CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE, INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 924 079 565 440 The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924079565440 Fig. 1. Three Wokld-Poets (Daute, Homer, Virgil). Ei)e StuUents' Series of Hattn Classics ^riEGIL'S AENEID BOOKS I-VI WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY BY H. E. FAIRCLOUGH, Ph.D. PROFESSOR OP LATIN, LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY AND SELDON L. BROWN, A.M. PRINCIPAL OF WELLESLBY (mASS.) HIGH SCHOOL, CO-AUTHOE OF THE DANIELL-BROWN LATIN , COMPOSITION ov TToW' aWii irokv BENJ. H. SANBORN «& CO. BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO PREFACE The charm of the Aeneid has for nineteen centuries exer- cised its spell over the minds and hearts of successive generations. Very early it became a school-book, and, strangely enough, it is still as a text-book that it makes its strongest and most general appeal. The Aeneid fills a larger place in the education of our boys and girls than any other epic. This is a fact of great significance, — ^a fact which justifies the earnestness and enthusiasm with which editors have striven to so present it as to secure the maximum of return for so much time and attention. Failure to attain this means an economic loss as well as a pedagogic error. The ideal book must contain enough material to insure an adequate presentation, yet not so much as to dismay the beginner by its amount or to perplex him by its subtlety. It is a question of perspective and proportion which must be adapted to the learner's point of view ; he alone is .to be considered. The progress of the pupil, not the display of the editor's erudition, must be the constiant objective. With this ideal in view we have worked out the details of this book. If in certain respects we have failed to reach it, we shall find ourselves in the best of company; if in some degree we have succeeded, our toil will not have been in vain. It is far easier to teach over the head of the beginner than to meet him on his own plane of comprehension ; and iii IV PKEFACE it is here that he must be met. It is a simple matter to load down a book with a mass of scholarly material which few teachers and fewer pupils are able to use ; it is a much more diificult one to present in correct coordination and subordination just the material which the learner will be able with profit to make his own. We must always remember that it is. not what a pupil might do, but what he can and will do, which sets the limits of correct text-book making. The time of the secondary school pupil is so filled to-day that the number of hours which can be devoted to any one subject is by no means large. Under these conditions it is very easy to miss the mark, — to so direct the pupil that he sees this great epic " through a glass darkly " and not "face to face." While no book can obviate the inevitable effects of poor teaching, a well-made one greatly increases the efficiency of a real teacher and frequently saves an indifferent one from disaster. To such demands and to such limitations the present volume has been rigidly subjected at every step of its preparation. While nothing has been admitted that could well be spared, on the other hand no essential has been neglected. A good book could easily be made larger, but a smaller one could not meet the demands of our best secondary schools to-day. In the process of mastering the Aeneid, the student must first grapple with the linguistic difficulties, and for sec- ondary school purposes no edition is of much use which does not give all necessary assistance in this respect. But it is almost criminal to limit the study of so great a poem to the grammatical side. Professor Woodberry has recently stated that in his opinion " the Aeneid is the greatest single book written by man." This may be an exaggerated esti- PliEFACE V mate, but in any case the Aeneid is a literary masterpiece, one of the great "world-poems," and should be studied as such. It is because of this conviction that we have intro- duced much of the material to be found in this edition. Virgil's beautiful personality has been emphasized in the Introduction, and the student is encouraged to look for traces of its influence in the poem. In the Notes the ses- thetic side of the poem has received more attention than is tisually given to it, and it is hoped that this edition will help to foster a more general study of the poetical means employed to secure artistic effects. In four of the books will be found special notes in small type, which deal mainly with the stylistic features of important paragraphs or sec- tions. It is not intended that these should increase, but rather, that they should relieve, the burden both of student and teacher. It is recommended that they be utilized mainly in connection with review work, when a class, after master- ing the primary difficulties of the text, may turn with relief to the beauties of form and substance. The teacher must use his own judgment as to the mode of handling them, and in any ease they need not receive much attention until the student has acquired some facility in reading the text, and has mastered the elementary principles of Latin verse. The Aeneid occupies a peauliar position in the history of the world's best literature. Much of Homer has been ab- sorbed by Virgil, and in his turn Virgil has exerted incal- culable influence on mediaeval and modern literature. A student of the Aeneid should not only have his literary taste and judgment awakened, but he should also be introduced to at least Homer, Dante, and Milton. A school library should contain not only copies of the great English poets, but also good translations of the Iliad, Odyssey, and the VI PREFACE Divine Comedy, and from time to time a few minutes may well be spent in reading aloud passages from them bearing upon the Aeneid. Thus the Eoman epic may become the means of opening the eyes of the young to great literary fields, which otherwise may remain unknown to them.^ Correspondence with a number of teachers has convinced us that a large majority of our fellow-workers will be glad to find the long vowels marked in Book I. While we be- lieve that such marking soon becomes unnecessary for the well-taught pupil, we also agree with the majority of teachers, who desire at least one book marked thus, as an important adjunct in teaching the fundamentals of versi- fication. The questions following the notes at the end of each book will be found to demand the exercise of many powers be- ' Translations recommended are : The Iliad of Homer : translated into blank verse, by William Cullen Bryant (Houghton, Mifllin, & Co.). The Iliad: done into English verse, by A. S. Way (London, 1886-1888), 2 vols. The Iliad of Homer : done into English prose, by Lang, Leaf, and Myers (Macmillaii). The Odyssey: done into English verse, by William Morris (London, 1887). The Odyssey of Homer: in English verse, by A. S. Way (Mac- millan, 1904). The Odyssey of Homer : done into English prose, by Butcher and Lang (Macmillan). The Divine Comedy : translated by Longfellow (Houghton, Mifflin, & Co.). The Dioine Comedy : translated in verse, by E. H. Plumptre (Boston), 2 vols. Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso : text and prose translation (Dent & Co., Temple Classics), 3 vols. PEEFACE Vll sides memory. Investigation, selection, comparison, judg- ment, — all will need to be used by the student who answers them. As this feature is in line with the best standards of teachers and examiners, its value will be obvious. No edition of the Aeneid in common use contains a com- plete and satisfactory list of the figures of speech used in Latin poetry. Scattered in various grammars and dic- tionaries they may be found, but these aids are often not at hand, frequently incomplete, and so always precarious. The list included in the Introduction will, we trust, be a marked convenience. Illustrations drawn from many sources have been freely used. The coordination of art and literature and their parallel development are in harmony with the teachings of history and the most advanced pedagogy. As a vocabulary is the sheet-anchor of a beginner's Virgil, great care has been taken to make this accurate, adequate, and easy to use. It has not been made an occasion or excuse for philological display. From the immense mass of mate- rial which it might contain has been selected what we believe to be the maximum which the pupil of the secondary school will be able to utilize. The different meanings, pro- ceeding in general from the primitive and literal to the figurative and unusual, have been carefully chosen and so grouped as to suggest in very many cases the natural de- velopment of the ideas associated with the word. Here all long vowels have been marked. In the marking of hidden quantities we have gone no farther than a decided preponderance of evidence will warrant. No text-book can properly be made the arena in which to settle philologi- cal differences. Sufficient mythological, geographical, and historical material has been included to insure an intelligent VIU PREFACE reading of the text, in case reference books on these sub- jects are not available. The text has been carefully prepared, but no one authority- has been uniformly followed. In the comparatively few cases of disputed readings, the evidence of the major Vir- gilian Mss and ancient commentators, as well as the views of modern scholars, has been carefully weighed before a decision has been reached. It would be practically impossible to enumerate the many authorities to whom an editor of Virgil is necessarily in- debted. One advantage which we have had over previous editors is the use of Heinze's important work, Virgils Epische Technik, and of Norden's brilliant edition of the Sixth Book. To both of these we are under special obligation. To another recent work. Glover's Studies in Virgil, our Intro- duction probably owes some of its color, if not of its actual material. To the many teachers who have shown an interest in our work we express our deep appreciation. If the book itself shall meet with their approval, our " labor of love,'' which has been a pleasure in itself, will have been well repaid. H. R. F. S. L. B. June, 1908. CONTENTS PACK List op Illustrations xi Inteoddction : Life and Works of Virgil . xvii Virgil's Place in Literature xxix A Critical Study of the Aeneid xxxii The Story of the Aeneid xxxvi The Tradition and Character of Aeneas ... . . xli The Aeneid in Art xlviii Versification and Style 1 Figures of Syntax liii Figures of Rhetoric liv Terms of Prosody Iv Chronological Table Ivi Sample Translation Iviii Tennyson's Tribute to Virgil Ix Text 1 Notes 187 Vocabulary. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGirEE 1. Dante, Homer, and Virgil. A group from The Parnassus, ■ one of Raphael's mural paintings in the Vatican. Frontispiece ■PAGE 2. Facsimile of the Codex Medieeus of Virgil, a manuscript of the fifth century. In the Laurentian Library in Florence. The passage given in the illustration is Aeneid V. 668-696. xvii 3. The Ludovisi Juno. In the National Museum, Rome. Of this Goethe said, " No words can give any idea of it ; it is like a verse from Homer " 1 4. The Judgment of Paris. A Pompeian wall-painting. In Naples 2 5. The Jupiter Otriooli (so called, because found at Otricoli, near Rome). In the Vatican Museum. It is the most famous representation of the god extant .... 10 6. The Young Augustus and Julius Caesar. Two marble portrait busts in the British Museum 12 7. Augustus, as emperor. In the Vatican. See Introd. § 36 13 8. The Diana of Versailles. Now in the Louvre, Paris. See Intiod. § 36 14 9. Venus Genetrix. In the Louvre, Paris. See Introd. § 36 . 27 10. The Death of LaocoOn. This famous group of the Vatican was made by three sculptors in the island of Rhodes, viz. Agesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus, about the begin- ning of the first century b.c .38 11. The Wooden Horse in Troy. This Pompeian wall-painting shows a moonlight scene. Hence the elongated figures. In Naples 40 12. Minerva. She wears an aegis, with the Gorgon's head, and in her right hand supports a winged Victory. At Deep- dene, Surrey . 53 Xll LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS FIGTTRB PACK 13. The Tabula lUaca, a small gypsum tablet, with sculptured scenes of the sack of Troy. In the centre we see Aeneas and his family leaving the city under the guidance of Hermes (Mercury). Aeneas is carrying Anchises (the latter holding the Penates), and leads Ascanius by the hand, while a female figure (presumably Creusa) follows. Lower down, to our right, the party is embarlcing. The helmsman Misenus brings up the rear, but the woman is no longer to be seen. The tablet is in the Capitoline Museum at Rome 60 14. Map of the Wanderings of Aeneas 61 15. A Roman Sacrifice. A marble relief in the Louvre, Paris . 75 16. A Roman Harbor, with Ships, Lighthouse, Triumphal Arch, Statues, and Blazing Altar. A relief in the Museo Torlonia, Rome 80 17. Mount Aetna from Taormina. From a photograph . . 82 18. The Leconfield Venus. In a private collection in London ^ 92 19. The Apollo Belvedere. (See Byron, Ghilde Harold's Pil- grimage, Canto IV, Stanza 161.) In the Vatican . . 94 20. Mercury. In the Vatican. " A lovely, thoughtful, charm- ing head" (Potter, 7%e ^rJ o/Jfte FaJjcara) ... 96 21. Atlas supporting the Heavens, which are represented as a globe with the signs of the zodiac. A statue in Naples . 98 22. The Death of Pentheus. A bronze mirror in the Collegio Romano, Rome 105 23. A Sea-deity and his Family. An enlarged gem . . . 124 24. Bronze Statue of a Boxer. In the National Museum, Rome 130 25. Palaemon, seated on a Dolphin. In the Glyptothek, Mu- nich , . 146 26. Daedalus and Icarus. A cameo in Naples. The figure be- hind Daedalus is probably Pasiphae. The seated goddess is Artemis ; . . . . ]50 27. The Cumaean Sibyl, by Michael Angelo. On the ceiling of the Sixtine Chapel, Rome 151 28. Proserpina becomes the Bride of Pluto. A Greek vase- painting. The picture shows Demeter, a winged Eros > See Furtwangler, Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture, p. 848. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XUl FIGURE PAGE (symbolic of love), Hecate with her torch, and Hermes pointing out the way 155 29. Charon receiving a Bead Woman from Hermes. A Greek vase-painting. In Munich 161 30. Hercules and Cerberus. On a vase in Naples . . . 165 31. Cybele turrita. A statue from Formiae . . . • . 180 32. The Glorification of Augustus. A famous cameo in Vienna. All the interest centres in the emperor, who sits enthroned, holding in his left hand a sceptre, and in his right the lituus of an augur. Above him is the star of his nativity (Capricorn). Beside him sits the goddess Boma. An- other goddess holds a crown of oak leaves above his head. Caelus and Terra (with her children) are spectators of the scene. On; the left, Tiberius is stepping from a chariot driven by a Victory. The boy is Germanicus. In the lower part are captives, while Roman soldiers' are raising a trophy 180 33. Julius Caesar and Pompey, the former with laurel wreath and star. Two gems in Berlin 182 34. Marcellna the Younger. The uppermost portion of the great Paris Cameo, of which the main subject (set forth in a lower scene) is the glorification of the emperor Tiberius. In the part reproduced we see the deified Augustus with a sOeptre. The soldier with a shield is Drusus, brother of Tiberius, who died in 9 b.c. The figure in Phrygian garb, poised in the air before Augustus, is Aeneas, the ancestor of the Julian family, who holds in his hands a sphere, symbolic of world-power. The figure on the winged horse, which is led by a Cupid, is Marcellus,i the adopted son and heir of Augustus, whose early death in 23 B.C. was much lamented 184 35. Ganymede and the Eagle. Greek mirror, with relief . . 193 36. Neptune. Lange's restoration of the Poseidon of Lysippus (end of fourth century, b.c.) 203 37. Head of the Venus of Milo, the most famous of the treasures of the Louvre in Paris 213 1 So Furtwangler, Aniike G&minen. XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGUEE PAGE 38. A Coin of Carthage 234 39. Head of a Statue of Apollo. In the National Museum, Rome 245 40. Acanthus on a Corinthian Capital 250 41. Diomedea, Ulysses, and the Palladium. An ancient gem . 272 42. Hector dragged round the Walls of Troy. From a marble tablet in the Capitoline Museum, liome .... 281 43. A Victim ready for Sacrifice. From a Roman bas-relief . 291 44. Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius. Coin of Antoninus 309 45. A Coin of Aenea, showing the head of Aeneas . . . 316 46. Tripod of Apollo. The god, dressed in a long robe, is seated as he plays the cithara. An ancient gem .... 320 47. Magna Mater. The goddess wears a turreted crown and is seated in a chariot drawn by two lions. In her left hand she holds a tympanum. A relief from a Roman altar . 322 48. A Boy Praying. Bronze statue in Berlin . . ' . . 330 49. Scylla. From a vase-painting. In Naples .... 339 50. Chain-armor. In the Mainz Museum 343 51. Arethusa. From a coin of Syracuse 354 52. A Hunting Scene. Roman mosaic from Carthage . . 366 53. Jupiter Hammon. Coin of Cyrene 369 54. Mitra, a Phrygian cap 371 55. Mercury. Note the talaria on his feet, the purse in his right hand, and the herald's wand in his left. From a Pompeian wall-painting 373 56. A Bacchante. A gem in Florence 376 57. Hecate. She has one body, but three heads and six hands. On each head is a calatbus, and in her hands are two dirks, two whips, and two torohe.s. Beside her are two cistae surrounded by serpents. A man is dancing before her. A bronze amulet 395 58. Carchesium ... 407 59. A Serpent as genius loci. Wall-painting from Herculaneum 408 60. Figure-head of a Roman Ship .... 409 61. The Long-distance Foot-race. From a Greek vase in the British Museum • . . . 419 62. Cretan Labyrinth and the Minotaur. Early Cretan coin . 432 63. Neptune (or, probably, Augustus in the r61e of Neptune) LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS XV FIGURE PAGE driving his steeds oyer the sea. A beautiful gem now in Boston 442 64. Sonmus. Represented as a winged and bearded man. A gem in Berlin . 444 65. Theseus and the Minotaur. The figure on the right is Minos ; on the left, Ariadne. From a Greek vase-painting 450 66. Orpheus and Eurydioe. An intaglio of comparatively late date. In Munich 456 67. Castor and Pollux in the Lower World. Pluto is on a rich throne, and beside him is Cerberus. A gem in Berlin . 456 68. Triton and his Conch. Engraving froiii a lamp . . . 460 69. Pavor and Pallor on Roman Coins. Note the personifica- tions 467 70. Chimaera. An ancient gem 468 71. Ixion bound to the Wheel. A gem in the British Museum 487 72. Long-robed Priest. A gem in St. Petersburg . . . 491 73. Corona Civica. A bronze of C. Plotius Rufus, triumvir auro, argento, aeri flando feriundo. The letters s. c. are for senalns consuUo 500 74. Hercules and the Lernaean Hydra. Coin of Crete in the British Museum ' . . . 503 75. The Elder Marcellus and the spolia opima. Two faces of a coin. The spolia are offered in the temple of Jupiter Peretrius ... 509 76. The God Tibetinus (or Tiberis) . On a coin of Antoninus Pius. In the British Museum 510 INTRODUCTION 1. PuWins Vergilius Maro is one of that large company of Roman writers who hail from the provinces. Cisalpine Gaul was not formally annexed to Italy until Virgil's nat^e place, twenty-one years after the poet's birth, but Vir- gil's natural sympathies, environment and edu- cation all tended to make him an enthusiastic Roman. The people of his native district (the township of Andes, near Mantua) were grateful to Julius Caesar, and VirgiP shared with the rest in the joy of recently acquired rights of citi- zenship. 2. VirgU was born in the country, " of rustic parents and brought up in the bush and forest,"^ and Melissus, „. J a freedman of Augustus, tells us that he kept environ- his shy rustic manners even at the court. The ment. influence of his, early surroundings was never lost ; Virgil was a poet of the streams and the woods to the last.^ All his works reveal that love of the land and country scenes, in which the poet must have revelled in his youth, and which he indulged in mature years, when he gladly 1 The spelling Virgil is due to a Latin form Virgilius, which is less cor- rect than Vergilius. However, the spelling Virgil has been so long in vogue in English, being the form known to all our great poets and prose- writers, that it seems pedantic to insist on Vergil (see Professor Kelsey's letter In.the New York Nation, Sept. 5, 190T, p. 206). 2 Rvsticis parentibus nato inter silvas et frutices educto (Macrobius, V. 2, 1). ^Flumina amem silvasque. (Georgics, II. 4S6.) XVlll INTRODUCTION forsook the capital for his villa in that most beautiful region of all Italy, the neighborhood of Naples. His father was of humble station, but a man of energy and integrity, who prospered in the world by keeping bees and investing in forest land. The ■ second book of the Georgics is devoted to trees and their culture; the fourth to bees; while certain passages' in the Aeneid indicate the poet's interest in his father's employments. 3. Filial love was one of Virgil's chief characteristics, and has left its mark upon his great epic. His father gave him a careful education, and the son repaid him hUfather""^ with affection. In a short poem addressed to the little villa of Siron, in which he once took refuge, when driven from his home by armed force, he thus writes:'' "To thee, I intrust myself, and with me those whom I have ever loved, and above all my father." With such an experience, how much sympathy would Virgil feel for his Aeneas, in that hour when Troy falls, and a refuge must be found for the aged Anchises ! 4. To his father Virgil owed much more than his educa- tion. He also owed to him his love of simplicity and his purity of character. When, in the Georgics, we '^ ulf " ^""^ ^™ singing the simple virtues of the Ital- ian farmer — his industry, watchfulness, and free- dom from envy or sordid ambition — we feel that his heart is in the old home, the true nurse of his genius. The purity of the home and the joy of children's love, the solid com- forts and real independence, as well as the simple pleasures of rural life, are all set forth in Virgil's beautiful verse.* It ^JB.g. VI. 179 &., 270-2. '^ Me tibi et hos una mecum, quos semper amavi, Commeiido, in primisque patrem. (Catalepton, VIII.) 8 Georgics, II. 523 ff . INTKODUCTION XIX was after the poet had become the friend of princes, had seen the utmost glory of this world, and known both the joys and the disappointments of the highest fame that he heaved a sigh for the happiness of country life, which he would no longer be allowed to enjoy in peaceful seclusion: "Ah, too fortunate the husbandmen, if they knew their own blessed- ness ! . . . . Eepose without care is theirs, and a life that can- not disappoint, yet is rich in manifold treasures; yet the peace of broad domains fails them not, with caverns and liv- ing lakes, cool vales of Tempe, the lowing of oxen and soft slumbers beneath the trees ; there are woodland glades and covers of game, a youth hardy in toil and accustomed to little; the worship of the gods and reverence for age; among them, as she passed from earth. Justice set her last foot- prints." '■ 5. The lines just cited suggest one of the chief traits in Virgil's character, — his simple piety and reverence, which, instilled into him in his early home, he never is;7/e as. ^offg^^ even when assailed by the subtle cynicism and cold agnosticism of court circles. The English word " piety " usually signifies only one aspect of the Latin pietas, and pietas in its larger sense is the virtue which Virgil emphasizes as the chief characteristic of the hero of his Aeneid. Pity and piety are both included in pietas, but the Latin term embraces also tenderness and aifectionate regard for one's relatives,^ one's country, and one's fellow-men in general. Virgil's own pietas is seen in his reverential attitude toward the gods and the time- 1 Georgios, II. 458 ff. 2 The word " piety " can still be used thus in English ; cf . W. D. How- ells: "He pulled off his black satin stock — the relic o£ ancient fashion which the piety of his daughter kept in repair^ and laid it on the table." (A Modern Instance, Ch. XL.) honored ritual of their celebrations. It is seen, also, in his intense patriotism ; still further in his devotion to his father, who became blind; in the story of his grief over the loss of a brother Flaccus ; and in the fact that he provided handsomely by will for his half-brother, Valerius Proculus. In one of his odes,' Horace testifies to the pious and affectionate character of Virgil, and the striking, almost passionate, phrase which he elsewhere applies to him, animae dimidium meae, ' half of ray soul,' illustrates Virgil's power of inspiring affection in others.^ It is worth while dwelling on these features of Virgil's character, because they are all richly exemplifi.ed in his work ; and in everything that Virgil wrote we can see, not a merely objective narrative, but the poet's personality and attitude toward life. 6. One of the ancient lives ' of Virgil tells us that the poet was of large frame, dark complexion, awkward in H' or nai ^PP63,rance, and weak in health. He suffered appearance from dyspepsia* and perhaps on this account and habits, -^g^g abstemious in eating and drinking. We have already noted his shyness. Tar from courting public- ity, he would avoid the throngs that followed and pointed him out by retiring into the nearest house. Horace describes his three friends, Virgil, Plotius, and Varius, as "the whit- est souls ever borne by earth," * a beautiful testimony, not only to Virgil's spotless character, but also to the purity of his social and intellectual circle. 1 Odes, I. 24. 2 Odes, I. 3, 8. ' Attributed to Donatus, of the fourth century, but really by Suetonius, a well-known biographer of the first century. * He was crudus. (Horace, Satires, I. 5, 49.) 6 animae qualis neque candidiores terra tullt, neque quis me sit devinctior alter. {Satires, I. 5, 41.) INTRODUCTION XXI 7. Virgil's education was carefully attended to. He studied at Mantua and Cremona,- then at the larger city of Milan (Mediolanum), and lastly at the age of tion and seventeen he passed on to Rome. This was in literary the year 53 B.C., one year after the death of Catullus and two years after that of Lucretius. Virgil studied under ■ the best masters : Greek under Par- thenius, a poet of some note; rhetoric under Epidius, the master of Antonius and Gctavius ; and philosophy under Siro, a distinguished Epicurean. This last study had great attractions for the youth, and one poem in the Catalepton ' voices the delight with which, giving up the rhetoricians and grammarians, he turned to philosophy. 8. The poem just referred to is composed in a peculiar metre ^ much used by Catullus, to whom, in the sixth Aeneid, Virgil paid marked homage, for the line earlier poets, 'w^ith which Aeneas begins his address to Dido especially in the wopld below, Lucretius. In Vitus, regina, tuo de litpre cessi, ' is taken directly from an elegiac poem* by the earlier writer. Virgil, then, studied Catullus, and thus, perhaps, secured not a little of the precision, delicacy, and artistic finish for which Catullus is famous. But if Virgil is indebted to Catullus, much greater is his debt to another famous poet, Lucretius. Catullus could teach form and style, but Lucretius could widen the horizon of his spirit. In a certain passage of the Georgics/ Virgil pays a remarkable tribute to the author of the great poem 1 No. 5. The term Catalepton (/card 'Keirrdv, i.e., ' small ') is applied to a group of 14 short poems attributed to Virgil. Some, at least, of these are genuine. 2 The scazon or limping iambic. * Catullus, 66, 39. 8 VI. 460. « Georgics II. 475 ff. XXU INTKODUCTION On Nature. He is anxious to sing, as Lucretius had done, of the marvels of the J)hysical universe, yet he realizes that his genius is of a humbler kind, and he must be content to utter his "native woodnotes wild." This'ambition to become a natural philosopher stayed with Virgil to the end. We find the philosophic coloring fre- quently in the Aeneid, and Suetonius ■ tells us that after putting the finishing touches to his epic, the poet had in- tended to devote the rest of his life to philosophy.' The style of Lucretius — vigorous, independent, almost careless, and closely akin to that of the early writers like Ennius^ — is very different from the studied precision of Catullus. In moulding his style, Virgil is undoubtedly in- fluenced by both of these great poets, and in his hexameters we find that in numerous details, as in general effect, he strikes a happy mean between the easy freedom of the one and the labored finish of the other. 9. From 53 B.C., when he first went to Kome, ten years of Virgil's life are a blank, but this period was doubtless spent in hard study and numerous poetical es- period of says.' In 42 B.C., the year of Philippi, we find Virgil's life. \y\fj^ gnce more at his old home. The victorious tions under triumvirs, in providing for the settlement of the the Second great armies which had been raised during the numvirs. ^^^-j ^^^^ confiscated lands in the Cremona dis- trict, and "Mantua, alas! too near unhappy Cremona"* 1 Ut reliqua vita tantum philosophiae vacaret. The term philosophia is here used mainly of so-called ' natural philosophy in its broadest sense.' 2 Ennius, called the " father of Roman poetry," lived from 239-169 B.C. 8 Besides the Catalepton, there are extant five minor poems that have been attributed to Virgil, viz. the Culcx, Cins, Copa, Moretum, and Aetna, but very few scholars believe that any of these are genuine. * Mantua vae miserae nimiiim vicina Cremonae. (Eclogues, IX. 28.) INTEODUCTION XXUl suffered as well. The poet, like his neighbors, was dispos- sessed of his farm and, attempting resistance, barely escaped with his life.^ But the momentary misfortune was a wonder- ful blessing in disguise. Virgil found a friend in the noble Asinius PoUio, administrator of the province, and secured the patronage of two distinguished men, Cornelius Gallus and Alfenus Varus, both of whom had been his fellow- students in Rome. Through them he was introduced to Octavius, and either recovered his farm or received in com- pensation an estate in Campania. 10. The poems, in which Virgil records his experience at this trying time, are the ten Eclogues, written at various times after 43 B.C., and published in their present order in 38 B.C. The two which are mainly concerned with his expulsion from the farm are the first and ninth, but at least three, viz. the second, third, and fifth (and probably the seventh as well), preceded the first in point of time, and, like it, were written in the poet's native district. The sixth and ninth were composed at Siron's villa; the remainder, viz. the fourth, eighth, and tenth, were written in Rome. Pollio, Gallus, and Varus are all sung in the Eclogues, but the first of the poems doubtless won its place in the series because of the honor there paid to Octavius, who before 38 b.c. had become sole ruler in Italy. The Eclogues are permeated with an, air of tender and romantic sentiment, of love of home and friends and country, of the dolce far niente of Italian life, of happy communion with nature in her many phases. Their fragrant atmosphere and rich melodiousness have commended them to the choice spirits of many generations. Milton, Coleridge, and Words- 1 See § 3 above. XXIV INTRODUCTION worth loved them, and Macaulay liked them best of all Virgil's works. • 11. To Virgil's contemporaries, the note struck in the Eclogues meant the beginning of a new era for Roman litera- ture. The poet's success was at once recognized of Virgil's hy prince and people alike, and in that age of life. The reform the first statesman of the day, Maecenas, eorgics. sought to secure his genius for the noble work of reconstructing the state. Hence the four books of the Gfeorgics, upon which Virgil spent seven years, and which, published iti 29 b.c, two years after the battle of Actium, are the first, as they are also the most brilliant, of the literary productions of the Empire. The dominant tone of the Qeorgws is happiness and joy, with but a slight undercurrent of that sadness which is never far away in Virgil. They are in fact a eulogy, a rhapsody, almost, upon the farmer's life, and from first to last thrill with the poet's ardent love of his subject. " The glorification of labor " is Merivale's characterization of the Georgics. It would be almost as fitting to call them a glorification of Italy. " Hail, thou land of Saturn, mighty mother of harvests, mighty mother of men ! It is for thee I venture upon an ancient art of high renown." ^ It is for Italy that Virgil sings of the husbandman's labor. Previous poets had sung for Rome ; Virgil was the first to sing for a united Italy. 12. If the Eclogues won general applause for Virgil, the Fourth Oeorgics placed him on a pinnacle of splendid vlrgii's life isolation, and he was everywhere acknowledged The Aeneid. as Rome's greatest poet. It is little wonder, ^ Salve, magna parens frugum, Satwnia tellus, Magna vinim ; tibi res antiquae laudis et artis Ingredior. (ffeorjfics, II. 173 fE.) INTRODUCTION XXV therefore, that everybody looked forward with the greatest interest to the next achievement of his muse. The ancient biographer^ tells us that "almost before the Aeneid was begun, expectation was so keen that the poet Propertius did not hesitate to make this prediction : ' Give place, all writers of Eome and Greece ; a work greater than the Iliad is coming to its birth.' " 13. In 27 B.C. the title of Augustus was conferred on Octavius, and in the following year the emperor wrote en- y. ... treating, almost threatening, letters from Spain, reading of begging the poet to send him either the first the Aeneid draft or at least some portion of the new work. ugus us. -j-^ ^^ ^g^y much later, however, when Virgil read to the emperor three books, the second, fourth, and sixth, — the three, it may be noticed, which are almost always regarded as the finest of the Aeneid. We are told that Virgil's reading was wonderfully sweet and fascinating, one of several respects in which he and Tennyson resembled each other.^ The young Marcellus, the hope of the Empire, had died in 23 e.g., and when in his recitation the poet reached that exalted and pathetic passage near the end of the sixth book, in which the sad event is foreshadowed, — the passage including those thrilling words which Dante long afterwards heard the blessed chanting in Paradise, — Octavia, the heart-broken mother, fainted away : " Heu miserande puer, si qua fata aspera rumpas, Ta Marcellus eris ! Manibus date lilia plenis." ' 14. After spending eleven years on the composition of the Aeneid, Virgil set out in 19 e.g. for Greece and Asia, where 1 Suetonius (Donatus) . See note 1, p. III. 2 See Quarterly Review, January, 1901, pp. 99-129. s Aeneid, VI. 882. XXVI INTEODUCTION he intended to spend the next three years in putting the finishing touches to his epic. At Athens, however, meeting Hisioumev ■^'^S'^stus on his homeward journey from the to Greece: East, he was induced to return with the emperor lUnessand to jtaiy. A fever, contracted at Megara, grew worse during the voyage, and ended in his death at Brundisium, a few days after landing, in the fifty- first year of his age. " i 15. Before leaving Italy, Virgil had made his friends, L.Yarius and Plotius Tucca, his residuary legatees and liter- ary executors, directing them to publish nothing instructions which had not already been edited by him.^ This to his request had special reference to the Aeneid, which executors, j^^ j^^^^ begged Varius to burn in the event of his death." So anxious was he to have this done that in in his last hours he vainly called for his manuscript, so as to destroy it with his own hands. It is pathetic to think of the dying poet thus keenly sensitive to imperfections in his work, and it cannot but increase our admiration for his genius to learn that nothing satisfied him short of absolute perfection. We are told that Varius had refused to give his promise to destroy the poem. Be that as it may, Augus- tus issued orders to have it published, directing the executors to edit it, and prescribing that while they were at liberty to remove superfluities, yet they were to make no additions.^ The corrections made were very slight.'' 1 Vario ac simul Tuccae scripta sua sub ea condicione legavit Tie quid ederent quod non a se editum esset. 2 Egerat cum Vario, priusquam Italia decederet, ut si quid sibi acei^ disset Aeneida combureret. 'Augustus vera, ne tantum opus periret, Tuccam et Varium hac lege iussit emendare ut superflua demerent, nihil adderent tamen. (From Servius.) * Summatim emendata. INTKODUCTION XXvii 16. In Suetonius and Servius only two examples are cited of passages omitted by the original editors. One is the The prooe- prooemium of four lines, the personal introduc- miumto tion to the ^ejiei'd. This is certainly out of keep- enei . j^^^ ^fr\i'[x epic tone, drawing the attention as it does to the poet rather than to his lofty theme, though not unlike the closing lines of the Georgics. The original is given on page 187, and may be translated thus : " I am he who once tuned my song on a slender reed, and then, quitting the woodland, constrained the neighboring fields to serve the hiisbandmen, however grasping — a work dear to farmers; but now the bristling arms of Mars I sing. . . .." Virgil may well have written these verses in the experimental stage of composition, but it is quite unlikely that he would have retained them in his published work. 17. The other passage belongs to the Helen episode in the second book, and though omitted from all the best manu- „, „ scripts cannot be excluded without injuring the episode context to a serious extent. It was probably {Aeneid II. dropped by Varius and Tucca in deference to the 5"7 5 I- poet's expressed dissatisfaction with the scene. The passage was apparently known to others, and was possibly published later by some one who regretted its omis- sion. Indeed, the very fact of its omission from the first complete edition would bring it into notice, much as rejected poems of modern writers are not infrequently published by their biographers and reviewers. 18. Suetonius throws some interesting ligjit on the methods of work pursued by Virgil. We are told that when Virgil's ^® ^^^ writing the Georgics, he would con over methods and dictate in the early morning a large number of work. p£ verses, and then spend the whole day in cor- XXVlll INTRODUCTION recting and reducing them to the smallest compass,' the poet humorously comparing himself to a she-bear " licking her cub into shape." It has been estimated that the length of time, seven years, given to the Georgics ■would mean an average of less than one line daily. No -wonder that the poem reveals such ex- quisite finish in details, and that theAeneid, a work between four and five times as long and left unrevised by its author, should in this respect suffer by comparison. As to the later poem, we. are told^ that Virgil "first drafted the Aeneid in prose, and having arranged it in twelve books, pro- ceeded to compose it bit by bit, just as the fancy took him, without attacking subjects in due order. And that noth- ing might stay his inspiration,- he allowed some passages to remain imperfect, while others he bolstered up, as it were, with mediocre lines, which he jestingly declared were in- serted as props to support the structure, until the solid columns arrived." During the composition, Virgil on cer- tain occiasions read his work to others, though not often, generally confining himself to passages about which he was in doubt, that he might have the benefit of his hearers' judgment. It is easy to see from this statement how it was that Virgil's closest literary friends, Varius and Tucca, — both of them critics whose approval Horace proudly claims, and one of them, Varius, himself a tragic and epic poet of distinction, — were, in all probability, thoroughly familiar 1 Cf. Tennyson : " Old poets foster'd under friendlier skies, Old Virgil, -who wouldr -write ten lines, they say, At dawn, and lavish all the golden day To make them wealthier in his readers' eyes." ^ Aeneida prosa prius oratione formaiam digestamque in XII. libros particulatim componere instituit. INTKODUCTION XXIX with the poet's sentiments and conceptions, and peculiarly well qualified to act as the editors of his posthumous work. These personal details should not be overlooked when we forin our estimate of Virgil's Aeneid, one of the most am- bitious poetical attempts in the history of literature, and yet the offspring of a shy, diffident spirit, conscious of lofty aims and ideals, but wholly devoid of self-assertion or self-complacency. 19. One test of lofty art, whether in painting, music, architecture, sculpture or poetry, is the power it possesses, in the way, not of actual expression, but of sug- A test rf gestion and spiritual stimulation. This is some- thing which we all recognize in the noblest of the Psalms of David, in the best scenes of the Iliad and Odyssey, in the brilliant choruses of the Agamemnon of Aeschylus or the Antigone of Sophocles, in Dante, Shake- speare, and Milton, and last, but not least, in many moving passages in the Aeneid. 20. If such a power were not inherent in Virgil, how could we account for the fact that in European literature y. .., he has played a part second only to that of the authority in Bible itself ? His successors in Latin literature, the later Ro- Partial, Juvenal, Tacitus, Seneca, and the rest, man Empire. / ^ / / were all nurtured on Virgil. Martial and Silius kept his birthdaj"- sacred. He was the main subject of study in the schools of rhetoric throughout the Empire, and Comparetti' assures us that "the use which the gramma- rians made of Virgil is so extensive that, if all the manu- scripts of him had been lost, it would be possible, from the notices given us by the ancients of the Virgilian poems, and iDomenioo Comparetti: Vergil in the Middle Ages, translated from Italian into English by E. F. M. Beneoke (The Macraillan Co., 1895), XXX INTRODUCTION the passages quoted from them by the grammarians alone to reconstruct practically the whole of the Eclogues, the Oeorgics, and the Aeneid. . . . The authority of Virgil was supreme, and his poetry was, so to speak, the Bible of the ancients; it was the first of all scholastic books, and was always in everybody's hands." From the time of Hadrian ^ on, the so-called "lots of Virgil" were consulted by the superstitious, even as the faithful in like manner had re- course to the sacred Scriptures. In the sixth century people still crowded Trajan's Forum to hear the Aeneid recited, and a churchman like Jerome, on hearing of the fall of Rome when stormed by Alaric the Goth, gives utterance to his grief in words taken partly from the Aeneid, and partly from the Psalms. Many Christian poems or Biblical themes were but centos made up of lines from Virgil's works. 21. In the Middle Ages Virgil was known among the people as a magician and a saint, and on the threshold of modern literature he is Dante's guide to lead him D'^nte ^^^° Paradise. And if Virgil had no other claim to distinction, this fact, that he is the acknowl- edged " master and author " of Dante,^ the only source of his "noble style," at a time when Greek had not yet come to its hour of resurrection, would surely be enough to win for him the reverence and affection of all. 22. On English literature Virgil has had an enormous in- fluence in both a direct and an indirect way. In Celtic tales Vireii's ^^^ voyage of Aeneas gave birth to the voyage influence on of Brutus, who founds in Albion a new Troy or English lit- London. In the twelfth century Geoffrey of Monmouth makes much of this story in his history, and after him it is found in many forms. I Emperor of Rome from 117-138 a.d. " Dante, Inferno, Canto I. 85 ff. INTKODDCTION XXXI Geoffrey's work gave birth to a French poem, upon which was founded Layamon's Brut. The myth was generally accepted down to the middle of the seventeenth century and Milton records it in his history. The literature of the Elizabethan age is filled with allusions to it. To deal adequately with Virgil's direct influence on our literature would be a gigantic task, and here we can merely suggest how far-reaching it has been. In the Hous of Fame Chaucer gives an outline of the Aeneid, dwelling mainly on the Dido episode, a story of peculiar fascination for all the Elizabethan writers. Nash and Marlowe dramatized it, and Shakespeare refers to it many times. Bacon calls Virgil " the chastest poet and royalest, that to the memory of man is known." Most of our later poets have confessed their indebtedness to Virgil. For Dryden he is his divine master. Cowper counted it "An effort vain To sweeten more sweet Maro's matchless strain." la Wordsworth's eyes the Bay of Naples was sacred to Virgil : " That delicious Bay Parthenope's Domain — Virgilian haunt ; Illustrated with never dying verse, And by the Poet's laurel-shaded tomb, Age after age to pilgrims from all lands Endeared." * At Naples, too, Matthew Arnold can think only of the "sweet, tender Virgil." William Morris gave striking evi- dence of his fondness for the poet by translating the long Aeneid into English verse, and so we may pass down the 1 Memorials of a Tour in Italy. XXXll INTKOBUCTION list of immortals to Tennyson, who shows not only by his glorious tribute,^ " Light among the vanished ages ; star that gildest yet this phantom shore," but also by his countless Virgilian echoes and reference?^ that he is " the most Virgilian of modern poets." ^ It is with good reason, then, that Professor MacMeohan' has said : " Beginning the Aeneid is like setting out upon a broad and beaten highway, along which countless feet have passed in the course of nineteen centuries. It is a spiritual highway, winding through every age and every clime." 23. Not ephemeral are books like this ; they put us in touch with the culture of former ages. Their roots have Perennial ^'^^ down deep into humanity, and to tear them value of the out would be impossible. Thus it is that the ®''®' ■ words of Virgil come to us charged with the emotions of the centuries past, and these emotions cluster as thick about them as about the trumpet calls of Isaiah or the soft music of the Twenty-third Psalm. " The Aeneid" says Woodbury,^ "shows that characteristic of greatness in literature which lies in its being a watershed of time ; it looks back to antiquity in all that clothes it with the past of imagination, character and event, and forward to Chris- tian times in all that clothes it with emotion, sentiment and finality to the heart." 24. There are, of course, some obvious defects in the 1 To Virgil. Written at the request of the Mantnans for the nineteenth centenary of Virgil's death. See page Ix. 2 See Classical Echoes in Tennyson, by W. P. Mustard (The Maemillan Co., 1904). 8 Professor of English Literature in Dalhousie College, Halifax. The extract is from a published lecture on Virgil. ■* Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia University, New York. See his Great Writers, p. 136 (McClure Co., N.Y., 1907). INTRODUCTION XXXIU Aeneid. The spell of Homer is too strong at times, and Th a 'ri ^"'Sil' ^^*^ *^^ Iliad and Odyssey before him, the first of made the Aeneid too lengthy and brought in too its class. many scenes of battle and bloodshed. The hero is not, first and foremost, a warrior, and it is a mistake that in certain passages Virgil has given him too strong a resem- blance to Achilles, when we know that in essentials he is more like Virgil himself. But Homer was the only mo del wor thy of Virgil, and we, realizing the solidarity of classical hterature an d the sense of continuity running through it a ll, are sometimes surprised to find how original and indepen - dent, for all his indebtedness to Homer. Virgil can b e. We lio longer regard the Iliad and the Aeneid as epics of the same type. The world of the Augustan age was not the same world as in the old Homeric days, and we have learnt that the later epic is as truly representative of an age of culture and art, of wealth and imperial power,- as the earlier is the product of an age of artlessness, simplicity, and open-eyed wonder. 25. As a truly national work, the Aeneid draws upon all the best stores in the previous literature of Eome,^ and it is The Aeneid ^^ ^ somewhat similar way that the later epic in its rcla- draws upon Homer. The Homeric poems were tion to ear- familiar to all Eomans who could boast of any lierhtera- . , ,r„ ■, -, , , , % tare. education whatever. They had become absorbed 1 Notably the epics, especially the Annates of Ennius (239-169 e.c.) and the Punic War of Naevius (240-202 B.C.). The Annates of Ennius was a poetic chronicle of historical incidents from the earliest days of the city to the poet's own time. The work was regarded with veneration by all Romans, and the Aeneid is saturated with its influence. Naevius, in his epic, had handled the mythical history of both Rome and Carthage, and thus provided Virgil with some of the material used in the first four books. The tragedies of Paouvius (219-129 B.C.) and Accius (170 to about 90 B.C.) had also no little influence on Virgil. XXXIV INTRODUCTION into the intellectual life of Eome, just as much of Hebrew literature has been absorbed into ours. Not only, therefor^, are these epics bound to show their influence in the Aeneid, but that influence must logically be paramount. Virgil had already become the Theocritus ^ and the Hesiod ^ of Eome ; now that he "was entering upon the epic field he must strive to become the Homer of Eome as well. 26. But to become another Homer, it was necessary to do, far more than simply transfer Homeric verses to his pages. Virgil's ab- Suetonius tells us that some critics of Virgil sorption of reproached him for taking too freely from the Homer. ^ Greek. The poet retorted by declaring that if they would try to do what he had done, they would find it easier to take the club from Hercules than a verse from Homer.' And there is no doubt that Virgil himself and almost all of his contemporaries regarded his reproductions of Homer much as we look upon Landor's* echoes of Eoman classics or Matthew Arnold's copies from Greek tragedy.* The thoughts please because they are appropriate, and if we know the original, we read the imitation with all the greater satisfaction. It is thus that Voltaire very justly re- marked on one occasion that "if Homer is the creator of Virgil, Virgil is certainly the finest of his works." 27. The Aeneid is such a comprehensive work that it may be approached by many avenues and studied from many Comvrehen- poi^its of view. It is a storehouse of the literar sivenessof ture of the past; it is a compendium of Eoman the Aeneid. antiquities and Eoman customs ; it is an epitome of Eoman history ; it is a eulogy of Eoman imperialism ; it I In the Eclogues. ^ In the Georgics. 8 Facilius esse Herculi clavam quam Homero versum subripere. * Walter Savage Landor (1776-1864). His works reveal a remarkable knowledge of Latin literature. ^ E.g. his tragedy of Merope. INTRODUCTION XXXV is a splendid paean of Eioman patriotism. A recent writer ' finds its ' grandest phase ' in the fact that " it is a medita- tion upon life," and it certainly is the loftiest expression ever heard of Eoman spirituality. It is the striking contrast between the deeply religious Virgil and the irre- ligious atmosphere in which he lived that we should recognize, if we are to appreciate this great poet as he deserves. 28. This spiritual note is heard above all others in the Ec- logues, as- in the Pollio poem, a beautiful dream of a golden age, when "a little child shall lead" the world The note ° ' ■ . of spirit- into righteousness and peace. It is heard again uaiity. in tj^g Qeorgics, where ore et labora, " work and pray," is the constant theme. And again we find it echo- ing through the long Aeneid. In the First Book, the hero resigns himself to fate and the will of the gods ; in the Sec- ond, the mist is taken from his eyes, and he sees the gods themselves uprooting Troy ; in the Third, he wanders to and fro, seeking guidance from above; in the Fourth, he forgets for a brief space his high mission, but responds at once to the divine call, sinking self and sentiment when duty de- mands the sacrifice ; in the Fifth, he engages in the most pious of devotional acts, the sacrifices and games in honor of a dead father ; in the Sixth, he essays to pierce the veil which hides the unseen world, and wins that revelation of life immortal which has enthralled the fancy of the greatest Christian poets of mediaeval and modern times. In the light of that revelation, Aeneas throughout the second half of the Aeneid calmly pursues his divinely ordered way, working out the destiny of his race and country with all the serene confidence inspired by perfect faith in a divine 1 Woodberry, Great Writers, p. 140, XXXVi INTRODUCTION Uessing. Herein we see embodied the soul of Koine her- self, as she is revealed in her majestic development. 29. But it is in the Sixth, and central. Book of the twelve that Virgil breathes his highest spiritual aspirations. The sixth This life of human effort, of vain longing, of Aeneid. love unsatisfied — has it no fruition, no fulfil- ment in the world beyond? Is Lucretius right when he leads us down to the gloom of the grave, and leaves us to an immortal death? This is the question with which the poet grapples in this wonderful book, and in the answer we have (next to Plato's Phaedo) the noblest spiritual utterance of pagan thought. For out of all that the legends, traditions, poetry, mysteries, religion, and philosophy of Greece and Rome could teach, Virgil has gathered up the noblest ele- ments and made one supreme effort to catch a vision of the world beyond the grave. 30. The Aeneid is an epic in twelve books, the first half dealing with the hero's wanderings from his old home in The story of Troy, and the second half with his wars, in- the Aeneid. curred in making a new home for his people. The poem thus becomes at once an Odyssey and an Iliad. The story opens, in true epic fashion, not with the begin- ning of the hero's wanderings, but in the seventh year after the fall of Troy. The subject is briefly stated, and then we have " a view of the supernatural machinery by which it is to be worked out." While sailing from Sicily, the Trojans encounter a storm raised by Aeolus (god of the winds) at the request of Juno, who, in her hatred of the Trojan race, would gladly destroy its last remnants and so prevent the founding of Rome. The Trojans are wrecked off the African coast, where Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises, is hospitably received by Queen Dido, who is INTRODUCTION XXXVll founding the Phoenieian city of Carthage. Thus the poet skilfully contrives to bring into association the two peoples, Romans and Carthaginians, who at a later time were to dis- pute the supremacy of the western Mediterranean. This, then, is one feature of the historical background provided for the narrative. Dido, who, by the help of Venus, has become enamoured of Aeneas, gives a grand banquet to the Trojan leader, at which she invites him to tell the story of Troy's fall and his subsequent wanderings. In the Second Book Aeneas tells the thrilling story of the capture and destruction of Troy by the Greeks, the sub- sequent massacre, and the escape from the city of himself with his father and young son lulus (or Ascanius), together with a small band of citizens. The Third Book contains the main narrative of the wanderings of Aeneas, who is endeavoring to found a city and carry his gods to a new land. At the outset he is quite in the dark as to his- goal. Thus he sails to Thrace, but listening to the supernatural warning of the murdered Polydorns, he steers his course to Delos. Here a divine voice bade him seek his ancient motherland. Anchises interprets this as meaning Crete, the ancient home of Teucer, but a pestilence drives the would-be settlers from the Cretan shores. Again, in a dream, Aeneas is assured by the Penates that he should seek Hesperia. Once more the Trojans put to sea, but are forced to take refuge from a storm on one of the Strophades, where they are cursed by Celaeno, a Harpy. After spending a winter at Actium they pass on to Buth- rotum, and visit the kingdom of Helenus, who, inspired by Apollo, instructs Aeneas as to the rest of his journey. XXXVlll INTRODTTCTION Avoiding the eastern coast of Italy, they pass on to Sicily, where, on reaching Drepanum, Anchises dies. On resuming the voyage they encounter the storm already described,^ as a result of which they land, not in Italy, but in Africa. Thus we are brought back to the beginning of Book I. The Fourth Book is the story of the hero's great tempta- tion and of the tragedy of Dido. Aeneas lingers on in the pleasant land of Carthage, enthralled by the charms of the queen, and forgetful of his lofty mission. As for Dido, her love for Aeneas becomes an overmastering passion, and though, on the loss of her hus- band Sychaeus, she had vowed never to wed again, she lends a willing ear to her sister Anna, who urges her to unite herself to Aeneas in marriage. Aeneas, however, is recalled to a sense of his duty by a divine warning, and, notwith- standing Dido's pleading and upbraiding, determines to leave Carthage. The deserted queen, after praying that between her people and his there may be eternal hatred, mounts her funeral pyre and stabs herself with her lover's sword. In the Fifth Book Aeneas returns to Sicily on the anni- versary of his father's death, in whose honor he celebrates funeral games. While these are in progress, the women, incited by Juno, set fire to the ships, hoping thus to bring their journeying to an end. Kain, coming in answer to the prayer of Aeneas, quenches the flames, and then, leaving some of his followers behind, the hero sets sail for Italy. In the Sixth Book Aeneas lands at Cumae, in Campania, where he invokes the aid of Apollo and the Sibyl. With the latter's help he discovers the 1 In I. 81 ff. INTRODUCTION XXXIX ' golden bough,' which, enables him to pass into the lower world, accompanied by the Sibyl. There he finds Anchises, who enlightens him on the future of the Trojan race, and points out the souls of the famous Romans, to be born in later times. The last six books have been called Virgil's Iliad, because in these the. poet describes the hero's warfare on Italian Books soil. Lavinia, daughter of Latinus, king of Vli-xn. Laurentum, had been betrothed to Turnus, a Rutulian chieftain, but an oracle having declared that she should wed a foreign prince, Latinus pledged her to Aeneas. Turnus rouses the Latins to war, and Aeneas forms an alliance with Evander, who reigns in Pallanteum, on the site of the later Rome. The resulting conflict, which involves Italian tribes and legendary heroes, is concluded by the death of Turnus in single combat with Aeneas. 31. Like a tragedy, an epic demands unity, and Virgil's Aeneid was probably the first Roman epic to secure unity Unity of the ^^ ^^^ proper sense of the word. The Pmiic Aeneid. War of Naevius ^ and the more ambitious Aniiales of Ennius were probably deficient in this respect, for being verse chronicles of historical events, they could not have had a really organic unity such as the epic properly demands. Any unity which the Annales could claim must have been due to the central idea of Rome's greatness or Rome's destiny. True unity, however, is secured by the action. This should be complete in itself, with beginning, middle, and end; and the parts of which the epic is composed should be truly integral, so that no one can be withdrawn without affecting the whole. In this respect, the Aeneid 1 See § 25. xl INTRODUCTION shows much higher unity than the Iliad, which destructive critics have so often pulled to pieces. The Aeneid takes its name frOm the hero, yet it is not he but the action which gives unity, viz. the new settlement of the Trojans or the transfer of the Penates from Troy to Latium. The opening words, arma virumque, indicate the subject, with the hero's purpose, " dum conderet urbem Inferretque deos Latio," and the result finally achieved, "genus unde Latinum Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae." The narrative concludes, not with the foundation of a city, but with the death of Turnus, because, as this removes the last hindrance which stood in the way of a definite settle- ment, the poetic interest here closes. No need is there for a Roman poet to tell his readers that Lavinia will do what every Roman daughter would do, obey her father and marry the man of his choice. Jupiter himself, moreover, a true deus ex machina, promises* the union of the two peoples. Rome's future is assured. 32. The story of the Aeneid begins with the fall of Troy, for herein lies the origin of the hero's mission, viz. to carry . . the Trojan Penates to Latium. Heinze^ has A senous , ■' initial diffl- pointed out how the author was confronted with ooity- a serious initial difficulty. Aeneas, the ancestor of the Roman people, had fled from his fatherland, driven out by a victorious enemy. To a Roman, Rome was what Troy was to Aeneas, but could a Roman turn his back on a falling Rome and not perish with her ? Could the gods of 1 Aeneid, XII. 834 fE. 2 rirgils Epische Technik, pp. 3 ff. INTRODUCTION xli Rome be carried to a foreign land ? In Livy * (a contem- porary of Virgil), we may still read the fervid speech of Camillus, in which the patriot shows how no true Eoman could entertain the idea of ; removing from Eome to Yeii after the destruction of the city by the Gauls. In the case of Aeneas, therefore, Virgil's first aim must have been to secure him against the reproach of weakness, cowardice, and disloyalty. He had to arouse sympathy for the fallen, and rob the Greeks of the glory which attends success. And yet the story of Troy's fall was familiar, from tradition, and it would have been unwise, if not impossible, to depart seriously from the well-known narrative. Thus it is that early in the epic the poet shows not only that it was through no lack of valor that Troy fell, but also that the abandonment of the city was a duty imposed by fate on the hero, who was to be the saviour of his kindred, his countrymen, and his country's gods. Hence that triumph of poetic art, the brilliant narrative of the Second Book, one of the most moving stories in the literature of the world. 33. It has often been jjointed out that the personalit y nf_AeTiea.H, whp.thp .i- sa.tiafa.p.tnry nr not, is essentially an Traditions original C reation of Virgil's. In the Homeri c of Aeneas, poems, though playing an honorable part, he yet enioys no special distinction, and, outside of Hom er. such legends as clung to him were exceedingly vag ue and involved no st r^V^ng fpa.t-.ures. He was, however, th e most suitable person to choose as the mythical hero o f an ep ic on Borne, for he not only figured in both Trojan and Ttajja.n traditions , hut he wa s tJie repute d ancestor of -..1 Titus Livius, 59 B.C.-17 a.d. Of his History of Borne, 35 out of 142 books have come down to us. The speech of Camillus is given in Book v., ch. 51 e. xlii INTEODCrCTION the Julian line, and in the Julian Augustus was centred all the vast power of the Roman Empire. Many disconnected traditions linked the name of Aeneas or of Troy with a variety of places on the Mediterranean coasts. Dionysius of Halicarnassus ' (a Greek who lived in Eome at the time' of Virgil) cites the story that Aeneas died in Thrace, but he is also familiar with traditions which made him die in Arcadia and Italy. His tomb, indeed, was found in so many places that the writer fears the fact may prove a puzzle. "But let people reflect," he adds, "that this diflSculty is common to many heroes, especially those who have had remarkable fortunes and have lived lives of wandering, and let them learn that, while only one place receives the actual body, memorials have been raised in many places from good- will for kindness rendered, especially if any of the hero's race have survived, or because the hero founded the particular city, or stayed there a long time and was a benefactor." Arid in this way Dionysius accounts for the tombs of Aeneas in Ilium, Bebrycia, Phrygia, Pallene, Arcadia, Sicily, and "many other places" where, after death, " he was honored with mounds and much building of tombs." Tradition also connects Aeneas closely with the worship of Venus (or Aphodite). Thus he is said to have founded temples in her honor at Pallene, Cythera, Zacynthos, and Buthrotum, while at Leucas and Actium, as well as on the river Elymus, in Sicily, the temples had the names of both Aeneas and Aphrodite. There was also a town of Aeneia in Pallene, a shrine of Aeneas in Ambracia, and an island of Aeuaria near Cumae, while near the Sicilian Eryx, where ' He came to Rome about 30 B.C., and published his Early History of Borne about 8 B.C. INTRODUCTION xliii the Aphrodite cult was strong, there were temples asso- ciated with Aeneas. All this indicates a close connection between Aeneas and Venus, summed up in the current be- lief that Aeneas was the son of the goddess. As to the fomiding of Eome, there was a great variety of traditions. One myth made Romus, a son of Ulysses, its founder. Dionysius, however, cites several authorities in support of the tale that Aeneas founded Rome. This story received special emphasis at the time of the war be- tween Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and Rome,^ because Pyrrhus claimed to be a descendant of Achilles, and the Romans, as descendants of Aeneas, were naturally hereditary enemies. At the end of the First Punic War, the Acharnanians applied to Rome for aid against the Aetolians, on the ground that their ancestors had not joined in the war against Troy. Rome, therefore, was believed to have a Trojan origin. As Rome developed a literature, the poets took up the matter, and Naevius traced the quarrel of Rome and Carthage back to Aeneas and Dido. Ennius made Romulus the son of Ilia and grandson of Aeneas, but it was soon discovered that this did not allow enough time to elapse between Aeneas and Romulus. According to a constant tradition, Rome had had but seven kings before 509 B.C., when her first con- suls were appointed, and reckoning one king to a generation of thirty-five years, it was easy to' reach the date 754 b.c. for the founding of the city. But as Troy, according to Greek chronology, had fallen some three centuries earlier, it was necessary to fill in the intervening time between Aeneas and Romulus. Hence Aeneas was made to found not Rome itself but Lavinium, and was followed by a line of Alban kings, leading up to Romulus, the actual founder of Rome. 1 280-275 B.C. xliv INTKODXJCTION Thus we see that when Virgil undertook his epic, he had to work into some sort of harmony a vast number of miscel- laneous stories about Troy, the Mediterranean towns, Italy, and Eome, and the easiest way to join these together was to take as the centre of interest Aeneas, the reputed ancestor of the imperial family. It is interesting to learn that the head of Venus appears on coins of the Julii in the middle of the second century b.c, and that Julius Caesar, in the speech delivered at the funeral of his aunt, the widow of Marius, claimed descent from lulus, the son of Aeneas. In Eome, too, there were certain other families which claimed a Trojan descent, and Virgil has given some of these the recognition they doubtless craved. In dealing with what we may call the Odyssey of his work, Virgil has endeavored — and with great success — to include as many of these disconnected traditions as could be embraced in a rational and connected account. Hence the Third Book, which, in view of its subject, was probably one of the most difficult to write, and which, therefore, Virgir seems to have reserved to a late hour for composition. Hence, too, certain inconsistencies between the Third Book and the rest of the narrative, which had already been framed without reference to the plan or details of this book. Such inconsistencies Virgil would doubtless have rectified, had he lived long enough to revise his work. 34. Though Aeneas thus figured in many traditions, his characterization in the epic is Virgil's own. Aeneas is the Character of embodiment of both personal and national vir- Virgii'shero. tues. He is above all pius^ the humble servant of the gods, and the sympathetic friend of man. He is also brave, even though the first time we see him he is 1 See above, § 5. INTRODUCTION xlv plunged in despair.^ He has knijvlrji-jriuelj. sijfEeriiig, and, as the founder of a race, bears the burden of a heavy- responsibility, being ever concerned with weighty problems.^ He is a statesman and a priace, to whom the welfare of his people is of supreme moment, and in his portrayal we should recognize not only a glorified Augustus, but also an embodiment of those great moral qualities which won for Eome her world-wide supremacy. As a representative of the cultivated and complex A\igus- tan age, too closely identified, perhaps, with abstract ideas,- Aeneas does not evoke among Virgil's readers the same enthusiasm as is felt for a hero of a simpler, more concrete type, such as Achilles. If, however, we keep in view the main idea, that Aeneas has a divine mission, — the establish- ment of a city which is to rule and civilize the world, — we may understand something of the intense interest with which a Roman audience contemplated the hero of the Aeneid. Though modern sympathy with Aeneas may never be very strong, yet only in one episode is it in danger of turning to conscious disapproval. This is in the tragedy of Dido, where our romantic ideas often make us condemn the hero for faithlessness, blinding us to the fact that here was a crisis when Aeneas had to decide between personal affec- tion and a stern sense of duty.' He hearkened to the divine call to leave Carthage, and this pietas to the gods involved his duty to his country, his kindred, and his far-off pos- terity.* In such a conflict between Love and Duty Aeneas II. 92ff. 2 "He is perhaps the most solitary figure in literature." (Glover, Studies in Virgil, p. 204.) s See IV. 393-396. * See IV. 351-361. xlvi INTRODUCTION could not have decided otherwise than he did and yet have remained a hero. 36. In reading the Aeneid it is important to be ar in m ind that it is a national epic, and was vritten at a r emark- Great ideas ^^^^ period in the history of Kome. The battle prominent in of Actium had closed a century of terrible civic the Aeneid. stiiie, and established the beneficent authority of one who brought security, 'peace, and a sense of national unity to an agitated, exhausted, and disunited Roman world. It was "the culminating point of all the past history of Rome and the starting-point of a greater future," and the poet, realizing the significance of the event, surveys with pride Rome's steady progress from small beginnings, and confidently looks forward to the glories yet to be. The Ae neid, indeed, is a splendid expression of genuine and exalted patriotis m. This __is, sfiP", •"ot "loi-el y in th e general con cep tion and design o f_the_jBoem, but also in man j; details, such as the frequent references totradition 'al and historical events, in Jupiter's prophecy of the fut ure greatness of Rome ,' in the rolTcall of Roman heroes in Book Vl.j^and in the many sympathetic allusions to ancient customs and institutions, as well as to the various Italian towns and peoples, and to the many rivers, lakes, and moun- tains which figured in the national history. "Virgil's epic," says Schuckburgh,^ " is Roman history on the highest plane." The central figure of the new age ushered in by Actium was Augustus, for whom Virgil entertained a sentiment of enthusiastic admiration. He was the saviour of Rome, the founder of her Empire, and the idol of her citizens. The Aeneid is at once a glorification of Rome and of Augustus. 1 Aeneid, I. 261-296. !" U. 756 ff. » Augustus, p. 286. INTEODUCTION xlvii But the epic is also an expression of the best religious sentiment of Bome. This great Empire had been built up by men -who put their trust in the gods ; nay, it was the work of the gods themselves. Virgil had a deeply religious nature and fully recognized man's dependence on a super- natural, divine Ppwer. This Power is often designated as Fatum or. Fata or Fortuna, and all beings are subject to it, whether men or the gods of popular belief; Of the latter, Jupiter (called* omnipo Jens) appears at times as practically on a par with the Fates, though he is rather to be regarded as their viceroy, executing their will. Among the other gods Apollo plays a conspicuous part. He may be regarded as the spokesman or prophet of Jupiter, and just as he figures prominently in Plato's ideal state, so we find Augustus, paying him special honor in his attempt to put fresh life into the religious ritual of Eome. This effort is reflected in the Aeneid} As to many of the gods who figure in the Aeneid, it is not necessary to suppose that the enlightened poet really believed in their positive and individual existence. They were creations of the popular fancy of earlier daiys. They had figured in all the literature of the past, and for a na^ tional poet to disregard them would have been unnatural and indeed impossible. Even Lucretius, whose Be Rerum Na- tura is a protest against superstition, invokes Venus at the opening of his great poem, and the poet who sings the glories of the Julian family could not but give special prominence to the goddess from whom, according to popu- lar tradition, that family was descended. Venus, indeed, and Juno, Neptune, Mercury, and other gods are skilfully 1 As far as Apollo is concerned, the student may note his prominence in Books III. and VI. xlviii INTRODUCTION employed by Virgil in the machinery of his epic, and it should be noticed that, as far as the characterization of these supernatural beings goes, they testify largely to Virgil's originality of conception. But it is certainly not in them that we find 'the main evidence of the religious character of the epic. " We must never forget, if we would under- stand Augustus and his age, that the real theme of the Aeneid is the victory of pietas, of the sense of dnty and discipline, over wanton barbarism and individual passion. ... If we ask why the Aeneid may truly be called a great religious poem, the answer is that after generations of crime and civil war a great poet could reflect the feeling of the best men of his time, that the sense of duty to the gods, the State, and the family is the one thing wanting to make Rome once more happy and prosperous." ^ 36. The Augustan age is famous for the efforts made by the emperor and his ministers to beautify Rome and make The relation i* worthy of its position as capital of the Em- oi the Aeneid pire. Before his death Augustus could boast to art. tjj^^ Ijg lja,d found a city of brick, but was leav- ing one of marble, an allusion to the splendid and costly buildings and works of sculpture which were due to him. Many passages in Virgil indicate the poet's interest in this side of the emperor's activity, and we may be sure that, as a thoroughly cultivated man, he was as familiar with the artistic monuments of his time, as he was with the religious ritual and legendary lore which figure so conspicuously in his poems. One of the most beautiful architectural works of Augustus was the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, which was rielily 1 W. Warde Fowler, Religion and Citizenship in Early Rome, in The Hibbert Journal, July, 1907. Students may profitably consult Carter, The Religion of Numa (Macmillan). INTEODUCTION xlix adorned with sculptures. To such artistic embellishments we have a reference in the Sixth Aeneid, where Virgil dwells at length upon the sculptured scenes on the doors of Apollo's temple at Cumae, and in the First Book, where he describes the sculptures of Juno's temple in Carthage. Similar references are found in the Eighth Aeneid and in the Georgics. A vast number of noble productions of Greek art were secured by Augustus to adorn his public buildings. All the great masters of earlier days were represented, and contem- porary artists were also employed. One of the latter was Arcesilaus, who made a statue of Venus for the forum of Julius Caesar. This statue,'^ unlike most representations of Venus, was a fully draped figure, and Virgil seems to have been thinking of it when he wrote his most detailed description of the goddess (I. 402 ff.). Note especially the words pedes vestis dejluxit ad imos (I. 404). Similarly in I. 315 ff., Virgil has in mind statues of Diana, who is often represented in short hunting attire, with the knees left bare. In the Diana of Versailles^ the drapery ig actually turned back above the left knee, as if to display the latter fully to view (nuda genu, 320). The passage in Aeneid, V. 817 ff., where Neptune, attended by his varied train, glides over the stormy seas and quiets them, and that in the same book (240 ff.), where Cloanthus is heard by the choir of the Nereids and of Phorcys, by Panopea and Portunus, remind us of a famous work of Scopas, which, about 30 b.c, was taken from Bithynia and set up in the temple of Neptune in Eome. This work showed Thetis carrying the body of Achilles over the sea, and attended by Neptune himself, besides Nereids on dol- 1 See Fig. 9, p. 27. ^ See Fig. 8. 1 INTEODUCXION phins, hippocamps, the train of Phorcys, and other sea monsters. In referring to attributes of the gods, Virgil often has his eye upon their forms in art. Thus we have Pallas with nimbus and Gorgon (II. 615); Apollo, Arquitenens (iii. 75),- his flowing locks encircled with leafy chaplet and band of gold (IV. 147) ; Mercury, with golden sandals and caduceus (IV. 239) ; Iris, with her saffron wings (IV. 700) and bow (V. 609) ; the winged god Sleep (V. 838) ; Liber in his car, driving his tigers, the reins festooned with vine leaves (VI. 804) ; Aurora, with her roseate chariot (VI. 535). Portrait sculpture was very popular among the Romans, and in Virgil's day the central figure in such art must have been Augustus. His giant statue in the Vatican ' is a con- temporary work, which furnishes a good commentary on the poet's idealization of the emperor. In this statue the cuirass is adorned with reliefs suggesting heroic and mythological associations, while the accompanying Cupid on a dolphin indicates the descent of the Julian family from Venus. ^ 37. On the subject of Latin versification in general, and Vireil's ver- *^® ordinary principles of prosody, the student siflcation should consult the school grammars.' and style. The verse used throughout the Aeneid is known as the Dactylic Hexameter, and consists of six feet, the first four of which are either dactyls (_w w) or their equiva- lent spondees ( ). The fifth foot is regularly a dactyl, but occasionally a spondee, in which case the verse is called spondaic. The last foot is always a dissyllable, and the 1 See Fig. 7. 2 On the representations of rivers and mountains in art, see p. 374. 8 A useful little book is Richardson's Helps to the Reading of Class- ical Latin Poetry (Ginn and Co., 1907). INTKODtrCTION H second syllable may be either long or short (syllaha anceps). The following, therefore, is the scheme : The fact that either dactyls or spondees may be used in the verse allows the poet to group these feet with consid- erable variety, and in this variety of grouping we see one side of the poet's technical and artistic skill. A prepon- derance of dactyls gives to the verse a comparatively light and rapid movement; one of spondees, a comparatively heavy and slow movement. Contrast, for example, the fol- lowing verses : (o) fert uiqero gradiensque deas supereminet omnis (I. 501) ; (6) iamque ascendebant coUem, qui plurimus urbi (I. 419). Rapid movement accords with joy, excitement, and passion, while slow movement harmonizes with solemnity, sadness, weariness, and kindred ideas. Virgil's thought is beauti- fully reflected in his metrical combinations, and the student is urged to study the most important passages in the poem from this point of view. The hexameter may also be varied by means of the cae- surae and diaereses. A caesura is produced when a word ends within a foot; a diaeresis, when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot. The principal caesura, ' commonly called the caesura, falls in the middle of the verse, either in the third or the fourth foot.' Thus : arma virumque cano, II Troiae qui primus ab oris (I. 1) ; inferretque deos Latio, || genus uiide Latinum (I. 6). The caesura, again, may be either masculine or feminine, according as it falls after the first syllable of the foot, or after the first short syllable of the dactyl. The principal 1 Teehnically oa,\led penthemimeral and hephthemimeral respectively. lii INTKODUCTION caesura in a Vil-gilian line is usually masculine ; the femi- nine, however, is occasionally employed, -with a lighter effect. Thus: dis geniti potuere. |1 Tenent media omnia silvae (VI. 131). Diaereses are much more sparingly used than caesurae, and often serve to emphasize special turns of thought. Thus : volvitur in caput; || ast illam ter fluotus ibidem (I. 116). A diaeresis after the fourth foot is called a bucolic diaeresis, or (less correctly) a bucolic caesura, e.g. : insidat quantus miserae deus. II At memor ille (I. 719). Besides the principles of verse construction already indi- cated, Virgil makes liberal use of other means to secure harmony of sound and sense. Thus the very words used may imitate sound, as in : exoritur clamorque virum clangorqufi tubarum (II. 313). This is called onomatopoeia. For other examples, see I. 87 ; II. 770 ; IV. 468. More frequent than distinct onomatopoeia is assonance, i.e. the recurrence of similar sounds. Thus, cura recursat (I. 662), horresco referens (II. 204), clamores horrendos (II. 222). Still more common is alliteration. This metrical orna- ment, inherited from the earlier literature, is artistically used by Virgil to aid in effectiveness of expression. The alliteration in a verse may be single, double, or even triple ; and where there is more than one instance, we may have a variety of order, e.g. aahb, abba, abab.^ But there are other ways in which the verse of the Aeneid 1 a and b represent the repeated letters. INTKODUCTION liu shows that Virgil was a master of all the subtleties of musical language. He knew the relative values of the several consonants and vowels in producing melodious or discordant effects, and to their artistic use is due much of the power Or beauty of individual lines. For illustra- tions, see I. 694 ; VI. 573 ; and the paragraph notes on I. 1-7, 102-123 ; II. 730-795. Special attention will be called in the notes to peculiari- ties of Virgil's style. Here it will be sufficient to give, for convenience of reference, lists of figures of syntax and rhetoric. To these we add a number of terms of prosody. 38. (a) EiGUKEs OF Syntax. Anacoluthon : a change of construction in a sen- speech and tence, the first part being left grammatically technical incomplete. Anastrophe : the placing of a preposition after the word governed ; e.g. I. 348. Asyndeton: the omission of conjunctions; e.g. I. 240, 249, 250. Archaism : the use of old or obsolete forms of expression. Ellipsis: the omission of one or more words necessary for the sense ; e.g. haec secum (dicit), I. 37. Enallage : the substitution of one part of speech, or of one form, for another ; e.g. I. 21 {regent, = regnantem). Grecism: an idiom or peculiarity of the Greek language; e.g. I. 320 ; II. 650. Hendiadys : the use of two nouns, connected by a conjunc- tion, instead of a single modified noun ; e.g. I. 61, 78 ; II. 116. Hypallage : the interchange of grammatical constructions ; e.g. dare dassibus Austros ( = dare classis Austris), III. 61. liv INTRODUCTION Hypotaxis : the use of the subordinate construction. Hysteron proteron: a reversal of the natural or logical order of ideas. It is really a variety of parataxis ; e.g. II. 353. Parataxis: a primitive style of sentence-structure, by which propositions are placed side by side, without regard to logical relation ; e.g. : arma amens capio, nee sat rationis in armis (II. 314) ( = cum non sat rationis in armis sit, arma amens capio). Pleonasm : the use of superfluous words ; e.g. I. 669. Polysyndeton : the use of unnecessary copulative conjunc- tions ; e.g. I. 85 ; IV. 438. Prolepsis (anticipation) : the use of a word (usually an epithet) before the action makes it logically appropriate; e.g. submersas obrue, I. 69 ; furentem incendat, I. 659. Tmesis (cutting) : the separation of the two parts of a compound word ; e.g. I. 412, 610. Zeugma (joining) : the use of a word in two or more con- nections, though strictly applicable only in one; e.g. II. 259, 321. (6) FiGUEES OF Ehetobic. Alliteration : the recurrence at short intervals of the same initial letter ; ^ e.g. I. 124 ; IV. 238-239. Anadiplosis : the repetition of one or more of the closing words of a clause at the beginning of the next ; e.g. II. 319, 406. Anaphora: the repetition of one or more words at the beginning of successive clauses or phrases ; e.g. I. 709, 717 ; II. 29, 30.. 1 The letter in question may begin an accented syllable, as well as a word. Alliteration may be vocalic, as well as consonantal. INTRODUCTION Iv Aposiopesis (silence) : an abrupt pause in a sentence ; e.g. I. 135 ; II. 100. Assonance : the close recurrence of similar sounds ; e.g. I. 399. Chiasmus : the arranging of pairs of words in opposite order; e.g. I. 611, 634, 635. Epanadiplosis : the use of the same word at the beginning and end of a verse ; e.g. III. 435. Epizeuxis: the repetition of a word with vehemence or emphasis; e.g. VI. 86. Euphemism: a mild and more agreeable expression of a painful or repulsive thought; e.g. I. 219. Litotes : a denial instead of the opposite afftrmative ; e.g. V. 284 ; VI. 392. Metaphor : a condensed or implied simile. Metonymy: the use of one name in place of another which it suggests; e.g. I. 177. Onomatopoeia : the adaptation of sound to sense in the use of words ; e.g. I. 55 ; II. 418, 419. Oxymoron : the combination of apparently contradictory words ; e.g. III. 383. Simile : an illustration by formal comparison ; e.g. I. 148. Synecdoche: the use of the part for the whole or the reverse ; e.g. II. 23. (c) Terms of Prosody. Arsis : the unaccented part of a foot. Caesura (cutting) : the ending of a word within a metrical foot.i Diaeresis (dividing) : the coincidence of the end of a foot with the end of a word.^ 1 On caesura and diaeresis see p. li. Ivi INTRODUCTION Diastole: the lengthening of a short syllable in the thesis of a foot ; e.g. III. 91. Elision: the slurring together of a final vowel or diph- thong (or final m and its preceding vowel) with the first syllable of a following word beginning with a vowel or h. Hexameter : a verse of six metrical feet. Hiatus : the meeting of two vowels without contraction or elision ; e.g. I. 405. Ictus: the stress of voice given to syllables at regular intervals in a metrical system. Semihiatus : ^ the giving of half .its value (i.e. the value of a short syllable) to a long final vowel or diphthong; e.g. III. 211. Synaloepha : the same as elision. Synizesis (setting together) : ^ the coalescence of two dis- tinct vowels (or a vowel and a diphthong) so as to form one syllable ; e.g. Oilei, I. 41 ; deliinc, I. 131. Synapheia: elision between two verses; e.g. I. 332; II. 746. Systole: the shortening of a long syllable; e.g. II. 774; III. 681. 39. Chronological Table. First period, 70-43 (minor poems). B.C. 70. Birth of Virgil. 69. Cicero's aedileship. 66. Cicero's praetorship. 65. Birth of Horace. 63. Birth of Octavius (afterward Caesar Augustus). Cicero's consulship. 1 Also called proaodie hiatus. ^ Often called synaeresis. INTRODUCTION Ivii 60. Pirst Triumvirate (Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus). 68. Cicero goes into exile. Caesar begins the conquest of Gaul. 57. Cicero recalled. 55. Virgil assumes the toga virilis. Death of Lucretius. Caesar invades Britain. 64. Virgil studies in Milan. Death of Catullus. 63. Virgil goes to Rome. Studies rhetoric and philosophy. Cicero elected augur. The Parthians defeat the Romans at Carrhae. 62. Cicero's Pro Milone. 51. Cicero proconsul in Cilicia. 49. Julius Caesar bestows Eoman citizenship on the towns of Gallia Transpadana. 48. Battle of Pharsalia. Overthrow of Pompey. 44. Assassination of Caesar. Cicero's Philippics. Second period, 43-37 (the Eclogues). 43. Second triumvirate (Octavius, Antonius, and Lepidus), Assassination of Cicero. Birth of Ovid. 42. Battles of Philippi. Overthrow of Brutus and Cassius. 41. Confiscations of the triumvirs. Virgil takes refuge in Siron's villa. Virgil introduced to Maecenas. 40. Virgil restored to his estate. 37. Publication of the Eclogues. Phraates becomes king of Parthia. 36. Antonius invades Parthia. Third period, 37-29 (the Georgics). 33. Phraates attacks Armenia and Media. 31. Battle of Actium. Overthrow of Antonius. Octavius visits the East. 29. Octavius returns from the East and celebrates a triple Iviii INTRODUCTIOHr triumph. The temple of Janiis closed. Publication of the Georgics. Fourth period 29-19 (the Aeneid). 27. Octavius receives the title of Augustus. 26. Augustus in Spain. He corresponds with Virgil. 23. Death of Marcellus. Virgil reads portions of the Aeneid to Augustus. 20. Expedition of Augustus to the East. The Parthians restore the standards taken at Carrhae. 19. Virgil journeys to Greece. Returns with Augustus. Dies at Brundisium. 40. Tkanslation of Aeneid, I. 1-33.* Of Arms I sing, and of the Man, who first from the coasts of Troy, exiled by Fate, came to Italy and Lavinian shores ; much buffeted he on sea and land by force of powers above, through cruel Juno's unforgiving wrath and much too en- during in war also, till he should build a city and bring his gods to Latium: whence came the Latin race, the lords of Alba, and the walls of lofty Rome. Tell me, Muse, the cause ; wherein thwarted in will or wherefore angered, did the Queen of Heaven drive one so excellent in goodness to traverse so many perils, to face so many toils. In heavenly breasts can such resentments dwell ? There was an ancient city, the home of Tyrian settlers, Carthage, over against Italy and the Tiber's mouths afar, 1 These verses are selected for translation because, though they are the first encountered by the student, yet, owing to the subject-matter, the In- direct narration, and the long parenthesis, they are among the most diffi- cult in the whole poem to render into English. INTKODUCTION lix rich in wealth and stern in war's pursuits. This, 'tis said, Juno loved above all other lands, holding Samos (itself) less dear. Here was her armor, here her chariot; that here should be the capital of the nations, should the Pates per- chance allow it, was even then the goddess's aim and cher- ished hope. Yet she had heard, indeed, that a race was rising from Trojan blood, to overthrow some day the Tyrian towers; from it a people of wide rule and proud in war should come forth for Libya's downfall: such was the cir- cling course of Fate. The daughter of Saturn, fearful of this, and mindful of the old war which erstwhile she had fought at Troy for her beloved Argos, — not yet, too, had the grounds of her wrath and her bitter sorrows faded from her mind : deep in her heart lie stored the judgment of Paris and her slighted beauty's wrong, .the hateful race and honors paid the exalted Ganymede, — inflamed hereby yet more, she tossed on tlie wide main the Trojan remnant, left by the Greeks and pitiless Achilles, and held them far from Latium ; and many a year they, wandered, driven by the Fates o'er all the seas. So vast a work was it to found the Eoman race.^ 1 The following verse translations of the Aeneid are recommended for school libraries: viz., those by Dryden, John Conington (Crowell, New York), William Morris (Longmans, Green & Co., New York), James Rhoades (Longmans, 2 vols.), and Charles J. Billson (Edward Arnold, London, 2 vols.). Also for general reference in the study of Virgil the following : Soman Poets of the Augustan Age, W. Y. Sellar (Oxford; Clarendon Press); Classical Writers — Vergil, H. Nettleship (D. Appleton & Co.); Latin Poetry, E. Y. Tyrrell (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) ; History of Latin Literature, Simcox (Harper and Brothers) ; Coxmtry of Horace and Virgil, Bossier (Putnam) ; Master Virgil, J. S. Tunison (Robert Clark & Co., Cincinnati) ; Vergil in the Middle Ages, D. Comparetti (Sonnenschein, London) ; Legends of Virgil, Leland (Macmillan) ; History of Roman Literature, Teuffel (George Bell & Sons, London). Ix INTKODUCTION 41. Tennyson's Tkibute to Vikgil. TO VIRGIL. WBITTEN AT THE BEQUEST OP THE MANTUANS FOE THE NINETEENTH CENTENARY OF VIRGIL'S DEATH. Eoman Virgil, thou that singest Iliou's lofty temples robed in fire, Ilion falling. Home arising, wars, and filial faith, and Dido's pyre ; Landscape-lover, lord of language more than he that sang the Works and Days, All the chosen coin of fanqy • flashing out from many a golden phrase ; Thou that singest wheat and woodland, tilth and vineyard, hive and horse and herd ; All the charm of all the Muses often flowering in a lonely word ; IV. Poet of the happy Tityrus piping underneath his beechen bowers ; Poet of the poet-satyr whom the laughing shepherd bound with flowers; INTEODUCTION Ixi V. Chariter of the Pollio, glorying in the blissful years again to be, Summers of the snakeless meadow, unlaborious earth aud oarless sea; VI. , Thou that seest Universal Nature moved by Universal Mind ; Thou majestic in thy sadness at the doubtful doom of human kind ; Vii. Light among the vanish'd ages ; star that gildest yet this phantom shore ; Golden branch amid the shadows, kings and realms that pass to rise no more ; VIII. Now thy Forum roars no longer, fallen every purple Caesar's dome — Tho' thine ocean-roll of rhythm sound for ever of Imperial Eom.e — Now the Rome of slaves hath perish'd, and the Rome of freemen holds her place, I, from out the Northern Island sunder'd once from all the human race, X. I salute thee, Mantovano, I that loved thee since my day began, Wielder of the stateliest measure ever moulded by the lips of man. Fig. 3. Juno. p. VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIBEE, I. The poeVs theme. Arma virumque eano, Troiae' qui primus ab oris italiam fato profugus Lavlniaque^ vgnit Itora/inultum ille et terrls iactatus et alto Jl superuiTi saevae memorem lunonis ob iram, nulta quoque et bello passus, duiti conderet urbem 5 :nferretque deos Latio; genus unde Latlnum A.lbanlque patres atque altae moenia Roinae. Invocation. Musa, mihl causas memora, quo nuraine laeso juidve doleus reglna deuin tot volvere casus insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores xo mpulerit. Tantaene animls caelestibus irae ? Tuno^s hatred of the Trojans. Urbs antlqua fuit (Tyril tenuSre eolonl) Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe jstia, dives opuin studilsque asperrim^, belli ; juani Itino fertuf terris magis omnibus unam 15 1. Troiae : with i consonantal, as often. 2. Laviniaque : with i consonantal in third syllable. 1 I p. VERGILI MAKONIS posthabita coluisse Samo ; hie' illius arma, hic currus fuit, hoc regnum dea gentibus esse, SI qua fata sinant, iam turn tenditque fovetque. Progeniein sed enim Troiano a sanguine duel audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces ; 20 hinc populum late regem belloque superbum venttirum excidio Libyae : sic volvere Parcas. Fig. 4. The Judqment ,0* Paris. n ' i. 'i- '■ -^' -•-■■•" Id metuens veterisque memo;r Saturnia belli, prima quod ad Troiani prp caris gesserat Argis — ('neccluifietiam cSus'ae il-firum saevique dolores 25 exciderairt animo ; manet alta mente repostum indicium Paridis spretaeque iniuria formae, et genus invisum et rapti Ganymedis honores) — bis aceensa super^ iactatos aequore toto Troas, rgliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli, 30 1. Samo I hic: hiatus. AENEIDOS LIB. I. 6 arcebat longe Latio ; multosque per annos * errabant, act! fatis, maria omnia Bircum. Tantae inSlis erat Romanain cdndere gentem. She plans their destruction. ^ > ^ Vix e con^ectu Siculae teslltiris in altuin ^ i^iyV^" ' vela dabant laetl et, spumab *galis aere ^u6bant, 35 cum luno, aerernum servans sub peStore volrius\ haec secum : ' Mene iri'cepf o desistere victam nee posse Italia Teucrorum avertere Iregem ! Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exflr'ere classeSi Arl^vim^atque ipsos potuit sgbmergere ponto tinius ob frfrxapTet tunas Aiains OiPei ' ? n. Ipsa lovis rapiSfiirn iaculata e n^Mms ignem disieoitque rates ererpxque aecmora ventis, ; ilium efxspiraiitem trMisHxo pectore.flamm'as^ ,^ji>vvTT. 4i^.#-4=-W ifOfyC:' -fW^M iA-^ff turbine corripuit scopuloque infixft acute ; ' ast ego, quae divum incedO reglna, lovisque et sorer et coniiinx, una cum gente tot annos bella gero. Et quisquam nUmen lunonis adorat praeterea aut supplex aris imponet honorem ? ' IftTl' _ , V^ R,°'": "^ 40 45 Ser visit to Aeolus.) Talia Mmiiiato secum dea ebrde v^utans 50 nwrnOrum in patriam, loca feta furentibus Austria, Aeoliam venit. Hic vasto rex Aeolus antro Itictantis ventos tempestatesque sonoras impsrio premit ac vinclis et careere frenat. nil indignantes magno cum murmure montis 55 1. Oilei. 4 P. VERGILI MARONIS circum claustra fl-emunt ; celsa sedet Aeolus arce sceptra tenens, mollitque animos et teraperat Iras ; nl faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per aurSs. Sed pater omnipotgns speluncis abdidit atris, 60 hoc metugns, molemque et mentis Insuper altos imposuit regemque dedit, qui foedere certo et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus habenas. Ad quern turn luno supplex his vocibus usa est : Aeolus promises her his aid. ' Aeole, namque tibi divum pater atque hominum rex 65 et muleere dedit flucttis et toUere vento, gens inimica mihl Tyrrhenum navigat aequor, Ilium iu Italiam portans victosque Penatis : mcute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppis, aut age dlversos et disica^ corpora ponto. 70 Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore Nymphae : quarum quae forma pulcherrima DeiopSa, conubio " iungam stabill propriamque dicab6,^<|^ omnis ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos exigat et pulchra faciat te prole parentem.' 75 Siolus haec contra : ' Tuus, 6 reglna, quid optes, explorare labor ; mihi iussa capessere fas est. Tu mihi quodcumque hoc rggnl, tu sceptra lovemque cojicilias, tu das epulis accumbere dIvum, nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem.' 80 1. disioe: pronounced disyice, with the first syllable long. 2. conubio : with consonantal i. ABNKIDOS LIB. I. The .. n. Haec ubi dicta, cavum eonversa cuspide montem impulit in latus ; ac venti, velut agmine facto, ^ qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant.- Incubuerej^arl totumque a sedibus imis 1 una Eurusque Notijsque riiunt cteVerque procellis 85 Africus et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus ; insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque Teucrorum ex oculls ; ponto nqx mcubat atra. Intonuere polL et crebris mifeat ignibus aetber, 90 praesentemque viris intentart omnia inortem. Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra ; ingemit et duplicis tendens ad sldera palmas talia voce refert : ' terque quaterque beati, quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis 95 contigit oppetere ! Danaum fortissime gentis Tydlde ! Meijie Iliads occumbere campis noii'potuisse tuaque animam banc effundere dextra, saevus ubi Aeacidae telo jacet Hector, ubi ingens Sarpgdon, ubi tot Simqis correpta sub undls scllta virum galleSsque et fortia corpora volvit ! ' ^ 100 The shipwreck. Talia iactanti stridens Aquilone prddella O velum adversa ferit fluctusque ad sidera tollit; franguntur remi; tum prora aveidiit et undis dat latus; insequitur cumulo praMupus aquae mons. 105 b p. VERGILI MARONIS Hi summo in fluctu pendent, his unda dehisoens terram inter fluctus aperit ; furit aestus harenis. Tris Notus aj)i'eptas in saxa latentia torquet (saxa vocant Itali, mediis quae in fluctibus, Jras, dorsum immane mari summo), tris Eurus ab alto HO in brevia et syrtis urget (miserabile visu) inliditque vadls atque aggere cingit harenae.® Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten, ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus in puppim ferit ; excutitin." pronusque magister 115 volvitur in caput ; ast illam ter fluctus ibidem torquet agens circum et rapidus vorat aequore vertex. Apparent rari nantSs in gurgite vasto, arma virum tabulaeque et Troia gaza per undas. lam validam Ilionel* navem, iara fortis Achatae, 120 et qua vectus Abas et qua grandaevus AletSs, vicit hiems ; laxis laterum compagibus omnes accipiunt inimicum imbrem rimlsque fatiscunt. Neptune rebukes the winds. Interea magno misceri murmure pontum gmissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis 125 stagna reftisa v^is, graviter commotus ; et alto prospiciens, ^umma placidum caput extulit unda. Disieotam Aeiieae toto videt aequore classem, fluctibus oppresses Troas caellque rulna. Nee latuere doll fratrem lunonis et irae. 130 Euruni ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehinc ^ talia fatur : ' Tantane vos generis tenuit f Idticia vestrl ? , 1. IHonei. 2. dehinc. AENEIDOS LIB. I. 7 lam caelum terramque meo sine numine, venti, miscere et tantas audetis toUere moles ? Quos ego — ! sed motos praestat componere flucttis:'-' 135 post miM non simili poena commissa luetis. JVTarafffte f ugam rggique haec dicite vestro : non illi imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem, sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa, vestras, Eure, domos ; ilia se iactet in aula » 140 Aeolus et clauso ventorum carcere regnet.' Se stills the waves. Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat collectasque fugat ntibes solemque redticit. Cymothoe simul et Triton adnlxus acuto detruduut navis scopulo ; levat ipse tridenti C us et vastas aperit syrtis et temperat aequor atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas. Ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est seditio, saevitque animis ignobile volgus, iamque faces et saxa volant (furor arma ministrat), 150 turn pietate gravem ac mgritis si forte viijum quern conspexere, silent arrectlsque auribus adstant ; ille regit dictis animos et pectora mulcet : sic cunctus pelagi cecidit f ragor, aequora postquam c prospiciens genitor eaeloque invectus aperto 155 fl^9tit equos curruque volans dat lora secundfl T%e landing in Africa. Dgfessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu contendunt petere et Libyae vertuntur ad oras. 8 p. VEEGILI MARONIS Est in secessu longo locus : insula portum efficit obiecta laterum, quiMs omnis ab alto 160 f rangitur inque sinus soindit sesg unda reduetos. Hinc atque Mnc vastae rupSs geminlqiie minantur in caelum scopull, quorum sub vertice latg aequoratuta silent j tum silvis scaena coruscis desuper, horrentlque atrum nemus imminet umbra; 165 fronts sub adversa scopulis pendeatibiis^nirum, intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo, Nympharum domus. Hic fessas non vincula navis ulla 1;enent, unco non alligat ancora morsu. Hue septem Aep^^s_collgctiSnnavibus omni no ex numero suprb, ac, saagno felturis amore egressi optatE potiuntur Troes harenS, et sate tabentis a,utus in litore ppnunt. Ac primum sHiIbi scinSftlam &eudit Achates , succipitque igiieni fotils atque an^ circimi 176 nutrlinenta dedit japuitaue in foriiite £ainmam. Tum Cererem coA'^'^amJun(Hs OerKEliaqusKarma expediunt Fe^lrerum frSgSsque re^^^"" " et torrere parant flammis et frahgere saxo. Aeneas slays deer.^n Njs"^ \ ^ Aeneas scopulum irrterea con^endit et omnem 180 prospectum latejjerSgo penf, Anthea si quern iactatuni^ j^ntovideat PhrySiisque biremis,' aut Gapyn, aut celSsJji pup'plbus arma Caict" Naveip in CMispeotfl ntillain, tris litore cervos prospieit errantis ; hos tota armfenta sequun'tur is5 a tergo et Ion gum per valTis pasciturjgmen. ! AENEIDOS LIB. I. Constitit hie arcumque manu cererlsgue-sagittas cprn;riuit, naiis qiiEie tgia gerebat Achates, auctoresque ipsosprimum, capita alta'ferentis c8^ib^"ar6oreiSy sferiSit, turn v^^STet omuem 190 miscefe^gSfiS telis nemora^ter fpSncSa turSam ; nee prius aaOTtrb, quam septem ingenlia victor corpora fuiiaat Bami et numerum cum navibus aequet. Line portum petit et socios partitur in omnis, ,Un QSMnaunt ; illia fas T§g^ resufgere_Tioiae. Dflrate et -s^^amBt rSbiis s^rvate secundis.' 195 dividit, et dictis maerentfe nectqra mulcet : r ' O socii (neque enim igaari sitmus ante malorum), 6 passi gravifcrai dabit deus his .qiioque finem. Vos et Scylla&a^abrem penitusque sonantis 2oo aeeestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa . ex^rti; revocateapimos maeStumque tirnprem jmiltite ; forsa& et haec olim meminisse iuvabitT" Per yarios casus, per tot discrimina rSrum ^ ^ttU . ^ '. sji^f , . ... C.J? terSiimus m Latinm, sedes ubi fata quietas quietas ^ 205 Sai' rfte Trojans partake of food and mourn for the lost. '*'N-Xalia voce refprt, curlsque ingentibus aeger , spefn voBra siniulat, ptemit altum corde ^olOpem. nil se praeaae accingunt dapibusque futuris ; 2io "te^OTa dafipiunt CiJ^tis et viscera ntraantf ^. pars m f wista secant venbusg;jiejrementia lignnt, litore''aena''locant alii flam masque ihinisftant. 10 p. VBKGILI MARONIS , ■ ^ Nanique tibi reduces socios classemque relatam"^"'?* 390 ^intia_et in tutum versis Aquilonibus actam, / , ^ .a- ni frustraLAUguriuni vanl docuere parentes. i' ' i Aspice,Dis senos laetantis agmirie cycnos, aetheria quQs lapsa plaga lovis ales' aperto :*arbabat caelo ; nunc terras ordine longo 395 '- . C'-,*^ * ft* III. aut caper^ut captas iani dgspectare videntur. " ' Ut reduces illi lildunt stridentibus Jllis '^ coetu einxgre polum cantusque dedere, baud aliter puppesque tuae puBfisque tuoruin ' - aut portum tenet aut pleiio subit ostiaVelo. 400 Perge modq_et, qua te duqit via, dirige gressum.' The goddess reveals herself, then disappears. Dixit et avertens rosea ce£vice refulsit , ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertfee^dorem spiravere; pedes vestis defluxitad Imos, et veraJncessu patuit dea. Illeijibi matrem 405 adgnOvit, tall fugientenust voce seeutus : ' Quid natum totiens, crudelis tu quoque^ falsis Itidis imaginibus ? Cilr dextrae iungere dextram non Satur ac veras audlreuet reddere vocSs ? ' • ' ' ■ II -.' ,v _- ■•111- '111 i.",'- " Talibus incusat gressum quetjad moenia tendit. 4io At Venus obscuro gradientis aSre safipsit et inulto nebulae circuta dea fudit amicto, eernere nS quis eps neu quis contingere posset molirlve moram^ut veniendi poscere causas.O Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit sedSsque revisit* 415 ' 1. dea. I Ille : hiatus. t supant et dulcl distendunt nectare cellas, ifl 18 p. VEKGILI MAEONIS laeta suas, ubi templum^Ul ceiitumque Sabaep ture calent arae sertlsque recentibus halant. Aeneas enters Carthage. „t^ Corripugre viam interea, qua semita monstrat. lamque ascendebant collem, qui plQrimus urbl imminet adversasque>-aspectat desuper arces. "" ^ Miratur narafem Aeneas, magaiia quondam, miratur portas str^pitumque et strata viarum. Instant ardentes Tyrii, pars dticere muros molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa, pars optare locum tecto et concmdere sulco ; 425 itira magistrattisque legunt sanctumque senatum ; hic portus alii effodiunt, hic alta tneatri fundamenta locant alii immanlsque columnas ^ r^^us excidunt, scaenis decora alta futurls.^ Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura 430 exe'rcet sub sole labor, cum gentis adultos educunt fetus, aut cum liquentia mella aut onera accipiunt venienimm, aut agmine facto igria^um f ucos pecus a praesepibus arcent ; ; ' ' 435 fervet opus reHolentque thymo fragrantia mella. ' fortunati, quorum iam moeiiia surgunt ! ' Aeneas ait et fastigia suspicit urbis. Infert sfe saeptus nebula (mirabile dictti) per medios nrtscetque viris neque cernitur alii. 440 Juno's temple, with the scenes depicted on Us walla. •Lucus in urbfe fuit media, laetissimus umbrae, quo primuni iactati undis et turbine Poeni AENBIDOS LIB. I. 19 I; efiodere loco signum, quod regia Itino ,,,„j monstrarat, caput acris.egui; sic nam fore bello ■: egregiam et lacilem victu per saecula gentem. 445 Hie templuija. Iiinoni ingens Sldenia-Dldo condebat, donis opulentum et nfemine aivae, aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina nexaeque^ f r aere frabes, foribus cardo stridebat aenis. ^ Hoc primuin inliico nova res oblatartimorem 450 leniit, hic primum Aeneas sperare salutem '' ausus et adflictis melius confldere rebusi ~ '' Namque sub ingenti lu^trat dum singula templo, , reginam opperiefis, duiri, quae fortunasit urbi, artificumque mantis inter se operumque laborem 455 miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas bellaque iam fama totum voligaiia per orb^m, Atridas Priamumque et saaYun^mbobus|Acliill< Constitit et lacrimans, ' Quis iam locus,' inquit, ' quae, re^o in terris nostri non plena laboris ? ' , 460 En Priamus ! Sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi, sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt Sdve metus ; feret hdiec aliquam tibi fama saluti Sic ait, atque animum pictura pascit inanf j multa gem ens, largoque umectat fltimine voltum. 465 Namque videbat, uti bellantes(Pergama eircum) hac'^fugerent Grai, premeret Troian^ ^ inventus, hac Phryges, instaret curru cfistatus Achilles. ^ '"^ Nee procul hinc Khesi niseis tehtoria yelis i adgnoscit lacrimans, primo quae ptodita somno 470 Tydides multa vastabat caede cruentus, W "''") 1. nexaeque : with -que hypermetric. 2. Troiana : with i consonantal. 20 p. VBRGILI MAEONIS ardentlsque avertit eqnoS|in castra, prmsquam pabula giistasseiit' TroiaelKanthuinque bibissent. Parte alia f ugiens amissis Troilus armis, •-■ "^ Infelix puer atque immr congressus Achilli, 47c fevtur equis curruque haeret resuplnus ig^ni, ^ „ a-' ^jrtenens tamen ; '^uic cervixque comaeque traliuntur ^ per terram eWeraa-pulvis Inscribitur h§sta. Interea ad templum non aequae Pallldis ibant '/\ct^gL^ _ '^a. Vicnw*-^ 48( diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat. Ter circum Iliacos raptaverat Hectora muros exanimumqiie auro corpus vendebat Achilles. Turn vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo, 48J ut spolia, ut eurrus, utque ipsum corpus amici tendentemque nianiis Priamum conspexit inernns. Se quoque prmcipibus permixtura adgnovit Achivis, Eoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma. Ducit Amazonidum lunatls agmina peltis 49( Penthesilea furens mediisque in mllibus ardet, aurea subnectgns exsertae cingula mammae, bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere virgo. Dido enters, and later the comrades of Aeneas appear. Haec dum Dardauio Aeneae miranda videntur, dum stupet obttituque haeret defixus in ■flno, 49! regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido, incessit, magna iuvenum stipante caterva. , Qualis in EurCtae ripis aut per iuga Cynthi AENEIDOS LIB. I. 21 exercet Diana chores, quam mille secutae hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades ; ilia pharetram 500 fert umero gradiensque deas supereminet oinnls ; Latonae taciturn pertemptant gaudia pectus : talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat per medios, instans operi rSgnisque futurls. Turn foribus divae, media testiidine templl, 505 saepta armis solioque alte subnixa resedit. lura dabat legesquS viris, dperumque laborem partibus aequabat iustis aut sorte trahebat, cum siibito Aeneas concursu accedere magno Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum 5io Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras. Obstipuit simul ipse, simul percussus Achates laetitiaque metiique ; avidi coniungere dextras ardebant, sed res animos incognita turbat. 515 Dissimulant et nube cava speculantur amicti, quae fortuna virTs, classem quo litore linquant, quid veniant ; cunctis nam Igcti navibus ibant orantgs veniam et templum clamore petebant. Ilioneus pleads for the Trojans. Postquam introgressi et coram data copia fandi, 520 raaximus Ilioneus plaeido sic pectore coepit : ' reglna, nov am cui condere luppiter urbem itistitiaque dedit gentis frenare superbas, Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia vecti, orainus : prohibe infandos a navibus ignis, 525 parce pio generi et propius res aspjce nostras. 22 p. VBRGILI MAKONIS Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Penatis venimus aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas ; noa ea vis animo nee tanta superbia victls. Est loeus, Hesperiam Gral eognomine dieunt, 530 terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae ; Oenotrl coluere viri, nunc fama minores Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem. Hic cursus fuit, cum subito adsurgens fluctti nimbosus Orion 535 in vada caeca tulit penitusg|ue prpcacibus Austris perque undas superante salo, perque invia saxa dispulit ; hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris. Quod genus hoc hominum ? Quaeve hunc tam barbara morem permittit patria ? Hospitio prohibemur harSnae ; 540 bella cienj; primaque vetant consistere terra. Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, at sperate deos memores fandl atque nefandi. Eex erat Aeneas nobis, quo itistior alter nee pietate fuit nee bello maior et armis. 545 Quem si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura aetheria neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris, non metus, officio nee te certasse priorem paeniteat. Sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes arvaque, Troianoque a sanguine clarus Acestes. 550 Quassatam ventis liceat subducere classem et silvis aptare trabes et stringere remos, si datur Italiam sociis et rgge recepto tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus ; sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optime Teucrum, 555 pontus habet Libyae ne^ spes iam restat lull, AENEIDOS LIB. I. 23 at freta Sicaniae saltern sedesque paratas, unde hue advecti, regemque petaraus "Acesten.' Talibus Ilioneus; cuncti simul ore fremebant Dardanidae. 560 Dido dismisses their fears. Tnui breviter Dido voltum demissa profatur : ' Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite curas. Ees dura et regnl novitas me talia cogunt mollri et late finis ctistode tueri.' Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Troiae nesciat urbem 565 virtutesque virosque aut tanti incendia belli ? Non obtusa adeo gestamits pectora Poeni, nee tarn aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit ab urbe. Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva sive Eiycis finis rSgemque optatis Acesten, 570 auxilio tutos dimittam opibusque iuvabo. Voltis et his meeum pariter considere regnis ? TJrbem quam statuo vestra est ; subducite navis ; Tros Tyriusque mihi nuUo discrimine agetur. Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem 575 adforet Aeneas ! Equidem per lltora certos dimittam et Libyae lustrare extrgma iubebo, si quibus giectus silvis aut urbibus errat.' Aeneas stands revealed. His animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates et pater Aeneas iamdudum erumpere nubem 580 ardebant. . Prior Aenean compellat Achates : ' Nate dea, quae nunc anirao sententia surgit ? 24 p. VERGILI MARONIS Omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. tJnus abest, medio in. fluctu qixeln vidimus ipsi submersum ; dictis respondent cStera matris.' 685 Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumftisa repente scindit se nubgs et in aethera purgat apertum. Restitit Aen6as claraque in luce refulsit, OS umerosque deo similis ; namque ipsa decoram caesariem nato genetrix lumenque iuventae 590 purpureum et laetos oculis adflarat honores ; quale manus addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo argentum Pariusre lapis cireumdatur auro. Tum SIC reglnam adloquitur cunctisque repente improvisus ait : ' Coram, quem quaeritis, adsum 595 Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. sola infandos Troiae miserata labores, quae nos, reliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque omnibus exhaustos iam casibus, omnium eggnos, urbe, domo socias, grates persolvere dignas 600 non opis est nostrae, Dido, nee quidquid ubique est gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem. Dl tibi, si qua pios respectant ntimina, si quid usquam itistitia est et mens sibi conscia recti, praemia digna ferant. Quae tS tarn laeta tulerunt 605 saecula ? Qui tanti talem genuere parentes ? In freta dum fluvii current, dum moutibus umbrae lustrabunt conyexa, polus dum sidera pascet, semper honos nomenque tuum laudBsque manSbunt, quae me cumque vocant terrae.' Sic fatus, amicum 610 Ilionga petit dextra laevaque Serestum, post alios, fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanth.um. ABNEIDOS LIB. I. 25 Dido gives the Trojans a royal reception. . Obstipuit primo aspectU Sidonia Dido, casu deinde ' viri tanto, et sic ore loctita est : ' Quis te, nate dea, per tauta perlcula casus 615 insequitur ? Quae vis immanibus applicat oris ? Tune ille Aeneas, quem Dardanio^ Anchisae alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam ? Atque equidem Teucrum raemini Sidona venire finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem 620 auxilio Bell ; genitor turn Belus opimam vastabat Cyprum et victor dicione tenebat. Tempore iam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis Troianae nomeuque tuum regesque Pelasgi. Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat 625 seqne ortum antiqua Teuerorum ab stirpe volebat. Quare agite, 6 tectis, iuvenes, succedite nostrls. Me quoque per multos sinjilis fortuna labores iactatam hac dSmum voluit consistere terra. Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco.' 630 Sic memorat ; simul Aeneau in regia ducit tecta, simul divum templis indicit honorem. Nee minus interea socils ad litora mittit viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum terga suum, pinguis centum cum matribus agnos, 635 munera laetitiamque dii. At domus interior regali splendida Itixu instruitur, mediisque parant convlvia tectis : arte laboratae vestes ostroque superbo, ingens argentum mensis, caelataque in auro 640 1. deinde. 2. Dardanio | Anchisae : hiatus. 26 p. VEKGILI MABONIS forfcia facta patrum, serieg longissima rerun per tot ducta viros antiqua ab origiiie gentis. Aeneas gives presents to Dido. Aeneas (neque enim patrius consistere mentem passus amor) rapidum ad navis praemittit Achaten, Ascanio ferat haec ipsumque ad moenia ducat; 645 omnis in Ascanio carl stat cura parentis. Munera praeterea, Iliacis erepta ruinis, ferre iubet, pallain signis auroque rigentem, et circumtextum croceo velamen acantho, omatus Argivae Helenae, quos ilia Mycenis, 650 Pergama cum peteret inconcessosque hymenaeos, extulerat, matris Ledae mirabile donum ; praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim, maxima natarum PriamI, colloque monile bacatum et duplicem gem mis auroo[ue coronam. 655 Haec celerans iter ad navis tendebat Achates. Venus, fearing Juno, weaves a plot. At Cytherea novas artis, nova pectore versat consilia, ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupldo pro dulci Ascanio veniat donisque furentem incendat reglnam atque ossibus implicet ignem : 660 quippe domiim timet ambiguam Tyriosque bilinguls; tirit atrox luno et sub noctem cura recursat. Ergo his aligerum dictis adfatur Amorem : ' Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia solus, nate, patris summi qui tela Typhoia temnis, 665 ad tg confugio et supplex tua numina posco. AENEIDOS LIB. I. 27 Frater iit Aeneas pelago tims omnia circum litora iactettir odils lunonis iniquae, nota tibi, et nostro doluisti saepe dolore. Fig. 9. Venus Genetkix. Hunc Phoenissa tenet Dido blandisque moratur vocibus, et vereor, quo se lunonia vertant hospitia; baud tanto cessabit cardine rerum. Quocirca capere ante dolls et cingere flam ma 670 28 p. VERGILI MAEONIS reginam meditor, ne quo sB numine miitet, sed magno Aengae mecum teneatur amore. 675 Qua facere id possis, nostram nunc accipe mentem, ESgius accitu carl genitoris ad urbem Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura, dona fereps pelago et flam mis restantia Troiae. Hunc ego sopitum somno super alta Cythera 680 aut super Idaliuni sacrata sede recondam, ne qua scire dolos mediusve occurrere possit. Tu faciem illius noctem non amplius tinam falle dolo, et notos pueri puer indue voltus, ut, cum tS gremio accipiet laetissima DidS 685 regalis inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum, cum dabit amplexus atque oscula duleia figet, occultum inspires ignem fallasque venSno.' Paret Amor dictis carae genetricis et alas exuit et gressu gaudens incedit Iiili. 690 At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem inrigat et fotum greraio dea tollit in altos Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amaracus ilium floribus et dulci adspirans complectitur umbra. Dido gives a grand banquet. lamque ibat dicto parens et dona Cupido 695 regia portabat Tyriis, duce laetus Achate. Cum venit, aulaeis iam se regina superbis aurea* composuit sponda mediamque locavit, iam pater Aeneas et iam Troiana inventus conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro. 700 1. aurea. ABNEIDOS LIB. I. 29 Dant manibus famuli lymphas Cereremque canistris expediunt tousisque ferunt mantelia villis. Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longo cura penum struere et flaminis adolere Penatls ; centum aliae totidemque pares aetate ministri, 705 qui dapibus mensas onereut et pocula ponant. Nee non et Tyrii per limina laeta frequentes convenere, tons iussi discumbere pictis. Mlrantur dona Aeneae, mirantur lulum flagrantisque dei voltus simulataque verba 710 pallamque et pictum croceo velamen acantho. Praecipue infellx, pesti devota futurae, expleii mentem nequit ardescitque tuendo Phoenissa et pariter puero donlsque movetur. Ille ubi complexti Aeneae coUoque pependit 715 et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem, reginam petit. Haec oculis, haec pectore toto haeret et interdum gremio fovet, Inscia Dido, insTdat quantus miserae deus. At memor ille matris Acidaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum 720 mcipit et vivo temptat pra^ertere amore iam pridem resides animos desuetaque corda. After the toasts and the song of lopas, Dido begs Aeneas to tell his story. Postquam prima quies epulis mensaeque remotae, erateras magnos statuunt et vina coronant. Fit strepitus tectis vocemque per ampla volutant 725 atria ; dependent lychni laquearibus aureis ' incensi et noctem flammis funalia vincunt. 1. aureis. 30 p. VERGILI MARONIS Hic reglna gravem gemrais auroqiie poposcit implevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes a Belo soliti ; turn facta silentia t6ctls. 730 ' luppiter, hospitibus nam te dare itira loquuntur, huiic laetum Tyriisque diem Troiaque profectis esse velis nostrosque huius meminisse minorgs. Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator et bona luno ; et vos, o, coetum, Tyril, celebrate faventes.' 735 Dixit et in mensam laticum libavit honorem primaque libato summo tenus attigit ore ; tum Bitiae dedit increpitaus ; ille impiger hausit spumantem pateram et pleno se proluit auro ; post alii proceres. Cithara crinitus lopas 740 personat aurata, docuit quem maximus AtlSs. Hic canit errantem Itinam solisque labores, unde hominum genus et pecudes, unde iraber et ignSs, Arcttirum pluviasque Hyadas geminosqne Triones, quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles 745 hiberni, vel quae tardls mora noctibus obstet. lugeminant plausu Tyrii, Troesque sequuntur. Nee non et vario noctem sermone trahebat infellx Dido longumque bibebat amorem, multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectors multa ; 750 nunc, quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis, nunc, quales DiomSdis equi, nunc, quantus AcMllSs. 'Immo age et a prima die, hospes, orlgine nobis insidias ' inquit * Danaum casusque tuorum erroresque tuos ; nam tS iam septima portat 755 omnibus errantem terrls et fluctibus aestas.' AENEIDOS LIBER II. Aeneas begins his story. Coifticue^j)innes inteiitiqije^ra_tenebaiit. Inde tor,opater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto : Infanduifl^^egina, itifcas renpvare dolorem, Troianas'utoJ)es et lafflen^mle regnum etifermviMhai, quaeque ipse(miserriinal vidi 8 et quorum pars magna fui. Quis talia fando Myrmidonum Dolo'pumve aut duri miles Ulixi t^mpereta lacrimis ? Et iam nox umiaS, eaelo praecipitat suadentque cadentia sidera somnos. Sed si(tantus amor)cSSu?''cognoscere nostros 10 et breviter Troiae supremum audire laSorenv^ v quamquam animus meminisse nOTret mctuque refugit, q incipiam. The Greeks build the wooden horse. Fraeti bello fatisque repulsi ductores Danaum, tot iam labentibus annis, instar montis equum divina Palladia arte 15 aedificant sectac|ue'^ntexui;t a Siete ' cog tas ; ^ j VOTOmpr Q rep xti simulant; ea fama vag^ur. Hue aeleota virum sortiti corpora furtim 1. abiete: with consouautal i. 31 32 p. VERGILI MABONIS includunt caeco lateri penituscjue carinas ingentis utlr^que armato milite~^mpient. 20 They hide in Tenedos, while the Trojans throw open their city gates. Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fanm regna manebant, ■F;::as^-=^ carinis: hue se provecn de^erto in litore condunt. Nos abiisse iranSBt vento petiisse Mycenas. 25 Ergo omnia longo solvit se Teucr^a luctu. Panduntur portae ; iuvat ire et Dotjca qastra desertosque videre locos litusque relictum. . HicDolopuin m anus, hie saevus tendebat Aehilles, elassibus,hic locus, hie acie certSjSesblebant. 30 Pars'^rapet mSuptae donumexinSle Minervae et molem mirantur equi ; primusque Thymoetes duci intra muros hortatur et arce locari, sive tefoseu iarajrojae sic fata fer^bant? At Capys et quorum melior s^nte^fc^^enti 35 aut pelago Danaum insidias suspectaque d,ona praeeipitare iubent siibiectisque urere flammis, aut tereDrare cavas^yj^i'i^el temp^are lateBras. Scinditur incertum studia in contraria volgus. iaocoSre's warning. Primus ibi ante omnis, magna comitante e^erva, 40 Laocoon ardens sum ma decurrit ab arce et procul : ' miseri, quae,4;anta insania, cives ? Creditis avectos hostis aut ulla putatis dona carere dolis Danaum ? Sic notus Ulixes ? AENBIDOS LIB. H. 88 Aut hoe mclusi ligno occultantur Achivi, 45 ^ — - aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros inspectura domgs venturaquedesugeEsjirbi" aut aliqui^Ia^jjjrfOT^equo ne credits, Teucrij Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentis.' Sic fatus yalidis in^ntem viribus hastam 50 in latus inque'Sericuryam Cmnpagibus al-^im3 contorsit. Stetit ilia tremens, uteroque ^cussc insonuere cavae gemitumque dedere cavefnae? Et si fata deum, si mens nop. lapaiuisset, impulerat ferro Argolicas fo^aje latebras, 65 Troiaque nunc staret, Priamique arx alta maneres. Enter Sinon, as a prisoner. Ecce raanus iuvenem interea post terga revinctura pastores magno ad regem clamore trahebant Dardanidae, qui se jgnotum ^nientibus i^trt hoc ipsum ut |lrrareLTxoiamqTte"aperiret Achivis, 60 obtulerat,"E3ens animi atque in utruinque paratus, seu vevsare doles seu certg ,e occu mberejnortij Undiqu^msendi studio^roiajia_ iuwentus circumfusa >uitr=eertan?^ue inlu4ere c^pto. Accipe nunc Danaum insidias et crimine ab uno 65 disce omnis. ■ , i A V. Namque ut conspectu in medio turbatus m^rmis constitit atque oeulis PhrygiaM;mina circum^exit, 'Heu, quae nunc tellus,' inquit, 'quae me aequora ppssunt aecipere ? Aut quid iam miselfb^nihi deniquej^tav^ 70 cui neque apud Danaos usquam locus, et sii^^psi Dardanidaeinfensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt ?' 34 p. VERGILI MARONIS Quo gemitiyconversiaiiinii, compressus et omnis impetus. Hortamur fari, quo sanguine cretus, quidve ferat ; memoret, quae sit fiducia capto. 75 Ille haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur. Sinon's story. ' Cuncta equidem tibi, rex, fuerit quodcumque, fatebor vera,' inquit : 'neque me Argolica de gente negabo : hoc primum ; nee si miserum Fortuna Sinonem finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget. 80 Fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad auris Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama gloria, quern falsa sub proditione Pelasgi insonteii#iufando indicio, quia bella vetabat, demisere neci, nunc cassum lumine lugent : 85 illi me comitem et consanguinitate propinquum pauper in arma pater primis hue misit ab aunis. Dum stabat regno incolumis regumque vigebat eonciliis, et nos aliquod nonienque decusque gessimus. Invidia postquam %pellacis Ulixi 90 (baud ignota loquor) superis concessit ab oris, adflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam et casum insontis mecum indignabar amici. Nee tacui demens et me, fors si qua tulisset, si patrios umquam remeassem victor ad Argos, 95 promisi ultorem et verbis odia aspera movi. Hinc mihi prima mali labes, hinc semper Ulixes criminibus terrere novis, hinc spargere voces in volgum ambiguas et quaerere conscius arma. Nee requievit enim, donee Calchante ministro — lOO AENEIDOS LIB. II. 35 Sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvo ? Quidve moror ? Si omnis uno drcTine-liabetis'Achivos idque audire sat est,*iamdudum sumite pdenas : hoc Ithacus velit et magno mercentur Atridae.' He had escaped from the altar, when about to be sacrificed. Turn vero ardemus scitari et quaerere causas, 105 ignari seelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae. Prosequitur payitans et §cto pectore fatur : ' Saepe fugam Danai Troia c^piere relicta ^ ■moimet longo fessi discedere belle : fecissentque utinam ! Saepe illos aspera pouti o no interclusit hiems et terruit Auster eiintis ; praecipue, cum iam hie trabibus contextus acemisQ staret equus, toto sonuerunt aethere niipbi. Suspensi Euiypylum scitantem oracula Phoebi o mittimus, isque adytis haec tris1|^icta reportat : 115 " Sanguine placastis ventos et ^jrgiue caesa, cum primum Iliacas, Danai, venistis ad oras: sanguine quaerendi reditus animaque litandum Argolica." Volgi quae vox ut venit ad auris, obstipuere animi, gelidusque per ima cucurrit 120 ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quem poscat Apollo. Hie Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu protrahit in medios ; quae sint ea numina divum, flagitat. Et mihi iam multi crudele cauebant artificis scelus et taciti ventura videbant. 125 Bis quinos silet ille dies tectusqile recusat ;.pj:6dere voce sua quemquam aut opponere morti. Vix tandem, magnis Ithaei clamoribus actus, 36 p. VEEGILI MARONIS composite rumpit vocem et me desfinat arae. Adsensere omhes etj qaae si'rti quisque timebat, 130 imius in miseri exitium coiiv^rsa tulerje. lamque dies infa,nda aderg/ilj'mihi sacra parari et salsae fruges et cirrairi tempora vittae. Eripui, fateor, leto me et vincula rupi limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulva 135 delitui, duTj^T^Jarriarent, si forte dedisseut. Nee mitii iam patriam antiquam spes iiUa videndi nee dulcis natos exdptatumqne parentem ; quos illi fors et poenas ob nostra reposcent effugia_et culpam banc miserorum morte piaibunt. 140 Quod te per superos et conscia numina veri, per si qua est quae restat adhuc mortalibus usquam intpmerata fides, oro, miserere laborum tantorum, miserere animi non digna ferentis.' Pnam sets him free. His lacrimis vitam damus et miserescimus ultro. 145 Ipse viro primus manicas atque arta levari vincla iubet Priamus dictisque ita fatur amicis : ' Quisquis es, amissos hinc iam obliviscere Graios ; noster eris. Mihique baec ediSSe're vera roganti : Quo molem banc immanis equi statuere? Quisauctor? iso Quidve petunt ? Quae religio aut quae maehina belli ? ' Dixerat. Ille, dolis instructus et arte Pelasga, sustulit exutas vinclis ad sidera palmas : 'Vos, aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum tester numen/ ait, ' vos arae ensesque nefandi, 165 quos fugi, vittaeque deum, quas hostia gessi : ABNBIDOS LIB. II. 37 fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere iura, fas odisse viros atque omnia ferre sub auras, si qua tegunt ; teneor patriae nee legibus uUis. Tu modo promissis maneas servataque serves, 160 Troia, fidem, si vera feram, si magna rependam. Sinon explains the wooden horse. ' Omnis spes Danaum et coepti fiducia belli Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. Impius ex quo Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor Ulixes, fatale aogr^ssi sacrato avellere templo 165 Palladium, caesis summae eustodibus arcis, corripuere sacram effigiem manibusque cruentis virgineas ausi divae contingere vittas, ex illo fluere ac retro sublapsa referri spes Danaum, fractae vires,javersa deae mens. 170 Nee dubiis ea signa dedit Triton! a monstris. Vix positum oastris simulacrum, arsere coruscae luminibus flapimae arrectis salsusque per artus sudor iit, terque ipsa solo (mirabile dietu) 'emicuit parmamque ferens hastamque trementera. 175 Extemplo temptanda fuga canit aequora Calchas, nee posse Argolieis exscindi Pergama telis, omina ni repetant Argis numenque reducant, quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis. Et nunc quod patrias vento petiere Mycenas, 180 arma deosque parant comites, pelagoque remenso improvisi aderunt. Ita digerit omina Calcbas. Hanc pro Palladio moniti, pro numine laeso effigiem sti^tuere, nefas quae triste piaret. ~ 38 p. VEEGILI MAEONIS Hane tamen immensam Calchas attoUere molem 185 roboribus textis caeloque educere iussit, ne recipi portis aut duci in moenia posset neu populum antiqua sub religione tueri. Nam si vestra manus violasset doma, Minervaej __ turn magnum exitium (quod di pyius omen m ipsum coHvfertant ! ) Priami imperio Phrygibusque fufonmi ; sin mambus vestris vestram ascendisset inuybem, ultro ^siam magno Pejopea ad mqenia bello veirfivram, et nostros ea^^ta manere nepotes.' The tale is believed. 190 Talibus insiSfiis p4riuriqu6 arte Sinonis edita res, ^pmque dolis lacrimisque OTacns, 195 credita quos neque T^dides nee Larissaeus Achilles, non anni dbmuere decem, non mille carinae. Laocoon^s terrible fate. Hie alittd maius miseris multoque tremendum obicitur magis atque imttfovida pectora turbat. 200 Laocoou, ductu^^Neptimo sorte saeerdos, sollemnis taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras. Ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranguilla ;^e^r alta {norresco referens) immensis pmbus angues iHCumDunt pelago pamerqiread litoi-a tendunt : 205 pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque sanguineae superant undas, pars c^era pontum pone legit sinuatque immensa voTumine terga. Pit sonitus spumante salo ; iamque arva tenebant ardentisque oculos saffecti sanguine et igni 210 -, sibila lambebant Unguis vibrantibus ora. ^ 1 1 1 ^^K w i 1 K ^yKw Mt 9 m ,- « — , — ^SBsJ^*^-%j 1 f -^^i " n ^^^^H fm ^ 1 Fig. 10. The Death of Laocoon. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 39 Diffugimus visu exsangues. Illi agmine certo Laotooonta petunt ; et primum parva duorum corpora iiatorum serpens amplexus uterque implicat et miseros moj-su. depascitur artus ; 215 post ipsum, auxilio subeuntem ac tela f erentem, corripiunt spirisque ligant ingentibus : et iam bis medium amplexi, bis cpllo squatnea' circum terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis. Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos, 220 perrusMsanie vittas atroque veneno, clamores simul horrendos ad sidera toUit, qualis mugitus, fugit cum saucius aram tauius et incertam excussit cervice securim. At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones 225 effugiunt saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem, sub pedibusque deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur. The Trojans draw the horse into the city. Tum vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis insinuat pavor, et scelus expendisse merentem Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur 230 laeserit et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam. Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum orandaque divae numina conclamant. Dividimus muros et moenia pandimus urbis. Acoingunt omnes operi pedibusque rotarum 235 subiciunt lapsus et stuppea vincula collo intendunt. Scandit fatalis machina muros, feta armis. Pueri circum innuptaeque puellae sacra canunt funejnque manu contingere gaudent ; 40 p. VERGILI MAEONIS ilia subit mediEteque minans ihlabitur urbi. 240 patria, o divum domus Ilium et incluta bello moenia Dardanidum ! Quater ipso in limine portae substitit, atque utero sonitiim quater ,arma dedere : instamus taraen immemores caeeique furore et monstruni infelix sacrata sistimus arce. 243 Tunc etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futuris ora, dei iussu non umquam credita Teucris. Nbs delubra deum miseri, quibus ultimus esset ille dies, festa velamus fronde per urbem. The Oreiks poicr forth from the horse. Vertitur interea caelum et ruit Oceano nox, 2B0 inyolvens umbra magna terramque polumque Myrmidonumque dolos ; fusi per moenia Teucri conticuere, sopor f essos complectitur artus. Et iam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus ibat a Tenedo, tacitae per amica silentia lunae 255 litora nota petens, flammas cum regia puppis extulerat, fatisque deum defensus iniquis , inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim laxat claustra Sinon. Illos patefactus ad auras reddit equus laetique cavo se robore promunt 260 Thessandrus Stbenelusque duces et dirus Ulixes, demissum lapsi per funem, Acamasque Thoasque Pelidesque Neoptolemus primusque Machaon et Menelaus et ipse doli. fabricator Epeos. Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam, 265 caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibns omnis accipiurit socios atque agmina conscia iungiint. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 41 Hector appears in a dream to Aeneas. Tempus erat, quo prima quies mortalibus aegris incipit et dono divum gratissima serpit. In somnis ecce ante oculos maestissimus Hector 270 visus adesse niihi' largosque efEundere fietus, raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento pulvere perque pedes traieotus lora tumentis. Ei mihi, qualis erat ! Quantum mutatus ab illo Heetore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli 275 vel Danaum Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ignis ! squalentem bavbam et concretes sanguine crinis volneraque ilia gerens, quae circum plurima muros accepit patrios. tJltro flens ipse videbar compellare vimm et maestas expromere voces : 280 ' lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissiraa Teucrum, quae tantae tenuere moras .? Quibus Hector ab oris exspectate venis ? Ut te post jjaulta tuorum 'funera, post varies hominumque urbisque labores def essi aspicimus ! Quae causa indigna serenos 285 foedavit voltus ? Aut cur haec volnera cerno ? ' lUe nihil, nee me quaerentem vana moratur, sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens, ' Heu fuge, nate dea, teque his, ' ait, ' eripe flammis. Hostis habet muros ; ruit alto a culmine Troia. 290 Sat patriae Priamoque datum : si Pergama dextra defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. Sacra suosque tibi^ commendat Troia Penatis: hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere, magna pererrato statues quae denique ponto.' 295 1. mihi : ■Brith long final syllable. 2. tibi : with long final syllable. 42 p. VERGILI MARONIS Sic ait, et manibus vittas Vestamque potentem aeternumque adytis effert penetralibus ignem. Aeneas is aroused from sleep. Diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu, et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis Anct|isae domus arboribusque obtecta recessit, ^ ; _^ an:.?'*' clarescunt sonitus ai-morumque ingi'uit horror. ' Excutior somno et suinmi fastigia tecti ascensii supero atque arrectis auribus adsto : in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris incidit, aut rapidus montano flumine torrens 305 sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores praeeipitesque trahit silvas ; stupet inscius alto accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor. Turn vero manifesta fides, Danaumque patescunt insidiae. lam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam 310 Volcano superante domus ; iam proximus ardet Ucalegon ; Sigea igni freta lata relucent. Exoritur clamorque virum claligorque tubarum. Arma amens capio,; nee sat rationis in armis, sed glomerare manum bello et concurrere in areem 315 cum sociis ardent animi ; furor iraque mentem praecipitant, pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis. Panthus rescues the sacred relics ; Aeneas, with others, rushes into the conflict. Eece autem telis Panthus elapsus Achivum, Panthus Othryades, arcis Phoebique saoerdos, sacra raanu victosque deos parvumque nepotem 320 AENEIDOS LIB. 11. 43 Ipse trahit cursuque amens ad limina tendit. 'Quo res summa loco, Panthu ? Quam prendimus areem?' Vix ea f atus eram, gemitu cum talia reddit : ' Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus Dardaniae. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens 325 gloria Teucrorum ; ferus omnia luppiter Argos transtulit ; incensa Danai dominantur in -urbe. Arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans fundit equus vietorque Sinon incendia miscet insultans. Portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, 330 milia quot magnis umquam venere Mycenis ; obsedere alii talis angusta viarum oppositis ; stat ferri acies mucrone corusoo stricta, parata neci ; vix primi proelia temptant por'tarum vigiles et caeco Marte resistunt.' 335 Talibus Othryadae dictis et numine divum in flammas et in arma leri!??, quo tristis Erinys, quo fremitus vocat et sublatus ad aethpra clamor. Addunt se socios Eipheus et maximus armis Epytus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque Dymasque, 340 et lateri adglomerant nostro, iuvenisque Coroebus Mygdonides : illis ad Troiam forte diebus venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore, et gbtiev auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat, infelix, qui non sponsae praecepta furentis 345 audierit. Quos ubi confertos audere in proelia vidi, incipio super his : ' luvenes, fortissima frustra pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido certa sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis. 350 44 p. VEEGILI MAEONIS Excessere omnes adytis arisque relictis di, quibus imperium hoc steterat ; succurritis urbi incensae : moriamur et in medig. arma ruamus. Una salus victis nuUam sperare salutem.' Sic animis iuvenum furor additus. Inde, lupi ceu 355 raptores atra in nebula, quos improba ventris exegit caecos labieg, catulique relicti faucibus exspectant siccis, per tela, per hostis vadimus haud dubiam in mortem mediaeque tenemus urbis iter ; nox atra cava circumvolat umbra. 360 Quis cladem illius noctis, quis funera fando explicet aut possit lacrimis aequare labores ? Urbs antiqua ruit, multos dominaita per annos ; plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim corpora perque domos et religiosa deorum 365 limina. Nee soli poenas dant sanguine Teucri : 'qiiana^n"'S*&am victis redit in praecordia virtus victoresque cadunt Danai. Crudelis ubique iSiitfikJ'ubique pavor' et plumna mortis imago. They are successful at first. Primus se Danaum magna comitante catenra 370 Androgeos offe rt nobi8,^o(S a^gm^ga^edens inscius7~atqueultro verbis compellat amicis :' ' Festinate, viri. Nam quaefaLnT^ra moimulr segfiiues^f^Alii rapimit incensa feruntque Pergama ; vos c^is nunc primum a.^avibus itis ? ' 376 Dixit et extemplo (neque enim rasponsa dabantur Ma gamysensit medios aei^&ij^m hostis. 1. pavor. AENEIDOS LIB. H. 45 Obstipuit retro^w pedem cam voce repressit. Jmpro visum' aspns" veJutTmirs^tflifiS angufem prassrf^umjmten^rY^ 380 ^moUenraSI iras et caenilacolla^meiuem^ / haud secus Androgeos visi^jjremCTafet^s abiljat. Inruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis, ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos sternimus. Adspirat primo Foi'tuna labori. 385 Atque hie successu exsujtans animisque Coroebus, '0 socii, qua prima' inquit 'fortuna salutis monstrat iter quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur : mutemus clipeos Danaumque insignia nobis aptemus. Dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat ? 390 Arma dabunt ipsi.' Sic fatus deinde ' comantem Androgei galeam clipeique insigne decorum . induitur laterique Argivum accommodat ensem. Hoc Ripbeus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque iuventus laeta facit ; spoliis se quisque recentibus armat. 395 Vadimus immixti Danais haud numine nostro, multaque per caecam congressi proelia noctem conserimus, multos Danaum demittimus Oreo. Diffugiunt alii ad navis et litora cursu Ada petunt, pars ingentem formidine turpi 400 scandunt rursus equum et nota conduntur in alvo. Vain effort to rescue Cassandra. Heu nihil invitis fas quemquam fidere divis ! Ecce trahebatur passis Priaraeia virgo crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae, 1. deinde. 46 p. VBEGILI MARONIS ad caelum tendens ardentia lumina frustra, 405 lumina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas. Non tulit hanc speciem furiata mente Coroebus et sese medium iniecit periturus in agmen. Consequimur cuncti et densis incurrimus armis. Hie primum ex alto delubri culmine telis 410 nostrorum obruimur ' oriturque miserrima caedes armorum facie et Graiarum errore iubarum. Turn Danai gemitu atque ereptae vijginis ira undique coUeoti invadunt, acerrimus Aiax et gemini Atridae Dolopumque exercituB omnis, 415 adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti confligunt, Zephyrusque Notusque et laetus Eois Eurus equis ; stridunt silvae saevitque tridenti spumeus atque imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo. Illi etiam, si quos obscura nocte per umbram 420 fudimus insidiis totaque agitavimus urbe, apparent ; primi clipeos mentitaque tela adgnoscunt atque ora sono discordia signant, Ilicet obruimur numero, primusque Coroebus Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad aram 425 procumbit ; cadit et Eipheus, iustissimus unus qui f iiit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi (dis aliter visum) ; pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque contixi a sociis, nee te tua plurima, Panthu, labentem pietas nee Apollinis infula texit. 430 Iliaci cineres et flamma extrema meorum, tester in occasu vestro nee tela nee ullas vitavisse vices_Danaum et, si fata fuissent, 1. obrmmur. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 47 ut caderem mernisse manu. Divellimur ihde, Iphitus et Pelias mecum, quorum IpMtus aevo 435 iam gravioSf, Ifelias et Tolnere tardus Ulixi ; protinus ad sedes Priami elamore vocati. The fight at Priam^s palace. Hie vero ingentem pugnam, eeu cetera nusquam bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe, sic Martem indomitum Danaosque ad tecta ruentis 440 cernimus obsessumque acta testudine limen. Haerent parietibus ^ scalae, postisque sub ipsos nituntur gradibus clipeosque ad tela sinistris protecti obiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris. Dardanidae contra turris ac tecta domorum 445 culmina convellunt; his se, quando ultima cernunt, extrema iam in morte parant defenders telis ; auratasque trabes, veterum decora ilia parentum, devolvunt : alii strictis mucronibus imas obsedere fores ; has servant agmine den so. 450 Instaurati animi regis succurrere tectis auxilioque levare vires vimque addere victis. Aeneas mottnts to the roof. Limen erat caecaeque fores et pervius usus tectorum inter se Priami postesque relicti a tergo, infelix qua se, dum regna manebant, 455 saepius Andromache ferre incomitata solebat ad soceros et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat. Evado ad summi fastigia eulminis, unde 1. parietibus : with i consonantal in second syllable. 48 p. VEEGILI MARONIS tela manu miseri iactabant inrita Teueri. Turrim in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra 460 eductam tectis, unde omnis Troia videri et Danaum solitae naves et Achaica, castra, adgressi ferro circum, qua summa labantis iuncturas tabulata dabant, convellimus altis sedibus impulimusque ; ea lapsa repente ruinam 465 cum sonitu trahit et Danaum super agmina late incidit. Ast alii subeunt, nee saxa nee uUum telorum interea cessat genus. Conspicuous among the Cheeks is Pyrrhus. Vestibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus exsultat talis et luce coruscus aena, 470 qualis ubi in lucem coluber mala gramina pastus, frigida sub terra tumidum quern bruma tegebat, nunc positis novus exuviis nitidusque iuventa lubrica convolvit sublato pectore terga, arduus ad solem, et Unguis micat ore trisulcis. 475 Una ingens Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis, armiger Autom^don, una omnis Scyria pubes succedunt tecto et flammas ad culmina iactant. Ipse inter primos correpta dura bipenni limina perrumpit postisque a cardine vellit 480 aeratos ; iamque excisa trabe flrma cavavit robora et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram. Apparet domus intus et atria longa patescunt apparent Priami et veterum penetralia regum armatosque vident stantes in limine primo. 486 AENEIDOS LIB. II. 49 The enemy pour in. \ At domus interior gemitii miseroque tumultu miscetur, penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes femineis ululant ; ferit aurea sidera clamor. Turn, pavidae tectis matres ingentibus errant amplexaeque tenent postis atque oscula ligunt. 490 Instat vi patria Pyrrhus : nee claustra nee ipsi custodes sufferre valent; labat ariete' crebro ianua et emoti procumbunt eardine postes. Fit via vi ; rtimpunt aditus primosque trucidant immissi Danai et late loca milite complent. 495 Non sic, aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amnis exit oppositasque evieit gurgite moles, fertur in arva furens cumulo camposque per omnis cum stabulis armenta trahit. Vidi ipse f urentem caede Neoptolemum geminosque in limine Atridas, 500 vidi Hecubam centumque nurus Priamumque per aras sanguine foedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, ignis. Quinquaginta illi thalami, spes tanta nepotum, barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi, procubuere ; tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis. / 505 The aged Priam is ready to die as a soldier. Forsitan et, Priami fuerint quae fata, requiras. Urbis uti captae casum convolsaque vidit limina tectorum et medium in penetraliMis hostem, arma diu senior desueta trementibus aevo circumdat nequiquam umeris et inutile ferrum 510 cingitur ac densos fertur moriturus in hostis. 1. ariete : with consonantal i. 50 p. VEBGILI MAEONIS Aedibus in mediis nudoque sub aetheris axe ingens ara fuit iuxtaque veterrima laurus, incumbens arae atque umbra complexa Penatis. Hie Hecuba et nt^tae nequiquam altaria circum, 515 praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae, condensae et divum amplexae simulacra sedebant. Ipsum_autem sumptis Priamum iuvenalibus armis ut vidit, ' Quae mens tarn dira, miserrime coniunx. impulit his cingi telis ? Aut quo ruis ? ' inquit. 520 ' Non tali auxilio nee defensoribus istis tempus eget ; non sijpse meus nunc adforet Hector. Hue tandem concede ; haee ara tuebitur omnis, aut moriere simul.' Sic ore effata recepit ad sese et sacra longaevum in sede locavit. 525 Pyrrhus slays him at the altar. Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites, unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostis, porticibus longis fugit et vacua atria lustrat saucius. Ilium ardens infesto volnere Pyrrhus insequitur, iam iamque manu tenet et premit hast'a. 530 Ut tandem ante -oculos evasit et era parentum, concidit ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit. Hie Priamus, quamquam in media iam morte tenetur, non tamen abstinuit nee voci iraeque pepercit : ' At tibi pro scelere ' exclamat, ' pro talibus ausis 535 di, si qua est caelo pietas, quae talia curet, persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum. fecisti et patrios foedasti funere voltus. ABNEIDOS LIB. II. 51 At non ille, satum quo te mentiris, Achilles 540 talis in hoste fuit Pviamo, sed iura fidemque supplicis erubuit corpusque exsangue sepulchre reddidit Hectoreum meque in mea regna remisit.' Sic fatlis senior, telumque inbelle sine ictu conieeit, rauco quod protinus aere repulsum 545 et summo clipei nequiquamumbone pependit. Cui Pyrrhus: 'Eeferes ergo haec et nuntius ibis Pelidae genitori ; illi mea tristia facta degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento; nunc morere.' Hoc dicens altaria ad ipsa tremeutem 550 traxit St in multo lapsantem sanguine nati, implicuitque comam laeva, dextraque coruscura extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem. Haec finis Priami fatorum ; hie exitus ilium sorte tulit, Troiam incensam et prolapsa videntem 555 , Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum regnatorem Asiae. lacet ingens litore truncus avolsumque umeris caput et sine nomine corpus. Aeneas, in horror, remembers his oion home. [At me turn primum saevus circumstetit horror. Obstipui ; subiit cari genitoris imago, 560 ut regem aequaevum crudeli volnere vidi vitam exhalantem ; subiit deserta Creusa et direpta domus ^ et parvi casus luli. Eespicio et, quae sit me circum copia, lustro. Deseruere -enines defessi et corpora saltu 565 ad terram misere aut ignibus aegra dedere. ' 1. domus. 52 p. VEEGILI MAEONIS Tempted to slay Helen, he is restrained by Venus, lamque adeo super unus erara, cum limina Vestae servantem et tacitam secreta in sede latentem Tyndarida aspicio ; dant clara incendia lucem erranti passimque oculos per cuncta ferenti. • 670 Ilia sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros et Danaum poenam-et deserti coniugis iras praemetuens, Troiae et patriae communis Erinys, abdiderat sese atque aris invisa sedebat. Exarsere ignes animo ; subit ira oadentem 575 ulcisci patriam et sceleratas sumere poenas. ' Scilicet haee Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas aspiciet partoque ibit regina triumpho, coniugiumque domumque patres natosque videbit, Iliadum turba et Ph'rygiis comitata ministris ? 680 Occiderit ferro Priamtis ? Troia arserit igni ? Dardanium totiens sudarit sanguine litus ? Non ita. Namque etsi nullum memorabile nomen feminea in poena est nee habet victoria laudem, exstinxisse nefas tamen et suinpsisse merentis 585 laudabor poenas, animumque explesse iuvabit ultricis flammae et ciueressatiasse meorum.' Talia i-actabam et furiata mente ferebar, cum mihi se, non aiite oculis tarn clara, videndam obtulit et pura per noctefn in luce refulsit 690 alma parens, confessa deam qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta solet, dextraque prehensum continuit roseoque haec insuper addidit ore : ' Nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras ? Quid furis? Aut quonam nostri tibi cura recessit ? 595 1 i^\.. JM ^a^ ^» / :^f m 1^ . jg gyK^^M^B^L 1 ^S 1 *9^0h6m^9 1 tiGHrHB f ■jflB^B|^^?'*'^ffflHBi H 1 1 / |1 % f^^"* - * -^StFIMlS^ ■B^pl^ ^"fr-i- ' -; ^mA 1^^ Fig. 12. Minerva. AENEIDOS LIB. II. 53 Nou prius aspicies, ubi fessum aetate parentem liqueris Anchisen, superet coniunxne Creusa, Ascaniusque puer ? Quos omnis undique Graiae circum errant acies et, ni mea cura resistat, iam flammae tulerint inimicus et hauserit ensis. 600 Non tibi Tyndaridis facies invisa Lacaenae culpatusve Paris; divum incleraentia, divum, has evertit opes sternitque a culmine Troiam. Aspice (namque-omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti mortalis hebetat visus tibi et umida circum 605 caligat, nubem eripiam ; tu ne qua parentis iussa time neu praeceptis parere recusa) : hie, ubi disiectas moles avolsaque saxis saxa vides mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum, Neptunus muros magnoque emota tridenti 610 fundamenta quatit totamque a sedibus urbem eruit. Hie luno Scaeas saevisMma portas prima tenet sociumque furens a navibus agmen ferro aceineta vocat. Iam summas arces Tritonia, respice, Pallas 615 insedit, nimbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva. Ipse pater Danais animos virisque seoundas sufflcit, ipse deos in Dardana suscitat arma. Eripe, nate, fugam finemque impone labori. Nusquam abero et tutum patrio te limine sistam.' 620 Dixerat et spissis noetis se condidit umbris. Apparent dirae facies inimicaque Troiae uumina magna deum. 54 p. jVEJRGILI MARONIS Troy falls like a mountain ash. Turn vero omne mihi visum considere in ignis Ilium et ex imo verti Neptunia Troia ; 625 ac veluti summis antiquam in montibus ornum cum ferro accisam cre'brisque bipennibus instant eruere agricolae certatim, ilia usque minatur et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nutat, volneribus donee paulatim evicta supremum 630 congemuit tuaxitque iugis avolsa ruinam. Descendo ac ducente deo flammam inter et hostis expedior ; dant tela locum flammaeque recedunt. Anchises refuses to leave. Atque ubi iam patriae perventum ad limina sedis antiquasque domos, genitor, quern tollere in altos 635 optabam primum montis primumque petebam, abnegat excisa vitam producere Troia exsiliumque pati. ' Vos o, quibus integer aevi sangub,' ait, ' solidaeque suo stant robore vires, vos agitate fugam. 640 Me si caelicolae voluissent ducere vitam, has mihi servassent sedes. Satis una superque vidimus excidia et captae superavimus urbi. Sic o sic positum adfati discedite corpus. Ipse manu mortem iuveniam ; miserebitur hostis 645 exuviasque petet. Facilis iactura sepulchri. Iam pridem invisus divis et inutilis annos demoror, ex quo me divum pater atque hominum rex fulminis adfiavit ventis et contigit igni.' AENEIDOS LIB. II. 55 Aeneas pleads vainly with him. Talia perstabat memorans fixusque manebat. 650 Nos contra effusi lacrimis coniunxque Creusa Ascaniusque omnisque domus, ne vertere secuin cuncta pater fatoque urgent! incumbere vellet. Abnegat inceptoque et sedibus haeret in isdem. Kursus in arma feror mortemque miserrimus opto. 655 Nam quod consilium aut quae iam f ortuna dabatur ? ' Mene efferre pedemj genitor, te posse relicto sperasti, tantumque nefas patrio excidit ore ? Si nihil ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui et sedet hoc animo perituraeque addere Troiae 660 teqne tuosque iuvat, patet isti ianua leto, iamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, gnatum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras. Hoc erat, alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignis eripis, ut mediis liostem in penetralibus utque 665 Ascanium patremque meum iuxtaque Creusam alteram in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam ? Arma, viri, f erte arma ; vocat lux ultima victos. Eeddite me Danais, sinite instaurata revisam proelia. Numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti.' 670 Creusa implores Aeneas not to desert them. Hinc ferro aceingor rursus clipeoque sinistram insertabam aptans meque extra tecta ferebani.. Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine coniunx haerebat parTumque patri tendebat lulum : ' Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum ; 675 sin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis, 56 p. VBRGILI MAKONIS hanc primum tutare domum. Cui parvus lulus, cui pater et\coniunx quondam tua dicta relinquor ? ' The sign from heaven. Talia vociferans geniitu tectum omne replebat, cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. 680 Namque manus inter maestorumque ora parentum ecce levis summo de vertice visus luli fundere lumen apex tactuque innoxia ihollis lambere flamma comas et circum tempora pasci. Nos pavidi trepidare metu crinemque flagrantem 685 excutere et sanetos restinguere fontibus ignis. At pater Anehises oculos ad sidera laetus extulit et caelo palmas cum voce tetendit : ' luppiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris ullis, aspice nos, hoc tantum, et, si pietate meremur, 690 da deinde augurium, pater, atque haec omina firma.' Anehises recognizes the divine call. They leave the house. I Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore intonuit laevum, et de caelo lapsa per umbras Stella facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit. Illam, summa super labentem eulmina tecti, 695 cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva signantemque vias ; turn longo limite sulcus dat lucem, et late circum loca sulpure fumant. Hie vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras adfaturque deos et sanctum sidus adorat. 700 ' lam iam nulla mora est ; sequor et, qua dueitis, adsum. Di patrii, servate domum, servate nepotem. AT'iNBIDOS LIB. II. 57 yestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troia est. Cedo equidem neo, nate, tibi comes ire recuse. Dixerat illcj-et iam per moenia clarior ignis 705 auditiir, propiusque-aestus incendia volvunt. ' Ergo-age, care pater, cervicirHnponere nostrae ; ipse subiba-umeris, nee me labor iste gravabit. Quo res cumque cadent, unum-«t commune pericli;im, una salus ambobus erit. Mihi parvus lulus 710 sit comes, et longe servet vestigia coniunx. Vos, famuli, quae dicam^-animis advertite vestris. Est urba-egressis tumulus templumque vetustum desertae Cereris iuxtaque-antiq^ia cupressus religione patrum multos servata per annos ; 715 banc ex diverse sedem veni'emus in unam. Tu, gfer^tor, cape sacra rtianiu pS,tr1psqiie Pefiatis ; me, bello-e tanto digressum-et caede recenti, attreetare nefas, donee me flumine vivo , abluero.' 720 Haec f atus latos umeros subiectaque colla veste super fjilvique-insternor pelle leonis succedoque-eneri ; dextrae se parvus lulus implicuit sequi|;urque patrem non passibus aequis ; pone subit coniunx. Ferimur per' opaca locorum, 725 et mej quern dudum non uUa iijiecta movebant tela neque-adverso glomerati-ex agmine Gfrai, nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis suspensuB9r-et pariter comitique-onerique timentera. 58 p. VEEGILI MABCKIS Oreusa is lost. Her phantom comforts the grief-stricken husband. IamqueforopiiTq®)ain pojjtis omtiemque'vijdebar T30 B\^sissS viam, subito cum creber, ad I auris visus adesse pedum sonitiis, genitorque per umbram prospiciens, ' Nate/-exclamat, ' fuge,'toate ; prqp'iuquant ; ardentis clipeos atque-aera micantiacerno.' Sio mihi nescio quod trepido male numen aniicum 735 confusam-eripuijb mentem. Namque-avia cursu dtrm s^qt^or\el nobarexcepd r6gi|5iife vikrum, h¥u! mi^erci coniimx fatcKi«-^]jepta Cieusa substitit? Erfaptnfe Via seujlassa rtsedit? Incertum : nee post oculis est reddita nostris, 740 nee prius amissam respexir-aniyiiumYe reflexi, quam tumuluiB-antiquae Cerevis sedjemque sacratam venimus. Hie demum coUectis omnibus una defuit et comites natumque virumque fefellit. i Quern non incusavir-amens hominumqi^ deorunJque,' 745 aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe ? Ascanium-Anchisenque 'patrem TeuJcrosque Penatis commendo sociis et curva/valle recondo ; ipse«*rbem repet«tft cingor fuligentibus armis. Stat casus renovare omnis omnemque reverti 750 per Troiam et rursus caput obiectare periclis. Principio muros obscuraque limina portae, qua gressum extuleram, repeto et vestigia retro observata sequor per noctem et lumine lustro. Horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent. 755 Inde domum, si forte pedem, si forje tulisset, me refero. Inruerant Danai et tectum omne tenebant. 1. deorumgue : with -qiie hypermetrio. AENEIDOS LIB. H. 59 Ilieet ignis edax summa, ad fastigia vento volvitur; exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad auras. Procedo et Priam i sedes arcemque revise. ' 760 Et iam. porticibus vacuis lunonis asylo custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulixes praedam adservabant. Hue undique Troia gaza incensis erepta adytis mensaeque deorum crateresque auro solidi captivaque vestis 765 congeritur. Pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres stant circum. Ausus quin etiam voces iactare per umbram implevi clamore vias maestusque Creusam. nequiquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque vocavi. 770 Quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti infelix siniulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creusae visa mihi ante oeulos et nota maior imago. Obstipui, steteruntque ^ comae et vox faucibus haesit. Turn sic adfari et curas his demere dictis : 775 'Quid tantum insano iuvat indulgere dolori, o dulcis eoniunx ? Non haec sine numine divum eveniunt ; nee te comitem hinc portare Creusam fas aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi. Longa tibi exsilia, et vastum maris aequor arandum ; 780 et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris. lllic res laetae regnumque et regia eoniunx parta tibi. Lacrimas dilectae pelle Creusae. Non ego Myrmidonura sedes Dolopumve superbas 785 aspiciam aut Grais servitam matribus ibo, 1. stetSrunt. 60 p. VBKGILI MAEONIS Dardanis et divae Veneris nunis ; . sed me ^agna deum^eE^fcrixjhia detinet oris. lamque vale et naj daerva cq miliuniSjacaoi'ein/ Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et inulta ypleutem 790 ,dJiXMLJ3aij ia TOii tei'sErustra Ssmpfenira) manus ef par levibus veutis -^^iCTique simT Sic^uuL^i soeios consumptgjiycte reviso. 795 The exiles set forth as the morning star rises. ^> jX, Atque hie ingentem comitu,m aanuxisse novorum invenio admirans numerum, matrespiue virosque, collectam ^silio *uDem, miserabile valgus. Undique conveners, animis opibusque parati, in quascumque velim pel ago deaTfcer etietras. 800 lamque iugig_summae surgebat liuc^r Idae ducebatque diem. Danaique obsesslTtenebant limina portai^um, nee spes opisS ulla dabatur. Cess^Jt sudMo montis genitore petivi. Fig. 13; Tabula Iliac a (story of Book II.). AENEIDOS LIBER III. The Trojans build a fleet and set sail. Postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem immeritam visum superis ceciditque superbum Ilium et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troia, diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere terras auguriis agimur divum classemque sub ipsa 6 Antandro et Phrygiae molimur montibus Idae, incerti, quo fata ferant, ubi sistere detur, contrahimusque viros. Vix prima inceperat aestas, et pater Anchises dare fatis vela iubebat : litora cum patriae lacrimans portusque relinquo 10 et campos, ubi Troia fuit. Feror exsul in altum cum sociis natoque, Penatibus et magnis dis. A town is founded in Thrace. Terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia campis (Thraces arant), acri quondam regnata Lycurgo, hospitium antiquum Troiae sociique Penates, 15 dum fortuna fuit. Feror hue et litore curvo moenia prima loco, fatis ingressus iniquis, Aeneadasque meo nomen de nomine fingo. 61 62 p. VBRGILI MAK0NI8 Blood drops from myrtle shoots. Sacra Dionaeae matri divisque ferebam auspicibus coeptorum operum superoque nitentem 20 caelicolum regi mactabam in litore taurura. Forte fuit iuxta tumulus, quo cornea summo virgulta et densis bastilibus horrida myrtus. Accessi, viridemque ab humo convellere silvam conatus, ramis tegerem ut frondentibus aras, 25 horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstrum. Nam quae prima solo ruptis radicibus arbos vellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae et terram tabo maculant. Mihi frigidus horror membra quatit, gelidnsque coit formidine sanguis. 30 Rursus et alter ius lentuni convellere vimen insequor et causas penitus temptare latentis ; ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis. Multa movens animo Nymphas venerabar agrestis G-radivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis, 35 rite secundarent visus omenque levarent. Tertia sed postquam maiore hastilia nisu adgredior genibusque adversae obluctor harenae (eloquar, an sileam ?), gemit^s lacrimabilis imo auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad auris : 40 ' Quid miserum, Aenea, laceras ? lam parce sepulto, parce pias scelerare manus. Non me tibi Troia Bxternum tulit, aut cruor hie de stipite manat. Heu! fuge crudelis terras, fuge litus avanim. Nam Polydorus ego. Hie confixum ferrea texit 46 telorum seges et iaculis increvit acutis.' AENEIDOS LIB. III. 63 Turn vero ancipiti meutem formidine pressus obstipui steteruntque ^ comae et vox faucibus haesit. The story of murdered Polydorus. Huiic Polydorum auri quondam cum pondere magno . infelix Priamus furtim mandarat alendum 50 Threicio regi, cum iam diffideret armis Dardauiae cingique urbem obsidione videret. Ille, ut opes fractae Teucrum et fortuna recessit, res Agamemnoiiias victriciaque arma secufus fas omne abrumpit ; Polydorum obtruncat et auro 55 vi potitur.^ Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, auri sacra fames ! Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, delectos populi ad proceres primumque parentem monstra deum refero et, quae sit sententia, posco. Omnibus idem animus, scelerata exeedere terra, 60 linqui pollutum hospitium et dare classibus Austros. Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus, et ingens aggeritur tumulo tellus ; stant Manibus arae, caeruleis maestae vittis atraque cupresso, et circum Iliades crinem de more solutae ; 65 inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte sanguinis et sacri pateras, animamque sepulchre condimus et magna supremum voce ciemus. Inde ubi prima fides pelago, placataque venti dant maria et lenis crepitans vocat Auster in altum, 70 deducunt sooii navis et litora complent. . Proveliimur portu, terraeque urbesque recedunt. 1. stetSrunt. 2. potltur. S4 p. VBBGILi MAKONIS The Trojans reach Delos. Sacra mari colitur medio gratissima tellus N"ereid.um matri' et Neptuno Aegaeo, juam plus Arquitenens oras et litora circum 75 jrrantem Mycono e eelsa Gyaroque revinxit immotamque coli dedit et contemnere ventos. Hue feror ; haec f essos tuto placidissima portu iccipit. Egressi veneramur Apollinis urbem. Bex Anius, rex idem hominum Phoebique sacerdos, 80 i^ittis et sacra redimitus tempora lauro Docurrit, veterem Anchisen adgnoscit amicum ; .ungimus hospitio dextras et tecta subimus. The oracle of Apollo seems to direct them to Crete. Templa dei saxo venerabar structa vetusto : Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum, da moenia f essis 85 3t genus et mansuram urbem ; serva altera Troiae Pergama, reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli. 3uem sequimur ? Quove ire iubes ? Ubi ponere sedes? Da, pater, augurium atque animis inlabere nostris.' Vix ea f atus eram : tremere omnia visa repente, 90 iiminaque'' laurusque dei, totusque moveri nons circum et mugire adytis cortina reclusis. Summissi petimus terram, et vox fertur ad auris : Dardanidae duri, quae vos a stirpe parentum prima tulit tellus, eadem vos ubere laeto 95 iccipiet reduces. Antiquam exquirite matrem. Hie domus Aeneae cunctis dominabitur oris, 1. matri | et Neptuno \ Aegaeo : hiatus. 2. liminaque. AENEIDOS LIB. III. 65 et nati natorum et qui nascentur ab illis.' Haec Phoebus ; raixtoque ingens exorta tumultu laetitia et cuncti, quae sint ea moenia, quaerunt, loO quo Phoebus vocet errantis iubeatque reverti. Turn genitor, veterum volvens monumenta tirorum, ' Audite, o proceres,' ait, ' et spes discite vestras. Greta lovis magni medio iacet insula pontd, mons Idaeus ubi et gentis cunabula nostrae. 105 Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima vegna ; maximus unde pater, si rite audita recorder, Teucrus Ehoeteas pfimum est advectus adoras optavitque locum regno. Nondum Ilium et arces Pergameae steterant ; habitabant vallibus imis. no Hinc Mater cultrix Cybelae Corybantiaque aera Idaeumque nemus,'' hinc fida silentia sacris; et iuncti currum dominae subiere leones. , ' Ergo agite et, divum ducunt qua iussa, sequamur ; placemus ventos et Gnosia regna petamus. 115 Nee longo distant cursu ; modo luppiter adsit, tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in oris.' Sic fatus meritos aris mactavit honores, taurum Neptuno, taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo, nigram Hiemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam. 120 In Crete they found a new Pergamum, but are afflicted with pestilence. Fama volat pulsum regnis cessisse paternis Idomenea ducem, desertaque litora Cretae, hoste vacare domos sedesque adstare relictas. - Linquimus Ortygiae portus pelagoque volamus, 1. nemus. 66 p. VBEGILI MAKONIS bacchatamque iugis Naxon viridemque Donusam, 125 Olearon niveamque Paron sparsasque per aequor Cycladas et crebvis legimiis f reta concita terris. Nauticus exoritur vario certainine clamor ; hortantur soeii, ' Cretam proavosque petamus.' Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis 130 et tandem antiquis Curetum adlabimur oris. Ergo avidus mures optatae molior urbis Pergameamque voce et laetam cognomine gentem hortor amare focos arcemque attollere tectis. lamque fere sicco subductae litore puppes ; 135 conubiis^ arvisque novis operata iu ventus; iura domosque dabam : subito cum tabida membris, eorrupto caeli traetu, miserandaque venit arboribusque satisque lues et letifer annus. Linquebant dulcis animas aut aegra trahebant 140 corpora ; turn sterilis exurere Sirius agros ; arebant herbae et victum seges aegra negabat. Rursus ad oraclum Ortygiae Phoebumque remenso hortatur pater ire mari veniamque precari, quam fessis finem rebus ferat, unde laborum 145 temptare auxiiium iubeat, quo vertere cursus. In a vision, the Penates direct Aeneas to Italy. Nox erat et terris animalia somnus habebat; effigies sacrae divum Phrygiique Penates, quos mecum a Troia mediisque ex ignibus urbis extuleram, visi ante oculos adstare iacentis 150 in somnis, multo manifesti lumine, qua se 1. conubiis: a trisyllable, the first i being consonantal. AENEIDOS LIB. HI. 67 plena per insertas fundebat luna fenestras ; turn sic adfari et curas bis demere dictis : ' Qtiod tibi delato Ortygiam dicturus Apollo est, hie canit et tua nos en ultro ad limina mittit. 155 Nos te Dardania incensa tuaque arma secuti, nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor, idem ventures tollemus in astra nepotes imperiumque urbi dabimus. Tii moenia magnis magna para longumque f ugae ne linque laborem. 160 Mutandae sedes. Non haec tibi litora suasit Delius aut Cretae iussit considere Apollo. Est locus, Hesperiam Grai cognomine dicunt, terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae ; Oenotri coluere viri ; nunc fama minores 165 Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem. Hae nobis propriae sedes, hinc Dardanus ortus lasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum. Surge age et haec laetus longaevo dicta parenti baud dubitanda refer, Corythum terrasque requirat no Ausonias ; Dictaea negat tibi luppiter arva.' Talibus attoiiitus visis et voce deorum (nee sopor illud erat, sed coram adgnoscere voltus velatasque comas praesentiaque ora videbar ; turn gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor) 173 corripio e stratis corpus tendoque supinas ad caelum cum voce manus et munera libo intemerata focis. Perfecto laetus honore Anchisenfacio certum remque ordine pando. Adgnovit prolem ambiguam geminosque parentes, 180 68 p. VEEGILI MARONIS seque novo veterum deceptum errore locorum. Turn memorat : ' Nate, Iliacis exercite fatis, sola mihi ^ talis casus Cassandra canebat. Nunc repeto haec generi portendere debita nostro, et saepe Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare. 185 Sed quis ad Hesperiae ventures litora Teucros crederet ? Aut quern turn vates Cassandra moveret ? Cedamus Phoebo et moniti meliora sequamur.' Sic ait et cuncti dicto paremus ovantes. Hanc quoque deserimus sedem paucisque relictis 190 vela damns vastumque cava trabe currimus aequor. Driven by a storm to the Strophades, they are attacked by the Harpies. Postquam altum tenuere rates nee iam amplius ullae apparent terrae, caelum undique et undique pontus, tum mihi caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber, noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. 195 Continue venti volvunt mare magnaque surgunt aequora ; dispersi iactamur gurgite vasto. Involvere diem nimbi et nox umida caelum abstulit ; ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes. Excutimur cursu et caecis erramus in undis. 200 Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere caelo nee meminisse viae media Palinurus in unda. Tris adeo incertos caeca caligine soles erramus pelago, totidem sine sidere noctes. Quarto terra die primum se attollere tandem 205 visa, aperire procul mentis ac volvere fumum. Vela cadunt, remis insurgimus ; baud mora, nautae 1. mihi. AENEIDOS LIB. III. 69 adnixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt. Servatum ex undis Strophadum me litora primum excipiunt. Strophades G-raio stant nomine dictae 210 insulae - lonio in magno, quas diva Celaeno Harpyiaeque colunt aliae, Phineia postquam clausa domus mensasque metu liquere priores. Tristius haud illis monstrum nee saevior ulla pestis et ira deum Stygiis sese extulit undis. 215 Virginei volucrum voltus, foedissima ventris proluvies, uncaeque manus, et pallida semper ora fame. Hue ubi delati portus intravimus, ecce laeta bourn passim campis armenta videmus 220 caprigenumque pecus nullo custode per herbas. Inruimus ferro et divos ipsumque vocamus in partem praedamque lovem ; turn litore curvo exstruimusque toros dapibusque epulamur opimis. At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt 225 Harpyiae et magnis quatiunt clangoribus alas diripiuntque dapes eontaotuque omnia foedant immundo ; tum vox taetrum dira inter odorem. Eursum in secessu longo sub rupe cavata arboribus clausa circum atque horrentibus umbris 230 instruimus mensas arisque reponimus ignem ; rursum ex diverso caeli caecisque latebris turba sonans praedam pedibus eireuinvolat uncis, poUuit ore dapes. Sociis tunc, arma capessant, edico, et dira bellum cum gente gerendum. 235 Haud secus ac iussi f aciunt tectosque per herbam 1. insulse lonio : semi-hiatus 70 p. VEBGILI MAKONIS disponunt enses et scuta latentia condunt. Ergo ubi delapsae sonitum per ciirva dedere Litora, dat signum specula Misenus ab alta lere cavo. Invadunt socii et nova proelia temptant, 240 abscenas pelagi ferro foedare volucres. Sed neque vim plumis ullam nee volnera tergo accipiunt, celerique fuga sub sidera lapsae semesam praedam et vestigia foeda relinquunt. Una in praecelsa consedit rupe Celaeno, 245 infelix vates, rumpitque hano pectore vocem : 'Bellum etiam pro caede boum sti-atisque iuvencis, Laomedoutiadae, bellumne inferre paratis et patrio Harpyias insontis pellere regno ? A-ccipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta. 250 Quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Phoebus Apollo praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxima pando. Italiam cursu petitis, ventisque vocatis Lbitis Italiam portusque intrare licebit ; sed non ante datam cingetis moenibus urbem, 255 quam vos dira fames nostraeque iniuria caedis inibesas subigat malis absumere mensas.' Dixit et in silvam pinnis ablata refugit. At sociis subita gelidus formidine sanguis deriguit ; cecidere animi, nee iam amplius armis, 260 3ed votis precibusque iubent exposcere pacem, sive deae sen sint dirae obscenaeque volucres. Et pater Anchises passis de litore palmis iiumina magna vocat meritosque indicit honores : ' Di, prohibete minas, di, talem avertite casum 265 et placidi servate pios ! ' Turn litore funem AENEIDOS LIB. III. 71 deripere excussosque iubet laxare rudentes. Tendunt vela noti ; fugimiis spumantibus undis, qua cursum ventusque gubernatorqiie vocabat. lam medio apparet fluctu nemorosa ^ Zacynthos 270 DulicMuraque Sameque et Neritos ardua saxis. EfEugimus scopulos Ithacae, Laertia regna, et terram altricem saevi exsecramur Ulixi ; mox et Leucatae nimbosa eacumina montis et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo. 275 Huuc petimus fessi et parvae succedimus urbi ; ancora de prora iacitur, stant litore puppes. • Games are solemnized at Actium, whence they sail to Buthrotum._ Ergo insperata tandem tellure potiti lustramurque lovi votisque incendiraus aras Actiaque Iliacis celebramus litora ludis. 280 Exereent patrias oleo labente palaestras nudati soeii ; iuvat evasisse tot urbes Argolicas mediosque fugam tenuisse per hostis. Interea magnum sol circumvolvitur annum et glacialis hiems Aquilonibus asperat undas : 285 aere cavo clipeum, magni gestamen Abantis, postibus adversis figo et rem carmine signo, 'AENEAS HAEC DB DANAIS VIOTOKIBUS AEMA.' Linquere tum portus iubeo et considere transtris; certatim soeii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt. 290 Protinus aerias Phaeacum abscondimus arces, litoraque Epiri legimus portuque subimus Chaonio et oelsam Buthroti accedimus urbem. 1. nemorosa Zacynthos. 72 p. VEBGILI MABONIS The meeting with Andromache and Helenus. Hie iucredibilis rerum fama occupat auris, Priamiden Heleaum Graias regnare per urbes, 295 coBiugio Aeacidae Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum, et patrio Andromaehen iterum eessisse marito. Obstipui, miroque ineensum pectus amore coijipellare virum et casus cognoscere tantos. "'l^rogredior portu, elassis et litora linquens, 300 sollemnis cum forte dapes et tristia dona ante urbem in luco falsi Simoentis ad undam libabat cineri Andromache Manisque vocabat Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem caespite inanem et geminas, causam lacrimis, sacraverat aras. 305 Ut me conspexit venientem et Troia circum arma amens vidit, magnis exterrita monstris derig^it visu in medio, calor ossa reliquit, labitur et longo vix tandem tempore fatur : ' Verane te facies, verus mihi nuntius adfers, 3io nate dea ? Vivisne ? Aut si lux alma recessit, Hector ubi est ? ' Dixit lacrimasque effudit et omnem implevit clamore locum. Vix pauca furenti subicio et raris turbatus vocibus hisco : ' Vivo equidem vitamque extrema per omnia duco ; 315 ne dubita, nam vera vides. Hen ! quis te casus deiectam coniuge tanto excipit, aut quae digna satis fortuna revisit, Hectoris Andromache ? Pyrrhiu conubia servas ? ' Deiecit voltum et demissa voce locuta est : 320 ' felix una ante alias Priameia virgo. ABNEIDOS LIB. III. 73 hostilem ad tumulum Troiae sub moenibus altis iussa mori, quae sortitus non pertulit ullos nee vietoris eri tetigit captiva cubile ! Nos pati'ia incensa diversa per aequora vectae 325 stirpis Achilleae fastus iuvenemque superbum, servitio enixae, tulimus ; qui deiride, secutus Ledaeam Hermionen Lacedaemoniosque hymenaeos, me famulo famulamque Heleno transmisit habendam. Ast ilium ereptae magno inflammatus amore 330 coniugis et scelerum Furiis agitatus Orestes excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad aras. Morte Neoptolemi regnorum reddita cessit pars Heleno, qui Chaonios cognomine campos Chaoniamque omnem Troiano a Chaoue dixit, 335 Pergamaque Iliacamque iugis hanc addidit arcem. Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae fata dedere ? Aut quisnam ignarum noStris deus appulit oris ? Quid puer Ascanius ? Siiperatne et vescitur aura, quern tibi iam Troia . . .. ? 340 Ecqua tamen puero est amissae cura parentis ? Ecquid in antiquam virtutem animosque virilis et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitat Hector ? ' Talia fundebat lacrimans longosque ciebat incassum fletus, cum sese a moenibus heros 345 Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus adfert, adgnoscitque suos laetusque ad limina ducit et multum lacrimas verba inter singula fundit. Procedo et parvam Troiam simulataque magnis Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum 350 adgnosco Scaeaeque amplector limina portae. 74 p. VEKGILI MAKONIS Nec non et Teupri socia simul urbe fruuntur, lUos porticibus rex accipiebat in amplis ; aulai medio libabant poeula Bacchi, impositis auro dapibus, paterasque tenebant. 355 Helenus, as seer, is consulted by Aeneas. lamque dies alterque dies processit, et aurae Tela vocant tumidoque inflatur carbasus Austro : his vatem adgredior dictis ac talia quaeso : ' Troiugena, interpres divum, qui numina Pboebi, qui tripodas, Clarii laurus, qui sidera sentis 360 et volucrum linguas et praepetis omina pinuae, fare age (namque omnem cursum mihi prospera dixit religio, et cuncti suaserunt numine di'vi Italian! petere et terras temptare repostas ; sola novum dictuque nefas Harpyia Celaeno 365 prodigium can it et tristis denuntiat iras obscenamque famem), quae prima pericula vito ? Quidve sequens tantos possim superare labores ? ' Hie Helenus, caesis primum de more iuvencis, exorat pacem divum vittasque resolvit 370 sacrati capitis meque ad tua limina, Phoebe, ipse manu multo suspensum numine ducit, atque haec deinde canit divino ex ore saeerdos : The prophecy of Helenus. They must avoid Scylla and Oharybdis, and seek the Sibyl. ' Nate dea, nam te maioribus ire per altum auspiciis manifesta fides (sic fata; deum rex 375 sortitur volvitque vices, is vertitur ordo), o ABNEIDOS LIB. in. 75 pauca tibi e inultis, quo tutior hospita lustres aequora et Ausouio possis considere portu, expediam dictis ; prohibent nam cetera Pareae scire Helenum farique vetat Saturnia luno. 380 Principio Italiam, quam tu iam rere propinquara vicinosque, ignare, paras invadere portus, longa procul longis via dividit invia terris. Ante et Trinacria lentandus remus in unda et salis Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor 385 infernique lacus Aeaeaeque insula Circae, quam tuta possis urbem componere terra. Signa tibi dieam, tu condita mente teneto. Cum tibi sollicito secret! ad fluminis undam litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus 390 triginta capitum fetus enixa iacebit, alba solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati, is locus urbis erit, requies ea carta laborum. Nee tu mensarum morsus horresce futures ; fata viam invenient aderitque Yocatus Apollo. 395 Has autem terras Italique banc litoris oram, proxima quae nostri perfunditur aequoris aestu, effuge ; cuncta malis habitantur moenia Grais. Hie et Narycii posuerunt moenia Locri et Sallentinos obsedit milite campos 400 Lyctius Idomeneus, hie ilia ducis Meliboei parva Philoctetae subnixa Petelia muro. Quin ubi transmissae steterint trans aequora classes et positis aris iam vota in litore solves, , purpureo velare comas adqpertus amictu, 405 ne qua inter sanctos ignis in honore deorum 76 p. VERGILI MAEONIS hostilis facies oecurrat et omina turbet. Huno socii morem sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto, hac oasti maneant in religione nepotes. Ast ubi digressum Siculae te admoyerit orae 410 ventus et angusti rarescent claustra Pelori, laeva tibi ^ tellus et longo laeva petantur aequora circuitu ; dextrum fuge litus et undas. Haec loca vi quondam et vasta convolsa ruina (tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare yetustas) 415 dissiluisse ferunt, cum protinus utraque tellus una f oret ; yenit medio yi pontus et undis Hesperium Siculo latus abscidit arvaque et urbes litore diductas angusto interluit aestu. Dextrum Soylla latus, laeyum implacata Chary bdis 420 obsidet atque imo barathri ter gurgite vastos sorbet in abruptum fluctus rursusque sub auras erigit alternos et sidera verberat unda. At Seyllam caecis cohibet spelunca latebris ora exsertantem et navis in saxa trabentem. 426 Prima hominis facies et pulchro pectore virgo pube tenus, postrema immani corpore pistrix, delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum. Praestat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachyni cessantem longos et circumflectere cursus, 430 quam semel informem vasto yidisse sub antro Seyllam et caeruleis canibus resonantia saxa. Praeterea, si qua est Heleno prudentia, vati si qua fides, animum si yeris implet Apollo, unum illud tibi, nate dea, proque omnibus unura 435 praedicam et repetens iterumque iterumque mouebo : 1. tibi. ABNEIDOS LIB. III. 77 lunonis magnae primtim preoe numen adora, lunoni cane vota libens dominamque potentem supplicibus supera donis : sic denique victor Trinaeria finis Italos mittere relicta. 440 Hue ubi delatus Cumaeam accesseris urbem divinosque lacus et Averna sonantia silvis, iusanam vatem aspicies, quae rupe sub ima fata canit foliisque notas et nomina mandat. Quaecumque in foliis descripsit carmina virgo, 445 digerit in numerum atque antro seclusa relinquit. Ilia manent immota locis neque ab ordine cedunt ; verum eadem, verso tenuis cum cardine ventus impulit et teneras turbavit ianua frondes, numquam deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo 450 nee revocare' situs aut iu,ngere carmina curat; inconsulti abeunt sedemque odere Sibyllae. Hie tibi ne qua morae fuerint dispendia tanti, quamvis increpitent socii et vi curstis in altum vela vocet possisque sinus implere secundos, 455 quin adeas vatem preeibusque oracula poscas ipsa canat vocemque volens atque ora resolvat. nia tibi Italiae populos venturaque bella et quo quemque modo fugiasque ferasque laborem, expediet cursusque dabit venerata secundos. 460 Haeo sunt, quae nostra liceat te voce moneri. Vade age et ingentem factis fer ad aethera Troiam.' Heleniis gives them rich gifts. Quae postquam vates sic ore effatus amic.o est, dona dehinc auro gravia^ sectoque elephanto 1. gravid: 78 p. VERGILI MARONIS imperat ad navis f erri stipatque carinis 465 ingens argentum Dodonaeosque lebetas, loricam consertam hamis auroque ■brilioem et conum insignis galeae crigtasque comantis, arma Neoptolemi. Sunt et sua dona parenti. Addit equos additque duces ; 470 remigium supplet ; socios simul instruit armis. An affectionate farewell. Interea classem velis aptare iubebat Anchises, fieret vento mora ne qua ferenti. Quern Phoebi interpres multo compellat honore : ' Coniugio, Anchisa, Veneris dignate superbo, 475 cura deum, bis Pergameis erepte ruinis, ecce tibi Ausoniae tellus ; banc arripe velis. Et tamen banc pelago praeterlabare necosse est ; Ausoniae pars ilia procul, quam pandit Apollo. Vade', ait, ' o felix nati pietate. Quid ultra 480 provehor et fando surgentis demoror austros ? ' Nee minus Andromacbe, digressu maesta supremo, fert picturatas auri subtemine vestes et Phrygiam Ascanio chlamydem, nee eedit honori, textilibusque onerat donis ac talia fatur : 485 ' Aceipe et baee, manuum tibi quae monumenta mearum sint, puer, et longum Andromachae testentur amorem, coniugis Heetoreae. Cape dona extrema tuorum, o mihi sola mei super Astyanaetis imago. Sie oeulos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat ; 490 et nunc aequali tecum ptibesceret aevo.' Hos ego digrediens lacrimis adfabar obortis : ABNEIDOS LIB. III. 79 'Vivite felices, quibus est fortuna peracta iam sua ; nos alia ex aliis in fata vocamur. Vobis parta quies ; nullum maris aequor arandum, 495 arva neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retro quaerenda. Effigiem Xanthi Troiamque videtis, quam vestrae fecere manus, melioribus, opto, auspiciis et quae fuerit minus obvia Grais. Si quando Thybrim vicinaque Thybridis arva SOO intraro gentique meae data moenia cernam, cognatas urbes olim populosque propinquos, Epiro, Hesperia, quibus idem Dardanus auctor atque idem casus, unam faeiemus utramque Troiam animis ; maneat nostros ea cura nepotes.' S05 Italy at last. Sacrifice offered at Castrum Minervae. Provehimur pelago vieina Ceraunia iuxta, unde iter Italiam cursusque brevissimus undis. Sol ruit interea et montes umbrantur opaci. Sternimur optatae gremio telluris ad undam, sortiti remos, passimque in litore sicco 510 corpora curamus ; fessos sopor inrigat artus. Necdum orbem medium Nox Horis acta subibat : baud segnis stratb surgit Palinurus et omnis explorat ventos atque auribus aSra captat, sidera cuncta notat tacito labentia caelo, 515 Arcturum pluviasqne Hyadas geminosque Triones, armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona, Postquam cuiicta videt caelo constare sereno, dat elarum e puppi signum ; nos castra movemus temptamusque viam et velorum pandimus alas. 520 80 p. VBRGILI MABONIS lamque rubescebSt stellis Aurora fugatis, cuin procul obscuros collis humilemque videmus Italiam. Italiam primus conclamat Achates, Italiam laeto socii clamore salutant. Turn pater Anchises magnum cratera corona 525 induit implevitque mero divosque vocavit stans celsa in puppi : ' Di maris et terrae tempestatumque potentes, ferte viam vento facilem et spirate secundi ! ' Crebrescunt optatae aurae, portusque patescit 530 iam propior, templumque apparet in Arce Minervae. Vela legunt socii et proras ad litora torquent. Portus ab Euroo fluctu eurvatus in arcum ; obiectae salsa spumant adspargine cautes, ipse latet ; gemino demittunt braechia muro 535 turriti scopuli, refugitque ab litore templum. Quattuor hie, primum omen, equos in gramine vidi, tondentis campum late, candore nivali. Et pater Anchises : ' Bellum, o terra hospita, portas ; bello armantur equi, bellum haec armenta rainantur. 540 Sad tamen idem olim curru succedere sueti quadrupedes et frena iugo concordia ferre : spas et pacis,' ait. Turn numina sancta precamur Palladis armisonae, quae prima accepit ovantis, et capita ante aras Phrygio velamur amictu, 545 ■praeceptisque Heleni, dederat quae maxima, rite lunoni Argivae iussos adolemus honores. Hand mora, continue parfectis ordina votis cornua velataram obvertimus antemnarum Graiugenumqiie domos suspectaque linquimus arva. 550 AENEIDOS LIB. III. 81 Hinc sinus Herculei, si vera est fama, Tarenti cernitur ; attoUit se diva Laciuia contra Caulonisque arces et navifragum Scylaceum. Turn procul e fluctu Trinacria cernitur Aetna et gemitum ingentem pelagi pulsataque saxa 655 audimus longe fractasque ad litora voces exsultantque yada atque aestu miscentur harenae. Et pater Anchises : ' Nimirum haec ilia Charybdis ; hos Helenus scopulos, haec saxa horrenda canebat. Eripite, o socii pariterque insurgite remis.' 560 Hand minus ac iussi faciunt, primusque rudentem contorsit laevas proram Palinurus ad undas ; laevam cuncta cohors remis ventisque petivit. TolMmur in caelum curvato gurgite et idem subducta ad Manis imos desedimus unda ; 565 ter scopuli olamorem inter cava saxa dedere, ter spumam elisain et rorantia vidimus astra. Interea fessos ventus cum sole reliquit ignarique viae Cyclopum adlabimur oris. A night of terror near Mount Aetna. Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus et ingens 570 ipse, sed horrificis iuxta toiiat Aetna ruinis, interdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera nubem, turbine fumantem piceo et candente favilla, attoUitque globos flammarum et sidera lambit; interdum scopulos avolsaque viscera mentis 575 erigit eructans, liquefactaque saxa sub auras cum gemitu glomerat, fundoque exaestuat imo. Fama est Enceladi semustum fulmine corpus 82 p. VERGILI MARONIS urgeri mole hac ingentemque insuper Aetnam impositam ruptis flammam exspirare caminis, et fessLim quotiens mutet latus, intremere omnem murmure Trinacriam et caelum subtexere fumo. Noctem illam tecti silvis immania monstra perferimus nee, quae sonitum det causa, videmus, nam neque erant astrorum ignes nee lucidus aethra siderea polus, obscuro sed nubila caelo, et lunam in nimbo nox intempesta tenebat. 580 585 Fig. 17. Mount Aetna from Taormina. A starved Greek appears, entreating aid, and tells a tale of horror. Postera iamque dies pr'imo surgebat Eoo umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbrani, cum subito e silvis, macie coiifecta suprema, 590 ignoti nova forma viri miserandaque cultu AENEIDOS LIB. III. 83 prpcedit supplexque manus ad litora tendit. Kespicimus. Dira inluvies, immissaque barba, consertum tegumen spiiiis ; at cetera Graius, et quondam patriis ad Troiam missus in armis. 595 Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Tro'ia vidit arma procul, paulum aspectu conterritus haesit continuitque gradum ; mox sese ad litora praeceps cum fietu precibusque tulit : ' Per sidera tester, per superos atque hoc caeli spirabile lumen, 600 toUite me, Teucri ; quascumqiie abducite terras ; hoc sat erit. Scio ' me Danais e classibus unum, et bello Iliacos fateor petiisse Penatis. Pro quo, si sceleris tanta est iniuria nostri, spargite me in fluctus vastoque immergite ponto : 605 si pereo,^ hominum manibus periisse iuvabit.' Dixerat et genua amplexus genibusque volutans haerebat. Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus, hortamur, quae deiude agitet fortuna, fateri. Ipse pater dextram Anchises, hand multa moratus, 6io dat iuveni atque animum praesenti pignore firmat. lUe haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur : ' Sum patria ex Ithaca, comes inf elicis Ulixi, nomine Acha.emenides, Troiam genitore Adamasto paupere (mansissetque utinam fortuna !) profectus. 615 Hie me, dum trepidi crudelia limina linquunt, immemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro deseruere. Domus sanie dapibusque cruentis, intus opaca, ingens. Ipse arduus, altaque pulsat sidera — di, talem terris avertite pestem ! — 620 1. sciO. 2. pereo, hominum : hiatus. 84 p. VBBGILI MAROKIS nec visu facilis nee dictu adfabilis ulli. Visoeribus miserorum et sanguine vescitur atro. Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora nostro prensa manu magna medio resupinus in antro frangeret ad saxum sanieque aspersa natarent 625 limina ; vidi atro cum membra fluentia tabo manderet et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus. Haud impune quidem ; nec talia passus TJlixes oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto. Nam simul expletus dapibus vinoque sepultus 630 cervicem inflexam posuit iacuitquo per antrum immensus, saniem eruotans frusta cruento per somnum coramixta mero, nos, magna precati numina sortitique vices, una undique cireum f undimur et telo lumen terebramus acuto 635 ingens, quod torva solum sub fronte latebat, Argolici clipei aut Phoebeae lampadis instar, et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras. Sed fugite, o miseri, fugite atque ab litore funem rumpite. 640 Nam qualis quantusque cave Polyphemus in antro lanigeras claudit pecudes atque ubera pressat, centum alii curva haec habitant ad litora volgo infandi Cyclopes et altis montibus errant. Tertia iam lunae se cornua lumine complent, 645 cum vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum lustra doinosque traho vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas prospicio sonitumque pedum vocemque tremesco. Victum infelicem, bacas lapidosaque corna, dant rami, et volsis pascunt radicibus herbae. 