CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QH 15.P59 
 
 Chronological history of plants: 
 
 3 1924 024 757 035 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024757035 
 
Boston, Massachusetts, U. S. America, 
 
 Sir : 
 
 In accordance with the wishes of my husband, 
 the late Dr. Charles Pickering, I have directed 
 Messrs. L ittle, Brown, & Co., of Boston, to forward 
 to your care,-th r o ug - li Trubner & C tK, a copy of the 
 work entitled " Chronological History of Plants,'' 
 by Charles Pickering. 
 
 I shall consider it a favor if you will let me 
 know whether the work reaches you safely. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 f' 
 
 Address Mrs. Charles Pickering, 
 
 Care Little, Brown, &r° Co., Boston, Mass., 
 
 U. S. America. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL 
 
 HISTORY OF PLANTS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This work, to the preparation of which the last sixteen years of Dr. 
 Pickering's life were devoted, forms the last of the contributions to 
 knowledge due to the zeal and industry in the accumulation of facts 
 which early distinguished him. Unhappily, he did not live to see its 
 publication, but died March 17, 1878, while it was passing through the 
 press. 
 
 The manuscript, however, was complete, even including the alphabeti- 
 cal index, the whole of which he had prepared, with the exception of the 
 paging, which it was his custom to render conformable to the printed 
 sheets of the work as fast as he received proofs of them. The manu- 
 script was written with great care, and he had made very few changes 
 in the pages, about six hundred and fifteen in number, which he had 
 seen in type. The remainder of the work has accordingly been printed 
 in exact conformity with the manuscript. 
 
 Three biographical notices of the author have been added ; one from 
 the " Unitarian Review" for April, 1878; another from the "Proceedings" 
 of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts; 
 and a third from the " Proceedings " of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
 
 A steel engraving of a photograph of Dr. Pickering, taken a few 
 years ago, has also been prefixed to the volume. 
 
 S. S. P. 
 
 Boston, U. S. A., May 1, 1879. 
 
O rL~tiy}~to( y oofe-c^-d-^? 
 
 ../ 
 
Chronological 
 
 History of Plants 
 
 MAN'S RECORD 
 
 OF HIS OWN EXISTENCE ILLUSTRATED THROUGH THEIR NAMES, 
 USES, AND COMPANIONSHIP. 
 
 By CHARLES PICKERING, M.D., 
 
 AUTHOR OF "RACES OF MAN." 
 
 'And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl fit the air; and 
 brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them.' 1 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY. 
 
 1879. 
 
j. 3yj 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by 
 
 MRS. CHARLES PICKERING, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 University Press : John Wilson & Son, 
 Cambkidge. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES 
 
 OF 
 
 DR. CHARLES PICKERING. 
 
 The Life of this distinguished naturalist is to be found in his works. His time, 
 thought, and strength were given to them. They bear marks of the painstaking, 
 patient, thoughtful, conscientious student, whose life was spent in the search after 
 truth. He seemed to be the most equable and unexcitable of men ; but underneath 
 that quiet exterior was an enthusiasm which no dangers or difficulties could daunt, 
 and which no amount of labor or length of time could chill. The love of knowledge 
 in his chosen sphere was with him at once a governing principle and a ruling passion. 
 It showed itself in his childhood, and continued as long as he lived. An early friend, 
 Mr. John L. Gardner, speaking of the boyhood of Mr. John C. Lee, says : " You are 
 right in supposing that our early rambles in Wenham were favorable to the cultivation 
 and improvement of his natural liking for the wonders of animal and vegetable life ; 
 for our companion was Charles Pickering, a born naturalist, who seemed instinc- 
 tively to know all the habits and resorts of flying and creeping things, and has since 
 become one of our most distinguished men of science."* At the time here referred 
 to, Charles Pickering could not have been more than nine years old. But the passion 
 which in his early boyhood gave him such an influence with his associates, only 
 increased in strength with advancing years. It carried him into almost every corner 
 of the earth in his search after facts pertaining to his favorite science. Nothing to 
 him was common or unclean, if only it could throw some additional light on that. 
 No weed was looked upon by him as worthless ; no place seemed inaccessible ; no 
 ancient monuments or hieroglyphics were given up by him as illegible or unintelli- 
 gible; no plodding through the dusty records of the remotest antiquity was wearisome 
 to him, — if only it promised to furnish some new fact, which might add to the com- 
 pleteness of his work. We doubt if any one naturalist ever united in himself, so far 
 as he did, the qualities of an exact original observer on the most enlarged scale and 
 of an inquirer into all that had been learned before. His minute, laborious, and 
 extended explorations, into all possible records of past ages, seemed of themselves 
 more than enough for the work of a lifetime. It almost makes one's head ache to 
 
 * Memorial of John Clarke Lee, by Rev. E. B. Willson, p. 8. 
 
vill BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 
 
 look at the index, which barely points to the authors whom he had consulted and the 
 subjects which he had investigated. If, with his vast accumulation of facts, he was 
 exceedingly cautious in his generalizations, and looked sometimes with a sort of 
 amused distrust on the popular theories of the hour, it should be regarded rather 
 as a virtue than a failing in these days of hasty inferences from very imperfect data. 
 He not only visited every quarter of the earth, but went through the whole range 
 of history wherever it could bear upon his subject, in quest of any thing that might 
 help him better to understand " The Races of Man and their Geographical Distri- 
 bution, The Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants, and The Chronological 
 History of Plants." The field was vast ; the laborer did not shrink from the work 
 which it imposed, but engaged in it and carried it on all the more earnestly on that 
 account. The ripest fruits of his labors are here placed before the reader. 
 
 Instead of attempting a sketch of the author's Life, we give below Notices which 
 appeared soon after his death from persons who had seen him under different cir- 
 cumstances and in different relations. It is hoped that the reader will excuse in them 
 a few repetitions. J. H. M. 
 
 [The following Notice, written by Rev. John H. Morison, was published in the "Unitarian Review," 
 
 April, 1S78.] 
 
 Died in Boston, March 17, of pneumonia, Dr. Charles Pickering, a very 
 remarkable man, whose life and uncommon powers of intellectual labor and attain- 
 ment have been employed among us for the advancement of science and the im- 
 provement of our race. 
 
 He was the grandson of Colonel Timothy Pickering, a member of Washington's 
 Cabinet, and one of the most distinguished men of his day. His father, Timothy, 
 son of Colonel Pickering, died before he was thirty years of age. Charles was born 
 in 1805, and with his brother Edward was brought up by their mother, Mrs. Lurena 
 Pickering, a woman of rare excellence, and well fitted to fill the most responsible of 
 all offices in the early training of two such sons. Very early Charles showed the 
 strong bent of his mind towards natural history, and would come home from his 
 boyish excursions loaded with plants, insects, birds, and quadrupeds. He was a 
 member of the class of 1823 at Harvard College, and graduated from the Massa- 
 chusetts Medical School in 1826. He practised medicine several years in Phila- 
 delphia, and while there devoted much of his time to the American Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of that city, being an active member of that as of many other 
 scientific societies. 
 
 In 1838, Dr. Pickering was appointed Naturalist of the United States Exploring 
 Expedition, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., and sailed with the 
 expedition on board the "Vincennes." This must have given him grand opportu- 
 nities for extending his favorite studies on a magnificent scale. And these oppor- 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. ix 
 
 tunities for original observation were still further enlarged ; for soon- after his return 
 from this voyage on the nth of October, 1843, he left Boston, and visited Egypt, 
 Arabia, India, and the eastern part of Africa, for observation. After his return, he 
 published, in 1848, "The Races of Man, and their Geographical Distribution," being 
 vol. ix. of the Exploring Expedition. In 1854, he had ready for the press "The 
 Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants," being vol. xv. of the United 
 States Exploring Expedition ; but, in consequence of the slowness of our govern- 
 ment in such matters, only the first portion of this work has been printed. 
 
 The great work of Dr. Pickering's life, " The Chronological History of Plants," 
 to which he had devoted sixteen years of laborious research, was only recently com- 
 pleted, and is now passing through the press. 
 
 One has only to reflect on the titles of these books, to see how vast an extent of 
 knowledge was required to give to them the completeness at which Dr. Pickering 
 always and conscientiously aimed. We are not competent to judge of their merits ; 
 but we have no doubt of the immense stores of accurate and thoroughly digested 
 information contained in these volumes. He was himself a living encyclopaedia of 
 knowledge. We do not suppose that there was a more learned naturalist in the world, 
 if there was indeed one who had made more extended and minute original explora- 
 tions. His mind was capacious enough to hold, and tenacious enough to keep, all the 
 vast stores of knowledge which he had treasured up ; but no one ever had less a 
 passion or a gift for display. He was the most modest of men. Only those who 
 knew him best, and who from similar pursuits could sympathize with him, were able 
 to see what a mine of knowledge he was. 
 
 His books are on too large a scale, and too much crowded with facts, ever to be 
 popular. They must serve rather as vast storehouses ; and from them teachers and 
 writers on .natural history will draw the treasures which they may hold forth as gems 
 or jewels to attract and delight the popular mind. He had as little the faculty of 
 showing himself off, or making a show of what he knew, as any man that we ever 
 have known. 
 
 The great and solid qualities of such a mind, and such a character and life, cannot 
 be too earnestly commended in this age of self-seeking, when men are so ingenious 
 and fertile in expedients to make a grand exhibition of their slender attainments, — 
 like a Roman shop, where all the goods are exposed in the window. 
 
 Here was a man of large capacity, of the finest moral sensibilities, and the most 
 perfect integrity, engaged during a long life in the profoundest studies, asking 
 neither fame nor money, nor any other reward, but simply the privilege of gaining 
 knowledge and storing it up in convenient forms for the service of others. He was 
 fortunate and happy in his nearest relationships, and most exemplary in all his connec- 
 tion and intercourse with others. But the love of knowledge was the one passion of 
 his life. He asked no richer satisfaction than to search for it as for hidden treasure. 
 
 It is said that we are a superficial people, and that we are always striving for 
 immediate effect. This is too much the characteristic of our age, though probably 
 
X BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 
 
 not more so than of any previous age. The froth and effervescence of the moment 
 pass away, and only the substantial qualities come down to us from distant genera- 
 tions ; while the noise and excitement, and the superficial ambitions and agitations 
 of the present hour, obtrude themselves upon us, and hide from us the more modest 
 and enduring pursuits in which the ablest and best minds among us are engaged, 
 and by which our age will be known among future generations. It is therefore 
 very refreshing, and a great encouragement, to become acquainted with a man like 
 Dr. Pickering, — so thoughtful, so able, so profound, so laborious, and far-reaching 
 in his investigations, traversing distant continents and unknown seas, or exploring 
 the records of distant ages, to extend and perfect our knowledge of the ways and 
 works of God. 
 
 Dr. Pickering was married, in 1851, to Sarah S., daughter of the late Daniel Ham- 
 mond, Esq., of this city, and leaves no children. His name and memory will always 
 be dear to those who knew him ; and his works will always be a helpful legacy to 
 those who, with the same love of truth, shall be engaged in similar pursuits. 
 
 [At a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, May 7, 1878, the President, 
 Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger, read the following:] 
 
 It is a custom of this Society to announce the death of every member or corre- 
 spondent when it occurs, without accompanying the announcement with a notice of 
 his career. From this custom may be excepted those members who have been con- 
 spicuous by their success in the cultivation of natural science, or who have won the 
 general approbation of the Academy by generous contribution towards the advance- 
 ment of science, or who have largely aided the progress of the Society by their 
 labors. 
 
 For such reasons, it seems appropriate that the archives of the Society should 
 contain a record to show why his contemporary and fellow-members entertained 
 sentiments of sincere respect and cordial esteem for the late Dr. Charles 
 Pickering. 
 
 The records show that Charles Pickering, M.D., of Salem, Mass., was elected a 
 correspondent of this Society Nov. 28, 1826. He had then just entered the 
 twenty-second year of his age. Early in the following year (1827), he became a 
 resident of Philadelphia, and therefore a member. From that date until 1838, he 
 was rarely absent from any meeting of the Academy. 
 
 At that time, the details of the affairs of the Society were conducted chiefly by 
 standing committees. Dr. Pickering served on the Zoological Committee from 
 Dec. 25, 1827, until January, 1838, — ten years; on the Botanical Committee from 
 Dec. 28, 1828 (of which he was the chairman from January, 1S33), until January, 
 1837, — eight years ; on the Publication Committee from December, 1829, until De- 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. xi 
 
 cember, 1833, — four years; and on the Library Committee from January, 1837, 
 until January, 1838, — one year. 
 
 He was Librarian from December, 1828, until December, 1833, — five years ; and 
 a Curator from December, 1833, until December, 1837, — four years. 
 
 The record tells us that he discharged faithfully and efficiently the duties of all 
 the positions to which he was appointed. 
 
 To Dr. Pickering was intrusted the transfer to the Academy of the great collec- 
 tion of plants bequeathed by the Rev. Lewis David Von Schweinitz, who died in 
 
 1834. He prepared a catalogue of American plants in the collection of the Academy, 
 and presented it at the stated meeting held May 13, 1834. Those plants which were 
 previously in the collection, many of them Mr. Nuttall's types, he intercalated in the 
 Schweinitz herbarium, attaching an appropriate label to each. On the 24th of March, 
 
 1835, on motion of Professor H. D. Rogers, it was unanimously resolved, "That 
 the thanks of the Society be awarded to Dr. Charles Pickering for the highly suc- 
 cessful manner in which he has executed the very arduous task of collating and 
 arranging the extensive herbarium of the Academy." 
 
 The work done by Dr. Pickering has contributed much to facilitate the labors of 
 his successors in the botanical department of the Academy. 
 
 On the 26th of January, 1836, on motion of Dr. Samuel George Morton, it was 
 unanimously resolved, " That the grateful thanks of the Institution be tendered to 
 Dr. Pickering for his voluntary journey to New Harmony, the faithful execution of 
 the trust reposed in him of selecting from the library of Mr. Maclure such works as 
 were designed for the Academy, and for the prompt and successful arrangements 
 made by him for the transportation of said books to this city." 
 
 The mission just referred to occupied Dr. Pickering about three months, and 
 brought to the Academy's library an addition of about 2,300 volumes of valuable 
 scientific works. 
 
 The services of Dr. Pickering to the Academy were important in every sense, 
 and are worthy of grateful remembrance. 
 
 While laboring for the Academy, he qualified himself perfectly to discharge effi- 
 ciently those duties which devolved upon him in 1838, when he became a member of 
 the United States Exploring Expedition. The means and facilities requisite for 
 the instruction and training of students of natural science were at that period 
 nowhere in the country more ample than in the Academy ; and it is believed that at 
 this time they are not better in any other institution in the United States. 
 
 On the 19th of October, 1827, Dr. Pickering read, at a meeting of the American 
 Philosophical Society, a paper " On the Geographical Distribution of Plants," which 
 was published in the third volume of the " Transactions " in 1830. He was elected 
 a member of the American Philosophical Society Jan. 15, 1828, and resigned in 
 November, 1837. 
 
 He was elected Recording Secretary of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society 
 February, 1830, and served till September, 1837, when he resigned. 
 
Xll BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 
 
 In conjunction with James H. Dana, Dr. Pickering read, Feb. 20, 1838, before the 
 Yale Natural History Society, of which he was a member, a " Description of a Crus- 
 taceous Animal belonging to the genus Caligus, C. Americanus," which occupies 
 forty pages of vol. xxxviii. of Silliman's " Journal." 
 
 Dr. Pickering was appointed a member of the scientific corps attached to the 
 United States Exploring Expedition, under command of Lieutenant Charles Wilkes. 
 He was placed on board of the flag-ship " Vincennes." The expedition sailed from 
 Hampton Roads Aug. 19, 1838, and arrived off Sandy Hook, N. Y., June 10, 1842, 
 after an absence of nearly four years. He is recorded among those present at the 
 stated meeting of the Academy July 5, and frequently afterwards until he again 
 went abroad. The first record of his presence after his return is May 20, 1845, an d 
 from that date he occasionally attended meetings every year. He was last present 
 Nov. 7, 1876. 
 
 Oct. 11, 1S43, Dr. Pickering left Boston and visited Egypt, Arabia, India, and 
 the eastern part of Africa, for the sake of extending and verifying observations made 
 while attached to the United States Exploring Expedition. Upon his return he 
 settled in Boston, and prepared his " Races of Man and their Geographical Distri- 
 bution," quarto, pp. 447, published by Charles C. Little and James Brown, Boston, 
 1 S48, being vol. ix. of the Exploring Expedition. 
 
 In 1850 he contributed a paper, Enumeration of the Races of Man, to the 
 " Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal," vol. xlviii. 
 
 His work entitled "The Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants,'' 
 quarto, pp. 212, being vol. xv. of the Exploring Expedition, was published by Little 
 & Brown, Boston, 1854. 
 
 In the " Proceedings " of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences are re- 
 corded his observations on the Egyptian computation of time, October, 1S49 » on 
 the Egyptian Astronomical Cycle, May, 1850; on Sulphur Vapor, Dec. 9, 1856; on 
 the Coptic Alphabet, March 8, 1859; on the Geographical Distribution of Species, 
 March 22, 1859, and Dec. 11, i860; and on the Jewish Calendar, Oct. 11, 1864. At 
 the request of the Secretary of the Institution he prepared a paper on the Gliddon 
 Mummy Case in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, in June, 1867, which 
 is published in vol. xvi. of the " Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge." 
 
 The " Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants. Part II. Plants in their 
 Wild State," quarto, was published by the Naturalists' Agency, Salem, 1876. It is 
 preceded by a note : " The following 524 pages comprise about one-half of a prepared 
 volume, the printing of which was suspended in i860. — Charles Pickering." 
 
 The great work of Dr. Pickering's life, " The Chronological History of Plants," 
 to which he had devoted sixteen years of laborious research, was only recently com- 
 pleted, and is now passing through the press. 
 
 This imperfect summary of work completed is sufficient evidence of his unre- 
 mitting industry, and suggests that he fully utilized his opportunities to qualify 
 himself for research during the ten years he zealously wrought in the offices and on 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. xiij 
 
 the committees of the Academy. He was certainly a distinguished alumnus of the 
 Institution. 
 
 Dr. Pickering was characterized by imperturbable firmness of purpose, and by his 
 loyalty to truth, and integrity in every sense. He was extremely modest, averse to 
 parade, and remarkably free from pretension of every kind. His acquirements were 
 extensive, varied, and minutely accurate. His friends loved him for his unaggressive, 
 always tranquil temper, and his obliging disposition. 
 
 To this imperfect outline of Dr. Pickering's scientific career, though a thing apart, 
 may be added a few words on his heredity. 
 
 Colonel Timothy^Pickering, his grandfather, was a native of Salem, Mass., but his 
 active participation in the Revolution brought him to Philadelphia. He served in the 
 army, took part in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, and was present at 
 the surrender of Yorktown. He was appointed postmaster-general, August, 1792, 
 secretary of war, January, 1795, and secretary of state, December, 1795, from which 
 office he was removed May 12, 1800, by President John Adams. His son, Timothy 
 Pickering, jr., the father of Dr. Pickering, was born in this city Oct: 1, 1779. He 
 graduated at Harvard College ; was appointed a midshipman in the navy Jan. 17, 
 1799 ; served creditably one cruise under command of the famous Stephen Decatur, 
 and resigned May 2, 1801. 
 
 His father, Colonel Pickering, had acquired extensive tracts of " wild lands " in 
 western Pennsylvania. Finding himself in restricted circumstances when removed 
 from office by President John Adams, he determined to transfer his family to those 
 lands with a view to their settlement. Timothy Pickering, jr., joined his father, and 
 settled at Starucca, now in Susquehanna County, Pa. There he married Lurena 
 Cole, Dec. 29, 1804, and there Dr. Charles Pickering was born Nov. 10, 1805. His 
 father died May 14, 1807, in the twenty-eighth year of his age. A few years prior 
 to this date, Colonel Pickering had changed his place of residence to a farm at 
 Wenham, near Salem, and thither he took the widow and her son to remain members 
 of his own household. There Dr. Pickering was raised and educated, under the im- 
 mediate direction of his mother and the supervision of his distinguished grand- 
 father. 
 
 [The following article, by Dr. Asa Gray, is reprinted from the " Proceedings " of the American 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. xiii.] 
 
 Charles Pickering, M. D., died in Boston, of pneumonia, on the 17th of March, 
 1878, in the seventy-third year of his age. He was of a noted New England stock, 
 being a grandson of Colonel Timothy Pickering, a member of Washington's military 
 family and of his first Cabinet as President ; and he was elected into this Academy 
 under the presidency of his uncle, John Pickering. He was born on Starucca Creek, 
 on the Upper Susquehanna, in the northern part of Pennsylvania, at a settlement 
 
XIV BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 
 
 made on a grant of land taken up by his grandfather, who then resided there. His 
 father, Timothy Pickering, jr., died in the twenty-eighth year of his age, leaving to the 
 care of the mother — who lived to a good old age — the two sons, Charles and his 
 brother Edward, who were much united in their earlier and later lives, and were not 
 long divided in death, the subject of this notice having been for only a year the 
 survivor. 
 
 Dr. Pickering was a member of the class of 1823 at Harvard College, but left 
 before graduation. He studied medicine, and took the degree of M. D. at the Har- 
 vard Medical School in 1826. Living in these earlier years at Salem, he was asso- 
 ciated with the late William Oakes in botanical exploration ; and it is believed that 
 the two first explored the White Mountains together, following in the steps of the 
 first botanist to ascend Mount Washington, Dr. Manasseh Cutler of Essex County, 
 and of Francis Boott and Dr. Bigelow. His taste for natural history showed itself 
 in boyhood, both for botany and zoology, and probably decided his choice of a pro- 
 fession. He may have intended to practise medicine for a livelihood when, about the 
 year 1829, he took up his residence at Philadelphia; but it is probable that he was 
 attracted thither more by the facilities that city offered for the pursuit of natural his- 
 tory than by its renown as a centre of medical education. We soon find him acting 
 as one of the curators of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and also as librarian, 
 and with reputation established as the most erudite and sharp-sighted of all the 
 young naturalists of that region. His knowledge then, as in mature years, was 
 encyclopedic and minute ; and his bent was toward a certain subtlety and exhaustive- 
 ness of investigation, which is characteristic of his later writings. Still, in those 
 days in which he was looked up to as an oracle, and consulted as a dictionary by his 
 co-workers, he had published nothing which can now be recalled, except a brief essay 
 on the geographical distribution and leading characteristics of the United States 
 flora, which very few of our day have ever seen. 
 
 When the United States surveying and exploring expedition to the South Seas, 
 which sailed under the command of then Lieutenant Charles Wilkes in the summer 
 of 1.838, was. first organized under Commodore T. Ap-Catesby Jones, about two 
 years before, Dr. Pickering's reputation was such that he was at once selected as the 
 principal zoologist. Subsequently, as the plan expanded, others were added. Yet 
 the scientific fame of that expedition most largely rests upon the collections and the 
 work of Dr. Pickering and his surviving associate, Professor Dana ; the latter taking, 
 in addition to the geology, the Corals and the Crustacea, and other special depart- 
 ments of zoology being otherwise provided for by the accession of Mr. Couthouy and 
 Mr. Peale. Dr. Pickering, although retaining the ichthyology, particularly turned 
 his attention, during the nearly four years' voyage of circumnavigation, to anthro- 
 pology, and to the study of the geographical distribution of animals and plants ; to 
 the latter especially, as affected by or as evidence of the operations, movements, and 
 diffusion of the races of man. To these the subjects of his predilection, and to in- 
 vestigations bearing 'upon them, all his remaining life was assiduously devoted. The 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. XV 
 
 South Pacific exploring expedition had visited various parts of the world ; but it 
 necessarily left out regions of the highest interest to the anthropological investigator, 
 those occupied in early times by the race to which we belong, and by the peoples 
 with which the Aryan race has been most in contact. Desirous to extend his per- 
 sonal observations as far as possible, Dr. Pickering, a year after the return of the 
 expedition, and at his own charges, crossed the Atlantic, visited Egypt, Arabia, the 
 eastern part of Africa, and western-and northern India. Then, in 1848, he published 
 Tiis volume on "The Races of Man, and their Geographical Distribution," being the 
 ninth volume of the Reports of the Wilkes' Exploring Expedition. Some time after- 
 wards, he prepared, for the fifteenth volume of this series, an extensive work on " The 
 Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants." But, in the course of the printing, 
 the appropriations by Congress intermitted or ceased, and the publication of the 
 results of this celebrated expedition was suspended. Publication it could hardly be 
 called ; for Congress printed only one hundred copies, in a sumptuous form, for pre- 
 sentation to States and foreign courts ; and then the several authors were allowed 
 to use the types and copper-plates for printing as many copies as they required and 
 could pay for. Under this privilege, Dr. Pickering brought out in 1854 a small edi- 
 tion of the first part of his essay, — perhaps the most important part, — and in 1876 
 a more bulky portion, " On Plants and Animals in their Wild State," which is largely 
 a transcript of the note-book memoranda as jotted down at the time of observation 
 or collection. 
 
 These are all his publications, excepting some short communications to scientific 
 journals and the proceedings of learned societies to which he belonged. But he is 
 known to have been long and laboriously engaged upon a work for which, under his 
 exhaustive treatment, a lifetime seems hardly sufficient, — a digest, in fact, of the 
 history and migrations of all the animals and plants with which civilized man has had 
 to do from the earliest period traceable by records. When Dr. Pickering died, he 
 was carrying this work through the press at his own individual expense ; had already 
 in type five or six hundred quarto pages ; and it is understood that the remainder, of 
 about equal extent, is ready for the printer. This formidable treatise is entitled 
 " Chronological History of Plants : Man's Record of his own Existence, illustrated 
 through their Names, Uses, and Companionship." Its character is indicated in the 
 brief introductory sentences : — 
 
 " In the distribution of species over the globe, the order of Nature has been 
 obscured. through the interference of man. He has transported animals and plants 
 to countries where they were previously unknown ; extirpating the forest and culti- 
 vating the soil, until at length the face of the globe itself is changed. To ascertain 
 the amount of this interference, displaced species must be distinguished, and traced 
 each to its original home. Detached observations have already been given in the 
 twenty-first and succeeding chapters of my ' Races of Man ; ' but, when such obser- 
 vations are extended to all parts of the globe, the accumulated facts require some 
 plan of arrangement. A list will naturally assume the chronological order, beginning 
 
XVI BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 
 
 with Egypt, the country that contains the earliest records of the human family, and 
 receding geographically from the same central point of reference." 
 
 Then, starting with "4713 b.c," and " 4491 B.C., beginning of the first Great Year 
 in the Egyptian reckoning," he begins the list, which, under the running heading of 
 " Chronological Arrangement of accompanying Animals and Plants," first treats of 
 the vegetables and animals mentioned in the book of Genesis, and of the " Com- 
 mencement of Bedouin or Nomadic Life in the Desert; " passes to the "Colonization 
 of Egypt," and to critical notices (philological and natural-historical) of its plants* 
 and animals, as well their earliest mention as their latest known migrations ; reaches 
 the beginning of the Christian era at about the 470th page ; and so proceeds, till 
 our wonder at the patience and the erudition of the writer passes all bounds. We 
 are ready to agree with a biographer, who declares that our associate was " a living 
 encyclopaedia of knowledge ; " that there never was a naturalist " who had made 
 more extended and minute original explorations ;" and we fully agree that "no one 
 ever had less a passion or a gift for display ; " " that he was engaged during a long 
 life in the profoundest studies, asking neither fame nor money, nor any other reward, 
 but simply the privilege of gaining knowledge and of storing it up in convenient 
 forms for the service of others ;" that "the love of knowledge was the one passion 
 of his life,"' and that " he asked no richer satisfaction than to search for it as for 
 hidden treasure." He was singularly retiring and reticent, very dry in ordinary in- 
 tercourse, but never cynical ; delicate and keen in perception and judgment ; just, 
 upright, and exemplary in every relation ; and to those who knew him well commu- 
 nicative, sympathetic, a"nd even genial. In the voyage of circumnavigation he was 
 the soul of industry, and a hardy explorer. The published narrative of the com- 
 mander shows that he took a part in every fatiguing excursion or perilous ascent. 
 Perhaps the most singular peril (recorded in the narrative) was that in which this 
 light-framed man once found himself on the Peruvian Andes, when he was swooped 
 upon by a condor, evidently minded to carry off the naturalist who was contemplating 
 the magnificent ornithological specimen. 
 
 Dr. Pickering married in the year 1851, and leaves a widow, but no children to 
 inherit this honored name. 
 
MAN'S RECORD 
 
 OF 
 
 HIS OWN EXISTENCE. 
 
 TN the distribution of species over the Globe, the order of nature has been obscured through the 
 -*- interference of man. He has transported animals and plants to countries where they were pre- 
 viously unknown ; extirpating the forest and cultivating the soil, until at length the face of the Globe 
 itself is changed. 
 
 To ascertain the amount of this interference, displaced species must be distinguished, and 
 traced each to its original home. Detached observations have been already given in the Twenty-first 
 and succeeding chapters of my Races of Man ; but, when such observations are extended to all parts 
 of the Globe, the accumulated facts require some plan of arrangement. 
 
 A list will naturally assume the chronological order, beginning with Egypt, the country that con- 
 tains the earliest records of the human family ; and receding geographically from the same central 
 point of reference. 
 
 "4713 B. C." (= 4493 -f- y$ of a "phcenix," = 220 years = y 7 of a " Great Year"), the so- 
 called "Julian Period." The Egyptian years however being calendar years = 4711 B. C. 
 
 4491 B. C. (= 4493 in calendar years = 2953 -)- 1540), beginning of the first Great Year in the 
 Egyptian reckoning. 
 
 Artemisia Judaica of the Sinai Desert. A kind of wormwood called in Egypt " shyeh ; " in 
 which we recognize the " shyh " of Genesis ii. 5, — xxi. 15, Job xxx. 4 to 7, and "shea" of Haly 
 Abbas, and Avicenna : A. Judaica was observed by Rauwolf iii. 22. p. 456, and Hasselquist, in Pal- 
 estine ; by Forskal p. 198, and Delile, in the Desert around Suez, collected there for transportation 
 to the drug shops of Egypt. 
 
 The "land of Havilah" containing gold, "bdellium and the onyx-stone" — (Gen. ii. 11) has 
 been identified with a district on the Persian Gulf at the mouth of the Euphrates ; where the princi- 
 pal of the Bahrein islands continues to bear the name Aval (Gen. x. 7 and 29, xxv. 18, Forster, and 
 Sm. geogr. diet.). 
 
 Borassus dichotomies of the shores of the Persian Gulf. A branching palm called " oka-mun- 
 del" (Graham) : the "vthlh" of the land of Havilah — (Gen. ii. 11), and of Numb. xi. 7, is identi- 
 fied by Josephus, Aquila, Symmachus, Theod . . . . , and Hieronymus, with " vthellion," the gum- 
 like substance bdellium: " vthellion " is described by Dioscorides. as the exudation of an Arabian 
 tree ; and among the Romans "bdellium" is mentioned by Plautus, and Pliny: the " dum " of Abu 
 Hanifa is identified by Ebn Baitar with the " mukl ; " Arabian bdellium according to Avicenna 206 is 
 the product of a kind of palm called "rum" (read "dum" by Sprengel) ; and a second branching 
 palm called " dum," but sometimes " tan," was observed by Forskal exxvi. under cultivation in 
 Yemen. Eastward, bdellium is called in Hindustanee "gugal" or " muql" (D'roz.); " mokl asrak " 
 or bdellium according to Kaempfer amoen. 668 is the inspissated juice of fruit of a flabellate-leaved 
 palm growing on both sides of the Persian Gulf, but not met with by himself ; its preparation "from 
 the unripe fruit" was witnessed by Herbertus de Jager (who however gives the species as " B. flabel- 
 liformis " ) : B. dichotomus was observed by Vaupel " in various parts of Goozerat," also covering 
 "the whole of Diu Island," and according to Nimmo " a solitary tree grows " as far South as the 
 vicinity of Bombay, bat its "fructification has not been examined " (Graham). 
 
 1 
 
2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Balsamodendron agallocha of Northeastern Hindustan. A small tree called in Sanscrit " goo- 
 gula" (Lindl.), in Bengalee "googul" (Drur.) ; and its reputed product, called in Bengalee "guggul' 
 and in Hindustanee "gugal" or "muql" (D'roz.), is possibly the "vthlh" in question : —the kind of 
 "vthellion" brought by the way of Petra from India is described by Dioscorides as inferior in 
 quality, emitting less fragrance when burned as incense ; and the "indicum" kind is distinguished 
 from the Bactrian by Pliny xii. 19: B. agallocha is regarded by Royle antiq. hind. med. as the proba- 
 ble source of Indian bdellium; is termed " amyris commiphora" by Roxburgh ii. 244, is known to 
 grow in Silhet and Assam, its trunk crooked with many drooping crooked, branches, the branchlets 
 often ending in thorn-like points, and the googul is collected from incisions in the cool season (Lindl., 
 and Drur.). From transported specimens, is termed " commiphora Madagascariensis " by Jacquin 
 hort. ii. pi. 249. (See B. mukul.) 
 
 Bahaiuodt-ndnm Africanum of Equatorial East Africa. Called in the Kinyoro language 
 "m'gazoo," at l T gogo " katatee " (Grant); and possibly included in the "vthlh" in question: — 
 observed by Grant frequent from "2° S. to 3° N." on the Nile, and affording ffdellinm, the " Wan- 
 yamuezi boil its gum, mix it with butter, and anoint their persons." The plant, received from Africa, 
 is described by Arnott. 
 
 4271 B. C. (= 4141 + " 130 years "' of Gen. v. 3 = 4273 in Egyptian calendar years = 4493 — 
 ]/ % of a "phoenix '' or ' J of a " Great Year"), Adam. 
 
 Fiats canca of the countries around the Persian Gulf. Called in Britainyfif, in Greece "sukea" 
 (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen "tin" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the " tane " whose leaves were 
 sewed together for aprons — (Gen. iii. 7), mentioned besides in Numb. xiii. 23 and xx. 5, Deut. viii. 
 8, Micah iv. 4, 2 K. xx 7, and Zechariah iii. 10: clusters of the fruit are figured among offerings 
 under the Fourth dynasty at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10) ; figures of the tree with its peculiar leaves 
 were observed by myself under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan, also under the Seventeenth and 
 Eighteenth; and to the present day the tree is commonly cultivated in the gardens of Egypt (Del., 
 and Lane). Farther North, the "sukc" is mentioned by Homer, Herodotus, Aristophanes, and 
 other Greek writers ; a "ficus " was standing on the site selected for the city of Rome, and dried figs 
 carried by Helico home to Switzerland were among the novelties that brought on the First invasion 
 of the Gauls (Plin. xii. 2 and xv. 20): F. carica, belonging to a Tropical genus, does not harmonize 
 with the vegetable growth in the Mediterranean countries, but has at least become completely natu- 
 ralized. Southward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal only under cultivation in Yemen; and I 
 found it only in the cultivated state on Zanzibar. Eastward, is called "unjeer" in Persian and as 
 far as Bombay, " dumur " or " dumbar " in Bengalee (D'roz. and Lindl.), occurs "in gardens all over 
 India" (Graham), as witnessed also by myself; and is enumerated by Mason as "exotic" in Burmah. 
 By European colonists, was carried to America, where it continues under successful cultivation in 
 our Southern States. 
 
 Saiecio Arabian of Egypt and Northern Arabia. A kind of groundsel called in Egypt "kus" 
 (Forsk.), in which we recognize the "kwtz" of the expulsion — (Gen. iii. iS), mentioned besides by 
 Isaiah xxxii., 13, Jeremiah iv. 3, and Ezekiel xxviii. 24: S. Arabicus was observed by Forskal, and 
 Delile, growing spontaneously around Cairo. From transported specimens, is described by Linnseus, 
 and Moench (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Snada Itorteusis of Arabia and Egypt. A salsolaceous plant called in Egypt "tartvr" (Del.), 
 in which we recognize the "thrthr" of the expulsion — (Gen. iii. iS). and of Hosea x. 8 : S. horten- 
 sis was observed by Delile growing spontaneously around Cairo ; by Forskal p. 71, frequent there in 
 gardens, growing also among rubbish around Taxs in Yemen, but called " mullah " in both localities. 
 "S. trigyna" observed by Cavanilles iii. pi. 289 in Spain, is regarded by Schultes as probably identi- 
 cal (Steud.). 
 
 Anabasis apliylla of the Egyptian, Syrian, and Tartarian Desert. Another salsolaceous plant 
 called in Egypt "tartir" (Forsk.), and therefore possibly the "thrthr" in question : — A. aphylla is 
 not a weed, but grows in the sands of the Desert ; was observed by Forskal p. 55 around the pyra- 
 mids, and by Delile, near Alexandria. Farther North, bySibthorp as far as Thyatira in Asia Minor ; 
 is known to grow also around Tripoli, and on the shores of the Caspi in (Buxb. cent. r. pi. iS, Pall.' 
 and Peis.). 
 
 Second generation. September 1st, 4234, among living men. . 
 
 The "tzan" of Genesis iv. 2 — is admitted to be \\\<tshecp (compare 1 Sam. xxy. 2): redded 
 even by Dica-arJms, as probably the first animal domestic Ued (Varro re rust, ii 1) The°sheep 
 forms one of the original hieroglyphic characters ; the breed being the remarkable one with spread- 
 ing horns ( Leps. d. ii. pi. 6). kept in flocks under the Third and Fourth dynasties; and after it 
 became extinct, the pattern of the head continuing in mythological representations and hieroglyphic 
 writing. Sheep with curled horns make their first appearance under the Twelfth dynasty at* Beni- 
 hassan. The long duration of certain breeds of sheep is shown by Dinon's mention of the' Som di 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 3 
 
 breed, covered with hair instead of wool ; and by the further remark of Marco Polo 192, that the 
 head is always black and the body white ; a peculiarity I found true to the present day. In Switzer- 
 land, during the Stone Age, sheep were in some instances kept by the inhabitants ; as appears from 
 debris of the earliest villages (Herr, in Troyon). Eastward, the sheep is mentioned in the Sama 
 Veda (Stevenson), and the Institutes of Menu (Braminical version) ; the head forms part of an 
 imaginary animal in the Budhist cave-temples at Adjunta ; and I remarked ram-headed personages 
 in the Braminical cave-temples at Ellora. By European colonists, the sheep has been successfully 
 introduced into America, the Hawaiian Islands, and Australia. 
 
 Abel slain by his brother Cain. Who departed to the land of "nwth" refuge, "east of Eden'' ; — 
 and building a stronghold "oyr," named it after "his son Enoch" (Gesen., and Greenf.). 
 
 Third generation. Jan. 1st, 4200, among living men : Enoch son of Cain. 
 
 Fourth generation. May 1st, 4167, among living men : Irad son of Enoch. 
 
 4141 B. C. (= 4036 -\- " 105 years " of Gen. v. 6), Seth. 
 
 Fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 4134, among living men : Mehujael son of Irad. 
 
 Sixth generation. Jan. 1st, 4100, among living men : Methusael son of Mehujael. 
 
 Seventh generation. May 1st, 4067, among living men : Lamech son of Methusael and the sec- 
 ond homicide on record, Adah and Zillah the two wives of Lamech. 
 
 4036 B. C. (= 3946 -|- " 90 years " of Gen. v. 9), Enos. " Then it was begun to call on name of 
 Jehovah" — (Gen. iv. 26); essentially the invocation continuing among the Arabs to the present day. 
 
 Eighth generation. Sept. 1st, 4034, among the living: Naamah daughter of Zillah. 
 
 Instruments of music invented by Jubal son of Adah (Gen. iv. 21). 
 
 The "knwr" or harp invented by Jubal — is admitted to be some form of that instrument. Har- 
 pers are figured in Egypt under the Fourth dynasty ; and under the Twelfth, a different form of harp 
 is carried by the foreigners at Benihassan. The "knwr" is again mentioned in Gen. xxxi. 27 ; was 
 improved by David, Am. vi. 5, 1 Sam. xvi. 23 to xix. 9 ; was in use under Solomon and Jehoshaphat, 
 2 Sam. vi. 5, 2 Chron. xx. 27 ; and down to the captivity, Psalm cxxxvii. 2 ; and in some of these pas- 
 sages, is translated " kinura" in the Septuagint. The instrument figured on coins ascribed to Simon 
 Maccabasus (Kitt. cycl. bibl. ii. p. 371 and 373), is probably the "knwr" of the Jews. 
 
 The " owgb " or organ invented by Jubal — is referred by Gesenius and others to the mouth- 
 organ or syrinx, also called " Pandean pipe." The "surigx," according to Horapollo ii. 109, forms a 
 hieroglyphic character ; and a character not unlike the instrument occurs on the monuments from the 
 time of at least the Twenty-sixth dynasty. The " owgb " is again mentioned in Psalm cl. 4, Job xxi. 
 12, xxx. 31 ; and the "surigx" is regarded as of remote antiquity by Pindar xii., Aristotle poet. 1, 
 Virgil eel. ii., and Athenasus iv. 1S2. To the present day, the Pandean pipe is in use in Egypt and 
 Syria (Kitt. cycl. bibl.) ; and was seen by myself as far East as the Feejee Islands. 
 
 Tubal-cain son of Zillah is named in Gen. iv. 22 as the first worker of metals, "an instructer of 
 every artificer in brass and iron." — Traditionary reminiscences of Tubal-cain appear to have reached 
 the time of the Romans ; etymology identifying him with the Latin " Vulcanus.". 
 
 The "nhshd" is admitted to be copper, and may have been procured at Wadi Maghara in the 
 Sinai peninsula; if so, here will be the commencement of Monumental history: — metals were 
 known to the Egyptians as early at least as the Second king of the Third dynasty (Maneth.), and 
 may have been procured from this very mine ; containing at least the hieroglyphic oval of a successor 
 in the same dynasty. 
 
 Commencement of Bedouin or nomadic life in the Desert, by another son of Adah, Jabal by 
 name — and " the father of such as dwell in tents and (of such as have) cattle " (Gen. iv. 20). Con- 
 firmation is again found at Wadi Maghara, in the native figured under the Third dynasty, clearly 
 belonging to the White Race, and in features, beard and costume well representing the Arabs inhabit- 
 ing the Sinai peninsula to the present day. 
 
 Ninth generation. Jan. 1st, 4000, among living men. 
 
 II. COLONIZATION OF EGYPT. 
 
 In comparison with lands clothed with vegetation, Egypt presents a most uninviting aspect : an 
 upland waste of bare light-coloured soil, even where exposed to the sea air of the Mediterranean ; 
 and on advancing inland, seeming interminable and destitute of vegetation. 
 
 The Desert is known to be intersected by a deeply-sunk narrow trench containing the river with 
 its borders rendered level by the overflow, and thus far covered with grasses and other herbaceous 
 and humble plants ; a thread of green across a vast expanse from South to North, widening only on 
 reaching the many channels of the outlet. There are naturally no trees ; or at least, the willow 
 (Salix subserrata) at the river-brink is very rare, and seems properly to belong to Nubia. 
 
4 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 In the Desert however, where plants at first seem wanting and are only to be found by diligent 
 
 search, there are at least two kinds of shrubs : a low bushy Acacia, and a tamarisk; alike incon- 
 spicuous, and very rarely met with. The other Desert plants are also inconspicuous and occur singly 
 at long intervals. 
 
 On now including both Desert and river-flat, the flora of Egypt is mainly characterized by its 
 meagerness, and by negative traits. The soil everywhere powdery is found to be devoid of cryptoga- 
 mous plants, of Lichens, Mosses, and Ferns (the exceptions confined to artificial localities, as the 
 top of pyramids and walls of cisterns, with a single Fern Adiantam capilhts-veneris growing within 
 reach of the sea air of the Mediterranean). 
 
 Of other tribes of plants abounding in Syria and on the nearest Greek islands, the following .dis- 
 appear : Saxifragaceae, Droseraceas, Primulaceae, Violaceas, Valerianacea?, Gentianacese (with the 
 exception of Erytkrcea spicata on the seashore), Orchidaceae, the genus Carex (with the exception 
 of C. divisa on the seashore), Hypericaceae, Globulariaceae (with the exception of G. alypum along 
 the Mediterranean within reach of the sea air), Onagraceas, Crassulaceae, Dipsacaceae (ivith the 
 exception of Scabiosa arettaria on the seashore), Rosacea? (with the exception of Poterium sangui- 
 sorba within reach of the sea air of the Mediterranean), and heaths with all Ericaceae especially 
 marking the striking change in climate and soil. 
 
 Though a careful observer throughout my stay in Egypt I did not make extended notes, nor 
 seek to distinguish in all instances the imported plants. I did not anticipate ever being engaged in a 
 work like the present, and have here to offer only a compiled account of the indigenous vegetable 
 growth, to be revised and amended by future observers. 
 
 Beginning with the Desert, unchanged in aspect throughout the whole period of human history, 
 no plants brought by the hand of man having found foothold, the Desert plants may be enumerated 
 as follows : — 
 
 Mc in spcrma in leceba ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; and in 
 
 Upper Egypt, Del. 
 Buutas spinosa, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. 
 Anastatica Hterochunfua, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. 
 
 Extending to JBarbary, Pers. 
 Ricotia Aegyptiaca, L. ; in Syria not far from Salehyeh, 
 
 Savi^n. and Del. 
 Lituaria parviflora, Del. ; around the pyramids at Sakha ra, 
 
 Del. 
 Sisymbrium hispiduui, Vahl ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. 
 
 and Del. 
 Cheiranthus lividus ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. and 
 
 Del. 
 Farsctia scabra, Cheiranth^s of Desf. ; not far from Cairo, 
 
 Forsk. ; and observed by myself around the pyramids of 
 
 Gizeh. Extending into Arabia and Barbary, growing also 
 
 near Smyrna, Pers. and Sibth. 
 Hesperus acris, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; Des- 
 ert of "Ooubbeh" and at "Mataryeh," Del. 
 pygmeea, Del.; not far from Alexandria, also on 
 
 the boundary between Egypt and Syria, Oliv., Savign., and 
 
 Del. 
 Brassica teret/folia, Desf. ; around the pyramids at Sakhara, 
 
 Del. Extending to Barbary, Desf. and Pers. 
 Eriuaria crassifolia, Brassica of Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, 
 
 Forsk. ; and "near the pyramids of Sakhara, 3 ' Del. 
 Capparls Aegyptiaca^ Lam. j near Minyeh in Upper Egypt, 
 
 Del. 
 Cleome Arab/ea, Cleome of L. ; " around the pyramids," Del. 
 
 Extending into Arabia and Barbary, Shaw, Desf. , and 
 
 Pers. 
 Roridula droserifolia, Forsk. ; not far from Suez, Forsk. ; 
 
 ravines between the Nile and the K.ed Sea, Del. 
 Sodada deeidua, Forsk. ; throughout Vemen, Forsk ; and 
 
 in Upper Egypt, Del. 
 Reseda canescens, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. and Del. ; 
 
 " Salmantica," Pers. 
 
 subulala, Del. ; Cairo to Alexandria, Del. 
 
 pruinosa ; not far from Alexandria, also in Syria, 
 
 Del. 
 Ochradenus baccatus % Del. ; not far from Suez, also in Up- 
 per Egypt, Del. 
 
 not far from Alex- 
 
 not far from Ca 
 
 Helianthcmum Lippii, Cistus of L. ; 
 andria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 siipulatum i Cistus of Forsk. 
 
 Forsk. and Del. 
 
 glutinosum, Cistus of L. ; not far from Alexan- 
 
 dria, Del. Extending to the Northern shores of the Medi- 
 terranean, Cav. and Pers. ; but not yet found in Greece. 
 
 rosea/u, Cistus of Jacq. ; not far from Alexandria, 
 
 Del. 
 
 Freiukaiia rcvoluta, Forsk. ; not far from Alexandria, Forsk. 
 
 and Del. 
 Ah i uc sueeuleiifa, Illecebrum alsinifolium of L. ; between 
 
 Cairo and Suez, Del. Extending to Spain, Pers. 
 Gypsnphda eaftllans, Rokejeka of Forsk. ; not far from 
 
 Cairo, For^k. ; and near Suez, Del. 
 Paronychia Arabwa, Illecebrum of L. ; not far from Cairo, 
 
 Forsk. and Del. 
 Polycarpceafragilis, Del.; not far from Cairo, Del. 
 Er odium hirtum, Geranium of Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, 
 
 Forsk. ; and Alexandria, Del. 
 
 tr/angulare, Geranium of Forsk. ; not far from 
 
 Cairo, Forsk. 
 
 glaucophyltum, Geranium of L. ; not far from 
 
 Cairo, Del. ; Memphis, Pers. 
 malopoides, Geranium of Desf. ; not far from Cairo, 
 
 Del. Extending to Sicily and Barbary, Cav. and Pers. 
 Rufa lubcrculata, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; also 
 
 in Nubia, Del. 
 Peranum harmala, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; and 
 
 Alexandria, Del. Extending to Crete, Greece, Spain, and 
 
 Siberia, Sibth. and Pers. 
 Nitraria retusa, Peganum of Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, 
 
 Forsk. ; Alexandria and Damietta, Del. ; Desf. and Pers. 
 Fagoitia Crctiea, L. ; not far from Cairo, Del. Extending 
 
 to Yemen, Crete, and Barbary, Forsk., Desf. and Pers. 
 Arab/ea, L. ; not far from Cairo, Del. ; and at Mor 
 
 in Arabia, Forsk. 
 
 glutinosa, Del. ; not far from Cairo, Del. 
 
 mollis, Del. ; not far from Suez, Del. 
 
 latifolia, Del. ; not far from Cairo, Del. 
 
 Tribal/is pent<i)idrus, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; 
 
 and in Upper Egypt, Del. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 Zygophylhim simplex, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. and 
 Del. ; at Mor and Ghorab in Arabia, Forsk. 
 
 — coccineum, L. ; not far from- Cairo, Forsk. Ex- 
 tending to Barbary and Siberia, Shaw and Pers. 
 
 album, L. ; not far from Alexandria, Forsk. and 
 
 Del. ; and at Ghorab in Arabia, Forsk. Extending to Cy- 
 prus, Barbary, and the Canary Islands, Sibth., Desf. and 
 
 Pers. 
 
 - dccumbens, Del. ; not far from Suez, Del. 
 
 Rhus oxyacant/wides, Desf. ; Upper Egypt, Del. 
 
 Genista monosperma, Spartium auct. ; not far from Cairo, 
 
 Del. ; and Suez, Forsk. Extending to Morocco and Spain, 
 
 Pers. 
 Sparfium T/ie&aicum, Del. ; Upper Egypt and in Nubia, 
 
 Del. 
 Ononis serrata, Forsk. ; not far from Alexandria, Forsk. 
 
 and Del. 
 vaginalis, Valil. ; not far from Alexandria, Forsk. 
 
 and Del. 
 Alhagi Maurorum, Hedysarum of L. ; Cairo to Alexan- 
 dria, Forsk. and Del. 
 Hedysarum. Ptolcmaicum, Del. ; between Cairo and Suez, 
 
 Del. 
 Indigofera pancifolia, Del. ; Upper Egypt, Del. 
 Astragalus trimestris, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. 
 
 kispidtdus, Dec. ; not far from Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Extending to Persia, Mx. 
 
 tonic ntosits, Lam. ; not far from Rosetta, Forsk. 
 
 longiflorus, Del. ; not far from Suez, Del. 
 
 tumidiis, Colutea of Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, 
 
 Forsk. and Del, Extending to Syria and Spain, Russel 
 
 and Pere. 
 
 trigonus, Dec. ; not far from Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Psoralea plicata, Del. ; Thebes, Del. 
 
 Lotus dichotomies, Del. ; not far from Cairo, Del. 
 
 Cassia acutifolia, Del. ; Philse, Del. 
 
 senna, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; and in 
 
 Upper Egypt, Del. 
 
 Acacia albida, Del. ; above Philae, Del. 
 
 seyal, Mimosa of Forsk. ; Arabia, Forsk. ; between 
 
 the Nile and the Red sea, also near Thebes and Syene, 
 
 Del. 
 
 gummifera, Mimosa of Forsk. ; Arabia, Forsk, ; 
 
 Upper Egypt, Del. 
 hctcrocarpa, 
 
 Del. ; Upper Egypt not far from 
 ' Qoceyr," Del. 
 
 Neurada procumbens, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; 
 and Alexandria, Del. Extending to Arabia and Barbary, 
 Pers. 
 
 Tamaiix Gallica, L. ; not far from Cairo, Del. Extend- 
 ing to the Caspian sea, Russia, Greece, Italy, France, and 
 Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Africana, Desf. ; Upper Egypt, Del. Extending 
 
 to Greece and Barbary, Bory & Chab., and Pers. 
 
 Passerinoides, Del. ; in the Fayoum, Jom. and 
 
 Del. 
 
 Cucamis colocynthis, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; Upper 
 Egypt and Nubia, Del. Extending to Mor in Yemen, 
 Forsk. 
 
 Prophctarum. 
 
 A[c$euibryantheimtm nodiflorum, L. ; not far from Cairo, 
 Forsk. ; and Alexandria, Del. Extending to the maritime 
 sands of Greece and Italy, Sibth. and Pers. ; and to Spain, 
 the Canary Islands, and Madeira, A. Dec. 
 
 Copticum, L. ; not far from Cairo, Del. 
 
 Gymnocarpos decandnnn, Forsk. ; East of Cairo in the 
 Desert, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 Aizoon Cauariense, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. Ex- 
 tending to Canary Islands, Pers. 
 
 Reaumuria vermicnlata % L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; 
 and Alexandria, Del. Extending to Syria, Sicily, and 
 Barbary, Pers. 
 
 Bupleurum proliferum, Del. ; not far from Alexandria, 
 Del. 
 
 Bubon tortuosum, Desf. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. Ex- 
 tending to Barbary, Pers. 
 
 Sonchus divaricatus, Desf. ; Cairo to Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Prenanthes spinosa, Forsk. ; towards Suez, Forsk. ; and 
 Cairo, Del. Extending to Barbary and Spain, Pers. 
 
 Senecio squalidus, L. ; towards Cairo in the Desert, Forsk. ; 
 Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Chrysocoma spinosa, Stcehelina of Vahl ; not far from Cairo, 
 Forsk. and Del. 
 
 Santolina fragrantissima, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, 
 Forsk. ; and Suez, Del. 
 
 Artemisia Judaica, L. ; (already mentioned). Frequent to- 
 wards Suez, Del. ; extending into Arabia, Palestine, and 
 Numidia, Pers. 
 
 monosperma, Del. ; not far from Cairo and 'Suez, 
 
 Del. 
 
 incidta, Del. ; towards Suez, Del. 
 
 Valentino, Lam. ; Cairo to Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Spain, Pers. 
 
 Gnaplialhtm cauliflorum, Desf. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; 
 and Rosetta, Del. Extending to Tunis, Pers. 
 - Pidicaria undulata, Inula of L. ; towards Suez, Del. 
 
 Francocuria erispa, Aster of Forsk, ; not far from Cairo, 
 Forsk. ; border of Desert near the Pyramids, Del. Extend- 
 ing in sunny situations to Senegal and the Ganges, Dec. 
 
 Cotida cincrea, Del. ; around the pyramids at Gizeh and 
 Sakhara, Del. 
 
 Bupt/ialmum graveolens, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. 
 and Del. 
 
 Ccntaurea crupinoides, Desf. ; not far from Alexandria, 
 Del. Extending to Barbary in the Desert, Pers. 
 
 Lippii, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; and Ro- 
 setta, Del. Extending to Barbary, Pers. 
 
 Aegyptiaca, L ; not far from Cairo, Del. 
 
 Calendula Acgyptiaca, Desf. ; not far from Cairo, Del. 
 
 Echinops spinosus, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; and 
 Alexandria, Del. Extending to Cyprus, the Greek islands, 
 and Barbary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Plantago cylindrical, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. 
 and Del. 
 
 argentca, Detf. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. Ex- 
 tending to Barbary and France, Pers. 
 
 Statice pruinosa, L. ; not far from Alexandria, Forsk. ; 
 and along the shore of the Red sea, Del. Extending to 
 Palestine, Del. 
 
 Lin-aria Aegyptiaca, Antirrhinum of L. ; not far from Cairo, 
 Forsk. ; and Suez, Del. Extending to the Greek islands, 
 Sibth. 
 
 ha'lava, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. 
 
 Scrophularia Dcserti, Del. ; towards Suez, Del. 
 
 Acantkodium spicatum, Del.; " Ageroud " t)r Hahiroth, 
 on the route to Suez, Del. 
 
 Salvia Aegyptiaca, L. ; not far from Cairo, Del. Extend- 
 ing to the Canary Islands, Pers. 
 
 Lavendula stricta, Del. ; not far from Suez, Del. 
 
 Heliotropium crispnm, Desf. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. 
 and Del. 
 
 lincatinn, Vahl ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; and 
 
 around the Pyramids, Del 
 Lithosperminn arncbia ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. and 
 
 Del. 
 catlosum, Vahl ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. and 
 
 Del. 
 Anchusa spinocarpes, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; 
 
 near Salehyeh, in the Desert, Del. 
 hispida, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; 
 
 and Alexandria, Del. 
 Borago Africana, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. and Del. 
 Convolvidus Forskalii ; Sinai, Forsk.; between Cairo and 
 
 Salehyeh, in the Desert, Del, 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Convolvulus armaius, Del. ; towards Suez, Del. 
 
 Hyoscyamus muticus, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; and 
 in Upper Egypt, Del. 
 
 Dmmia cordata ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. and Del. Ex- 
 tending to Taass in Yemen, Forsk. 
 
 Pcriploca secamone, L. 
 
 Cyiianclnnn pyrotechnicum, Forsk. ; Arabia, Forsk. ; and 
 towards Suez, Del. 
 
 argcl, Del. ; Phils, Del. 
 
 Asclepias gigantea, L. ; throughout Arabia, Forsk. ; Upper 
 Egypt and in Nubia, Del. Observed by myself in the Des- 
 ert of the Thebaid, also on the Cape Verd Islands, and in 
 central Hindustan. 
 
 Anabasis aphylla, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; and Alex- 
 andria, Del. Extending to the Caspian, Asia Minor, and 
 Tripoli, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Salsola alopccuroidcs, Del. ; around the pyramids of Gizeh 
 in the Desert, Del. 
 
 vd/osa, Del. ; not far from Alexandria, Del. 
 
 fiFtida, Del. ; Upper Egypt, Del. 
 
 Traganum nudatum, Del. ; not far from Cairo, Del. 
 
 Comulaca muricata, Salsola of L. ; not far from Cairo, 
 Forsk. ; and around the Pyramids, Del. 
 
 ■ monacantha, Del. ; not far from Cairo, around the 
 
 pyramids at Gizeh and Sakhara, also in Upper Egypt, Del. 
 
 Ptcranthus echiuatus, Camphorosma of L. ; not far from 
 Cairo, Del. Extending to C_\prus and Barbary, Siblh. and 
 Pers. 
 
 Rumcx vesicarius, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 spinosusj L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. ; and Al- 
 
 exandria, Del. Extending to Greece and Morocco, Sibth. 
 and Pers. . „ . 
 
 Calligonum comes inn, L'Her. ; not far from Cairo, Del. 
 Extending to Barbary, Pers. _ 
 
 Cretan oblongifolium, Del. ; " Ageroud" or Hahiroth on the 
 route to Suez, Del. 
 
 Euphorbia retusa, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. and 
 Del. 
 
 Forskalea tenacissima, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. 
 
 Parietaria alsinefolia, Del. ; among rocks near Cairo, Del. 
 
 Ephedra distachya, L. ; not far from Cairo, Forsk. Ex- 
 tending to Mount Athos, and Barbary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 _ altissima, Desf. ; near " Abouqyr & Etkou," Del. 
 
 Extending to Barbary, Desf. 
 
 Pcnnisetum dichotomum, Panicum of Forsk. ; not far from 
 Cairo, and frequent throughout Arabia, Forsk. ; towards 
 Suez, Del. 
 
 Panicum turgidttm, Forsk. ; not far from Cairo, and fre- 
 quent in Arabia, Forsk. ; Gizeh, Del. 
 
 Andropo«on foveolatum, Del.; towards Suez, Del. 
 
 Stipa. 
 
 Avcua Forskalii ; not far from Cairo, Forsk.; around the 
 pyramids of Sakhara, Del. 
 
 Aristida cihata ; towards Suez, Del. Extending to Bar- 
 bary, Desf. 
 
 ■ ■ — — — obtusa, Del. ; between Cairo and Suez, Del. 
 
 — — — pit n^cns, Desf. ; Upper Egypt, and in Syria, Del. 
 Extending to Barbary, Desf. 
 
 Roitbollia hirsuta, Vahl ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; towards Suez, 
 .Del. 
 
 The Desert plants, about one hundred and fifty in number, constitute all that is botanically inter- 
 esting in the Egyptian flora. The Desert tribe of Zygophyltacea being unusual in variety, while the 
 presence of Xeitratfa and s[>incscent Cntciferce is very striking. But of strictly Egyptian features, 
 the most characteristic seem an unusual development of Resedacccr, and especially of Salsolacece, 
 the latter with plants resembling them in sensible properties everywhere dominant 
 
 The river-flat green and grassy is altogether European, the indigenous plants nearly all occur- 
 ring on the opposite side of the Mediterranean : and this continues even within the Tropics, the land- 
 scape as far as the First cataract hardly presenting a distinguishable Tropical feature. 
 
 The following list of the plants indigenous on the river-flat includes maritime species along the 
 Mediterranean, also certain Greek and Syrian species occasionally found within reach of the sea air 
 on the facing upland. 
 
 Adonis dentata, Del. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Delphinium nanum, Dec. (Stead.); upland at Alexandria, 
 Delile. Extending to the Dardanelles, Forsk. 
 
 Nymphcea. c&rulea, Savign. ; Rosetta, Damietta, and Cairo, 
 Del. 
 
 Glaucium hyftridiau, Chelidonium of L. : Cairo to Alexan- 
 dria, Forsk. Extending to Cyprus and Greece, Sibth. 
 
 Hypecoum patois, Mnemosilla of Forsk. ; upland at Alexan- 
 dria, Del. 
 
 Cakile ruardima, Bunias of L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. Ex- 
 tending in maritime situations to Greece and the Atlantic 
 shores of both Europe and North America. 
 
 \'c!la annua, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending to Greece 
 and Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Lcpidium draba, Cochlearia of L. ; upland at Alexandria, 
 Del. Extending throughout Greece to Caucasus and mid- 
 dle Europe, Sibth. and liieb. 
 
 Cochlearia Nilotica, Del. ; along the banks of the Nile, 
 Del. 
 
 Alyssum maviiinutnt, Clypeola of L. ; Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending in maritime situations to Greece, Barbary, France, 
 and Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Biscutclla depressa, Willd. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Sisymbrium ramulosum, Del. ; near Minyet and Beni-Souef, 
 Lipp. and Del. 
 
 Mathiola tricttspidata, Cheiranthus of L. ; Alexandria, 
 
 Forsk. and Del. Extending in maritime situations to 
 
 Greece and Tripoli, Sibth. and Pers. 
 Ifcspcris ? raiuosissima, Hesperis of Desf. ; around the pyra- 
 mids at Sakhara, Del. Extending in maritime situations 
 
 to Greece, l -alalia, and Algeria, Gittard and Pers. 
 Brassica Tvurncforta, Gouan ; Rosetta, Del. 
 Sinapis Philceana, Del. ; environs of Phila?, Nect. and Del. 
 
 AUionii, Murr. ; in flax fields, frequent, Del. 
 
 tingida, Raphanus of Pers. 
 
 Raphanvs recurvatus, Pers. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; Alexandria and 
 
 Upper Egypt, Del. Extending to S\ria, Crete, and the 
 
 Peloponnesus, Labill., Tourn., and Bory & Chaub. 
 Erucaria mya^roidiS, Bunias of L. ; upland at Alexandria, 
 
 Del. Extending to Crete, the other Greek islands, S\na, 
 
 and Siberia, Sibth. and Pers. 
 Reseda alba, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; upland at Cairo, Del. 
 
 Extending to Greece, Barbary, France, and Spain, Sibth. 
 
 and Pers. 
 Mediterranean L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; upland at 
 
 Cairo, Del. Extending to the Greek islands and Palestine, 
 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 Frmikenia pulveriileuta, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending 
 
 in maritime situations to the Greek islands, Sibth. 
 Silent rubella, L. ; Damietta, Del. Extending to Cyprus, 
 
 Rhodes, and Portugal, Sibth. and Pers. 
 • villosa, Forsk. ; Cairo, Forsk. and Del. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 Silene Canopica, Del. ; Rosetta, Del. 
 
 succulenta, Forsk. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 Arenaria procumbens, Vahl ; Alexandria, Del. 
 Spergularia rubra, Arenaria of L. ; Alexandria, Rosetta, and 
 
 Cairo, Del. Extending to Cyprus, Greece, and through- 
 out Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 var. marina, A. media of L. ; Alexandria, Oliv. 
 
 &Del. 
 Lancretia stiffruticosa, Del. ; Silsilis, and rocks at the First 
 
 cataract, Del. ; to Dongola, Lippi. 
 Alsine prostrata, Forsk. ; Cairo, Forsk. and Del. 
 Paronychia nitida, Illecebrum of L. ; upland at Rosetta, 
 
 Del. Extending in "dry sandy situations " to the Greek 
 
 islands, France, and Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 Polycarpcea repens, Corrigiola of Forsk. ; upland at Cairo, 
 
 Forsk. ; islands in the Nile near Cairo, growing in sandy 
 
 situations, Del. 
 Althcea Lud-wigii, L. ; near " Belbeys," Del. Extending to 
 
 Sicily, Pers. 
 cannabina, L. ; near Cairo, Forsk. Extending to 
 
 Greece, Hungary, Italy, and Southern France, Pers. and 
 
 Sibth. 
 Malva Mareotica, Del. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 - — ■ micracarpa, Desf. ; between Cairo and Belbeys, 
 
 Del. 
 
 Parviflora, L. ; Del. Extending to Barbary, Pers. 
 
 Lavatera Cretica, L. ; on the Mediterranean border of Egypt, 
 
 Del. Extending to Crete and the Peloponnesus, Sibth. 
 Erodhim cicutarium, Geranium of L. ; upland at Cairo, 
 
 Del. Extending to Greece, Sibth. 
 ■ cicojiium, Geranium of Tournef. inst. 268; around 
 
 Cairo, Forsk. (omitted by Delile). Extending to Greece, 
 
 Forsk. and Sibth. ; to Italy, Southern France, and Spain, 
 
 Pers. 
 
 glabellum, Del. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 laciniatam, Geranium of Desf. ; upland at Cairo, 
 
 Forsk. and Del. Extending in maritime situations to 
 Cyprus, Crete, and Barbary, Sibth., Tourn., and Pers. 
 
 gruinum, Geranium of L. ; Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, and Spain, Sibth. 
 and Pers. 
 
 malacoidcs, Geranium of L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; and 
 
 Alexandria, Del. Extending to Cyprus, Greece, Italy, 
 France, Spain, and the Canary Islands, Sibth. and Pers. 
 Alcxandrinum, Del. ; on the peninsula Ras el- 
 
 Tyn, Del. 
 
 pulvcrulentum, Geranium of Cav. ; upland at 
 
 Cairo, Del. Extending to Greece, Spain, and Barbary, 
 Bory and Pers. 
 
 Linum hirsutum, L. ; not far from Salehyeh and in Syria, 
 Savign. and Del. Extending to Cyprus, Greece, Asia 
 Minor, Austria, and Tartary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Tribulus terrestris, L. ; Cairo, Upper Egypt, and Nubia, 
 Del. Extending to Greece, Caucasus, Siberia and Lake 
 Baikal, Abyssinia, and Senegal, Sibth. and A. Dec. 
 
 Ononis pubescens, L. ; at the boundary between Egypt and 
 Syria, Savign. and Del. Extending to Greece and 
 " Southern Europe," Bory and Pers. 
 
 C/u-r/cri, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Cyprus, Italy, France, Spain, and Barbary, 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Dolichos India, Forsk. ; cultivated at Cairo, Forsk. ; and in 
 Nubia, Del. 
 
 Ndotica; along the banks of the Nile at Rosetta, 
 
 Forsk. and Del. 
 
 Rhynchosia Hemitonia, Dolichos of Del. ; Thebes to Syene, 
 
 Del. 
 Vicia bifiora, Desf. ; Cairo, Del. Extending to Algeria, 
 
 Pers. 
 lutea, L. ; Forsk. ; and Cairo, Del. Extending to 
 
 Asia Minor, Greece, Germany, Italy, France, and Spain, 
 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Hippocrepis multisiliquosa, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 Extending to Cyprus, Italy, France, and Spain, Sibth. and 
 Pers. 
 
 Onobrychis crista-galli, Hedysarum of L. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 Extending to Cyprus, the Peloponnesus, and Constantino- 
 ple, Sibth. 
 
 Galega Apottinea, Del. ; Erment to Elephantine, Del. 
 
 Astragalus Gyzf/tsis, Del. ; near the pyramids at Gizeh, 
 Del. 
 
 hamosus, L. ; Cairo, Del. Extending to Cyprus, 
 
 Barbary, Sicily, and France, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 annularis^ Forsk. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; and up- 
 land at Cairo, Del. 
 
 Bozticus, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending to 
 
 Cyprus, the^Peloponnesus, Tauria, Barbary, Sicily, Spain, 
 and Portugal, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 lanigcrus, Desf. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Extending to Greece, and in the "Desert sands" to Bar- 
 bary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Marcoticits, Del. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 — Stella. L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Extending 
 
 to Cyprus, Barbary, and Southern France, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 tribuloides, Del. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 peregrmus, Vahl ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Trifolium radiatum, Del.; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 resupinatitm, L. -, Cairo, Forsk. ; Rosetta and 
 
 Damietta, Del. Extending throughout Greece to middle 
 Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 tomentosum, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Greece, Barbary, France, Spain, and Portugal, 
 Bory and Pers. 
 
 Lotus oligoceratos, Lam. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; Rosetta, 
 Del. 
 
 Arabicus, L. ; islands in the Nile, Del. Extend- 
 ing to the Greek islands, Sibth. 
 
 Creticus. L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. Ex- 
 
 tending to the maritime rocks of Cyprus, Syria, Crete, the 
 
 Peloponnesus, and Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 Dorycnium argenteum, Del. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 Trigonella maritima, Del. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 media, Del. ; Cairo, Del. 
 
 laciniata, L. ; Cairo and Rosetta, Del. 
 
 atiguina, Del. ; Cairo, Del. 
 
 occulta, Del. ; sand-islands in the Nile, Del. 
 
 stellata, Forsk.; Cairo, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 hamosa, L. ; Cairo, Forsk. and Del. Extending 
 
 to Cyprus, Sibth. 
 Medicago circinata, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending to 
 
 Cyprus, Caria, Constantinople, Greece, Italy, and Spain, 
 
 Sibth. and Del. 
 
 orbicularis, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending to 
 
 Constantinople, Hungary, Carniolia, France, Italy, and 
 Barbary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 iutcrtcxta, L. ; Rosetta, Del. Extending to Bar- 
 bary and Southern Europe, Pers. 
 
 ciliaris, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending to 
 
 Southern France, Pers. 
 
 recta, Desf. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Barbaiy, Desf. and Pers. 
 
 truncatttla, Gaertn. ; upland at Alexandria, and 
 
 Rosetta, Del. 
 
 marina, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in mari- 
 time situations to Cyprus, Caria, the Bosphorus, the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, and other portions of Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Mimosa habbas, Del. ; in Upper Egypt on the border of 
 Nubia, Granger and Del. Extending to Abyssinia, Bruce 
 v. pi. 7- 
 
 Potcrium sanguisorba, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Greece and middle Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Lythrum thymifoliiim, L. ; Alexandria and Cairo, Del. Ex- 
 tending in maritime situations to Crete, the shores of the 
 Black sea, Hircania, Italy, and France, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 TrfLea muscosa, L. ; Cairo, Del. Extending to the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, and other portions of Southern Europe, Chaub. 
 and Pers. 
 
