water, geographic extent of........ 54 geographic extent of, maps showing. Pocket. use of, growth of...............-.-.2..-- 7 AZUSA AOW OU ssc acca cic ccieiersicate scape eaneend ace 99-101 Azusa Agricultural Water Co., irrigation DIAM GOB ese pacicmniasieeaemuccrse 105-106 Azusa Irrigating Co., irrigation plant of.. 101-102 well of, fluctuations in.................. 59 B. Baker & Son, well of.............22..22----- 45 Baldwin, T. J., irrigation plants of....... 115-116 Banbury well, description of.............-.- 128 Basins, depths of......-.....-...-.2...02--+ 83 WO a oepescincass cesta iain maleate 31-32 See also Reservoirs, underground. Beardslee Water Ditch Co., irrigation plant. 110-. 111, 113-114 Big Dalton Canyon, water of...........- -107-108 Bradford street well, description of .. 131,132,133 Brown, W. P., well of, section of, figure Canyon Ridge Water Co., irrigation plant of 87 Well Of ceuaix esac ee cna aeeeeeesetan oes 143 Canyon Water Co. of Pomona, irrigation ; PRUE Blooper eminand desreancenieny 80-81 Cathcart, R., well of.........-2222222.2-2-2- 85 Chapea Water Co., irrigation plant of...... 119 Chino, artesian belt near..................- 39-42 47505—1RR 219—08—12 Page. wells at and near............ 32, 40, 41, 145-148 Chino Creek, flow of.....-.-.........2222--- 40 Chino Land and Water Co., irrigation plant o diet jenn adedeteeaakauneeeceun 89-90 147,148, 151 Cienaga Land and Water Co., history of... 94 Citizens Light and Power Co., irrigation DIAN Oli sice ca sseniecnkereecasdice 89 WLS! OF ohio sseeseeeacic EDN Sec heh B 150 Citrus Belt Water Co., irrigation plant of.. 106 Clapp, W. B., absorption measurements by. 28 Claremont, water supply of..-............. 89 Claremont Cooperative Power Co., irriga- tion plant of..-..........222..-- 88 SWELL SHOL t5y-arcescisins ocapioee coc meeeueenraer 150 Coast Range, coastal plain west of, study of. 7 Columbia Land and Water Co., irrigation 106-107 Conservation. See Waters. Consolidated Water Co. of Pomona, irriga- tion plant of.....- Copeland well, description of..........--... 128 Covina Irrigating Co., irrigation plant Of. cswwoxseesaesnesdscisesee 98, 102-105 WELS OL ais sarsieuies sieve tensewenneeaiiise's 45 Cucamonga, wells at, data on............ 142-144 Cucamonga fan, absorption work on....... 26 Cucamonga Fruit Land Co., history of..... 72-73 Cucamonga lands, irrigation of.....-...-.-- 71-74 Cucamonga Plains, description of.......... 9,14 gravel in, depth of ......-.--2..--.--+.- 33 Cucamonga quadrangle, artesian map of. Pocket. IPTIQATIOW UNS coccccvascesisewewnemausae'es 139 irrigation map of..........---------- Pocket. wells in, data on. ...........cceeeeenee 140-151 Cucamonga tunnel, section of,figureshowing 34 Cucamonga Water Co., history of........-- 71-73 irrigation plant of..............2+.-.+-- 73-74 WEIS Of oocsciccnicasescccmcieniasinceensese 142-143 figure showing. .....-...0...00--.00+ 35 Culver well, yield of......-..---.-.--- 131, 132, 133 Currier, A. T., irrigation plant of.......... 90 Wells Gfics vac onvecenatwewwevesiveseesae 149, 152. Currier Tract Water Co., irrigation plant of. 90: 152: 110 Dalton, wells near, data on........... Dams, submerged, construction of. Day Canyon, flow in..._............2-2----- Deacon, Sidney, well of, fluctuations in... .. 60 Deacon wells, description of.....-...-.-.--- 1 q 8 INDEX. Page . Page. Deer Canyon, flow in........-.--ee2e0eeee e+ 69 | Geologic history, outline of.-...--------++7- 15 DelMontecienaga, location and characterof 35 | Geology, relation of, to underground wa- Waller Of ins sccicecncetees ten vaseeeee ret 82-83 : {OTB cc. eminategty tmieieies steresteees 10-13 Del Monte Irrigation Co., irrigation plant of 81-82 Gird well, section of, figure showing. . - 39 Well SOP. oc voc ccenccsiscewesieececesseee 149,151 | Glaciation, features of..... srapereries - 30-31 Devils Gate, development at... 52, 126-128, 130-131 * Glenarm street wells, description of 2 eicisteieme 133 springs at.......