650 ABNEIDOS LIB. III. 85 Omnia conlustrans hanc primum ad litora classem prospexi veuientem. Huic me, quaecumque fuisset, addixi ; satis est gentem effugisse nef andam. Vos animam hanc potius quocumque absumite leto.' The Trojans see Polyphemus and the rest of the Cyclopes. A north wind saves them from Scylla and Charybdis. Vix ea fatus erat, summo cum monte videmns 655 ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem pastorem Polyphemum et litora nota petentem, monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, eui lumen ademptum. Trunca manu pinus regit et vestigia firmat ; lanigerae comitantur oves ; ea sola voluptas 660 solamenque mali. Postquam altos tetigit fluctus et ad aequora venit, luminis effossi fluidum lavit inde cruorem, dentibus infrendens gemitu, graditiirque per aequor iam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit. 665 Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere f unem ; Terrimus et proni certantibus aequora remis. Sensit et ad sonitiim vocis vestigia torsit. Verum ubi nulla datur dextra affectare potestas 670 nee potis lonios fluctus aequare sequendo, clamorem immeusum tollit, quo pontus et omnes contremuere undae penitusque exterrita tellus Italiae curvisque immugiit Aetna cavernis. At genus e silvis Cyclopum et montibus altis 675 excitum ruit ad portus et litora complent. Cernimus adstantis nequiquam lumine torvo 86 p. VERGILI MARONIS Aetnaeos fratres, caelo capita alta ferentis, concilium horrend-uin : qnales cum vertice celso aeriae quercus aut coniferae cyparissi 680 constiterunt,' silva alta lovis lucusve Dianae. Praecipites metus acer agit quocumque rudentis excutere et ventis intendere vela secundis. Contra iussa monent Heleni Scyllam atque Charybdim inter, utramque viam leti discrimine parvo, 685 ni teneant cursus ; certum est dare lintea retro. Ecce autem Boreas angusta ab sede Pelori missus adest ; vivo praetervehor ostia saxo Pantagiae Megarosque sinus Thapsumque iacentem. Talia monstrabat relegens errata retrorsus 690 litora Achaemenides, comes infelicis Ulixi. They reach Drepanum, where Aiiehises dies. Sicanio praetenta sinu iacet insula contra Plemyrium undosum; nomen dixere priores Ortygiam. Alpheum fama est hue Elidis amnem occultas egisse vias subter mare, qui nunc 695 ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis. lussi numina magna loci veueramur et inde exsupero praepingue solum stagnantis Helori. Hinc altas cautes proiectaque saxa Pachyni radimus, et fatis numquam concessa moveri 700 apparet Camerina procul campique Geloi imraanisque Gela fluvii cognomine dicta. Arduus inde Acragas ostentat maxima longe moenia, magnanimum quondam generator equorum ; 1. constitSrvnt. AENEIDOS LIB. III. 87 teque datis linquo ventis, palmosa Selinus, 705 et vada dura lego saxis Lilybeia caecis. Hinc Drepani me portus et inlaetabilis ora accipit. Hie pelagi tot tempestatibus actus heu genitorem, omnis curae casusque levamen, amitto Anchisen ; hie me, pater optime, fessum 710 deseris, heu tantis nequiquam erepte periclis ! Nee vates Helenus, cum multa horrenda moneret, hos mihi pvaedixit luctus, non dira Celaeno. Hie labor extreiuus, longarum haec meta viarum; hinc me digressum vestris deus appulit oris. 715 Aeneas ends his tale. Sic pater Aeneas intentis omnibus unus fata renarrabat divum cursusque docebat. Conticuit tandem factoque hie fine quievit. AENEIDOS LIBER IV. DWa) confesses to Anna her low for Aeneas. At regina gravi iamdudum saucia cura volnus alit venis et caeco carpitur igni. Multa viri virtus animo multusque recursat gentis honos ; haerent infixi pectore voltus verbaque, nee placidam membris dat eura quietem. 6 Postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade terras umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram, cum sic unanimam adloquitur male sana sororem : 'Anna soror, quae lue suspensam insomnia terrent! Quis novus hie nostris successit sedibus hospes, lo quem sese ore ferens, quam forti pectore et armis ! Credo equidem, nee vana fides, genus esse deorum. Degeneres animos timor arguit. Heu, quibus ille iactatus fatis ! Quae bella exhausta eanebat ! Si mihi non animo fixum immotumque sederet, 15 ne cui me vinclo vellem soeiare iugali, postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit ; si non pertaesum thalami taedaeque fuisset, huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpae. Anna, fatebor enim, miseri post fata Syohaei 20 coniugis et sparsos fraterna caede Penatis 88 ABNEIDOS LIB. IV. 89 solus Mc ' inflexit sensus animumque labantem impulit. Adgnosco veteris vestigia flammae. Sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat > vel pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, 25 pallentis umbras Erebi noctemque profundam, ante, Pudor, quam te vidlo aut tua iura.-resolvo. llle meos, primus qui me sibi iunxit, amores abstulit; ille habeat secum servetquesepulchro.' Sic effata ginum lacrimis implevitLobortis. 30 Anna counsels Dido to wed Aeneas. Anna refert' : ' luce magis dilecta sorori, solane perpetua maerens carpere iuventa, nee dulcis natos Veneris nee praemia noris ? Id cinerem aut Manis credis curare sepultos ? Esto ; aegram nuUi quondam flexere mariti, 35 non Libyae, non ante Tyro ; despectus larbas ductoresque alii, quos Africa terra triumphis dives alit ; placitone etiam pugnabis amori ? Nee venit in mentem, quorum consederis arvis? Hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello, 40 at Numidae infreni cingunt et inhospita Syrtis, hinc deserta siti regio lateque furentes Barcaei. Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam \ germanique minas ? Dis equidem auspicibus reor et lunone secunda • 45 huno cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas. Quam tu urbem, soror, banc cernes, (juae surgere regna 1. hic. 90 p. VEKGILI MAUONIS coniugio tali ! Teucrum comitantibus armis, Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus ! Tu modo gosce deos veniam sacrisque litatis SO indulge hospitio causasque innecte morandi, dum pelago desaevit hiems et aquosus Orion, quassataeque rates, dum non tractabile caelum.' Dido consults the omens. Her passion grows. His dictis incensum animum inflammavit amore spemque dedit dubiae menti solvitque pudorem. 55 Principio delubra adeunt pacemque per aras exquirunt ; mactant leetas de more bidentis legiferae Cereri Phoeboque patrique Lyaeo, lunoni ante omnis, cui vincla iugalia curae ; ipsa tenens dextra pateram pulcherrima Dido 60 candentis vaccae media inter cornua fundit aut ante ora deum pinguis spatiatur ad aras instauratque diem donis pecudumque reclusis pectoribus ' inhians spirantia consulit exta. Heu vatum ignarae mentes ! Quid vota furentem, 65 quid delubra iuvant ? Est mollis flamma medullas interea et taciturn vivit sub pectore volnus. Uritur infelix Dido totaque vagatur urbe furens, qualis coniecta cerva sagitta, quam procul incautam nemora inter Cresia fixit 70 pastor agens telis liquitque volatile ferrum nescius ; ilia fuga silvas saltusque peragrat Dictaeos ; haeret lateri letalis harundo. Nunc media Aenean secum per moenia ducit 1. pectoribus^ AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 91 Sidoniasque ostentat opes urbemque paratam; 75 incipit effari, mediaque in voce resistit ; nunc eadetn labente die convivia quaerit Iliacosque iterum demens audire labores exposcit pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore. Post, ubi digressi lumenque obscura vicissim 80 luna premit suadentque cadentia sidera somnos, sola domo maeret vacua stratisque relictis incubat. Ilium absens absentem auditque videtque, aut gremio Ascanium, genitoris imagine capta, detinet, infandum si fallere possit amorem. 85 Non coeptae adsurgunt turres, non arma inventus exercet portusve aut propugnacula bello tuta parant ; pendent opera interrupta minaeque murorum ingentes aequataque macbina caelo. Juno^s wily plan. Quam siraul ac tali persensit peste teneri 90 cara lovis coniunx nee faniam obstare furori, talibus adgreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis : ' Egregiam vero laudem et spolia ampla refertis tuque puerque tuus ; magnum et memorabile numen, una dolo divum si femina victa duorum est. 95 Nee me adeo fallit veritam te moenia nostra suspectas habuisse domos Kartbaginis altae. Sed quis erit modus, aut quo nunc certamine tanto? Quin potius pacem aeternam pactosque bymenaeos exercemus ? Habes, tota quod mente petisti : 100 ardet amans Dido traxitque per ossa furorem. Communem bunc ergo populum paribusque regamus 92 p. VERGILI MARONIS auspiciis ; lice^t Phrygio servire marito iotalisque tuae Tyrios permittere dextrae.' . . ; . Venus gives assent. Olli (sensit epim simiilata mente looutam, 105 D[Tio regnum Italiae Libycas averteret oras) 3ic contra est ingressa Venus: 'Quis talia demons ibnuat aut tecum malit contendere bello, si modo, quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur ? 3ed fatis incerta.feror, si luppiter unam UO 3sse velit Tyriis urbem Troiaque profectis miscerive probet populos aut foedera iungi. lu coniunx;; tibi fas animum temptare precando. Perge, sequar.' Turn sic excepit regia luno : ■ Mecum erit iste labor. Nunc qua ratione quod instat 115 3onfieri possit, paucis, adverte, docebo. V^enatum Aeneas unaque miserriraa Dido in nemus ire parant, ubi primes crastinus ortus jxtulerit Titan radiisque retexerit orbem. His ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum, 120 ium trepidant aiae saltusque indagine cingunt, iesuper infundam et tonitru caelum omne ciebo. Diffugient comites et nocte tegentur opaca ; speluneam Dido dux et Troianus eandem ievenient. A^ero et, tua si mihi certa voluntas, 125 jonubio^ iungam stabili propriamque dicabo ; liic hymenaeus erit.' Non adviersata petenti idnuit atque dolis risit Cytherea repertis. 1. conubio : a trisyllable, i being consonantal. Fig. 18. Leconfield Venus. AENBIDOS LIB. IV. 93 The hunting scene. Oceanum interea surgens Aurora reliquit. It portis iubare exorto delecta iuventus ; 130 retia rara, plagae, lato venabula ferro, Massylique ruunt equites et odora canum vis. Eeginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi Poenorum exspeetant, ostroque insignis et auro stat sonipes ac f rena f erox spumantia mandit. 135 Tandem progreditur magna stipante caterva, Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo. Cui pharetra ex auro, crines nodantur in aurum, aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem. Nee non et Phrygii comites et laetus lulus 140 incedunt ; ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnis infert se socium Aeneas atque agmina iungit. Qualis ubi hibernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta deserit ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo instauratque choros, mixtique altaria circiim 145 Cretesque ^ Dryopesque fremunt pictique Agathyrsi ; ipse iugis Cynthi graditur mollique fluentem fronde premit crinem fingens atque implicat auro, tela sonant umeris.' liaud illo segnior ibat Aeneas, tantum egregio decus enitet ore. , 150 Postquam altos ventum in montis atque invia lustra, ecce ferae saxi deiectae vertiee caprae decurrere iugis ; alia de parte patentis transmittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi pulverulenta fuga glomerant montisque relinquunt. 155- 1. The syllable -que here counts as long before dr. 94 p. VERGILI MABDNIS A.t puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus aori gaudet equo, iamque hos cursu, iam praeterit illos, spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis optat aprum aut fulVum desoendere monte leonem. Aeneas and Dido seek refuge from a storm. Dido now openly pro- claims her love. Interea magno miseeri murmure caelum 160 inoipifc; insequitur commixta grandine nimbus, et Tyrii comites passim et Troiana inventus Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros tecta metu petiere ; ruunt de montibus amnes. Spehmcam Dido dux et Troianus eandem 165 deveniunt. Prima et Tellus et pronuba luno dant signum ; fulsere ignes et conscius Aether jf conubiis/ summoque ulularunt vertice Nymphae. Ille dies primus leti primusque malorum causa fuit. Neque enim specie famave movetur 170 nee iam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem ; coniugium vocat ; hoc praetexit nomine culpam. Rumor carries the news far and wide. I Extemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbes, Fama, malum, qua non aliud velocius uUum. Mpbilitate viget virisque adquirit eundo ; 175 parva metu prime, mox sese attollit in auras ingrediturque solo et caput inter nubila condit. Illam Terra parens, ira inritata deorum, extremam, ut perhibent, Coeo Enceladoque sororem 1. conubiis : trisyllable. Fig. 19. Apollo Belvedere. ABNEIDOS LIB. IV, 95 progenuit, pedibus celerem et pernicibus alis, 180 monstrum horrendum, ingens, cui, quot sunt corpore plumae, tot vigiles oculi subter (mirabile dictu), tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit auris. Nocte volat caeli medio terraeque per umbram, stridens, nee dulci declinat lumina somno ; 185 luce sedet custos aut summi culmine tecti, turribus aut altis, et magnas territat urbes, tarn ficti pravique tenax quam nuntia veri. Haec turn multiplici populos sermone replebat gaudens et pariter facta atque infecta canebat : 190 venisse Aenean, Troiano sanguine cretum, cui se pulchra viro diguetur iungere Dido; nunc hiemem inter se luxu, quam longa, f overs regnorum immemores turpique cupidine captos. Haec passim dea foeda virum diffundit in ora. 195 Protinus ad regem cursus detorquet larban incenditque animum dictis atque aggerat iras. larhas, Dido's rejected suitor, is angered. Hie Hammone satus, rapta Garamantide Nympha, templa lovi centum latis immania regnis, centum aras posuit vigilemque sacraverat ignem, 200 excubias divum aeternas ; pecuduraque cruore pingue solum et variis florentia limina sertis. Isque amens animi et rumore accensus amaro dicitur ante aras media inter numina divum multa lovem manibus supplex orasse supinis : 205 ' luppiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurusia pictis gens epulata toris Lenaeum libat honorem, 96 p. VERGIL! MABONIS aspicis haec ? An te, genitor, cum fulmina torques, nequiquam horremus caecique in nubibus ignes terrificaat animos et inania murmura miscent ? 210 Femina, quae nostris errans in linibus urbem exignam pretib posuit, cui iitus arandum cuique loci leges dedimus, conubia nosfcl-a reppulit ac dominum Aenean in regna rece^it. Et nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu, 21s Maeonia mentum mitra crineinique niaderitem subnixus, rapto potitur,^: nos munera templis quippe tuis ferimus famamque fovemus inanem.' Jwpiter sends Mercury to Aeneas. Talibus orantem dictis arasque teuentem audiit omnipotens oculosque ad nioenia torsit 220 regia et oblitos famae melioris amantis. Turn sic Mercurium adloquitur^ ac talia mandat : ' Vade age, nate, voca Zephyros et labere pinnis Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Karthagine qui nunc exspectat fatisque datas non respicit urbes, 225 adloquere et celeris defer mea dicta per auras. Non ilium nobis genetrix pulcherrima talem promisit Graiumque ideo bis vindicat armis, sed fore, qui gravidam imperils belloque frementem Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Teucri 230 proderet ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem. Si nulla accendit tantarum gloria rerum nee super ipse sua molitur laude laborem, Ascanione pater Romanas invidet arces ? 1. potUur. 2. adloquitur. Fig. 20. Mercury. AEKEIDOS LIB. IV. 97 Quid struit ? Aut qua spe inimica ' in gente moratur 235 neo prolem Ausoniam et Lavinia respicit arva ? Naviget : haec summa est, hio nostri nuntius esto.' Mercury delivers his message. Dixerat. Ille patris magni parere parabat iinperio et primum pedibus talaria nectit aurea, quae sublimem alis sive aequora supra 240 seu terrain rapido pariter cum flamine portant. Turn virgam capit; hac animas ille evocat Oreo pallentis, alias sub Tartara tristia mittit, dat somnos adimitque et lumina morte resignat. Ilia fretus agit ventos et turbida tranat 245 nubila. lamque volans apicem et latera ardua cernit Atlantis duri, caelum qui vertiee fulcit, Atlantis, cinctum adsidue cui nubibus atris piniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri ; nix umeros infusa tegit ; turn flumina mento 250 praecipitant senis et glacie riget horrida, barba. Hie primum paribus nitens Cyllenius alis constitit; hinc toto praeceps se corpore ad undas misit avi similis, quae circum litora, circum piscosos scopulos humilis yolat aequora iuxta. 255 Haud aliter terras inter caelumque volabat litus harenosum ad Libyae, ventosque secabat materno veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles. Ut primum alatis tetigit magalia plantis, Aenean fundantem arces ae tecta novantem 260 conspicit. Atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva 1. spe I inimica : hiatus. 98 p. VERGILI MARONIS ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice laena demissa ex umefis, dives quae munera Dido fecerat et teniii'telas discreverat auro. Cohtinuo invadit : ' Tu nunc Karthaginis altae 265 fundamenta locas pulchramque uxorius urbem exstruis ? .Heu regni rerumque oblite tuarum ! Ipse deum tibi me claro demittit Olyinpo regnator, caelum et terras qui numine torquet, ipse haec ferre iubet celeris mandata per auras. 270 Quid struis ? Aut qua spe Libycis teris otia terris ? Si te nulla movet tantarum gloria, rerum nee super ipse tua moliris laude laboremj Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis luli respice, cui-regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus 275 deTaentur.' Tali Cyllenius ore locutus mortalis" visus medio sermone reliquit et prpcu.1 in tenuem ex bculis evanuit auram. Aeneas prepares to depart. At vero Aeneas aspeetu obmutuit amens, arrectaeque horrore comae et vox faucibns haesit. 280 Ardet abire fuga dulcisque relinquere terras, attonitus tanto monitu imperioque deorum. Heu' quid agat ? Quo nunc reginam ambire furentem , audeat adfatu ? Quae prima exordia sulnat ? Atque animum nunc hue celerem, nunc dividit illuc 285 in partisque rapit varias perque omnia versat. Haec alternanti potior sententia visa est : Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum, classem aptent taciti sociosque ad litora cogaiit, Fig. '21. Atlas. AENEIDOS LIB. IV. 99 arma parent et, quae rebus sit causa novandis, 290 dissimulent ; sese interea, quando optima Dido nesciat et tantos rumpi non speret amores, temptaturum aditus et, quae moUissima fandi tempora, quis rebus dexter modus. Ocius omnes imperio laeti parent ae iussa facessunt. 295 Dido, suspecting his purpose, charges him with perfidy. At regina dolos (quis fallere possit amantem?) praesensit motusque excepit prima futures, omnia tuta timens. Eadem impia Pama furenti detulit armari classem cursumque parari. Saevit inops aninii totamque incensa per urbem 300 bacchatur, qualis commotis excita sacris Thyias,^ ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho orgia nocturnusque vocat clamors Cithaeron. Tandem his Aenean compellat vocibus ultro : 'Dissimulare etiam sperasti, perfide, tantum 305 posse nefas tacitusque mea decedere terra ? Nee te noster amor nee te data dextera quondam nee moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido ? Quin etiam hiberno moliris sidere classem et mediis properas Aquiloiiibus ire per altum, 3io crudelis ? Quid ? Si non arva aliena domosque ignotas peteres et Troia antiqua maneret, Troia per undosum peteretur classibus aequor ? Mene fugis ? Per ego has lacrimas dextramque tuam te (quando aliud mihi iam miserae nihil ipsa reliqui), 315 per conubia nostra, per ineeptos hymenaeos, 1. Thyias : dissyllable. 100 p. VER6ILI MAEONIS 3i bene quid de te merui, f uit ant tibi quicquam iulce meum, miserere domus labentis etistain, 3ro, siquis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem. Te propter Libycae gentes Nomadumque tyranni 320 )dere, infensi Tyrii ; te propter eundem jxstinctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adibara, fama prior. Cui me moribundam deseris, hospes, IOC solum nomen quoniam de coniuge restat ? Juid moror ? An mea Pygmalion dam moenia frater 325 iestruat aut captam ducat Gaetulus larbas ? Saltern si qua mihi ^ de te suscepta f uisset mte fugam suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula uderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret, ion equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer.' 330 Aeneas repudiates the charge. He must do his boitnden duty. Dixerat. Ille lovis monitis immota tenebat umina et obnixus curam sub corde premebat. Tandem pauca refert : ' Ego te, quae plurima fando jnumerare vales, numquam, regina, negabo Dromeritam, nee me meminisse pigebit Elissae, 335 ium memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos regit artus. Pro re pauca loquar. Neque ego hanc abseondere furto iperavi (ne finge) fugam, nee coniugis umquam araetendi taedas aut haec in foedera veni. Vie si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam 340 luspiciis et sponte mea componere curas, irbem Troianam primum dulcisque meorum ■eliquias colerem, Priami tecta alta manerent, 1. mihu AENBIDOS LIB. IV. 101 et recidiva manu posuissem Pergama victis. Sed nunc Italiam uiagnam Gryneus Apollo, 345 Italiam Lyciae iussere capessere sortes; hie amor, liaec patria est. Si te Karthaginis arces Phoenissam Libycaeque aspectus detinet urbis, quae tandem Ausonia Teucros considere terra invidia est ? Et nos fas extera quaerere regna, 350 Me patris Anchisae, quotiens umentibus umbris nox operit terras", quotiens astra ignea surgnnt, adinonet in somnis et turbida terret imago ; me puer Ascanius capitisque iniuria cari, quem regno Hesperiae fraudo et fatalibus arvis. 355 Nunc etiam interpres divum, love missus ab ipso (testor utrumque caput), celeris mandata per auras detulit ; ipse deum manifesto in lumine vidi intrantem muros vocemque his auribus hausi. Desine meque tuis incendere teque. querellis. 360 Italiam non sponte sequor.' Dido''s frenzy. Talia dicentem iamdudum aversa tnetur, hue illuc volvens oculos, totumque pererrat luminibus tacitis et sie accensa profatur : ' Nee tibi diva parens, generis nee Dardanus auetor, 365 perfide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens- Caucasus, Hyreanaeque admorant ubera tigres. Nam quid dissimulo aut quae me ad maiora reservo ? Num fletu ingemuit nostro ? Num lumina flexit ? Num lacrimas victus dedit aut miseratus amantem est ? 370 Quae quibus anteferam ? lam iam nee maxima luno 102 p. VEBGILI MAKONIS nec Saturnius haec oculis pater aspicit acquis. Nusquam tuta fides. Eiectum litore, egentem excepi et regni demens in parte locavi ; amissam classem, socios a morte reduxi. 375 Heu furiis incensa feror ! Nunc augur Apollo, nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et love missus ab ipso interpres divum fert horrida iussa per auras. Scilicet is superis labor est, ea cura quietos sollicitat. Neque te teneo neque dicta refello: 380 i, sequere Italiam, ventis pete regna per undas. Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt, supplicia hausurum soo'pulis et nomine Dido saepe vocaturum. Sequar atris ignibus absens, et, cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artuS, 385 omnibus umbra locis adero. Dabis, improbe, poenas. Audiam et haec Manis veniet mihi fama sub imos.' His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit et auras aegra fugit seque ex oculis avertit et aufert, linquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem 390 dicere. Suscipiunt famulae conlapsaque membra marmoreo referunt thalamo stratisque reponunt. Aeneas proceeds to carry out the divine commands. At plus Aeneas, quamquam lenire dolentem solando cupit et dictis avertere curas, multa gemens magnoque animum labef actus amore, 395 iussa tamen divum exsequitur classemque revisit. Tum vero Teucri incumbunt et litore celsas deducunt toto navis. Natat uncta carina, frondentisque feruut remos et robora silvis , ABIiTEIDOS LIB. IV. 103 infabricata fugae studio. 400 Migrantis cernas totaque ex urbe ruentis, ' ac velut ingentem formieae farris acervum cum populant hiemis memores tectoque reponunt ; ' it nigrum eampis agmen, praedamque per herbas conveotant calle angusto ; parsgrandia trudunt 405 obnixae frumenta umeris, pars agmina eogunt castigantque moras ; opere omnis semita f ervet. Quis tibi turn, Dido, cernenti talia sensus, quosve.dabas gemitus, cum litora fervere^ late prospiceres arce ex summa totumque videres 4io misceri ante oculos tantis clamoribus aequor ! ^ Im probe Amor, quid non mortalia pectora; cogis L Ire iterum in lacrimas, iterum temptare precando eogitur et supplex animos summittere amori, ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat. 415 Didoes last appeal. . 'Anna, vides toto properari litore circum; undique convenere ; vocat iam carbasus auras, puppibus et laeti nautae imposuere coronas. Hunc ego si potui tantum sperare dolorem, et perferre, soror, potero. Miserae hoc tamen nnum 420 exsequere, Anna, mibi^: solam nam perfidus ille te colere, arcanos etiam tibi credere sensus ; sola viri mollis aditus et tempora noras. I, soror, atque hostem supplex adfare superbum. Non ego ciim Danais Troianam exscindere gentem 425 Aulide iuravi classemve ad Pergama misi, 1. fervSre. ■ 2. mihi. 104 p. VEKGILI MAKONIS nec patris Anchisae cineres Manisve revelli ; cur mea dicta negat duras demittere in auris ? Quo ruit ? Extremum hoc iniserae det munus amanti, exspectet facilemque fugam ventosque ferentis. 430 Non iam coniugium antiquum, quod prodidit, oro, nec pulcliro ut Latio careat regnumque relinquat ; tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque f urori, dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere. Extremam hanc oro veniam (miserere sororis) ; 435 quam mihi cum dederit, cumulatam morte remittam.' Aeneas remains tmmoved. Talibus orabat, talisque miserrima fletus fertque refertque soror. Sed nullis ille movetur fietibus aut voces ullas tractabilis audit ; fata obstant, plaoidasque viri deus obstruit auris. 440 Ac velut annoso validam cum robore quercum Alpini Boreas nunc tine nunc flatibus illinc eruere inter se certant ; it stridor, et altae consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes ; ipsa haeret scopulis et, quantum vertice ad auras 445 aetherias, tantum radice in Tartara tendit : ^ hand secus adsiduis hinc atque tine vocibus heros tunditur, et magno persentit pectore curas ; mens immota manet, lacrimae volvuntur inanes. Dido longs for death. Turn vero infelix fatis exterrita Dido 450 mortem orat ; teedet caeli convexa tueri. Quo magis ince.ptum peragat lucemque relinquat, AENEIDOS LIB. ly. vidit, turicremis cum dona imponeret aris, (horrendum dictu!) latices nigrescere sacros fusaque in obscenum se vertere vina cruorem. Hoc visum nulli, non ipsi effata sorori. 105 455 Fig. Death of Pentheus. Praeterea fuit in tectis de marmore templum coniugis antiqui, miro quod honore eolebat, velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum ; hinc exaudiri voces efc verba vocantis visa viri, nox cum terras obscura teneret ; solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo 106 p. VEEGILI MARONIS saepe queri et longas in fletum ducere voces ; multaque praeterea vatum praedicta priorum terribili monitu horrificant. Agit ipse furentem 465 in somnis ferns Aeneas ; semperque relinqui sola sibi,^ semper longam incomitata videtur ire viam et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra : Eumenidum veluti demens videt agmina Pentheus, et solem geminnni et duplicis se ostendere Thebas, 470 aut Agamemnonius scaenis agitatus Orestes armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus at'ris cum fugit, ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae. Anna builds a pyre. Ergo ubi concepit furias evicta del ore deerevitque mori, tempus secnm ipsa mgdumque 475 exigit et maestam dictis adgressa sororem consilium Toltu tegit ac spem fronte serenat : ' Inveni, germana, viam (gratare sorori), quae mihi reddat eum vel eo me solvat amantem. Oceani finem iuxta solemque eadentem 480 ultimus Aethiopum locus est, ubi maximus Atlas axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum : hinc mihi Massylae gentis monstrata sacerdos, Hesperidum templi custos, epulasque draconi quae dabat et sacros servabat in arbbre ramos :■ 485 spargens umida mella soporiferumque papaver. Haec "se carminil^us promittit solvere mantes quas velit, ast aliis duras immittere curas ; sistere aquam fluvi,i8 et vertere sidera retro ; 1. aihi. ABNEIDOS LIB. IV. 107 nocturnosque movet Manis ; mugire videbis 490 sub pedibus terram et descendere montibus oruos. Tester, cara, deos et te, germana, tuumque if dulce caput, magicas invitam accingier artis. Tu secreta pyram teeto interiore sub auras erige et arma viri, thalamo quae fixa reliqiiit 495 impius, exuviasque omnis lectumque iugalem, quo peril, superimponas ; abolere nefandi cuncta viri monumenta iuvat, monstratque sacerdos.' Haec effata silet ; pallor simul occupat ora. Non tameu Anna novis praetexere funera sacris 600 germanam credit nee tantos mente furores concipit aut graviora timet quam morte Sychaei. Ergo iussa parat. The priestess performs, the rites. At regina, pyra penetrali in sede sub auras ereeta ingenti taedis atque ilice secta, 505 intenditque locum sertis et fron.de coronat funerea; super exuvias ensemque relictum effigiemque toro locat, baud ignara futuri. Stant arae circum et crinis effusa sacerdos : ter centum tonat ore deos, Erebumque Chaosque 5io tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianae. Sparserat et latices simulatos fontis Averni; falcibus et messae ad lunam quaeruntur aenis pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni ; quaeritur ethascentis equi de f route revolsus 515 et matri praereptus amor. Ipsa mola raanibusque piis altaria iuxta, 108 p. VEEGILI MAEONIS uimm exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta, testatur inoritura deos et conscia fati sidera ; turn, si quod non aequo foedere amantis 620 curae numen habet iustumque memorque, precatur. Dido's misery and remorse. Nox erat, et placidum carpebant fessa soporem- corpora per terras, silvaeqiie et saeva quierant aequora, cum medio volvuntur sideia lapsu, cum tacet omnis ager, pecudes pictaeque volucres, 525 quaeque lacus late liquidos, quaeque aspera dumis rura tenent, somno positae sub uocte silenti. [Lenibant curas et corda oblita laboram.J At non infelix animi Phoenissa, neque umquam solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectore noctem 530 accipit ; ingeminant curae, rursusque resurgens saevit amor, magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu. Sic adeo iusistit secumque ita corde volutat : ' En, quid ago ? Eursusne procos inrisa priores experiar, Nomadumque petam conubia supplex, 535 quos ego sim totiens iani dedignata maritos ? Iliacas igitur classis atque ultima Teucrum iussa sequar ? Quiane auxilio iuvat ante levatos et bene apud memores veteris stat gratia facti ? Quis me autem, f ac velle, sinet ratibusve superbis 540 invisam accipiet ?¥ Nescis heu, perdita, necdum Laomedonteae sentis periuria gentis ? Quid tum ? Sola fuga nautas comitabor ovantis ? An Tyriis omnique manu stipata meorum inferar et, quos Sidonia vix urbe revelli, 645 AENEIDOS LIB. IV.' 109 riirsus agam pelago et ventis dare vela iubebo ? Quin morere, ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem. Tu lacrimis evicta meis, tu prima furentem his, germana, malis oneras atque obicis hosti. Non licuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitam 550 degere, more ferae, talis nee tangere curas ; non servata fides cineri promissa Sychaeo.' Tantos ilia suo rumpebat pectore questus. Mercury warns Aeneas against further delay. Aeneas celsa in puppi, iam certus eundi, carpebat somnos, rebus iam rite paratis. 655 Huic se forma dei voltu redeuntis eodem obtulit in somnis rursusque ita visa monere est, omnia Mercurio similis, vocemque coloremque ' et crinis flavos et membra decora iuventa : 'Nate dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos, 560 nee quae te circum stent deinde pericula cernis, demens, nee Zephyros audis spirare secundos ? Ilia dolos dirumque nefas in pectore versat, certa mori, varioque irarum fluctuat aestu. Non fugis hinc praeceps, dum praecipitare potestas ? 565 Iam mare turbari trabibus saevasque videbis conlucere faces, iam fervere^ litora flammis, si te his attigerit terris Aurora morantem. Heia age, rumpe moras ! Varium et mutabile semper femina.' Sic fatus nocti se immiscuit atrae. 570 1. coloremque : with -que hypermetric. 2. /ertSre. 110 p. VERGILI MAEQNIS The Trojans put to sea. Turn vero Aeneas subitis exterritus umbris corripit e somno corpus sociosque f atigat : ' Praecipites vigilate, viri, et considite transtris ; solvite vela citi. Deus aethere missus ab alto festinare fugam tortosque incidere funis 575 eece iterum instimulat. Sequimur te, sancte deorum, quisquis es, imperioque iterum paremus ovantes. Adsis placidusque iuves et sidera caelo dextra feras.' Dixit vaginaque eripit ensem fulmineum strictoque ferit retinacula ferro. 580 Idem omnis simul ardor habet ; rapiuntque ruuntque ; litora deseruere ; latet sub classibus aequor ; adnixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt. ^ Didoes curse. Et iam prima novo spargebat lumine terras Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile. 585 Eegina, e speculis ut primum albescere lucem vidit et aequatis classem procedere velis litoraque et vacjuos sensit sine remige portus, terque quaterque manu pectus percussa decorum flaventisque abscissa comas, ' Pro luppiter ! Ibit 590 hie,' ait, ' et nostris inluserit advena regnis ? Non arma expedient totaque ex ijrbQ sequentur deripientque rates alii riavalibus?-: Ite, ferte citi flammas, date tela, impellite remos! Quid loquor? Aut ubi sum? Quae mentem insania mutat ? Inf elix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt ? 596 AENEIDOS LIB. lY. Ill Turn decuit, cum sceptra dabas. En dextra fidesque, quern secum patrios aiunt portare Penatis, quern subiisse umeris confectum aetata parentem ! Non potui abreptum divellere corpus et undis 600 spargere, non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro Ascanium patriisque epulandum ponere mensis ? Varum anceps pugnae fuerat fortuna. Fuissat ; quem metui moritura ? Faces in castra tulissem implassamque foros flammis natumque patremque 605 cum genera axstinxem, memet super ipsa dedissem. Sol, qui terrarum flammis opera omnia lustras, tuque, harum interpras curarum at conseia luno, nocturnisqua Hecate triviis ululata per urbes et Dirae ultrices et di morientis Elissae, 610 accipite haec meritumque malis advertite numen et nostras audita preces. Si tangere portus infandum caput ac terris adnare necasse est, et sic fata lovis poscunt, hie terminus haarat, at bello audacis populi vexatus et armis, 615 finibus extorris, complexu avolsus luli, auxilium imploret videatque indigna suorum funera nac, cum se sub leges pacis iniquae tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur, sed cadat ante diem mediaque inhumatus harena. 620 Haec precor, banc vocem extremam cum sanguine fundo. Tum vos, o Tyrii, stirpam et ganus omne futurum exercete odiis, cinarique haec mittite nostro munara. Nullus amor populis nee foadera sunto. Exoriare, aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor, 625 qui face Dardanios ferroque sequara colonos, 112 p. VBEGILI MAKONIS nunc, olim, quocumque dabunt se tempore vires. Litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas imprecor, arnia armis ; pugnent ipsique nepotesque.' ^ Her death. Haec ait, et partis animum versabat in omnis, 630 invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem. Turn breviter Earcen nutricem adfata Sychaei, namque suam patria antiqua cinis ater habebat : ' Annam, cara mihi nutrix, hue siste sororem ; die corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha 635 et pecudes secum et monstrata piacula ducat; sic veniat, tuque ipsa pia tege tempora vitta. Sacra lovi Stygio, quae rite incepta paravi, perfieere est animus finemque imponere curis Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae.' 640 Sic ait. Ilia gradum studio cglerabat anili. At trepida et coeptis immanibus effera Dido, sanguineam volvens aciem, maculisque trementis interfusa genas, et pallida morte futura, interiora flomus inrumpit limina, et altos 645 conscendit furibunda rog;os, ensemque recludit Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus in usus. Hie, postquam Iliacas vestes notumque cubile conspexit, paulum lacrimis et mente morata incubuitque toro dixitque novissima verba : 650 ' Dulces exuviae, dum fata deusque sinebat, accipite banc animam meque his exsolvite curis. Vixi et, quern dederat cursum Fortuna, peregi, 1. nepotesque ' with -que hypermetrio. ABNBIDOS LIB. IV. 113 et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago. Urbem praeclaram statui, mea moenia vidi, 655 ulta virum poenas inimico a fratre recepi, felix, heu nimium felix, si litora tantum numquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinas ! ' Dixit et OS impressa toro, ' Moriemur inultae, sed moriamur,' ait. ' Sic, sic iuvat ire sub umbras. 660 Hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto Dardanus et secum nostrae ferat omina mortis.' Anna clasps her dying sister in her arms. Dixerat, atque illam media inter talia ferro conlapsam aspiciunt comites ensemque cruore spumantem sparsasque manus. It clamor ad alta 665 atria ; concussam bacchatur Pama per urbem. Lamentis gemituque et femineo ululatu ' tecta fremunt, resonat magnis plangoribus aether, non aliter, quam si immissis ruat hostibus omnis Karthago aut antiqua Tyros, flaramaeque furentes 670 culmina perque hominum volvantur perque deorum. Audiit exanimis, trepidoque exterrita cursu unguibns ora soror foedans et pectpra pugnis per medios ruit ac morientem nomine clamat : ' Hoc illud, germana, f uit ? Me f radde petebas ? 675 Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant ? Quid primum deserta querar ? Comitemne sororem sprevisti moriens ? Eadem me ad fata vocasses ; idem ambas ferro dolor atque eadem hora tulisset. His etiam struxi manibus patriosque vocavi 680 1. femineo | ululatu: hiatus. 114 i'jvll^RGILI MAKONIS voce deos, sic te ut posita crudelis abessem ? Exstinxti te meque, soror, populumque patresque Sidonios urbemqiie tuam. Date volnera lymphis abluam et, extremus si quis super lialitus errat, ore legam.' Sic fata gradus evaserat altos 685 semianimemque '■ sinu germanam amplexa fovebat cum gemitu atque atros siccabat veste cruores. Ilia gravis oculos conata attoUere rursvis deficit ; infixum stridit sub pectore volnus. Ter sese attollens cubitoque adnixa levavit ; 690 ter revoluta toro est oculisque errantibus alto quaesivit caelo lucem ingemuitque reperta. Iris releases Dido's struggling spirit. Turn luno omnipotens, longuin miserata dplorem difficilisque obitus, Trim demisit Olympo, quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret artus. 695 Nam quia nee fato, merita nee morte peribat, sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, nondum illi flavum Proserpina vertice crinem abstulerat Stygioque caput damnaverat Oreo. Ergo Iris croceis per caelum roscida pinnis, 700 mille trahens varies adverse sole colores, devolat et supra caput adstitit. ' Hunc ego Diti sacrum iussa fero teque isto corpore solvo : ' sic ait pt dextra crinem secat ; omnis et una dilapsus calor atque in ventos vita recessit. 706 1. semianimemque. AENEIDOS LIBEE V. The Trojans, sailing away, see the blaze from Dido''s pyre. Interea medium Aeneas iam olasse tenebat certus iter fluctusque atros Aquilone seeabat, moenia respiciens, quae iam infelicis Elissae eonlucent flammis. Quae tantum accenderit ignem causa latet ; duri magno sed amore dolores 5 polluto notumque, furens quid femina possit, triste per augurium Teucrorum pectora ducunt. A storm threatening, they make for Eryx in Sicily. Ut pelagus tenuere rates nee iam amplius ulla oceurrit tellus, mariaundique et undique caelum, olli caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber, 10 noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ab alta: ' Heu ! quianam tanti cinxenint aethera nimbi ? Quidve, pater Neptune, paras ? ' Sic deinde locutus colligere arma iubet validisque incumbere remis 15 obliquatque sinus in ventum ac talia fatur : ' Magnanime Aenea, non, si mihi luppiter auctor spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam eontingere caelo. Mutati trarisversa fremunt et vespere ab atro 115 116 p. VEKGILI MAEONIS consurgunt venti atque in nubem eogitur agr. 20 Nee nos obniti contra nee tendere tantum sufflcimus. Superat quoniam Fortuna, sequamur, quoque vocat, vertamus iter. Nee litora longe fida reor fraterna Erycis portusque Sicanos, si modo rite memor servata remetior astra.' 25 Turn pius Aeneas : ' Equidem sie poseere ventos iamdudum et frustra cerno te tendere contra. Electa viam velis. An sit mihi gratior uUa, quove magis fessas optem demittere navis, quam quae Dardanium tellus mihi servat Acesten 30 et patris Anchisae gremio eompleetitur ossa ? ' Haec ubi dicta, petunt portus, et vela secundi intendunt Zephyri ; fertur eita gurgite classis et tandem laeti notae advertuntur harenae. Acestes gives them a royal welcome. At procul ex celso miratus vertice montis 35 adventum sociasque rates occurrit Acestes, horridus in iaculis et pelle Libystidis'ursae, Troia Criniso oonceptnm flumine mater quern genuit. Veterum non immemor ille parentum gratatur reduces et gaza laetus agresti 40 excipit ac fessos opibus solatur amicis. Aeneas proclaims a festival. Postera cum prime Stellas Oriente fugarat clara dies, socios in coetum litore ab omni advocat Aeneas tumulique ex aggere fatur : ' Dardanidae magni, genus alto a sanguine divum, 46 ABNEIDOS LIB. V. 117 annuus exaetis completur mensibus orbis, ex quo reliquias divinique ossa parentis condidimus terra maestasque sacravimus aras. lainque dies, nisi fallor, adest, quem semper acerbum, semper honoratum (sic di voluistis) habebo. 50 Hunc ego Gaetulis agerem si Syrtibus exsul Argolicove mari deprensus et urbe Mycenae, annua vota tamen sollemnisque ordine pompas exaequerer strueremque suis altaria donis. Nunc ultro ad cineres ipsius et ossa parentis 55 (hand equidem sine mente reor, sine numine divum) adsumus et portus delati intramus amicos. Ergo agite et laetum. cuncti celebremus honorem ; poscamus ventos, atque haec me sacra quotannis urbe velit posita templis sibi ferre dicatis. 60 Bina bourn vobis Troia generatus Acestes dat nuraero capita in navis ; adhibete Penatis et patrios epulis et quos colit hospes Acestes. Praeterea, si nona diem mortalibus almum Aurora extulerit radiisque retexerit orbem, 65 prima citae Teucris ponam certamina classis ; quique pedum cursu valet et qui viribus audax aut iaculo incedit melior levibusque sagittis, seu crudo fidit pugnam committere caestu, cuncti adsint meritaeque exspectent praemia palmae. 70 Ore favete omnes et cingite tempora ramis.' Aeneas saorifices at the tomb of Anchises. A joyous omen. Sic fatus velat materna tempora myrto. Hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes, 118 p. VEKGILI MAEONIS hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pubes. Ille e concilio multis cum^ilibus ibat 75 ad tumulum, magna mejiiTis comitaiite caterva. Hie duo rite mere libans carchesia Baccho fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine sacro, purpureosque iacit flores ac talia fatur : ' Salve, sancte parens, iterum ; salvete, recepti 80 nequiquam cineres animaeque umbraeque paternae. Non licuit finis Italos fataliaque arva nee tecurS Ausonium, quicumque est, quaerere Thybrim.' Dixerat haec, adytis cum lubricus anguis ab imis septem in^ens gyros, septena volumina traxit, 85 amplexus placide tumulum lapsusque per aras, caeruleae cui terga notae maculosus et auro squamam incendebat fulgor, ceu nubibus arcus mille iacit varios adverse sole colores. Obstipuit visu Aeneas. Ille agmine longo 90 tandem inter pateras et levia pocula serpens libavitque dapes, rursusque innoxius imo successit tumulo, et depasta altaria liquit. Hoc magis inceptos genitori instaurat honores, incertus, geniumne loci famulumne parentis 95 esse putet ; caedit binas de more bidentis totque sues, totidem nigrantis terga iuvencos ; vinaque fundebat pateris animamque vocabat Anchisae magni Manisque Acheronte remissos. Nee non et socii, quae cuique est copia, laeti 100 dona ferunt; onerant aras mactantque iuvencos; ordine a6na locant alii fusique per herbam subiciunt veribus prunas et viscera torrent. ABNEIDOS LIB. V. 119 The games on the ninth day. Exspectata dies aderat, nonamque serena Auroram Phaethontis equi iam luce vehebant, 105 famaque finitimos et clari nomen Acestae excierat ; laeto complebant litora coetu, visuri Aeneadas, pars et certare parati. Munera prineipio ante oculos circoque locantur in medio, sacri tripodes viridesque coronae lio et palmae, pretium victoribus, armaque et ostro perfusae vestes, argenti aurique talenta ; et tuba commissos medio canit aggere ludos. The competitors in the boat race. ■ Prima pares ineunt gravibus certamina remis quattuor ex orani delectae classe carinae. lis Velocem Mnestheus agit acri remige Pristim, mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine Memmi, ingentemque G-yas ingenti mole Chimaeram, urbis opus, triplici pubes quam Dardana versu impellunt, terno cousurgunt ordine remi; 120 Sergestusque, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen, Centauro invehitur magna, Scyllaque Cloanthus caerulea, genus unde tibi, Eomane Cluenti. They start amid wild enthusiasm. Est prooul in pelagosaxum spumantia contra litora, quod tumidis submersum tunditur olim 125 fluctibus, hibemi condunt ubi sidera Cori ; tranquillo silet immotaque attollitur unda 120 p. VEEGILI MAKONIS campus et apriciff statio gratissima mergis. Hie viridem Aeneas froudenti ex ilice metam constituit signum nautis pater, unde reverti 130 scirent et longos ubi circumfiectere cursus. Turn loca sorte legunt, ipsique in puppibus auro ductores longe effulgent ostroque decori; cetera populea velatur fronde inventus nudatosque umeros oleo perfusa nitescit. 135 Considunt transtris, intentaque bracchia remis ; intenti exspectant signum, exsultantiaque haurit corda pavor pulsans laudumque arrecta cupido. Inde ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes, baud mora, prosiluere suis ; ferit aethera clamor 140 nauticus, adduetis spumant freta versa lacertis. Infindunt pariter suloos, totumque dehiscit convolsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor. Non tam praecipites biiugo certamine campum corripuere ruuntque effusi carcere currus ; 145 nee sic immissis aurigae undantia lora concussere iugis pronique in verbera pendent. Tum plausu fremituque virum studiisque faventum consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa volutant litora; pulsati coUes clamore resultant. 150 The struggle between Oyas and Oloanthws. EfEugit ante alios primisque elabitur undis turbam inter fremitumque Gyas; 'quem deinde Cloanthus consequitur, melior remis, sed pondere pinus tarda tenet. Post hos aequo discrimine Pristis Centaurusque locum tendunt superare priorem ; 155 AENEIDOS LIB. V. 121 et nunc Pristis habet, nunc victam praeterit ingens Centaurus, nunc una ambae iunctisque f eruntur frontibus et longa sulcant vada salsa carina. lamque propinquabant scopulo metamque tenebant, cum princeps medioque G-yas in gurgite victor 160 rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten : ' Quo tantum niihi dexter a,bis ? Hue dirige gressum ; litus ama et laevas stringat sine palmula cautes ; altum alii teneant.' Dixit, sed caeca Menoetes saxa timens proram pelagi detorquet ad undas. 165 'Quo di versus abis ?' iterum 'Pete saxa, Menoete! ' cum clamore Gyas revocabat, et ecce Cloanthnm respicit instantem tergo et propiora tenentem. Ille inter navemque Gyae scopulosque sonantis radit iter laevum interior subitoque priorem 170 praeterit et metis tenet aequora tuta relictis. Tum vero exarsit iuveni dolor ossibus ingens, nee lacrimis caruere genae, segnemque Menoeten, oblitus decorisque sui sociumque salutis, in mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab alta ; 175 ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister, hortaturque viros clavumque ad litora torquet. At gravis, ut fundo vix tandem redditus imo est, iam senior madidaque fluens in veste Menoetes summa petit scopuli siccaque in rupe resedit. 180 Ilium et labentem Teucri et risere natantem et salsos rident revomentem pectore fluctus. 122 p. VBRGILI MAEONIS Sergestus runs aground. Hie laeta extremis spes est accensa duobus, Sergesto Mnestheique/ Gyan superare morantem. Sergestus capit ante locum scopuloque propinquat, 185 nee tota tamen ille prior praeeunte " carina ; parte prior ; partem rostro premit aemula Pristis. At media socios incedens nave per ipsos hortatur Mnestheus: 'Nune, nune insurgite remis, ' Hectorei soeii, Troiae quos sorte suprema 190 delegi comites ; nunc illas promite vires, nunc animos, quibus in Gaetulis Syrtibus usi lonioque mari Maleaeque sequacibus undis. Non iam prima peto Mnestheus neque vincere certo ; quamquam o — sed superent, quibus hoe, Neptune, dedisti ; extremes pudeat rediisse ; hoc vincite, cives, 196 et prohibete nefas.' Olli eertamine Summo procumbunt ; vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis, subtrahiturque solum ; turn ereber anhelitus artus aridaque ora quatit, sudor fluit undique rivis. 200 Attulit ipse viris optatum casus honorem. Namque furens animi dum proram ad saxa suburget interior spatioque subit Sergestus iniqao, infelix saxis in procurrentibus haesit. Concussae cautes, et acuto in murice remi 205 obnixi crepuere, inlisaque prora pependit. Consurgunt nautae et magno clamore morantur ferratasque trades et acuta cuspide contos expediunt fractosque legunt in gurgite remos. 1. Mneatheique. 2. praSeunte. ABNEIDOS LIB. V. 123 Mnestheus passes Gfyas. At laetus Mnestheus successuque acrior ipso 2io agmine remorum celeri ventisque vocatis prona petit maria efc pelago decurrit aperto. Qualis spelui^a subitq commota columba, cui domus et dulees latebroso in pumice nidi, fertur in arva volans plausumque exterrita pinnis 215 dat tecto ingentem, mox aSre lapsa quieto radit iter liquidum celeris neque commovet alas : sic Mnestheus, sic ipsa fuga secat ultima Pristis aequora, sic illam fert impetus ipse volantem. lit primum in scopulo luctantem deserit alto 220 Sergestum breyibusque vadis frustraque vocantem auxilia et fractis discentem currere remis. Inde Gyan ipgamque ingenti mpjle Chin Di, quibus imperiuia-est ^imarui%-*imbraeque silentes et Chaos et Phlegethon, loc ^jiSbte t9 ,centia late, 265 sitmihi fas audita loqui ; sit numine vestro pandere res al ta terra;€t (^aligxne y iersas. The fearful forms at the entrance to hell. Ibant obseuri so^^^ubnjete per umbram perque domos Dms vacuas et inania regna, 1. super. 270 280 160 p. VEEGILI MAKONIS quale per mcert am ly Lnam sub luce maligna est iter in silvis^bi_cadi^^ndidit umbrST luppiterBf^ebus nox aostulit atra colorem. Vestibuluia-ante4psum primisque4n faucibus Orci Luctus et ultrices pnsuere cubilia Curae, pallentesque-ftaDitant Morbi tristisque^enectus , 275 et Metijs ec malesuaotg, Fames ac t'^p^JEges^^ terribiles visu formae, Letumque EaSosqueX; tuin conSM^Sneus Leti Sopor et mala mentis >Gaudia, moiffiferui^iii^dverso-^ limine Bellum ferreiqu^i^iUmenmum tnalamt-OTDiscordia demens, npereujocrjnem vitfi^mnexa cruentis. " Gorgons and Hydras and Chimaeras dire.^^ In medio ramos annosaque brac^Ta pandit mmus opacar-ingens, quam sedem Shmnia volgo J Multaque praeterea variarum iffl&nstra ferarum, i 285 Centauri-inionDus ^amilaiit Scyllaeqiug biformee et centum^eminu^ Briareus ac Belu^JlStnaB, horrendum swidenp, flammisque-armata Chimaera, Gdrgones Harpyiaequ&-et farmaitrico^oris umbrae? Corripit hie subitS trep ious fof midine ferrum Aeneas, strictamquerapiem venientibus bffert ; et, ni^octa coined tenui s sine corpore v^ tas admonear YcilitareJc'av a sub imagine for mae, inruat et frustra ferro oiverDerCTSimBra 290 bras. ABNEIDOS LIB. VI. 161 The road leading to Acheron. Charon and countless ghosts. Hiiro via, Tarta rei quae lert .^h erpntis ad uiidas. Turbidus Wo SIIcto vastaquevoramEe garget*^ a^s- . ii atqueromnem Cocyto.SfuCTax harenarru Portitor has hoiTenSus aquas et flumina s^yat 295 Fig. 29. Chabon. srnbui sqtolor^Charqn, cuiplurimamento flimes inculta ftacet, slMtt lumina flamma, sordidus ex Ipse ratem cK etfeVrl^neasiibY^tatcorEoraeWi , lam senior, sed CRtaa-liecsvirigisque senectus. Hue omnis turba-airipas effusa ruebat, matres atque viri, dMunctai gue corpora Y; ta magnammuiB-rheroum, pueri4miuptaeque pueUae 300 305 162 p. VEKGILI MAKONIS impositique rogis iuvenes ant»-era parentum, quam multa-im silvis apbramlf iri^ljrenrimo lapsa cadunt fpliarraut ad terram sl^grte.^ alto 3io quam multae glojgerantur aves, ubi fngidusaplms trans pontuin lugatet terri s immittit S^ O^ Stabant orantes primff transmittere cursum . tendebantque mahus ripae-jSKenoris a^wer^ Navita ;sed Ijrii^s nunc hos nunc accipit illos, 316 ast alios longe ^jj omoto s axcet narena;. ■ ' — '■ niC^SiS^ — VIX Aeneas miratus enim iTfara ^ue tum pBu 'Die, ' ait, ' o virgo, quid''v^^on^?TOus^S8.-amfiem ? Qaidve petunt animae ? V^ qp* discnmine i-ipas hae linquunt, illae remis vada Iivida veiWrff?' 320 ynti sic breviter fatsu*st longaeva sacerdos : ' Anchisa generate, deVim certissima prole?, v Cooyti stagaE«,lta vides Stygiamque paluaem, di cttiusiurare tim ent et lallere jy imen. Haec omnis, quam cernisTm^ K" Jphuma'taque tu rbar-est ; 325 portitorille Charon; hi, quos vehit unda, i^iHti ; nee rijias o^qr horreudas et rauc^Ju^ra"' ^ transpor(tare(prms quam'^sedibus oss^ qqlCTunt. Centumr^Brant annos yolitantque-feaec litora circum ; tum den^ui»-«,dmissi smgnarexoptata revisunt.' 330 Constitit Anchisa gatiis et vestigia pressit, y multa puibans scmfem^ejffiimMniseratus ini^uaii.' Aeneas sees the shades of his lost companions. The tale of Palinurus. Cernit ibi igaesl^ et {mortis lionore' carentis Leucaspint-et Lyciae ductorem classis Oronten, quos simul ab Troia TCntosa^per aequora yeptos 336 AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 163 obruitAuster, aquE-mrolveM navemque virosquej Bcce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat, , ' ' qui Libyco nuper cursu, dum sidera servat, exciderat puppi mediis effusus in undis. Hunc ubi vix multa maestum cognovit in umbra, 340 sic prior adloquitur : ' Quis te, Palinure, deoruin eripuit nobis medioque sub aequore mersit ? Die age. Namque mihi,' fallax baud ante repertus, hoc uno response animuin delusit Apollo, qui fore te pontoincolumem finisque canebat 345 venturum Ausonios. En haec promissa fides est_?_^ lUe autein : ' Neque te Phoebi cortina fefellit, dux Anchisiade, nee me deus aequore mersit. Namque gubernaclum multa vi forte revolsum, cui datus haerebam ctistos cursusque regebam, 350 praeeipitans traxi mecum. Maria aspera iuro . non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem, quam tua ne, spoliata armis, excussa magistro, deficeret tantis navis surgentibus undis. Tris Notus hibernas immensa per aequora noctes 355 vexit me violentus aqua ; vix lumine quarto prospexi Italiam summa sublimis ab unda. Paulatim adnabam terrae ; iam tuta tenebam, ni gens crudelis madida cum veste gravatum, prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera mentis, 360 ferro invasisset praedamque ignara putasset. Nunc me fluctus habet versantque in litore yenti. Quod te per caeli iucundum lumen et auras, per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis luli, 1. mihl. 164 p. VERGILI MARONIS eripe me his, invicte, malis : aut tu mihi terrain 365 inice (namque potes) portusque require Velinos ; aut tu, si qua via est, si quam tibi diva creatrix ostendit (neque enim, credo, sine numine divum fluinina tanta paras Stygiamque innare paludem), da dextram misero et tecum me tolle per undas, 370 sedibus ut saltern placidis in morte quiescam.' Talia fatus erat, coepit cum talia vates : ' Unde haec, o Palinure, tibi ' tam dira cupido ? Tu Stygias inhumatus aquas amn'emque severum Eumeuidum aspicjes ripamve iniussus adibis ? 375 Desine fata deum flecti sperare preeando. Sed cape dicta memor, duri solacia casus : nam tua finitimi, longe lateque^per urbes prodigiis acti caelestibus, ossa piabunt et statuent tumuium et tumulcr sollemnia mittent, 380 aeternumque locus Palinuri npmen habebit.' His dictis curae emotae, pulsusque parumper corde dolor tristi ; gaud^t cognomine terrae. Charon, on seeing the golden hough, ferries them across the Styx. Ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquant. Navita quos iam- inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda 385 per taciturn nemus ire pedemque advertere ripae, sic prior adgreditur dictis atque increpat ultro : ' Quisquis es, armatus qui nostra ad fluraina tendis, fare age, quid venias, iam istinc, et comprime gressum. Umbrarum hie locus est, Somni Noctisqiie soporae; 390 corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare carina. 1. Hbl. AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 165 Nec vero Alciden me sum laetatus euntem accepisse lacu nee Thesea Pirithoumque, dis quamquam geniti atque invicti vii-ibus assent. Tartareum ille manu custodem in vincla 'petivit, ipsius a solio regis, traxitque trementem ; hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adorti.' 395 Fig. 30. Hercules and Cbbbbrus. Quae contra breviter fata est Amphrysia vates • ' Nullae hic insidiae tales (absiste moveri), nee vim tela ferunt ; licet ingens ianitor autro aeternum latrans exsanguis terreat umbras ; casta licet patrui servet Proserpina limen. Troius Aeneas, pietate insignis et armis, ad genitorem imas Erebi descendit ad umbras. Si te nulla movet tantae pietatis imago, 400 405 166 p. VERGILI MABONIS at ramum hunc ' (aperit ramum, qui veste latebat) ' adgnoscas.' Tumida ex ira turn corda residunt. Nee plura his. Ills admirans'venerabile donum fatalis virgae, longo post tempore visum, caeruleam advertit puppim ripaeque propinquat. 4io Inde alias animas, quae per iuga longa sedebant, deturbat laxatque foros ; simul accipit alveo ' ingentem Aeneam. Gemuit sub pondere comba sutilis et multam accepit rimosa paludem. Tandem trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque 415 informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva. Cerberus is lulled to sleep. Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci personat, adverse recubans immanis in antro. Cui vates, horrere videns iam colla colubris, melle sopor^tana-et medicatis frugibus offam 420 obicit. Ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens corripit obiectam atque immania terga resolvit fusus humi totoque ingens extenditur' antro. Occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto evaditque celer ripam inremeabilis undae. 425 The ghosts of those whose death was untimely. Continue auditae voces vagitus et ingens infantumque animae flentes, in limine prime quos dulcis vitae exsortis et ab ubere raptes abstulit. atra dies et funere mersit aoerbe. Hoa iuxta false damnati crimine mortis. 430 1. aheo. AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 167 Nec vero-hae sine sorte datae, sine iudioe, sedes : quaesitor Minos urnam movet ; ille silentum consiliumque vocat, vitasque et crimina discit. Proxima deinde tenent maesti loca, qui sibi letum insontes peperere manu lucemque perosi 435 proiecere animas. Quam vellent aethere-in alto nuuo et pauperism et duros perferre labores ! Fas obstat tristique palus inamabilis unda alligat et noviens Styx interfusa coercet. The Mourning Fields, with their fair loomen, among them Dido. Nee procul hinc partem fusi monstrantur in omnem 440 Lugentes Campi ; sic illos nomine dicunt. Hie, quos durus amor crudeli tabe pepedit, secreti celant calles et myrtea circum silva tegit ; curae non ipsarin morte relinquunt. His Phaedram Procrimque Iqcis maestamque Eriphylen, 445 crudelis nati monstrantem volnera, cernit, Euadnenqueet Pasipliaen; his Laodamia it comes et iuvenis quondam, nunc femina,, Caeneus rursus et in veterem fato revoluta figuram. Inter quas Phoenissa recens a volnere Dido 450 errabat silva in magna. Quam Troius lieros ut primum iuxta stetit adgnovitque per umbras obscuram, qualem primo qui surgere mense aut videt aut vidisse putat per nubila lunam, demisit lacrimas dulcique adfatus amore est : 465 'Infelix Dido, verus mihi nnatM-f^t^^^^ venerat exstinctam, ferroque-extrema secutam? ■Funeris hen tibi causa fui? Per sidera^iuro, 168 p.. VERGrLI MARONIS per superos, et si qua fides tellure sub ima est, invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi. 460 Sed me iussa deuni, quae n\inc has ire per umbras, per loca senta situ eogunt noctemque prof undam, iinperiis egere suis; nee credere quivi hunc tantum tibi me discessu ferre doloiem. Siste gradum teque aspee'tu ne snbtrahe nostro. 465 Quem f ugis ? Extremum fato, quod te adioquor, hoc est.' Talibus Aeneas ardentem et torva tuentem lenibat dictis animum lacrimasque ciebat. Ilia solo fixos.oculos aversa tenebat nee magis incepto voltum sermone movettir, 470 quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes. Tandem corripuit sese atque inimica refugit in nemus umbriferum, eoniunx ubi prisUnus illi respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem. Nee minus Aeneas,' casu concussus iniquo, 475 prosequitur lacrimis longe et miseratur euntem. The souls of warriors. Inde datum'TWoutnr iter. lamque arva tenebant ultima, quae bell(^lari^creta.frequentan.t. Hie illi occurrit Tydeus, hic incmtSs armis Parthenopaeus et Adragti pallentis imago. i, 480 Hic multum net Tag amp eij-os bell oque^ aauci Dardanidae, quos ille omnis longo ordine cernens ingemuit, Glaucumque Medontaque Thersilochumque, tris Antenoridas, Cererique sacrum Polyboeten, Idaeiimque etiam curms, etiam armatenelftemTjl 486 Circumstant animae oextra laevaque frequen^iisr^ AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 169 Nec vidisse semel satis est; iuvat usque moran et Gonierre graRuin et veniendi diseere causas. At Danau ni proc eres Agamemnoniaeque pKalanges, ut videjB^rum fulgenti^que ar'ina per umbras, 490 ingenti t?epiaare metii : pars vei'tereterga, ceu qir^dam pCTi ^^rq ,tes ; pars toUerevoe^m. ex^uam, inceptuip cl^n^or frustrafur hiant&.J^'^ The tale of Deiphohus. Atque hie Priamiden laniatum oorpore toto Deiphobum vidit^ lacerutn erudeliter ora, 495 ora inanusque ambas, populataque tempera raptis auribus et truncas inhonesto yolnere naris. Vix adeo~adgnovit pavitantem ae dira tegentem supplicia, et notis compellat. vocibus ultro : ' Deiphobe armipotens, genus alto a sanguine Teucri, 500 qMs. tam erudelis optavit sumere poenas ? Cui tantum de te licuit ? Mihi fama suprema nocte tulit fessum vasta te caede Pelasgum procubuisse super confusae stragis ^cervum. Tunc egomet tumulum Khoeteo litore-inanem 505 constitui et magna Manis ter voce voeavi. Nomen et arma locum servant ; te,^ amice, nequivi conspicel'e et patria decedens ponere terra.' Ad quae Priamides : ' Nihil o tibi, amiee, relictum ; omnia Deiphobo solvisti et funeris umbris. 6io Sed me fata mea et scelns exitiale Lacaenae his mersere malis ; ilia haec monumenta reliquit. Namque ut supremam falsa-inter gaudia noctem i. tS, amice : semi-hiatus. 170 p. VBRGILI MAKONIS egerimus, nosti ; et nimium meminisse necesse est, Cum fatalis equus saltu super aidua venit 515 Pergama et armatum peditem gi-avis attulit alvo, ilia, Chorum simulans, euhantis orgia circura ducebat Phrygias; flammam media ipsa tenebat inge'ntem et summa Danaos ex arce vocabat. Tum me, confectum curis soirinoque gravatum, 520 infelix habuit thalamus, pressitque iacentem duleis et alta qilies placidaeque simillima morti. Egregia interea coniunx arma omnia tectis emovet, et fidum capiti subduxerat eusem ; intra tecta vocat Menelaum et limina pandit, 525 scilicet id magnum sperans fore munus amanti et famam exstingui veterum sic posse malorum. Quid moror ? Inrilmpunt thalamo, comes additur una hortator scelerum Aeolides. Di, talia Grais instaurate, pio si poenas ore reposco. 530 Sed te qui vivum casus, age fare vicissim, attulerint. Pelagine venis erroribus actus an monitu divum ? An quae te fortuna fatigat, ut tristis sine sole domos, loca turbida,-adire s ? ' [ Hac vice sermonum roseis Aurora quadrigis 636 iam medium aetherio etirsu traiecerat axem ; et fors omne datum traherent per talia tempus, sed comes admonuit breviterque adfata Sibyllft-est : 'Nox ruit, Aenea; nos flendo ducimus horas. Hie locus est, partis ubi se via findit in ambas : 640 dextera quae Ditis magni sub moenia tendit, hac iter Elysium nobis ; at laeva malorum exercet poenas, et ad impia' Tartara mittit.' AENBIDOS LIB. VI. Ill Deiphobus contra : ' Ne saevi, magna saceidos ; diseedam, explel^ numerum reddarque tenebris. 545 I decus, i, nostrum:; melioribus utere fatis.' Tantumreffatus, et .n verbo vestigia torsit. Tartarus and the sinners Viere suffering punishment. Eespicit Aeneas subitbfet snb rupe sinistra moenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro, quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis, 550 Tartareus Phlegethonj torquetque sonantia saxa. Porta adversa, ingens, solidoque adamante columnae,, vis ut nulla virum, non ipsi exscindere bello caelicolae- valeant ; stat ferrea turris ad auras, Tisiphoneque sedexisy palla succincta cruenta, 656 vestibulum exsomnis servat noetesque diesque. Hinc exaudiri gemitus, et saeva sonare verbera, turn stridor ferri tractaeque catenae. Constitit Aeneas strepituque exterritus haesit. ' Quae scelerum facies ? virgo, effare : qSibusve 560 urgentur poenis t Quis tantus plangor ad auras ? ' Turn vates sic orsa loqui : ' Dux inclute Teucrum, nulli fas casto sceleraturu insistere limen ; sed me cum lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis, ipsa deum poenas docuit perque omnia duxit. 565 Gnosius haec Khadamanthu>s habetjiiiuaaiuia-negna — castigatque auditquedolos s'ubigitque fateri, quaeji.uis.agud superbs, furto laetatus mam, distulit in seranTs^ramissa piacula mortem. Continuo sontis ultrix accineta flagello^ 570 Tisiphone quatit insultans, torvbsque sinistra 172 p. VERGILl MARONIS intentans anguis vocat agmina saeva sororum. Turn demum horrisono stridentes cardine safcrae pauduntur portae. Cernis, custodia qualiS vestibule sedeat, facies quae limina servfet? 575 Quinquaginta atris immanis hiatibus hydra saevior intus habet sedem. Turn Tartarus ipse bis patet in praeceps tantupi/tenditque sub umbras, quantus ad aetherium caeli suspectus Olympum. Hie genus ap.tiquum Terrae, Titania pubes, ■ 680 fulmine deiecti fundo volvuntur in imo. Hie et Aloidas geminos immania vidi corpora, qui manibus magnum rescindere caelum adgressi superisque lovem detrudere regnis. Vidi et crudelis dantem Salmonea poenas, S86 dum flamiiias loyis et sonitus imitatur Olympic Quattuor hie invectus eqniis et lampada quassans per Graium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem ibat ovans divumque sibi ' poscebat honorem, demens, qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen 690 acre et eomipedum pulsu simularet equorum. At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum contorsit, non ille faces nee fumea taedis lumiua, praecipitemque immani turbine adegit. Nee non et Tityon, Terrae omniparentis alumnum, 595 cernere erat, per tota novem cui iugera corpus porrigitur ; rostroque immanis voltur obunco immortale iecur tondens fecundaque poenis viscera, rimaturque epulis, habitatque sub alto pectore, nee fibris requies datur uUa renatis. 600 AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 173 Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona Pirithoumque, quos super atra silex iam iam lapsura cadentiqife ' imminet adsimilis ? Lucent genialibus altis aurea fulcra toris, epulaeque ante ora paratae regifico Inxu j Furiarum maxima iuxta 605 accubat et manibus prohibet contingere mensas, exsurgitque facem attollens atque intonat ore. Hie quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat, pulsatusve parens, et fraus innexa clienti, aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis 610 nee partem posuere suis (quae maxima turba-est), quique bb adulterium caesi, quique-arma secuti impia nee veriti dominorum fallere dextras, inclusi poenam exspectant. Ne quaere doceri, quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit. 615 Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radiisque rotarum district! pendent ; sedet aeternumque sedebit infelix Theseus ; Phlegyasque miserrimus omnis adjnonet et magna testatur voce per umbras : "Discite iustitiam moni^i-et non temnere divos." 620 Vendidit hie auro patriam dominumque potentem imposuit, fixit leges pretip-atque refixit ; hie thalamum invasit natae vetitosque ;h-ymenaeos ; ausi- omnes immane nefas ausoque' potiti. Non, mihi si linguae centum sint oraquei centum, 625 ferrea vox, omnis scelerum comprendereformas, omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possim.' 1. cadentique : with -que hypermetrio. 174 p. VERGILI MAEOKIS Aeneas places the golden bough upon Pluto's threshold. Haec ubi dicta dedit Phoebi longaeva sacerdos, ' Sed iam age, earpe viam et susceptum perfice munus ; acceleremus, ' ait. ' Cyclopum educta caminis 630 moenia conspicio atque adverso foruice portaa, haec ubi nos praecepta iubent deponere dona.' Dixerat, et pariter gressi per opaca viarum corripiunt spatium medium foribusque propinquant. Occupat Aeneas aditum corpusque recenti 63S spargit aqua ra:mumque adverso in limine figit. The Blissful Groves of Elysium. His demum exactis, perfecto munere divae, devenere locos laetos et amoena virecta Portunatorum Nemorum sedesque beatas. Largior bic campos aether et lumine vestit 640 purpureo, solemque suum, sua sidera norunt. Pars in gramineis exercent^ membra palaestris, contendunt ludo et fulva liictantur harena ; pars pedibus plaudunt choreas et carmina dicunt. Nee non Threicius longa cum veste sacerdos 645 obloquitur numeris septem discrimina vocum iamque eadem digitis, iam pectine pulsat eburno. Hie genus antiquum Teucri, pulcherrima proles, magnanimi heroes, riati melioribus annis, Ilusque Assaracusque et Troiae Dardanus auctor. 650 Arma procul currusque virum miratur inanis ; stant terra defixae hastae, passimque soluti per campum pascuntur equi ; quae gratia currum AENBIDOS LIB. VI. '175 armorumque fujt vivis, quae cura nitentis pascere equos, eadem sequitur tellure repostqs.^ 655 Gonspicit ecoe alios dextra laevaque per herbam veseentis laetumque choro paeana canentis inter odoratum lauri nemus, unde superne plurimus Eridani per silvam volvitur amnis. Hie manus bb patriam pugnando volnera passi, 660 quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manebat, quique pii vates et Phoebo digna locuti, inventas aut qui vitam.excoluere per artis, quique sui memores aliquos feeere merendo: cdnnibus his nivea cinguntur tempora vitta. 665 Quos circumfusos sic est adfata Sibylla, Musaeum ante omnis; medium nam plurima turba hunc habet atqueumeris exstantem suspicit altis: ' Dicite, felices aiiimae, tuque, optime vates, quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus ? lUius ergo 670 venimus et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnis.' Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros : ' NulliWertar-dcflSms ; lucis habitamus opacis riparumque toros et prata recentia rivis incolimus. Sed vos, si fert ita corde voluntas, , 675 hoc superate iugum, et facili iam tramite sistam.' Dixit et ante tulit gressum camposque nitentis desuper ostentat; dehinc'^ summa cacumina linqxiunt. The meeting of Aeneas and Anchises. At pater Anchises penitus convalle virenti inclusas animas superumque-ad lumen ituras 680 1. deliinc. 176 ' p. VBRGILI MAKONIS lustrabat studio recolens, omnemque suorum forte recensebat numerum carosque nepotes fataqiie fortuuasque viruin moresque manusque. Isque ubi tendentem adversum per grainina vidit Aenean, alacris palinas utrasque tetendit, 685 effusaeque genis lacrimae, et vox excidit ore : ' Venisti tandem, tuaque exspectata parenti vicit iter durum pietas ? Datur ora tueri, nate^ua et notas au(iire-et reddere voces ? Sic equidem ducebam -aniiiio rebarque futurum, 690 tempera dinumerans, nee me mea cura fefellit. Quas ego te terras et quanta per aequora vectum accipio, quantis iactatum, nate, periclis ! Quam metui, ne quid Libyae tibi regna nooerent ! ' Ille-autem : ' Tua me, genitor, tua tristis imago 696 saepius occurrens haec limina tendere adegit ; stant sale Tyrrhene classes. !Da iungere dextram, da, genitor, teque amplexu ne subtralie nostro.' Sic memorans la'i'go fletu simul ora rigabat. Ter conatus ibi ' coUo dare bracchia cireum, 700 ter fmstra comprensa manus effugit imago, par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno. The souls of those who are to live again on earth. Interea videt Aeneas in valle reducta seclusujn nemus et virgulta sonantia silvae Lethaeumque, domos placidas qui praenatat, amnem. 705 Hujpc cireum inuumerae gentes populique volabant; ac velut in pratis ubi apes aestate serena 1. ibi. AENEIDOS LIB. YI. 177 floribus insidunt variis et Candida ciroum • lilia funduntur, strepit omnis murinure campus.. Horrescit visu subito causasque requirit 7io inscius Aeneas, quae sint ea flumina porro, quive viri tanto complerint agmine ripas. Turn pater Ancbises : ' Animae, quibus altera fato corpora debentur, Letbaei ad fluminis undam secures latiees et longa oblivia potant. 715 Has equidem memorare tibi-atque-estendere cc»ram, iampridem banc prolem cupio-enumerare meorum, quo magis Italia mecum laetere reperta.' ' pater, anne aliquas ad caelum bine ire putandum est sublimis animas iterumque ad tarda reverti 720 corpora ? Quae lucis miseris tam dira cupido ? ' 'Dicam equidem nee te suspensum, nate, teaebo,' , suscipit Ancbises atque ordine singula pandit. The doctrine of the anima mundi and of the soztVs puriftcation after death. ' Principio caelum-ac terras camposque liquentis lucen'^emque globum lunae Titaiy^:jue astra 725 spiritus intus alit, totamque4nfusa per artus mens agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet. Inde bominum pecudumque genus, vitaeque volantum, et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aequore pontus. Igneus est ollis vigor et caelestis origo 730 seminibus, quantum non noxia corpora tardant terrenique hebetant artus moribundaque membra. • Hinc metuunt cupiuntque, dolent gaudentque, neque^auras dispiciunt clausae tenebris et carcere caeco. 178 p. VEBGILI MABONIS Quin et supremo cum lumine vita reliquit, 735 non tamen orane malum miseris nee funditus omnes corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est multa diu coi|creta modis inolesoere mifis. Ergo exerceii^r poenis veterumque malorum supplicia expendunt: aliae panduntur inanes 740 suspensae ad ventos, aliis sub gurgite vasto inf eetum eluitur scelus aut exuritur igni ; quisque sues patimur Mauis. Exinde per amplum mittimur Elysium, et pauci laeta arva tenemus, donee longa dies, perfecto temporis orbe 745 concretam -exemit labem, purumque relinquit aetherium sensum atque aurai siniplicis ignem. Has omnis, ubi mills rotam volvere per annos, Lethaeum ad fluvium deus evocat agmine magno, scilicet immemores supera -ut convexa revisant, 750 rursus et incipiant in corpora velle reverti.' Anchises points out the future heroes of Borne. I Uixerat Anchises, natumque unaque Sibyllam conventus trahit in mediffi^turbamque sonantem et tumulum capit, unde omnis longa^rdine posset adversos legere et venientum discere voltus. 755 'I^unc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, inlustris animas nostrumque-in nomen ituras expediam dictis et te tua fata docebo. . Ille, vides, pura iuvenis qui nititur hasta, 760 proxima sorte tenet lucis loea, primus ad auras aetherias Italo commixtus sanguine surget, AENBIDOS LIB. VI. .■ ;" 179 Silvius, Albantim nomen, tua pdstum'a prales, quern tibi longaevo serum Lavinia coniuhx ; . ' educet silvis regem regumque parentem, 765 unde genus Longa nostrum dominabitur AlbaW Proximus ille Proeas, Troianae gloria gentis, ' et Capys et Numitor ' et, qui te nomine reddet, Silvius Aeneas, pariter pietate vel armis • egre^ius, si umquam regnandam-acceperit Albam: 770 Qui iuvenes ! Qukntas ostentant, aspiee, viris, atque umbrata gerunt civili tempera quercu ! ' Hi tibi Momentum et Gabios urbemque Pidenam, hi Collatinas imponent moutibus arces, Pometios Castrumque Inui Bolamque Coramque. 775 Haec tum nomina erutit, nunc sunt sine nomine terras. Bomulus and Augustus Caesar. Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet Eomulus, Assaraci quern sanguinis Ilia mater educet. Viden, ut geminae stant vertice aristae et pater ipse sue superum iam signat bonore ? 780 En huius, nate, auspiciis ilia incluta Eoma imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo septemque una sibi' mure circumdabit arces, felix prole virum : qualis Berecyntia mater invehitur curru Pbrygias turrita per urbes, 785 laeta deum partu, centum eomplexai ndpotes, omnis caelicolas, omnis supera alta tenentis. Hue geminas nunc flecte acies, banc aspiee gentem Eomanosque tuos. Hie Caesar et omnis luli 1. Numitdr. 2. sibi: 180. p. VBEGILI MARONIS progenies, magnum caeli ventura sub axem. Hie vir, hie' est, tibi'quem promitti saepius audis, Augustus Caesar, Divi genus, aurea condet saecula qui rursus Latio regnata per arva' Saturuo quondam, super et Garamantas et Indos 790 Fig. 31. Ctbele turrita.- proferetimjjerium (iacet extra sidera tellus, extra anni solisque vias, ubi caelifer Atlas axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum). Huiiis in adVentiim iam nunc et Caspia regna responsis horrent divum et Maeotia tellus et septemgemini turbant trepida ostia Nili. Nee vero Alcides tantum telluris obiyit, 1. Ale. 795 800 AENEIDOS LIB. VI. .81 fixerit aeripedem cervam lieet, aut Erymanthi pacarit nemora, et Lemam tremefecerit arcu, nee qui pampineis victor iuga flectit habenis Liber, agens celso Nysae de vertice tigris. 805 Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem-extendere faetis aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra ? The kings of Borne, and heroes of the Bepuhlic. Qais procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae sacra f erens ? Nosco crinis incanaque menta regis Eoniani, primam qui legibus urbem 8i0 fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit otia qui rurapet patriae residesque movebit Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis agmina. Quem iuxta sequitur iactantior Ancus, 815 nunc quoque iam niraium gaudens popularibus auris. Vis et Tarquiuios reges, animamque superbam ultoris Bruti fasce^que videre receptos ? Consulis imperium hie primus saevasque secures accipiet natosque pater nova bella moyentis ' 820 ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit, infelix, utcumque ferent ea facta minores : vineet amor patriae laudumque immensa cupido. Quin Decios Drusosque procul saevumque securi aspice Torquatunt-et referentem signa Camillum. 825 Caesar and Pompey. . • Illae autem, paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis, Concordes animae nunc et dum nocte premuntur, 182 p. VEBGILI MAEONIS heu diiantum inter se bellum, si lumina vitae JEttifflerint, quantas acies stragemque ciebunt, agg^iribus socer Alpinis atque aree Monoeci 830 des6endens, gener adversis instructus Eois I • § Fig. 33. Cesar and Pompet. Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis adsuescite bella, neu patriae validas in viscera vertite viris ; tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo; proice tela manu, sanguis meus ! 835 ' Ille triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho victor aget curnim, caesis insignis Achivis ; eruet ille Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli, ultus avos Troiae, templa et temerata Minervae. 840 Quis te, magna Cato, taciturn aut te, Gosse, relinquat? Quis Gracchi genus aut geminos, duo fulmina belli, Scipiadas, cladem Libyae, parvoque potentem Fabricium vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem ? Quo fessum rapitis, Pabii ? Tu Maximus ille es, 845 unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem. Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera, (credo equidem), vivos ducent de marmore voltus; orabunt causas melius, caelique meatus describent radio et surgentia sidera.diceut: 850 tu regere imperio populos, Eomane, memento AENEIDOS LIB. VI. 183 (hae tibi erunt artes) pacique imponere inorem, patoere subieetis et debellare superbos.' The young Marcellus, and the great grief of Borne. Sic pater Anchises, atque Jiaec mirantibus addit : ' Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus ppimis 855 ingreditur victorque viros supereminet omnis. Hie rem Romanam, magno tiirbante tumultu, sistet eques, sternet Poenos Gallumque re|bellein, tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino.' Atque bio Aeneas (una nanique ire videbat 860 egre'gium forma iuvenem -et fulgentibus armis, sed frons laeta parum et deiecto liimina voltu) : ' Quis, pater, ille, virum qui sic comitatur euntem ? Pilius, anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum? Qui strepitus circa comitum ! Quantum ins tar in ipso ! 865 Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra.' Turn pater Ancbises lacrimis ingressus obortis : ' gnate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum. Ostendent terris hunc tantum fata, nee ultra esse sinent. Nimium vobis Eomana propago 870 visa potens, superi, propria baec si doua fuissent. Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem campus aget gemitus ! Vel quae, Tiberine, videbis funera, cum tumulum praeterlabere recentem ! Nee puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos 875 in tantum spe toilet avos, nee Eomula quondam ullo se tantum tellus iactabit alumno. Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bello dextera ! Non illi se quisquamr-imipune tulisset 184 p. VERGILI MAKONIS yfii^'' ^^«^;- .,^11"^ J Fig. 34, Marcei.lus the Younger. obvius armato, seu cum pedes iret in hostem, seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos. Heu miserande puer, si (Jua fata aspera ruinpas, tu Marcellus eris ! Manibus date lilia plenis, purpureos spargam flores animamque nepotis Ms saltern accumulem d^nis et fungar inani munere.' Sic tota passim regione vagantur " agris in campis latis atque omnia lustrant. Quae postquam Anchises natum per singula duxit incenditque animum famae venientis amore, exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda, Laurentis.que docet populos urbemque Latini, et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem. Aeneas and the Sibyl return to the upper world. Sunt geminae Somni portae; quarura-altera fertur cornea, qua veris faoilis datur exitus umbris, 880 885 890 ABNEIDOS LIB. VI. 185 altera candenti perfecta nitens.elephanto, 895 sed falsa- ad caelum mittuut insomnia Manes. His nbi tum natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam prosequitur dictis portaque emittit ebuma ; ille viam secat ad navis sociosque revisit ; tum se ad Caietae recto fert litpre portum. 900 Ancora de prora iacitur ; stant litore puppes. NOTES Grammatical References : A. = Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar ; B. = Bennett's Latin Grammar ; G. — Gilder- sleeve's Latin Grammar ; H. = Harkness's Complete Latin Gram- mar; H. & B. = Hale and Buck's ia/m Grammar. BOOK I. The Trojans reach Carthage. The four following lines are sometimes prefixed to the Aeneid : Ille ego, qui quondam gracili modulatus avena carmen, et egressus silois vicina coegi ut quamvis avido parerent arva colono, gratum opus agricolis : at nunc horrentia Martis [arma virumque cano,] On these lines, see Introd. § 16. They are imitated by Milton in the opening of Paradise liegained, by Spenser, Faerie Queene 1, 1, and by Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered 1, 1. modulatus : sc. sum, tuned my song. The line refers to the Eclogues. egressus silvis : i.e. leaving pastoral poetry; vicina coegi, etc. : constrained the neighboring fields to serve the husbandman, however grasping. This refers to the Georgics. opus : accusative in apposition with the sentence. A. 397, f ; G. 324 ; H. & B. 395. ■ horrentia: this word, agreeing with arma, shows that these four lines were written as introductory to the Aeneid. They were quite probably composed by Virgil, when entering upon the composition of the poem, but rejected by his literary executors in accordance with the poet's more mature judgment. In antiquity 187 L88 NOTES ;he words arma virumque were regularly regarded as the opening vords of the epic, and must have been so given in the first edition. Lines 1-7. The Poet's Theme. The poem is an epic of war (arma), and its hero (virum) is a Trojan, who, working out the destiny (fato) of his people, not- vithstanding terrible trials due to unfriendly gods (vi superum), eached Italy (lialiani), and founded the Roman race (Jiomae). The emphasis of this stately exordium culminates in liomiie, but lote the several important ideas which it suggests for an uiider- itanding of the poem as a whole. 1. arma virumque : probably no words are more commonly sited from the Latin classics than these. To take two examples, ;hey supply a title for Thackeray's Virginians, Vol. II. ch. 14, and for I play of Bernard Shaw's, virum : note that the hero is not men- ioned by name until line 92. primus : _first. According to tradi- ;ion, Antenor had already founded Pataviuni (Padua) iu Cisalpine jaul, which was not included in Italy until 42 B.C., but the fact s unimportant, and had nothing to do with the Roman race. 2. Italiam : ace. of the limit of motion. In prose a preposition [ad or in) would be required. A. 428, g; B. 182, 4; G. 337, n. 1 ; H. 419, 3 ;' H. & B. 385, c. fato : belongs to both profugus and >enit. Laviuiaque venit litora : note how the more general ex- pression (Italiam) is followed by the more special (Lavinia litora), ;he sense being the Lavinian shores of Italy. The region about Lavinium is Latium, the name Laviniuni being due to Lavinia, laughter of Latinus, and wife of Aeneas. Lauinia is pronounced Lavinya, i (before the a) being treated as a consonant ; A. 603, c, n. ; B. 367, 4 ; G. 723 ; H. 733, 3, n. 2 ; H. & B. 656, 2. 3. multum . . . alto : mttch buffeted he both by land and sea. nultum is used adverbially, ille repeats tlie' subject qui for imphasis. iactatus is a participle, not a finite verb, terris and ilto are ablatives of the place where, without a preposition. A. 429, 4; B. 228, 1, d ; G. 385, n. 1 ; H. 485, 3; H. & B. 433, a. NOTES 189 4. superum : gen. plu., -um being an earlier form of -orum. Poetry delights in archaisms. The phrase vi superum is very emphatic. The power which caused so much trouble to Aeneas was no vis humana, but a vis divina. saevae memorem lunonis Ob iram : note the artistic arrangement, by which both adjectives precede both substantives. 5. multa quoque et bello passus : much too having suffered in war also. These ■words find their best commentary in the second half of the poem, -which tells the story of Aeneas's war- fare on Italian soil, dum conderet urbem : ere he might found his city. The dum clause expresses the object kept in view through- out. A. 553; B. 310, I; G. 572; H. 603, IT, 2; H. & B. 507, 5. 6. deos : i.e. the Penates, the gods of the Trojan state, whose images Aeneas carried away from Troy. Latio : dative with a verb of motion. A. 428, h; B. 193; G. 358; H. 419, 4 ; H. & B. 375. From this word a locative expression is to be supplied with conderet, for the urbs is to be in Latio. unde = e quo, and referring back to virum, the main subject of thought throughout the para- graph. In Aeneas, of course, are embraced his followers. Lati- num : a Latin race existed in Italy before Aeneas, but he gave the name Lalini to the united Trojans and Latins. So in XII. 837, Jupiter assures Juno faciamque omnis uno ore Latinos, I will make them all Latins of one speech. 7. Albani patres : many of the great senatorial families of Rome, including the Julii, claimed descent from the families of Alba Longa. Romae : note the reference to the three stages of growth — Lavinium founded by Aeneas, Alba Longa by Ascanius, Rome by Romulus and Remus. (In the opening verse " our author seems to sound a charge, and be- gins — like the clangor of a trumpet — scarce a word without an f, and the vowels, for the greater part, sonorous" (Dryden). Note the alliterative effects in Laviniaque venit litora, and in superum saevae ; the prominence of the t sound in line 3, emphasizing the thought ; the rhetorical repetition, called anaphora, in mtiltum . . . multa ; and the abundance of connectives in lines 3 and 5, suggesting an abundance of material for poetic treatment. Especially effective is the last verse with its rich vowel sounds.) 190 NOTES Lines 8-11. Invocation of the Mtjse. This invocation follows the regular epic method. So the Muse is invoked at the opening of both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Cf. Milton, Paradise Lost : " Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden tree, . . . Sing, heavenly muse I " 8. mihi: Virgil here preserves the original quantity of the final vowel, quo uumine laeso : what purpose heing thwarted; ablative absolute, numen is the goddess's will, wish, or purpose which was set at naught. She had aimed at making Carthage greater than Rome. 9. quidve dolens:. or grieved at what. A. 390, c; B. 176, 3; G. 333 ; H. 416, 2 ; H. & B. 397. deum = deorum. . Cf . note on superum, 4. 10. pietate : the virtue most characteristic of the hero. See Introd. § 5. tot adire labores : to face so many toils. The expres- sion suggests a comparison with Hercules, the hero of twelve labors, and such a comparison runs through the epic. Both Hercules and Aeneas were persecuted by Juno, both explored the- world and founded cities, both visited Hades alive, and both were deified. 11. impulerit; subjunctive of indirect question. A. 573 fE. ; B. 300 ; G. 467 ; H. 649, II ; H. & B. 537, b. irae : so. sunt. The plural of an abstract noun may give an idea of abundance. Translate as angry passions. For the thought, cf . Milton, Paradise Lost 6, 788 : "In heavenly breasts could such pervei'seness dwell ? " Lines 12-33. The Causes op Juno's Hatred. 12. antiqua: from the poet's point of view, fuit : was, not is. The tense is expressive. So in II. 325, fuimus Troes. Tyrii : NOTES 191 Carthage was lounded by Phoenicians from Tyre, tenuere: so. earn. 13. Italiam contra: an instance of anastrophe. A. 640. Tiberina ostia : again the general expression is followed by the move. specific, as in 2. longe : modifying contra, facing Italy far away, Carthage and Rome being on opposite shores of the great Mediterranean Sea. 14. dives opum : a poetical construction. A. 349, a, d ; B. 204 ; G. 374 ; H. 452 ; H. & B. 347. On the commerce and wealth of Cai'thage, see Moramsen's History of Rome, Vol. II. p. 27 fi. studiisque asperima belli: stern in her pursuit of war, as seen in Rome's great Punic wars. Latin often uses a superlative where in the colder English the positive is sufficient. 15. terris magis omnibus : i.e. terrarum omnium maxime. unam : often used to strengthen a superlative idea. 16. posthabita Samo : ablative absolute. On the island of Samos was a famous temple of Juno. In connecting Juno with Carthage, Virgil identifies her with the Phoenician Astarte (Ash- taroth). Note the hiatus in Samo hie, which is allowed because of the caesura and the break in the sense. A. 612, g ; B. 366, 7, a ; G. 720; H. 733, 2; H. & B. 647. illius: thus often scanned in Virgil, arma : Juno is spoken of in II. 614 as armed (ferro accincia). She was thus sometimes represented in art. 17. currus : described in Homer's Iliad V. 720-731. hoc regniim . . . fovetque : that this should be the capital of the nations is even then her aim and cherished hope. The combination of iendit (intransitive) a,ni fovet (transitive) is a strong expression of desire, and so governs an accusative with the infinitive, hoc : by attraction for hanc (urhem).- A. 296, a; B. 246, 5; G. 211, 5; H. 396, 2 ; H. & B. 326. si qua : if in any way. iam turn : i.e. even at the time when Aeneas sailed from Troy (line 1). ig. se& enira: hut indeed. Thei-e is no ellipsis ; enm is retained in certain expressiOTS with its original force. 20. quae verteret : which would overthrow. The verb is used in the sense of its compound everteret. The subjunctive is due to indirect narration and represents a future indicative. A. 580; B. 192 NOTES 314, 2 ; G. 650 ; II. 643 ; H. & B. 534, 2. aroes : for urhem, and implies military strength. 21. populum late regem : a people of wide rule. The populus is the progenies of 19, but the redundancy in this line and the next is pardonable, not only because the statement involved is made clear and emphatic, but also because the poet thus glorifies the populus Romanus. late : modifies the verbal idea which is prominent in regem (= regnantem). 22. ezcidio : dative of purpose. Libyae : possibly dative, but more probably genitive, as Servius ' took it. sic volvere Farcaa : so the Fates decree ; literally, spin or unwind, i.e. the thread of destiny. 23. belli : i.e. the Trojan War., 24. prima : Jlrst, used freely for prior, formerly, or of old, and having an adverbial force. 25. irarum : this is the anger shown at the time of the Trojan war. For the plural, of. irae, 11. dolores : a more specific term for causae irarum, which are set forth in 26-28 ; cf . note on Tiherina oslia, 13. 26. alta mente repostum ; deeply stored in Tier mind, literally, in. her deep mind ; repostum for repositum by syncope. 27. iudicium Faridia : the famous judgment of the Trojan Paris, who awarded the golden apple, " ingrav'n ' for the most fair,' " to Venus, her rivals being Juno and' Minerva. See Tenny- son's Oenone. spretaeque iniuria formae : the wrong of slighting her beauty. The second half of the line explains the first. The genitive formae is appositional. A. 343, d ; B. 202 ; G. 361 ; H. 440, 4; H. & B. 341. For spretae, see A. 497; H. 686, 4; H. & B. 008, 2. The expression has become proverbial. Thus Mrs. Humphry Ward, speaking of a young woman who took offence at the way her portrait was painted, says : " It was an odd variety of the spretae iniuria formae " (Fenwick's Career, p. 113). 28. genus invlsum : thehatefulrace,OTher hatred for the race. It was hated, because sprung from Dardanus, the son of Jupiter and 1 Servius was an ancient commentator on Virgil and lived in the fourth century of the Empire. : , " ; . . , NOTES 193 Electra, Juno's rival, rapti Ganymedis honores : the honors of the translated Ganymede, the beautiful Trojan youth, whom an eagle carried off to Olympus to ,be Jove's cupbearer ; rapti is here used in a good sense. 29. his accensa super : inflamed hy these (causes) besides. The construction of 23 is resumed after the parenthesis, iactatos : as iaclatus in 3. 30. Troas:. a Greek accusative form. A. 81, 5; B. 47, 3; G, 66, 4; H. 109, 5; H. & B. 95. reliquias Danaum: the remnants left hy the Greeks. Danaum is a subjective genitive. For the form, cf. superum, 4. In reliquias the first syllable is naturally short, but is lengthened to allow the word to appear in hexameters. 31. Latio: ablative of separa- tion, without preposition. A. 428, g; B. 214; G. 390, 2; H. 46G; H. & B. 410, 2. 32. actifa.tia: drivenbythe fates, i.e. until they reached Italy. The fates drive them toward Latium, while Juno keeps them from it. This idea of antagonistic forces should he borne in mind, maria oiroum : cf. note on Italiam contra, 13. 33. tantae niolis : sn vast a tbsrh it was, literally, of such effort it was. molis is a predicate genitive of quality. A. 343, c ; B. 203, 1, 5; G. 366; H. 447, 3; H. & B. 340. (This paragraph, being expository, is comparatively free from artis- tic refiiieiueiits. Note, however, the anaphora {hie . . . hie . . . hoc) in 16 ami 17, combined with the strong diaeresis after the second foot in 17. Alliterations are rare, but see 18 {turn, tendit), 26 (manet . . . mente), and 31 (longe Latio). The three slow spondees at the begin- ning of 32, combined with the open a sounds of the line, are pictur- esque, and the complete sentence in 33, summarizing the main theme of the poem, makes a powerful and effective close.) Fig. 35. Ganymedb and the Eagle. 194 NOTES Lines 34-49. Juno plans the Destuuction of the Trojan Fleet. In true epic fashion, the poet plunges at once in medias res. Aeneas has already reached Sicily and is now setting sail for Italy. His earlier adventures are recounted by the hero himself in the second and third books. Cf. other epics in this respect. 33. dabant : were spreading. The imperfect is picturesque, spumas salis aere ruebant : note the alliterative effects, acre : because the prows were sheathed with bronze, ruebani;: were ploughing ; mere may be used transitively in poetry. 36. aeternum volnus : i.e. the undying hatred explained in the previous paragraph, sub peotore : deep down in her heart. 37. haec Beoum : in animated narrative the verb of saying is often omitted. mene incepto, etc. : What ! I resign my. purpose baffled ! mene : the personal pronoun with the enclitic -ne. desistere : the infiij|- tive of indignant exclamations ; contrast the form in English, e.g. " O that men should put ah enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains ! " (Shakespeare, Othello). A. 462 ; B. 334 ; G. 534 ; H. 616, 3 ; H. & B. 596. 38. Teucrorum : the Trojans are so called as being descendants of Teucer, the first king of Troy. ' ' 39. quippe : ironical, doubtless. Pallasne : -ne is used where num. might have been expected. Surely Pallas could not hum up the fleet? She surely could not do what I have failed to accomplish. 40. Argivum = Argivorum ; cf. superum, 4, Danaum, 30. ipsos : the men, as contrasted with classem. 41. uniua:' of one alone, as opposed to ipsos, a number of men. For the quantity, see ntJte on illius, 16. et furias Aiacis Oilei: even the frenzy of AJax, son of Oileus. Oilei is a genitive, depen- dent on Aiacis; the ei is one syllable by synizesis. A. 603, c, N.; B. 367, 4; G. 727; H. 733; H. & B. 658. The second half of the line explains the first; cf. 27. On the night of Troy'^s fall, Ajax attacked Cassandra in the sanctuary of Minerva. The NOTES 195 goddess, in anger, destroyed him with his fleet when returning to Greece. 42. ipsa : with her own hands, because Jupiter was the god who properly wielded the lightuing-bolts. ignem : the lightning. 43. -que . . . -que = et . . . et, both . . . and. 44. ilium : him, however. In prose, a sed or tamen would be needed, but here the strong position is enough. The asyndeton is forcible. A. 640 ; B. 346 ; G. 473 ; H. 657, 6 ; H. & B. 305, I, a. transfizo : with the thunderbolt. 45. scopulo infizit acuto : impaled on a sharp rock. 46. ast : an archaic form, and furnishing a long syllable instead of the short at. It is therefore commonly used before vowels. incedo: ' stately tread ' (Milton). The wdrd is picturesque, denot- ing stateliness or majesty of movement. 47. et Boror et coniunx : Minerva was only a daughter of Jupiter's. 48. bella: the plural in accord with the idea of many varied attempts to effect the destruction of the Trojans, et : introduces an indignant question. So in Eiiglish : " And shall Trelawney die ? " quisquam : used in a question when a negative answer is expected. A. 312; B. 252, 4 ; G. 817, 1 ; H. 513 ; H. & B. 276, 7. lunonis : more effective than meum here, adorat : a present for a future tense, which in verbs of the first or second conjugations is a comparatively lengthy form for verse. 49. praeterea : hereafter, honorem : sacrijiee, by metonymy, because it confers honor. A. 641 ; H. 752, 3 ; H. & B. 632, 9. (In the above paragraph, note the slow spondaic rhythm of several of the lines, notably 36 and 37, in which some terrible experience for the hero is suggested. Rapid action is implied by the dactylic rhythm of 42 and 45, to which the spondaic rhythm of 44 stands in sharp contrast.) Lines 30-64. She visits Aeoi.us, the King of the Winds. 51. nimborum : the storm-winds. They are regarded as persons, and therefore have a native land (patriam), and are gov- 196 NOTES erned by a king. Austris : south winds. Poetry prefers specific rather than general terms. Here ventis might have been used ; cf. "And every lover tells his tale under the hawthorn in the dale." 52. Aeoliam: identified by Virgil with Lipari, the volcanic islands north of Sicily. In Homer, Aeolus dwells in a floating island. (The student should compare Homer's account of Aeolus, at the beginning of Odyssey X, with Virgil's.) antro : ablative of place with preposition omitted. Cf. note on terris and alto, 3. The word is distinctly poetical, unlike spe- lunca, 60. 53. A picturesque line, sound and sense in harmony. 