 Eryngimn oamficstrc, L. ; upland at Alexandria, For.sk. and 
 Del. Extending to Greece and middle Europe, Sibth. and 
 Pers. 
 
 dichotovium, Desf. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Extending to Barbary, Desf. and Pers. 
 
 Buplcurum sonico-mf ostium, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Cyprus, the Greek islands, Montpellier, Algeria, 
 and Spain, Sibth., Durv., and Pers, 
 
 Tordylium suaveolens, Del. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Caitcalis maritima, Desf. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in 
 maritime situations to the Greek islands, other parts of 
 Southern Europe, and to Barbary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 glabra, Forsk.; Alexandria, Forsk. ; sand-hills at 
 
 "Abouqyr" and Rosetta, Del. 
 
 tciuila, Del. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 anthriscits, Tordylium of L. ; Cairo, Forsk.; Dam- 
 
 ietta, Del. Extending to Greece, Constantinople, and 
 middle Europe. Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Torllis nodosa, Tordylium of L. ; Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Cyprus, Greece, Constantinople, and middle 
 Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 trkhospenna , known only as sent from Egypt by 
 
 A. Tursa to Linnseus (Sm.). 
 
 Ammi ma/us, L. ; Rosetta. Forsk. ; and Alexandria, Del. 
 Extending to Southern Europe, Pers. 
 
 vistta'ja. Daucus of L. ; Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to the Greek islands, Barbary, and Fiance, Sibth. 
 and Pers. 
 
 Galium sj>urium } L. ; Cairo, Del. Extending to middle 
 Europe, Pers. 
 
 Crueianclla angitstifolia, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Mount Athos, and Montpellier, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 mariitma, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. Ex- 
 tending to Crete and Montpellier, Pers. 
 
 Scabiosa arcnaria, Forsk. ; Rosetta, Forsk. ; sands near 
 " Abouqyr," Del. 
 
 Urosperi/tum pkroides, Tragopogon of L. ; Rosetta, Forsk. ; 
 Damietta, Del. Extending to Greece and Montpellier, 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Pkris allissima, Del. ; Cairo, Del. 
 
 ■ — lyrata, Del. ; Alexandria and Rosetta, Del. 
 
 pilosa, Del. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 sulpfturea, Del. ; near Cairo, Del. 
 
 Sonchus chondrilloidcs, Desf. ; upland at Cairo, Forsk. ; 
 and Alexandria and Rosetta, Del. Extending to the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, Sicily, and Barbary, Sibth. and Pcis. 
 
 Hierachim bulbosuui, Leontodon of L. ; upland at Alex- 
 andria, Del. Extending to the Peloponnesus, Italy, Mont- 
 pellier, and Barbary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Pnridium Ting/tanum, Scorzonera of L. ; upland at Cairn, 
 Forsk. ; and Alexandria, Del. Extending in "maritime 
 situations" to Cyprus, Caria, Smyrna, and Barbary, Sibth. 
 and Pers. 
 
 Crcpis seucctoides, Del. ; Cairo, Del. 
 
 brcviplnm. Del. ; Rosetta, Del. 
 
 hispidulu, Del. ; Cairo, Del. 
 
 Hyoscrh lucida, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 Extending to Greece, Bory and C ha u bard. 
 
 ■ Crelka, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Forsk. and 
 
 Del. Extending to the Peloponnesus and Mount Athos, 
 Sibth. 
 
 Scolymns maculatus, L. ; between Rosetta and Rahmanyeh, 
 Del. Extending to the Greek islands, Smyrna, Italy, 
 France, Portugal, and Barbary, Sibth. and Peis. 
 
 Hispanicus, L. ; Cairo, Forsk.; and Alexandria, 
 
 Del. Extending throughout Greece, to other parts of 
 
 Southern Europe, and to Barbary, Sibth. and Pers 
 
 grandiflorus, Desf.; Egypt, Lippi and Del. 
 
 tending to Barbary, Pers. 
 
 Ex- 
 
 Del. Extending to 
 
 and 
 
 Ro- 
 
 Cirsium Synacum, Cardans of L. ; Cairo, Forsk. and Del. 
 Extending to Cyprus, the Greek islands, Syria, Barbary, 
 and Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Onopordon Gr&cum, L. ; Alexandria, 
 Cyprus and the Peloponnesus, Sibth. 
 
 Carliua lauaia, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Extend- 
 ing to the Peloponnesus, Italy, Southern France, and Bar- 
 bary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Atraciylis plava, Desf. ; upland at Alexandria, Forsk. 
 Del. Extending to Barbary, Pers. 
 
 Carthamus Cretans, L. ; upland at Alexandria and 
 setta, Del. Extending to Crete, Tourn. and Pers. 
 
 Marcotkus, Del.; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Chrysocoma candicans., Del.; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Santolina maritima, Athanasia of L.-; upland at Alexan- 
 dria, Del. Extending in maritime situations to the Greek 
 islands and Barbary, Sibth. and Desf. 
 
 monanthos, Tanacetum of L. ; Cairo, Forsk. 
 
 Extending to Cyprus, Sibth. 
 
 Balsamita tridentata, Del. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 GfMphaihtm stoecl/as, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending throughout < Ireece, Sibth. 
 
 spathulatum, Lam. ; river-flat at Cairo, Del. 
 
 pulvinatum, Del.; river-flat at Cairo, Del. 
 
 cnspatuliun, Del. ; islands in the Nile at Cai- 
 ro, Del. 
 
 Conyza Acgypiiaca, Erigcmn of L. ; Cairo, Forsk. and Del. 
 Extending to Sicily, Pers. 
 
 Phagnalon rupestre, Conyza of L. ; upland at Alexandria, 
 Forsk. and Del. Extending to Arabia, Forsk. and Pers. 
 
 Scnceio Arafat us i L. (already mentioned); Cairo, Forsk. 
 and Del. 
 
 verbencrfolius, Jacq. ; near Mansourah, Del. 
 
 Belbeysius, Del. ; river-flat at "Belbeys," Del. 
 
 Aegypiius, L. ; Cairo, Del. 
 
 o/attcus, L. ; inland at Alexandria, Rosetta, and 
 
 Damietta, Del. Extending to Barbary and >pam, Desf. 
 and Pers. 
 
 Cineraria maritima, L. ; Egvpt, Alpin. 
 itime situations to the Greek islands 
 shores of Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Pidkaria Arabica, Inula of L. ; Cairo, Del. Extending to 
 Arabia, Pers. ; Crete, Mauntan., Andalus., Dec. 
 
 Inula crithmoides, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Forsk. and 
 
 . Del. Extending in maritime situations to the Greek is- 
 lands, and the Atlantic shores of Europe and Britain. 
 
 grareolens, Erigeron of L. ; Alexandria, Dec. Ex- 
 tending to Greece, Sibth. ; Italy and Spain, Dec. 
 
 Cotula authemotdes, L. ; Cairo, Del. Extending to Spain 
 and the island of St. Helena, Pers. 
 
 - airrea, L. ; around Salehyeh, Del. Extending to 
 
 Asia Minor and Southern Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Anacyehts . Uexandrtntts, Willd. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Aiithcwri retusa, Del. ; upland and river-flat at Cairo, Forsk. 
 and Del. 
 
 istduraia, Del.; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 uiclampodiua, Del. ; upland at Cairo, Del. 
 
 Achillea santoliua, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Extend- 
 ing to Rhodes, Sibth. 
 
 Bupthalmum sptnoutm, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to the Greek islands, and Southern Europe, Sibth. 
 and Pers. 
 
 prafense, Vahl ; Forsk. ; and banks of the Nile at 
 
 Cairo. I >el. 
 
 Ccniaurca prolifcra, Vent. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; upland at 
 Alexandria and Rosetta, Del. 
 
 calcitrapa, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; and Damietta, 
 
 Del. Extending to Greece, Constantinople, and middle 
 Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 - calci/ra/oidcs, L. ; Cairo, Del. Extending to Pal- 
 
 Extending in mar- 
 . and the Atlantic 
 
 cstinc and Montpellier, Pers. 
 peniedlaia, Del., Egypt, 
 
 Ci.HjUt'b. and Del 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 Centanrea pallescens, Del. ; sand-islands in the Nile, and 
 route from Cairo to Salehyeh, Del. 
 
 • Alexandrina, Del. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 pamila, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 Extending to Athens, Sibth. 
 
 Calendula arvensis, L. ; Cairo, Del. Extending through- 
 out Greece to middle Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Filago Mareotica, Del. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Xant/iium strumarium, L. ; Rosetta, Forsk. and Del. Ex- 
 tending to Yemen, Greece, Constantinople, and middle 
 Europe, Forsk., Sibth., and Pers. 
 
 Ambrosia mariiima, L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; and Alexandria, Del. 
 Extending in maritime situations to the Peloponnesus, 
 Cappadocia, and Etruria, Bory and Pers. 
 
 Cervicina camftamtloides-, Del. ; sandy fields near Cairo, Del. 
 
 Plantago lagopus, L. ; Cairo, Del. Extending in sunny sit- 
 uations to the Peloponnesus, Spain, and France, Sibth. 
 and Pers. 
 
 albicans, P. ovata of Forsk. ; upland at Cairo and 
 
 Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 mariiima, L. ; Damietta, Del. Extending in 
 
 maritime situations to Cyprus, the Greek islands, and the 
 Atlantic shores of Europe and North America, Sibth. and 
 others. 
 
 coronopus, L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; and Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Extending to Greece, Barbary, and middle Europe, Sibth. 
 and Pers. 
 stricia, Schousb. ; Cairo, Del. Extending to Mo- 
 
 rocco, Schousb. 
 
 squarrosa, 
 
 Ex- 
 
 Murr. ; upland at Rosetta, Del. 
 tending to the Greek islands, Sibth. 
 
 Statice limonium, L. ; Rosetta, Del Extending in mari- 
 time situations to Greece, and the Atlantic shores of Europe 
 and North America, Sibth. and others. 
 
 incana, L. ; S. speciosa in Egypt, Forsk. Ex- 
 tending to Arabia and Siberia, Pers. 
 
 , monopetala, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. Extending to 
 
 Sicily and Barbary, Pers. 
 
 Acgypiiaca, Viv. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 tubifiara, Del. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Coris Monspeliensis, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending in maritime situations to Greece, and other por- 
 tions of Southern Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Utricularia inftexa, Forsk. ; Rosetta, Forsk. ; ditches at 
 Damietta, Del. 
 
 Orobanche crenata, Forsk. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; Rosetta and Dam- 
 ietta, Del. 
 
 ramosa, L.; Alexandria, Forsk. ; Cairo, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Cyprus, Caria, Greece, and middle Europe, 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 media, Desf. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 . tinctoria, Forsk ; Rosetta, and Mor in Arabia, 
 
 Forsk. ; islands of Lake Menzaleh, Del. 
 
 Veronica anagallis, L. ; Rosetta, Del. Extending to Greece, 
 throughout Europe to Iceland, Siberia, Kamtschatka, and 
 Northern Japan, Sibth. and A. Dec. 
 
 Peplidiitm kumifusum i Del.; moist situations at Damietta, 
 Del. 
 
 Verbasaim spinosum, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to the mountains of Crete, Sibth. 
 
 simtaium, L. ; near Salehyeh, Del. Extending to 
 
 Mount Sinai, Syria, the Caspian sea, the Crimea, Greece, 
 and throughout the Mediterranean countries to Spain, the 
 Canary Inlands, and Algeria (A. Dec). 
 
 Unarm virgata, Desf ; brought from Egypt by Olivier, 
 Del. Extending to Algeria, Pers. 
 
 Capraria disseda, Del. ; Belbeys, and sand-islands from 
 Cairo to Upper Egypt, Del. 
 
 Buchnera Hcrmonthica, Del. ; Erment to Philae, and in 
 Nubia, Lipp. and Del. 
 
 Salvia vcrbenacca, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending to 
 Greece, Constantinople, and middle Europe, Sibth- and Pers. 
 
 Salvia lanigcra, Desf. : Alexandria, Forsk. 
 
 Tcucriitm iva, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 polium, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Forsk. and'Del. 
 
 Extending to Greece, Asia Minor, Italy, France, and Spain, 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Satureja capitata, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Greece, Palestine, and Portugal, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Mentha sylvestris, L. ; Rosetta, Forsk. and Del. Extend- 
 ing in moist situations to Greece, Germany, France, and 
 England, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 pitleghim, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Greece, and middle Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Marrubium alyssztm, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Spain, Pers. 
 
 Phlomis fruticosa, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Extend- 
 ing to Greece, Sicily, and Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Stachys Palcestina, L. ; upland at Cairo, Del. Extending 
 to Palestine and throughout Greece, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Globularia alypum, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to the Peloponnesus, and other parts of Southern 
 Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Heliotropium Enropceum, L. ; Egypt, Forsk. ; Alexandria, 
 Del. Extending to the Peloponnesus and Athens, and 
 other portions of Southern Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 sitpinum, L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; and Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Extending in maritime situations to the Greek islands, 
 Montpellier, and Barbary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Lithospermum icnuiflorum, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extend- 
 ing to Cyprus, Sibth. 
 
 ti?ictoriian,~L. ; uplandat Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 L. tinctorium, Vahl. Extending to Greece, Bory and 
 Chaub. 
 
 ciliatum, Vahl ; canals at Cairo, Forsk. 
 
 Anchusa undulata, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Forsk. and 
 Del. Extending to the Greek islands, Siberia, Spain, and 
 Portugal, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 asperrima, Del.; near "Abouqyr," Del. 
 
 Aegyptiaca, Asperugo of L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. 
 
 and Del. 
 
 Ech'utm rubrum, Forsk. (E. setosum of Vahl and E. 
 diffusum of Sibthorp) ; Cairo and Alexandria, Forsk. Ex- 
 tending to Crete and the Peloponnesus, Sibth. and Bory. 
 
 — = setosum, Del. non Vahl; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 longifolium, Del. ; river-flat at Cairo, Del. 
 
 Rawolfii; sand-islands in the Nile at Cairo, Del. 
 
 Echiochilon fruticosum, Desf.; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 Extending to Tunis, Desf. and Pers. 
 
 Cressa Cretica, L. ; Egypt, Forsk. ; shore of the Red sea at 
 Suez, Del. Extending in maritime situations to Yemen, 
 the Greek islands, the Peloponnesus, and Tunis, Forsk., 
 Sibth., Chaub., and Pers. 
 
 Convolvulus Sicidus, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending to 
 Crete, the Peloponnesus, and Sicily, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 —^ =- alt/itsoides, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Greece, around the shores of the Mediterranean 
 to Mogador, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, Sibth. and A. 
 Dec. 
 
 Hyoscyamns reticidatus, L. ; around Salehyeh and Qatyeh, 
 vernal, Del. Extending to Syria and Crete, Pers. 
 
 Solfinnm coagidans, Forsk. ; Yemen, Forsk. ; Syene, Del. 
 
 Erythrcea spicata, Gentiana of L. ; in the Delta, Del. Mari- 
 time or at least submaritime; extending to Greece, Asia 
 Minor, and the shores of the Caspian ; and Westward along 
 the shores of the Mediterranean to Barbary, the opposite 
 European coast, and the Canary Islands (Pers., Sibth., and 
 A. Dec). Observed by myself along the seashore of the 
 Delaware peninsula, possibly indigenous there ; and by 
 others near Norfolk and on Nantucket (see A. Gray). 
 
 Cynanchuvi acutwn, L. ; Alexandria and Rosetta, Del. Ex- 
 tending to the Greek islands, Astracan, Sicily, and Spain, 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Salicornia fruticosa y L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in 
 
[O 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 maritime situations to the Greek islands, Athens, and other 
 
 portions of Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Saltconzia hcrbacca, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. Extend- 
 ing in maritime situations to Crete and other Greek islands, 
 and to the Atlantic shores of Europe and North America, 
 Sibth. and others. 
 
 glaitca, Del. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 — cruciata, Forsk. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; shores of 
 
 the Red sea, Del. 
 — - strobilacca 
 
 Pall. 
 
 Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Cairo, Del. Extending to Con- 
 
 Choiopodium muralc, L 
 
 stantinoplc, middle Europe, and Algeria, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Atriflcx halimi(S r L. ; Alexandria and on the upland at 
 Cairo, Del. Extending in saline situations to Cyprus, the 
 Peloponnesus, Siberia, Barbary, Spain, Portugal, and Eng- 
 land, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 fiortulacoides, L. ; Rosetta, Forsk. ; islands of Lake 
 
 Menzaleh, Del. Extending in maritime situations to the 
 Greek islands, and the Atlantic shores of Europe, Sibth. 
 and Pers. 
 
 gfauca, L. ; upland at Cairo, Forsk.; Alexandria, 
 
 Del. Extending to the Dardanelles, the Black Sea, South- 
 ern France, Spain, and Barbary, Forsk., Sibth., and IV-rs, 
 
 ovy'acca, Forsk. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; sands there 
 
 near the sea, Del. 
 
 ha statu, L. ; Damietta, Del. Northern Europe, Pers. 
 
 Beta maritima, L. ; Alexandria and Cairo, Del. Extend. ng 
 in maritime situations to the Peloponnesus, the shores of 
 the Black Sea, and the Atlantic shores of Europe. 
 
 Suada baccata, Forsk. ; -Cairo, Forsk. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 Extending to Ghomfude in Arabia, Forsk. 
 
 vera, Forsk., Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. Ex- 
 tending to Ghorab in Arabia, Forsk. 
 
 — — vcrui'nulata, Forsk. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 Extending to Djidda in Arabia, Forsk. 
 
 salsa, Salsola of L. ; Rosetta, Del. Extending 
 
 in maritime situations to Athens, and the Atlantic shores 
 of Europe and North America, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 hortensis, Forsk. (already mentioned) ; Cairo, Del. 
 
 Extending to Taxs in Vemen, Forsk. 
 
 pinnatifida, Del. ; found by * Hivier near Alex- 
 andria, Del. 
 
 fruticosa, Salsola of L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; and 
 
 Rosetta, Del. Extending in maritime situations to Ve- 
 men, Athens, Persia, France, England, Spam, and Portu- 
 gal, Forsk., Sibth., and Pers. 
 
 mollis, Salsola of Desf. ; Alexandria, and around 
 
 Salehyeh, Del. Extending to Barbary, Desf. 
 
 Salsola kali, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; and Rosetta, Del. 
 Extending in maritime situations to Greece, and the Atlan- 
 tic shores of Europe and North America, Sibth., Pers., and 
 others. 
 
 tragus, L. ; Alexandria and Rosetta, Del. Ex- 
 tending in maritime situations to the < neck islands, and 
 other portions of Southern Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 oppos it i folia, I >esf ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 Extending to Tunis, Pers. 
 
 spinosissima, Anabasis of L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. 
 
 and Del. Extending to Djidda in Arabia, the Greek is- 
 lands, Persia, and Barbary, Forsk., Bory, Desf., and Pers. 
 
 tdraudra, Forsk. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 iuennh, Forsk.; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. Ex- 
 tending to Sinai, Forsk. 
 
 i^hnncrnhtta, Del.; F,g\pt, Lipp. 
 
 Rnmex J'xyft/rft u?, L. ; Cairo, Forsk.; Rosetta, Del. 
 
 dcnta/u^L.; Rosetta, Del. 
 
 roseus, L. ; Rosetta, Forsk. and Del. Extending 
 
 to Cyprus and Barbary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Polygonum salici folium, Del.; Rosetta, Del. 
 
 — ti/w/diiM, Del.; Damietta, Del. 
 
 mclastoiiuati/i, Del. ; Egypt, Lipp. 
 
 marhtiuiinu, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in 
 
 maritime situations to Crete, Cyprus, Rhodes, the Darda- 
 nelles, and the Atlantic shores of Europe and North 
 America, Forsk., Sibth-, Pers., and others. 
 
 Polygonum hcruiarioides, Del.; islands in the Nile, Del. 
 
 Pasl-nua hirsuta, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Forsk. and 
 Del. Extending to Cyprus, Crete, Athens, Italy, France, 
 and Barbary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Thcsium humile, Vahl ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Cynomorium coccincum, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; moist sand 
 near the mouths of the Nile, Del. Extending to Malta, 
 Sicily, and Mauritania, Pers. 
 
 Ccmtophylhnn doucrsum, L. ; Rosetta, Del. Extending in 
 ponds .mil streams to middle Europe, England, and North 
 America, Pers. and others. 
 
 Euphorbia peplis, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Maritime; extending 
 along the seashore to Greece and the other Mediterranean 
 countries, Pers. and Sibth. 
 
 farvnla, Del.; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 punctata, Del.; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 , ilcxaudrina, Del. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 
 paralias, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Extend- 
 ing in maritime situations to Crete, Greece, and the Atlan- 
 tic shores of Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 calendulxfolia, Del. ; river-flat at Cairo, Del. 
 
 Croton fuictorium, Willd. ; near Cairo on the river-flat, Del. 
 
 Hcrniaria fruticosa, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Southern France and Spam, Pers. 
 
 Parietaria officinalis, L. ; Cairo, Forsk.; Del. Extending 
 throughout Greece to middle Europe and Denmark, Sibth. 
 and Pers. 
 
 Salix sitbsci-rata, Willd.; cult., but according to the Arabs, 
 indigenous, Forsk.; Del. 
 
 Arum ansarum, L ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Extend- 
 ing to < >ieece and other portions of Southern Europe, and 
 to Mauritania, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 T\pha aiigusti/olia, L. ; Rosetta, Del. Extending to Smyrna, 
 the sea of Marmora, Greece, middle Europe, and North 
 America, Forsk , sibth., Pers., and others. 
 
 Lcmna Inaliua, Del.; Damietta, Del. 
 
 — - gibba, L. ; Rosetta, Del. Extending to the Ca- 
 nary Islands, Europe, Asia, the Philippine Islands, and 
 North America, A. Dec. and A. Gray. 
 
 — — polyrhiza, L. ; Rosetta, Del. Extending to middle 
 
 Europe, and North America, Pers. and others. 
 
 Xuyaifragilis, Caulinia of Willd.; Rosetta, Del. 
 
 Xi'tTw/ut-a, Deb; canals at Rosetta and in the 
 
 Delta, Del. 
 
 mnricata, Del. ; brackish water near Fareskour in 
 
 Lower Egypt, Del. 
 
 Zaiurichellia palastris, L. ; Damietta., Del. Extending to 
 Constantinople, middle Europe, Sicily, Algeria, England, 
 New Zealand, and North America to Oregon, Sibth. and 
 A. Dec. 
 
 Ruppia maritima, L. ; Alexandria and in Lake Menzaleh, 
 Del. Extending in brackish water to Cyprus, the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, and the Atlantic shores of Europe and North 
 America, Sibth., Pers., and others. 
 
 Potauioycton marinum, L. ; Rosetta and Damietta, Del. 
 Extending in brackish water to the Peloponnesus, and the 
 Atlantic shores of Europe and North America, Sibth., 
 Pers., and others. 
 
 Lrispinu, L. ; Rosetta and Cairo, Del. Extend- 
 ing to Constantinople, middle Europe, and Australia, 
 Sibth., Pers., and A. Dec. 
 
 Alisma planta'To, L. ; Rosetta, Del. Extending to Greece, 
 Denmark, Abyssinia, Australia, and North America, Sibth., 
 Pers.. A. Dec, and others. 
 
 Pancratium maritimum, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending 
 in maritime situations to Cyprus and Greece, Sibth. 
 
 Allium siddiirsut urn, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Cyprus, Crete, Greece, lulv, and Spain, Sibth. 
 and Pus. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 I I 
 
 Allium roseum, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Extend- 
 ing to Crete, the Peloponnesus, Montpellier, and Algeria, 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 pallens, L. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. Extending 
 
 to the Greek islands, Pannonia, Italy, Montpellier, and 
 Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Asphodelus fistulosus, L. ; upland at Cairo, Forsk. and Del. 
 Extending through the Greek islands to Athens, France, 
 and Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Scilla maritima, L. ; brought to Alexandria from the Desert, 
 Del. Extending to the Peloponnesus and Attica, Syria, 
 Barbary, Spain, and Portugal, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Muscari comojum, Hyacinthus of L. ; Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending to Cyprus, Bithynia, the Peloponnesus, and mid- 
 dle Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Hyacinthus serotinus , L. ; upland at Cairo, Forsk. and Del. 
 Extending to Spain, Pers. 
 
 Iris sisyrinc/iium, L. ; upland at Cairo, Forsk. ; Alexandria, 
 Del. Extending in maritime situations to Cyprus, the 
 Peloponnesus, Barbary, Spain, and Portugal, Sibth. and 
 Pers. 
 
 Asparagus aphyllus, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. Ex- 
 tending to Crete and Mount Athos, Sicily, Spain, Portugal, 
 and Barbary, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Ju?icus actttus, L."; Alexandria, Del. Extending in mari- 
 time situations to Greece, and the Atlantic shores of Eu- 
 rope, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 ■ maritimus, Sm. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. 
 
 Extending in maritime situations to Crete, and the Atlan- 
 tic shores of Europe and North America, Sibth., Pers., 
 and A. Gray. 
 
 rigidus, Desf. ; moist sandy spots in the Desert, 
 
 Del. Extending in maritime situations to Barbary, Pers. 
 
 midtiflorus, Desf. ; Del. Extending to Barbary, 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Cyperus mucronatus, Rottb. ; Rosetta, Forsk. ; Fountain of 
 Moses in the Sinai peninsula, Del. Extending to Arabia 
 and India, Pers. 
 
 fuscus, L. ; Rosetta and Cairo, Forsk. ; Rosetta, 
 
 Del. Extending to Smyrna and Constantinople, Denmark, 
 and Barbary, Sibth,, and Pers. 
 
 Michdianus, Scirpus of L. ; canal at Alexandria, 
 
 Del. Extending to Bithynia, Europe and Barbary, Sibth. 
 and Pers. 
 
 esculoifns, L. ; Forsk.; Rosetta, Del. Extending 
 
 to Greece, Italy, Montpellier, and Barbary, Gittard and Pers. 
 
 ■ fastigiatus, Forsk.; Rosetta, Forsk. 
 
 ortiithopodioides, Del. ; Damietta, Del. 
 
 Schoonus mucronatus, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; Rosetta, Del. 
 Extending in maritime situations to Crete, the Peloponne- 
 sus, and other portions of Southern Europe, to Morocco, 
 Sibth. and Del. 
 
 Scirpus mar itimus, L. ; Cairo, Forsk. Extending in "salt 
 marshes" to Cyprus, Constantinople, the Peloponnesus, 
 and the Atlantic shores of Europe and North America, 
 Sibth., Pers., and others. 
 
 fimbrisctus, Del. ; Damietta, Syria, France, Del. 
 
 mucronatus, L. ; Rosetta, Piedmont, and India, 
 
 Del. Extending in maritime situations to Greece and Eng- 
 land, Sibth. and Chaub. 
 
 Elcocharis pa/ustris, Scirpus of L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; Rosetta 
 and the Fayoum, Del. Extending to Greece, Northern 
 Europe, and North America, Sibth., Pers., and others. 
 
 caducus, Scirpus of Del.; Damietta, Del. 
 
 ? pollicaris, Scirpus of Del.; Damietta, Del. 
 
 Isolepis i/icliyiata, Del. ; around Salehyeh, Del. 
 
 uninodis, Del. ; Damietta, Del. 
 
 Fimbristylis dichotoma, Scirpus of L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; Ro- 
 setta, Del. Extending in maritime sands to the Black Sea, 
 Arabia, and India, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Carex divisa, Huds. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in "salt 
 marshes" to the Atlantic shores of Europe, Pers. 
 
 Lygeum spartum^ L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending to Spain, 
 Pers. 
 
 Saccharum Acgyptiaciun, Willd. ; Rosetta, Forsk. ; sandy 
 portions of the banks of the Nile, Del. 
 
 Andropogoit annulatum, Forsk. ; Rosetta, Forsk. ; near 
 Cairo, and in Syria, Del. 
 
 Phalaris Quiariensis, L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 Extending to Constantinople, Greece, and the Canary Is- 
 lands, Forsk., Sibth., and Pers. 
 
 aquatica^ L. ; Alexandria and Cairo, Del. Extend- 
 ing in watery situations to Asia Minor and the Tiber, 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 paradoxa, L. ; around Salehyeh, Del. Extending 
 
 to Greece and Portugal, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Panicum obtusifolium, Del. ; margin of canals at Damietta, 
 San, and Cairo, Del. 
 
 Numidianitm, Lam. ; Damietta, Del. Extending 
 
 to Barbary, Pers. 
 
 coloratum, L. ; Damietta and Cairo, Del. 
 
 rcpens, L. ; Rosetta and Cairo, Del. Extending 
 
 to Crete, Barbary, and Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 sorg/zi, Del. ; Upper Egypt, Del. 
 
 leiogonum, Del.; Cairo, Del. 
 
 Prostratitm, Lam.; Damietta, Del. 
 
 Crypsis acuteata, Anthoxanthum of L. ; Alexandria, Forsk, ; 
 Cairo, Del. Extending to Bithynia, Barbary, and South- 
 ern Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 afopecuroides, Heleochloa of Host ; sand islands in 
 
 the Nile near Cairo, Del. 
 
 Polypogon Monspeliense, Alopecurus of L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; 
 Del. Extending to Athens, Barbary, and the Atlantic 
 shores of France and England, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Milium iendigerum, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in 
 maritime situations to Asia Minor, Greece, Montpellier, 
 and England, Sibth., Gittard, and Pers. 
 
 arundinaceum, Agrostis miliacea of L. ; Alexan- 
 dria, Del. Extending to Athens and Zacynthus, Sibth. 
 
 Agrostis pungens, Schreb. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending 
 
 in maritime situations to Greece, Southern France, and 
 
 Spain, Sibth. and Pers. 
 spicata, Vahl ; towards Suez in the Desert, and 
 
 near Lohaja in Arabia, Forsk. ; coast from " Abouqyr " to 
 
 Rosetta, Del. 
 Poa divaricata, Gouan ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in 
 
 maritime situations to Cyprus, and Montpellier, Sibth. and 
 
 Pers. 
 Acgyptiaca, Willd. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; sand island in 
 
 Nile near Cairo, Del. 
 cyjiosuroides, Uniola bipinnata of L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; 
 
 well known throughout Lower and Upper Egypt, Del. 
 
 Extending to India, Pers. 
 Dactylis repens, Desf. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in 
 
 maritime situations to Barbary, Pers. 
 Chrysurus aureus, Cynosurus of L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. 
 
 p. 27. Extending to Cyprus, Asia Minor, Greece, other 
 
 portions of Southern Europe, and Barbary, Sibth. and Pers 
 Festuca cynosuroides, Desf. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending 
 
 to Barbary, Pers. 
 fusca 7 L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; river-flat in Lower Egypt 
 
 and at Cairo, Del. Extending to Palestine, Pers. 
 uniiflttmis, Sm. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; Rosetta, 
 
 Del. Extending to the Peloponnesus and England, Sibth. 
 
 and Pers. 
 . mops, Del. ; Rosetta, Del. 
 
 calycma, L. ; Alexandria, and on the upland at 
 
 Cairo, Forsk. ; Del. Extending to Spain, Pers. 
 
 divaricata, Desf. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; and Ro- 
 setta, Del. Extending in maritime situations to Barbary, 
 Pers. 
 
 Dintzba paspalodes, Dactylis of Willd. ; Damietta, and Per- 
 sia, Del. Extending to India, Pers. 
 Kaileria phleoides, Festuca of Villars; Cairo, Del. Ex- 
 
12 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 tending to Greece, Barbary, and Southern France, Bory 
 and Pers. 
 Bromus rubens, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. Extend- 
 ing to Crete and the Peloponnesus, Sibth. and Bory. 
 
 pm-furasicnS) Del. ; Alexandria, Del. 
 
 Madriicnsis, L. ; Robetta, Del. Extending to 
 
 Spain and England, Pers. 
 distac/iyos, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. and Del. Ex- 
 tending to Constantinople, the Peloponnesus, and other 
 parts of Southern Europe, Sibth. and Purs. 
 Stifa juucca, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending to Crete, 
 Lycia, Barbary, and middle Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 paleacca, Willd. ; upland at Alexandria and Cairo, 
 
 Del. Extending to Crete, the Peloponnesus, and Barbary, 
 Sibth. and Pers. 
 Avcna pumila, Desf. ; upland at Cairo, Del. Extending 
 to Barbary, Pers. 
 
 arundiiiacca, Del- ; upland at Rosetta, Del. 
 
 Trisctaria linearis, Forsk ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; sand hills 
 at Alexandria, Rosetta, and in the Delta, Del. Extending 
 to Syria, Labill. and Del. 
 Lag urns ovalits, L. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; on the upland 
 there, Del. Extending to Greece, and other portions of 
 Southern Europe, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Acvyptiaca, Desf. ; Del. 
 
 Phragmiies maxima \ Arundo of Forsk. ; Cairo, and Ghobei- 
 be beyond Suez, Forsk. p. 24 ; islands in the Nile, Del. 
 '• Differing from A. phiagmites,'' Bury and Chaub. 
 Ca.'ai/nii;rosiis vulgaris, Arundo of L. ; Ghobeibe beyond 
 >uez, Forsk. Extending to Smyrna, England, and Den- 
 mark, Sibth. and Pers 
 Amutophila areiiana, Arundo of L. ; Alexandria, Del. Ex- 
 tending in maritime sand to Greece, and the Atlantic shores 
 of Europe and North America, Sibth., Pers., and others. 
 Anstida plumosa, L. ; Alexandria, and on the upland at 
 Cairo, Forsk.; Rosetta, Del. Extending to Armenia and 
 Tunis, Pers. 
 
 Rottbellia incurvata, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in 
 maritime sand to Cyprus, Zacynthus, and the Atlantic 
 shores of Europe as far as Denmark, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 filiformis, Roth.; Alexandria and Rosetta, Del. 
 
 Extending to Southern Europe, Per,. 
 
 fascicidata, Desf.; Rosetta, Del. Extending to 
 
 Barbarv, Pers. 
 
 Argylops Iriaristata, Willd. ; upland at Alexandria, Del. 
 Extending to Greece, perhaps a var. of Ac. ovata, Bory & 
 Chaub. Ae. ovata growing at the Dardanelles, on the 
 Creek islands, in other parts of Southern Europe, and in 
 Barbary, Forsk., Sibth., and Pers. 
 
 Elymus gcmculatus, Del. ; in fields of barley jt Alexandria, 
 Del. 
 
 Ilordcum maritimum, Vahl. ; Cairo, Del. Extending in 
 maritime situations to the Greek islands, and the Atlantic 
 shores of Europe as far as Denmark, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Tnikitm bicorne, Forsk. ; Alexandria, Forsk. ; on the up- 
 land there, Del. 
 
 Lilian-inn, Sm. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in 
 
 maritime situations to England, Pers. 
 
 junceum, L. ; Alexandria, Del. Extending in 
 
 maritime situations to Smyrna, Constantinople, the Greek 
 islands, .Morocco, and the Atlantic shores of Europe as 
 far as Britain, Forsk., Sibth., and Pers. 
 
 Sorghum Halcpcnsc, Holcus of L. ; Cairo, and in Nubia, 
 Del. Extending to Syria, Smyrna, Tenedos, Constantino- 
 ple, and Mauritania, Forsk. and Pers. 
 
 Chara vulgaris, L. ; Rosetta, Del. Extending in river 
 water to Crete, Athens, and throughout Europe as far as 
 Denmark and England, Sibth. and Pers. 
 
 Marsilca Acgyptiaca, Del. ; ditches in the Delta, and moist 
 situations near Cairo, Del. 
 
 Adiaidum capillus-vcruris, L. ; Cairo, Forsk. ; Alexandria, 
 Del. Extending to Kurma in Yemen, and among moist 
 rocks throughout Greece, Forsk. and Sibth. 
 
 The river-fiat along the Nile was originally a pastoral tract, at one time in all probability abound- 
 ing in name. Frequented at first by the few species of birds and quadrupeds that have their home in 
 the Desert, the valley soon became a route of migration among the animal tribes themselves : enabling 
 antelopes, the lion, hyaena, genette (viverra), and ichneumon to cross the wide expanse of Desert; 
 together with reptiles as the chameleon and monitor, and even some Tropical birds : affording at 
 the same time ingress into the African continent to Northern migratory birds, and some Northern 
 quadrupeds. 
 
 Tenth generation. May ist, 3</>7, among living men. 
 
 Man may have entered Egypt in the hunter state, subsisting on fish and game ; though I am not 
 aware of any evidence of the fact. The absence from Egyptian soil of the rude stone relics which in 
 other countries mark an initial period of barbarism is very striking. 
 
 Tradition of the existence somewhere of such a state of society seems to have been preserved 
 among the Egyptians, — the hieroglyphic character of the stone mize occurring on the 
 Gliddon mummy-case, while the usual representations clearly belong to the metallic (ti^^s — ■ 
 adze. Another hieroglyphic character traceable as far back at least as the Fifth dynasty ' 
 
 i(Leps. d. ii. pi. 44 and 64, Buns, and Birch 617) somewhat resembles the smooth stone hatchets 
 called celts of the Stone period in Europe; is perhaps the "arvelos" for dividing leather, 
 mentioned by Nicander ther. 423. 
 
 If Egypt was colonized by shepherds, men in the pastoral state, they probably resembled the 
 Arabs of the Sinai peninsula above mentioned; — but who already under the Third dynasty are 
 figured as physically distinct from and enemies of the Egyptians. 
 3946 II. C. ( — 3876 -f- " 70 years " of Gen. v. T2), Cainan. 
 
 A triplex lialimus of the seashore of Europe and the Mediterranean countries, and salines as far 
 as Siberia. The sea orach is called in Germany " meldenstrauch," in Greece " almuria " (Fraas). in 
 Egypt "gataf" (Del.), in Egyptian " arim " (transl. Sept. Job xxx. 4) or " shleh " (Kirch.), " slilo " 
 meaning hedge (transl. Sept. Isai. v. 2 and Hos, ii. 6) ; and is one of the few indigenous plants of 
 Egypt that affords sustenance to man :— the " kathaf el-bahri " is mentioned by Ebn Uaitar; and 
 A. halimus was observed by Delile from Cairo to the shore of the Mediterranean. Farther North 
 the " alimon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " ermon vasis " or " saphis " or " osirithos 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 13 
 
 thiathema " or " eliou stgphanos " or " i£ros kaulos " of the prophets, and " athenorSs " of Pythagoras ; 
 is mentioned also by Theophrastus ; by Antiphanes, as esculent "alima trtgontgs " (Athen.) ; by 
 Dioscorides, as cooked and eaten, growing along the seashore and suitable besides for hedges ; by 
 Pliny xxii. 33, as an "olus maritimum"; A. halimus is known to grow in Siberia (Pers.) ; its tops 
 were found by Belon, and Tournefort trav. p. 43, eaten in Greece ; is termed by Tournefort inst. 505 
 "a. latifolia sive halimus fruticosus" ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on the sea- 
 shore from Cyprus and the Greek islands to the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow on the seashore of 
 Barbary, Spain, Portugal, and even as far as England (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried 
 to Austral Africa, and to Chili (Moquin, and A. Dec.) ; to Australia, observed by R. Brown ; to the 
 Hawaiian Islands, through the salt manufacture, as observed by myself. 
 
 Eleventh generation. Sept. 1st, 3934, among living men : 
 
 Twelfth generation. Jan. 1st, 3900, among living men : 
 
 The same year (= 3902 in calendar years = 2498 + " 203 + 448 + 198 + 297 -(-26+18 + 26 
 + 20 + 42 + 39 + 27 + 60" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, the Afr.-Maneth. table giving 2857 + 
 " 2 74 + 2'4 + 3 02 + -S3 " = 39 00 )' a date seemingly indicated by Manetho's numbers. 
 
 papyrus antiquarian of Abyssinia. The Egyptians according to their own account originally 
 subsisted on the paper-rush (Horap. i. 30), and the plant may have been known to the first colo- 
 nists, its seeds floating down the Nile, —but its final disappearance from Egypt indicates an exotic 
 maintained through cultivation : P. antiquorum was in Egypt before the invention of writing, the 
 paper made from it constituting a hieroglyphic character ; was observed by myself figured in standing 
 crops under the Fourth dynasty and on subsequent monuments ; continued in the days of Pliny xiii. 
 2i to be eaten by the Egyptians, but whether crude or boiled only the juice swallowed ; was last seen 
 in Egypt in 1S00, by Delile near Damietta (not met with by Forskal) ; is not mentioned by Clot-Bey, 
 and at the time of my own visit was regarded as extinct. Farther South, the "papuron " was found 
 by Artemidorus on the margin of lakes in the Somali country (Strab. xvi. 4. 14) ; and specimens 
 of P. antiquorum were procured by Bruce from lakes Tzana and Gooderoo in Abyssinia (Greville). 
 Northward from Egypt, the plant in the days of Pliny grew along the Euphrates, also around a lake 
 in Syria (the same perhaps where it continues to the present day), but in these localities as in Sicily 
 and Southern Italy its presence is doubtless due to the hand of man. 
 
 In the absence of plants suitable for cultivation, Agriculture could not have originated on the 
 banks of the Nile ; but the first colonists may have brought knowledge of the art, and may even for 
 a time have confined their attention to the above-mentioned Papyrus. 
 
 3876 B. C. (=3811 + "65 years" of Gen. v. 15), Mahalaleel. 
 
 It is worthy of remark, that most of the objects of early cultivation in Egypt are Northern plants, 
 from Palestine and the countries beyond ; and as the dryer and main portion of the river-flat became 
 occupied and irrigated, game became scarce and some of the larger kinds disappeared. 
 
 With the introduction of Agriculture came weeds, the climate eminently favouring the naturali- 
 zation of exotics ; reminding me in fact of our Northern greenhouses, where Subarctic and Equa- 
 torial plants are often subjected to the same amount of heat and moisture, and yet are found 
 flourishing side by side — At the present day, the soil having been upturned for ages, the sponta- 
 neous growth on the river-flat consists largely of imported weeds. 
 
 Thirteenth generation. May 1st, 3867, among living men : 
 
 Of the condition of mankind at this period we have some positive knowledge ; the hieroglyphic 
 characters including implements that had been long in use, implying often customs and associations 
 by no means novel when the objects were selected for representation. The state of society seems in 
 many respects not unlike Bedouin life, but the men were by no means inferior in intelligence nor less 
 ambitious in their aims — than our leading spirits of the present clay. 
 
 Names were given to birds and beasts before man had occasion to commune with his fellows, 
 and the whole account in Genesis of his earlier history seems to imply the possession of language. 
 Man's " natural language " of gestures, utterances, and exclamations is more expressive than words ; 
 but perhaps something may be learned from the hieroglyphic characters, the mouth -=d> repre- 
 senting the articulation " r," that (according to Plato) means rushing on : now we can conceive of 
 a torrent of expletives, like the scolding of birds and certain quadrupeds, vet it seems more probable 
 that the intellectual torrent proceeding out of the mouth consisted of regularly-formed words. 
 
 Fourteenth generation. Sept. 1st, 3S34, among living men : 
 
 However it may have been with language, writing was certainly invented in Egypt. This 
 appears from the hieroglyphic forms of objects peculiar to Egypt, also historically, the Greeks 
 having preserved the name of the inventor of writing Th6t. His name is besides found engrafted 
 in the Egyptian language in the word "th6t," having the same meaning — and pronounced like our 
 English " thought " ; may also have been the origin of the Greek " thokSin." 
 
 The original words of the Coptic or Egyptian language are not arbitrarily nor accidentally 
 
14 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 chosen ; but formed by system they bear such intimate relation to the hieroglyphic characters as 
 to seem the work of one hand. — This continued to be the spoken language of Egypt in the time 
 of Joseph and the Jewish Exodus (Gen. xli. 43 and 45, xlii. 23, and Psalm cxiv. 1) : in the days of 
 Manetho there were two languages in Egypt (Jos. c. A.), the Coptic written with hieroglyphic 
 characters as a sacred language (Rosetta Stone), while the spoken language may have been the 
 Chaldaic or ancient Arabic : Greek characters were substituted for hieroglyphic by the early Chris- 
 tians, and the Egyptian language has thus been preserved in manuscripts, transmitted writings and 
 translations, and in the services of the Coptic church. 
 
 Thot is the earliest Egyptian whose name has been preserved. Of his personal history we know 
 nothing : except that a hieroglyphic character signifying both laughter and scribe (Horap. i. 37), it 
 may be inferred that his invention was received with ridicule. — Plato was deterred from making dis- 
 closures on the subject by the fear of like consequences. 
 
 Where each character represents a word, some plan of association would of course be necessary : 
 and besides the hint of Plato and the so-called " natural language," I have thought to distinguish 
 human biography; each chapter corresponding to an articulate sound; the order — having been 
 measurably preserved in the derived alphabets, Phoenician, Greek, and Roman. 
 
 a guttural, the exclamations ah ! aha ! 
 \-f "ah£" a cow, "ah<5" to have need, "ahe " life (conception) ; "ahe" or "ahe" or "aha'' 
 
 Fv' J verily; "ahe" to walk orderly, expect; — in Chaldaic "ahy" to grant life. The hie- 
 1 ' roglyphic character occurs as early at least as the Third dynasty, also in the Book of 
 the Dead, and continues in use under the . . dynasty (Buns, and Birch, and Leps. cl. ii. pi. 7). 
 Serious consequences have followed this selection: indicated in the "molten calf" of the Israelites 
 (Ex. xxxii. 4 to 24) ; veneration of the cow among the Egyptians, mentioned by Herodotus. Among 
 the Hindus, of all nations most resembling the Ancient Egyptians, killing a cow has often proved a 
 more serious affair than killing a man. Farther East, the cow is or has been at the foundation of 
 the institutions of CJiina, and Japan. Among the Phoenicians, the word "alwph" or "alph" (the 
 Greek "alpha") by a remarkable exception is of both genders, and signifies "cow and bull." 
 Among the earliest Romans, killing a cow was punished with hardly less than death (Pliny). And 
 among the Greeks, "arhe" signifying beginning or foundation, is in pronunciation near enough 
 to the Egyptian "ahi? " to have originally meant cow. The inventor of writing very certainly had no 
 intention of influencing the religious belief of thousands of millions of human beings : but it would 
 seem, had he adopted a different mode of writing conception, cow-worship would not have become 
 universal. 
 
 The progress of words geographically, is illustrated by another Egyptian name of the cow, 
 "vahse" or "vahsi" or "vfihsi" ; — in Hebrew "bkr," continued to the present clay in the "bakar" 
 of Syria, Arabia, and Egypt ; in ancient Italy " vacca " ; in France " vache " ; but beyond, the word 
 did not cross the Channel into England, as though the animal there was already provided with a 
 name: this excluding name was doubtless "cow," occurring besides in the Scandinavian languages, 
 and in German, Persian, Sanscrit, and even Chinese (see also the Egyptian word " kooh "). Now as 
 the male everywhere accompanied the female, precise correspondence in the progress of names might 
 be looked for : and we find in Hebrew "thwr," continued to the present day in the "thour" of Syria, 
 Arabia, and Egypt : in ancient Greece, " taurus " ; in ancient Italy, " taurus " ; in France " taureau " ; 
 another word that did not cross the Channel: the excluding name being evidently "bull"; in Sans- 
 crit "bali " (Mason). 
 
 -NaT he tea' therefore was already the companion of man when writing was invented: — a historic 
 reference under the Second dynasty to cattle, Bos taurus, has been preserved (Maneth.) : under the 
 Third and Fourth dynasties, cattle are figured in herds, a peculiar long-horned breed, which con- 
 tinues under the Twelfth, but afterwards disappears from the monuments, and doubtless became ex- 
 tinct. At Iknihassan under the Twelfth dynasty, cattle in the state of secondary wildness are fig- 
 ured ; some individuals particoloured, but hunted with other game, probably in a foreign country and 
 North of Egypt. Cattle are mentioned in the history of Abram (Gen. iv. 20 and xi". 16) ; also by 
 Homer, and Greek writers generally. In Switzerland during the Stone Age were kept by the inhabi- 
 tants, as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Heer, in Troyon). From Europe, were carried 
 to America, the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan and Feejeean islands, New Zealand, and Australia; 
 and in Austral America and on Hawaii, have relapsed into secondary wildness. (See hornless, and 
 Indian cattle.) 
 
 " apas " ancient ; "ape" or "ape" or " aphe " head; "aa"to do, to make; — in Hebrew 
 
 "ab" father. The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 
 writing ( Leps. d. ii. pi. 5, and k. pi. 24 to 27). 
 t " al " stone ; " al " mute, deaf; (the number " a-l-g " signifying " aphonian " silence, Horap. 
 
 28) ; " alo " to let alone ; " at " or " ath " the negative prefix or particle ; — in Hebrew " al " noth- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1 5 
 
 ing ; in Arabic " Allah " (the stone worshipped by the Arabians in the time of Strabo ?) ; in Greek 
 "las " or "laos " stone, meaning also people. The character occurs from the Fourth to the Twenty- 
 sixth dynasty (3d pyram. Vyse, and Buns, and Birch). 
 "anah" or "anh" to live; "ang" or " anak " or "anok" I; — in Bactrian "anhu"to live 
 T (Buns, and Birch v. p. 74S). The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case and from the 
 Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 7 to 67). 
 €> ® "allou" "n5uval" pupil of the eye; "alou" boy, also girl; "al6oui " children ; " athrSu " 
 or "hatrSSu" twins ; "arSj" or "arej " or "areej " limit, end. — The character occurs under the . . . . 
 dynasty (Champ, diet. 70 and 71, and Buns, and Birch). 
 
 a, in Greek Si, the sound of wailing ; in Egyptian " ouSi ! ,'' in Greek " ouai ! ," in Latin " vae ! " 
 "nSi" appointed time; "SSt" pregnant; "SiS" therefore; "neh" to shake off, "nSh"to 
 save (i.e. deliverance), "nSh" wailing; "touSit" or "toSit" lamentation, to bewail; — in 
 Hebrew " nSyS " lamentation. The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Roman conquest 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 98, and k. pi. 56). 
 
 ibis-feather walking; "ouSi" " Si " I am; "Si" to labour; "Si" to come; " ouSi " divorce, 
 distance. — This and the simple ibis-feather are painted green on the Gliddon mummy-case ; to 
 all appearance conventionally, being marked with the usual oblique parallel lines. The walking 
 feather occurs also under the Third dynasty ; and continues in use under Roman dominion (Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. to iv. pi. 87, and k. pi. 6 to 29). 
 
 -~c2><2>- " vSi " to lif t the eyes; "Sis" look !, behold ! ; "ouSin" light. — The character occurs 
 from the Tenth to the Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 147, and iii. pi. 62). 
 
 , -* (snake with tail in mouth, signifying world ; also universal king, as the air that per- 
 
 vades the world; snake called by the Egyptians "mSisi," Horap. i. 2, 56 and 61; "misi" 
 snake, Kirch.) ; " mSsio " midwife; "misi" or " mSs " born; "mSst" or " mSstS " to hate; " tshou- 
 Sit" or " tshSuSit " futile; "ouSSi" or " ouSi " one, everyone ; "SiSr" to stand over or before; 
 "aer "air, — in Greek "aer," in Latin " aer," in English " air." The character occurs from the 
 Third to the Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5. no, and k. pi. 15 to 29). 
 
 "Sine" or "Sini" likeness, imitator; — in Greek "Sithos" image, fashion or form. The 
 character occurs from the Third to the Twenty-ninth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 6, and k. pi. 
 5 to 49). 
 
 (pelican "pSISkana" signifying love to the extreme of folly ; for in striving to beat out 
 fire around its nest, the bird sets its wings on fire and is thus captured, Horap. i. 51) ; 
 "ouSinS" to be moved, stirred up; " mSi " or " mai " love; " mS " or " mei " to love; 
 "ouSitS" to pine away, be consumed. — The character occurs as early as the Fifth 
 dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 63). 
 
 The pelican, Pelicanus onocrotalus, is known to be frequent in Egypt (Clot-Bey ii. 89) : and far- 
 ther South near the mouth of the Red Sea, flocks were observed by myself from Mocha. 
 
 v, the act of breathing, the pervading meaning saved. 
 n " vSt " or " vet " rib; — in Greek the letter "veta" ; in Latin "vita" life; in Hebrew " Svl " 
 [I breath, " hvS " life, Eve the mother of all living (Gen. iii. 20); in Greek "vios" li'e, in French 
 \ " vie," in English " alive." The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Fifth (Leps. d. 
 ii. pi. 3 and 29). 
 
 (falcon or sparrowhawk, signifying soul; its Egyptian name " vai-eth " literally meaning 
 soul within the heart," Horap. i. 7); "vait" or " vais " or " vej " or " vesh " hawk; 
 vSrrS " or " vSri " new, a youth; "vStsh" or "vetsh" or "vStsh" naked; "valhet" 
 simple, innocent, pure. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. k. pi 5 to 63). The character of the falcon resting on its perch, occurs on the Gliddon 
 mummy-case. 
 
 Horapollo's further remark, That the falcon instead of water drinks blood, by which also the 
 soul is nourished, seems to imply knowledge of the real function of the heart : that at the time when 
 writing was invented, sdVne idea of the continual supply or circulation of the blood already prevailed, 
 first shoot of the date-palm: " vai " (or "vais" Chaeremon in Porphyr. abst. iv. 7) palm-leaf, 
 (palm signifying year, and its leaf month, Horap. i. 3 and 4), " avot " or " Svat " or "Svef'or 
 "Svot" or "Sv6t" month. The selection for chronological purposes is stated by Horapollo to be 
 owing to the date-palm putting forth a leaf with every lunation, or twelve annually: — to the 
 present day in Egypt (according to Clot-Bey), the lowest ring of leaves is cut annually, leaving cica- 
 trices by which the age can be readily ascertained ; some trees reaching several centuries. The source 
 also of remarkable etymological interferences connected with the plant in various languages : as, 
 . . . . , in Greek and Latin "phoinix" or "phoenix," in French " datte " and "date," in English 
 "date" and "date"; also in Greek, "vaion" palm-leaf, a little while, "apo vaies" from infancy. 
 The character of the palm-shoot occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 
1 6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 26, and k. pi. 13 to 63). The character of the palm-leaf occurs under the Third 
 dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). 
 
 Phoenix dactylifera of the countries around the Persian Gulf. Called in Britain date, in France 
 "dattier" (Nugent), in Germany " dattelpalme " (Grieb), in Italy " palma " and the fruit " dattero " 
 (Lenz), in Greece "phoinika" and the fruit "kourmatheV (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen " nachl " 
 (Forsk.), and at the time of the invention of writing already in the Mediterranean countries,— 
 where its introduction has changed the whole aspect of the Southern shores: P. dactylifera is figured 
 apart from hieroglyphic writing at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty, and in planted groves con- 
 tinues to the present day prominent in the landscape throughout Egypt. "Threescore and ten palm 
 trees" were found by the Israelites at Elim in the Desert (Ex. xv. 27) : and farther North, the 
 "phoinikos" planted on Delos was seen by Homer od. vi. 162; the "palma" is mentioned by Varro 
 i. 22, Columella, and Pliny ; and P. dactylifera continues cultivated for ornament on the Northern 
 shores of the Mediterranean, except in Spain rarely ripening fruit, (A. Dec). Southward from 
 Egypt, was observed by Forskal, and mvself, under cultivation in Yemen, but the opposite Somali coun- 
 try supplied with imported fruit from Muscat ; and two or three stocks planted on Zanzibar were 
 barren. Eastward, seemed the pinnate-leaved palm figured in the cave-temples at Adjunta ; is called 
 in the environs of Bombay " kajooree " (Grab.), but does not in Hindustan produce edible fruit (Royle 
 fibr. pi , and others), was observed by myself under cultivation with other palms for its crude sap 
 called "toddy." Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as "exotic " in Burmah and called "swon- 
 ba-lwon." (Compare P. sylvestris ) 
 
 ""g~ night-heron; "avuk" or " avnk " raven, "vai" nycticorax (compare nycticorax destroying 
 ^Jj nestlings of crow at night, Horap. ii. 24); " vai-tshine' " messengers; "vuki" maid-servant, 
 " voki " pregnant; "rene" or "venne" door-post. The selection seems connected with the 
 note qu6k uttered by the bird while« flying high overhead in the night. — In Latin " voco " to call, 
 "venio" to come. The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the Seventeenth 
 dynasty to the Nineteenth (Buns, and Birch, and Leps. d iii. pi. 5 and 140). 
 
 The night-heron, Ardea nycticorax, indigenous and well known in Egypt when writing was 
 invented. The bird is widely diffused over the Northern Hemisphere wherever there is water; and 
 is frequent even in North America. 
 
 j. jackal; ("kuna" signifying sacred scribe, also laughter, Horap. i. 37), '• s6vS " or 
 s~Z~ ~~f " sovi " laughter; "save" wise (" svo " le uning, Horap. i. 36); — in Hebrew "sfr" 
 /(/\~Y\ scribe; in Greek "sophos" wise; in Latin "sapiens," in Spanish " sabbe," in French 
 " "savant." The selection has given rise among Northern nations to the assignment of 
 
 superior cunning to the fox : a persuasion at the present day too universal to be eradicated from 
 the human mind. The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 35 to 67). 
 
 <^y "vave" or " vaave" " insipid ; " vel" to enervate, weaken ; " vel " to liquefy ; — in Hebrew 
 GIT^u "vew" inane, in English "veal." The character occurs under the Fourth dvnasty, also in 
 the Look of the Dead, and continues in use under the Twenty second (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10, and 
 k. pi. 12 to 24). 
 
 ^^^ "vouhe' " or " vouhi " eyelids (discerning or diagnosis of life or death bv the sacred scribe, 
 ' Horap. i. 36); " vour " or "hvour " sinister ; " voor " or "vorveV or " vtrvSr " to reject, cast 
 away ; " val " or " ved " e\ e ; " vclle - " or " vUS " blind ; " vol " interpretation, solution ; — The charac- 
 ter occurs as early as the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. (.6, and Champ, diet. 3S4). 
 t!- \ S " vatshour" a saw; "vatsh6r"or "vatshar" fox (jackal; " vassara " of Herodotus iv. 
 p. 192 Lybian fox); "vas" or " visi " to saw asunder ; " vrvort " cut in two or rent ; "viki"band 
 or halter; "vasis" rope-maker; "vatshi" or "phatshi" half; "seve" or " sevi " or "self " sword ; 
 — in Hebrew "vtsr" to cut off or gather grapes, " vtso " to divide; in English "sever." The 
 character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 35, to iii. pi 13S). 
 9^k (man eating hours signifying horoscope; for men eat at stated hours, Horap. i. 40); 
 £*[ "ouev" or "ouev" or " oucev " priest; "6u£eV" or " ouaav " or " ouav " clean, immaculate, 
 holy; ouave's " sincerity, sincere; — in English "wave." The character occurs under the 
 dynast} 1 (Champ, text p. 357). 
 
 JL "varot" or " varvot " money; " veke " or " vek£ " or " vuke " or "vShg" recompense, 
 
 //Q hire; " votsh " to dismiss; " v6k " servant; " v6k " or "vet" to depart. The character 
 J— EL occurs under the . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 26). 
 
 (finger signifying stomach, Horap. ii. 6); " thev " finger; "thevi" basket; " thevi " or 
 
 "thvai" cavern; " avi " or " £vi " or " eivj " or "ivi" or " 6v£ " or " 6vi " thirst, to thirst; 
 
 " thevio " or " thevia " or " thSvvia " or " thvviS " or " thvvio " or " thvvieu " or " thvieu " humil- 
 ity, to be humiliated; — in Greek " thivis " basket. The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty 
 to the Fifth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 22 and 101). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 17 
 
 qpy "kivg" or "SkivS" paps; "kev" double; — in Hebrew "hv" bosom. The character 
 occurs under the ... . dynasty (Champol. gram., and Rosselin. cxlii. 1) : and may be further 
 traced in the form B of the Greek letter veta. 
 
 (three water-jars signifying rising of the Nile, Horap. i. 21) ; " valkou " water-jar; " veVi " 
 or "veuvi" to pour forth; " mv8vi " cisterns; — in Arabic "beybe" lake, cisterns. The 
 character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Twenty-first (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 7 to 
 43). The character of four water-jars occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Fifteenth (Leps. d. pi. 
 97, and k. pi. 7 to 15). 
 
 \— -j " vairi " or " vir " basket, pannier ; " Stph6 " burden. — The character occurs from the Third 
 dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7, and k. pi. 14 to 67). 
 
 portable furnace ? ; (burning censer signifying Egypt together with its immoderate heat and 
 continual animal productiveness and procreation, Horap. i. 22) ; " vgrvgr " or " v£rvr " 
 or " vrvr " hot, to boil or effervesce ; — in Latin " fervor " boiling, fervour, zeal. The character 
 occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, iii. pi. 147, and k. 
 pi. 35 to 67). 
 
 The art of making pottery, known therefore when writing was invented ; also various kinds of 
 earthenware vases and implements in use, — as appears from figures on the Gliddon mummy-case, and 
 on monuments under the Third and Fourth dynasties. The details of the manufacture are fully 
 represented under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan. 
 
 (lioness signifying a woman with but one child, Horap. ii. 78); "lavai" or "lavoi" 
 lioness; "livi" or 'Tiv6 " fury, madness, to be mad against; " livi " thirst, to desire; 
 "16vleV" love, to love; "leVe" " or "lovi " or "lovS" to be insane ; — in Hebrew "lvya " 
 lioness ; in English "love." The character occurs under the . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 114). 
 (-*. ("hSlithona," swallow or its burrow, signifying all the wealth of the parents left to the children, 
 — Horap. ii. 29) ; " vSni " or " venS " or " veni " swallow ; " vev " burrow, cave ; " ve " nest, tomb ; 
 " valjS" or " v£lj8 " or "v61j " or "vljS" earthen ware; " vo " or "v6" wood; "vStsh" or "vetsh" 
 or "v6tsh" to be stript ; "vol" or "Svol" out; "vatshi" corpse; "val" or "vol" end; — in 
 Hebrew "bn," in Arabic "ben" son, in Latin "bona" estate. The character occurs as early as the 
 Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 25). 
 
 The bank-swallow, Hirundo riparia, observed by myself as far up the Nile as the Thebaid : and 
 near Manfalout " Feb. 7th," numbers were " scooping out their holes, all in a line, about a foot below 
 the " even summit of the river-bank; and here at least in Nile mud. 
 
 b, in Greek mp, inherently meaning beggar. The exclamation bah! (There is perhaps no, evi- 
 dence of the use b in the Egyptian language ; and the inherent meaning of p, will be found strongly 
 analogous.) 
 
 "va£mpe" or "vampS" goat; "j6p" or "j6v" beggar. — Compare the Persian "bg" food 
 ("vSkos " in Herodotus ii. 2), the Hebrew "by " implore, the Greek "pai " child, and English "boy." 
 The hieroglyphic character occurs under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 15, and Buns, 
 and Birch). 
 
 Other hieroglyphic characters furnish evidence, that the goat, Capra hircus, was already do- 
 mesticated when writing was invented : — a historic reference to the goat under the Second dynasty, 
 has been preserved : as distinct from the Capricorn, the goat is figured in herds under the Fourth 
 dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 9), the horns more or less diverging, but presenting no peculiarity of 
 breed ; as in all the figures of this and later times examined by myself on the monuments. A 
 variety with spreading horns, is however given by Bunsen and Birch as a hieroglyphic character. 
 The goat is mentioned in the history of Isaac (Gen. xxvii. 9 to 16) ; and by ancient writers 
 generally. In Switzerland during the Stone period, the inhabitants kept goats ; as appears 
 from debris of the earliest villages (Heer, in Troyon). Eastward in Hindustan, the goat is 
 mentioned in the Sama Veda (Stevenson) ; also in the institutes of Menu (Braminical version) ; 
 but I looked in vain for figures in the cave-temples. By European colonists, the goat was carried to 
 America, and to the islands of the Pacific ; and at the time of my visit, had run wild on the Hawaiian, 
 Taheitian, and Feejeean Groups, and had been recently introduced into the Samoan. 
 g hard or gh, its pervading meaning anger. 
 r*?- (wasp suspended in the air, signifying bloodshed, Horap. ii. 23); "gate'v" or "got£v" 
 fi»&} slaughter, to be slain ; " ago " wherefore ? ; " agem" or " agom " or " ag5m " eagle ; "gfitgSt " 
 or "getget " or "gotgSt " to inspect, investigate, scrutinize. — The character is placed over a king's 
 oval from at least the Third dynasty, and continues over one of the two ovals to perhaps the end of 
 hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 66). 
 
 ~ (bee signifying a people obedient to their king, Horap. i. 59) ; "ga" a people, nation ; 
 
 f =£ " agori " or " agori " asp or cobra ; " egrei " beneath, against; "ga" under; " garat " under 
 
 ■* me ; "garof " against him, under him; " garon " against us, with us ; "g£n" or " goun " or 
 
1 8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " ggoun," to, from, with, against, into, out of; "geivi " protection, cover, shadow.— The character 
 occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi 2, and k. pi. 6 to 67). 
 
 The species of cobra, as appears from the painted figure on the Gliddon mummy-case, is the 
 indigenous C. haje ; — to the present day, tamed and kept by serpent-charmers. From early times, 
 the reptile seems also connected with mythology: and hence perhaps the worship extended in 
 Hindustan to a corresponding species. 
 
 -. (the bee efficient in governing on account of its sting, Horap. i. 59); " g61 " to incite; 
 U ";re]gel" or " gelgSl " or " gblgel " to stab, sting; "gisi" affliction, working, " gosi " to work 
 hard ; '" ggmgem " or "gemgom" or "gomgern" to afflict with hardship or grief —The character 
 occurs under the Fourth dynasty, also in the Book of the Dead (Leps. d. ii. pi. 28). 
 
 ~, (lion signifying anger, Horap. i. 17); "g&m" or "gem" to become heated, fervent, 
 
 2s-^=> feverish ; " gmom " heat, " gmom " anger ; " g6ki " to gnaw ; — in Chaldaic " hma " anger ; 
 in Hebrew "hme" anger, " nkra " and " nkmS " vengeance; in Greek the third letter "gamma." 
 The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 28, 
 and k. pi. 21 to 67). 
 
 ==- a turnout; " gir "' junction of two paths; "gat£n" by the side; "gag'' or "gek" or 
 "g£kh" or "gGkh" or "gok" or "gokh" to scrape or shave; "gajfn" or " gaj6 " before, in 
 
 front. The character occurs under the Fourth dynasty ( Leps. d. ii. pi. 28) ; and in modified forms 
 
 from the Twelfth dynasty to the end ot hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 122, 
 iii. pi. 260, and k. pi. 20 to 67). 
 " hag " neck ; " gug " to draw up ; " g6k " or " gek " or " gok " or " g6k " to gird up ; " gek " 
 l^jV or " gok " to fight ; "gorps" or " gores '' fist; "golk" or " k61j " bent, perverse: " g6g " or 
 )}\ '■ gagrm " itching; "gag" or "get" neck; "gat" or " gath " or " gthai " or "got" or "got" 
 * thick, thickness, fat ; " g£nt " or " g6nt " to approximate. — The character occurs as early as 
 the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 51). 
 
 " hrour " or " krour " a frog; " hr6 " or " hroou " or " hrau " or " groou " voice; "g6l"to 
 be hoarse; "homhem" or "hgmhSm" to growl, roar; "fiahom'' or " atshahom " groans, 
 to groan ; " geVger " to snore, snoring or snorting. — The character occurs under the Twelfth 
 dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 142). 
 
 -«a( (" egmos " angle of the eye towards the temples, Ed"W.) ; "ig" demon; — in Hebrew 
 " ankj " groaning, in English "anguish," "anger" and its exacerbation "gangrene." The char- 
 acter occurs under the . . . dynasty (Champ, mon. xxxviii, text 373). 
 
 (lion flagellating his young, signifying immoderate anger, Horap. ii. 36); " grod " chil- 
 dren, "gel" young one; " gello " or "gello" elder, old woman; " gorf " or ■•korf" or 
 " kSrf" or " kSrf " to abolish ; "k5ur"aslap; "gafi" or "gae" end, final. — The charac- 
 ter occurs under the .... dynasty (Champ, mon. iv. pi. 311). 
 soft or j or dsh, its pervading meaning rage. 
 
 spring of a lion ; "jons" violence, unjust, unjustlv ; " jinjons " or " jinshons " injustice ; 
 'jnah" violence ; — in colloquial English "jounce." The character occurs from the Fourth 
 dynasty to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. pi. 15, and k. pi. 32). 
 
 (cynocephalus or baboon signifying raue, bones of lion-whelps clashing fire, Florap. 
 ii. 36 and i. 14), "jont" rage ; " jol " waves, billows ; "jetshphid" to foam ; " grajrej " 
 to gnash the teeth. — The character occurs under the . dynasty (Champ, diet. 114). In 
 
 the Phoenician alphabet, the camel has been substituted, as will be further explained in treating 
 of this alphabet. 
 
 Apart from hieroglyphic writing, the dog-faced baboon, Cynocephalus, is figured under the 
 Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 13), and at Benihassan under the Twelfth, as observed by myself; 
 and from at least the Seventeenth dynasty is connected with the mythology, as the monkey is to the 
 present day in Hindustan. The species of Cynocephalus figured is probably either the Abyssinian, 
 or the one inhabiting Yemen. 
 
 ^^ (spinal column or back-bone, signifying a stand, or the loins, Horap. ii. 8 ; "japhoji" spinal 
 column, Kirch); "jfikjek" or "jokjk" obstinacy, contumacy, to contend; "j<5nt" or 
 "sh6nt" or "shont" to attempt, make trial; "jid" to wrestle: — in colloquial English "spunk." 
 The character occurs under the . dynasty (Champ, diet 100). 
 
 _ (forepart of lion signifying piwer, Horap. i. iS); "jig" or "join" or "jSm" power; 
 T/ "jfimjom" to be powerful; " jodr " or "jor" or "jore" or "jSri" or "jour" or "joore" 
 strong, powerful; "fir-mitjt'ri " to tyrannize, oppress by violence; "jois" or "jo£is" lord, 
 master; "jas" or " jes " to exalt, be exalted; "jeraeit" or " jasi " or "jisi" high, superior; 
 "j66rS" generous; " ja " to allow. —The character occurs under the Third dynasty, also in the 
 Book of the Dead, and continues in use under the TwcnU -fourth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. 
 pi. 12 to 47). 
 
 J^> 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 19 
 
 ^gafc (sparrow seeking protection of the owl, and finding oppression, Horap. ii. 48) ; " jaj " 
 sparrow; " jajg " or " jaji " or " jajS " or "jgji" enemy; " jijg " or " jijSeu " enemies; 
 "jatche" sinister; "jajv6n" malignant; "jol" or "jel" to encompass; "jaljel" or "joljl" or 
 "joljel" enclosure, fence; "jo" or "joS" or "joi" or "j6" wall; "jer" jeer, derision. — The 
 character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of hiero- 
 glyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 to 6, and k. pi. 5 to 63). 
 
 From the coloured figure on the Gliddon mummy-case, the character is found to be the Fringilla 
 domestica, or house sparrow of Europe and Western Asia ; a bird very destructive to grain-crops. — 
 Under the Third dynasty, the thick bill continues distinguishable ; but later monuments present only 
 a small bird. 
 
 Cl (smoke ascending signifying fire, Horap. ii. 15) ; "shshor" smoke ; " jaivSs " or " jvv£s " or 
 ^ "jSvs" sparks, coals; "jel" or '• jela " to burn; "jof" or " j6f " burning; " jr6m " fire; 
 " kva " or " jikva " vengeance. — The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). 
 •x (fire and water signifying purity, Horap. i. 41) ; "jSke'r" to temper, purge with fire; " jaj6 " 
 w frying-pan ; " joi " caldron, warm bath, sweat-bath ; " jakam " or " jak£m " or " j£k£m " or 
 " j&k£m " or " j6km " to wash ; " jihap " adversary ; " joou " to denounce, send ; " jSl Svol " or " jgl " 
 to deny ; "j6" or "ji" or "j6" to speak, dispute ; "jahSm" or "jahm" or "j&hm" pollution, pol- 
 luted ; " jajh " pure ; " jijnit " ordeal ; — in vulgar English " to jaw." The character occurs from the 
 Twentieth dynasty to the Roman conquest (Champ, gram. 535, Ross. mon. stor. 22 and 23, Buns, and 
 Birch). 
 