-------- +e esse ee ere eee 52 | Glendora-Azusa Water Co., irrigation plant submerged dam at, view at...-.-------- 52 OL sai ecwnieinssSaceeseeaeaeass ES 108-109 52 | Glendora Water Co., history of.....-------- 107 wells at_. 125 | Graves & Bean, wells of......-- cretereceeee 51,53 Dikes, character of.......2-.--2+00e2e00-e8* 38 | Ground water, level of, fluctuations in..... 54-67 OTIgIN Of ssdgessenersineeceesovestaeaceiue a level of, maps showing.....-. Sag esr, Pocket. Duarte, irrigation plants at........--.--- 410-114 | Ground-water districts, descriptions of.... 33-54 wells at, data on.....-...2-2--2++- sees 154 | Grunsky, C. E., formula of, for flow of Duarte Mutual Irrigation and Canal Co., ir- wells tigation plant of.......-..---- 110-113 E. Hall, W. H., ‘ . dais Henderson, P. S., well of bd allnptam, dasorip Hien Ob, eeimes ae - Hermosa Water Co., irrigation plant of... DERAERSOGI cc ccsccre ee AAAI | «Melts carne saaneonapreneroenccee underflow deflected by.........--- 12, 35, 36, 44 Historical geology, outline of .. : 1 . Howell well, description of 42 UBUEL OF teu sige ange etiead cnn S88 2a as M12 | yar hi tours, maps showing. Pocket. water in faa5-g7| | AY STOsTADe cOnbOurgs aap B- East Pasadena Land and Water Co., wells I. Ol aivenney ee secesccsasncunesnte 52-53 | Igneous rocks, water in........--.---------- 10 East Whittier Land and Water Co., well Indian Hill, gravel of..............- 12,34 Ofvesns seekeurteceeeceeee ees 31-32, 49 | Ioamosa Water Co., irrigation plant of_.... 70-71 well of, section of, figure showing....... 32 | Irrigation Company of Pomona, irrigation Eaton Canyon, flow from.........--..----- 117 plant of Eddy tunnel. See Cucamonga tunnel. WES Ole aac Asasiacaeuthe te sewers El Molino Canyon, flow of.............-.--- 120 | Irrigation enterprises, description of...... 67-137 Elmonte, well at......-....- 49 maps showing........-......- Pocket. Equivalents, useful, list of. . 139 SUMMATY® Ofc cies cise vedcic de catvinen stu 136 Erosion, work of.......---.-..---- 14-15, 18, 30-31 | Irwindale, irrigation plants at........... 109-110 Etiwanda Canyon, flow in...-.............. 68 | Irwindale Land and Water Co., irrigation Etiwanda Water Co., irrigation. plant of... 67-68 plant Ofee. o.s necessacuecseeee 109 Euclid Avenue Water Co., irrigation plant Of aetececiret Ouleeteanaten. 2 120-121 ee WOIO Ree ec eh es ese eesee es 53 | Kingsley Tract Water Co.,irrigation plant of 85-86 Evaporation, estimate of............-.-.--- 29 L. F. La Canada, well at, data on................ 173 Fans, alluvial, origin of... Lake Vineyard, wells at cas s..c-.-nc2cc0.s0e 125 Fault lines, description of......-. La Puente, wells at............--- 154, 157, 159, 160 Ferry, William, well of, fluctuations in..... 60 | Later alluvium, water in..........-.. U1, 12, 35-37 Fickewirth, Edward, well of . 49 | Laverne, irrigation near... ~. 92-93, 96 well of, section of, figure showing . 50 | Laverne Irrigating Co-._..............-..2.- 92-93 Field work, description of.................- 7 | Leverne Land and Water Co., irrigation Firth, E., well of, fluctuations in........... 58-59 plant of. 92 Fish Creek, water of.......... Lemon, wells near 42 Fish, A. J., jr., work of. Lincoln Avenue Water Co., irrigation plant Floods, absorption of... OD seectetie teal Scie oclaicia.cabs se 117-118 importance of... APTI PAHON Mone) ce Sec cemne cates se ohacee land in, value of.........2.22sseeeeeeee Little Dalton Canyon, waters of..........- Forests, relation of, to run-off........... 22-23,95 | Little Santa Anita Canyon, waters of. Frostiess Belt Water Co., irrigation plant of 96-97 | Lorbeer well, description of........ Fryer, J. M., well of.....--2----e-2-eseeee0= 152 section of, figure showing. . Fryer, Mrs. S. L., well of....--..--2.205 .... 152 | Lordsburg, irrigation near................. Fryer ranch, well oD.......----+2-2-2-eee005 152 wells near, fluctuations in............2. é Lordsburg Water Co., irrigation plant of... 91-92 . Los Angeles, rainfall at............02.000... 19,21 Garvey Water Co., irrigation plant of.... 119-120 WES atic ave csactaysiasigns ocdaek ce Geography, description of............-.-.. 8-9,13 ) Los Nogales, wells at, data on See also Physiography. Los Robles Canyon, waters of INDEX, 179 M. Page. Page. P — yottintock, Lee, & St. Clair, well of ....... 42 'a80 de Bartolo, description of............. 48 Fe oe oe 138 SPTINGS NCA?’ .... 0602 ce serceeewseweeeece 47 Maps, pre a a ae oe Se Wold BF n< coseenue eamrexeene 166, 168-169, 173 Maps, a ern camong: _ Percolation, factors of...........2...20-2-0- 26-28 ir : eves 3 isin SEFISSID TSR mae Peyton well, description of................- 45 & of Pasadena ae ae Dis scien nae section of, figure showing 45 of aa ei ae = iu Snisirintcts Physiography, outline of................... 13-18 of sout em Sasa abey een Pipe lines, location of, maps showing.... Pocket. Maps, irrigation, of Cucamonga quadran: Pomona, irrigation at.............2.......- 80-84 BIG osc cic easiest cae aE Pocket : Z : Pocket rainfall at of Pasadena quadrangle............- OCKE water supply of.....2..2...0.22222220cee 84 of Pomona quadrangle........- Penne Pocket wells near 32, 42 Marengo nae ee of . ia fluctuations in................ 56-58, 62-64 sara ocation and character of... jie Pomona Land and Water Co., litigation of 77 water of....------------+-- See eee ~ | Pomona quadrangle, artesian map of... Pocket. Massey, F. HL., well of, fluctuations in.....- 61 irrigation in............2.----eeeeeeee ee 139 Millard Canyon, waters of irrigation map of_................... Pocket. Monk Hill, character of.........--.---+----- wells in, data on 1 oe irrigation plant of 114 Bea cee yeaa en ea seer Monrovia Water Co., irriga Bly Ors Potrero de Felipe Lugo, wells at, data on... 165- Montebello Land and Water Co., irrigation 166, 173 o Potrero Grande, wells at, data on.......... 163, 165-166, 175 Neff, records of .......---- rajotdhave leciecinieichatayeite 54 . New Deal Land and Water Co., irtigation plant of 96 | North Pasadena basin, wells of. .. 51 North Pasadena Land and Water Co., irri- gation plant of.........-.----- 122-124 oO. Oil, relation of, to fault lines.............--- 16 Old Settlers Water Co., irrigation plant of. . 74 Ontario colony, irrigation in..............- 75-78 OntarioW ater Co.,irrigation plant of. 75,76, 79-80 WOMB OL oo; spe: wiciayarelsgsaiereisyn mpensiessioseinis nice OTE 150 Orange Avenue Land-and Water Co., irriga- tion plant of.........-.---.-.--- 109 Orange Grove Water Co., irrigation: ‘plant of 87-88 P. Palomares, Ignacio, water rights of........ 80 Palomares cienaga, explanation of...... 38-39, 42 panoramic view of... 8 Palomares Irrigation Co., irrigation plant of 83 wells of..............- cdisiemiapecacaa hele 151 Pasadena, rainfall at .........-.2...-----6-6 20, 21 Pasadena basin, underground waters of.... 50-54 Well OF veasrueuimorwserememsnruamexennen 51, 53 Auetuetions I.........csassaveceevess 65-66 Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water Co., irrigation plant of........ 124-130 WEL Of occ seacictre se wsdcestarad se Weoouioers 51 . Pasadena Land and Water Co., irrigation plant-Ofvcncevesecsencccsen 125, 130-135 Well Obs Seesampee cine estate meremictnete ciel sear 53 irrigation in.....2.0...22..eeceee eee eee irrigation map of wells in, data on........222-.0022ee eee Precipice Canyon Water Co., irrigation Pumping plants, increasing use of.. location of, maps showing...