54. vinclis et carcere : with prison bonds, or the restraint of a prison. The use of two parallel simple expiessions for one complex phrase is called hendiadys ; vinclis should not be taken of actual chains. The early form (yincluin) is . used, vincuUs ( w ) being impossible in hexameters. 55. illi : hut they (the winds) ; cf . note on ilium, 44. magno cum murmure montis : note the expressive alliteration with m. 56. circum claustra: the poet probably has in mind the Roman chariot races, the horses being confined behind the ban-iers until the moment of starting, when they swept forth like a whirl- wind; cf. Aeneid V, 144-7, or Georgics I, 512-4. celsa arce : like a Greek tyrant, Aeolus occupies a citadel on lofty ground over- lopking the career. 57. sceptra : another case of a plural used for the singular ; cf irnrum, 25. Here the plural allows the poet to substitute a short syllable for a long one. 58. ui f aciat : sc. hoc,but for this, surely {quippe}. The condi- tion is regarded as still possible of fulfilment. The form of the condition contrary to fact might have been used, but would have been less vivid. 60. pater omnipotens : Jupiter, speluncia : cf. note on antro, 52. 61. molem et mentis: a mass of mountains. Alliteration and hendiadys : of. note on 54. NOTES 197 62. foedere certo : under a fixed covenant. Explained by iussus, for only when bidden was he to release them. The ablative is a form of the raodaj ablative. A. 418, a ; B. 220, 3 ; G. 399 ; H. 475, 3; H.&B. 445. 63. premere et lazas dare habenas : to tighten and loosen the reins, sciret : subjunctive in a relative clause of purpose. (This paragraph well illustrates the accommodation of sound to sense. We have alliteration in 51 (fetafmentibus). In 53 the slow spondaic rhythm, combined with the { and s consonants, is imitative of the sounds described. In 54, besides an alliterative effect in jo and c sounds, there is an intentionally harsh rhythm, due to diaeresis after premit. In 55, besides the laboring spondaic rhythm, we have double alliteration (i7H indignantes ; magno cum murmure mantis). Alliter- ation of c heightei^s the effect of' 56. The three successive lines, 58, 59, 60, are fashioned exactly alike, having the same succession of dac- tyls and spondees.) Lines 65-80. He promises her his Aid. 63. namque : gives the reason for appealing to him; Aeolus (on thee I call) for. tibi : the final vowel has its original quantity. CLmihi, 8. Aivuia = dioorum. Ct. note on superum, 4:. rex: mono- syllabic endings are rare in Virgil. Here it is probably due to his adopting the expression used by an older poet. 66. mulcere : the infinitive is used like a direct object of dedit. Cf . 79, 52-3. 67. Tyrrhenum aequor : the mare Tuscum (or inferum), to the north of Sicily. As navigare is, strictly speaking, intransitive, aequor is really an inner object. 68. Ilium portans victosque Fenatis : carrying the vanquished Penates of Ilium (Troy). For the hendiadys, cf. 54, 61. For the meaning, cf. 6. 69. incute vim ventis : rou^e the winds to fury ; literally, strike fury, into the winds; ventis is dative. A. 870, a; B. 187, III. 2; G. 347 ; H. 429, 1 ; H. & B. 376. submersas obrue : sink and over- whelm; a compressed idiomatic expression. In suimersns we have an instance of prolepsis or anticipation. The form implies that 198 NOTES the action precedes that of dhrue, but logically it follows. A. 640; B. 374, 5; H. 493; H. & B. 631, 11. 70. age diversos : sc. eos (the men), drive them hither and thither ; dioersos, another instance of prolepsis. The expression is literally drive the scattered ones, meaning, so that they become scattered. 71. praestanti corpore : of wondrous beauty, ablative of quality. A. 415, a ; B. 224 ; G. 400 ; H. 473, 2 ; H. & B. 443. 72. forma : ablative of specification. Deiopea : a word of five syllables (De-i-o-pe-a) ; we should have expected the accusative, but the word is attracted into the relative clause. 73. conubio : a trisyllable, with i consonantal (pronounced conubyo). propriamque dicabo : and make her thine forever. A variation on the first half of the line. Juno herself presided over marriage as pronuba (cf. IV. 166) . 75. pulchra prole parentem : father of a fair offspring : prole is ablative of quality. 76. haec contra: sc. loquitur ; cf. note on Aaec secjjm, 37. tuus quid optes ezplorare labor : thine is the task to search out thy desire; i.e. her only task is to examine into her own desires, to see whether they should be entertained. 77. mlhi : in strong contrast to tuus ; thy part, my duty. 78. tu mihi : in strong juxtaposition, quodcumque hoc regni : this kingdom, such as I have. This expression is one of modesty. With hoc understand est ; regni is a partitive genitive with hoc, like id temporis, ' that time.' sceptra : see note on 57. lovemque : i.e. the favor of Jove. 79. das accumbere : see note on 66 ; thou grantest me a place at; epulis is dative. A. 370 and a ; B. 187, III; G. 347 ; H. 429 ; H. & B. 376. Aeolus is one of the minor gods. 80. nimborum : governed hjpotentem; see note on dives opum, 14. (Alliterative effects are seen In 68, 69, 70, 75. The broken rhythm of 70, with three diaereses, accords with the violence urged by the speaker. Juno's promise is emphasized by the spondaic beginning of three successive lines, 72, 78, 74. The lighter opening of 71 and 75 is an artistic contrast. The anaphora in 78 and 79 (,^ „ 394. aetheria lapsa plaga : swooping from the skyey '-^ Expanse. lovis ales : i.e. an eagle, the " feathered king " described by- Gray as "perching on the sceptred hand of Jove." (The Progress ofPoe.iy.) aperto turbabat caelo : was (just jiow) scattering in the open air. turhahat, of an action just completed. The caelum is lower than the aether or aetheria plaga ; caelo is ablative. 395. terras aut capere aut captas iam despectare videntur : seem either to he settling in their places or ecen now gazing down on the places (where others have) settled; i.e. some have alighted on the ground, while others are about to do so. The idea is still further explained in 400. iam modifies despectare, not captas. 397. ut reduces, etc.: as they, returning, sport, etc. 398. et coetu . . . dedere : and in company have circled the sky and uttered their songs, cinxere and dedere are in the perfect tense, because the actions precede that of ludunt. The line applies, not to the panic of the swans when pursued by the eagle, but to their freedom from alarm after the eagle's disappearance. Lines 397 and 398 are both an expression of joy. 399. haud aliter: ac. reduces, with like joy (returning') ; literally, noi otherwise. The climax in the comparison lies in the joyful re- turn to safety of both the swans and the Trojans, pubes tuorum : the men of thy company. 400. Bubit ostia : draw near to its mouth. In the comparison here given, the twelve swans are the twelve ships. As the swans have been scattered by tlie eagle in the open air, so have the ships been dispersed by the storm in the open sea. As the swans have either alighted, or are now winging their flight down to earth, so the ships are either in the haven or are on the point of entering. And as the swans are happy in their deliverance, so are the Trojan sailors. (In the above passage, contrast the rhythm of 376, beginning a tale of woe, or of 383, expressing grief, with that of 390, which brings tid- ings of joy. In 393 the opening dactyl excites attention and the 230 NOTES spondees following express intensity of gaze. In 394, descriptive of the eagle's swoop, dactyls prevail, tut in 395 the tone of 393 is re- sumed. The alliteration in 398 {coetu cinxere . . . cantus) and 399 (puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum, i.e. abab) is expressive of joy, which is further emphasized by the assonance (similarity of sound) of puppes and pubes, and by the redundance of connectives (-gwe . . . -que), sometimes called polysyndeton. The repetition in the last line of perge modo from 389 has the effect of a refrain, and rounds off the paragraph.) Lines 402-417. The Goddess keveals herself, then Disappears. 402. avertens: intransitive; cf. avertit, 104. refxilsit I'JIashed hack. For translation, make cervice (which is an ablative of speci- fication) the subject. In Homer (^Iliad III. 396) Helen notes " the beauteous neck, lovely breast, and. sparkling eyes of the goddess." 403. ambrosiae comae : cf . Iliad T. 529 (of Zeus) : " His am- brosial locks flowed down from the king's immortal head." di- vinum odorem : fragrance is often associated with the notion of divinity. 404. pedes . . . imos: see Introd. § 35. 405. et vera . . . dea : and in her tread was revealed, a very goddess, dea is a predicate nominative. For the hiatus, cf. Samo hie, 16. 407. tu quoque: i.e. as well as Juno and other gods, falsis imaginibus: with vain phantoms. 409. veras voces : words without disguise. 410. talibus: sc. verbis. 411. obscuro aere : with-a mist. In Greek the word a'^p alone may mean mist, but in Latin the word without an epithet would mean simply air. In the Odyssey (VII. 14) Athene shed a deep mist about Odysseus, lest any of the Phaeacians should meet and taunt him. gradientis : plural, because Achates is with Aeneas. 412. et multo . . . amictu: and enveloped them, goddess as she was, in a thick mantle of cloud, circum is separated from fudit by tmesis; cf. 192. See A. 640; B. 367, 7; G. 726; H. & B. 631, 1.5. dea, which is in apposition with Venus, acquires special emphasis NOTES 231 from its position with the verb. This line repeats and emphasizes the sense of the preceding. 413. eos ; the pronoun is is rare in elevated poetry. 414. moliri moram : moliri for facere, probably because of the alliteration. 413. Paphum: a city in Cyprus, famous for its cult of Venus. sublimis: aloft, like an adverb. 416. rfbi tetnplum illi : sc. est. centum . . . arae : cf . with this passage Odyssey VIII. 362 : " Laughter-loving Aphrodite went to Cyprus, even to Paphus. Here she has a temple and fragrant altar." Note how Virgil expands and exaggerates. Sabaeo ture : this is the "incense from Sheba " to which there are numer- ous Biblical references, as Jeremiah vi. 20; Ezekiel xv. 22 ; Isaiah Ix. 6; 1 Kings X. 10. (In this brief yet beautiful passage, note the perfectly balanced clauses: in 404-5 pedes . . . imos — et . . . dea (10 syllables each), in 408-9 cnr . . . datiir = ao . . . voces (11 syllables each), and 411- 12 at . . . saepsit = et . . . ttmictu (15 syllables each). In 406 the striking hiatus, coinciding with the marked pause — bucolic diaeresis — emphasizes the hero's astonishment at the revelation of his goddess- mother.) Lines 418-440. Aeneas enters Carthage. 418. cprripuere viam : they have sped on their way. The verb corripere is properly to snatch up; cf. Shakespere, Henry IV. Part II. 1. 1. 47: " He seemed in running to devour the way." 419. plurimus urbi imminet : looms in a mass over the city. 420. adversas arces : the towers that face it, i.e. are rising oppo- site. 421. magalia quondam: mere huts once, i.e. where huts once stood. 422. strata viarum : the form of expression ( = stratas vias) emphasizes the mode of construction. In portae and viae the poet is thinking of the famous gates of Rome, and the great roads which 232 NOTES converged upon the city from all parts of Italy. Between these? two visible features he inserts a reference to what appeals to the ear, the noise and bustle of the great city. Virgil admired Rome, but loved the country. 423. instant, etc. : eagerly the Tyrians press on, some to build walls, etc. pars . . . pars (425), in apposition with Tyrii; ducere, depending on instant, as in instant eruere, II. 627. 425. tecto : for a dwelling. Dative of purpose. A. 382, 2 ; B. 191, 1.; G. 340, 2; H. 425, 8; H. & B. 360. suloo : i.e. for the foundations. 426. legunt: this implies, with iura, a verb like conslitUunt (enact). It is an example of zeugma. A. 640; B. 374, 2, a; G; 690; H. 751, 2, n.; H. & B. 631, 7. This line has been criticised as out of place between details of building, but Virgil is rather fond of this order of ideas. Line 422 is slightly similar. See note. In any case, the thought embodied here is necessary for the complete picture of civic life, as known to the Romans ; cf . 507. 427. portus : the harbor of Carthage was artifioial, but again Virgil is probably thinking of the construction of harbors by Agrippa, whom we might almost call Secretary of the Navy under Augustus, alta : deep, theatri : here again it is the Roman idea of a complete city, which the poet laas in view. In Virgil's day a theatre was an essential feature of every Roman city. 429. scaenis decora alta futuris : lofty adornments for the future stage, scaenis is dative of interest, decora, plural of decus. 430. qualis . . . labor : the corresponding talis is not expressed. For the simile (already found in Georgics IV. 162 ff.), cf. Milton, Paradise Lost I. 768 : . , " As bees In springtime, when the sun with Taurus rides. Pour forth their populous youth about the hive." For Virgil's knowledge of bees, see Introd. § 2. aestate nova : early summer, 432. liquentia: from liquor, not ttqueo. mella stipant: this expression seems to be explained by the words following, dulci distendunt nectare cellos, but it is possible that Virgil uses mella of KOTES 233 the pollen or bee-bread. Every bee-keeper has seen the bee back into the cell and unload the pollen from his pollen-baskets ; very soon afterward another bee will go into the same cell head first, and carefully pack down (stipo) the lumps of plastic pollen just deposited there. 434. venientum: a form easier to handle in verse than venientium. Why ? 435. fuoos : drones. 438. suspicit: looks up at. We thus learn that Aeneas has descended from the hill (419). 439. Be : governed by both infert and miscet, 440. 440. viris : with the people. Dative. A. 413, a, n. (2) ; B. 358, 3; G. 346, N. 6; H. 428, 3;- H. & B. 363, 2, c. ulli: dative of agent; of. mihi, 326. (The introductory dactyls of 418 suggest rapid motion, while the opposite is plainly expressed in the slow rhythm of 419. The opening dactyl of 420, running over from the preceding line, seems to imply that the labor is past, the hill-top being reached. Then the successive spondees harmonize with the notion of steady gaze, and the tone is continued in the slow rhythm of 421 and the initial feet of 422. This is emphasized by the marked alliteration of 420 (adversas aspectat . . . arces) and 421 (mircitttr molem . . . mayalia) and the repetition (anaphora) of miratur. The simile (430-6) involves many subtleties of rhythm. Note the smoothness of the opening line (alternating dactyls and spondees), the slightly labored tone of the second, and the climax of effort reached in the next lines (432-3). The tone is again lightened in 434 (with its three initial dactyls), becomes heavier with the mention of the lazy, drones, and returns to its lightness in the closing line. The sigh of the hero for the fulfilment of his own dream is beauti- fully expressed in the spondaic rhythm of the famous line 437. The numerous dactyls of 440, emphasized by alliteration, seem to indicate the absence of aU difficulty in the action described.) Lines 441-493. Sculptured Scenks from the Trojan War. 441. laetissimua umbrae : for the genitive, cf. dives opum, 14. 442. quo : with loco (443), the spot in which the Phoenicians . . . first dug up the token. 234 NOTES 444. caput . . . acris equi : a horse's head was the symbol of Carthage, and is coimnoii 011 Carthaginian coins. See Fig. 38. acris i.s a generic adjective, the spirited animal, not a spirited animal, sic nam fore . . . : indirect narration, dependent on a verb of saying implied in vwriKlrarat, fur {she had Fig. 38. Com of Carthage. ,,,;,,) ,;,„, ,/,„, ]j^^ ,.,,^g ^^^^/^ he famous in tear, sic : i.e. if they fonnd the head. 445. facilem victu : rich in substance, victu, ablative of respect. That it is not a supine is clear from facilem viclum n.sed liy Virgil in Georgics II. 400. It is interpsting that in Rome, too, the horse was associated with the cult both of Mars and of Consus, the ancient god of fertility. Virgil is, of course, primarily interested in Roman customs. 446. templum . . . ingens Sidonia Dido : note the chiastic order of nouns and adjectives. Sidnnin: cf. :j40. Tyre and Sidon are i-egarded as practically one and the same. 447. donis : i.e. votive offering's. numine : presence. The temple is rich in the special presence or favor of the goddess, and ill the gifts which are made to her because of her presence. 448-9. aerea . . . aere . . . aenis : the special point empha- sized is the use of costly bronze such as the Romans employed in many of their grand temples. There is perhaps a reference to the Pantheon, which was built by Agrippa in 27 B.C., but the existing Pantheon is a restoration of the time of the Emperor Hadrian. cui gradibus surgebant limina : its threshold uprose on steps, cui is a di^tive of interest; c/radihus ablative of means, nexaeque aere trabes : its lintel-beams loere riveted of bronze. Thei-e is much doubt as to whether trabes are the door-posts or the beams of the su]ierstracture, but auratas trabes in II. 448 is in favor of the latter, and this rendering gives us a more complete picture. The trabes consist of bronze plates riveted together, aere being an ablative of material, foribus ; dative of interest. 'I'lie expression is a varia- tion (or fores rardine stridebanl. In these two lines, Virgil describes NOTES 235 (1) the whole entrance, limina ; (2) the superstructure, trabes, cover- ing the lintel over the huge doors, as well as the beams of the architrave; and (3) the doors themselves, fores, through which ' Aeneas enters the temple. 450. res: sight; cf. note on 282. timorem: i.e. as to his reception. 452. adflictis rebus : shattered fortunes. Either ablative, A. 431 ; B. 219, 1 ; G. 401, n. 6 ; H. 476, 3 ; H. & B. 437, or dative, A. 367 ; B. 187, ii ; G. 346 ; H. 426, 1 ; H. & B. 362, ii. 453. sub : because they are under the dome. 454. quae f ortuna sit urbi : with miratur (456) ; marvels at the city's fortune. Indirect question, of exclamatory character : " What a fortune the city has ! " ' 455. artificumque manus inter se : literally, the hands of the artists among themselves, i.e. the handiwork of the several artists. The expression implies that different artists have combined to produce unity of effect. For inter se, cf. note on a vertice, 114. Virgil is thinking of the intense interest in art and architecture manifested in his own day. See Introd. § 35. 458. Atridas : Agamemnon and Menelaus, leaders on the Greek side, saevum ambobus : i.e. both to the Atridae and to Priam, friends and foes alike. " Achilles' wrath, to Greece the direful spring Of woes unnumbered" (Pope) is the main subject of the Iliad. 460. nostri laboris : our sorrow. 461. sunt . . . laxi&i: here, too, worth has its (due') rewards, laudi is used by metonymy of that which wins praise. 462. sunt lacTimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt : a matchless line, often referr&d to hj modern poets. Thus Words- worth: " Yet tears to human suffering are due. And mortal hopes defeated and o'erthrown Are mourned by man, and not by man alone, As fondly he believes." (Laodamia.) 236 NOTES Matthew Arnold : "the Virgilian cry, The sense of tears in mortal things." (^Geisfs Crrave.) Tennyson : " Thou majestic in thy sadness at the doubtful doom of human kind." rerum : an objective genitive, res meaning res adversae, sorrow. mentem mortalia : the alliteration heightens the effect of pathos. 463. tibl : ethical dative ; cf. note on iibi, 258. As an indirect object we should probably have had nobis. 464. pictura pascit : cf . note on mentem mortalia, 462. inani : unsubstantial, nothiiig more than a picture. 4G6. uti : how, followed by indirect questions. 467-8. hao . . . hac : here . . . there. The first two pictures contrast victories of the Trojans and of the Greeks. Phrygea : i.e. Trojans ; sc. fugereni. 469. nee procul hinc : i.e. in the next picture. Rhesi : the story is told in the tenth book of the Iliad, and in the Rhesus, a play of Euripides. Rhesus was a king of Thrace, who came to Troy to aid Priam. As an oracle had declared that Troy could not be taken, if the horses of Rhesus should graze there or drink of the Xanthus, Ulysses and Diomedes waylaid him and seized the horses. tentoria : huts, not tents, were used in the Homeric age ; cf . note on ancora, 169. 470. primo somno : Jirst (i.e. deepest) sleep. Note the allitera- tion in primo prodita. 471. Tydides : Diomedes. caede cruentus : note the emphasis given by alliteration and the position of the adjective. 472. avertit: the change from the imperfect tense -is probably due to the metrical difliculty of handling the long imperfect forms (like avertebat w). priusquam gustassent: ere they should taste. The pluperfect subjunctive is due to virtual oblique narration, and represents a future-perfect indicative, which was perhaps used in the original words of the oracle ; cf. note on 469. The ordinary explanation that it is the idea of purpose or of an act anticipated may account for the mood, but not for the tense, NOTES 237 ■which in that case would naturally be an imperfect. See A. 551, b, N. 1 ; B. 323 ; G. 649, n. 2 ; H. 644, 2 ; H. & B. 535, a. 474. Troilus : the youngest son of Priam, slain by Achilles. 475. infelix atque impar congressus Achilli : the second part of the line explains the first, unhappy because no match for Achilles, congressus : participle, with impar a predicate nomina- tive. Achilli : see A. 413, b, n. ; B. 358, 3 ; G. 346, n. 6 ; H. 428, 3 ; H. & B. 363, 2, c; of. viHs, 440. 476. curru : dative. 477. huic : dative of reference ; cf . iactanti, 102. 478. versa hasta: by his inverted spear, which trails after the car. pulvls: this quantity of the final syllable is probably its original quantity ; cf . mihi, 8 ; videt, 308. 479. interea : the incident illustrated in the next scene is con- ceived as contemporaneous with the preceding, because the two pictures are side by side, non aequae : unfriendly. The account is taken from Homer, Jliad VI. 297 ff. 480. crinibus passis : i.e. in their distress. 481. tunsae pectora: beating their breasts. For the construc- tion, cf. note on oculos suffusa, 228. The perfect participle is here used in the sense of a present. 483. ter . . . raptaverat : i.e. according to the story. The pic- ture could only show the effects of this action. 486. currus : poetic plural, as currum would not suit the metre. The chariot is probably that of Hector, for both spolia and corpus refer to him. There is a climax in the thought, assisted by the striking anaphora (ut . . . ut . . . u(). 488. principibus permiztum : in close combat ivith. Note the alliteration. For the case of principibus, of. viris, 440. 489. Eoasque acies : Eastern ranks. Again the second half of the line explains the first, nigri IN^emnonis : Memnon, the son of Aurora, was leader of the Aethiopians, hence nigri. He was slain by Achilles. 490. Amazonidum : more commonly Amazonum. lunatis peltis : with crescent shields, such being peculiar to the Amazons. 238 NOTES 491. Penthesilea ; she, too, was slain by Achilles, furens : in warlike fury. 492. subnectens : here the present participle is used freely for a perfect. Contrast 481. 493. viris . . . Virgo : the assonance emphasizes the contrast in ideas. (Lines 441 and 442 afford a good illustration of alternation of rhythm, and an impressive tone is imparted to the account of the temple by the rhythm of the opening line 446. The dactyls of 4fi3 are expressive of good cheer {solve metus) . The slow line 47 1 tells a tale of blood. Line 477 has a striking diaeresis after the second foot, and the pathetic fate of Troilus is still further emphasized by the allitera- tive phrase cervixgue comaeque, with its polysyndeton, as well as by the slow spondees of 478. Alliteration is common. The pictures described are intended merely as specimens, and are not systematically arranged in pairs. We have, it is true, a Trojan victory contrasted with a Greek one (467, 468), but the slaughter in the camp of Rhesus (469) is not offset by the death of the single hero Troilus, which is parte alia (474). Again, the suppliant Trojan women, bearing the peplus to Pallas, would hardly afford a suitable parallel to Priam's supplication of Achilles for the body of Hector. In the remaining pictures Aeneas, the Atridae (cf. 458 and 488), Mem- non, and the Amazons figured, but we are not told how they were grouped.) Lines 494-519. Queen Dido enters the Temple. 494. Dardauio : this particular epithet is here selected because it indicates how much meaning these Dardan scenes have for the hero. Aeneae : dative of agent with videniur; cf. ulli, 440. 496. forma : ablative of specification. A. 418 ; B. 226 ; G. 397 ; H. 480; H. & B. 441. 498. qualis : in the Odyssey (VI. 102) this simile is applied to Wausicaa, the daughter of . Alcinous. Eurotae : the river of Sparta. Cynthi : the mountain of Delos, where Diana and Apollo were born. 499. ezercet choros : guides her dancing bands. Diana : the i, usually short, is here long; cf. note on Lavini, 258. quam secutae : literally, ybHowi'n^ lohom, i.e. in whose train. NOTES 239 500. glomerantur : a passive, with middle sense, throng, ilia: (hut) she. Note the emphatic asyndeton after the bucolic diaeresis. See note on nos, 250, and (for the diaeresis) cf . 348. 501. deas : i.e. the Oreads. 502. Latonae : the mother of Diana and Apollo, taciturn . . , pectus : i.e. she is possessed with unspeakable joy. pertemptant : thrill. 503. talis . . . talem : anaphora. 504. instans operl regnisque fnturis : pressing on the work of her kingdom to he. A case of hendiadys ; see note on 54. 505. foribus divae i at the door of the goddess (i.e. of her shrine), not the outer doors of th-e temple, but the doors of the inner cella, which enclosed the image of the goddess, media testu- dlne templi : beneath the temple's central dome. The ablative is local. 506. armis : i.e. armed men. Note the many s sounds in this line, which is expressive of majesty. 507. iura legesque : the laws and oriMnances, a single idea ex- pressed by two words, which are here synonymous. For the thought see note on 426. viris : to the people. 508. aequabat . . . aut sorte trahebat : i.e. if possible, she assigned the work in equal portions ; otherwise, she distributed it by lot. 510. Anthea : cf. 181. 512. penitus : far aioay. oras : accusative of limit of motion. 513. simul . . . simul : a variation for et . . . et, found even in Caesar (e.g. B. G. IV. 13). 514. avidi coniungere dextras ardebant :. fftey burned with eagerness to Join hands. The infinitive depends on ardebant, which is a strong verb of desire. A. 456 ; B. 328 ; G. 423 ; H. 614 ; H. & B. 586. 515. res incognita : the uncertainty of their state. They do not know how they will be received. 516. dissimulant : they keep hidden. Understand for syntax praesenliam. The word is explained by nube cava amicLi. cava ; enfolding, speculantur : look to see. 240 NOTES 517. quae fortuna viria : sc. sit. 518. quid veniant : why they come, lecti: chosen men. 519. orantes veniam : craving grace, or suing for favor. Their actual appeals are given in 525-6. clamore : sc. suo. It is a vari- ation on orantes veniam, and is a modal ablative. (Note how in 496 the slow spondaic rhythm introduces the noble lines descriptive of Dido's stately entrance. The easy movement of 601 well accords with the thought.) Lines 520-560. Ilionkus pleads fob the Trojans. 520. introgressi : sc. sunt, data : sc. est. ' 521. maximus: sc. natu. Ilioneus: see 120. 523. dedit: has granted, gentis . . . superbas: i.e. the Libyan tribes. 524. ventis . . . veoti : note the alliteration, with pathetic effect. maria : accusative of extent of space. 525. infandos ignis : horrible flames. The Carthaginians have threatened to burn their ships. 526. parce pio : pathetic alliteration, continued in propius. propius aspice : look more kindly upon. 527. populare i the infinitive :of purpose. A. 460, c ; B. 326, n. ; G. 421, N a ; H. 608, 1 ; H. & B. 598, a. Penatis : homes, by metonymy ; of. 461. Another alliterative phrase. 528. raptas . . . vertere : .to drive stolen booty to the shore. A condensed expression. 529. non ea vis animo : no such violence is in our hearts ; animo is a dative of possession, nec . . . victis : nor have the vanquished such assurance ; rieft's like animo. 530. Hesperiam : this Greek name, signifying ' western land,' is used of Italy by the- poets, largely to: avoid Italia (prop- erly www w); cf. notes on 258 and 4:72. Note the poetic omis- sion of connectives, such as quern locum. NOTES 241 531. ubere glaebae: richness of soU. Virgil is the poet of Italy, as well as of Rome. See Introd. § 11. 532. Oenotri: the -wOTci is probably associated -with olvos (wine) . nunc f ama : sc. est ; neib the story is. 533. Italiam: according to this account, the name comes from Italus, a leader of the Oenotrians, but it is usually thought to mean ' land of oxen ' from itoAos = .vitulus, a bull. 534. hie cursus fuit : the flrgt of fifty-five incomplete verses in the A eneid: Of these the . largest number (ten) occur in the second book, the smallest (one) jn the sixth and twelfth books. See Introd. §§ 14, 15. 535. cum subito adsurgei)^ fluctu : when, rising with sudden swell, adsurgens suggests the rising not merely of the constellation but also of the sea. nimbosus Orion : the rising and the setting (especially the latter) of Orion were often attended by storms. His. rising is about midsummer. Ilioneus, of course, could not know that Juno sent the storm. 536. tulit: sc. nos. penitus : afar; cf. 512. Note the allitera- tion continued in the next line. The dactylic rhythm of the verse suggests rapid movement. 537. perque . . . perque : note the repetition and the poly- syndeton, to emphasize their perils, superante salo : while the surge sweeps o'er us. Another alliterative phrase. 538. oris : dative of place to which ; cf . Latio, 6. In this verse, note the effect of the opening dactyl and pause, , followed by spondees. 539. hunc morem : explained in the next line. 541. cient: sc. isti, 'those people of yours.' prima terra: on the edge of their land. 542. temnitis : the simple temnere by archaism ioT . contemnere. It is used -by Virgil four times, always in speeches. 543. at : yet. sperate : properly, look forward, to, hence, le assured, memores : sc. /ore. fandi . . . nefandi : used. as geni- tives oifas and nefas; right . . . wrong. . 544. erat : whether he is still alive, is uncertain. , quo iustior alter, etc. -. and no one was either more righteous in his goodness or 242 KOTES greater in war than he. pietas and virtus are the two great qualities of Aeneas, iustior does not imply a third quality, but is defined by pietate, which is an ablative of specification. 546. si vesoitur aura aetheria : if he feeds on the air of heaven, the air being a source of life. For the constniction of aura, see note on potiuntur harena, 172. 547. neque adhuc occubat : and does not yet lie. umbiis : i.e. the shades of the lower world. Local ablative. 548. non metus : sc. est nobis. ofiSclO . . . paeniteat : nor would you repent of having taken the lead in the rivalry of good deeds, i.e. if you should now be kind to us. officio, ablative of specifica- tion, certasse = certaeisse, by syncope. 549. sunt et . . . : i.e. if Aeneas is dead, there is also another land, where we may settle, viz. Sicily; The et carries the reader back to 530, with its reference to Italy. 550. arva : lands for tillage. So in VII. 45 Latiuus ruled over arva et urhes ; cf. also III. 418. Many editions read arma here. Troianoque . . . Acestes: another circumstance favorable for their settlement in Sicily. 551. subducere : to beach. 552. aptare trabes : to fashion planks, stringere remos : to trim branches into oars. 553. si datur . . . tendere : subordinate to ut , . . petamus. Italiam teudere : pursue our course to Italy. 554. Italiam : note the emphatic repetition of the name ; cf. note on 531. 555. absumpta : sc. est. te, pater optime Teucrum : apos- trophe. 556. nee iam: and no longer, spes luli : hope in lulus,. The genitive is objective. They hope that he may live to grow into a man. 557. at : cf. 543. 558. regem :. a predicate noun, to be our king, instead of Aeneas. 559. ore fremebant : shouted applavise. 560. Dardanidae : cf . note on 534. NOTES 243 Lines 561-578. Dido's Fkibndly Welcome. 561. voltum demissa; with dovmcast face. Dido, though a queen, shows the modesty of a woman. For the construction, cf. note on oculos suffusa, 228. 562. solvite corde metum : poetical variation for solvite corfla metu. 563. res dura : stern necessity. She is surrouude^ by perils, being threatened by . savage peoples; and . living in fear of her brother Pygmalion, talia moliri : explained by late . . . tueri ; ialia is explained in 539-541. 564. custode : collective singular. Note the prevailing spon- dees in this and the preceding line. 565. quia nesciat: who could be ignorant. The subjunctive is potential. Note the rhetorical repetition of quis . . . quis. Aenea- dum : cf. note on Aeneadae, 157. 566. virtutesque virosque : hrave deeds and brave men. Note the assonance and polysyndeton. 567. non obtusa adeo, etc. : not so dull are our Punic breasts, i.e. as to be. ignorant of the Trojans. 568. neo tarn aversus . . ■ urbe : and not so far from this Tyrian city does the sun yoke his steeds ; i.e. we do not live so far out of the world. 569. Saturnia arva : i.e, Italy, where Saturn lived during the golden age. 570. Erycis finis : i.e. Sicily. 571. auzilio tutos : guarded by a force ; sc. vos. tutos has its participial force. 572. voltis et . . . : or do you wish . . . 1 literally, do you wish also f We prefer to use " or " in English. The question is equivalent to a condition, to which the following line would be the apodosis. 573. urbem quam statuo vestra est : a striking instance of 244 NOTES inverse attraction, i.e. where an antecedent noun is attracted into the case of the relative pronoun. 574. Tros Tyriusque . . . agetur : Trojan and Tyrian I shall treat with no distinction. The line has been chosen as the motto of the North American Review. Cf. Thackeray: " As for Miles, Tros Tyriusve is all one to him" (Virginians, U. ch. 24). Tyrius is probably adopted for the sake of the assonance with Tros. Their names are alike; they shall be .treated, alike, mihi is dative of agent. 575. Noto = oento, by metonymy. 576. adforet : poetical for adessel. For the mood and tense, see A. 442; B. 279, 2 ; G. 260; H. 558, 1; H. & B. 510. oertos: trusty men.- 577. si quibus . . . errat : in case the shipwrecked man is stray- ing in any forests or cities, quibus is from the indefinite pronoun quis. Lines 579-612. The Revelation of Aeneas. 579. animum: Greek accusative. of specification ; cf. 320. 580. iamdudum ardebant : had long been eager. A. 471, b ; B. 260, 4; G. 234; H. 535, 1; H. & B. 485. erumpere nubem: to burst forth from the cloud. The verb is irregularly transitive. Regularly it is intransitive, ' burst forth.' 582. nate dea : thou goddess-born 1 Appropriate address, im- plying that Aeneas is under his mother's care ; cf. 585. 584. uuus abest: i.e. Orontes. 585. dictis matris : cf . 390 fC. 586. circumfusa : encircling. With this scene should be com- pared Odyssey VII. 587. se : governed by purgat as well as scindit. se purgat = vanishes. 588. restitit : stood forth. Note how the similar verbs restitit and re/wM frame the line. This is an artificial order, frequent in Virgil. Cf. with this whole passage, Odyssey XXIII. 156-162, where Athene transforms Odysseus. NOTES 245 Fig. so. Apollo. 589. OS umerosque deo similis : in face and shoulders like a god. For the case of os, cf . note on nuda genu, 320. ipsa : the goddess of beauty herself, decoram caesa- riem ; the beauty of flowing locks. 590. lumenque iuventae purpureum: youth's ruddy bloom. ]n this comiectioii, English poets have often retained from Virgil the word ' purple ' ; of. Gray (Progress of Poesy) : " The bloom of young desire, and purple light of love." 591. laetos honores : Joyous lustre, adflarat : had shed, liter- ally, breathed, a word which is applicable only to the last ob- ject. A case of zeugma. 592. quale manus addunt ebori decus : ecen as the beauty tohich the artist's hand yires to irory, i.e. tale decus quale, etc. How this beauty is given Virgil does not say. Perhaps the ivory was merely polished ; perhaps it was set in dark wood, aut ubi flavo . . . auro : the construction changes. Or (as the beauty added) when silrer or Parian marble is set in yellow gold. The islaud of Paros, south of Delos, in the Aegean Sea, still yields a beautiful marble. 594. cunctis : with improvisus. 597. O sola miserata : fhtiu icho alone hast pitied : miserata is the participle. In view of the help given by Acestes, the state- ment is an exaggeration. 598. quae nos urbe domo socias : thou that givest us a share in thy city and home, reliquias Danaum : cf. 30. 599. omnium egenos : destitute of all. omnium ( w ^) is a difficult form to handle in the hexameter, and this is the only place where it is found in Virgil. Here the final -urn is elided before the vowel. 246 NOTES 600. urbe domo : ablatives of instrument. Note the emphatic asyndeton, persolvere : pay to (he full. 601. non opis est nostrae : it is not in our power, opis is a pred- icate genitive ; of. tantae molis erat, 33. aeo quidquid ubique est, etc. : nor (in the power of) whatever of the Trojan race there is anywhere. The expression = nee est gentis Dardaniae quidquid eius gentis ubique est. 602. magaum quae sparsa per orbem : bc. est.' Besides Sicily, there were Trojan exiles in Crete and Epirus, as we shall learn from Book III. 603. di tibi, etc.: the verb with di is ferant (605). di is em- phatic, both by position and asyndeton. Man cannot show fitting gratitude, (but) the gods may reward her. si qua.pios respectant numina : if any divine powers have regard fur the good. si quid usquam iustitia est : if justice has any weight anywhere. As often in Virgil, the second clause explains the first : if any deities reward the good, and if those deities are just. 604. et mens sibi conscia recti: ei connects mens with di; may (he gods and the consciousness of right bring thee vmrlhy rewards. That " virtue is its own reward " was a Stoic doctrine, sibi belongs to conscia, but need not be translated. ' recti is objective genitive with conscia. A. 347 ff.; B. 204; G. 374; H. 450 ff.; H. & B. 354. 606. qui tanti talem genuere parentes : what illustrious parents gave birth to so noble a child ? 607. dum montibuB umbrae lustrabunt conveza : literally, while on the mountains the shadows shall course the slopes, i.e. " While shadows sweep the mountain-sides" (Rhoades). The poet means as long as shadows on the mountain-sides move with the sun, or as long as the sun shines. From childhood Virgil was familiar with mountains, and evidently noted how their appearance changed with the changing hours, montibus is an ablative of place where. 608. polus dum sidera pascet: while heaven feeds the stars. The stars are condeived of as a flock grazing in the sky. The food of the stars is the fiery particles of aether, so that Lucretius, on whom Virgil was largely dependent for philosophic teaching, sayci NOTES 247 unde aether sidera pascit (De Rerum Natura I. 231). See Introd. § 8. Shelley in The Cloud compares the stars to " a «warm of golden bees." 6io. quae . . . cumqiie : tmesis ; see 412. 6ii. IlioneS: Greek accusative form (-^a). 6ia. Cf. 222, and note that these lines occupy the same relative position in their respective paragraphs. The present joy is con- trasted strikingly with the former grief. (The prevailing tone of this impressive passage is that of joy and gratitude. The spondaic rhythm is conspicuous therefore only in 585, where the hero sighs for Orontes, and in 597, where the Trojan sor- rows must be mentioned. . Elsewhpre dactyls are prominent. Rhetori- cal devices are numerous. Thus the exclamatory questions fi05-6; anaphora 699 {omnibus . . . omniwn), 60.3 («i . . . si), 605-6 (quae . . . qui), 607-8 {dum . . . dum : . . dum), 012 {fortem . . . forteni); asyndeton 600, 603; chiasmus 611 (Hionea . . . dextra, laevaque Serestum), and alliteration 605 (te tarn . . . tulerunt) ; cf. 607 {dum montibus umbrae).) Lines 613-642. Dido gives the Trojans a Royal Welcome. 613. primo aspeotu; Jirst at the sight; prima, though agreeing with aspectu, has an adverbial foi-ce. So primus id feci means / did it first, or I was the first to do it. Sidonia Dido : cf. 446. 614. viri : to go with aspectu as well as casu. 615. nate dea : lines 617-18 show why this form of address is appropriate here. 616. immanibus : savage, because of the barbarous tribes round about. 617. tune ille Aeneas: sc. es; art thou that famous Aeneas f Dardanio Anchisae : here we have hiatus, and a spondee in the fifth foot. Such an unusual combination accords with the speaker's astonishment. Virgil allows it only three times, and only in proper names. 619. Teuorum memini Sidona venire : I remember Teucer's coming to Sidon. Teucer was a son of Telamon, who drove him ■from Salamis because he returned home from Troy without his 248 NOTES brother Ajax. Teucer therefore sought refuge with Belus, king of SidoQ. venire : for the present infinitive see A. 584, a, n. ; G. 281, 2, N. ; H. 618, 2 ; H. & B. 593, b. 621. Bali : this word is Semitic, meaning ' Lord,' akin .to Beel and Baal. According to Virgil, Belus was Dido's father. 622. Cyprum: Teucer is said to have founded in Cyprus another Salamis. 624. reges Felasgi : the Greek princesi including Agamemnon and Menelaus. The Pelasgi are supposed to have inhabited Greece prior to the Hellenes ; yet in Homer the Pelasgi are allied with the Trojans. 62s. hostis : although an enemy, ferebat : used to extol. 626. volebat: would have it. Teucer's mother Hesione was daughter of Laornedon, king of Troy, and the Trojans were known as Teucri because of Teucer, first king of Troy. His own name bespeaks his Trojan origin. 629. per multos labores iactatam: after being storm-tossed through many toils. Note the brevity and picturesqueness of the expression. 630. One of the pathetic lines for which Virgil is famous. So Thackeray makes Dick the Scholar quote these words in Latin to Harry Esmond (Henry Esmond, ch. VI) ; cf. Scott (The Pirate, oh. V). 631. simul : at once. Note the asyndeton. 632. sinvul divum . . . honorem : at once proclaims u sacrifice at the temples of the gods, templis : local ablative, honorem : Virgil is thinking of a Roman supplicatio, or sacrifice of thanks- giving. 633. nee minus mittit : not less careful is she to send, etc. 634. borrentia : bristling, centum : merely a round number. 635. suum : genitive plural of sus. Note the adjectives and nouns in chiastic order : terga suum NOTES 249 636. munera laetitiamque dii : gifts for the day's merriment. A case of hendiadys. The accusatives are in predicate apposition to terga and agnos. dii, an archaic form of diei, genitive of dies. The line is incomplete; cf. 534. 637. domus interior : the palace within. 639. arte laboratae vestes ostroque superbo : skilfully em- broidered coverlets there are, and of royal purple. The vestes are the coverlets of banqueting couches. 640. ingens argentum : massive siloer plate, caelataque in auro : embossed in gold, i.e. gold vessels with iigures carved in relief, representing national heroes. 641. fortia facta : note the alliteration. ' (In this passage, in contrast with the prevailing tone we must note such a remarkable line as 617, in which besides the general spondaic rhythm we have the spondaic fifth foot. Thus the tone of astonish- ment is emphasized, and in contrast we have a very light one succeed- ing. Surprise is also expressed in the striking couplet 625-6, with its spondaic rhythm, contrasting with the succeeding lines. The same rhythm in 634 and 040 accords with the notion of the magnitude and splendor of the gifts. Note the use of anaphora in 6.31-2 {simul . . . simul), and 634-5 (centum . . . centum). There are several cases of alliteration.) Lines 643-636. Aeneas sends Achates to being Ascanius and Royal Gifts. 643. patrius amor : a father's love, i.e. his own love for his son. 644. rapidum: an adjective with adverbial foi'ce; cf. prima, 613. 645. ferat, ducat : the subjunctives depend on the idea of bid- ding in praemittit. See A. 565, a ; B. 295, 1 and 8 ; G. 546, r. 2. ; H. 562, 1, N.; H. &B. 502, 3. 646. ipsum : i.e. Ascanius. 648. ferre : sc. eum, i.e. Achaten. slgnis auroqne : tdth fgures wrought in gold. Hendiadys. 649. circumtextum croceo acantho : fringed with . ■yellow acanthus; i.e. the design of the border was taken from the 250 NOTES Fig. 40. Acanthus on Corin- thian Capital. acanthus leaf. This leaf figures freely in Greek decorative art, and is seen in Corinthian capitals. 650. Argivae Helenae : the ex- pression comes from Houier (^Iliad II. 161), /where the adjectiye sim- ply means ' Grecian.' Mycenis : similarly, though Helen came from Sparta, yet Mycenae was the prin- cipal seat of Greek 'power, where Agamemnon ruled. 651. Fergama : strongly con- trasted by position with Mycenis. peteret : note the final long sylla- ble, the original quantity retained inconcessos hymenaeos : i.e. her by archaism; cf. videt) 308. marriage with Paris. 653. gesserat olim : i.e. as wife of Polymestor, king of, Thrace. 654. maxima : i.e. maxima natu, eldest. coUo monile : a collar for the neck, necklace, 65s. bacatum : hung with pearls, so called because they were shaped like berries (bacae). duplicem gemmis auroque ooro- nam : a coronet with a double circlet of Jewels and gold, i.e. (proba- bly) one circlet of gold and a second of jewels. 656. haec celerans : speeding these commands. Lines 657-694. The Plan of Venus. 658. Cytherea : cf. 257. novas . . . nova : note the anaphora. 658. ut : how, introducing an indirect question, faciem muta- tus : cf . note on octdos suffusa, 228. 659. furentem. incendat : Jire to madness; furentem is a case of prolepsis; cf. note on submersas obrue, 69. 66oi ossibus : dative with the compound implicet. The marrow was regarded as the seat of feeling. NOTES 251 66i. quippe : in truth, ambiguam: uncertain, treacherous. The Romans entertained a popular idea that the Carthaginia,ns were a treacherous people, biliuguis : properly applies to snakes, which were supposed to have two tongues. 662. urit atrox luno : the vindictiveness of Juno chafes her, i.e. the thought that she is vindictive. 664. solus : attracted into the nominative, because thought of as equivalent to a relative clause, qui solus es, etc. 665. nate : note the repetition at ttie beginning of successive lines, patrissummi: i.e. Jupiter, tela Typhoia : i.e. the thunder- bolts, called Typhoia, because with them Jupiter slew the Titan Typhoeus. Since amor omnia vincit, Cupid may scorn even these. temuis : cf. note on 542. 667. frater ut, etc. . how thy brother is tossed about, is known to thee, ut iactetur is a subOTdinate question. 668. iactetur : the last syllable is lengthened before the caesura. 669. uota : sc. sunt, for notum est. The plural is due to Greek influence, doluisti . ; . dolors: note that the nouri repeats the verbal idea, a common rhetorical pleonasm. 671. quo se . . . hospitia : what may be the outcome ofi.Tuno's hospitality ; an indirect deliberative qilestion. quo is an intei'rogative adverb. lunonia : Carthage is dedicated to Juno. 672. haud tanto cessabit cardine rerum : she will not be idle at such a crisis of fortune ; cardine, -proiperly hinge, and so turning- point, crisis. It is an ablative of time. Note tlie alliteration in cessa- bit cardine. The subject for cessabit is to be supplied from lunonia. 673. oapert dolis, cingere flamma : note the parallel expres- sions with alliteration. Both are military metaphors from the storming of a city, flamma : i.e. the flame 'of love. 674. ne quo se numine mutet: literally; 7es< she change herself through any power, or lest any power change her. Juno is referred to. 675. teneatur : understand ui'from the preceding ne. 676. qua : how. 677. aooitu : at the summons. Certain verbal nouns are used only in the ablative, e.g. accitu, iussu, iniussu, rogatu. A. 103, b, 5; B. 57, 1 ; G. 70 ; H. 143, 1 ; H. & B. 106, 1. 252 KOTES 679. pelago et flammis : from, the sea and the flames. Ablatives of separation. 680. sopitum somno : lulled to sleep, somno being ablative of means. The expression is a pleonasm (somnus. is from an earlier sop-nus, from sopio) ; cf . doluisti dolore, 669. super alta Cythera : on the heights of Cythera ; cf . note on Cytherea, 257. 6S1. Idalium: a lofty- site in Cyprus, sacrata sede : i.e. in a temple. 682. ne qua : lest in any way. mediusTe occurrere : or thwart them by internening. The adjective has adverbial force; cf. 613. faciem illius falle dolo : assume by strategy his appearance. 683. noctem uon amplius unam : for no more than a single night. For the construction see A. 407, c ; B. 217, 3 ; G. 296, r. 4 ; H. 471,4; H. &B. 416,d. 684. pueri puer : emphatic repetition ; puer has the force of a causal clause, boy that thou art. Note that the second half of this line explains the first. 685. laetissima: in the fulness of her joy. 686. laticem Lyaeum : note the alliterative phrase. Lya£us (from A.u'a> = soloo), here used as an adjective, is a name for Bac- chus, the god yrho frees from {solvit) care. 688. fallos : beguile ; sc. earn. 690. luli: AscaniuSi 691. Asoanio : dative of reference. 692. fotum gremio : fondled in her bosom, dea : cf. note on dea, 412. 694. floribuB . . . umbra: enwraps him in flowers and the breath of its sweet shade; literally, breathing upon him with its flowers and sweet shade. Note in 693-4, the melodious verses due to soft I and vowel sounds, and compare " She sent the gentle slfeep from Heaven That slid into my soul." (Coleridge, Ancient Mariner.') (The spondaic rhythm of 660 and 688 emphasizes the idea of love's power, the former line contrasting strongly with the dactylic rhythm of 661. Assonance and alliteration are very commonly employed. Thus NOTES 253 662 (cMj-a rectirsat), 663 (adfatur amorem), 664 (^mea magna), 665 (tela Typhoia temnis), 672 (cessabit cnrdine), 678 (puer parat, mea maxima'), 680, 681 (many s sounds), 686 (laticem Lyaeum), 690 (gressu gaudens), 693, 694 (see note on 694). ■ Repetitions in expression are common. Thus 664-5 (nate . . . note), 669 (doluisti dolore), 683-4 (see note on 684), 685-7 (cum . . . Lyaeum, cum . . . figet).) Lines 695-722. Dido gives a Grand Banquet. 693. dicto parens : obedient to the command. 696.: duce laetus Achate : rejoicing in Achates as guide ; duce, a causal ablative. A. 404 ; B. 219 • G. 408 ; H. 475 ; H. & B. 444. ' 697. cum venit, etc. : when he comes, the queen hds already, amid royal hangings, laid herself on a golden couch; venit is an historical present, aulaeis superbis : ablative of attendant circumstance. The aulaea were the curtains which hung from the ceiling in a Roman dining room, and under which the couches were arranged. 6g8. aurea spouda : i.e. a couch inlaid with gold, aurea is a dissyllable by synizesis. mediam locavit : sc. se. She placed herself in the centre of the hall. 700. stratoque super discumbitur ostro : and the guests recline on the purple outspread, i.e. outspread on the couches. Over the couches were laid purple coverlets; discumbitur is used imper- sonally, the dis implying careless ease, not distribution. 701. manibus : dative. Cererem canistris expediunt: and sert'e the bread from baskets. Cererem, a case of metonymy ; cf. 177. 702. tonsis mantelia villis : napkins close-shorn, villis is an ablative of quality. 703. iutus : i.e. in the inner rooms, quibus cura (sc. est) : whose task it is. ordine longo penum struere : to set out the feast in long array, i.e. the many courses in due order. 704. flammis adolere Fenatis : literally, to honor or magnify the Penates- with flames, i.e. to keep the hearth ablaze uith fire. The poet attempts to dignify a commonplace idea. " Many Pompeians painted representations of the hpusehold, gods upon an inner wall, 254 NOTES often upon a wall of the kitchen, near the hearth. There was usually a painted altar underneath, with a serpent on either side coming to partake of the offerings." (Man and Kelsey, Pompeii, p. 268.) 705. qui onerent : a relative clause of purpose. For a parallel account of a feast in Homer, see Odyssey I. 136 ff. 707. neo non et Tyrii : moreover the Tyrians too. limina laeta : festal halls, frequentes : thronging. 708. toris pictis : embroidered couches. 709. lulum : in reality Cupid. 710. flagrantis : glowing. Appropriate to the god of love. 712. infeliz : explained by the clause following, pesti : rmn, i.e. her ruinous passion for Aeneas. 713. ezpleri mentem : satisfy her soul ; expleri is a, passive ynth. middle force, ardescit tuendo :\ takes fire as she gazes. The ab- lative of the gerund expresses means. 715. complezu coUoque : in the embrace- and on the neck. The abstract and concrete are mixed. The ablatives are local. 717. reginam petit: note the diaeresis after the second foot. 718. Dido: a pathetic addition. Translate, joopr Dirfo. 719. insidat miserae: settles upon her to her sorrow; miserae is a case of prolepsis. Note the diaeresis after the fourth foot both in this line and in the preceding (the so-called bucolic caesura), ille : Cupid. 720. matris Acidaliae : Venus is so called from the spring Acidalia in Boeotia, a favorite haunt of herself and the Graces. abolere : to blot out the memory of. 721. vivo amore : i.e. love for the living Aen«as. praevertere : surprise. 722. iam pridem, etc. : her long-slumbering soul and heart un- used. (An impressive line of spondaic rhythm opens the passage, and the same rhythm voices the wonder of the gazing Carthaginians in 709. Three diaereses, coinciding with pauses in each of three successive lines (717-9), perhaps betoken the tragedy in which Dido is soon to be involved. Note too the anaphora in 709 and 717. Alliteration occurs 4 in 700, 701, 706, 707( 710, 711, 714y 715.) NOTES 255 Lines 723-736. Dido toasts the Teojans. The Song of Iopas. 723. postquam prima quies epulis : when first there came a lull in the feasting : sc. est. remotae : sc' sunt. 724. crateras : for the form cf . Troas, 30. Wine and water were mixed in the crater. At a Roman dinner the wine was brought in with the mensae secundae (= dessert), vina coronant: crown the wine; i.e. place wreaths about the bowl. 725. fit strepltus tectis : a hum arises in the hall, i.e. the noise of conversation. 726. lyohni : magnificent chandeliers or candelabra were much in vogue in imperial Home, some being cast in the shape of trees which bore lamps instead of fruit. Pliny tells us that the finest specimen of this kind was in the temple of Apollo built by Augustus on the Palatine, laquearibus aureis : the fretted roof of gold. Such a ceiling was often found in the grand halls of imperial Rome, aureis is a dissyllable by synizesis. 727. incensi : the feast was held in the daylight, and only after the wine was brought in were the chandeliers lighted. 728. hie : hereupon, gravem gemmis auroque : it was a golden cup set w^ith jewels. 729. quam Belus, etc. : which Belus and all ofBelus's line had been wont to i-je. With soliti {erant) supply iiiiplc.re. omnes a Belo : brief for omnes a Belo orli. This Belus is not the father of Dido, but some distant ancestor. 731. luppiter : the god of hospitality, hospitibus nam, etc. . for they say that thou dost appoint laws for host and guest, nam ex- plains why Jupiter is invoked, hospites applies to both the enter- tainers and the entertained. 733. velia : mai/ it be thy loill that, etc. . huius : it, i.e. diei. miuores : children. 735- ooetum celebrate faventes: honor the gathering with friendly spirit. The last word is the most important. 736. laticum libavit honorem : offered a libation of wine. The 256 KOTES idea of an offering is in Jionorem, that of libation in lihavit ; laticum = villi. 737. primaque libato, etc. : and after the libation was first to touch the gohlet with her lips, libato is ablative absolute with imper- sonal use. A. 419, 0; G. 410, n. 4; H. 489, 7 ; H. & B. 421, 8, a. summo ore j cf. prima terra, 541. 738. increpitans : with a challenge. Bitias is some Phoenician noble, impiger : briskly. 739. pleno se proluit auro : drank deep (literally, flooded him- self) in the brimming gold. A-s often, the second half of the sentence repeats the first. The poet gives us a humorous contrast with Dido's dainty sip; cf. Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel: "The attending maidens smiled to see How long, how deep, how zealously The precious juice the minstrel quaffed." 740. crinitus : the bard has long hair like his patron god Apollo; see Fig. 39. Scott's minstrels have "tresses gray." Allan-bane is " white-haired " (Lady of the Lake). lopas : Virgil's counterpart of the bards of the Odyssey, viz,. Phemius (^Odyssey I. 326) and Demodocus (lb. VIII. 73). 741 . personat : makes (the hall) resound. Atlas : he is the god of Mount Atlas in Africa and therefore associated by Virgil with a Carthaginian bard. In the Odyssey (I. 52) Atlas is the father of the sorceress Calypso, " knows the depths of every sea, and upholds the tall pillars which keep earth and sky apart." Virgil regards hira as a wizard who has instructed lopas in the wondrous secrets of nature, hie : i.e. lopas. 742. errantem lunam : i.e. the moon in its revolutions, soils labores : i.e. the eclipses of the sun. 743. ignes : lightning-fires. 744. pluvias Hyadas : pluvias (rainy) is a translation of Hyadas, which comes from a Greek verb veiv, ' to rain.' The ris- ing of the. Hyades in May was attended by rains. Cf . Tennyson : " Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades Vext tlie dim sea." (Ulysses.) KOTBS 257 geminos Triones : the twin Bears, i.e. the Great and the Little Bear. 745. quid tantum, etc. : i.e. why the days of winter are so short. 746. quae tardis, etc. . lohal delay stays the slowly passing nights, i.e. in winter. According to a principle frequently illustrated in this book, the second clause is but a variation on the first, there being, however, a contrast between the short days and the long nights. This and the preceding line have already been used by Virgil in his Georgics (11. 481-2). 748. neo non et : cf . 707. 750. multa super . . . super multa: note the epanalepsis (repetition at the beginning and end of a line) and the chiasmus ; see 184. The dactylic rhythm well expresses Dido's eagerness. 751. nunc . . . nunc . . . nunc : note the emphatic anaphora. Auroras iilius: Memnon. See 489. 752. Diomedes equi : i.e. the horses of Rhesus already men- tioned in connection with Diomedes in 472. Dido asks about scenes and persons depicted in her temple. See 466 fE. quantus: the stature of. 753. imuio age : nay come ! QUESTIONS ON BOOK I. When was VirgU born ? Was he older or younger than Julius Caesar? than Augustus? than Cicero? than Horace? Was he a Roman citizen from birth? What are the essentials of an epic poem? What are the great epics? What was Virgil's main pur- pose in writing the Aeneid? Is Book I chronologically first? Why this arrangement? What were the reasons for the strife between Juno and Venus? Why was Juno hostile to the Trojans? What other divinities were hostile to Troy, and why? What purely descriptive passage of five or more lines do you like best ? AVhat passages show the character of Aeneas ? What character- istics do you find emphasized ? What are the essential qualities of a leader ? Does Aeneas possess them ? [Cite passages to show 258 NOTES reasons for your opinion.] Where was Carthage? When does tradition say i^ was founded? How many miles was it from western Sicily ? How long would it take a storm-driven vessel to cover this distance ? Why does the poet cause his hero to land at Carthage rather than at some other point? From what country did the settlers of Carthage come? Where in the poem are the annates laborum mentioned in 373 ? Where did Aeneas first embark? How many vessels did he have? Who were Priam? Achilles? Hector? the Atridae? Tydides? What was Hesperia? Libya ? Where was the Tyrrhenum aequor f What part of Jupiter's promise to Venus is authentic history? In how many passages does Venus actively appear in this book ? What traits does she manifest? [Give passages which support your answer.] What were the principal scenes depicted on the walls of Dido's temple ? Why are they introduced? Why did these pictures arouse hope in the heart of Aeneas? Would the passage 494-519 furnish suitable material for a picture ? Why ? Give five familiar quotations from this book. How does Latin verse differ from English ? Describe the metre of the Aeneid. What English verse-forms are used to translate it? How does Tennyson describe it ? Show how Virgil secures variety of rhythm. What is the effect of a prevalence of spondees in a verse? of dactyls? Cite a good illustration of al- literation. Why do we find incomplete lines in the Aeneid? Quote five reminiscences of Book I in English writers. BOOK n. THE FALL OF TROY. Lines 1-12. Aeneas begins His Story. I. conticuere . . . tenebant: note the change of tense. The sudden hush is followed by prolonged attention. Tlie prefix in conticuere has an intensive foi'ce. intenti: used instead of an adverb with tenebant; cf. rapidum, I. 644. NOTES 259 z. orsus : sc. est. 3. infaudum . . . dolorem : note the artificial order, the adjective and substantive being respectively the first and last words of the line. The inverse order is rare in Virgil, reno- vare : sc. me. 4. ut: hm, introducing an indirect question, which is depend- ent on the sense of ' telling ' implied in renovare dolorem. la- mentabile : woful. 5. quae i the sights that. The relative refers loosely to the substance of the previous clause, -que . . . et : a poetical usage, corresponding to re . . . (cat in Greek. Omit -que for transla- tion. 6. quorum pars magna fui : wherein I took a large part. The story is limited to the hero's personal experience. For the expres- sion, cf. Tennyson's Ulysses : " I am a part of all that I have met." fando : in telling. Cf. tuendo, I. 713. 7. Myrmidonum Dolopumve : these were Thessalian tribes, under the generalship of Achilles and his son Pyrrhus. Ulizi : cf. Achilli, I. 30. 8. caelo praecipitat : is speeding from the sky ; i.e. into the ocean from which night and day both come. The night is far spent. g. cadentia : setting, sinking. 10. amor : sc. est. The word has here the sense of desiderium. cognoscere : this use of an infinitive with a substantive i.s poet- ical. In prose it would be cognoscendi. 11. supremum laborem : last agony. 12. meminisse horret : shudders to recall ; Aorrei governs an in- finitive, on the analogy of verbs of fearing like veretur. refugit : note the quantity of u. The tense is a perfect, has shrunk back. (So famous is the opening of this book, that many of these lines have become the common property of modern writers. Thus Thack- eray gives Conticuere omnes and Intentique era tenebant as the headings of two chapters (III and IV) in his Virginians (Vol. II). As for quorum pars magna fui (6), their general use may be illustrated from Robert Louis Stevenson, who speaks familiarly of "the bourgeois (quorum pars) " in his Letters, Vol. II. p. 24.) 260 NOTES Lines 13-20. The Woodkn Horse. 14. ductores = duces. Archaic tone. Danaum = Danaorum. tot labentibus annis : ablative absolute, expressive of cause. The siege of Troy had lasted ten years. 15. instar montis : like a mountain. Palladia : Minerva was the patron goddess of handicrafts. 16. sectaque intezunt abiete costas : line (literally, inter- weave) the ribs tvithplanks of fir (literally, with cut fir), abiete : a dactyl ( — i^(j) by synaeresis. 17. votum simulant : they feign it as a votive offering; i.e. they pretend that the horse is an offering to a god, to ensure a safe return to Greece. Cf. note on I. 334 ; votum is a predicate accusa- tive. 18. hue : in it, literally, hither, and used because the verb implies motion, delecta virum corpora : a periphrasis for delectos viros, the corpora, however, implying bodily vigor. 19. caeco later! : explaining hue, in its dark sides. Dative of in- direct object with a compound verb. 20. jnilite : soldiery, a collective singular. As is often the case in Virgil, the second part of the sentence explains the first, and the delecta corpora (18) are identical with the amialo milile. In the sequel, Virgil names only nine Greeks who were in the horse. See 261. Napoleon's criticism, that even if there were only one hundred Greeks within, the horse would have been, of enormous size, thus loses much of its force. Lines 21-39. The Trojans roam freely outside the City. 21. Tenedos : the island still retains this name. It is only four miles from the main shore, notissima: because of its temple of Apollo. 22. dives opum : cf. I. 14i regna : cf . note on sceptra, I. 57. NOTES 261 23. tantum : only, male fida = non Jida, unsafe. carinis = nacibus by synecdoche. 24. condunt : i.e. the Greeks. 25. abiisse : sc. eus. rati: sc. sumus. vento : ablative of in- strument. Mycenas : used for Graeciam. 26. omnis lougo Teucria luctu : note the careful artistic order ; of. I. 4. 27. panduntur portae : in Roman poetry open gates commoaly indicate peace, iuvat : sc. Troianos. 29. Dolopum : cf. 7. tendebat: encamped; sc. tentoria. Cf. note on I. 469. 30. classibus = navibus, an archaic use ; cf . ductores, 14. locus : sc. erat ; here the ships were beached, certare : i.e. in their engage- ments with the Trojans. 31. stupet : used transitively, like miratur. innuptae : Minerva was the maiden goddess (jrap6ivo%), whose temple was called the Parthenon, ezltiale : applied to donum by prolepsis. It was destined to bring ruin to the Trojans. Minervae : to Minerva, objective genitive. The line explains votum, 17. 32. mirantur : note the freedom of construction, the plural being used here, but the singular in stupet. 33. duel, locari : the prose construction is a subjunctive clause with ut. 34. dolo : Aeneas suggests treachery, because, when an oracle had declared that a child born on a certain day would prove the ruin of Troy, Priam put to death a son of Thymoetes, since he, as well as Paris, was born on the day in question, iam : now at last, ferebant : were tending, or setting. 35. quorum . . . meuti : Uihose minds were wiser in counsel. Understand ei as an antecedent to quorum, menti is a dative of possession ; sc. erat. 36. pelago : dative, with a verb of motion ; cf. note on Latio, 1.6. 37. -que : here equivalent to -ve, having disjunctive force. 38. aut : the first plan (aut, 36) is to destroy the horse ; the second (aut, 38), to examine its interior, temptare : probe. 262 NOTES 3g. studia in coutraria : into opposing parties. (With Virgil's story of the wooden horse should be compared the song of Demodoous in the Odyssey, VIII. 499 ff. In Homer, the discus- sion among the Trojans takes place after the horse has been dragged up to the citadel ; Virgil more wisely represents it as occurring while the horse is still outside the city walls. Note the simple, concise, and vivid style of the narrative. Vividness is increased by the personal tone. Thus the speaker identifies himself with the citizens (cf. nos, 25), the various remarks of the people are quoted (29, 30), and individual Trojans are named (32, 35). Allitera- tion is carefully employed. See 23, 26, 27, 28, 30 (note the many c sounds), 32, 34, 38, 39. In 29 and 30 the diaereses (after manus and locus) and the anaphora (hie . . . hie . . . hie . . . hie) strongly emphasize the excitement of the people. Note the rhythm of 24, 25, and 26. The spondaic rhythm of 24 sug- gests the terrible snare thus laid for the Trojans. The dactylic tone of 25 harmonizes with the joy of the besieged, but the return to the spondaic tone in 26 implies that the speaker is only too well aware that the joy is shortly to be turned into grief.) Lines 40-56. Laocoon Intervenes. 40. primus : i.e. he takes the lead, ibi : temporal, at this mo- ment, magna comitante caterva; cf. Dido's appearance at I. 497. As there the queen is attended by magna iuvenum caterva, so here the expression indicates that the priest is a leader, who commands a large following. 41. summa deourrit ab arce : why, when most of the Trojans were outside the walls, had Laocoon been on the citadel? Proba- bly to get a commanding view of the country and sea, so as to detect signs of the enemy, because he did not believe they had returned to Greece. 42. et procul : verbs of saying are frequently omitted in narrar tive style ; cf. I. 37. 43. avectos : so. esse. 44. Danaum : with dona. TJlixes : Ulysses represents Greek cunning. 46. ant haec, etc. : or this is an engine of war which has been built NOTES 263 to assail our walls. The form of macMna to whicli Laocoon here alludes is the turns, which was on wheels and could be moved against the walls of a town. 47. inspectura: the future participle expresses purpose. Ven- tura desuper urbi: fall from above on the city ; urbi for in urbem. after a verb of motion. Cf. pelago, 36. 48. error: trick. 49. timeo Danaos et dona ferentis : a favorite quotation ; cf. Thackeray : " F. B., sir, fears the Greeks and the gifts they bring " (^Newcomes, Vol. II. ch. 32.) et = etiam. 50. validis ingeutem viribus hastam : cf . note on 26. 51. in . . . inque : the repetition of the preposition emphasizes the force of the blow, feri = equi, to be taken with latus as well as ahum, curvam compagibus alvum : literally, the belly arched with joints, i.e. the arched frame of the belly. Virgil has countless variations of this sort. 52. contorsit : the prefix is intensive, implying concentrated effort ; cf . 1. stetit : stuck ; emphatic position, utero recusso ; ablative absolute expressive of cause. Virgil is fond of com- pounds in re-. Here recussus is used of the reverberation, and the compound enables the poet to emphasize the idea by the doub- ling of the sound of r, which was a trilled letter. 53. cavae cavernae : note the striking repetition of both sound and idea. The adjective, however, is to be taken predicatively with insonuere. 54. si fata deum : sc. non laeva fuissent. laevus, as applied to fata, means unpropitious ; as applied to mens, misguided. The word amiss will satisfy both clauses. Note the anaphora (si . . . si), with rhetorical force. 55. impulerat : used for impulisset for vividness, he had surely driven us. The condition is contrary to fact, foedare : poetical use of the infinitive for ut and subjunctive. 56. staret, maneres : note the change from the third to the second person. For the apostrophe, cf . I. 555. (In 45, the spondaic rhythm emphasizes the solemnity of Laocoon 's warning. Lines 52 and 53 are onomatopoetic. The expressive spon- 264 NOTES dee which opens the couplet is followed by dactyls, which with the help of assonance strikingly depict the effect of the blow. The vivid narrative of the paragraph reaches a. climax in the emotional apos- trophe (50), which makes an effective close.) Lines 57-75. Enter Sinon. 57. ecce : we do not learn what is the effect of Laocoon's advice and action, for our attention (as was the case with the Trojans) is diverted by the appearance of a prisoner, manus revinctum : having his hands bound behind him. This is an imitation of a Greek passive participle with the accusative case retained from the active voice. Similar in form, but logically different, is oculos suffusa, I. 228. 58. regem : Priam. 59. Dardanidae : adjectival, with pastores. venientibus : to them as they approached, ultro : with obtulerat, 61. 60. hoc ipsum ut strueret : to compass this very end, viz. that of being admitted in some way into Troy. Once within the city, he would rely upon his cunning. The verb struere implies craftiness. 61. fidens animi: conjident in spirit; animi is a locative genitive. in utrumque paratus : i.e. for success or death, as explained in the next line. The words have become proverbial, and furnish (e.g.) a title for one of Matthew Arnold's poems. 62. versare dolos : lo ply his crafty wiles ; versare is in apposi- tion with utrumque. 64. ruit certantque : for the change in number, cf. note on 32. inludere : the use of the infinitive is poetical ; cf. contendunt petere, 1. 158. 65. Danaum insidias : cf. I. 754. crimine ab uno disce omnia : these are among the most frequently quoted words of Virgil. The crafty Sinon is to be regarded as a type of the Greek race ; cf . 44. 66. disce omnia : cf . note on I. 534. 67. turbatus : though at the outset Sinon -w as Jidens animi (61), NOTES 265 yet he may -well have been agitated, when surrounded by the Phrygia agmina. 6g. nunc : of. iam in the next line, nunc of purely present time, but iam of relatively present time, i.e. time as compared with preceding time, ' by this time.' Here this sense is still further de- fined by denique. 71. neque . . . et: like ovte . . . te in Greek. We cannot say in English ' neither . . . and.' Translate neque, therefore, as if it were non. super : besides. 72. poenas cum sanguine poscunt: call for vengeance and my life, i.e. the extreme form of vengeance. 73. compressus et : poetical order for et compressus (sc. est'). 74. hortamur fari : cf . duci hortatur, 33. quo sanguine cre- tus : sc. sit, of what stock he is sprung. The verb cresco is a deriva- tive of creo, so that cretus and creatus may have the same meaning. 75. quidve ferat : or what (tidings) he brings, i.e. what he has to say for himself, memoret, quae sit fiducia capto : tell us on what you rely as prisoner, memoret represents an imperative in the direct discourse ; capto agrees with ei understood, which represents tibi of the original remark. Sinon has surrendered himself readily ; he must therefore have some ground for assurance. (Note the alternation of rhythm, dactylic and spondaic, in the first two lines of the paragraph. In 68 we have an instance of the rare ' spon- daic line' (the fifth foot being a spondee). This is followed up by the slow spondaic rhythm of 69. The effect secured is an emphatic expression of the seeming hoplessness of Sinon's position. Note, too, the harsh effect of the accumulated c and g sounds in the former line. In 74 and 75 the full pause and diaeresis after impetus, and the dis- jointed style of expression harmonize with the excitement of the scene.) Lines 77-104. Sinon's Story. 77. fuerit quodcumque : whatever comes. The future perfect is used instead of the future for metrical reasons. 78. vera : adverbial in its force. Cf. note on intenti, 1. This solemn assurance of truthfulness is emphasized by the striking 266 NOTES position of vera, viz. at the end of the sentence and the beginning of a line, me : sc. esse. Argolica = Graeca. Virgil skilfully represents Sinon as first stating what is undoubtedly true. Thus he is likely to win credence for the rest of hie story. 7g. hoc primum;' sc. fatenr. Sinonem : note the rhetorical effect of using the name instead of me. The prisoner thus strengthens his case by giving the name a sort of fictitious value. Others may be mendacious, but certainly not Sinon. See note on lunonis, 1. 48. Indirectly, too, the Trojans learn who their prisoner is. 80. improba : wantonly; cf. vera, 78. 81. fando : by report; cf. 6. aliquod si . . . nomen: litei'ally, if any name, etc., i.e. if the name has at all reached your ears; cf. Anthea si quern, 181. Sinon cleverly assumes a doubtful tone, though he knows well that the story of Palamedes would be familiar to the Trojans. 82. Palamedis : Palamedes, of Euboea, who was descended from Belus, king of Egypt, had incurred the enmity of Ulysses by exposing his pretence of madness and compelling him to take part in the Trojan war. The story is not found in Homer, incluta fama gloria : his renown spread abroad by fame. 83. falsa sub proditione : under false information. This was furnished by a forged letter, purporting to come from Priam, which Ulysses concealed in the tent of Palamedes. 84. insontem infando indicio : note the emphatic repetition of the prefix in-, and the double elision. Thus Sinon drives home his statement with affected horror, infando indicio : on hideous testimony, quia bella vetabat ; Sinon invents tliis reason so as to win the favor of the Trojans for Palamedes and indirectly for himself. 85. nunc: note the asyndeton, (but) now. cassum lumine: archaic expression. 86. illi me, etc. : this is the apodosis to the si (81) clause ; illi is a dative of reference. Sinon is sent as a dependent on Pala- medes. et = el quidem. 87. pauper in arma pater, etc. : note the details artfully given to arouse compassion. Alliteration emphasizes the effect, priiuis NOTES 267 ab antiis : i.e. of the military age, or manhood. Sinon is old enough to leave children behind ; cf. 138. 88. stabat : the subject is Palamedes. regno incolumis : secure in princely power ; regno is ablative of specification. 89. et nos : we loo. After the death of Palamedes, Sinon was left friendless. 90. invidia postquam : asyndeton ; cf. 85. invidia, an ablative of cause, is emphasized by position. 91. baud ignota loqnor : i.e. you know the story well. This ad- mission helps to gain the confidence of his hearers, superis con- cessit ab oris : passed from the world above, i.e. from the earth to the world below. 93. mecum: in secret; cf. secum, I. 221. 94. et : translate as but, in view of the preceding nee. tulisset : offered; sc. se. The form is due to indirect narration after promisi, and represents tulerit (future perfect) in the direct, as remeassem represents remeavero. 96. ultorem : in predicate apposition to me (94), promised )n!/se?/ as avenger. 97. hinc : hence, i.e. from this cause, prima mali labes : the beginning of evil's taint. 98. terrere: this and the following infinitives are historical, spargere voces : to sow rumors. 99. volgum: here masculine. Elsewhere in VirgU neuter. conscius : conscious of guilt. The word is applicable to the pre- vious clauses, as well as to quaerere arma. arma : offensive or de- fensive? Doubtless the former, the object of Ulysses being to put Sinon out of the way. The word arma, however, includes plots or stratagems as well as weapons. 100. enim : indeed; cf. sed enim, I. 19. Calchante ministro : ablative absolute. Sinon skilfully cuts short his story, when the curiosity of his hearers has been aroused to the utmost. This is an instance of aposiopesis ; cf .' I, 135. loi. sed quid autem : nay, but why? or but why pray f The combination sed autem is elsewhere confined to the colloquial style. haec. iugrata : this unwelcome tale. 268 NOTES 102. uno ordiae habetiB : hold in one class, i.e. all alike. 103. idque audire sat est: continue the si ; andif it is enough to hear that, viz. that I am a Greek, iamdudum : literally, this long while, but practically at once. It implies that the punishment is already long delayed. 104. Ithacus : i.e. Ulysses, who came from the island of Ithaca, magno mercentur : i.e. the Atridae would be willing to pay a large reward for his death ; magno is ablative of price. The line contains a clever plea. If the Trojans put Sinon to death, they will please their bitterest foes. Note the emphatic position of A tridae. (The spondaic rhythm of 73 echoes the thought expressed. The telling aposiopesis in 100 Is followed by a sudden descent to an every- day style (cf. note on 101). The ejaculations in 101 and 102 accord with the tone now assumed. Note the frequent elisions in the latter line. Alliterative effects are frequent. See 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 104.) Lines 105-144. His Pretended Escape from Death. 107. prosequitur = pergit, continues, a rare use. ficto pectore : with feigned feelings. Note the double alliteration in the line. 108. fugam Troia cupiere relicta moliri : longed to quit Troy and compass a retreat ; Troia relicta, an ablative absolute ; moiiri = parare, but implies effort. no. fecisseut utinam : cf. utinam adforet, I. 575. saepe, etc. : adversative asyndeton. The contrasted ideas are emphasized by anaphora {saepe . . . saepe) and by the use of two simple sentences instead of one complex one, the idea being, ' as often as {quam saepe = quoties) they desired, so often (tarn saepe = toties) storms prevented.' aspera ponti hiems : a fierce tempest of the deep. 111. euntis : when essaying a start. The participle has a conative force. 112. oontextus : ci. intexunt, \Q. acernis: in 16 the wood was pine or fir. NOTES 269 113. staret : more picturesque than esse(. 114. scitantem: the present participle is used instead of the awkward future or the prosaic supine. A. 490, 3 ; H. 638, 3, and 533, 2 ; H. & B. 606 ; also (in reference to the supine) G. 435, N. 2. oracula Phoebi : the chief oracles of Apollo were at Delos and Delphi. 116. sanguine . . . caesa : referring to the sacrifice of Iphi- geuia, daughter of Agamemnon, at Aulis, because an oracle had declared that only by such means could the Greeks secure a favor- able wind to carry their ships to Troy. The story is referred to in Tennyson's Dream of Fair Women : " I was cut oft from hope in that sad place," etc. placastis : a syncopated form of placavislis. 118. reditus : the plural, perhaps because the Greek chiefs re- turned, not to one place, as Aulis, but to their several homes. animaque litandum Argolica : sc. est, ynu must win Heaven's faoor with the life of a Greek; litandum est is impersonal. Note the emphatic position of Argolica; cf. vera, 78. iig. quae vox ut : when this utterance. 121. cui fata parent : indirect question dependent on the idea of doubt in tremor. With parent, sc. hoc, i.e. this doom. 122. hio : temporal. Ithacus : cf. 104. Calchanta : Calchas was a famous seer in the Greek army. 123. eanumina: that will. 124. canebant : foreboded. Note the double alliteration (mihi mulii . . . crudele canebant). 125. artificis : schemer, ventura videbant: another case of alliteration. The assonance (canebant . . . videhant) accords with the idea that gloomy forebodings were in the air. ventura = what would come. 126. bisquinos: cf. I. 381. ille: Calchas. teotus: keeping to his tent, but suggesting the metaphorical sense, secret. 127. aut : we should rather have expected et, but, conversely, et is often used for aut. 128. vix tandem : but at length. The redundant expression is emphatic. 270 NOTES i2g. composito : an impersonal ablative absolute used adver- bially ; cf. lihato, I. 737. In prose we should have ex (de) composito. rumpit vocem : breaks into utterance, breaks silence. The verb has a causative sense, causes to break forth. 131. unius . . . conversa tulere : they bore (i.e. acquiesced in) when turned to one poor man's ruin. Sinon affects a cynical tone. 132. parari : historical infinitive. 133. salsae fruges : before sacrifice, salted meal (inola salsa) was spriiikled on the victim's head, tempora : temples, vittae : fillets, which adorned a sacrificial victim. 134. fateor : Sinon wins confidence through this display of candor. It was sacrilege for him, devoted as a victim to the gods, to escape. 136. dum vela darent, si forte dedissent : until they should set sail, if haply they would. Here we have implied oratio obliqua, representing an original delitescam, dum vela dent, si forte dederint; ef. note on priusquam gustassent, I. 472. According to the oracle (116-119), the sailing of the Greeks depended on the sacrifice which Sinon's escape has frustrated. 137-8. A strong appeal to the compassion of the audience. patriam antiquam : my dear old country. So we speak of " old Ireland," " old Kentucky home," etc. 139. quos illi fors et, etc. : of whom perchance too they will demand due punishment for my flight. The verb reposcent governs two accu- satives. See A. .396 ; B. 178 ; G. 3-39 ; H. 411 ; H. & B. 393. The prefix re- implies 'in return.' fors (=fors sit) is used abverbially, and the combination /ors et is archaic, literally, 'there would be a chance and they vyill demand.' 141. quod : wherefore. This use of quod, as a particle of transi- tion, is common in adjurations, te : governed by oro, 143. It refers to Priam, conscia numiua veri : powers that know the truth. 142. per si qua est . . . fides : by whatever inviolate truth may still be found anywhere among mortals. The -accusative ^^rfem, gov- erned by per, is attracted into the clause with si qua. 143. miserere . . . miserere : pathetic anaphora, laborum : A. 354, a ; B. 209, 2 ; G. 377 ; H. 457 ; H. & B. 352, 2. NOTES 271 (In the above paragraph there are several lines with a marked spondaic rhythm. 105 expresses intense curiosity; 109, weariness ; 133, grimness of the sacrificial details ; 138 and 139, deep pathos. On the other hand, the strikingly dactylic character of 120 is expressive of shuddering fear.) Lines 145-161. Priam sets him Free. 145. his lacrimis : dative, = Sinoni laerimanti. ultro : further, besides. The hearers have been brought from an attitude of curi- osity to one of genuine pity. 146. viro : dative of reference. Translate, Ids manacles ; cf . note on I. 91. 148. hinc iam : from henceforth, obliviscere G-raios : forget the Greeks. The accusative, instead of the usual genitive, with ohliviscor. A. 350, a; B. 206, 1, b ; G. 376, 2 ; H. 454, 2 ; H. & B. 350. 149. noster eris : a Roman general, when receiving a deserter, used the formula, quisquis es, noster eris. vera : as in 78. 150. quo: to what endf quis auctor : sc.fuit, who was the con- triver f or, who suggested it ? 151. quaereligio: tvhat religious offering is it f The word religio (properly a religious scruple) is here used by metonymy for the thing offered on account of such a scruple. 152. dixerat : he ceased, arte Pelasga : cf . artisque Pelasgae, 106. 153. esutas vinclis : freed from shackles. Note that the form vinculis (_w ) would be impossible in the hexameter, ad siAeia. = ad caelum. It is day-l!ime. 154. ignes : i.e. all the heavenly bodies, sun, moon, and stars. non violabile : inviolable, i.e. not to be profaned by perjury. 155. arae ensesque : the plural is an exaggeration, such as may be expected from the mendacious Sinon. 156. hostia : as a victim. 157. fas : so. est. Graiorum sacrata iura : solemn obligations to the Greeks, sacrata iura is a poetical equivalent of sacramenta. The poet thinks of the Roman soldier's oath of fealty. 272 NOTES 158. viros = eos; cf. mVo, 146. ferre sub auras : to reveal. 159. si qua: whatsoever, teneor patiine nee = nee teneor patriae. 160. promissis maneas : stand ^firmly hy thy promises. The ablative is local, servata: witli causal sense. 161. si magna rependam : if I shall make a large return, i.e. for keeping faith with me. (Note the skill shown in this narrative. Priam's excitement is evi- dent from his brief statements and rapid flre of questions (148-151). Sinon's oath is dramatic and effective, yet when examined is seen to be either vague (ignes) or empty, for he invokes the altars which had no existence. There is a climax in his renunciation (157-159), for he pretends to break all ties, whether as soldier, friend, confidant, or citizen. Force is secured by anaphora (vo.i . . . vos 154, 155 ; fas , . . fas 157, 158 ; si . . . si 161) and by the apostrophe of Troy in 160, 161.) Lines 162-198. SiNON EXPLAINS THE MySTEKY OP THE HoESE. 162. fiducia belli : confidence in the war. 163. Palladis auziliis semper stetit : hy the aid of Pallas ever stood firm, ; literally, stood on the aid of Pallas, auxiliis being a locative ablative, ex quo Tydides sed enim : but indeed from the time that Diomede's, etc. For sed enim, see I. 19 and note. 165. fatale Palladium : the fateful Palladium. This was a statue of Pallas (Minerva), which stood upon the citadel of Troy. It ■was fatale becaiise the safety of Troy depended on its preservation in the city, Ulysses and Diomedes succeeded in stealing it. See Fig. 42. 166. summae arcis : the acropolis. Fig. 41. Diomedes, ^gg virgineaa divae vittas -.fillets of the virgin Ulysses, and , .. ,. ,,., , THE Palladium, goddess, virgineas being a transferi'ed epithet ; cf. note on innuptae, II. 31. i6g. ex illo : from that time, corresponding to ex quo, 163. fluere ac retro sublapsa referri : ebhed and, backward stealing, receded. The infinitives are historical. 170. fraotae : sc. sunt, deae mens : on the monosyUabicend- ing, cf. note on rex, I. 65. NOTES 273 171. nee dubiis monstris : and with no doubtful portents, ea signa : sign/t thereof, i.e. of her displeasui-e. 172. arsere : (when) there blazed forth. Note the force given by asyndeton. 173. luminibns arrectis : from the upraised eyes; i.e. upraised in anger. 176. temptanda : sc. esse, must be essayed. Possibly Minerva's anger would prevent the voyage, canit : proclainig. ■ 178. omina ni repetant Argis : unless they seek new omens at Argos. Again Virgil is thinking of a Roman custom. If ill suc- cess attended a general in the field, he would return to Rome to take the auspices afresh (auspicia repetere or capture), numenque redugant : the meaning is much disputed, but surely after healing about the sacrilege and the anger of Minerva we ought to learn something about the restitution of the Palladium. The Greeks, then, have taken it away, in order that, after seeking fresh auspices and purifying themselves from the pollution, they may escort the deity back with due honor, and so finally conquer Troy. See note on 185. 179. quod avexere : which they have taken away. The words are added by Sinon and are not part of the oblique narration. Hence the indicative. 180. et nunc quod, etc. -. and now as to their having sought Mycenae, etc. For the syntax, see A. 572, a ; B. 299, 2 ; G. 525, 3 ; H. 588, 2, 3, N. ; H. & B. 552, 2. 181. deos : owing to their sacrilege the gods have deserted them, and they are now trying to win them back, remenso : this participle from a deponent verb is here used as a passive. 182. digerit : interprets. 183. hanc : in emphatic position, because it is the keynote to the answer of Priam's question, quo . . . statuere (150) .? pro Palladio . . . pro numine laeso ; the second expression is a vari- ation on the first, though the first pro must be rendered in lieu of; the second, to atone for. For numine laeso, cf. I. 8. 185. tamen : i.e. they were to build a statue, but nevertheless this was to be so large that it could not be taken into Troy. 274 NOTES i86. roboribus textis : of timbers interlaced; of. 112. caelo : dative ; cf . pelago, 36. i88. antiqua sub religione : under shelter of their ancient faith. The structure, being pro Palladio, might furnish the same protec- tiou as the Palladium. I go. ipsum : i.e. Calchas. 19.1. futurum : so. esse. Indirect naiTation, governed by a verb of saying, implied in iussit above. 192. manibus vestris vestram . . . urbem : note the chias- mus, and the emphasis secured by the collocation of vestris vestram. 193. ultro: actually, i.e. the people, hitherto on the defensive, would assume the offensive. Asiam : i.e. Troy. Pelopea ad moenia: i.e. to the cities of Greece. Pelops (from whom the Peloponnesus is named) was the ancestor of the kings of Mycenae, and Mycenae represents Greece. 194. ea fata : such a doom, i.e. matjnum exitium. manere : an instance of the vivid present for the future. 195. arte Sinonis : the story of Sinon is often alluded to in later literature. Thus in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, Act V. Sc. 3, Marcus, addressing Lucius: "Speak, Rome's dear friend, as erst our ancestor. When with his solemn tongue he did discourse To love-sick Dido's sad attending ear. The story of that baleful burning night. When subtle Greeks surpris'd king Priam's Troy, Tell us what Sinon hath bewitch'd our ears. Or who hath brought the fatal engine in, That gives our Troy, our Rome, the civil wound." See also Cymbeline, Act III. Sc. 4, and Henry VI, Part III. Act III. Sc. 2. 196. res : the story, capti : sc. sumus. coactis : forced. 197. Larissaeus : appropriate, not because Achilles came from Larissa, but because Larissa was in Thessaly. A still better reason for its use is that it has a stately sound. 198. Note the combination of anaphora (non . . . non), asynde- NOTES 275 ton, and chiasmus (anni rfecem . . . mille carinae). These last two lines are strikingly simple, yet contain a world of meaning. (In the above passage, note that the diaeresis in 163 coincides with the hreak in the enemies' relations with Pallas. The account of the sacrilege opens with a line expressive of horror, in spondaic rhythm (16.5), which passes into the dactylic (167), when the hasty act of pollution is described. Another dactylic line (181) suggests a rapid journey, and the early return of the Greeks.) Lines 199-227. Laocoon's Terrible Fate. " This prodigy is not merely ominous, but typical, of the destruction about to come upon Troy. The twin serpents prefigure the Grecian armament, which, like them, comes from Tenedos ; like them, crosses the tranquil deep; like them, lands; and, going up straight to the city, slaughters the surprised and unresisting Trojans (prefigured by Laocoon's sons), and overturns the religion and drives out the gods (prefigured by the priest Laoco6n)." — Henry. 199. aliud: another {portent), maius miseris multo : the allit^ eration emphasizes the effect of the statement, miseris is to be taken with noh'is understood. 200. obicitur : on the prosody of this word, see A. 603, f . n. 8 ; B. 262, 5 ; (x. 703, 2, n. ; H. 688, 2 ; II. & B. 30. magis : the nat- ural order would be muto mo=;), a form not available for the hexameter. The indicative was originally used in all cum-olauses, so that Virgil here employs an archaism ; cf. cum fugarat, V. 42. A. 546, N. 4 ; G. 578, n. ; H. 601 ; H. & B. 527. 257. iniquis : unkind, i.e. to the Trojans. 259. laxat : used in two senses, releases the Greeks and opens the barriers. This is a zeugma, laxat is an historical present, and is connected with ibat (254) by -que. Sinon, after seeing the !80 NOTES ignal, doubtless allowed a certain interval to elapse before open- ug the horse. To act too soon would have been dangerous. 261. Thessandrus : see note on 20. 263. primus Machaon : the leader Machaon, or the noble Machaon. ?he epithet probably represents Homer's apuTTtvovra, doing noble eeds {Iliad XI. 506), applied to Machaon, the physician, son of lesculapius. 266. portis patentibus : ablative of the route taken, a variety f the ablative of means. A. 429, 4, a; B. 218, 9 ; G. 389 ; H. 476 ; I. & B. 426. Note the alliteration. 267. conscia: confederate. (The heavy spondees of 251, following 'the unusual rhythm of 250 see note), strikingly accord with the sense. A similar line is used of le steady movement of the ships in 254, and is followed by the light actylic rhythm of 255 to harmonize with the peaceful scene there escribed. Another case of alternation of rhythm is in 264 and 265, where :ie active movements of the Greek chiefs are in marked contrast with le heavy sleep of the doomed Trojans.) Lines 268-297. Hectok's Ghost appears to the Sleeping Aeneas. 268. mortalibus aegris : see note on ante ora patrum, I. 95. 269. douo divum : by the gods' grace (Sidgwick) . Note the lliteration, followed by the soft s sounds, in harmony with the hought. 272. raptatus bigis : i.e. by the chariot of Achilles. Cf. I. 483. 273. pulvere perque pedes traiectus . . . tumentis : note the ouble alliteration, to emphasize the horror, traiectus lora : lit- rally, having the thongs passed through, another imitation of a Greek assive participle with the accusative case retained from the active oice; cf. maiius revinclum, 57. 274. ei mihi: ah me! mihi is a dative of interest. A. 379, 380; I. 188, 2, b ; G. 351 ; H. 432 ; H. & B. 372. 275. redit: the present for vividness, exuvias indutus Acbilli : lad in the spoils of Achilles, i.e. the armor of Achilles, which the ero lent to his friend Patroclus, who was slain by Hector. The NOTES 281 J I I story is told iu Iliad XVI. The pai-tici- ple here is middle and governs a direct accusative, as in I. 228. 276. iaculatus ignis : after hurling fires. In the Iliad (XXII. 370) the Greeks look with admiration on Hector's corpse. How- ever, they stab him as they pass by and remark, "Truly Hector is easier to handle than when he burnt the ships with con- suming fire." puppibus : dative, = in o o w 277. concretos : matted. 278. gerens : with. The construction is continued from qualis erat, 274. circum niuros : i.e. when dragged about the walls. plurima : attracted, as often in prose, from the antecedent into the relative clause. 279. ultro : modifying compellare. fleus ipse : i.e. I myself weeping as well as he. 280. expromere: the verb implies effort. 281. lux: the metaphor is common in all languages. 283. exspectate : vocative by attraction. ut : exclamatory, how ! i.e. how gladly .' 286. quae causa . . . foedavit voltus : the pathos of the passage is increased by the fact that Aeneas, in his dream, remem- bers Hector only in his unmarred beauty, not as he was in death. Hence these ques- tions, which imply ignorance of Hector's fate. 287. ille nihil : sc. respondit. Cf. note on 42. moratur : heeds. 289. fuge : note how direct is this ap- peal. Hector disregards the previous questions. 282 NOTES 290. ruit alto a culmine : falls from her lofty height, i.e. is utterly lost. 291. sat patriae Priamoque datum : so. a te est, you have paid all claims to king and country, satisdare is a legal term. Aeneas has done his duty and need not reproach himself with cowardice. Pergama : note the variety of terms for ' Troy ' and ' Trojan ' ; cf . note on robur, 230. dextra: by strength of hand. 292. etiam hao : by mine also, i.e. as well as by yours. 293. sacra : explained in 296. Penatis : the household gods of the state, for as each family had its hearth and its Penates, so too the state had its city hearth and city gods. 294. fatorum : fortunes. 295. magna : placed, like plurima (278) in the relative clau se ; the great city which you . will found, etc. A comma after magna would furnish a rare punctuation for Virgil, i.e. within the first foot. 296. vittas Vestamque : i.e. an image of Vesta adorned with fillets. The worship of Vesta was associated with that of the Penates. 297. aeternum ignem : the fire on the hearth of Vesta, in the mother city, was carried to the daughter city. In Rome this fire burnt continually on the altar of Vesta, effert : i.e. seems to bring forth, for Aeneas is in a dream. (This is one of the best scenes in Virgil. "Can one read this passage without being moved?" wrote Ffeelon. Chateaubriand called the scene " a kind of epitome of Virgil's genius." The rhetorical devices used in the passage to secure pathos should be carefully noted. These include the use of exclamation in qualis erat, quantum mutatus (274), ut aspicimus (283); of anaphora, . . . (281); quae . . . guiftus (282); of alliteration (e.gr. 269, 273, 293, 296) ; and of rhythmical effects. Thus the prevalent spondees in 272, 277, 285, 286 emphasize the tone of horror.) Lines 298-317. Aeneas rushes Forth. 298. diverse : translate as if an adverb, here and there, every- where, or, with the rest of the line, the city becomes a confused scene of widespread grief. ¥ov,7niscentur, see I. 124. NOTES 283 299. secreta : retired, used predicatively with recessit. 300. obtecta : hidden. 301. artnoruiuque ingruit horror : and the dread din of war sweeps on. The line, with its several r sounds, adapts the sound to the sense. 302. summi f astigia tecti : the top of the sloping roof, a poetical variation for summum tectum fastigatum. 303. ascensu supero : clinib to, literally, hy climbing surmount. arrectis auribus adsto : cf. I. 152. Note the alliteration. 304. veluti cum : even as when, veluti with stupet and cum with incidit. For the simile, cf . Iliad IV. 452 : " as when winter's torrents stream down mountain sides into a valley basin, joining mighty floods from their great springs within a hollow canyon, and the shepherd hears their roar afar ofE in the hills." 