 \" jokgf " or " jookSf " or " j6khf" a goad ; — in English, the phrase "spur of the occasion.'' 
 The character occurs under the .... dynasty (Rosell. m. civ. 77. 2, Buns, and Birch), 
 (writing materials, ink, rush-style, and sieve, signifying sacred scribe, also conclusion ; a 
 race of cynocephali acquainted with writing, Horap. i. 36 and 14) ; "jorvSs" a little vase ; 
 "jilles " a little bag or pot ; " j6i " band or tie ; " joli " or " jolSs " or " joolSs " rust, corro- 
 sion ; "jpheout " ink ; "jolSs " or ''• j615s " little reeds; "je" or "jei"or "joul" beam in 
 the eye ; "jphoi " accusation, calumny ; " jvin " revenge, a stain ; "sholj" accusation, stain; "jolj " 
 or " j61j " or " jes," to adhere, hold fast; " solj " or " s61j " to blot out, expunge ; "jphio"to con- 
 found, make ashamed, castigation, reproof; "jphiSd" to abstain; "jiphied" shamefacedness, fear 
 of disgrace ; " jS v " or " jev " sharp, pungent ; " jokSr " or " jokr " sharp ; " j<5k£r " to afflict ; " jotf " 
 or " jdth " or " ji£i " to wound ; " j61 " to cover ; " ]'66vS " to darken ; " ji-vote" " or " ji-fotS " to nau- 
 seate ; "jok" or "j6k" end. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. 5, iii. pi. 224, and k. pi. 36). Apart from the hieroglyphic text, scribes in the act of writing 
 are figured under the Fourth dynasty, as observed by myself at Gizeh. 
 
 Juncus spinosus of Egypt and the neighbouring countries. A kind of rush called in Greece 
 " vroulo," in Egypt " sammar " (Forsk.), and clearly the " shoinfi " used among the Egyptians to 
 make sieves " koskinon," and exclusively for writing — to the time of Horapollo i. 36 : sieves " cri- 
 brorum " made in Egypt of " juncorum " or " oxyschoenon " are mentioned by Pliny xxi. 65 ; " sam- 
 mar " mats, by Abd-allatif; J. spinosus was observed by Forskal, and Delile, growing along the 
 Mediterranean border of Egypt, but elegant mats made of it were brought from Upper Egypt and the 
 region around Suez and exported to Constantinople. Words relating to mats as " shoinotonos " and 
 " shoinop&les " occur in Herodotus and other Greek writers ; and the living J. spinosus was observed 
 by Forskal p. 75, and Hawkins (Sibth.), on the seashore of Crete and the Greek islands as far as the 
 Dardanelles and Constantinople. 
 
 ^(the word " sv6 " signifying both instruction and plenary aliment, Horap. i. 36); "jom''or 
 " jom " or " j66mS " or " j66mi " or " j6m£ " scroll or book ; '' j6vi " epistle ; " jSk£ " or " jSokS " 
 enigma ; " je>k " or " jek " or "jok" to fill, plenary, perfect; "jStshj&tsh" dry and soft bread ; 
 "joouf" paper-rush ; "jaatS" or "jat£" to be nourished, increased; "jajh" to nourish, sustain; 
 " jal" or " j£18 " or "joili " to deposit ; — in English " joke " used colloquially for affair. The character 
 occurs under the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 304) : serving besides to mark the " end of sentences " 
 (Buns, and Birch). In Greece (Homer as understood by Pliny xiii. 27 to 23) " pugillarium " or 
 writing-tablets were in use before the Trojan war ; and Pliny further states, that the Greeks continued 
 unacquainted with paper until the conquest of Egypt by Alexander (see Papyrus antiquorum). 
 j»{% (ear signifying job impending, Horap. ii. 22) ; " maaje' " or " majS " or " m££je " or " matshj " 
 ^c/.ear; "jisme" to hear, attend ; "jins6t£m" act of hearing, rumour; "jinsoms £vol " or " tshan- 
 soms Svol" or "joutsht gvol " or "jinjoutsht" or "shinshotsht " or " shStsht " to expect ; "jisvS" to 
 learn, be instructed. — The character occurs under the ... . dynasty (Champ, diet. 62). 
 
 (dog signifying magistrate or judge, from showing favour to nobody, Horap. i. 37 and 
 38) ; "jaar" solid; "jaj6" cr "jStn" neck; "jarev" or "jgrev" pulled by the neck, 
 exposed to view; "jinarJh " keeper, guard; "j£r£j" or "jSrej" or " shSresh " hunter ; 
 "jrojs" a hunt ; "jgr"or " jSrj " or " j6rj " to enquire, hunt, seek, explore; "joh" or 
 
20 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "j6h" or "jinjomjem" touch, to touch; " jajith61 " tow, "shashinou " undressed flax, " shashStM " 
 tip of nose ; " shashitdn " upper garment ; " thouraji " sacred cloak (compare " royal robe " in Horap. 
 i. 38) ; "jihvas," garments ; " jat" or "jet " or "jot" or " j6t6 " to penetrate. — The character occurs 
 under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3) ; and the dog without any accompaniment, under the 
 Nineteenth (Leps. k. pi. 32). 
 
 The ifoi;, from North America, known in Egypt nearly or quite as far back as the time of the 
 invention of writing: —hunting with ^revhounds is figured under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 6); also under the Twelfth, at" Benihassan ; and I was assured, is practised to the present day in 
 Nubia, the superior swiftness of the breed being recognized, as in Europe. Under the Fourth 
 dynasty, in the one or two instances observed at Gizeh, the dog continued of the breed figured in 
 Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, agreeing with the jackal in the pointed muzzle, but the tail curling. Under the 
 Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan, the breeds were numerous, one of them being pretty distinctly the 
 turf spit. In Switzerland during the Stone period, clogs were kept by the inhabitants ; as appears 
 from debris of the earliest villages (Rutim,in Troyon). Eastward in Hindustan, the dog is men-, 
 tioned in the Sama Veda (Stevenson) : in the Institutes of Menu (Braminical version) ; a horseman 
 followed by hounds is figured in the Budhist cave-temples at Adjunta, but I met with no figures of 
 the dog in Braminical cave-temples. The sign for dog enters into the "primitive'' characters of 
 Chinese writing (Pauth. 84) : and a "large clog" was brought to the emperor Wou-wang by ambas- 
 sadors from the country of Lou in the West (Chou-King), probably a Thibetan mastiff; such as are 
 figured on the monuments at Niniveh, and mentioned by Greek and Roman writers, and by Marco 
 Polo 116 as " chenz mastin qe sunt grant come asnes." 
 
 The Australians appear to be the only considerable portion of mankind destitute of the compan- 
 ionship of the dog ; vet the Jingo, according to Leidy, is only the domestic dog carried there and 
 become wild (facts pointing to Hindustan). Eastward from China and the Malayan archipelago, the 
 dog was carried by Polynesians throughout the islands of the Pacific (except only that I was unable 
 to ascertain, Whether it was aboriginally known in New Zealand). The American tribes, from the 
 Arctic Sea to Cape Horn, had the companionship of the dog. and certain remarkable breeds had 
 been developed before the visit of Columbus (F. Columb. 25) : further, according to Coues, the cross 
 between the coyote and female dog is regularly procured by our Northwestern tribes, and according 
 to Gabb, dogs one-fourth coyote are pointed out; the fact therefore seems established, that the 
 coyote or American barking wolf, Canis latrans, is the dog in its original wild state. 
 g~7^ " matshi " or "tshi " balance-scales ; "jatme" a heap; "jot" or " m£jt " or "moujsh" or 
 
 "moujt" mixture, mingled, to mingle: "jpo" or " jpio " or "jipe " or " jipo " to argue, argu- 
 ment : "moutsht" circumspection, deliberation, to consider; " jits'hojne' " to consult, deliberate; 
 " phSji " or " jej " to split ; " tshie " length ; — in English " match.'' The character occurs from the 
 Tenth dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 145, and iii. pi. 232). 
 
 tf% "matshi " or " tshi " or " tshie " weight ; "tshie" length; "tshi" or "jintshi" mensuration; 
 \j] " mjfihe " or "gmjeh " or "mejenh" or "mjehe" eyebrows. — The character occurs under the 
 H Third dynasty, and continues in use (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). A second form *» occurs from the 
 
 Fourth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 22, k. pi. 52, and Rosselin. H mon. stor. ix. 35). 
 A third form 2 occurs in the Book of the Dead 125. 9, and continues in use 9 under the Twen- 
 tieth dynasty (Rossel. mon. cult, xlix ; "the weight or adjustment of the balance," Buns, and Birch.) 
 A "j61h" apex, an affair of no moment; "jolh" or "jelh" least; — in English the colloquial 
 phrase "little end of the horn," the e\cl.ini,ilion " fudge ! ". The character occurs from the 
 Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 23 to 63). 
 
 th soft, the Greek thelta, its pervading meaning soothing. 
 
 (two crows "koronas" signifying matrimony, Horap. i. 9); "thenio" eclipse; "theitoufi" 
 or "thctshS" neighbour; "the" or "the" like unto; " th6n " or " tenthon " to assimilate, 
 become similar; " thohtheh " keeping company with, friendship; " tharin " confidence, 
 "tharin" bond; "that" or "thet" or "thfit" good disposition, blessing, consolation; " thri- 
 mos" gladness, joy; "thelel" gladness, exultation; " th6n " our. — The character occurs under the 
 Seventeenth and Eighteenth dynasties (Leps. d. iii. pi. 13, 15, 65, 73, and k. pi. 53). The further 
 signification of " Mars and Venus," given by Horapollo i. 8, belongs doubtless to a subsequent 
 period : the cry of " £kkori," from " kori " meaning " koronc," was kept up in his own day at Greek 
 weddings. 
 
 " the " prow of a ship : " the " womb. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty 
 
 and the Book of the Dead, to the Eighteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 18, and Buns, and Birch). 
 
 (scaraboeus signifying only-begotten or principal, also race or family, also father, also the 
 
 world or orderly arrangement, also male, Horap. i. 10) ; " thiSt " father ; " mauaat " or " mmau- 
 
 at " alone, only-begotten ; " thatsh " or " thetsh " or " thotsh " or " thSlsh " arrangement, to 
 
 dispose ; " themso " to establish ; " th.6u.6t" image (image of the world, Horap. i. 10) ; "tho" 
 
15 
 
 OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 2 1 
 
 habitable world; "thamiS" or"thami6" creation, work, to make; "thamieout" accomplished.— 
 The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty, also in the Book of the Dead, and continues in 
 use until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi.- 27, and k. pi. 11 to 77). 
 
 Mm. cottage-window, (compare vulture signifying beholding, or " ouranian " firmament, or " athe- 
 nan" occupying the Upper hemisphere, Horap. i. 1 1) ; "thimarmSne" name of the Second sphere; 
 " thimg " or " thime " village ; " thime " woman, wife ; " th " feminine particle ; " the " her, she. — 
 The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of hiero- 
 glyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 67) : is an early if not the earliest form of the Greek thelta, and 
 transferred by the Romans continues as our Western capital letter D. 
 
 ,-&- (vulture signifying mother, also " orion " limit, also compassion, Horap. i. 11); " maau " 
 /^£ or "meou" or " mau-th " or ("mouth," Plutarch) mother; "thotsh" or " thotsh " limit, 
 bounds; "mSthnaet" compassion. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the 
 Roman conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5 to 60). 
 
 falcon's perch: "thasto " or •■ tastho " to return ; "thSten " or " tha" or " thai " or "the " of 
 thee, thine ; •' thae" end ; — in English "thee." The perch with the bird resting on it, occurs 
 on the Gliddon mummy-case, also under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). The perch without 
 the bird, occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 331): seems besides the origin of one 
 form of the Phoenician thld j\, or Hebrew <T , and the form f> of the corresponding Greek letter 
 thelta. ' ' 
 
 In the highly finished figure on the Gliddon mummy-case, the two appendages of the perch are 
 found to be feathers : additional proof, that the art of falconry was known when writing was invented. 
 Falconry seems to belong especially to the country on the Euphrates, — and was found by Layard 
 practised among the Arabs there to the present day. 
 
 k initial or c hard, its pervading meaning compensation. 
 
 "k£n" or " koun " bosom. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of 
 hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 6, and k. pi. 5 to 64). 
 
 a scroll; " kel " or "kol" or "k61" to roll together. — The character occurs under the .... 
 dynasty (Champ, diet. 339 and gr. 466, tab. and stat. Brit, mus., and Buns, and Birch). 
 
 "karira" hook, iron clasp; "keli" or " kelli " or " kelli " or "kll<5" lock, bolt, lever; 
 ' '■ keVvS " or " kvvS " folding or doubling. — The character occurs from the Third or Fourth 
 dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5, 6, 7 to 67). 
 
 " kooh '' cup or bowl ; " k£161 " or " kaji " water-bucket ; " kaa " or " ka " or " kS " or '■ ke " 
 
 or " ko " to place ; — -in English "cow." — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the 
 end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5 to 67). The Egyptian drinking- cups 
 (according to Herodotus) were made of copper : and the above shallow pattern is continued 
 on the Assyrian monuments, and in the drinking-cups of copper or brass used to the present 
 day by the Hindus. The above word "kooh" may prove the origin of the name "cow," in the 
 languages around the Mediterranean not applied to the animal, but occurring farther North and 
 East (see cow). 
 
 ^^^ hand folded in receiving payment: " kah " or " kahi " or " kShi " dust; "kalis" custom, 
 «^5 conscience: " kad " or "kat" wisdom, prudence, shrewd; "ken" sufficient; — in Hebrew 
 " kph " hollow of the hand, the eleventh letter ; corresponding to the tenth Greek letter kappa, and 
 both indicating the number twenty. The character occurs under the . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 
 98). The form of the incurved hand is continued in the third letter of the Roman alphabet, or our 
 capital C. 
 
 (vulture signifying two drachmas, unity consisting of two lines according to the Egyptians, 
 Horap. i. 11) ; "k££s " or " kas " bone ; " kas " a small piece of money ("the earliest Egyptian 
 money being perhaps rounded and bone-shaped, like that by the Greeks called 6v616i," Zoeg. ; 
 compare " oveloi " obelisks) ; " kev " or " kite: " or " kidi " drachma or di-drachma ; " kov " or " k6v " 
 multiplication ; — in English " cash " The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, also under 
 the Third and Fourth dynasties (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 and 25). The fZ\ flat ring of silver occurs from 
 
 the Fourth dynasty to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 18 and 98 V / to iii. pi. 10, and k. pi. 36). 
 
 "koria" the two clavicles and fore part of the throat; "koria" painted; " karia " red 
 leather lining, helmet ; " ke"ktos " variegated, spotted ; " klam " or " klom " garland ; 
 "kthSmos" ornament, adorned; " kemos " ear-ring; " kanef6i " or " han£u " curls ; " klal " 
 collar; "kSnhS" shoulder; " klaria " left shoulder of the constellation Twins ; " kal " cincture or 
 garment (" kal-asiris " of Herodotus). — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Ptole- 
 mies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, iii. pi. 138 and 254, and iv. pi. 3). 
 
 f" kid " sport ; " kfimto " or " komto " or " kmto " agitation, concussion, earthquake ; " kim " 
 or "kin " vibration, bounding, to leap ; " ki;mk£m " a timbrel or tambourine ; " k61h " to beat. 
 — The character occurs under the Nineteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 162). 
 
 Q 
 
22 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 kneading-trough ; " k6v " or " k6p " leaven ; " kot " or " kdt " or " kat " wicker basket ; 
 <kam" rush of which cords are made; "ham" rush; " kemg " or " keme " or " kemi " 
 Egypt ; " katsh " reed ; " kgrousia " prison ; " kalibi " hut, house of reeds ; " kalibSs " house of 
 reeds. — The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end 
 of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7, and k. pi. 7 to 67). The kneading-trough was found by C. 
 C. Felton lett. used to the present day for a cradle in Greece. 
 
 Triodia pungcns of the shores of the Southern portion of the Red Sea. The character check- 
 ered with black — on the Gliddon mummy-case, as is a drinking-cup under the Tenth dynasty (Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. 145), after the manner of the shallow baskets made in Yemen at Makulla ; which baskets 
 are sometimes brought down the Nile through Nubia to Egypt : I did not compare the material, but 
 I remarked a creeping grass of rattan-like hardness in the maritime sands at Mocha, the spikelets 
 Festuca-like but with soft hairs among the florets. T. pungens called " schoucham," was observed 
 by Forskal p. 22 growing in sandy places from Lohaia to Mocha. 
 
 9 R Pinnotheres, the parasitic crab in oysters and other bivalves ; ("pinna" and crab, or "pin- 
 
 nophulax," signifying cared for by his household, Horap. ii. 102); "harakinos" crab; 
 " karkinos " the constellation Cancer in the Zodiac ; " kev " or " kSv " debility, infirmity ; " koovgf " 
 weak; " koui " or " kouji " small, young; " kletos " relatives; " kaphe'os " uncle; " kaur8a " aunt 
 by the father's side; "ke" or "kgouei" or "kaSui" or "koou" or "kooug" others; "k8s8£p£" the rest. 
 — The character occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10). A second form * 2 P from 
 
 the Tenth dynasty Qs . -p to the Twenty-second (Leps. d. ii. pi. 150, and k. pi. 27 to 
 
 44). A third form ^/ M under the Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d iii. pi. 50). 
 
 c^fHN-, a hinge ; (pinnotheres by its claw warning its protector, Horap. ii. T02) ; "keljS" angle ; 
 " kllc " or " kSli " knee ; " k61j " or '■ kelj " to incline, bend ; " kgljkSli " to bend knee ; " k£rso " 
 door; "k£rs" kind of fish; " koulaji " a little fish; — in English "the cardinal point." The 
 character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Fifth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 39, and 65) and in a modified 
 form — <o>> — under the Nineteenth (Leps. d iii. pi. 162. and Rosell. m. cul. xxix. 1). 
 [/-[-p| (pinna closing its shell, Horap. ii. 102); " koulSl" to wrap, envelop ; " k8ms " or "k8mts" 
 % obscurity; " kloole " clouds ; "kaki"or "haki" or " kak£ " or "k£kg" darkness; " k8kg " 
 pupil of the eye ; (" hcmian " black part of the eye. Plut. is. & osir. p. 364) ; " hamg " or " kamg " or 
 "kame" or " kem " black; " kod " around, circuit. — The character occurs as early as the Nine- 
 teenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. i(<2, and Rosellin. mon. cul. xliv. 4). 
 
 a, 8, 1, ('>. u, or the short guttural. The interjection eh ! , used for interrupting. 
 
 (crocodile rendered immovable by touch of ibis-feather, Horap. ii. 77); "8" or " 8 hrei " or 
 "gbren " or "8hrai " or "chlC-i " or "grat " or " 8rm " or "8rn" to ; "8mpo " or "8vo or " 8v66u " 
 mute; " tt " or " 8ti " who ; "gfh£" how; "etve" or "8thv8" on account of; "£ti" yet, — in 
 Greek "8ti," in English "yet." — The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from 
 the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 67) : is fur- 
 ther traceable in the form of the fifth letter of the Phoenician, Greek, Roman, and West European 
 alphabets. 
 
 (star signifying five, from the five planets ; also night; also god inhabiting the world, the 
 Egyptians thinking that nothing would stand or hold together without god, Horap. i. 13 and 
 ii. 1); "dg"five; " 8ve " obscurity ; " gjfirh " or "gjorh " night (the Egyptians thinking night the 
 beginning of all things. Aristot. xii. (>, and IJamasc, compare Gen. i. 2) ; "£hi " an age. — The char- 
 acter occurs from the Fourth s~~\ dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps'k. pi. 7 to 67). 
 The star within a circle W-j~J occurs from the Twenty-eighth dynasty to~the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (sarcoph. Amyrt., v "~ Champ, diet. 13, and Leps. d. iv. pi. 85) ; is besides the " p£n- 
 talpha" of the Greeks, described by Luchn (compare the above five guttural vowel-sounds). 
 
 shrine: "81am" portico or piazza; " glpeei " or " 8rp8 " or " grphgi " temple; ("grvit" 
 sacrina, gestatoria, Edw.) ; "gthep" hidden mystery, sacred vow ; — in Greek " elpis " hope. 
 c lll = l, The character occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19). A second form [7\ 
 under the Fifth dynasty, and continues in use more or less modified until the Roman con- JJLL 
 quest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 63 to iv. pi. 37). 
 
 || ll "£nk°t" bed; "gjen" or " 8jn " or » 8jm " or " 8j6 " upon; " enkot " or " 8nkat » or 
 
 \L, c=Q " enkotk " sleep, to sleep ; " vtsh8 " or " evtsh8 " or " gvtshg " or « Cvt.she " or " evtshi " or 
 " ovtsh " or " 6\tsh " or " 6v8tsh " to slumber, be unconscious, incoherent, absence of care torpor, 
 oblivion ; — in Hebrew " byd " (pronounced " bSd " by my Egyptian guide) house ; in En°iish 
 " bed." The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Roman conquest (Leps d ii pi ^"and 
 k. pi. 7 to 59). • • i o, 
 
 ■i^ (ant and " nuktgrithos " wings signifying staying in the house, for if the wings are placed on 
 an ant-hill none of the ants will come out, Horap. ii. 60) ; " grvi " or " 8rs6 " or "8rsh6 " habi- 
 tation ; " £rj " bird. — The character occurs under the . . . dynasty (Champ, gram. 371 37") 
 
 -¥■ 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 ^3 
 
 1 " motngs " or " module's " cessation, rest, ease ; " gmtan " or " gmton " cessation, repose ; 
 
 " motn " or " motgn " or " motgn " tranquil, more easy, to be quiet ; " gthmotgn " level, 
 
 straight; "gat" horizon, region from which the winds blow; " gsthgn " spacious ; " gski " interval, 
 
 space between. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 67). 
 
 (" a 'g a " goat or Capricorn, signifying superior excellence in hearing, on account of breathing 
 through its ears and nostrils, Horap. ii. 64 ; " ghgon " goat, Edw.) ; " satem " or " s6tgm " or 
 ' sgtgm " or " sgtm " hearing, to hear, to obey ; — " aix " in Greek signifying both goat and' the 
 constellation Capricorn. The character occurs under the ... . dynasty (Champ, diet. 126). 
 
 From some mountainous district, probably the Sinai peninsula, capricorus were brought to 
 Egypt as early as the invention of writing ; — and were kept in at least a semidomesticated state, one 
 being a regular attendant on the herds of cattle figured under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 6) ; 
 also under the Fourth and Fifth (as observed by myself), and down to the Twelfth. In Switzerland 
 during the Stone period, the Capra ibex or Capricorn descended occasionally or in winter to the base 
 of the mountains, and was hunted with other game, as appears from debris of the earliest villages 
 (Riitimeyer, and Heer, in Troyon p. 272 and 442). The constellation " capricornus " is mentioned 
 by Horace ; and the " ibices " of " the Alps," by Pliny viii. 79. 
 
 -^1^^^^ " mghg " or " mShi " wing ; " rgttgnh " to unfold the wings ; " gnkots " 
 
 snares, ambush ; " vgrsglia " goatsucker lying in wait for sleeping boys, 
 mother of boys (mother stealthily visiting her sleeping babe) ; " jioug " or " jioui " stealth, stealthy ; 
 — The character occurs from the Eighteenth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. iii. 
 pi. 68, and cornices of temples in Egypt). 
 
 f, puffing or forcible breathing, its pervading meaning foul. The interjection fie ! . 
 
 ("angmgnes" flower, signifying malady, Horap. ii. 7); "phie" bud; "phgrigou" or "phrioou" 
 
 beautiful, splendid ; " pheri " or " pheri " or " phiri " or " phori " splendour, brilliant, to bloom ; 
 " gfgphiri " it will bloom ; " iavi " or " tshavg " or " tshaphg " or " tshafg " or " jgvis " malady ; — in 
 English, the phrase " Under the rose a serpent." The character occurs from the Third dynasty to 
 the Twentieth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 14 to 41). A second form 4F( of perhaps the same char- 
 acter, occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the Twelfth dynasty ^m| to the Roman conquest 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 12T, iii. pi. 140, and k. pi. 14 to 59). '' 
 
 Papaver hybridum of the East Mediterranean countries. A kind of poppy called in Greece 
 " paparouna '' (Fraas), in Egypt " aub el num '' (Forsk.), but in. Coptic " ngman " (Kirch.), and pos- 
 sibly the "angmgnes" in question: — P. hybridum was observed by Forskal, and Delile, at Alexan- 
 dria on the Mediterranean border. Farther North, the •' mekfin trite agrifitgra " having according 
 to Dioscorides more powerful medicinal properties and an oblong capsule, is referred here by Fraas : 
 P. hybridum, regarded by Bieberstein as wild in the Crimea, by Grisebach as wild along the Propon- 
 tis and ./Egean sea, and by Reuter on Zante (A. Dec), was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, a weed only in cultivated ground throughout Greece. Westward, is described by Gerarde, 
 and Morison ii. pi. 14 ; is termed " p. erraticum capite oblongo hispido " by Tournefort inst. 238 ; and 
 is known to occur in Italy (Lenz), and in grain-fields throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 
 (Engl. hot. pi. 43, and Pers.). 
 
 Adonis cestivalis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in France "goutte de sang" (Fee), in 
 Greece "agrio paparouna" together with Anemone stellata (Sibth.), and possibly the " angmgnes " 
 in question : — the "agrias angmgnes" being confounded according to Dioscorides ii. 207 wilh 
 "arCTgmgnen" called " gupatorion," and the "arggmgne" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with " an- 
 thgmis," and in the illustrated Vienna manuscript with A. aestivalis (Sibth.) : the last-named plant 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, frequent in fallow ground in Greece ; and by Forskal, and 
 Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is termed "ranunculus arvensis foliis 
 chamaemeli flore phceniceo" by Tournefort inst. 291, and is known to occur in fallow ground as Lir 
 as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 354, and Pers.;. see A. autumnalis). 
 
 Adonis dentata of Egypt. A yellow-flowered species — observed by Delile in grain-fields 
 around Alexandria. In seeming correspondence with the conventional yellow colour of hospital 
 flags. 
 
 ~^ = ^ ==== -^s (serpent signifying mouth, for it avails by the mouth only, Horap. i. 43) ; " hof " asp 
 or viper, serpent; " hfg n kauri " deaf serpent; '•phfigi" valid; "phaggr" magician; " phagri " 
 witchcrafts, charmer; "phasri " poisoner ; " phanikots " subtle contriver, double-dealer; '-fgj" or 
 " fej " or " fgsh " or " fosh " fraud, to defraud, circumvent ; " fgji " to defraud, be defrauded ; " krof " 
 deceit; "phi "a kiss; "phai g phai " together; " phai " here, this ; " phoou " to day ; "phegt" or 
 "phe" who; " phe " or "nthof" he; "phgtgn" you; " phgk " yours; " ph6i " mine; "pholh" a 
 wound; — in Hebrew "aphog" viper; " phdn " valid, firm, a viper; the letter "pha" or " phg " or 
 "phy" signifying mouth : in Greek, the corresponding letter " phi." The character occurs on the 
 
24 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 3, and k. pi. 5 to 66). 
 
 The Cerastes or horned viper of Egypt, is said to be frequent there ; and may probably extend 
 into Palestine: — for it appears to be the "phdn " of Isaiah xi. 8, and Psalm xci. 13, and lviii. 4, in the 
 passage, "the deaf adder" that " stoppeth her ear ; which will not hearken to the voice of charmers, 
 charming never so wisely." In fact, I have not seen the Cerastes made use of by serpent-charmers. 
 ^«ji_ "phoros" eyelashes, "phoros " terror; " fot " to be anxious, troubled; "foi " or "f5i " or 
 ** > ~ "f6" or "v6" hair; " phunos " hedgehog; "f6d" artery, vein; " f " canal, river; "foi" 
 flowing water ; " votS " or " fdtfi " or "f6d " or "fod " perspiration ; " phe'n " or " phen " or "phon " 
 or "phonpen" or "phonpben" to superabound, overflow; "phdn" to grow cold; "phr6" cold; 
 " f6da " fundament ; " pheJtphon " bursting of contained waters ; " fojsh " to cast down; "tshouf" 
 to evacuate. — The character occurs under the Twenty-sixth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 276). 
 
 The /itd^c/ioj called "phunos" in Egyptian — is doubtless the long-eared species, Erinaceus 
 auritus, figured on the monuments as early as the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3) ; carried in cages 
 as though regarded sacred under the Fourth, Fifth, and as late as the Twelfth dynasty ; and observed 
 by myself to inhabit Lower Egypt. 
 
 _-.~> "thifi" a bile; "noutf" a bile, to be discharged, set free ; " iavi " sickness ; " £iaav£ " cor- 
 ^ rupt blood, serous effusion ; " forf£r " to flow from, drop from ; " thoftif " to distil, drop, fall ; 
 " phoshi " fused, spread out, drained; "phSrphor" to diminish, dissolve. — The character occurs 
 in the Book of the Dead, also under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 5). 
 ^^^jj joint of meat; " af " or "afoui" flesh; "leflifi" crumb, morsel; "lovleT" or" lofleT" to 
 
 ^~ putrefy, become corrupt. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Roman 
 
 conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 23 to 59) : is besides the origin of the form <b of the Greek 
 letter phi. The full Egyptian sound of f, though not occurring in Greek, is continued in Latin and 
 English ; confirmation being found even in the name of the letter " ef " 
 A£ meat fly: "af" fly; "ffint" or " f nt " worms; " er-phent " or "rfnt" to produce worms ; 
 /J\- " af-hons " to smell foully. — The character occurs under the Nineteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. 
 -{■'/■ pi. 162). 
 
 The meat-fly, Musca vomitoria, known therefore at the time of the formation of the Egvptian 
 language. — "Three flies of solid gold," were found with the body of queen Aahotep of the Seven- 
 teenth dynasty (newsp. account). That M. vomitoria produces meat-maggots, was known to Homer 
 il. xix. 25 ; the blue colour of its abdomen, is alluded to by Pausanias x. 28 ; and the voung or mag- 
 got state " galba " is mentioned by Suetonius. By European colonists, M. vomitoria was introduced 
 into America ; and at the present day, has become widely distributed over the globe : but I do not 
 remember meeting with the insect on the isluuls of the Pacific. 
 
 ^^j^riy, (fish signifying wickedness, pollution, Horap. i. 42); " tvt " or " tevt " fish; "fori" 
 U^ — "> witll.t ; "tshafouri" sole or flounder; " foukasi " eel or munrna; "leifi" scale fish; 
 " ephot " mailed fish, tortoise ; " f6te " or " vote " or " vote " " or " vad " or " drev " pollution, abomi- 
 nation ; "vc" to loathe, cause disgust; "sif" or "saf" or "soof" or "sof" or " sodf " to pollute, 
 be polluted, wantonness; " shlof " filthy, base; "tbdlev" stain, pollution, to be defiled ; — in Eng- 
 lish "fish-story." The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Twenty-sixth (Leps. d. ii. 
 pi. 3 to iii. pi. 2(4). 
 
 'nV/^/ 7 ( liawk with expanded wings, signifying wind, Horap ii. 14) ; "phortsh " or " phortsh " to 
 ) <C expand, stretch forth; '• duuf " lungs; '■ nive " or " nife " or " nifi " wind, to inspire, blow ; 
 j/JljT^ " nif " or " niK " clouds ; " ephleou " or " phleou " futile, in vain, idle ; — in Hebrew " nphh " 
 to blow, "aph" nostrils or nose, "owf" to fly; in Greek " nephele " cloud. The charac- 
 ter occurs under the Third dynast)', also in the Book of the Dead, and continues in use under the 
 Persian emperors (Leps. d. ii. pi. 6, and k. pi. 24 to 49). 
 
 r—J "ph6i" bench on which the Orientals are accustomed to recline in shops and temples; 
 Ld " phouei " from afar ; " phiri " narration ; " phanishlof " out of employment, to no purpose ; 
 "photsh" to be many, to stretch out; •• ,.hi'.rtsh " to strew, spread, recline; " phanitshoflh " ribald- 
 roiis, base, empty; "tshlof" or "tshlaf" base, turpitude; " fq.rdoutsh " to prattle, trifling talk; 
 «phenh"or"pb6nh"or"phSnh" to turn, pervert: "phahou" backwards. — The character "occurs 
 under the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 25,). 
 
 V "fikohi" weaver's cylinder; " phapiUs " or "phapilaps" instrument acuminated like a tongue; 
 "phapilas" weaver's implement, implement with which anything is sharpened; "phimolia" 
 A Armenian stone ; " sevtsh6v " or " tshovtshev " or " tshevtshov '" to whet or sharpen — The chartc- 
 ter occurs as early as the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 121). A second form ^=3 occurs under 
 the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 98). 
 
 nn "athav" or " atkov " unleavened; "phas" or "ph«s" or " phosi " or "phisi " to cook 
 "han-phisi" cooked cakes, dainties; " nof » or " ounof " joy; " phulj " immoderate joy! 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 25 
 
 "phanitsh£6" delirium, to be out of one's wits. — The character occurs in the pyramid at Dashour, 
 under the Twelfth dynasty (Vyse iii., and Leps. k. pi. 42). 
 
 u_ (mouse signifying abolishing, also criticism ; for among different kinds of bread it selects 
 ^''the best, Horap. i. 47) ; "pin " or "pein " or " phin " mouse; " pherj " or " phorj " or " phorj " 
 separation, to separate, " ou-ph&rj Svol " to distinguish; " phag " or •' ph6g" or " phah " to rend in 
 pieces; " phelje " or"ph£lji" or " phblji " rags; "phSnj" or " phonj " or "ph6nj" subversion, to 
 overthrow ; " phot " to obliterate ; " 6u6sf " abrogation ; •' ouojf " or " ouojp " to destroy, cut off ; — 
 in English "fine, refinement." — The character occurs under the Tenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 150). 
 A second form C^/ occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the Roman conquest (Leps. d. iii. pi. 140 
 and 199 to iv. pi. 47.) 
 
 The mouse, Mus musculus, known therefore in Egypt at the time of the invention of writing : — - 
 is figured entire in an Egyptian caricature, probably later than the Twentieth dynasty ; is mentioned 
 in the Batrachomyomachia, by Herodotus ; and among Roman writers, by Plautus. From Europe, 
 was unintentionally introduced into America ; and afterwards into the Hawaiian, and other fre- 
 quented islands of the Pacific. 
 
 m (fly signifying impudence, for when continually driven away, it nevertheless returns, Horap. i. 
 £C> 48); "af-nouhor" biting fly; "6rf" to avoid; " 6rf £goun" to circle around; "attshphit" or 
 " atval " impudent ; " mntatval " impudence ; " tshop " effrontery ; " shafe " confidence ; — in He- 
 brew " orv " biting fly, " orv " Arabia. — The character- occurs under the .... dynasty (Champ, 
 diet. 85). 
 
 The biting fly, stomoxys, known therefore in Egypt at the time of the invention of writing : — 
 the "orv" was one of the plagues induced by Moses in Egypt (Ex. viii. 16, " kunomuia " 21 and 22 
 of Sept. translation) ; is mentioned also in Psalm lxxviii. 45 and cv. 31. The "kunomuia" is men- 
 tioned by Homer il. xxi. 394, Philo vit. Mos. i. p. 401, Tertullian adv. Marcion. i. 14, and Athenaeus 
 iii. 37 and iv. 74; and the "cynomyia," by Pliny. By European colonists, the biting fly was un- 
 intentionally introduced into North America, where it has become frequent in houses : but I did not 
 meet with it on the islands of the Pacific. 
 
 z>c*=<: (ant signifying knowledge, because man cannot hide away anything from it, and in all its 
 wanderings it never' loses the way home, Horap. i. 49) ; " jafjif " or " japjip " or " shajiv " or 
 '•sfiajif" ant: "priori" to anticipate, bring about. — Foresight was attributed to the ant in the 
 days of Solomon prov. vi. 6 to 8 ; and Pliny xi. 36 adds, that ants alone of all animals except man, 
 bury their dead. The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under the . . dynasty 
 (pap. Burt. 120, and tabl. Belm. 15. 571). 
 
 The species referred to by Horapollo, is clearly the house ant, Formica . ; known there- 
 fore in Egypt at the time of the invention of writing. — By European colonists, this small trouble- 
 some inse°ct was carried to North America, where it has become frequent. I did not meet with it 
 on the islands of the Pacific. 
 
 "vi" or "fi" to tolerate; " f ai " or " fei " to bear; " fari " to burden; " pheh " ripe; 
 " phoh " end ; — in Greek "pherS," in Latin " fero," to bear. The character occurs from 'the 
 Fourth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19 and 23, and Rosetta stone), 
 w, in Greek 6u, its pervading meaning awry, wrong. The exclamation whew ! 
 V (oryx signifying uncleanness, because it bellows indignantly at the rising moon and 
 
 ^»S\ sun, and pollutes water-holes in the Desert, Horap. i. 46) ; " oua " blasphemy ; " ouem " 
 threatening countenance; " ouetsh " or " ouStsh " or " ouatsh " will, to will; " hoou " wicked; 
 
 — in English "war." The character occurs under the . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 126). 
 
 The oryx, a large African antelope, well known if not already domesticated in Egypt at the time 
 of the invention of writing ; — is figured under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3) ; and under the 
 Fourth and Fifth dynasties, as appears from monuments examined by myself, was kept in herds, 
 like other cattle. Horapollo also speaks of the oryx being used for riding or sitting upon by the 
 
 " ancient kings." _ 
 
 <*V (wolf and stone, signifying consternation, Horap. ii. 70) ; " ourtshg or " ouSrtshi watch 
 
 >r54 nio-ht-watch; "6u6nh" apparition, vision; "6u6nh" or "ouonh" or "ouanh" to be manifest; 
 
 » ou*h " to" be revealed ; " 5u6ntsh » or " 6ntsh " wolf ; " outshsne " or " outshshnS " suddenly ; 
 
 "ouah" to invade, make irruption ; " oorj " earnest; " ouoshS » or " 6uji " or " 6ji " cheek, unjust; 
 
 — in English "wolf" and "wan" and "watch." The character occurs under the . . . dynasty 
 
 (Champ, gram. 72). , 
 
 The wolf, Canis lupus, known therefore in Egypt at the time of the invention of writing : - to 
 the present day (according to Clot-Bey) the " dyb " or wolf occurs there differing however somewhat 
 from the Northern kind. The " zab " of Genesis xlix, 27, Isaiah xi. 6 and lxv. 25 Jeremiah v. 6 and 
 Zephaniah iii 3 is clearly the wolf. The wolf was well known in Switzerland during the Stone 
 period, as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Rutimeyer, in Troyon p. 272 and 44?) I the 
 
 4 
 
26 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "lukos " is mentioned by Homer, and other Greek writers ; and in Italy, the "lupus " or wolf was 
 connected with the founding of Rome, is mentioned also by Terence, and Pliny. 
 
 (kicking a wolf's track, signifying abortion, Horap. ii. 42) ; " ouonhf " or " ouonrf " or " ouamf " 
 stable; " ouShsoi " or " ouahsoi " roof; "6116" rumour; " 6uSin£ " to be agitated; " ouan " or 
 " ouon " who, a certain one ; " ouahSv " to mutter or growl ; " noutshp " consternation ; " 6h6im " 
 trampling upon ; " oot " to groan ; " 66tS " womb, " duiSthmSsio " to act as midwife ; " buliS " or 
 " ougS " or " houhe" " J] or " ouhouhS " or " ouhouhe " abortion ; " 5uSi " or " oueio " to repudiate. — 
 The character occurs from the Eleventh dynasty to the Twenty-sixth (Leps. k. pi. 11 to 
 48). A second form % (donkey's leg) occurs under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 121). 
 2^C-^ " oilS " or "oili" or " 6ili " ram; " ouoi " onset; " 6ua£ ! " or " ouai ! " or " ouSi ! " or 
 
 /f7r " 5u5Si ! " or "ouoi!" woe!; " hoS " flock; " esoou " or " Ss66u " sheep; " ouSIS " or 
 " 5u661S " or " duoolS," abundance, to abound ; — in Greek " ouai ! ", in Latin " vae ! ". The char- 
 acter occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi 5 to 67). 
 _JflL_ (herb "konuzan" signifying spendthrift, through slaughtering his sheep and goats, Horap. 
 
 iQ ii. 75); "kioou" amaranthus; "kioou" gore, blood mixed with dust; "oStsh" or " tshoSitsh " 
 or " ouan " dust ; '• moout " to slaughter ; " 6sht " or " osht " or "ouosht" to strangle, suffocate; 
 " ouosh " or " ouosh " or " ouSshduosh " or " ouojouej " to chew ; " ouSshp " or " 6u6shp " to break ; 
 " ou&tshS " or " 6u6tshm " or " ouStshSm " or " otsbS " to consume ; " ouStSv " or " 6u6tSv " to carry 
 away, remove, change, "oufitSv Svol" be sacrificed. — The character occurs from the Fifth dynasty to 
 perhaps the end of hieroglyphic V writing (Leps. d: ii. pi. 49, 102, and 129, and Rosellin. mon. civ. 
 xxvii. 6). A second form occurs -jj under the . dynasty (Champ, diet. 217 and gram. 112, 122). 
 
 Matthiola livida of Egypt. Called in Egvpt " na?geisi " or "schudjara" (Forsk.), and the 
 "konuzan " killing by inducing thirst — (Horap ii. 75) maybe compared: M. livida fatal to goats 
 "capris funestissima," and employed by the inhabitants as a strong purgative, was observed by Fors- 
 kal p. 119 along the margin of cultivated ground in Lower Egypt; by him also, and Delile, farther 
 inland in the Desert. 
 
 Inula crithmifolia of the shore of the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Britain. Possibly 
 the " konuzan " in question : — the '• konuza " was known to Athenaeus x 67 in Egvpt ; and I. crith- 
 mifolia was observed there by Forskal p. [49, and Delile, in the maritime sand of the Mediterranean 
 border. Farther North, the " konuzes tbus6smou"is described in 1 Morb. mul. 108 and 2 Morb. 
 mul. 63 as resembling " selinS oulS " curled parsley, growing in sandy places near the sea and its 
 odour barely endurable ; I. crithmifolia was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, jon rocks exposed 
 to the sea around the Peloponnesus and the Greek islands. Westward, is described by Caesalpinus 
 f. 61 ; is termed "aster maritimus folio tereti crasso tridentato" by Tournefort inst. 483; and is 
 known to grow along the Atlantic as far as Britain (Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 68. See Inula viscosa 
 and I. graveolens). 
 
 & (hawk signifying superiority, also victorv. Horap. i. 6) ; " 66u " or "6ou" or "eoou" glory; 
 
 (A " oualS " to increase; "ouotSv" or ■' ouotv " excelling, mightier ; " ouSt" to excel ; "6ule"or 
 jj^ " houSit" or "bouit " leader, chief ; " houad " first. — The character occurs under the Third 
 dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and Champ, diet. 137). 
 
 ,-Jf (vulture signifying limit, in its flight defining beforehand the battle-field and place of greatest 
 ^^W slaughter, Horap. i. 11); " auer " or '• ouer " how much ; " mori " or " nourS " or " nouri " vul- 
 ture ; " morS " or " mor " or " mour '' to gird, tie around; " mootshS " or "moutsht" to traverse 
 around, examine, depart; "mojg" or"moujg"or " moujh " belt, girdle; " nouoshS " limit; — The 
 character occurs under the Ptolemies (Leps. d. iv. pi. 12). 
 
 " ouamS " digging implement ; " ouoi " or " ou5Sie " or " 5u6i " peasant ; " ouotbri " ancle- 
 bone ; "ouah" or "ouSh" or " ouoh " or " ouSh " adherent, to adhere, add to, follower; 
 " oua " or " ouat " one, " ouata " many; "ouon" any one, rest of the multitude, "ouon 
 nim " everybody ; " ouatou " or " ouotsh " or "5u6tsh" of their own accord, spontaneously. — The 
 character occurs under the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 42). 
 
 ^p " oueite " or " moounk " or " mounk " to diminish, fall away, eclipse. — The character occurs 
 as early as the . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 14). 
 
 /iL (" dtls " bustard signifying pursued by a more powerful enemy, because it hastens away at 
 J5P" sight, Horap. ii. 47) ; " 6ui6s " quickly; " ouoj " thief; " oueou " or " ouos " to flee, recede 
 liar off; " 6uS " or " ouSi " distance, afar off; — " oueinin " Ionia; in English " away." The char- 
 acter occurs from the Fifth dynasty to the Twenty-second (Leps. d. ii. pi. 68, and k. pi to 46). 
 
 f " oimS " or " oimi " or " 6imi " hook ; " ouohS " or " ouohi " or " 6u6hS " or " ouoohg " fisherman 
 the catch ; " ou6ntsh " or " ontsh '' end, to make an end. — The character occurs under the Third 
 
 dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). A second t% form occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hiero- 
 
 and k. pi. 25 to 62). The same implement is often figured 
 of the emblems of ruling; seems in fact a sceptre in the 
 
 glyphic writing (Leps. d. ii pi 21 
 in the hands of gods and kinrs as c ne 
 
-*r- 
 
 OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 27 
 
 form of a shepherd's crook : I found however this pattern of cane used in Eastern Arabia, in contra- 
 distinction to the hoopoe-headed cane of the West. 
 
 sh or zh, its pervading meaning shame : inspiration through the teeth on feeling the thrust of a 
 sharp instrument. — The Hebrew letter "shyn" or " shn," meaning tooth; the French "ch" pro- 
 nounced sh, and French "j " pronounced zh. 
 
 rn (stairs or ladder signifying siege, on account of the inequality, Horap. ii. 26) ; " shloshe" " 
 i-r [ or " shlooshg " or " shlooshtS " ladder or stairs; "sholg" to encompass; "shol" to invest, 
 besiege. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. 
 d. iii. pi. S and 84). 
 
 5"shepe" or " shepg " haste, to hasten; " hashg " noose; "jorj " or "jorjs" or "j6rj " or 
 " sh6rsh '' or " shorshs " noose, to lie in ambush, to ensnare ; " sh6p " or " shop " or " sh5pe" " or 
 "shopi" to capture, lay hold of ; "shep" to be captured, defendant ; "shlev"a muzzle, to muzzle; 
 
 — in English "sheepish." The character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the 
 Dead to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 19, and k. pi. ... to 66). 
 
 (" pgristSran " pigeon with raised crest, signifying borrowing gall, Horap. ii. 45) ; " shl6t " 
 liver; "shnen" irritation; " shtshnt " to be indignant; " shn£t " anger; " noushs " anger, 
 bitterness of mind, to grow angry ; " shnau " delay; " shnat " to murmur; " shjir " spittle; 
 " shalp " fist. — ■ In colloquial English " dander rising." The character occurs in the Book of the 
 Dead, also under the Nineteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. .151). 
 J3 " shS " or "she" therefore; " shnrat " to investigate; " shnarkS " to accuse, condemn; 
 
 fry! "shaSio" condemnation, obnoxious; " sholp " bundle of reeds; " sh£r6f " or " shSroov " or 
 (\\ " shfirSv " or " sbarSm " or " sheni " rods ; " shat " to pay, quality, quantity, so much; — in 
 English "sheriff." The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the 
 end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 18, 24, 73, and k. pi. 5 to 63). 
 
 , " shlfimlom '' or " shl6ml6m '' or " shlmlom " or " shlomlfim " to entangle, fold together ; " sholp " 
 
 to form, bind fast ; " shnouf " iron mallet. — The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty, 
 also in the Book of the Dead (Leps. d. ii. pi. 21, 25). 
 
 " shldvi " shears ; " sh6i " curls ; " sh6p " or " shop " or " tshop " to shave, be shaven. — 
 The character occurs under the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 363). 
 
 " shari " or " shot " or " shSjshoj " or " shojshej " or " shojshj " to beat ; " shnfiou " thresh- 
 ing; "shlak" punishment. — The character occurs from the Fifth dynasty to the Twelfth 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 47> 107, 138). 
 (r^ ("trugona" turtle-dove, signifying fond of music and dancing, Horap. ii. 51); " shrmptshan " 
 1\ or "shromptshal" turtle-dove; "fosh" or"vosh" or "v6sh£"or " shiphei " or "shosjeV or 
 "shossheV or " shoshs " or " sphfii " to skip, dance; "shak" or "shask" to applaud, clap hands; 
 "shas" or "shSs" or " shisi " to be elated; " shro " victory, to conquer. — The character occurs 
 from the Fourth dynasty to the Twelfth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19 to 145). 
 
 ^^--i (wolf with tip of tail lost, having bitten himself loose, signifying escape from persecution, 
 Horap. ii. 69) ; " shimkah " to be afflicted, in distress ; " sapshla " narrowness, pressure ; " sheu " 
 narrow; " sh6ou " to be straitened ; " shie " extreme or border; "shra" extreme part of the body; 
 " ships " extremity of skin of eyes and ears ; " shisak " to be reduced to extremity ; " sh6th " 
 or "sh61k" or "shre" to dig; "Sshau" or " Sshou " forceps or nippers; "shilapsi " or " sholpsi" 
 to bite- "sham" or "shorn" strength; "shfimsham" or " shmshom" to have strength ; " shoshn " 
 or " shStshSt " to pare off, cut off ; " shinS " to find, " shinei Svol " egress. — The character occurs in 
 the Book of the Dead, and from the Twelfth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 128, iii. pi. 
 
 141, and k. pi. 32 to 51). 
 
 "shortg" or " tshlish " sword, knife; "shiergot" or "shi£rg6t" or "shipS" to wound, be 
 wounded; "shanah" maimed, mutilated ; "tshooshS" or "tshfishg" or "tshodshe " wounds, to 
 make blind, mutilate; " oshS " to wound, make sick; " sh6s " or "6shr" congealed, " oshr " to 
 
 shiver quake ;'"6shv" or "dshev" cold, to grow cold ; "shahshgh" or "shahshh" teeth-chattering. 
 
 — The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). A second form "^^ oc- 
 curs under the Nineteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 139). , 
 
 As. " shalS " or " tshal " lame ; " shra " thigh ; " shalaj or " shaloj foot ; " shime or " shimS 
 // dizziness satiety ; " sh6ft " or " shelve" " to grow weak ; " shlj-pat " or " klj-pat " genuflexion, to 
 C bend the 'knee ; " shnSjS " to subject, subdue, " shnon nj6 " to be subjected ; " sh6tp " or " shot " 
 tobe conquered subjugated. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the 
 Dead to the end 'of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 6 to iv. pi. 27, and k. pi. to 37). 
 n (" phassan " wood-pigeon holding a laurel leaf, signifying restored to health through response 
 4 of oracle Horap. ii. 43) ; " shloj " or " shlosh " bed ; " shvve " or shoov " or " sh6v " or " sh6j " 
 or"shoiv" or " shajfi " weak, debilitated; "shinounai" wretched; "shitshtshen" or " shitshem" or 
 "shitshom" augury; "shini"to draw omens, to divine; " shorp " or " shdlp " to reveal, revealing ; 
 
28 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " shin-6u6tshv" response ; "shaimg" bird ; "shv " or "shovg " or "sh8<5v<$ " (1 leaf. — The charac- 
 ter occurs under the Third dynasty ( Leps. d. ii. pi. 5). The lower portion II detached and more 
 resembling a leaf, occurs in the same hieroglyphic inscription under the Third (J dynasty. 
 
 The wood-pigeon, Columba oenas, though well known throughout Europe, has not perhaps been 
 observed in Egypt. — The " phassa " of Homer il. xv. 23S, and Aristophanes av. 303, is referred here 
 by some writers; as also the "palumbes " of Cato, Nigidius, and Virgil, described by Pliny viii. 41 
 and x. 35 as healing themselves with laurel leaves (see above), as departing from Italy in the winter 
 season, whither they go, being unknown, and as breeding only twice a year. 
 
 Laurus uobilis of the Northern shores of the Mediterranean. Called in Britain bay or sweet bay, 
 but by Chaucer 'Taurer," in France "laurier" (Prior pop. names), in Germany " lorbeer,'' in Italy 
 "alloro" or "lauro" (Lenz), in Creece "thaphne" (Sibth), in which we recognize the leaf in ques- 
 tion, laurel leaves having been imported into Egypt possibly as early as this date : — leaves and 
 branches of -'thaphne" were carried in the coronation-procession of Ptolemy II. (Callixen., and 
 Athen.); laurel leaves are enumerated by Alpinus as used medicinally in Egypt, and were ascertained 
 by Forskal mat. med. to be imported from Greece. Among the Greeks, the "thaphne" was sacred 
 to Apollo (Plin. xii. 2), is mentioned by Hesiod op. 435, Homer od. i. 183, Ibycus, Theophrastus, and 
 Dioscorides ; and L. nobilis was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, from Crete and the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the consul Postumius Tubertus in the first triumphal 
 procession at Rome was crowned with 'Taurus " for his bloodless victory over the Sabines, and Pliny 
 xv. 38 and xvii. 1 1 further speaks of the tree as growing in Italy on the mountains and besides culti- 
 vated : L. nobilis is known to grow also in Spain (Pers.), is termed " 1. vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 
 597 ; is cultivated throughout middle Europe, and its aromatic leaves and berries continue to be 
 employed medicinally (Lindl.). 
 
 (cf\ f% " s h° v sh6ve' " an incurved wooden shaving that inverts upon a bird ; " shi " to take, ob- 
 fc=S^ jM^ tain; " shrompS " or " shrompi " or " shroompfi " or " shrdmpi " pigeon; " shal£ " or 
 " shal " or " shalol " or " shalo " or " shoilS " to commit, place in charge ; " shajfi " ear-ring ; " shreji '' 
 or " shreshS " dowry or nuptial present ; " shaeieu " delivered up; " shaame " or '• shooush " preva- 
 ricator, to prevaricate; " shagtim " or " shfigtim " impurity, unclean; "shi" to marry. — The char- 
 acter occurs as early as the Third dynasty (Lups. d. ii. pi. 3 to 6, Champ, gram. 77 and 381, and Buns, 
 and Birch). 
 
 There seems included allusion to the custom — mentioned in Deut. xxii. 14 to 21. The healing 
 bird among the peasantry of Egypt was ascertained by myself to be the domestic pigeon, Columba 
 vulgaris, adapted to the purpose from its silence under captivity : detested therefore bv the Jews, 
 and held sacred to Venus by the Greeks. Apart from hieroglyphic writing, the pigeon is figured at 
 Sakara under the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 70) ; but elsewhere on the monuments I was unable 
 to find distinct representations. The "\wnfi " was sent out from the ark by Noah (Gen. viii. 8) ; is 
 mentioned also in Levit. v. 7, and Cant. ii. 14 to iv. 1 ; a pigeon from Egypt was connected with the 
 founding of the oracle at Uodona (Herodotus); " peVisteVa " and "peTistereon ' pigeon-houses 
 are mentioned by Aristophanes lys. 755, and Plato theaet. 19S ; and the " columba" by Pliny x. 74 as 
 breeding several times in a year. Eastward, the pigeon is mentioned in the Sama Veda (iransl. 
 Stevenson) ; was observed by myself lingering in numbers about the secluded and long-abandoned 
 cave-temples at Adjunta ; and according to Mason, is well known in Burmah. By European colo- 
 nists, was cairied to Northeast America, where it has become abundant, and if naturalized, keeping 
 notwithstanding in the vicinity of dwellings. 
 
 Qj* ("henalope'ka" Egyptian goose signifying offspring, son, Horap. i. 50) ; "shStshS" goose; 
 "^C " tshmtsbeshe " hissing ; " tshoutshits " hissing (of serpents, Edw ) ; " shjS " or " tshje " 
 grasshopper or locust; " shi-tshipi " or " shi-tshotsh " or " shi-tsh&tsh " confusion, shame, to be dis- 
 graced; "shr&sh" or " shr68sh " fruit, offspring; " shmoh " end, consummation; — in Hebrew 
 "shrk" or " lhsh " to hiss. The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 6, and k. pi. 5 to 66). That the character represents the "henalopex," appears 
 also from Herodotus ii. 72, and Aristophanes av. 1295. 
 
 The Egyptian goose, Anser chenalopex, is an indigenous species that does not appear to have 
 been domesticated: — apart from the hieroglyphic writing, flocks are captured in nets under the 
 Fourth and Fifth dynasties at Gizeh : and at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty, the bird is sepa- 
 rated from the domestic goose. In Middle Egypt, Feb. 2d, the living A. chenalopex was observed 
 by myself in immense flocks on the sand-bars near Gebel Shekh Embarak ; when disturbed, flying 
 away in files or lines, some of them plicated and wedge-like after the manner of our A. Canadensis. 
 
 The articulation z seems wanting in the Egyptian language ; — though in use among the popula- 
 tion of the present day, the domestic goose being called " ouizzah." An ancient form of the Phoeni- 
 cian letter "zyn " 2, clearly taken from a goose's neck, is continued in Etruscan, and Oscan (Gesen. 
 monum. Phcenic.) ; in Greek also, though often reversed, and possibly transferred to sio-ma, a differ- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 2 9 
 
 ent sibilant. This reversed form constitutes the S of the Romans and the alphabets of Western 
 Europe. 
 
 h, its pervading meaning held : The exclamation "hush ! ." 
 
 /pjl ar ms with the thumb pointing downward ; " halSk " or " hamer " or " amer " breast, arms ; 
 
 lt = SN " hSrtshS " cubit, fathom ; "hf6t" or "hpSt" fathom; "heten" or "hetSu" thumbs; 
 " hrak " or " hr5k " or "heri" or " horou " to quiet, hush, make still; " hrour " or "hSur5Su"or 
 " haro " or " hard " to keep silence, hush ; " tahnS " or " tshStsht " prohibition, to prohibit ; " hmSos " 
 or " hmsS " to cause to sit. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Thirteenth (Leps. 
 d. ii. 81, and k. pi. 7 to 14). 
 M cow-bell ; " harikiSn " bell ; " has " although ; " hSljS " kind ; " ha " or " has " to permit ; " hiev " 
 
 or "hiev" lamb; "he" to be, to remain; " hatm " or " hatn " or "hahtm" or " hahtn " or 
 "hahte" with ; " hah " many. — The character occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, gram. 
 372 and 373). 
 
 n " ohS " or " Shi " herd or flock ; " SiohS " or " ohS " or " Shi " fold or sheepfold ; " Shi " to tarry ; 
 " hSnoufg " or " hinoufi " tranquillity, abundance ; " hor " or " hSr " to milk ; " hrS " or " hre " food ; 
 — in Hebrew the eighth letter " hyd " supposed to signify sheepfold ; in English " enough." The 
 character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Roman conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 23, and k. pi. 7 
 to 58). 
 
 (^3^-ga {cuttle-fish "sepian" signifying, in striving to do well, meeting with misfortune; the ani- 
 p mal escaping capture by discharging a black fluid, Horap. ii. 107); "horpi" to try; 
 "hihour " declivity ; "htop " or " h£ " or "hei " disgraceful fall; "hule " or "loihg " or "16ihi" mire; 
 " htSp " an offence ; " hapou " where ; " hamnai " here ; " ha-mne " there ; " hen '' near ; " hamoi " 
 as yet ; " hathe " or " hate " or " hihS " or " hihe " before ; " phahou " or " pahou " or " hipahou " 
 behind, afterwards ; " hasiS " to be submerged ; — in Latin " hie," in English " here." The charac- 
 ter occurs under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 140). A second form v;^/ occurs in the 
 Book of the Dead, and from the Twelfth dynasty to the Eighteenth (Leps. d. 'I ii. pi. 125, and 
 
 k. pi. 29). 
 
 " hSjps " to shut, stop ; " tathS " to hold, bind ; " sSnh " prisoper ; " heetS " or 
 : hSitSs " behold ! ; " hnhS " to be overtaken, circumvented ; " hSls " or " holsh " to 
 be encompassed. — The first character occurs from the Eighteenth dynasty to the Roman conquest 
 (Leps. d. iv. pi. 25, 27, and k. pi. 28 to 59). The second character occurs under the ... . dynasty 
 (Champ, gram. 459). 
 
 " hatSr " pestle ; " mjaht " or " haroji " a mortar ; " hatS " to bruise, " hSlhel " bruising ; 
 , ' hiou " or " hiSue" " to beat ; " hioli " public flagellation ; " hioni " or " hi6ni " or " hiSne " 
 to stone. — The first character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 30, 98, and k. pi. 7 to 66). The second occurs under the Nineteenth dynasty (Leps. 
 k. pi. 36). The third occurs under the Ptolemies (Leps. k. pi. 53). 
 
 ___^_ " al£h " or " arSh " custody, prison ; " finauh " or " snauh " bonds, fetters ; — The character 
 
 / / occurs from the Twelfth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 121, 138, and k. pi. 56) ; and 
 
 seems the origin of the following forms of the Phoenician letter "hyd," j?), continued in the Greek 
 
 " eta," and Roman H. 
 
 The character seems besides a modification of the stocks. — The stocks are mentioned in the 
 Eno-lish version of Prov. vii. 22 ; " sth '' in Job xiii. 27 and xxxiii. 11 ; and were observed by myself 
 in common use among the Arabs of Zanzibar. In Italy, the " numella," confining the neck as well 
 as feet, is mentioned by Plautus (Ainsw.). 
 
 " hlal " yoke ; " hihSh '' to upbraid ; " hSoutsh " reviling, contumely ; " hila " to be calum- 
 niated. — The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 22 and 102). 
 v^ " hSvi " or " hvve' " or " hevi " a plough ; " hevS " or " hSvi " or " hevi " or " hevg " grief; 
 '^ " hva " sad, unwilling ; " hglhilS " grief, trouble ; " hetsh " or " hej " or " hojhgj " or " h£jh6j " 
 to be afflicted ; " lojh " or " lSjh " affliction ; " hleplSp " or " hloplp " to be in a strait ; — in English 
 " heavy " and " to come to grief." The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Persian 
 emperors (Leps. d. ii pi. 98 and k. pi. 49). 
 
 T7 " het " heart, mind ; " het " to trust to, confide in ; " r-het " to repent, ponder ; " het-het " m- 
 
 O side of the heart ; " het " womb ; " hets " or " he " or " houad " or " houit " or " hougit " or 
 " h5u£it6 " beginning ; — the name is continued in the Greek " eta," supposed to have been originally 
 pronounced h & The character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the 
 Roman conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5 to 59). ,,.,,. 
 
 (ibis signifying " karthian " heart, mind, reason ; the bird being dedicated to Murcury, the 
 
 master ofall thinking and reasoning, Horap. i. 34) i " havioui " or " hip " or " hippfin " ibis ; 
 
 "hrai" or "lira" or " hn " in; " houn " or " hihSun " within ; "t-hihSun" in the interior, 
 
 Intellectual faculties; " hak " wise, intelligent; «hou£" wiser; "hop" to think; "hap" or 
 
 a 
 
3° CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " hep " judgment ; " hSthfit " or " hothgt " to investigate, seek, doubt ; " h6d " or " hod " or " haps " 
 or " hops " it is proper, it must needs be ; " th6hth6h " or " htor " or " hodpe' " necessity ; — in He- 
 brew " 6yphy." The character of the ibis-standard occurs in the name-ring of the second king of 
 Egypt, and from the Fifth dynasty to the Roman conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 56, k. pi. 5 to 58). 
 
 The living bird, Ibis religiosa, though not met with by myself, is known to be indigenous in 
 Egypt. The fact of being associated with Thot and the art of writing under the second Egyptian 
 king, goes far towards establishing Egypt as the locality of the invention. 
 
 , " gai " or " ha " or " has " wlnnowing-fan ; " h6f " or " h6v " or " hveufi " work ; " hase' " or 
 
 ' ' "hase" or "hast" or "hisg " or " hisi " or " hose " labour, to labour, toil, become fatigued ; 
 
 "heMshla" assiduity, to cause to turn. — The character occurs under the Twelfth dynasty, also in the 
 Book of the Dead xxxvi. 17 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 129, and Champ, gram. So and 373). 
 
 (ape urinating, signifying to conceal one's delects, for the animal conceals its urine, Horap. 
 J ii. '13) ; the sight suggesting concealment: " kaheu " or " k£heu " naked. — The character 
 occurs under the Fourth dynasty, also in the Book of the Dead (Leps. d. ii. pi. 26, and Buns, and 
 Birch). The " Concealed Ammon " of the ancient Egyptians, or Concealed Supreme, is our current 
 idea of God, expressed in a different mode of writing. 
 
 ^_^ " kah " or " kahi " or " k£hi " land ; " kahi " top or head, as head of a book ; " hra " or " ha " or 
 •' ho " face ; — The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasly (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19, and k. pi.). 
 j^^ " houklias " snail or cockle; " hnte " or "hod" or "had "fear; " el-had " to be cautious ; 
 "h£nf" i.r "hour " to be afraid ; " hemi " solicitude, care ; "h6mi" to go upon. — The character 
 occurs as early as the Twelfth dynasty (Leps., and Buns, and Birch). A second form ^5/ occurs 
 under the Twenty-sixth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 276). 
 
 T"h61" or "hoi" hole, cavern; "hepi" covering, roof; "hielt" or "hepi" pit; " hlol " obscure; 
 "haraS" black; "hr£ms" or " hfims " or " haki " or "hiomtm" darkness; "hikma" hidden 
 place ; " halmi " or " hair£ " or " hdire" " or " hoiri " or " hdri " dung. — The character occurs from the 
 Twentieth dynasty to the Twenty-eighth (Buns, and Birch). 
 
 n " bdvs " lid or cover ; " hvs " or " h£vs " or " hevs " or " hovs " or " hofs " or " hoft " to 
 
 1 ~^i cover ; " hSp " or " hep " or " hop " to hide ; " hoti " hiding ; " h6p " hidden. — The char- 
 
 acter occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Roman conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19, and k. pi. 7 to 58). 
 "hok" or "hSk" or "hek" to bind around, gird, arm ; "h6k" armour, belt, corslet; "hi6t" 
 or "dhiot" to put on. — The character occurs from the Fourth or Fifth dynasty and the Book 
 of the Dead to the Roman conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 8;, iii. pi. 77 and 151, and iv. pi. 13). 
 
 S (hyena conquered turning to the left, Horap. ii. 67); "hoite " or "hSid" hyaena (badger, Min- 
 gar. and Kirch.) ; "hoi US " or "hoSitS " or " hotS " or "hvos " or"hvos" garment; "hevso" or 
 " hvs6 " or " hfs6 " robe ; " hevs nahv " cloak ; " hv66s " or " hvoos " linen ; " hvour " the left. — 
 The character occurs under dynasty (Champ, gram. 361;, and diet. 197). 
 
 m> ("origanon" signifying departure of ants, for when placed in their midst it drives them away, 
 \h Horap. ii. 32; i.e. inquirers); "hal" deception; " h£r " or "I16I Svol " to expel; " hed " or " hel " 
 ' or " hoi " or " halai " to depart, fly, fly away : " halad " or " hal<5d " or " halet " bird. — The char- 
 acter occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 21). 
 
 Origanum J-lgvptiacum of Middle Asia? Called in Egypt " saatar " (Forsk. p. no), and cor- 
 responding to the " origanon " in question : — " aegyptium origanum " is mentioned by Pliny xix. 50 : 
 (.). ^Egyptiacum was observed by Alpinus pi. 95, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, but is not known 
 in its indigenous state. (The name " sater " given by the Turks to O. Smyrnasum, celebrated in 
 ancient times, is in confirmation). 
 
 Q^3 "hot " or " h6t " leather bag, blown up bag ; " h6t " to navigate; "hiallf'much speaking; 
 7 j — in English "bag of wind." The character occurs under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. 
 
 \ii. pi. 148). 
 "hie "rudder; " hie " or " hie " way, course, to direct; "ha" or " I16 " to establish, insti- 
 tute; " h6n " decree, edict ; " h6n " or " hSnhfin " or " he"nh£n " to command; " hmm8 " gov- 
 ernment, steering; " hdv " position; " hetsh " prepared; "h6imi" or " hioimi " waves, storm; 
 " hd|>t " or " hotp " carved work resembling waves. — The character occurs under the . . dynasty 
 (Wilkinson mann. and cust. ii. pi. 47). 
 
 ^j* (leopard signifying hypocrite, Horap. ii. 86); "hov" skin; " heli " alarm, threats; " h5vk " 
 *?$. to threaten; "heft " or " h5ft " to take away, steal; "h61£m" rapine, spoils; " h&ila " to op- 
 -"> press, spoil; " ah 8 " or " hag6 " or "hik " magician, poisoner; " nahk " to be healed. — The 
 character occurs under the . . . dynasty (Champ, gram.). Apart from the hieroglyphic writing, 
 figures of Egyptians clad in a leopard-skin occur under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 9. and 21, 
 and observed by myself at Gizeh). The character of the separate leopard-skin ,Sv_ — z occurs un- 
 der the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 126). 11 '"^\ 
 
 The leopard, Felis pardalis, once inhabited Egypt ; by this route reaching Palestine ; — where 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 3 1 
 
 the "nmr" or leopard is mentioned by Habakkuk i. 8, and Jeremiah v. 6. The "pardos" of " Africa 
 and Syria," are mentioned by Pliny viii. 23. Equatorial Africa appears to have been the original 
 home of the leopard ; and skins were doubtless imported thence into* Egypt at a very early period. 
 At Mocha, I found them for sale, forming a regular article of traffic. 
 
 -=£T\ (swan signifying old musician, Horap. ii. 37) ; "hunon " (or "halet nloupo," ms. Par.) swan ; 
 /J "hllo" or "hSlla" old man or woman, " el-hella " to grow old; "be'mseoud" familiarity; 
 "kalis" custom, habit ; " haS " or " hae " or " haSuS " the last. — The character occurs as early as 
 the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 98). 
 t, its pervading meaning toil. 
 
 p? " tots " a tablet ; " tnevS " or " taivg " or " taivi " a chest ; " 6tshd " or " tSkm " to draw or 
 £?' drag ; " rahts " prostrator ; " tevne " or " tvnS " quadruped. — The character occurs as early as 
 the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 49). A second form i u j occurs under the Twelfth dynasty 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 129). 
 
 (baboon " kunokSphalon " sitting, signifying the two equinoxes, day and night being then 
 equal, Horap. i. 16); " tgon " os sacrum; " tertor " fixed; "tots" or " tots " seat, to be 
 fastened in ; " talo " or " tale" " sitting ; " h6d " a balance or balance-scales ; — " tSri " a gno- 
 mon. The character occurs under the . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 117, Sharpe 73. 3. 14). ^ The 
 following rfi . J combination occurs under the*. .. dynasty (Champ, text 206, Buns, and Birch) ; 
 and illus- rbJH trates Horapollo's account of the Egyptians placing an image of the cynocephalus 
 on water- ~^_y clocks. 
 
 "phat" foot; "rat" foot, legs; " ratphat " hairy-foot or hare; " garSshdouts " (jerboa, 
 Lacroz.) ; — in Bali the learned language of China "bat" (Laloub., and Tattam) ; in English 
 "foot." The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, Bonom., and Buns, 
 and Birch). 
 
 Two species of jerboa, Dipus hirtipes and D. sngitta, are known to inhabit the Desert around 
 Egypt ; — and Clot-Bey ii. 68 further states, that when captured they cannot be kept in wooden cages 
 on" account of their powerful teeth. The "thipothas " of Lybia, are mentioned by Herodotus iv. 192 : 
 and a figure of the jerboa is given by Paul Lucas ii. p. 58. 
 A " tats " sole of foot ; " tah-6rat " to stand ; " tajreu " firm, stable ; " t-jra " standing, firm- 
 
 1.V ^- ness; " tajro " the firmament ; — in English "stand." The character occurs under the 
 Fourth dynasty, also in the Book of the Dead, and continues in use under the Twelfth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 30 and 118); the second form occurs under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 12). 
 
 leading-string ; " tastho " rope by which a ship's sail is directed ; " tastho " to turn aside, 
 C===§ av e r t; ""tahtelT" to incline, convert; " toujo " to keep, to liberate; "tnau" or " thnau " 
 when. — The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end 
 of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 10 to 61). 
 