-....... R. Rainfall, distribution and amount of....... 18-21 importance of....-.....-----------eeeee 22-24 Raymond Hill, wells near........ 53 Raymond Hill dike, description of. i 31 OHOCES: Of sy aciciccinzincraisiesenes é 53 Red Hills, description of. 34 BTAVEL OL. woicccsecesaccceees 12 sections through, figures showing ...... 34 WAtOlS Of oic neeuinstceneperexevesesecaewes 35-37 Red Hills formation. See Earlier alluvium. Relief, age of........ sine oeeugeeeu ees nonetwe 17-18 causes of.. Reservoirs, surface, ‘lack 0. Reservoirs, underground, flow from. origin of..,,...... : replenishment of. . Riverside, rainfall at Riverside V neyard Association, well of.... Rock floor, character of...........-..- peees 31-33 Run-off, factors in-.... 8. San Antonio, wells at, data on....... 169, 172-173 San Antonio Canyon, underground waters MOMs < sqescsensessecesece evesies 37-39 WALEED OL s.<.2 wic.cis,somninceeceeeenket saxexe 80, 85 San Antonio Creek, absorption work on.... 26 San Antonio fan, growth of..........---.-- 42 San Antonio WaterCo.,irrigation plant of 75-78, 80 litigation of WEllS Olicicmdiceccuitivcdainmesisaane section of, figure showing.......-.-- 36 San Bernardino, rainfall at........-.---.--- 19,21 San Bernardino basin, depth of............ 33 BUG OL. on 25 nese eeeeed veer ees 8 underground water in, fluctuations in. . 55 San Bernardino Range, physiography of... 17-18 San Dimas, irrigation near............-.--- 93-96 180 INDEX. Page. : Page. San Dimas, wells near... ...-22escneevexeee« 96 | Slichter, C.S., on percolation through sand. 26-27 fluctuations in . 58-60 on underflow....-.------------ reer e eee 29 San Dimas Canyon, flow from.........---.- 93-95 | Soils,character of, relation of, to percolation 28 San Dimas district, gravel in, depth of..... 45-46 | Southern California, valley of. See Valley location Of scsccscccccecemsecmsee ? 43 of Southern California. surface conditions in. . . 43-45 underground water in....... . 45-47 development of......--...--------+- 43 San Dimas Irrigation Co., irrigation plant of 93-95 San Dimas Land and Water Co., history of. 93-94 San Dimas Wash, description of......-.--- 43 section across, figure showing....-..--- evs underground water of 2 WOlS IM oa con cduveniecatenesines ese aeeees Sands, absorptive capacity of......-------- 26-28 San Francisquito, wells at, data on... 164-167,175 San Gabriel Canyon, underflow of.......--- 102 San Gabriel Orange Grove Association, irri- gation plant of........--- 125-126, 131 San Gabriel Power Co., history of... 111 San Gabriel Range, physiography of.. 17-18 TOCKB Ol oss csnisnde araie cities eeeeee ses 10 section of, figure showing.........------ 38 San Gabriel River, description of.. 9 description of..........-- gravel of, depth of. {rrigation in... ..........sesdesseeseeeees irrigation systems of.......-.--------- underground water of... wells in, fluctuations of... - San Jose, wells at and near, data on....... 147- 149, 151-153, 156-160 San Jose Creek, description of...........-.- San Jose Ranch Co., history of fs San Jose Valley, irrigation plants in....... 90-91 underground water of.................- WONG MN jc.ccchontceseten edhwedeee San Gabriel Wash, description of San Pasqual, wells at, data on. 161-162, 168, 173-175 San Pasqual Wash, wells on..-............. 121 San Rafael, wells at, data on......... San Rafael Hills, rocks of....--....-.--.++- 10 Santa Ana River, flow of............-.--..- 40 Santa Ana Wash, absorption work in.....-. 25-26 Santa Anita, irrigation near.....-.......... 116 wells at, data on...... 160-163, 167-168, 174-175 Santa Anita Canyon, water of.............. 115 Santa Anita Co., irrigation plant of...... 114-115 Santa Monica Mountains, rocks of......... 10 Sawpit Canyon, wators of Seasons, character of.................22---. relation of, to well fluctuations......... 