305. montano flumine : instrumental ablative with either rapidus or sternit. In prose, however, it would have been a geni- tive with torrens. 306. sternit, sternit: emphatic anaphora and asyndeton, for sternit agros et sata. sata laeta : a favorite personal metaphor of Virgil's. His opening "words in the Georgics are, quid facial laetas segetes, what makSs the joyous cornfields, his subject being tillage. See Introd. § 11. boum labores ; labors of oxen, i.e. the fruits of their labor. 307. stupet inscius : is bewildered and dazed. 309. fides : truth, sc. est. 310. dedit ruinam ; has fallen, = ruit. The periphrases with dare are common; cf. sonitum dedere, 243. Probably the Greeks attacked Deiphobus thus early, because after the death of Paris he had married Helen. This attack is mentioned in Homer {Odyssey VIII. 517). 311. Volcano : the fire ; cf. note on Cererem, I. 177. 312. Ucalegon: the owner put for his house. In Homer, Ucalegon is one of Priam's counsellors {Iliad HI. 148). 313. exoritur : cf. with this line I. 87. exoritur is here of the third conjugation. 314. neo sat rationis, etc.: the idea is concessive {= though. 284 NOTES etc.), but such short paratactic (independent) clauses are often stronger and more effective than hypotactic (dependent) ones. See Introd. § 37. 315. glomerare : for the infinitive, cf. 105. bello : dative of purpose. 317. pulchrum mori succurrit in armis : literally, it occurs (to me) that it is glorious to die in arms. With pulchrum supply esse, which is the subject of succurrit. (In this vivid description, note the adaptation of sound to sense. Thus we have onomatopoetic effects in 301 and 313, very pronounced alliteration in 303, .308, and 307, and less striking alliteration in 298, 302, 304, 308, 310, 314, 317. Note, too, the large number of dactyls in the simile (304-8), and especially the effect of the diaeresis after incidit in 305.) Lines 318-369. • Panthus rescues the Sacred Relics. 318. FanthUs : the u is long, because it represents a Greek diphthong, TldvOov^. 319. Fauthua : note the repetition, called (when in this form) anadiplosis. It is employed sparingly by Virgil, to heighten the emotional tone of a passage, arcis Fhoebique : i.e. of the temple of Phoebus on the acropolis. 320. sacra : these are the sacra, of which Hector spoke in the vision (293). victos deos : i.e. the Penates of 293. They are victi, because they are the gods of a vanquished city. Panthus carries statuettes of them, parvum nepotem : a touch of Virgil's tenderness. 321. ipse: to go closely in thought with mq.nu (320), with his own hand, trahit : drags. The little boy cannot keep up with Panthus. ■ With deos the verb means bears, and thus it is a case of zeugma. 322. quo res summa loco : how fares the state ? res summa, ' the main interest,' = res publica. Fanthu: a Greek form (U.dv6ov). A. 52, b ; B. 27, 3 ; G. 65 ; H. 89, 5 ; H. & B. 78, a. quam preadi- mus arcem : what stronghold shall we seize ? The present indic- ative is used with the force of a future indicative, or a deliberative NOTES 285 subjunctive. It is clear to Aeneas that the arx proper (cf. arcis, 319) is lost. 324. venit . . . tempus : one of Virgil's noblest lines : 'tis come — the last day and inevitable hour for Troy : cf. Gray's "Awaits alike th' inevitable hour" {Elegy, 35). 325. Dardaniae : dative, fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium : one of Virgil's most famous utterances. The perfect of sum is used idiomatically for 'is no more.' So Cicero announced the execu- tion of the conspirators by vixerunt. 326. ferus :. in wrath, omnia : the main idea involved is that of empire. Argos : accusative of limit of motion. Argos is used for Greece. 327. incensa . . . urbe : note the brevity of the Latin, which implies incenderunt urbem et in ea dominantur. 328. arduus armatos, etc. : the momentous statement is empha- sized by means of the double alliteration in this line, mediis in moenibus : in the centre of the city ; cf. 240. 329. victor Sinon : Troy has been conquered, not by the sword, but by deceit and perjury, incendia miscet : scatters flames about. 330. portis bipatentibus : at the wide-open gates. The gates are two-leaved (?«'-) and open (palentes). 331. milia quot : as many thousands as. venere : as if none of the Greeks had been slain in the long war. For the terror-stricken Panthus to exaggerate is but natural. 332. angusta viarum = angustas vias, a Grecism, metrically convenient. 333. Stat : the position of the verb makes the picture more im- pressive ; a standing line of steel there is, with flashing point un- sheathed, parati neci : ready for massacre, not for a battle. Resistance is useless. 334. vix primi proelia temptant: scarce do the first essay battle, much less those who are attacked later. 335. caeoo Marte : in blind (i.e. useless) warfare. For Marte, cf. note on 311. 336. numine divum : i.e. he is impelled by some divine force. 286 NOTES 337. tristis Erinys : the fell Fury, i.e. of war. quo . . . quo : whither . . . whither. Note the anaphora. 340. per lunam : in the moonlight ; cf . 255 and note. 341. adglomerant : this verb, as well as ac/rfunJ, governs se (339). 342. illis diebus: in those (last fatal) days (Page). 343. insane : desperate. The epithet implies an overpowering passion. Cassandrae : objective genitive. 344. gener : as a son(-in-law). In Latin, gener, socer, etc., are often used not of an actual, but of a prospective relationship. We do not learn that Coroebus was married to Cassandra. Phry- gibus : i.e. Trojans. The word is chosen because of the alliteration with Priamo. 345. infeliz, qui, etc. : luckless one, not to have heeded, etc. The subjunctive is causal in a characteristic relative clause. See 248. furentis : inspired. 347. quos ubi: avoid the use of a relative pronoun in the translation, audere in : to be eager for. The word avidus is connected with this verb. 348. super : adverbial, his = h.is verbis. 349. peotora : in apposition with iuoenes. It is used with a tone of affection, like our ' dear hearts.' si vobis, etc. : if your desire is fixed to follow me in my final venture, literally ' daring the last.' audeniem agrees with me undei'stood. With cupido supply est. 350. quae sit rebus fortuna videtis : you see what is the fate of our cause, sit is subjunctive of indirect question ; rebus, dative of possession. 351. excessere . . . di : note the order, throwing emphasis on both subject and verb. 352. quibus : through whom. For the case, cf. note on 168. 353. moriamur . . . ruamus : an illustration of hysteron pro- teron (reversal of ideas). Its use is often due to a desire to secure a paratactic arrangement of ideas. See Introd. §37. Here moria- mur may well come first, as it contains the more important idea. 354. saluB : sc. est. sperare : in apposition with salus. 356. raptores : ravening. Here used as an adjective, improba ventris rabies : the belly's lawless rage, improbus is used by Virgil NOTES 287 in many connections, but always implies the absence of all seem- liness or restraint. 357. ezegit caecos : has driven forth in blind fury, caecos being used predicatively. 359. mediae urbis iter : the road to the heart of the city, i.e. to the arx. The genitive is possessive. 360. nox atra : not inconsistent with 340. Night, as opposed to day, is dark, and here the idea of horror is the prominent thought. 'The same expressions are used in VI. 866 of the shadow of death. 361. fando: cf. 81. 363. dominata: a queen; literally 'having ruled.' The line is singularly impressive. 365. religiosa deorum limina : people are cut down even in the sanctuaries of the gods. 366. sanguine : with their life-blood. 367. quondam : at times, victis : dative. 369. pavor : the iinal syllable is long, according to the original quantity. An archaism, plurima : many n. (In this fine scene, note the more prominent stylistic features. The rapid questions in 322, the brief, pithy sentences throusliout, the abrupt but natural style of 348 ff., the frequent epigramrratic tone, as . in 352-5, — all add to the vividness of portrayal. Anaphora is a common feature, as in 325 {fnimus . . . fvit), 337-8 {quo . . . quo), 358 {per ■ . . per), 361 {qiiis . . . qnis), 364-5 {perque . . ■ perqne), 368-9 {ubique . . . ubique). Alliteration is freely employed, e.g. in 327, 328, 343, 344, 348, 353, 354, 361), 3H1,362, 364, 3(')7-8, 369. Mark the solemnity of the opening spondees (318), the allernation of rhythm in 343, 344, 345, correspondins closely to tlie tliouglit, and the weighty tone of 361. The broken rhythm of 326-7 — ferus \ omnia \ luppiter I Argos | transtulit | — is impressive, as is al.'^o tlie diaeresis after additus in the picturesque dactylic verse 355. In 353, note tlie effect of the initial spondee, followed by the rapid dactyls.) Lines 370-401. Disguised as Greeks, the Tuojans work Great Havoc. 370. Danaum : with caterva rather than with primus, magna comitante caterva : cf . 40, with note. 288 NOTES 371. socia agmina credens : deeming our lines friendly, i.e. mis- taking us for Greeks. 372. inscius : note the emphatic position, ultro compellat : cf. 279. 373. nam quae : why, what f The expression is practically the same as quaenam. So, in Greek, yap may be used with a question. 374. rapiunt feruntque : raoage and pillage. 377. fida: trustworthy. The replies excite distrust. There is perhaps a reference to the military watchword, sensit delapsus : a Grecism for se delapsum esse (jicrOiTo ifepnriirtav). So Milton, " She knew not eating death " (Paradise Lost IX. 792). 378. retro : (drawing) back. Not a mere redundancy with repressit. ■ 379. aspris = asperis, which could not be used in the verse. veluti qui : like one who. 380. pressit humi uitens : has crushed as he steps heavily on the ground, trepidusque repente refugit : note the adaptation of sound to sensCi The rhythm is accelerated, the weak caesura is twice employed, the syllable re- is repeated, and the perfect tense, used for the pre.sent, expresses instantaneous action, refugit is tran- sitive, starts back from it. 381. attoUentem iras : as it rises up in wrath; iras is a case of the abstract for the concrete, caerula colla tumentem : puffs out its dark-blue neck, colla is a Greek accusative of specification ; cf. nuda genu, I. 320. 382. abibat : began to move off. Note that ahiit would not have been true. 383. circumfundimur : lue pour arounfi (i«re. The offering oi wine, being unmixed (with water), symbolizes the purity of the worshipper. On this whole scene, cf . Tennyson : " Like a household god Promising empire ; such as those Once heard at dead of night to greet Ti'oy's wandering prince, so that he rose With sacrifice, while all the fleet Had rest by stony hills of Crete." {On a Mourner.) focis : the hearth, as being the altar of the Penates, honore : sacrifice. 179. faoio oertum : in pi-ose, certiorem facio. 180. prolem ambiguam: twofold stock. The Trojans are de- scended both from the Cretan Teucer and from the Italian Dar- danus. 326 NOTES i8i. novo veterum errore locorum : hy a new mistake, touching olden lands. The collocation novo veterum is a Virgiliau conceit. The mistake is a new or fresh one, since one had already been made in Thrace, and this second mistake lies in confusing Crete and Italy. 182. ezercite : tried. 183. casus Cassandra canebat : note the alliteration. On Cas- sandra's prophecies, see II. 246-7. 184. repeto, etc. : / recall her foretelling this as due to our race. With repeto, supply memoria; "with portendere, earn is understood. 185. vocare : naming. 186. quis crederet : who was to believe f The subjunctive is de- liberative. 188. meliora : the better course. i8g. ovantes : in joy, because they believe they are on the right track. 190. paucis relictis : thus Virgil accounts for the tradition that Cretan Pergamum was a Trojan foundation. igi. currixnus aequor : we speed o'er the sea; aequor ia a,n exten- sion of the inner object : see note on quid, 56. Lines 192-277. A Stokm drives them to the Strophades. The Harpies. 193. caelum undique et nndique pontus : note the asyndeton (but may be inserted in translation) and chiastic order. The verb apparel is to be supplied. 194. caeruleus imber : a deep blue storm-cloud. The dactylic rhythm, in this and the next line, helps to picture the sudden squall. 195. hiemem : a tempest, inhorruit unda tenebris: the wave shuddered darkling; i.e. the wave was ruffled, as it grew dark under the storm-cloud ; tenebris is a modal ablative. For the thought, cf. Coventry Patmore : " Across the mighty mirror crept In dark'ning blasts the squall." {Tamerton Church Tower.) NOTES 327 196. venti volvunt mare magna : double alliteration. 198. involvere : enwrapped. igg. ingeminant abruptis uubibus ignes : oft from the rent clouds dart lightning fires. 200. caecis In undis : literally, on the blind waves, caecis being a transferred epithet. 201 . negat discernere nee meminisse : .mys he cannot distin- guish or remember. With discernere., understand se ; with nee, sup- ply ait from negat. 203. tris adeo soles : for full three days; adeo emphasizes the numeral ; soles is an accusative of duration of time, incertos caeca caligine : shrouded in misty gloom. 206. aperire : to disclose to view, volvere fumum : to roll up curling smoke. 207. vela cadunt : the sails drop down; i.e. the wind fails as they near the shore, insurgimus : bend to, literally, 'rise upon.' baud mora : sc. est. Note the vividness produced by the use of short, paratactic clauses. There are also two diaereses in the line. 208. adnizi, etc. : note how the slow, steady pull is reflected in the spondaic rhythm. 210. Strophades : the Greek word (5Tpo<^aSes) is properly an adjective,, with vrjiroi (islands) understood. For the story of the ' Turning Islands,' see Vocabulary, stant : lie. The word is synonymous with sunt, but is more picturesque. See note on stat ferri acies, II. 333. 211. insulae lonio : after Homeric fashion, the -ae is shortened but not elided. lonio : sc. mari. 213. clausa : sc. est, was closed (against them), metu : through fear, i.e. of the Argonauts. 214. tristius baud illis monstrum, etc. : no monster more baneful than these, no fiercer plague or scourge of the gods e'er rose from the waves of Hell. 216. virginei volucrum voltus : sc. sunt, maiden faces have these birds, volucrum being genitive. Note the striking alliteration. 220. laeta: a favorite epithet of Virgil's, when speaking of 328 NOTES rural scenes; cf. note on sata laeta, II. 306. Translate here by goodly. 221. caprigenum peous : a quaint expression from older poetry tor flock of goals. nuUo custode : untended ; either, an ablative of quality, or an ablative absolute. 222. divos vocamus : i.e. a portion was offered in sacrifice to the gods. 223. in partem praedamque = in partem praedae, a case of hendiadys. The story of the attack upon these cattle is Virgil's parallel to Homer's account of the slaughter of the cows of the sun by the companions of Odysseus, in Odyssey XII. 260 ff. 224. toros: couches, z'.e. for the feast, dapibus epulamur : the verb governs the ablative, on the analogy of vescor 225. at subitae, etc. : a good illustration of the simple, para- tactic style, preferred by poetry. 227. omnia foedant : cf. Tennyson, " Harpies miring every dish " (LuQrelius, 159). 228. vox taetrum dira inter odorem : a hideous scream amid the foul stench. Note the order of the Latin. 230. The verse is repeated from I. 311. 231. reponimus : the sacrifice (222) had been interrupted. 232. ex diverso caeli : from an opposite quarter of the sky. Note the anaphora {rursum . . . rursum) and the exact repetition in this line of the spondaic rhythm of 229. 234. capessant, gereudum (sc. esse) : Aeneas said capessite, gerendum est. 236. baud secus ao iussi faciunt : they do just as they are hidden. For ac = than, see A. 324, c ; B. 341, c ; G. 643, n. 3 ; H. 516, 3 ; H. & B. 307, 2, a. tectos : in hiding (proleptic). 237. latentia : out of sight (also proleptic). , 238. delapsae : swooping down. 240. aere oavo : literally, with hollow brass, i.e. with a trumpet. nova proelia : strange combat, because it is with birds. 241. ferro foedare : to despoil with the sword, an alliterative phrase. The infinitive is in loose apposition with proelia. 242. plumis, tergo: locative ablatives; .ci..portu accipit, HI. 78. NOTES 329 243. -que : translate as hut. sub sidera : toward the sky. 245. una: emphatic, one only. 246. iafeliz vates : ill-boding seer. rumpit banc vocem : breaks forth with this cry; cf. rumpit vocem, II. 129- 247. bellum etiam : the word ieZtore is emphasized by position, by etinm and by repetition (248) ; is it even war . . . is it war ye are bent on loaging? pro: in return for; ironical. 248. Laomedontiadae : scornful, for Laomedon had perjured himself. 250. animis : locative ablative, with both verbs. For the ablar tive with accipere, of. 242 above. 251. pater omnipotens, Phoebus Apollo: Jupiter was the almighty one, and Apollo was his prophet. Of Apollo's oracles there were various exponents; thus Anius at Delos, the priestess at Delphi, the Sibyl at Cumae, and here Celaeno. 252. vobis : supply ea before vobis, as an antecedent to quae. Furiarum maxima : eldest of the Furies. Here the Harpies and Furies are identified. 253. ventis vocatis : ablative absolute. Note the alliteration. 254. Italiam ; the repetition is impressive. The words rau.st excite the hearers' hopes ; the disappointment (sed) wiU be all the greater. 255. ante • . . quam = antequam. datam : promised, i.e. by the Fates. 256. fames nostraeque iniuria caedis : hunger and the wrong of violence toward us ; a Virgilian expression for ' hunger due to the wrong ' ; nostrae is equal to an objective genitive. 257. malis : from mala. No suffering attends the actual ful- filment of the prophecy in Book VII. (112-129). On reaching Italy, the Trojans use broad cakes as platters (mensae) for their food, and then eat the platters themselves. Virgil introduces the 'prophecy because it was one of the traditional stories associated with Aeneas. It serves the artistic purpose, however, of increasing the apprehensions of the Trojans. 259. sociis : dative of reference. 260. nee iam amplius : and no longer now. 330 NOTES 261. pacem: in its ordinary sense of peace, as is seen from bellum (247) and armis (260). 262. sint: subjunctive in indirect narration. 263. passis palmis i cf. supinas manus, III. 176. See Fig. 48. 264. meritos bouores: as in 118 above. 266. placidi : graeiously. funem : collective singular. 267. ezcussos lazare rudentis : to shake out and ease the sheets, the rudentes being the sail- ropes which, when not in use, lay coiled up in a heap. 270. iam medio apparet, etc. : Virgil's nar- rative is reminiscent of a well-known passage in Homer {Odyssey, IX. 19 ff.), " I am Odys- seus, son of Ijaertes . . . artd I dwell in clear Ithaca, wherein is a mountain Neriton, of trembling leafage, far-seen, and round about lie many islands, hard by one another, Duli- chium and -Same, and wooded Zacynthus. And Ithaca lies low, furthest up in the sea toward the dark (but the others away toward the dawn and the sun), a rugged isle, but a goodly nurse of youth. Of a truth I can see nought sweeter than one's own country." nemorosSi Zacyn- thus : note the short syllable before z, in imitation of the Homeric original (vXiyetrou ZaKwdos) . 271. Neritos ardua sazis : Neritus with its steepy crags. Neri- tus is here, apparently, an island,' but in Homer a mountain of Ithaca. 272. scopulos : ' these barren crags ' (Tennyson, Ulysses) ; per- haps ironical here. 275. nautis : dative of agent or interest ; cf. regnata Lycurgo, 14. The sailors dread the rocky coast, aperitur : comes in view. Apollo : i.e. the temple of Apollo at Actium. 276. parvae urbi : i.e. the town of Actium. Fio. 48. A Bor Prating. NOTES 331 277. stant litore puppes : the stems rest on the beach, the prows pointing seaward. Lines 278-293. At Actium they solemnize Games. 278. iusperata : explained in 282-3. tellure : the ablative with potior is originally an ablative of means ; see I. 172. 279. lustramur: a middle voice; roe purify ourselves, having been defiled by the Harpies, -que . . . -que : correlatives. lovi : in honor of Jupiter; ci. note on 251 above, votis : with votive offerings. 280. celebramus : throng, ludis : the introduction of these games is a compliment«to Augustus, who, after his great victory at Actium (B.C. 31) over Antony and Cleopatra, established these quinquennial games. 281. ezercent patrias palaestras : engage in their national con- tests, oleo labente : literally, toilh the slippery oil, an ablative of means. Translate freely, slippery with oil. 283. fugam tenuisse : to have continued their flight. Note the dactylic rhythm. 284. interea magnum sol, etc. : meanwhile round the mighty circuit of the year wheels the sun ; i.e. the year is advancing to its close ; annum is governed by circum in the verb. 285. et glacialis, etc. : a iine line. The dactylic rhythm accords with the ruffling of the waves. 286. aere oavo : a descriptive ablative (i.e. ablative of quality) ; cavo refers to the rounded shape of the shield, gestamen : once carried by. It was a trophy, which Aeneas had captured from some Greek. Who this Abas was is uncertain. 287. postibus adversis : on the entrance pillars, rem carmine signo ; / mark the event with a verse, i.e. an epigram in verse form. 288. arma : sc. dedicat. Such a verb is often omitted in in- scriptions. agi. aerias Phaeacum aroes : towering heights ofthi Phaeacians, i.e. the mountains of Corcyra, modern Corfu, where the Homeric Phaeacians lived, abscoudimus : lose from sight. 292. portu : dative. 332 NOTES Lines 294-355. The Meeting with Andromache and Helenus. 294. occupat : Jilh ; literally seizes. 295. Helenum regnare : in apposition with /qma. 296. coniugio Fyrrhi sceptrisque ^otit\aa,\ having ieon the wife and kingdom of Pyrrhus. coniugio is an abstract term for a concrete (coniuge') by metonymy. The reference is to Androm- ache, the widow of Hector, who, on the fall of Troy, became wife of Pyrrhus. The latter was the great-grandson of Aeacus (Aeacus, Peleus, Achilles, Pyrrhus). 297. patrio iterum cessisse marito : Jiad aga^n pifssed to a hus- band of her own race; i.e. to the Trojan Helenus. 298. amore compellare : desire to address ; cf . amor cognoscere, II. 10. 300. porta : ablative. 301. sollemnis dapes et tristia dona : yearly food offerings and gifts of mourning ; i.e. offerings to the dead. The dona are the same as dapes. cum forte : just when, as it happened. 302. falsi : feigned. The old familiar Simois of Troy had given its name to a river in Epirus. 303. cineri : i.e. of Hector. Manis : i.e. of Hector. 304. viridi quern caespite inanem, etc. : the empty mound of green turf which she had consecrated. Hector's remains were buried at Troy. This tumulus, therefore, was a cenotaph. 305. et geminas aras : with two altars, two being the usual number, causam lacrimis : literally, a cause for tears; freely, where she might weep ; lacrimis, a dative of interest. 307. amens : distracted, magnis monstris : the appearance of the Trojans is terrifying because totally unexpected. Note the spondaic rhythm Of the line. 308. vistt in medio : even as she gazed. 309. longo tempore : after a long time. Note the double allit- eration in the line (also the effect of the initial dactyl followed by the impressive spondees). NOTES 333 310. verane te facies, etc.: is it as u. real form that thou dost present thyself f facies is in apposition with the subject of the verb, instead of with the object te, as might be expected. 312. Hector ubi est : i.e. if the dead Aeneas has come to hei* in a vision, surely her Hector can do so too. She implies that Aeneas and Hector were closely associated. There is a world of pathos in the question. 313. vix pauca furenti subicio : in her frenzy scarce can I make a brief reply ; furenti, sc. ei. 314. raris vocibus hisco : gasp with broken words. 315. vivo equidem: note the force of equidem ; I line, to be sure, but it is not much of a life, extrema : utmost dangers, ex- tremities. 317. deiectam coniuge tanto : bereft of such a husband; literally ' cast down fi-om.' Note the spondaic rhythm of the line. 318. digna satis : i.e. worthy of thy former state; 319. Pyrrhin conubia servas : art thou still the wife of Pyrrhus? Pyrrhin = Pyrrhine, the enclitic -me being shortened. Aeneas wishes to know whether the rumor, referred to in 294, is true. 320. Note the spondaic rhythm of the liire. 321. felix una ante alias: happy beyond all others; una adds force, as in iustissimus unus, II. 426. Friameia virgo : i.e. Polyxena, who was slain by the Greeks on Achilles' tomb. 323. sortitus : the captives were commonly distributed among the victors by lot. 325. nos = ego. Note the asyndeton. 326. stirpis Achilleae : i.e. Pyrrhus. iuvenem superbum : the insolence of the youth. 327. servitio enizae : bearing children in slavery. According to tradition, Molossus was the son of Pyrrhus and Andromache. 328. Ledaeam Hermionen : Leda's Hermione, she being the. granddaughter of Leda, and daughter of Helen, 329. me famulo famulanique, etc. : passed me over to Helenus, a servant, and as a servant to be kept by him. The collocation famulo famulamque intensifies her bitterness. 330. ilium ; i.e. Pyrrhus. ereptae amore coniugis : love for 334 NOTES his stolen bride; because Hermione had been promised to Orestes. 331. scelerum Furiis agitatus : driven by the Furies of his crimes. Orestes had slain his mother Clytemnestra. Note the alternation of rhythm in this and the preceding lines. 332. patrias ad aras: at hu father's altar; i.e. an altar reared to Achilles. 333. reddita cessit: passed as his due; reddita, litevaXly^ given duly. 336. Fergamaque, etc. : placed on the Jieights a Pergamus, this Ilian citadel. 337. tibi: emphatic. 338. ignarum: i.e. ignorant of our movements. 339. quid puer Ascanius : sc. agit, what of the hoy Ascanius t superat := superest. 340. quern tibi iam Troia : whom now, lo, when Troy — . This is the only incomplete line in Virgil, where the sense is also incom- plete, tibi is. probably an ethical dative, and Troia part of an ablative absolute construction. 341. ecqua tamen, «tc. : yet has the lad some love for his lost mother f tamen implies 'though motherless.' We do not know how Andromache had heard about the loss of Creusa. 342. ecquid in antiquam virtutem, etc.: do his father and uncle arouse him at all to (^emulate) ancestral valor and manly spirit f The meaning is well expressed by the French saying, noblesse oblige. For ecquid, the accusative of an indefinite interrogative particle, cf. multum, I. 3, and 348 (below). 343. avunculus Hector : it is said that Creusa, mother of Ascanius, was a sister of Hector. 348. multum : adverbial, freely, lacrimas : they must be tears of joy (cf. laetus). 349. simulata magnis Pergama : a copy of the great Pergamus, literally, made like to the great (one). 350. arentem Xanthi coguomine rivum : a dry brook, called Xanthus. Being dry, it is in marked contrast to the 'deep- eddying' (PoBvhwrfWi) strewn in Homer (Iliad XXI. 15). NOTES 335 cognomine is an ablative of quality, Xanthi taking the place of an adjective: 351. amplector limina : an act of greeting ; cf. II. 490. 352. nee non et : moreover too. soda.: friendly. 353. accipiebat r entertained. 354. aulai: archaic form for aulae. The aula here seems to be equivalent to»the atrium, which was surrounded by porticoes. In the centre stood an altar of Jupiter. 355. impositis auro dapibus : the feast being served on gold, i.e. the sacrificial feast o&red to the gods, paterae tenebant : a detail added to make the picture vivid. Pages 356-373' Helenus, being a Seer, is consulted by Aeneas. 356. dies alterque dies : day after day. 358. vatem : i.e. the seer Helenus. In Homer (Iliad VI. 76), Helenus is " far the best of augurs." 3Sg. Troiugena : a stately word, numina : purposes or will. 360. tripodas : see note on mugire adytis, etc. 92. Clarii laurus : there was a temple of Apollo at Claros in Ionia. For the lam-US, see 91. sidera : he was an astrologer, seutis : hast knowl- edge of. 361. volucrum : as an augur, he could interpret the omens to be found in the notes and the flight of birds. 362. namque omnem cursum, etc. . for prophecy hath happily told me of all my Journey ; prospera, though an adjective, is to be closely linked with dixit (cf. prima, I. 613). 363. religio : here used of divine utterances, numine : used of an oracle, as an expression of divine will. 364. petere : the infinitive is a poetical equivalent of utpeterem. repostas: a syncopated form for repositas, with the meaning of remotas. 365. novum dictuque nef as prodigium : a startling portent and a horror to tell of; nefas is in apposition with prodigium. 367. vito : for the indicative, cf . sequimur, 88. 336 NOTES 368. possim : subjunctive, as the apodosis in a conditional sentence, sequens being the protasis ( = si sequar), hyfolloioiny what course, should I he able, etc. ? 370. vittas resolvit : the sacrificing priest wore fillets; the seer's hair was left unbound. Helenus has offered sacrifice, but now he is to declare the oracles. 372. multo suspensum numine : exalted with Vie god's full presence. Lines 374-462. The Prophecy of Hklbnus. The Sow-prodigy. Scylla AND Charybdis. The Cumaean Sibyl. 374. nam : since. It introduces the reason for expediam dictis, 379. maioribus auspiciis, : under higher auspices, ablative of attendant circumstance. Augurs recognized various degrees of auspices ; cf. notes on II. 691. 375. manifesta fides : sc. est, there is clear proof that, fata sortitur : the decrees of fate are like lots which Jupiter draws. The relation between Jupiter and Fate must have been puzzling to ancient theologians. 376. volvit vices : revolves (life's) changes. The figure here is taken from a wheel, the wheel of fate, is vertitur ordo : even so circles the world's order round. 377. quo tutior hospita lustres aequora : that so thou mayst more safely traverse the seas receiving thee. The word hospita, 'guest- receiving,' has here a neutral sense, neither hospitable nor inhospi- table ; quo = ut eo. 378. Ausonio : i.e. Italian. 379. cetera : governed by both scire and /an. 380. Helenum : the impressive use of the third person ; cf . lunonis, I. 48. 381. rere propinquam : because it is just across the Adriatic. 382. vicinos portus : sc. cuius. 383. longa procul longis, etc. . a long trackless track with long land-reaches sunders far. The tone of oracular utterances is imitated in this jingling line ; via invia is a case of oxymoron. NOTES 337 384. ante: take with. gMam, 387. Trinacria: i.e. Sicilian. 385. salis Ausonii: i.e. the Tuscan sea, especig,lly between Sicily and Latium. 386. inferui lacus : the nether lakes, i.e. the Campanian laikes. Near one of these, Lake Avernus, was supposed to be an entrance to the lower world. Aeaeae insula Circae : Mons Ciroeius (now Monte Circello), a prominent cape in Latium, is saifl to have been once an island. In Homer (Odyssey X. 135), Odysseus tplls how he came to " the Aeaean isle, where dwelt Circe, of the fair tresses." 387. (ante) quam possis : the subjunctive with antequam, of an action provided for : A. 551, c ; B. 292, 1 ; G. 577, 1 ; H. 605, 1 ; H.&B. 507, 4, a. 388. signa : the oracle, here given, is fulfilled, in VIII. 18 fE. 389. tibi solUcito ; hy thee, at a time of distress; tibi, dative of agent with inventa. secret! fluminis : of a secluded stream, i.e. a stream at a secluded point. Tlh.es fiumen is the Tiber. 390. inventa iacebit : shall he found lying, sus : a tone of quaintness is given by this monosyllabic ending ; of. note on rex, 1. 65. 391. trigiuta capitum fetus enixa : having been delivered of a litter of thirty young. In the fulfilment of the prophecy, the 'thirty' indicates the number of years after which Ascanius would found Alba Longa (hence alba, albi in the next line). 394. nee : poetical for neu, since an imperative follows. 396. has, banc : he points to the east coast of Italy. 397. prozima : attracted by the relative quae, but belonging in sense to oram. 398. effuge : emphatic position and pause, moenia : cities. Grais : cf . tibi, 389. Southern Italy was known as Magna Graecia. 399. hie et : here too. 401. hie ilia ducis, etc.: here is the famous town of the Meli- hoean captain, Philoctetes, tiny Petelia, strong in its wall. Meliboea, in Thessaly, was the birthplace of Philoctetes, who, after the Trojan war, is said to have founded Petelia in Bruttium. Virgil alludes to its splendid resistance to Hannibal, when the rest of Bruttium submitted to him; subnixa, literally, resting upon. 338 NOTES 403. quiu ': moreover, steterint : (shall) have reached anchorage; future perfect. 405. purpureo velare, etc. ; veil thy hair, wrapped in purple robe. It was a Roman custom to pray with covered head; ve- lare is a passive imperative, with the force and construction of a middle. 406. ue qua hostilis fades occurrat : that no hostile face may intrude. In the performance of sacred rites, the Romans were anxious not to see or hear anything ill-omened, in honore deum : in the worship of the gods. 408. bunc morem : Virgil dignifies a feature of Roman ritual, by assigning to it an ancient origin. 409. hac casti maneant, etc. : in this observance let thy chil- dren's children, godfearing, standfast; casti = pii in deos. 410. digressum : after thy departure (i.e. from Italy), a par- ticiple. 411. et angusti raresceut claustra Pelori : and the barriers of narrow Pelorus open out. The reference is to the straits of Mes- sina, where Italy and Sicily are nearest to each other. Pelorus is the headland on the Sicilian side, rarescent : at a distance there would seem to be no passage, but the straits open up as you approach. 412. laeva tellus : the land stretching to the left of the voy- agers would be the east and south of Sicily. Aeneas is advised to avoid the straits, and circumnavigate (longo circuitu) Sicily. Allit- eration emphasizes the exhortation. 413. deztrum litus : i.e. the shore of Italy. 414. ruina : upheaval. As is well known, the country on both sides of the straits of Messina is of volcanic origin. 415. tantum aevi, etc. : such a vast change can length of time effect; aevi is governed by vetustas. "Virgil (as the Georgics prove) was intensely interested in the phenomena of nature. 416. cum protinus utraque tellus una foret : when the two lands were an unbroken whole, literally 'continuously one.' The cum clause is purely temporal, the subjunctive being due to indi- rect narration. NOTES 339 417. venit medio vi pontus : the sea came between perforce; meitio, a dative, equivalent to in medium. 419. litore diductas : with severed shores: litei-ally, severed in respect to shore, angusto interluit aestu : parts tvith narrow tide- way. 420. Scylla, Charybdis : Virgil here has in mind Homer's thrilling narrative in the Odyssey (XII. 73-126 ; 201-259). im- placata : insatiate. Fig. 4il. Scylla. 421. imo barathri ter gurgite, etc. : at ( — from) the bolto)n of Tier seething chasm, thrice she sucks the vast n'aves into the ahyss, and again casts them in turn vpwards. ter, i.e. thrice daily, according to Horner, alternos : a repetition of rursus. 424. at Scyllam, etc. : while Charybdis is a whirlpool, Scylla is a hideous monster. 340 NOTES 425. ora ezsertantem : in Homer, Scylla has six heads. 426. prima hominis facies : sc. est, her form above is human; prima, of the part first seen. pulchro pectore virgo pube tenus : a fair-bosomed maiden down to the waist. 427. postrema immani corpore pistriz : helow, she is a sea- dragon of monstrous form. With postrema supply yocies. 428. delphinum caudas, etc. : loith dolphins' tails joined to a belly of wolves. commissa is a middle participle governing an accusative, literally ' having joined tails to,' etc. With this account compare Milton's description of Sin at the gates of Hell (Paradise Lost II. 650 f£.). 429. praestat metas lustrare : 'tis better to double the goal. Cape Pachynus (round which the Trojans are to sail) is compared to the turning-posts in the Roman race-course. 430. cessantem : though lingering, i.e. in spite of the delay. 432. caeruleis : sea-eolored. 433. si ... si ... si : emphatic anaphora. Heleno : for the third person, compare 380. prudentia : foresight. 435. illud: Mi«, used, as often, of what follows, pro omnibus unum : one thing instead of all ; i.e. equal to all the rest in impor- tance. Note the use of the same word at the beginning and end of the line, a case of epanadiplosis. 437. primum : above all. 438. lunoni : emphatic position and repetition. In later Rome Juno was held in high regard, cane vota libens : joyfully chant vows. Prayers and other religious formulae were in verse form, and expressed with musical utterance. 439. supera : win over. At present she is their great enemy. sic denique victor : ' and so, Trinacria overpast, Shalt thou be sped to Italy victorious at the last.' {Morris.) 442. divines lacus : haunted lakes ; cf. infei-ni lacus, 386, with note, et Averna sonantia silvis i and A vernus with its rustling woods (literally, rustling with its woods). Note the alliteration. As Avernus is one of the lacus, we have hendiadys here. Averna is the plural form of Avernus ; cf. Pergamus and Pergama. NOTES 341 443. insanam vatem: an inspired prophetess, i.e. the famous Cumaean sibyl, rupe sub ima : deep in a rooky cave. 444. foliis notas et nomina mandat : entrusts to leaves signs and symbols. Note the alliterative phrase, suggestive of mystery. The nomina are not names, but words of hidden import. The leaves and bark of trees were the earliest writing materials, and in India palm-leaves are still used for this purpose. 446. digerit in numerum : .<;he arranges in order. 448. verum eadem : but these same leaves, verso tenuis cum cardine, etc. : when at the turning of the hinge (i e. at the opening of the door) a light breeze has stirred them. 449. frondes : foliage. 450. cavo volitautia saxo : as they flutter in the rocky cave. prendere : governs eadem (448). 451. revocare situs : to restore their place, curat: takes trouble. 452. incouBulti abeunt: unanswered, men depart; the answer has been given, but the leaves being disarranged, it cannot be re- covered. 453. hie tibi ne qua, etc. : here let no loss in delay be of such account in thine eyes : morae is an appositional genitive with dispen- dia; tibi is an ethical dative ; fuerint is a prohibitive subjunctive, the perfect tense being rarer and perhaps more peremptory than the present. A. 439, n. 1 & 2 ; B. 276 ; G. 263, 3, n. ; H. 561, 2 ; H. & B. 501, 3, 2. tanti is a genitive of value. 454. et vi cursus in altum vela vocet : and (though) the voyage urgently calls thy sails to the deep ; cursus is personified. 455. sinus implere secundos : swell their folds to thy desire ; secundos is transferred poetically from the winds to the sails. ■ 456. quin adeas vatem : that thou wilt not visit the prophetess ; a negative clause of result. A. 559, n. ; B. 284, 3 ; G. 554, n. 3 ; H. 294, II, 2 ; H. & B. 521, 2. precibus oracula poscas, etc. : imth prayers plead that she herself chant the oracles. Some put a stop after poscas, 'plead for the oracles, (begging) that she chant (thejn) herself,' but this is harsh. The main point is to get the Sibyl to give a direct utterance, not to entrust her reply to leaves, canat represents cane, the imperative, in indirect speech. 342 NOTES 457- volens : graciously. 45g. quo quemque modo fugias, etc. : Tidw thou art to escape or endure each toil. The subjunctives are deliberative, in an indirect question, representing the original _/M^iam and _/emm. Note -que (^/erasque) = aut. 460. expediet: will unfold, venerata : in passive sense, be- sought in reverence. 461. haec sunt quae, etc. ■ this it is, whereof by my voice thou mayst be warned, i.e. this is all I can tell ; quae is accusative, because monere (like docere) governs two accusatives in the active voice. 462. vade age : now, go thy way. ingentem fer ad aethera : exalt in might unto heaven ; ingentem, proleptic. Lines 463-471. Helenus gives them Rich Gifts. 463. Note the impressiveness of the spondaic rhythm. Similar, too, are 466 and 467. 464. auro gravia, etc. : of heavy gold : literally, heavy with gold. The final a of gravia is irregularly long, by an archaism, secto elephanto : of sawn ivory, i.e. sawn into thin piedes for inlaying. 465. imperat f erri : this construction, though not the usual one, is found even in Caesar. 466. ingens argentum : massive silver, i.e. silver plate. Dodo- naeos lebetas : caldrons of Dodona. These were said to have been wonderfully resonant. By using the epithet, Virgil indicates the received tradition that Helenus had settled at Dodona. 467. consertam hamis auroque trilicem : liteially, fastened to^ getherwith hooks and trebly woven with gold, i.e. it is a piece of chain- armor, interwoven with links of gold, in sets of three. Hendiadys. 468. couum insignia galeae cristasque comantis : a brilliant pointed helmet and crested plumes. , 469. arma Neoptolemi : thus the armor of his foe falls to Aeneas, sunt et sua dona parenti : my father, too, has suitable gifts. For sua, cf. I. 461. 470. duces : i.e. pilots. NOTES 343 471. remigium supplet : Jills up our crews. Note the allitera- tion ill the line. Lines 472-505. TiiEY BID One Another an Affectionate Farewell. 473. Anchises : he is still the paier famitkis. fieret vento mora ne qua ferenti : that the favorable wind should meet no delay ; vento, a case of personification. 475. coniugio Veneris dignate superbo : deemed tvorthi/ of a proud alliance with Venus; Fenen's, objective genitive; dignale, with. passive sense. Chain-akhor. 476. bis erepte : see note on satis una saperque, etc., II. 642. 477. ecce tibi, etc. : lo! before thee is tite land of Ausonia; tibi, ethical dative. 478. hauc: i.e. the nearer, eastern shore of Italy; the previous hanc means the whole land, praeterlabare : a jussive subjunc- tive combined directly with necesse est, which is usually followed by the fully developed substantive clause of ut with a subjunc- tive mood. 483. picturatas auri subtemine vestas : robes figured ivith inwoven gold : i.e. a kind of tapestry, while the Phnjgia cJdamgs is embroidery. 484. nee cedit honori : and fails not in courtesy (i.e. she is " not weary in weU-doing ") ; literally, nor does she yield to the honor, or 344 NOTES tJte work of honoring Mm. With honore, which some texts give for honori, the meaning is 'she yields not (to Helenus) in paying honor.' 486. manuum quae monumenta mearum sint : to he memo- rials of my handiwork ; a, relative clause of purpose. 487. longum : abiding. 489; O mihi sola, etc. ; thou sole surviving image of my Asty- anax; the adverb super is here used in the sense of the adjective superstes or the clause quae superes. 490. sic oculos, etc. : such was he in eyes, etc. Note the pa- thetic repetition. 491. pubesceret : would be growing into manhood; sc. si viveret, a condition contrary to fact. 493. vivite felloes, quibus, etc. ; farewell, ye whose own destiny is already achieved ; est, as indicative, emphasizes the fact; sua = propria. Helenus has found his destined country and can rest; not so Aeneas. 494. alia ex aliis in fata : from fate to fate. 498. melioribus auspiciis at quae fuerit, etc. : under happier omens and to prove less open to the Greeks, i.e. than the old Troy. 500. vioina Thybridis : vicinus usually governs a dative. 502. cognatas urbes olim, etc. . hereafter our sister cities and allied peoples, in Epirus and Hesperia — both of these we shall make one Troy in spirit ; Epiro and Hesperia are locative ablatives ; utramque for utrasque (urbes), by attraction. 503. quibus idem, etc. : which have the same Dardanns for an- cestor, and the same disastrous story. 505. nostros nepotes : there is said to be a reference here to the founding of Nicopolis in Epirus by Augustus, who decreed that its inhabitants should be regarded as cognati to the Romans. Lines 506-569. Italy, the Promised Land, at Last. The Cyclopes. 506. iuxta : preposition. 507. iter Italiam : the road' to Italy. The verbal idea in iter accounts for Italiam, an accusative of limit of motion. NOTES 345 508. rnit : sets, opaci : in darkness; to be taken with the predi- cate. The line is from the Odyssey (III. 487 and elsewhere) ; cf . Tennyson : "And the sun fell, and all the land was dark." {Dora.^ 509. sternimur optatae gremio telluris, etc. ; we fling our. selves down near the shore on the bosom of the land we have chosen ; for the sense of optatae, cf. pars optare locum tecto (I. 425), and optatae urbis (III. 132). 510. sortiti remos : this is done, to be in readiness for an early- start. 511. corpora curamus : we refresh ourselves. 512. orbem medium : the middle of her course. Nox Horis acta : Night driven by the Hours. The Horae (personified hours) are conceived to be the charioteers of the horses of Night. 513. haud segnis : ever active. 516. The verse is repeated from I. 744. 517. armatum auro : referring to the bright stars in the belt and sword of Orion. The line is spondaic. 518. cuncta conatare : that all is settled, i.e. the weather is favorable. 5ig. clarum signum : i.e. with a trumpet, castra movemus : metaphorical for we set out. 520. velorum alas: the wings of our sails, i.e. the sails are the ships' wings ; velorum is an appositional genitive. 523. Italiam : the promised land at last. Note the emphatic position and the artistic repetition, in imitation of the threefold shout of joy. 525. cratera corona induit : cf. I. 724 and note. 529. ferte viam vento facilem et spirate secundi : note the beautiful effect of alternate dactyls and spondees, combined with the alliteration of/, v, s : " Make our way easy with the wind, breathe on us kindly breath." (Morris.) 530. portus patescit propior : a haven opens as ive draw near ; literally, opens nearer {at hand) . The spondaic rhythm indicates 346 NOTES earnest expectation, which is emphasized by alliteration. The partus is probably Partus Veneris in Calabria. 531. in Arce Minervae : near the Portus "Veneris was Castrum Slinervae, here called Arx Minervae. 532. proras torquent : i.e. after lowering the sails they row to shore. 533. ab Euroo fluotu curvatua in arcum : bent howlike by the eastern surge ; fluctus is personified, hence the use of the preposi- tion ab. 534. obieotae cautes : jutting reefs, salsa spumant adspar- gine : alliteration, suggestive of sound. S35- ipse : i.e. the portus. latet : i.e. to one at a distance ; cf. patescit, 530. gemino demittunt bracchia muro turriti scopuli : towering crags let down arms like twin walls ; i.e. on either side of the entrance is a lofty crag, from which a wall of rock slopes seaward, forming a double breakwater; gemino muro is a modal ablative. 536. ref ugit : stands back ; literally, recedes, i.e. from the spec- tator, who, on approaching, finds that it is not as near the open sea as it seemed when viewed from a distance. 537. primum omen: i.e. the first on Italian soil; omen, in apposition with equos. The horse has already been ominous of war, viz. in I. 444. 538. candore nivali : "in a triumph the chariot of the victo- rious general was drawn by four white horses " (Page) . The war foreseen by Anchises will therefore end in triumph. 539. terra hospita: thou land of our reception; cf. the use of hospita in 377. 540. bello : dative of purpose. The emphatic repetition (helium, hello, helium} and jingling assonance (armantur, armenta minantur) are intended to accord with the oracular tone. 541. idem: plural. Virgil does not use iic?e?n. olim : at times. curru : dative, sueti : sc sunt, are wont. 542. frena iugo concordia ferre : under the yoke bear the bit in concord; iujro, modal ablative; concocrfia, transferred epithet, be- longing properly to quadrupedes. 543. at pacis : of peace too, as well as of war. KOTES 347 544. prima accepit : the place (Castvum Minervae) was dedi- cated to her. 545. capita Telamur : veil our heads ; ueZamur is a middle voice. Phrygio amictu : cf. 405. 546. praeceptis : causal ablative, maxima : most urgent : the word belongs in sense to praeceptis. 547. adolemus honores : we offer burnt offerings. 548. ordine = rite. 549. oornua velatarum obvertimus antemnarum : we point windward the horns (= ends) of our sail-clad yards ; the cornua are the sharp ends of the antemnae, or yards, to which the sails are at- tached ; obvertere means to turn so as to face something, and here we can supply vento. The peculiar line of four words with the spondaic fifth foot is expressive of the labor involved in thus pre- paring to renew the voyage. 551. hinc : temporal. Herculei : city of Hercules. Half a hun- dred towns on Mediterranean shores derived their name from Hercules. The common tradition made Taras, a son of Neptune, the founder of Tarentum, but Hercules was also associated with the place, and the town founded by Tarentum, on the other side of its own gulf, was called Heraclea. 552. diva Laciuia : i.e. the temple of Juno on the Lacinian promontory, contra : i.e. on the other side of the gulf of Tarentum. 554. e fluctu : rising from the waves. 556. audimus longe; we hear from afar, fractas ad litora voces : breakers on the shores. 557. exsultant vada : the shoals dash up ; the thought is ampli- fied in the second half of the line. 558. haec ilia Charybdis : this is that Charybdis, i.e. of which Helenus told us ; cf. 420 ff. 560. eripite : sc. vos, save yourselves. 561. baud minus ao iussi : cf. haud secus ac iussi, 236. ruden- tem proram : the gurgling prow, referring to the noise of the water at the prow, as the ship's course is suddenly changed. 562. laevas, laevam : emphatic repetition, corresponding tg the directions given in 412. With laevam supply manum. 348 NOTES 563. ventis : i.e. with sails. 564. curvato gurgite: on the arched wave . idem: also; nomi- native plural. 56s. subdncta unda : as the wave is drawn from beneath, ad Manis imos : to the depths of Hell ; hyperbole. Cf . Psalms cvii. 26 : " They mount up to the heaven, they go down again to the depths." 567. rorantia astra : the dripping stars ; i.e. on the crest of the waves they see the stars through a veil of spray. 568. cum sole : at sunset. Lines 570-587. A Night of Terror near Mount Aetna. 570. ab accessu ventorum immotus : secure from the ap- proach of winds, ingens ipse : spacious in itself; i.e. the proximity of Aetna is. its only drawback. 571. ruinis : eruptions. 573. turbine piceo : with pitch-black eddy. 575. scopulos avolsaque viscera mentis : rocks, the uptorn entrails of the mountain. The -que is explanatory. 576. erigit eructans : violently vomits forth. Note the inten- tional assonance, sub auras cum gemitu glomerat : whirls sky- ward with a roar. 578. Enceladi : Longfellow's Enceladus should be consulted. 579. mole hac : i.e. Aetna, ingeutem insuper impositam : note the repetition of in. 580. ruptis flammam exspirare caminis : from her burst fur- naces breathes forth flame. The camini are the fresh craters which appear, from time to time, on the mountain's sides. The poet conceives the volcanic fires as coming from the smitten body of Enceladus. Milton's description is less imaginative ; " the shattered side Of thundering Aetna, whose combustible And fuelled entrails, thence conceiving fire, Sublimed with mineral fury, aid the winds NOTES 349 And leave a singed bottom all involved With stench and smoke." (Paradise Lost, I. 232 ff.) . 581. intremere omuem murmure Triuacriam : the expression is onomatopoetic. Moiris renders : " all the shore Trinacrian trembleth murmuring." 583. monstra : horrors, i.e. the mysterious noises. S85. nee lucidus aethra siderea polus : nor was heaven bright with starry light. This idea is an enlargement of the first. Lines 588-654. ACHAEMENIDES AND THE CtCLOPEB. 588. primo Boo : at the earliest dawn. 589. umentem umbram: the dewy shades, i.e. of night; cf. nox umida, II. 8. 590. made confecta suprema : outworn with extreme hunger. 591. nova: strange, miseranda cultu : wretchedly clad ; miser- anda agrees with forma, though belonging in sense to viri. 593. immissa : unshorn. 594. cetera Grains : in all else a Greek ; cetera, an accusative of specification. 595 et = et quidem. The fact here mentioned must have been learned later. 599. testor : so. vos. 600. hoc caeli spirabile lumen : this lightsome air we breathe ; caeli lumen implies both light and air. 601. toUite me : ta^e me up. quascumque terras : ! he retraced nffnhi ; a case of pleonasm, errata : used passively, though errare is intransitive. Lines 692-715. Death of Anchises. 692. sinu : dative. Here at a later time was founded Syracuse. 693. Plemyrittm undosum : the epithet suggests the meanijig of the proper name, wliich comes from TrX-qixij,vpL6po's, an epithet applied in Greek literature to Demeter (Ceres) and Dionysus (Bacchus) as agents of civilization, and to Apollo, as the civilizing god par excellence. A Roman proverb runs thus : sine Cerere et Libera friget Venus. 59. cui vincla iugalia curae : who has wedlock bonds in care. With vincla supply sunt. Juno (called pronuba, 166) presided over marriage, and was also the patron goddess of Carthage. 62. ante ora deum : the gods are themselves present in their statues, spatiatur : the word implies the stately movements of religious ritual. 63. instaurat : solemnizes, donis : ivith offerings. 64. pectoribus : the final syllable lengthened. An archaism, inhians : poring over, spirantia : (still) quivering. In augury, the entrails were examined before the victim was quite lifeless. 6s. heu vatum ignarae mentes : ah, ignorant minds of seers .' The seers do not know (of. taciturn, 67) that the love-passion has taken hold of Dido, and that in her condition neither vows nor visits to the shrines can be of any avail, quid : an inner accusa- tive with iuvant. furentem : one wild with love. NOTES 861 66. est : from edo, not sum. mollis : tender; with medullas. 67. sub pectore : deep in her breast. 6g. coniecta sagitta : ablative absolute. Translate, however, smitten by an arrow. 70. quam procul incautam, etc. . which, all unwary, amid the Cretan woods, a shepherd hunting with darts has pierced from afar, and left (in the wound) the winged steel, unknowing. In strict gram- mar, we should supply in qua with liquit. For the comparison, cf. Cowper, when speaking of himself : " I was a stricken deer that left the herd Eong since. With many an arrow deep infixed My panting side was charged, when I withdrew To seek a tranquil death in distant shades." (Task, 111. 108 ft.) 72. nescius : note the emphasis thrown upon this word, imply- ing that Aeneas is thus far ignorant of the passion he has inspired. 74. raeAia-Tpex vaoenia.: through the city's midst. h. 75. urbem paratam : cf. sedesque paratas, I. 557, and the well- known verse fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt .' (I. 437). Dido thus tempts Aeneas to .stay in Carthage. 76. resistit : her faltering speech is a sign of love. 77. eadem : take with convivia, that same banquet, i.e. one like that which made such an impression on her. This is much more forcible than to make it she also. 79. pendet ab ore : hangs on his lips, or words. 80. digressi : sc. sunt, the subject being omnes, or convivae (guests) understood, lumenque obsoura, etc. : and in turn the dim moon sinks her light; vicissim, as the sun before it (labenle die, 77). 82. domo vacua : in the empty hall, stratis relictis : the couch which he has left. 83. absens abseutem : a favorite mode of securing emphasis in Latin and Greek poetry ; " she apart from him that is apart " (Morris); "though sundered each from each" (Rhoades). auditque videtque: note the polysyndeton. 362 NOTES 84. Ascanium : Virgil tells us nothing about his return from Idaliurn (I. 691 ff.). genitoris imagine capta : capiicated hy his father's look. 85. infandum si fallere possit amorem : if so be shemay beguile (eoade) her terrible passion. For the construction, see note on Anthea si quern videat, I. 181 ; infandum (as in II. 3) is properly 'too awful to be told.' Dido tries to satisfy her passion for Aeneas by fondling Ascanius, who is the image of his father. 87. portus : vfith. parant. bello tuta: /or safety in war; tula here means affording safety. 88. pendent: literally, are suspended; i.e. stand, idle, minae murorum ingentes : literally, " mighty threatenings of the walls " (Morris), i.e. huge threatening walls. 8g. aequata machina oaelo : the engine towering up to heaven. The machine was probably a derrick. (In 57, the spondaic rhythm accords with the idea of solemn sacri- fice ; In 65, with the tone of serious reflection ; in 86 and 87, with the expression of grave concern to the state. Note the emphasis secured hy the pause after nescius (72), incubat (83), and detinet (^5). Assonance and alhteratlon are very common.) Lines go-104. Juno's Plan. 90. quam : referring to Dido, tali peste teneri : held fast in such a fatal passion. The pestis is her infatuation. gi. neo famam obstare furori: and that her good name is no bar to her frenzy ; i.e. she cares not what people may say or think of her. 93. egregiam vero : ironical, refertis : win. 94. numeu : power divine, explained by the next line. Though most texts read nomen, there is hardly any authority for the word. g6. nee me adeo fallit: nor indeed am I blind to the fact; adeo here emphasizes the whole statement, not merely me. veritam te, . etc. ; that, in thy fear of our city, thou hast held in suspicion, etc. ; te habuisse is the subject ot fallit. NOTES 363 98. modus : limit, end. quo certamine tanto : literally, to what end with all this strife (do toe go) ? We must supply tendimus or a similar word. The ablative is modal. 100. ezercemus : effect. loi. ardet amans = arrfei amore. per ossa : cf . I. 660 and note. 10?. communem : in common ; used predicatively. paribus auspiciis : with equal authority ; auspicia is used by metonymy for imperium, because in time of war the commander-in-chief regularly took the auspices. 103. liceat, etc. : let her serve a Phrygian husband. With liceat supply ei (i.e. Didoni). 104. dotalisque, etc. . and let her yield her Tyrians to thy hand as dowry. The Carthaginians will come under the power of Venus, if her son, Aeneas, marries their queen. They will be, as it were, the dot which the wife brings to her husband. (Alliteration is frequent in this paragraph; e.g. 90, 91, 94, 96, 99, 101, 102. The diaeresis in 98 (after modus) is expressive of vehe- mence.) Lines 105-128. Venus gives Consent. 105. olli: archaic form for illi, used as in I. 254. simulata meute : with feigned purpose. The reply of Venus is guarded, because (enim) she knew that Juno was insincere. 106. quo = ut. reguum Italiae : i.e. the empire to be estab- lished in Italy. 107. talia : such terms. 109. si mode, etc. ; if only fortune should favor the fulfilment of thy plan. The condition, equivalent to a wish, is very loosely connected with quis abnuat aut malit, a question which implies some such idea as • and I should be content.' no. sed fatis incerta feror si : but by reason of the fates I drift, uncertain tchether, etc. Here si introduces an indirect question; cf. note on I. 181. 115. mecum erit : shall rest with me. quodinstat: the present need. 364 NOTES ii6. coniieri: the more common form is confici. paucis: briefly. 117. venatum: with ire. 120. his : on them. 121. dum trepidant alae : while the hunters ride to and fro. The cdae are the beaters, who, from either side, drive the game toward Aeneas and Dido. They are analogous to the cavalry of an army, which were placed on the wings {alae). saltus indagine cin- gunt : gird the glades with a- circle of nets. The nets were used to stop up the exits from the woods. Ancient hunting was difEerent from modern. 125. adero': i.e. as the goddess of marriage. 126. conubio inngam, etc. . the line is repeated from I. 73, in Juno's speech to Aeolus. 127'. hie hymenaeus erit : this will he their bridal; hie is attracted into the gender of htfmenaeus. non adversata petenti : not oppos- ing her request ; pelenii agrees with ei understood. 12S.. dolis repertis : ablative absolute. Venus, seeing through Juno's schemes, is amused, because she knows that they can suc- ceed only temporarily. (Note the contrast between the impressive spondees of 124 and the dactyls of 125, indicating a lively interest in the scene. Dactyls con- tinue prominent through the rest of the passage, and in the final verse are emphasized by double alliteration, adnuit atque . . . risit Cytherea repertis.) Lines 129-160. The Hunt. 130. iubare: sc. soKs, rather than .4 urorae. 131. retia rara : meshed nets, rara being a general epithet, appli- cable to all nets. 132. ruimt : this verb applies properly only to the horsemen and the dogs. Supply 'are brought ' with the other nouns, odora canum. vis : strong, keen-scented hounds : literally ' strength of hounds,' a Greek form of expression. The monosyllabic ending is here due to its use by an older poet, Lucretius. NOTES 366 133. cunctantem : she is the last to appear, primi : the noblest. 137. Sidoniam picto, etc. : clad in a Sidotiian robe, with em- broidered border ; circumdata is a middle participle. 138. oui pharetra ex auro: her quiver is of gold; note the emphasis secured by repetition, and emphatic position in this line and the next. 141. ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnis : the greatest pos- sible prominence is given to Aeneas. 142. infert se socium : advances to join her. agmina iungit : unites his band with hers. 143. qualis ubi, etc. . as Dido was compared to Diana (I. 498), so Aeneas is now compared to Apollo. Speed and beauty are the common features (149, 150). bibernam Lyciam : his winter home, Lycia. The reference is to Patara, near the mouth of the Xanthus, where there was a famous temple of Apollo. 144. Delum maternam : it was at Delos that his mother bore him ; of. in. 75 ff. 146. fremunt : raise their voices, picti : painted. The Aga- thyrsi were a barbarous people, who, like the ancient Britons, stained their bodies. Apollo's worshippers came from far and near. 147. moili fluentem, etc. : with soft leafage shapes and binds his flowing locks ; a picturesque detail. 148. auro : with golden diadem. 150. tantum egregio, etc.; such beauty shone from his noble face. 151. ventum : sc. est. 152. sazi deiectae vertice : dislodged from the rocky peaks; the nouns are collective. 153. patentis : with campos. 154. transmittunt cursu : scurry across ; literally, send (the plains) past them by running, "the apparent effect of all motion being to send the surrounding' objects in the opposite direction " (Henry) . agmina pulverulenta f uga glomerant : amid clouds of dust mass their bands in flight; pulverulenta is poetically trans- ferred to agmina. 155. montisque relinquunt: as they leave the mountains; note the parataxis. 366 NOTES 158. pecora inter inertia : amid the timorous herds ; pecora, used properly of domestic animals, is here applied to the caprae and cervi in contempt, votis : belongs primarily to optat, but also to dari. Fig, A Hunting Scene in Mosaic. (The rhythm of 132-135 is noteworthy. The prevailing dactyls of 132 indicate vehemence of action, as in 135 they suggest the high spirit of the steed. In the latter verse this effect is increased by double alliteration and assonance (^spumuntia mandit) . In the two interven- ing lines, 133, 134, the spondees accord with the attitude of peaceful expectation. In 154, the spondees (combined with alliteration) heighten by con- trast the effect of the strikingly imitative dactyls of 156.) Lines 160-172. Aeneas and Dido seek Refuge. 160. magno misceri murmure : cf. I. 124. 161. incipit, insequitur : asyndeton and syllabic anaphora. 163. Dardanius nepos Veneris : i.e. Ascanius. diversa tecta : shelter here and there. 164. petiere: scurry to; perfect of rapid action, amnes : torrents. NOTES 367 165. speluncatn, etc. . the verbal repetition (from 124) calls attention to the fulfilment of Juno's plan. 166. prima Tellus : primat Earth; so called, as the oldest of the gods, pronuba luno : nuptial Juno. The pronuba was properly the matron who attended the bride. 167. dant signum : i.e. for the marriage ceremonies to begin. conscius Aether conubiis : Heaven, witnes.i to the bridal. As Earth was the mother, so Heaven (Aether) was the father of all life. ,This is a common conception in ancient poetry and phi- losophy, even the Chinese. i6g. primusque malorum causa : that first day was the cause of evils. The effect of the repetition of primus is the implied repetition of ille dies as well ; primus does not belong, either logically or grammatically, to causa. 170. specie : appearances, fama : cf. 91 and note. Dido is losing all sense of shame. 172. ooniugium vocat: though there is no real marriage be- tween Aeneas and Dido, Virgil gives a poetical interpretation of the phenomena of the storm, as if Nature herself were taking part in nuptial ceremonies. Earth and Heaven (Sky), primal parents of all life, are among the active participants ; the lightning-fires (ignes) are the marriage-torches (cf. taedae, 18) ; Juno is the pronuba of the bride and the cries of mountain Nymphs become the wed- ding-song. Dido, fully determined as she was on winning Aeneas (the poet represents her as controlled by Venus and Juno), may well have been blind to the truth and convinced that this was a marriage indeed. She, then, has found Nature in sympathy with her ; yet the poet, by his descriptive art, really suggests to us, and at last asserts, the reverse : ille dies primus leti, etc. Milton had this passage in mind, when he describes the effect of Eve's plucking and eating the forbidden fruit : " Earth felt the wound and Nature from her seat, Sighing through all her works, gave signs of woe That all was lost. " (Paradise Lost, IX. 782 ff. ; cf. IX. 1000 ff.) (The opening verse, with its descriptive alliteration,' plays a r61e similar to that in I. 124. It is followed by lines (161-164) in which 368 NOTES the general dactylic movement depicts the hurry and scurry of the hunters, as well as the onrush of the torrents. Then comes the sober spondaic rhythm of the repeated verse (165= 124). This, however, is not followed, as before, by a series of rapid dactyls, but, in keeping with the gravity of the occurrence, the prevailing rhythm is spondaic. Only where Dido's recklessness is described have we frequent dactyls, viz. in 170. So, 172 opens with two dadtyls (coniiigium vocat), but the diaeresis following them is ominous, and the succeeding spondees (hoc praetexit) bring us back to the tone of solemnity.) Lines 173-197. Rumor spreads the News Far and Wide. 173. Fama: Rumor; a personification which is very common in poetry, from Homer down. Virgil's description, however, is unusually elaborate. 174. Fama : note the emphatic anaphora, malum qua non aliud velocius ullum: of all euils most swift, qua is an ablative of comparison. 175. mobilitate viget : with speed she waxes strong; instead of being fatigued with her toil, eundo : instrumental ablative. 176. parva metu primo, etc. : " A little thing, afraid at first, she springeth soon aloft " (Morris). primo, adverb. Homer's strife is " small in crest at first, but later raiseth her head up to heaven, while she treads upon the earth " (//jarf IV. 442). We all know how scandalous gossip grows. 178. Terra parens, ira inritata deorum : mother earth, angered against the gods; deorum is an objective genitive with ira. The Titans, who made war upon the gods of Olympus, and in conse- quence were hurled into Tartarus, were childi-en of Terra. She, in revenge, bore the Giants. 179. extremam progenuit : brought forth as her last child. Coeo Enceladoque : Coeus wa,s a Titan, Enceladus a Giant. Virgil disregards the distinction. 181. monstrum horrendum, etc. : cf. HI. 658. cui qnot sunt oorpore plumae tot, etc. : who for every feather on her body, has a watchful eye below. Virgil seems to have the peacock in mind. NOTES 369 His Fama sees everything and, as the next line shows, hears everything and tells everything. 183. tot, totidem, tot ; emphatic anaphora. 184. caeli medio terraeque ; midway between heaven and earth; medio is literally, in the mid space. 185. strideus : with noisy cry. The initial spondee, followed by a pause, is very emphatic. Scandal is never silent. 186. luce : by day. custos : on guard. 188. tarn ficti, etc. : clinging to the false and wrong, yet heralding truth; tarn . . . quam, literally, as (much) . . . as. 190. facta atque infecta: fact and falsehood. Note the asso- nance. igi. venisse Aenean : indirect narration. 192. cui viro : to whom in marriage ; vii'o, Viterally, as husband. 193. nunc hiemem, etc. : that now they spend the loinler, all its length, in wanton ease together, hiemem forere is a poetical expres- sion, adding to hiemem agere (to spend the n-inler) an idea of the manner of spending it (('.e. in luxurious ease), quam longa : sc. sit (in indirect narration), literally, as long as it is. 194. regnorum : i.e. Carthage and Italy. 195. dea foeda : i.e. Fama. viiutn = virorum. (The spondaic rhythm is u.sed to suggest, in 181, horror; in 18.5, long continued action ; in 191, a matter of grave import. In 185 the effect is heightened by an onomatopoetit? word (strideus) in emphatic position, and by double alliteration, utridens dnlci declinat somno, i.e. abba) . Lines 198-218. The Anger of Iarbas. 198. Hammone satus, etc. : son of Ham- mon by a Oaramantian Nymph he had seized. i7am»Hone, ablative of source ; rapta Nympha, ablative absolute. Hammon (or Amnion) was a Libyan god, who was identified with Jupiter. Virgil represents Iarbas as spread- ing his father's worship among his country- pm 53 jupitee men. Hammon. 370 NOTES 200. posuit, sacraverat : the consecration of the fire had taken place once for all, when the first altar was set up. It had there- fore preceded the building of the many shrines. Hence the change of tense, vigilem ignem : Virgil is thinking of the ever- burning fire of Vesta in Rome, from which fire was taken, not only to new colonies, but also to the altars of all the gods. 201. excubias divum aeternas : the eternal sentry of the godn ; in apposition to ignem. The fire is supposed to guard the honor of the gods. A military metaphor. '202. pingue solum : sc. erat. 203. isque : and so he, i.e. larbas ; -que has an illative force, amens animi: distraught in mind; ci.fidens animi, II. 61. 204. media inter numina dlvum : amid the divine presences ; cf. ante era deum, 62. The phrase is impressive. 205. multa lovem : double accusative with orasse. 206. nunc : i.e. because I have taught them to honor thee. pictis epulata toris : when they have feasted on embroidered couches. The wine libation followed the feast proper. Hence the perfect tense. 207. Lenaeum honorem : Lenaean offering; i.e. an offering of wine. 2og. nequiquam, caeci, inania : these are the emphatic words. ' Is it an idle panic . . . ? Are thy fires all aimless . . . ? Empty of purpose the thunders . .* . ?' (Bowen). The tone of larbas is one of remonstrance. " Why dost thou not wreak vengeance on these wrong-doers ? Where is thy divine power ? " 210. miscent : the subject is ignes, as if the lightning were the cause of the thunder. 211. urbem eziguam pretio posuit: set up a tiny city at a price ; i.e. bought (not won) the right to build ; cf . mercatique solum, I. 367. pretio is ablative of price. 213. loci leges : terms of tenure ; a legal phrase, conubia nostra : my offers of marriage. 214. ao : and yet. dominum : as master, not merely as husband. 215. ille Paris : contemptuous. Aeneas is like Paris in carry- ing ofE another's bride. NOTES 371 216. Maeonia mentuai mitra, etc. ; with Maeonian hand prop- ping his chin and essenced locks. By Maeonia (i.e. Lydian) he means Phrygian, because Lydia bordered on Phrygia. The Phry- gian cap had on either side a band or ribbon, which could be tied at the back of the head or (as here) under the chin. See Fig. 54. mentum suhnixus, literally, resting his chin upon, the participle being middle ; cf . III. 402. larbas regards the Trojans as effeminate Orientals. 217. rapto potitur : wins the spoil. rapto is a participle, used substantively. potitur is of the third, instead of the fourth conjugation, by an archaism. nos : strong asyndeton, (yet) we. „ .^ . . , / ,, . Fig. 54. Mitba. 218. quippe : ironical, jorsooth. fa- mam fovemus inanem : we nurse a vain story, viz. that thou, Jupiter, art a mighty god. (The tone of scorn pervading this passage is heightened by rhyth- mical and rhetorical means : e.g. (a) alternation of rhythm in 209, 210 ; (6) alliteration ; very marked in 216 and 218 ; less marked in 203, 205 (double), 207, 210 (with-onomatopoeia), 212, and213; (c) the emphasis given by position and pause to the contemptuous femina in 211 ; (d) the unusual quadrisyllable ending comitatu in 215.) Lines 219-237. JUPITEK SENDS MeKCURY TO AeNEAS. 2ig. aras tenentem : thusadding solemnity to his appeal. 221. regia: of the queen, oblitos famae melioris amantis: the lovers forgetful of their nobler fame. This is the poet's first ad- mission that Aeneas, as well as Dido, was doing wrong. 222. adloquitur : the last syllable is lengthened before the caesura. 223. labere pinnis : glide on thy wings ; cf . volat remigio alarum, I. 300-1. 225. ezspectat: dallies; here, intransitive, nonrespicit: re- 372 NOTES gards not. urbes : referring to the city he is to fouBd in Italy. The plural is an exaggeration. 227. non ilium, etc.: not such as this did the fairest of mothers promise him to us. 228. Graiumque ideo, etc. : nor for this twice rescues him from Grecian arms. Tlie force of non is continued from the previous line ; vindicat is an historical present. In the Iliad (V. 311) Aphrodite (= Venus) rescues Aeneas from Diomedes ; Venus again rescues him at the fall of Troy (Aeneid II. 620). 229. sed fore qui, etc. : hut (she promised) that it would be he who. gravidam imperils belloque frementem : teeming with empire and clamorous with war ; the plural imperiis possibly refers to the powerful races which Aeneas would find in Italy, and which under Aeneas and his descendants would enjoy imperial power. 230. genus proderet : hand on a race. 232. accendit : sc. eum. 233. super ipse sua laude : note the artificial position of ipse, which is attracted by sua. 234. Ascauione pater, etc. : does he, the father, grudge Ascanius ? 235. spe inimica : hiatus before the caesura. 237. naviget : emphatic position before the pause. The main thing (summa) is for Aeneas to leave Carthage. Tlie injunction is pei-emptory. hie nostri nuntius esto : he this the message from me; nostri is genitive plural. (The general movement is dactylic, in keeping with the energetic tone of the passage. Note especially 223, 224, 226, 229, 230. On the other hand, the spondees of 225 accord with the idea of a lingering stay ; in 227, 228, and 232, they are severely reproachful. In 235 and 237, the diaeresis after the first foot emphasizes the peremptory tone. Linefs 238-278 Mercdry delivers his Message. 238-g. patris parere parabat, primum pedibus : note the un- usual alliteration. 240. sublimem alls : upborne on wings. NOTES 373 241. pariter cum : as swift as. 242. virgam : i.e. the caduceus, or horald's wand, 'with which Mercury (Hermes) guided the dead. See Fig. 55. Cf. Homer's account : " and he took the wand wherewith he lulls the eyes of those he wills, while others again he even wakes from out of sleep" (Odyuey V. 47 ff.) ani- mas : supply alias (some) from the next verse, evo- oat Oreo : summons from Orcus. 244. lumina morte re- signat : unseals eyes in death ; an allusion to the Roman custom of opening the eyes of the dead on the funeral pyre, that they might see their way to the lower world. At the mo- ment of death a friend had closed the eyes. A less probable interpretation is ' unseals from death,' i.e. restores to life, but this would be a repe- tition of 242. 245. ilia : the virga. 247. Atlantis duri : toiling Atlas. The Titan Atlas, according to Homer, " upholds the lofty pillars that keep heaven and earth asunder" (Odyssey I. 52), bat in the later form of the myth he himself jorojos the heavens. 248. Atlantis : for the repetition, cf. II. 318-9., cinctum ad- sidue cui, etc. : whose pine-wreathed head is ever girt with, etc. With cinctum supply est; cui is a dative of interest. 250. turn : moreover, mento praecipitant senis : on the spirit of this description, see the note at the end of the paragraph. Fio. 55. Mercury, with Talaria and Other Emblems. 374 NOTES 252. hie : here, i.e. on the summit of Mount Atlas, paribus nitens alia : poised on ecen wings. 253. praeceps se misit : sped sheer down. 255. humilis volat : flies low. 257. litus harenosum ad Libyae : the position of ad is peculiar, but we have a similar case in culmina pergue hominum, 671; cf. also corpus in Aeacidae, VI. 58. 258. materno ab avo : Mercury was the son of Maia, who was the daughter of Atlas. 259. magalia : cf. I. 421. Here the word is applied to the poor suburbs. 260. tecta novantem : building new houses. 261. atque : and lo ! Note the tone of surprise, implied both in this word and in the emphatic pause after conspicit. The Tro- jan warrior is in the lap of eastern luxury. 264. fecerat et, etc. : had wrought, interweaving the web with thread of gold. Note the parataxis in et discreverat. 265. invadit ; assails (him) ; i.e. addresses sternly, tu : em- phatic. Force ia also secured by the omission of an interrogative particle. 266. uzorius : a woman's minion, ' wife-enthralled ' (Rhoades) ; very contemptuous. 267. rerum : fortunes, oblite : the vocative shows that this thought is exclamatory. 268. tibi me : emphatic collocation. 269. torquet : sways. With caelum, in a physical sense, i.e. re- volves ; with terras, in a moral one, i.e. rules. 271. teris otia : waste idle hours. 274. Ascanium, lull : two names for the same person. 277. medio sermone : while yet speaking. The phrase denotes the suddenness of his withdrawal. (Some of the details of the description of Atlas (e.jr. his chin and beard) seem almost grotesque to modern readers. But the ancient point of view was different. The Greeks and Romans regularly en- dowed their mountains and rivers with animate, divine beings, i.e. they spiritualized the inanimate features of external nature, thus testi- fying, as plainly as does any modern nature-poetry, to the emotions. NOTES 375 the admiration, and veneration, with which they contemplated natural phenomena. Thus it is that in ancient poetry and art we find rivers and mountains represented as gods. " Tiber, Father Tiber, to whom the Romans pray," is said in the classical spirit, and in Paris we may see a splendid representation of the Tiber god. (Cf. Fig. 7.5.) As with rivers, so with mountains. In the museums of Rome we may. point to half a do2;en illustrations of mountain-gods. In Virgil, near the end of the Aeneid (XII. 701), the hero is said to be as huge as Athos or as Eryx or as Father Apenninus himself. Here, evidently, Aeneas is compared, not so much to physical mountains, as to the giant forms which would represent them in art. In the case of Atlas, Virgil has been defended on the ground that he is describing a demi- god transformed into a mountain. It would be better to say that he is describing a mountain, as it might have been, and possibly was, represented in the realistic art of the poet's day. Note the alternation of rhythm in 246-7, coinciding with the con- trasted ideas of easy movement and laborious toil. Somewhat similar are 251-2, where the dashing waters are offset by the even poise of Mercury's flight. In 260 the spondees emphasize the expression of contempt, as in 269 that of majesty. The emphatic pause after the initial dactyl is unusually frequent ; of. 238, 240, 246, 253, 261, 267, 271, 275. Note how the scornful tone of Mercury's speech is heightened by alliteration and assonance, as in uxorius urbem, 266; regni rerum, 267 ; terras iorguet, 269 ; teris teiTas, 271 ; laude laborem, 273 ; respice regnum Momana, 275.) Lines 279-295. Aeneas is Awestktjck. 279. at vero : the use of the two particles makes the statement very strong, aspectu obmutuit amens : aghast at the sight, was struck dumb. 280. arreotaeque, etc. : cf . 11. 774 ; III. 48. 283. quid agat : deliberative subjunctive in indirect form, the direct being quid agam. ambire: approach. The verb implies that the situation is delicate, and tact is needful. 284. quae prima exordia sumat : what opening words choose first f The pleonasm emphasizes the embarra&sment felt. 285. atque animum, etc. : rather literally reproduced by Tennyson : " This way and that dividing the swift mind." ( The Passing of Arthur.) 376 NOTES 286. perque omnia versat: "and runs o'er every shift." (Morris.) 287. alternanti : sc. ei, as he wavered. 289. classem aptent: (bidding them) make ready the fleet; a command in indirect form. ago. quae rebus sit, etc. : hide the cause of changing their plans. 291. sese: subject of tem/)(a««rum (e«.«e). Indirect narration. 292. speret : expects. 293. temptaturum aditus, etc. : will essay an approach, (seek) the happiest season for speech, the plan auspicious for his purpose. The phrase temptare aditus is from military language ; quae . . . tempora (sint) and quis . . . modus (sit) are indirect questions. (In the first two lines the spondaic rhythm, the large number of a and sounds, the doubled r's, the assonance in Aeneas aspectu, the harsh elisions — all accentuate the expression of horror.) Lines 296-330. Dido reproaches Him. 297. motus excepit futures : caught news of his coming departure. 298. omnia tuta timens ; fearing all safety ; we expect ' fearing all dangers,' but Dido fears everything, however safe, eadem' impia Fama : the same heartless Rumor, which had already noised abroad Dido's shame. Fama is impia, because she takes delight in spreading bad news, furenti : sc. ei. It is used proleptically, because it was this news that made herfurens. 300. inops animi : weak in mind, i.e. beside her- self, distracted. It is impossible to tell whether animi is a locative (cf. II. 61) or a real genitive. totam per urbem : she loses all sense of dignity. 301. qualis commotis excita sacris, etc. : like a Thyiad, startled by the shaken emblems. In the celebration of Bacchic rites the temple doors were thrown open and the statue and other emblems of the god shaken violently. 302. ubi audito, etc. : what time, hearing the Bac- KOTES 377 chic cry, biennial revels inspire her, and at night Cilhaeron summons with its din. Every other year a Bacchic festival was celebrated at Thebes. The votaries, calling upon the god (Evol Ba.K)(£, lo Bacche), roamed in a state of frenzy over Mount Cithaeron. 304. compellat ultro : cf. II. 372. 30s. dissimulare etiam sperasti, perilde, etc. . to cloak, too, so foul a wrong, false one ! — hast thou hoped for that f Note the great emphasis on dissimulare, which is governed hj posse ; etiam, i.e. to hide as well as commit it. Aeneas's supposed deception is what mainly rankles in Dido's mind. Hence she calls him perfde. Aeneas, however, did not intend to slip away secretly (cf. 293, 387). 306. tacitus decedere : a case of attraction for te taciturn decedere. . 307. deztera : pledge. 308. moritura Dido : the use of her name, instead of ego, is strikingly effective. She, the great queen, is brought low ; cf . the use of lunonis, I. 48. This early announcement of her intention (moritura) to kill herself, indicates how unconditionally she has surrendered herself to her love for him. 309. hiberno sidere : in the winter season, moliris : labor at. 311. quid? si: why, if. The argument is this: you would not think of returning to a secure home at such a time. How much less reason can you have for going to a foreign and untried land? It must be from me that you are fleeing. 314. per ego has, etc.: per governs lacrimas; te is governed by oro (319). The order here followed is common in adjurations. 315. aliud nihil : nothing else. Dido has staked her all on Aeneas. 316. per conubia nostra, per inoeptos hymenaeos : by our marriage, by the wedlock (thus) begun. The second phrase corrects the first. There has been no formal marriage, though Dido has looked forward to one. Note that the verse ends with a word of four syllables ; this Virgil allows in the case of Greek words, like hymenaeus and cyparissus (cf. I. 651; III. 328; III. 680; IV. 99). 378 NOTES 317. de te : at thy hands, fuit aut tibi, etc. : or if thou hast found any joy in me. 318. istam exue mentem : put- away this purpose of thine ; iste is the demonstrative of the second person. 321. odere : seme, infensi: sc. sun^ eundem: too, also. 322. eztinctus pudor, etc. : / have lost my honor and that former fame by which alone I was winning my way tO' the stars. For pudor, see 27; the fama is her former reputation- as a preeminently devoted wife, which was assuring her immortality. 324. hoc solum nomen : viz. that of hospes. de ooniuge : of that of husband. We are told that Virgil, who had a vox optima, once read this passage to Augustus ingenti adfectu, i.e. with much emotion. 325. quid moror: why do I delay? i.e. to die. an dum: shall I delay till, etc. With an we may supply morer. 327. saltern si qua, etc. : at least if any child had been bom to me by thee. For suscepta, see vocabulary. 329. qui te tamen ore referret : who, in spite of all, loould bring back thy face; literally, 'thee in face'; tamen means 'in spite of my loss of thee.' These simple words could hardly be excelled for pathos. (Among the rhetorical means employed in this powerful passage, we should note the special emphasis secured by (a) position ; e.g. dissimulare (305) and perfide (filling up a foot) ; crudelis (311) ; mene and te (314) ; oro (319) ; te (320) ; hospes (323) ; (6) anaphora,: 307, 312-3 ; 314-6 ; 320-1 ; 327-8 ; (c) appropriate rhythm. Thus 297 (contrasted with 298) ; 301, 304. The vehemence of Dido's tone shows itself in the comparatively large number of verses with pre- vailing dactyls ; thus, 306, 310, 314, 315, 317, 318, 325, 328. Contrast with these 311, 321, 324, and 326. In this last verse, the initial word destruat continues both the sense and the rhythm of the verse pre- ceding; (d) alliteration : 298 (double), 299, 303, 307, 322.) Lines 331-361. The Defence of Aeneas. 331. monitis : causal ablative. 332. obuizus : with a struggle, curam : pain, i.e. the pain of love, as in 1. So Dryden, " nor suffered love to rise." JN UXJiS O t » 333- ego te : effective collocation, te, quam plurima . . . promeritam (esse) : that thou hast deserved (of me) the utmost thou canst set forth in speech; plurima, attracted into the relative clause. 335. neo me pigebit : nor shall I be sorry. 336. ipse : sc. sum. 337. pro re : in defence of my course, abscondere : he first denies her first charge. 338. nee coniugis umquam praetendi taedas, etc. : / never held out the bridegroom's torch, or entered such a compact; praeten- dere taedas is figurative for taking part in a wedding. Aeneas never contemplated marriage with Dido. 340. meis auspiciis : according to my own direction ( = sponte mea), a military metaphor. " The imperator had the right of taking the auspices, and so was said to act suis auspiciis, while the legatus would act alienis auspiciis." (Conington.) Aeneas obeys his commander, i.e. Jupiter. 341. componere curas : to sooth my sorrows. 342. primum : above all. dulcis meorum reliquias : sweet relics of my kin ; i.e. the ruins of Troy. 343. manerent : would still abide ; the statement finds its ex- planation in the next line. 344. recidiva posuissem Fergama: / should have set up a second Pergimus. manu : sc. mea, through my toil. 346. Lyciae sortes : the Lycian oracles ; i.e. the oracles of Apollo, one of whose haunts was Patara in Lycia. See 143 and note. 347. hio, haec : attracted by the predicate. Each word refers to Italy. Note the combined effect of anaphora, the pause after the first dactyl, and the epigrammatic tone. 349. quae tandem Ausonia, etc.: why, pray, grudge the Trojans' settling in Ausonian landf literally, 'what (ground for) envy is it? ' considere is the subject of est; invidia, the predicate. 350. et nos fas quaerere : we too may well seek, etc. With fas supply est. 351. patris Anchisae : here for emphasis. The governing 380 NOTES word is imago (353) . quotieus . . . aurgunt : note the repeti- tion, both of actual expression (quotiens, quotiens) and of thought. 353. turbida imago: troubled ghost ; turbida =■ sollicita. 354. me: anaphora with me (351). capitis iniuria oari: the wrong done to one so dear; caput is often used in the sense of person. In Roman law, it was the sum of a person's legal capacities, so that (e.g.) a slave, having no legal rights, had no caput. 355. fatalibus : i.e. granted by the fates. 356. interpres divum : i.e. Mercury. 357. testor utrumque caput : I swear hy thyself and by me ; cf . note on 354. 361. Italiam non sponte sequor : this brief sentence, sum- ming up the situation, makes a most effective close. Note the alliteration. (In contrast with Dido's vehemence, Aeneas is calm and sad. Thus the spondees are much more in evidence than the dactyls j cf. 339, 841, and 359, which (except for the fifth foot) are wholly spondaic, while an initial spondee is found In not fewer than eleven lines, viz. 333, 337, 338, 3.39, 340, 342, 345, 348, 349, 355, 359.) Lines 362-392. Dido's Frenzy. 362. iamdudum tuetur : had long gazed on him ; tuetur is an historical present, used for tuebatur, which with iamdudum has a pluperfect meaning, aversa : askance. Tennyson probably had this line in view, when he wrote of Iphigenia, " But she, with sick and scornful looks averse." (A Dream of Fair Women.) 363. hue illuc : asyndeton. 364. luminibus : glances. 365. tibi : sc. est. 366. perfide : emphasized ; cf . 305. She does not recede from her position, duris cautibus : with both horrens and genuit. Aeneas is as hard as the flinty I'ocks which, as she feigns, mothered him., 367. admorunt = admoverunt; sc. tiU, suckled thee. 368. quid dissimnlo : why hide my feelings f quae me ad maiora reservo : for what, greater wrongs do I wait f 369. num fletu ingemuit uostro: note the dramatic change from the second to the third person, continuing to 380. For a Shakespearian example, see the dialogue between Malcolm and Macduff : Mai. If such a one be fit to goyem, speak : I am as I have spoken. Macd. Fit to govern ! No, not to live. — nation miserable, With an untitled tyrant bloody-sceptr'd, When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again, Since that the truest issue of thy throne By his own interdiction stands accursed, And does blaspheme his breed ? (Macbeth, Act IV. Sc. 3.) 371. quae quibus anteferam : literally, ' what shall I put before what?' i.e. what say first f What next? A formula for utter despair; of. 284. 372. aequls : impartial, kindly. 373-4. eiectum litore, egentem excepi, etc. : note the frequent repetition of the same vowel-sounds in these two verses. 376. nunc augur Apollo, etc. . Dido repeats bitterly the very words of Aeneas. Cf. nunc, nunc (345, 356) ; Lyciae sortes (346, 377) ; interpres divum, love missus ab ipso (356, 377-8). 379. scilicet : truly ; highly ironical, quietos : those peaceful beings. According to the Epicureans, the gods lived their lives " centred in eternal calm," and "careless of mankind." (Tenny- son, Lucretius and The Lotos-eaters.) 380. te : she again turns to Aeneas, and gives him his conge'. 381. sequere Italiam : Dido mockingly repeats Aeneas's words (361). ventis, per undas: these words are skilfully chosen to suggest perils. 382. spero equidem : literally, / hope ('tis true) ; equidem, like 382 NOTES guidem, is used with a concessive force ; ' though I hope for thy shipwreck, still go.' In prose, it is often followed by sed or tamen; cf. III. 315. mediis scopulis : on the rocks midway, i.e. between Carthage and Italy, si quid -pia numina possunt : if the righteous gods can avail aught ; i.e. in the punishment of one who is impius. 383 . supplicia hausurum : sc. te, that thou wilt drain (the cup of) punishment. Dido: accusative Greek form. 384. atris ignibus : i.e. with torches, like those carried by the Furies. 386. umbr^ : predicate nominative, as a ghost. 387. Manis sub imos ; in the depths of the world below; cf. III. 565. 388. medium sermonem: cf. 277. auras: open air or the light. 390. multa cunotantem : in much hesitation ; multa, inner ac- cusative with adverbial force, as in haud mulla moratus, III 610. metu : i.e. fear of making matters worse, multa : note the com- bined effect of repetition, alliteration, and assonance (cunctantem, parantem) . 391. dicere: a telling pause, coulapsa membra: her swoon- ing form. 392. thalamo: dative, stratis : ablative. (In this, Dido's second passionate outburst, we again find purely dactylic lines, viz. 379, 380, 386, while dactyls prevail also in 365, 370, 372, 381, 382, 387. Contrast with these the spondaic tone of 373, 374, 375, where Dido solemnly enumerates the benefits she conferred on Aeneas in his hour of misfortune. Note the rhetorical force of the many questions (368-871), the numerous short, pithy sentences (373- 387), the dramatic change from the second to the third person (369 ff.), and the frequent use of figures of speech, especially anaphora.) Lines 393-415. Preparations for Departure. 393. plus: intentionally used here, to emphasize the fact that Aeneas is doing his duty. See Introd. § 34. dolentem : her grief; NOTES 383 395. multa: inner accusative; jvith many a sigh. 397. turn vero : to be explained by reference to 289, where orders are given to prepare for sailing. These they now carry into execution, incumbunt: sc. operi, which is. explained in the following words, litore toto : all along the shore. 398. deducunt : literally, draw down, i.e. launch, uucta : i.e. with pitch, carina : used collectively. 399. frondentis remos : leafy houghs for oars; remits is used proleptically. 401. cernas : one could see; a potential subjunctive, with an indefinite second person for subject ; the present, used for vivid- ness, instead of cerneres. A. 447, 2; B. 280, 3; G.258; H. 555; H. & B. 517, 1. 402. ao velnti cum : it has been pointed out that the simile is especially appropriate if we suppose the Trojans to be seen from a distance. For ac reluli (or velut) see II. 626. 405. convectant : note the plural here, but it in 404; cf. ruit . . . complent, III. 676. pars grandia trudunt frumenta : some push the huge grains (of corn). 406. pars agmina cogunt : close up the ranks ; a military expres- sion. Note the perfect- parallelism with the close of the preceding line. 407. castigant moras : rebuke delay, i.e. the laggards. For the plural of an abstract noun, cf . exsilia. III. 4. 408. quis tibi . . . sensus : sc.fuit, what rcere thy feelings f 409. fervSre : third conjugation, by an archaism. 412. improbe Amor : for improhus, cf. II. 356, and note, quid non mortalia pectora cogis : repeated from III. 56. 414. animos : pride. 415. ne quid inexpertum, etc. : lest she leave aught untried, and so die in vain ; literally, about to die in vain. . She would die in vain, if she left anything untried, which could save her. (Note the prevalence of the spondaic rhythm in this short para- graph ; cf. 397, .398, 401, 402, 404, 405, and 406. Contrast the tone of 403, descriptive of tlie. busy ants. The use of apostrophe in 408 ff. and 412 is very effective.) 384 NOTES Lines 416-436. Dido's Last Appeai,. 416. properari ; the bustle ; impersonal infinitive. 418. imposuere coronas : i.e. in token of joy at leaving. 419. hunc ego si potui, etc. : j/'(=«iiice) / have had strength to foresee this great sorrow, I shall also have strength to bear it to the end; si jootei is a logical condition (reality implied). Dido wishes her sister and Aeneas to suppose that she is resigned to her fate. Note the force of per in perferre. 422. te colere : made thee his friend (Page); colere and credere are historical infinitives, = colebat, credebat. They are peculiar in expressing what is customary. 423. mollis aiaitus et tempora : literally, easy approach and season; i.e. the season for finding easy access to him; cf. 293. 424. hostem : the hospes of 323 has now become a hostis. 425. ezscindere : poetic for the awkward prose construction me exscissurum {esse). 427. nee patris Anchisae, etc. : nor have I uptorn the a. w- • ••••• •••••• •••••• y"* , (2) 432 the third as follows : NOTES •••••• I- •••••• • ••••• ••••«• !••••• ^ ^ t )••••• The three captains (■&• -Q- ■©-) probably act as pivot points or mark the centre of the field, where the charging half-companies reform in marching column. 583. cursus, recursus ; marches, couniermarcJies. 584. adversi spatiis : in opposing groups ; literally, opposed in respect to spaces or position, = adversis spatiis. alternosque orbi- bus orbis impediunt : and interweave circle with circle ; i.e. wheel in and out in intricate fashion. Virgil does not enter here into precise details ; orbibus is an instrumental ablative. 585. pugnae cient simulacra sub armis : it is a sham battle. 587. pariter feruntur : march side hy side. 588. Creta alta : Crete is a mountainous island. 589. parietibus teztum caecis iter : ' a way within blind walls inwoven ' (Ken- nedy) ; i.e. with neither doors nor windows, ancipitem- que mille viis dolum : and a bewildering work of craft, with a thousand paths: mille I'iis is ablative of quality. 590. qua signa sequendi, etc. : so that there the tokens of the course were confused hy the indiscoverable and irretraceable maze, qua (literally, where, = ut ea) introduces a relative clause of result. The signa sequendi are, properly, marks by which one would follow the course. The lengthy compounds, with syllabic anaphora (in-, in-), harmonize with the idea expressed. Fig. 62. Cretan Labyrinth and the Minotaur. NOTES 433 5gz. haud alio cursu ; even in such a course ; i.e. in one just as intricate. 593. tezuntque fugas et proelia ludo : and weave in sport their flight and battles ; ludo is a modal ablative. 594. delphinum similes : this simile tra'us upon the rapidity and joyousness of their movements, as the former did upon their intricacy. 595. Carpathium Libycumque : sc. mare. 596. hunc morem cursus : such manoeuures as a custom ; cf . hunc morem sacrorum, III. 408. 598. rettulit I revived. Priscos Latinos : th^ Early Latins, i.e. . the Latins living before the foundation of Kome. It is a techni- cal phrase. 599. quo modo : even as ; sc. celebravit. ipse : Ascanius. quo : sc. modo. 600. porro : in succession. 601. patrium houorem : ancestral observance. 602. Troiaque nunc pueri, etc. : and now the boys are called Troy, and the troop Trojan. With pueri supply dicuntur. The second half of the verse explains the first. The equestrian sports, known as the ludus Troiae, had been introduced by Sulla and favored by Julius Caesar, but reached their highest development under Augustus. By connecting them with Aeneas and lulus, Virgil is paying a compliment to the emperor. 603. hac . . . tenus : tmesis for hactenus. sancto patri : i.e. Anchises, called sancte parens, 80. The dative as in avo, 550. Lines 604-640. Iris arouses the Trcian Women. 604. primum : i.e. since reaching Sicily, fidem mutata novavit : turning, changed her faith. Fortune had been loyal to them ; now she becomes disloyal, i.e. unfavorable. 605. tumulo: locative ablative, referunt sollemnia : ^a^ the due rites. . 606. The rhythm is suggestive of coming evU. 434 NOTES 607. eunti : i.e. to aid her flight. 608. miilta movens : sc. animo. antiquum saturata dolorem : so Shakespeare's Shylock, " I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him" (^Merchant of Venice,!. 3, 48); saturata is a middle partidiplfe governing a direct accusative ; cf . I. 228. 609. per mille coloribus arcum : along her thousand-hued rain- bow. Iris is the goddess of the rainbow ; mille coloribus is ablative of quality. 610. nulli visa : seen of none ; nulli, dative of agent, virgo : repeating ilia. 613. sola secretae : note the alliteration. 