 (two feet joined together and walking, signifying course of the sun in the Winter sol- 
 stice, Horap. ii. 3) ; " tfik " to confide, trust ; " tphS " or " tpho " to dismiss, send away, take 
 leave; " ratf " or " tatsi " or «' tashse" " foot-tracks; "trah6s" pair of compasses; "t6rtr" 
 or "t6teV steps or stairs, an instrument graduated into minute divisions. — The character occurs 
 from the Third dynasty to the Roman conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, -3- and k. pi. 5 to 57). 
 ^/ " tatsb.6 " to weigh down, to be lame ; " tahe " or " thigi " or " dh6 " drunkenness, to be 
 
 ^X~ drunk. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead. 
 
 A S? .. st6t » or - st 6t " or " strter " or " t6t " shuddering, fright, tremor. — The character occurs 
 ^f^as early as the . . . dynasty (Champol. mon. i 98 and iii. 336). 
 
 "7 " slad " or " slaate " to slip, fall ; " slatiet " a slip, false step, fall ; paht or p6ht to fall 
 
 &*\ prostrate; " r6ht " epilepsy ; -in English "slide." The character occurs under the .... 
 
 TT Y ^rim6s° n of" rakA >' or " m«t,h6d " or " metshSt » or " metshtsh6t " plains ; " toe " or " toi " 
 f^D or «t6r" a portion, a part; "taj" sod; "toudt" green; " teshne " or "teshmeV or " tesh " 
 h^b herbage ; « tarinon " a bed of young sprigs ; " t6s " or " tSsi "dry, to become dry ; " tmm, hair 
 or wool. -The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps d. 
 
 H 'JS!l 3 ' a " d t e k sh P " o S r '" t&M " or " tishg " or " t6sh " or " t6shS " or " tSji " plantation, to plant ; " t6ng " 
 arise- » t6oun » or " t6n " or " togis " to rise up. -The character occurs under the . 
 dynas'ty, and continues in use under the Ptolemies (Champ diet 213, and Leps. k. pi. 5,) 
 
 (ha,K signifying desirous of building, Horap. 11. in); tot or toot hand; te or 
 -tou" the number five; " tovs " or " tSvs " or « tvs " to mstigate. -The character ^ occurs 
 from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. 1.. pi. 2, and k. pi 7 to 66 
 from thethTa^ay y ^ ^ ^ ^^ und the eyes (cheekbone); " tass 
 
 ^Vs> ^^or"smnts"to bargain, make an agreement ; " tarkS or " tarko " to b.nd by oath, 
 
^^ 
 
 32 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 swear, adjure ; " tama " or " tam£ " or " tamo " to declare, make known. — The first character occurs 
 in the Book of the Dead, also under the .... dynasty (Buns, and Birch). The second character 
 occurs in the Book of the Deacl, and from the Twelfth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 129, 
 and k. pi. 44 to 58). 
 
 0, (finger signifying measurement, Horap. ii. 13) ; " tev " or " tev " or " tevS " or " teevg " finger ; 
 " tevs " ring, seal-ring, stamp, seal, mark ; " t6v " or " tov " or " t6vs " or " tops " or " taov " to sign ; 
 "tevi " or "tepi" prescribed labour. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under 
 the Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 77). To the present day, I found everything in Egypt done 
 by contract, prominent persons in general wearing a seal-ring. 
 
 [ I " tdvi " or " tovi " brick ; " tSve" " or " tfiove' " or "toueio" recompense; "toh" or " t6h " 
 
 straw. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the end 
 of hieroglyphic wilting (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5, and k. pi. 49 to 55 and 62). The character presents additional 
 evidence to that above given, that dobi or sun-dried brick were in use when writing was invented, 
 n " tSvi " receptacle ; " taho " or " toho " to place. — The character occurs as early as the Fourth 
 Lj dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 15). Apart from the hieroglyphic writing, the implement is employed in 
 bricklaying under the Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 40). 
 
 II "torn" wall; " tomi " contiguous, joined together; " t&r " or " tosh " or " torn " or " torn '' or 
 |l"t6mi" or " t£m " confederate, to adhere to, join together; " tashs " to cement, agglutinate ; 
 |§ " trshtash " to continue; — in Hebrew " tyr<5 " wall. The character occurs from the Third 
 dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the Twenty-first (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7, and k. pi. 42). 
 
 f'- tSuntrSm " a columnar whirl of dust ; " toun£s " or " tounos " or ■' tounas " to excite, stir up, 
 place together upon (superimpose) ; " kef " or " ket " or " kot " or " knt " to build ; " tek " strong ; 
 "tone" great, strong. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, 147, and k. pi. 5 to 6l). 
 . vi v v^ •■ tone " a bridge ; " tl6 " scala portabilis ; " tnom " or " tlom " furrow, vale. — The character 
 
 occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 20). A modification ^ »<| occurs under 
 
 the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 43). 
 
 " tothS " track, footpath ; " mofiit " or " mdit " road, way ; " mit6oui " paths, roads ; " pet " 
 r "phet " or "phSt" to run, flee; "e>at" to, unto. — The character occurs as early as the 
 Fourth or Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi 13). A modification - ? 1 ¥ - occurs from the Fifth dynasty 
 and the Book of the Dead to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 65 to iv. pi. 14, and k. pi. 12). 
 
 rw"i " tal" hill ; " taleu " elevated place ; " tau " or " toou " or "toufiie" mountain, mountainous 
 
 '— 'region, I )esert ; " toou " to migrate, change sides; "toueio" separation, divorce: " tenh " or 
 
 " tnih " or "t& nh "or " tnh " pinnacle ; " tef " summit, tip; '■ tale " to ascend. — The character occurs from 
 the Third dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 24 to 5S). 
 g^-^nr^- (muraena or speckled eel signifying intercourse with foreigners, Horap ii. 104) ; " telmonia " 
 spotted serpent ; " tedr " or " teh " or " t6h " to mingle, hold communion ; " ten " to bu\' ; " tei " 
 or " tou£ " or " taaf " or " taa Svol " to sell ; " teif evol " sale ; " tmo " or " tfiinmo " or " t£ " to feed ; 
 — in Hebrew, the ninth letter " tyd," said to mean serpent, or according to others con\olute (Gesen.). 
 The character occurs under the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 171). Horapollo speaks of the " murai- 
 nan '' coming out of the water to mingle with serpents ; and this was the belief among the common 
 people of Italy in the days of Pliny ix. 35 to 39. 
 
 ■f, "tar " sail-yard, branch ; " tore " ship's oar; " trp " or " tarp " or " torp " or " t6rp " to rob, 
 spoils; "tahth " or •' tartr" to disturb. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead xxxvi. 
 ' 99, 1 7 (Buns, and Birch). 
 
 " takton " inverted, entangled, involved; "to" turning; " toki " a knot, braid; " tanai " or 
 'taithS"so; " t6n " where ; '' trie " or " ton ' or"tnno" to be worried; "tenou" or " dnou " 
 now; "into" or " emto " or "tako" to perish, perdition. — The character occurs from the Sixth 
 dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 76, T50, and iv. pi. 25). 
 
 L" takte " greaves, knee-hose; "tahSm" or " tahm " or " tShtn " to call; " tel " or " ter " all; 
 "tnno" or " tnoou " or " tao " or " taoue " or "tau " or " taua" or " tuuoe " to send ; '• takta " or 
 "takte " or "takto " to place around, compass about ; " tihe " to be hunted, hunter ; " taaps " intense- 
 desire ; "tanhS"or " tanho " or "tango" to preserve alive; "touja" or "toujg" to save. — The 
 character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. 
 pi. 7 to 6d). 
 
 M a (wolf or dog turned away signifying aversion, Horap. ii. 2t) ; "tastho" to be averse; 
 
 2?£iSv " takto " to bring back ; " t6v " or " tph6 " or " tapho " or " taphe " to restore. — The charac- 
 
 U ter occurs under the . dynasty (Champ, diet. 116). 
 dli ("tivous" Pistiti stratiotes, Syn. Diosc ) ; "two" or " touvo " purification; " tvve " or 
 " touvS " to cleanse, purify ; " talsho " to desist, make an end ; " totsh '' or " tcne " limit, end. — 
 The character occurs under the . dynasty (Champ, gram. 77). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 3 •> 
 
 Pistia striates of Equatorial Africa. A floating lettuce-like plant called in Egypt " hay a'lem 
 el-ma water-houseleek (Del.) and used medicinally against menorrhagia (Alpin.), by the prophets 
 a,maa,lou ro u,"in Egyptian « tivous " - (Syn. Diosc.) : the " mnasion Won » growing in pools of 
 the Nile ,s described by Theophrastus iv. 8. 6 as leafy with the root not reaching the soiL leaves side 
 by side as if m a double series, and employed medicinally in fractures and menstrual affections : the 
 potarmon s trat.Sten 'according to Dioscorides grows without root on the top of the water, its leaves 
 resembling those of the" aSizflou-houseleek but larger, refrigerating, and restraining hemorrhage 
 from the k.dneys : P. slratiotes was observed by Calliaud in Sennaar ; by Grant, in "floating ro- 
 settes earned m flood down the Nile from the Equator "to about 13° N„ beyond which scarcely one 
 is visible ; was observed also by Adanson in Senegal. Eastward, is called in Sanscrit "koombhi- 
 ka, in Bengalee and Hmdustanee " taka panna," in Telinga » neeroo boodookee " (Lindl.) or "anta- 
 rei-tamara, in Tamil " agasatamaray " (Drur.) ; was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 32 in Malabar: by 
 Graham, common throughout the Concans," but by myself chiefly in artificial reservoirs ; by Rox- 
 burgh, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, and used medicinally by the natives ; by Mason v. 
 504, in Burmah, occasionally transferred to tubs of water near public buildings, said " to keep the 
 water fresh " ; by Loureiro, in Anam ; by myself, apparently indigenous throughout the Malayan 
 archipelago ; by Blanco, called on the Philippines in Tagalo " guiapo," in Ylocano "loloan." West- 
 ward from Africa, may have floated without human intervention across the Atlantic to the West 
 Indies, observed by Browne frequent at Jamaica, and known to occur in Florida ; but possibly car- 
 ried to Peru, where I found it only around Callao on the Pacific. 
 
 i, in Greek "ai," its pervading meaning I, self. 
 <J§> the all-seeing eye ; " ai " to be, exist ; — in Hebrew, the sixteenth letter " iyn," meaning eye, 
 fountain. The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Fifth dynasty to the 
 end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 67). 
 
 /?f~^\ ( sun and m °on signifying " aiSna " perpetual, eternal, Horap. i. 1) ; "sou-ai " first day of 
 ' W >the new moon or month ; " ouaeitsh '' or " ouaitsh " time, " ouaitsh nim " always ; — in He- 
 brew " iylm " or " iylwm " eternity ; in Greek " aei " always, ever ; in English " ever and aye." The 
 character occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the Twenty-sixth (Leps. d. iii. pi. 171, and k. pi. 
 49). A second form Q, occurs under the .... dynasty, and continues in use under the Ptolemies 
 (Champ, diet. 14, and Leps. d. iv. pi. 47). 
 /\ (lion's head signifying sentinel, watchful, the lion closing its eyes while watching and keeping 
 /j^them open in sleep, Horap. i. 19; eye the sentinel of the body, Diodor. iii.; "iri" eye, Plut. 
 is.) ; " areh " to guard ; — in Hebrew " iyr " or " iwr " keeper, sentinel, watchful. The character oc- 
 curs from the Eleventh dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 150, iii. pi. 152, and 
 k. pi. 23 to 63). 
 
 AT (eagle signifying isolation, for it builds its nest in uninhabited places and flies higher than 
 £/Hg_ other birds, Horap. ii. 53); " jaie " or " jagiS " or " jaSie " or " jaie " or " tshaiS " the Desert, 
 solitary ; " raihs " free ; " ai66u " or " £saiSou " swift ; — in Hebrew " iyt " rapacious bird, eagle ; in 
 Greek " a£tos " or " aifitos." The character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the 
 Dead to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5 to 67). Further connection 
 is found in the adoption of the eagle as the' bird of Jupiter among the Greeks. 
 
 (hawk able to rise perpendicularly upwards, Horap. i. 6 ; and towards the East rising up- 
 wards, signifying winds, Horap. ii. 14); " tshai " nose, nostrils ; "tshai" the East, to spring 
 up; — "the breath of life," Gen. ii. 7. The character occurs as early as the . . . dynastv 
 (Champ, diet. 236). 
 
 Arnopogon picroides of Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. Hawk " ie>aka " signifying the 
 sun, for alone among birds it can gaze on the sun : and hence the "i£rarkia" herb is used in maladies 
 of the eyes (Horap. i. 6): " thrimithos " is the Egyptian name — of the "hieracium growing in 
 Egypt " (Edw.) ; and A. picroides, having a yellow flower somewhat resembling the sun's disk, was 
 observed along the Mediterranean border by Hasselquist, Forskal, and Delile. Farther North, the 
 " ieVakion " is mentioned by Cratevas (Plin ), and Aetius, and the " ierakion to irega " of Dioscorides 
 is referred here by Gesner, and Fraas ; A. picroides is termed "sonchus asper laciniatus creticus" by 
 Tournefort inst. 474, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste ground 
 especially near the sea from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, hawks were 
 supposed by the Romans to make use of the " hieraciam " herb (Plin. xx. 26) ; A. picroides is known 
 to orow in Italy (Lenz), and was observed by Forskal on Malta and near Marseilles (Lam. ill. pi. 
 646, and Pers.). 
 
 n " ai " or " mmai " or " elai " myself, I ; " ouai " the numeral one ; " ouaeet " or " ouae-t " single, 
 [I alone ; " aiai " or " aiagi " or " aiagei " increase, to augment, grow, be magnified ; " jai " or " jaio " 
 or " jaidou " sad. — The character occurs by itself and as a numeral under the Third dynasty, and 
 continues in use until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii pi. 4, and k. pi. 6 to 67) : is clearly 
 
 5 
 
34 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the origin of the later form I of the Greek letter iota, the Roman letter I, and as a numeral con- 
 tinues in use among nations generally to the present day. 
 
 (seeking protection, Horap. ii. 48) ; "aeiS" wooden peg; "haivs" or "haiveV or "thaives" 
 hadow, protection. —The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 7 to 67). 
 
 phantom of the imagination, griffin; " tarah " to indulge in, be disturbed by vain im- 
 aginings. — The character occurs as early as the . , . . dynasty (Champ, gram. 497)- 
 The same figure occurs at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty, but whether in the 
 hieroglyphic text I do not now remember. The "gryps" or "gryphus" as described by Virgil, 
 and Pliny, entirely corresponds: the imaginary monster "himaira" chimera, is mentioned by 
 Homer il. 179 to 181. 
 
 _ (voice of the air or thunder signifying voice from afar called " ouaiS," Horap. i. 29) ; "hroou" 
 voice ; "hrou-vai " or " hrou-vvai " thunder ; " maing " or "maJin " or " marine " a sign ; "haio " 
 yea. — The character occurs as early as the Tenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 149). A second form "2T 
 occurs also under the Tenth dynasty at Hamamat (Leps. d. ii. pi. 149). The form N of the / fl 
 Phoenician letter yod, and the original form / of the Greek letter iota, seem also taken from the 
 zigzag line of lightning. Compare Homer's sign from Jupiter, 
 y consonantal, its pervading meaning you. 
 m " jo " or " touio " to be weaned ; " iorh " pupil of the eye ; " ianos " iris ; " eierh " or " ei6rah " 
 J( aspect. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, Ixxix. 164, 13 (Buns, and Birch). 
 _ " iShrai " peers, nobles ; " i6nam " right hand ; " aouo " or " eTaio " a pledge, " aouo " to 
 
 c==3> pledge; " aouot " or " eiolie' " or " ioh^ " hall, abode; "iohi" or " iohe " field, vineyard, 
 flocks; "eiom£" mud (see bank swallow, and Horap. ii. 29) ; — in Hebrew "ymyn" right hand, 
 pledge. The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. 
 pi. 3 and k. pi. 5 to 67). 
 
 The geographical names of many places around Egypt inhabited by the White race, appear to 
 have been framed in reference to the inherent meaning of consonantal y : as, " iant&ou " hill country, 
 • — " iantdou " (or " iantoou," Mingar. p. 73, or "ianhoot " or "Jiahoout," ms. Par.) or "e"iantoou," 
 onager or wild mule (of Palestine). In facing the North, Yemen is on the right hand : and we find 
 transmitted in Hebrew and Greek, " Yrtlm," in Greek " Iorthanes ; Yphw," in Greek " Ioppa ; Ybne," 
 in Greek " Iamnia ; Ybk " of Numb. xxi. 24; "Yrhw," in Greek "ISrihS; Ywbb " of Gen. x. 29, in 
 Greek "I6vav; Yizr," in Greek " Iazer ; Ybws " and " Yrwshlym," in Greek " ISrousalem ; Yewth," 
 in Greek " Iouthaia ; Ywn," in Greek "ISnia"; and of names of nations or families, " Yphd," in. 
 Greek " IapStos ; Yikb," in Greek " Iak6v ; " and " Yshral," in Greek " Israel." . 
 
 (crocodile's eyes emerging from the deep, signifying sunrise, the East, Horap. i. 65) ; 
 <^A ^ "iSvt " or ''eivt " or " eieft " or " £ieft " or "pfiievt " the East, sunrise ; " iev" or " iep " 
 or " iope " or " eiopfi " or " iopp£ " manufactures, arts; " iop " artisan ; " e^opS " to spin. — The 
 character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7). A second form f'"""^? occurs from 
 the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 17, and k. pi. 5 to 63). 
 PTTjfl (dew falling from heaven, signifying instruction ; for it falls on all, but profits only the sus- 
 ' 5} * ceptible, Horap. i. 35) ; " iot5 " or " i6te" " or " i6d " or " ciute " clew ; " iatfi " or '• iad " or " iod " 
 or " i6t " or " £i6t " father, forefathers ; " eiat " or " £iaat " or " iat '' or " niat " attention, to observe, 
 mark, consider, perceive. — The character occurs under the Nineteenth? dvnasty (RoseHln. m. 
 real. 108). 
 
 "iot" or "i6t" barley; " ies " or "iSs" quick; "i£the" profiting, to progress, ad- 
 vance. — The character occurs as early as the . . . dynasty (Rosellin. m. civ. 23). 
 Hordenm vulgare of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain barley, in Anglo-Saxon 
 "barhch" or " bajrlic " or "baer-crass " or " bere " (Prior), in Germany "gerste" (Grieb), in France 
 "orge" (Nugent), in Italy "orzo" (Lenz), in Greece "krithari" (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen 
 "shayr " (Forsk.), and cultivated at the time of the invention of writing: — standing crops, distin- 
 guished by the inferior height and stouter beardless spikes, are figured under the Fifth (Leps. d. ii. 
 pi. 47, and Champ. 417), Seventh, and Seventeenth dynasties : the "shoire " is mentioned in Leviti- 
 cus xxvii. 16, Ruth ii. 17, Joel i. 11, and Job xxxi. 40 ; H. vulgare was observed under cultivation in 
 Egypt by Forskol, Delile, and Clot-Bey ; and by Forskal, and myself, in Yemen. Northward, the 
 "krithe" or "kri" is mentioned by Homer, Aeschylus ag. 1625, Herodotus, Thucydides, Theophras- 
 tus, and others ; the "hordeum," by Virgil, Columella, and Pliny ; H. vulgare was cultivated in Swit- 
 zerland during the Stone Age, relics occurring in debris of the earliest villages (Heer, and Troyon) ■ 
 was observed by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece; is known to be "culti- 
 vated throughout Europe to " Lat. 70 " in Lapland, farther North than any other kind of grain (A. 
 Dec), succeeding equally within the Tropics, as witnessed by mvself under the burnino- climate at 
 Mocha : is derived by Berosus from Babylonia ; by Moses of Chorene, from the Kur fluwiii" into the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 35 
 
 Caspian ; was observed by Olivier, Chesney, Koch, and Kotschy, in Mesopotamia, Persia, and along 
 the Caspian. Eastward from Persia, was found by Alexander under cultivation in Hindustan (Theo- 
 phr.); is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stevenson) and Institutes of Menu (transl. Deslonch.); 
 has a Sanscrit name (Pidd., and Royle ill. him. p. 418), is called in Bengalee "jab," in Hindustanee 
 ^'jau" (D'roz), in the environs of Bombay "jow satoor," but sometimes "sheer" (Graham), indicating 
 introduction by the Arabs. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah ; was ob- 
 served by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called " o muggi." By European 
 colonists, was carried to America, where in our Northern States it continues extensively cultivated. 
 
 /^, " 6uni " millstone, mill. — The character occurs as early as the Thirteenth dynasty (Leps. d. 
 
 sii^ ii. pi. 149). 
 
 t (ass-headed man "onokephalon " signifying untravelled ; because knowing nothing of his- 
 tory, nor of other countries, Horap. i. 23) ; "g6" or "£i6" or "i6" donkey; "iar" not saga- 
 cious, noseless ; "iai" to fear. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under 
 the ... . dynasty (pap. Ath. xv. 3, Buns, and Birch). 1 
 
 The donkey, Equus asinus, probably already domesticated at the time of the invention of writing. 
 Its Egyptian name is given as "&6" or " Seu," signifying also beast of burden, as though the earliest 
 beast of burden known to the Egyptians : —apart from the hieroglyphic writing, the-donkey is figured 
 under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5) ; was observed by myself, kept in droves on monuments 
 of the Fourth dynasty at Gizeh, caparisoned as a beast of burden under the Fifth in the beautiful 
 tomb at Sakara ; and to the present day in Egypt, the usual mode of journeying is on donkeys. The 
 current name there of the donkey is however " hemar ; " from the Hebrew "hmwr." In Palestine, 
 the donkey is mentioned in the history of Abraham (Gen. xxii. 3) ; and under the name of " hmwr," 
 in Gen. xlix. 14, and Ex. xiii. 13. In Greece, the " onos " is mentioned by Aristophanes nub. 1273 
 and pac. 4, and others : while in Italy the transported name " onus " signifies burden, a new name 
 "asinus " being given to the animal, mentioned by Cato, Varro, and Pliny. In regard to the Western 
 origin of Hindu institutions, bramins riding donkeys are mentioned in the Institutes of Menu (Bra- 
 minical and Deslongchamps versions) ; donkeys continued in Hindustan to be used for riding in the 
 days of Arrian ; but throughout that country, I was unable to discover figures of the donkey in the 
 cave-temples, and cannot recollect meeting with the living animal. From Europe, the donkey was 
 carried to America by Columbus (F. Columb. 45 and 53). 
 
 Y™~< "-7 (two hippopotamus hoofs facing downwards, signifying nnjust, ungrateful, unfilial, Horap. 
 
 VV Ji- S3) ; "i£v" or "iev" or "£iv" hoof; "e"u6" debtor; "guma" or "Susop" together; 
 " Si6i6 " to be morose ; " i6ou " a swelling, to swell ; " iorfm "to be amazed. — The character occurs 
 as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5). A second form p < ~h occurs also 
 
 under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. pi. 26). u u 
 
 (water and fire signifying purity, because all purification is accomplished through these elements, 
 Horap. i. 41) ; " gioouS " water, " mouS " fire, "iom" the sea; "iamSn" lake, pool; "£ia" or 
 ' niau " linen garments ; " ia " or " iSi " or " Si6 " or " el£ " or " Siaa " or " £ia " washing, to wash ; 
 'Sia-toot" to wash hands, abdicate; — in Hebrew " ym " sea, river. The character occurs from the 
 Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 66). In the pro- 
 cess of washing at Mocha, I remarked the clothes universally twisted in the above form. 
 
 0"gial" ointment-vase ; "£ia" or "ia" or "iaau" valley; "Sia" torrent, bed of torrent; "Sioor" 
 or "fiiSro" or "iSro " or "iaro" river ; "ior" to pass over; — in English " to pass over Jor- 
 dan." The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of 
 hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 7 to 66). 
 
 \ (ape followed by a smaller ape, signifying, a hated child will inherit, Horap. ii. 62); "gig" 
 JUL therefore, truly, — in English "yea." The character occurs under the . . dynasty (Champ, 
 gram. 42, 68, Salvolin., and Leps. ausw. 2). 
 Q "iai" or "elal" mirror; " giorm " or "gi6rm" or " iorgm '' or " i6rgm " to fix the eyes, gaze 
 Y intently ; " fiierh " or " giorh " or " £i6rh " to see, contemplate. — The character occurs from the 
 "T Third dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 98, iii. pi. 53 and 207, and k. pi.). A second 
 form Q occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, gramm. 77, and diet. 237). 
 e long or ee, its pervading meaning we. 
 
 (two men wearing the insignia of magistrates, signifying of the same mind, Horap. ii. 10) ; 
 ' meeoui " or " meeougi " or " meoui " to think ; or " meoui " to be of opinion, way of thinking ; 
 " ouSllfi " or " ouellS " tuning, musical chord ; " nse " or " s6 " yes. — The character occurs as early 
 as the ... . dynasty (Champ, text. 379) ; and as an emblem, is placed over royal ovals and on the 
 head of gods from the Seventeenth dynasty until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5, 23, 
 and 28 to 67). _ . 
 
 / / (two lines signifying unity, Horap. i. 1 1) ; " ep " or " dep " companion, partner ; " tshveeli or 
 "tshv«re'"or " tshver " or-" tshpher " companion, friend; "ep" to number; " epS " or " epi " 
 
 m~. 
 
36 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 number; " ei " two, a pair; "send" two; "set" double; "hen" near ;— in Greek "emSeVwe; 
 in Latin " ii " and " eae." The character occurs from the Ninth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 138, 149, and k. pi. 7 to 67). Two upright lines, possibly forming a hiero- 
 glyphic character, occur as early as the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 58) ; and two ibis-feathers (cor- 
 responding to two fives even in Greek) occur often in hieroglyphic writing. 
 "V " eri " quail ; " oui " mine, together ; " doui " to draw near, come ; " doui doui " each ; " ereu " 
 
 )jf or "greou" one another, each other; " ouer " how many; "the" she; "te" or "pe" he; 
 
 teu " or " ne " they ; " neet " or " ne£te " these ; " s£epS " or " seepe " or " seepi " or " sepi " the 
 rest, remainder. — The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to 
 the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 67). 
 
 From the highly finished painting on the Gliddon mummy-case, the chick is found to be that of 
 the red-legged partridge, Perdix Graeca : known to be indigenous in Egypt : but I did not meet with 
 it, neither can I speak of the voice of the young. 
 
 fjl (one straight line bent over upon another, signifying ten even lines, Horap. ii. 28) ; " meetS " 
 or "mete" or "med" midst; "met" or "metS" or " med " ten; — in Hebrew the tenth 
 letter " ywth " representing the number ten ; as does the derived "iota 1 ' of the Greeks, though only 
 the ninth letter ; in English " meet, meeting." The above character occurs under the Third dynasty, 
 and continues in use as a numeral until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). 
 
 f (ostrich-feather, signifying administering impartial justice, the wing-feathers of the bird being 
 all equal, Horap. ii. no); "tshetsh" equal; " mei " just, true; "metsh" or " metshe " or 
 " meetsh6 " or " meetshe "or " meetshi " multitude, many. — The character occurs in combination as 
 early as the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 44, 56) ; and separately, from the Twelfth dynasty to 
 the Ptolemies (Leps.. k. pi. 12, and 25 to 57). 
 
 The ostrich, Struthin camelus, having extended itself into the Syrian Desert, must have come by 
 way of the Isthmus, and have once ranged the Sahara to the shore of the Mediterranean. — Under 
 the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan, is figured with clusters of the eggs and feathers, at this time 
 clearly articles of traffic. Under the Eighteenth dynasty, similar clusters in the Tribute-processions 
 show distant if not foreign traffic. But our Nubian boat-captain informed me, that the ostrich breeds 
 to the present day about two hundred miles South and East of the First cataract. 
 
 (harp signifying attracting and retaining, Horap. ii. 108) ; " 6u6ini " harp ; " ini " or " hetSn " 
 
 or " hets " thumb; "me"" or " mfii " or "mei" or "m£r£" or " me'nrfi " to love; "meni"or 
 
 " mene " or " mcene " day by day ; " mer " tied or bound ; " ouei " because ; — in English " win." 
 The character occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, gram. 345). Apart from the hiero- 
 glyphic writing, harpers are figured under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 36), and as observed by 
 myself, under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan, and under the Twentieth at Bab-el-meluk. 
 /ifKlftnf " elp " or " erp " wine; "hleli" flower, bloom; " hleji " or " hleshS " sweetness. — The 
 J || character occurs under the Third dynasty, and continues in use, more or less modified .... 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7). 
 
 The only woody creeping plant familiarly known in Egypt is the grape-vino, and hence the fol- 
 lowing linguistic result ; from " erp " — we have in Greek "8rp6" to creep, "erpSton" reptile; in 
 Latin " repo " and " repto " and "serpo" to creep, "serpens" serpent; and in English "serpent, 
 reptile, creep." 
 
 Vitis vinifera of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain vine and the fruit grape, in 
 France " vigne " (Prior), in Germany " weinstock " (Grieb), in Italy " vite " and the fruit " grappolo " 
 or"grappo d'uva " (Len^), in Greece " klcma " or " agriamp£16s " (Sibth.), in Egvpt and Yemen 
 " enab," and cultivated at the time of the invention of writing: — vineyards and full details of wine- 
 making are figured under the Fourth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth dynasties ; vineyards and wine 
 " yyn " are mentioned in the history of Noah (Gen. ix. 20 to 24) ; but at the present day in Kg\pt, 
 the fruit only is eaten. Farther North, " oinon " and the " ampeloeis " are mentioned by Hesiod op , 
 Homer il. iii. [84, Herodotus, and the " ampelou agrias " by Theophrastus ix. 20 ; " vinum " and the 
 " vitis," by Plautus, Varro, and Columella: V. vinifera is known to be cultivated in Italy, Spain, and 
 as far as middle Europe ; was observed by Forskal, Hawkins, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultiva- 
 tion and seemingly wild along river-banks from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; appears to be 
 really indigenous towards and along the Caspian (Ledeb., and A. Dec). Eastward from the Caspian, 
 has long been cultivated in Cashmere and Northern Hindustan (Royle) ; was observed by Bun^e 
 under cultivation in Northern China; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan and called "foto," or 
 usually " budo " or " iebi." Southward and Eastward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal under 
 cultivation on the mountains of Yemen, and grapes of excellent quality were found by myself in mar- 
 ket at Aden and Muscat; is called in Sanscrit " draksha " (A. Dec), in Bengalee " drakhya," in 
 Hindustanee " angur " or " tak " or "inab " (D'roz.), and according to Graham is " successfully cul- 
 tivated " on the Deccan ; is known in Burmah and called " sa-byeet " (Mason) ; but in general within 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 37 
 
 the Tropics I have found the fruit inferior in quality, and did not meet with an instance of successful 
 wine-making. By Columbus, was carried to America (F. Columb.), where in Chili and California 
 its cultivation seems successful : by European colonists also was carried to Austral Africa and Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 A " jiiri " or " mah '' pod ; " neji " or " neshS " belly ; " mah " or " meh " or " mSh " or •" seou " or 
 II" " seu " f ull, to be full ; " moh " or " tsifi " or "tsio" or "s£i" or "si" fulness, satiety; "sim" 
 1^ herb, esculent herb (Gen. ix. 3) ; "neshS" or "neji" green. — The character occurs from the 
 Fifth dynasty to the Thirtieth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 74, and k. pi. 30 to 50). 
 
 Trigonella foeuum-grcecitm of the Mediterranean countries. A small annual called in Britain 
 fenugreek (Ainsw.), in France "fenugrec" (Nugent), in Germany " bockshorn-klee " (Lenz), in 
 Greece "teli" (Sibth.), in Egypt and Yemen "haslbe" or "helbeh" (Forsk. and Del.), in Egyptian 
 "itasin" (syn. Diosc), and the above long-beaked pod — seems to correspond : (the "ishb" herb of 
 the field of Gen. iii. iS may also be compared) : T. foenum-graecum was observed by Forskal, Delile, 
 and Clot-Bey ii. 34, extensively cultivated in Egypt, and the whole herb eaten either crude or cooked. 
 Farther North, the " telis " or " voukgras " is mentioned by Diodes, Theodorus, Damon, and Theo- 
 phrastus ; is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "aigokerfis" or " karphos " or "16ton" (see Loto- 
 phagi) : T. foenum-graecum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus 
 to Asia Minor and Cyprus, in the wild state only and no longer cultivated ; was observed by myself 
 to be a favourite article of diet among the Parsees, and may therefore prove the " triphullon " of their 
 forefathers mentioned by Herodotus i. 132. Westward, the "telis" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the "phainoum graikoum" of the Romans ; and "foenum graecum" or "siliqua" or "silicia" is men- 
 tioned by Columella ii. 10, 33, Pliny xviii. 39 and xxiv. 120, and Palladius : T. foenum-graecum is 
 termed "f. sylvestre et sativum" by Tournefort inst. 409; and is known to grow wild or seemingly 
 wild in Italy and Southern France (Hall. helv. 379, Pers., and Lenz). Southward and Eastward from 
 Egypt, was observed by Forskal under cultivation in the plains and on the mountains of Yemen: by 
 Graham, in Hindustan, "commonly cultivated during the cold season and used as greens by the 
 natives " under the name " maitee " or " meetee-bajee " ; was observed by myself abundantly 
 cultivated on the Deccan, and by the Parsees called simply "bajee." 
 
 r$? (lapwing "gpopa" and "athianton" herb, signifying curing one's self of a surfeit of grapes, 
 
 *UM Horap. ii. 89); "areou" Ch. or "fivel " or " imed " unless ; "trimi," adiantum ; "emer" or 
 
 jj^j " mer " over, beyond ; JT " arej " or " areej " end. — The character occurs under the 
 
 Third dynasty ; and its upper ^p portion continues under the Twenty-second (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 to 
 
 102, and k. pi. 45). 
 
 Adiantum capillus-veneris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A fern called in Bri- 
 tain maidenhair or Venus' hair (Prior), in Germany "frauenhaar" (Grieb), in France "capillaire" 
 (Nugent), in Italy " capelvenere " or " adianto " (Lenz), in Greece "polutrihi" (Sibth.), in Egypt 
 "kuzbaret el-byr" coriander of cisterns (Del.) ; known in Egypt at the time of the invention of writ- 
 ing, and besides "trimi" called in Egyptian "epie>" — (Syn. Diosc.) or " askolonovtion " (Kirch.) : 
 A & capillus-veneris was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in artificial localities in Lower Egypt. Far- 
 ther North, the term " athiantos " unwetted is used by Simonides, and the " athianton " plant that 
 cannot be wetted is mentioned in the Hippocratic treatise fistul., Theophrastus vii. 13, Nicander ther. 
 846, and is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "korion enugron" water coriander or " kallitrihon " or 
 "polutrihon" : A. capillus-veneris was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on wet walls and 
 rocks and in moist shady places frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece. Westward, the 
 " adianto" or "polytrichon " is mentioned by Pliny xxii. 30 : A. capillus-veneris is termed " a. folns 
 coriandri " by Tournefort inst. 543, and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as 
 far as Britain (Engl.bot.pl. 1564, and Lenz). The rhizoma according , to Lindley"is considered 
 pectoral ; but the decoction if very strong is reported to be emetic : mixed with syrup it forms 
 
 capillaire." 
 
 k terminal or ck, its pervading meaning echo, racket. 
 
 " aik " or " eV' dedication, dedicatory festival ; " moki " vase, bowl ; " lok a measure 
 of liquids ; " lakon " pitcher, bottle ; " nouk " or " nak " or " lak " you, to you ; " p6k " or 
 "ph6k" yours; " anok ph6k " I am yours; " rSkrikg " or " rekriki " nodding the head, 
 winking ; - in Hebrew " Ig " a measure of liquids ; in Greek " lakkos " or " lakos," in Latin " lacus," 
 in English " lake " The first character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. 11. 
 pi. 2o rand k. pi. 28 to 60). The second character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Twelfth 
 
 ( ^!!!' ^saiamander^ignifving a man burning in the fire, Horap. ii. 58) ; " aik " or " 56ik . " or " 6ik " 
 "^ bread, provisions; "lakh" cake; " emk " or " omk " or " 6mk » to devour swallow down ; 
 " s6mk " to suck, give suck ; " monk " or " mounk " to consume, be consumed, eclipse ; thik or 
 " dk " spark • " rakhe " or " rakhi " or " rokhe " or " rokhe " coals, a firebrand quenched ; r6kh or 
 
 1. 
 
38 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " rokh " consumption, burning ; " lakh " or " 16kh " or " rakh " or " rgkh " or " r6kh '' or " k6k " or 
 "th6k" to burn, conflagration. — The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. n. 
 pi. 22). 
 
 (tadpole signifying " aplaston " mal-formed, candid, Horap. i. 25) ; " svok " or " sv6k " dimm- 
 C=== 'ished, lacking; " mikS " weak; " takr " pure, limpid; " pok " soft; " lek " or " Kklfik " or 
 " lokleV' soft, softness, to soften. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Ptolemies 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 22, iii. pi. 5, 39, 23S, iv. pi. 2S). 
 
 (tadpole signifying reluctant to move, Horap. ii. 97); "£t-tek" or " ak-tokt " coagulated; 
 'tolk" to pull off; "ankoki" ring-finger; "6nk " to arise, get up. — The character occurs 
 under the Nineteenth dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 35). 
 
 ^ == - >< "hoik" or "h61k" a braid; " tsholk " or " tshfilk " to plait, twist; "jolk" or"j61k"or 
 "sholk" or sh61k" to continue, extend; "h6k" talk; " s6k " sterility; " s6ksSk " yawning; 
 "makmek " or " mokm£k" thoughts, reasoning; " s6k " to protract, provoke; "onk "to increase in 
 height, assume a lofty style; — in English "talk," the phrase "spinning a yarn" used among sailors. 
 The character occurs from the Twelfth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 122, and k. pi. 47 to 65). 
 
 j=^a end of bench ; " shask " or " shak " or " jak " to applaud, clap hands ; " atshkak " or " tshkak " 
 /A\ nr "jitshkak" or " hitshkak " clamour, to exclaim, cry out; — in Hebrew "zik" or "tsik" 
 clamour, to cry out. The character occurs from the Third to the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 4, 
 39, and 147) ; and in second form s=? from the Twelfth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 147, and k. pi. U^J> 23 to 67). Seems besides the origin of the form >] of the 
 eleventh Hebrew letter " cph," and K of the Greek letter " kappa." As according to Ouintillian K 
 does not properly belong to the Latin language, its presence in Etruscan, Oscan, Celtiberian (Gesen. 
 mon. Phcen.), and in the languages of Northern Europe, affords confirmation of Caesar's statement, 
 That the Druids of Gaul used the Greek alphabet. The Latin C hard, is however derived appar- 
 ently from the Etruscan and Umbrian }|. 
 
 (frog signifying shameless and sharp of vision, for it has blood only in the eyes, Horap. 
 . 96) ; " kak " hairless eyebrows, suffusion ; " kak-val " bloodshot eyes ; " hak " ready ; 
 jokr " or "jokeV" ready, sharp; "jfikjokt" stubborn, "jokjk " contumacy, "jakj^k" conten- 
 tion; "joksi " crepitus. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 27, 142, iv. pi. 77, and k. pi. 27 to 32). 
 
 (one hand holding a shield and the other a bow, signifying the front of battle, Horap. ii. 5) ; 
 "hSk" belt; "gek" or "g5k" or " h6k " or " h ok " armour, to make war ; " hak " fellow- 
 combatant ; " h6k " or '' ph6rk " corslet. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty and 
 the Book of tlie Dead to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 97, 75, and k. pi. 32). 
 
 \^A mallet; "metsh" anvil, " mStsh " or " matsh " to strike; " mfitshak " whether, perhaps; 
 " metshak " again. — The character occurs from the Eighteenth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. 
 d. iii. pi. 119, and k. pi. 52 to 57). 
 
 "s6tf" tool; " sotfef " chisel for quarrying; "onk" or " phonk " sculptured work, to sculp- 
 ture ; " monk" a thing formed. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Ptolemies 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, 44, and k. pi. 5 to 59) ; and is often represented in the vertical position from the 
 Eighteenth to Twenty-sixth dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 28 to 48). 
 ^^zf* "hakklf" or "hakelf" or " hamklf " or "hanklf " land-crocodile; "hamklle" " coppersmith, 
 
 C blacksmith; " mankhat " silversmith; "tshiik" or " tshek " or " tshok " or "tshok" or 
 
 " tshokh " or '• tsh6k " depth, deep, to dig ; " jolk " or " jSlk " or " sh61k " to precipitate, be im- 
 mersed ; " jSkh " or " jokh " to fasten upon, bite ; " sak " or " dsak " to molest, be molested. — The 
 character occurs from the Twelfth dynast)- to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 13S, iii. pi. 171). 
 
 The land-crocodile, Yaranus, is a large kind of lizard occurring along the Nile; — described by 
 Clot-Bey ii. 92 as very timid, uttering a shrill hiss on the approach of a supposed enemy, and called 
 "ouaran el bahr." The medicinal use of the imported flesh of the "skigkos," is mentioned by 
 Apelles, and Sextius ; the " skigkos " is identified by Dioscorides ii. 71 with the land-crocodile ; and 
 according to Pliny viii. 38 and xxviii. 30 belongs to the Nile and is not so large as the ichneumon. The 
 "largest kind of scincus " is mentioned by Pliny as imported from India, and is a different species. 
 S_a "alak" or " halak " ring, collar, ox-yoke; " nak " for thyself; " hok " or " hdkm " to 
 bind, tie fast, tie together ; " makh " neck ; " hSki " to choke, to scourge ; — in English 
 the interjection "alack!" The first character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the 
 Eighteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 9, and k. pi. 27). The second character occurs from the Eighth dynasty 
 to the Nineteenth (tabl. Abyd., and Leps. d. iii. pi. 138). 
 
 T"thok" or "thok" ship's mast; "sSksSk" to collect, number; "sek" or "sSk" or " s6k " to 
 walk, go before, to draw; " ouk " to draw, drag; "soksek" exaction, to exact; " mekh " or 
 "mokh" or "mokhs" ill treated, to be tormented ; "s6k " sackcloth ; " jok " or " j6k" end. — The 
 character occurs in the Book of the Dead xxxvi. 99. n (Buns, and Birch). • 
 
 I 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 39 
 
 sk, its pervading meaning task. 
 
 "skuli" to hasten ; " sk " or "osk" or "Ssk" delay, to delay, loiter, waste time ; — in Greek 
 "sholaz6" to loiter, "shole" leisure, idleness, in Latin "schola," in English "school." The 
 character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 31, and k. pi. 29 to 63). 
 
 ,e^O) "skSn" or "iskSn" shore, "skSn " along, close along; "ski tali" river-brink. — The char- 
 (\ y acter occurs under the Eleventh dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 150). A possible modification K&* 
 occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, mon. i. pi. 22). "^ -'■' 
 
 m"skSphalis" door-post; "shinon" order. — The character occurs from the Seventeenth 
 dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. iii. pi. 9 to 255, and Rosetta stone), 
 jm (two human feet in the water signifying a writer, Horap. i. 62); " shi " writing-case ; " sge " 
 JlJb t0 wr 'te ; "shai" or "sgai" or " sget " or " sgi " writing, letters; " sgoui " scribe. — The 
 character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 143, k. pi., 
 and Buns, and Birch). 
 
 gjfe, shuffling-pan (compare " koskinon " of Horapollo i. 36) ; " skorkr " wallowing-place ; " skSrkSr " 
 ^ or " sk£rk6r " or " skarkir " or " skrkor " to roll to, roll back, consider. — The character occurs 
 from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 67). I 
 found the shuffling-pan in use at Mocha, for separating by rotary motion impurities from coffee, gum 
 arabic, and all articles of commerce having the form of granules. 
 
 r" ske " to reserve, lay aside ; " skle " purse, little coffer ; " sknouh " cord ; — " skitS " or " kite " 
 drachma (piece of money) ; in Greek "sboinis " or " shoinos " small rope, rope made of rushes. 
 The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Tenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 96, 49, 145). 
 ^^ " skah " or " skai " or " sk6i " or " shai " or " shets " to plough ; " skuthis " practise, study ; 
 <s= ' " shem " or " shim " or " shimon " gray hairs. — The character occurs under the Fifth dynasty 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 70). 
 
 (dead crow signifying a full lifetime, for the bird lives four hundred years, Horap. ii. ,85) ; " skle " 
 or "sle" coffin, bier; " skunfima " carcasses ; " ISsk " to become putrid; "skap" old, of yester- 
 day ; '" shour " or " shou6r " or " shouSr " to execrate, curse ; — in English " skip." The charac- 
 ter occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. iii. pi. 146, and k. pi. 58). 
 
 "shara"coat of mail; "shrom" stupor. — The character occurs under the ... . dynasty 
 (Champ, gram. 53, and rect. sarc. Brit. mus.). 
 
 "skara" vinershoot bowed; " skara-kirntsh6 " sandy; "shin" softness of skin, tender, 
 lenity. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Persian conquest (Leps. d. ii. 
 pi. 18, and k. pi. 11 to 48). 
 C*-«b (fish signifying unlawful, Horap. i. 42) ; "kasks " or " koskSs " or " haskeV' whispering, to 
 V/T whisper. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under the Sixth dynasty 
 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 67). 
 
 1 its pervading meaning to learn through flagellation. 
 
 J\ ' " maklivi ""a whip, scourge ; " 61 " or " £11 " to be, to do, receive as pupil, suffer punishment ; — 
 
 §S\ in Hebrew " mlmth " ox-goad, the twelfth letter " lmth " meaning to chastise, learn ; in Greek 
 
 -^J the letter "lamvtha," also " lamvano " to suffer punishment, receive, seize; in vulgar English 
 
 " lam " to flo<r The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 
 (leps k pi °5 to 59 and 62). The character of an arm holding a whip j ^ was observed by 
 
 myself at Benihassan in the name of a king preceding the Twelfth dynasty, ^ and continues m 
 use until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. IS i, and k. pi. 14 to 66). The detached 
 
 (Leos^k pi 63 64); is clearly the origin of the form I of the Phoenician letter "lmth and 
 Greek "lamvtha." of the Roman and Western |_, and has v proved perhaps the most permanent of 
 alphabetic forms, being traceable even in Arabic. 
 
 (-worms signifying a coming multitude of mosquitos " k6n6pas, ' Horap. ... 44) ; "sholmes 
 V"^" or "tsholmeV mosquito; "lelem" or"leLlem"a mosquito-like insect; " l«h " solicitude, 
 care • << la " doors, windows ; " laesi " bites ; " lolSbemi " or " lglS-hemi " or " lalS-hemi "black spots, 
 scars'- "laii" or " mntlash " importunity. - The character occurs from the Fourteenth dynasty to 
 the Twenty-sixth (Leps. k. pi. . S to 34, 37. and 48). A second form, ^.^ occurs from the 
 Eighteenth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 3° * ^ and 32 to 67). 
 
 One or more species of mosquito, Culex, if not indigenous in Egypt, known there at the time of 
 the invention of writing. - Mosquito-curtains are called " kSn6peion » in the Septuagint. 1 he 
 "k6n6p S " is also mentioned by ... . and other Greek writers; and the "culex," by Horace, and 
 
 Plmy ' nOD " aloli " or " gloolg " or " 6I600I6 " grapes ; " latshie " aspiring to. looking wistfully 
 OOO^J7 upon . - 6 leI-hmj"or "<51cl-hemj" unripe grapes, sour grapes; " louk " wry mouth; 
 
4° CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " lktsha " or " 61ktsha " or "elk-tshai" to contract the nose, deride; "Iav6" disorderly ;— in Eng- 
 lish "laugh, look." The first character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Seventeenth (Leps. d. 
 ii. pi. 3, iii. pi. 5). The second character occurs also under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). 
 A modification .•. occurs under the .... dynasty (Champ, gram. 79, and text 373). 
 / ^ (hippopotamus signifying "oran" opportunity, the hour, Horap. ii. 19); "laishi" or 
 (fV"n "loishS" or " ISiji " pretext, occasion; "16tshe" or "16m6tsh6 " or "16meetsb5" champion, 
 powerful ; "lgtshj " to shake, make to tremble. — The character occurs under the Twelfth dynasty 
 (Leps d. ii. pi. 143). 
 
 The hippopotamus is known to inhabit the lakes and rivers of Equatorial Africa ; abounding in 
 the Upper Nile, but seldom — at the present day, descending into Egypt proper. Menes the first 
 king of Egypt, was killed by a hippopotamus (Maneth.). The animal is figured apart from the hiero- 
 glyphic writing under the Sixth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 77) : and through Egypt became known to 
 the Greeks and Romans. A living hippopotamus was first brought to Rome by M. Scaurus (Plin. 
 viii. 40). 
 
 JJj|L "15igi" noose; " 161ou " or " lilou-tshem " or " alou " child; " lajlej " or "16JISJ" or 
 00086 " lojlSj " weakness, binding with thongs ; " latv6s " junction, uniting, seam; — in Hebrew 
 "Iwly" loops ; in colloquial English "lily" as applied to a child called for punishment. The char- 
 acter occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Fourth dynasty to the Fourteenth (Leps. d. 
 ii. pi. 2, 64. and k. pi. 15). A second form < etfA occurs under the . . . dynasty (Burton excerpt. 
 34, Buns, and Birch). ' ^ 
 
 r — s. " al6j " or " aloj " thigh; " 611et " promise, vow; "51k" to make oath, swear; — see 
 
 V-"^^*> Gen. xxiv. 2 and xxxii. 25 ; in English "allege." The character occurs from the Third 
 dynasty to the Persian emperors (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 24 to 49). 
 XX " lei " bracelet ; " lal6 " or " lalo " or " laid " or " 16516 " to besmear, gild ; " laleout " ointment, 
 
 unction ■ "lam" or "laam" splendid, shining: "laam" soiled, dirty; "lojt" to agglutinate, ad- 
 here, stick ; "loihe " or "ldihi" mire ; — in English, the colloquial phrase "to put one's foot in 
 it." The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 23). A second form 
 occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 15, and Champ, diet. 362). 
 k (tongue signifying perpetual moisture of the productive Nile, Horap. i. 21); "las" or "15s" 
 
 ^— ^ — u tongue ; " 15k " or " 16kl6k " or " 15kl6k " soft, softness ; " 15k " moist, green ; " lek " moist, 
 tender ; "15k" to grow green, begin to flourish ; "16jh " or "16jh" or " 16jt " or "15shh" to lap or 
 lick; "lemhe" free; " lapt " half a thing; "laau" something, nothing; — in English, the phrase 
 "green as a leek." The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty, also in the Book of the 
 Dead (Leps. d. ii. pi. 98). A second and more simple form occurs from the Eighteenth dynasty to 
 the Ptolemies (Leps. k. pi. 28 to 60). 
 
 (tongue and "uphaimon" bruised or blood-shot eye, signifying to relate, tell, Horap. i. 27) ; 
 'TunSs " red portion of the eye, white of the eye ; " saji " a speech, to narrate, " lasaji " tonguey, 
 loquacious; "laouai" such a one; " mlah " or " mlag " or "lag" dispute, wrangling ; " llev " or 
 "lief" scurrility; "lai" or "dlai"or " loulai " to utter the war-shout ; "161 " war-shout, cry of vic- 
 tory ; " tlel " exultation; — in Greek "lalia" talk, " alalagma " war-shout. The character occurs in 
 the Book of the Dead, also under the .... dynasty (Rosellin. mon. stor. ii. pi. 1). A second form 
 
 occurs from the Seventeenth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. iii. pi. 203, 
 
 and k. pi. 23 to 66). 
 
 /» "tshol"a bundle; "lahm" or "lahmS " kneading-trough, to subject, break; "161kem5"a 
 Unu bl° w > wound i "loht" to beat; "lof" to break; "las" or "16s" or "16s" to bruise; " slo- 
 s* s~l shl6s " or "sl6shl6sh " or "sl6jl5j"to polish, levigate; "aliki" or 'Tiki " culpable, blamed; 
 " 16ili " buttocks, severe reprover, uncle ; " 16ili " to bear, endure ; " 16 uj " or " l5j " or " 16 " or " la " 
 to cease, leave off; — in vulgar English " lick " to flog. The character occurs under the . 
 dynasty (Champ.). 
 
 F^ "vini " crucible : " tlil " portable oven; "laves " or "liji " cooking pot or pan ; " leves " a cal- 
 dron ; "halikin" or " lak6nt " frying-pan; '• s61ho " or " slho " warm; " laplSp " ebullition; 
 lovtsh " or " loptsh " or " 16vtsh " or " 16j " to burn ; " la '' injustice. — The character occurs on the 
 Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Fourth dynasty to the Twenty-sixth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 23, iii pi. 
 266). A second form JJ JjJJ occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. cl. pi. 21). A third form R 
 occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the Persian conquest (Leps. k. pi. 35 to 49). U 
 Gu^i P^O ( crococl,le and scorpion signifying matched by your enemy ; the scorpion further signi- 
 <n2Srf fying destroyed slowly, Horap. ii. 33); "shle" (or " sle, Eclw.) scorpion; " sla " summer 
 (compare sun in constellation Scorpio) ; " shl6ml6m" or shlomlSm " or " shlml5m " to grapple, come 
 in collision ; " shl " armed warrior, to be destroyed ; "shilk" pierced by an arrow; " shlak " punish- 
 ment, torture ; — in Arabic . . . scorpion; in English " sulk " (stinging yourself), " slay." The 
 
 character occurs under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 121, and Champ, diet. 108 and 170). 
 
 a 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 41 
 
 ("pelekana" signifying "anoe" and "aphrona" imbecile, silly, Horap. i. 51) ; "efsh&v" 
 
 W±a-* or "eljov" or "eljov" heron, (" laupo " white bird, ms. Par.); "16f" to become insipid; 
 "IStes" idiot; "heloli" silly; "shol" lie, false ; "la" slander, slanderous ; "losh" or " k61p " or 
 "kolp" or "shel" or "sh61" steal; — in Hebrew "fiwlle" foolishness; in English "folly." The 
 character occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 162). A suffering sea-bird was pointed 
 out to me by a Mocha Arab as having " swallowed too large a fish." 
 
 The small white heron, Ardea . . . , frequent in Egypt, was observed by myself to differ from 
 the usual habits of its tribe in walking about picking up substances at a distance from the river-brink. 
 JTJ " laou " or " lavo " ship's sail ; " les " extremity. — The character occurs from the Fourth 
 
 J dynasty to the Twenty-sixth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 22 and iii. pi, 260). A second form occurs in the 
 Book of the Dead, also under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 126). 
 m, its pervading meaning reform. 
 
 11 11 "makro" or "meran" bath-tub, bathing place, fish-pool; " moume " or "moumi" 
 
 fountain or well; " mau " or " m&ou " or " mou " or "m5ou" water; "niton" or 
 "emton" or "emtan" quiet; " emai " innocent; — in Hebrew "my" water, the thirteenth 
 letter " mym " waters; in Abyssinian the letter " mai " water; in Greek the letter "mu." The 
 character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and 
 k. pi. 23 to 66). 
 (2s£ZS "lemen" or "lumen" likeness, image ; "mtho" face; " me " or "meei" or "thmei" 
 
 truth; "mne" or "mau" or " emau " there; — in Hebrew " amd " truth ; in English, the 
 
 phrase "truth in the bottom of a well." The character occurs under the . . . dynasty, and con- 
 tinues in use until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Champ mon. iii. pi. 270, and Leps. k. pi. 66). 
 A second form ( a/w^ occurs under the Twenty-second dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 44, 45, and Champ, 
 diet. 269). 
 
 Q " mSttshai " sunrise: "mSoui" or " moufi " splendour, effulgence; "men" or " mont " to 
 
 f]\ continue; "gfmen" always; "men-evol" or " moun-evol " eternal. — The character occurs 
 from the Eighteenth dynasty _ to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. iii. pi. 73, and k. pi. 
 53 to 60). A second form ||| occurs under the . dynasty, and continues in use under the 
 
 Ptolemies (Champ, gram. 1=1 377, and Leps. k. pi. 53 to 62). 
 
 _ (mole "aspalaka" signifying a blind man, the animal having no eyes, Horap. ii. 59); 
 
 ^- ' "amilifin" mole; "mpa" or " fimpa " or " mpatfi " before. — The character occurs from the 
 Third dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 25, and k. pi. 23 to 57). A reverse or receding 
 form — £^ occurs under the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5.S). 
 
 A hand-plough or hoe ; " fime " plough ; " mfitsh " or " matsh " to touch, strike ; " firm " or 
 " fiimi " or " fiimfi " or " imi " intellect, to understand, perceive; "rem" perceiving. — The 
 character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 7 to 66). 
 
 f" firman " pomegranate; " firme " or " ermeie " or " £rni6oui " or " rmfiie " or " rmfiioue " 
 tears ; " rimS " or " rimi " or " limi " mourning ; " rSmfi " or " r6mi " or "16mi " a man. — The 
 character occurs as early at least as the . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 216). A second form -ffi 
 occurs under the -<^XJ^p Eighteenth dynasty (Champ, gram. 3S9 and diet. 71, Leps. d. iii. pi. 79). 
 A third form M occurs under the Nineteenth dynasty (Leps. d- iii- pi. 136). 
 
 Punica granatum of the Southern border of the Caspian. Called in Britain pomegranate, in 
 France " grenade " (Nugent), in Germany " gramt " (Grieb), in Italy '■ granato " (Lenz), in Greece 
 " roa " or " rothia" (Sibth.), in Egypt and Yemen '• rumman " (Forsk.) and cultivated at the time of 
 the invention of writing : — the fruit is figured under the Fourth or Fifth dynasty (pointed out to me 
 at Gizeh by Mr. Bonomi) ; the tree with fruit and foliage, under the Seventeenth (Rosellin. ii. pi. 
 68) : the " rrown " was longed for by the Israelites in the Desert (Numb. xx. 5), is mentioned also in 
 Canticles iv. 3 ; and P. granatum was observed in the gardens of Egypt by Forskal, and Delile. 
 Farther North, the " roa " or " roia " is mentioned by Homer od. vii. 115, Theophrastus, and Diosco- 
 rides ; the " granatum " or " malum punicum," the best growing around Carthage, by Columella, and 
 Pliny xiv. 19; P. granatum is termed "p. sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 636; was observed by 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent both cultivated and seemingly wild from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout the Greek islands : is known to occur also under cultivation and seemingly wild in Italy, 
 Algeria, and throughout Southern Europe (Munby, A. Dec, and Lenz). Eastward from Greece, is 
 mentioned in the Zendavesta (Reynier econ. arab. p 474), is called in Turkish " nar " (Forsk.), in 
 Persian and Hindustanee " anar " (Ainsl., and D'roz.), and according to Burnes trav. ii. 126 grows in 
 whole woods in Mazenderan ; was observed by Bunge p. 28 under cultivation in Northern China ; by 
 Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan also, and called " dsjakurgo " or usually " sakuro." Southward 
 and Eastward from Egypt, is known in Abyssinia (A. Rich.) : was observed by myself under culti- 
 vation on Zanzibar, in Yemen by Forskal, but the best or only good pomegranates I have met with 
 
 6 
 
4 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 were at Muscat: is called in Sanscrit and Bengalee "darimba" (Roxb., and D'roz.), was observed 
 by Graham " common in gardens " around Bombay, but the fruit " of very inferior quality to that 
 brought from Muscat and Persia " : is enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah and called 
 "tha-lai." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in our 
 greenhouses cultivated for its ornamental flowers. The root in the East is employed against tape- 
 worm, and medicinal uses of other parts of the plant are enumerated by Lindley. 
 
 Q'^ou" mortal; " moout " or " maou " to die; " maout " dead; "mhau'' or " mhaau " or 
 '■ mhaaue " or " Smhau " tomb ; " miolon " or " meol6n " body inclosed ; " mem " or " me^uS " 
 memory; — in Greek "mnfiia" or " mneme " memory, "mnema" memorial, tomb. The character 
 occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 96, and Rosetta stone). For the 
 hieroglyphic character of the pyramid or great tomb, see Ouenephes. 
 
 l>w~ rt\ (bull signifying sobriety with manliness, Horap. i. 44) ; " masi " or " me"si " bull ; 
 /Vy^l"amahi" or " Smahi " might; " nomd " or "nomtS" strength; " m6d " or "mad" or 
 "mod" or " mout " neck, sinew; " mgtattshili " fortitude, manliness ; — in English "mad." The 
 character occurs from the Third dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 24 to 65). 
 
 T" mStreftshi " measurement; "mahi" or " mpai " flax; " mojh " or " moujh " or " moujg " 
 belt ; " mour " or •• mrre " or " me'rre' " band, chain ; " moui " or " tshimg " series ; — in Hebrew 
 "mthg" extension, length, measurement: in Sanscrit "ma" or "mad" to measure; in Zend 
 " meete " or " mate " ; in Greek " matron " and •' methimnos " ; in Latin '• metior " and "meta"; in 
 Gothic "mitan"; in Anglo-Saxon " metan " ; in German "messen." The character occurs under 
 the . .'. . dynasty (Rosellin. mon. cul. 62). 
 
 ^_^ "mahfi" or "mahi" or " mah " a cubit measure; "meri" or " m£ri " or " meerS " or 
 " am£ri " noon, a day; — in Greek " em£ra " da)'. The character occurs from prior to the 
 Tenth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 127, iv. pi. 27, and k. pi. 7). 
 
 "m6nt" bushel, a measure; " mouki " repository, vase; " mouh " or " mSh " or "mah" 
 full, to fill. — The character occurs under the .... dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 103): 
 .P" 1 — c? " mamrana " great tortoises, leaves of a book ; " mamad " mystery ; " me " or " mStsh " or 
 ^i_o=f " mStshe' " or " m£tsht " to go around, seek, explore ; " ma " where ; " s6tshm " or " s6tshSm " 
 to be ardent; "motshi " or " m6it " the way ; " moh " or "mouh" to burn, light up with flame. — ■ 
 The character occurs under the Nineteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 171). 
 
 The soft-shelled tortoise of the Nile, Trionyx . . . , is described as of large size, attacking and 
 devouring the young of the crocodile, — and is called " tyrseh " (Clot-Bey ii. 92). 
 
 " ouamtS " or " 6uoomt5 " or " mfishtol " or '• sh6m " turret, fortress; ••ma" or "mai" or 
 1 mS " the place ; " amone " habitation ; " amouni " hidden things (compare Plut. is. & osir. 9) ; 
 " amoni " to contain, inclose, prohibit ; " mcr " or " £mnai " or " mnai " here. — The character occurs 
 as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 30). A second r LLLLU -'] form occurs from the Fourth 
 dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 30, and k. pi. 5 to 66). 
 
 58? " mous " or " mousfir " or " m5user " thongs ; " moni " or " moonS " or " amoni " or " amoone' " 
 y&\ to reign, act as shepherd ; " mjiho " having no respect of persons ; " mas " young one ; " moonS " 
 fl P u P'li nursling ; " moni " arrived ; " ame " or amou " or " ameitn " or " amoit£n " or " amoini " 
 come; " am6i " come to me; " m5ud " or " tahm " or "thahSm" to call, be called; "mourk" to 
 vanish, bring to an end; — in Latin " moneo " admonish, "monitor." The character occurs on the 
 Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3. and k. pi. 7 to 59). 
 n, its pervading meaning religion. 
 
 ' mankanon " potter's wheel; "dsSnd" to found; "send" or "sSnd" or "se"nt£" basis, 
 foundation; -_"snt" or "sSnt" or "sont" or " sSnt " to create; " send " or " sSntS " or 
 'snau"t\vo. P"j — The character occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 34). A 
 second form occurs Lai under the .... dynasty (Champ, mon. 20). 
 
 (bundle of paper-reed, the primitive aliment, signifying ancient origin; words and 
 
 jfrfr 111 — III — 111 ] eaveSi or a sealed book, signifying the highest antiquity, Horap. i. 30 and ii. 25 ) ; " nas ' 
 or " nSs " ancient ; " nashnfihi " or " n£vahi " length of days, long continuing; ; " e^hi " or " £n£h " an 
 age, eternity, " neneh '' or " eineh " eternal : "6un"-or " 6u5n " to be. — The first character occurs 
 under the . . . dynasty (Champ gram. 77, and Rosell. m. civ. 35). The second character occurs from 
 the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 11 to 63. See 
 Papyrus antiquorum). 
 %ry (snake with a house in the middle, signifying "vasilSa kosmokratora " ruler of the world, 
 
 ^f Horap. i. 58); " nshi " the; " nitshd " elder, greater ; "nSule" leader; " naa " or " naaa " or 
 " nash " or " nosh " or " noj " great ; " nev " lord ; " neVei " lord of the house ; " nou " to intend. — 
 The character occurs from the Seventeenth dynasty to the \/M end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. 
 k. pi. 25 to 67). The united crowns of Upper and Lower <f Egypt are worn by a hawk under 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 43 
 
 the Third dynasty, and continue as a separate hieroglyphic character n on the Rosetta stone (Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. 2, and Champ, diet. 281). The crown of Upper Egypt /) occurs as a hieroglyphic 
 character from the Tenth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing V (Leps. k. pi. 10 to 67). 
 
 (" noun " inundation of the Nile, Horap. i. 21) ; " noun " abyss, depths of the sea ; " noun " 
 or " non " the deep ; " non " cessation, rest ; " noni " to be cast out ; " n£j " or " nej " or " noj " 
 or "nouj" or "noujS " to be cast out, recumbent. — The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy- 
 case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5 
 to 67). The form Vj of the Phoenician letter " nwn " appears to be an abbreviation of this char- 
 acter ; as also the forms f/ and ft of the Greek letter " nu " ; the last and latest form becoming 
 the ft of the Romans and the West. 
 
 ("narken" torpedo or electric fish signifying saving many in the ocean; for seeing a 
 multitude of fishes unable to swim, it succours and saves them, Horap. ii. 99) ; " monmfn " 
 concussion, earthquake, tempest ; " n£h " or " nouhS " or " nofiin " to shake, cause to 
 vibrate; " n6ini " stupefaction, tetanus; " n5tshs " striker; "noutshs" benumbed; " nevi " or 
 "ngevS" or "nev&" or " nevi " or " neeve " to swim; " nevi " ship, sailor; "nei" or " nSei " or 
 " nSSv " or " neev " sailor ; " na " or " nai " or " neei " compassion, to pity ; " naet " compassionate ; 
 "natshte"or " natshd " helper, deliverer; " Snatshe " or " natshS " many; " nSh " or "naMm" or 
 " nohSm " or " nouhm " or " tanhS " or " tanho " or " tango " saving, to save, rescue; — in Hebrew 
 the fourteenth letter " nwn " meaning fish ; in Greek " naus " and " nauphi " ship, " nautes " sailor ; 
 in Latin "nauta" and "navita" sailor, " navis " ship; in English "navy." The character occurs 
 under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3) ; and seems to agree best with Silurus clectricus of the 
 Nile. 
 
 a" noh " or " nouh " or " nSoud " rope; "nohi" rope-maker; "nahrn" or "nem" to; "nai" 
 or " nei " to me ; " niats " attention, expectation, hope ; " naht£ " to hope ; " noh " eyelids ; 
 " nahtS " or " nahd " or " tanhei " or " tanhit " or " tanhout " to believe, trust ; " nahd " faith ; — in 
 English the phrase " To hang on by the eyelids." The character occurs from the Third dynasty to 
 the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5, and k. pi. 7 and 44 to 64). 
 
 ff - " h6n " or " honhen " decree, command ; " hon '' or " henhon " or " henhen " to command, bid ; 
 *~~^ "hon" or "h6n" or"h6nt" to draw near. — The character occurs under the . . . dynasty 
 
 (Champ, diet. 112). A second form \ • occurs under the Twenty-sixth dynasty ("coffin of 
 
 queen of Amasis," Buns, and Birch). Q"[/ 
 
 "n" or "na" or "en" to conduct, bring, lead; "ini" or "Sine" or " eini " to bring, lay 
 hands upon ; " Sine " manicles ; " noui " or " neu " or " neou " to come ; " na " to go, " na " be- 
 „ longing to; "ntei" or "noui" mine; "ntak" or "nouk" thine; " ne " or " nek " to thee. — 
 The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 10 
 to 32). 
 
 & " nau " a thing seen in a dream, a vision, a form or figure ; " nkot " sleep ; " neu " to see ; 
 
 /'P "enue" form; "norj" or " neEtshlf " or "nehtshlhf" or " ngh-tshlh " horror, shuddering, 
 ■4H. to dread ; " notshp " or " noutshp " to be threatened, terrified ; " n6d " perspiration ; " nehse " 
 or " nghsi " to awaken. — The character occurs from the Twentieth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. d. iii. pi. 232 to iv. pi. 58). 
 
 TTT " ouotn " or " 6u6tn evol " or " ouoten evol " spondist or libation-pitcher, libation ; " neh ' 
 \f oil ; " nau " the hour ; " tenou " or " nou " now ; — in Greek " spenth6 " to pour out a libation, 
 " sponthe " libation, " sponthulos " vertebra or joint of back-bone, " nun," in Latin " nunc," in 
 English '• now " The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Eleventh dynasty 
 in Successive modifications to the Ptolemies (Leps. k. pi. 10 to 59). aA A- second form occurs 
 under the ... dynasty (" mummy at Leeds," Buns, and Birch). ' Pi Libations were made 
 bv lacob (Gen. xxviii. 18 and xxxv. 14) ; and were enjoined by Moses -H (Ex. xxix. 40). 
 
 II " navi " or " naui " a spear ; " navi " or " nave " or " novi " or " nove " sin ; " neh " or " laein " 
 I sharp ed*e or point ; " nouj " or " nnouj " or '■ noji " falsehood, thieving. - The character occurs 
 from the Third dynasty to the Seventeenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 and 30, and iii. pi. 8). 
 
 . ,, " neve " loins ; " natshtg " energy ; " natsht " or " ntshot " vehement ; " ghn« or nhe 
 
 f7 will • " nomd " or " nomte " strength ; " noeitsh " or " n6itsh " spleen ; " n " or " an » or " &n " 
 jj or " nnS " or " enne " " or mmon " or " emmon " or " emmen " no ; " neh " to renounce ; — in 
 Hebrew "nwa" to refuse; in Greek " ne " or "ne," in Latin "ne" or "non," m English "nay" or 
 " no " The character occurs under the . . . dynasty, and continues in use until the end of hiero- 
 glyphic writing (Champ, mon. i v. pi. 314, and Leps. k. pi. 66). _ _ _ 
 
 " ntiaau " or " niau " or " niaau " flax, linen, tow ; " nouhx veil, covering ; nonon or 
 '^^r^^nanon" garter- " tshent6 " linen, fine linen; " tshthen " or " tshten " tunic ; "anatsh"or 
 "anetsh " vow, oath ; -in English " knowledge." The character occurs from the Th.rd dynasty to 
 the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 63). In the hieroglyphic writing and 
 
44 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 elsewhere on the monuments, white garments are exclusively worn by the Egyptians, and distinguish 
 them from foreigners. The Gliddon mummy-case is composed of layers of linen ; the whole process 
 of spinning and weaving is figured under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan ; and mummies (with 
 the possible exception of some of the most recent) are found inwrapped in white linen. " Atwn " 
 or fine linen, is mentioned in Proverbs vii. 16 ; has been identified with the " othone " of Homer il. 
 iii. 141, Aristophanes acharn. 1176, Luke xxiv. 12, and Acts x. 11 ; and already in the days of Pliny, 
 the linen manufacture had extended down the Rhine to the Batavi or Hollanders. Eastward in 
 Hindustan, where flax is cultivated for its capsules and seeds only, linen cloth is nevertheless 
 mentioned in the Institutes of Menu (Deslongchamps translation) : and farther East in Burmah, 
 where the plant is unknown, "linen garments" are enumerated as "among those which priests are 
 permitted to wear" (Mason v. p. 517). 
 