54-67 Sedimentary rocks, water in..... 10-11 Sexton Bros., well of........-......-22-..20- 140 Sheep Corral, developments ad, - 1380-131, 132 BPTIN gS At as as cece se wasericmencneasews 52 Sierra Madre Water Co., irrigation plant Oli Asaensec chan eeueareenre 115, 116 Spadra, wells near 42 Sparks, U. L., well of....-.--------+--+---°- 45 Storage, facilities for....--...-------+------ 24 Storage, underground. See Reservoirs, underground. Streams, run-off in...-...------+++-+++++2++ 22-23 Sunny Slope, wells at Sunny Slope Water Co., irrigation plant of 118-119 Sunset Water Co., irrigation plant of....... 74-75 WELLS Of icesouidivinn S.bclesewinie oie een tire as 142 wells of, section of, figure showing...... 3e T. Tables, comment On....-..-.-..-------2-- 138-139 Temperature, relation of to rainfall......-. 19 Titus ranch, well on.......-...---------+-+ 65 Topography, outline of...........-.--..---- 13-18 Us Underflow, permanence of SOUTCO:OF So asion cease cicas cweneneseincieeiecs See also Reservoirs, underground. : Upland, irrigation near............--..--+++ 87 Upland Water Co., irrigation plant of sreteiale 87 Well Ofee:)cussesirereeeeserses seaessiee: 142 33 30 Map Of.. socccswsvcesseeansses Pocket. Valleys, age of. _- OPIPIN Of. onicse/c sci ccwisivies uecinwaide sls Verdugo Canyon, waters of...........-.-. 135-136 Verdugo Canyon Water Co., irrigation plant 135-137 Vineland, wells near, fluctuations in... Vineland irrigation district, irrigation plants Of. 2... 0.cessex a ~ o Bus O' ve. . {18°30 DOPE DE ENGRAVED NOV. !90! BY U.S.G.S. a4 18°00" — 4 pa Topography reduced from U.S.Geologica| m, Survey atlas sheets . } MAP SHOWING THE ARTESIAN AREAS Surveyed in 1893-1900 R.4& W. aM: g Je ~ e - WS j : eit) aki 33°30 R.3 W. 11700 R.1 W. AND HYDROGRAPHIC CONTOURS IN THE BALTIMORE ,“MD. a2 1645) VALLEY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DATA COMPILED BY W. C. MENDENHALL, 1904 hk / 1907 ww Seale 286606 Py 2 oO 2 4& 6 4 8 1omiles a Serax 9 ; MLL Y J P ¢ Ss $ ° o ; Approximate original Artesian areas certo x : cao Generalized Topographic maps of artesian areas 1904: Contour interned 2B hydrographic the U.S.Geological Survey - ft : . contours e] Datum is mean sea level. ~ 4] at f © , 745" 3415 10 “ ° = ~ = a o 34 00 40’. R.U.Goode, Geographer in charge. Henry Gannett, Chief Topographer. ws SHOWING IRRIGATED LANDS, CANALS, PIPE 35; Triangulation by A.PDavis. : IN THE CUCAMONGA QUADRANGLE, CALIFORNIA Topography by W.S.Post. eierayed in 1996) DATA COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF W. C. MENDENHALL, 1904 AND 1905 Scale 2800 1 4 oO 1 2 3 4 miles 1 4 cs 2 3 be 5 kilometers Contour interval 50 feet. Datunrvis mean sea level. 1907 LINES, AND PUMPING PLANTS od Irrigated land,1904. O Reservoir Irrigation canal, pipe lines,etc. Wells flowing into tunnel Tunnel LIST OF PIPE LINES A—Citizens Light and Water Company B—Claremont Cooperative Water Company C—Sumner (private) : D—Ontario Water Company E—Del Monte Water Company , F—Irrigation Company of Pomona '0 G—Chino Land and Water Company H—Consolidated Water Company |—-Mountain View Water Company J-—San Antonio Water Company kK — Cucamonga Water Company *-loamosa Water Company M—Hermosa Water Company N—Etiwanda Water Company O—American Beet and Sugar Company Palomares Irrigation Company R—Canyon Water Company of Pomona California, Etiwanda 4006. ae. An: 134 00’ 117°30' Well records secured by W.N.White WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 2 M D Ben. TD anol MN ¥¢ LEGEND Approximate original artesian area Artesian area spring of 1904: re ce = 200 Hydrographic _ contours Domestic well © Pumping plant oO Artesian well Wells flowing into tunnel 75 irs | Boun LINE At 134 oo’ N 117 30' H | 35° J K Well records secured by W.N.White G D E 40 F MAP SHOWING WELLS. ARTESIAN AREAS, AND WATER LEVELS 34 00 A Henry Gannett. Chief Topographer. R.U.Goode, Geographer in charge. IN THE CUCAMONGA QUADRANGLE, CALIFORNIA DATA COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF W. C. MENDENHALL, 1904 AND 1905 4 miles Triangulation by A.P Davis. Topography by W.S.Post. Surveyed in 1894. Scale 6z600 . 