614-5. Note the slow, spondaic rhythm, in keeping with the thought. 616. superesse : exclamatory infinitive ; cf. desistere, I. 37. The infinitive clause, however, becomes the subject of €st, to be supplied with t ox. 617. urbem orant : like Aeneas himself ; cf . I. 437. 618. baud ignara nocendi : not unversed in working ill ; litotes. 621. out genus, etc. : a woman who once had had family, fam^, and children; a causal clause of characteristic. She had been influ- ential in the old days of Troy. 624. traxerit : subjunctive, because the clause gives the reason for calling them miserae. 626. vertitur : is closing. 627. cum : while, freta : governed by emensae. " And we all seas the while, all lands, all rocks and skies that hate The name of guest, have wandered o'er." (Morris.) 630. fines : sc. sunt. 631. mures iacere : from building walls. 633. nullane lam Troiae, etc. ; shall no walls hereafter be called Troy's f 634. Heotoreos amnis : i.e. the rivers on whose banks fought the noblest of Trojans. 638. iam tempus agi res : sc. est ; now 'tin time that deeds be done. The monosyllabic ending, being abrupt, lends vigor. NOTES 435.. 639. nee tantis mora prodigiis : such portents admit no delay ; prodigiis is dative. 640. faces : there is a fire on the altar. Lines 641-663. The Women fire the Ships. 642, sublata prooul dextra: raising her hand aloft; procul = alte. couiza: with full force. 643. et iacit : note the effective pause. 64s. tot Priami natorum ; of the many children of Priam ; cf. note on II. 501. 646. vobis : look you ! Ethical dative. 648. spiritus : spirit, or energy. 651. indiguantem quod sola careret : fretting, because she alone had no part in. Beroe's reason is reported. 652. muHere : ceremony. 654. at matres primo ancipites, etc.; but at first the matrons were gazing on the ships with jealous eyes, being in doubt and wavering between an unhappy yearning for the land now reached and the realm calling them with the voice of fate ; -que connects ancipites and am- biguae ; spectare is an historical infinitive. 657. cum: when (of a sudden). 658. secuit arcum : cleft her rainbow path. The phrase is modelled on seeare viam, the via here being the arcus; cf. 609. 660. rapiunt : sc. pars, focis peuetralibus : from domestic hearths ; i.e. from adjacent houses. 662. immissis habenis : with free rein ; the metaphor is from a chariot race. Volcanus : by metonymy iorfre. 663. abiete : the ablative is one of material. Lines 664-684. ASCANIUS PLEADS WITH THE WOMEN. 664. cuneos theatri: a feature of the Roman theatres trans- ferred to the gi-assy slopes. 436 ■ NOTES 665. ipsi ; i.e. the men see for themselves. 666. respiciunt : look back at. nimbo : smoky cloud. 667. ut: i.e. he went off just as he was; of. the use of ut in 32S, 388. 669. ezanimes : breathless, magistri : trainers, of whom Epy- tides (579) is one. The magistri in 562 are not the same as those now referred to. 672. vestras spes uritis : their ships were their only hope. 673. galeam inanem : empty helmet. This he doffs, so that the women may n6t fail to recognize him. Roman soldiers wore hel- mets in battle, but on the march carried them suspended by straps from the neck. See note on 556. The epithet inanem adds color to the picture. 676. illae : the women, diversa per litora : over the shores here and there. The idea in diversa is repeated in passim and in the prefix of diffugiunt. 677. sicubi: everywhere; literally, wherever (sc. sunt). 678. piget incepti lucisque : they loathe the deed and the light of day. Buos : their kin. .679. ezcussaque pectore luuo est : and Juno (i.e. the frenzy she has inspired) is shaken from their breasts. Our word enthusiasm illustrates the ancient idea of the way a god may take possession of one. 681. posuere = deposuere. 682. stuppa : the tow used for caulking is put briefly for the fire within the tow. lentus est vapor: the smouldering heat con- sumes. For est, see IV. 66, and note. 683. toto corpore : sc. navium, throughout the frame. An abla- tive of extent of space, common when tolus, omnis, and similar words are used. Lines 685-699. The Fire is Quenched. 685. absoindere : historical infinitive. The act is indicative of grief. So Jacob ' rent his clothes,' when he heard of the loss of .Toseph (Genesis, Ch. xxxvii. 34). NOTES 437 686. auzilio = in auxilium, dative of purpose. 687. si nondum exosus ad unum Troianos : sc. es, if thou dost not yet utterly abhor the Trojans to a man. exosus, a participial adjective, makes with sum an equivalent of odi. 688. si quid pietas antiqua, etc. : if thy loving-kindness of old hath any regard for human sorrows. Foi' pietas, see Introd. § 5. 689. da flammam evadere classi nunc : grant to the fleet to escape the flame even now. 6go. tenuis res: slender fortunes. 691. quod superest : the little that remains. 694. sine more = sine exemplo. tonitru tremescuut : descrip- tive alliteration. 695. ardua terrarum et campi : the hills and the plains. 697. implentur super : are filled to overflowing ; super is an adverb. Lines 700-718. A Colony of Aen'eadae is to. be left in Sicily. 700. casu concussus acerbo : marked alliteration. 701. nunc hue ingentis, nunc illuc, etc. : now hither, now thither, moved the weight of his cares within, pondering whether, etc. ; of. IV. 285-6. 70Z. -ne, -ne : whether . . . or. resideret : deliberative subjunc- tive in an indirect question. 703. Observe the parallelism in rhythm between this and the preceding verses. The contrasted thoughts are emphasized by the perfect balance of the two questions. 704. unum : above all others. Pallas : Virgil here honors the Roman Nautii of his day, who claimed the custodianship of the Palladium, which their ancestor Nautes was said to have rescued from Troy. Virgil could not disregard the tradition, though in the second book he seems to have accepted a conflicting one. 706. haec responsa dabat, etc. -. she it was who gave him answers, (^telling) either what the mighty wrath of the gods portended, or what the course of fate required^ Pallas spoke through the mouth of her 438 NOTES prophet Nantes, quae portenderet and quae posaerel are indirect questions. Many editors, on very slight authority, read hac (sc. arte), for Jiaec, i.e. by this art he gave answers, etc. 708. The rhythm suggests expectancy, iaque : is picks up the subject Naules after the parenthesis, infit : Nautes merely gives advice ; he is not proclaiming an oracle. 709. trahunt retrahuntque : draio again and again; not to and fro. 710. ferendo: hy endurance. The precept accords with Stoic teaching. 711. divinae stirpis : cf. 38, where we are told that the river- god Critiisus was his father. 712. consiliis : dative, volentem : causal, for he is willing. 713. trade : sc. eos, antecedent of qui. amissis superant qui navibus : who, having lost their ships, are left over. 714. For the rhythm see note on 614-5. 716. quidquid : all who. The comprehensive neuter is often used of persons, metuens pericli: fearful of peril; metuens is here a pure adjective, governing an objective genitive. 717. habeant sine : let them have ; cf. sinite reoisam, II. 669. 718. permisso nomine : sc. a te. Nautes thus asks for the approval of Aeneas. Aoestam : in the Verrine Orations (IV. 33, 72) Cicero refers to the tradition which connected the Sicilian town of Segesta or Egesta with Troy and Aeneas. Note the rhythm of the verse. Lines 719-745- The Vision or Anchises. 720. turn vero in curas, etc. : then indeed his soul is distracted by various cares. 721. bigis Bubvecta: uplifted in her two-horse chariot. Night comes up in the west and passes across the heavens to the east ; sub- means upfront below. 722 caelo delapsa : gliding down from heaven ; because it is a vision sent by Jupiter. Anchises himself is in the underworld (734). NOTES 439 725. nate, Iliacis exercite fatis : vis§d already in III. 182. 727. tandem : at length ; i.e. after all your trials, miseratus St : used absolutely, has had compassion. 728. pulcherrima : attracted into the relative clause. 730. aspera cultu : rugged in their nurture. 731. debellanda tibi Latio est: the story is told in the latter alf of the Aeneid. ante : adverb. 732. Averna per alta: through the depths o/Avemus; i.e. the 3wer world. 733. congressus meos : a meeting with me. 734. tristes umbrae : in apposition with Tartara, but translate, nth its gloomy shades. 735. hue : i.e. to Avernus. 736. nigrarum pecudum ; black victims were offered to the ods of the lower world, multo sanguine : ablative of instru- lent. The sacriiice will secure her help. 738. torquet medios no:s umida cursus: dewy night wheels er midway course ; and so is verging toward dawn. In Hamlet I. 5. 58), as dawn draws near, the Ghost cries : " But soft I raethinks I scent the morning air." 739. saevus : because it parts us. 741. quo deinde ruis: whither art thou rtishing now? deinde eeps its temporal meaning, which, however, shades off into the jferential. It means, ' after so brief a meeting.' proripis : sc. te. 743. sopitos ignis : slumbering fires ; i.e. those of his own hearth, ear which would be images of the household gods (^Lares and ^enates) . 744. canae Vestae : hoary Vesta. She was regarded as one of tie oldest of Roman deities. Lines 746-761. The New City is Laid Out. 746. primum : chiefly, above all. 748. coustet : is settled. 440 NOTES 750. transcribunt : the word implies a formal transfer of names to a new register. 751. animos nil magnae laudis egentis : souls with no craving for high renown, 752. ipsi : i.e. those who are to go to Italy ; almost = ceteri, the rest, 7S4. exigui numero, sed belle vivida virtus : feiv in number, but a brave band keen for war; virtus is used of persons by me- tonymy. Note the alliteration. 756. hoc Ilium, etc. : as the city was called Acesta, Virgil seems to mean that the new city should be another Ilium for its people, and the district around it another Troad. 737. gaudet regno : Acestes is to be ruler of the new city. 758. indicit forum ; proclaims a court; i.e. establishes a court of justice, which was indispensable in a Roman city, patribus : .lenate. dat iura : as was done, not only by the early kings, but by Augustus as emperor. For the picture here given, cf. I. 426. 759. vicina astris ; hyperbole. Erycino in vertice : on Mount Eryx. 761. lucus late sacer : a sacred grove of wide extent. Gram- matically, late modifies sacer. Anchiseo : note the spondaic fifth foot. Lines 762-778. The Tuo.ians set Sail. 762. epulata: sc. est., has feasted They have already had a nine days' festival; see 64. This is probably another one in honor of the new city. 763. factus sc. est, a present perfect, like straverunt. houos : sacrifice. 764. creber adspirans : steadily blowing. 766. complezi inter se, etc. : embracing one another, they prolong night and day. The accusatives are direct objects; cf. annos demoror, IT. 647. 772. Tempestatibus aguam caedere : for a similar sacrifice, see III. 120. NOTES 441 773. ex ordine = ex more, or rite, duly. 774. tonsae olivae : cf. tonsa corona, 556. 775. procul : apart. Note the alliteration. 776. Cf. 239, with notes. 777. = III. 130. 778. = III. 290. Lines 779-826. Venus and Neptune. 781. nee exsaturabile pectus = et inexsaturdhile pectus, and her implacable heart. 7S2. descendere in : to stoop to. 783. quam : her; i.e. Juno, pietas : piety, on the part of Aeneas, who has offered sacrifices, not only to other gods, but also to Juno ; see III. 547. 784. quiescit: the subject is Juno. 785. media de gente Phrygum : out of the heart of the Phrygian race. 786. traxe : syncopated form for traxiise. It governs reliquias. 787. cinerea atque ossa : the very ashes and bones. Juno does not spare, so to speak, even the dead body of Troy. A passionate exaggeration. To ill-treat a corpse is the utmost cruelty. 788. BCiat ilia : let her know ; i.e. she may explain her conduct, but no one else can. 789. Libycis in undis : referring to the storm of I. 81 fE. 793. per scelus ecce etiam, etc. -. lo ! too, in wickedness, driving on the Trojan matrons, she hath foully burnt the ships. The phrase per scelus is emphatic by position. Some, less well, refer it to aclis, ' driven into guilt,' but it is Juno's conduct, not the women's, which is assailed by Venus. 79s. terrae : dative, linquere = tradere. 796. quod superest, etc. : grant, I pray, that the remnant may give their sails safely to thee across the waters. For quod superest, cf . 691 ; tibi = mari, Neptune being the god of the sea. 798. ea moenia : those walls ; i.e. those which have been prom- ised near the Tiber. 442 NOTES 799. Saturnius : Neptune, as well as Jupiter, was a son of Saturn. 801. unde genus ducis : whence thou drawest birth. Venus, according to the myth, sprang from the sea-foam, merui : earned (thy confidence). 803. Xanthum Simoentaque tester: in Homer, Aeneas is rescued by Poseidon (Neptune) from Achilles. Shortly after- wards, the latter is compelled to battle with the Simois and Xan- thus {Iliad XX. 318 fE. ; XXI. 136 ff.). 804. cum Troia Achilles, etc. ; when Achilles in his pursuit was hurling the hands of Trojans in a panic on their walls. The force of cum continues with daret, gemerent, and posset. 808. Pelidae tunc ego forti, etc. : then when A eneas had encoun- tered the hrave son of Peleus, and neither the gods nor his strength were in his favor. 809. neo dis nee viribus aequis : ablative absolute. 810. cuperem cum vertere: though I desired to overthrow; be- cause of Laomedon's treachery. 811. structis meis manibus : see note on IT. 610. 813. The longed-for promise is expressed in significant spondaic rhythm, portus Averni: i.e. the harbor of Cumae, near Lake Avernus. 814. unus tantum : one only. 815. caput : life. 816. laeta: proleptic, with ^ermuM, sooMerf ^o/oy. 817. iungit auro : yokes tvith gold; i.e. the yoke is a golden one. 818. feris = eguis, but suggesting ferox, spir- ited, manibusque omnis effundit habenas : ^^^B^'"'^ literally, in his hands lets all the reins stream ^^" freely ; i.e. gives free rein to his steeds ; cf . im- rmssis habems, Do2. 820. tumidum aequor aquis : the sea of swollen waters ; aquis, ablative of respect with tumidum. 822. comitum : i.e. attendants of Neptune, fades: sc. ,9un2or apparent, oete : a nominative plural, Greek form (k)jt»j). '-M NOTES 443 823. senior Glauci chorus;, the aged company of GlaucUs. With this and the following verses, cf. 239-241. 825. laeva : neuter plural. Thetis et Melite, etc. : Virgil (fol- lowed by Milton) imitates Homer in giving occasionally a list of musical names, mainly, it would seem, because the mere sounds give a pleasurable effect ; cf. Homer, Iliad XVIII. 34 ff. ; Virgil, Georgics IV. 336 ff. ; Milton, Paradise Regained II. 186 ff. Lines 827-871. The Loss of Palinurus. 827. suspensam blanda gaudia mentem : note the chiasmus, vicissim : in their turn; joys alternate with anxiety. 829. intendi bracchia velis : yards to be spread with sails. 830. una omnes fecere pedem : together all worked the sheets ; the pedes were the sheets or ropes attached to the lower corners of the sail. These were tightened or relaxed according to the wind. pariter sinlstros, nunc dextros solvere sinus : and together, now to the left, and now to the right, let out the sails. This statement merely amplifies the previous one. Virgil describes the tacking of the ships, as they try to catch the wind alternately with the right and left half of the sail. Supply nunc with sinistros. 831. una ardua torquent cornua detorquentque : together they turn to and fro the yardarms aloft. The cornu, or end of the yard, would point to the bow or the^tern, according to the sheet which was pulled tight. In 830 and 831, the main idea is that aU the ships tack together. 832. sua : its own, i.e. favorable. 834. ad hunc : according to him. alii = ceteri, which cannot be used in the hexameter. 835. mediam metam ; its mid goal, i.e. the middle of its course in the heavens. It is midnight ; meta involves a metaphor from the race-course. 836. placida lazabant : asyndeton ; supply et. 837. fusi: as in I. 214. 444 NOTES 838. levis : lightly. 840. tristia : i.e. foreboding death. 841. deus : god that he was. The word resumes the subject Somnus, emphasizing his divine power, which a mere mortal could not withstand. 843. ipsa : of themselves. 844. aequatae : steady, not gusty. 845. fessos oculos furare labori: steal thy weary eyes from toil ; labori, a dative of separa- tion, common with verbs of ' taking away.' Fig. 64. Somnus. 847. vix attoUens lumina : because intent on his duty. 848. mene salis, etc. : dost bid me forget the face of the peaceful sea f me is emphatic, ignorare : i.e. to act as if I did not know how treacherous the sea is. 849. huic monstro : i.e. the sea. 850. Aenean credam quid enim, etc. : (^and) Aeneas — why in- deed am I to trust him to the treacherous breezes ? The order has been adopted to give emphasis to. Aenean. 851. et caeli totiens, etc. : and that too so often deceived by a clear sky ; et = et quidem. 85a. olavum : with amittebat. 853. nusquam : stronger than numquam. amittebat : the last syllable preserves its original quantity, sub astra teuebat : Icept upturned to the stars. For sub, cf. subvecta, 721, with note. 855. vi soporatum Stygia: steeped in the slumberous might of Styx ; soporare, ' to make sleepy,' is naturally applied to persons, but here is poetically transferred to a thing. 856. cunctantique natantia lumina solvit : and despite his efforts relaxes his swimming eyes ; cunctanti, literally, to him holding on, a dative of reference. 857. primoB : translate closely with laxaverat, had begun to relax. 858. et: with ^meciV, when he (i.e. the god) flung him. 861. ales : on wings. 862. ourrit iter aequore : speeds on its way o'er the sea; cf. cur- rimus aequor, III. 191. non setius : none the less. NOTES 445 863. promissis : hy reason of the promises, iuterrita: unafraid. Note the personiflcatiorf. 864. iamque adeo : cf. II. 567. scopulos Sirenum : three rocky islets near Capri were regarded as the home of the Sirens. 865. quondam : from the poet's, not the hero's, point of view. 866. rauca saxa sonabant : the rocks were roaring hoarsely. sale ; surf. Note the striking assibilation in the verse. 867; flnitantem errare : (that the ship) was drifting from the course; supply ratem as subject of errare. 86g. animum : Greek accusative of specification. 871. nudus in ignota, etc.: naked (i.e. unburied) shalt thou lie on an unknown strand. To be left unburied was considered a fear- ful fate. Note the pathetic ring of the verse, with three feminine caesurae, nudus \ in, Palinure | iacebis \ harena. QUESTIONS ON BOOK V. Where did Aeneas intend to go when he left Carthage ? How far was it from Carthage to Drepanum ? How does Segesta figure in Roman history ? Why does Virgil introduce the games ? Was it usual for Romans to celebrate funeral games? What similar games are celebrated in the Iliad ? What great characteristic of the hero is exemplified in Book Yl In what other book does Virgil speak of games" Did Augustus encourage them? Had Virgil any aesthetic reason for placing the games between Books IV and VI V Could they have been celebrated equally well before Aeneas went to Carthage? How many different contests were there? Which fills the largest number of lines? Which the smallest? In which was the number of contestants largest? How many contests are there in Homer's account? Which poet shows the more artistic arrangement of the games ? How did the Romans mark the observance of funeral anniversaries ? Why the ninth day in 64 ? What is the meaning of the first two words in 71 ? Was the appearance of the serpent (80-9.3) a good or a bad omen? What Roman families of Virgil's day are honored in connection with the boat-race ? What humorous passage occurs in this book ? 446 NOTES What other passage is there which closely approaches the humor- ous ? Why are such passages almost confined to Book V ? Who is the puer regim in 252-257 ? What happened to him in the passage described? What goddess was ofEended because of the occur- rence? Why? In what passages of preceding books has the poet used the serpent in formal simile? What example of quick wit was shown in the foot-race? Collect passages from Virgil indicating the poet's love of youth. What traits of character does Nisus show? What are the principal points of difference between ancient and modern boxing? Who was Eryx, and how did he die? Who was Alciden (4-14)? What was Trinaciiaf What is the meaning of the word? In what two places was there a Mt. Ida? What is the allusion in lines 496^97? Who was Cisseus? Is the order in which the athletic events are given a good one ? Why? Why do we have lulo and lulus in 569 and 570 but Ascanius elsewhere in the book? Account for the lapse of time implied in septimd (626). What Biblical parallels are there for 685? Who were the Parcae (798) ? Explain the illusion in line 811. What lines state the subject of the next book? About how many days are covered by the action of this book ? BOOK VI. AENEAS VISITS ANCHISES IN THE LOWER WORLD. Lines 1-13. Aeneas visits the Temple of Cumaean Apollo. 2. tandem : at last ; implying great longing to reach the shores of the promised land, Italy. Euboicis : with oris, instead of Cumarum, for metrical convenience ; a case of enallage. Cvimae was a colony from Chalcis in Euboea. 3. obvertunt pelago proras : i.e. the prows point seaward, NOTES 447 while the sterns are attached to anchors by means of cables. Thiis the ships are ready for departure at any moment. 4. ancora fundabat navis : this in prose would be nanes ad ancoras deligabantur, but the plural of ancora is impossible in the hexameter. 5. praetezunt : note the use of the present beside the imperfect fundabat. The frequent use of the historical present is largely due to metrical convenience, emicat ardens : leap forth in hot haste ; cf. tandem, 2, with note. 6. semina flammae : i.e. the sparks which are hidden in the flint, until struck out by the steel. Virgil tries to throw a glamour over early customs, especially in connection with a locality which, in his day, was a centre of fashion and extreme luxury. In primi- tive times, the starting, of a fire was no easy process. See I. 174-6 and note. 7. pars densa ferarum tecta rapit silvas : some pillage the woods, the thick coverts of game; i.e. for firewood. Soldiers and explorers, when pitching camp, always attend first to two things, lignatio, the gathering of fuel, and aquatio, the. procuring of water. Virgil here dignifies commonplace themes. g. at plus Aeneas, etc. : the hero himself does not engage in these ordinary employments; he is busy with higher things, arces : the heights. Cumae was on high ground, capped by two summits, on one of which was the temple of Apollo, altus Apollo : Apollo in his majesty. The expression is prompted by arces, but suggests more than merely a lofty position. 10. horrendaeque prooul secreta Sibyllae : the retreat nf the dread Sibyl hard by. The volcanic hills of Cuniae are pierced by many grottoes. One of these, the antrum of the Sibyl, could be approached through the temple. 11. magnam cui mentem animumque, etc. : into whom the Delian seer breathes « mighty mind and soul, revealing the future. The verb inspirat governs both a direct and an indirect object (cui), and cui is to be repeated with aperit. The Delius votes is Apollo; cf. note on III. 251. Note the parataxis in aperitque futura, which is equivalent to ' so that the future is revealed to her.' 448 NOTES 13. subeunt : i.e. Aeneas and his companions. Triviae : i.e. Diana (sister of Apollo), as a goddess of the lower world, aurea tecta : i.e. the temple with its rich ornamentation. Lines 14-41. The Temm-e-scitlptukes. 14. Minoia regua : i.e. Crete. The seat of the kingly power of Minos was Gnossus (see 23), on the site of which the ruins of a palace of large proportions have in recent years been found and laid bare. It is interesting to learn that the bull (see 24) figures prominently among the wall decorations. 15. praepetibus pinnis . . . credere caelo : double alliteration ; pinnis, an instrumental ablative. 16. gelidas enavit ad arctos : floated forth toward the cold . north ; i.e. so as not to melt the wax by which the wings were attached. 17. Chalcidica arce : i.e. Cumae. See note on Euboicis, 2. Note the position of adjective and substantive. 18. redditus his primum terris : here restored first to earth, tibi, Phoebe i on the apostrophe, see note on III. 119. 19. remigium alarum : cf. 1. 301, and the metaphor in enavit, 16. posuitque immania templa : this act must have preceded that of sacravit. It is therefore a case of hysleron proteron; cf. II. 353. Such dedication of implements, arms, etc., when one's need for them was over, was common in ancient times ; cf . I. 248 and V. 360. 20. letum Audrogeo : sc. est, is (i.e. in a picture) the death of Androgeos. Androgeo is a Greek genitive form, turn : further ; i.e. another picture. 21. Ceoropidae : i.e. Athenians ; Athenaei could not be used in the hexameter. For the story, see vocabulary under Minolaurus. septena corpora natorum : seven living sons. The periphrasis corpora natorum has more color than natos alone, and suggests the fact that the victims were offered alive. The story generally mentions seven youths and seven maidens. NOTES ■ 4491 22r-stat ductis sortibiis vaaa -...thire' islands theii urn, ike lots (nbw) drawm- Thei.sciilptpie shows the urn after it has been shaken ; stat therefore. involves more meaning tjian.esj would.i.. 23. contca :. over' against this.. ■ Theutwo. previous scenes are fr6m Athens. On- a second door,- corresponding (respo/idet) to these,. aj-e two scenes from, Crete, .elata mazii : . upiiftefl from ithe. sea :,Cv-ete is a mountainaus. island ;.iof. Creta,alta,,Y. 588. ■ 24J hici corr«spou.dingtoAiciu.27, AeK« j-. ..there, suppqstaquie fuirto : craftily mated.; i:e.Ao the bull. .Thfi.expressionds paratactic,.. for aTTwr tauri = propter .amorem taunri.. 1 25. ^miztumigemis = proles hifupnis. . 26: Veneris =t %imorisf. monumeuta :.ipl^iral iot singijlaf, usedr metri causa. 27. labor .ille domus : literally' thdt Utork of the. houses i.e. that hoiise nfwondrdus workmanship. /i et inextricabilis error : explana- tory of thei preceding phrase.; cf. inremeabilis error, V. .591wi 28. reginae : prj.ncess,-i.ei 'Ariadne,.wha fell in Joveiwith'Theseusi ■ sed enim :\hut indeed, or. but lo I • ' Seteil. 19'and II. 1.68, with notesi^ 2g. ipse: i.e. though he had made .theimaze/.i.darlosjambageSF: que : deceptive windings ; . he'ndiadysi' 30. caeca ivestlgia : . Wiwi {/b.(»MefJ«;' viz.r,thoise-of(.tAuiadne's lover, Thfeseus., 31. sineret-dolor',"habe'res : did gri/sf/pepntit^ thou winddsV have, etc.; sinereiiis an optative suhjupctive, used, as a protasis,. and so eqaal to si .sineret,'- a, 'present: contrarytto-f act • coniditiomi. The reference to the present, instead, ofi the papt is dueictoivividne,ss or metrical convenience: Icare : for the apostrophei.cfj Ptfoeie, .18. 32^ iconatus erat: the subject is !;)«/«(■■' (i.fe. Daedaius), )mplied, in'.patriii.e. i- casus : sc. tuos, thyifaH. ■ 33. quin protinus omnia^ etc. : nay,Hh«y woiUd ' 'haiie -gone on scanning all in , order f etc. .omniaj..used-as. a dissyllable, • i being consonantal. 35. adfotet = advenisset. i. 36; Glauci.-isc._^Ka.( 37; ista spectacula : such sights as thoie ^ Lsta is contemptuous.. . 38: ^intacto.: untouched (by the yoke.). . NOTES 451 39. praestiterit : it were letter ; a potential subjunetive. de more; with «»flcter«.aB.weU a? /«etos; see lY. 57 and .V, 96. 40. morantur : are slow to perform. The sacrifice must haye taken considerable time, but Virgil passes quickly on. (Note the characteristic Virgilian pathos of il. 30 ff. With this is associated the bucolic diaeresis in two successive yerses, 30 and 31, as well as the anaphora of bis . . bis, 82 and 33.) Lines 42-76. Il* THE Presence op the God. 42. Euboicae rupis : i.e. the rocky hill on which Cumae was situated. See 2. in antrum : to form a cavern. This is ap- proached through the temple. See 10 and note. 45. ventum erat : they had come, fata : oracles. 46. tempus : sc. est. 47. nnus : predicate with mansere, remained the same. 48.. comptae: in order; also in the predicate, with mansere. 49. maior videri: sc. est, she is taller to behold, i.e. under the god's influence, she begins to look more than human. The infini- tive is used by a Grecism for visu, the supine. For the thought, of. Wordsworth : " Her countenance brightens, and her eye expands ; Her bosom heaves and swells, her stature grows." {Ldodamia.) 50. nee mortale sonans : nor has her voice a mortal ring ; martale is an inner accusative, quando : since. Note its late position. 51. oessas in vota preoeaque ; art thou slow to vow and prat^f Literally, toward vows and prayers. 52. neque enim ante dehiscent, etc. : for ere that the mighty mouths of the awestruck house will not gape open. Note the strong- personification. The temple becomes a living' being, filled with the god's presence. 54. dura : sturdy ; in contrast with tremor. 57. Dardana : logically with Paridis, but Dardani ( _ v^ _ ) is 452 NOTES inadmissible in the verse, direzti = direxisti. Paris, aided by Apollo, slew Achilles with an arrow, as it is foretold in the Iliad (XXir. 358 ff.). 58. magnas obeuntia terras tot maria intravi : so many seas that skirt mighty lands have I entered; obeuntia, literally, meeting. 59. penitus repostas : far removed. 61. iam tandem: this verse is logically in a causal relation to the following : ' seeing that now we grasp Italy, may,' etc. fugien- tis: (ever) retreating; note the artistic contrast with prendimus ; cf. V. 629. 62. hao Troiana tenus f uerit, etc. : thus far (only) may the luok of Troy have followed us; hac . . . tenus for hactenus by tmesis; cf . V. 603. fuerit secuta is an optative subjunctive and the force of the perfect may be given as ' may it prove to have followed.' Note the double alliteration in the verse. 63. iam : at last. 64. dique deaeque omnes ; especially Juno, Keptune, Minerva. obstitit : has been an offence, or obnoxious. 67. meis f atis : ablative, according to my fates. 68. agitataque numina : ' way wox-n powers ' (Morris) ; explan- atory of the previous expression. 69. turn : i.e. when the prayer is granted, solido de marmore templum : the reference is doubtless to the magnificent temple to Apollo vowed by Augustus at Actium and dedicated on the Palatine, Oct. 9, B.C. 28. Diana was always closely associated with Apollo, and her statue stood beside his in this temple. 70. festos dies : the Ludi Apollinares were instituted in b.c. 212, but the Roman reader of these lines must have thought rather of the famous secular games held by Augustus in B.C. 17. The plan was doubtless under discussion before Virgil's death. 71. tequoque; i.e. the Sibyl, magna manent penetralia: a home for august secrets awaits. By penetralia Virgil means, not a temple, but a secret place for the , Sibylline books, which were deposited under the statue of Apollo in the temple built by Augustus. 72. tuas sortes arcanaque fata: thy oracles and mystic utter- NOTES *oa ances ; fata, as in 45, being here an equivalent olsortes, and .both being explanatory of penetralia. 73. lectos viros : i.e. the fifteen (quindecimviri saeris faeiundis), who had charge of the Sibylline books. 74. foliis tantum ne carmina manda: Aeneas says this, in accordance with the warning of Helenas in III. 444 ff. tantum : only. 76. ipsa : with thine own lips. (The paragraph opens with language suggestive of awe. Note the prominence of n and o sounds in 42-44. The abrupt utterances of the Sibyl show marked repetitions, as in 46, 61, and 52 (the two words cessas . . . cessas are in the same relative position in the verse). Anaphora (non . . . nan . . . non), asyndeton (non = nee), and assonance (comptae comae) give weight to 47, 48. In 49, 54, and 55, the frequent r sounds are expressive of terror. In' Aeneas's prayers, the dactyls of 58, 59 suggest rapid movements ; in 64 and 68 they imply earnestness, and in 71 they accord with the idea of future glory. Alliteration is conspicuous in 62 and 71.) Lines 77-97. The Sibyl's Prophecy. 77. Phoebi nondum patiens : not yet submissive to Phoebus. The Sibyl is depicted here and in the following verses under the figure of a restive horse, which must be controlled by its master. immauis : to be taken predicatively with bacchatur. in antro : she has now gone within. In 47, she was still ante fores. 78. si posslt : cf . A nthea si videat, I. 181. 79. excuBBiase : liieriklly, to have shaken off ; i.e. to be rid of. The perfect retains its ordinary force, tanto magis ille fatigat, etc. : so much the more he tires her foaming mouth. 80. fingitque premendo : and trains her by force ; fingit is a technical term from horsemanship ; cf. patiens, excussisse, fatigat, damans, and premendo. 81. patuere : have swung open ; a picturesque perfect. 84. terrae : governed by pericula understood. 86. sed non et venisse volent : but they shall not also rejoice to have come ; non is unusually emphatic here. 454 NOTES 87. cerno : i.e. as I look into the future ; cf . our word seer. 88. Simois, Xanthus : these rivers, on whose banks there was so much fighting in the old days of Troy, will have their counter- parts in the Numiciua and Tiber of Latiuni. The word Xanthus (favflds) means _/?ayus, which is a frequent epithet of the Tiber. 89. defuerint : future perfect, used for the future melri causa. alius Achilles : viz. Turnus. Latio iam partus : is already raised up in Latium (for thee) ; cf. II. 783, where tibi is expressed. 90. et ipse : i.e. like the first Achilles. Turnus was the son of the nymph Venilia, and Achilles was the son of the sea-goddess Thetis. Teuoris addita : clinging to the Trojans ; literally, having attached herself to, the participle being reflexive. 92. quas, etc. : the interrogative thus abruptly introduced into a cum clause is highly rhetorical ; quas non — omnes. The usage is more common in Greek. 93. causa : sc. erit. coniunx hospita : an alien bride ; i.e. La- vinia, who was wooed by Turnus, but became the wife of Aeneas. iterum : she will be a second Helen. 95. contra audentior ito quam,, etc. : go forth to face them more boldly than thy Fortune will allow thee; a stoical maxim. The brave man may rise superior to fortune, however adverse. The ' luck of Troy ' ( Troiana fortuna, 62) will still pursue Aeneas,, but quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est (V. 710). 97. quod : the relative pronoun, = id quod. G-raia urbe : i.e. Pallanteum, the city of Evander, on the site of the later Rome. Evander had come from Ai-cadia. (In 78, the spondaic rhythm is expressive of labored effort ; in 87, of terror. The abrupt parentheses iu 84 and 85 accord with oracular style. Note too the alliteration in 86 and 87, with the epizeuxis bella . . . bella. Excited utterance is indicated by the exclamatory tone of 92, followed by the anaphora iterum . . . iterum,, 93, 94. Note, in 80, the prominence of r sounds (combined with dactylic rhythm), to describe frenzy.) NOTES 455 Itines 98-123. The Appeal of Aeneas. 99. ambages : enigmas, antroque remugit : sends echoing cries from the cavern. 100. obscuris vera involvens i wrapping her truth in mystery ; i.e. in true oracular fashion, ea frena fureuti, etc. : so does Apollo shake the reins as she rages, and ply the spur beneath her breast. The metaphor from a horse is resumed. See note on Phoebi patiens, 77 . ea frena, literally, such reins, furenti : sc. ei, a dative of reference. Virgil regularly places the word Apollo at the end of a verse. 102. ut primutn : as soon as. 104. mi = 7nihi. Virgil uses mi as an archaism, only here and in 123. inopina : a poetical form, for which Caesar and Cicero use inopinatus. 105. praecepi atque animo peregi : forecast and traversed in thought; peregi is a mere expansion of praecepi ; animo belongs to both verbs. The sentiment in 103-5, like that in 95-6, is a stoical one. 106. quaudo bic inferui ianua regis dicitur : since here is the famous gate of the king below. Such is the force of dicitur, used for est. 107. teuebrosa palus Acheroute refuso : the darkling marsh from Acheron's overflow, tenebrosa is a poetical form, being tene- bricosus in prose. Acheronte refuso is an ablative absolute. Lake Avernus, being fed from subterranean sources, was supposed to be supplied from the Acheron, one of the rivers of the underworld. 109. contingat: optative subjunctive; contingere is commonly used of happy events, doceas : jussive subjunctive, sacra ostla : hallowed portals ; sacra, because they lead to the kingdom of Pluto. 112. iter: inner accusative, maria omnia . . . ferebat: en- dured all the seas and all .the threats of ocean and sky; i.e. the tedious journeying and the dangers of the voyage. 114. invalidus : weak though he was. sortem senectae : the portion of age. Kest, not toil, is the usual lot of the old. Note the double alliteration in the verse. 456' NOTES 115. quin: nay, more. 116. mandata dabat: see V. 731 ff. gnati: the archaic form (for nail) is suitable in a prayer. 117. potes namque omnia: for thou art all-pouierfal ; omnia is an adverbial accusative, nee nequiquam : and not in vain, or without purpose. iig. Manis coniugis : his wife's shade; i.e. Eurydice's. 120. fretus cithara, etc. : cf. Milton : " Or bid the soul of Orpheus sing Such notes, as warbled to the string Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek And made Hell grant what Love did seek." (/Z Penseroso, 105 ff.) Fig. 66. Okpheus Fig. 67. Castor and Pollux AND EUBYDICE. IN PlUTO'S RBALM. 121. fratrem : i.e. Castor. For the story, see PoHua; in vocabulary. 122. viam : inner accusative. Thesea : who went down to the lower world to carry off Proserpina. 123. Alciden : i.e. Hercules, who carried off Cerberus from the lower world. Forms of Hercules are impossible in the hexameter. et mi genus, etc. : the argument is indirect, but forcible. 'If Or- pheus, Theseus, etc., were able to do so much in the world below, why may not 1, who am also of divine birth, at least visit my father there V ' ab love summo : Venus, his mother, was a daughter of Jupiter. NOTES 457 (In 99 and 100, note the use of impressive words, consisting wlioUy of long syllables (^horrendas, ambages : obscuris involvens) , the two successive verses having the hephthemimeval caesura, an unusual fea- ture. In marked contrast comes the accelerated rhythm of the follow- ing words (^ea frena furenti coneutit,- etc.) emphasized by alliteration and assonance. We have an artistic contrast of rhythm in 106-107, and in 121-122. The rhythm of 110-114 is also carefully adapted to the thought.) Lines 124-153. The Conditions imposed on Aeneas. 124. aras : the plural in the singular sense, due perhaps to anal- ogy with altaria. 126. facilis descensus Averno: easy is the descent to Avernus. Avernus is here used for the whole lower world; Averno is the dative ( = arf or in Avernum) used exceptionally with a verbal noun. These words have become proverbial. Thus Thackeray's heading of a chapter in the Virginians (Vol. I. ch. 20) is " Facilis Descen- sus"; cf. his remark in Vanity Fair (ch. 65) : "Little boys at school are taught in their earliest Latin book that the path of Avernus ^ is very easy." 129. hoc opus, hie labor : this is the task, this the toil, aequus : kindly. 130. erezit ad aetbera: has uplifted to heaven; i.e. has made illustrious. Cf. the proverbial sic itur ad astra, which comes from Virgil (Aeneid IX. 6il). 131. potuere : have been able (to do this) ; the verb is an em- phatic repetition of Aeneas's potuil (119). media omnia: all the mid space: i.e. between the upper and the lower worlds. 132. Cocytus : for the rivers of the underworld, with the mean- ings of their names, cf. Milton : " Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ; Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep ; Cocytus, named of lamentation loud 1 Thackeray may have been familiar with Averni, not Averno. There is authority for both readiugs. 458 NOTES Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethbn, Whose waves of torrent fire Inflame with rage. Far off from these, a slow and silent stream, Lethe, the river of oblivion rolls Her watery labyrinth." (^Paradise Lost II. 577 fi.) 133. menti ; sc. est. 134. bis : i.e. both in life and in death. Note the perfect bal- ance of the two clauses, bis . . . lacus and bis . . . Tartara, each with the same number of syllables. 135. insano iuvat iudulgere labori : cf. insano iuvat indulgere labori (II. 776). 136. peragenda : sc. sint. 137. aureus . . . ramus : note how adjective and noun frame the line, each being emphasized. The words have furnished the title to a great work on primitive religious ideas, viz. Frazer's The Golden Bough. Tennyson calls Virgil himself the "Golden branch amid the shadows." {To Virgil.) foliis et lento limine : ablatives of respect with aureus, golden both in leaf and pliant stem. 138. lunoni infernae = Proserpiiiae (5=/ w ), an inadmis- sible form, dictus : here = dicatus, for declared to be sacred means set apart as sacred. 140. sed non ante datar, etc. : but 'tis not given to pierce earth's secrets, save to him who hath plucked from the tree the golden-tressed fruitage. With qui we must understand ei, literally, earlier than to him who ; is qui is more direct and personal than si quis. 142. hoc sibi pulchra suum, etc. . this hath the beautiful Proser- pina ordained to be borne to her as her own gift. Note the artistic collocation, pulchra suum being followed by the two nouns. The beautiful gift is a tribute to the beautiful goddess. For pulchra, cf . Milton : " Not that fair field Of Enna, where Proserpine gathering fiowers, Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis Was gathered." {Paradise Lost IV. 268 fe.) NOTES 459 143. primo avolso : when the first is torn away ; with prima sup- ply ramo. 145. alte vestiga oculis : look (literally ' track ') high with thine eyes, rite : with carpe. 149. tibi : ethical dative, corpus = cadaver, a word which is rare in poetry. 150. nescis : we naturally think of Palinurus, and so probably did Aeneas, but the unburied man turns out to be Misenus. in- cestat funere : defiles with death ; this pollution must be removed before Aeneas can pi-'oceed. 152. sedibus suis : to his own place : i.e. the grave. 155. presso ore: with closed lips ; an ablative absolute. (Note the frequent alliterations, as in 125, 130, 133, 14-5, 147-8, 151, 152 (^sedibus . . . suis . . . sepulchro), and 153, with assonance in 154 linvia vivis). Three successive verses show anaphora, viz. 133, 134, 135 (in the last case syllabic). The vehement flow of the Sibyl's speech is indicated by the comparatively large number of verses in which dactyls predominate. Thus 128, 131, 136, 146, 149, 152. With these may be contrasted the solemn tone of 138, 145, and 150.) Lines 156-211. Discovery op Misenos and the Golden Bough. 156. defixus lumina : with downcast eyes, a middle use of the participle ; of. defixit lumina, I. 226. 157. caeoos eventus : dark is.^ues; i.e. the uncertainties in- volved in the Sibyl's message. 159. paribus curis vestigia figit : plants his footsteps in equal perplexity (Mackail). The ablative is modal; figit, instead of ponit, implies a slow, heavy tread. 160. multa inter sese, etc. : much varied discourse did they in- terchange, each with each, sermone serebant is a variation on ser- monem serebant, a quaint expression, inasmuch as sermo is derived from sero, being properly oratio serta, i.e. remarks joined together, or conversation. 161. quein sociutn, etc. : an indirect question. 460 NOTES 162. atque : and lot 164. Misenum : the repetition has a pathetic effect. 165. aere ciere : to arouse with the trumpet; the iafinitive con- struction is poetical. ■ acceudere cantu : note both here and in aere ciere, the intentional assonance, descriptive of the trum- peter's art. 166. Hectoris, Hectora : emphatic repetition ; Hectora, a Greek accusative form. Hectora circum : at Hector's side. 167. et lituo insignis et basta : famous for clarion and spear 'dike. 168. ilium : i.e. Plector. vita victor : assonance. 170. non infeiioiaL : a standard no less noble. The neuter plural is used instead of inferiorem for metrical con- venience. 171. turn : i.e. when he met his death, dum personat aequora : while he made the seas ring. 172. demens : emphatic by position and be- fore a pause. 173. exceptum immerserat : had caught and Fig. (i8. Triton plunged, si credere dignum est : not so much WITH CoHCH. implying disbelief, as expressing amazement. The story passes belief. Contrast ut fama est, 14, where a tradition is given without comment. 174. virum = eum. See note on eo me solvat, IV. 479. 175. circum : i.e. around the body which has been found, 162. 176. iussa festinant : quickly carry out the commands. ■177. baud mora: cf. III. 207. aram sepulcbri : the altar of his tomb; i.e. the pyre on which offerings are made as on an altar. What these offerings are we learn in 224 ff. 178. caelo educere : cf. II. 186. 179. stabula alta ferarum ; cf. densa ferarum tecta, 7. 180. procumbunt piceae, etc. ; for Virgil's personal interest in tree-felling, se« Introd. § 2. The poet is speaking of the antiqua siloa, as it existed when he first went to Campania. The district, however, underwent many changes during the reign of Augustus. (See Merivale, History of the Romans under the Empire III. p. 196.) NOTES 461 Note the triple alliteration in the verse, "imitating the ring of the woodman's axe" (Page). 182. montibus : from the mountains; in prose a preposition would be used. 184. armis : implements; cf. I. 177. 185. haeo : explained in 187 f£. 186. forte : as it chanced. 187. si nunc ostendat ; the conditional protasis (with apodosis understood) is equivalent' to a wish, that it would show itself! arbore : locative ablative. 188. quaudo : i.e. since the Sibyl's utterance about Misenus has been verified, Aeneas has some reason for the hope just expressed. 190. forte : as in 186. The wish there expressed is here ful- filled, and. the coincidence is indicated by the repetition, in the same metrical position, of forte. 191. Note the alliteration in this verse and the next. Thus the appearance of the birds is emphasized. 192. sedere : from sido. 193. maternas aves : the dove was sacred to Venus. 195. pinguem dives ramus humum : artistic chiasmus. 1 96. dubiis ue defice rebus: fail not my dark hour ; rebus is dative. Understand meis. 197. pressit : checked. 198. quae signa ferant: what signs they bring; i.e. what they betoken or indicate. 199. pasoentes illae tantum, etc. -. the birds, as they fed, would advance just so far in flight as the eyes of those following them with their gaze could keep them in view, /irorfere is an historical infini- tive. 200. possent : the doves fly forward as they do, in order that the Trojans may just keep them in view, and so be led on to the golden bough. This idea of purpose accounts for the subjunctive mood, and as the point of view is that of the doves, we may call this a case of virtual indirect discourse. 201. grave olentis : pestilential; grave is an adverbial accusa- tive. 462 NOTES 203. sedibus optatis : on the site longed for (i.e. by Aeneas) ; locative ablative, gemina super arbore: upon the twofold tree; explanatory of sedibus optatis. 204. discolor unde auri, etc. : whence, with diverse hue, shone out amid the branches the gleam of gold; discolor, because the gold is contrasted with the green. Note the assonance of auri aura. 205. quale solet silvis, etc. : note the picturesque scene ; a ■wintry background, with dart oaks and golden mistletoe. Virgil was a lover of nature. 206. quod non sua seminat arbos : which a tree, not its own, produces. The mistletoe is a parasitic plant. 2og. crepitabat brattea : the foil was rustling. The word foil, which comes from folium, is used in English botb of a leaf (as in trefoil, quatrefoil, etc.), and of metal. 211. cunotantem: sc. ramum, clinging. By contrast, it emphar sizes avidus, for however readily the bough yielded (see 147), it would seem to the eager Aeneas to cling tenaciously to the tree. Tennyson once quoted cunctantem in this line to illustrate what he means when he says that Virgil has " All the charm of all the Muses often flowering in a lonely word." {Memoir, Vol. II. p. 385.) (In contrast with the preceding paragraph, note the number of verses in which spondees predominate, especially 156, 160, 175, 183, 186, 187, 199, and 211. Special stress is thrown on slow spondees, when following an initial dactyl, as in 162, 177, and 182. Alliteration and. assonance are again prominent.) Lines 212-235. The Funeral of Misenus. (This is the locus classicus for ancient burial rites.) 213. oineri ingrato : the thankless dust. The use of ingrato is pathetic. There is no response or return for the service rendered. suprema : last rites. Excavations have proved that both crema- tion and inhumation were practised in prehistoric times on the «ite of Rome. NOTES 463 214. pinguem taedis : rich wilh pine hrands ; =^ pinguibus taedis. 216. feralis cupressus : cf. atra cvpresso, III. 64. 217. super : adverb. The arma here burnt are probably the arms of his comrades. 219. frigentis : of him who is cold in death. 220. toro : on the bier, defieta : their weeping done ; literally, wept over. 221. purpureas vestes : the use of such garments is perhaps due to their being a substitute for the primitive offering of blood. 222. pars ingenti subiere feretro : some have shouldered the heavy bier. The perfect tense is picturesque ; feretro is dative. 223. triste ministerium : accusative in apposition with the verbal statement, subiere feretro; see note on opus, page 187. Bubiectam : beneath ; literally, laid beneath (i.e. the pyre) . 224. aversi : with averted faces. This custom was probably due to the primitive idea that the living should not look upon the ghost as it leaves the body. 225. dapes : viands, fuso olivo : ablative of quality, ora- terSs : a Greek plural. 226. postquam conlapsi cineres, etc. : cf. the details of the funeral of Patroclus (Homer, Iliad XXIII. 250 ft'.) : " First they quenched the fire with gleaming wine, so far as the flame went, where the ash had fallen deep ; then amid tears they gathered the white bones of their gentle comrade into a golden urn, with a double fold of fat, and, placing it in the hut, covered it with a linen veil. And they drew the circle of the mound, and set the foundations around the pyre, and straightway heaped thereon a pile of earth." 227. bibulam favillam r the thirsty ash ; bibula, because it quickly absorbed the liquid. 228. lecta : gathered up. cado : urn. 229. idem ter socios, etc. : — " He with pure water too thrice paced the round Of comrades." (Rhoades.) ciroumtulit : i.e. in order to purify, lustrare. 464 NOTES 230. rore levi et ramo felicis olivae : with light dew from a bough of fruitful olive. 231. novisBima verba : the last words; such as frater, ave atque vale. See note on II. 644. 232. ingenti mole : massive. 233. suaque arma remumque tubamque : his own arms with his oar and trumpet; sua arma, in contrast with the arma which wei-e burnt in 217, where see note. Note the polysyndeton. 235. aeternum nomen : it is still known as CapoMiseno, and is on the northwest of the Bay of Naples. (Attention has been called to the careful artistic structure of the relative clause cui . . armis (215-17), comprising three members of equal length, expressive of three corresponding ideas. Thus, frondibus atris . . . feralis cupressos . . . fulgentibus armis; intexunt .... constittiunt . . . decorant ; latera . . . ante . . . super. Allitera- tion is employed to emphasize the solemnity, especially in 214, 221, 224, 225, 226.) Lines 236-263. Sacrifices to the Nethek Gods. 237. alta : deep. 238. scrupea : a poetic word with archaic coloring ; emphatic by position, tuta : sheltered ; the participle from tueor, with pas- sive force. 239. quam super, etc. : o'er which no flying creatures could safely wing their way ; volantes is used substantively, like volucres. 242. This verse is not found in the best Mss. The" word Aver- nus was connected, in popular etymology, with aopvos, Urdless. The region about Lake Avernus is volcanic, and the lake itself is " a crater filled with water. Its banks are now bordered with blocks of lava" (Baedeker). Even to-day, beside the neighboring Lake Agnano, there is a famous Dog Grotto, where carbonic acid fumes overpower dogs in a few seconds. 243. nigrantis terga iuvencos : cf . V. 97. 244. constituit ; sc. anie aran, as expressed in V. 237. 247. voce vocans ; calling nloud on. The expression is one of NOTES 465 many technical expressions used by Virgil in connection with religious rites. Caeloqtle Ereboque potentem : queen in heaven and hell. See note on IV. 511. 248. supponunt: i.e. beneath the throats of the victims. Another teclmical word. 249. Buccipiunt: an archaic form (= suscipiunf), appropriate in details of religious ritual. 250. matri Eumenidum : i.e. Night, who with her sister Terra, was a daughter of Chaos. 251. tibi, Proserpina: cf. III. 119, with note. 252. Stygio regi : Pinto, nocturnas : sacrifices to the nether gods were offered regularly at night, incohat : fashions in outline. The verb implies ' making the first rough plan,' which could be filled in later. It is a technical term, used of sacrificial ritual. 253. solida viscera : whole carcasses. 254. super : separated by tmesis from infundens. 255. primi sub. lumina solis et ortus : hard upon the dawning light of the early sun; ortus (accusative plural) is explanatory of lumina. 256. mugire : rumhle. iuga silvarum : wooded ridges, coepta : sc. sunt. For its use, see A. 205, a; B. 133, 1; G. 423, n. 3; H. 299, 1 ; H. & B. 199, 2. 257. visae : sc. sunt, seemed, canes : the hell-hounds of Hecate. 258. dea: i.e. Hecate, who comes to open the way. procul este, profani ; a regular formula, addressed to the uninitiated in the mysteries. Here it applies to the companions of Aeneas, who may not enter the lower world. 260. tu : Aeneas, vagina eripe ferrum : even as Circe orders Odysseus (Homer, Odyssey X. 535) . 262. antro se immisit aperto: plunged into the opened cave; aperto is the participle. 263. aequat: keeps pace unth. (In the description of the cave (237-8), Virgil has accumulated a and u sounds in a striking manner, having " a nine times and u six times in ten words" (Henry). Similar is the use of u sounds in 256 ff. Alliteration is artistically employed, e.g. 238, 241 (/sounds); 245, 466 NOTES summas carpens . . . coratjasaefas (abba); 246, 247, 248, cuZJros . . . cruorem ; 250, matri . . . magnae ; 256, nub . . . mugire solum . . . moveri silvarum (ababa) ; 258, 260, 262 (^effata furensy Note also the alternation of rhythm in 258-9, and the use of ana- phora in 258 and 261.) Lines 264-267. Invocation of the Nether Powers. 264. di, quibus imperium est: see V. 235. umbraeque si- lentes : ye voiceless shades, i.e. ghosts. 265. looa nocte tacentia late : broad silent realms 0/ night; node is a causal ablative. 266. sit mihi fas, etc. ; grant me the right to tell what I have heard; grant that with your will I may unfold secrets buried in the darkness and depths of the earth, sit fas = liceat, and the Second sit, without fas, has the same meaning, audita loqui: the poet voices tradition, and his utterances are a revelation (^pandere). (A special invocation in the body of the work implies that the sub- ject approached is one of peculiar di£Bculty. So in the Iliad, the Cata- logue of the Ships is introduced by a special invocation of the Muses (II. 484 ff.), and Milton invokes the Holy Spirit at the opening of the third book of Paradise Lost. In this majestic passage, note the general dactylic tone of the first two verses, shading off into the slower spondaic' rhythm of the last two.) Lines 268-281. The Awful Forms at the Entrance. 268. obsouri sola sub nocte : in the gloom, beneath the lonely night. Note the poetical transfer of epithets, for obscura and soli. 270 quale est iter in silvis : like a path amid the forest. Virgil, son of a forester, knew the woods. See Introd. § 2. 272. rebus abstullt oolorem : hath robbed the world of her color. 273. vestibulum ante ipsum, etc. . cf . II. 469. primisque in faucibiis : the -que adds a phrase, which explains the pi-eceding clause more closely, even at the entrance to the jaws of hell. NOTES 467 274. Luctus et ultrices Curae : Grief and avenging Cares (i.e. the stings of conscience). These, which bring death to men, are fittingly placed at the en- trance to the home of the dead. 276. malesuada : the com- pound has an archaic tone, turpis : loathly ; of the ex- ternal appearance. 277. Letumque Laboa- ^^"^ ^^- ^^^°^ ^^^ Pallob on „. , J rv ,1 Roman Corns. que : Distress and Death. Letum is preferred to mors because of the alliteration. Ldbos is archaic for Labor. 278. turn : next, consanguineus Leti Sopor : Death's own brother Sleep. So, in Homer, Sleep is " Death's brother " (Iliad XIV. 231) ; cf. Shelley : " How wonderful is Death, Death and his brother Sleep ! " (Opening of Queen Mob.) Here, however. Sopor is not identical with Snmnus, for, being coupled with the mala mentis Gaudia, it surely implies some sort of guilt, a moral insensibility. The accompanying references to war and civic strife show that Virgil is moralizing on the corrupt state of Rome during the civil wars, mala mentis Gaudia: the soul's guilty Joys ; poetical for malae mentis Gaudia. By these are meant sinful pleasures, which lead to death. 279. adverso In limine : on the threshold facing (these) . 280. f erreique Eumeuidum thalami : the Furies' iron cells ; i.e. in which they sleep, when not engaged in pursuing the guilty. Vox ferrei, a dissyllable by synizesis, cf. aureis, I. 726, and aurea, I. 698. 281. vipereum crinem, etc. : her snaky locks entwined with bloody filets ; innexa is a middle participle. (The opening verse with its picturesque ibant, its alliteration and its weighty spondiac rhythm, is a fitting introduction to an impressive 468 NOTES passage. SJ*^hasis is secured by the use of a number oJ double ex- pressions for Ae same idea, e.g. sub noete=per umbram; domos vacaas = inania regna ; incertam lunam = luce maligna. Allitera- tion is conspicuous throughout.) Lines 282-294 " GORGONS AND HyDRAS AND ChIMAERAS DiKE." 282. in medio : sc. vestibulo. 283. quam sedem, etc. : the home which, men say, false Dreams hold in throngs, clinging under every leaf; somnia is the accusative, subject of ienere, but must be repeated in the nominative, as sub- ject of haerent. volgo : with tenere. 285. multa variarum monstra ferarum : note the interlocked order. 286. stabulant: are stalled; appropriate word for half-equine creatures. Scyllae biformes : i.e. creatures like Soylla, half-woman and half-fish. 287. belua Lernae : i.e. the hydra, which was destroyed by Hercules. 289. forma tricorporis umbrae : i.e. Geryon, a giant with three bodies, slain by Hercules. 292. ni admoneat, inruat : cf . I. 58, with note, tenuis sine corpore vitas, etc. : "but thin Unbodied lives, 'neath hollow shows of form Flitting." (Rhoades.) (The dactylic rhythm of 284, with its three feminine caesurae, Is beautifully suggestive of the idea of sleep. On the other hand, the heavy spondees of 288, combined with onomatopoea, are descriptive of hideous monsters. Another noticeable verse is 290, where the rhythm, aided by alliteration, harmonizes with the thought expressed. Note, also, the dactylic ring of 292 and 293, shading into a spondaic rhythm in the closing verse.) Lines 295-332. The Way to Acheron. Charon. 295. hinc ; hence; i.e. on pursuing one's way beyond the vestihu- lum. The realm of Pluto is conceived as being approached through NOTES 469 an entrance-court (vestibulum, 278), at the far side of which is the limen (279), with the doors (^fores, 286), admitting to the interior. Once within the fores, Aeneas finds a vast domain, divided into several parts. He first follows a path leading to Acheron. 296. turbidus hie caeno, etc., here, thick with mire and unfathom- able in depth, the gulf of waters seethes. The language well ex- presses the temfying appearance of the stream. 297. Cooyto eructat : belches into Cocytus; Cocyto is dative. 299. cui plurima mento, etc. : on whose chin lies a mass of un- kempt, hoary hair. 300. staut lumina flamma: his eyes are staring orbs of flame ; stant implies fixedness of stare ; Jlamma is an instrumental ablative. Dante introduces Charon as "an old man, white, with ancient hair . . . who round his eyes had wheels of flame." (Inferno, Canto III.) 301. uodo : i.e. instead of by a fhula (as in IV. 139). 302. ipse : unaided. Though old, he works the boat himself. vellsque ministrat : literally, serves with sails, i.e. tends the sails. 303. ferruginea cumba : a barge of murky hue. 304. iam senior, etc. : now aged, but a god's old age is hardy and green. In other words, a god, though old, has the vigoi' of youth ; of. viridi iuventa of the young Euryalus (V. 295). 305. hue : i.e. to the boat, ad ripas effusa : streaming to the banks. 306-8. matres atque viri, etc. . these verses are suggested by a passage in the Odyssey (XI. 38 ff.), but Virgil emphasizes the pathos, for there is no equivalent in Homer to 308. With the Homeric and Virgilian passages, cf. Matthew Arnold's Balder Dead (2. Journey to the Dead). 307. magnanimum : genitive plural. An archaism ; cf . caeli- colum, HI. 21. 309. quam multa, etc. : " Countless as forest leaves that fluttering fall In the first chUl of autumn." (Khoades.) Shelley, by contrast, compares the dead leaves of autumn to a multitude of ghosts (Ode to the West Wind). 470 NOTES 310. gurgite ab alto : from the seething deep ; gurgite implies a storm. 311. quam multa: note the anaphora, frigidus annus: the chilly season. 313. orantes primi transmitters curs-ara: pleaiHng to be the first to cross on the course. The infinitive is poetical ; primi is by at- traction for se primos, under Greek influence, cursum is an inner, rather than a direct object, of the verb (cf. aequor navigare, I. 67). 315. navita tristis : the gfim boatman. 317. enim : indeed; cf. its use in sed enim. 318. quid volt: what means? So Dante, in his great poem, often questions Virgil, his guide through the lower world. 319. quo discrimine : by what principle of distinction? or, sim- ply, by what law ? 324. di cuius iurare timent et f allere numen : by whose power the gods fear to swear falsely. The poet uses the double ex- pression iurare et fallere for the single but unmetrical periurare. The construction iurare numen (^ = per numen) is due to Greek influence. 325. inopa: helpless, hec&use inhumata. Some, however, render poor, in allusion to the custom of placing a coin between the lips of the dead to pay for a passage in Charon's boat, inhumata: the notion that the unburied were not received among the shades is Homeric (cf. Odyssey XI. 51 ff.). 327. ripas et fluenta transportare : poetic for ex ripa flumen transportare, the accusative being governed by trans in the verb. datur = licet ; sc. Charonti. Note the accumulation of r sounds in the verse. 329. centum errant annos : perhaps because the span of human life was counted at a hundred years (Plato, Republic X. 615). 330. admissi revisunt : a hysteron proteron, as they revisit the ■waters before they are admitted to the boat. Another case occurs in the next verse. 332. animi : locative, in his heart. 333. mortis honore ; death's honor, i.e. burial. 334. classic navis. Oronten : see I. 113 ff. NOTES 471 335. simul : together. They were on the same ship, vectos : while sailing ; of. note on tunsae, I. 481. (Note the impressive spondees in 305, and contrast the rhythm in the two similes (309-311). In the first, spondees prevail ; in the sec- ond, the initial spondee (Sll) is followed by dactyls expressive of the fluttering movements of birds. Sober spondees are again employed in 313, where they accord with the idea of stabatit, and a similar verse (330), closing the Sibyl's speech, is suggestive of an end attained.) Lines 337-383. The Soui.s op Lost Companions. Palinurus. 337. sese agebat = ibat, was passing on. Palinurus : his fate is narrated in V. 833 f£., but there are some slight inconsistencies between that account and this. Book V. seems to have been writ- ten later than VI., and Virgil died before revising his poem as a" whole. See Introd. § 15. 338. Iiibyco cursu : on the voyage from Libya. The incident really occurred on the voyage from Sicily to Cumae. 340. multa In umbra : in the deep shadow ; of. 269-272. 343. mihi : with delusit, a dative of reference. 343. canebat : Virgil is following some tradition not mentioned in Book V. 346. en; lo! implying indignation. 347. ille autem: sc. inquit; ille is Palinurus. cortiua: cf. III. 92, with notes. 348. nee me deus aequore mersit: but cf. the account in Book V. 349. forte ; by chance. Palinurus evidently knows nothing of the part played by Somnus. 350. oui datus haerebam : to which, as my charge, I clung ; cui belongs to both datus (literally, assigned to) and haerebam. cursus regebam : we must understand quo from cui. 351. praecipitans : intransitive, falling headlong. maria as- pera iuro : cf. note on 324. 352. cepisse : sc. me, that I felt. 353. armis : gear, excussa magistro : reft of its helmsman. •472 NOTES We should expect excusso magistro (cf. excutitur magister, I. 115), but the expression is forced into harmony with spoliata armis. 354. tautis surgeiitibus uudis : but cf . V. 848, where the sea is calm. The numerous s sounds have onomatopoetic effect. 355. hibernas immensa aequora noctes : artistic chiastic order, hibernas : stormy. 356. aqua : on the water ; with vexit. He was doubtless cling- ing to the timbers torn from the ship. 357. summa ab unda : from the crest of a wave. 358. tuta teuebam, ni geus iuvasisset : this may be rendered, / was laying hold of safety, but the folk attacked me. The condition is contrary to fact, corresponding to tenuissem ; but the departure from the normal construction gives vividness to the expression. 359. madida cum veste gravatum : this involves two ideas : with my dripping garments, and weighted down (thereby). Condense for translation. With gravatum, understand me. 360. uncis manibus : with clutching fingers ; uncis is pictur- esque, capita aspera mentis : rugged cliff-summits. He had dragged himself up to the top of the cliff. 361. praedamque ignara putasset: in ignorance deeming me a prize. For -que here see note on primisque in faucibus, 273. The natives suppose he has gold on his person and murder him. The poet allows us to infer the latter fact. 362. me : i.e. my body. 363. quod : wherefore; cf. 11. 141, with note. 365. terram inice : this is the main idea, though in point of time following the action of the next clause, portusque require Velinos; cf. 361. The sprinkling of three handfuls of earth upon a dead body was regarded as burial. 366. portus Velinos : as Velia was founded at a later day, we have here an anachronism. The plural is used, perhaps to avoid the similarity of endings in portuia Velinunx. 367. aut tu : the use of the pronoun, here and in 365, indicates the urgency of the appeal, si quam : sc. viam. diva creatriz : i.e. Venus. 370. per undas : i.e. over the Styx. KOTBS 473 371. saltern: at least. Palinurus prays' that he may at least find rest in the grave, and not be compelled to go on wandering as he had done in life. 373. dira : wild. 374. amnem severum Eumenidum : i.e. the Cocytus ; severum is a transferred epithet. 375. iuiussus : sc. a Charonte. 376. In the PuTgatorio (Canto VI. 28) Dante asks Virgil to expound this verse, inasmuch as it seems to deny the efficacy of prayer. Virgil explains that the granting of prayer does not imply that the divine •will is thereby changed. 377. cape = accipe. dicta : sc. liaec. 378. finitimi : i.e. the people living near the scene of the mur- der. There was a tradition that the Lucanians, when suffering from a pestilence, consulted an oracle, and were bidden to appease the ghost of Palinurus. They therefore set up a mound to him south of Velia, now known as Capo Palinuro. 380. tumulo : dative, sollemnia mittent : will pay solemn offerings. (The use Of alliteration in picturesque narrative is well illustrated in this passage, in which fully half the verses show alliterative effects. The most conspicuous cases are in 338, 356, 358, 362, 364, 370, 371, 376, 378, 382. Anaphora is employed in Z&A-i{per . . . per . . . per), 365-7 (aut tu . . . out tu), 367 (si qua . . . si gtiam). Spondees are .used to express solemnity in 352 and 363, and slow movement in 358 ; to heighten a climax in 361, and to suggest comfort after sorrow in 382.) Lines 384-416. Charon. 384. ergo : having satisfied Palinurus. 385. navita quos iam inde ut prospezit : but when even from where he was the boatman saw them, ; iam inde refers back to fluvio, and is further explained by Stygia ah unda. 387. increpat ultro : at once rebukes them; ultra implies that he does not wait for an explanation. 474 KOTES 389. iam istinc : even from vihere you are ; iste, istic, istinc, are demonstratives of the second person. 390. soporae: drowsy. 392. neo Bumlaetatus : litotes. The story is that Charon was kept in fetters for a year thereafter. 394. quamquam essent : virtual indirect discourse, Charon expressing the thought which moved him at that former time. However, the subjunctive with quamquam becomes common after Virgil. 395. Tartareum custodem : i.e. Cerberu^. manu in vincla petivit : sought to enchain by violence. 396. regis : Pluto. 397. dominam : our queen ; i.e. Proserpina. 389. Amphrjrsia vates i the Sibyl is so called because she is the servant of Apollo, who once tended the flocks of Admetus on the banks of the Amphrysus in Thessaly. 400. licet ingens ianitor antro, etc. : the huge doorkeeper may from his cave with endless howl affright the bloodless shades, licet terreat is a case of parataxis, like siniie revham, 11. 669. A. 565, N. 1; B. 295, 6 and 8; G. 472, 2 and 607; H. 564, H. 1; H. & B. 532, 2 a. 402. casta : in the predicate, patrui : i.e. Pluto, who was a brother of Jupiter, Proserpina's father. The word is used with an ironical tone, servet limen : i.e. stay at home. _ 404. imas ad umbras : to the shades below. 405. nulla : translate by not at all. It is an emphatic negative, common in conversational prose, tantae pietatis imago : the picture of such goodness. 406. at : yet. 407. adgnoscas : jussive subjunctive, tumida es ira, etc. . then after his anger his swelling breast subsides; a metaphor from the sea, when a calm follows a storm. 408. nee plura bis : sc. dixit. 409. fatalis virgae : the fateful wand, fatalis is explained by si te fata vocant, 147. longo post tempore visum : so long unseen. The expression implies that the golden bough had been NOTES 475 used before to gain an entrance to the lower world. Whether Virgil has some such tradition in view we do not know. 411. alias animas : the other spirits, though Aeneas is not a spirit. This use of alius is a Grecism. iuga = transtra, thwarts. 412. deturbat : a harsh word, routs out. 413. gemuit : a realistic touch, the passage being in lighter tone than the rest. Aeneas was no unsubstantial umbra, btit a living person, and ingens at that. 414. sutilis: seamy; properly, stitched; i.e. the frame was cov- ered with skins sewn together. Emphasis is given the word by position, rimosa : freely, through its chinks. 415. iucolumis : safe and sound; used predicatively , with the accusatives. 416. glauca ulva : gray 1 (In this Charon scene, the style and diction, in keeping with the theme, are less dignified than usual. The boatman is peremptory and abrupt, and the expressions /are quid venias and istinc, .389, are from the language of daily life. Similar is the use of absiste moveri in the Sibyl's reply. Note too the irony of 302 and 400-2, the use of nulla, 405 ; of deturbat, 412 ; and the somewhat humorous tone of 413-4. It will be interesting to study the rhythm of 386, 392, 401, 408-9, 413-4, and 416.) Lines 417-425. Cerberus at the Threshold. 417. latratu trifauoi : with triple-throated baying. Cerberus was triceps ; i.e. had three heads, and trifaux is formed on the analogy of triceps. In Dante, Cerberus is even more horrible than in Virgil, and rends the gluttonous in the third circle of Hell. 418. adverso : fronting them, opposite, recubans immanis : reclining in his huge bulk. 419. colubris : i.e. on his neck he has snakes instead of hair. 420. melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam : a morsel drugged loith (steeped in the sleep of) honey and medicated meal. In Dante, Virgil throws earth into the brute's maws (Inferno, Canto VI). - 476 NOTES 421. ille: the monster. famS: this word has its final syllable loug, as if from the fifth instead of the third declension. 424. sepulto : buried'in slumber. 423. inremeabilis : ' renavigable never ' (Rhoades) ; ' irreme- able ' (Coniugton and Billson). This striking word, apparently coined by Virgil (cf. V. 591), commonly demands a paraphrase in other languages. Dante takes two lines to translate it (Purgalorio I. 131-2) and Shakespeare's " from whose bourn no traveller returns " (Hamlet, Act III. Sc. 1) is about the briefest natural rendering in English. Cf. note on cunctantem, 211. (In the description of Cerberus, note the picturesque effect of the a and u sounds, and the prominence of r, the littera canina, as it was known to the Romans. Note, too, the dactylic rhythm of 421.) Lines 426-439. Infants, the Untimely Dead, and Suicides. 426. voces vagitus : note the alliteration, with onomatopoetic effect. The children are wailing, not because of their lot, but because " their crying and sadness are merely their earthly charac- ter and condition carried with them into Hades. . . . The in- fants are placed in the very entrance and beginning of Hades," because such location was " peculiarly suitable for those who had died in the very beginning and entrance of life " (Henry). They are assigned to neutral ground, the place neither of punishment, nor of joy. 1 In the first circle of his Inferno, Dante places the spirits of those who died unbaptized, before Christianity {Inferno IV.). In that Limbo Virgil himself " abides with the innocent babes bitten by the fangs of death, ere they were exempt from human sin " {Pur- gatorio VII. 31 ff.). 430. damnati mortis : condemned to death. 431. sine sorte, sine iudice : without lot or judge; i.e. without judges chosen by lot ; iudice is a collective singular. 432. quaesitor Minos urnam movet : the allotitient referred to in the previous note is conducted by Minos, as the presiding NOTES 477 magistrate. The term quaesiior y!a,a applied to the.Roman praetor, who presided over criminal trials. Dante has Minos Bitting at the entrance to the second circle of Hell, and judging sinners {Inferno V.). ille silentum concilium vocat: 'tis he who sum- mons a panel of the silent dead; i.e. to act as a jury. 433. vitasque et crimina discit : examines into men's lives and the charges made. Minos conducts the cognitio and discit takes the place of the technical cognoscit. 434. maesti: the suicides are maesti, because they were so in life. Dante treats them much more severely. They are cast into the second ring of the seventh circle, and suffer the fate of Poly- dorus (III. 22 ff.), becoming stunted trees, on which the Harpies feed (Inferno, Canto 13). 435. insontes : though free from guilt ; i.e. they took their lives, not because of moral guilt, but in misery or despair, manu : i.e. by their own hand, but implying violence, as in 395. lucem : i.e. the light of life. 436. quam vellent : how they would wish, i.e. if there were any possible chance ; an incomplete conditional sentence of the con- trary to fact type. On the thought, cf. the famous passage in Homer, where the shade of Achilles says : " Speak not to me soft words on death, noble Odysseus. Fain would I be bound to the soil and serve another — a poor man of little substance, rather than be a king over all the departed dead" (Odyssey XI. 488 ff. ; cf. Matthew Arnold's Balder Dead, toward the end of 2. Journey to the Dead). For more cheerful views of the other world in classi- cal literature, we must go to the Greek philosophers. (The contrast between the wailing infants and the howling Cerberus is very striking. The spondaic rhythm of the first three verses is off- set by the accelerated rhythm of 429, which in turn yields to spondees in 430-2. . Alliteration is effectively employed thoughout, most notably in 426, 431, and 433. In 433, it is double and chiastic, abba.) 478 NOTES Lines 440-476. The Mourning Fields and Dido. 440. partem fusi in omnem : outspread on every side. The Mourning Fields are spacious, giving to the sorrowing dead the solitude they crave. Similarly Dante. 441. Lugentea Campi: the expression is apparently original with Virgil ; of. Banyan's names, such as the 'Slough of Despond,' ' Delectable Mountains,' and ' Valley of Humiliation.' 442. quos durus amor, etc. : ' whom fell love with cruel wast- ing gnawed' (Rhoades) ; cf. Tennyson: " Beauty and anguish walking hand in hand The downward slope to death." (A Dream of Fair Women.') Understand eos as antecedent of quos. 443. secret! calles : sequestered walks, myrtea silva : the myr- tle was sacred to Venus ; cf. Pope : " By the youths that died for love Wandering in the myrtle grove." {Ode on St. Cecilia''s Day.) Virgil's silva suggested to Dante his ' mournful wood,' fringing a barren plain (Inferno XIV. 10); of. the 'wide forest,' which serves as a setting for Tennyson's A Dream of Fair Women. 446. nati : i.e. Alcmaeon. 447. his : with comes. 450. reoens a volnere : i.e. with wound still fresh. Dido : Vir- gil's general model for this meeting of Aeneas and Dido is the Homeric scene of the meeting of Ajax and Odysseus in the lower world {Odyssey XL 541 ff.). Dante places Dido in the second circle of Hell, with Cleopatra and Helen of Troy {Inferno V.). 451. quam : governed by iuxta and adgnovit. 453. qualem primo qui, etc. : even as the moon, when in the early month one sees or fancies he has seen it rise amid ih" clouds. In full, the sentence would be qualem lunam videt qui videt earn surgere, etc. even like the moon which he sees who sees it rise, etc. The simile NOTES 479 explains obscuram, which is very emphatic by position, prima mense does not mean the first of the month, when the. moon could not be seen, but the early month from the third day on, when the moou begins to be visible. For the difficulty of recognizing Dido's shade, of. 340. 455. dulci amore : yet some critics tell us that Aeneas did not love Dido. 456. ergo: the inferential particle is very expressive, and im- plies long pondering over the fact ; 'twas a true message, then, that reached me. Virgil does not tell us how Aeneas received this news. He did learn from Mercury (IV. 564) that Dido was certa mori, and the sight of the blazing pyre filled him with gloomy forebod- ings, as he sailed away from Carthage (V. 7) . The addition of ferro, 457, may be an inference from her present appearance (re- cens a volnere, 450). 457. ezstinctam : sc. te esse, eztrema secutam : hadst sought thy doom. 458. funeris : note the emphatic position ; was it death (not merely sorrow) / brought thee f 459. per superos : by the world above. This means here the earth, but in III. 599, the gods; cf. ad superos, 481. Aeneas thus swears by the heavens, the earth, and Hades, et si qua fides, etc., and by whatever is sacred in the grave. 461. iussa deum : cf . IV. 268 ft'., 345-6, 396. 462. sensa situ : squalid with scurf; a quaint, alliterative phrase (' rusty-rough,' Morris), suggested by Honjer's 'AiSeoj Sojuoi/ cvpiiievra, the mouldy house of Hades {Odyssey X. 512). 463. imperils egere suis : drove me with their behests. The expression implies a distinction between iussa and imperia, the latter being more specific and exacting than the foi'mer. . 464. dlscessu : sc. meo. 465. aspeotu : dative ; cf . capiti subduxeral ensem, 524. ne sub- trahe : the construction is archaic and therefore poetical. 466. extremum fato, quod te adloquor, hoc est : by fate's decree this is the last ivord I may speak to thee ; fato is a causal ablative, quod : inner object, with adloquor. 480 NOTES 467. ardentem et torva tuentem animum : ' the burning and fierce-eyed soul ' (Mackail), a remarkably brief and forcible expres- sion, animum being used for Dido herself. 468. lenibat : sought to soothe ; conative imperfect. For the form, see A. 183, 1 ; B. 116, 4, b ; G. 130, 2 ; H. 244, 1 ; H. & B. 164, 4. lacrimas : i.e. his own, for laerimas ciere= lacrimare-^ ci. HI. 344. 469. Cf. I. 482. 470. voltum movetur : does she change her countenance ; movetur is used as a middle voice. 471. quam si dura silez, etc. : than if she were a standing image of hard flint or Marpesian rock; stet is more picturesque than sit. Marpesia cautes : i.e. Parian marble. 472. corripuit sese : 'flung herself away' (Morris); a fine touch, showing that notwithstanding her seeming indifference (468-470), she is still a creature of passion. 473. illi respondet curis: responds to her sorrows; illi is a dative of reference with both respondet and aequat. 474. aequat amorem : gives her an equal love. 475. casu coucussus iniquo : ' stunned by her sad fate ' (Rhoades). This translation preserves the alliteration. 476. prosequitur lacrimis : attends her with his tears ; beauti- fully expressive of his tearful gaze. Note the difference between prosequitur and sequitur. (This Dido episode is an epilogue to Book IV., echoes of which we find in this scene. Thus infelix Dido, 456 = IV. 596 ; invitus tuo de litore cessi, 460 = Italiam non sponte sequor, IV. 361 ; hunr tantum dolorem, 464 = IV. 419 ; quern fugis ? 465 (Aeneas to Dido) = mene fugis ? IV. 314 (Dido to Aeneas) ; Aeneas weeps while Dido remains unmoved, 469 ff., whereas in IV. Dido weeps, 314, and Aeneas stands firm, .331 ff. In so sorrowful a scene, it is natural that spondees, expressive of sadness, should be unusually prevalent; cf. 441, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 450, 451, 452, 453, 466, 460, 464, 474. The broken rhythm of 466, with its double diaeresis and monosyllabic ending, is well suited to the pathos of the thought. The artistic efiect is often height- ened by alliteration.') KOTES 481 Lines 477-493. Those Who fell in War. 477. inde datum molitur iter: thence he toils along the given way ; datum, i.e. quae se dabat, the way which presented itself to him. For the expression, cf. Bunyan : " They went then till they came at a place where they saw a way put itself into their way." (Pilgrim's Progress.) . arva ultima : the farthest fields, i.e. of the neutral region, neither Elysium nor Tartarus. 478. secreta : apart. 479. Tydeus : Tydeus, Parthenopaeus, and Adrastus were among the seven heroes who made war upon Thebes before the days of the Trojan war. 480. pallentis : because he is in Hades. 481. ad superos : on earth; cf. per superos, 459, with note. Here ad superos = apud superos. 483. The polysyndeton in the verse supports the effect of omnis longo ordine, though so few names can be given. 484. Cereri sacrum ; priest of Ceres. 48s. etiam, etiam : still, still, in temporal sense. Note the anaphora. 487. iuvat usque morari : they delight to linger on. 488. ooriferre gradum ; walk beside him. 491. vertere : historical infinitive. 492. tollere vocem exiguam : raised a nry, but faintly. They are unsubstantial shades^ and the war-cry they raise is but the faint echo Of their former voices; cf. Hamlet (Act I. Sc. 1): " The graves stood tenantless and the sheeted dead. Did squeak and gibber in the streets of Uome." exiguam is explained by the next words. 493. frustratur biantis : makes mockery of their gaping mouths. (Panic and flight are suggested by the accelerated rhythm of 489, with its lengthy words. The effect is continued by alliteration in 490 (videre virnm) and the repeated t sounds in 491 . In the closing words, the prominent a sounds — clamor frustratur Mantis — strongly empha- size the thought.) 482 NOTES Lines 494-547. Deiphobus. (The Homeric model for tliis scene is the meeting of Odysseus and Agamemnon, Odyssey XI. 386 ff.) 495. ora : Greek accusative of specification. 496. populata : despoiled. 498. vix adeo : scarcely indeed, tegentem : conative, trying to conceal. 499. uotis vocibus: with familiar accents, ultro : Jirst; of. its use in 387. 502. oui tantum de te licuit : who has had so free a hand with theef de te is used for in te, because the -words belong also to sumere poenas, with which phrase de is regularly used, mihi fama tulit : rumor brought me news. Virgil here skilfully refers to another tradition, according to which Deiphobus fell in battle. This, too, is what we may infer from the Homeric narrative {Odyssey VIII, 516 ff.). suprema noote : on that last night; i.e. the night of Troy's fall. 505. tumuliiin inanem : i.e. a cenotaph ; cf. III. 304. S06 ter voce vocavi : i.e. with the novissima verba, 231, where see note. 507. nomen et arma : i.e. an inscription and probably some representation of arms on stone. t6 amice : semirhiatus. 509. tibi relictum : has been left undone by thee. 510. funeris umbrla : to the shade of the dead. 511. Lacaenae : the Laconian woman. He disdains to name Helen. 512. ilia : emphatic ; she it was who. monumenta : memorials. 513. ut:.hoio. J514. nimium : only too well. 515. saltu : expressive of eagerness, as if the horse were alive. ardua Pergama : the heights of Troy. 516. gravis alvo: heavily laden in its belly; referring to the sol- diers concealed within. 517. ilia: Helen. ohoxuTO. Bim.VL\.a.na : feigning a solemn dance ; NOTES 483 i.e. in thanksgiving, euhantis orgia : raising in revels the Bacchic cry; orgia is an inner accusative, in imitation of the equivalent Greek, circum i i.e. round the city. 518. fiammain : all the Bacchic revelers carried torches. Helen's was unusually large, summa Danaos ex arce vocabat : Virgil here follows a tradition about Helen, which involves some incon- sistency with the account in Book II. See II. 256 and 571-4. 521. infelix: ill-starred. 523. egregia : ironical. 526. scilicet : forsooth, amanti : her lover, i.e. Menelaus. 528. quid moror ? : in short. 529. Aeolides ; used in derision of Ulysses, who was the son of Laertes, but whom scandalous gossip made the son of Sisyphus, whose father was Aeolus, talia Grais instaurate : repay the Greeks with like penalties, instaurate talia is properly ' renew such things.' Note the poet's reticence as to the fate which befell Deiphobus. This, of course, is sufficiently explained in 494—7 above. 530. pio : the emphatic word; if with sinless lips, etc. 532. pelagine venis, etc. . the question is whether he has come accidentally, in the course of his wanderings, or on a special mis- sion, at the order of the gods. 533. fatigat ut adires : spurred thee on to visit; secondary se- quence, because /ah'^ai carries us back to the outset of his journey. 534. sine sole : an adjectival phrase, the nearest equivalent to the Greek dviyXtos. loca turbida : a land of disorder. 535. hac vice sermonum : amid such interchange of talk. The expression implies that Aeneas answers the questions put, but the answers are not given, as thus a previous part of the narrative would be repeated for the reader. 536. iam medium traiecerat axem : had now crossed mid-heaven. It was now past noon. As the underworld is sine sole, this poetic definition of time belongs strictly to the upper world. So often in Dante ; cf . Purgatorio, Canto II. etc. 537. fors : perchance, traherent : they would have wasted. This imperfect form is a much easier one to use in verse than the plur perfect traxissent ( ). 484 NOTES 538. sed admonuit : a substitute for the more regular, but less vivid nisi admonuisset. 539. nox ruit : i.e. up from ocean ; cf. II. 250. 540. se via findit : hitherto their way has led through neutral ground. Now it parts into two ways, one of which leads to Tar- tarus, the other to Elysium. 541. dextera : taken into the relative clause, and therefore agreeing with quae, instead of with hac. 542. hac iter Elysium nobis : by this, is our rqute to Elysium ; Elysium is accusative of limit of motion, iter (esi) nobis having the force of ibimus. 543. ezercet poenas : wreaks the punishment; a bold personifi- cation, softened by the explanatory et ad impia Tarlara mittit. impia: pitiless. 544. ne saevi : cf . note on ne subtrahe, 465. 545. ezplebo uumerum : I will Jill up the tale. The expression is metaphorical. The ghosts are flocks, which Hades, as shepherd, counts. Deiphobus wiU return (reddar, middle voice) to the fold. Cf . Milton : "And every shepherd tells his tale Under the hawthorn In the dale." (L' Allegro.') 546. melioribus : i.e. happier than mine. 547. in verbo : as he spoke. (The spondaic rhythm expresses horror in 501, grief in 513, solem- nity in 520. In strong contrast with the latter verse, with its allitera- tion of the hard c sound, is the smooth dactylic verse 522, with its I and i sounds, and feminine caesurae (cf. 284). Alliteration is prominent throughout. Note especially 506 and 512 (pathos) ; 530 (solemnity of curse) ; 541 and 547 (impressive effect)). Lines 548-627. Tartakus. 548. respicit subito': suddenly looks back. Aeneas has turned to the right, toward Elysium, but in his desii'e to see the depart- ing Deiphobus he looks back and so gets a view of Tartarus. 549. moenia : fortress, or castle. NOTES 485 550- This verse explains tlie meaning of Phlegethon, ' the burn- ing river ' (<^A.eyo)). See note on 132. SSz. porta: so. est. adversa : in front. 554. Stat ferrea turris ad auras : there stands an iron tower, soar- ing to the sky. 557. hinc, etc. : therefrom are heard groans and the sound of cruel stripes; grammatically, sonare is parallel to exaudiri, historical infinitive. 558. .tractaeque catenae : and the dragging of chains. 559. constitit . . . haesit: a hysteron proteron. 560. fades : forms. The word is plural. S6t. ad auras : as in 554. 563. fas:so.es<. sceleratum limen : ci.scelerataspoenas,11.576. 564. cum: when. 565. deum poenas : the gods' punishments ; deum is a subjective genitive. 567. castigatque auditque doles, etc. : " he flogs them and hears their guile, compelling them to confess" (Page), i.e. he lashes offenders to force from them confession. The words subi- gitquefateri are explanatory of what precedes. The part here assigned to Rhadamanthus is given to Minos by Dante (Fnferno, Canto V. 4). 568. quae quis, etc. : the crimes for which a man in the world ahove, rejoicing in vain deceit, has put off atonement until the late hour of death. We have here a condensed expression, worthy of Greek tragedy. In the phrase commissa piacula, crimes committed, calling for expiation, the sense of expiation is sufficiently strong to allow the poet to use the words as object of dislulit. 570. continuo : straightway ; i.e. as soon as Rhadamanthus has determined their guilt, ultrix: Tisiphone is connected with TtcTis, vengeance ; cf. note on I. 298. 571. quatit: lashes. 572. agmina saeva sororum : see IV. 469 and notes. 573. turn demum horrisono strideutes, etc. : " At last, on hideous hinges grating harsh. The Infernal Doors fly open." (Billson.) 486 NOTES Milton's imitation is ■well known : " On a sudden open fly, With impetuous recoil and jarring sound, The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook Of Erebus." (^Paradise Lost, II. 879 fE.) 574. portae : the gates of Tartarus, custodia : i.e. Tisiphone, abstract for concrete. 577. saevior : i.e. than Tisiphone. 578. bis patet, etc. : yawns sheer down, dropping into the depths twice as far as is the upward view from Hades' sky to heavenly Olympus, bis doubles Homer's distance, " as far below Hades, as heaven is high above earth" {Iliad, VHI. 16), and Milton trebles it: — " As far removed frbm God and light of heaven As from the centre thrice to the utmost pole." {Paradise Lost, I. 73.) tenditque sub umbras : explanatory of the words preceding. 579. oaeli : the sky of the lower' world, i.e. this earth. 580. Titania pubes : the Titans' brood. The Titans sided with Saturn in his conflict with Jupiter, but were smitten with thun- derbolts and cast into Tartarus. 581. volvuntur : writhe. 582. Aloldas : sons of Aloeus, i.e. Otus and Ephialtes, who tried to assail heaven by piling Mount Ossa on Olympus, and Pelion on Ossa. 585. crudelis dantem poenas, dum, etc. : who met with cruel punishment, while imitating, etc. The rfum-clause modifies dantem, not vidi. Salmoneus was struck down in the midst of his impious career. What he attempted to do is explained in 587-591 ; his punishment is described in 592-4. 588. mediae Elidis urbem : i.e. the city founded by him, viz. Salmonia. 590.' demens qui simularet : madman ! to mimic. The qui sim- ularet, etc., is a causal characteristic clause. NOTES 487 591. aere : i.e. with brazen chariot. cornipedum pulsu equorum : so Tennyson, who was fond of quoting this passage (^Memoir, Vol. H. p. 13), speaks of the "tramp of the horn-footed horse" {Tiresias). 592. telum : holt. 593. ille : an emphatic repetition of the subject : " no brand or smoky glare Of pine torch he." (Rhoades.) 594. turbine : whirlwind. 595. neo nonet: moreover; cf. I. 707. 596. cernere erat: it was possible to see; a meaning due to Greek analogy (^1/ tSeiv). The Sibyl is narrating her former ex- perience. 598. immortale : deathless, fecunda poenis : fruitful for tor- ture ; poenis (dative) = ad poenas. 599. rimaturque epulis babitatqne, etc. : gropes for dainties and lodges, etc. The -que and -que are correlatives ; rimatur, sc. ea, i.e. the viscera. 600. renatis : they are renewed as fast as they are eaten. 602. quos super, etc. : — " On whom a black crag, ever like to slip, Frowns and seems fallmg." (Rhoades.) The punishment here, assigned to Ixion and Pirithous is usually referred to Tantalus, cadentique : sc. silici. The hypermetric -que accords with the idea of the over- hanging stone. 603. lucent genialibus altis, etc. : high festal couches gleam with golden headrests; literally, for the couches the headrests gleam. Note the rare asyndeton between adiectives in genialibus altis. The genialis° ' ^°^ „ ,1 „i.i, ■ • 4.1. Bound to torus was so called because " the genms is the source ^^^ wheel. of the good gifts and hours which brighten the life of the individual man, and also the source of his physical and mental health ; in a word, his good spirit " (Preller). The fulcra correspond to the heads of our modern sofas. 488 NOTES 604. epulae : like fulcra, a subject of lucent. 605. maxima : sc. nalu, eldest. 608. quibus invisi : sc. erant. The quibus belongs also to pul- satus and innexa. dum vita manebat : this clause belongs in sense to all the groups mentioned, not merely to the first; 6og. pulsatus parens : respect for parents was a fundamental law among the Romans, as it has been among the Hebrews and the Chinese, fraus inueza clienti : in Roman law, the defraud- ing of a client by his paironus was a very grave offence. 610. aut qui divitiis, etc. : or those who in solitude brooded over wealth they had won ; repertis, literally, found, i.e. secured, not by accident, but by effort. 611. nee partem poauere suis : and have set aside no portion^ for their kin. quae mazima turba est : i.e. the misers, not the kindred. Virgil implies that avarice was the most conspicuous vice in his day. 612. arma secuti impia : i.e. those engaged in treasonable war- fare, revolutionists. 613. dominorum f allere deztras : to break faith with their masters. 615. quam poenam : sc. exspectant. quae forma, etc. : what form of crime, or fate, has o'erwhelmed them. With forma stipply sceleris, not poenae. Although the Sibyl has forbidden inquiry she herself goes on to explain. Thus quam poenam (exspectant') is explained in 616-620, and quae . . . mersit in 621-624. mersit : the indicative in an indirect question is archaic, and therefore may be used in poetry, especially as it often furnishes a more con- venient metrical form. Thus merserit could not be used here. 616. sazum ingens volvunt : like Sisyphus, who was con- demned to roll a huge stone uphill, only to see it roll back on reaching the summit, radiisque rotarum districti pendent: and some hang outstretched on wheeUspokes ; like Ixion. See note on quos super, 602. 617. sedet aeternumque sedebit : for his attempt to carry off Proserpina, Theseus was chained to a rock, but according to the commoa tradition (apparently accepted in 122) was released by Hercules. Virgil here follows another tradition. NOTES 489 6i8. Phlegyaa : in Bante, Phlegyas plays a part similar to Charon's, being a fenyman over the marsh of the fifth circle {In- ferno, Canto VIII. 17 ft'.)- 620. moniti : i.e. by me. This motive, that of having sinners testify to the truth, is used by Dante, who, for example, has an envious spirit in Purgatory proclaim the gospel of love (Purgatorio, Canto XIII. 36). temnere : cf. note on I. 542. 622. fixit leges pretio atque refixit : made and unmade laws for a bribe. The words are suggested by the early custom of inscrib- ing on a brass plate the laws that were enacted. It is probable that in this passage Virgil 'is glancing at Marcus Antonius, the opponent of Augustus. 623. bymenaeos : this quadrisyllable, a Greek word, is always last in a Virgilian verse; cf. I. 651; IV. 99, etc. See note on IV. 316. 624. ausi omues, etc. : — ' ' All dared great guilt, and reaped their daring's fruit. ' ' (Billson. ) 625. linguae centum : Virgil has enlarged on Homer's ten (Iliad, II. 489) ; cf. note on bis palet, 578. For the form of the condition, see note on ni facial, etc. I. 58. 626. scelerum formas : cf. note oa forma, 615. (In the description of Tartanis (548-561), note the many allitera- tions, with the picturesque use of certain consonants, especially s, r, t (cf. 548, 550, 551, 554, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561). The spondees open- ing 552 and 557 are impressive, and the closing line of the section (661) is, except for the fifth foot, spondaic throughout. In the Sibyl's narrative of horrors, Virgil exhibits a wonderful resourcefulness in linguistic efiects. Alliteration, onomatopoeia, and figures of rhetoric are numerous. Hard and harsh consonants (t, p, c, s, r) again abound. See 670, 571, 672, 573, 574, 677, 578, 580, 583, 591, 592 f., 602, 609, 611, 616, 627. For vowel effects, see especially 572, 576. For special rhythmical effects, see 574-5, 576, 590, 602, 614, 616- 7, 62.S, 624. In the catalogue of sinners and their punishments, Virgil avoids monotony by taking the sinners partly from tradition (580, 582, 585, 595, 601, 617), and partly from actual life (608 ff., 621, 623). Some- times, too, he mentions the punishment but not the offence (as in 581, 596, 602, 616), and sometimes the offence, but not the punishment 490 NOTES (as in 583, 608, 621, 623). For the same reason Virgil separates those who are closely associated with tradition (^e.g. Phlegyas, Ixion, Pirith- ous, and Theseus, and does not adiiere strictly to tradition in his assignment of punishments (cf. 602 f., 616).) Lines 628-636. At the Castle of Pluto. 629. susceptnm perfice munus : fitlfil the task taken in hand; i.e. of carrying the golden bough to Proserpina. 630. Cyclopum educta caminis : _ reared hy the forges of the Cyclopes ; i.e. built of iron by Vulcan and his workmen. 631. adverso fornice : with archway in front ; ablative of quality. 633. per opaca viarum: over the dark way; cf. note on angusta viarum, II. 332. 634. f oribus : the same as portas, 631. 635. corpus recenti spargit aqua : i.e. by way of purification, before entering a holy place. (Note the general dactylic tone of the passage, culminating in the wholly dactylic verse 634. The poet turns, as it were, with relief from the horrors of Tartarus.) Lines 637-678. The Blissful Groves. 