 Linum usitalissimum of the Uralian plains. Called in France "lin" and the prepared fibre 
 "filasse " (Nugent), in Holland " vlas," in Britain flax or linear Unseed (Prior), in Germany "flachs " 
 or "lein" (Grieb), in Slavonian "flachs" (A. Dec), in Bohemian " len " (Bauhin), in Celtic " llin '' 
 signifying a thread (Thei's), in Italy "lino" (Lenz), in Greece "linari" (Sibth.), in Egypt "kittan," 
 but the oil from its seeds " zeyt har " (Del.): cultivated in Egypt at the time of the invention 
 of writing, — and fragments found by Unger in a brick of the pyramid at Dashur belonging to the 
 Twelfth dynasty (acad. Vienn., and journ. sc. Lond.) : the " hwr " is mentioned in Isaiah xix. 9, and 
 Esther i. 6 and viii. 15 , and L. usitatissimum was observed by Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey. and myself, 
 extensively cultivated for cloth-making in Egypt. Farther North, the "linon" is mentioned by 
 Homer il. ii. 529 and xviii. 570, Aeschylus suppl. 127, Herodotus, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides ; 
 the " linum " by Plautus, Cicero, Virgil, Columella, and Pliny : L. usitatissimum is termed " 1. sativum " 
 by Tournefort inst. 339 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation from 
 the Sperchius throughout Greece; by Lenz, in Italy ; is known to be cultivated throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. v. pi. 22) ; and according to Ledebour, grows as if wild on the 
 plains North of the Black Sea and Caspian. Southward and Eastward from Egypt, is called in Abys- 
 sinia " telba " or "entatieh," and is cultivated exclusively for the seeds which are roasted and eaten 
 (A. Rich. fl. abyss, i. p. 52): is called in Sanscrit "ouma" or "matousi" or " atasi " (Pidd.), in 
 Bengalee "shan" or " koshta," in Hindusttnee " san " or "atasi" or " tisi " (D'roz.), in the 
 environs of Bombay " ulsee " or " jowas-ulsee," the " unripe capsules " used as food by the natives 
 (Grah., and Gibs.), was observed by rmself under cultivation on the Deccan, but in general 
 throughout Hindustan is cultivated solely for the oil yielded by the seeds (Roxb., and Rovle ill. 
 p. 82). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under culti- 
 vation and is sometimes found springing up spontaneously; was also carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands (Boj.). Is enumerated by Lindley among medicinal plants, on account of the emollient 
 properties of the infusion, the meal of the seeds used for cataplasms, and the oil with lime-water 
 applied to burns. 
 
 rosary; "kunari" necklace; " vn6ni " or " kevnoni " gem. — The character occurs under 
 the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 4, and k. pi. 6). A second form ^ occurs under the 
 Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 96, and Champ, diet. 235). Strings of beads, {/~il possibly for rosa- 
 ries, are brought by foreign delegates in the Tribute-procession to Tetmes III. 
 
 The rosarv or string of prayer-beads as early perhaps as the invention of writing, — and I have 
 seen rosaries worn not by Catholics only, but by Muslims and Oriental Jews. 
 
 (stork signifying father-loving, the bird never separating from its fathers unto extreme 
 old age, Horap. ii. 55); "noun" stork; "nsa" after, "nsSou" henceforth; " Snhot " or 
 " nhot " or " nhote " or ' nhootS " faithful ; " noun£ " or " nouni " root, to take root. — The 
 character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19). 
 
 The stork, Ciconia, inhabits Egypt at least during the winter season ; — when the bird was seen 
 there by myself. Among the Creeks, the " pelargos " is mentioned by Plato ale. i. 135, and others. 
 Pliny x. 31 states, that the " ciconiae " leave Italy annually, but whither they go or whence they come 
 is unknown; that they return to the same nests and cherish the old age of their parents, "nidos 
 eosdem repetunt genetricum senectam invicem educant." 
 
 nwJl (cicada signifying initiated and devoted to sacred things, for it yields music from its back, 
 ^ Horap. ii. 52) ; " nahvi " or " nahv " or " nShvS " yoke, neck ; " nahv " part of the back : " noiem " 
 sweet sounding ; " notm " conversion ; " notm " musician attracting others to the dance; "sense-n" 
 to sound, resound; — in Greek " n6tos " back; in English "note" (in music). The character occurs 
 from the Fourth nn_n dynasty to the Seventeenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 34 to iii. pi. 12). A second form 
 occurs under the v_7 Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 3S). 
 
 (heart pendent from the fauces "pharuggos," signifying mouth of a good man, Horap. ii. 4); 
 
 " anai " beauty ; " nSs6 " or " gnaso " or " Snese " or "enesho" beautiful, pleasing; " nang " or 
 'nanou" or " gnanou " good ; " nof " joy, " noufi " good, useful ; " noeros " prudent, wise ; "naeiat" 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 45 
 
 or"naiat" or " naigt" blessed, happy; " n6 " model ; —in Hebrew " naw£ " decorous, beautiful; 
 in English, the phrase "carries his heart in his mouth." The V character occurs as early as the 
 Sixth dynasty (Leps.d. V ii. pi. 112). A second form occurs as j early as the Tenth dynasty (Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. 146). A third L form occurs from the Tenth dynasty f % to the Persian emperors (Leps. 
 d. iii. pi. 35 to 246, \l/ and k. pi. 11 and 14 to 49). 
 
 ± guitar .■ " nafli " or " nofrS " or " novrg " or " noufrS " or " nofri " profit, utility, useful ; " tntn " 
 I or " tntfin " or " tentSn " to resemble, imitate ; " ging " or " oni " or " ing " like, similar ; gini " imi- 
 U tator, mimic ; " ini " likeness, image ; " en " ape ; " nouSshg " or " ngat " limit, extremity. — The 
 character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 61). A 
 second form occurs from the Sixth dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. k. pi. 5 and 6 to 41). 
 
 x or ks, its pervading meaning example. 
 X (lion eating an ape to recover health, Horap. ii. 72) ; " thekos " male ape ; "xopina " suddenly, 
 unexpectedly ; " mokhs " troubles, pain, foes ; " tkas " grief. — The character occurs from the Fourth 
 dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the end of hieroglyphic writing (coffin of king Menkera, Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 10 to 63). That the cross-mark of rejection is the origin of the twenty-second 
 Greek letter "hi" or X further appears from the Greek word "hiazo," to mark with a cross spurious 
 coins and writings. At the Western extreme of the Mediterranean, the Greek pronunciation of the 
 letter X continues in the Spanish alphabet : while in Italy in the Latin alphabet, though correspond- 
 ing in position X retains its normal sound "ks,'' as also in Northern Europe. 
 
 m (pregnant bear signifying rude and not yet shaped; for the animal brings forth a mass like 
 a clot of blood, and holding this between her thighs, licks it with her tongue into shape, 
 Horap. ii. 79) ; " arx " a bear; — in English, the phrase " unlicked cub." The character occurs under 
 the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, bronze situlus Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch). 
 
 The Syrian bear, Ursus Syriacus, known therefore to the Egyptians at the time of the invention 
 of writing; although the animal does not appear to have ever inhabited Egypt, — and in fact, Pliny 
 viii. 83 states, that bears do not occur in Africa. Apart from the hieroglyphic writing, a bear led by 
 Northern delegates is figured in a tribute-procession under the Eighteenth dynasty. In neighbouring 
 Palestine, the " thwb " killed by David (1 Sam. xvii. 34 to 37) is admitted to be a bear; and the 
 "thwb" is also mentioned in 2 Sam. xvii. 8, Prov. xvii. 12, 2 K. ii. 24, and Hosea xiii. 8. The above 
 account of the parturition of the bear transferred to Northern species, is repeated by Pliny respect- 
 ing the " arktos " of the Greeks and " ursus " of the Romans (U. arctos). 
 
 " akgs " axe; " xala " vine-plantation; " kgks " bark; "keks" scales or plates; — in 
 
 Greek " axine," in Latin "ascia," in English "axe." The character occurs as early as 
 
 the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 63). That the implement represented is really an axe, appears 
 
 from its use in the hands of a carpenter under the Seventh dynasty at Sauiet el Meitin (Leps. 
 
 d. ii. pi. 108). 
 
 __, "laxg" segment, angle; " elks " angle, corner. — The character occurs under the Third 
 ■^^ dynasty (Leps. k. 5). A second form A occurs from the Eighteenth dynasty to the Twenty- 
 sixth (Leps. d. iii. pi. 69, 167, and 232 to /J\ 276). A third form =jl occurs under the Twenty- 
 sixth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi 276). |J 
 
 ===sg "kgrax" pick-axe; " loux " or " lox " or " loks " or " 16ks " to bite (as a serpent), prick, 
 Y fix. The character has been already noticed as presenting evidence of the Stone period hav- 
 ing existed in Egypt, — and occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case. The metallic adze ======# ^===o 
 
 occurs under the Fourth and Fifth dynasties ; and apart from hieroglyphic writing, is 
 used by a carpenter under the Seventh dynasty at Sauiet el Meitin (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 34, 49, and 108). 
 A fourth form ^ occurs under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 131). A fifth form rv_^ oc- 
 curs from the "* Fifth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 44, " and 
 k. pi. 23 to 62) : an intermediate form is found in the large adze held with both hands by a carpenter 
 under the Seventh dynasty at Sauiet el Meitin. 
 
 "smot" or "smod" similitude, example ; " sootg " or "sotS" or "sad" arrow; "x" 
 C==OC ' or " s g " sixty. — The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third 
 dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 24, iii. pi. 139, 251, and iv. pi. 4). The bundle of arrows 
 may have given rise to the form -=_ of the Greek letter "ksi"; and the correspondence with one 
 form g> of the Phoenician " smk," seems to indicate that the Phoenician letter once had the 
 
 sound of ks : the letters agree in position, numerical value of sixty, and confirmation is found in 
 the above Egyptian name. The facility with which ks is converted into S, is illustrated in English 
 A by the word " example " changed into "sample." 
 
 W " shiks " handful of wool or tow on distaff. — The character occurs as early as the Fourth 
 W dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 97). 
 
 ^^ « sad " to spin or twist thread ; " sotg " thread. — The first character occurs under 
 XC^ '^^3 the Fourth dynasty ; the second, under the Fourth or Fifth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10 and 83). 
 
46 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 9 Ij-i " jaks " to border or fringe ; " jgkas " or " j£kggs " so that ; " xelsol " or " sels61 " to orna- 
 
 9 merit, adorn ; "selsol" or "sSlsol" or " sglsSl " to be comforted ; "ouxas " consolation. — The 
 
 v first character occurs in the Book of the Dead xxxvi. 99. 11. The second character occurs under 
 
 the . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 18). 
 
 <Sp=— "xour"ring; " korks " ring, chain ; "askis " fetter ; " xal6s " timid ; " thax " or " thoks " 
 or " thoux " to pierce, fix firmly in. — The character occurs as early as the Fifth dynasty (Leps. 
 
 d. ii. pi. 66 and 79). 
 
 /"— < "xome" or "xone" dish, platter; " xiraks " barley-gruel; " t£ks '' to cook, add into; 
 (Ssj— s " tshlox " a spit or pole ; '• lix " secret place. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty 
 to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 7 to 56). A second form f4& occurs under the 
 Twelfth dynasty (pyramid at Dashour, Vyse iii.). JiBr 
 
 o, its pervading meaning open ; the exclamation o ! or oh ! , uttered on enlightenment. 
 
 (^ " soouhS " or " soouhi " egg, " soouhg " probation ; " 66 " or " 66s " to conceive ; " 6 " or " o " 
 or " ui " to be, " do " or " doi " I am ; " 6nh " or " 6nah " or " onh " or " ong " to live ; " orj " inclosed ; 
 "6u6h" or "6u66h" to cover, dwell; "onh" habitation; " orf " or "orv " or " 6r£v " or "6re> " 
 to guard; "6sa" contempt; " ovtsh " or " optsh " to neglect, contemn; " otp " seclusion; — in 
 Greek " 66n," in Latin "ovum," egg. The character occurs from the Seventeenth dynasty to the end 
 of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. iii. pi. 25, and k. pi. 25 to 67). 
 
 2 "6u6tsh "' interval of time or space ; " hro " or " kro " beach, shore; " ouostn " or " 6u6tshs " 
 Jg breadth, to dilate; "ph6ji" or "ph6g" or "pooh" or " 6u6tsh " fissure, to burst, be cloven; 
 " ou6t£n " or " ouotvg " hole ; " 6u6t " or " 6u6tan " or " 5uot£n " to perforate, go through ; " ontsh " 
 to make an end, finish ; " 0116 " to evacuate. — The character occurs under the Eighteenth dynasty 
 (sarcoph. of king Her, Champ, diet. 449, tomb Brit, raus., Buns, and Birch). 
 
 •^s (hare "lag66n " signifying " anoixin " act of opening; for the animal has its eyes always 
 
 tS^C;, open. Horap. i. 26) ; " ouon " or " 6u6n " to open, " 6u6n " act of opening. — The character 
 occurs from the Third dynast)- to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 , and k. pi. 5 to 62). 
 The hare, Lepus timidus, is remarkable among small defenceless quadrupeds for avoiding con- 
 cealment ; passing its whole life on the open plain. Is enumerated by Clot-Bey as called " arneb " 
 in Egypt, and differing "by the colour of its fur and length of its ears and hind feet" from the hare 
 of Europe. 
 
 ^r^ (eaglet signifying roundish " kukloethon '' and producing males, Horap. ii. 2) ; " s66uhi " 
 y /5 4 crown of the head ; " oik " gibbous or convex, " 61k " to be incurved, bowed down ; " ouoj " 
 whole, safe; "6u6tsht" incurving, adoration, to adore; " 6tsh " to vow, invoke, promise; "ouotsh" 
 or " 6tsh " voluntary ; " orf " religious ; " j6 " hymn or song, " j6 " to pipe or sing. — The character 
 occurs under the Fourth dynasty, also in the Book of the Dead, and continues in use under the 
 Twenty-ninth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 28, and k. pi. 29 to 50). 
 
 (-. (the sun called " 6r6s " by the Egyptians, because it rules the hours, Horap. i. 17) ; "rS" or 
 "re "sun; " ounoouS " or " 5un66uS " hours ; " tooui " in the morning ; "6u6£in " light ; "h65u" 
 day ; " ho " or " tho " aspect ; " 6 ! " o ! or oh ! ; — in Hebrew " awr " light, to illuminate, shine ; in 
 Greek "6 ! ", in Latin " oh ! ", in English o ! or oh ! . The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty 
 to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 66) : is also an ancient if not the original form 
 of the sixteenth Phoenician and Hebrew letter " iyn," the Greek "6-mikron," and the Latin and 
 Western 0. 
 
 " onh " demonstration ; " 5u5nh " to shine, " 6u6nh " to be made manifest. — The char- 
 " *~* acter occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5). 
 
 "ou6t" like as, the same, " 6u6t " crude, uncooked ; " ooutsh " or " 66utsh " pottage ; " orvS " 
 cake of bread ; " oSik " or '■ oofiik " or " 6ik " breid ; " j6j " unleavened bread ; " j6j " or " shosh " 
 or "jefjof" or "jofjeT" to cook; — in English, the phrase "the egg is full of dough." The char- 
 acter occurs as early as the .... dynasty, and continues in use until the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 (Leps. d iv. pi. 54). A second form ^ occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the end of hiero- 
 glyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 35, and 56 to 64). 
 
 Ervum lens oi the Uralian plains? Called in Britain lentil, in France " lentille " (Nugent), in 
 Germany " linse," in Italy " lente " (Lenz), in Illyrian " socivika," in Russian " tschetschevitza " (A. 
 Dec), in Greece " pliakc " (Sibth ), in Eg^pt " a'ds " apparently from the Egyptian " 66utsh " pot- 
 tage, the plant being called in Egyptian " artshin " or " artshan " — (transl. Ezek iv. 9, ms. Boro-. 
 and Zoeg. p. 651) : E. lens continuing abundantly cultivated in Egypt, the general use of red lentil 
 pottage, such as caused Esau to be called Edom (Gen. xxv. 30 to 34) is very striking: the " othsh " 
 is also mentioned in 2 Sam. xvii. 28, xxxiii. 11, and Ezekiel iv. 9. Farther North, the " phakos " or 
 " phake " is mentioned by Aristophanes vesp. S21. TheophrasLus, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus iv. 47 ; 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " l^ntSm " or " ISntikoulam " of the Romans ; the " lentim " or 
 " lens " is mentioned by Cato 34, Virgil, Columella, Pliny, and the " lenticula " by Palladius vii. 3 : E. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 47 
 
 lens is described by Rivinus tetr. irr. pi. 35 ; is termed "I. vulgaris " by T.ournefort inst. 390 ; was ob- 
 served by Georgi in Southern Russia (Ledeb.) ; by Sibthorp, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece 
 and springing up spontaneously in cultivated ground ; by Lenz, under the same circumstances in 
 Italy ; as throughout middle Europe (Pers., and Koch), where it is regarded by A. Decandolle as not 
 indigenous. Eastward, was unknown in Hindustan at the time of Alexander's visit (Theophr. iv. 4), 
 has no Sanscrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.) ; but is cultivated at present even in Bengal (A. Dec), is 
 called in Hindustanee " moth " or " adas " or " masur " (D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay " mus- 
 soor" (as though brought from Egypt) but continuing "commonly cultivated " (Graham). Imported 
 lentils are occasionally sold in Northeast America, but I am not aware of any attempts at cultivation. 
 " E. nigricans " was observed by Fraas indigenous in Greece. 
 
 n n n (P re g nant na wk signifying dismissing children on account of poverty ; for the bird lays 
 three eggs and breaks two of them, being unable from losing its nails to rear three young, 
 Horap. ii. 94) ; " tshSnS " or " tshSni " or " m£tj8v " or " m£th6v " infirmity ; " mSthS Svol " dismis- 
 sion ; " 6u5d " separation ; " 818m " to be affected with sorrow, compunction ; " ok£m " or " okm " 
 or " 8kSm " or " 8km " sadness, having a sad countenance ; " ol " or " 81 " or " 81i " or " 81p " to take 
 away, lead, embark; "h81" to depart; "6u8t£v" to pass over, migrate. — The character occurs under 
 the Fourth or Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 99). 
 
 (horn of the male bullock signifying work ; of the female, penalty, Horap. ii. 16 and 17) ; 
 ; tap " or " top " extremity, horn ; " h8p " horn ; " h8f " or " h6v " work, business ; " os8 " or 
 " osi " penalty, loss ; " 8pt " or " opt " to bear ; — in English, " the two horns of a dilemma." The 
 character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 7). A second form \ -^ occurs under 
 the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasties (Leps. d. iii. pi. 55, 144). A third form \^\, ^ ^ oc- 
 curs under the Twenty-second dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 44). 
 
 (seven marks inclosed by two fingers signifying inexperienced, also destiny, also mu-ic, 
 Horap. ii. 27) ; " Svia " near ; " 8p " lot, allotment, accounts, vote ; " hi-6p " to cast lots ; 
 "han-8p" betrothed ; — in English, " the two horns of a dilemma.'' ^S=\ The character occurs 
 as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 7). JIL A second form M^ occurs under ^-J 
 the Eighteenth dynasty; together with a third ^^Wpi (Leps. d. iii. pi. 55). A fourth 
 
 form occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the *'^f\ Ptolemies (Leps. d iii. pi. 148, 
 
 and iv. pi. 13). 
 
 " osr " or " ouosr " or " vos8r " oar ; " on " again ; " ou8hm " again, to do again ; " ouohg " 
 ^~^' ox " ouoohg " or " ouohg " or " ouohi " or " ohi " fisher ; " 8j£r " to hold on, persevere ; " oorj " 
 or " 8rj " diligent, diligence ; " 6j8n " unremitting ; " 6ms " or " 8ms " to drown ; " 6sht " or " 6jh " 
 suffocate ; " 8jev " or " 8shv " or " ortsh " or " Srtsh " cold, to grow cold ; " 6jn " to perish ; " 8jp " 
 or " 6u6jp " or " ouojp " destruction. — The character occurs from the Fifth dynasty to the Greek 
 conquest (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 60) : the Latin word for oar " remus," has been derived from "ramus " 
 branch ; and branches of trees similar to the above figure, were observed by myself used for rowing 
 rafts of earthen jars on the Nile. 
 
 " 8ssh " plain, Desert ; " koi " plain, field ; " hoi " or " h6id " farm ; " ohi " or " ohg " or 
 ~ 7VT " ooh6 " or " iohi " or " ouiohi " field, flocks, cattle-fold ; " sdohS " or " sd8hS " cultivated field ; 
 '■ ouoi " or " ou8i " or " ouoiS " or " 6uo£i8 " cultivator, tiller of the soil. — The character occurs 
 from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10, and k. pi. 5 to 66). 
 *\5ft (baboon " kunokephalon " standing with hands raised and the emblem of royalty on the 
 
 ^s^, head, signifying the moon rising ; for both sun and moon have a share in light, Horap. i. 
 jfa! 15) ; " ioh " or " ooh " or " oou " moon ; " onk " to rise, increase. — The character occurs as 
 early as the ... . dynasty (fig. Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch). 
 
 •jf U " ogion " or " pogion " oesophagus ; " tshou8vS " or " tshv8vi " throat ; " omk " or " 8mk " 
 T J to swallow; " oji " limit, end. — The two characters occur as early as the . . . dynasty, 
 I I also in the Book of the Dead and on a sarcophagus now in the British museum (Buns, and 
 Birch). 
 
 p, its pervading meaning practical. The interjection poh ! 
 *=—=** " pashS " segment, table ; "pinaz " or "vinaj " dish, board ; "pen " victuals, food ; "pahs ' 
 li wild-ame; " patsh " a hunt ; "pise " or " p£s " to cook ; —in Greek "pera" wallet or provi- 
 sion-pouch, " pinax " a table or board ; in Latin " paro " to provide. The character occurs from the 
 Fourth dynasty to the Eighteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 28, iii. pi. 67). A second form £fQj occurs 
 under the . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 255). » 
 
 (Ml " pennS " door ; " pennS " or '■ pei » or " ph«i " flea ; - in Greek " pulos " door, in Latin pulex 
 111 flea The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). A second form Q occurs 
 from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. 11. pi. 25, and k. pi. 5 to 67). 
 
 The flea, Pulex irritans, already in Egypt at the time of the invention of writing - continues 
 well known there. In Palestine, the " phrish " or flea is mentioned in the history of Saul (1 Sam. xx.v. 
 
4& CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 14) ; in Greece, the " psullos " is mentioned by Aristophanes nub. 145 and 83 [, Dioscorides, and Lu- 
 cian ; and in Italy, the " pulex " by Columella, Pliny, and Martial. Eastward from Asia, the flea was 
 found by myself aboriginally introduced throughout the inhabited islands of the Pacific ; was also 
 aboriginally introduced throughout America to" the shores of the Atlantic in New England (R. Wil- 
 liams key, 6), having in the last two instances evidently accompanied the dog. 
 
 jljTTjj "paganos " head-quarters, or palace; " tshtop " inn ; " pretsh " or " pors " mat; " portsh " or 
 JU^ " pdrtsh " or " prtsh " to spread out, strew ; — in English " preach," and " porch." The charac- 
 ter occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case. A second form ||| occurs under the Third and Fourth 
 dynasties (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 and 27, Champ, mon iv. 325, jjjjf 326). 
 
 r"pat" knee; "poht" or "paht" to fall down before, prostrate one's self: "pSht" to bow 
 dnwn; "aspS" or "aspi" or "sapi" tongue, speech; "saps" or "sfips" or "sops" or 
 "sepsSp" or "sopsp" or "sopsop '' to beseech, supplicate. — The character occurs under the . . 
 dynasty (Champ, gram. 343, and Rosellin. mon. cul. 38). 
 
 (? "poonS" or "p6on£" or " p66ni " or "p££n£" migration, to remove; "pet" or " p6t " or 
 "ph6t" or "phet" to run, flee; " sepe " swiftness ; "polsh " or "p61sh " to be delivered from, 
 liberated. — The character occurs under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps d. iii. pi. 5), is perhaps 
 the origin of the form 1 of the seventeenth Phoenician letter "pha," and of the earliest form f of the 
 Greek letter "pi." The Nubian throwiug-club is besides figured under the Twelfth dynasty at Beni- 
 hassan (Champ mon. pi. 395) ; was found by Bonomi ninev. iv. 1 and pi. 41 employed by the Bishareen 
 as a missile principally for capturing game ; the pattern, as observed by myself, continuing unchanged. 
 Acacia Ailclii a of the Southern border of the Sahara as far as Arabia. Called in Yemen '• soul " 
 or "saelam," in Egypt " sahat " (Forsk. ) or as heard by myself "s6nt"; in which we recognize its 
 original Egyptian name "sond" or "tshond" : the Nubian throwing-clubs according to my Dongola 
 attendant are made of "selem " wood, and were ascertained bv Bonomi to be of "sunt" • the river- 
 barges in use at the time of the invention of writing may also have been of this timber, — as in the 
 time of Herodotus ii. (_/>, and to the present day (Clot- Be v ii. 2. 29) : the tree with its marked foliage 
 is figured at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty (Champ, d. ii." pi. iS) ; the " akakia " of Egypt is 
 described by Ihoscorides as yielding a black " stuptikCn " astringent gum, mentioned also by Pliny 
 xxiv. 65, Rhazes, and the mode of procuring it described by Abdallatif i. 2 : A. Nilotica, whose pods 
 are besides used for tanning (Clot-Bey), was observed by myself planted and naturalized around vil- 
 lages throughout Egypt to the end of my journey at Assouan; beyond, according to Lepsius eg. and 
 sin. p. 129 to 170, is distinguished by the Nubians as "the tree," and was observed by him indigenous 
 in Upper Nubia. Eastward, was observed by Forskal indigenous along the base of the mountains of 
 Yemen, the bark used for tanning; by myself, under cultivation only at Muscat ; is called in Sanscrit 
 "burbura," in Bengalee " babula " or "babool," in Telinga " nella-tooma " (Lindl.), and the " babool " 
 tree, planted through the suggestion of Gil son, has become "common in the Deccan " (Graham), 
 principally as observed by myself for its shade along roadsides. 
 
 A hieroglyphic character fl (possibly representing the rib) agrees at least in shape with the 
 Jfcsofioiaminn thro-^in^-ilub. II — The character is painted red on the Gliddon mummv-case. occurs 
 also under the Third, and down | to the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and iii.pl 5) A 
 throwing-club of similar shape is held by an Egvpti in under the Seventeenth dynasty, by the Asiatic 
 strangers at Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 9, and ii. pi. 131), and by individ- 
 uals on the Assyrian monuments. 
 
 X "poms " scurrility ; " pashse " or " patse " spittle. — ■- The character occurs in the Bonk of the 
 Dead, also under the .... dynasty (Champ, gram. 99, 42, 154, and Buns, and Birch). 
 
 (ichneumon signifying weakness, succoured by others; for the animal calls others to its 
 assistance before resisting a serpent, Horap. ii. 31) ; " pak£n-het " pusillanimous ; " penhct " 
 poor, destitute ; — in Greek "penes' poor; in Latin "penuria," penury, "pauper." The character 
 occurs in the Ritual, also under the dynasty (Buns, and Birch). 
 
 The ichneumon, although belonging to a Tropical genus is known to inhabit Egypt along the 
 Nile; — was in ancient times protected by law, is at present called "nems,"and although verv de- 
 structive to all smaller animals is sometimes domesticated (Clot-Bey ii. <>(">). As inhabiting Egypt is 
 mentioned by Aelian, Pliny, Lucan, and other Greek and Roman writers. 
 » mantis or praying-insect ; " pctd " (one of the insects enumerated in transl. Levit xi. 22) ; 
 
 mS^ 3 "pfitd" corslet; " p£td-tot £vol " fishmonger. — The character occurs under the . 
 dynasty (Champ, diet. 168). 
 
 stand of balance-sc lies : "pesh"to be at variance; " p61j " or " p&rj " dissension ; " patshe " 
 half; "shijapi" to be in suspense, waver ;— in English "to halt between two opinions." The 
 character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 1). A second form occurs from 
 the Seventh dynasty to the Eighteenth (Leps. k. pi. 6 to 27). And a third from the Eighteenth 
 dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. k. pi. 28 to 41). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 49 
 
 or " pdhs ' 
 
 checkered or variegated ; in English "living from hand to mouth." The character occurs as early as 
 
 the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 21). 
 
 The hymia is well known in Egypt where it is called " dabeh," extending besides through- 
 out North Africa and into Syria (Clot-Bey ii. 58). — Apart from hieroglyphic writing, is figured under 
 the Fourth dynasty at Gizeh in a seemingly reclaimed or semidomestic state (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10). Its 
 flesh, I was informed by Mr. Birch, is sometimes represented on the monuments as served up at 
 feasts : and to the present day, Bayard Taylor centr. "Afr. 35 found the flesh of the hyaena eaten by 
 the people along the LIpper Nile 
 
 (pewit or lapwing " epopa " prognosticating abundant vintage, Horap. ii. 88); 
 ^/^/ "karapipi" or " pStepet " lapwing; " petep " profit, interests; " epS " or " epi " num- 
 ber ; " 6p " or " op " or " ep " to number, reckon, estimate ; " platikos " ease, relaxa- 
 tion of mind. — The character occurs under the Fourth dynasty; and the single lapwing, from the 
 Fifth to the Seventeenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 18, 48, and iii. pi. 16). 
 
 The lapwing, Vanellus, was observed by myself to be frequent in Egypt, at least during the 
 winter season.— North of the Mediterranean, the " epops " is mentioned by Aeschylus (Plin. x. 44), 
 Aristophanes av. 47, and Plato phaed. 85 ; but by many writers is referred to the hoopoe; in fact the 
 description of the " upupa " by Pliny, belongs in part to the hoopoe. 
 
 (" p6shS " or " shop " sole of the foot, basis ; " shop " or " sh6pS " or " sh<Spi " to gain posses- 
 sion ; — in Greek "pous" foot; in English "position." The character occurs as early as the 
 Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 28). A second form \ occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from 
 
 pi. 138, iii. pi. 5, and k. pi. 27 to 57). A 
 nasty (sepulchr. tablet Brit, mus., Buns. 
 
 the Twelfth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. 
 possible /\. combination occurs under the . dy 
 and I I Birch). 
 
 , 1 " pe " or " pS " or " phS " celestial, the heavens, firmament ; " pitS " or " phettS " or 
 
 " phid " bow, rainbow ; — in Greek, the name " pi " of the sixteenth letter ; in English " pity." 
 The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty, also in the Book of the Dead, and continues in 
 use until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 36, 98, and k pi. 14 to 63) : is besides the 
 possible origin of the flat-topped form 1 of the Hebrew letter " pha," and Greek P "pi" (compare 
 also the round-topped form). 
 
 _ _. "sp£r" or "spir" or " sphir " the side; "pira" soul, life; "p6k" or " pS " or "p£k"or 
 Xi4 " p£t£n " your ; " pai " this ; " pa " or " p6i " mine ; " panikiros " quiet, placid, mild ; " peraoud " 
 arrival, meeting; " pattshelSt " or " pattsh5156t " bridegroom; — in Latin "spiritus" air or life or soul, 
 " spirans " living or breathing ; in English " aspire, inspire, respire, expire." The character occurs 
 under the .... /-^r^j*. dynasty (Champ, diet. 50). A second form occurs from the Twenty-first 
 dynasty to the K. il Ptolemies (Leps. d. iii. pi. 246 to iv. pi. 41). 
 
 1 (tongue on teeth signifying taste not perfected, Horap. i.. 31) ; " pok " soft; " pokinos " desire, 
 love ; " pouei " fervour ; " paitshS " remedy. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also 
 under the ... . dynasty (papyri, tablet Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch). 
 
 (beginning of the mouth signifying taste "geusin," Horap. i. 31) ; " dpS " or " tgipS " taste; 
 
 " top " or " t6p " to taste ; " top " beginnings or extremities ; " spotou '' or " sphotou " lip ; 
 
 " pgi " or "pi " or " phi " a kiss ; " dpSi " or " dpi " or " dphi " to kiss ; " polh " to be wounded ; 
 
 " sps«p " to propitiate, be appeased ; " eling " or "piling " or " pMh " will. —The character occurs 
 
 under the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 71). 
 
 ts or tz or ds or dz, its pervading meaning courtship. 
 \ fish-spear ; " tshats " perforation ; " kots " entanglement, craftiness ; " dso " or " dsa " to 
 
 ^■ -7 -. spare; —in Hebrew, the eighteenth letter " dz," " dzwth " or "dzyth" hunting, fishing; in 
 Greek, the name " zeta" of the sixth letter. The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the 
 Twenty-sixth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10, iii. pi. 26). A second form occurs in the Book of the Dead, also 
 under the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasties (Leps. d. iii. pi. I S3, and k. pi. 28 and 68). A third 
 form \j. occurs under the Twenty-second dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 257). The fish-spear is said 
 to be the origin of the eighteenth Phoenician and Hebrew letter tsadi, some of whose forms f ¥ V 
 present decided confirmation. ,.,„,„ 
 
 *« "dsa&t" or "dso£it" or "dsoou" or "dsdit" to praise, celebrate, glorify ; " rahts " pros- 
 j[ trator. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under the Twentieth dynasty 
 (Champ, gram. 387, and Leps. d. iii. pi. 237). 
 
 "dsa" or "tsano" or " sano " beauty, to render beautiful, adorn ; " tsana or tsaneu 
 becomingly, gracefully ; " tsamieu " ornamented. — The character occurs under the Third 
 dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and Champ, diet. 285). A second form ^ occurs under the 
 .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 285). ? 
 
50 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 YYYY. t ^ ie heavens falling ; " dsak " to be molested, plagued ; " shagio " or " tsha£io " or 
 Hj.l.H«t s hai£ " condemnation ; "tsvkS"or " tsvko " to make lower, dismiss; "tsto" to reject, 
 treat with scorn; "tsto "to come back, return. — The character occurs as early as the ... dy- 
 nasty, also in the Book of the Dead (Buns, and Birch). 
 
 fry? " tsahoul " to muzzle, curb. — The character occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 J 5)- A second form *<, occurs under the Twenty-first dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 246). A third, 
 under the Persian con /$ quest (Champ, gram. 142, 38, 48, and Buns, and Birch). 
 rx " s6 " or " tsg " or " ts£i " or " tso " or " ts6 " to pour out water, to drink. — The character 
 f loccurs under the . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 427). 
 
 fcdl '' tsig '" or " tsio " to be satisfied ; '' t56ts " a double seat. — The character occurs in the Book 
 Ipjj of the Dead xxii. 53. 4. 21, also under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 5). 
 Ov hand hanging down; " hets " extremity of foot or hand; " niatste " tender, weak ; "niats" 
 
 ^^ attention, expectation, hope. — The character occurs as early as the . dynasty (Champ, 
 diet. 459). 
 
 q or kw, its pervading meaning question. 
 jL " koihi " nerve ; " k6d " questions, to interrogate ; " k6rtsh " or " kdrJtsh " to supplicate, ask ; 
 /»/j "kolj" or "k61j" to bend, incurve; — in Hebrew " kwsh " to be incurved, " ky " whether ? 
 J J when ; in Sanscrit " kas ? ka ? kirn ? ; " in Greek " koie " in what manner ? ; in Latin " quaestio, 
 quaero, qua, qualis, quam, quamdiu, quamdudum, quamobrem, quampridem, quando, quantus, qua- 
 propter, quare, quatenus, queiscum, quemadmodum, qui, quianam, quicum, quid, quiclnam, quidni, 
 quidum, quin, quis, quisnam, quo, quoad, quomodo, quonam, quorsum, quot, quoteni, quoties, quotu- 
 mus, quovis, quousque, quum " ; in English " inquire, quietus." The character occurs in the Book 
 of the Dead, and continues in use under the Twenty-sixth dynasty (sarcopn. queen of Amasis, Buns, 
 and Birch). 
 
 " ko£ih " or " k6ih " or " k6hi " scabbard ; — in Greek " kolgos " or " kouleos " scabbard. The 
 character occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the Twentv-second (Leps. k. pi. 31 to 45). 
 
 " korvi " knife ; " korj " or " korj " or " koor " to cut off, be cut off ; " koons " or '• kons " or 
 " k5ns " slaughter, to slay ; " kSvh " or " kovh " cord, sinew, " kovh " to cut the sinews ; " kolp " 
 or " k61p " thieving, to steal ; — in Hebrew '■ kwdz " to cut, " kwi " to incise or dig, " kwr " to dig, 
 " kwdz " or " kwt " to disdain; in Greek "koura'' a young woman, " koura " a shearing. The 
 character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Twenty-second (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5 to iii. pi. 255). 
 y~\ " kara " head or skull ; " kahi " head of book or chapter; " p^rkfiti " male ape; — in Hebrew, 
 ii the nineteenth letter ''kwph " back of the head, occiput ; "kwph" monkey, in Sanscrit "kapi," 
 in Greek '• kepos " or " kevos " ; in old English " cop " top or head. The character occurs from the 
 Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 25. and k pi. 7 to 63) : is besides 
 the origin of the form 9 of the obsolete Greek letter "koppa" ; which transported to Italy became 
 the Roman q, and the later and Western 0. The form P of the Phoenician and Hebrew letter 
 "kwph " is not unlike a side view of the occiput; and is continued in the Etruscan, later Roman, 
 and our Western c {. 
 
 W (headless man walking, signifying "athunaton" impossibility, Horap. i. 55) ; " at-jom " or 
 " at-shom " impossible ; " k6mtsh " or " komtsh " to laugh at, deride. — The character oc- 
 curs from the Third dynasty to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7, and k. pi. 35). 
 
 Q (leopard-skin joined to a hyaena-skin, signifying vanquished by an inferior, Horap. ii. 07) ; 
 B"k66v£f" feeble, weak; " koove" " or " k<">6ve " compelling; " koCfe " or •' kS6v£ " prohibiting ; 
 |J " k66u " or " koouS " or " k56u " strangers, others. — The character occurs from the Fourth dy- 
 nasty 10 the Ptolemies. (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19, 144, and k. pi. 50 to 56). The following modification 
 •crfc) occurs under the Eighteenth dynasty, and continues in use under the Thirtieth (Leps. d. iii. 
 
 pi. 52, and k. pi. 50). 
 /^K\ (star and sun with its disk cut in twain signifying a betrothed woman ; star sometimes signi- 
 /2*S> fying soul of a male human being, also destiny, Horap. i. 13, ii. 1 and 13). " ktirtsh " to 
 sweeten. — The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5). 
 
 r\ "koh" or " kooh " corner, summit, precipitous or abrupt; "kouklS" apex; "koons" or 
 
 I V " koos " or " kos " or " k66s " corpse, to prepare for burial; "kolem" or " h61Sm " quickly or 
 to hasten. — The character occurs from the Fifth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. 
 ii. pi. 58, 98, and k. pi. 15 to 61. For " hoiron" pig, signifying lost or ruined, Fforap. ii. 35, see pi° r ). 
 r, its pervading meaning "rushing on" (Plato). 
 
 " ro " or " r6 " mouth ; " ro " door ; " eiSro " or " gioor " or " iaro "' or " ieVo " river ; " roth- 
 <: ^ gion " torrent ; " ra '' river-mouth ; " rooutsh " loquacity, conversation ; — in Hebrew " yor " 
 the Nile (Buns, and Birch v. p. 749) ; in Greek the seventeenth letter " r6," also " rOti " to flow, 
 "roe "stream, " rume " rushing on, current, " hfiimarros " winter torrent ; in Latin " rivus " river, 
 " rivulus " rill, " ruo " to rush, " curro " to run, " cursus " course, " rapidus " rapid. The character 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 5 1 
 
 occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing 
 (Leps. A. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 67). 
 
 t"r£potia" winnowing-fan, "ripid" sacred fan ; "rak" or "raki " or "rSk" or "rSkt" or "rikfi" 
 or " riki " to bow down, incline ; " riki " or " rSkrikS " or " rfikriki " nodding, inclining the head ; 
 " ts-hard " or "r6f " or "rret" or "Sret" promise, vow; " 6reu " or " Sreou " mutual; "mour" 
 bond, to bind — The character occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, mon. iii. 219). 
 
 a the cottage ; " Srvi " or " ershd " or " £rso " habitation. — The character occurs on the Gliddon 
 mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the Seventeenth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, no, and k. pi. 24). 
 And seems a figure of the cottage in fashion at the time of the invention of writing. The flat 
 roof indicates a rainless climate ; the material of the walls being probably mud suffered to dry in the 
 sun. The window has at least the form of the archj and it may be, that dobi or mud-bricks were 
 already in use. — " Tombs with vaulted roofs made of mud-bricks as far back as the time of the 
 pyramids," are mentioned by Lepsius Eg. and Sin. p. 74. 
 
 " raoue " or " raue " bedroom, bed ; " r6m " or " £rom " couch ; " r6t2v " to recline ; " tshSSl " 
 _ or"tshar"or "tshaar" hide or skin; " tshairi " or "tshaire" nuptial couch ; — in English 
 " room, chair." The character occurs from the Eleventh dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 149, 
 118, and k. pi. 57). A second form occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. k. pi. 32 to 63). 
 
 Uj " tshaire " or " r6t " or " eiouot " or " 6ur6t " or " ratshi " hilarity, festivity, joy ; " ratshi " or 
 7j "ratshe" or " ourot " to rejoice; "raitS" guests; "rouhe" or " rouhi " evening ; — in Greek 
 7] "haire " rejoice, greeting; in English "rout" festive assembly or crowd. The character occurs 
 as early as the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 30). A possible modification occurs from the Seven- 
 teenth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 23 to 67). A wedding among the 
 rural population of Upper Egypt witnessed by myself, was attended by men standing in a row and 
 clapping hands, 
 aa. " sistra " sistrum ; " rooune " virginity ; "rana"to be admired; "ran" or " Sran " agreeable, 
 W pleasing, to accept ; " ratsh " or " rftsh " or " r6tshe " or " r6tshi " sufficient, to be content ; — in 
 J English " sister." The character occurs from the Tenth dynasty to the Twenty-second (Leps. k. 
 II pi. 10 to 45). A second form ££ occurs under the Ptolemies (Leps. k. pi. 52). A third form 
 occurs under the Twenty-eighth ^ dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 49)- The sistrum was known to the 
 Romans as an Egyptian musical in strument (Propert, Ovid amor. el. 8) ; the Egyptians being 
 
 further characterized as " sistrata turba " by Martial xii. 
 
 (half of snake signifying king over only part of the world, Horap. i. 60)^ "ratsh" or 
 C — — I " renphah " to divide ; " ri " or " re " part ; " rra " or " rro " or " 6rra " or " erro " or " ouro " 
 kino-- "rrd" queen, " rrfiou " kings; " ourit " or " rit " keeper, governor; " ourad " keepers ; — in 
 Hebrew the twentieth letter "rash" or "rysh"head; in Arabic " rais " captain. The character 
 occurs under the Third and Fourth dynasties (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 to 31) : and seems the origin of the 
 form q f the Phoenician and Hebrew letter "rash," P of the Greek letter " rS," continued even in 
 Celtiberian, and a of the Umbrian and Oscan r. 
 
 r~\ " re " or " re " sun ; " rasd " or " rastS " morrow ; " tsh6rp " in the morning ; phSr or ra- 
 rV>| sou " or " rasoui " dream ; " r6ht " trance ; " r6an " or " ertshan " when ; - in Hebrew " bkr " 
 morning, " mhr" morrow, in Greek "aurion," in Latin " eras." The character occurs from the Eigh- 
 teenth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. iii. pi. 152, and k. pi. 29 to 58). 
 
 " r66u6 " or " rdoui " or " ar66ue " harvest-remains or stubble ; " sesnt gleanings, ears of 
 \& grain that escape the sickle ; " srit " to collect the remains ; - in Hebrew " hrb " laid waste, 
 « hrgL' or « arbe " locust ; in Greek «• akris " grasshopper ; in Latin " calamitas ;• calamity, from the 
 Greek " kalame » straw or stubble. The character occurs as early as the " Twentieth dynasty (Buns 
 and Birch, Champ, gram. 4., .05, and diet. 178). A second form AA occurs under the Twenty-sixth 
 
 dyn Th y eSi d Gryiu P s mgatorius, is a large Tropical species of grasshopper belonging properly to 
 the Desert • from the mouth of the Red Sea (where it was observed by myself) Northward to Syr a 
 and the sLes of the Mediterranean, and in migratory bands sometimes crossmg from Africa into 
 
 nation occurs under HJ the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. 11. pi. 64). caotured 
 
 v^, (-stingray " tTSona » hooked signifying expiat.on and penitence for the fish when captured 
 ^ casts ks sfing, Horap. ii. 105) ; "rami" skate or ray; « er-thmaio " to expiate; "pahre or 
 
52 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "phagri " to cure ; " phagri " remedy, drugs. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the 
 Twenty-second (Leps. d. ii. pi. 23, and k. pi. 38 to 44). A second form C=^^f' occurs under the 
 Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 127). \ 
 
 pa- (boat signifying a farm, Horap.), the sight suggesting to the boatman, that he had rather 
 ^■*i work on a farm ; " vari " or " rive " barge ; " crvi " pool or marsh ; " rvS " estate, farm ; " r " 
 or " ra " or " rS " action, to do ; " rei " to give attention to ; " reisi " dust ; — in Hebrew " ibrg " ferry 
 boat or raft, " ibr " region he\ond a river or sea ; in Arabic " babr" river or sea ; in Latin "arvum" 
 ploughed land. The character occurs in the Book of the Dead xxxv. 99. 1 (Champ, gram. 75, and 
 Buns, and Birch). Various modifications occur on the monuments (Champ, diet. 272, Rosellin. mon. 
 cul. cvii. 1, cviii.). 
 c j\ capsule or seed-vessel: " mahro " ploughing, sowing seed; "ret"or"r6t" to plant, sow; 
 
 » " rinon " hay or herbs. — The character occurs as early as the Twelfth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 126). A second form ^-j occurs from the "Twentieth"' dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writ- 
 ing (Buns, and Birch, ^~ Champ, gram. 538, and Leps. k. pi. 57 to 67). 
 
 /=«=>. " r °d " or " rSd " sown seed or crop, germ of a plant ; " rot " or " ret " herb or plant, to germi- 
 ' nate ; " phiri " or " pin* " to germinate ; " pirS " germination ; " hreri " tender shoot ; " rooutsh " 
 or " rdoutsh " solicitude, care, to take care; " rhmm£ " prudence; " noeros " prudent, wise; — in 
 English "rot, root." The character occurs as early as the Seventh dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 107). 
 
 (crane signifying to keep watch, Horap. ii. 90) ; " notshSr " or " notshr " crane ; " res '' or 
 " roeTs " or "rdis" to watch, keep walch ; " rois " doorkeeper, vigilance. — The character 
 occurs from the Sixth dynasty to the Seventeenth (Leps. k. pi. 6 to 23, and d. ii. pi. 3). 
 
 A large species of crane, Grus, domesticated by the Egyptians as early perhaps as the invention 
 of writing, — is figured kept in flocks, under the Third, Fourth, and down to the Twelfth dynasty at 
 Benihassan : afterwards, the custom appears to have been discontinued, but I remarked the bird 
 figured single as late as the Eighteenth dynasty. 
 
 ch soft or tsh, its pervading meaning children. 
 ^i&ffi " tshne " or " tshnS " or " tshom " or " sh6m " garden ; " tshenouod " vegetable garden ; 
 C S " sh£sh6m " to cultivate a garden ; " atStshne " or " patStshne' " or " pattshn^ " or " pattshne " 
 
 or " sh6m-ret " gardener; " sho " plantation, seed; " sh6 " to plant; " tsha " to arise, spring 
 up. — The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Persian emperors (Leps. d. ii. pi. 6, and 
 k. pi. 44 to 49). 
 
 x _ , " tshmou " oarlock; " tsh^mma " or " tshSmmo " or "tshmmo" a stranger; " tshamisi " 
 "~ "* first-born; " tsheli " or " tsheeli " or " tsheri " or " tsherS " or " tsheerS " or " tsh£ri " or 
 '• tsheere' "' or " tsh<$Sretshem " or " tsherStshem " or " tsherStshm " child, son, daughter ; — in Eng- 
 lish " child, cherish." The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under the .... dynasty 
 (Buns, and Birch). 
 
 V 1 " tshevi " or " tsheuS " or " tsheoue' " or " tsheoui " altar ; " tshdt " or " tshoutsh6outshi " offer- 
 j\_ ing, sacrifice ; " tshSmtshS " or " tshfimtshi " religious worship ; " tsh^t " or " tsh2£t " to sacri- 
 fice ; " tshamtshe' " worshipper; " tshoutshoutshi " to adore. — The character occurs under the . . . 
 dynasty (Champ, diet. 254). 
 
 "tsha" or " tshai " or " tshaant " or " tshomj " nose, nostrils; " tsh612m " or " tshol£m " or 
 
 tsholm " scented, fragrant. — The character occurs under the .... dynasty (Champ, diet. 286). 
 (bat " trigona " signifying a nursing woman ; for among fowls the bat alone has teats and teeth, 
 
 orap. ii. 50) ; " jaljou " or " shinshI6 " or " shinshlo " or " shnshSlo " bat ; " saantsh " or " tsha- 
 noutsh " or " tshanfitsh " or " tshantsh " to nurse ; " tshantsh " or " tsSnko " or " tsenko " or " shintot " 
 or"dshi" a to give suck; " shihraf " or '' tshahtshah " solicitude; " tshan£utsh " fatted. — The 
 character ffX occurs under the . . . dynasty (tablet Brit. mus. 440, Buns, and Birch). A second 
 form oc ^^ curs under the .... dynasty (Champ, gram. 368, 77). 
 
 <g\ (weasel " galen " signifying a woman managing, doing man's work, Horap. ii. 34); "tsha- 
 
 ^^5 thoul " marten weasel ; " tshouatshf " beloved ; " tshSlfit " or " tsh£16St " or " tshSIet '' new- 
 married bride ; "tshou " nephew ; " tshoua " relation, cousin; "tshom" or '■ tsh6m " father-in-law, 
 brother-in-law, relation by marriage ; " tshSmi " or " tsh6mS " mother-in-law. — The character occurs 
 in the Ritual, also under the . . . ch nasty (Buns, and Birch). 
 
 The mar/e/i or ferret, Mustela martes, is described by Clot-Bey ii. 65 as the only kind of weasel 
 inhabiting Egypt; frequent there, — penetrating even into houses, mercilessly destroying poultry, 
 and feeding also on the eggs. In Italy, hunting the " marte " is mentioned by Martial. 
 jay " tshor " or "tshor" or " tshonh " to take away, bereave; " tshaf " or "tshof" desolation; 
 V J "tshaff" or "tshave" the Desert; " tsh6f " or " tshof " or " tshef " to make desert or deso- 
 late; " tshari " a blow ; " tshfinfe " suddenly ; "tshare'' or "tshSri" to strike. — The character occurs 
 in the Book of the Dead, also under the ... . dynasty (Champ, gram. 250, 372, sepulchr. vases 
 Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch). 
 
 < He 
 
ttr.. 
 
 i 
 
 OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 53 
 
 (crow-nestlings signifying uneasy, restless, Horap. ii. 92 and 24) ; "jotjSt " or " mah " or 
 moh" nest; " shin6 " pregnancy; " tsh6tS " or " tshemer " leaven; "ji-thav' or " shi- 
 tsMmer " to ferment ; " tshpit " or " tshphit " or " tshipg " or " tshipi " confusion or shame ; " tshgmt " 
 or "tshomt" or "tshomnt" three; — in colloquial English "to feel cheap." The character occurs in 
 the Book of the Dead and from the Sixth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 80, " coffin of 
 Soter" in Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch). 
 
 " tshlit " knife, " tshlish " knife, sword ; " phetsh " or " photsh " division ; " phatshi " or " patshi " 
 
 half ; " phatsh " or " phStsh " or " phetsh " or " photsh " or " photsh " or " pgtsh " or " petsh " or 
 " p6tsh " or " ratsh " to divide into portions ; " thatsh " separation ; " tshatsh " or " tshatsh " equal, 
 to make equal. — The character occurs as early as the Fifth dynasty (Leps. 8. ii. pi. 64). A second 
 form occurs ^-y also under the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 44, Rosell. m. civ. Ii. 4, Buns, and 
 Birch). 
 
 -r " tshlij " butcher's knife ; " tshat " or " tshSt " or " tshat " or " tshent " to cut ; " tsh66t " to cut 
 m off ; " tshop " or " tshop " or " tsh6f " or " tshov " to shear or shave ; " tshatsh " or " tshgtsh " to 
 cut or break into pieces ; — in English " chop, chip." The character occurs in the Book of the Dead 
 (Buns, and Birch). 
 a'JPi. " tshio " cooking-pot or pan ; — in English " to keep the pot boiling." The character occurs 
 
 V /under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. pi. 5) : a modification r — -^ under the Sixth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 
 108): and a second modification .«■) from the . . . . dy \_/ nasty (tabl. Brit. mus. 199, Buns, 
 and Birch). 
 
 " tshmou " or " tshmoue " spoon ; •' tshou6vS " or " tshvdvfi " throat ; tshotshpi " or " tsh6tshpi " 
 
 stomach, " tshoptsh " or " kmiji " bird's crop; " tshastg " aliment, food; "tsha' 1 or " tshai " or 
 "tshaio " or " tshSel " or " tshops " feast, festival. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty 
 to the Ptolemies, usually either inverted or in the horizontal position (Leps. d. ii. pi. 85, and k. pi. 
 7 to 53). 
 
 " phaji " or " phatshi " or " shivshiv " or " tshautshau " crumbs, fragments, morsels ; " tshma " 
 or " tshem " or " tshemtshem " or " tshom " or " tshome" " comminuted, minute. — The character 
 occurs as early as the .... dynasty ("tablet 148," Buns, and Birch). 
 
 " tshne' " or " tshne " net ; " hSntshem " fishing-net ; " patsh " to capture by hunting ; '■ tshap '' 
 or " tshfip '' or " tshop " or " tsh6p " to take ; " tshalh " or " tsholh " mark, private mark. — The 
 character occurs as early as the . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 359). 
 
 " tshnfinhioui " dredge; "tsharkS" penury; "tshaat" needy, poor. — The character 
 occurs from the Third to the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. pi. 3 and 74). 
 fi. " tsh6 " a. hundred; " tsh£Ssot£ " a hundredfold. — The character occurs as a numerical sign 
 > from the Third dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. 
 pi. 25 to 67). Among the Greeks, "samphoras" signified a horse branded with the Doric "san," 
 anciently written C : Herodotus ii. 131 to 140 states, that the proper names of Persians invariably 
 end in the Doric " san" ; which as pronounced by the Parsees of Hindustan I found to be dsh or j. 
 The same character C transferred to Italy, became the third letter of the Latin alphabet, retaining 
 however the numerical value of a hundred in accordance with the Egyptian word, and therefore in 
 like manner pronounced tshe : or rather, the third Latin letter represented two distinct sounds, tsh 
 and k ; as in English, although a superfluous letter, it represents k and s. The sound tsh has long 
 disappeared from Egypt, is unknown also in Syria and Arabia ; but is said to occur among the more 
 Eastern Arabs, beyond the Euphrates. 
 
 « " tshSvtshe" " or " tshvtshg " or " tshevtshi " shield ; " tshovtsh " or " tshovtsh " or " tshoptsh " 
 Wi arm (the strong arm); "tshaelj" or " tshoSij " or " tshai j" or " sh6ij " wrestler, warrior, strenu- 
 ous.— The character occurs under the ... . dynasty (Champ, diet. 342). 
 
 chest; "tshfind" pack-saddle; " tshat " bundles; " tshot " or "tshat" merchandise; 
 P*T " tshaar " to be valued ; " tshatd " or " tshod " merchants ; " tshevie " or " tshevio " or " tshvvia " 
 remuneration; "tsh6m " tribute. — The character occurs from the .... dynasty (Ritual, Brit, mus., 
 and Buns, and Birch). 
 
 r (bust "protome" with a sword, signifying impiety, Horap. ii. 18) ; " tshoft " fist ; "tshaft" 
 
 V -0 or " tshoft " or " tshofth " to trespass, error ; " tshop " audacity ; " tshaft " or " tshafth " adul- 
 terer ; " tshavtS " or " tshat tS " or " tshaft " impious, impiety ; " tshel " or " tshol " or " tsh61 " to plun- 
 der, spoils. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. 15, and k. pi. 5 to 64). 
 
 9 " tsho " a thousand ; " tsha " thousands ; " tsho " or " tsh6 " sand ; " otsh " or " 6tsh " many ; 
 A " tshaS " or "tshai " or "tsh6 " or "tatsha" or "tatshS " or "tartsho " numerous, many, to be 
 multiplied; " atshai " or "atsh6 " or "atshe " multitude ; " tshitsh " or "tshaitsh" or "tshSitsh" or 
 " tshoSitsh " dust. — The character, clearly but not exclusively a numerical sign, occurs under the 
 
54 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 38). Another Q and perhaps the original form occurs under the 
 Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). A third form occurs from the Twenty-sixth dynasty to 
 
 the Thirtieth (Champ, mon. i. 331, iii. 219 and <JU 331, Leps. k. pi. 47 to 50). 
 
 Nymphcea coerulea of the Nile. A blue -water-lily in aspect Tropical and probably derived from 
 seeds floating down the river to Egypt, where it is called " bachenyn a'raby,'' and its root "byarou" 
 (Del.) ; the root is said to have been pointed out as esculent by Isis — or by Menes (Diodor. i. 2. 
 p. 41) : throughout the Egyptian monuments, even in highly-finished representations, I lound the 
 margin of the leaves invariably entire ; flowers are figured among offerings under the Fourth dynasty 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10), and in an instance under the Twentieth I found them distinctly painted blue : 
 garlands of the " kuah£an " water-lily were seen by Callixenus at Alexandria (Athen. iii. 1. p. 72) ; 
 the "bisnin el-Arabi " is distinguished by Ebn Baitar (Alpin. iii. 10. p. 163); N. coerulea was 
 observed in Egypt by Savigny, Delile, and Clot-Bey, its root cooked and eaten and regarded as pref- 
 erable in quality. 
 
 ■j, ». "tshotsht" or " tshStsht " key, bolt; "tsh6tsht" to hinder, prohibition; "tshik" or 
 
 ' " tshSte" " well, pit ; " tshats " pit, window ; '• tshoutsht " window, passage ; "tshSuni " granary; 
 
 " tshtam " or " tshtham " or " tshotem " or " tshotm " or " tshdtem " or " tsh&tm " or " joth " to lock, 
 close, shut up ; " tshont " or " tshot " hard, " e>-tshot " to harden ; " tshSp " or " tshop " to buy, pos- 
 sess ; " tshivfi " or " tshivi "or" tshivt " or " tshivd " or " tshSvt " or " tshSv '' or " tshovt " to change, 
 changing ; — in English "shop." The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the end of hiero- 
 glyphic writing (Leps. d. pi. 10 and k. pi. 24 to 66). 
 
 T vine-prop; "tshtshe>" or "tshond" prop or support; "tshSlh" or " tshlh " vine-branch; 
 "tshimi " basis, foundation. — The character occurs from the Third to the Fifth dynasty, also in 
 the Book of the Dead (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7 to 72). 
 
 "tshevi" or " tsheuS " column; "tshem" or " tsh6i " altitude, lofty; "shose'" tall; "shisi" 
 exaltation ; " shas " or •' sh£s " to exalt, extol, magnify; " tshom " eminent. — The character occurs 
 from the Fourth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 22, and k. pi. 31 to 52). 
 
 hand without thumb; "tshop" palm of the hand, a palm or handbreadth ; " tshit " to meas- 
 ure ; '• tshi " a measure, to measure ; " tsheoui " or " tshiaSi " or " tshiai " extension, length ; 
 tshie " length, a cubit; "tshoi" long; — compare Judg. i. 7. The character occurs as early as the 
 dynasty (Champ, diet. 98). 
 
 "j6" face, head, altitude; "j6j" head, chief; " tsha " or " tshantS " until; " shdsi " or 
 "jos£ " highest ; " tsharp '' or "tsharpi " or " tsharJp " or "tshorp" first; "tshe'v'' baldness; 
 "jo" end; — in Greek " kephale," in Latin "caput," in English " chapter, chief." The character 
 occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case and from the Fourth dynasty to the Ptolemies (coffin of Menkera, 
 and at Esneh, Buns, and Birch). 
 
 "tshv6t" or "tshvod" sceptre. — The "papyrus sceptre signifying Lower Egypt" occurs from 
 the Third dynasty to the Roman <h conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, k. pi. 53, and Champ, diet. 329). 
 The " lotus sceptre signifying )( Upper Egypt " occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the 
 Roman conquest (Leps d. ii. pi. 22, [) k. pi. 14 to 61, and Champ, diet. 329). 
 s, its pervading meaning support. 
 
 " toots " or " t5ts " or " tots " seat, throne ; " h£msi " or " hmso " or " thmso " or " t-hSmsi " to 
 sit; "s6i" winking or sign with the eyes ; " t-h8mso " or "sm£nts " or " smnts '' or " smnt " or 
 " smn " to appoint, establish, ordain bylaw; "sooutn" or " soutSn " or " souton " to direct ; 
 " sout£n " or " sS6utt;n " equity, uprightness ; — in Latin " sedes, sedile, sella, situs, solium " ; 
 in English "site, seat, sit," and (through the Arabic) "sultan." The character occurs from the 
 Gliddon mummy-case and the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, 
 and k. pi. 5 to 67). 
 
 " sapt " or " s6pt " or " s&tp " superior, elect, chosen ; " s£tp " to elect. — The character occurs 
 from the Fifth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 44, and k. pi. 23 to 62). 
 (keeper of the house signifying " pastophoron " carried about in a shrine, Horap. i. 39) ; 
 "smot" or " smod " model; " smote " similar ; " smaat " blessed ; " hos " timbrel or drum; 
 " h6s " song, to sing, celebrate; " smou " praise, to praise; "statfi" to applaud; "sovseV or 
 " supsep " adulation ; " sai " or " si " or " s£i " satiety ; — in vulgar English " soap " flattery. The 
 character occurs under the \^^f_ Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 25, and Champ, gram. 404 and 
 diet. 306). A second form TJ-T" occurs under the . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 252). 
 
 flyflap ; " sato " or " sat6 " fan for raising a breeze; " satothS " dirt, rabble ; " satounos " to 
 send forth ; "satot" at once, forthwith. — The character occurs under the .... dynasty (Champ. . 
 diet. 318). 
 
 <\ "shahsS" or " shahsi " or "shohsc" or " shhos "gazelle; " sounrouhS " the evening 
 
 'V^T^ star, (the star Capella or Little goat, ms. Par.) ; '• sa" or '• sai " or " sai£ " beauty, grace*- 
 
 A /J " saie " or " saioou " beautiful, graceful ; " sait " or " soit " renown ; " sa£it " or ,: suit " or 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 55 
 
 "soeit" or " dsogit" illustrious ; " sStsot " or " sdSlli " to shine forth ; " sStS-vrej " lightning. — The 
 character occurs under the ... . dynasty (Champ, diet. 126, 261). 
 
 The gazelle, Antilopa, is known to be frequent in Egypt, along the initial portion of the Desert, 
 sometimes at night venturing upon the river-flat ; — is called at present " gazal," and according to 
 Clot-Bey 11. 61 multiplies in the semi-domestic state ; was observed in court-yards by myself. 
 
 "sokmaji " a long table ; "tots " conclave ; " s«6uh " or " seuh " or "s5uk'' or "soouh" 
 or " s6ouh " to assemble ; " soouh " or " soouhs " assembly ; " s6ki " to collect ; " satem " 
 or "setem" or " sStm " or " sotem " or " shi-sme " to hear ; " sme " or "smai" rumours, 
 clamour; " smet " obedient; " sdtem " or "s6tm" obedience, to obey; " soshni " consultation, 
 counsellor; "sah6" or "sohg" or "sohi" or " soohe " or " soouhfi " to argue, reprove ; — in Latin 
 "sessio," in English "session." The - - character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. 
 pi. 3). A possible modification occurs 4=t=L under th e Fifth dynasty, also in the Book of the Dead 
 (Leps. k. pi. 5, pap. Sams 15, Buns. 9 and Birch). 
 
 I string of beads; " hos " or"hSs" necklace; "son" or " s6n " brother; " sneu " or "sneou " 
 ^ brothers; " soni " or " s6ni " or "sone " sister ; " sonn-tshou-snau " relative, cousin ; " snaf " or 
 " snof " or " sn66f " or " snav " or " sn5v " blood ; " senh " or " s6nh " or " sanah " or " sonh " bound, 
 tied together; " snauh " or " sneuaji " chain, bond. — The character occurs under the .... dynasty 
 (tomb at Memphis, Bonomi). 
 
 f| "sai" or " s6i " rafter or beam; " s6i " or " soi " or "shisi" back; "souet" or "southon'' 
 l| straight, upright; — in Hebrew the fifteenth letter "smk" signifying prop, to sustain ; in Greek the 
 eighteenth letter "sigma" sometimes signifying table, " sagma " load of a beast of burden. The 
 character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic 
 writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5 to 67). The implement represented is the back of a jar-stand ; as 
 appears from the following hier /,. oglyphic character jll/i which occurs under the . . dynasty 
 (Champ, diet. 285). The form 'I of the Phoenician J/ "J. l e t ter " sm ^ " ma y also t> e compared. 
 
 "stir" collections or contributions; "s6r £vol " or " sor & vol" or" soor Svol " or "seV 
 eVol " to distribute ; " sasa nim " or " sasS nim " on all sides, all around ; " s6ouv£n " or " sim " 
 or " smeh " herbs, fodder ; " sma " or " smah " clusters, grapes ; " sahni " supply ; " sSmk" to 
 suck ; " sat " or " s£t " or " sit£ " or " sid " to sow ; " sid " seed ; — in Greek " sp£iro," in Latin " sero " 
 and " semino," in English " to sow " ; in Greek "spSrma" and " sporos," in Latin "semen," in Eng- 
 lish "seed." The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Roman conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 98, and k. pi. 5 to 59). 
 
 " sili " hole in the shuttle from which the thread is drawn out ; " s£6uk " or " s6k " traction, 
 g ■ to draw, draw out or protract ; " sad " to spin ; " sankap " or " sSgi " weaver ; " sdhi " or " saht " 
 woven work. — The character occurs under the . . . dynasty, and continues in use (Rosellin. mon. 
 cul. Ii. 4. 12, and lxxvii. 10). 
 
 <^ " sah " or " sahf " an auger; " sSuotSn " to perforate ; — in English, the figurative expression 
 T" to bore." The character occurs in the Book of the Dead and from the .... dynasty to the 
 Twenty-sixth (sarcoph. queen of Amasis, Buns, and Birch). 
 
 (eel "gghSlun" signifying hostile to everybody, Horap. ii. 98); " salouki " eel; " fdukasi " eel 
 ^~or murana ; "hallos" enemy; "at-sSmni" enemy of peace; " sankots " perverse ; "sohi "or 
 " sdhi " crimination, censure, refutation ; " sguhi " or " sahou " or " sahoui " imprecation ; " s-hour " 
 or"s-hou£r"or " s-hou6r " to curse; "s-houort" or "s-hou6rt" cursed; " sStsh " or " sotsh " or 
 " sotshn " to revile, treat contemptuously. — The character occurs under the . . . dynasty (Lee- 
 mans xiv. 55. 9). 
 
 " tshoos " or " tshfls " or " tshStsh " or (" s6s " of Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 14) shepherd ; " sart " 
 or " sort " wool ; " sa " region, part ; " sa " towards, to, from ; " sap " or " sep " or " sop " or " soop " 
 by turns ; "s6p" rebellious ;— in vulgar 6$ English "into your wool." The Asiatic foreigner, 
 dwelling in or beyond the Sinai peninsula, «A? is figured under the Third- dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 2), and" as a hieroglyphic character as J~>> early at least as the Twelfth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 131). 
 
 \" sad " or " sote " or " soote " arrow ; " set " or " sot " to redeem, ransom ; " sod " or " s6t£ " 
 redemption, price of redemption ; " sott " appalled, fear. — The character occurs under the 
 . . dynasty (Champ, gram. 76). 
 (crocodile signifying pillager, or furious, or having numerous offspring, Horap. i. 64) ; 
 "S^S^" msa h » or " gmsah " or " emsooh " or " sohi " or " souhi " crocodile ; " s66uhi " egg ; " sa- 
 ani " or " soni " or " soong " robber ; " s6ni " or " sin6oui " robbers ; " sura " or " sera " to drag away, 
 to take by violence ; " sihi " insanity ; " sihg " to be insane, furious ; " svete " or " sphid " foam, to 
 foam ; " sal^s " or " soj " or " sosh " insane, foolish ; — in Greek " sur6 " to drag along. The char- 
 acter occurs in the Book of the Dead and from the Twelfth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writ- 
 ing (Leps. k. pi. 13 to 65). To the present day the crocodile is called " temsah " in Egypt (Clot-Bey 
 ii. 92), or as pronounced by my Nubian attendant "tumsah." 
 
5& CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " sarh " or " sSrh " or " sShr " to brush, sweep; "sat" or "set" tail; " sepe " celerity; 
 aas " slap ; " aas " dishonour ; — in Greek " sairo " or " sar66 " to sweep, " saros " broom ; 
 
 in Latin " sario " to weed, hoe, t 7 harrow. The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. 
 
 d. ii. pi. 5). A second form r 3 ?^, occurs urider the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 22 and 97). 
 A third form occurs also under \) the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 23, and k. pi. 7). 
 
 th hard, the Greek theta, its pervading meaning through. 
 q bird-trap closed ; " egthai " or " gthai " or " gath " or " gathai " or "hath" or "hthai" thick, 
 thickness, fat; — in Hebrew the ninth letter "thyd," by some regarded as meaning rolled together, 
 "thwe " to roll together or envelope ; in Creek the eighth letter "theta" denoting nine; in English 
 " thick." The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the 1'tnlemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19, 98, and 
 k. pi. 6 to 56) : and seems the origin of the later form of the Greek letter " theta." 
 (j?) bird-trap taken from the ground and carried away (compare Amos Hi, 5) : "athah " or " hia- 
 
 ^^] thah " burden, carrying a burden ; — in English " thin." The character occurs in the Hook of 
 the Dead xviii. 21. 
 
 (eagle with crooked beak signifying old and perishing of hunger ; the beak becoming crooked 
 in old age until the bird dies of hunger, Horap. ii. 91 ) ; " cthve " on account of ; " at " or 
 ath " without; "alh-ouom" fasting; "thohtheh" necessity; — in. Hebrew " thwd " fasting, "thwsh" 
 to dart upon prey. The character occurs as early as the " Sixth " dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 6 to 35). 
 /*■• " thfit " to think, be of opinion; "thdt-hct" to be confident, consoled ; " thno " or " thnno " 
 / ^^£to pound, " thneu " ur " thnneu " triturated, trite; "ather" hammer, " ather " hammer for 
 breaking stone ; " tharmi " mallet or club ; — in English " To cudgel one's brains." The character 
 occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Twentieth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, in. pi. 61, 204, 239, and Champ, 
 gram. 103). 
 
 IV " theou " wind ; " thou-res " South wind ; " nthe " oration, discourse ; — in Greek " thS6ria," 
 j rP) in English "theory." The character occurs as early as the . . . d) nasty (tablet Brit. mus. 
 574, Huns, and Birch). 
 