1 == si SE 2 a 2 $s . a: 4 Se ack 2 3 ti : _5 kilometers Contour interval 50 feet. Datumis mean sea level. 1907 U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY : : GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR , WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO.219 PL. 118°00" R.WW. ’ R.10 W. 55’ 50’ R.9 W. R.8 W 3415’ : ya 10 10’ ae T.IN C27 ERY 5/ S$ te o , os : 55 11745’ | Oo . Henry Gannett, Chief Topographer, é Irrigated lands mapped sudbootedecrsphen ia Shaan MAP SHOWING IRRIGATED LANDS, CANALS, PIPE LINES, AND PUMPING PLANTS egertdens Triangulation by A.P Davis. : pea by L.C.Fletcher and T.G. Gerdine. IN THE POMONA QUADRANGLE, CALIFORNIA Sareea tn S94. DATA COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF W. C. MENDENHALL, 1904 AND 1905 Scale 43500 : 1 + ae 7 2 3 4miles 1 % o 1 aioe g 3 te } 5 kilometers Contour interval 50 feet. Datumis mean sea level. 1907 LEGEND Irrigated land 1903-1904 O Reservoir Pumping plant. Irrigation canal, , pipes ete. ; « / j ot 2 U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY : Ora yh ly GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR i. WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO.2!19 PL. VII : 18°00’ RIW.A B Cc D E 55’ ¥ G H I J : M N R.ew. !17%5' 3415’ T.2.N. WY aa | 3415 T.2N lL LEGEND Approximate original artesian area a SOR COP ee ca Hydrographic contours Domestic well Pumping plant Atel 7 ® 99-100-10! D Do F: H | A B Henry Gannett, Chief Topographer. R.U.Goode, Geographer in charge. _ MAP SHOWING WELLS, ARTESIAN AREAS, AND WATER LEVELS | o wicllrecords secured by oped meee ty &.C. Fletcher oA TaiGeeadine. : IN THE POMONA QUADRANGLE, CALIFORNIA o Surveyed in 1894. DATA COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF W. C. MENDENHALL, 1904 AND 1905 aes Scale 62500 1 + o 1 2 3 _smiles Et 4 o 1 2 2 te 5 kilometers Contour interval 50 feet. Datum is mean sea tevel. 1907 / U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO.219 PL. VIil 5 . ! 00", 34°15’ LEGENG Sewage irrigation season 1904 Irrigated land O Reservoir Pumping plant Tunnel Canals,pipe lines,flumes 1904 ASA ANZ INA tay us e UE 2 ERO GRANDS : pe — Henry Gannett, Chief Topographer. 400’ 11800" R.U.Goode, Geographer in charge. MAP SHOWING IRRIGATED LANDS, CANALS, PIPE LINES, AND PUMPING PLANTS Leigagied fons mapped riangulation .P Davis. P : : ; y W.N. ite, Seety by Lc.Fletcher end T.G.Gerdine. IN THE PASADENA QUADRANGLE, CALIFORNIA oe | DATA COMPILED ‘UNDER THE DIRECTION OF W. C. MENDENHALL, 1904 AND 1905 Seale 32500 ; L | SOR sr | 1 2 3 4miles ee 1 2 3 fe 5 kilometers Contour interval 50 feet. : Datumis mean sea level. 7 iz 7 U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR i WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO: 219 PL. B D E EP M N 34°15) Artesian areas summer of 1904. 2 ; ; : L— 200 pd Hydrographic contours Ce Domestic well Artesian well ® 226 216-7-8-9@) 26 y << TENT 7S es — E : 2i Yi | { Z) (7 SOV ( / : ee / 4 212-3® le *210 2 fy a 0 GRANDE VAN 170 ei7i / Oue | ‘5 G H A ee 8 Henry Gannett, Chief Topogra pher. Pott MAP SHOWING WELLS, ARTESIAN AREAS, AND WATER LEVELS oe ; ‘L.C.Fletche . IN THE PASADENA QUADRANGLE, CALIFORNIA Topography by L.C.Fletcher and T.G.Gerdine. —— Surveyed in 1894. = | ; / DATA COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF W. C, MENDENHALL, 1904 AND 1805 | Seale 67800 e 1 2 2 . z 3 ___4miles } ; * ss BoE 9. = aa 2 3 4 __5 kilometers Contour interval 50 feet. Datunris mean sea level. ~ 4 pier meee Ror Seren papel