637. perfecto munere divae : the task of the goddess fulfilled; i.e. the task demanded by the goddess. Cf . 629 and note ; munus must have the same meaning in both verses. 638. locos laetos: a land of Joy; amplified by the following synonymous expressions, amoena vireota, etc. : the green pleas- aunces of the Blissful Groves; cf. note on Lugenles Campi, 441. 640. largipr hie campos, etc. : here an ampler ether clothes the meads with roseate light; et connects Zar^ior,. which is really in the predicate, with lumine. The aether is the fine atmosphere which is contrasted with the aer of earth, and the still denser atmosphere of Avernus. 641. purpureo : used of any brilliant or dazzling color; cf. NOTES 491 lumen iuventae purpureum, I. 590, with note. Wordsworth has a close rendering of this passage in his Laodamia, and retains the word purpureal: — " Of all that is most beauteous — imaged there In happier beauty : more pellucid streams, An ampler ether, a diviner air And fields invested with purpureal gleams; Climes which the sun who sheds the brightest day Earth knows, is all unworthy to survey." solemque suum, sua sidera : striking alliteration and cliiastic order, suum and sua imply that their sun and stars are different from ours. 642. pars in gramineis, etc. : the pursuits enjoyed in life (note the Greek ideals of gymnastics and music) are still enjoyed iu Elysium. Milton's fallen angels engage in these pursuits in hell (JParadise Lost, II. 528 ff.). 644. pedibus plaudunt choreas : trip it in the dance. The verse shows double alliteration, with onomatopoetic eifeot. 645. Threicius sacerdos : i.e. Orpheus, who is a priest of Apollo, in the garb of Apollo (longa cum veste). 646. obloquitur numeris, etc. ; matches their measures with seven clear notes. The seven differ- ences of notes are the distinct notes of the scale (according with the lyre's seven strings), which Orpheus utters in response to (06-) the rhythms {numeris) of the dance and song. 647. eadem : i.e. discrimina. 651. mlratur : the subject is Aeneas. Long- . , , . , . robed Pkiest. 653. quae gratia currum, etc. : what priae in chariots and arms was theirs in life, what care in keeping sleek steeds, the same attends them, when hid beneath the earth; currum is genitive plural : vivis agrees with eis understood. 657. vesceutis : feasting, laetum paeana canentis : singing a joyous paean ; as the Greeks do in the service of Apollo (Iliadj 1.473). 492 NOTES 658. unde superne plurimua, etc. : frrnn which, in the world above, the full flood of the Eridanus rolls amid forests. The Erida- nus, or Po, has an underground course of about two miles near its source, and so was said to spring from the lower world. 660. hie manus . . . passl : Jiere is the hand of those who suffered wounds, fighting for country ; manus passi (for passa) is a construc- tion according to sense ; cf. genus antiquum, Titania pubes, deiecti, 580-1. 662. vates : hards. 663. inventas aut qui, etc. : or those who have bettered life hy the discovery of truth ; i.e. those who promoted civilization by advanc>- ing human knowledge. arlis does not refer merely, or even mainly, to material inventions. It applies rather to the princi- ples of philosophy, including natural science, as understood by the ancients.^ See In trod. § 8. 664. quique sui memores, etc. : and those who by service have made men grateful to them, i.e. the benefactors of mankind. The obligation of doing good in the world was a Stoic principle. aliquos (where we might expect alios} is due to the Greek coloring of the passage, aliquos = Tiras. 667. medium : in their midst. 668. umeris ezstantem altis : towering alofl with shoulders high. 669. dicite, felices animae : so in Dante, Virgil asks the elect spirits to tell him and Dante the way (Purgalorio, Canto III. 73 ff. ; XI. 40 ff.). optime vates : i.e. Musaeus. 670. illius ergo : on his account; ergo, as a prepositional sub- stantive, is postpositive. A. 359, b ; G. 373 and R. 1 ; H. 446, 5 ; H. & B. 339, d. 672. paucis : sc. verbis. 674. liparum toros, etc. : " soft-cushioned banks and meadows fresh with brooks we haunt " (Page) ; riparum is an appositional genitive. 675. si fert ita corde voluntas : if the wish in thy heart so inclines ; corde is an ablative of place where. 1 Servius, commenting on the verse, says : significat philosophos,. qui aliguid excogitaverunt, unde vita coleretur. NOTES 493 678. dehino : a monosyllable, as often in older poetry, lin- quunt: i.e. Aeneas and the Sibyl. It is implied that Musaeus now. leaves them. (This beautiful passage has always appealed strongly to great poets, e.g. Dante, SohiUer, and Wordsworth. Tennyson has it, as well as the eleventh book of the Odyssey, in view, when in his Tiresias he dwells upon the joys of his "Pagan Paradise " : — " and these eyes will find The men I knew, and watch the chariot whirl About the goal again, and hunters race The shadowy lion, and the warrior-kings In height and prowess more than human, strive Again for glory, while the golden lyre Is ever sounding in heroic ears Heroic hymns, and everywhere the vales Wind, clouded with the grateful incense-fume' Of those who mix all odor to the Gods On one far height in one far-shining fire." Besides the beauty of thought, note the cumulative effect of the balanced phrases in the three opening verses, with the impressive spondaic rhythm (637)-, the alliteration (locos laetos), and the simi- larity of final syllables. In the rest of the passage, alliteration is very marked, especially -in 641, 644, 647, 648, 653, 660, 674. Spondaic rhythm is artistically used to picture toil (643) or repose (652) or a calm demeanor (666, 672). On the other hand, the dactyls of 647, 655, 670, and 675 suggest joyousness or keen expectation.) Lines 679-702. Aeneas meets Anchises. 679. penitus oonvalle virenti : deep in a green vale. 680. iuclusas animas, etc. : the imprisoned souls, that were to pass to the light above ; i.e. to return to earth. 681. lustrabat studio recolens : was surveying loith earnest thought. 682. recensebat numerum: was telling the tale; cf. note on explebo numerum, 545. 683. fataque fortunasque virum, etc. : their fates and fortunes, their works and ways (Mackail). Note the double alliteration, the 494 NOTES polysyndeton, and the careful balancing of expressions, virum (= eorum) being common to both, manus : exploits. 684. tendentem adversum : arfuancmj' toward him; adversum is an adjective. 686. genis = oculis. The word applies properly to the eye- sockets. 687. exspectsta. purenti : longlooked for by thy father. Anchises refers to his directions given in V. 781 fE. 689. audire et reddere voces ; cf. I. 409. 690. ducebam animo : / was thinking, rebar : deemed : even in Cicero's day the word had a quaint air but was suited to poetry. 6gi. nee me mea cura fefellit: nor has my longing played me false. 692. terras : this, as well as aequora, is governed by ^er. 694. quam metui, etc. : referring to the stay in Carthage. 695. tua me : emphatic collocation. 6g6. haec limina tendere : to draw toward these portals ; limina is an accusative of limit of motion (in prose, ad limina). 697. Btant sale Tyrrheno classes : my ships ride the Tuscan sea; i.e. are moored off the shore of the Tuscan sea; classes (= naves), an archaism. 700-2 = II. 792-4. (Artistic means here employed include (a) alliteration : 6B3, 687-8, venisti . . . vieit, tandem tna, parenti . . . pietas;- 696, 697, 700, 702 ; (6) anaphora; 692-3, quanta . . . quantis ; 695, tua . . . tua; 697-8, da ... da; 700-1, ier . . . ter; (c) rhythmical effects : the spondees of 687 express deep emotion ; the dactyls of 702 emphasize the idea of swift, easy movement.) Lines 703-723. The Spirits on the Banks of Lethe. 703. reducta : retired. 704. et virgulta souantia silvae ; a forest of rustling thickets ; KOTES 495 literally, and the rustling thickets of a forest. The expression is explanatory of seclusum nemus ; of. 638-9. 705. Letbaeum amnem: the river of Lethe. The word Lethe (X.-^drj) means forgetfulness ; see note on 132. . 707. ao velut ubi : euen as when, apes : for the simile, of. I. 480 ff. 709. strepit murmure : hums with their buzzing; i.e. the buzzing of the bees. The application of the simile is left to the imagina- tion. Note the onomatopoea. 710. horrescit ; is thrilled. 711. quae sint, etc. : what is that river yonder. The indirect question depends upon causas requirit. porro : in this sense, afar, an archaism. 715. securos latices, etc. : " drink heedless draughts of long forgetfulness" (Rhoades); securos is a case of transferred epithet, the latices making men securi, free from care, et longa oblivia : explanatory of securos latices. 716. has : so. animas, emphatic 717. iampridem cupio : I have long desired. The words belong to the previous verse as well as to this, banc prolem enumerare meorum : eoen to count this, the race of my children; the words explain more fuUy the previous verse. Note the asyndeton, Aas . . . hanc taking the place of connectives. 718. quo magis, etc. : that so thou mayest rejoice with me the more at finding Italy. Italia reperta is an ablative absolute. 7ig. O pater, anne, etc. : iut, father, must we suppose that any souls pass aloft from here to earth, and return a second time to slug- gish bodies f The use of anrie in a single direct question is rare, and implies astonishment. For caelum as the heaven of Hades, i.€. earth, cf . caeli suspectus, 579. 721. quae luois miseris, etc. : why have unhappy beings so mad a desire for life f lucis is the light of life. With miseris supply est. It is used proleptically ; the animae become miserae on earth. 723. susoipit : replies ; literally, takes up. (In the simile, 707 ff., there is an effective use of s and u sounds, to represent the humming of bees. In 719, note the striking brevity, the 496 NOTES verb of saying being omitted. The vocative, however (O pater), makes the meaning clear.) Lines 724-751. The Doctrine of the Anima Mundi. 724. principlo : in the first place; a formal expression, showing the argumentative or didactic character of the passage it intro- duces, campus liquentis : poetical for < the sea.' 725. Titania astra : Titan's star, i.e. the sun, called Titan in IV. 119. The plural is used meiri causa. 726. spiritus intus alit: a spint within sustains, totamqne infusa per artus, etc. : and mind, pervading its members, moves the whole mass, -and mingles udth its mighty frame ; of. Tennyson : — " Thou that seest Universal Nature moved by Univeral Mind." (To Virgil.) 728. inde : thence ; i.e. from this spiritus or mens, called in prose the -anima mundi. Understand est. vitae volantum : the life of winged things; "flying fowl"(Billson) preserves the alliteration. 729. et quae marmoreo, etc. : and the strange shapes ocean bears beneath his dazzling floor ; marmoreo aequore is Homer's oAa imp/mperiv, and Virgil doubtless thinks of the Greek rather than the strictly Latin meaning, ' marble surface.' 730. igneus est, etc. : fiery is the vigor and divine the source of those life-seeds. The second clause explains the first. The source of all life, the anima mundi, or spiritits, which permeates all things, is of the nature of fire, each individual living being containing a particle, a seed, or spark from this divine fire. 731. quantum non noxia corpora tardant: so far as harmful bodies do not clog them, or earthly limbs and mortal frames do not dull them. The general meaning is that the mortal body acts as a clog, upon the immortal- spirit; of. 720-1 above. The idea is very common in English poetry ; cf. Pope : — " Vital spark of heavenly flame, Quit, oh quit this mortal frame 1 " NOTES 497 and Shakespeare : — "But whilst this muddy vesture of decay Doth grossly close it in." (^Merchant of Venice, Act. V. Sc. 1. ) 733. hinc metuunt, etc. -. hence their fears and desires, their griefs and Joys. Human emotions and passions are due to this union with the body, which disturbs the normal tranquillity of the soul, neque auras dispiciunt, etc. : nor can they discern the light of heaven, pent up in the gloom of their dark dungeon. The feminine clausae shows that animae has become the subject. 735. quin et, etc. : nay, when at the last day life has left them ; quin et = quin etiam. 736. non tamen omne malum miseris, etc. : still, not all the evil, alas! not all the plagues of the body quit them utterly; miseris is dative, being literally ' from the wretched.' 737. penitusque necesse est, etc. ^ and it must needs be that many a taint, long growing with the soul, should in wondrous wise be deeply ingrained. The words concreta and inolescere refer properly to the grafting of a shoot upon another tree. 739. ergo ezercentur poenis, etc. : therefore are they schooled with penalties, and for past sins pay punishment ; ergo, i.e. in order to remove the taint. 740. aliae panduntur, etc. : some are hung stretched out to the void 741. aliis sub gurgite vasto, etc. : — "Some have the dye of guilt Purged in vast whirlpool, or burnt out with fire." (Rhoades.) 742. infectum : literally stained or dyed, so that infectum scelus • is a bold expression for scelus quo infecti sunt, the guilt wherewith they are dyed. 743. quisque suos patimur Manis : each of us suffers his own spirit. The form of the expression is due to Greek influence ; suos, instead of nostros, because of the distributing force of quisque. Manis is an equivalent for genius (halfuov, English demon^, the 498 NOTES attendant spirit which accompanies a man through life, and on his return to the other world, punishes him until he is purged of guilt. Thus the spirit is the agent for administering the punish- ment described in the three verses preceding. For the thought of this and succeeding verses, we may compare Plato: "Now it is said that the genius who has had charge of each man in his life, forthwith leads hiVn after death to a place where the dead must assemble and be judged, and then go to Hades with the guide who has been appointed to take them thither. And when they have received their deserts there, and remained for the time appointed, another guide brings them back again after many long cycles of time." (Phaedo, ch. LVII.) ex- inde per amplum mittimur Elysium, etc. : then through broad Elysium we are sent; i.e. after purification. 744. et paucl laeta arva tenemus : and remain, a few of us, in the joyous fields. For clearness, the paratactic clause might be rendered parenthetically : a few of us to remain in the joyous fields. The pauci limits the application of tenemus. All the souls of whom Anchises has been speaking in 739 ff. are sent to Elysium, but there a separation takes place. A few (Anchises being one of these) remain for ever there, regaining in time their original pur- ity ; but most of the souls must drink of the water of oblivion and then return to new bodies (of. 713-5). 745. donee longa dies, etc. : till lapse of time, when the ages' cycle is complete, has taken out the ingrained taint, and leaves unsoiled the ethereal sense and pure fire of spirit. 748. has omnis : all these (sc. animas) ; the pauci of 744 are to be omitted, ubi mille rotam volvere, etc. : when they have com- pleted the cycle of a thousand years. This, then, is the period of their purgation in Elysium. 749. deus : i.e. Mercury. 750. scilicet immemores, etc. : that so, (mark you) with memory lost, they may revisit the vault above; supera convexa = the earth. 751. rursuB et incipiant, etc. : and begin to desire to return again to the body. This idea comes logically before that of revisant; a case of hysteron proteron. NOTES 499 (In this didactic passage, there are many instances of archaic or quaint diction used by "Virgil to give a poetic coloiing to what might easily have become prosaic. Distinct archaisms are ollis (730), modis mifis (738), aurai (747). Other quaint expressions are campos liquentis (724), globum lunae (725), volantum = avium (728), mar- moreo aequore (729), inolescere (738) rotam volvere (748), and the pleonasm rursus reverti (752) . One of the most alliterative verses in Virgil is 727 ; cf. also 725, 728, 729, 732, 736, 737, and 742.) Lines 7S6-853' Thb Future Heroes of Rome. 756. quae deinde sequatur gloria : what glory shall hereafter attend. The indirect question is governed by expediam, 759. 757. maneant: sc. te. Itala de gente : of the Italian stock ; i.e. the descendants of Aeneas and his Italian ■wife, Lavinia. ' The Itala gens is put side by side with the Dardania proles, to which lulus belongs. 758. animas : the construction now changes to a direct accusa- tive, governed by expediam. nostrum in nomen ituras : who will inherit our name. 760. vides : parenthetical, pura basta : a headless spear. In olden days this was given as a prize to a young warrior after Win- ning his first success. 761. prozima lucis loca: a place nearest the light; lucis, with the same meaning as in 721. For the genitive, instead of the dative, with proxima, cf. vicina Thybridis area. III. 500 (Bennett). The proximity, however, of loca here, as of aroa there, probably determines the choice of case, primus . . . surget: emphatic asyndeton. 762. aetherias : the aether is equivalent to caelum, which, as we have seen, can be used of earth in comparison with the lower world. See 579. 763. Albanum nomen : all the Alban kings are said to have had the surname Silvius. postuma : latest. 764. serum : late-born, supplementing longaevo. 765. eduoet : bring forth. The contrast between his humble 500 . NOTiBS Fig. 73. Coeona Civica. surroundings and his lofty destiny is emphasized by the colloca- tion regem regumque, and by the spondaic rhythm of the verse. 769. pariter ; i.e. equally with thee. 770. si umquam, etc. : we are told that he was kept out of his kingdom for half a century, regnandam : used, like regendam, as if regnare were transitive. A Grecism. 772. civili quercu : the garland of the ' civic oak ' was given to one who saved the life of a citizen in battle. The honor was con- ferred upon Augustus in 27 B.C. 773. tibi ; ethical dative. Nomentum : Virgil names eight (in two groups of four each) of the thirty colonies of the Prisci Latini. In Virgil's day, most of these were in a state of desolation, but the poet takes pride in the antiqui- ties and past glories of his native land. The Aeneid revived an interest in these places among his contemporaries (cf . Sir Walter Scott's influence in Scotland). 777. quin et : as in 735. avo : i.e. N^umitor. comitem sese addet : shall join. Romulus restored Numitor to his kingdom. Mavortius : son of Mars. 779. educet : as in 765. viden ut stant : Virgil uses both the form viden ( = videsne, with e shortened) and the indicative in the indirect question as archaisms. They are common in early Latin literature, and were still in use in the colloquial language of the poet's day. geminae cristae : twin plumes; referring to the double- plumed helmet worn by Mars. 780. pater ipse : here of Mars, but commonly of Jupiter, auo Buperum iam signat bonore : by his own token even now marks him for the vwrld above ; superum (predicate accusative) is not equal to deum, but is to be explained in the light of apud superos (568), superne (658), supera (750), and refers to earth in contrast to the NOTES 501 lower world. By honore, Virgil means the geminae cristae. On earth Romulus will become a true son of Mars, renowned in war. 7S1. en huius auspiciis, etc. : — " Lo ! 'neath his auspices yon glorious Rome Shall hound, my son, her empire with the world, Her pride with heaven. " (Rhoades.) imperium terris, etc. : cf . I. 287. 783. septemque una sibi, etc. : and seven hills she, a single city, will within her wall enclose; sibi is a dative of interest, sufficiently translated in her. The thought may seem weak after the previous verse, but the city was the centre and embodiment of Roman power, and, to the true Roman, the grandest feature of the empire. The following simile shows how fully the poet personifies her. He has already used this verse in a patriotic passage in the Georgics (II. 535), where he also speaks proudly of Rome as rerum pulcherrima, the fairest glory of the world. 784. feliz prole virum : Uest in her brood of men. The words are thought to have a reference to the legislation of Augustus against race-suicide. quails Berecyntla mater, etc. : even as the Berecyntian mother rides, turret-crowned, in her car. through the Phrygian cities. The reference is to Cybele, the Magna Mater of the gods, called Berecyntia after a Phrygian mountain sacred to her. She appears in works of art wearing a miiral crown, i.e. one representing walls and battlements, she having first taught men to fortify cities. See Fig. 31. Byron compares Venice to Cybele : — " She looks a sea Cybele, fresh from ocean Rising with her tiara of proud towers At airy distance, with majestic motion, A ruler of the waters and their powers." {Childe Harold, TV. 2.) 786. laeta deum partu : parallel to felix prole virum, 784. 787. omnis caelicolas, etc:, all denizens of heaven, all tenants of the heights above. 502 NOTES 788. geminas aciea : thy two eyes. 789. Romanosque tuos : -que is explanatory. Caesar : i.e. Augustus. 790. caeli Ventura sub azem : of. note on superum, 780. 791. hie vir, hie : of. note on II. 746. The second hie has short i, which for Virgil is an archaism. 792. Divi genus: sc. Caesaris, son of the divine Caesar; i.e. of Julius Caesar, who was deified after death, and styled Divus. Augustus was his adopted son. aurea condet saecula qui rursus : who will set up again the Golden Age. This is an unusual case of postponement of the relative ; it throws great emphasis on the main idea. 793. regnata per arva Saturno quondam : amid the fields once ruled over by Saturn. For regnata, of. regnandam, TIQ. In arva (from arare, to plough) there seems to be a reference to the efforts made by Augustus to revive agriculture in Italy. 794. Saturno : dative of agent. Saturn ruled in Latium during the first Golden Age. Garamantas : these people entered into a treaty with Augustus the year of Virgil's death, B.C. 19. Indos : the word is applied loosely to people of the far east. The Romans had little to do with the Indi proper, but the reference is probably to the Parthians, who in B.C. 20 restored to Augustus the standards lost by Crassus in B.C. 53. 795. iacet extra sidera tellus : the construction suddenly changes, so as to present more vividly the vast extent of Roman sway. Instead of saying, " beyond the remotest lands of Africa,'' Anchises says : beyond the stars, beyond the paths of the year and the sun, there lies a land where Atlas, etc. extra sidera: i.e. beyond the signs of the zodiac. The phrase is explained by extra anni solisque vias, i.e. beyond the path followed by the sun in his annual course 797 = IV. 482. The verse is a reminiscence of Ennius. See Introd. § 25. 798. huius in adventum : against his coming. 799. responsis horrent divum : shudder by reason of divine oracles ; divum = divorum. NOTES 503 800. turbant trepida : tremble in terror. 802. fizerit aeripedem cervam licet : though, he pierced the hrazenrfooted deer. For the syntax, of. 400, with note ; Jixerit is a concessive subjunctive in parataxis with licet. The reference is to the fourth labor of Hercules, his capture of the wonderful Arcadian deer, which he had pursued for a year. 803. pacarit : syncopated form of pacaverit. The capture of the Erymanthian boar was the third of the hero's labors. Lernam : the slaughter of the Lernaean hydra was the second labor of Hercules ; cf . belua Lernae, 287. 804. nee qui, etc. -. nor Liber, who in triumph guides his car with vine-clad reins, driving his tigers down from Nysa's lofty crest. Liber ( = Bacchus) was fabled to have journeyed in his car, drawn by tigers (or panthers, according to the Greek poets), from Nysa, a mountain in India, all over the world. With nee we must Fig- 74. Hercules supply tantum telluris obivit. ^^° "^^^ Hydka. Augustus is compared to Hercules and Bacchus, because, like them, he has carried the blessings of civilization throughout the world. He has been as untiring as Hercules in eradicating evils ; he has journeyed as far and wide as Bacchus himself. It is true that the labors of Hercules, here cited, were confined to a small area, but Virgil blends two ideas, and while he speaks mainly of the wide range of Roman power, he also thinks of the beneficent character of the rule of Augustus. 806. et dubitamus, etc. : and do we still hesitate to extend our prowess by deeds, etc. For et, cf . " And shall Trelawney die ? " Anchises means that when they see the future glory of Augustus thus revealed, the Trojans need have no hesitation in entering upon their career in Italy. 808. olivae : emblem of peace. 809. sacra ferens : i.e. as priest, iucaua meuta: hoary chin; the plural used metri causa. 810. regis Romani : i.e. Numa. The kings of Rome were (1) Romulus, (2) Numa Pompilius, (3) Tullus Hostilius, (4) Ancus 504 NOTES Martius, (5) Tarquinius Priscus, (6) Servius TuUius, (7) Tar- quinius Superbiis. primani urbem : the infant city. 8ii. Curibus: Nuina was born at Cures, in the rugged Sabine country. 8i2. Bubibit : shall succeed. 815. iactantior : uver-boastful. Note the assonance in iactantior Ancus. 816. quoque : even, popularibus auris : the breezes of public favor. According to one account, Ancus courted the people, so as to secure the succession ; but, according to the common tradi- tion, the verse is better suited to Servius TuUius, whom Virgil includes among the Tarquinii. 817. animam superbam : the last Tarquin was called superbus, but he was driven out by the equally proud Brutus. Thus Virgil intentionally transfers the well-known epithet. 818. fascis receptos : the fasces were the symbols of authority, and that authority was wrested from, the Tarquins and given back to the people. 8ig. saevas securis : take consulis with this as well as with imperium. 820. notos pater : emphatic juxtaposition. The father put his sons to death for plotting to restore the Tarquins. 821. pulchra pro libertate : the use oi pulehra, combined with the alliteration and weighty rhythm of the verse, shows that Virgil is speaking with fervor on a lofty theme. 822. infeliz, utcumque, etc. : unhappy, however much posterity shall extol that deed; ferent, as in the common phrase prae seferre, to proclaim, celebrate. The meaning is that in the struggle between love and duty, the latter will prevail. So speaks the tender- hearted Virgil, who nevertheless recognizes that these heroes of old were " made of sterner stuff," so that their personal affections yielded to their love of country and the glory which that patriot- ism was sure to bring (823). This was the unanimous interpretation of the passage in an- tiquity. Many modern editions make a new sentence begin with utcumque, rendering : " However posterity shall view (censure) that NOTES 505 deed, yet the love of country and passion for. glory will prevail." As a matter of fact, antiquity — so far as we know — was unani- mous in its praise of Brutus. So Augustine, City of God, Book m. ch. 16. As to Virgil, it is in a somewhat similar fashion that, in Book IV., he feels compassion for Dido, yet commends Aeneas for sinking his affections when duty calls him. 824. quin aspice : see note on quin morere, IV. 547. Decios : heroes of the Latin and Gallic wars. Drusos : this reference to M. Livius Drusus, conqueror of Hasdrubal, also involves a com- pliment to Livia Drusilla, wife of Augustus, and her son Drusus, of whom Augustus was very fond, saevutn securi : in his consul- ship, B.C. 340, Torquatus, like Brutus, put his son to death for disobedience. 825. referentem signa : Camillus recovered the standards cap- tured by the Gauls at the battle of the AUia, B.C. 390. 826. illae aniiuae : i.e. Caesar and Pompey. fulgSre : here of the third conjugation. 827. Concordes nunc et, etc. : "Of one heart now and whUe in darkness penned." (Ehoades.) 829. acies : battles. 830. aggeribus Alpinis : the Alps are, as it were, the northern ramparts of Italy, socer : i.e. Caesar, who gave his daughter Julia to Pompey as wife, arce Monoeci : note the assonance. Monoe- cus (now Monaco) is put by- synecdoche for Gaul, whence Caesar passed into Italy. 831. adversis Xiois : so. agminibus,- arrayed with confronting forces of the East. Pompey's troops came largely from Greece and Asia Minor. 832. pueri : my sons, ne tanta animls adsuescite bella : steel not your hearts to such warfare ; a case of hypallage for animos ad- suescite bellis. 833. validas viscera vertite viris : in this unusual alliteration Virgil is imitating some passage in early Latin literature. 834. paroe : forbear. Caesar granted an amnesty after the 506 NOTES battle of Thapsus. genua qui ducis Olympo : because Caesar was said to be descended from Aeneas, and therefore from Venus and Jupiter. 835. sanguis mens : nominative for vocative. 836. ille : i.e. Mummius, who destroyed Corinth in B.C. 146. tri- umphata Corintho : triumphare is here used transitively. The triumph of Mummius was particularly famous, because of the splendid works of art which he carried in procession. Capitolia : plural for singular ; cf . astra, 725. 838. eruet ille Argos, etc. : L. Aemilius Paulus defeated Per- seus, the last king of Macedon, at Pydna, B.C. 168. Argos and Mycenae, ancient seats of Greek power, represent Greece as a whole ; but Greece was not finally conqueried until B.C. 146. The next note, however, will show why Virgil here indulges in a poetic fiction. 839. Aeaciden : usually applied to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, but here to Perseus, who, as king of Macedonia, claimed to be descended from Achilles, the grandson of Aeacus. Descendants of Trojans, therefore, are to conquer descendants of the great Greek captain. 840. templa et temerata Minervae : and Minerva's outraged shrine; i.e. the outrage perpetrated in her temple; cf. II. 404. 841. magne Cato : i.e. Cato the Censor, the sturdy advocate of old Roman simplicity. 842. Gracchi genus : especially the two brothers, Tiberius and Gains, geminos Scipiadas : the two Scipios, one of whom was the conqueror of Hannibal, while the younger destroyed Carthage, B.C. 146. The form Scipiones ( ^ ) is inadmissible in the hexameter, hence the use of the patronymic. 843. cladem Libyae : the bane of Libya ; Libyae = Africae ( ^ ), which cannot be used in dactylic verse, parvo poten- tem: strong in poverty; "puissant in poverty" (Rhoades) pre- serves the alliteration. 844. suico, Serraue, serentem : Serranus, a cognomen of Reg- ulus, was supposed to come from sero, " sow," because when sum- moned to the consulship, he was sowing seed on his farm. NOTES 507 845. quo fessum rapitis, Fabii : whither do ye whirl me, Fa- bii, wearied as I am f The expression is a rhetorical artifice, to ex- cuse the poet from entering on a lengthy record. The Fabii are famous in the annals of Kome, but Virgil singles out the well- known opponent of Hannibal, Q. Fabius Maximus, who by his tactics earned the surname of Cunetator. 846. This verse is a close reproduction of one in the A nnals of Eunius : units homo nobis cunctando restituit rein. See Introd. § 35. Note the monosyllabic ending, common in early poetry ; rem = rem pubUcam. 847. excndent : the future tense, because Anchises is proph- esying, alii : Virgil is, of course, thinking of the Greeks, spi- rantia aera : i.e lifelike statues, mollius : referring to the soft, smooth lines which give to the whole the appearance of real flesh. 848. credo equidem : cf . IV. 12. The phrase is concessive. ducent : will shape. The verb is properly applied to ductile (i.e. pliable) materials, but is here extended to marble, from which, as it were, the artist draws forth the features. 849. orabunt causas melius : even in oratory, Virgil gives the palm to Greece, so as to bring into higher relief the undoubted superiority of the Romans in the art of government, caelique meatus desoribent radio, etc. : Virgil refers to science, especially astronomy, from which he instances the tracing of the sun's course through the zodiac, and a knowledge of the rising of the stars. By radio is meant the rod used for tracing astronomical figures in the sand. 851. populos: nations. 852. artes : Virgil speaks of the arts of government, because of the contrast with the arts of sculpture and oratory, etc. pacique imponere morem : to crown Peace with Law. The singular morem is more abstract than mores, which is used in moresque viris et moenia ponet, I. 264. Virgil is thinking of the beneficent rule of Augustus, who brought peace to the world, and then to that peaceful world gave the blessings of law and order, in a word, civilization. Most editors, however, read pads (for which the 508 NOTES authority is slight), the phrase pacii morem 'being the ' laws of peace.' The sentiment is much finer with pad. (The revelation to Aeneas passes into a splendid eulogy of Rome's future heroes. These are divided into chronological groups, (a) Alban kings, (b) Roman kings, (c) republican heroes ; but within these groups chronological order is neglected. Augustus occupies the cen- tral place, and appears after Romulus, as being a second founder of Roman empire. The republican heroes are headed by those who were most eminent for patriotism, as Brutus, the deliverer, and Torquatus, who like Brutus slew his own son for his country's sake ; the self- sacrificing Decii ; Camillus and Drusus, who waived their personal feelings to save the state. In contrast to these (autem, 826) follow Caesar and Pompey, who turned their forces against the state (833). Lastly come brilliant representatives of that large number who fought for their country in their country's wars. The secret of Rome's strength, as seen in this imposing historical review, is summed up by Virgil in some of the most majestic verses in Roman literature (847-853), showing how fully the poet realized the glory of his theme. * Special artistic effects are numerous throughout, and Virgil seems to be largely under the spell of the first great Roman epic poet, Ennius, a verse of whose is suggested in 797, while another closes the catalogue of heroes (846). Note especially the prominence of alliteration, as in 769, -761, 762, 763, 765, 769, 786, 800, 811, 819, 821, 824, 830, 833, 834, 836, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 846, 849, 850, 851 {regere ... Bomane), 853 (subiectis . . . superbos). Other means by which vividness is increased are (a) exclamatory forms of thought : 771, 822, 828 ; (B) interrogative forms : 779, 806, 808, 817, 841, 842, 844 ; (c) anaphora : 773^, 787, 791, 828-9, 832, 834, 841-2 ; (d) asyndeton: 761, 776, 782, 786-7, 788, 823, 848, 851; (e) apostrophe: 832, 834, 841, 844, 846, 861 ; (/) special metrical effects : 764-5, 774, 792, 799, 801-2, 810, 821, 828, 846.) Lines 854-892. The Marcelli. 854. mirantibuB : sc. eis. Aeneas and the Sibyl are speU-bound with the glory of the revelation. 855. aspice ut ingredltur: cf. the note on viden ut stant, 779. insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis : this Marcellus was a hero of the Second Punic War, and won these 'splendid spoils' at Clasti- NOTES 509 Fig. 75. The Elder Marcellus AND THE spolia opima. dium, by slaying with his own hand the cliief of the Insubrian Gauls, B.C. 222. 857. rem = rem publicam, as in 846. 858. sistet eqyxes: with his horsemen will uphold; literally, as a horseman will uphold. The battle of Clastidium was a cavalry engagement. Foenos : i.e. the Carthaginians. Under Marcel- lus, the Romans won their first victory over Hannibal at Nola. rebellem : in its strict sense of renewing the war, ioT before the battle of Clastidium the Insubrians had sued for peace. 859. tertia arma capta : Marcellus won the spolia opima for the third time in Roman history, his predecessors being Romulus and Cossus (841). patri Quirino : i.e. the deified Romulus. 860. Aeneas : sc. ait. una ire videbat ; he saw coming with him. 861. iuvenem :.. the young Marcellus, son of the emperor's sister Octavia. He was adopted by Augustus and chosen as his successor, but died in B.C. 23, in his twentieth year, universally lamented. He seems to have, been a youth .of wonderful promise and noble character. 862. laetaparum: sad. deiecto lumina voltu : his eyes down- cast; poetic fulness for either , lumina deiecta or voltijts delectus. Virgil is perhaps describing the appearance in life of the young Marcellus, who seems to have had a premonition of his early death. 863. virum : i.e. the elder Marcellus. sic ; i.e. as we see. S65. quantum instar in ipso : what a noble form is his ! quan- tum here takes the place of the genitive, which is regularly used with instar; cf. II. 15. 866. sed nox atra, etc. -. cf. II. 360. 867. ingressiis (esi) : sc. dicere. 868. gnate : the archaic form is well suited to an emotional cf. note on gnati, 116. 510 NOTES 86g. tantum : only. Fate will give but a glimpse of him to earth, ultra esse : to live longer. See note on 861. 870. uimium vobis visa potens, etc. : too mighty, ye gods, it seemed the Roman stock would be, were these gifts lasting. The .omission of esset being veryrare, it is better to regard visa as the perfect indicative, voUs visa est being equivalent to putavistis. The sifuissent is due to the resulting indirect discourse, and represents sifuerint, (sit potens) of the direct. 871. haec dona: i.e. Marcellus. 872. ille campus : i.e. the Campus Martins, in which the Mau- soleum of Augustus was situated, magnam Mavortia urbem: i.e. Rome, founded by Romulus, son of Mars. 873. aget: send forth, quae funera: we are told that in the funeral procession of Marcellus, there were six hundred couches, carrying images <3f his ancestors. . 874. tumulum recentem : the Mau- soleum of Augustus was built in B.C. 27, four years before the death of Marcel- lus. praeterlabere : the long word has a picturesque effect. 875. ueo puer Iliaca quisquam, etc. : nor will any youth of Trojan stock exalt so greatly with his promise his Latin ancestors ; spe means the promise shown by the youth, the promise of what he is likely to become. Mar- cellus, while yet a boy, will reflect glory on his Latin ancestors. 877. se tantum iactabit : take such pride in. alumno :=Jilio ( \j ), a metrically impossible form. 878. heu pietas, etc. ; for his goodness ! for his old-world honor! prisco, means worthy of the olden times. 879. se impune tulisset obvius : would have met him unscathed, obuius for obvium by attraction. Understand si vixisset. Anchises speaks from the point of view of Virgil himself, who has survived Marcellus. 880. pedes : nominative singular, as a foot-soldier. The Kiver-god Tiber, NOTES 511 88i. equi armos : his horse's flanks. 882. si qua fata aspera rumpas, tu Marcellus eris : if in any way thou couldst hurst the harsh bonds of fate, thou shalt be Marcellus. The conditional sentence is naiixed iu form, because Anchises expresses a wish as well as a condition ; in other words, apart from the wish, we- should have rumpes or ruperis, but even as he utters the thought, Anchises realizes its hopelessness. ' To ' burst the harsh bonds of fate ' means, of course, to escape the early death to which he is doomed. By Marcellus, Virgil means not merely the spes Marcelli, the youth of great promise (see note on 875), but the man Marcellus, the glory of the empire. Some place a mark of exclamation after rumpas, and make tu Marcellus eris an independent sentence ; but though this gives good sense, it breaks up the connection in thought and substitutes dis- jointed utterances, which are never found in Virgil at the climax of a scene, however pathetic. 883. manibus date lilia plenis, etc. : bring me lilies with full hands. Anchises imagines himself present at the funeral of Marcellus. It is characteristic of Dante that he represents angelic bands as crying not merely, in the words of Scripture, benedictus qui venis, but also manibus date lilia plenis from Virgil (Purgatorio, Canto XXX. 19-21). 884. purpureos flores : cf. V. 79, and see note on purpureas vesles, 221 above, spargam : a volitive subjunctive, expressing a proposal unconnected with date, thus differing from the syntax of date volnera lymphis abluam, IV. 683. H. & B. 501, 2. The words manibus plenis belong to spargam as much as to dale, ani- mamque nepotis, etc. . let me heap o'er my offspring's shade at least these gifts'. The construction is similar to that of verbs of pre- senting with, etc. 887. aeris in campis : in the misty plains. 8go. gerenda : sc. sint. Bgi. Laurentis populos : i.e. the people of Laurentum, the capital of Latinus. 892. Cf. ni.459. 512 NOTES (The dirge of Maroellas — the most pathetic scene in Roman litera- ture — furnishes a fitting close to this noble book. For an interesting incident associated with it, see Introd. § 13. As here we have the death of a nation's idol, so the preceding books close respectively with the death of (II) Creusa, (UI) Anchises, (IV) Dido, (V) Pali- nurus. This passage, like the preceding, abounds in alliterative effects: e.g. 856, 857, 858, 859, 865, 869, 872, 876, 877, 878, 887, 892. Apostrophe (871, 873, 882), personification {ille campus aget, 872), and exclamation (865, 872-3, 878) are most effectively employed, and the representation of Anchises as a mourner, particularly in the funeral obsequies (883-5) , is a strikingly beautiful device. The spondaic rhythm of 860 indicates the sorrowful tone of the nar- rative following, and the sadness is strongly emphasized by the same ihythm in two successive verses (868, 869), as well as in 877. It is still felt in 888.) Lines 893-901. Aeneas and the Sibyl return to the Upper World. 893. Somni portae : Virgil's gates of sleep correspond to Homer's gates of dreams (Odyssey, XIX. 562 &.). fertur cornea : is said to he of horn. 895. candenti perfecta nitens elepbanto : gleaming with the sheen of polished icory ; literally, made gleaming, etc. 8g6. falsa insomnia : false visions, i.e. of the shades, not the shades themselves, mittunt : i.e. through the ivory gate. 897. his : with dictis. 898. portaque emittlt eburna : Virgil probably intends here merely to give a note of time. It was a popular idea that false dreams came before, and true dreams after, midnight. Aeneas entered Hades at dawn (255), was haK way at noon (535), and makes his exit before midnight. 900. recto litore : straight along the shore ; ablative of the route ; see note on II. 266. 901. = III. 277. (These concluding verses are of little importance in themselves, but give a parting scene coi-responding to the landing described at the opening of the book. They also serve the artistic purpose of' furnish- ing a quiet close after an intensely emotional passage. 'J'lie^vc\is,Illyrian. Ilus, -i, m. 1, Son of Tros and king of Troy. 2, An earlier name of Asoanius or lulus. imago, -inis, f., image, form, shape, figure, likeness; sem- blance, appearance ; ghost, shade, phantom, apparition ; picture, conception, 6, 405. imber, -bris, m., rain, rain-storm, rain-cloud, storm, water, flood. imitabilis, -e [imitor], adj., that may be imitated. imitor, 1, imitate, counterfeit. immanis, -e, adj., monstrous, huge, vast, enormous ; atrocious, savage, fierce, cruel, dreadful. immenior, -oris [in- -|- memov], unmindful, forgetful, heedless. immensus, -a,-um [in- -|-metior], adj., unmeasured, boundless, vast, immense, mighty. immergo, -ere, -mersi, -mersus [in -f mergol; plunge into, im- merse, drown, overwhelm. Immeritus, -a, -um [in- -)- meri- iminineo 63 improbus tus], adj., undeservmg, guiltless, innocent. immineo, -ere, hang over, over- hang, threaten. iinmisceo, -ere, -niiscui, -mix- tus or -mlstus [in + misoeo] , mingle with; blend with; fade into, vanish into or in. immitis, -e [in- + mitis], adj., not mild, harsh, cruel, merciless, fierce. immitto, -ere, -mlsi, -missus, send into or to ; let go, let loose, urge on ; admit, let in ; let grow, 3, 593 ; w. habenas, loosen, slacleen, give loose reins to; w. se, dash into, rush into. immo, adv., nay rather, nay then, nay but. Immortalis, -e [in- -f- mortalis], immortal, undying, imperishable. Imniotus, -a, -um [in- -I- motus], adj., unmoved, motionless, im- movable, fixed, unshaken, stead- fast. iininngio, -ire, -ivi or -ii [in + mugio], bellow within, resound, roar. imniundus, -a, -um [in- -|- mun- dus], adj., unclean, dirty, foul, impar, -paris [in- -I- par], adj., unequal, in unequal combat, 1 475. impedio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [in -I- pes], entangle, encircle, involve ; impede, obstruct, inter- weave. impello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [in-|- pello] , push, drive to or against, drive; impel, push onward or forward, urge, set in motion, w. renios, set in motion, ply. imperium, -i [impero], n., com- mand, power, authority, sov- ereignty, dominion ; empire, kingdom. impero, 1, command, order. imipetus, -5s [in -1- peto], m., at- tack, assault; impulse, impetus, violence. impiger, -gra, -grum [in- -I- pi- ger], not slow, not slothful; quick, nothing loath. impingo, -ere, -pegi, -pactus [in + pango], dash against, drive against, force against. impius, -a, -um [in- -|- pius], adj., impious, evil, base; unnatural, undutiful. implacatus, -a, -um [In- + plaoo], insatiate, unappeased. Impleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletus [in -H pleo], fill, fill up, satisfy. implies, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus, or -itus, enfold, entwine, infuse, w. se, cling to. Imploro [in + ploro, wail], 1, im- plore, beg for, beseech, entreat. impono, -ere, -posui, -positus [in + yono'], place (or put) in, into, upon or over, crown ; impose, set. Imprecor [in + precor], 1, impre- cate, invoke good or evil against one. Imprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus, [in + primo], press to or upon, stamp, engrave, emboss. improbus, -a, -um [in- -|- probus] , adj., wicked, bad, cruel, mali- cious; insatiate, ravenous, im- portunate ; braggart, 5, 397, improvidus 64 inconsultus improvl.lus, -a, -um [in- + pro- Tidus], adj., unforeseeing, un- wary, unsuspecting. Improvlsus, -a, -um [in- + pro- video], adj., unforeseen, un- locked for, unexpected, sudden. impiibes, -is or -eris [in- -t- pubes], adj., beardless, youth- ful, young, 5, 546. ImpSne [imp^lnis], adv., without punishment, with impunity. imus, -a, -um, adj., see inferus. In, prep. w. abl. and ace; (1) w. abl., in, on, upo7i, among, at; in case of, in respect to ; (2) w. ace, into, to, towards, against; on, upon, among, for. inamabllis, -e [in- -t- amo] adj., unlovely, hateful, hated, revolt- ing. InSnis, -e, adj., empty, vain, idle, useless, fruitless ; shadoioy, un- substantial, phantom. inbellis, -e [in- -f bellum], adj., unwarlike, feeble. incanus, -a, -um, adj., hoary, gray. Incassum, adv., in vain. Incautus, -a, -um [in- -|- cautus], adj., careless, off one'' 9 guard, unsuspecting. incedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, go, walk, advance, proceed, in a dignified or stately manner. incendlum, -i [incendo], n., fire, flame, conflagration. incendo, -ere, -cendi- -census, set fire to, kindle, burn; light up, make bright; inflame, in- cite, enrage, excite. Inceptum, -i [incipio], n., begin- ning, attempt, undertaking, pur- pose. incertus, -a, -um [in- -|- certus], adj., uncertain, doubtful, fickle ; ill-aimed, 2, 224; fitful, dim, indistinct. incessus, -us [incedo], m., walk, gait. incests, -are [incestus], defile, pollute. 1. incido, -ere, -cidi, [in- -f- cado],/aK upon, fall, meet. 2. incido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus fin- -I- caedo], cut into, cut. incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [in -\- capio], begin, undertake, es- say. Inclementla, -ae [in- -|- Clemens], 1, cruelty, severity. Includo, -ere, -clusi, -clnsus [in -)- claudo], shut up, shut in, in- close, confine. inclutus, -a, -um [in -f- cluo, clueo, ((cXi)m, ftear)], adj., illus- trious, famous, renowned. incognitus, -a, -um [in- -|- cog- nosco], adj., unknown. incoho, 1, begin, erect, lay the foundations of, make in out- line. Incolo, -ere, -colui [in -|- colo], inhabit, dwell in. incolumis, -e, adj., unharmed, uninjured, unimpaired, safe. Incomltatus, -a, -um, adj., un- accompanied, unattended, alone. inconcessus, -a, -um [in- -f con- cedo], adj., not permitted, not allowed, unlawful. inconsultus, -a, -um [in- -f con- sulo], adj., withottt advice. incredibilis 65 mers incredibilis, -e [in- + credo] ^ adj., incredible, strange. increpito [increpo], 1, challenge, chide. increpo, -are, -uT, -itus [rarely -avi,-atusj, rattle, clatter; chide, challenge, 6, 387. incresco, -ere, -evi, -cretus, grow in, npon, or up, shoot up, increase. incubo, -are, -ui (-avi), -Itus (-atus) [in -(- cubo], lie upon, rest upon; brood over, gloat over, 6, 6X0. incultus, -a, -nm [in- + colo], adj., uncultivated, wild, neg- lected, unkempt, disordered. incumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitus [in -I- old verb ouinbo], lie -upon, lean upon or over, overhang; fall upon, swoop down upon ; urge on, add weight to ; bend to any task, ply. Incurro, -ere, -curri or -cucurri, -cursus [in + curro], run into, rush in, into, or against, attack. incurvo [in -|- curvo], 1, bend. incBso [in -|- causa], chide, blame, accuse, upbraid; complain. incutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [in + quatio], strike upon, against, or into; put into. iiidago, -inis, 1, an encircling or enclosing of a portion of the forest with nets ; toils ; flg. , the chase. inde, adv. , from that place, from there, thence; from that time, then, next, after that. indebitus, a, -urn [in- -|- debeo], adj., not due, undeserved, un- promised. indeprensus, -a, -um [in- -f- prendo], adj., undiscovered, with- out a clew or solution, intricate. Indi, -oruiii, m., inhabitants of India, Indians. indicium, -i [indioo], n., dis- closure, proof, charge, testi- mony, evidence. indico, -ere, -dixl, -dictus [in -|- dico], declare, proclaim, an- nounce; appoint, order. indignor [indignus], 1, deem (or consider) . unworthy; be indig- nant or angry ; chafe, fret. Indignus, -a, -um [in- -|- dignus], adj., unworthy, undeserved; shameful, cruel. indomltus, -a, -um [in- -1- domo], adj., untamed, invincible, in- domitable; fierce, fiery, savage. indnco, -ere, -dnxi, -ductus [in + duco], draw on, put on; in- duce, influence, incite, persuade. indulges, -ere, -dulsi, -dultus, indulge in, give toay to, yield to. induo, -ere, -ui, -Gtus, put on, assume ; surround, deck, croion, 3, 526 ; pass, as middle w. ace, put on, gird one's self with ; Indutus, -a, -um, clad in, ar- rayed in. ineluctabilis, -e [of. luctor], adj., inevitable. ineo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [in -|- eo], go into, enter; enter upon, begin, undertake. inermis, -e [in- + arma], adj., unarmed, defenceless. iners, -ertis [in- -|- ars], adj., un- skilled, lasy, sluggish, timid, harmless; lifeless, dead, 2, 364. iuexpertus 66 ingeniino Inexpertus, -a, -um [in- + expe- rior], adj., untried. Inextrieabilis, -e [in- -|- extrico], adj., inextricable, intricate. Infabricatus, -a, -um [in- + fab- ricatus], adj., unwrought, un- shaped, rough. infandus, -a, -um [in- + for], adj., unspeakable, unutterable; dreadful, terrible, awful; base, cruel, detestable ; impious, abominable, iniquitous. infans, -antls [in- -|- for], adj., not speaking ; sutst., m. and f., an infant. Infaustus, -a, -um [in- + faustus], adj., ill-omened, ill-fated, un- fortunate. 1. infectus, -a, -um [in- + facio], adj., not made, not done, false. 2. infectus -a, -um [infioio] part, adj., stained, discolored, dyed, inwrought, ingrained. iufelix, -icis [in- ^f felix], adj., unhappy, wretched; unfortu- nate, unlucky, luckless; ill- omened, ill-fated. infensus, -a, -um, adj., hostile, destructive ; angry, enraged, furious. infernus, -a, -um [inferus], adj., infernal, of the Lower World. infers, -ferre, intuli, inlatus [in + fero], carry (or bring) to or into, bear to, into, or against; offer, sacrifice, present; w. se, advance, proceed, appear, pre- sent one'^s self; pass, as middle, pursue, follow. inferus, -a, -um, adj., beloio, underneath; oomp., inferior. -iuB, lower, inferior, worse; superl., infimus (or -imus), -a, -um, lowest, deepest, inmost, lowest part of, bottom. infestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile, deadly, fatal, threatening. infigo, -ere, -fixi -fixus [in -|- figo], ^K upon, fasten upon, im- pale ; fasten, fix, implant. infindo, -ere, -fidi, -fissus [in -1- flndo], cleave. infit, defect., he begins. inflammo [in + flamina], 1, kin- dle, set on fire, inflame. inflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexus [in -I- flecLo], bend; change, alter; move, influence, affect, sway. inflo [in -l-flo], 1, blow into, in- flate, fill, swell. iuformis, -e [in- -H forma], adj., shapeless, formless, misshapen, hideous, unsightly. infk-actus, -a, -um [in- -|- frango], adj., broken, weakened, over- come, subdued. infrendeo, -ctb, and -frendo, -ere, gnash the teeth. iuA-enus, -a, -um [in- -|- frenum], adj., unbridled, using no bridles. infula, -ae, f.,ftllet, head-band, of white and red wool used in religious ceremonies as a badge of consecration and sanctity. infundo, -ere, -fndi, -fSsus, pour in, into, or upon ; spread over, diffuse; infiise ; crowd, throng (used of people). ingemlno [in -|- gernino], 1, re- double, repeat ; be redoubled, increase, flash repeatedly. ingemo 67 luops iiigemo, -ere, -gemui [in- + ' gemo], groan, sigh, lament. ingens, -tis, adj., enormous, vast, huge, mighty, massive, immense, great. iiigratus, -a, -um [in- + gratus], adj., unpleasant, ungrateful, cold, unfeeling, unresponsive, 6, 213. Ingreclior, -i, -gressus [in + gradior], enter, walk, proceed, advance; undertake, enter upon. ingruo, -ere, -ui, burst upon, rush upon, sweeps on. inhio [in + hio], 1, gape, gape at, gaze at eagerly; inspect, ex- amine. iDlionestus, -a, -um [in- + liones- tus], adj., shameful, ignomin- ious, dishonorable, disfiguring, hideous. inhorreo, -ere, -ui [in -|- horreo], bristle ; of the sea, become rough, swell, rise. inhospitus, -a, -um [in- -fhospes], adj., unfriendly, inhospitable. Inhumatus, -a, -um [in- + hnmo] , adj., unburied. Inicio, -ere, -ieoi, -iectus [in -|- iacio], throw {cast or hurl) at, into, upon, or against. inimicus, -a, -um [in- -|- amicus], adj., unfriendly, hostile, destruc- tive. iniquus, -a, -um [in -f aequus] , adj., unfair, unjust; unfriendly, hostile, adverse ; unfavorable, disadvantageous ; narroio, dan- gerous; unfortunate, unhappy. Iniuria, -ae [in- -|- ins], 1, wrong. injury, injustice, story of wrong ; affront, insult. iniussus, -a, -um [in- -|- iubeo], adj., unbidden. inlabor, -i, -lapsus [in -|- labor], glide into, enter, inspire. inlaetabilis, -e [in- -|- laetabilis], adj., joyless, cheerless, dism'al, mournful. inlldo, -ere, -lisi, -lisus [in + laedo], dash (or strike) into, upon, or against ; drive upon, ■■ crash into. inlSdo, -ere, -ISsi, -ISsus [in -|- ludo], mock at, jeer at, make sport of, deride, insult. Inlnstris, -e [in, cf. lux], adj., bright, clear, brilliant; illus- trious, famous, renowned. inluvies, -el [in-, ct.\uo'\,t., filth. innecto, -ere, -iiexui, -nexus [in -I- necto], tie, bind, fasten ; bind around or about ; invent, de- vise, contrive. inno [in -|- no], 1, float upon, sail upon, swim in. innoxius, -a, -um [in- -I- noxius], adj., harmless. Innuineriis, -a, -um [in- -|- nu- merus], adj., countless, num- berless, innumerable. innnptus, -a, -um [in- -|- nubo], adj., unmarried, unwedded, vir- gin. inolesco,-ere,-olevi, -olitus, groto in, to, or upon, become ingrown or ingrained. inopinus, -a, -um [in-, cf. opinor], adj., unexpected, unforeseen. Inops, -opis [in- -l-ops], adj., poor, needy, destitute, bereft of_ Inous 68 insperatus Inous, -a, -um [Ino], adj., of or belonging to Ino ; son of Ino, 5, 823. Ino was a daughter of Cadmus and wife of Athamas ; she leaped into the sea with her child Melicertes in her arms ; the j;ods changed her into a sea god- dess, Leucothea, and her son Into a sea god Palaemon. Inquain, defect., say. inremeabllis, -e [in-, cf. remo], adj., that lohich cannot be gone over again, irretraceable ; inex- tricable. iiirideo, -ere, -risi, -risus [in + rideo], laugh at, mock, in- sult, deride. inrigo [in-l-rigo], 1, water, be- dew ; diffuse, pervade. inritatus, -a, -uih [inrito], part, and adj., irritated, provoked, excited, exasperated, incensed. inritus, -a, -um [in- -|- reor], adj., vain, ineffectual, useless, to no purpose, fruitless. Inrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus [in + rumpo], break into ; burst (or rush) into or through. inruo, -ere, -ul [in -|- ruo], rush into or upon. insania, -ae [insanus], f., insan- ity, madness, folly. insanus, -a, -um [in- + sanug], adj., insane, mad; inspired. inscius, -a, -um [in-, of. scio] , adj . , not knowing, ignorant, unaware, unconscious ; amazed, bewil- dered. inscribo, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptus [in + scribo], write upon or in, mark, inscribe. fnsequor, -sequT, -secutus [in + sequor], follow, pursue, follow up ; persecute, harass ; w. inf., proceed, 3, 32. insero, -serere, -serui, -sertus [In + sero], put in or into, in- sert. inserts [insero], 1, put in, insert, thrust in. Insideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [in + sedeo], sit on or upon, sit down upon, take possession of, occupy. insldlae, -arum [insideo], f., ambush ; stratagem, trick, snare, wile, treachery, deceit, artifice, plot. insldo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus, sit down upon, settle on or upon, rest upon. insigne, -is [insignis], n., badge, sign, token, ornament, decora- tion. insignis, -e [in -t- signum], adj., marked; distinguished, remark- able, conspicuous ; beautiful, brilliant, splendid; noted, fa- mous, renowned. insluuo [in -|- sinus], 1, wind in, creep in, steal in, penetrate. insisto, -ere -stlti [in -f- sisto], stand upon, tread upon ; con- tinue, persist, begin. Insomnluin, -i [in + somnus], n., dream. lusono, -are, -sonui [in -|^ sonn], sound loudly, resottnd, reecho ; crack (with) a whip, '5, 579. insons, -sontis, adj., guiltless, in- nocent, harmless, unoffending. insperatus, -a, -um, [in- -f spero], adj., unhoped for. inspicio 69 interfor Inspldo, -ere, -spexl, -spectus [in + spicio], look into,- es- amine, inspect. inspiro [in + spiro], 1, breathe ■ into, inspire, impart. instai-, Ti. indLec\., likeness, image ; grandeur, majesty, as a quasi- preposition, with gen., as large as. lostauro, 1, reneio, repeat, begin again or aneio ; celebrate anew, celebrate ; requite, repay. insterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratus [in-(-sterno], spreadover, cover. instigo [ cf. a-T-ilM, prick], 1, spur on, urge on, incite, stimulate, encourage. institiio, -ere, -ui, -ntus [in -|- statuo], found, build, erect; or- dain, establish, appoint. insto, -are, -stiti, press upon,piir- sue ; press on or forward, push on, urge on ; persist, be eager or determined. instruo, -ere, -struxi, -strnctus [in -I- struo], build, construct; draw up, set in order, arrange ; furnish, equip, fit out ; instruct, train. iusuetus, -a, -um [in- -|- suesco], adj., • unaccustomed, unusual, unwonted, unfamiliar. insula, -ae, f., island. insulto [in -|- salio], 1, ^ing (or leap) upon or at, insult, revile, be insolent. insum, -esse, -fui [in + sum], be in or on. insuo, -ere, -sul, -sutus, sew in, into, or on. insuper [in -|- super], adv., a6o«e. over ; besides, moreover, in ad- dition. insuperabilis [in- -)- supero], un- conquerable, invincible. lasurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -surrec- tus [in + surgo], rise upon, rise to (tlie oaiB), rise; ply with vigor. intactus, -a, -um, [in- + tango] , adj., untouched, untouched hy the yolie, 6, SS ; virgin. Integer, -grii, -gruin [in- -t- root of tango], adj., unimpaired, undiminished, entire ; sound, healthy, pure. inteineratus, -a, -um [in-, cf. temero], adj., inviolate, pure, unsullied; of wine, unmixed, 3, 178. intempestus, -a, -um [in-, cf. tempus], adj., unseasonable ; gloomy, dark. intendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus [in -I- tendo], stretch, stretch out, extend, spread; swelU, fill; hang with, cover with. intento [intendo], 1, stretch out, hold out, brandish; threaten, 1, 91. Intentus, -a, -um [intendo], adj., stretched, strained ; intent,eager, attentive, expectant- inter, prep. w. ace, between, • among, in the midst of; during. intercludo, -ere, -BsT, -Ssus [inter + olaudo], shut off or in, cut off, hinder, prevent. Interdum, adv., sometimes. interea [inter f ea], adv., mean- while, in the meantime. Interfor [inter + for] , 1 , interrupt. interfusus 70 invito InterfSsus, -a, -um [interfundo], part, and adj., flowing be- tween, poured between; suf- fused, marked. interior, -ius [inter], comp. adj., interior, inner, inside, on the inside; superl., intiinus, -a, -um, inmost, innermost. iiiterluo -ere [inter -|- luo], flow between, wash.' interpres, -pretis, c, mediator, agent, messenger, 4, 3-56 ; au- thor, prophet, interpreter. interritus, -a, -um [in- -|- terreo], adj., unterrified, undaunted, fearless, dauntless. interruptus, -a, -um [inter- rumpo], adj., broken off, inter- rupted. intervallum, -I [inter -f- vallam], n., interval, distance. iiitexo, -ere, -texui, -textus, in- terweave, weave in, embroider; frame, fashion; cover. intimus, -a, -um, adj., see in- terior. intono, -tonSre, -tonui [in -f- tono], thunder. Intorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus [in -i-torqueo], hurl,.cast against. intra [inter], prep. w. a,cc., within. intractabllis, -e[in- -f tractabilis] , adj., intractable, unmanage- able; unconquerable, invincible.* intremo, -ere, -ui [in + tremo], tremble, shake, qua^e. intra [intro, adv.], 1, enter, go into, penetrate, pierce. Introgredior, -i, -gressus [Intro- -I- gradior], step into, walk into, enter. intus, adv., on the inside, with- in. inultus -a, -um [in- + ulciscor], adj., unavenged. luStilis, -e [in- H- utilis], adj., useless. Inuus, -i, m., see Castrum Inui. invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasus [in -1- vado], enter; rush upon, rush into, attack, assail, invade; enter upon, undertake; accost, address reproachfully. invalidus, -a, -um [in- 4- validus], adj., not strong, feeble, weak, infirm. invetao, -ere, -vexi, -vectus [in -I- veho], carry (or bear) in, into, or along; pass, be borne, ride, drive, or sail. invenio, -ire, -venT, -ventus [in -|- venio], come upon, find; find out, discover, invent. inventor, -oris [invenio], m., finder ; inventor, deviser, con- triver. invergo, -ere [in -H vergo, bend}, pour upon. Invictus, -a, -um [in- -|- vinco], adj., unconquered, invincible. invldeo, -ere, -vidi, -visus [in -f- video], envy, begrudge. invldia, -ae [invideo], f., envy, hatred, jealousy, grudge, dislike, ill-will. inviso, -ere, -vfsi, -visus, come (or go) to see, visit. invisus, -a, -um [invideo], p. p. hated, hateful, detested, odious. invito, 1, invite, summon ; allure, incite, tempt. in Vitus 71 lungo invitus, -a, -uin, adj., unwilling, unfriendly. invlus, -a, -um [in- + via], adj., pathless, impassable, difficult; inaccessible. involvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutus, wrap up, roll up, envelop, in- volve; engulf, ove'i-whel'm. loiiius, -a, -um, adj., of Ionia, Ionian ; Ionia was a country of western Asia Minor ; subst.. Ionium, or Ionium Mare, the Ionian Sea ; this was the lower part of the Adriatic. lopas, -ae, m., a minstrel of Carthage. Iphltus, -i, m., a Trojan. ipse, -a, -um, intens. pron., self, himself, herself, itself, them- selves, I myself, etc.; very, the very. ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath, rage, fury, resentment, hatred. Iris, -idis, f., acc.^ Trim, Iris, goddess of the rainbow, daugh- ter of Thaumas and Eleotra, and messenger of the gods, particu- larly of Juno. is, ea, id, demons, pron., that, this; he, she, it. iste, -a, -ud, demons, pron., that (or this} of thine (or yours); that, this, yonder, yon. istlnc [iste], adv., from there where you are. ita [is], adv., so, thus. Italia, -ae (the initial / is long by poetic license), f., Italy. Italus, -a, -um [Italia], adj., Italian; subst., Itali, -orum, m., the Italians. iter, itineris [eo], u., way, jour- ney, path, road, march, passage ; course, voyage. ^ iterum, adv., again, a second time. Ithaca, -ae, f., an island in the eastern part of the Ionian Sea, the home of Ulysses. Ithacus, -a, -um, adj., of Ithaca, Ithacan; subst., Ithticus, -I, m., the Ithacan, meaning Ulysses. iuba, -ae, f., mane, crest, plume. iubar, -arlg, n., ray of light, sun-- shine, dawn. iubeo, -ere, lussi, lussus, ordet; command, bid; desire, wish; persuade, advise ; admonish, urge, enjoin. iScundus, -a, -um, ad]., pleasant, delightful. index, -icls [ius + dico], c, judge. indicium, -i [iudex], n., judg- ment, decision. iugalis, -e [iugum], adj., of wed- lock, of matrimony, nuptial, conjugal. iugerum, -I [akin to iugum], n., a Roman acre, about five-eighths of an English acre ; iuger, acre. iugo [iugum], 1, yoke; unite (or join) in marriage; marry. iugum, -i [cf. iungo], n., yoke; team of horses; ridge, summit ; bench, thwart. lulius, -i, m., the name of a Ro- man gens to which the family of Caesar belonged. ISIus, -i, m., lulus or Ascanius, the son of Aeneas. ifinctSra, -ae [iungo], i., joining, joint. Iungo, -ere, innxi, innctus. luno 72 labor yoke, join, unite; clasp, fasten together, arrange. lano, -onls, f., Juno, wife and sister of Jupiter and daughter of Saturn ; w. fnferna, Juno of the Lower World, i.e. Proser- pina. lunoniiis, -a, -um [luno], adj., of Juno, Junonian, Jtmo's. . luppiter, lovis, in., Jupiter, king of the gods, son of Saturn and Rhea ; w. Stygiiis, Pluto, king of the Lower World. iuro [ius], 1, take an oath, swear by, call to witness ; swear. iSs, iuris, n., law, right, justice, equity; obligation, claim. iussuin, -I [iubeo], n., command, order, decree, mandate. iussus, -us [iubeo], m., only in abl. sing., by command, by order, bii decree, 2, 247. iSstitia, -ae [iustus], f., justice, righteousness, equity. iustus, -a, -uin [ius], adj., just, right, righteous, fair; subst., iu- stuiii, I, n., that which is just, right, etc. iuvenalls, -e [luvenis], adj.,. of youth, youthful. iuvencus, -i [iuvenis], m., young bullock, bullock; iuveuca, -ae, f., heifer. luvenis, -e, adj., young (applied to persons in the fulness of strength and vigor) ; subst. luvenis, -is, c, young man, young woman. luventa, -ae [iuvenis], f., youth- fulness, youth. luventaa, -atis [iuvenis], f.. youthfulness, youth, vigor of Inventus, -utis [iuvenis], f., time (or season) of youth, youth ; col- lective noun, the young, young men, the youth, warriors, 1, Hi I. iuvo, -are, iuvi, \utus,.help, assist, aid; please, gratify,-de}ight. inxta [iungo], adv., near, near by, close by, hard by ; prep. w. ace, close to, next to, near to. Ixion, -onis, m., king of the Lap- ithae and father of Pirithous ; he was fastened to an ever-re- volving wheel in Tartarus be- cause he had insulted Juno. K Karthago, -iiiis, f., Carthage, a city built by the Phoenicians on the northern coast of Africa, opposite Sicily, and not far from the modern Tunis. labefaclo, -ere, -fScl, -factus [labo -I- facio], cause to totter, cause to loaver, shake, agitate, weaken. labes, -is [Is.hor'], f., fall, down- fall, ruin ; stain, blemish ; begin- ning of evil. labo, 1, give way, totter, waver, falter, yield. 1. labor, -I, lapsus, slide, glide downoTaway, slip, fall, descend; pass away, perish, decline; faint, swoon. 2. labor (labos), -oris, m., 2a&or, toil, task, work ; effort, struggle ; hardship, trial, danger, stiver- laboto 73 Laomedonteus ing, disaster, distress, misfor- tune, calamity, sorrow; work- manship, 1, 485; person, Toil, 6, 277. aboro [labot], 1, work, toil; fashion, prepare, embroider, elaborate. [jabyrinthus, -i, tn., the Laby- rinth; this was a celebrated structure built in Crete by Dae- dalus for king Minos, and abounding in winding and inter- secting paths amid whioii the stranger hopelessly lost his way. lac, lactis, n. , milk, juice. Lacaena, -ae, t, Lacedaemonian, Spartan; subst., the Lacedae- monian or Spartan ■ woman, Helen. Lacedaemonlus, -a, -um, adj., Lacedaemonian, Spartan. lacer, -era, -erum, adj., torn, mangled, bruised, lacerated, mutilated. lacero [lacer], 1, tear, mutilate, wound, mangle, rend. lacertiis, -i, m., upper arm, arm. lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus, provoke, rouse, incite, irritate, challenge. Lacluiu8,-a, -um, adj., Lacinian, of Lacinium ; this was the name of a promontory on the southern coast of Italy where there was a temple of Juno, 3, 552. acriina, -ae, f., tear. acrimabilis, -e [lacrima], piteous, tearful. acrimo [lacrima], 1, shed tears, weep. acus, -us, m., lake, pool, swamp; river, stream. laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus, strike, smite, injure, mar, wound ; hurt, offend, thwart. laena, -ae, f., m,antle. liBertlus, -a, -uin, adj. , of Laertes, the father of Ulysses ; Laertian. laetitia, -ae [laetus], f., joy, de- light, gladness. laetor [laetus], 1, rejoice, be glad. laetus, -a, -um, adj., joyful, joy- ous, glad, cheerful, happy; re- joicing, exulting ; fortunate, prosperous, auspicious ; rich, fer- tile ; abundant, fruitful, plen- teous. laevus, -a, -um, adj., left, on the left hand, on the left side ; stupid, foolish, infatuated; subst., the left, left hand. lambo, -ere, -i, -itus, lick, touch. lamenta, -oruin, n. pi., wailing, lamentation, shriek. lamentabills, -e [lamenta], adj., lamentable, deplorable, pitiable. lampas, -adls [Xo/xTrds], t.,lamp, torch, firebrand. laniger, -era, -erum [lana -|- ' gero], wool-bearing, woolly, fleecy. lanio, 1, mangle, mutilate, lacer- ate, tear. LiSocoon, -cutis, m., a Trojan priest of Apollo, serving also as priest of Neptune. Laodamia, -ae, f., daughter of Acastus, and wife of Protesilaus, who was slain by Hector at Troy ; she killed herself because of her husband's death. Laomedonteus, -a, -um, adj., of Laomedontiades 74 Lavinias Laomedon, father of Priam and king of troy ; Trojan. liBomedontiades, -ae, m., son (or descendant) of Laomedon; pi., the Trojans. lapidosus, -a, -um [lapis], adj., stony, hard as stone. lapis, -idis, m., stone, rock, marble. liapittaa, -ae, c, one of the Lapi- thae ; pi., Jjapithae, -arum, in., a tribe of Thessalians who, at the marriage of Pirithous, their king, fought with the Centaurs. lapso [labor], 1, fall down, slip. lapsus, -US, m.,a slipping, a glid- ing, gliding motion; swoop, flight, course ; fall. laquear, -arts, n., d! panelled or fretted ceiling or roof. Lar, tiarls, m., god of the fireside, hearth, or household; a tutelar deity. largus, -a, -um, adj., copious, abundant, spacious, ample, large, extensive. Larlssaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Larissa, a town of Thessaly, the home of Achilles; Larissaean. lassus, -a,-ain, ad]., faint, weary, wearied, tired, exhausted. late [latus], adv., broadly, iHdely, far and wide: latebra, -ae [lateo], f., hiding- place, lurking-place; dark hol- low, retreat, cavern, recess. latebrosus, -a, -um [latebra], adj., full of hiding-places, crannied. lateo, -ere, -ui, lurk, lie hidden. be concealed, be covered; escape the knowledge (or notice) of. latex, -Icis, m., liquid, fluid; wine, water. 1. Iiatinus, -a, -um, adj., Latin, of Latium ; Latini, -orum, m., the Latins. 2. Latinus, -i, m., a king of Latium ; his capital city was Laurentum, and his daughter Lavinia became the wife of Aeneas. Ijatium, -i,n., a country of ancient Italy lying between the lower Tiber and Campania. liStona, -ae, f., the mother of Apollo and Diana. latratus, -Bs [latro], m., harking, baying. latro, 1, bark, hay. 1. latus, -a, -uni, adj., broad, wide, extensive, widespread, ample. 2. latus, -eris, n., side, flank. laudo [laus], 1, praise, laud, commend, extol. Ijaurens, -entls, adj., of Lauren- tum, the ancient capital of Latium ; Laurentian. laurus, -i, f., laurel, bay-tree; laurel (or bay) wreath. laus, laudls, f., praise, glory, fame, renown, honor; merit, virtue. liSvinla, -ae, f., daughter of Latinus. Lavinlum, -i, n., a town of Latium said to have been founded by Aeneas and named after his wife Lavinia. Lavinlus and Lavinus, -a -um, adj., of Lavinium, Lavinian. lavo 75 libo lavo, -are (-ere), lavi (lavavi), lautus (lotus, lavatus), wash, bathe, lave; wet, moisten, laxo [laxus], 1, loosen, open, re- lease, let go, relax; relieve, refresh; clear, 6, 412. laxus, -a, -um, adj., slack, loose, loosened, open. lebes, -etis, m., kettle, caldron. lectus [lego], -i, m., bed, couch. Lieda, -ae, f., wife of Tyndareus, king of Sparta, and motlier of Castor and Pollux, and of Helen and Clytemnestra.. Ledaeus, -a -um [Leda], adj., of Leda, descendant (or daughter), of Leda. legifer, -era, -erum [lex -f- ferro], adj., law-giving. lego, -ere -legi, -lectus, collect, gather, select, choose,pick ; take in, furl; coast along, traverse, skim, sweep over ; survey, scan, review. Lenaeus, -a, -um, adj., of the wine- press, of Bacchus, Bacchic, Leiiaean. lenio,-Ire, -ivior-ii, -itus [lenis], make mild, soothe, calm, quiet, allay, assuage. lenls, -e, adj., soft, mild, gentle, quiet. lento [lentus], 1, bend. lentus, -a, -um, adj., pliant, flexi- ble, tough ; sluggish, slow. leo, -onis, in., lion. Lerna, -ae, f . , a marsh, near Argos, in which lived the Hydra slain by Hercules. letalis, -e [letum], adj., deadly, mortal, fatal. liStbaeus, -a -um, adj., of Lethe, a river of the Lower World whose waters caused forgetfulness. letlfer, -era, -erum [letum -l-fero], adj., death-bearing, death-deal- ing, deadly. letum, -1, n., death, destruction. lieucaspis, -is, m., acompanion of Aeneas. Leucates, -ae, m., a promontory at the southern extremity of the island of Leucadia, near the coast of Acarnania. levamen, -Inis [ISvo], n., relief, solace, comfort, consolation. 1. levis, -e, adj., light, in weight, slender, delicate, gentle; swift, fleet, quick. 2. levis, -e, adj., smooth, slippery, polished. 1. levo [16vis], 1, lighten, lift, raise; takeoff; aid, assist; re- lieve, alleviate, 2. levo [levis], l,po?i«ft. lex, -legis, f., law, statute; pi., government; terms, conditions. libamen, -inis [libo],ii., libatUm, offering, sacrifice. libens, -entis [libeo], part., will- ing, cheerful, glad; often with adverbial force, willingly, etc. liiber, -eri, m., god of wine, an Italian deity identified by the Romans with the Greek Bac- chus ; fig. , wine. libertas, -atis [liber], f., liberty. libo, 1, taste, sip ; w. oscula, kiss; pour, pour (or make) a libro 76 longe libation, offer as a libation or sacrifice. libro [libra], 1, balance, poise, aim; brandish, swing; launch. lilburiii, -orum, m., a people dwelling in lUyria near the head of the Adriatic. Libya, -ae, f., northern Africa; poet, for Africa. Liibycus, -a, -um, adj., Libyan, African. Liibystis, -idis, adj., Libyan. liceo, -ere, -ui, -itus ; impers., licet, -ere, licult or llcitum est, it is allowed, permitted, lawful, proper, right; asconj., although, though, even if. lignum, -i, n., wood, wooden structure. Ugo, 1, bind, wind (oicoil) around, pinion. lillum, -i [\ilptov1, n., lily. Iillybelus, -a, -um, adj., of Lily- baeum, the western promontory of Sicily ; Lilybaean. limbus, -i, m., border, hem, fringe. limen, -Inls, n., threshold, door, entrance, gate ; dwelling, abode ; temple, palace ; starting-point of a race. limes, -Itls, m., cross path, border path, course, track. limosus -a, -um [limus], adj., muddy, miry, slimy. liinus, -I, m., mud, mire, slime. lineus, -a, -um [linum], adj., of flax, flaxen, linen. liugiia, -ae, f., tongue, note, speech, voice, cry. linquo, -ere, liqui, leave, depart from, leave behind; desert. abandon, forsake; yield up ; de- sist from, give up. llnteum, -i [linura], n., linen, cloth, sail. liquefaclo, -ere, -feci, -factus [liqiieo + facio], melt. 1. liquens, -entls [liqueo], part., liquid^ limpid, clear, fluid. 2. liquens, -entis [liquor], part., liquid, fluid. liquldus, -a, -um [liqueo], adj., liquid, fluid, flowing; clear, pure, serene. liquor, -i, be fluid or liquid ; flow, run. lito, 1, sacrifice, make atonement, appease, propitiate. litoreus, -a, -um [litus], adj., of the seashore, on the shore, on the bank (rare), 3, 390. litus, -oris, n,, seashore, beach, coast, strand. lituus, -i, m., trumpet, clarion. lividus, -a, -um [liveo], adj., dark blue, lead-colored, livid, leaden, dusky, dark. loco [locus], 1, place, put, set, lay, found, establish, build. liocri, -orum, m., a colony of Loorians from Greece, who settled in southern Italy, 3, 399. locus, -i, m. (m. and n. in pi.), place, spot, site ; region, locality, country ; opportunity, place, chance, room ; condition, state. longaevuB, -a, -um [longus -|- aevum], adj., aged. longe [longns], adv., far off, at a distance, far, afar; from afar, from a distance ; greatly, at great length. longinquus 77 Lycius longinquus, -a, -um [longus], adj., far off, remote, distant; long. longius, adv., comp. of longe, q. V. longus, -a, -um, adj., long, long continued, lasting, prolonged ; distant, remote; deep, 1, 159. loquela, -ae [loquor], 1, speech, word. loquor, -i, locBtus, speak, say, tell, sing. lorica, -ae [lorum], f., a leather corselet, corselet, cuirass, coat of mail. lorum, -i, n., strap or thong ; pi., reins. lub.ricus, -a, -um, adj., smooth, slippery, slimy. lueeo, -ere, luxi [lux], shine, gleam. IScidus, -a, -um [lux], adj., shin- ing, bright, clear, gleaming. Lucifer, -eri [lux-|- fero], m., the light bringer, morning star. luctor, 1, struggle, strive, wrestle. ISctus, -us [lugeo], m., grief, sor- row, woe, suffering, lamenta- tion ; person., 6, 274. Incus, -i, m., sacred (or conse- crated) grove or wood; grove, wood, forest. IQdibrium, -i [ludo], n., mock- ery, sport. Indo, -ere, lusi, Insus, play, sport ; make sport of, mock, delude., de- ceive. ludus, -i [ludo], m., sport, play, game. lues, -is, f., plague, pestilence, blight, wasting sickness. lugeo, -ere, Inxi, IBctus, mourn, mourn for, lament, bewail. Inmen, -Inis [lux], n., light, glow; torch; light of day, day; eye; life ; air. luna, -ae [of. lux], f., moon, moonlight. Innatns, -a, -um [luna], adj., moon-shaped, crescent. luo, -ere, lui [Xiiu], atojie for. lupa, -ae, f., she-wolf. lupus, -I, m., wolf. Instro [lustrum], 1, purify by atonement, pass, as middle, per- form an expiatory sacrifice, 3, 279 ; pass around or over, traverse, pass in review, parade, 5, 578; survey, examine, re- view. lustrum, -1 [luo], n., a sacrifice of purification; especially the national sacrifice made every fifth year at Rome vphen the census was taken ; hence a lus- trum or period of five years. lustrum, -i, n., bog, fen; haunt, den, lair, covert of wild beasts. lux, Incis, f., light, daylight, day ; giory; life. luxus, -Bs, m., excess; luxury, magnificence, splendor; pleas- ure, wantonness. Iiyaeus, -I [Xi5a?], m., the one who delivers OT sets free from care ; a Greek name for Bacchus. Iiyaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Bacchus, Bacchic, Lyaean. lychnus, -i, m., lamp. Lycla, -ae, f., a country on the southwest coast of Asia Minor. Lycius, -a, -um, adj., Lycian; liyctius 78 male subst. pi., LyciT, -orum, m., the, Lycians. Lyctius, -a, -um, adj., of Lyctus, a town in Crete ; Lyctian, Cre- tan. liycnrgus, -I, m., a Thracian king who opposed the worship of Bacchus and, as a punishment, was driven to insanity by the god. Lycus, -I, m., a companion of Aeneas. Lydius, -a, -um, adj., of Lydia, Lydian, Etruscan (because the Etruscans were thought to have come originally from Lydia). lympha, -ae, f ., clear water, water. lynx, lyncls, c, lynx. M Machaon, -onis, m., a Grecian prince, said to have been the son of Aesculapius, and a sur- geon ot the Greeks at Troy. maehina, -ae, f . , machine, engine of war; device, contrivance. macies, -ei, f., emaciation, lean- ness. inacto, 1, sacrifice, offer up, im- molate; slay, hill, slaughter. macula, -ae, f., spot. maculo [macula], 1, spot, stain. maculosus, -a, -um [macula], adj., spotted, mottled. madefacio, -ere, -feci, -factus [madeo -|- facio], wet, soak. madens, -entis [madeo], part., wet, moist, dripping. madesco, -ere, madui [madeo], become wet or soaked; drip. madidus, -a, -um [madeo], adj., wet, drenched, dripping. Maeander, -dri, m., a river of Asia Minor, famous for its wind- ing course ; a winding (or wavy) line or border. Maeonius, -a, -um, adj., of Mae- onia, a province of Lydia ; Lydian. Maeotius, -a, -um, adj., of the Maeotians, a people of Scythia; Maeotian, Scythian. maereo, -ere, mourn, grieve, lament, sorrow. maestus, -a, -um [maereo], adj., sad, gloomy, mournful, sorrow- ful, unhappy. magalia, -lum, n., huts. magious, -a, -um, adj., magic. magis, adv., more, rather. magister, -tri, m., master, lead- er ; pilot, helmsman, captain; teacher, instructor, trainer ; guardian, tutor. maglstratus, -lis [magister], m., magistracy ; magistrate. magnanimus, -a, -um [magnus + animus], adj., magnanimous, noble-minded, great-souled, high-spirited. magnus, -a, -um, adj., great, large, vast; noble, important, strong, grand, mighty, illustri- ous; maior natu, older; maximus natu, oldest, eldest. Mala, -ae, f., mother of Mercury (whose father was Jupiter) and daughter of Atlas ; she was one of the Pleiades. mala, -ae, f., cheek-bone, jaw- bone, jaw. male [malus], adv., badly, ill, wickedly; scarcely, hardly; w. Malea 79 •'mater adjectives sometimes equal to a negative ; male f ida, unsafe, 2, 735. Malea, -ae, f., a southern prom- ontory of the Peloponnesus. malesuSdus, -a, -um [male + suadeo], adj., impelling (or persuading) to evil, desperate. inallgnus, -a, -um [malus -|- geno], adj., malignant, mali- cious, wicked; scanty, small. malo, malle, malui [magis + volo], wish more or rather, prefer. malum, -i [malus], n., evil, ill, misfortune, calamity, woe; evil deed, crime; pest, curse, mis- chief. 1. malus, -a, -um, adj., had, evil, wicked, impious; poisonous, noxious; hostile, 3, 398. 2. malus, -i, m., mast. mamma, -ae, f., breast. mandatum, -i [mando], n., order, command, charge, injunction, mandate. 1. mando [manus + do], 1, com- mit, intrust, consign; com- mand, direct, order. 2. mando, -ere, mandi, mansus, chew, champ; eat, devour, con- sume. maneo, ere, mansi, mansus, stay, remain, tarry, abide; abide by, 2, 160 ; await, wait for. Manes, -iiim, m., gods of the Lower World, souls of the dead in Hades, shades, ghosts. Manes; Lower World, abode of the dead. manicae, -arum [manus], f., manacles. manifestus, -a, -um [manus -|- fendo, strike}, adj., plain, clear, evident, visible, manifest. mano, 1, drop, drip, trickle, flow. inantele, -Is [manus], napkin, towel. manus, -ns, f., hand; handiwork, art, skill ; act, action, prowess, deed; band, crowd, troop, force. Marcellus, -i, m., name of a Ro- man family to which belonged Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a successful opponent of Hanni- bal and conqueror of Syracuse ; also Caius Claudius Marcellus, son of Octavia the sister of Augustus and adopted son of the Emperor ; he died in early youth, 23 B.C. mare, -is, n., sea. marttus, -i, m., husband, lover, suitor. marmor, -oris, h., marble. inarmoreus, -a, -um [marmor], adj., made of marble, marble; smooth, glassy. Marpesius, -a, -um, adj., of Marpesus, a mountain in the island of Paros ; Parian, Mar- pesian. Mars, Martls, m., god of war, son of Jupiter and Juno ; war, battle, warlike (or martial) spirit. Massyli, -orum or -um, m., a people of northern Africa. Massylus, -a, -um, adj., Massy- Han, Libyan. mater, matrls [/t^rijp], f., mother; native land. matern s 80 mensis materriusi -ft, -um [mater], adj., of a mother, maternal. matSro [uiaturus], 1, ripen ; hasten, speed. matSrus, -a, -uin, adj., ripe, mature; advanced. Maurosius, -a, -um, adj., Moor- ish, African, Mauretanian. Mavors, -ortls, another name for Mars. Mavortlus, -a, -um [Mavors], adj., of Mars, martial, warlike, Mavortian. 1. maximus, -a, -um, adj., Buperl. of inagnus. 2. Maximus, -i, m., a Roman family name ; of those who bore it the most famous was Pabius Cunctator, the opponent of Hannibal, 6, 845. meatus, -us [meo], m., course, motion, movement. medico [medicns], 1, heal (or cure) with drugs ; medicate, drug, 6, 420. meditor, 1, think upon, meditate; design, purpose, intend. medium, -i [medius], n., middle, midst. medius, -a, -um, adj., in the mid- dle, in the midst, middle of, midst of, middle; intervening. Medon, -otitis, m., a Trojan. medulla, -ae [medius], f., mar- row. Megarus, -a, -um [Megara], adj., ofMegara, a Sicilian city ; Mega- rean. mel, mellls, n., honey. Mellboeus, -a, -um [Meliboea], adj., of Meliboea, a town of Thessaly ; Meliboean. mellor, comp. of bonus. Mellte, -es, f., a sea^nymph. melius, adv., corap. of bene. membruni, -i, n., limb, part, member. memini, -isse, def. (imperative, memento), remember, be mind- ful. MemmluB, -i, m., a Roman gen- tile or family name. Memnon, -onls, m., son of Tithonus and Aurora, king of the Ethiopians, slain by Achilles at Troy. memor, -oris, adj., mindful, re- membering, grateful; relentless. meiiioi-abllls, -e [memoro], adj., memorable, famous, glorious. memoro [memor], 1, call to memory or mind, mention; re- late, recount, rehearse, tell ; say, speak, call. mendax, -acls [mentior], adj., lying, false, deceitful, untruth- ful. Menelaus, -i, m., son of Atreus, brother of Agamemnon, and husband of Helen ; he was king of Sparta and one of the Greek leaders in the Trojan war. Meuoetes, -ae, m., a companion of Aeneas. mens, mentis, t.,mind, intellect, reason; soul, heart; disposi- tion, feeling ; design, pitrpose, plan, intention, will. meiisa, -ae, f., table; food, feast, viands. mensis, -is, m., month. meutior 81 Minotaurus mentior, -iri, -itus, Ih assert, pretend; part., men- titus, -a, -uin, lying, counter- feit. mentum, -i, n., chin, beard. mercor fmerx], 1, trade; buy, purchase. Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury, son of Jupiter and Maia and mes- senger of the gods. mereo, -ere, -ui, -itus, and me- reor, -eri, -itus, dep., deserve, be worthy of, merit, earn. mergo, -ere, mersi, mersus, dip, plunge, sink, overwhelm; hide, conceal, bury. mergus, -i, m., diver, a kind of water-fowl. meritum, -i [mereor], n., merit, desert, service. meritus, -a, -um [mereor], part., deserved, due, just, deserving. merus, -a, -um, adj., pure, un- mixed; subst., merum, -i, n., pure wine, unmixed wine; wine. -met, an intensive pronominal suf- fix, e.g. egomet, I myself. meta, -ae, f., turning-point, goal; end, limit, bound; poinf of land, promontory, 3, 429. metallum, -i, n., metal. meto, -ere, inessui, messus, reap, cut, gather, 4, 613. metuo, -ere, metui [metus], fear, be afraid of. metus, -us, m., fear, dread, alarm. meus, -a, -um [me], poss. pron., my, mine. mi, contr. of mihi. mlco, -are, -ui, vibrate, flash, glitter, gleam. migro, 1, go away, depart, mi- grate. miles, -itls, m., soldier, soldiery, armed men. inille, indecl. adj., a thousand; subst., pi., milia, milium, n., thousands. minae, -arum, f., pinnacles, bat- tlements ; threats, menaces, curses ; perils. Minerva, -ae, f., an Italian god- dess identified with the Greek Athena ; she was goddess of wisdom, arts,, sciences, and war- fare. minime [minimus], adv., least, very little, not at all, by no means. minister, -tri [minus], m., at- tendant, servant; tool, accom- plioe ; agent, helper. ministerium, -i [minister], n., service, office, duly. minlstro [minister], 1, serve; attend to, manage ; supply, fur- nish, provide. Minolus, -a, -um [Minos], adj., of Minos, king of Crete. 1. minor [minae], 1, project, tower ; threaten, menace. 2. minor, minus, comp. of par- vus; subst., pi., minores, -um, • m., descendants. Minos, -ois, ra., a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, and after death a judge in the Lower World. Minotaurus, -i, m., the Minotaur, the offspring of Fasipbae, half minus 82 molior man and half bull ; he was con- fined by Minos in the Laby- rinth, where he was slain by Theseus. minus [minor], comp. adv., less. mirabilis, -e [miror], adj., lOOHcfer- ful, admirable; extraordinary, strange. mirandus, -a, -um [miror], adj., to be loondered at; strange, marvellous, wonderful. miror [mirus], 1, loonder at, ad- mire, toonder, marvel. mirus, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, marvellous. mlsceo, -ere, iniscui, inixtus, mix, mingle; unite, join; con- fuse, disturb, agitate, stir up, excite, throw into confusion; scatter. Misenus, -i, m., (1) son of Aeolus, trumpeter of Hector and after- wards of Aeneas ; he , was drowned on the coast of Cam- pania. (2) Mount Misenus (or Misenum), a promontory south of Naples. miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched, miserable, unhappy, unfortu- nate, sad, pitiable. miserabilis, -e [miseror], adj., pitiable, wretched, miserable, deplorable. miserandiis, -a, -um [miseror], adj., piteous, wretched, un- happy, hapless. inisereo, -ere, -ui, -itus and mi- sereor, -eri, -itus [miser], pity, take pity on, have (or feel) com- passion for ; miseret, impers., it grieves one for, one pities, etc. miseresco, -ere, feel pity for, pity. miseror [miser], 1,/eeZ pity for, pity, commiserate, take pity on. mitesco, -ere [mitis], groio (or become) mild, gentle, or peace- ful. _ mitigo [mitis + ago], 1, make mild or gentle, soften, soothe, appease. mitra, -ae, f., turban, cap, Phrygian cap. mitto, -ere, raisi, missus, send, despatch; hurl, fling, throw; lay aside, dismiss ; finish, end; offer, 6, 380. Mnestheus, -ei, and -eos, m., a Trojan comrade of Aeneas. mobilitas, -atis [mobilis], f., motion, activity, swiftness. modo [modus], adv., only, but; lately, just note, but now ; pro- vided that. modus, -I, m., method, manner, mode, way ; bound, limit, end. moenia, -ium, n., walls, ram- parts, fortifications; city, cita- del. mola, -ae, f., mill; coarse meal used in sacriflce, meal. moles, -is, f., mass, bulk, huge mass, weight, size; massive structure, building, or engine of war ; dam, dike, mole ; labor, task, toil ; difficulty, trouble, effort; storm, tempest, distur- bance. molior, -iri, -itus [moles], pile up, build, erect, construct, labor upon; strive, endeavor, attempt. mollio 83 mugitus try, undertake; plan, contrive, devise ; get ready, prepare ; ac- complish, cause, produce; pur- sue with toil, 6, 477. mollio, -ire, -ivi and -ii, -itus [mollis], soften; soothe, calm, pacify, assuage, .appease. mollis, -e, adj., soft, tender, deli- cate, pliant, flexible; gentle, yielding, favorable. moUiter, adv., comp. mollius, delicately, skilfully. moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, remind, admonish, advise, warn; an- nounce, predict, foretell. monile, -Is, n., necklace, collar. monitum, -I [moneo], n., admoni- tion, warning ; advice, counsel; command. monitus, -us [moneo], m., admonition, warning ; advice, counsel. Monoecus, -i, m., a surname of Hercules ; arx Monoeci, a promontory on the Ligurian coast west of Genoa, so called from a temple of Hercules which stood there. mons, mentis, m., mountain, hill, crag, cliff, rock. monstro [monstrum], 1, show, point out, indicate, inform, tell ; advise, instruct ; direct appoint, prescribe. monstrum, -i [moneo], n., omen, warning, sign, portent, prodigy; '^lonster, monstrous shape, fear- ful or awesome thing. montSnus, -a, -um [mons], adj., mountain. monumentum, -i [moneo], n., memorial, monument ; pi., tradi- tions, chronicles, records. mora, -ae, f., delay, hindrance, obstruction, obstacle, pause. morbus, -I, m., disease. moribundus, -a, -um [morior], adj., dying, ready to- die, mortal. morior, niorl, mortuus, die, perish. moror [mora], 1, delay, linger, pause, tarry ; detain, keep back, cause delay ; regard, care for. mors, mortis, f., death. morsus, -us [mordeo], m., a bit- ing, bite ; eating, gnawing, 3, 394 ; fang, fluke of an anchor. mortalls, -e [mors], adj., mortal, human; subst., mortales, -ium, m., mortals, men, human beings. mortifer, -era, -erum [mors -|- fero], adj., death-bringing, death-dealing, deadly. mos, morls, m. , manner, custom, fashion, wont, habit ; law, rule ; pi., character, institutions, laws. motus, -5s [moveo], m., motion, movement, swiftness, agility. moveo, -ere, movi, motus, jfnove, set in motion, shake, re- move ; effect, influence, persuade ; arouse, excite, awake; agitate, disturb, trouble; meditate, re- volve, ponder ; declare, disclose. mox, adv., soon, soon after, pres- ently, afterwards, then. mucro, -onis, m., sharp point or edge, sword, blade. miugio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, low bellow, rumble, moan, roar. mngitus, -us [mugio], ni,, lowing, belloioing. inulceo 84 uavifragrus mulceo, -ere, inuisi, mulsus, soothe, calm, appease, allay, quiet. multiplex, -icis [multus + plico], adj., of many folds, manifold, various. iiiultum [multus], adv., much, greatly. multus, -a, -um, adj., much, abundant, great, powerful; dense, heavy ; many a ; pi., many; comp., plus, plSrls, superl., plSrlmus, -a, -um. muoio, -ire, -ivi or S, -itus [moenia], fortify, build. muuus, -erls, n., office, charge, duty, service, function; aid, kindness, favor, boon; present, gift, reward, prize; offering, sacrifice. murex, -Icls, m., purple-fish, pur- ple dye, purple; a sharp, pointed, 01- jagged rock. murmur, -urls, n., murmur, mur- muring, rumbling, noise, uproar, roaring, shouting, applause. murus, -i, in., wall. Miisa, -ae, f., Muse. Musaeus, -i, m., a Greek poet, of the legendary age, contemporary with Orpheus. mStabllls, -e [muto], adj., change- able, fickle, inconstant. miito, 1, change, alter, turn, ex- change. Mycenae, -arum, and Mycena, ae, f., a city of Argolis, the home of Agamemnon. Myeonos, -i, f., an island north- east of Delos, one of the Cyolades. Mygdonides, -ae, m., OorOebus, son of Mygdon, king of Phrygia. Myrmidones, -um, m.,' Myrmi- dons, Thessalian followers of Achilles. myrteus, -a, -um [myrtus], adj., of myrtle, myrtle. myrtus, -i and -as, f., myrtle tree, myrtle branch, myrtle shaft, myrtle -grove, myrtle wreath. N nam, /or, because. namque, for, for indeed. naris, -is, f., nostril. narro, 1, tell, narrate, relate. Naryclus, -a, -um, adj., of Naryx, a town of the Locri, Narycian. From Naryx, a city across from Euboea, a colony came out and settled on the coast of Brut- tium. nascor, nasci, natus, to be born, arise, spring up, grow ; nascens, -entls, pres. p., new-born. nata, -ae [nascor], f., daughter. nato [no] , 1 , swim, float. 1. natus (gnatus), -i [nascor], m., son, child, offspring, young. 2. natus, -fis [nascor], m., used only in abl. sing., by birth. nauta, -ae [navis], m., sailor, boatman, ferryman. Nautes, -Is, m., a Trojan sooth- sayer. nautlcus, -a, -um, adj., of ships, of sailors, nautical. navalis, -e [navis], adj., of ships, naval ; subst., navalla, -luni, n., dock, docks, dockyard. navifragus, -a, -um [navis -|- navigium 85 nescio fia,ngo], adj., shipwrecking, caus- ing shipwrecks. navigiiiin, -i [navis], n., vessel, ship, boat. navigo [navis], 1, sail, set sail; sail upon or over. navis, -is [uaCs], f., ship, vessel. navitii, -ae [navis], m. , boatman. Naxos, -i, f., ojie of tlie Cyclades, noted for its wines. -ne, (1) interrog. enclitic, in direct questions, usually not translated; in indirect, whether; followed by an or -ne, whether. . . or. (2) intensive particle used with the exclamatory infinitive, 1, 37. ne, adr. , not ; ne . . . quidem, not even; oonj., in order that not, lest. nebula, -ae, f., cloud, mist, fog. nee or neque, adv. and conj., and not, neither, nor ; neque (nee) . . . neque (nee), neither. . . nor; nee iion, and also. necdum, adv., nor yet, and not yet. necesse, adj. (nom. and ace. only), necessary, needful; un- avoidable, inevitable. nectar, -arts, n., nectar. necto, -ere, nexiiiornexi, nexus, bind, tie, fasten; join, unite, fasten together. nefanduB, -a, -um [ne-|-for], adj., unspeakable, unutterable; im- pious, wicked, accursed, abomi- nable ; subst., n., wrong, 1, 543. uefSs [ne + fas], n., indecl. noun, that which is contrary to divine law, impiety, sin, wickedness, crime; guilt, shame, disgrace. dishonor; as adj., impious, abominable, wicked. nego, 1, say no, say that not, deny, refuse. nemo, -inls [ne -I- homo], c, »o one, nobody, none. nemorosus, -a, -um [nemus], adj., woody. nemus, -oris, n.j grove. Wood, forest. Neoptolemus, -i, m., son of Achilles ; called also Pyrrhus. nepos, -Otis, m., grandson; pi., grandchildren, descendants, posterity. Neptunius, -a, -um, adj., of Nep- tune, Neptunian. NeptSnus, -i, m., one of Saturn's sons, brother of Jupiter, Juno, and Pluto, and identified by the Romans with Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. neque, see nee. nequeo, -ire, ivi or -li, nequitus, be unable, cannot. nequfqu»m [ne -|-quidquam], adv., in vain, to no purpose. Nereis, -idis or-idos [Nereus], f., any one of the daughters of Nereus and Doris ; a sea nymph, a Nereid. Nereus, -ei or -eos, m., a sea god, father of the Nereids. Neritos, -i, f., a small island near Ithaca. uervus, -i, m., nerve, sinew, tendon; bowstring. nescio, -ire, -ivior-ii [ne -|- scio], not to know, be ignorant of; nescio quis, etc. , I know not who or what ; some one, something. nescius 86 nonus nescius, -a, -um [nescio], adj., not knowing, ignorant, unaware. neve or neu [ne + ve], conj., or not, and not, nor, neither. nex, necis [neco], f., violent death, slaughter, murder. nexus, -a, -um, see necto. nl, con]., not, that not, lest, if not, unless, exoe/pt. nidus, -i, m., nest; pi., brood, nestlings. niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black, dark, sable, swarthy, dusky, gloomy. nigrans, -antis [nigro], part., black, dusky, dark. nigresco, -ere, nigrui [niger], grow (or turn) black, grow (or beeorne) dark. nihil (nil) [ne -|- hilum], ii., in- decl., nothing; adv., noi at all, by no means. Nilus, -i, m., the Nile. niinbosus, -a, -uin [nimbus], adj., covered with clouds, cloud- capped, stormy, rainy. nimbus, -i, m., violent rain, tempest, storm ; rain-cloud, storm-cloud, cloud. . nimirum [ne + mirum], adv., without doubt, certainly, doubt- less, verily. nimlum [nimius], adv., too, all too, too much. Nisaee, -es, f ., one of the Nereids. nisi and ni [ne -1- si], oonj., if not, unless. nisus, -lis [nitor], m., effort, exer- tion, position or posture of re- sistance. nisus, -a, -um, part, of nitor. NIsus, -i, m., a Trojan follovfer of Aeneas. niteo, -ere, -ui, shine, gleam, glis- ten; nitens, -entis, part, and adj., shining, sparkling, gleam- ing ; bright, beaming ; glossy, sleek, well-fed. nitesco, -ere, nitui [niteo], be- come bright, begin to shine, shine, gleam, glisten. nitldus, -a, -um [niteo], adj., shining, sleek. nitor, -i, nisus or nixus, lean upon, rest upon, tread (or walk) upon ; mount, climb ; press for- ward, advance. nivalis, -e [nix], adj., snowy. nlveus, -a, -um [nix], adj., snowy, snow-white. nix, nivis, f., snow. iiixor [nitor], 1, strive, struggle. no, 1, swim, float. noceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, harm, in- jure, do mischief. nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], adj., of the night, nocturnal, at or by night. nodo [nodus], 1, tie (ox fasten) in a knot ; bind, fasten. nodus, -1, m., knot, bond; fold, coil. nomas, -adis, c, nomad; Noma- des, -um, m., the Numidians. nomen, -Inis, n., name, word; fame. Noinentum, -i, n., a town of the Sabines. non, adv., not. nondum, adv., not yet. nonus, -a, -um [uovem], adj., ninth. nos 87 Nysa nos, see ego. nosco, -ere, novi, notns, learn, become acquainted with, recog- nize ; in perfect tenses, knoio ; iiotus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., known, well known, familiar, famed. noster, -tra, -trum [nos], our, ours, our own. nota, -ae [nosco], f., mark, sign, spot, letter. noto [nota], 1, mark, note, .ob- serve, take note of. notus, -a, -um, see nosco. Notus, -i, m., south wind; wind, gale, storm. novein, num. adj., nine. noviens (novies) [novem], adv., nine times. uovitas, -atis [novus], f., new- ness. novo [novus], 1, make new,, re- new, repair, change; build. novus, -a, -um, adj., new, fresh, recent; strange, unheard of; superl., novissimus, -a, -um, last. nox, noctis, f., night, darkness; noxa, -ae [nooeo], i., crime, guilt, outrage, violence. noxius, -a, -um [noxa], adj., harmful, hurtful, dangerous. nnbes, -is, f., cloud. nubilus, -a, -um [nubes], adj., cloudy; subst., pi., nublla, -orum, n., clouds. undo [nudus], 1, lay bare, strip, expose, disclose, reveal. nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare, open; unbur.ied, 5, 871. nnllus, -a, -um [ne -|- uUus], adj., no, not any ; subst., no one. num, interrog. particle ; in di- rect questions it implies a neg- ative answer ; in indirect ques- tions, whether. niimen, -inis [nuo], n., nod, divine will, purpose, poiver, influence, aid, help, favor, or permission; divinity, deity; power, might; presence of a god or goddess. numerus, -i, in., number, throng, crowd; order; measure; pi., numbers, measures, tune, mel- ody. Numida, -ae, m., u, Numidian. Numitor, -oris, m., a king of Alba ; he was father of Rhea Silvia, the mother of Komulus and Remus. numquam [ne -|- umquam] , adv., never. nunc, adv., now, at this time. nSntia, -ae, f., messenger. nuntlo [nuntius], 1, announce, report, declare. nnntius, -i, m., messenger; mes- sage, tidings, command. nSper [novus], adv., recently, lately. nurus, -us, f., daughter in-law. nnsquam [ne -f- usquam], adv., nowhere ; never. nuto [nuo], 1, nod, sway, tremble, totter. nntrimentiim, -i [nutrio], n., nourishment,-fuel. nutrix, -icis [nutrio], f., nurse. Nympha, -ae [wi/i^ij], f., nymph. Nysa, -ae, f., a city or mountain where Bacchus was said to have 88 obstruo been bom. Traditions assigned It to Tarious countries, such as Aethiopia and India. O , interjection, 01 ah I oh! J, prep. w. ace, on account of, owing to, for, for the sake of. >daco, -ere, -dnxi, -ductus, draw toward, over, or before, overspread. jeo, -ire, -ivi or -li, -itus, go toward or to, meet; pass over, traverse, visit; encircle, sur- round; take part in, engage in. Ado, -ere, -ieoI,,-lectus [ob -|- iacio], throw against or before, cast before, put before, offer, present, expose; oppose. >iecto [obicio], 1, throw against or toward, expose. obiectus, -a, -um [obicio], part, and adj., lying before, thrown before, opposite, project- ing. obiectus, -us [obicio], m., opposition, projection, interposi- tion, shelter. >itiis, -us [obeo], m., a going to, a meeting (death or fate) ; death, destruction, ruin. >liquo [obliquus], 1, bend, turn, turn to one side or sideways, slant, set obliquely. illquus, -a, -um, adj., turned sideways, slanting ; lying across. >IivfBcor, -i, oblitus, forget, be forgetful of; oblitus, -a, -um, having forgotten, forgetful. oblTvium, -i [obliviscor], n., forgetfulness.. obloquor, -i, -locutus [ob -|- loquor], speak (or sing) in response to. obluctor [ob -f- luotor], 1, strive, struggle, press against, brace against. obmnteaco, -ere, -mfitui [ob + uiutus], become dumb or speech- less; be silent, hushed, mute. obnitor, -i, -nisus or -nix us [ob 4- nitoT}, press against, struggle against, struggle, strive, re- sist. oborior, -iri, -ortus [ob -)- orior], arise, spring up; burst forth, well up. obruo, -ere, -rui, -rutus [ob -(- ruo], cover over, overwhelm. Miry, sink; destroy. obscenus, -a, -um, adj., filthy, foul, dirty, loathsome, vile; ill-omened, dreadful, 3, 367. obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, dim, dusky, murky; obscure, unknown, unseen; uncertain. observo, 1, note, observe, watch. obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [ob -t-sedeo], besiege, block, occupy, hold. obsldlo, -onis [obsideo], f., siege, blockade. obstipesco, -ere, -stipui [ob -)- stupeo], become (or be) stupe- fied, astonished, amazed, or horroi'-striclten ; stand aghast. obsto -are, -stiti, -status [ob -|- sto], iBithstand, oppose, hinder, block, check, thwart. obstruo, -ere, -struxi, -structus obtego 89 olim [ot)+ struo], close up, block up, stop. obtego, -ere, -texi, -tectus [ob + tego], cover up or over, pro- tect, hide, conceal. obtorqiieo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus [ob -I- torqiieo], turn, twist. obtruuco [ob -|- trunco], 1, lop (or cut) off, cut down, slay, Mil, slaughter. obtusus, -a, -uin [obtundo] , part. , blunted, dull, unfeeling. obtntus, -us [obtueor], m., look. obuncus, -a, -um [ob -|- uncus], adj., hooked, curved, bent. obverto, -ere, -verti, -versus [ob -l-verto], turn toward or to, turn. obvlus, -a, -um [ob -t- via], adj.j in the way, in the path, to meet; exposed to, open to, S, 499. occasus, -us [occido], m., a going dovm, fall, ruin, destruction. occido, -ere, -cidi, -casus [ob -f- cado], fall, perish, die. occubo, 1, lie, rest in death, lie dead. occulo, -ere, -cului, -eultns, hide, conceal; occultus, -a, -um, hidden, secret. occulto [occulo], 1, hide, conceal, secrete. occumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitus [ob-l-cubo], sink, fall, die, meet, 2, 62. occupo [ob + capio], 1, take pos- session of, seize, occupy; cover; fill, reach. occurro, -ere, -curri or-cucurri, -cursus [ob -I- curro], run (or hasten) to meet, meet; appear, intervene. Oceanus, -i, m., the ocean. ocior, -ius, comp. adj., swifter, more fleet. ocius, comp.