 " thrans " or " thraps " awl, shoemaker's awl; "tshtheout" pricking or puncture, hindered; — 
 " thekthok " marking with points or tattooing; in English " thorn." T\ The character occurs as 
 early as the Fourth dynasty ( Leps. d. ii.pl. 20). The modification \f- occurs also under the 
 Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 27, 22). | 
 
 " mntop " or "man-thorp" needle; "th£rp" or " tb6rp '' to sew, sew together; "tshthod" 
 "tshthSt" thread ; " thod " little cords, fringe. , — The character occurs as early as the Fourth 
 dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 8), A second form n occurs under the .... dynasty (Rosellin. mon 
 lxiv. 4). 
 
 HI ! i i y 1 ^ " thme " or " thorn " mat ; '■ thorn " wicker carpet or covering ; " thorn " or " th6m " in- 
 EH3d±EEEH; closure or wall ; " thvio " garment, covering ; " tshthen " tunic ; " thouraji " sacred cloak. 
 
 — The character occurs under ti.e Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3). A possible modification <ll II- 
 occurs under the Twelfth dynasty (Burton excerpt, hierogl. 20, Champ, diet. 25 and 274, and Leps. d. 
 ii. pi. 131). 
 
 ^^„_ (mouse ■■ mun " signifying disappearance and destruction ; for the, animal corrodes, pollutes, 
 
 and renders everything useless, Horap i. 47) ; " tlidole '' or "thole" or " houle " or "hole" 
 
 or " holi " cloth-moth ; " thdlev " stain, pollution, to be defiled ; " sos " to subvert, '' sos " to destroy ; 
 
 — in Hebrew "ss," in (".reek " scs " cloth-moth. The character occurs as early as the . . dy- 
 nasty (Champ, diet. 185 and i8d, Rosell. m. civ. 77, and sarc. Brit. mus.). 
 
 One or more species of cloth-moth therefore known in Egypt at the time of the invention of 
 writing. — In Palestine, the " ish " is mentioned in Psalm xxxix. it, Hosea v. 12; and garments 
 eaten by the "ish," in Job xiii. 28, and Isaiah li. 8: the " ss " is distinguished and separately men- 
 tioned in Isaiah li. 8 ; and the name is continued in the Greek "ses," mentioned in Matthew vi. 19, 
 Luke xii. 33, and as eating garments, in James v. 2. In ( '.recce, the " ses that eats garments" is 
 mentioned by Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Menander: and in Italy, the "tinea" is mentioned by 
 Plautus cistell. i. 73, and Pliny xi. 41 and xxvii. 28. Three species of doll). moth are distinguished 
 by naturalists, Tinea tapetzella, T. pelionella, and T. sarcitella (J. F. D. in Kitt. eyel. bibb). By 
 European colonists, one of these was carried to Northeast America, where it has extensively mul- 
 tiplied. 
 
 f\ " thok " or " thok " razor ; " the " like unto, " thu " as ; " thfit-hct " or " thethel " to argue, per- 
 [_ suade ; "thertsho" to argue, blame; " th6m " to be sharpened, hardened, blinded; " thng " or 
 "thno "to hire, " thno " wages. — The character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps d ii 
 pi. is). 
 
 „/i-A (shark or dogfish or Silurus " enuthron gallon " signifying insatiable, disgorging and swal- 
 C " v ~ v \ lowing again, Horap. ii. 104); "thagi" or " thigi " drunkenness ; — in English"" to drink 
 like a hsh." The character occurs from the Twenty-third to the Twenty-sixth d\ nasty (Leps. d. iii. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 57 
 
 pi. 259). A possible modification <r X occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the Twenty-second 
 (Leps. d. iii. pi. 123, 254, and j^ Rosellin. mon. stor. iii. p. 263). 
 
 In regard to Horapollo's statement, that the " Snuthron gallon " produces young from its mouth, 
 some of the Siluridae are known to carry their ova within the cavity of the mouth. 
 
 <Tl_j<; " anthous " house lizard or gecko ; " thoi thoi " variegated, spotted ; " thoi " black 
 
 «=s^^ttC^ mark on the face ; " thoi " or " th6i " freckle or natural blemish ; " thouthou " to be 
 warty, infested with warts ; " tshthouit " calumny, false accusation ; " thav " leaven ; " thoh " to mix, 
 "th6t " mixed ; "thet" or "thot" mixture ; "thdou" heap ; — in Hebrew " thvS " calumny, "thlwa" 
 •spotted, "lthafi " house lizard ; in English "thatch." The character occurs from the Third dynasty 
 to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 27 to 57). 
 
 The /louse lizard or gecko is well known in Egypt.' — The " lthaS " is mentioned in Leviticus xi. 
 30 ; and the " shmmyd " that " taketh hold with her hands and is in kings' palaces " (Prov. xxx. 28), 
 translated " kalav6tes '' in the Septuagint, is admitted to be the house lizard. Farther North, the 
 "skalav6tes " or " askalavStes " is mentioned by Aristophanes nub. T70, and Aristotle animal, ix. 29 
 as inhabiting Greece : the " stellio " by Pliny viii. 49 and xxx. 27 as inhabiting Italy and Sicily, im- 
 ported besides in the prepared state for medicinal use. 
 
 j. / "tshthSh" street; "tho" throng, multitude, all the world; "tshtham" obstruction; " thoueV' 
 uljr or "thouet" or " thouot " or " th6oud " to congregate; "thoh" or " th6h " or " th6g " or 
 J\- "thog" or "thegthSg" or " thggthog " to disturb, make disturbance; " thoou '' or "tho" an 
 evil, great evil ; " thote " fear; "stherter" tremor, to tremble ; "sthSrter" or " thrtsho " to terrify; 
 " ethautsh " Ethiopia, " gthS.tsh " or " gthotsh " Ethiopian, — in Greek " aithiops," in Latin " aethiops," 
 in English Ethiopian. The character occurs in the Book of the Dead vii. 15. The " onokentauros " 
 of the Greeks, may also be compared. 
 
 (armed man shooting arrows signifying a tumult, Horap. ii. 11) ; " sothnSf " a bowshot; 
 tshthortSr" or " tshtherthCr " tumult, sedition, to trouble, disturb ; "the"d" to rebel; "tha- 
 , teu " or " hateu '' or " sara-theou " tempest, storm ; " thi " or " thio " or " thieu " to overthrow, 
 cause to fall. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19, 
 and k. pi. 6 to 58). 
 
 Arundo donax of Arabia. Called in English reed or cane, in French " roseau " or " canne " (Nu- 
 gent), in German "pfeilrohr" (Fraas) or "pfahlrobr," in Italy " canna montana" or "canna domes- 
 tica (Lenz), in Greece " kalamos " (Sibth.), in Egypt and Yemen " kasab " (Forsk., and Del.), and 
 probably furnishing the arrows in use at the time of the invention of writing: — Nubian archers with 
 arrows are figured at Gizeh under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19) ; somewhat later, arrows of 
 both Nubians and Egyptians are marked at intervals like joints (Rosellin. ii. pi. 117 and 118), and 
 there is no evidence of subsequent change in the material ; the arrows too of the Asiatic strangers at 
 Benihassan under the Twelfth dynasty seem also from the reed : the Eastern world to the days of 
 Pliny was governed by the arrow, rain and windy weather interfering with battles and sometimes com- 
 pelling peace, the plant being extensively cultivated in Egypt; arrows continued in use as late as 
 the visit of Baumgarten i. 6, but change in the mode of warfare leading to neglect of cultivation the 
 reed became rare, was seen however by Fnrskal p. 24 in ditches at Rosetta : by Delile, planted for 
 garden hedges. Farther North, the "thonax" or reed-arrow is mentioned by Homer il. xi. 583 ; the 
 '• kalamos " producing arrows, by Theophrastus, and Dioscorides ; the " arundinetum," by Cato vi. 3, 
 and Columella, and the superior quality of the "calamus" arrows grown in Italy, by Pliny xvi 65 ■ A. 
 donax is described by C. Bauhin theatr. pi. 271, is termed "a. sativa quae donax Dioscondis by 
 Tournefort inst 526 ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation, 
 as well as seemingly wild in wet situations from the Peloponnesus to the Dardanelles ; by Lenz, cul- 
 tivated and seemingly wild in Italy ; by Forskal, near Marseilles; is known to occur also in Carn.olia 
 and Barbary (Pers.) ; and judging from importations, is largely cultivated at present for fishing-rods. 
 Southward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal in inundated places and along streams in Yemen, 
 its probable place of ori'gin. 
 
 "thooui" or *toou6'' slippers; " thivs " heel; " thols " to trample ; "t-hemko" or "t- 
 
 hmko" or " thmko " or « hemko " to oppress, tyrannize ; "sthet&n " oppressor ; "thaeu"or 
 
 , " thaieu " or " taeieu " or " taiSieu " or " taie " or " taieu " or " taieout " illustrious, honourable, 
 
 ^honourable; » taiSiS » or "taauS" or "taia" or « taie » or «ta io" honour , prais e ^o honour; 
 
 " thlom •■ or « thl6m " furrow, trench. - The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty to the Tenth, 
 
 sometimes only one slipper represented (Leps. d. ii. pi. 98, 150, 148. and Champ, diet. 288) 
 
 "hTv° sVarp stake or grave-stone ; " thulos " column ; « thouod " pillar or stela ; thax"or 
 thoux" or "thoks" or « t6ks " to drive in or infix; "thoums" or "thorns" or "thorns" to bury; 
 -Mhal" or "thfl" hill, mound; "thva" mound or tomb. - The character occurs from the Third dy- 
 nasty and the Book of the Dead to the end of hieroglyphic writing, usually in the horizontal position 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k, pi. 10 to 66). 
 
5^ CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "thmai" or "thmaio" or "thmei" justification, to justify, just and true ; "thahs "or "th&hs" 
 unction, to anoint ; " thle " or " thleli " or " thoftgf " to distil by drops. — The character occurs 
 from the Third dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5, iv. pi. 36, and k. pi. 5 and 7). 
 "tshthom " or " thaSit ''' or " haSit " porch, gate, door ; " thouai " or "thvai " threshold, cell ; 
 'hthes" or " thous" top ; " thae " end ; — in Hebrew the fourth letter "thld" meaning gate or 
 door. The character occurs under the . . dynasty (sepulchr. tablet Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch). 
 
 ps, its pervading meaning to lapse. 
 \! "shaps " shoulder-blade or shoulders ; " haps " of necessity, it must needs be ; " shatps " fail- 
 
 ^\ ing, maim. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under the .... dynasty (Buns, 
 and Birch). The substitution of the ram —^ occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the Seven- 
 teenth dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. k. *%-> pi. 25 to 36 and 57). 
 
 The dorcas antelope is besides figured entire as a hieroglyphic character — (Champ, diet. 126) ; 
 and the living animal may probably inhabit Egypt on its borders. 
 
 {Octopus "polupotha " signifying having consumed the sustenance of others and his own ; 
 for in the absence of other food the animal eats its own arms, Horap. ii. 106) ; ''ships'' 
 wrinkles of the brow, extremity of the skin of the eyes and ears ; " laps " any one ; " shilapsi " or 
 "lapsi" to bite; " lapsi " or " ISpsS " morsels ; — in colloquial English "crow-feet." The character 
 occurs from the Third dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 18, and k. pi. 5 to 5$). 
 ._, sledge: " aps " number, " daps " to number; " psit "' or "p.sis" nine; " jp-psitfi " the ninth 
 "" hour. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the Twenty- 
 fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 98, and k. pi. 24 to 47). 
 
 (crocodile incurved signifying going down, Horap. i. 66) ; " psan£ " waves ; " saps " or 
 sfips " or " sops " supplication, prayer. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, 
 and from the . . dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Champ, gram. 74 and diet. 176, Rosel- 
 lin. mon. stor. ii. 25. 7, and titles of Vespasian, Buns, and Birch), 
 u long or u, in Greek 6u, its pervading meaning a truce. 
 
 T(moon with its horns turned upward in the beginning and first half of the month, Horap. i. 4) ; 
 " 6ut£ " between ; " 6u6tsh " interval ; " aouS " covenant. — The character occurs under the .... 
 dynasty (Sharpe pi. 16, Buns, and Birch). A second form ^FpJ occurs under the Twentieth dynasty 
 (Leps. d. iii. pi. 227). 77 
 
 "VO^^~ (bull tied with wild fig signifying made wise by misfortune, Horap. ii. 73); "oue'm- 
 C~ t=iFf t -^2>| 1 g t » or u o U 5 ra _]-|gt " to chew one's heart, repent ; "sat-ou5m" or "sathmi" rumination, 
 "sathmi" to ruminate. — The character occurs under the . . . dynasty (tablet biblioth. Paris, 
 Buns, and Birch). 
 
 "%> (eagle carrying a stone signifying safely dwelling in town ; for the bird carries a stone to its 
 Vm nest, rendering it more stable, Horap. ii. 46) : " 6u£hs6i " or " ouahsoi " roof ; "ouahmi" or 
 "ouahmfi " upper chamber, floor or story ; " vouka " city ; " ou£h " or " oueh " or " ouoh " or " 6u6h " 
 to sojourn, dwell ; " phooui " or " etpho " or " ouetpS " burden, " aouin " ship's lading ; " ouaji " or 
 " ouoj " or " ou6j " safe ; " oujai " safety. — The character occurs as early as the .... dynasty (Champ. 
 gram. 1 11). A second form U occurs under the Eighteenth dynasty (Luxor obelisk, Champ, mon. 
 iv. pi. 320). I* 
 
 (quail's bone " ortugos osteon" signifying permanence and security, the bone of this animal 
 being insensible to pain, Horap. ii. 9) ; " moun " to bear patiendy, endure ; " moun-evol " to con- 
 [\ tinue, permanence ; " mStouveh " baldness. — The character occurs under the Third dynasty and 
 perhaps the same under the Fourth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 and 17). 
 
 (scarus "skaron " signifying gluttonous ; being the only kind of fish that ruminates, de- 
 
 CXr"-^ vour ' n S a " small fishes that come in its way, Horap. ii. 103) ; " ouisi " to swell ; " SualS " to 
 increase ; " ouetshsi " breadth, " ouStshs " breadth, big fish ; " ouomt " fat ; " ouara " or " 6u£m " or 
 " 6u<3m " to eat ; " ooushouesh " to chew ; " oufim-metsh " voracious, eating many ; " r£f-6u6m " 
 glutton; "ouuiMe" or "ousia'' riches; " nouf " or " nouv '' gold. — The character occurs from the 
 Fourth dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 28, iii. 32, and 
 papyri, Buns, and Birch). 
 
 The seart/s of the ancients has been identified, and is known to inhabit the Eastern portion of 
 the Mediterranean. — The account of the " skaron " ruminating, is also given by Aristotle, and Pliny 
 ix. 29 ; and the latter states, that the living fish was successfully introduced along the Italian coast by 
 Optatus Elipertius in the reign of Tiberius Claudius. 
 
 \1 ^ " sousou " moment; " ounou " or " £unou " hour; " ounooue' " or " oundoui " hours; 
 [j£ "r5uh£" or " rouhi " evening; " outshe " or " ouotshe " or " eutshe " night; " haou " or 
 "hoou " or " ghoou " day. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead v. 15, 29, and lxv. 146. 
 ^_^ (moon with its horns turned downward signifying month, Horap. i. 4 and 63); "6011" or 
 " Ooh " or " ioh " moon : " soua " or " souai " new moon or month. — The character occurs from 
 the beginning of the Seventeenth dynasty to the Persian conquest ( Leps. k. pi. 23 to 40). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 59 
 
 (a woman or Isis signifying year ; Isis being the dog-star, by the Egyptians called " s6this,» 
 Horap .. 3) ; '• sou or « siou " star ; - si8d " or « shi6d " or " soun-hoor " the dog-star or Sirius ; 
 s.6th or ' sothis ■• dog ; « rompi » or " rompe » year, " rmpooue " years ; - compare also the 
 name of the city of" S.out " or « Sioout » or << Sioouth » or " Si66ut," to the present day called Siut, 
 but by the Greeks (Strab. xvii. 1. 40) translated " Lukopolis." The character occurs as early as the 
 Fifth dynasty (Leps. d „. pi. 44 to 64). A second form rfX occurs from the Seventh dynasty to the 
 Ptolemies (Leps. k. pi. 6 to 54). Ill 
 
 Tfc (" koukoupha " hoopoe, and hoopoe-headed sceptre, signifying gratitude, the bird alone among 
 animals taking care of its parents in their old age, Horap. i. 52) ; « koukouphat " hoopoe ; " hmat » 
 r ' hmot or 'tenhout" grace, favour; "ourot" to give thanks. -The character occurs on the 
 Ghddon mummy-case and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, 
 and k^ pi. 25 to 61). A staff agreeing with the above figure, was found by myself on the pilgrim route 
 near Suez ; and on being shown at Mocha, was recognized as of the pattern in vogue in Western 
 
 The hoopoe, Upupa epops, was observed by myself frequent in Egypt ; at least during the winter 
 season. ° 
 
 a^^ (stag's horn signifying long-lived ; for the animal renews its horns yearly, Horap. ii. 20) ; 
 —*-— " eioul " or " gieoul " or " Soul " stag ; " taiou " fifty ; " pgstaiou " or " pstaiou " or " stau " 
 ninety; "noutf '' to be reconciled. — The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. 
 pi. 5). 
 
 The stag, Cervus elaphus, known therefore to the Egyptians at the time of the invention of writ- 
 ing : —apart from hieroglyphic writing, the stag is figured under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan 
 in hunting scenes belonging perhaps to a more Northern climate, for according to Pliny viii. 51, Africa 
 does not produce stags : this or an allied species is however known to inhabit Barbary ; and Wilkin- 
 son anc. Eg. iii. p. 23 was informed, that stags are sometimes seen near the Natron Lakes in Egypt. 
 In Palestine, the " ayl " is mentioned in Deut. xii. 15, xiv. 5, Psalm xlii. 1, Cant. ii. 9 and 17, Isai. 
 xxxv. 6 ; and the " ayle " or female, in Gen. xlix. 21, 2 Sam. xxii. 34, and Cant. ii. 7. In Greece, the 
 "elaphos " is mentioned by Homer il. i. 225, Sophocles aj. 178, Euripides iph. t. 11 14, and Xenophon 
 anab. i. 5. 2 ; and according to Pliny viii. 50, " cervi " sometimes swim in companies from Cilicia in 
 Asia Minor to Cyprus. As inhabiting Italy, the " cervus " is besides mentioned by Ovid ; the " cerva 
 aeripes," by Virgil ; and the " cerva silvicultrix," by Catullus. Farther North, the stag abounded in 
 Switzerland during the Stone period; as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Heer, in Troyon 
 p. 270). 
 
 "% (cobra with the tail covered by the remainder of the body, by the Greeks called " vasiliskon," 
 )/ by the Egyptians " ouvaion,'' signifying an age or lifetime " ai6na," Horap. i. 1) ; " ovion " ser- 
 | pent ; " ouro " or " rro " king ; '■ oua&itsh " or " ouaitsh " or " ouoeitsh " or " SuoSitsh " or " seu " 
 or "seou" time, period of time ; " mouh " to fill, "si" or "seou" or "seu" filled; " nouoshS " 
 bounds; " nou " to expect; "nou" now; — in Latin " aevum " an age or lifetime. The character 
 occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k pi. 5 to 62). 
 
 shgh (shibboleth of Judges xii. 6), its pervading meaning harvest. 
 
 " osg " or " ogs " or " ohs " or " 8sg " sickle, harvesting ; " shaiosg " reapers ; " Shs-kam " to 
 cut reeds; " selishms " to collect spikes of grain; " ou6tsh " fissure or cleft. — The character 
 occurs from the Third dynasty to the Greek conquest (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k. pi. 5 to 50). 
 Jj "g£ms" or "gems" ear of corn; "hfims" ripe standing wheat; "souo" wheat; " 8sg " or 
 W " 6sh " or " ohs " or " 6hs " harvest ; — the sound shgh is preserved in Egypt, being the only 
 I sound that the camel will obey, and therefore learned by camel-drivers ; traces may also be found 
 in the Hebrew " shbld " spike of grain ; and in English, in the manner in which some persons pro- 
 nounce " shkat !". The character occurs as early at least as the Eighteenth dynasty, and continues 
 in use (Leps. d. iii. pi. 97, and Champ, diet. 228 and gram. 370). 
 
 Triticum twgidum of the East Mediterranean countries. Downy wheat is distinguished in 
 Egypt and called " qamh a'raby " or " qamh sebaqeh " the strongest (Del.), and may prove the kind 
 cultivated at the time of the invention of writing: — standing crops of bearded wheat are figured 
 under the Fourth dynasty at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pi. 9), but nowhere on these nor on subsequent mon- 
 uments with the minute accuracy required for distinguishing species : the " qmh " is mentioned in the 
 history of Abraham (Gen. xviii. 6), and in the legislation of Moses (Numb. v. 15) : the " olura" in 
 the days of Herodotus was the favourite food of the Egyptians, is mentioned besides by Homer il. v. 
 196, and Dioscorides as cultivated among the Greeks, by Pliny xviii. 19 as confined to Greece, Asia 
 Minor, Syria, and Egypt : seeds unrolled in mummies were recognized by Decandolle phys. veg. 694 
 as those of T. turgidum ; the living plant was observed by Forskal, and Delile, abundantly cultivated 
 in Egypt ; by Bory, under cultivation in the Peloponnesus ; according to Koch, occurs at Constan- 
 tinople, Trebizonde, and in the Tschoruk country ; but appears to have continued unknown in and 
 
/> 
 
 60 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 beyond Hindustan. Westward from Egypt, according to Loiseleur-Deslongchamps cereal, p. 75, was 
 cultivated in the days of Pliny at Rome (A. Dec); is termed " t. spica villosa quadrata breviore et 
 turgidiore" by Morison viii. pi. 1. f. 14, and seems well known in France and middle Europe (Linn., 
 and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to America, but to what extent it may be cultivated I 
 am not aware ; I remarked spikes intermixed with other kinds of wheat distributed in Oregon. (See 
 T. vulgare). 
 
 ^x^_^ (crocodile's tail signifying " skotos " darkness, the shades of death ; the animal having 
 ^ffl^S" 53 power chiefly in the tail, with which it kills its prey, Horap. i. 67) ; " stshng " or " outshsne' " 
 or "outshshnfi" suddenly; " stsh " or " tshsha" or "tshjap" stroke, " tshshotf" to strike or crush 
 in; "shshor" smoke; " sh&rh " nocturnal, " shorah " night; " shomshfim " or "shomshm" or 
 " shosm" darkness, the shades of death ; "tshsh<5" to wipe away, abolish ; " sshreht " or " sshraht " 
 or "sjrfiht" rest, silence ; — "oshs" to cover with pitch; in Hebrew "shhwr" or "shhr" black, 
 '• shhr " dawn. The character occurs as early at least as the . . dynasty (Champ, gram. 120 and 
 diet. 75). 
 
 o guttural or 6r or aw, the Greek "om<5ga," its pervading meaning awe. 
 
 (lion's head signifying awe "phoveron," Horap. i. 20) ; " au " were, mark of past time; 
 norj " or "hour" terror, horror; "hour" to be terrified. — The character occurs from the 
 Eleventh dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 1^0, iii. pi. 132, and k. pi. 23 to 63). 
 The form £2 of the Greek letter "omfiga" may be compared with a front view of the lion's head. 
 
 (black pigeon " peristeTan " signifying widow ; solitary crow " k6r6ne " presaging widowhood, 
 Horap. ii. 30 and i. 8) ; " orv " or " orev" or " 6r£v" to close, shut up ; " orj " closed ; " mauaat " 
 or "mmauat" alone; " ahdria" solitary bird ; — in Hebrew "orv," in Sanscrit "karawa,"in 
 Greek " korax " and " k6r6ne," in Latin " corvus " and " comix," in French " corbeau '' and 
 "corneille," in English "crow." The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Ptolemies 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 52). 
 
 The hieroglyphic character is clearly Ibis cristata ; a Madagascar bird, so far as known, not 
 inhabiting the countries on the Nile. 
 
 /-> " auhfi " to be conquered ; " 6ms " falling headlong, to descend into the depths ; — in 
 
 ~zz-> S^=* English "fall." The character occurs from the Seventeenth dynasty to the Nineteenth 
 
 fr^ ^^ (Leps. d. iii. pi. 5 to 165, k. pi. 32, papyri Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch). 
 
 ,_. " aule " hall ; " auut " dwelling: ; " au " or " auis " or " au£is " to reach ; " hau Svol " to reveal ; 
 JTr — in Hebrew " awlm," in Greek "aule," in Latin "aula," in English "hall." The character 
 ^^ occurs in the Book of the Dead 50 a 48. 35. c. 
 
 (serpent watching or keeper of the world, signifying watchful king, Horap. i. 57) ; " orf " to 
 guard, keep; " aurej " end. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the 
 Twentieth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Buns, and Birch, and Leps. d. iii. pi. 226, and 
 k. pi. 61 to 67). 
 
 Or or um, humming, the sound uttered with closed lips or the musical element of the voice, its 
 pervading meaning knowledge ; the interjection " hem ! " or " humph ! " or " mum ! " 
 
 r.A (owl " nuktikorax " signifying death ; for the bird attacks nestlings unexpectedly in the night, 
 /^jy as death comes unexpectedly, Horap. ii. 24) ; "vom"or "von" or " moulaj " or " moulouj " 
 nycticorax or owl ; " krmrm " or " krmrSm " or " hremrSm " murmuring ; " mouSut " or 
 " moout " or " mfiout " or " maou " to kill, to die ; " madut " dead ; " mou " death ; " emi " knowledge ; 
 — in Hebrew "cmS " murmuring or humming; further, in Hebrew "myd," in Sanscrit "mid" and 
 " medh " and " meth " and " mith '' and " math " and " muth " and " mri," in Zend " mrete," in Pehlevi 
 "murdeh,".in Malay " mita," in Spanish " mata," in Greek "mortos," in Latin "mors," in German 
 "mord," in French " mort," in English "mortal" and "murder;" also the owl regarded among the 
 Greeks as the "bird of wisdom." The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case and from 
 the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. A. ii. pi. 3, and k. pi. 5 to 62). 
 
 The species selected, as appears from coloured figures on the Gliddon mummy-case, and 
 from the outline figure under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3) is the bam owl, Strix flammea ; — 
 a bird known to inhabit Egypt, as well as Europe, Asia, and North America. 
 
 (soul "psuhen" long delaying in this life, represented by the phoenix bird, Horap. i. 32); 
 "psuhe" life, soul; — in Hebrew " ashmS " soul. The character occurs as early as the Fourth 
 dynasty (Leps. ii. pi. 96); is further traceable in the Phoenician alphabet ; and the butterfly is 
 well known to have been a symbol of the soul among the Greeks. 
 
 Various species of butterfly are known to inhabit Egypt — (Clot-Bey ii. 90): and apart from 
 hieroglyphic writing, one or more apparently exotic species are figured under the Twelfth dynasty at 
 Benihassan. 
 
 (phoenix signifying returning home after long journeying, Horap. i. 33 : also renewal after a 
 
 |~ ~h long interval, the dead phoenix being buried by the Egyptian priests, Horap. ii. 54) ; " thgms " 
 
 ' or " thorns " or " th&ms " or " tamgs " or " t£ms " or " toms " or " t6ms " to bury ; " thSmio " 
 
 rm 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 6 1 
 
 dust; " kSrmi" or " kSrmSs " or "krmSs" ashes; "6m£" or "omi" mud or clay. — The character 
 occurs as early as the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 43, Champ, gram. 76, and Sharpe pi. 12). 
 ■^fc» " mouki " or "bumouki" granary. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead xlvii. 
 %MM 125, also under the .... dynasty (papyr., and Buns, and Birch), 
 d, in Greek " nt," its pervading meaning end. 
 
 panegyry-festival ; " dSau " or " dfioou " or " doou " or " dloulai " or " dsoou " or " ds6it " or 
 "dtaio" to praise, glorify; "ooud" to rebuke. — The character occurs under the Third 
 dynasty, and in modified forms continues to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pi. 6, k. pi. 60, Leemans 
 22, Buns, and Birch). 
 
 (hyaena skin signifying intrepid until death, Horap. ii. 68) ; " h6id " hyaena ; " doui " or " douoei " 
 or "douoi" or "d-6uoi" to advance, make a stand; "d-Sj£n" or l, d-£hrei" or " d-£hr£n " or 
 " d-Sgoun " or " douvS " (or " d-ouv£ ") to resist, carry on war ; " d " contest. — The character occurs 
 from the Fourth dynasty to the Eighteenth (Leps d. ii. pi. 21, 61, and k. pi. 26). The combination 
 
 f 
 
 W) 
 
 occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under the . . dynasty (Champ, gram 379, 436, diet. 
 
 ¥ under the Roman con- 
 
 "d" or "dd" or "taa" or " tgi " or "to" giving, to give; " Smhau " or "mhau" 
 sepulchre or tomb ; " d-mhau " interment ; " thouod " pillar or stela ; — in Hebrew " dnS," in 
 Greek "thoma" and "thosis" and "thithoo"and '" thithomi," in Latin "do "and " donum," in English 
 " donation." The character occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. S, and k. pi. II to 66). The gift above figured is clearly a piece of the money current in 
 Egypt before or under the Third dynasty ; in later modifications the gift is pointed and pyr.imidal in 
 "W" shape ; and hence apparently the later pyramidal form A of the Greek letter " thSlta." 
 
 y "takton " inverted ; — in Hebrew " dhd " underneath. The character occurs in the Book of 
 ■It I the Dead, also under the ... dynasty (Champ, gram. 369). 
 
 'hod" or "hoid" or " hSd " tribute; "d-hemi" to give passage-money; "hot" to navi- 
 
 gate. — The -S>- character occurs as early as the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 104). A 
 second form ^^ occurs under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 12 and 83). 
 '• ripid " sacred fan ; " emSnt " or '• emnt " the West ; " amntfi " or " amend " Hades (the place 
 
 r" ripid " sacred fan ; " ement or '• emnt " the west ; •■ amnie or ameiiu niura ^iuc pi<n.c 
 of departed spirits) ; " d-hap " to judge. — The character occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case 
 and from the Fifth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pi. 5 to 63). The combination 
 p occurs under the /? Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 98, Champ diet. 255). The lower 
 
 Jk portion of this com M bination FA occurs separately under the Third dynasty ; and is sur- 
 fll mounted by a hawk ^ under the IM Fourth or Fifth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3 and 82). 
 
 Hyphcene cucifera of Abyssinia. A branching palm called in Egypt and Yemen " doum " or 
 "dom" (Forsk ) ■ and flag-shaped Jans plaited from its fronds, together with matting, brought down 
 the Nile as early as the invention of writing: -the palm occurs at regular intervals in a garden fig- 
 ured under the Seventeenth or Eighteenth dynasty (Champ.-Figeac pi. 55) J the » koukiophoron " is 
 mentioned by Theophrastus i. 10 to iv. 2 as resembling the date-palm, but the trunk branching the 
 timber superior in quality, the fruit large enough to fill the hand and in part edible ; Egyptian « kok- 
 kina" matting is enumerated by Strabo xvii. 2. 5 ; the -end," by Pliny xm. 18 as resembling the 
 date-palm, its fronds employed for plaited work ; mats and bagging of fronds of H. cucifera accord- 
 ing to Delile are made in Upper Egypt; and I witnessed the plaiting both of mats and flag-shaped 
 fans at Mocha. In ascending the Nile, H. cucifera made its first appearance in Lat. 27 25 and con- 
 tinued scattered on the river-flat clearly exotic to the end of my journey at the First cataract; beyond 
 (according to Delile, and Greville). it grows on the Desert margin m Nubia as far as the border of 
 Abyssinia! sheltering the development of thickets in some instances to the exten of rendering the 
 foil fit fo cultivation; an encampment at Atbara, the tents made of mats from its fronds was 
 
 ted by Burckhardt. Farther East, H. cucifera was observed by Forskal under cultivation along the 
 base o'f the mountains of Yemen; and by myself, near Mocha, evidently planted. By European 
 colonists, was carried to Hindustan in 1828, and again m 1837 (Graham) . , „ 
 
 n « nSit " or " no^it " or " nout " meal ; " nout " mill, to grind ; noutem bountiful noutS or 
 ^ "noud" God; -a word current in Egypt in the days of Joseph and written " nd m Hebrew 
 letters in Gen xi. 45: compare also the Hebrew words " thhn " to grind "thhnn" and"thhng 
 hand m u and the twenty-third and last letter - dw " meaning mark (Ezek. ,x. 4 to 6). The : charac- 
 SS :: the Gliddon mummy-case and ^^^ ^S^ 
 V D +££ PlLleinTettt-d^ ^ ^ ^cll^L 'Lm -f of the samf letter in ud 
 
 Europe, seems only a modification (see the figures in Gesen. mon. Phoemc). 
 
62 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Th6t's invention may have been at first communicated to but few individuals, serving as a means 
 of gaining a living, — like the profession of a writer in Eastern countries to the present day. 
 
 381 1 B. C. (= 3649 -\- " 162 years " of Gen. v. 18, Sept. vers., Jos., Theoph., and Afr.), Jared. 
 
 The writings called the " Books of Th5t " were composed before the reign of Menes (Diodor., 
 and Clem. Alex.). The inventor of writing may not have been himself an author, but the work named 
 after him probably included somt prehistoric literature: — for various nations unacquainted with the 
 art of writing are found to possess annals, legends, and poetry, orally transmitted ; in some instances 
 by regularly appointed guardians. 
 
 Fifteenth generation. Jan. 1st, 3800, among living men : 
 
 The same year (== 3802 in calendar years = 3055 -\- " 198 -\- 297 -f- 252 " in the Euseb.-Maneth. 
 table), a date possibly marking some event. 
 
 In Upper Egypt, the city of This already in existence, for Menes was born there. — Abydos, by 
 some writers regarded identical, is mentioned as a distinct city on a coin of Hadrian, and by Stepha- 
 nus Byzantinus ; situated however in the same neighbourhood. 
 
 Potamot>eton crispus of the Temperate portions of the Eastern continent. Called in Italy " pota- 
 mogeto " (Targ., and Lenz), in which we recognize the " potamogeton " used in Egypt for protection 
 in hunting crocodiles (Plin. xxvi. 33 and xxxii. 19) as early perhaps as this date : — P. crispus was 
 observed by Delile in Lower Egypt, from Cairo to Rosetta. Farther North, was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Fraas, from Thessaly to Constantinople ; is known to grow also along the Taurian moun- 
 tains and as far in Siberia as the Angara (Bieb., and Gmel.). Westward, is termed " p. foliis crispis 
 sive lactuca ranarum " by Tournefort inst. 233 ; is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle and 
 Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 927, Curt. Lond. v. pi. 15, and Hook.). 
 Is known to grow also in the Southern Hemisphere, in Australia (Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 Potamo^eton nutans of Temperate climates. Called in Britain with other species water-spike 
 (Prior), in Italy " verniera " (Lenz), in Greece " nerophulli " (Fraas) ; and possibly the " potamo- 
 geton " in question and Egyptian "ethegis" — of Syn. Diosc. . P. natans has not been found in 
 Egypt, but was received by Fresenius from Abyssinia, was observed by Forskal in watery places 
 among the mountiins of Yemen, and is known to grow in Hindustan (A. Dec). Farther North, the 
 " potamogeiton " growing according to Dioscorides in pools and watery places, the leaf beet-like and 
 incumbent or slightly eminent upon the water, is referred here by writers : P. natans is known to 
 grow in Siberia (Wats.), and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the rivers of Crete 
 and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the "potamogeltSn " or " stahuiten " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "phontilis" or " phlouminalis '' of the Romans, and Pliny's description of the "potamoge- 
 ton " seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : P. natans is described by Fuchsius p. 651 ; is termed 
 " p. rotundifolium " by Tournefort inst. 233 ; is known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Madeira, the Azores, 
 and throughout Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pj. 1025, Hook., Desf., Lemann, and 
 Wats.). Farther West, is known to grow from the Atlantic coast of North America to Arkansas (A. 
 Grav, and Nutt), and to Norfolk Sound on the Pacific (Mert.). And in the Southern Hemisphere, 
 in Chili, New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia, and Austral Africa (Gay, and A. Dec). 
 
 Salix subserrata of the Upper Nile. A willow called in Egypt " safsaf baelledi " (Forsk.), in 
 Egyptian " th6r " or " th6ri " (transl. Sept., and Kirch. ) and its timber " v6 thSri " or " v6 ntorg " — 
 (ms. Borg ) clustering young shoots to all appearance indigenous were observed by myself on the 
 river-brink near Shekh Said, in about Lat. 26 20', and the species was recognized by my attendant 
 as frequent in Dongola, his native country. Was observed by Forskal to be sensitive to cold "impa- 
 tiens frigoris " no farther North than the gardens of Lower Egypt ; where also it was seen by Delile. 
 
 III. THE KINGS OF THE EARTH, OR EARLY KINGS OF EGYPT. 
 
 3769 B. C. (= 3770 in calendar years = 2953 -)- 30 -|- " 66 -|- 63 -j- 29 -)- 214 -)- 302 -|- 26 
 — ]— 1 S —J— 26 -|- 20 -j- 23 " years in the Afr.-Mancth. table = 2498 -)- " 203 -)- 44S -\- 19S -)- 297 
 -j- 252 — 60 — 27 — 39 " years in the Euseb.-Maneth. table), the date assigned to the fourth 
 king of Egypt, but probably marking the accession of the first king Menes. — ''Sixty-two" 
 years are assigned to his reign in the Afr.-Maneth. table, and by Eratosthenes; "sixty" in 
 the Euseb.-Maneth. table ; and he is mentioned by Herodotus, Josephus, and other Greek writers. 
 No contemporaneous monuments are known: but his name occurs in genealogical tablets of later 
 times, at Sakkarah, Thebes, and in the Turin papyrus ; also on amulets. 
 
 The canal Bahr Yusuf (according to Wilkinson Theb. and Eg. p. 341) is also called " El Menhi " 
 or " Menhee," apparently from Menes : an instance of permanence in a proper name altogether unex- 
 ampled. (Compare Herodot. ii. 99). 
 
 Menes led an army beyond the frontier of Egypt, and "acquired renown:" — confirmation is 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 63 
 
 found in the hieroglyphic oval of his successor; one of the characters being clearly a national em- 
 blem or standard. It does not seem probable, that the first military campaigns extended any great 
 distance beyond the Sinai peninsula. 
 
 Sixteenth generation. May 1st, 3767, among living men : 
 
 The founding of the city of Memphis is also attributed to Menes — (Herodot. i. 105) : and some 
 confirmatory evidence will be remarked under the succeeding reign. 
 
 " 376 T > vernal equinox " (Nicolas, one mode of reckoning the birth of Jared corresponding very 
 nearly, 3348 + " 187 -f- 65 -f- 162 years " of Gen. v. 18 to 25 and Josephus = 3762), the Mundane 
 era of the Jews : their civil era beginning in the following October. — The Mundane era (according 
 to Steinschneider ii. 10) is first mentioned by Sabbatai Donolo. The current reckoning corresponds ; 
 the " Feast of the Passover " being celebrated in A. D. 1857 "on the evening of the 8th " of April, 
 " which is the 15th day of the Jewish month Nisan, of their year 5617 " (Boston newspaper), -(- 1 — 
 1857 = 3761 B. C. (See Hillel Hanassi). 
 
 3741 B. C. (= 3742 in calendar years = 3715 -f- " 27 " = 3055 -f- ", 198 -f- 297 -\- 252 — 60 " 
 of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), Menes succeeded by his son Athothis, second king of Egypt : 
 — to whose reign "fifty-nine" years are assigned by Eratosthenes. No contemporaneous 
 monuments are known : — but the hieroglyphic oval of king Athot occurs in the genealogical 
 table in the Turin papyrus (Leps. k. pi. 5 and 9). 
 Seventeenth generation. Sept. 1st, 3734, among living men : 
 
 Athdthis built a " royal mansion " at Memphis (Maneth.) ; whether of wood, broken stone, or of 
 dobi (sun-dried brick), we are not informed ; probably, of the last-named material. — The change in 
 cottage-architecture to windowless dome-shaped mud huts, took place prior to the invention of the 
 Phoenician alphabet (compare the letter " thld " or " daleth "). A possible connexion may be found 
 in the Hebrew name of Memphis " mph " (Hos. ix. 6), which seems the origin of "mapalia " (Lucan 
 iv. 684, and Hieronym. prolog, at Amos.) the Roman name of these dome-shaped mud huts, built to 
 the present day by the general population of Egypt. 
 
 King Athothis was of the medical profession, and wrote on anatomy — (Maneth.). Of the " Sa- 
 cred Books" of the Egyptians known to Clemens Alexandrinus, " six " treated of medicine. And 
 the Egyptian physicians continued in high repute in the time of Herodotus. 
 
 The healing art being practised, traffic by land was in existence for procuring drugs: — the drugs 
 or medicines of Egypt, are pointedly alluded to by Homer; and to the present day, Egypt continues 
 in a good measure the centre of the drug trade. 
 
 The procuring of perfumes and valuable gums, would naturally fall into the hands of the same 
 traders : — direct evidence of the importation of gums under the Tenth dynasty, is found in the 
 lining of a mummy-case described by Birch (in Glidd. ot. ^Egypt. Lond. 1849). 
 
 The procuring of gems, may also have been included ; though these were derived in some in- 
 stances from more distant countries : —different kinds of gems or precious stones are figured (ac- 
 cording to Champollion-Figeac anc. Eg. 208) in Tribute-processions under the Eighteenth 
 dynasty; are also mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures. 
 
 3714 B. C. (= 3715 in calendar years = 3684 -f " 31 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 3055 + 
 « JQ8 4- 297 -J- 252 — 60 — 27 " of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), Ath6this succeeded by his son 
 _^-Z Kenkgnes, third king of Egypt. In Eratosthenes' List, he is called " Athothis II. " with — 
 " thirty-two " years assigned to his reign. 
 
 Eighteenth generation. Jan. 1st, 3700, among living men : 
 
 3683 B. C. (= 3684 in calendar years = 366c -f " 23 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ken- 
 kenes succeeded by his son Ouenephes, fourth king of Egypt. 
 V, J " In the reign of Ouenephes '' (Maneth.), a famine. 
 
 Ouenephes built pyramids at K6h8men — (Maneth.) : and these pyramids appear to have con- 
 tinued a chronological landmark in after times. (The village of Lahoum, not far from the Labyrinth, 
 presents at least some similarity in name). __ 
 
 According however to Mariette 76, the terraced pyramid at Sakkarah was built by Ouenephes. 
 It is nearly 394 feet square at base, by 196 feet high, has seven steps (like the Babylonian towers), is 
 " constructed of calcareous stone and granite " without " the minute care and finish of the pyramids 
 of the later dynasties," and " a sarcophagus and some other remains were discovered in it when 
 
 opened" (Birch). . _ 
 
 The hieroglyphic sign of the pyramid A probably not earlier than the reign of Ouenephes : — 
 
 it occurs under the Fourth dynasty, and .44 continues in use under the Twelfth (Leps. d. 11. pi. 
 17, and k. pi. 5 to 12). 
 
w 
 
 s~z 
 
 64 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Nineteenth generation. May 1st, 3667, among living men : 
 
 3660 B. C. (= 3661 in calendar years = 3641 -(- '■ 20 " of both Maneth. tables), Ouenephes 
 succeeded by his son Ousaphaithos or Ousaphaes, fifth king of Egypt. The name of king 
 Hesep has been found on subsequent monuments, and " some religious and medical works 
 are referred to the period of his reign " (Birch). 
 3649 B. C. (= 3584 -|- " 65 years " of Gen. v. 21, and Josephus a. J. i 3. 4.), Enoch. 
 
 3640 B. C. (= 3641 in calendar years = 3615 -f- " 26 " of both Maneth. tables), Ousaphai- 
 thos succeeded bv his son JMifivithos or Nievaes, sixth king of Egypt. In Eratosthenes' list 
 he is called "Thiavaes " — with only "nineteen" years assigned to his reign. The name of 
 king '• Imhotep " occurs at Hamamat, also the names of two of his sons (Leps. d. ii. pi. 115 
 and k. pi. 6). 
 
 Twentieth generation. Sept. 1st, 3634, among living men : 
 
 3614 B. C. (= 3615 in calendar years = 3597 -f- " '8 " of both Maneth. tables), Mievithos 
 succeeded by his son SSmSmpses, seventh king of Egypt. In Eratosthenes' list, he is called 
 ■' Pemph6s " — with •' eighteen " years assigned to his reign. 
 
 " In the reign of SSmempses " (Maneth.), many signs or prodigies, and a great pestilence. 
 Twenty-first generation. Jan. 1st, 3600, among living men : 
 
 3596 B. C. (= 3597 in calendar years = 3571 -f- " 26" of both Maneth tables), SemSmpses 
 succeeded by his son Vienedies or Ouvienthes, eighth king of Egypt. 
 
 3584 B. C. (= 2615 -)- " 969 years" of Gen. \. 27 = " 187 -j- 1S2 -|- 600 years " of Gen. 
 v. 25 to 28 and vii. 6), Methuselah. 
 
 3570 B. C. (= 3571 in calendar years = 3533 -f- " 38 " = 3055 -j- " 214 -j- 302 " of the Afr.- 
 Maneth. table), Vienolus succeeded by Voethos or V6hos, head of a new dynasty 1 ; also a 
 Thinite dynasty. 
 
 A tomb of the squared soft stone of Lower Egypt, discovered between Abusir and Saccara 
 _i— £- by Lepsius, is regarded as the oldest inscribed monument known : the archaic form of many 
 of flie hieroglyphic characters implies a date hardly later than that last-named. The locality — was 
 pointed out to me in Egvpt, and the removed tomb was examined by myself in the museum at Berlin. 
 Among the inscribed hieroglyphic characters are numerals (Leps. d. ii. pi. 3), implying knowl- 
 edge more or less advanced of arithmetic. 
 
 Also trees (Leps. d. ii. pi. 7) ; of course introduced into Egypt and maintained by cultivation. 
 Figures also of a man and woman, (f, £L^, corresponding to Adam and Eve, (the Egyptians, 
 as appears by the above-given coinci JLi, jSg dence in date, believing in Adam). 
 
 Apart from the hieroglyphic inscription, tribute or presents are brought by men of the Barabra 
 or Ethiopian race ; already in contact with and a distinct nation from the Egyptians : — Nubians are 
 unequivocally figured at Gizeh under the Fourth dynasty, and at Benihassan under the Twelfth (Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. 4, T9, and Champ, mon. pi. 39s). 
 
 That the strangers are really Nubians, appears from the head-rest or neck-pillow %J> in the hand 
 of one of them : — the Nubian neck-pillow makes its appearance as a hieroglyphic == character 
 under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi. 98); was doubtless as among Nubians to the present day 
 made of wood. 
 
 The practice among the Egyptians of animal sacrifices is also demonstrated ; the offerings 
 including the head of the oryx, and the head and neck of the above-mentioned large species of 
 crane. 
 
 An ambiguous figure (Leps. d. ii. pi. 5), imperfectly preserved on the original tomb examined by 
 myself, is possibly intended for the pig, — and a similar figure occurs under Ptolemy VII. (Leps. d. 
 iv. pi. 26). I looked in vain for distinct figures of the pig at Gizeh and Benihassan, and was unable 
 while in Egypt to discover any prior to those at El Kab under the Seventeenth dynasty. 
 Twenty-second generation. May 1st, 3367, among living men : 
 
 " In the reign of Voethos" (.Maneth.), a chasm opened at Bubastis and many persons perished. 
 The city of Bubastis therefore in existence: situated in Lower Egypt, — and at the present day 
 called " Tel-Bustak." 
 
 8 Twenty-third generation. Sept. 1st, 3534, among living men : 
 3532 B. C. (= 3533 in calendar years = 3494 + "39" ° f 'he Afr .-Maneth. table), Voethos 
 succeeded by KaieLSs or K6os, second king of the Second dynasty. The name of king 
 Kaka— occurs in tombs at Gizeh ; and in the "Twenty-sixth " he is placed before Horakau 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. ). 
 " In the reign of Kaiehos " (Maneth.), deification of the bulls. Apis at Memphis and Mnevis at 
 Heliopolis, and of the Mendesizn goal. A polytheistic system of mythology therefore in existence ; 
 and if not already established, animal-ivorship inaugurated. — The Egyptians do not appear to have 
 at any time become worshippers of images made with hands ; yet the Idolatry of other nations, is 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 65 
 
 perhaps a result of hieroglyphic writing. On the Egyptian monuments, figures of gods apart from 
 hieroglyphic writing, occur under the Fourth dynasty ; but continue rare until the Sixth. 
 
 The city of Heliopolis, therefore in existence : — Heliopolis is mentioned under the name of 
 "Awn" or On in Gen. xli. 45 to xlvi. 20, and Ezek. xxx. 17; " Byd-shmsh " or Beth-shemesh, in 
 Jerem. xliii. 13 ; and to the present day, its well known site is called " Ain-shems." 
 
 The city of Mendes, also in existence ; situated in Lower Egypt : — ruins, supposed to be those 
 ofJVTendes, occur near the village of " Achman-tanah " (Champoll. Eg. ii. p. 122). 
 Twenty-fourth generation. Jan. 1st, 3500, among living men : 
 
 3493 B. C. (= 3494 in calendar years = 3447 +""47" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Kai«h6s 
 succeeded by Vin6thris or Viophis, third king of the Second dynasty. 
 
 " Under Vinftthris " (Maneth.), an enactment, permitting females to ascend the throne. 
 Twenty-fifth generation. May 1st, 3467, among living men : 
 
 13446 B. C. (= 3447 in calendar years = 3430 -J- " 17 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Vindthris 
 succeeded by Tlas, fourth king of the Second dynasty. — The name of Th-th-16s has been 
 found on the monuments by Lepsius k. pi. 7, with evidence that he preceded the Tenth 
 dynasty. 
 " Atlas, son of Lybia " (according to Pliny ii. 6 and vii. 57), founded " astrologiam " astron- 
 omy ; and ascertained "sphaeram ipsam," that the earth is spherical in shape. — Horapolloi. 10 speaks 
 of the ball rolled by the scarabaeus as having the form of the world. (See Prometheus.) 
 Twenty-sixth generation. Sept. 1st, 3434, among living men : 
 
 3429 B. C. (= 3430 in calendar years = 3389 -f- "41 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Tlas 
 succeeded by SSthSnes, fifth king of the Second dynasty. No contemporaneous monuments 
 are known. — The name of king " Sent " has been found on later monuments by Lepsius k. 
 pi. 7, with evidence that he preceded the Tenth dynasty. 
 Twenty-seventh generation. Jan. 1st, 3400, among living men : 
 f "N 3397 B. C. (= 3584 — " 187 years " of Gen. v. 25), Lamech. 
 
 Part of the tomb of a prophet attached to the personal adoration of king Sent is now in the 
 Ashmolean Library at Oxford; and "in style, character, and treatment," "does not differ in 
 any essential particular " but " closely resembles similar sculptures of the period of the Fourth 
 dynasty" (Birch). 
 
 3388 B. C. (= 3389 in calendar years = 3372 -|- " 17 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Se"th£nes 
 succeeded by Haires, sixth king of the Second dynasty. 
 
 3371 B. C. (= 3372 in calendar years = 3347 -\- " 25 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Haires 
 succeeded by N6pb£rh£res, seventh king of the Second dynasty. 
 Twenty-eighth generation. May 1st, 3367, among living men : 
 " In the reign of N£ph£rhe>es, as is fabled, the Nile flowed mixed with honey eleven days " (Maneth). 
 The pyramid of Meydoum is referred by Birch to about this period. 
 
 3346 B. C. (= 3347 in calendar years = 3299 -)- " 48 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ngphfir- 
 heVes succeeded by S4sohris, eighth king of the Second dynasty ; described as in "height five 
 cubits by three palms." — The name of Neferka-Sekar occurs in the Turin papyrus (Birch), 
 that of Neferseka in the Tablet of Abydos, and that of Nefer-sekra in the chamber of kings at 
 Karnak (Leps. k. pi. 10 and n). 
 Twenty-ninth generation. Sept. 1st, 3334, among living men : 
 Thirtieth generation. Jan. 1st, 3300, among living men : 
 
 3298 B. C. (— 3299 in calendar years = 3269 -f " 30 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Sgsohris 
 succeeded by HenSres, ninth king of the Second dynasty. — The name of king Ka-en-ra occurs 
 in the Tablet of Abydos ; and in a dynasty anterior at least to the Tenth (see also Leps. k. 
 pi. 7). Two princes, a son and grandson bearing the name of " Raenkau," are given by Lep- 
 sius k. pi. 7 as having lived before the end of the Third dynasty. 
 3284 B. C. (= 3649 — " 65 — 300 = 365 yrs " of Gen. v. 21 to 24), " and walked Enoch with 
 God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years " . . . "and he not, for took him God." 
 
 3268 B. C. (=3269 in calendar years = 3241 -f " 28 " = 3°55 + " 2I 4" of the Afr.-Maneth. 
 table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 3902 — " 252 — 297 " = 3353 and 2498 -f " 203 + 
 448 + I9 8 " = 3347)' HSneres succeeded by N»e>6phes or N6hgr6his, head of a new dy- 
 nasty ; a Memphite dynasty. The name of king Nebka, or possibly Nebka-ra (see Leps. k. 
 _ pi. 7 and d. ii. pi. 39), occurs on a contemporaneous stone fragment at Abusir. 
 The hieroglyphic character J occurs on the same stone fragment: and according to Horapollo 
 i 5 the quarter of an " aroura " or Egyptian acre signifies the instituted year; on account of the 
 fourth year intercalation. The so-called "Julian year" used therefore at this early date in Egypt. 
 The character occurs besides under the Fourth dynasty at Gizeh, — and continues m use until the 
 end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 19 and 39, and k. pi. 12 to 67). 
 
 9 
 
 LJ 
 
 LJ 
 
66 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The " aroura " is further described by Horapollo as a measure of land containing a hundred 
 cubits : laini-survcviug therefore practised at this early date in Egypt. 
 Thirty-first generation. May ist, 3267, among living men : 
 
 " In the reign of N&SrSphes " (Maneth.), revolt of the Lybians (Westward of the Nile) ; but 
 "alarmed at the moon increasing unexpectedly, they surrendered." 
 
 3240 B. C. (= 3241 in calendar years — 3212 -\- " 29 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), NehJrS- 
 phes succeeded by Tosorthros or SSsorthos, second king of the Third dynasty; and by the 
 Egyptians esteemed as or called " Aesculapius on account of his medical skill." The name 
 of king Seser-en-ra occurs in tombs South of the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth pyramids 
 (Glidd. analect). 
 Thirty-second generation. Sept. ist, 3234, among living men: 
 
 Hewn or squared stone first employed in building by Tosorthros (Maneth.). For squaring the 
 harder kinds of stone, metallic tools are indispensable ; and the nearest source of supply is the copper 
 at Wadi Maghara in the Sinai peninsula, already mentioned. 
 
 Tosorthros also bestowed care on or improved the writing (Maneth.). As in all subsequent 
 improvements, the result was probably increased facility. 
 
 In painting hieroglyphic characters, the animals may at first have been distinguished by their 
 natural colours, — as in a mummy-case found by Gliddon at Sakkarah ; but as early as the 
 Fourth dynasty, hieroglyphic characters have conventional colours (see Leps. d. ii. pi. 19 to 22). 
 32 1 1 B. C. (=3212 in calendar years = 3205 -(- "7" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Tosorthros 
 succeeded by Turis, third king of the Third dynasty. — The name of " Tures " occurs on 
 monuments of the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 24). 
 
 3204 B. C. (=3205 in calendar years =3188+ "17" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Turis 
 succeeded by Mes&hris, fourth king of the Third dynasty. 
 Thirty-third generation. Jan. ist, 3200, among living men : 
 
 3187 B. C. (= 31HS in calendar years = 3172 -)- " 16" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Mes&hris 
 succeeded by Souphis, fifth king of the Third dynasty. — The accompanying oval is referred 
 here in Poole's hor. /Eg. p. 221 ; and was observed by myself under the Twelfth dynasty at 
 Benihassan. A hieratic papyrus (in the possession of Lepsius Eg. and Sin. p. 395) contain- 
 ing the names " of Chufu and Snefru of the Third Manethonic dynasty, and three other kings 
 probably belonging to the same dynasty, all cited as dead." 
 
 3171 B. C. (= 3172 in calendar years = 3153 -f- " 19 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Souphis 
 succeeded by ToseYtasis, sixth king of the Third dynasty. 
 Thirty-fourth generation. May ist, 3167, among living men : 
 
 3152 B. C. (= 3153 in calendar years = 3111 -|- --42 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), T6s£r- 
 tasis succeeded by Ahcs, seventh king of the Third dynasty. 
 
 Thirty-fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 3134, mostly beyond youth: " Hapenmat " mother of 
 king Snofru (Leps. k. pi. 5). 
 
 3110 B. C. (=3111 in calendar years = 3081 -\- "30" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ahes 
 ^- S succeeded by Sephouris, eighth king of the Third dynasty. The name of king " Snofru " has 
 been found on contemporaneous monuments. — He is the earliest king mentioned in the sculp- 
 tures of the necropolis at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, 16, and 17 . . . ) ; and precedes Sehura 
 in the series of kings at Karnak. 
 
 King Snofru carried on war in or beyond the Sinai peninsula : as appears from his name 
 and portrait at Wadi .Maghara, representing him in the act of smiting a bearded foreigner be- 
 longing to the White Race, as already mentioned. Mines of turquoise occur at Wadi Maghara, — 
 and according to Brugsch continue to be worked (bibl. Orient, ii. 177). 
 
 "3102, midnight Feb. 17th to 18th " ( . . . . Burgess), beginning of the last kali-yug of the 
 Hindus. — The "year 4900" of the kali-yug "ended on the 12th of April 1799" (Bentley as. res. viii. 
 p. 212). 
 
 The above date is possibly to be regarded as the real commencement of Hindu historical record, 
 for the "one hundred and fifty-three" kings anterior to Sandracottus (Megasth., and Arrian ind. 9) 
 will give an average reign of more than eighteen years. 
 
 Thirty-sixth generation. Jan. ist, 3100, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 Building by Snofru of one of the great pyramids at Dashur (Leps. k. synops. 4). Its construc- 
 tion may afford evidence of knowledge of geometry. In fact, the leading truths in mathematical sci- 
 ence appear to have been nearly all found out. Further evidence of knowledge of geometry has been 
 given under this dynasty in the hieroglyphic character of the quarter-acre: — and Herodotus ii. 109 
 (writing before the time of Euclid) expresses the opinion, That the Greeks obtained their knowledge 
 of geometry from the Egyptians. 
 
 A calendar also in use, as appears from " signs of the seasons and their months " on stones 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 67 
 
 of this pyramid (Leps chron.). The hieroglyphic character of the date-palm with four leaves \ 
 (according to Horapollo 1. 3), should represent a four-months period, and therefore an Egyptian 4= 
 ^ S °™ V° nhnUeS '" u ? e - until the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, and k pi. 5 to 
 67). The four-years period or " olumpias," may however be compared; especially as the word 
 " olumpias " is said to be Egyptian. y 
 
 The division of the day into "hours, minutes, seconds, and 6oths of a second," may also have 
 beenm use : according to Lepsius, this division was known to the Egyptians from an early period. 
 ( ^ 3080 B C (= 3081 in calendar years = 3055 + " 26 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Sephouris 
 
 succeeded by KerphSres, ninth king of the Third dynasty. - The name of king Khuf-ra occurs 
 
 in hieratic characters (Leps. k. pi. 7). 
 
 Thirty-seventh generation. May 1st, 3067, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 3054 B. C (= 3055 in calendar years = 2498 + » 203 — 100 -f 6 + 448 » in the Euseb.- 
 
 Maneth. table), KSrpheres succeeded by S6ris, head of a new dynasty ; another Memphite 
 
 dynasty. The name of king " Sor " on the monuments is identified with S6ris by Lepsius 
 
 k. pi. 5. 
 
 Thirty-eighth generation. Sept. 1st, 3034, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 3025 B. C. (= 3026 in calendar years = 3055 — " 29 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), S6ris 
 
 succeeded by Souphis II. or Cheops, second king of the Fourth dynasty. The name of 
 
 Chufu occurs at Wadi Maghara, and in the necropolis at Gizeh ; where he follows Snofru and 
 
 precedes all the other kings mentioned there : — his name occurs also Shech Said, and on later 
 
 monuments and genealogical tablets (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2, 10, 16, 18, 50, 55, 76, and 112). 
 
 Having selected Gizeh for the site, Chufu commencing the Great pyramid, 746 feet square at 
 
 base, by 450 feet high (Birch). The necropolis around appears also to have been planned, and some 
 
 of the tombs constructed during his reign. 
 
 The internal passages and chambers of the Great pyramid are of sienite , procured of course at 
 the First cataract of the Nile, and floated in barges all the way down the river. 
 
 The base of the Great pyramid is said to conform to an exact meridian line ; and other details 
 in the construction, are given as evidence of advancement in astronomical science. 
 
 " On monuments of the Fourth and Fifth dynasties," the length of the cubit was ascertained to 
 be "five hundred and twenty-four millimetres : " the standard weights and measures being those — 
 known in later times among the Babylonians and Persians. 
 
 From the contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh, the wealthier Egyptians are found in good part 
 devoted to pastoral pursuits. Agricultural occupations are however represented ; with persons 
 engaged in curing fish. Burdens are carried by a balance-beam on the shoulder : — as to the present 
 day among the Polynesians. 
 
 Hornless cattle, Bos taurus, now make their appearance, figured in herds under the Fourth 
 dynasty — (Leps. d. pi. 22 and 9) : figures continue on the monuments under the . . dynasty. I 
 have sometimes seen hornless cattle in America, but do not know, whether they constitute a distinct 
 breed. (See Socotra). 
 
 A wooden statue of the time of the Fourth dynasty and remarkable as a work of art was found 
 by Mariette 77 to have been originally covered with a thin layer of " stuc." The smooth hard stucco 
 called around the Indian Ocean chunam was observed by myself to have been in use in Egypt from 
 the commencement of Monumental history ; — and to the present day well known along the coasts of 
 Arabia, employed even for sheathing ships ; well known also from ancient times in Hindustan, being 
 the material on which the paintings in the Adjunta cave-temples were executed. 
 
 In an inscription enumerating offerings by king Chufu, mention is made of images worked in ivory 
 (Mariette 77). The material was of course procured from the African elephant on the Upper Nile. 
 
 The skull of Prince Merhet, of Chufu's family, — discovered with evidence of its identity by 
 Lepsius (Eg. and Sin. p. 62). . 
 
 Souphis II. succeeded by Souphis III., third king of the Fourth dynasty. The name of 
 king Chnemu-chufu occurs in contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh ; and in this necropolis, — and 
 on the subsequent monuments, he is invariably placed next after Chufu (Leps. d. ii. pi. 50). 
 
 Chnemu-chufu carried on war in or beyond the Sinai peninsula ; as appears from his name 
 and portrait at Wadi Maghara, where he is represented in the act of smiting the above- 
 mentioned bearded nation belonging to the White Race (Leps. d. ii. pi. 2). 
 
 The name of Chnemu-chufu occurs in quarry-marks on stones of the Great pyramid ; in one 
 instance, accompanied by the name of his predecessor. Chnemu-chufu therefore completed the 
 Great pyramid; and apparently, from the central chamber upward. 
 
 These original quarry-marks rudely drawn with red chalk, further demonstrate : That hiero- 
 glyphic writing was in general use, was rapidly executed, and was the only kind of writing known. 
 Thirty-ninth generation. Jan. 1st, 3000, mostly beyond youth : 
 
68 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Allium Ascalonicum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain scallion or shalot, 
 in France " echalote " (Nugent), in Germany " schalotte," in Italy " scalogno " or " ascalonia " (Lenz), 
 in Greece "gethuon" (Zalikogl.), and figures in different tombs at Gizeh, agreeing always in the bulb 
 hardly swelling, — appeared to me to belong here (compare Leps. d. ii. pi. 36 and 98); the same 
 figures doubtless correspond to the " krommua " and " skorotha " of the interpretation to Herodotus of 
 the inscription on the Great Pyramid : A. Ascalonicum was observed in Egypt by Alpinus ; and by 
 Hasselquist in Palestine (Linn.). Farther North, the "gethuon " is mentioned by Phrynichus, Anax- 
 andrides, Alexis, Epaenetus, and Theophrastus ; A. Ascalonicum was observed by Bory and Chaubard 
 in stony places in the Peloponnesus ; by Visiani, under cultivation in Dalmatia ; and according to 
 Koch, has become naturalized near Fiume on the Adriatic (A. Dec). Farther West, is termed " cepa 
 sterilis " by C. Bauhin ; is described by Morison iv. pi. 14; is known to occur in Italy (Lenz), and 
 under cultivation throughout middle Europe. Eastward from Egypt, has been long known in Hindus- 
 tan (Roxb., and D'roz.), and was observed by Graham "cultivated" around Bombay; by Mason, 
 " exotic " in Burmah ; and by Loureiro, under cultivation in Cochinchina. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where I have found it cultivated to some extent in our Middle States. 
 2982 B. C. (= 2983 in calendar years = 2920 -\- "63 " of the Afr. Maneth.-table), the acces- 
 sion of Shafra, fourth king of the Fourth dynasty, may be placed provisionally at this date. 
 His name occurs in contemporaneous tombs in the necropolis at Gizeh : — and in the "Eighty- 
 sixth" tomb (Leps. d. ii. pi. 8 to 13), he precedes Menkera. 
 
 The small temple of " alabaster " (stalagmite ?) and " syenite,'' situated behind the Great 
 Sphinx, was built by Shafra (Birch). Shafra also built a pyramid, as appears from the sign of one 
 accompanying his name ; and (according to Herodotus, and Diodorus i. 64. 1) the Middle pyramid at 
 Gizeh was built by king Kephren or Havruen. A statue of king Shafra, also remarkable as a work of 
 art, — is now in the museum at Paris (Mariette 77). 
 
 One of the tombs at Gizeh, is supposed to be that of the "architect" employed by king Shafra. 
 Fortieth generation. May 1st, 2967, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 Apart from the hieroglyphic writing, a monkey, Cercopithecus, is figured in tombs at Gizeh ; 
 having of course been brought from Equatorial Africa beyond the Desert : — the species continues 
 the same throughout these tombs (Leps. d. ii. pi 13 and 36) : but under the Twelfth dynasty at Beni- 
 hassan. other species make their appearance, all of them African. Throughout the monuments, I 
 was unable to discover any connexion of monkeys proper with the Egyptian mythology ; a marked 
 distinction from the Hindu system. 
 
 Typha angustifolia of the Mediterranean countries and the shores of the Atlantic as far as 
 Northeast America. A smaller kind of cat-tail flag called by the Greeks " tosazi " (Forsk.),'and 
 possibly that figured among offerings in tombs at Gizeh — (Leps. d. ii. pi. 14, 36, and 68) : T. angus- 
 tifolia was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Rosetta. Farther North, 
 was observed by Forskal from Smyrna to Constantinople, having " two female spikes " and used for 
 feeding horses ; by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in the marshes of Greece Westward, is known to grow in 
 Italy (Lenz), and along the Atlantic as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 62) : and farther West, has 
 been observed by myself only in the submaritime pools of Massachusetts Bay in New England. 
 
 Typha latifolia of Northern climates. Called in Britain cats tail or reed-mace or bull-segg or 
 pool-sedge (Prior), in Germany "rohrkolbe" (Grieb), in Italy with other species " tifa " or " sala " or 
 " mazza sorda " (Lenz), in Greece " psathe " (Sibth.) : agreeing better with the above figures on the 
 monuments, the root besides edible — (Linn.), but not met with by modern visitors in Egypt. Farther 
 North, "psiathos" mats are mentioned by Aeschylus ag. 1521, and Aristophanes ran. 567; the 
 "tuphe," by Theophrastus i. 8, growing according to Dioscorides in the stagnant water of marshes ; 
 and in these situations T. latifolia was observed by Sibthorp in Greece. Westward, is described by 
 Tragus (Spreng.) ; is termed " t. palustris major" by Tournefort inst. 530; and is known to grow 
 in Italy, Algeria, Portugal (Brot., Desf., and Munby), and throughout middle and Northern Europe 
 to the border of the Arctic region (fl. Dan. pi. 645, Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward from the Medi- 
 terranean, is known to grow about Caucasus, the Caspian, the Altaian mountains, and throughout 
 Siberia (Gmel., Pall., Bieb., and Ledeb.). Farther East, was observed by Drummond on the Sas- 
 katchewan in Lat. 54 , by Nuttall on the Arkansas, and is known to grow along the Atlantic from 
 Lat. 51 in Newfoundland to and beyond 31° in Florida (Lapylaie, Ell., Baldw., Chapm.. and myself): 
 "flags" were gathered by the aboriginal women of New England to make mats for their dwellings 
 (W. Wood prosp. ii. 20) ; and the poorer settlers of Virginia were " very fond " of the plant " because 
 it has a sweetish taste " (Forst. cat.). 
 
 2960 B. C. (= 2952 -f his "9th year" in an inscription, Chabas), accession of MgnhSres 
 fifth king of the Fourth dynasty. The name of king " Menkaura" occurs in contemporaneous 
 tombs at Gizeh ; — and in the " Eighty-ninth " (Leps.), he is placed after Shafra and before 
 Aseskef. His name occurs also in the genealogical tables of later times, and in sacred writings 
 and prayers : for his memory appears to have been long venerated by the Egyptians. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 69 
 
 2952 B. C. (= 2953 in calendar years = 1413 + 1540 =: 2210 -f- " 16 -\- 43 + 185 + 100 -f- 100 
 + 0. 75 d. + 203" of Euseb.-Maneth. continued in Afr.-Maneth. + "9 -j- 7 + 22 _|_ 25" _|_ 33 or 
 "31 years" of Mosheres in Eratosthenes = 2498 -f "203 + 448" of Euseb.-Maneth. continued in 
 Afr.-Maneth. — "29 — 63 — 66" — 38 or 39th year of Menhgres), end of the first Great Year. 
 (The "heliacal rising of Sirius in the ninth year of Menkeres " is however placed by Biot "between 
 3007 and 3010 B. C," Boston Transcript for Friday, May 5th, 1876). 
 
 The Third pyramid at Gizeh is connected with this event ; was attributed to " rothopis " (a phce- 
 nix according to C. Muller fragm. Maneth. p. 520 to 555) when Herodotus ii. 100 was in Egypt ; to 
 " nitdkris " by Manetho, though misplaced under the Sixth dynasty ; " vokhoris " is made the suc- 
 cessor of Meghgrinos or Mukennos by Diodorus i. 65 ; and the pyramid is known to have been built 
 by Menkaura. Though the smallest of the three, it must have been very costly, being exclusively of 
 sienite brought from the First cataract (in entire accordance with the account of Herodotus ii. 134). 
 
 In one of the contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pi. 36), men probably of the Negro 
 Race are represented ; at least, if we may judge from their wearing the three-lobed emblem. — At 
 Benihassan (Champoll. pi. 361), this emblem is clearly a black writing-stile: 
 
 Iris sisyrinchium of Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agriokrinos " 
 (Sibth.), in Egypt "zambak" (Forsk.), and in other instances seems the three-lobed emblem, the 
 flowers agreeing in form and to some extent in colour — (the Ethiopians being termed "kuanoi" by 
 Homer), and the growing plant occurring as a hieroglyphic character from the Seventeenth dynasty 
 to the Ptolemies (Leps. k. pi. 51) : I. sisyrinchium, the only species known to grow wild in Egypt, 
 is described by Forskal p. 12 as a flower "plurimae dignitatis " in colour " violaceus medio petalorum 
 croceo ; " was observed by him, and Delile, on the Desert-margin from the Pyramids to Alexandria. 
 Farther North, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on hills along the sea from Cyprus 
 to the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also in Barbary, Spain, and Portugal (Tourn. inst. 365, and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Anona Senegalensis of Tropical Africa. A small tree called in Unyoro " mtaotao " (Grant) ; and 
 as early doubtless as this date its hard twigs used for rubbing fire by Negro tribes on the Upper Nile, 
 — as at the present day witnessed by Schweinfurth vi to xii : A. Senegalensis was observed also by 
 Grant from "2° to 3 N." on the Nile, its fruit eaten, and wood made into hoe-handles ; was received 
 by Jussieu from Senegal (Pers.). 
 