^ adv., more sioiftly, more speedily, more quickly. oculus, -i, m., eye. odi, odlsse, def., to hate. odium, -i [odi], n., hatred, hate, enmity. odor, -oris, m. , odor, scent, smell ; fragranc, perfume ; stench. odoratus, -a, -um [odoro], adj., fragrant, sweet-smelling. odorus, -a, -um [odor], adj., keen-scented. Oenotrius and Oenotrus, -a, -um [Oenotria], adj., of O/tno- tria, an ancient name of soutli- ern Italy ; Oenotrian, Italian. offa, -ae, f., bit, morsel, mouthful. oflfero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatus [ob -I- fero], bring to or towards, offer, present ; w. ve&ex., present one's self, meet. offlcium, -i [ofBcio], n., service, duty, kindness. Oileus, -ei, -i, or -eos, m., a king of the Locri and father of the _ Ajax who insulted Cassandra. Olearos, -i, f., one of the Cyc- lades, couth west of Paros. oleo, -ere, -ui, emit (or give forth) a smell; olens, -entis, part, as adj., smelling. oleum, -i, n., olive oil, oil. olim, adv., then, formerly, once, once upon a time ; sometime; at some future time, Mveafter ; at times, SQWiitinies. oliva 90 oraculum oliva, -ae, f., olive tree, olive branch, olive wreath, olive. ollvuin, -i [oliva], u. , olive oil, oil. oUe, -a, -ud, pron., old form for lUe. Olympus, -i, m., a mountain in northeastern Thessaly, regarded as the home of the greater gods ; Olympus, heaven. omen, -inis, n.,' omen, token, sign, augury; solemn rites, marriage rites. oinnino [omnis], adv., wholly, altogether, entirely. omniparens, -entls [omnis + pario], adj., all-producing, par- ent (or mother) of all, parent. oiiinlpotens -entls [omnis -f- potens], adj., all-powerful, al- mighty, omnipotent. omnis, -e, adj., all, the whole, every. onero [onus], 1, load, lade; stow, store away; burden. onerosus, -a, -um [onus], adj., heavy, burdensome. onus, -erls, n., load, burden. onustus, -a, -um [onus], adj., loaded, laden. opaco [opacus], 1, shade. opScus, -a, -um, adj., shady, dark, shadowy, gloomy. operlo, -ire, -ui, -pertus, cover, hide. operor [opus], 1, work, be busy, be engaged in, be occupied with, be employed. opertus, -a, -um [operio], part., hidden, secret; subst., operta, -orum, n., secrets, secret places, or secret regions, 6, 140. opimus, -a,,-um [ops], adj., rich, fertile, fruitful, sumptiu)us ; spolia opima, arms taken by a commander on the battlefield in single combat with the com- mander of the enemy, 6, 855. opperior, -iri, -pertus or -peri- tus, await, wait for. oppeto, -ere, -ivi or -li, -petitus [ob -I- peto], meet, encounter; ■with and without mortem, die, perish, fall, 1, 96. oppono, -ere, -posui, -positus [ob -H pono], place (or put) be- fore, against, in front of or op- posite; expose; oppositus, -a, -um, opposing, 2, 3.33. opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [ob -I- premo], press down, weigh down, overwhelm, crush, over- power, oppress. oppugno [ob -t- pugno], 1, attack, assault, storm, besiege. ops, opls, f. (nom. and dat. sing, not in use), power, aid, help, assistance; pi., opes, opum, wealth, resources, means, riches ; power, dominion; aid, assist- ance. opts, 1, choose; wish, wish for, desire, long for. opulentus, -a, -um [ops], adj., rich, wealthy. 1. opus, -erisi n., work, labor; toil, task ; work of art, art. 2. opus, indecl., ii., need, necessity. ora, -ac, f., border, coast, shore; region. oraculum, (oraclum), -i [oro], n. , oracle, response ; place where the response is given, shrine. orbis 91 Pachynum orbls, -Is, m., circle, orb, disk; orbit, circuit, revolution, course ; eoil, fold ; with and witliout ter- rarum, the earth, the world. Orcus, -I, m., the Lower World, Hades; god of the Lower World, Pluto, Dis. ordior, -iri, orsus, begin, begin to speak. ordo, -inis, m., row, line, train; order, succession, series; class; row (or bank) of oars. Oreas, -adis, f., an Oread (a mountain nymph). Orestes, -ae or -is, m., son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra; he slew his mother for her Ipe- trayal of his father, and for this crime was pursued by the Furies. orgia, -orum [8p7ia], n., orgies, rites of Bacchus. Oriens, -entis [orior], m., dawn, day; East, Orient. origo, -Inis [orior], f., origin, source, beginning; birth, de- _ scent, stock, lineage, race. Orion, -onis, m., one of the con- stellations. orior, -iri, ortus, rise, arise, ap- pear, spring up, spring from, be born. omatus, -us [orno], m., attire, adornment, ornament. ornus, -i, f., mountain-ash, ash- tree. oro [os], 1, speak, beg, plead, entreat, beseech, implore, ask; argue, or plead, as a lawyer, 6, 849. Orontes, -Is, -i or -ae, a Lycian companion of Aeneas. Orpheus, -el and -eos, m., a, Thraoian bard, son of Calliope, and husband of Eurydice. orsus, -a, -um, part, of ordior. 1. ortus, -a, -um, part, of orior. 2. ortus, -us, [orior] , m. , rising. Ortygia, -ae [fipruf, quail'], f., the ancient name of Delos ; also an island in the harbor of Syracuse. OS, oris, n., mouth, face, misage, countenance, features ; voice, speech, language; opening, en- trance, door; os suininuin, the lips, 1, 737. OS, ossis, 11., bone. osculuin, -i [os], n., lips, kiss. osteudo, -ere, -endi, -entus [obs -I- tendo], hold out to or before, show, point out, reveal, disclose. ostento [ostendo], 1, present to view, show, exhibit, display, 5, 521. ostium, -i [Os], ii., mouth, en- trance, door; harbor, port. ostrum, -i, n., purple dye, purple, purple cloth. Otliryades, -ae, m., son ofOlhrys, Panthus. otium, -i, n., leisure, idleness, quiet, peace, repose. ovis, -is, f., sheep. ovo, 1, shout, rejoice, exult, triumph. P pabulum, -i [pasco], n., food, pasture, pasturage, fodder. Pachynum, -i, n., Pachynus or Pachynum, the southeast prom- ontory of Sicily. paciscor 92 Pantagias paciscor, -i, pactus, make a bargain, agreement, or compact, barter ; stake, 5, 230. paco [pax], 1, make peaceful, calm, or qtdet; subdue. pactus, -a, -uin, p.p. of paciscor, agreed upon, stipulated. Paean, -anis, m., god of healing, originally probably referring to another deity, but later applied to Apollo ; hymn in honor of Apollo or some other deity, paean, song of thanksgiving or triumph. paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers., it . repents, w. ace. of the one feel- ing the emotion ; I repent, or regret, you repent, etc. PalaemoD, -onis, m., a sea god, son of AthamEis and Ino. palaestra, -ae, f., wrestling ground; pi., wrestling, wrest- ling contests. Palamedes, -Is, m., son of Nau- plius, king of Euboea ; he was put to death by the Greeks at Troy as a result of the malicious plotting of Ulysses. palSns, -antis, part., see palor. Palinarus, -i, m., pilot of Aeneas ; also a promontory of Lucania named after him. palla, -ae, f., robe, mantle. Palladius -a, -um [Pallas], adj., of Pallas, or Minerva; subst.. Palladium, -!, n., a small statue of Pallas, believed to have fallen from heaven ; this Vf&B suppo-sed to insure the safety of Troy so long as it was preserved within the city ; | it was carried off by Ulysses and Diomedes. Pallas, -adis, f., Pallas Athena, identified by the Romans with Minerva. palleo -ere, -ui, be pale, pallid, or wan. pallidas, -a, -um [palleo], adj., pale, pallid, wan. pallor, -oris [palleo], va, paleness, ppllor. palma, -ae, f., palm of the hand, hand; branch (or wreath) of palm, prize, reward, victory, victor, 5, 339. palmosus, -a, -um [palma], adj., palmy. palmula, -ae [palma], f., oar blade, oar. palor, l,wander,Jlee; be scattered. palus, -Sdis, i., marsh, pool, marshy lake, swamp, water. pamplneus, -a, -um [pampius], covered with vines, wreathed with vines, vine-clad. Pandarus, -i, m., aMysian ally of Troy who broke tlie truce be- tween the Greeks and Trojans by wounding Menelaus with an arrow. pando, -ere, pandi, pansus or passus, spread (or stretch), out, extend ; open, throw open ; ex- pose, reveal, disclose; relate, explain. Panopea, -ae, f., a sea nymph, or Nereid, daughter of Nereus. Panopes, -Is, m., a young Sicilian companion of Achates. Pantagias, -ae, m., a small river of eastern Sicily. Panthus 93 passus Panthns, -i, m., a Trojan, son of Othrys and priest of Apollo, slain at the sack of Troy. papaver, -eris, n. , poppy. Paphos, -i, f., a city of western Cyprus, sacred to Venus. par, paris, adj., equal, like, alike; even, well balanced. paratus, -a, -um [paro],,, part., ready, prepared. Parcae, -arum, f.. Fates, Parcae, Clotho, Laohesis, and Atropos. . parco, -ere, peperci or parsl, parsSrus, spare, refrain from using or injuring; refrain from, cease from, abstain, for- bear. parens, -entis [parioj ,c., parent ; father, sire; mother; ancestor. pareo, -ere, -ui, -Itus, appear; obey, comply with. paries, -etis, m., wall of a build- ing, either external or partition. pario, -ere, peperi, partus, bring forth, bear ; procure, ob- tain, win, secure ; proctire, bring topass, cause, accomplish. Paris, -idis, ra., son of Priam and Hecuba ; he awarded the apple of discord to Venus, brought about the Trojan war by carrying off Helen from Sparta, and was slain by Philoctetes. pariter [par], adv., equally, in the same way, in like manner, on equal terms ; together, in even line. Partus, -a, -um [Paros], adj., Parian, of Paros. parina, -ae, f., shield, buckler; a small round shield. paro, 1, prepare, make ready, get ready. Paros, -i, f., one of the Cyclades famous for its marble. pars, partis, f., part, portion, share ; side, quarter, direction. Partlienopaeus, -i, m., one of "The Seven against Thebes." partior,-iri, -itus, share, separate, divide, distribute. 1. partus,. -a, -uin, p.p. of pario. 2. partus, -us [pario], m., birth, offspring. parum [parvus], adv., too little, not enough, not. parumper [parum], for a little while. parvulus, -a, -um [parvus], adj., very small, little, small. parvus, -a, -um, adj. (comp., minor; superl., minimus), small, little ; subst , niinores, -um, m., descendants. pasco, -ere, pavi, pastus, pasture, feed, nourish, support, rear ; pass, as dep. or w. middle sense, feed on, eat, graze, pasture; of fire, freely play about, 2, 684. Pasipliae, -es, f., daughter of Sol (Helios), wife of Minos the king of Crete, and mother of the Minotaur, as well as of Androgeos, Phaedra, and Ariadne. passim [pando], adv., here and there, everywhere. 1. passus, -a, -um, p.p. of pando, loose, dishevelled, flow- ing ; outstretched, outspread. 2. passus, -a, -um, p.p. of patior. passns 94 Pelasgi 3. passus, -Bs [pando], m., step. pastor, -oris [pasco], m., shep- herd, herdsman. Patavium, -i, n., an ancient town of northern Italy, founded by Antenor, now Padua. patefacio, -ere, -feci, -factus [pateo -I- facio], open, lay (or throw) open. patens, -entis [pateor], part., open, wide open, unobstructed. pateo, -ere, -ui, be open, lie open, stand open; extend, stretch; be evident, clear, or manifest. pater, patrls, m., father, sire; ancestor, forefather; pi., parents, elders. patera, ae [pateo], f., bowl, .shallow and spreading, used in libations, cup. paternus, -a, -um [pater], adj., of one^s father or ancestor, pater- nal. patesco, -ere, patni [pateo], be- gin to open, become clear or manifest, open to view, be dis.- closed, lie open. patiens,' -entls [patior], part., enduring, submitting to, sub- missive, patient. patior, -i, passus, suffer, endure, submit to ; permit, allow. patria, -ae [patrius], f., father- land, native land, native coun- try ; country, land. patrius, -a, -uiu [pater], adj., of a father or ancestor; paternal, ancestral ; of one's country, native. Patron, -onis, m., a follower of Aeneas. patruus, -i [pater], m., paternal uncle, uncle. paucus, -a, -um, sAj., small, little ; pi., /eio, a few. paulatim [paulum], adv., little by little, gradually. paulisper [paulum], adv., for a little, while. paulum [paulus], adv., a little, a while. pauper, -eris, adj., poor, humble. pauperies,,-ei [pauper], f.,po»eri!/. pavidus, -a, -um [paveo], adj., trembling, affrighted, fearful, timid, anxious. pavito [paveo], 1, tremble, shake with fear, quake, be terrified. pavor,-oris, m., trembling, terror, fear, dread, alarm; anxiety, ex- citement, 5, 138. pax, pacis, f., peace; grace, fa- vor, pardon, indulgence. pecten, -inis [pecto], m., comb; quill, plectrum, an instrument with which the strings of the lyre were struck. pectus, -oris, n., breast, heart, bosom ; mind, soul, thought, feeling. 1. pecus, -oris, n. , flock, herd, drove, throng; cattle. 2. pecus, -udis, f., animal, beast; sheep ; victim for sacrifices. pedes, -itis [pes], m., foot-soldier; (collectively), infantry, soldiery. pelagus, -i, n.. sea, flood. Pelasgl, -orum, m., Pelasgians, the supposed original inhabitants of Greece and of other Mediter- ranean countries and islands ; Greeks. Pelasgus 95 percurro Pelasgus, -a, -uin, adj., Pelas- gian, Grecian, Greek. Pelias, -ae, m., a Trojan. Pelides, -ae, m., son of Peleus, Achilles, 2, 548 ; grandson of Peleus, Neoptolemus, or Pyr- rhus, 2, 263. pellax, -acls [pellioio], ' crafty, wily, deceitful, artful. pellis, -Is, t., skin, hide. pello, -ere, pepull, pulsus, drive, drive out or away, expel, banish. Pelopeus, -a, -um [Pelops], adj., of Pelops, Pelopian, Grecian. Pelorus, -1, m., and Pelorum, -i, n., the northeast promontory of Sicily. pelta, -ae, shield, small and ores- cent shaped. Penates, -ium [penus], m., Penates, gods of the household, of the home, of the hearth, of the fireside ; gods of the state as a collective family ; hearth, fire- side, home. pendeo, -ere, pependi, hang, be suspended; bend, lean forward ; delay, listen. pendo, -ere, pependi, pensus, weigh out, pay, suffer. Peneleus, -ei or -eos, m., a Greek warrior. penetrans, -e [penetro], adj., inner; subst., penetralia, -ium, n., interior of a house, inmost (or inner) apartments ; sanctu- ary, shrine. penetro [cf. penitus], 1, penetrate, make one's way to or into, enter ; reach. penitus, adv., inwardly; far within, deep, far away ; deeply, entirely, thoroughly, utterly. Penthesilea, -ae, f . , queen of the Amazons, slain at Troy by Achilles. Pentheus, -ei or eos, m., king of Thebes, torn in pieces by his mother. Agave, and her revel- ling companions because he had mocked at the rites of Bac- chus. penus, -fis or-i, m. and f., also penus, -oris, n., stores, provis- ions, viands. pepluin, -i, n., robe, mantle, shawl ; the peplos or mantle used to drape the statue of Minerva on festal occasions. per, prep. w. ace, through, of space, time, agent, instrument, manner, and cause ; along, over, among; throughout, during ; by means of, by; because of, on account of; in oaths, adjurations, and entreaties, by. perago, -ere, -egi, -actus [per + ago], drive through, carry through, perform, finish, go through with, achieve, accom- plish, execute; pursue, con- tinue. peragro [per -|- ager] , 1, travel (or wander) through or over; travel, traverse, wander, roam. percello, -ere, -culi, -culsus, beat, strike, or smite vehemently; strike down, overthrow. percurro, -ere, -cucurri or -curri, cursus [per -|- curro], run through or over, relate (or nar- rate) hastily, enumerate. percussus 96 pernix percussus, -a, -urn, p.p. of per- cutlo. percutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [per + quatio], strike (or smite) through, strike, smite. perdltus, -a, -um, p.p. of perdo, lost, ruined, forlorn, wretched, hopeless. perdo, -ere, -didi, -dltus, ruin, undo, destroy, kill ; lose. pererto, -ere, -edi, -esus [per + edo], eat up, consume. pereinptus, -a, -um, p.p. of pe- rlmo, destroyed, ruined, slain. pere5, -ire, -ii, -itus, be lost, perish, die, be undone. pererro [per + erro], ], wander through or over, survey. perfectus, -a, -um, p.p. of per- flcio, worked, wrought. perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [per -l-fero], bear through, bear, carry, convey ; report, announce ; bear, endure, suffer; w. reflex., betake one^s self, go. perficio, -ere, -f5ci, -fectus [per -f- facio], do (or make) thor- otighly, complete, finish, accomr- plish, execute, perform. perfidus, -a, -um [per -|- fides] , adj., faithless, false, perfidious, treacherous. perQo [per + flo], 1, blow through or over, sweep over. pcrfundo, -ere, -fiidi, -fusus [per + tu.ndLO'],pour over, wet, drench, wash; bathe, anoint, dip, dye. Pergameus, -a, -um [Pergamns], adj., of I'ergamus, Pergamian, Trojan. Pergamum, -i, n., and Pergama, -orum, n., the citadel of Troy, Troy; also tlie Trojan citadel built by Helenus in Elpirus, 3, 336. pergS, -ere, perrexi, perrectus [per + rego], go on, proceed, ad- vance, continue. perhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [per + habeo], maintain, assert, report, say. periculum, -i [periclum], n., dan- ger, peril, risk, hazard, jeopardy. perimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus, de- stroy, slay, kill, ruin, annihilate. Periphas, -antls, m., a Greek companion of Pyrrhus. perinrium, -i [periurus], n., per- jury, treachery, perfidy. periurus, -a, -um [per -|- ins], adj., perjured, false. perlSbor, -i, -lapsus [per -(- labor], glide through or over. perlego, -ere, -legi, -lectiis [per -I- lego], scan, examine, survey. permetior, -iri, -niensus [per -f- metior], measure, traverse. permisceo, -ere, -mlscul, -inistus or-mixtus [per + misceo], mix, mingle. permitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [per -I- mitto], permit, allow, suffer ; commit, consign, intrust, give over. permixtus, -a, -um, p.p. of per- misceo. permulceo, -ere, -mulsi, -mulsus or niulctus [per + mulceo], calm, soothe. pernix, -Icis [per + nitor], adj., nimble, swift, fleet, agile. perodi 97 Phlegyas perodi, -odlsse, -osus [per + odi], hate, abhor, loathe, detest. perosus, -a, -um, p.p. of perodi. perpetuus, -a -uin [per + peto], adj., whole, entire, continuous, all; perpetual. perrumpo, -ere, -rnpi, -ruptus [per + rumpo], burst (or break) through. persentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus [per -\- sentio], feel deeply, see clearly ; feel, perceive. persolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutus [per + solve], pay, render, give, return. persono, -are, -m, -Itus [per + sono], sound through, cause to (or malce') resound; play. persto, -stare, -stiti, -status [per -1- sto], stand fast, remain fixed or unaltered, persist. pertaedet, -ere, -taesum est, im- pers., it loearies, w. ace. of the one feeling the emotion ; / am weary, I loathe, you are weary, etc. pertempto [per -I- tempto] , 1, try, test; Jill, pervade, thrill, 1, 502. pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, arrive at, reach, come to. pervius, -a, -uin [per -|- via], adj., passable, free, unobstructed, common. pes, pedis [ttoOs], in., foot; foot- rope at the .lower corner of a sail, sheet; facere pedem, to work (or m,anage) the sheets, tack, 5, 830. pestis, -is, f., plague, pest, pesti- lence; infection, taint, pollu- tion ; destruction, ruin, death. Petelia, -ae, f . , an ancient town of Bruttium. peto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, seek, attack, pursue, as an enemy; seek, steer for ; aim, aim at; ask, beg. Phaeaces, -um, m., Phaeacians, the Homeric name for the inhabitants of Corcyra (now Corfu). Phaedra, -ae, 1, daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and wife of Theseus, king of Athens. Phaethon, -ontis, m., son of Helias and Clymene ; the sun. phalanx, -augis [^iXa7{], f ., pha- lanx, host, army ; fleet, 2, 254. phalerae, -arum, f., trappings, for a horse. pharetra, -ae, f., a quiver. Phegeus, -ei or -eos, ra., a Trojan companion of Aeneas. Philoctetes, -ae, m., son of Poeas, king of Meliboea in Thessaly ; he was a companion 6f Hercules from whom he in- herited the bow and poisoned arrows without which Troy could not be taken ; with these he slew Paris. After the war he founded Petelia in Italy. Phlneius, -a, -um [Phineus], adj., of Phineus, a Thracian king who was struck blind by the gods and tormented by the Har- pies for putting out the eyes of his sons. Phlegethon, -ontis \^^'\ey48oiy, blazing'], m., a river of fire in Tartarus. Phlegyas, -ae, m., a son of Mars, Phoebeus pius king of the Lapithae and father of Ixion. Phoebeus, -a, -um [Phoebus], adj., of Phoebus, of the sun. Phoebus,-!, ID., Phoebus, Apollo. Phoenices, -um, m. , Phoenicians. Phoenissus, -a, -ujn, adj., Phoe- nician; subst., PhoenTssa, -ae, f., Phoenician woman, Dido. Phoenix, -ids, m., a Greek chief, teacher and companion of Achilles. Pholoe, -es, f., a Cretan slave- woman. Phorbas, -antis, m., a son of Priam, killed at the siege of Troy. Phorcus, -i, m. , a son of Neptune and father of the Gorgons ; changed at his death into a sea god. Phryges, -um, m., Phrygians^ Trojans. Phryglus, -a, -um, adj., Phry- . gian, Trojan. Phthia, -ae, f., a Thessalian' city, the birthplace of Achilles. piaculum, -I [plo], n., expiatory offering or sacrifice; expiation; met., sin, crime. picea, -ae [pix], f., pitch-pine, pine. plceus, -a, -um [pix], adj., of pitch, pitchy, pitch-black. pictSra, -ae [pingolyf., painting, picture. picturatus, -a, -um [pictura], adj., painted, embroidered. plctus, -a, -um, p.p. of pingo. pietas, -atis [pius], f., duty toward the gods and duty toward men, hence, goodness, righteous- ness, virtue, pifty ; affection, love ; loyalty, devotion ; patriot- ism, justice; mercy, pity, com- passion. piget, -ere, piguit, impers., it dis- pleases, w. ace. of the one feeling the emotion ; / am displeased, annoyed, vexed, I regret; you are displeased, etc. pignus, -oris, u., pledge, token. pineus, -a, -um [pinus], adj., of pine, pine. pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, paint, color, embroider, tattoo ; pictus, -a, -um, embroidered, tattooed, many colored, bright plumaged, of gay plumage, 4, 525. pinguis, -e, adj., fat, rich, fertile. pinifer, -era, -erum [pinus -l-feroj , adj., pine bearing, pine clad. pinna (penna), -ae, f., feather, wing, pinion. pinus, -US or -i [cf. pix], f., pine, pine tree ; met., ship. pio, 1, expiate, atone for ; appease. Pirithous, -i, m., son of Ixion, king of the Lapithae, companion of, Theseus, with whose aid he attempted to carry away Proser- pina from the home of Pluto ; for this he was chained in Hades. plscosus, -a, -um [pisois], adj., abounding in fish, about which play the fish, 4, 255. pistrix, -Icls [cf. piscis], f., sea- monster. pius, -a, -um, adj., pious, devout, devoted, loyal, dutiful ; holy, sacred, righteous, good; just, pure, blessed. placeo 99 Pompa placeo, -ere, -ui, placltus, pZease, be pleasing; placet, impers., it pleases, it is ordained, decreed, or right; w. dat. of the person, it pleases me, you, etc. , I resolve, or decree, you resolve, or decree, etc. ; placitus, -a, -um, pleasing, agreeable. placide [placidus], adv., calmly, gently, peacefully, quietly, softly. placidus, -a, -uin [placeo], adj., calm, gentle, peaceful, quiet, tranquil, serene, placid, friendly, propitious, kindly, compassion- ate. placo, 1, calm, soothe, quiet, ap- pease ; subdue, quell. 1. plaga, -ae, f., region, tract, zone, district. 2. plaga, -ae, f., net, hunting net. plangor, -oris [plangor], m., a beating of the breast in token of grief ; met. , lamentation, wail- ing. planta, -ae, f., sole of the foot, foot. plaudo, -ere, plausi, plausus, beat ; flap, flutter ; beat time. plausus, -US [plaudo], m., ap- plause, clapping of the hands ; beating, flapping, 5, 215. Plemyrium, -i, n., a promon- tory of Sicily, near Syracuse. plenus, -a, -um [cf. obs. pleo in compleo, etc.], adj., full, over- flowing. pllco, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus or -Itus, fold, coil. plama, -ae, t., feather, plume. plumbum, -i, n., lead. plurimus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of multus, most, very mnch, very high, very large; pi., very many, countless, very (or most) abundant. plus, plnris, adj., comp. of mul- tus, more. pluvius, -a, -um [pluo] , sA].,rainy, causing rain, raiji-bringing. poculum, -I, n., drinking-cup, goblet, cup. poena, -ae, f., punishment, pen- alty, pain ; vengeance. Poeni, -orum, m., Carthaginians. Polites, -ae, m., a son of Priam, killed by Pyrrhus. polliceor, -eri, -itus, promise. poUuo, -ere, -ui, -Stus, pollute, defile ; violate, wrong, desecrate, outrage. Pollux, -ucis, m. , son of Jupiter and Leda, brother of Castor ; when Castor had been slain, Pollux shared his immortality witli him on alternate days. polus, -i, m., pole, north pole, heavens. Polyboetes, -ae, m., a Trojan priest of Ceres. Polydorus, -i, m., a son of Priam, treacherously slain by the Thracian king Polymnestor. Polyphemus, -i, m., a Cyclops of Sicily, son of Neptune ; he had been blinded by Ulysses and was seen by Aeneas and his companions. PometlT, -orum, m., and Po- metia, -ae, f., a Volscian town, called also Suessa Pometia. pompa, -ae, f., a solemn proces- sion or ceremonial. pondus 100 potis pondus, -erls, n., weight, burden, mass. pone, adv., behind. pouo, -ere, posui, positus, put, place, set, fix, lay ; build, erect, establish; found, make; assign, appoint; lay down, lay aside, dismiss, put away, banish; place before one, serve up. pontus, -i, m., sea, deep; luave. popularis, -e [populus], adj., popular. populeus, -a, -um [popuUis], adj., of the poplar tree, poplar. populo and populor [populus], 1, lay waste, ravage; devastate, plunder, rob; deprive of, muti- late, despoil. populus, -i, m., people, tribe, na- tion, race; multitude, throng. porricio, -ere, -reci, -rectus, cast forth as an offering to the gods, oger. porrigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [pro -I- rego], stretch forth or out, hold forth, extend. porro, adv., forward, far off, afar, at a distance ; afterwards, later, in course of time. porta, -ae, f., gate, door, portal, outlet. portends, -ere, -tendi, -tentus [pro -I- tenAo'\, foretell, portend, presage. portions, -fis [porta], 1, portico, gallery, colonnade, hall. portltor, -oris [portus, from per, root of porto], in., loll-gatherer at a port, warder, inspector, 6, 298 ; ferryman, boatman. ports, 1, bear, carry, bring. Portunus, -i [portus], m., the Roman god of harbors. portus, -Bs, m., port, harbor, haven. posco, -ere, poposci, demand, ask, request ; ask for, beg for, pray for ; entreat, supplicate. possum, posse, potui [potis -|- sum], be able, can, have poicer or influence, avail; potens, -entis, pres. p. as aiij,, power- ful, mighty, great, rich, master of post, prep. w. ace, after, behind; adv., afterwards, hereafter, then, next, behind. posterns, -a, -um [post], adj., next, following, succeeding. posthabeS, -ere, -ui, -itus [post + habeo], place after, hold in less esteem or affection. postis, -is, rn., post, door-post, door.- postquam, conj., after that, after, when. postrenius or postumus, -a, -um, adj., super!, of posterns, last, latest born, youngest ; low- est, below, 3, 427. potens, -entis, see possum. potentia, -ae [potens], f., power, might. potestSs, -atis [potis], f., power, ability, opportunity. 1. potior, -iri, -itus [potis], get (or take) possession of, get, gain, obtain, secure, become master of. 2. potior, -ius, see potis. potis, -e, adj,, able; coinp., potior, -ins, better, preferable ; adv., potlus, rather, preferably. poto 101 praesaepe poto, 1, drink. prae, prep. w. abl., before. praecelsus, -a, -um [prae + cel- sus], adj., very high, lofty. praeceps, -clpitis [prae + caput], adj., head-foremost, headlong; hurried, hasty ; swift, speedy ; in headlong haste; subst., prae- ceps, -cipltis, n., precipice, verge, edge; In praeceps, down- wards. praeceptum, -i [praeoipio], n. , injunction, order, command; rule, precept; warning, advice. praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [prae -i- capio], take beforehand or in advance, anticipate. praecipito [praeceps], 1, trans., cast (or throw) headlong, hurl headlong, urge on, impel, incite ; intrans., fall headlong, fall, , plunge; descend swiftly, run down, rush down. praecipue [praecipiius], adv., especially, chiefly. praecipuus, -a, -um [praeoipio], adj., especial, peculiar, distin- guished. praeclarus, -a, -um [prae + clarus], adj., illustrious, fa- mous, distinguished, glorious. praecS, -onis [for praevico, from prae + voco], m., herald. praecorrlia, -orum [prae -|- cor], n., breast, heart. praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoil, plun- der, prey, game. praedico, -ere, -dixf, -dictus [prae -|- dico] , foretell, predict, prophesy ; charge, admonish, forewarn, 3, 436. praedictum, -i [praedico], n. , pre- diction, prophecy. praeeo, -ire, -Tvi or -ii, -itus [prae-heo], go before, lead, 5, 186. praefero, -ferre, -tull, -latus, prefer, put (or place) before, rank before. praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fi ctus [prae -l- ficio], set over, put in charge of, place (or put) over. praefigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus [prae 4- Ago], fix on the front (or end) of, tip, point; prae- f ixus, -a, -um, tipped, pointed. praeiuetuo, -ere [prae -f- metuo], fear in advance or beforehand, dread. praemitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, send before, ahead, forward, or in advance. praemium, -i [prae -|- emo], n., prize, reward, recompense, gift. praenato [prae -I- nato], 1, glide by, flow by or past. praepes, -etis [prae -|- (root) pet (cf. ir^o^oi)], Si&]., flying, swift. praepiaguis, -e [prae -|- pinguls], adj., very fat, rich, or fer- tile. praereptus, -a, -um, p.p. of praeripio. praeriplo, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [prae + rapio], seize (or snatch) before, snatch (or tear) away. praeruptus, -a, -um, p.p. of praerumpo, broken, precipi-. tous, steep. praesaepe, -is [of. saepes, hedge'\, n., enclosure; hive, 1, 435. praescius 102 Priamides praescjus, -a, -um [prae + scio], adj., foreknowing, prescient. praesens, -entis [praesum], adj., present, at hand, present in per- son or before one's eyes; imme- diate, instant; prompt, ready. praesentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus [prae+sentio], perceive (or feel) beforehand, divine. praesideo, -ere, -sedi [prae -|- sedeo], preside over, protect.' praestans, -antis, p. of praesto, excellent, surpassing, distin- guished, preeminent. praesto, -are, -stiti, -status or stitus [prae -|- sto] , surpass, ex- cel ; impers., it is better, it was better, etc. praetendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus [prae -H tendo], stretch forth, hold out before; p.p., stretched out before, lying in front of, 3, 692. praeter, adv., and prep. w. ace, by, beyond, before, besides, ex- cept. praetereS' [praeter -|- ea], adv., besides, moreover ; hereafter, henceforth, thereafter. praetereo, -Ire, -ivi or -ii, -Itus [praeter -|- eo], pass by, pass, outstrip. praeterlabop, -i, -lapsus [praeter -I- labor], glide (or flow) by or along by, sail by or past. praeterveho, -ere, -vexi, -vec- tus [praeter -|- veho], carry along by; pass, as middle or dep., be borne past, go by, sail by or past. praetexo, -ere -texui, -textus [prae + texo],/n)ig'e, line, bor- der ; conceal, cover, hide, cloak. praeverto, -ere, -vertl, -versus, preoccupy ; pres. pass, as middle or dep., outstrip. praevideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus [prae + video], foresee. pratum, -I, n., meadow. pravus, -a, -um, adj., crooked, wrong, false; mhst., pravum, -i, n., evil, falsehood, 4, 188. precor, 1, pray ; pray to, invoke; implore, beseech, supplicate, beg, pray for. prehendo [prendo] , -ere, -hendi, -hensus, lay hold of, seize, catch, grasp; overtake, reach. prehensus, -a, -um, p.p. of pre- hendo. premo, -ere, pressi, pressus, press, press upon, tread upon; press down; press hard after, pursue closely ; cover, bury, hide, conceal; overwhelm, overpower, oppress, weigh down ; repress, restrain, curb, check, confine, keep down or back, stop, stay; rule, control. prendo, -ere, prendi, prensus, see prehendo. prenso [prendo], 1, grasp, seize, presso [premo], 1, press ; milk. pretium, -i, n., price, prize, re- ward, bribe. (prex, precis), f., nom. and gen. sing, obsolete, prayer, entreaty, supplication. Prlameius, -a, -um [Priamus], adj., of Pi-iam. Priamides, -ae [Priamus], m., son of Priam, Priamus 103 proditio Priamus, -i, m., 1, Priam, son of Laomedon and king of Troy ; slain at the Fall of Troy by Pyrrhus. 2, Son of Polites and grandson of King Priam, 5, 564. pridem, adv., long ago, long since. primo, adv., at first, in the begin- ning. primum , adv. , first / w. ut or cum, as soon as. primus, -a, -um, adj., super!, of prior, first, foremost, first part of; front, fore-, 5, 566; in prinils, especially ; subst. , chief, leader, noble. princeps, -ipis [primus + capio], adj., first, chief, foremost; subst., m., chief, leader, com- mander, prince; founder. prlncipiuin, -i [princeps], n., he- ginning ; abl. as adv., principio, in the beginning, in the first place, first. prior, -us, comp. adj., former, first; subst., prlores, -um, m., ancestors; prius, adv., before, sooner. priscus, -a, -um, adj., old, an- cient; Prisci Latlni, the Old (or Early') Latins, 5, 598. pristiiius, -a, -um, adj., old, for- mer, ancient, pristine. Pristis, -is, f., name of a ship of Aeneas. prius, see prior. priusquam, or prius . . . quam, before that, before. 1. pro, prep. w. abl., before ; for, in return for, in behalf of for the sake of, instead of 2. pro, interjec, ! Ah! Alas .' proavus, -i [pro -|- avus], m., great-grandfather, ancestor. probo [probus], \, approve, allow. Procas, -ae, m., an Alban king, father of Nuinitor and Amulius. procax, -acis, adj., boisterous, violent. procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, go (or come) forth or forward, ad- vance, proceed, move, continue, pass by. procella, -ae, f., gale, storm, blast. procer, -eris, m.., sing, obsolete except ace, usually pi., chief, noble, prince. proclamo [pro -)- clamo], 1, cry out. Procris, -is (and idis), f., daugh- ter of Erechtheus,king of Athens, and wife of Cephalus, king of Phocis, who shot her accidentally while hunting. procul, adv. , far o.ff, far, at a dis- tance, afar, far away. procumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi- tus [pro-t- cubo], bend forward, lean forward ; fall in death or battle, fall (or sink) in ruins. procurro, -ere, -cucurri or -curri, -cursus [pro + curro], jut out, run out, project. procurvus, -a, -um, adj., wind- ing, curving, curved. procus, -i, m., suitor. prodeo, -ire, -ivi or ii, -itus [pro -I- eo], move (or go) for- ward, advance. prodiginm, -i, n., sign, portent, omen, prodigy. proditio, -onis [prodo], f., prodo 104 propinquus information, evidence; treason, treachery. prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [pro + do] , give up, give over, abandon, desert, betray; hand down, transmit. prodaco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [pro + dixco'], prolong, protract. proelinm, -i, n., battle, Jight. prolSnus, -a, -um [pro f fanum], aAi.,profane,unholy,uninitiated. profero, -ere, -tuli, -latus [pro + fero], carry forward or forth, extend. proficiscor, -i, profectus, set out or forth, depart, go. prefer [pro -|- for], 1, speak out, speak. profugus, -a, -um [profugio], adj., fleeing, exiled, banished; subst., exile, fugitive, outcast. profundus, -a, -uin, adj., deep, profound; lofty, high. progenies, -ei [pro -|- root gen., beget^, i., lineage, race; off- spring, progeny, children. proglgno, -ere, -genui, [pro 4- gigno], bear, bring forth, pro- duce. progredior -i, -gressus [pro -|- gradior], go fonoard or forth, advance, proceed. prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -Itus [pro -|- habeo], keep off or away, ward off, avert, prevent, forbid. proicio, -ere, -leci, -iectus [pro -I- iacio], throw (or cast) forth, down, or away, fling down or away, plunge. proiectus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro- icio, projecting, putting. prolabor, -I, -lapsus, fall down, fall in ruins. proles, -Is, t, offspring, progeny, posterity, race, lineage. proluo, -ere, -lui, -Intus [pro + luo], wet, drench, wash; fill. proluvies, -ei [proluo], f., flow, discharge, excrement. promereor, -eri, -itus [pro -|- mereor], deserve, merit. promissum, -i [promitto], n., promise. promitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [pro -I- mitto], promise, pledge, vow. promo, -ere, prompsi, promp- tus [pro + eiuo], bring out or forth, put forth; w. se, come forth, emerge. pronuba, -ae [pro, of. nubo], f., a title especially applied to Juno as the goddess of marriage, help- ing in marriage rites, nuptial, 4, 106. pronus, -a, -um [cf. pro], adj., bending (or leaning) forward, downward, sloping, shoreward- sloping, 5, 212. propago, -inis, f., stock, off- spring, progeny, race. prop.e (coiup., proplus ; q.v., superl., proxime), adv. and prep., near. propere, adv., speedily, quickly, swiftly, hastily. proper©, 1, hasten, make haste. proplnquo [propinquus], ap- proach, come near, draw near. propinquus, -a, -um [prope], adj., near, neighboring, near at hand; kindred, related. propior 105 pubesco propior, -us [prope], comp. adj., nearer. propius [prope], oomp. adv., more nearly, more closely ; more favorably or propitiously, propond, -ere, -posul) -positus [pro -I- pono], place before, disr play, offer, propose. proprius, -a, -um, adj., one^s own, lasting, permanent, abid- ing. propter, prep. w. ace, on account of propugnaculum, -i [propugno], n., bulwark, defence. prora, -ae [cf. pro], f., prow. proripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [pro -I- rapio], snatch (or drag) forth or away; hurry away, hasten away. prorumpo, -ere, -rnpi, -ruptus [pro -I- riimpo], burst forth, cast forth, belch forth. proruptus, -a, -um, p.p. of prorumpo, dashing, rushing, broken. prosequor, -i, -secntus [pro -|- sequor], follow after, follow, pursue, accompany, attend; proceed, continue, 2, 107. Proserpina, -ae, f., daughter of Jupiter and .Ceres, wife of Pluto, by whom she was carried away and made queen of the Lower World. prosllio, -ire, -ui, -ivi, or -li [pro 4- salio], leap forth, spring forth, dart forth or forward. prospectus, -us [prospioio], m., prospect, view, sight, outlook. prosper or prosperus, -a, -um [pro -I- spes], adj., favorable, auspicious, propitious ; pros- perous, fortunate. prosplcio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [pro + speoio], look forth, for- ioard, or out, gaze out upon ; see, descry. prosum, prodesse, profui [pro -I- sum], avail, profit, be of as- sistance or use. protectus, -a, -um, p.p. of protego. protego, -ere, -texi, -tectus [pro -I- tego], protect, shelter. protendo, -ere,-tendi, -tensus or -tentus [pro -|- tendo], stretch forth or out, extend. protinus [pro 4- tenus], adv., con- tinuously, uninterruptedly, right on ; straightway, immediately, forthwith. protraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus [pro 4- traho], draw (or drag) forth or forward. proveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus [pro -I- veho], bear (or carry) forward; pass., be borne on- ward, sail; proceed, speak on, 3, 481. proximus, -a, -um [superl. of propior], adj., nearest, next. prndentia, -ae [prudens], f., forethought, foresight, wisdom, sagacity. prnna, -ae, i., live coal. pubens, -entis, adj., full of life or vigor, juicy ; downy. pSbes, -Is, f., groin, middle; youth, young men; brood, off- spring. pubesco, -ere, -pnbui [pubes], pudeo 106 guaesitor be growing up, grow to man- hood. pudeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, be ashamed ; impers., pudet, etc., w. ace. of the person who experiences the feeling, it shames me, i.e. / am ashamed, etc. pudor, -oris, m., shame, modesty, virtue, purity, honor. puella, -ae [puer], f., girl. puer, -eri, in., boy, son, child. puerilis, -e [puer], adj., of a boy or boys, youthful. pugna, -ae, f., fight, battle, com- bat, struggle, contest, conflict. pugno [pugna], 1, fight, contend in battle, fight (or struggle) against, resist, oppose. piignus, -i, m., fist, hand. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., fair, beautiful, lovely, comely; noble, illustrious, glorious, ex- cellent, famous. pulso [pello], 1, beat, lash, strike against ; touch, reach ; tremble, throb. 1. pulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of pello. 2. pulsus, -us [pello] , m. , beating, tramp, trampling. pulverulentus, -a, -um [pulvis], adj., dusty. pulvis, -eris, m. , dust. pSinex, -icls, m., pumice-sione, porous rock; rock. Puniceus, -a, -um, adj., of Punic color; red, crimson, purple. Punicus, -a, -um, adj., Punic, Carthaginian. puppis, -Is, f., stern; ship, Ves- sel. purgo [purus -1- ago], 1, make pure, clean, or clear; w. se, clear away, vanish, disappear. purpura, -ae, f., purple. purpureus, -a, -um [purpura], adj., purple, scarlet; ruddy, rosy, glowing, lustrous, bright colored. purus, -a, -um, adj., pure, clear; headless, 6, 760. puts [putus, clearl, 1, make clean ov clear; think, suppose, believe; consider, ponder, reflect upon. Pygmalion, -onis, m., son of Belus, brother of Dido, and king of Phoenicia. pyra, -ae, f., funeral-pile, pyre. Pygo, -us, f., a Trojan nurse of Priam's children. Pyrrhus, -i, m., son of Achilles and Deidamia, king of a part of Epirus, slain by Orestes ; he was also called Neoptolemus. Q qua [qui and quis], interrog., rel. and indef. adv., 1, where? how? in what wiy? by lohat means? 2, where, how; 3, in any way, anywhere, by any means. quadrigae, -arum [quattuor -|- iugum], f., four-horse chariot, chariot. quadrupes, -edis [quattuor -|- pes], adj., four-footed; subst., four-footed animal, animal. quaero, -ere, quaesivi or -ii, quaes! tus, seek, search for, look for; inquire, ask; seek in vain, miss, 5, 814. quaesitor, -oris [quaero], m., quaeso 107 quippe quaeso [of. quaero], defective," seek, ask, beg, entreat, be- seech. qualis, -e, adj., 1, interrog., of what sort? of what appearance or nature 9 what? 2, rel., such as, as much as, as. quam [qui], adv., 1, interrog., ■hoiD? 2, rel., as, as much as; w. comp., than; w. superl., as . . . as possible. quamquam, conj., although, though ; and yet. quamvis [quam + vis (see volo)], adv. and conj., however. much, however, although. quando, 1, adv., at any time, ever, when; 2, conj., since, be- cause. qnantus, -a, -um, adj., interrog., hojw great? how much? rel., often w. tantus preceding, as great as, as much as, as ; quan- tum, adv. , how much, how, hoio greatly. quare [abl. of qui + abl. of res], adv., 1, interrog., on account of ■what thing? why? wherefore? 2, rel., on account of which thing, for which reason, on which account.- quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], adj., fourth. quasso [quatio], 1, shake, bran- dish; shatter. qnater [quattuor], adv., four times. '^ quatio, -ere, (no perf., quassus, shake, beat, flap ; agitate, make tremble, thrill; torment. quattuor, adj., four. -que, conj. enolit., and. queo, quire, quivi or -ii, qui- tus, be able, can.- quercus, -ns, f., oak, crown of oak leaves. querela, -ae [queror], f., com- plaint. queror, -T, qnestus, complain, lament, bewail, moan. questus, -ns [queror], m., com- plaint, lamentation, lament. qui, quae, quod, pron., 1, inter- rog., who? which? what? 2, rel., who, which, what. quia, conj., tecause. qulanani, interrog. adv., why? wherefore? why pray? quicumque, quaecumque, quod- cumque, indef. rel. pron. and adj., whoever, whatever, whoso- ever, whatsoever. quid [quis], adv., why? how? quidem, adv., indeed, -truly, at least, forsooth. qules, -etls, f., rest, repose, sleep, quiet, pause, lull. qulesco, -ere, -evi, -etus, rest, be quiet, repose, be still, cease. quietus, -a, -um [quiesco], adj., quiet, peaceful, calm, tranquil, restful. quln [qui + ne], 1, conj., that not, but that, from; 2, adv., why not? nay, nay but, nay even, moreover. quini, -ae, -a [qninque], five each, five. quinquaglntS, adj., fifty. quippe, adv. and conj., surely, in- deed, forsooth, verily ; inasmuch as, since, because indeed. Quirinus 108 rapio Quirinus, -i, m., a name of Rom- ulus after he was deified. 1. Quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron., who? which? what? 2. quIs or qui, qua or quae, quid or quod, indef. pron., adj., and subst. , any, some, any one, some one, anybody, anything, some- thing; (quis = quibus, 1, 96; 5, 511). qulsnam (quinam), qoaeDam, quidnam (or quodnam), in- terrog. pron. and adj., who pray? lohatpray? qulsquam, quaeqUam, quld- quam or quicquam, indef., pron. used as subst., any one, anything. qulsque, quaeque, quodque of (substantive) quidque or quic- que, indef. pron., each, evei-y, each one, every one, everything. quisquis, quaequae, quidquid or qulcquld, indef. pron., who- ever, whosoever, whatever, what- soever. 1. quo [qui], 1, interrog. adv., whither? to what place? where? wherefore? 2, rel. adv., to which place, whither, where. 2. quo [qui], conj., in order that, so that, that. quocirca, adv., wherefore, for which reason. quocumque, adv., to whatsoever place, whithersoever, wherever. quod [qui], conj., as to the fact that, because, in that, that ; but, however, moreover, therefore, wherefore; quod si, but if, if however. quomodo or quo modo, adv., 1, interrog., in what way? in whcft manner? how? 2, rel., in the same manner as, just as. quonam, Interrog. adv., whither pray? where pray? where? tvhither? quondam, adv., once, at one time, formerly; sometimes, at times; hereafter, sometime; ever, 6, 876. quonlam, conj., since now, since, inasmuch as. quoque, conj., also, too. quot, indeol. adj., how many? as many as. quotannis [quot -I- annus], adv., yearly, annually. quotiens [quot], adv., how often? as often as. quousque, adv., how far? how long? R rabidus, -a, -um, adj., raving, savage, raging, furious, fren- zied, mad, fierce, frantic. rabies, -em, -e, f., madness, rage, frenzy, fitry. radius, -i, ni., rod, spoke; ray, beam. radix, -ids, f., root. rgdo, -ere, rasi, rasus, graze, skim along or over, coast (or sail) along or near. ramus, -i, m., branch, bough; wreath. rapidus, -a, -um [rapio], adj., rapid, swift, quick ; violent, con- suming, fierce. rapio, -ere, rapui, raptus, seize, snatch ; snatch away, carry away rapto 109 redimo or off, snatch up; snatch up to heaven, translate, exalt, 1, 28 ; rescue ; pillage, plunder, ravish, steal; scour, hasten on, hurry on, speed, turn swiftly. rapto [rapio], 1, drag (or hurry) along. raptor, -oris [rapio], m., robber, plunderer; as ad]., plundering, prowling, ravening. raresco, -ere [rarus], begin to open, open out, 3, 411. rarus, -a, -um, adj., thin, with meshes, i, 131 ; scattered, here and there, at intervals; few, faltering, broken. ratio, -onis [reor], f., calculation, purpose, plan ; way, manner. ratls, -Is, f., raft, ship, boat, bark. ratus, -a, -um, p.p. of reor. raucus, -a, -um, adj., hoarse, roaring, ringing, resounding. rebellis, -e [re- + beUumJ, adj., rebellious, insurgent. recede, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, go back, recede, retire, withdraw, retreat, stand back or apart ; de- part, vanish, disappear. recens, -entis, adj., new, fresh, recent, pure. recenseo, -ere, -ui, -us or -itns, review, survey. reoidivus,— a, -um [reoido], adj., returning, rising again, restored. recingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctus [re- -I- oiiigo], ungird, unloose. recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [re— (- capio], take back, get back, re- gain, recover, rescue; take, receive, admit. recludo, -ere, -si, -sus [re- -(- claudo], unclose, open, disclose, reveal, unsheathe. recolo, -ere, -colui, -cultus [re- -|- colo] , think over, consider, con- template, reflect upon. recondo, -ere, -didi.-ditus [re- -|- condo], conceal, hide; bury. recordor [re- -|- coi-], 1, call to mind, remember, recollect, re- call. rector, -oris [rego], m., ruler, guide, pilot, helmsman. rectum, -i [rego], n., right. rectus, -a, -um [rego], p.p. of rego as adj., straight, right. recubo, -are [re- + cubo] , lie back or down, recline. recurso [recurro], 1, run back, return, recur. recursus, -ns [recurro], m., a running pack, retreat, return. recuso [re- + causa], 1, refuse, de- cline, object to, be reluctant. recussus, -a, -uin, p.p. of recutio. recutio, -ere,* -eussi, -cussus [re- -I- quatio] , cause to resound, shake violently, shake; p.p., recussus, -a, -um, resounding, reverberating. reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [re- + do], give back, return, restore, give up, deliver; answer, reply; give, render, pay,' make. redeo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Itus, go (or come) back, return. redimio, -ire, -ii, -itus, bind round, crown, encircle, wreathe. redimo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [re- + emo], buy back, redeem, ransom. reditus 110 relinquo reditus, -us [redeo], m., return. redoleo, -ere, -ui, be redolent of, smell of, he fragrant with. redSco, -ere, -daxi, -ductus [re- + duco], lead (or bring) back, draw back; rescue. reductus, -a, -uni, p.p. of redaco, retired, remote, se- cluded; receding, 1, 161. redux, -ucls [reduoo], adj., brought back, returning. refello, -ere, -felli [re- -|- f alio] , refute, disprove. refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatus [re- -I- f ero] , bear back or again, bring (or carry) back ; bear (or carry) away or off, convey, waft; restore, revive, renew, repro- duce; repeat, recall, resemble; report, relate, refer; reply, say, ^eak, utter; w. me, se, etc., go back, return. reflgo, -ere, -f ixi, -fixus [re- -|- figo], imfasten, loosen, take down ; annul, abolish, abrogate. reflecto, -ere, -fle'xl, -flexus [re- -t- flecto], turn (or bend) back ; w. animum, think of, recollect. refringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractus [re- + frango], break off. refugiS, -ere, -fagi [re- -|- fugio], flee hack or away, fly; recede, stand hack ; recoil ; shun, avoid, flee from. refulgeo, -ere, -fulsi [re- + fulgeo], flash back, shine forth, shine, glitter, gleam, glisten, be refulgent. refunds, -ere, -fndi, -fugus [re- -(- fundo], pour hack, boil up, overflow. refnsuB, -a, -um, p.p. of reflindo, disturJjBd, upheaved, overflowing. regalis, -e [rex], adj., regal, royal. regificus, -a, -um [rex + facio], adj., royal, regal, kingly, splerir did. regina, -ae [rex], f., queen, prin- cess. regis, -Snls [regoj, f., direction, region, territory, country; dis- trict, quarter. regius, -a, -um [rex], adj., royal, kingly, queenly. regnStor, -oris [regno], m., ruler, sovereign. regno [regnum], 1, reign, rule; reign (or rule) over, govern. regnum, -i [rex], n., kingly rule, royal power, sovereignty, power, dominion, sway ; kingdom, realm, domain; seat of gov- ernment. regS, -ere, rexi, rectus, rule, govern, control; direct, guide. reiclS, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [re- -\- iacio], throw back or off. relego, -ere, -legi, -Iectus [re- + lego], sail past again, coast along again. rellgiS (always e in Virgil), -onis, f., reverence, religious venera- tion, religious scruple, piety, devotion; religion,- religious rites, religious offering, cere- monial, religious observance, worship. religiosus, -a, -um [religio], adj , religious, holy, sacred. relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictus [re- -t- linquo], leave, leave behind, reliquiae 111 requies abatulon, relinquish; spare, 2, 659. liquiae, -arum [relinquo], f., remains, remnant, relics, sur- vivors. IBceo, -ere, -ISxi [re- -|- luceo], shine back, glow, gleam, shine, flash. meo, 1, return. metior, -iri, -ihensus [re- -|- metior], measure again or back, retrace, traverse again, observe again. mex, -Igis [ramus + ago], m., rower, oarsman ; band of oars- men, crew. mlgium, -i [remex], n., a rowing, rowing movement, oar- age ; oarsmen, crew. mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [re- -)- mitto], send back; repay, return; release, give up, relin- quish, resign. mordeo, -ere, -mordi, -morsus [re- -I- mordeo], bite again, vex, torment, distress, disturb. moveo, -ere, -movi, -motus [re- -(- moveo], remove, take mSgio, -ire [re- -|- mugio], bel- low back or again, reecho, resound. remus, -i, m., oar. Remus, -i, m., twin brother of Romulus, by whom he was killed. narro [re- -f narro], 1, tell again, relate, recount. nascor, -i, -natus [re- -|- nas- cor], be born again, grow again. aovo [re- + novo], 1, renew, revive ; suffer again, 2, 3 ; risk (or dare) again, 2, 750. reor, reri, ratus, think, believe, suppose, deem. repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsus [re- -1- pello], drive back, repel, repulse, reject, refuse, disdain, scorn, 4, 214. rependo, -ere, -pendl, -pensus [re- 4- pendo] , balance, make return or requital, repay, re- quite, return. repente [repens], adv., suddenly, unexpectedly. reperio, -ire, repperi, repertus, find (by searching), find out, discover, detect. repeto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -ftus ' [re- -I- peto], seek again, return to ; recall, remember, recollect ; repeat, renew; retrace. repleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [re- -|- pleo], Jill again, fill up, fill. repono,' -ere, -posui, -posltus [re- -I- pono], put (or place) back, replace, restore ; lay doion or aside; lay up, store up or away ; place, put, bury. reports [re- -f porto], 1, carry (or bring) back, report, relate. reposco, -ere [re- -I- posco], de- mand (in return), ask. repositus (repostus), -a, -um, p.p. of repono, buried; cher- ished; remote. reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus [re- -I- premo], check, keep back, restrain. ' requles, -etis or ei [re- -|- quies], f., rest, repose, respite, 4, 433. reQuiesco 115 requiesco, -ere, -evi, -etus [re- + quiesco],,resJ. require, -ere, -sivi or -sii, -situs [re- -1- quaero] , search (or seek,) for or out, ask for, ask, inquire; speak sorrowfully of, mourn, miss, sorrow for, 1, 217. res, rei, i.,' thing, affair, circum- stance, condition, occurrence, in- cident, event, matter, case, issue, side, cause, party; cause, rea- son; advantage, interest; com- monwealth, state, empire, power, world; deed, exploit, achieve- ment; fortune, misfortune. rescinds, -ere, -scidi, -scissus [re- 4- scindo], tear down, de- molish, raze. reserve [re- -f servo], 1, keep (or hold) back, resme, save. reses, -Idis [resideo], adj., quiet, sluggish, inactive, dormant. resido, -ere, -sedi, sit (or settle) down, settle; subside, abate, grow calm. resigno [re- -|- sign o], 1, unseal, open. resisto, -ere, -stiti, stand forth, stand revealed; resist, oppose, withstand ; stop, halt, pause. resolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutus [re- -1- solvo], untie, loosen, unbind; set free, release; relax ; dissolve, separate ; unravel, disclose, break, disregard. resono [re- -f- sono], 1, resound, reSeho. respects [respicis], 1, care for, regard. resplclo, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [re--l- speoio], look back, about. around or behind; look back upon, look back and see; see, notice ; regard, care for, be mind- ful of. respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -spon- sus, answer, reply, respond, respond to; agree with, corre- spond; be opposite. responsum, -i [respondeo], n., answer, response, reply. restinguo, -ere, -stinxi, -stinc- tus, quench, put out. restituo, -ere, -ui, -Btus [re- -f statuo]., set up 'again, restore, replace, reestablish. resto, -are, restiti [re- -(- sto], remain, be left, survive. results [resilio], 1, reecho, rever- berate, resound. resupinus, -a, -uin, adj., fallen backward, lying on one^s back, stretched out. resurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -surrec- tus [re- -)- surgo], rise again, revive, return. rete, -is, n., net. retego, -ere, -texi, -tectus [re- -f tego], ^mcover, reveal, dis- close, bring to light; illuminate. retento [retineo], 1, hold back, restrain, retard. retinaculum, -i [retineo], n., cable, rope. retineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus [re- + teneo], hold back, restrain. retraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus [re- + traho], draxv back, recall. reti-o, adv., backward, back. reti'orsus [retro + versus], adv., back. reus, -i [res], defendant, one revello 113 rota liable; w. voti, bound by my «0M), 5, 237. revello, -ere, -velli, -volsus [re- + vello] , tear (or pull) off or away; bring (or drag) away; dig up, disturb, violate. reverts, -ere, -ti, -sus, or rever- ter, -tl, -sus [re- -(- verto], re- turn. revincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus [re- -I- vincio], bind back o'r around, ■ bind, fasten ; wreathe, reviso, -ere, return to see, revisit, return to ; visit. revoco [re- -|- voco] , 1, call (or summon) back, recall ; retrace ; restore, save, revive, renew ; call (or cry) out. revolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volntus [re- -I- volvo], roll back; recall, rehearse, repeat, relate ; revolve, ponder; fall (or sink) back; p.p., changed back, returned to, 6, 449. revomo, -ere, -ui [re- -1- vomo] , vomit (or belch) forth or up, throw up, vomit. rex, regis, m., king, ruler, sov- ereign. Rhadamanthus, -i, m., son of Jupiter and Europa, and a judge in Hades. Rhesus, -i, m., king of Thrace and an ally of the lYojans. He was slain by Diomedes. Rboeteus, -a, -um, of Ehoeteum, a promontory on the Trojan coast ; Bhoetean, Trnjan. rideo, -ere, risi, risus, laugh, smile, laugh at, ridicule, deride. rlgeo, -ere, rigul, be stiff. rigo, 1, wet, moisten, bedew. rima, -ae, f . , crack. rimer [rima], 1, pry into, dig into, explore, search. riiriosus, -a, -um [rima], adj., full of cracks or crevices, leaky. ripa, -ae, 1, bank. Ripfaeus, -ei, m., a Trojan, slain at the capture of Troy. rite, adv., with proper religious rites, properly, rightly, fitly, duly, well. rivus, -i, m., stream. robur, -oris, n., oak, oak tree; wood, beams, timber; strength, vigor, courage, power, firm- ness. rogito [rogo], 1, ask often, eagerly, or earnestly. rego, 1, ask. regus, -1, m., funeral pile, Roma, -ae, f.. Borne. Romanus, -a, -um [Roma], adj., of Borne, Boman. Romulus, -i, m., son of Mars and Ehea Silvia, and traditional founder of Rome. Romulus, -a, -um [Romulus], adj., ofBomulus, Boman. roro [ros], 1, be wet with dew, drip, drop. ros, roris, m., dew. rosciduB, -a, -um [ros], adj., dewy, covered with dew. roseus, -a, -um [rosa], adj., of roses, rose colored, rosy, ruddy. rostrum, -i [rodo], n., beak, prow, bow. rota, -ae, f., wheel; orbit, revo- lution. rubesco 114 saltus rubesco, -ere, rubui [rubeo], grow red, redden. rudens, -entis, m., rope; pi., cordage, rigging, sheets. rudo, -ere, -ivi, -itus, roar, creak. ruina, -ae [ruo], f., fall, down- fall, overthrow, ruin,destruction, wreck; convulsion, catastrophe, commotion. rSmor, -oris, m., report, rumor. ruinpo, -ere, rnpi, ruptus, break, iurKt ; break through, down, or off; burst forth or through; open, rend, sever, tear, force; violate, betray, destroy; give vent to; utter, shout, shriek forth. ruo, -ere, rui, rutus, fall in ruin, fall (or rush) down, sink, set; rush (or hasten) up or forth; hasten, hurry ; upturn, upheave. rapes, -is [rumpo], f., rock, cliff, crag. riirsus or rarsuin [reverto], adv., backward; anew, again. rus, rnris, n., country ; pi., fields. Rutull, -orum, m., the Butulians, an ancient people of Latium, south of the Tiber. S Sabaens, -a, -um, adj., Sabaean, Arabian, of the Sabaeans, a people of Arabia Felix. sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., sa- cred, consecrated, holy ; ac- cursed; sabst., sacra, -orum, n., sacred symbols, rites, sacri- fices, things, utensils; mysteries. sacerdoa, -Otis [sacer], o., priest, priestess. sacro [sacer], 1, consecrate, ded- icate, devote, hallow. sacrum, -i, n., chiefly in pi., see sacer. saeculum, -i, n., generation, age. saepe, adv., often, frequently. saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptus [saepes], hedge in or about, surround, enclose. saeta, -ae, f., bristle, hair. saevio, -Ire, -ii, -itus [saevus], rage, be fierce, savage, angry, or furious. saevus, -a, -uin, adj., fierce, sav- age, wild, angi-y, furious; stern, fell, oruel, pitiless. Sagaris, -is, ni., a Trojan servant. sagitta, -ae, f., arrow, shaft, bolt, dart. sal, salis, m. and n., salt; salt water, sea. Salius, -i, m., an Acarnanian, one of the competitors in the • Trojan games in Sicily. Salleutinus, -a, -uin, adj., of the Sallentini, a people of Calabria, southeast of Tarentum. Salmoneus, -ei or-eos, m., son of • Aeolus, brother of Sisyphus, and king of Elis; having at- tempted to imitate the lightning of Jove, he vsras hurled into Tartarus by a thunderbolt. salsus, -a, -um [sal], 2A]., salted, salt, briny. saltem, adv., at least, at any rate. 1. saltus, -us [salio], m., leap, bound. 2. saltus, -us, m., woodland pas- ture, glade, forest, woodland. salum 115 sceptriim salum, -I [sal], n., open sea, the deep, the main, sea. salBs, -utis [cf. salvus], f., safety, welfare, deliverance, relief. salnto [salus], 1, greet, salute, welcome, hail. salveo, -ere [salvus], be well; usually imperative, hail, all hail, welcome. Same, -es, f., an earlier name of Cephallenia (now Cephalonia), an island off the vrestern coast of Greece. Samos, -i, f., an island ofE the coast of Asia Minor, southwest of Ephesus, and sacred to Juno. sanctus, -a, -um [sancio], adj., sacred, inviolable, holy, venera- ble, revered, august. sanguineus, -a, -um [sanguis], adj., bloody; blood-red, blood- shot. sanguis, -inis, m,, blood; race, stock, descent; offspring, de- scendant. sanies, -ei, f . , bloody matter, gore. sSdus, -a, -um, adj., sound; sane, rational. Sarpedon, -onls, m., son of Jupi- ter and Europa, king of Lycia, an ally of Troy who was killed by Patroolus. sat, see satis. sata, -orum [sero], n., growing (or standing) grain, crops. satio [satis], 1, satisfy, satiate, appease. satis, sat, adj., and adv., enough, sufficient, sufficiently. sator, -oris [sero], ra., sower, planter ; creator, father. \ Saturnius, -a, -um [Saturnus], adj., of or belonging to Saturn, Saturnian; subst., Saturnius, -i, son of Saturn; Saturnia, -ae, f . , daughter of Saturn, Juno. Saturnus, -i, m., a fabled and deified king of Latiiim, identified by the Romans wiih the Greek Cronos ; he was regarded as the father of Jupiter, Juno, Nep- tune, and Pluto. His reign was the "Golden Age." saturo [satur], 1, fill, satisfy, appease, satiate. satus, -a, -um, p.p. of sero, sown, planted, sprung from, son (or daughter) of. saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded, pierced, stricken, smitten. saxum, -i, n., stone (large and rough), rock, reef, cliff, crag. Scaea, -ae, adj., western; Scaea Porta, the Scaean or western gate of Troy; the principal gate, facing the sea, and the Grecian camp. scaena, -ae [(rKi7i/i)], f., stage, background, scene, view. scalae, -arum [scando], f., lad- der, scaling ladder. scando, -ere, climb, mount, as- cend, scale. sceleratus, -a, -um, p.p. of scelero ; roicked, accursed, pol- luted, impious, infamous. scelero, -are, no peiL, -Stus [scelus], pollute, defile. scelus, -eris, n., an evil, wicked, or atrocious deed, sin, crime, wickedness. sceptrum, -i [^(TKijirTpov], n., seep- scilicet 116 sedile tre; rule, dominion, power, sovereignty. scilicet [cf. soio + licet], adv., certainly, forsooth, doubtless. sclndo, -ere, scidi, scissus, split, cleave, divide, rend. scintilla, -ae, f., spark. sclo, -ire, -ivi or li, scitus, know, understand ; know how. Sclpiades, -ae [Scipio], m., a son or descendant of the Scipios, a Scipio. scitor [scio], 1, try (or seek) to know, inquire, search into; as- certain; w. oraculum, consult, 2, 114. scopulus, -i, m., cliff, crag, rock, ledge, reef. scrupeus, -a, -um, adj., stony, rough, rugged, jagged, flinty. scBtum -i [o-Kiiros], n., shield (oblong, made of wood and covered with leather). Scylaceum, -i, n., a town on the coast of Bruttium. Scylla, -ae, f., 1, a dangerous rock on the Italian coast oppo- site Charybdis, personified as a sea monster, 3, 424. 2, one of Aeneas's ships. Scyllaeus, -a, -um [Scylla], adj., of Scylla. Scyrlus, -a, -um [Scyros], adj., Scyrian, of Scyros, an island in the Aegean, northeast of Eu- boea. secessus, -us [secedo], m., recess, retreat. seclSdo, -ere, -clusT, -clusus [se- + claudo],' shut up, off, away, or out, exclude, remove, banish ; p.p. seclnsus, -a, -um, secluded, remote, retired. seco, -are, secui, sectus, cut, cut off or through, cleave ; en- grave, carve; sail, skim, speed on or along. secretus, -a, -um, p.p. of secerno, retired, remote, withdrawn, se- cluded, lonely, secret; secre- tum, -i, n., a secluded or re- tired place, recess, cave. secuudo, -are [secundus] , 1 , favor, prosper, aid, make propitious. secundus, -a, -um [sequor],adj., following, second ; favoring, fa- vorable, fair, prosperous, pro- pitious, auspicious; swiftly or smoothly gliding (or flying). securls, -is [seco], f., axe. secQrus, -a, -um [se- -|- ciira], adj., free from care or anxiety, untroubled, tranquil; care-dis- pelling; careless, heedless, re- gardless. secus, adv., otherivise, differently; w. haud or non, not otherwise, in like manner; haud secus ac, in like manner as, just as ; comp., seclus, otherwise, less; w. haud or non, no less, never- theless, just as. sed, conj., but. sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessus, sit, be seated, alight ; encamp, 5, 440 ; be settled, be resolved upon, be pleasing, 5, 418. sedes, -is [sedeo], f., seat; house, abode, hahitation,.home ; palace, temple, shrine ; foundation, bot- tom (of the sea), 1, 84. sedile, -is [sedfes], n., seat, bench. seditio 117 Serestus seditio, -onls [sed- + eo], fe, se- dition, insurrection, uproar, tumult. sedaco, -ere, -duxT, -ductus [se- + duco], lead apart or away, separate. seges, -etls, f., field of grain, standing grain; crop, harvest, growth. segnis, -e, adj., slow, sluggish, in- active, slothful ; oomp., segnior, -ius, less vigorous, less buoyant, 4, 149. segnities, -ei [segnis], f., sloth. Selinns, -Sntis, f., a town on the southwestern coast of Sicily. semel, adv., once, even once, but once. semen, -inis [sero], n., seed, spark, germ, element; pi., vital germs, elements. seinesus, -a, -um [semi- -f- edo], adj. , half-eaten. semianimls, -e [semi- -|- animus], adj., half-dead, dying, expiring. seminex, -ecis [semi- + nex], half- dead, dying. semino [semen], 1, sow, produce, bring forth. semita, -ae, f., path, foot-path. seinivir, -viri [semi- + vir], adj., half-man, effeminate. semper, always, ever. Beinustus, -a, -um [semi- + uro], adj., half-burned, half-con- sumed. senatuB, -ns [senex], m., senate, senecta, -ae [senex], f., old age. senectSs, -ntis [senex] ,t.,old age. senex, senls, adj., old; as subst.. m., old, aged, or venerable man; sire. senT, -ae, -a [sex], adj., six each, six. sensus, -ns [sentio], m., feeling, emotion, sense, soul, spirit. sententia, -ae [sentio], f., opin- ion, sentiment, judgment^ view, thought, purpose, design. sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, per- ceive (by the senses), hear, see, feel, note; understand, know. sentis, -is, m., thorn, brier, bramble. sentus, -a, -um [sentis], adj., thorny, rough. septem, adj., seven. septemgemiiius, -a, -um [sep- tem -I- geminus], adj., sevenfold, applied to the Nile because of its many mouths. septeni, -ae, -a [septem], adj., seven each, seven. Septimus, -a, -um [septem], adj., seventh. sepulcrum, -i [sepelio], n., tomb, sepulchre, grave ; burial. sepultus, -a, -um, p.p. of sepelio, buried; overcome (as by sleep or wine). sequax, -acis [sequor], adj., fol- lowing, pursuing, rapid, swift. sequor, -i, secBtus, follow, pur- sue; seek; find, attain; re- late. sereno [serenus], 1, make clear or serene; clear up or away. serenus, -a, -um, adj., clear, fair, cloudless, calm, serene, placid. Serestus, -i, m., a follower of Aeneas. Sergestus 118 signum Sergestus, -i, m., a follower of Aeneas. Sergius, -a, -um, adj., of Sergius, the name of a Roman gens. series, -ei [cf. sero, join together], f., series, train, row, succession. sermo, -onls [cf. sero, join to- gether], m., language, conver- sation, talk, discourse ; report, rumor. 1. sero, -ere (no perf.), sertus, join together, weave; converse, discuss, talk. 2. sero, -ere, sevi, satus, sow, plant; beget. serpens, -entis [serpo],m. and f., snake, seipent. serpo, -ere, serpsl, serptus, creep, glide, crawl; steal over or upon. Serranus, -i [sero], m., surname of Caius Atilius Kegulus, who was ploughing when told of his election as consul ; famous also for his opposition to' Carthage In the First Punic War. sertum, -I [sero], n., wreath, gar- land. serus, -a, -um, adj., late, tardy, too late. serva, -ae [servus], f., female slave. servans, -antis [servo], adj., ob- servant. servio, -ire, -ivi or -il, -itus [ser- vus], be a slave or servant, serve, obey. servitium, -i, [servus], n., servi- tude, slavery, bondage. servo, 1, save, rescue, preserve, keep, retain; keep watch over. guard, maintain, cherish, nurse ; contain, hold; watch, observe. sen, see sive. severus, -a, -um, adj , stern; fatal, dreadful ; gloomy, dismal. si, conj., if, in case, if indeed, if only; whether. sibllus, -a, -um [sibilo], adj., hissing. Sibylla, -ae, f., Sibyl, prophetess. sic, adv., so, thus, in this (or such") a manner. SicBnia, -ae, f., Sicily. Sicanus (Sicanius), -a, -um, adj., of Sicily, Sicilian; subst., Si- cani, -oruin, m., Sicilians. slcco [siccus], 1, dry, loipe away, stanch. siccus, -a, -um, adj., dry, thirsty. sicubi [si-l-ubi], adv., if any- where, wherever. Siculus, -a, -um, adj., of Sicily, Sicilian. sidereus, -a, -um [sidus], adj.. sido, -ere, sTdi, seat one^s self, alight, perch. Sldon, -onls, f., a Phoenician city. SIdSnius, -a, -um [Sidon], adj., of Sldon, Sidonian, Phoenician, Tyrian. sidus, -eris, n., constellation, star; season, weather. Sigeus, -a, -um, adj., of Sigeum, a promontory and town about five miles northwest of Troy. signo [signum], 1, mark, desig- nate, ivAiicate ; distinguish, com- memorate ; observe, notice, note. signum, -i, n., sign, mark, signal. silens 119 SOCIUS token, figure, design, clew; standard, ensign. silens, -entls [sileo], p. as adj., silentium, -i [silens], n., silence, stillness. sUeo, -ere, -ul, be (or remain) silent, calm, or still. silex, -Icls, m. and f., flint, rock, crag, cliff. silva, -ae, t, forest, wood; tree, shoot. Silvius, -i, m., the name of several descendants of Aeneas, 6, 763, 769. slmUis, -e, adj., like, similar. Simois, Siraoentis, m., a river near Troy, simpjex, -pllcis [cf. semel and plico], adj., simple, unmixed, pure. simul, adv., at the same time, at once, together; simul . . . slmnl, at the same time . . . and, both . . . and; simul ac (or atque), sometimes simul alone, as soon as. simulacrum, -i [simulo], u., image, likeness, statue; ghost, shade, apparition, phantom, spectre; semblance, representa- tion, 6, 585. simulo [similis], 1, im,itate, make like, pretend, feign, counterfeit. sin £si + ne], conj., but if, if how- ever, if on the contrary. sine, prep. w. abl., without. singuli, -ae, -a, adj., one by one; each, single, separate. sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on the left side (or hand); unlucky; subst., sinistra (so. manus), left hand. sino, -ere, sivl, situs, permit, let, allow, suffer. Sinon, -onis, m. , a Greek through whose craft the wooden horse was taken into Troy. sinuo [sinus], 1, coil, wind, writhe ; bend, curve. sinus, -fis, m., fold, curve; sail, boson/,, gulf, bay ; winding course, 6, 132. Sirenes, -um, f.. Sirens, two (oir three) fabulous monsters, half maiden, half bird, inhabiting dangerous rocky islands near the coast of Campania, who, by their sweet songs, enticed to their desti'uctlon those sailing by. Sirius, -i, m., the Dog Star. sisto, -ere, stiiS, status (cf. sto), cause to stand, set, put, place; bring, 4, 634 ; stop, stay ; make firm, establish, uphold, main- tain ; remain, settle, abide. sltls, -Is, f., thirst, drought. situs, -us [sino], m., position, situation, place; neglect, filth, mould. sive or sen [si -f- ve], conj., or if, or; slve (seu) . . . sive (seu), whether . . . or, either . . . or. socer, -eri, m. , father-in-law ; pi. , parents-in-law. socio [socius], 1, make one a partner or associate in, share, associate, ally; unite, join in marriage. socius, -i, m., ally, associate, companion, comrade, friend. socius, -a, -um [socius], adj.. sol 120 sortior allied, friendly, confederate, kindred. sol, soils, m., sun, sunlight, sun- shine, day. solaeluin, -i [aolor], n., solace, consolation, comfort. solSmea, -inls [solor] , n. , solace, comfort. soleo, -ere, solitus sum, semi- dep. , he wont or accustomed. solldus, -a, -um, adj., solid, sound, firm, compact; whole, entire ; massive, 2, 765. solium, -i, n., seat, throne. soUemnis, -e [sollus, all + obso- lete amnus, round ], adj., an- nual, solemn, sacred, festive, religious; subst., sollemnla, -lum, n., solemn or religious rites, ceremonies, festivals, sac- rifices. soUicito [sollicitus], 1, agitate, disturb, disquiet, make anxious. sollicitus, -a, -um, adj., anxious, troubled, excited, solicitous. solor, 1, solace, console, comfort, cheer, console one's self for; aid, relieve. solum, -i, n., ground, soil, land, earth; water, sea. solus, -a, -um, adj., alone, sole, only, solitary, lonely. solvo, -ere, solvi, solQtns, loosen, unbind, release, set free, dis- solve, relax; unfasten, let go, cast off ; dispel, banish, dismiss; pay, fulfil, perform, discharge. somnlum, -i [somnus], n., dream. somnus, -I, m., sleep, slumber, dream, night; pers., Somnus, -i, m,, Sleep. sonans, -antis, p. of sono, sound- ing, resounding, roaring, noisy, murmuring. sonipes, -pedis [sonus -1- pes], adj., with sounding (or ring- ing) hoof, noisy-hoofed ; subst., horse, steed, charger. sonitus, -us [sono], m., sound, noise, din, thunder. sono, -are, -ui, -Itus, sottnd, re- sound; ring, roar, rattle, mur- mur. sonorus, -a, -um [sonor], adj., loud-sounding, roaring, noisy. sons, sontis, adj., guilty. sonus, -i, m., sound, tone. sopitus, -a, -um, p.p. of sopio, lulled to sleep, slumbering, dormant. sopor, -oris [sopio], m., deep sleep, sleep, slumber; personi- fied, 6, 278. soporifer, -era, -erum [sopor -|- fero], adj., sleep-bringing. soporo, -are, no perfect, -atus [sopor], make sleepy, cause to sleep ; make soporific, drug. soporus, -a, -um [sopor], adj., drowsy, slumbrous, sleepy. sorbeo, -ere, -ui, suck down or in, swallow. sordidus, -a, -um [sordes], adj., filthy, squalid, dirty. soror, -oris, f., sister. sors, sortis, f., lot; fate, fortune, condition, destiny; oracle, re- sponse, prophecy, prediction ; allotment, portion. sortlop, -Ipi, -itus [sors], draw (or cast) lots; allot, assign by lot, distribute by lot, determine. sortitus 121 spumeus sortitus, -as [sortior], m., a draw- ing (or casting) of lots, allot- ment. spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsus, scatter, strew; sprinkle, be- sprinkle, stain; spread, dissem- inate, circulate. Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta or Lace- daemon, the capital of La- - conia. Spartanus, -a, -niin [Sparta], adj., of Sparta, Spartan. , spatior [spatium], 1, walk, walk to and fro, proceed (in a slow, stately, or solemn manner) . spatium, -i, n. , space, room, place, distance; time, interval, period; opportunity ; course, race-course. species, -ei [specio], f., sight, spectacle ; look, appearance, aspect. spectaculum, -i [specto], n., sight, spectacle. specto [specio], 1, look at, gaze at, eye. specula, -ae [specio], t., lookout, watch-tower. speculor [specula], 1, watch, keep watch, watch to discover, look out; catch sight of, descry, ob- serve. ^spelunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern, grotto, retreat. sperno, -ere, sprevi, spretus, spurn, despise, disdain, scorn, reject, slight. spero [spes], 1, hope, hope for; expect, fear, appi-ehend. spes, -ei, f., hope, expectation. spiculum, -i, n., point; dart, arrow, spear. spina, -ae, f., thorn. Spio, -fis, 1, one of the Nereids. spira, -ae, t, fold, coil. spirablUs, -e [spiro], adj., that may he breathed, vital. spiritus, -fis [spiro], m., breath, life, air, soul, spirit. spiro, 1, breathe, breathe forth, exhale; blow; quiver, throb, palpitate. spissus, -a, -uin, adj., thick, dense ; hard, compact. splendidus, -a, -um [splendeo], adj., splendid, brilliant, mag- nificent, sumptuous. spolio [spolium], \, strip, rob, de- spoil, pillage, plunder; deprive, 5, 224. spolium, -i, n., spoil, booty, plunr der, trophy; spolia opima, weapons and other spoil taken, on the field of hattle, by a victo- rious commander from the body of his defeated antagonist. sponda, -ae, f., couch. spondeo, -ere, spopondi, spon- sus, promise, pledge. sponsa, -ae, f., one betrothed or promised (as a bride) . sponte (abl. of obs. spons, of which only the gen. and abl. occur), f., of one^s own accord or will; voluntarily, according to one^s own inclination or desire, 4, 341. spretus, -a, -um, p.p. of sperno, slighted. spuma, -ae [spuo], t, foam, spray, froth. spumeus, -a, -um [spuma], adj., foamy, foaming, foam-covered. spuiuo 122 stringo spnmo [spuma], l,foam. spSmosiis, -a, -um [spuma], adj., foaming. squaleo, -ere, -ui, be foul, filthy, squalid, rough, unkempt. squalor, -oris [squaleo], m.,^ZJ/i, squalor. squama, -ae, f., scale (of fish or serpent). squameus, -a, -um [squama], adj., scaly. stabllls, -e [sto], adj.,^rm, endur- ing, lasting. stabulo [stabulum], 1, dwell, abide, have one's abode. stabulum, -i [sto], n., stall, stable ; abode, haunt. stagno [stagnum], 1, be stagnant or sluggish. stagnum, -i [sto], n., still water, pool, lake, sluggish stream, water ; pi., deep waters. statio, -onls [sto], t, stopping (or resting) place, station, haunt; anchorage, roadstead. statuo, -ere, statui, -ntus, place, set, set up, raise, erect, build; found, establish. Stella, -ae, f., star, meteor. stellatus, -a, -um, p.p. of stello, set with stars, gleaming, glitter- ing. sterills, -e, adj , barren, unfruit- ful, unproductive, sterile. sterno, -ere, stravi, stratus, spread out, spread; stretch on the ground; lay low, slay; over- throw, destroy, conquer; lay waste, devastate; smooth, calm. Sthenelus, -i, m., charioteer of Diomedes, stimulo [stimulus], 1, prick, goad, spur, urge on, incite, arouse. stimulus, -i, m., goad, spur. stipes, -Itis, m., trunk, stem, stock. stipo, 1, pack together, stow away, Hore up; throng, encompass, surround, attend, accompany. stirps, stirpis, f ., trunk and roots of a tree or plant; stock, rac&, blood, lineage, offspring. sto, -are, steti, status, stand, stand up, stand on end, rise, be erect; remain, continue, stand (or be) fixed; be built, be erected ; depend (or rest) upon, be centred in; stand firm, be strong, stand at anchor, be moored; stat, Impers., it is fixed, resolved, or determined. strages, -is [cf. sterno], f., slaughter, carnage. stratum, -i [sterno] n., cover, bed, couch; pavement. stratus, -a, -um, p.p. of sterna. strepitus, -as [strepo], m., noise, din, uproar, stir, confusion. strepo, -ere, -ui, -Itus, make a noise, roar, rattle, murmur, hum. strides, -ere, and strido, -ere, stridi, creak, grate; rustle, ■ whistle, whir; roar, howl; gurgle, hiss ; twang, flap. stridor, -oris [strideo],in., creak- ing, whistling, clank, din, rat- tling, grating. stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictus, draw tight, bind; of a sword, draw; strip, trim, peel; graze, 6, 163. Strophades 123 sublimis Strophades, -um, f., two small islands in the Ionian Sea, west of the Peloponnesus, where the Harpies were allowed to remain. Here Zetes and Calais, the sons of Boreas, who had driven the Harpies from the home of Phineus, permitted them to re- main and ' turned back ' from the pursuit ; hence the name of the islands from a-rpd^eiv, to turn ; the islands of turning. struo, -ere, struxi. strnctus, heap up, build, erect, construct; set in order, arrange,' prepare ; bring about, effect, accomplish, contrive, plan, cause; cover, load, heap, 5, 54. studium, -i [studio], n., zeal, desire, eagerness, eager desire, purpose ; pursuit, 1, 14 ; deep or earnest attention; study, in- terest; applause, cheers, accla- mation. Btupefacio, -ere, -feci, -factus [stupeo + facio], amaze, bewil- der, stun, daze, stupefy, astound. stupeo, -ere, -ui, be amazed, dazed, astonished, astounded, bewildered, or stupefied; wonder (or marvel) at. stuppa, -ae, f . , tow, hemp, oakum ; calking of a vessel. stuppeus, -a, -um [stuppa], adj., of tow, hemp, or flax. Stygius, -a, -um [Styx], adj., of the Styx, Stygian ; infernal, of the Lower World. Styx, Stygis, f., a river of the Lower World which surrounds the flnaJ abode of the dead. suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasus, ad- vise, urge, persuade, counsel; sub, prep. w. abl. and ace. : 1, w. abl., under, beneath, at the foot of, in, within ; behind, after, just behind, next after; 2, w. ace, under, beneath; up to, up towards, to, towards, into, upon ; near, after. subactus, -a, -um, p.p. of subigo. subdnco, -ere, -dnxi, -ductus [sub -H duco], draw up, haul up, . beach; remove, withdraw, take away secretly. subeo, -ire, -li, -itus [sub -|- eo] , go (or come) under or into, bear, carry; come up to, ap- proach, draw near, enter; follow, come after, succeed; come be- fore (or into) the mind, occur. subicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [sub -t-iacio], throw, cast, ot place under; answer, reply. subicctus, -a, -uin, p.p. of subi- cio, placed (or brought) under, bowed, bent, made subject, sub- dued, conquered, vanquished. subigo, -ere, -egi, -actus [sub -)- ago], drive, propel; compel j force; conquer, subdue, subju- gate, vanquish. subito [subitus], adv., suddenly, subitus, -a, -um [subeo], adj., sudden, unexpected. sublabor, -i, -lapsus, fall down, slip away, ebb away, fail, de- cline, wane. sublatus, -a, -um, p.p. of tollo. sublimis, -e, adj., aloft, on high, uplifted, elevated. submergo 124 sum submergo, -ere, -mersi, -mcrsus [sub + mergo], sink, submerge. siibmoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus [sub + moveo], remove, drive off or away. subnecto, -ere, -nexui, -nexus [sub + neoto], bind (or tie) under or beneath, fasten be- neath, fasten, bind. subnixus, -a, -um, p.p. of obs. subnitor, supported by, resting on, seated on, defended by. suboles, -is, f., offspring. subrideo, -ere, -risT, smile. subrlgo, uucontracted form of surgo. subsido, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [sub -l-sido], sit (or settle) down, sink, subside ; remain, stay. subsisto, -ere, -stiti [sub -1- sisto], halt, stop, stand still, tarry. subtemen, -inls [subtexo], n., woof, thread. subter [sub], adv. and prep. w. ace, below, beneath, under. subtexo, -ere, -texui, -textus [sub-f texo], cover, conceal, ob- scure, veil, overspread. subtraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus [sub -t- traho], withdraw, draw from under, sweep from under. suburgeo, -ere [sub -|- urgeo], push up to, drive close to. subvecto [subveho], 1, carry across, convey, transport. subveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus [sub -I- veho] , carry up; bear, carry. subvolvo, -ere [sub -\- volvo], roll up or along, 1, 424. succedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus [sub -f cedo], go under, enter; approach ; take up, undertake. succesBug, -as [succedo], m., success. succingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctus [sub -I- cingo], gird, gird about, equip, furnish. Buccipio J[archaic form of sus- cipio], 1,175; 6,249. surcunibo, -ere, -cubul, -cu- bitus [sub + oubo], fall under or down, yield to, succumb, sub- mit. succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursus [sub -^ curro] , run to the aid of, relieve, help, succor; it oc- curs to one''s mind, it seems. sndo, 1, sweat; be wet (or drenched) xolth, reek with. sudor, -oris [sudo], m., sweat. suesco, -ere, suevi, suetus, be- come accustomed; be wont or accustomed. sulfero, -ferre, sustuli, sublatus [sub -I- fero], bear up, resist, withstand. sudicio, -ere, -f6ci, -fectus [sub -1- faoio], suffuse ; furnish, sup- ply ; be able, suffice. suffundo, -ere, -fudi, fSsus [sub -I- fundo], suffuse, fill. sui (gen.), sibi (dat.), se or sese (ace), reflex, pron., himself, herself, itself; themselves. sulco [sulcus], 1, plough. sulcus, -i, m;, furrow, track, trail. Bulpur, -urls, n., sulphur. sum, esse, ftii, futnrus, be, ex- ist; be possible. summa 125 surgo summa, -ae [summus], f., chief thiny, main point, sum, all, the lOholr'. summissus, -a, -uin, p.p. of summitto, bowing, kneeling ; humble, reverent. summitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [sub -)- mitto], send under, cause to yield ; submit. summus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of superus, highest, topmost, sum- mit of, top of, highest (or upper) part of, siirfaee of; utmost, most important, principal, supreme; last, latest, final. sumo, -ere, snmpsi, siiinptus [sub -f- emo], take up, take, receive; inflict, exact; choose, adopt, select; put on, assum,e. super, 1, adv., besides, moreover, moreThan enough, remaining, left, surviving ; 2, prep. w. aoc, over, above, beyond; upon, on; 3, prep. w. abl., above, over, upon, about, concerning, for, for the sake of. superbia, -ae [superbus], f., pride, haughtiness, insolence, arrogance. superbus, -a, -um {sapei], proud, haughty, insolent, arrogant ; magnificent, splendid, gorgeous ; mighty. superemineo, -ere [super -f emineo], rise above, tower above, overtop. superimpono, -ere, no perf., positus [super + impono] , place (or lay) upon. superne [supemus], adv., from above, above. supers [superus], 1, surmount, rise above, overtop, towpr above ; go over, pass beyond, or by, or over; mount, ascend, climb; smpass, excel; overcome, over- power, vanquish, conquer; slay, destroy; survive, remain; be elated or proud, rejoice, exalt, triumph. supersum, esse, fui [super -|- snm], be left, remain, survive. superus, -a, -um [super], adj., upper,, higher, above, on high, of the Upper World; subst., superi, -orum, m., inhabitants of the Upper World, the living ; gods above, gods. supinus, -a, -um [sub], adj., lying on the back; of the hands, with palms upivard, extended, suppliant. suppleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [sub -|- pleo] , fill up ; supply, furnish. supplex, -icis [supplico], kneel- ing, suppliant, humble, entreat- ing ; subst., a suppliant. suppliciter [supplex], adv., hum- bly, suppUantly, as a suppliant. supplicium, -i [supplex], n., punisliment, penalty ; hurt, wound. suppono, -ere, -posui, -positus [sub -f pono], put (or place) under; substitute. supra, prep. w. ace, above, over. supremus, -a, -um [superus], adj., last, final, extreme ; subst., supremum, -T, n., the last; pi., last honors, rites, or offices. sura, -ae, f., calf of the leg, leg. surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectus sus 126 talaris [sub + rego], raise, prick up; rise, arise, spring up. sua, suis, c, hog, sow. susclpio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [sub + capio], take up, lift vp; catch; take up the new-born child, in order to acknowledge it, acknowledge, rear, nurture ; beget ; take upon one's self, un- dertake, attempt, assume ; reply, answer. suseito, [sub + cito], 1, stir up, rekindle; arouse, excite. 1. suspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of suspicio, siispected, held in suspicion, mistrusted. 2. suspectus, -ns [suspicio], m., upward view, upward look, height. suspends, -ere, -di, -pensus [sub 4-peudo], haiig, hang up, cotisecrate. suspensus, -a, -um, p.p of suspends, hung up, suspended; in suspense, uncertain, doubtful, anxious, bewildered; filled with awe, inspired. suspiciS, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [sub + speoio], look up at, ob- serve, survey; look at with wonder or admiration, admire. suspiro [sub -I- spiro], 1, sigh. sustuli, see tollo. sutilis, -e [sao], adj., sewed. suus, -a, -um, poss. reflex, pron., his own, her own, its own, their own ; his, her, its, their ; fitting, suitable, appropriate ; favorable, propitious. Sychaeus, -i, m'., the husband of Dido. Sychaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Sychaeus. syrtls, -is, f., sand-bank, shoal; pi. , as a proper name, the Syrtes, two great shoals on, the northern coast of Africa. tabeo, -ere, melt away, be drenched or dripping. tabes, -is [tabeo], f. , wasting, decay ; repining, languishing. tabidus, -a, -um [tabeo], adj., wasting. tabula, -ae, board, plank. tabulatuin, -i [tabula], n., floor, .story. tabum [cf. tabes], n., corrupt matter, blood, gore. taceS, -ere, -ui, -itus, be silent, quiet, or still. tacitus, -a, -um [taoeo], p.p. as adj., silent, still, noiseless, in si- lence; concealed, hidden, secret. tactus, -as [tango], ni., touch. taeda, -ae, f., pine wood, torch; nuptial torch, marriage, wed- lock. taedet, -ere, taeduit or taesum est, impers., w. aco. of the per- son feeling the emotion, it dis- gusts (or wearies) me, you, etc., I am wearied or disgusted, you are wearied, etc., it is irksome to me, you, etc. taenia, -ae, f., fillet, head-band, ribbon. taeter, -tra, -trum [taedet], adj., .foul, loathsome, disgusting. talaris, -e [talus], adj., of or pertaining to the ankle; subst., talentum 127 teiupus taiaria, -lum, n., winged san- dals, sandals. talentum, -I, n., a Grecian weight or sum, in value about isil200 ; talent, weight. talis, -e, adj., such, of such nature, kind, or sort. tain, adv., so, so much, to such a degree. tamen, adv., yet,nevertheless, still, however, but yet. tandem, adv., at length, at last; pray. tango, -ere, tetlgi, tactus, touch, reach, arrive at; strike, blast; encounter, experience ; overtake, come home to, i, 596. tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great, so much, such; tantum, adv., so much, only, merely. tardo [tardus], 1, make slow; hin- der, hamper, delay, retard, im- pede. tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow, tardy, sluggish. Tarentum, -i, n. , a city founded by the Greeks in Calabria. Tarquinius, -a, -um, adj., of the Tarquins, Tarquinian ; the name of the gens to which be- longed Tarquinius Prisous and Tarquinius Superbus, the fifth and seventh kings of Rome. Tartareus, -a, -um [Tartarus], adj., of Tartarus, infernal. Tartarus, -i, m., and Tartara, -orum, n., Tartarus, the abode of the wicked in the Lower World, the Lower World, taurinus, -a, -um [taurus], adj., of a bull, a bulVs. taurus, -I, m., bull. tectum, -I [tego], n. , roof; house, building, dwelling, abode, habi- tation, home; palace; covert, shelter, haunt. Tegeaeus, -a, -um, adj., Tegean, of Tegea, an Arcadian town. tegmen, -Inls [tego], n., cover- ing, skin, hide, garment. tego, -ere, texi, tectus, cover; shelter, shield, defend, protect; hide, conceal. tela, -ae [texo], f., warp. tellns, -firis, f., eai-th, ground, soil, land; pers., the goddess Tellus or Earth. telum, -i, n., missile, bolt, arrow, shaft; spear, javelin; weapon. temero, 1, desecrate, profane, defile. temno, -ere, scorn, disdain, de- tempero [tempus], 1, allay, calm, quiet; restrain; intr., abstain from. tempestas, -atis [tempus], f., season, weather ; storm, tempest ; pers.. Tempest, 5, 112. templum, -i, n., holy or conse- crated place, temple, shrine, sanctuary. temp to [teneo], 1, try, test, exam- ine; tempt, attempt, essay, en- deavor; seek (or search) for; search, explore. tempus, -oris, n., time, period, (or interval) of time ; occasion, opportunity; proper, fitting, or suitable time; pi., temple of the Jiead, head. tenax 128 testor tenax, -acis [teneo], adj., tena- cious, persistent. tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentus or tensus, stretch, stretch out, ex- tend, swell, fill, 3, 268/ direct, aim, turn, bend, lift, makq (or hold) one^s way, direct one''s steps, go, proceed, hasten, huri-y, 2, 321 ; stretch one\i tent, en- camp; struggle, strive; intend. tenebrae, -arum, f., darkness, gloom, obscurity, shades ; dark or gloomy, abodes. tenebrosus, -a, -um [tenebrae], adj., dark. Tenedos, -i, f., an island in sight of Troy, about five miles oft the Trojan coast. teneo, -ere, -ui, tentus, hold, have, keep, pos.iess; occupy, in- habit; hold in sway, rule, rule over; detain, hold back, retain, restrain, keep back; cling po, grasp, seize; reach, gain; hold possession or sway. tener, -era, -erum, adj., tender, soft, delicate. tentorium, -i [tendo], n., tent. tenuis, -e, adj., thin, fine, light, slender, delicate, gentle; weak, feeble. tenus, post-positive prep., w. abl. or gen., as far as, up to, down to, to. tepldus, -a, -um [tepeo], adj., warm. tep [tres],, num. adv., three times, thrice. terebro, 1, bore through or into, bore, pierce ; examine, explore. teres, -etis [tero], adj., smooth, polished, rounded, round. tergeminus, -a, -um [ter -I- gemi- uus], adj., threefold, triple. tergum, -i, and tergus, -oris, n., back, rear; hide, skin; body; a tergo, from behind, behind, in the rear. tergus, -oris, n., see tergum. termino [terminus], 1, bound, limit. terminus, -i, m., boundary, limit, end. terni, -ae, -a [ter], num. adj., three each, three, triple. tero, -ere, trivl, tritus, rub, graze, wear (or waste) away, waste. terra, -ae, f., earth, land, ground, soil ; shore, country, region ; orbis terrarum, whole world; loorld; w. parens, Mother Earth. terrenus, -a, -um [terra], adj., earthy, earth-born. terreo, -ere, -ui, -itus, terrify, frighten, alarm, frighten away, deter. terribilis, -e [terreo], adj., ter- rible, frightful, dread, horrible. terrifies [terrificus], 1, terrify, alarm. terrificus, -a, -um [terreo -1- facio], adj., alarming, fear- inspiring, dread. terrlto, -are [freq. of terreo], alarm, terrify, frighten, affright. tertius, -a, -uin [ter], num. adj., th ird. testis, -is, c, witness. testor [testis], 1, testify, swear, test u do 129 tinior swear by, bear witness, attest; invoke, call to witness, appeal to; beseech, adjure, proclaim, 6, 619. testfido, -inis [testa], f., tortoise; arch, vaulted roof; iestudo, a formation in which soldiers made a protection for them- selves with their overlapping shields. Teucer, and Teuerus, -cri, m., 1, first king of Troy and fatlier-in- law of Dardanus. 2, son of Telamon and Hesione, and lialf brother of Ajax ; he founded Salamis in Cyprus. Teucrl, -orum, va. , followers (or descendants) of Teitcer, Trojans. Teucria, -ae, f., Troy. texo, -ere, texui, textus, weave, interweave, intermingle ; join,' frame, construct, build. textilis, -e [texo], adj., woven, wrought, embroidered. thalamus, -I [dd'\a/xos], m., bed- chamber, chamber ; marriage- bed, marriage, wedlock. Thalia, -ae, f., a sea nymph, a Nereid, daughter of Nereus. Thapsus, -i, f., a city and penin- sula on the eastern coast of Sicily. , theatrum, -i [SfaTpov'],n., theatre. Thebae, -arum, f., capital of Boeotia. Thersilochus, -i, m., a Paeonian ally of the Trojans, slain by Achilles. thesaurus, -i [9i)iraup6s], m., treasure, hoard. Theseus, -ei, or-eos, m., mythical king of Athens ; with Pirithous he descended into Hades in an attempt to carry away Proser- pina. Thessandrus, -i, m., a Grecian chjef at Troy. Thetis, -idis, f., a Nereid, mother of Achilles. Thoas, -antis, m., a Grecian chief at Troy. Thracius,-a, -uin,adj., Thracian. Thrax, acis, m., a Thracian. Threicius, -a, -um, adj., Thra- cian. Threissus, -a, -um, adj., Thra- cian; subst., Threissa, -ae, f., Thracian woman. Thybris, -idis, m., the river Tiber. Thyias, -ados, f., female wor- shipper of Bacchus, a Bacchante. Thymbraeus, -a, -um [Thym- bra], adj., of Thymbra, a town of the Troad in which was a temple of Apollo ; an epithet of Apollo, Thymbraean. Thymoetes, -ae, m., a Trojan. thymiiin, -i [ffi/jiov'] n., thyme. Tiberinus, -a, -um [Tiberis], adj., o/