 Forty-first generation. Sept. 1st, 2934, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 The name of king Menkaura occurs on his own wooden coffin, discovered within the Third pyra- 
 mid. The inscription containing the name, is alleged by Birch to be an extract from the "Osiris- 
 myth ; " a sacred drama, whose high antiquity is thus demonstrated. 
 
 Cedrus Libani of the Lebanon and Taurian mountains. The Cedar of Lebanon is called by 
 the Syrian Arabs "arz" (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). in Egyptian " tshe'nsSife' " or "tsh£nsev£" or 
 "tshSnsifi " (transl. Sept.), and is possibly the " kind of cedar" of which this coffin is made, there 
 being no Coniferous trees large enough for the purpose nearer than Palestine : — the " arz " is pre- 
 scribed by Moses for purifying the unclean and in leprosy (Lev. xiv. 4, and Num. xix. 6) ; was 
 brought for building from Tyre to Jerusalem (2 Sam. v. 11, and 1 K. vi. 9 to 20) ; is mentioned as 
 growing on Lebanon in Psalm xxix. 5, xcii. 12, and Jer. xxii. 7 to 23 ; as a lofty tree by Amos ii. 9, 
 Isaiah ii. 13, and Ezekiel xxxi. 3 ; is also mentioned in Cant. i. 17, Zeph. ii. 14, Job xl. 17, Zech. xi. I, 
 1 Esdr. iv. 48, and Sirach xxiv. 13 ; and the " cedrus magna " or " cedrelaten," by Pliny xiii. 11 and 
 xxiv. 11 as yielding resin, having fruit like "cupresso," and incorruptible timber employed for images 
 of the gods : C. Libani has become rare on Lebanon, but a grove continues to be shown to travellers, 
 and trees have been found in unfrequented portions of this mountain-range by American missionaries 
 (Kitt. bibl. cycl., forest). 
 
 The tree selected for the coffin was in all probability felled in Syria, and seems to imply the exist- 
 ence of navigation upon the Mediterranean : — river-barges, larger than any now used on the Nile 
 and propelled by numerous oars, are figured at the beginning of the Fifth dynasty in the beautiful 
 
 tomb at Saccara. 
 
 2919 B. C. (= 2920 in calendar years = 2953 — 33 = 2983 — "63" of the Afr.-Maneth. 
 table), accession of Ratoises, sixth king of the Fourth dynasty ; — to whose reign "twenty- 
 five " years are assigned. The name of king Ratatef occurs on the monuments (Leps. k. 
 pi. 7), and is referred here by Birch. 
 
 Forty-second generation. Jan. 1st, 2900, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 2894 B. C. (= 2895 in calendar years = 2920 — " 25 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ratoises 
 succeeded by Vihens, seventh king of the Fourth dynasty ; — to whose reign "twenty-two" 
 years are assigned. The "vokhoris " of Diodorus i. 65, may be compared (see above, Men- 
 hgres) : a judicial decision attributed to Vokhoris is preserved by Clemens Alexandrinus 
 ^-~y strom. iv. 18. 
 
70 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 2872 B. C. (= 2873 in calendar years = 2895 — " 22 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Viheris 
 succeeded by Se>£rhe>es, eighth king of the Fourth dynasty ; to whose reign " seven " years 
 are assigned. The name of king " Aseskaf " occurs in contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh : — 
 and in the " Eighty-ninth " he is placed after Menkaura and before Useserkaf (Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 41, 50, and 55). Asychis according to Herodotus succeeded Menkaura. 
 Forty-third generation. May 1st, 2867, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 Some time after the building of the Great pyramid (Leps. trav. 28 and 52 to 118) 
 but before the close of the Fourth dynasty (Birch), a canon of proportions first adopted in 
 representations of the human form. — This canon continued unchanged throughout the "Twelfth 
 
 • dynasty." 
 2865 B. C. (= 2866 in calendar years = 2873 — " 7 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Severheres 
 succeeded by Thampthis, ninth king of the Fourth dynasty : — to whose reign " nine " years 
 are assigned. The name of king Tha-med has been found on the monuments by Lepsius 
 (k. pi. 7) ; with evidence, that he preceded the Tenth dynasty. 
 
 c ^> As the sphinx possibly indicates taxation, the earliest representation becomes a 
 
 / ^r ~ ^-is3 point of interest. The above headless figure occurs under the Fourth dynasty at 
 
 Sakara (Leps. d. ii. pi. 96), but is not free from ambiguity ; and Lepsius eg. and gin. p. 67 states, that 
 the image of the sphinx is " not in general met with in the Pyramid period." — Heads of sphinxes 
 were found in the tomb of the mother of the first king of the Seventeenth dynasty ; and from this 
 time, representations of the sphinx become frequent : forming besides a hieroglyphic character t^— 3 
 from at least the Nineteenth dynasty to the Greek conquest (Leps. k. pi. 32 to 50). 
 
 2S56 B. C. (= 2857 in calendar years = 2866 — "9 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 2210 -)- 
 
 " 16 -f- 43 + 185 -(- 100 -)- 100 -f- °-75 d- + 203 " of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), Thampthis 
 
 I succeeded by Ous£rh£res, head of the Elephantinite dynasty. To whose reign ''twenty-eight" 
 
 years are assigned. The name of king Usesurkaf occurs in contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh : — 
 
 and in the " Eighty-ninth," he is placed after Aseskaf and before Sehura. His name occurs 
 
 also at Shech Said (Leps. d. ii. pi. 40, 48, and 112). 
 
 A tomb at Sakara containing the name and constructed during the reign of Usesurkaf, may be 
 regarded as vindicating in the beauty of the sculptures the judgment of Herodotus : .in placing cer- 
 tain Egyptian works of art on a par with any in Greece. 
 
 Khuumhotep was priest of the king's pyramid, — which has not as yet been identified (Birch). 
 Forty-fourth generation. Sept. 1st, 2834, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 2828 B. C. (= 2829 in calendar years = 2857— "28" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), OuseFhe'res 
 succeeded by SSphres, second king of the Fifth dynasty : to whose reign " thirteen " years 
 are assigned. The name of king Sehura occurs at Wadi Maghara, and in contemporane- 
 ous tombs at Gizeh: — and in the "Eighty-ninth," he is placed after Usesurkaf; and in 
 the "fifteenth," after Chufu and before Nofirikara (Leps. d. ii. pi. 39, 47, 50, 55, and 74). 
 His name occurs also in the genealogical tables of later times, as in the chamber of kino-s at 
 Karnak. 
 
 Sehura carried on war in or beyond the Sinai peninsula : his portrait at Wadi Ma°iiara repre- 
 senting him in the act of smiting the before-mentioned bearded nation belonging to the White Race 
 (Forty days in the Desert pi. 12). 
 
 Sehura built the North pyramid at Abusir ; his name occurring in red quarry-marks on one of 
 the component blocks of stone. 
 
 2815 B. C. (= 2S16 in calendar years = 2829 — " 13 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Sephres 
 succeeded by NephSrhSres, third king of the Fifth dynasty: to whose reign " twentv " 
 years are assigned. The name of king Nofirikara occurs at Sakara, and in contemporaneous 
 tombs at Gizeh: — and in the "Fifteenth," he is placed between Sehura and Raensesur ; 
 but by a rare inconsistency, before Sehura in the "Seventeenth " tomb (Leps. d. ii. pi. 47, 50, 
 55. and 59). 
 
 A porcupine, Hystrix cristata, is figured in one of the above tombs (Leps. d. ii. pi. 46). The 
 original may have been imported from beyond the Euphrates : — for I have met with the animal only 
 in Hindustan, where quills are occasionally found throughout the country ; the possible ori°-in of the 
 legend mentioned by Pliny viii. 53, that the porcupine shoots its quills. Pliny however attributes 
 " hystrices " to both India and Africa ; showing at least, that the animal became known to the Romans 
 through Africa. 
 
 Nofirikara built a pyramid : and several functionaries of his reign were buried in the tombs at 
 Gizeh (Birch). 
 
 Forty-fifth generation. Jan. 1st, 2800, mostly beyond youth : 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 71 
 
 2795 B. C. (= 2796 in calendar years = 2816 — "20" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), 
 NephSrheYes succeeded by Sisires, fourth king of the Fifth dynasty: to whose 
 reign "seven" years are assigned. The name of king Raensesur occurs at the 
 "pyramid at Reggah " (Glid. analect.), also at Wadi Maghara, Sakkarah, and in con- 
 temporaneous tombs at Gizeh : — in the " Fifteenth " and " Seventeenth " tombs, he is 
 placed after Sehura and Nofirikara (Leps. d. ii. pi. 55, 57, 59, and 152). 
 
 _ His surname "An" (Birch) occurs in the tombs at Gizeh ; and in the "twenty-seventh" (Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. 76) is placed after Chufu and before Tankara ; — in the chamber of kings at Karnak, is 
 placed after Sehura and before Asesa ; occurs also in other genealogical tables ; and under the 
 Twelfth dynasty, on a "fragment of a granite statue " (C. Mull, fragm. Maneth. p. 548). 
 
 Raensesur built the middle pyramid at Abusir; as appears from his name in "red ochre " quarry- 
 marks on some of the component blocks of stone. 
 
 2788 B. C. (= 2789 in calendar years = 2796 — " 7 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), accession 
 of Hfiires, sixth king of the Fifth dynasty : to whose reign " twenty " years are assigned. The 
 name of king Horakau occurs in contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh : — and in the " Twenty- 
 sixth," he is placed after Sehura and Kaka. The same name quadrangularly enclosed, occurs 
 in the " Twenty-seventh " tomb (Leps. d. ii. pi. 74 and 76). 
 f ^ 2768 B. C. (= 2769 in calendar years = 2789 — "20" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Heues 
 succeeded by Rathoures, seventh king of the Fifth dynasty: to whose reign "forty-four" years 
 are assigned. 
 
 Forty-sixth generation. May 1st, 2767, mostly beyond youth : 
 Forty-seventh generation. Sept. 1st, 2734, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 2724 B. C. (= 2725 in calendar years = 2769 — "44" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Rathoures 
 
 succeeded by MSnhSres II., eighth king of the Fifth dynasty: to whose reign "nine" years 
 
 are assigned by Manetho ; but "eight" only, in the Turin papyrus. The name of king 
 
 Menkauhor occurs at Wadi Maghara: — and on monuments of later times (Leps. d. ii. pi. 39, 
 
 and k. pi. 5). 
 
 A slab containing a portrait of Menkauhor — was found in excavating the Serapeum at Memphis 
 (Birch). 
 
 Menkauhor built a pyramid : — which has not as yet been identified (Birch). 
 
 IjSBBk. 2715 B. C. (= 2716 in calendar years = 2725 — "9" of the Afr.-Maneth. table, 
 KSB the Egyptian Chronicle giving 2497 -(-"217 years " = 2714), end of the reign of 
 I MSnhSres II. He was Succeeded by TanhSres, ninth king of the Fifth dynasty: 
 RH to whose reign "forty-four" years are attributed by Manetho; but "thirty-eight" 
 ^tW only, in the Turin papyrus. The name of king Tankara occurs at Wadi Maghara, 
 Sakkarah, and in contemporaneous tombs at Gizeh : — where, in the " Twenty-seventh," he precedes 
 Asesa (Leps. d. ii. pi. 39, 63, 65, and 76). 
 
 His surname Assa (Birch) occurs at Sakkarah ; and in the necropolis at Gizeh is inscribed in the 
 "seventeenth, twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh," and "thirty-fifth" tombs. — A different form of appar- 
 ently the same name, occurs subsequently in the chamber of kings at Karnak (Leps. d. ii. pi. 67, 74, 
 76, 78, and k. pi. 6). 
 
 2712 B. C. = "fourth year of Assa" (Birch), commissions sent to Wadi Maghara, "to examine 
 the state of the locality and excavations." 
 
 Forty-eighth generation. Jan. 1st, 2700, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 A papyrus written by an officer under king Asesa (discovered in Thebes by Prisse) is described 
 by De Rouge" as having the characters slightly cursive; the initial stage therefore of hieratic writing. 
 2671 B. C. (= 2672 in calendar years = 2716 — "44" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Tanheres 
 succeeded by Onnos, tenth king of the Fifth dynasty : to whose reign " thirty-three " years are 
 assigned by Manetho; but only "thirty," in the Turin papyrus. The name of king Onas 
 occurs in the "Twenty-sixth" tomb at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pi. 75), on a vase procured in Egypt 
 _ by Abbott (Glid. analect), and on other movable articles in the museums of Europe (Birch). 
 Evidence that the name and title of Onas were identical is given in Leps. k. pi. 5 ; and, with the 
 two exceptions above given, single ovals appear to have been to this time employed by the Egyptian 
 
 kings. 
 
 Forty-ninth generation. May 1st, 2667, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 Of the above-mentioned tombs at Gizeh, several were pointed out to me by Mr. Bonomi, others 
 besides not later than the Fifth dynasty, and on the walls I remarked figures of three additional 
 
 Pa,n Cynara scolvmus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain artichoke, in France 
 "artichaux" in Spain "artichofa" or " alcachofa," in Italy " articiocco " (Prior), in Germany 
 " artischoke " in Greece " agkunara " (Fraas) or " agriokunara " (Sibth.), in Egypt " chars juf " 
 
7 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 (Forsk.) or " kharchouf " (Del.), and figures in one of the tombs, possibly intended for the lettuce, 
 more resemble floral heads of the artichoke : —the " kinara " was found by Ptolemy III. Euergetes 
 on the river Lethon in Lybia (Athen. ii. 84) ; and C. scolymus was observed by Forskal, Delile, 
 Clot-Bey, and myself, abundantly cultivated in Egypt. Farther north, the "kinara" is mentioned by 
 Hecataeus, Sophocles, Sopater of Paphos, and Galen al. fac. ii. 51; C. scolymus was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding throughout the Peloponnesus, but according to Fraas is only 
 seemingly wild. Westward, the " cinara" is mentioned by Columella xi. 3. 14, Scribonius, and Pliny 
 viii. 41 ; is described by Lobel pi. 2. 6 ; is termed " c. sylvestris latifolia " by Tournefort inst. 442 ; is 
 known to occur as a weed in cultivated ground in Italy, Sicily, Barbary, Portugal, Southern France, 
 and is besides regularly cultivated as far as middle Europe (Pers.). Eastward from Egypt, is called 
 in Bengalee " hatickak " (D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay " kingin " and " cultivated in Deccan 
 gardens " (Grah.) ; was observed by Ainslie mat. ind., and Roxburgh, under cultivation in other 
 parts of Hindustan. By European colonists, was carried to America, where I have found it sparingly 
 cultivated for its edible calyx-leaves in our Middle States. 
 
 Cucumis fiexuosus of Equatorial Africa. The long curving cucumber called in Egypt "guttSh" 
 (as heard by myself), " cucumer longissimus " in Egyptian " sh6pi " (Edw., "cucumer" being 
 " tshplok" or "tshpldk," Kirch.) agrees with the long green slightly-curved fruit figured in tombs 
 at Gizeh — as well as under the Seventeenth or Eighteenth dynasty: the "htS" is mentioned in 
 Ex. ix. 32 ; the '• kathe " by Rhazes, Abd-allatif, and Alpinus : C. flexuosus was observed in Egypt 
 by Hasselquist; by myself, the fruit only, curving to the length of three or four feet, and devoid of 
 papilla;. Farther North, the " cucumis anguinus " is mentioned by Varro i. 2. 25, Columella vii. 10. 5, 
 and Pliny. 
 
 Citrullus vulgaris of Equatorial Africa. Called in English watermelon, in German "wasser- 
 melone " (Grieb), in French "pasteque" (Nugent), by the Greeks "karpousia" (Fraas) and by the 
 Turks " carpus " (Forsk.), in Russia " arbus " (Erman i. p. 235), in Persia " hinduanach " (Ainsl.), in 
 Egypt "batykh" (Del.), in Egyptian "p51£pep6n'' (Sept. transl. Num. xi. 5) or "pelp&i" (Kirch.), 
 and agreeing in shape and relative size with a green fruit figured in tombs at Gizeh — as well as 
 under the Seventeenth and Eighteenth dynasties : the " abatyhym " of Egypt were longed for by the 
 Israelites in the Desert; the "batykh" is mentioned by Serapion, Ebn Baitar, and Abd-allatif; and 
 C. vulgaris was observed by Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt. 
 Farther North, " melopeponas " are mentioned by Columella, and Pliny xix. 23 ; the " melopgpon," 
 by Florentinus (Geopon. xii. 20), and is distinguished by Galen alim. ii. 5 by its internal substance 
 that contains the seeds being edible; C. vulgaris is described by Matthioli p. 369, Lobel obs. pi. 641, 
 and Dalechamp p. 625 ; was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, but in general seems 
 little known in Western Europe. Southward and Eastward from Egypt, trie fruit was observed by 
 myself in market at Mocha and Muscat : C. vulgaris is called in Sanscrit " chaya pula " (Ainsl., and 
 Pidd.), in Bengalee and Hindustanee " tarbuj " (D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay " tarbooza," and 
 " extensively cultivated " (Graham, and myself). Farther East, was observed by Mason v. p. 456 
 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated by both Karens and Burmese, and called " pha-rai ; " by Loureiro 
 p. 730, in Cochinchina and China ; by Rumphius v. pi. 146, in the Malayan archipelago (A. Dec.) ; 
 and by Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called " suikwa." By European colonists, was 
 carried to Brazil and the West Indies (Marcgraf p. 22, and Sloane i. p. 226) ; to Northeast America, 
 where it continues abundantly cultivated ; to the islands of the Pacific, as ascertained by myself on 
 the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean groups, and as far as New Zealand and Australia. 
 
 Of the plants thus far mentioned, those displaced by the hand of man came principally from 
 Northern climates. Nine however are decidedly Tropical : the date-palm, possibly from Hindustan 
 beyond the Persian Gulf; but the remainder, the doum-palm, Papyrus, Arundo donax, fig, water- 
 melon, curving cucumber, Acacia Nilotica, and Aymphcea coerulea, all from either Tropical Arabia 
 or the Upper Nile. 
 
 King Onas was buried in the Mastabat-el-Faraoun, a long building at Sakkarah inscribed with 
 his name and constructed of enormous blocks of limestone, anciently inlaid with hard stones : — and it 
 appears from a total in the rubric in the Turin papyrus, " that his reign was one of those fixed points 
 from which the ancient Egyptians computed the chronology of the old monarchy " (Birch). 
 
 The above oval will be found to correspond with the Babylonian account of Oannes ; who came 
 out of the Persian Gulf, and taught mankind the art of writing with other branches of learning all 
 mechanical arts, the building of cities and temples, geometry, agriculture, law-making, and every- 
 thing essential to the well-being of society : — since which time, nothing new or at least nothing 
 better has been found out (Beros.). Oannes is represented on the Assyrian monuments as havin°- the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 73 
 
 body of a fish with the human face and feet ; and is mentioned also by ApoIIodorus (Euseb. i. p. 
 8, and Syncell. p. 28). 
 
 ■ 2638 B. C. (= 2639 in calendar years = 2672 — "33 " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Onnos 
 succeeded by Othoes, head of the Sixth dynasty, a Memphite dynasty. The name of king 
 Athi occurs at Hamamat (Leps. d. ii. pi. 115). 
 "2637 B. C." (Chin, chron. table, Amyot, and Pauth.), the Chinese era, the initial point of 
 chronological reckoning among the Chinese. To all appearance derived from Babylon and the 
 West: and therefore, the approximation or possible coincidence in dates is worthy of notice (see 
 Fou-hi). 
 
 Fiftieth generation. Sept. 1st, 2634, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 2620 B.C. (=3397 — "182 — 595 = 777 yrs" of Gen. v. 28 to 31), death of Lamech. The words, 
 " This shall comfort us concerning our work and concerning toil of our hands because of the ground 
 which hath cursed it Jehovah," are attributed to Lamech. 
 
 In regard to the condition at this time of the human family, mention is made of " mighty men 
 which were of old, men of renown. And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, 
 and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually." The " earth also 
 was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence " (Gen. vi. 4 to 1 [). Historical notices 
 of the antediluvian period, have also been transmitted through Greek writers. 
 
 2615 B.C. (=z 2015 -f "600 years" of Gen. vii. 6, Samar. edit., Sept., Jos., Theoph., and Afr.), 
 Noah. The date for the Deluge given by Josephus a. J. i. 6. 5, differs one year only (1623 — (— " 70 — j— 
 120-)- 132-)- 130 -|- 130-)- 134 -\- 130+ 135 -\- 12 years " = 2616). 
 
 Pinus pinea of wooded shores of the Mediterranean. The imported nuts are called in Germany 
 " pinie " and other species of the tribe " kiefer " (Grieb) : in Italy the garden pine is called " pino " 
 or "pino domestico " (Lenz),- in Greece " koukounaria" (Sibth.), and the same in Egyptian for the 
 tree and nuts (ms. Par.) : the " gphr '' pitch trees of which the ark was made — (Gen. vi. 14) may be 
 compared : pine-nuts were known to Athenaeus in Egypt, and doubtless continue to be imported. 
 Farther North, the ship Argo was built of " pitusin " (according to the dedicatory inscription pre- 
 served by Dio Chrysostom) ; the tree was felled on the mountains of Greece for ship-timber in the 
 days of Homer il. xiii. 390, but its cultivation miy have commenced subsequently ; the " pitus " is 
 mentioned in connexion with Miltiades (Herodot. vii. 37), and by Cratinus, and Theophrastus ; sculp- 
 tured fruit of "pituos tes em£rou " in the hind of statues by Ptolichus and Calamis, was seen by 
 Pausanias . . . ; " kokkaloi " are mentioned by Hippocrates vict. acut. 409, and pine-nuts by 
 Mnesitheus, Diodes, Alexander Myndius, Nicander, and Galen alim. fac. ii : P. pinea was observed 
 by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, in 
 maritime sand, becoming rare inland, its timber excellent for ship-building. Westward, the " pinus in 
 hortis " is mentioned by Virgil eel. viii. 65 ; the " pinea," by Columella ; is enumerated by Pliny xvi. 
 16 and xvii. 1 1 as " peregrinae " foreign to Italy, directions for planting " pineae nucleis " also given ; 
 the smoke rising from the eruption of Vesuvius witnessed by the younger Pliny is compared by him 
 to this tree : P. pinea is termed " p. sativa" by Tournefort inst. 585 ; is known to occur seemingly 
 wild in Italy (Lenz), and its umbrella-shaped top was observed by myself everywhere conspicuous in 
 sailino- alono- the coast of Southern France and Spain. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Madeira (Lemann, and A. Dec.) : its nuts were found by myself largely imported into Spanish 
 colonies in America. 
 
 Olea sylvestris of Persia and the shores of the Caspian. Called in English olive, in Germany 
 "olivenbaum" or "oelbaum" (Grieb), in France "olive" and "olivier" (Nugent), in Italy "oliva" 
 and "olivo" (Lenz), in Greece " £li5s " or " agroSlia," but by the Turks "jaban zeitan Agagi " 
 (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Egypt " zeytoun " (Del.), in Egyptian " joit " or "joSit" (transl. Sept.), in 
 which we recognize the "zyd" leaf brought to Noah — (Gen. viii. u), the tree itself occurring in 
 Palestine and the neighbouring countries in the time of Moses (Ex. xxvii. 20 and Levit. xxiv. 2), 
 Jotham (Judg. ix. 9), and Micah vi. 15: the " zaitun " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : the "glaia" in 
 the days of Theophrastus iv. 3 was cultivated in Cyrene ; in the days of Pliny at Thebes in Egypt, 
 but has since disappeared from the vicinity; lower down in the Fayoum are olive trees older than the 
 Muslim conquest, plantations having been established only recently under Mohammed AH (Clot-Bey 
 ii -yg) but single trees were observed by Forskal in gardens at Cairo. Farther North, a tree attrib- 
 uted to the time of king Argus was standing at Argos in the days of Pliny xvi. 89 ; the " elaia" was 
 regarded as introduced at Athens by Minerva (Plut. is and osir., Paus. i. 24. 3 and vi. 26. 2), is men- 
 tioned by Hesiod, Homer, Aeschylus, Euripides, and the " Slaia emera " distinguished by Dioscondes ; 
 O sylvestris was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, cultivated as well as seemingly wild 
 throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Eastward, its oil was not used by the Persians of the 
 time of Herodotus . . . ., and to the present day its fruit is disliked by the Turks (Forsk. p. 202) ; 
 the tree is described by Persian medical writers, and is known to grow in sheltered situations along 
 
 10 
 
74 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the Caspian (Ledeb.) : is said by Strabo ii. I. 14 to be unknown in Bactria, but was observed by 
 Elphinstone p. 46 seemingly wild in Cabul, devoid however of a Sanscrit name (Pidd., Royle, and A. 
 Dec). Westward from Greece, prior to the reign of Tarquinius Priscus was unknown in Italy, 
 Barbary, and Spain (Fenest.) ; its oil was employed by Hannibal (Liv. xxi. 54) ; the "olivina" is 
 mentioned by Plautus ; the " oliva" or " olea" and its culture, by Cato, Varro, Cicero, Horace, Virgil, 
 Columella, and had reached Gaul and Spain before the time of Pliny ; O. sylvestris was observed by 
 Bonder in " 1403 " on the Canary Islands, and is even regarded by Buch, and Webb, as indigenous. 
 By European colonists, was carried prior to "1560" (Vega 391, and Holmes) to Peru, in which 
 country as well as in Chili I met with fresh fruit of good quality ; in " 1837," was carried from Egypt 
 to Hindustan (Graham). 
 
 By Noah, an altar built : on which, " of every clean beast and of every clean fowl," he " offered 
 burnt offerings " (Gen. viii 20). 
 
 Until the founding of Babylon, of the city and tower of Babel, '' the whole earth was of one 
 language and of one speech " (Gen. xi. 1 to 9). This language was of course that of the Egyptian 
 hieroglyphics, the so-called " Coptic " language : certainly at this date in existence, while no other 
 known language can be traced so far back. — The fact is further confirmed by the Chinese hav- 
 ing retained a monosyllabic form of language ; by the secondary or triliteral form of the Shemitic 
 or Chaldaic ; while yet further syllabic addition characterizes the Sanscrit and Ind-European class of 
 languages. Confirmation is also found in the order of affiliation : many Hebrew and many Sanscrit 
 words having been taken from the Egyptian language, while with the possible exception of names of 
 foreign animals and plants, no Egyptian word has been borrowed from either the Hebrew or Sanscrit; 
 many Greek words have been borrowed from the Hebrew, but no Hebrew word from the Greek ; 
 many Latin words from the Greek, but no Greek word from the Latin ; and many English words Irom 
 the Latin, but no Latin word from the English. 
 
 The poetical account of Lamech and his two wives, in which the seven-fold vengeance protecting 
 Cain is mentioned (Gen. iv. 23 and 24), is regarded as " most probably the oldest specimen of Hebrew 
 poetry extant" (Kitt. bil.l. cycl.). The poetical curse on Canaan, in which Shem.and Japheth are 
 mentioned (Gen. ix. 25 to 27), is attributed to Noah himself. — Poetry, it should be noted, can be 
 transmitted without the aid of writing. 
 
 The tomb of Abeba, an officer who accompanied king Athi " in his voyages to the edifice of the 
 South," has been found at Sakkarah (Birch). 
 
 The presence of the name of king Athi on the road leading to the port of Kosser, is evidence of 
 the existence of navigation upon the Red Sea, of maritime commerce with Arabia and countries 
 beyond. The harbour of Abu Zelimah in the Sinai peninsula (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 
 305), was "a position of great importance long before the time of Moses." 
 
 Vessels from the Red Sea probably visiting Hindustan as early as this date ; following Desert 
 shores to the new aspect of nature beyond the Persian Gulf.* 
 
 Dilivaria ilicifolia of the Tropical seashore from Hindustan throughout the Malayan archipelago. 
 One of the first objects to attract attention on landing, — a maritime shrub from its foliage called sea- 
 holly, but in Burmah " kha-ya " (Mason); in Pampango "dulavari," in Tagalo "diliuario" or 
 " doloariu " or " laguio laguio " or " tingloi," in Bisaya " tiotio " (Blanco) : observed by Graham about 
 Bombay, growing " abundantly in salt marshes ; " by Rheede ii. pi. 4S. in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, 
 along the Eastern side of Hindustan; by Mason, on the seashore of Burmah, its root according to the 
 natives "a cure for the bite of poisonous snakes;" by myself, abounding throughout the Malayan 
 archipelago to the Philippines, where also it was observed by Blanco. 
 
 2608 B. C. (= 2609 in calendar years = 2S57 — " 248 " dynastic years of the Afr.- 
 
 Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 2498 -\- "203 — 100 -f- 6 " = 2607), 
 
 I Othoes or Athi put to death by his own guardsmen, and succeeded by Phios. The 
 
 name of king Pepi occurs at Wadi Maghara, Sauiet el Meitin, Shech Said, Hamamat 
 
 (Leps. d. ii. pi. no to 116), and beyond Dongola as far up the Nile as Napata (Glidd. 
 
 analect), — also on monuments of later times, as the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 Pepi clearly has two hieroglyphic ovals ; a title or surname apart from the name. The cobra or 
 asp projecting from the forehead, also now designates a king (compare Horap. i. 57 to 60). 
 
 2607 = "second year of Pepi," the inhabitants of the Sinai peninsula reconquered — (Birch). 
 
 Tamarix .ifricaua of the Desert and its Northern border from the Atlantic to Hindustan. 
 Called in English tamarisk (Prior), in Greece "murikia" or " armurikia " (Fraas) or by the Turks 
 
 * In the following pages, the horizon of Egypt includes the nearest portion of Hindustan ; the 
 line of demarcation separating plants growing farther East that even through their commercial prod- 
 ucts continue unknown to the Egyptians. 
 
 H 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 75 
 
 "ilghin" (Sibth.), in Egypt "tarfe" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the Egyptian "trvaein" or 
 "trveem" or "terv«eui_" (transl. Sept., and ms. Par.) identical with the "tshe-n-osi" mischief-wood 
 (Kirch.); also the "murike" a most ancient plant, coronary among the Egyptians in religious proces- 
 sions, —and among the Magians of Media, according to Metrodorus : T. Africana was observed by 
 Forskal, and Delile, in the Egyptian Desert, affording inferior charcoal; by myself, on the Desert- 
 margin in Upper Egypt and around Mocha. Farther North, the " murike " was used even among the 
 Scythians by soothsayers, the Apollo on Lesbos holding a branch (Alcaeus, Herodot , Dinon, and 
 schol. Nicand. ther. 613); is mentioned by Homer il. vi. 39 and x. 466 as growing around Troy; by 
 Hecataeus, Theophrastus, Strabo; and the "myricen" by Pliny xxiv. 41 as "infelicem arborem " 
 never planted in Italy: T. Africana was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the 
 Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece; by Desfontaines i. p. 269, in Algeria; by Forskal, near 
 Marseilles; is termed "t. narbonensis " by Tournefort inst. 661, "t. gallica" by Linnasus ; is known 
 to grow also in Italy and Spain (Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Arabia, was observed by Deacon 
 abounding "on the banks of the Indus and throughout Cutch and Scinde, where it is commonly used 
 for fire wood" and is called "jhaoo" (Graham) ; according to Thunberg, grows also in Japan and is 
 called "iione.'' By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues an 
 ornamental plant in gardens. The bark according to Lindley " is slightly bitter and astringent." 
 (See T. Germanica). 
 
 In the Sinai peninsula, "an abundance of a white sweet gummy substance resembling manna" is 
 collected from Tamarix Africana; ascertained by Seetzen, Burckhardt, and Ehrenberg to be an 
 exudation produced by an insect, Coccus mannifiarus (Spreng., and Lindl ). Beyond the Euphrates 
 and a little farther South, Persian manna called "gen" (see above) was observed by Frederick to be 
 " formed by an insect in that way," but " only on the larger branches covered by those minute insects, 
 and none is formed near wounds or cracks in the bark ; " agreeing with another "traveller who saw it 
 in the same country both on a tamarisk and on the small oak of Kermanshaw " (Malcolmson). 
 
 Alhagi Maurorum of the Desert, from North Africa to Hindustan. The earners thorn, a hard- 
 stemmed plant a foot or two high growing in loose beds in the Desert, is called in Egypt " aghul " 
 (Forsk.), in Egyptian " ali " (lex. Oxon.), the same word meaning to take — (transl. Sept.) ; and its 
 exudation is regarded by some writers as the "mn " manna of the Israelites: the " throsom£li " or 
 " aSromSli " of Lebanon, procured by shaking the branches of a plant, is mentioned by Galen fac. al. 
 iii. p. 739 ; the " shirchashak " described as the best kind of manna by Eltamini, and Ebn Baitar, is 
 referred by Sprengel, and Sontheimer, to A. Maurorum ; the chief source of the " manna of the 
 Arabs," as ascertained by Rauwolf, and Tournefort trav. i. p. 247, collected "by merely shaking the 
 branches " (Lindl.) : the plant, much relished by camels, was observed by Forskal p. 136, Delile, and 
 myself, frequent in the Egyptian Desert. Farther East, is called in Persia " shooturk," in Sanscrit 
 " yasa " or " yavasa," in Hindustanee " juwasa " (Lindl.) ; was observed by Burnes throughout 
 Scinde ; and by Law, " common in Guzerat and S. M. country " (Graham). 
 
 Artemisia inculta of the Egyptian and Syrian Desert. Called in Egyptian "hrim" (ms. Copt., 
 and Edw.), while a word perhaps not distinct means interior of the Desert — (transl. Sept. Ex. iii. 1): 
 the Greek word " e"rem6s," if not the Hebrew " hrm," may therefore be derived from this plant : in 
 the days of Dioscorides, the " sSriphon " or " apsinthion thalassion " was substituted for olive branches 
 in Isis-processions at Taphosiris (West of Alexandria) : A. inculta is described by Delile, as observed 
 by him toward the Red Sea in the Desert, with marks of having been cropped by cattle. Farther 
 North, the "sSriphon " or " apsinthion thalassion " employed as a vermifuge, is further described by 
 Dioscorides as an herb with slender branches resembling the "avrotonS mikr6," and abounding along 
 the Taurian mountains in Cappadocia where cattle fatten on it ; an account repeated by Pliny xxvii. 
 29 and xxxii. 31. Sprengel ascertained by experiment that cattle will feed on various species of 
 Artemisia. 
 
 Fifty-first generation. Jan. 1st, 2600, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 2593 B. C. = " 1 6th year of Pepi," found on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Maneth. p. 555). 
 
 2591 B. C. = "4th Mesori, 18th year of Pepi," in a tablet at Wady Maghara, examination of the 
 mines there by a commission — (Birch). 
 
 An inscription by Una, priest of the pyramid of Pepi, has been found at San or Tanis. — The 
 pyramid was probably "one of the group at Gizeh " (Birch). 
 
 The name of king Merenra occurs at Wadi Maghara, Chenoboskion (Leps. d. ii. pi. 113), 
 
 I in a tablet on the Kosser road (Glid. analect.), and in an inscription at Abydos with evidence 
 
 that he immediately succeeded Pepi — (Mariette 79); also on monuments of later times, as in 
 
 the chamber of kings at Karnak, and a different form of apparently the same name in the 
 
 _ tablet of Abydos. , , , „, • c 
 
 The priest Una, after holding office under Athi and Pepi, was placed by Merenra in charge of 
 expedition up the Nile, to procure syenite for the royal pyramid — (Birch). 
 
76 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Merenra himself ascended the Nile, and an inscription at Asouan records his passage and return 
 — (Birch). * 
 
 The quarries of granite and breccia-verde at Hamamat, worked under this dynasty ; to which be- 
 long " nineteen rock tombs " at Zauiet-el-meitin ; and a few days farther South, groups of tombs at 
 Schech-Said, El-Harib, Wadi-Selin ; and farther on at Qasr-e-Saiat, these being the last in this direc- 
 tion of the "interesting tombs of the Old Monarchy " (Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 16, 22, and 116). 
 
 " 2577 B. C. = beginning of the Second cycle " (Chinese chron. table, further referred to the 
 " 21st year of Chao-hao " • but reducing the reigns anterior to 2255 to the limit of possibility, makes 
 the date too early for the commencement of Chinese history). 
 
 Fifty-second generation. May 1st, 2567, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 9 Merenra succeeded by his brother Neferkara — (Leps. k. pi. 6, and Birch). 
 2555 B. C. (= 2608 — " 53 " = 2496 calendar years + "7+53" of the Afr.-Maneth. table). 
 The " nitfikris " (= Seventh dynasty of seventy days) is placed "before Neferkara "in the 
 Turin papyrus (Birch). 
 2554 B. C. = " second year of Neferkara," arrival of a commission to continue the works at 
 Wady Maghara. — (Birch). 
 
 Accession of the Eighth dynasty, a Memphite dynasty. The name of king " Snofreka- 
 annu," not found on contemporaneous monuments, — occurs in about this place in the tablet 
 at Abydos. 
 
 Alorus, a Chaldean, and regarded by the Chaldeans as their first king (Abyden., Beros. in 
 Alex. Polyhist., Euseb. i. p. 5, and Syncell. p. 39), born in Babylon as early possibly as this 
 date. — Down to the time of the Assyrians, " 9 + 49 + 1 1 + 8 + 10 " = 87 kings of Babylon are 
 enumerated by Berosus ; the alleged additional " 86 " may therefore be compared. 
 The Shemitic or Chaldean language and nationality, as early therefore as the time of Alorus. 
 2548 B. C. (= 2555 — "7 years "' of the Afr.-Maneth. table), accession of Phidps. The 
 name of king " NoTreka-pepi seneb," not found on contemporaneous monuments, — is next in 
 order in the tablet at Abydos. 
 
 Fifty-third generation. Sept. 1st, 2534, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 Alaparus son of Alorus, reigning at Babylon (Beros. in Alex. Polyhist., Euseb., and Syncell.). 
 The name of king " Nofreka * * * ," not found on contemporaneous monuments, — is next 
 in order in the tablet at Abydos. 
 
 " 2517 B. C. = beginning of the Third cycle " (Chinese chron. table, further referred to the 
 " 8 1st year of Chao-hao" ; but reducing the reigns anterior to 2255 to the limit of possibility 
 makes the date too early for his accession). 
 
 The name of king " Nofrekara-rerele," not found on contemporaneous monuments, — is next 
 in order in the tablet at Abydos. 
 
 Fifty-fourth generation. Jan. 1st, 2500, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 2497 B. C. (= 1413 + " 348 + 103 + 190 + 443 years" of the Egyptian Chronicle, = 249S 
 calendar years = "34S + 103 + 190 + 16 + 43 + 185 + 100 + 100" of the Euseb.-Maneth. 
 table, the Afr.-Maneth. table giving 2609 — ■■ 100 — t — 12 " = 2496), a date possibly markino- 
 the accession of Ahthoes or Ahth6es head of the Ninth dynasty, a Heracleopolite dynasty. 
 Ahthoes proved "more cruel than any of his predecessors," and "wrought evil throughout all 
 Egypt" until becoming insane he was killed by a crocodile (Maneth.). The name of Nofrekarakhentu, 
 not found on contemporaneous monuments, — occurs in about this place in the tablet at Abydos. 
 
 A Chaldean named Almelon or Amelon, of the city of Pantibiblis, reigning at Babylon — (Bero- 
 sus in Alex. Polyhist., Euseb , and Syncell.). 
 
 The name of Tatkarama . ., not found on contemporaneous monuments, — is next in 
 order n the tablet at Abydos. 
 
 Fifty-fifth generation. May 1st, 2467, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 Ammenon, a Chaldean of Pantibiblis, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Alex. Polyhist., 
 Euseb., and Syncell.). 
 
 The name of Nofrekaranebi, not found on contemporaneous monuments, — is next in order 
 in the tablet at Abydos. 
 
 "2457 B.C. = beginning of the Fourth cycle" (Chinese chron. table, further referred to 
 the "47th year of Tchoiun-hiu ; " but clearly too early for his accession). Fou-hi, founder of 
 the Chinese empire, may have been at this time living. 
 Hardly earlier than this date the Sixty-year period established in China, possibly, as alleged, by 
 Fou-hi (Pauth. p. . ), but clearly derived from Babylonia, Sexagesimal arithmetic and knowledge 
 
 of the Egyptian Division of time being implied. From the time of adoption — the Chinese chrono- 
 logical reckoning has continued uninterrupted ; a circumstance without parallel, most nations having 
 yielded to the seductive innovation of counting by centuries. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. JJ 
 
 Castanea vesca of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain chestnut, by Chaucer "chastein" (Prior), in 
 Celtic " castan " or " kistin " (Davies, and Legon.), in French " chataigne " or " mafron " (Nugent), in 
 Germany "kastanie" (Grieb), in Italy "castagno" and " marone " (Lenz), in Greece "kastania" 
 (Sibth.). Indigenous in Northern China, — relics of the original forest remaining throughout the 
 Tcheou dynasty to the Han "about B. C. 200," the fruit more esteemed than in later times, though 
 the tree continues to be cultivated (Cibot mem. Chin, iii.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, 
 in Japan, as far South as Jedo and Miaco, and called " kuri " or " ruts." Westward, is not enumerated 
 among fruits known to the prashistorical Greeks, but was brought from Sardes (Plin. xv. 25), and 
 derived its name, according to Nicander alex. v. 271 and scholiasts, from the city of Kastanithi (in 
 Pontus or that in Thessaly) ; the " sarthiane valanos" is mentioned by Diphilus, and Dioscbrides ; 
 the " am6ta" by Agilochus (Athen. ii. 40 to 43) ; the " karuon to platu " by Xenophon anab. v. 4. 29; 
 the "thios valanos euvoike " by Theophrastus i. 18 to iii. 10, and the " kastanela " by Mnesitheus, 
 Heracleon of Ephesus, and Diodorus ii. 50 : C. vesca was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, seemingly 
 wild in Northern Greece and throughout the middle region of the mountains ; by Rabbi Schwarz, in 
 Palestine ; but the nuts known in Egypt in the time of Athenaeus, and observed there by Baumgarten 
 i. 14 were of course imported. Westward, the " castanea" is enumerated among cultivated trees by 
 Virgil, is mentioned also by Columella, Gargilius Martial, and Palladius ; C. vesca has become 
 naturalized on the mountains of Southern and middle Europe, and a tree near Tortworth in England, 
 noted for its great size in " 1135," continues standing (A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried 
 to the Canary Islands and Madeira (Buch p. 178, and Lemann) ; and nuts to Northeast America, 
 where they continue to be sparingly imported, but I am not aware of any attempts at cultivation. 
 
 Cannabis sativa of Tartary. Called in Britain hemp, in Anglo-Saxon " henep" (Prior), in Germany 
 " hanf " (Grieb), in France "chanvre" (Nugent), in Celtic and Arabic "kanab" (Reyn., Legon., and 
 A. Dec), in Italy "canape" or "canapa" (Lenz), in Greece "kannavi" (Fraas), in Persian and 
 Hindustanee "bang," in Bengalee "ganga" (Roxb.), in Sanscrit " bhanga " or "gunjika" (Pidd.). 
 Furnishing the cloth originally worn together with furs by the Chinese ; — the sign for hemp occurring 
 in alphabetic characters older than the Tcheou dynasty (Hiu-chin, and Pauth. p. 48 to 54) ; the plant 
 mentioned repeatedly in the Chou-King ; observed by Bunoe around villages on the Northern border of 
 China ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, cultivated and springing up spontaneously in Japan, and called 
 "ba" or "ma" or usually "asa." Westward, hempen cloth is mentioned in the Institutes of Menu 
 (transl. Deslongch.), was worn by the Thracians in the clays of Herodotus iv. 74, fumigation with 
 hemp seed being at the same time practised by the Scythians : C. sativa was observed by Loureiro ii. 
 p. 116 in Cochinchina; by Mason v. p 487, "exotic" in Burmah and called "ben;" is known to 
 grow to all appearance wild in Siberia (Ledeb.) and Northern Hindustan (Roxb.), is besides culti- 
 vated throughout Hindustan "for the sake of the intoxicating liquor called 'bhang,' " and "the leaves 
 which are smoked to cause intoxication " (Rheede x. pi. 60, and Graham) ; was observed by Thunberg 
 iii. 4 in Austral Africa, under cultivation by the Caffre tribes, and in one instance by Hottentots, and 
 called "dakkan" (a name indicating introduction by Hindus); is cultivated even by the natives of 
 ' Western Equatorial Africa, where leaves prepared for smoking were procured by H. McMurtrie 
 (journ. Bost. nat. hist.). Northward, the "kannavis" is mentioned by Ephippus, and Dioscorides ; 
 was first made into cordage by king Hiero of Syracuse, who imported the material from the Rhone 
 (Athen. v. 40); "cannabis" cordage is distinctly mentioned by Varro xxv (Gell. xvii. 3), Columella, 
 and Pliny ; and the use of the "fibre is alluded to in the Mishna (Reyn p. 434) : C. sativa was 
 observed by Fraas frequent in Attica; by Lenz, in Italy ; and is known in at least the cultivated state 
 in Russia and middle Europe. " About six centuries" ago (Lane), its intoxicating properties became 
 known in Egypt, where the plant has since been cultivated under the name of " sjaranek " or 
 "hachych" (Forsk., Del., and Clot-Bey). By European colonists, was carried prior to 1639 (W. 
 Wood) to Northeast America, where it continues chiefly near dwellings, but on the Lower Ohio is 
 regularly cultivated. The stem according to Burnett, and Lindley, furnishes "the best of all 
 cordage," and the seed has the " singular property of changing the plumage of bullfinches and gold- 
 finche's 'from red and yellow to black if they are fed on it for too long a time or in too large a 
 
 quantity." .,,,_,. , 
 
 For " certain knots made in cords " (the quippus), by means of which the Chinese were governed, 
 Fou-hi substituted writing; employing for this purpose the " koua symbols" (Confuc. on the 
 Y-Kino- and Pauth. p. 25)'; eight in number, consisting of parallel lines variously-broken to signify 
 " heaven earth, thunder, mountains, fire, clouds, water, wind " — (according to their transmitted forms 
 figured by Pauthier). Evidence exists of the use of these symbols as early at least as the Hia 
 dynasty (Visdelou pantheon litt. p. 138). _ 
 
 2449 Feb. 28th (F. Bailly), conjunction of the planets Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn . . 
 
 ; described in the Chinese 
 
 annals as of "five planets in the constellation Ing-che." 
 
78 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The. stars perhaps already mapped into constellations:— Tables of constellations occur in 
 Egyptian tombs under the Twentieth dynasty (Champoll ) ; and certain constellations are mentioned 
 by Homer,'and in Job xxxviii. From a remote period, the names of several constellations continue 
 unchanged ; translated merely into different languages. 
 
 f \ ^!^ 2441 B. C. (= 2442 calendar years = 2609 — "53 — 7 — 100 + 6 — I — 12" of the 
 Afr.-Maneth. table), accession of the Tenth dynasty. The name of king Nuantef has 
 not been found on contemporaneous monuments: — but occurs in later times, in the 
 chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 V ' , ^Br Fifty-sixth generation. Sept. 1st, 2434, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 Amegalarus or Megalarus, of Pantibiblis, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Alex. Polyhist., 
 Euseb., and Syncell.). 
 
 Nuantef succeeded by his brother Nuantef II.; whose name occurs on contempo- 
 raneous monuments — (Leps. k. pi. 10), and on his own coffin (now in the British 
 museum). 
 
 Fifty-seventh generation. Jan. 1st, 2400, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 " 2397 B. C. = beginning of the Fifth cycle " (Chinese chron. table, further referred 
 to the " 39th year of Tikou ; " but clearly too early for his accession). 
 
 Chin-noung, the successor of Fou-hi, may have been at this time ruling China. To his reign, 
 various inventions and improvements are attributed, including agriculture and the introduction of the 
 " five kinds of grain : " 
 
 Faba vulgaiis of Central Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon and current English bean, in Holland 
 "boon," in Denmark "bonne," in Sweden "bona," in Germany "bohne" (Prior), in Slavonian 
 "bob" (Moiitz.), in Celtic ''fa" or " fao " or "fav" (Legon.), in France "feve" (Nugent), in Italy 
 " fava" or "fava cavallina " (Lenz), in Greece '' koukkia" (Fraas), in Egypt "ful" (Forsk.), at Surat 
 " vackla " or " backla " (Graham). Included among the " five kinds of grain " introduced in the reign 
 of Chin-noung: — observed by Bunge under cultivation in Northern China; and by Kaempfer, and 
 Thunberg, cultivated in Japan and called " sandsu " or usually " sora mame." Westward, has no 
 Sanscrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.); is regarded as only recently introduced into Hindustan (Ainsl, 
 Royle, Wight, and A. Dec), continuing unknown in Ceylon (Moon), but is "cultivated at Surat to a 
 small extent" (Graham) ; was observed by Lerche to all appearance wild on the confines of Persia 
 near the Caspian (Willd.). Farther West, "phwl" were brought to David at Mahanaim (2 Sam. 
 xvii. 28), are mentioned also by Ezekiel iv. 9; the " kuamos edlenikos," in Mul. morb. i. 60S, and 
 Dioscorides ; "fabula" by Plautus, and Gellius iv. 11. 1 ; "fabalia" by Cato xxxvii. 2 ; the "faba" 
 by Terence, Varro, Cicero, Virgil, Columella, and Pliny : F. vulgaris was observed by Abd-allatif in 
 Egypt, where it continues one of the principal objects of cultivation both for the seeds and stems 
 (Kursk., Del., and Clot-Bey); was observed by Chaubard, and Fr.ns, under cultivation in Greece; 
 and is known in the cultivated state in Italy and throughout Southern and middle Europe (Brot., 
 Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to America, where in our Middle States it 
 continues sparingly cultivated and is distinguished as the horse-bean. 
 
 Ti itic it in vulgare of the plains around the Caspian. Called in Britain ivhcat, in Anglo-Saxon 
 "hwaete," in Gothic " hvaiteis," in ancient Danish " hveiti," in old High German " hveizi," in Lithu- 
 anian " kwctys," all meaning white grain (Prior), in Germany " weizen " (Grieb), in France ■'ble'" 
 or " froment " (Nugent), in Italy " formento " or " frumento " ( Lenz), in Greece " sitari " (Forsk.), 
 in Egypt "qamh" or "hontah" (Del.), on the mountains of Yemen "burr" (Forsk.), in Guzerat and 
 on the Deccan " mar-ghoom " or " ghawut-gioon " (Graham), in Hindustanee " genhun '' or " gandum " 
 or "godhum,'' in Bengalee " godhum " or " gom " (D'roz.), in Burmah " gyung-s.i-ba " (Mason). 
 Included among the "five kinds of grain" introduced into China under Chin-noung — (Stan. -Jul. ) : 
 observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan, in two varieties and called " ko 
 muggi." Westward, was observed by Mason "exotic" in Burmah; has a Sanscrit name (Roxb., 
 and Pidd.), was already in Hindustan when invaded by Alexander (Theophr ), and continues to be 
 "cultivated in various parts of the Deccan and Guzerat" (Graham) : was observed by Onesicritus 
 wild farther North in the Musicana district ; by Berosus, between the Tigris and Euphrates, where 
 also it was found wild by Olivier iii. p. 460 ; and according to Strabo xi. 7. 2, seeds itself in Hyrcania 
 along the Caspian. Farther West, the "br " was already in Egypt in the days of Joseph (Gen. xli. 
 3$ to 49), is mentioned as cultivated in Palestine in Psalm lxv. 13, Proverbs xi. 26, Joel ii. 24, and 
 Amos v. 11 ; the " puros " furnished the straw wrapped around the presents sent by the Hyperborei 
 to Delos (Herodot. iv. 33), is mentioned as cultivated in Greece by Homer il. x. s69to'xiv. 123, 
 Theophrastus, and Dioscorides ; the "sitos" is mentioned by Homer od. ix. 191 to xxiv. 20S, Herod- 
 otus iv. 109, Demosthenes 310. 1, and Strabo ; and the " triticum " by Cato, Varro, Cicero, Virgil, 
 and Columella: T. vulgare was observed by Forskal under cultivation on the mountains of Yemen; 
 continues abundantly cultivated in Egypt (Forsk., Del., and Lois.-Deslongch. cereal, p. 98) ; was 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 79 
 
 observed by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece ; by Lenz, in Italy ; already 
 during the Stone Age was cultivated in Switzerland, as appears from debris of the earliest villages 
 (Heer, and Troyon p. 44), and continues under cultivation throughout Europe as far as " Lat. 64°" 
 (A. Dec). By Columbus, was carried to America (F. Columb. 53), where it has become a main 
 object of cultivation in portions of the United States ; was also carried by European colonists to 
 Australia and New Zealand, growing crops in both countries met with by myself. (See T. 
 turgidum) . 
 
 Panicum miliaceum of Central Asia. Called in Italy " mei " or "miglio," in Greece "keghei" 
 (Lenz), in Germany " hirse " (Fraas), in Egypt " dokhn " (Del.), in Yemen " milaeh " or " kossaejb " 
 (Forsk.), in the environs of Bombay " warree " or "sawee Cheena " (Graham). Probably one of 
 the two kinds of millet introduced into China under Chin-noung : — observed under cultivation there 
 by Bunge p. 70 (A. Dec). Westward, was observed by Roxburgh i. p. 310 in Hindustan, by Gra- 
 ham " a dry grain cultivated " around Bombay. Farther West, the " thhn " (near " thgn " the general 
 name of bread-corn in Gen. xxvii. 28, Num. xviii. 27, Deut. xxviii. 51, and Lam. ii. 12) is mentioned 
 by Ezekiel iv. 9 ; the " mgline," by Sophocles, and Harpocration ; as cultivated in Asia, by Herod- 
 otus iii. 117, and Xenophon anab. i. 5. 10 ; is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " elumos," and the 
 "Slumos" is mentioned in 2 Morb. mul. 2, Theophrastus viii. 1, and Strabo; the "milium," by Cato, 
 Varro, Cicero, Virgil, Columella, and is described by Pliny xviii. 10 to 24 " comae granum complexae 
 fimbriato capillo curvantur " and the principal food of the " Sarmatarum gentes " who eat the crude 
 meal mixed with mare's milk or even blood, this and barley being the only kinds of grain known to 
 the " Aethiopes " : P. miliaceum is described by Bauhin tlieatr. pi. 502, is termed "milium semine 
 luteo " by Tournefort inst. 514, "milium panicum'' by Miller, "milium esculentum " by Mcench, 
 "p. panic. Iaxa flaccida" by Persoon ; was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; by Forskal, along 
 the base of the mountains of Yemen ; by him, and Delile, occurring spontaneously around Cairo ; by 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, in cultivated ground in Greece ; by Pollini, and Lenz, in Italy ; and is known to 
 be cultivated in middle Europe (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where I have met with it in gardens. 
 
 Setaria glomerata of Central Asia. Called in Britain panic (Ainsw.), in Italy "panizzo" or 
 "panig" or " panico " (Lenz), in Greece " kSghri " or " Phragkoke'ghri " (Fraas), in Hindustanee 
 "kangni " (D'roz ), in the environs of Bombay " kala kangnee " or " kora kang " (Graham). Proba- 
 bly one of the two kinds of millet introduced into China under Chin-noung : — observed under culti- 
 vation there by Bunge. Westward, a species according to Mason perhaps identical is " exotic " in 
 Burmah and called "pyoung-lay-kouk " ; and S. glomerata was observed by Rumphius v. pi. 75, Rox- 
 burgh, and Graham, in Hindustan. Farther West, "phng" was carried from "Judah and the land of 
 Israel " to the market at Tyre in the days of Ezekiel xxvii. 17 ; the " keghros '' (named from resem- 
 blance to fig-seeds) was cultivated from Babylon to the Borysthenes in the days of Herodotus, is 
 mentioned also in the Hesiodic scut. here. 398. Xenophon anab. i. 2. 22, Morb. mul. i. 619, Theo- 
 phrastus, and Dioscorides : the " panicum '' is mentioned by Cato, and Columella, was found by Caesar 
 stored for food by the inhabitants of middle Europe, is described by Pliny xviii 10 to 25 as " a pani- 
 culis dictum cacumine languide nutante," cultivated in Gaul as well as on the Po in Northern Italy, 
 and the favourite article of diet along the Black Sea: S. glomerata is figured at Pompeii (Schouw 
 iv.) ; is termed "p. Italicum" and "p. Germanicum" by Linnaeus ; was observed by myself under 
 cultivation in both Upper and Lower Egypt ; by Fraas, rare in Greece ; is known to be cultivated in 
 Italy (Pollini, and Lenz) and as far as middle Europe (Roth, and Kit.). By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation in our Middle States for its seeds, 
 but in our Southern States for the stems and leaves " as green food for cattle " (Chapm.). 
 
 Oryza satira of Tropical Hindustan. Called in English rice, in French "riz" (Nugent), in 
 German "reis," in Italy "riso" (Lenz), in Greece " rizi " or " ruzi " (Fraas), in Egypt " rouz " or 
 "arz" (Del.), in Hindustanee " chawal " or " biranj," in Bengalee " chaul " or " tandul " (D'roz.), in 
 Cingalese "ooruwee,"in Sanscrit "arunya" (Pidd ), in Burmah " sa-ba " (Mason), in all Malay coun- 
 tries "padi" or "bras" (Crawfurd). Enumerated as the fifth kind of grain introduced into China 
 under Chin-noung— (Stan.-Jul.) ; mentioned besides in the Chou-King (Pauth.) ; and to the present 
 da'y extensively cultivated : was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan ; by Blanco, and 
 myself, under cultivation on the Philippines ; by Loureiro, in Cochinchina; and by Mason, "exotic" 
 in Burmah. Westward, is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stevens.) ; was eaten by the Hindus 
 and " oinos oruzes " manufactured by them when invaded by Alexander (Aristot. an. viii. 25, Aristob., 
 Meo-asth., Theophr., and Athen. iv. 39) ; and continues cultivated in numerous varieties (Graham, 
 and & myse'lf) : " wild rice " is however mentioned in the Institutes of Menu, and a kind called by the 
 Teliiwas " newaree," growing around lakes in the Circars and the seeds highly prized, is known only 
 in thewild state (Roxb.. and A. Dec). Farther West, was carried at an early date to Madagascar 
 (Ellis) and Equatorial Africa, and (as ascertained by myself at Zanzibar) continues cultivated by 
 
80 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Negro tribes as far inland as the Monomoisy : is mentioned by Hellanicus (Ruel ii. 18) ; in the days 
 of Strabo xv. was cultivated in Bactriana, Suziana, Babylonia, and Syria, having already reached the 
 Mediterranean ; the " oruza " is mentioned also by Dioscorides, and Galen ; the " eleiogenes oruza " 
 by Hesychius ; and the " oryza " by 'Horace satir. 2. 3. 155, and Pliny : O. sativa was observed by 
 Delile under cultivation in Egypt ; by Fraas, in Greece ; and by Lenz, in Italy. By European colo- 
 nists, was carried to America, where it continues extensively cultivated in the marshes of our South- 
 ern States. 
 
 " Fiftieth year of Nuantef II.," in a tablet in the Assasif at Thebes — (Birch). 
 
 The coffin of Nuantef II. was discovered in tombs of kings of this dynasty in the Gurna quarter 
 of Thebes ; and is perhaps the earliest evidence of the existence of this city. — The next or Eleventh 
 dynasty, is the earliest Theban dynasty mentioned by Manetho. 
 
 In the ornamental work on this coffin, ivory is enumerated by Birch (Glid. otia Eg.) ; procured in 
 all probability on the Upper Nile from the African elcpliant : 
 
 Also obsidian; brought from some distant country, there being no volcanic district immediately 
 around Egypt : 
 
 And bronze. — The art of forming this compound metal, known from other evidence to have pre- 
 ceded the historical records uf Greece (see Sm. diet. gr. and rom. antiq.). 
 
 The iin required was probably at first procured in the East, the metal occurring in Drangiana or 
 Eastern Persia — (Strab. xv. 2. 10) ; its Sanscrit name " kastira" appears to have given rise to the 
 Arabic " kasdir," and Greek "kassitSros " (see Cassiterides) : tin is besides enumerated in the Chou- 
 King (Pauth. 48) among the products of China. On the other hand, no evidence has been discov- 
 ered of the transportation of tin across Switzerland during the Stone period (compare Troyon 
 
 P- 2 54)- 
 
 Ornamental gilding on the same coffin, — enumerated by Birch : the Egyptian name of gold is 
 given as "nouv " or " nouf " (Sept., and ms. Borg.) ; the word " nkbt " meaning gold-washing, occurs 
 in hieroglyphic characters under or before the Twelfth dynasty (Rosselini) ; the terms in which the 
 gold of Havilah is mentioned in Genesis ii. 12, imply a knowledge in the narrator of gold from other 
 sources ; and gold mines worked by ancient Egyptian kings in the mountains along the Red sea 
 South of the Kosseir road, are described in detail by Agatharchides, Edrisi, Abulfeda, Makrizi, and 
 Wilkinson (geogr. soc. Lond. ii. p. 47). 
 
 Ervthrina Abvssiniea ? of the Upper Nile. A tree abounding in the Abyssinian province of 
 Kuara, also in Fazoglo, Nuba, and Guba, its seeds used from the earliest times by the Shangalla as 
 a weight for gold — and called " carats," giving rise to the carats of gold dealers (Bruce vii. pi. 19). 
 The " kardh " is described by Abu Hanifa as a large Leguminous tree whose seeds are used for 
 weights (Abd-allat.). 
 
 The lining of the coffin presents inscriptions in hieratic writing — (Birch) : known to be cursive 
 hieroglyphics, bearing the same relation to hieroglyphic characters as handwriting does to printed 
 letters. 
 
 The name of king Muntuhotep occurs at Assuan ; — also, in the chamber of kings 
 I at Karnak, and apparently the same name in the series at Gurna (Leps. d. ii. pi. 149, 
 and k. pi. it and 20). This name may therefore have occupied one of the six vacant 
 places preceding the Twelfth dynasty in the tablet at Abydos. 
 
 Davonus or Oaonus, a shepherd of Pantibiblis, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in 
 Alex. Polyhist., Euseb., and Syncell.). 
 
 Fiftv-eighth generation. May 1st, 2367, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 " 2366 B. C. (— 1st year of Ti-tchi," Chinese chron. table ; but clearly too early for his accession). 
 Edoranchus or Euedorachus, of Pantibiblis, reigning at Babylon. — (Berosus in Alex. Polyhist., 
 Euseb., and Syncell ) 
 
 The name of king Nuantef III. has been found on contemporaneous monuments — 
 (Leps. k. pi. u ). 
 
 " 2357 B. C. (= 1st year of Tliang-yao or Yao " in the Chinese chronological table ; 
 Du Halde i. 131 further states, that "from the reign of Yau beginning in 2357,'' Chi- 
 nese history is regarded as certain : the date is clearly too early for the accession of 
 Yao, but) may mark the founding of a new dynasty by Hoang-ti : who guided by a car " indicating 
 the South," obtained success in military expeditions and extended his empire Southward as far as 
 the river Kiang (Pauth. p. 21;). That the magnetic needle was first discovered by the Chinese, is re- 
 garded by Amyot and writers generally as certain. 
 
 "In the reign of Hoang-ti" (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 472), arrival in China of a stranger 
 "from the South, journeying upon a white deer and offering as tribute a cup and skins " (a descrip- 
 tion agreeing better with a stranger from the North, with reindeer and furs) : —in the region North 
 of the Altaian mountains, the "Mecri" (according to Marco Polo 71) " chavauclient lesT ccrf " use 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8 1 
 
 the reindeer for horses. Westward, the « tarandus » of the Scythians is described by Pliny viii. 52 ; 
 S,t th * reindeer Cervus rangiferinus, occur among debris of the "Stone age" in Europe; the 
 
 to7ptoebusTp-?h S ett7o S r at " ^^ ' "* " ^ ^ ** ^ * " "**" " * G - 
 
 The name of king Muntuhotep HI. occurs in contemporaneous inscriptions in the 
 quarries at Hamamat (Leps. d. ii pi. 149, an d k. pi. 11). 
 
 " Second year of Muntuhotep III.," in two inscriptions at Hamamat - (Birch). 
 "2337 B. C. = beginning of the Sixth cycle " (Chinese chron. table ; referred there 
 to the " 21st year of Yao," but clearly too early for his accession). 
 I he accession therefore of Chao-hao, son of Hoang-ti and uncle of Tchouen-hio (Pauth. 30), not 
 earlier than the last-named date. Chao-hao prescribed dresses to indicate the rank of civil and mili- 
 tary ottcers (Pauth.); — and in his reign, a new kind of music was invented in China. 
 _ I he seventeenth chapter of the Egyptian ritual or Book of the Dead, the most voluminous work 
 in hieroglyphic writing extant, is inscribed on the coffin of queen Mentuhept (Buns, and Birch v 89) 
 
 — Other extracts on coffins have been traced by Birch as far back as the Twelfth dynasty. 
 VA/\jl\ «/\/x/n- "aph6ph" or "aphSp" or " aphophi " giant, mighty man; "phof" or 
 
 ^7 "V "p-hof" serpent. The character of the slain aphophis occurs in the Book 
 
 of the Dead, — also under the . . . dynasty (Champ, mon. iv. pi. 320 and 222) ; and the knives not 
 yet inserted, under the Twenty-sixth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pi. 26). The character of the free living 
 aphophis occurs as early at least as the . . . dynasty (Rosellin. mon. stor. ii. 24, and Champ, diet. 
 170). The aphophis wearing the crown of Lower Egypt, iA/W-, occurs as early at least as the 
 
 dynasty (Champ, diet. 88). Among the Greeks, Apollo slew the serpent or dragon "puthon," 
 
 and hence the name " Pythian " applied to his oracle at Delphi (Homer od. viii. 80 and xi. 581, the 
 .Hesiodic Theog. 499, Pind., Aeschyl. choeph. 928, and Herodot. viii. 47). 
 
 The above hieroglyphic characters imply knowledge of the gigantic serpents, Pythons of Equa- 
 torial Africa. — One of these serpents, " thirty cubits " long, was brought alive from Equatorial Africa 
 to Alexandria in the reign of Ptolemy II. (Agatharch., in Diodor. iii. 25). 
 
 Fifty-ninth' generation. Sept. 1st, 2334, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 2329 B. C. The Yang-pao-theou or pigmies who sent tribute to China in the " 29th year of Yao '' 
 
 — (according to the Tchou-chou), are referred in the melanges Remusat iii. p. 256 to the Lapland- 
 ers. The country of the Yang-pao-theou, according to the historical romance called San koue tchi, 
 is situated Northwest of Sogdiana ; they were numerous in the time of the 'Wei, according to Tou- 
 chi ; and are mentioned by Ma-touan-lin in the Thirteenth century A. D. 
 
 Amemphsinus, a Chaldean of Lanchares or Laranchis, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Alex. 
 Polyhist., Euseb., and Syncell.). 
 
 Tchouan-hiu or Tchouen-hio, a "nephew" of Chao-hao, perhaps already " elected " emperor. 
 He reformed the calendar, making the year commence, in accordance with the above-mentioned con- 
 junction of " five planets " with the first lunation of spring. China now extending North to Tartary, 
 East to the sea, West to the sandy Desert, and South to Cochinchina (Pauth.). 
 
 Pceonia officinalis of mountains from Italy to Central Asia. Called in Britain peony or fiiony, in 
 France "pioine " or "pivoine " (Nugent), in Germany "paonie " or "pfingstrose," in Italy "peonia 
 femina " (Lenz), in Greece " makos " (Sibth., and Fraas). Employed medicinally by the Chinese 
 throughout all antiquity — (Cibot in mem. Chin. iii. p. 461) : observed by Thunberg "in almost 
 every garden '' in Japan. Westward, the " paionia " or " glukusithe "or " pgntorovos " is considered 
 by Pliny xxiv. 102 and xxv. 10 the earliest known medicinal plant, in use also among the Magians ; 
 derived its name from the physician of the gods sometimes identified with Apollo, was employed 
 medicinally by the five Idaei Dactyli and their successors the Curetes and Corybantes, was culti- 
 vated in the garden of Hecate (Orph. hymn and argon, i. 916, Strab , Plut. lun., and Spreng.) ; is 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "ithaious thaktulous " or " aglaoph6titha " or "selenion ; " is men- 
 tioned also by Aeschylus, the comic poet Plato, in the Hippocratic treatises mul. morb. 56 and 
 superf. 20, and by Theophrastus, and Nicander ; by Pliny xxvii. 60, as collected on the mountains of 
 Italy, precautions being taken against the "picus martius," and employed medicinally and "faunorum 
 in quiete Iudubriis ; " the " paionia thelSia " is also distinguished by Dioscorides, and Pliny : P. offici- 
 nalis is described by Fuchsius 202, and Lobel pi. 682; is termed "p. communis vel foemina" by 
 Tournefort inst. 274; is known to grow in North Italy on the wooded slopes of the Alps (Pers., 
 and Lenz) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the loftier mountains of Crete and Greece ; is 
 described by Pallas (Steud.) ; and roots and seeds of the "pasonia" are enumerated by Alpinus, 
 and Forskal mat. med., as imported for medicinal use into Egypt. By European colonists, P. offici- 
 nalis was carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in gardens. Its seeds accord- 
 ing to Lindley are "emetic and cathartic," and its "root reported to be antispasmodic." 
 
 Pceonia corallina of the Altaian mountains. Called in Britain peony or piony (Prior), in Italy 
 
82 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "peonia" or "peom'a maschia" (Lenz), in Greece "legounia" (Sibth.) or " makos " (Fraas). Also 
 employed medicinally by the Chinese throughout all antiquity — (Cibot) : known to grow in Siberia 
 (Pers., Pall., Bieb., and Steud.). Westward, the "paionia arren " is distinguished by Dioscorides, 
 and according to Pliny xxvii. 60 grows also in the woods of Italy : P. corallina is described by Morison 
 xii. pi. 1, is termed "p. folio nigricante splendido quae mas" by Tournefort inst. 273 ; was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains of Greece ; by Lenz, in Italy ; is known to occur cultivated 
 and naturalized throughout middle Europe, and from " 1803'' naturalized in Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 
 1513, Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 Artemisia vulgaris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain mugwort, in Anglo-Saxon 
 "mug-wyrt" or "mucg-wyrt," in old English " modirwort," in TElfric's glossary " matrum herba," by 
 Macer Floridus " herbarum matrem " (Prior), in France " armoise " (Nugent), in Germany " mutter- 
 kraut " (Grieb), in China "y-tsao," and known there throughout all antiquity, — for medicinal prop- 
 erties so highly esteemed as to be regarded the herb of physicians, employed besides for various 
 novel purposes, and growing in all the provinces (Cibot mem. Chin, v) : carried aboriginally to Java 
 (Zoll.) and Hindustan (Dec. prodr. vi. p. 112), but known to grow wild in Northeastern Asia and 
 throughout Siberia (Ledeb., and Wats.). Farther West, the "artemisia" was named after Artemis 
 llithya, or according to others its original name "parthenis " was changed in honour of Artemisia 
 (Plin. xxv. 36) ; the "metrdas arttimisias " is mentioned by Heras (Galen comp. med. gen. vii. 14) ; 
 A. vulgaris is termed ''a. vulgaris major" by Tournefort inst. 460; is known to occur in waste places 
 around Caucasus (Bieb.), was observed by Sibthorp around Bursa and Smyrna and in shaded situa- 
 tions in Northern Greece ; is known to occur in Italy (Ten. p. 419), and in waste and cultivated 
 ground as far as Lapland (Pers., and Fries). By European (or possibly Asiatic) colonists, was 
 carried to North America, where it now occurs from the Arctic circle throughout Canada, having 
 reached California before the voyage of Beechey (Hook., and Arn.) ; was observed by myself nat- 
 uralized along the Lower St. Lawrence ; and by Pursh, and A. Gray, in " waste places near dwell- 
 ings " in our Northern States. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa (A. 
 Dec. . see A. arborescens and A. campestris). 
 
 The name of king Nuantef IV. occurs on a vase (now in the possession "of Dr. J. 
 Lee "), and on other contemporaneous monuments — (Glid. analect, and Leps. k. pi. 
 1 1 and 68) : and is in about this place in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 " Second year of Ranebter " or Nuantef IV., the latest date in his reign found on the 
 monuments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 555). 
 Sixtieth generation. Jan. 1st, 2300, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 "2297 B. C. (=6ist year of Yao," according to the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. p. 35), the Great 
 inundation. Tikou or Tiko, a grandson of Tchouan-hiu, may have been at this date reigning. He 
 introduced polygamy into China: — where the institution continues to the present clay (see Pauth.). 
 
 Otiartes, a Chaldean of Lancharis or Laranchis, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Alex. Poly- 
 hist., Euseb., and Syncell.). 
 
 After ruling China "ten " years, Ti-tchi dethroned by the principal men. The name of the years 
 changed from " nian " to " tsai " (Amyot, and Pauth. p. 31 and 475). 
 
 "2285 B. C. (Chinese chron. table), " Chun associated in the government by Yao." The acces- 
 sion of Yao himself can hardly be placed earlier than this date (see below). 
 
 The institution of the drum and tablet for giving advice to the emperor, established by Yao : — 
 or according to some authorities, by his colleague and successor Chun. 
 
 Quotations regarded as belonging to the time of the Chinese emperor Yao have been preserved 
 in the Chou-king (Pauth.) ; and if genuine, are the earliest transmitted writings. 
 fS^ { \ The title of a king whose name remains unknown, occurs in a contemporaneous 
 inscription in the quarries at Hamamat (Leps. d. ii. pi. 150, and k. pi. 11). 
 
 "In the time of Thang- Yao" (hist. Cor., and Klapr.), the Coreans having neither 
 chiefs nor king, a supernatural man descended under a " than-mou " or santai tree and 
 was made king. He was called Than-kiun, and resided first at Ping-jang, — but after- 
 wards removed to P2-y6 ; where his descendants reigned nearly a thousand years. 
 
 "2277 B. C. (=8ist year of Yao and 9th year of the association of Chun," Chinese chron. 
 table), beginning of the Seventh cycle. 
 
 On the Egyptian monuments, animal-headed gods make their first appearance (compare Leps. 
 d. ii. pi. 1 [9, 144, and 150). 
 
 2669 1). C. (= 2210 -f " 16 + 43 years " of both Maneth. tables), accession of the Eleventh 
 dynasty, a Theban dynasty. 
 
 The name of king " Nacht-en-ra," not found on contemporaneous monuments, — occurs 
 in about this place in the chamber at Karnak. 
 
 Sixty-first generation. May 1st, 2267, mostly beyond \outh : 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 33 
 
 " 2255 B. C. = 1st year of Yu-Chun " (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. p. 38), Chun now sole 
 emperor. He abolished the practice of mutilating criminals : marking the face, cutting off the nose 
 or feet, or making eunuchs j a class at first consisting only of criminals. 
 
 The title, chiefly erased, of another king whose name remains unknown, occurs on 
 contemporaneous monuments. — He is placed next in order of succession by Lepsius 
 k. pi. 11. 
 
 2250 B. C. = " 6th year of Chun "(.... Pauth. p. 38), visit of the emperor 
 Chun to the four mountains Yo, at the four cardinal points of China, to offer sacrifices 
 to the Supreme Being ; there being as yet no temples. 
 
 Chun also instituted the " Five immutable rules " or obligations : between father and children, 
 king and subjects, husband and wife, old men and young, and between friends. 
 
 Xisuthrus, son of Otiartes, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Alex. Polyhist., Euseb. i. p. 5, and 
 Syncell. p. 39). 
 
 The name or title of a third king, found on the monuments, — is placed next in order of 
 succession by Lepsius k. pi. n. 
 
 Sixty-second generation. Sept. 1st, 2234, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 Deluge of Xisuthrus : and accession of Euechous, a Chaldean, as king at Babylon — (Bero- 
 sus in Alex. Polyhist., and Euseb. i. 4. p. 18). 
 "2233 B. C." (= 330 -\- " 1903 years" of Simplicius, Clint, i. p. 282 and iii. p. 505), beginning 
 of the series of Babylonian astronomical Observations ; — procured on the spot by Callisthenes, and 
 sent by him to Aristotle. 
 
 2226 B. C. (=: 2210 -)- " 16 years" of the Maneth. tables, the Turin papyrus giving 
 " 19 years "), accession of Ammenemes, head of the Twelfth dynasty : also a Theban 
 dynasty. Amunemhat appears to have commenced the temple at Karnak, and his 
 name occurs on contemporaneous monuments, in the quarries at Mokattam and Ham- 
 mamat — (Birch) ; also somewhat later, in the Second tomb at Benihassan (observed 
 by myself), and in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 "2224 B. C, Yu associated in the government by Chun" — (Chinese chron. table). 
 2219 B. C. = " 8th year of Amunemhat " on a stela — (now in Paris, C. Mull. fr. Man p. 563). 
 2218 B. C. = " 9th year of Amunemhat " on another stela ; the latest date in his reign found on 
 the monuments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 563). 
 
 Among proverbs extant on papyri, some are attributed to Amunemhat. The Egyptian proverbs 
 (according to Lepsius Eg. and Sin. p. 390) somewhat resemble those of Solomon : and (according to 
 Diodorus . . ), the wise sayings and actions of distinguished men, were read aloud to the Egyptian 
 kings. 
 
 2217 B. C. = 39th year of Chun, and 8th year of the association of Yu " (Chinese chron. table), 
 beginning of the Eighth cycle. 
 
 Manetho's First volume closing with the reign of AmmSnSmes, indicates at least a chronological 
 landmark. It may therefore be observed : that after excluding the extreme reigns of the Twelfth 
 dynasty, the Turin papyrus gives "213 y. 1 mo. 17 d. — 19 y. — 3 y. 10 mo. 4 d. = 190 y. 3 mo. 
 13 d. ; clearly the " 190 years " preceding the Hyksos in the Egyptian Chronicle, and in the Euseb.- 
 
 Maneth. table. 
 
 4«W 2210 B C. (— 1413 + " 263 -f- 518 + 16 — 184 + 453 + 160 years " of the Afr.- 
 Illl Maneth. table = " 348 -f- I0 3 4" '9° years" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table and the 
 SS Egyptian Chronicle + 1530 X - — 1461 X 2; Manetho's general numbers giving 
 -. Wk {cao X 2 4- " 16 — 2300 years " = 2209, and the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving besides 
 JHHH^ ,,,[ , _j_" 103 _|_ 250 -)- 24; years " = 2211), Ammenemes succeeded by his son S£sogh6- 
 siTor SSsogh6ris, second king of the Twelfth dynasty ; to whom " Forty-six " years are assigned in 
 both the Maneth. tables ; but "forty-five " only in the Turin papyrus. The name of king Sesurtesen 
 occurs on contemporaneous monuments throughout Egypt and Nubia as far as Wady Haifa : — also 
 on monuments of later times, as in the chamber of kings at Karnak, and in the tablet at Abydos. 
 Papyrus rolls are extant, having the names of Amunemhat and Sesurtesen written in vertical columns 
 
 (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 395). 
 
 From Chun whom Yao associated, — to Wen- Wang, " one thousand years are reckoned by 
 
 Mencius (Du Halde i. p. 131)- 
 
 "2205 B. C. — 1st year of Yu," now sole emperor, and head of the new dynasty of the Hia — 
 (Chinese chron. table). An inscription attributed to Yu, is now known to be of much later date 
 IS&G silk) 
 
 The inventor of an intoxicating fermented liquor or of alcoholic distillation, banished by the 
 
84 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 emperor Yu — (Chinese auth.). The next emperor but one, Tai-kang, is accused in the "Elegy of 
 the five sons" of being too fond of this fermented liquor (Chou-king ii. 3, and Pauth. p. 55) ; "wine 
 from wheat," and "from rice," are both mentioned in the Chou-king. Spirituous liquors are men- 
 tioned in the Institutes of Menu (Deslongchamps version) ; "wine from rice instead of barley" was 
 seen in Hindustan by Megasthenes (Strab. xv. 153) ; and the ardent spirit from rice was found by 
 Jean Carpin, Rubruquis, and Marco Polo, in use in Central Asia ; and by Borri, in Cochinchina. An 
 intoxicating " vin de zucar " manufactured in Hindustan, is further described by Marco Polo 180. 
 From the first invention in China, some three thousand years elapsed before alcoholic distillation 
 became known in Europe. 
 
 The Hong-fan, a treatise on moral and political philosophy, science, and religion, is attributed to 
 the reign of Yu — (Chou-king iv. 4. 3). 
 
 Divination with the herb " chi " practised by the emperor Yu (Chou-king i. 3. 18); mentioned 
 also in the Hong-fan. 
 
 "2204 B. C." (Graha Munjari tables), beginning of the Treta Yug or Silver Age among the 
 Hindus, and (according to Bentley as. res. vin. p. 226) of Hindu history. Atri, the great grandfather 
 of king Pururava, not earlier therefore than this date.* 
 
 Chomasbelus son of Euechous, reigning at Babylon — (Berosus in Alex. Polyhist., and Euseb.). 
 
 Sixty-third generation. Jan. 1st, 2200, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 The same year (= 1976-)- "224 years" of Berosus in Alex. Polyhist., and Euseb. i. 4. p. iS), 
 Babylon captured by the Medes under Zoroaster ; and the accession there of the Median dynasty : — 
 a succession of "8," or perhaps " 8 -J- 11," Median kings of Babylon. 
 
 Zoroaster, founder of Median power though a Bactrian king, is identified (by Berosus in j\los. 
 Choren. i. 5) with the " Zerovanus " who lived after the Deluge of Xisuthris. Zoroaster is also 
 termed a Bactrian by Clemens Alexandrinus, Arnobius, Justinus i. I, and Ammianus Marcellinus ; 
 and is spoken of as the first who "discovered the magic arts, and diligently investigated the principles 
 of the universe and motions of the stars.'' (See below, Ninus) 
 
 "2197 B. C. = 1st year of Ki, of the Hia " or Third dynasty (Chinese chron. table), and a son 
 of Yu ; — the succession from this time hereditary, confined to a selection among the king's sons 
 (Pauth. 54 and 60). 
 
 A "black granite " fragment of a colossal statue of king Sesurtesen — is now in the museum at 
 Berlin. 
 
 His portrait occurs on a stela, or stone slab, recording the conquest of Nubian and Lybian Tribes. 
 
 This stela was discovered at the Second cataract of the Nile, near the sanctuary of a temple built 
 by him. In accordance also with his father's plans, Sesurtesen founded or continued the temple at 
 Karnak in Thebes. 
 
 By another marked change in monumental history, obelisks now make their appearance : as far 
 as known first erected by Sesurtesen ; one of granite proper (and therefore brought from some 
 unknown quarter) at Heliopolis ; another, at Crocodilopolis in the Faium. — From this time, obelisks, 
 bearing apparently dedicatory inscriptions, are placed in front of temples ; but occur only in the royal 
 or dynastic cities, those sometimes designated by their tutelar deities : as Memphis by Pthah or Vul- 
 
 * Sapindus rubigiiwsus of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Burmah " hseik-khyae " 
 (Mason), and from early times affording sustenance to man in its fruit: — observed by Graham near 
 "Bombay, rare;" by Wight in Southern Hindustan ; by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 62, its timber "very 
 useful for a great variety of purposes, being large straight strong and durable." Farther East, by 
 Mason v. 535 "exotic" in Burmah, and bearing "a small red fruit in bunches that is eaten by the 
 natives." 
 
 Elceagnus conferta of the mountains of Hindustan and the Siamese countries. A large scandent 
 shrub called in the environs of Bombay " amgool " or " amgoolee " (Graham), in Burmah " men-gu " 
 (Mason), in Tagalo "alingaro" (Blanco), and from early times affording sustenance to man in its 
 fruit of "an agreeable acid flavour: " — observed by Nimmo common "all along the Ghauts, South- 
 ern Concan and about Cochin ; " by Roxburgh i. 440 in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Hermann 
 (Burm. pi. 39) on Ceylon. Farther East, by Mason v. 450 indigenous in Burmah, cultivated besides 
 by the natives for its edible plum-like fruit ; by Loureiro ii. p. 528 in Cochinchina ; and by Blanco, 
 along roadsides on the Philippines. 
 
 Antidesma paniculata of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small tree called in Burmah 
 " kyet-tha-hen " (Mason), and from early times affording sustenance to man in its fruit: — observed 
 by Nimmo in the " Southern Concan " (Graham), and by Roxburgh iii. 770 in other parts of Hin- 
 dustan. Farther East, by Mason v. 458, indigenous and frequent " in the neighborhood of Toungoo " 
 in Burmah, bearing "a red sour fruit." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 85 
 
 rK^tT 1 - 5 - 157 S a; . E / ephantine by Num or Agathodsmon; Crocodilopolis by Seb or Saturn- 
 pos y sSLd y obe S Iiski " y TyPh ° n; Th6beS ' PerhaP§ by H ° rUS ' ^ k '" kn0W "> that Sais "" 
 
 " 2 i B 8 l B ^ C ; = / St r" ° f Tai - kan S' ofthe Hj a" or Third dynasty- (Chinese chron. table). 
 _ 2168 B. C. (= 43d year of Sesurtesen," Birch), death of Ameni, a military officer whose tomb 
 is conspicuous in the series at Benihassan from the columns supporting the entrance :- supposed 
 to have given r.se a thousand years later to the - Doric architecture " of the Greeks 
 
 In this or another tomb of the same series, all excavated under the Twelfth dynasty, an astro- 
 nomical date is given: which has been determined by Biot at "about 2200 B. C.» -(Champoll 
 Figeac anc. Eg. p. . . ). v F 
 
 The Indian bullock (Rosellin. m. civ. pi. 20), distinguished by its hump, is figured hi one of the 
 tombs at Benihassan : - and under the Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties is always in a distant 
 country invaded by the Egyptians, used even for drawing cars (as to the present day in Hindustan) 
 Eastward, the bullock is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stev.), Institutes of Menu (transl 
 bramm and Mason); and though not met with in the Budhist cave-temples, I found caparisoned 
 Indian bullocks figured in the Braminical cave-temples at EUora. The voice of the living animal 
 I often had occasion to remark, is only a sort of grunt, entirely distinct from the lowing of our own 
 domestic cattle. (See Socotra). 
 
 As the military expeditions of Sesurtesen were exclusively directed Southward, the above figure 
 seems to imply that Hindu merchants were already settled around the entrance to the Red Sea — 
 In expeditions under the Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties, clearly directed Eastward, the humped 
 or Indian bullock is owned by a nation clad in a long narrow scarf wound like a bandage around the 
 body (a Hindu costume observed by myself at Bombay, but at present confined to females) : and in 
 the tomb of Ramessu III., the nation wearing this winding scarf represents one of the four geograph- 
 ical divisions ofthe World known to the Egyptians. 
 
 Sixty fourth generation. May 1st, 2167, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 The same year = "44th year of Sesurtesen" (the latest date in his reign found on the monu- 
 ments) and "2d year of Amunemhat II.," on a stela — now in Leyden (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 563). 
 
 2164 B. C. (= 2210— "46 years " of the Maneth. tables, the Turin papyrus giving 
 — "45 " = 2165), accession of Ammanemes, third king of the Twelfth dynasty. 
 " Thirty-eight " years are assigned to his reign in the Maneth. tables ; the Turi.n 
 papyrus being in this place defective. The name of king Amunemhat II. occurs in 
 one of the tombs at Benihassan, and on other contemporaneous monuments : — also 
 in later times, in the chamber of kings at Karnak, and on the tablet at Abydos. 
 
 "2159 B. C. = 1st year of Tchoung-kang, of the Hia" or Third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 " 2157 B. C. = 3d year of Tchoung-kang" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Ninth cycle. 
 "2155 B. C." (Li-tai-ki-sse, Chinese chron. table, Gaubil astron. Chin., and Pauth.), eclipse of 
 the sun, historically recorded in China. It took place (according to the Chou-king) in "the first 
 years of Tchoung-kang; " and the two astronomers were put to death for not having predicted it. 
 
 2150 B. C. = "nineteenth year of Amunemhat II.," in one of the tombs at Benihassan, Khnum- 
 hetp appointed chief of the district of Menat-Khufu — or Minieh (Birch). 
 
 "2146 B. C. = 1st year of Siang, of the Hia" or Third dynasty (Chinese chron. table) ; and a 
 "son of Tchoung-kang" (Pauth.). 
 
 "2145 B. C. = "24th year of Amunemhat II.," in the tomb of Khnumhetp at Benihassan, mining 
 operations commenced at Sarabit-el-Khadim in the Sinai peninsula — (Birch). 
 Sixty-fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 2134, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 The same year = " 35th year of Amunemhat II." on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 562). 
 2126 B. C. (=2210 — "46 — 38 years " of the Maneth. tables, the " 44th year of 
 Amunemhat II." at Wady Maghara = 2125), Amunemhat II. "put to death by his 
 own eunuchs?' He was succeeded by S£s6stris, fourth king of the Twelfth dynasty ; 
 to whose reign " Nineteen " years are assigned in the Turin papyrus. The name of 
 king Sesurtesen II. occurs in one of the tombs at Benihassan, and on some other 
 contemporaneous monuments (Leps. k. pi. 12) : — and is next in the order of succession in the tab- 
 let at Abydos. 
 
 2125 B. C. (= 1613 y. 2 mo. -)- "511 years" of Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 14), beginning of the 
 Hyksos intrusion : 
 
 The first entrance of a body of foreigners into Egypt is represented in the tomb of Khnumhetp 
 at Benihassan; dated (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. in) in the "sixth" year of Sesurtesen II. 
 ( — 2121 B. C). The strangers, clearly of the White Race, aie termed "captives" (a point of agree- 
 
86 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ment with the Hyksos of Manetho), use the javelin or throwing-spear, and unlike the Egyptians, wear 
 variegated garments (apparently the oldest known specimen of Sidonian needle-work). 
 
 That the strangers came from Phoenicia or at least Syria, is indicated by scarlet in their varie- 
 gated garments, the dye of the kermes insect, Coccus ilicis : — the " shny " or kermes dye is mentioned 
 in Gen. xxxviii. 28, Ex. xxv. 4, Lev. xiv. 4, Josh. ii. 18, Prov. xxxi. 21, Cant. iv. 3, Isai. i. 18, and 
 Jer. iv. 30 ; and continues well known in Persia and Northern Hindustan (J. F. D. in Kitt. cycl. 
 bibl.). Northward and Westward from Syria, the " kokkos vaphikos " is mentioned by Ctesias, 
 Theophrastus Hi. 16, Pausanias, and Paulus Aegineta ; by Dioscorides, as produced in Cilicia, Asia 
 proper, Armenia, Galatia, and Spain; in the days of Pliny ix. 65 and xvi. 12, gathering " coccum " 
 furnished the poor of Spain the means of paying half of their tribute, the best quality coming 
 from Emeritam in Lusitania : and kermes dye continued in general use throughout Europe until 
 superseded by cochineal. The kermes insect is particularly described by Emericus, and Garidel 
 p. 254. 
 
 Querent cocci/era of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries and Persia. The kermes 
 oak on which this insect is known to feed is a shrub or small tree — called in Greece "pirnari" 
 (Sibth.); in which we recognize the "prinos" alluded to as a shrub by Simonides (Plut. vit. Thes. 
 17), mentioned also by Aristophanes, Pausanias, and by Theophrastus iii. 8 as affording the "phoini- 
 koun kokkon ; " the "kokkos vaphike" shrub is described by Dioscorides as growing in Cilicia, 
 Asia, Armenia, Galatia, and Spain ; the "coccum," by Pliny xvi. 8 to 12 as found on "parvae aquifo- 
 lias ilicis," one of the two kinds of "ilex," and procured in Pisidia, Sardinia, and Africa: Q. coccifera 
 is termed " scarlet oak " by Gerarde (Ainsw.), "ilex aculeata cocciglandifera" by Tournefort inst. 
 5S3 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the 
 Greek islands; by Chaubard, perhaps the most frequent little tree in the East and even of the whole 
 Mediterranean region; is known to grow on Sicily and on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar 
 (Spreng., Guss., Webb, and A. Dec). 
 
 /satis tinctoria of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain woad or wade, in Anglo- 
 Saxon "wad," in Old Saxon "wode," in old high German "weit,"in old French " guesde," in current 
 French "guede" or "gaide" (Prior), in current German "waid" (Grieb), in Italy "guado" or 
 "glasto" or "isatide " (Lenz), and possibly affording the blue dye in the variegated garments of the 
 strangers: — the "isatis" yielding a dye, is mentioned by Democritus (Schneid. ann. Theophr.) ; 
 by Dioscorides, as more than a cubit high with plantain-like leaves ; is termed " emeros " in Syn. 
 Diosc, and identified with the "arousion" of the prophets; and the "nilaj," mentioned according 
 to Ebn Baitar by Dioscorides, is referred by Sontheimer to I. tinctoria: which plant was observed 
 by Gittard in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; and by Fraas, wild on the mountains there. Westward, 
 the Britons are described by Ca;sar v. 14 as staining their bodies with " vitrum " to look terrible in 
 battle, an account repeated by Pomponius Mela iii. 6. 55, while Pliny xxii. 2 states that the British 
 women stain their bodies with "glastum : " the "isatis " used for dyeing wool, is described by Pliny 
 xx. 25 as resembling in its leaves "lapatho silvestri," and possessing various medicinal properties; 
 the "waisda" is mentioned in the capitularia of Charlemagne; the "isatis" of the Greeks is identi- 
 fied by Macer Floridus 55 with the "gaisdo ; " I. tinctoria was observed by Lenz wild in Italy, and 
 is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.) : was found by Gerarde p. 394 in Britain 
 only in places where it had once been cultivated, but has since become naturalized (Wats., and A. 
 Dec). By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues sparingly culti- 
 vated, and sometimes springing up spontaneously. (See Lycopus Europaeus). 
 
 Genista tinctoria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain base broom or 
 greening weed or greenweed or dyer's greenweed or wood-waxen, in old English " wodewex," in 
 Anglo-Saxon " wudu-weaxe," in mediaeval Latin "genista humilis " (Prior), in Germany " farbe- 
 ginster " (Fraas): possibly affording the green dye in the variegated garments: — G. tinctoria was 
 observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the 
 "genista" is termed " lenta " by Virgil geor. ii. 12. 433, is mentioned also by Yitruvius vii. 14, 
 Columella iv. 31, by Pliny xvi. 30 to 69 as springing up to dye garments and used besides for ties : 
 G. tinctoria is described by Tragus p. 604 (Spreng.), is termed " g. tinctoria germanica " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 643 ; and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 526, Pers., and Dec). By the first European colonists was carried to Salem in New 
 England, " woad-seed " being enumerated prior to February 162S in a memorandum of articles to be 
 sent out with governor Endecott ; forty years later, " wood-wax wherewith they dye many pretty 
 colours " was found there by Josselyn rar. p. 51 ; in 1814 within my memory, hardly extended more 
 than a mile from the town ; in 1872 had spread in some directions at least three miles, monopolizing 
 the soil on the rocky hills and colouring the district in the season ol flowering ; not disseminating 
 itself in a scattered manner throughout the country, and as yet I have heard of only two additional 
 localities, " Cambridge " near Boston (Tuckerm. archa;ol. Amer. iv. p. 186), and " Peekskill " on the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 87 
 
 Hudson (A. Gray). G. tinctoria according to Lindley is " chiefly employed in dyeing ; the whole 
 plant affords a good yellow colour, and with woad a good green.' : 
 
 " 21 18 B. C. = 1st year of Chao-kang, of the Hia " or Second dynasty (Chinese chron. table) ; 
 a " son of Siang " (Pauth). 
 
 21 17 B. C. "In nine years" (Maneth.), SSsostris "subdued all Asia and of Europe as far as 
 Thrace." An account confirmed by Herodotus, and other Greek writers. Sesostris lived (accord- 
 ing to Justin) before the time of Ninus. 
 
 2116 B. C. = " nth year of Sesurtesen II. ;" the latest date in his reign found on the mona 
 ments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 562). 
 
 In tombs under the " Twelfth " dynasty at Berscheh, the transportation of a colossus is repre- 
 sented ; stated in the hieroglyphic inscription to be of limestone (Lepsius eg. and sin. 113). 
 
 " 2107 B. C." (Armen. hist., and Sm. b. diet.), Hai'g son of Gathlas and first king of Armenia. 
 Commencement of Armenian history — (Klapr. mem. i. 410). 
 
 In this year (= 2126 — " 19 years" of the Turin papyrus), Sesurtesen II. suc- 
 ceeded by Sesurtesen III., fifth king of the Twelfth dynasty. — The Turin papyrus 
 though partially defective in this place, affords evidence, that the reign of Sesurtesen 
 III. lasted at least thirty years. His name occurs in the sanctuary of the temple at 
 Samneh (Leps. eg. and sin. 120) ; also on the Kosser road; and he is next in the 
 order of succession on the tablet at Abydos. 
 
 In a Third tomb at Benihassan (Champoll. pi. 396), a foreign nation, distinct perhaps from the 
 one last mentioned and wearing only the cincture of warm climates, is represented fighting the Egyp- 
 tians. The siege of a fortress is also represented. And (according to Lepsius briefe aus Aeg. p. 
 367), one of these foreigners reduced to servitude. — In the tomb of one of the kings of the Nine- 
 teenth dynasty, this foreign nation wears the Bedouin fillet. 
 
 Of the principal arts and trades of civilized life, a majority already known to the Egyptians, and 
 figured on the walls of these and the remaining tombs at Benihassan. 
 
 Most of the domestic and useful animals and plants already mentioned, are again figured at 
 Benihassan, and even in the same peculiar varieties or breeds. The additional kinds, in considera- 
 tion of the long interval of time, are surprisingly few; and after careful examination, I could distin- 
 guish only the following : 
 
 Among a variety of wild species, a flock possibly of the domestic duck. — Ducks in the artificial 
 pools of a garden, -are figured under the Seventeenth or Eighteenth dynasty (Rosselin. ii. pi. 69). 
 " Nessa " and " nessarion," ducks and ducklings, are mentioned by Aristophanes av. 556 and plut. 
 ion ; and " anatum ova" and tame ducks, by Plautus, Varro, Cicero, and Pliny. 
 
 Flocks also of the domestic goose, Anser . . . . ; this Northern bird being clearly now the com- 
 panion of man: — the "hen" and " henovdtia," geese and geese-feeding, are mentioned by Homer 
 il. ii. 460, Xenophon, and Plato. Rome in its early history, was saved from a night-surprise by a 
 flock of domestic geese: and the "anser" and "anserculus," goose and gosling, are mentioned by 
 Cicero, Columella, and Pliny. 
 
 Albino rabbits, Lepus cuniculus, also figured, carried in cages and perhaps regarded as sacred : 
 clearly not the hare, which is figured with longer ears in the hunting scenes. — The above were the 
 only figures of the rabbit I could discover on the Egyptian monuments ; and in the time of Athe- 
 naeus ix. 63, the animal was unknown in Egypt. Alexander captured a city by means of a burrow or 
 
 mme ( ); and the "cuniculus" or rabbit is distinctly mentioned by Polybius, Posido- 
 
 nius, Varro, and Catullus. The rabbit seems properly a Western animal, and according to Leo 
 Africanus, is indigenous in Mauritania. 
 
 A chceta or hunting leopard, Felis jubata, led by a cord, and probably brought down the Nile 
 from Equatorial Africa: —the cheeta is also figured in tribute-processions under the Eighteenth and 
 Nineteenth dynasties : but does not appear to have been employed in Egypt for hunting ; after the 
 manner practised in Central and Eastern Asia, as described by Marco Polo 7$. 
 
 Of the huntino- scenes at Benihassan, some may be situated in Northern climates : especially as 
 the striped lion (Leps. d. ii. pi. 131) indicates, that accounts of the tigers of Hyrcania, along the 
 Caspian, had reached Egypt. — " Sffiukou tigris," a living tiger sent to Athens, is mentioned by 
 
 Alexis, and Philemon. 
 
 The wild species of quadrupeds and birds figured are very numerous, as also the species of 
 fishes, and insects : amounting to an important treatise on zoology, deserving the careful attention of 
 
 naturalists, . 
 
 Momordua balsamina of Tropical Arabia. The balsam-apple, called m France "pomme de 
 merveille" (Pers.). in Egypt "ballesan," in Yemen " mokahh " or " moghadd " (Forsk.), is perhaps 
 the Cucurbitaceous plant with deeply-lobed leaves and oblong fruit trained on a trellis — (Champ, 
 pi 357) : M. balsamina seems mentioned by Avicenna, and Abd-allatif; was observed by Hassel- 
 
05 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 quist, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; and by Forskal, wild everywhere along the base 
 of the mountains of Yemen. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 is occasionally seen in gardens. 
 
 2102 B. C. = "6th year of Sesurtesen III.;" found on the monuments (C. Mull. fr. Man. 
 p. 562). 
 
 Sixty-sixth generation. Jan. 1st, 2100, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 The same year = "8th year of Sesurtesen III.," in a tablet at Samneh in Upper Nubia (Birch), 
 Ethiopia being now for the first time conquered by an Egyptian army (Leps. eg. and sin. 245). A 
 statue of the king has been found near by on " Bigeh," and foundations of a gigantic fortress were 
 built in the narrow pass, — afterwards converted into a nilorpeter (Leps. and Buns.). 
 
 " 2097 B. C. = 23d year of the usurpation of Han-tsou, and 22d of the detention of Chao-kang" 
 (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Tenth cycle. 
 
 2094 B. C. = " 14th year of Sesurtesen III.," in the quarries of basalt at Hamamat — (Birch). 
 
 " 2093 B. C. = Sixth manwantara '' among the Hindus (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentley as. 
 res. viii. 244), Pururava son of Budha, son of Soma, son of Atri, may have been at this time reigning* 
 
 Bambino, arundinacea of Tropical Eastern Asia. The bamboo is called in Bengalee "bansh," 
 in Telinga "veduru," in Tamil "mungil," in Malabar " kull-moollah '' (Drur.), and the people of Hin- 
 dustan at first lived on the " kalamos " f — (Aelian, and Ruel i. 115); the "kalamos inthikos " is 
 mentioned by Herodotus . . . . , and Theophrastus iv. 11. 13, and was seen in Hindustan by Megas- 
 thenes (Strab. xvii. 3. 5) : boundaries according to the Institutes of Manu viii. 247 should be marked 
 by planting bamboos (transl. Deslongch.) : B. arundinacea was observed by Graham in the environs 
 of Bombay, but by myself only under cultivation; by Rheede i. pi. 16, in Malabar; by Buchanan, 
 Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 79, and Drury, wild in the interior forests of the peninsula, the seeds gathered 
 for food, the young shoots eaten like asparagus, and the leaves and old stems employed for a great 
 variety of purposes. Farther East, by Mason \. 525 in Burmah, some varieties indigenous, "houses 
 with all their furniture " made of them, fire procured "by rubbing two bits" together, "bellows to 
 blow the fire " also furnished, the joints supplying the place of " cup, spoon, and water-bucket," the 
 leaves used " for plates and dishes and thatch," the " young shoots " eaten as vegetables together 
 with the seeds "in times of scarcity;" was observed by myself planted along road-sides on the 
 Philippines. Westward, is enumerated by Clot-Bey as recently and successfully introduced into 
 Egypt. 
 
 "2079 B. C." (Pauth. p. 61), in China, Han-tsou dethroned by the lawful emperor Chao-kang. 
 
 Tanaus king of Scythia, before the time of Ninus — (according to Justin, Bonom. Nin. iii. : see 
 Targitaus). 
 
 Sesurtesen III. building of dobi or sun-dried brick the small pyramid at Dashur. An inscrip- 
 tion (interpreted to Herodotus) claimed superior value over the stone pyramids around, and if an 
 herbarium of selected plants chopped and mixed in mud, its superiority will be vindicated. A single 
 brick examined by Unger has at least led to important results : 
 
 Raplianistrum arvense of the Mediterranean countries. The jointed charlock is called in Greece 
 "raphanitha" (Sibth.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger (acad. vienn., 
 and journ. sc. lond.) : the plant at the present day seems unknown in Egypt. Farther North, 
 "raphanithas lepras" are commended as purgative by Diodes of Carystus in a letter to king Antig- 
 onus (Fabr. xii. p. 588) : and R. arvense was observed by Sibthorp not rare in the grain-fields of 
 
 * Prosopis spicigcra of Tropical Hindustan. A large tree called in Tamil "parumbay," in 
 Bengalee "shumee," in Telinga " chamee " (Drur ), on the Northern Circars "tshamie" (Roxb.) ; 
 and the "sami " by rubbing which king Pururavas brought out concealed fire — (Kalidas. ragh. iii. 
 9), mentioned also by Susrutas sutr. 46 to kalp. 7, is referred here by Colebrooke as. res. vii. 302 : 
 the "arani " by friction of two pieces yielding the "sacred fire " (Sanhita of the Sama Veda iii. 6 to 
 xi. 10, Stev. praef. iv to vii), mentioned also by Susrutas sutr. 36, is according to Wilford a cubic 
 block of " sami ; '' and W. Jones as. res. iv. 307 found "sami " wood " extremely hard, used by the 
 Brahmens to kindle their sacred fire by rubbing two pieces of it together ■ " P. spicigera was ob- 
 served by Law " common in Guzerat" (Graham) ; by flor. ind. pi. 25, Koenig, Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 
 63, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan from Delhi to Madras and Coromandel, its timber 
 close-grained, hard, and durable, stronger than teak, and its pods full of a mealy sweetish substance 
 eaten by the natives. 
 
 f Bambusa (Dendrocalamus) Hilda of Eastern Hindustan. The Bengal bamboo, called in 
 Bengalee "tulda bans," in Hindustanee " peka bans" (Drur.), and doubtless included in the "kala- 
 mos" in question : — D. tulda was observed by Roxburgh ii. 193 abounding in Eastern Hindustan, 
 being the common bamboo of Bengal, "much used for house-building," and its tender young shoots 
 "eaten as pickles by the natives." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 89 
 
 Greece. Westward, is described by Columna ecph. i. pi. 263 as eaten in Southern Italy (Spreng.) ; 
 is termed " raphamstrum siliqua articulata glabra majore et minore " by Tournefort inst. 230; was 
 observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to occur in cultivated ground in Sicily, Sardinia, and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 678, Guss., and Moris) ; and in somewhat 
 w-ilder situations in Dalmatia, Spain, and Portugal (Brot., Boiss., and A. Dec). By European colo- 
 nists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a weed in grain-fields, and is called as 
 heard by myself charlock. 
 
 Pisum arvense of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. The field pea is called in 
 France "pois de pigeon" or "bisaille" (Pers.), in Greece "piseli » (mod. Lex.), in Egypt "besilleh" 
 (Del.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger : the plant was observed by Delile 
 under cultivation even in Upper Egypt, and the seeds given to cattle. Farther North, the green 
 "phaselos," known to Athenaeus in Egypt, constituted the supper of the Spartan warriors (Polemon, 
 and Athen. ii. 46) ; the "phaselos " is also mentioned by Aristophanes pac. 1144, and Demetrius : 
 unless in the above modern name, I am not aware of evidence of the existence of P. arvense in 
 Greece (see P. elatius), but the plant is known to grow wild along the Black Sea (Ledeb.), was ob- 
 served by Royle ill. p. 190 along the Himalayas as far as the head waters of the Jumna, under culti- 
 vation also, and according to Piddington having a Hindustanee name (A. Dec). Westward from 
 Greece, the "faselum" is termed "vilem " by Virgil geor. i. 227, and as cultivated in Italy is also 
 mentioned by Columella x. 377 ; P. arvense is described by Lobel ii. pi. 66, and Tournefort inst. 394 ; 
 continues to be cultivated in France (Pers., and Del. cult, eg.) ; and is known to grow wild in South- 
 ern Spain (Boiss., and A. Dec). 
 
 Vicia saliva of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries,. Called in Britain fitch or vetch 
 (Prior), in Germany " futterwicke " (Grieb), in France "vesce" (Nugent), in Italy " veccia " (Lenz), 
 in Greece "vikos" (Fraas) or "zea" (Zalikogl.), in Egypt "faurum" Greek bean (Forsk.) or 
 "deboreg" (Del.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger: the living plant was 
 observed by Forskal, and Delile, around Cairo and Rosetta. Farther North, the " kuamos " is men- 
 tioned by Pherecrates, Aristophanes, Xenophon, Anaxandrides, Heniochus, and Demosthenes ; the 
 "kuamos ellenikos " by Dioscorides, and the Attic " kuamos " and "arakon" are identified by Galen 
 alim. i. 36 with the " vikion " or " vikithion : " V. sativa was ascertained by Fraas to have been 
 formerly cultivated in Greece ;. was observed by him, and Chaubard, in wild situations in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, but by Sibthorp, a weed in cultivated ground; is known to grow also in wild situations to 
 the South of Caucasus (C. A. Meyer). Westward, the earliest inhabitants of Latium lived not on 
 bread but " puis " or pottage, and sacred rites " pulte fritilli " continued to be celebrated in the days 
 of Pliny xviii. 19 to 46 ; the "offam'' is mentioned by Ennius; the "vicia" by Cato, Varro, Ovid, 
 cultivated as appears from Pliny xviii. 67 partly for fodder, and the " viciarium " by Columella : V. 
 sativa is termed " v. sativa vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 396 ; is known to grow in wild situations in 
 Italy, Algeria, and Spain (Boiss, Munby, and Lenz), but throughout middle Europe occurs chiefly 
 as a weed in grain-fields (fl. Dan. pi. 552, Thuill., and Pers.). Eastward from the Caspian, has vari- 
 ous names in Hindustan, none of them Sanscrit (Pidd., and A. Dec); and was observed by Thun- 
 berg at Nagasaki and elsewhere in Japan. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues a weed in grain-fields in our Northern States, observed by myself as far as Lat. 
 48 on the Lower St. Lawrence : was also carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it has in like man- 
 ner become a weed in cultivated ground (Boj.). 
 
 Euphorbia helioscopia of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain sun-spurge (Prior), in 
 Italy " erba rogna" or " erba calenzola" or " titimalo elioscopio " (Lenz), in Greece "galatzitha" or 
 " o-alahorton " (Sibth.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger : the living plant 
 was observed by Delile in Upper Egypt and also around Cairo. Farther North, the "tithumalos 
 elioskopios " is described by Dioscorides as growing in waste ground and around villages, its root 
 giving out four or five red branching stems full of white juice and a span high, leaves like those of 
 " anthrahne " but rounder, fruit as though on leaves in an " anethoSithfis " capitulum that follows the 
 sun and hence the name ; is mentioned also by Rufus Ephesius, and Paulus Aegineta : E. helioscopia 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece in the situations 
 alleged by Dioscorides ; but appears to grow in wilder places South of Caucasus (A. Dec). West- 
 ward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 42 of the fourth " herbam lactariam," termed " helioscopion " and 
 havino- the leaves of " porcilacae," seems in part taken from Dioscorides : E. helioscopia is described 
 by Fuchsius 81 t; is termed "tithymalus helio'scopius " by Tournefort inst. 87; was observed by 
 Lenz frequent in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to occur in waste and cultivated 
 "•round throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 725, and Pers.). Eastward from 
 the Caspian, was observed by Thunberg along roadsides in Japan and called ''susa fri " or "kansui." 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it seems naturalized in our North- 
 ern States and as far as Lat. 48 on the Lower St. Lawrence, though chiefly confined to the vicinity 
 of tide-water and waste ground farther inland. 
 
9° CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Bupleurum aristatum of . . . Imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger. 
 Chrysanthemum segetum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain gules or gowles or 
 goulans or gowan or golds or goldin or goldings or corn-marigold or yellow ox-eye (Prior), in Ger- 
 many "goldblume" (Grieb), in Greece " tzitzimvola " or " koukouvagia" (Sibth.), in Egypt "gahvan" 
 (Forsk.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger : C. segetum was observed by 
 Forskal around Alexandria (but Forskal's plant is referred by Delile to C. coronarium). Farther 
 North, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in waste places. and cultivated 
 ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Grisebach, in somewhat wilder situations, but 
 according to Ledebour becomes rare towards Caucasus, occurring in cultivated ground only (A. Dec). 
 Westward, is termed " ch. folio minus secto glauco " by Tournefort inst. 492; was observed by 
 Forskal on Malta, everywhere frequent; by Gussone, in open situations and cultivated ground on 
 Sicily ; by Moris, in like situations on Sardinia ; and is known to occur as a weed in cultivated 
 ground only in Italy, Algeria, Spain, and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden and Russia 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 995, and A. Dec). 
 
 Chenopodium murale of the Mediterranean countries. A species of goose-foot called in Egypt 
 " menteneh " fetid (Del.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger ■ the living 
 plant was observed by Delile around Cairo ; was received by A. Richard from Abyssinia ; and by 
 Jacquin rar. ii. pi. 345 from Guinea (Pers.). Northward, was observed by Sibthorp along walls at 
 Constantinople. Westward, is termed " c. pes anserinus secundus " by Tournefort inst. 506; was 
 observed by Desfontaines i. 214 about walls in Algeria ; and is known to occur in like situations 
 throughout Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Bergeret phyt. pi. . . , Curt. Iond. vi. pi. 20, A. Dec, 
 and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America (Wats ), where according 
 to A. Gray, and Chapman, though " rare," it continues to occur about dwellings from Boston and 
 New York to Florida; was also carried to South America (Wats.). 
 
 2070 B. C. (=710 4- " 1360 years " of Ctesias, or " 1000 years " of Ctesias — 877th -)- 1237 years 
 enumerated = 1360 even in Eusebius, who in i. p. 44 gives 1247 enumerated years — (- 43 — (— 776 = 
 2066), beginning of Assyrian history. — The date is confirmed, by "the increasing power of the 
 Assyrians " proving a source of anxiety to the first Hyksos king of Egypt, less than two centuries 
 later (see below). 
 
 The same year (=2126 — "48 — 8 years " of the Maneth. tables), Lahares suc- 
 j ceeded by AmSres, sixth king of the Twelfth dynasty. " Eight " years only are 
 assigned to the reign of Ame'res in the Afr.-Maneth. table ; but the Turin papyrus 
 though partially defective in this place, affords evidence, that he reigned at least forty 
 years. The name of Amunemhat III. Ma-en-ra occurs at Wadi Maghara, Sarbut-el- 
 Chadem, and Hamamat (Leps. d. ii. pi. 137 and 138) : — and in after times, in the chamber of kings 
 at K.unak, and in the order of succession on the tablet at Abydns. 
 
 That this king is the Moeris of the Greeks, appears from Diodorus ; who enumerates inclu- 
 sively " eighty-three " kings from Menes, in entire accordance with Manetho (Leps. krit. .). 
 
 In the Afr -Maneth. table, the building of the Labyrinth is attributed to the fifth king Lahares; 
 but in the Euseb.-Maneth. table, to " Lamaris " holding possibly the sixth place. The builder is 
 called " Moeris " (by Lyceas of Naucrates) : and (according to Dindorus i. 97) king " Marus " was 
 also called " Menthes ; " while (according to Strabo xvii. 1.37) king ■• Imanthes " built both the 
 Labyrinth and pyramid. According however to Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 14 and 91, the splendid 
 temple built by " Amenemhe " in front of the pyramid, — afterwards became the centre of the Laby- 
 rinth : but the statement of Herodotus, That the Labyrinth was built by the dodecarchs preceding 
 Psammetichus, has not been refuted. 
 
 2069 B. C. = " 2d year of Amunemhat III.," at Wadi Maghara, the mines there still worked — 
 (Birch). 
 
 Sixty-seventh generation. May 1st, 2067, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 2062 B. C. = "9th year of Amunemhat III.," in the quarries at Hamamat — (Birch). 
 " 2057 B. C. = 1st year of Tchou, of the Hia " or Third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 The same year = " 14th year of Amunemhat III.," commissioners sent to Samneh to examine 
 and mark the height attained by the Nile (Birch). " From the time of Moeris " (according to He- 
 rodotus . . . ), the annual risings of the Nile were recorded in distinct numbers. The " laro- e foun- 
 dation" of the temple of Kummeh at Samneh was ascertained by Lepsius to be the earliest mlotneter ■ 
 the name of Amunemhat III. occurring in inscriptions marking the highest risings : '' eighteen" mark- 
 ings remained, demonstrating that in his reign the river rose there " twenty-six feet ei<*ht inches " above 
 the greatest floods of the present day ; and that its mean level was "twenty-three feet ten inches" 
 higher than at present. — Farther down the river on the brink of the First cataract, as remarked by 
 Horner, the buildings on Philae show that the river-bed has continued essentially unchanged for the 
 last "twenty-two hundred" years (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 20 and 509 to 52S). Yet farther down the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 91 
 
 river at Thebes, the colossi of Amunhotep III. on the river-flat reveal no material change in the 
 river and its inundations : I was only surprised at the slight depth of river-deposit around their base. 
 2056 B. C. (= 776 -f- 43 -)- 1237 enumerated years = "40 -f- 1240," Eusebius in another place 
 giving 1 181 + 877th = 2057 = 2015 -f "43d year" of Hieronymus). accession of Belus, sixth lineal 
 ancestor of Ninus, and first king of the Assyrians ; a people possessing as yet only local importance 
 — (Abyden., Cast., Cephal., Augustin. civ. D. xviii. 21, and Syncell.). The tomb of Belus opened by 
 Xerxes was found to contain a legible inscription (Ael. xiii. 3). 
 
 2054 B. C. (= 1413 -f- "348 -j- 103 -f- 190 years " of the Euseb.-Maneth. table and the Egyp- 
 tian Chronicle), a date, the Egyptian Chronicle not being exclusively national, possibly referring to 
 the last-named change in Assyrian history. 
 
 " 2040 B. C. == 1st year of Hoai, of the Hia " or Third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 " 2037 B. C. = 4th year of Hoai " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Eleventh cycle. 
 Sixty-eighth generation. Sept. 1st, 2034, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 Belus succeeded by Babius, fifth lineal ancestor of Ninus, and second king of the Assyrians 
 (Abydenus in Euseb. i. 12. p. 36). 
 
 Amunemhat III. Ma-en-ra building the pyramid near the Labyrinth. It contains his name, and 
 is the latest of "sixty-seven" (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 14) known Egyptian pyramids; each of them 
 constructed for a king's tomb. 
 
 2029 B^C. = " 42d year of Amunemhat III.," on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 562). 
 2028 B. C. (= 2015 y. 10 mo. 13 d. -f- " 4 -\- 8 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 
 2210 — "46—38—48 — 8 — 42 years " of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, the " 44th 
 I year of Amunemhat III." at Wadi Maghara giving 2027, and the Turin papyrus "3 y. 
 10 mo. 4 d. -\- 9 y. 3 mo. 27 d." = 2029), Am£res succeeded by AmSn£mes, seventh 
 king of the Twelfth dynasty- To whose reign " eight " years only are assigned in the 
 Afr.-Maneth. table, but " 9 y. 3 mo. 27 d." in the Turin papyrus. The name of king Amunemhat 
 IV. occurs on a stela, and on other movable articles (now in the museums of Europe): — also in 
 later times, in the chamber of kings at Karnak, and in the order of succession on the tablet at Abydos. 
 /" "\ 2020 B. C. (= 2015 y. 10 mo. 13 d. —J— " 3 y. 10 mo. 13 d." of the Turin papyrus, or 
 "4 years" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), AmSnSmes succeeded by his sister SkSmio- 
 phris, now queen of Egypt. She is referred to the Twelfth dynasty in the Turin 
 papyrus, and in the Afr.-Maneth. table : but the title " Ra-sebaknofru," found among 
 S- ' the ruins of the Labyrinth (Leps. d. ii. pi. 140), in its changed style indicates change 
 of dynasty. The same title, in different forms, occurs on other monuments : — and in the order of 
 this queen's succession in the chamber at Karnak. 
 
 Diospyrus reticulata of Madagascar. If the word " hbni " in hieroglyphic characters under the 
 Twelfth dynasty (Leps.) is correctly translated ebony, this material was already brought to and down 
 the Nile from the Indian Ocean, probably from Madagascar : — the sticks of ebony figured in tribute- 
 processions under the Eighteenth dynasty are in the hands of Southern delegates ; " ebnym " brought 
 with elephants' tusks by the men of Dedan, is mentioned by Ezekiel xxvii. 15; " £v£non " was 
 brought by the Ethiopians on the Nile to Darius (Herodot. iii. 97 to 114), the trees growing beyond 
 Meroe (according to Pliny vi. 35 and xii. 8) ; the " aithiopike " kind is distinguished by Strabo xvii. 
 2, and Dioscorides ; and to the present day, Madagascar continues the main source of the ebony of 
 commerce. D. reticulata is described by Willdenow ; and according to Tennent i. 117 is the source 
 of " the ebony of Mauritius " (Drury). 
 
 " 2016 B. C." (= 1589 -f " 205 + 29 + 30 + 32 + 30 + 34 + 30 + 35 + -z years " of Gen. x. 
 22 to xi. 32 = 710 -f- " 1306 years " of Diodor. ii. 28, Agath., Euseb., Syncell., and Clint, v. p.), the 
 Abrahamic era, also called the "Assyrian era." (Nicolas p. 24 agrees, but p. 17 places the era at 
 " 2015, Oct. 1st," = 710 -j- " 1305 years " of Augustin. civ. D. xviii. 21 = 2070 — " 55 years " of 
 Syncell. = 1614 + " 402d year" of Clemens Alexandrinus in Euseb. prsp. x. p. 497;. 
 
 The same year (= 2015 y. 10 mo. 13 d. = 2229 — " 213 y. 1 mo. 17 d." of the Turin papyrus = 
 2020 — " 4 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), end of the reign of queen Skemiophris : in what man- 
 ner is not mentioned, but interference with the established religion is marked by the building of tem- 
 ples—ceasing for nearly four hundred years. 
 
 The name of king Sebakhotep, of the. Thirteenth dynasty, occurs on the foundation 
 
 I of the temple of Kummeh at Samneh, in inscriptions marking the highest rise of the 
 
 Nile (Leps. d. ii. pi. 151 and eg. and sin. 20). Also on other contemporaneous monu- 
 
 I ments : — and he is next in the order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 " 2014 B. C. = 1st year of Mang, of the Hia " or Third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 Sixty-ninth generation. Jan. 1st, 2000, mostly beyond youth : 
 
92 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ^2 
 
 1997 B. C. = 2015 y. io mo. 13 d. — " 19 years " of an obliterated name placed next after Ske- 
 miophris in the Turin papyrus. (Compare Salatis). 
 
 The name of king Sebakhotep II. of the Thirteenth dynasty, occurs on a large 
 I stela (now in Paris). — Also in a tomb under the Seventeenth dynasty at El Kab (ob- 
 served by myself) ; and his title, partially obliterated, is next in the order of succes- 
 ' sion in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 Babius succeeded by Anebus, fourth lineal ancestor of Ninus and third king of the 
 Assyrians (Abyden. in Euseb.). 
 
 " 1996 B. C. = 1st year of Sie, of the Hia " or Third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 1980 B. C. = 1st year of Pou-kiang, of the Hia " or Third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 The name of king Nofrehotep of the Thirteenth dynasty, occurs on a statue (now 
 in Bologna) — And in later times, a different form of apparently his title is next in 
 the order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak (Leps. k. pi. 14 and 15). 
 
 " 1977 B. C. = 4th year of Pou-kiang" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the 
 Twelfth cycle. 
 
 1976 B. C. (= 1 5 r S — f- "458 years " of Berosus in Alex. Polyhist, and Euseb. i. 4), at Babylon, 
 accession of the Second Chaldean dynasty : — a series of "forty-nine " successive kings. 
 
 The name of king Sebakhotep III. of the Thirteenth dynasty, occurs among the 
 ruins at Abydos (Glid. analect.), and on a colossal statue of himself (now in the 
 museum at Paris). — His title is next in the order of succession in the chamber of 
 kings at Karnak. 
 
 Anebus succeeded by Arbelus, great grandfather of Ninus and fourth king of the 
 Assyrians (Abyden. in Euseb.). 
 
 In ascending the Nile beyond Philae, the first sculptures in Nubia belonging to the Thirteenth 
 (hmsty are on the island of Argo (Leps. eg. and sin. p 19 and 233). 
 Seventieth generation. May 1st, 1967, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 The name or title of a king of th/s Thirteenth dynasty — has been obliterated in this place 
 in the chamber of kings at Karnak (Leps. k. pi. 15). 
 
 Arbelus succeeded by Chaalus, grandfather of Ninus and fifth king of the Assyrians — 
 (Abyden. in Euseb.). 
 
 The name of king Sebakhotep IV. of the Thirteenth dynasty, occurs among the 
 ruins at Abydos (Glid. analect.). — And an obliterated title occurs in his place in the 
 chamber of kings at Karnak (Leps. k. pi. 14 and 15). 
 
 Some time after the "Twelfth" dynasty (Leps. eg. and sin. 28, and 118), a new 
 canon of proportions for the human figure substituted in the Egyptian sculptures. — 
 This second rule or canon continued unchanged until the time of the Psammetichi. 
 
 The name of king Sebakhotep V. occurs on a granite altar at Abydos (Glid. ana- 
 lect ) : — and his title is next in the order of succession in the chamber at Karnak. 
 Seventy-first generation. Sept. rst, 1934, mostly beyond youth : 
 193 1 B. C. (= 1413 -f- " 518 yrs " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), possible date of the 
 accession of the Fourteenth dynasty. 
 
 The partly erased title of a king of the Fourteenth dynasty occurring on contempo- 
 raneous monuments — is possibly identical with No. 227 (Leps. k. pi. 15) in the 
 chamber of kings at Karnak, next in the order of succession. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 
 _N^^ 244), Ayu reigning in Hindustan. 
 " 1921 B. C. = 1st year of Kioung, of the Hia " or Third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 " 1917 B. C. = 5th year of Kioung " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirteenth cycle. 
 1914 B. C. (= 2016 — - " 100 — 2 years," Gen. xi. 10), Arphaxad. Beginning of Hebrew lineage 
 and history. 
 
 The same year (= 1862 -(- "52 years" of Cephalion, Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell., see also 
 Abyden.), the date attributed to Ninus ; but according to the limit of probability agreeing better with 
 the accession of his father Arbelus II., sixth king of the Assyrians. — From this date, the extant List 
 of Assyrian kings, as seen by Cephalion, contained " no reign of less than twenty years ; " and would 
 seem therefore to be genealogical. In fact, Berosus makes his period of " 526 years " occupied by 
 "forty-five" Assyrian reigns, where Eusebius has scarcely more than eighteen. 
 
 The title of a king of the Fourteenth dynasty not found on contemporaneous mon- 
 uments, — is next in the order of succession in the chamber of kin^s at Karnak. 
 
 The sepulchral vases having the form of " the Four genii of the dead," first used 
 under the Fourteenth dynasty — (Birch). 
 
 Mention is made of "beer" (probably the Egyptian beverage booza) on mummy- 
 
 \J- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 93 
 
 cases under the Fourteenth dynasty — (Birch) : manufactured according to Herodotus ii. 27 from 
 barley, and to the present day well known in Egypt. 
 
 Lolium temulentum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain from the time of Wycliffe, 
 and Shakespeare, darnel, by Galfridus pr. pm. "demel," in the days of Glantvilla 194 "ray" from its 
 French name "ivraie" drunkenness (Prior), in Germany "taumel-lolch," in Italy "loglio" or "loglio 
 inebbriante" (Lenz); in Greece "era" (Sibth.), in Egyptian "gntej" (transl. Matth.) or "gntesh" 
 (ms. Borg ), and doubtless mixed in the booza — as to the present day, Alpinus witnessing the adding 
 of "farina loliacea: " the "zizanion" is mentioned in Matthew xiii. 25, the " zwnyn " in the Talmud, 
 the "ziwan" by Abu Hanifa, Ebn Baitar, and Forskal p. 199; and L. temulentum was observed by 
 Forskal, and Delile, around Cairo and Rosetta. Farther North, the "airas" is mentioned by 
 Pherecrates, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Galen, and Eustathius ; is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the "lolioum" of the Romans; the "lolium" is mentioned by Plautus, Ovid, Columella, and Pliny, 
 the "infelix lolium" by Virgil, and "farina loliacea" by Varro : L. temulentum is termed "gramen 
 loliaceum spica longiore aristas habens" by Tournefort inst. 516; was observed by Sibthorp, Link, 
 and Fraas frequent in the grain-fields of Greece; by Lenz in Italy; by Gerarde in 1597, one of the 
 most frequent weeds in Britain ; and is known to occur in fallow ground throughout middle Europe 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 160, and Pers.). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Thunberg in Japan. By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues rare in cultivated ground and 
 not as yet naturalized ; to Brazil (Kunth, and A. Dec), Montevideo and Chili (Lindl.) ; and to West 
 Australia, where it has become naturalized (J. Drummond). According to A. Gray, is almost the 
 only grass known to produce noxious seeds. 
 
 Lolium. perenne of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Greece " eme'ra era," in Egypt 
 "haschisch el f arras " (Forsk.), much resembling the preceding and probably as long known in 
 Egypt, — where it was seen by Forskal, and Delile around Cairo and Alexandria. Farther North, 
 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent along roadsides from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Smyrna. Westward, is termed "gramen loliaceum 
 angustiore folio et spica" by Tournefort inst. 516; was observed by Forskal in the environs of 
 Marseilles ; and is known to grow abundantly throughout Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Engl. 
 bot. pi. 315). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become nat- 
 uralized and has been found "a pretty good pasture-grass" (A. Gray). 
 
 Seventy-second generation. Jan. 1st, 1900, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 " The same year = 1st year of Kin, of the Hia" or Third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentley as. res. viii. 244), Nahusha 
 reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 The title "ra-s-anch-het " of a king of the Fourteenth dynasty, not found on con- 
 temporaneous monuments, — is next in succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 " 1879 B. C. = 1st year of Koung-kia, of the Hia" or Third dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 The same year (= 1862 -|- " 17 years" of Ctesias, in Diodor. ii. 1), the Assyrian 
 empire founded by Ninus or Nimrod : by whom the policy of "continual possession of domination" 
 was inaugurated. Aided at first by Ariaeus an Arab chief, Ninus — in " seventeen " years extended 
 his sway over " Babylonia, Susiana, Persis, Carmania, Hyrcania, Media, Armenia, Asia Minor, Coele- 
 syria, Phoenicia," and even " Egypt." Babel or Babylon, " Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the 
 land of Shinar" are included in the dominions of Nimrod in Gen. x. 10. 
 
 Pistacia terebinthus of the Tauro-Caspian countries. The terebinth tree is called in Italy 
 "terebinto" (Lenz), in Greece " tStramithos " or "kokkorStza" or " kokkorovithia " (Sibth.), in 
 Syriac "bwtma" Gesen.), in Egypt "botm" and the imported nuts "habbeh khadrah" (Del.). The 
 Persians according to tradition subsisted on the nuts before — becoming acquainted with bread, and 
 hence are termed "terminthophagous" by Astyages (Nic. Damasc. fr. 66, Ael., and Belon) : "btnym" 
 were among the productions of Palestine brought by Joseph's brethren on their second visit to Egypt 
 (Gen. xliii. 11) ; the " tSrevinthos " is mentioned by Josephus b. j. iv. 9. 7 as growing in Palestine ; 
 its resin in the days of Dioscorides was exported from Arabia Petraea, Judea, Syria, Cyprus, the 
 Greek islands, and Cyrene ; and the nuts of P. terebinthus were found by Forskal mat. med. much 
 used in Egypt for mixing compounds. Among the Greeks, " tSrevinthinos " is mentioned by Xeno- 
 phon anab. iv. 4. 7 ; the " tSrminthos," in the Hippocratic fistul. 888, and Theophrastus iii. 15, and 
 its edible nuts by Strabo xv. p. 229 : P. terebinthus was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constan- 
 tinople ; by him, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent and seemingly wild from Asia Minor 
 throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; yielding according to Lindley Cyprus turpentine. Farther 
 West, the "terebinthus" is mentioned by Virgil aen. x. 136, and Celsus ; is described by Pliny xiii. 
 12 as' bearing "folliculos emittentes quaedam animalia ceu culices," the follicular horn-like galls 
 employed in the days of Clusius in preparing a glutinous sanative balsam (Linnaea x. 58 and 442), 
 
94 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and giving rise to one name of the tree " cornocapra : " P. terebinthus is termed "t. vulgaris" by 
 Tournefort inst. 579 ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, 
 and is known to occur in Barbary (Pers.). 
 
 Lepidium sativum of Persia. Called in Britain with other species pepper-wort or cress, by 
 Cotgrave " kars " or " kerse," by Chaucer " kers," in Anglo-Saxon " kerse " or "kyrsys " or "cxrs," 
 in medieval Latin " crissonium " (Prior), in France distinctively " cresson aldnois " (A. Dec), in 
 Germany " gartenkresse," in Italy " agretto " or " nasturzio ortense " (Lenz), in Greece " karthamo " 
 (Sibth.), in Egypt " rechad " (Del.) or "habrasjat," in Yemen "half" (Forsk.),in Egyptian " semSth " 
 (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the " karthamon " eaten by the Persians before — becoming 
 acquainted with bread (Aelian, and Ruel i. 115) ; seen by Xenophon cyr. i. 2 to 8 eaten by them ; pro- 
 duced of the best quality in Babylon according to Dioscorides ; and called in Persian " skaphos " 
 according to the scholiast of Aristoph. nub. 234: L. sativum was observed by Olivier trav. iii. 120 
 to all appearance wild in Persia. Westward, the " karthamon " is mentioned by Aristophanes vesp. 
 455 and 1357, Antiphanes, the Hippocratic writings, Diodes Carystius, Polyaenus, and as having 
 acrid seeds by Theophrastus i. 12. 1, and Dioscorides: L. sativum was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; by Forskal, and Delile, in the 
 gardens of Egypt; and by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen. Farther West, the "karthamon" 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " nastourkioum " of the Romans, by Cicero with the " nastur- 
 tium," mentioned also by Yarro, Columella, and Pliny : L. sativum is described by Bauhin prodr. 
 pi. 43; is termed "nasturtium hortense vulgatum " by Tournefort inst. 213 ; was observed by Forskal 
 in gardens on Malta; and is known to be cultivated from Italy throughout middle Europe (Pers., 
 and Lenz). Eastward from Persia, is called in Hindustanee " taratezak " or " halim," in Bengalee 
 "halim" (D'roz ) ; was observed by Graham "cultivated in gardens" in the environs of Bombay, 
 by Wight in peninsular Hindustan; by Mason "exotic" in Burmah, called " s.i-mung-nee," and its 
 "seeds sold in bazar for medicinal purposes." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it continues under cultivation in our Northern and Middle States, and is called 
 peppergrass. 
 
 Cordylocarpus laevigatas of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " karthamon " 
 or " karthama " (Fraas), and possibly the " karthamon " of the Persians : — clearly the " karthamis " 
 identified by Zopyrus, Galen, and Erotian with the "saurithion" of Hippocrates ulc. 8, "sauren" of 
 Nicander, and "saurion " of the Athenians (mentioned by Pliny xix. 54): C. laevigatus is termed 
 " eruca chalepensis flore dilute violaceo siliquis articulatis " by Morison i. 3. pi. 25. " erucaria alep- 
 pica" by ( iaertner ; was observed by Tournefort trav. i. pi. 35, Sibthorp, D'Urville, and Fraas, fre- 
 quent from the Peloponnesus to Crete and the Greek islands ; by Delile, on the Medi- 
 terranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. 
 
 The same year (= 1914 — " 35 years " of Gen. xi. 12), birth of Salah. 
 The title of " rahem-smentoti," not found on contemporaneous monuments, — occurs 
 in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 IV. THE HYKSOS OR SHEPHERD KINGS. 
 
 
 "In the reign of Timaus " (Maneth.), "the Hyksos, a people from the East of obscure or ignoble 
 origin, in some unexpected manner acquired possession of Egypt " without fighting ; and its rulers 
 being in their power, proceeded to maltreat the people, " killing some, reducing the wives and children 
 of others to slavery," burning cities, "demolishing temples," and at length made one of their num- 
 ber king : 
 
 1873 B. C. (= 1613 .. 2 mo. -f- " 49 .. 2 mo. -\- 50 .. 1 mo. -4- 61 -j- 36 .. 7 mo. -)- 44 -f- 19 yrs " 
 of Manetho in Jos. c. A. 14), accession of Salatis, the first Hyksos king. He resided at Memphis 
 and establishing military stations rendered both Lower and Upper Egypt tributary; but chiefly 
 directed his attention to the Northeastern frontier, where he placed an army and fortified the city 
 of Auaris, from jealousy of the increasing power of the Assyrians. 
 
 A triangular Military game had commenced between Egypt, the North, and the East, and 
 
 continues unsettled to the present day. Geographical position will explain, Why the Persians only 
 after acquiring Asia Minor moved against Egypt, and only after acquiring Egypt moved against 
 Greece ; and Why Alexander would not move against Persia without first securing Egypt : the very 
 latest invader on establishing himself in Egypt adopted at once the Egyptian view, and in accordance 
 therewith shaped his measures (see Thiers revol. Franc). 
 
 The Hyksos are termed Phoenicians in the Maneth. tables, and according to Josephus c. A i. 14 
 were by some regarded as Arabs; but their long domination did not displace the spoken ]an«-uao-e 
 of Egypt, as will appear presently. Notwithstanding the enumeration of Hyksos kings in the Maneth. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 95 
 
 tables, the hieroglyphic ovals on the monuments seem to belong to legitimate Egyptian kings, who 
 maintained their line of succession together with some authority, especially in Upper Egypt. 
 
 Seventy-third generation. May 1st, 1867, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables), Dacsha reigning in Hindustan. — He is 
 mentioned in the Puranas (Bentley as. res. viii. p. 230). 
 
 1864 B. C. (= 1413 -(- "348+ 103 years" of the Egyptian Chronicle and Euseb.-Maneth. 
 table = 1613 .. 2 mo. + "250 yrs " of the same table), accession of the Fifteenth dynasty. 
 
 The title "ra * * *" of a king of the Fourteenth dynasty not recognized on con- 
 temporaneous monuments, — is in about this place in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 The last war of Ninus ; against the Bactrians, and their chief city captured through 
 the agency of Semiramis, who became his wife. The Bactrian king Oxyartes is called 
 "Zoroaster" by Ctesias, Cephalion, and Justinus i. 1 (see above, Zoroaster). 
 (= 1820 -f- "42 years" of Ctes., Cast , Diodor. ii. 20, Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell), 
 Ninus succeeded by his wife Semiramis, now Assyrian empress. 
 
 Semiramis invading Hindustan was opposed by Stavrovates with war elephants — (Ctes. assyr. 
 ii. 16) : the Indian elephant, E. Indicus, is figured in the cave-temples at Adjunta used for riding 
 and for killing tigers ; also, in Braminical cave-temples ; was employed in warfare against Alexander 
 and the Greeks ; is mentioned in the Institutes of Manu, and in the Sama Veda (Stev.). Westward, 
 the young elephant led in the Tribute-procession to the Egyptian king Tutmes III., is clearly the 
 Indian species ; subsequently by the successors of Alexander imported in numbers for the purposes 
 of warfare in the Mediterranean countries ; so that even in Italy, the Romans were obliged to fight 
 against elephants. 
 
 Bambusa (Dendrocalamus) ballcooa of Tropical Eastern Asia. The giant bamboo, perhaps the 
 "kalamou" of which the boats on the Indus were made — (Ctes. assyr. ii. 17) : boats in India made 
 of a joint of "kalamou" are mentioned by Herodotus iii. 98: the large kind of bamboo called 
 " kuttung," sometimes " ten inches in diameter," was seen by Temple only on the Deo and Sonar 
 tributaries of the Godavery; and D. ballcooa, "from its size" and strength, is regarded by Roxburgh 
 as perhaps preferable to any other kind for house-building (Drur.). Farther East, a large kind of 
 bamboo is mentioned in the Chou-King as growing in the Southern provinces of China (Pauth. 48) ; 
 var. "maxima" was seen by Loureiro in Anam ; by Mason v. 525, in Burmah, having joints "from 
 twenty to twenty-four inches in length and as much as thirty-six inches in circumference." 
 
 Bambusa (Dendrocalamus) strictus of Eastern Hindustan. Called male bamboo, in Telinga 
 " sadanapa vedroo " (Drury), and probably furnishing the spears of the army opposing Semiramis : — 
 the male " kalamos inthikos " is described by Theophrastus iv. 11. 13 as " stereos " solid : D. strictus 
 was observed by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 80 in Coromandel, growing in drier situations than other bam- 
 boos, "very straight," and having " great strength and solidity " much used by the natives "for spears, 
 shafts, and similar purposes " (Stewart punj., and Drur.). 
 
 Bambusa (Melocanna) baccifera of mountainous situations in Chittagong. A bamboo called 
 there " pagu-tullu," in Bengalee " bish-bansh," in Malabar "beesha," in Travancore "vaysha" or 
 "vay" (Drur.); and probably furnishing bows and arrows to the army opposing Semiramis: — the 
 bows and arrows of the Indian auxiliaries in the army of Xerxes were of "kalamou" (Herodot. . ) : 
 the "katthaka" reed bearing fruit to its own destruction, is mentioned in the Dhammapada 164: M. 
 baccifera was observed by Pierard wild in mountainous situations in Chittagong, and in common use 
 for every purpose of building, arrows and bows according to Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 243 made from 
 the stems by the natives, "and pens from the younger shoots; by Drury, "very common on the 
 Travancore hills, growing also in the low country," perishing after yielding its remarkable large 
 pendulous fruit, its leaves placed "on verandahs and roofs of houses to keep away the white ants ; " 
 by Rheede v. pi. 60, in Malabar; but only "in 1833," according to Graham, was introduced into the 
 environs of Bombay. 
 
 Sanseviera Zeyla7iica of Ceylon and Tropical Hindustan. The bow-string hemp is called in 
 Bengalee "moorga" or "moorgavee," in Tamil " marul " (Royle), in Telinga "saga" or "chaga" 
 (Drury), and may have furnished the string sending the arrow with which Semiramis was wounded 
 — (Ctes'. assyr. ii. 19) : the sacrificial zone of the military class according to the Institutes of Manu 
 should be of "murva" (W. Jones) : S. Zeylanica, affording one of the strongest fibres known, is 
 "common " on Ceylon (Royle fibr.) ; is known to grow also on the Dindigul hills and as far as Bengal 
 (Drur) ; was observed by Garrow "in 183 1 " growing "wildly and profusely in all the moist woods 
 of the neighbourhood "of Cuttack ; is made into paper at Trichinopoly ; was observed by Rheede 
 xi pi 42 hi Malabar; by Law, "on rocks at Badamee " in the Bombay district, but by Graham 218 
 and -^"only in " gardens." Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet pi. 256, and Miller. 
 
 "1857 B. C. = 23d year of Koung-hia " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Fourteenth 
 cycle. 
 
9 6 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 su 
 
 r^ 
 
 v^ 
 
 1854 B. C. (= 1873 + " '9 y ears " oiE Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 14, and both the Maneth. tables), 
 Salatis succeeded by Bn6n, now second Hyksos king of Egypt. 
 
 The title " ra-s-sesur-te-ti " of a king of the Fourteenth dynasty not found on con- 
 temporaneous monuments,— is next in succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 1849 B. C. (=r 1879 — " 30 years " of Gen. xi. 14), Eber born to Salah. 
 " 1848 B. C. = 1st year of Kao, of the Hia " or Third dynasty — (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 The title " rakamai " of a king of the Fifteenth dynasty, occurs in one of the exca- 
 vated chambers or tombs at Siut, as verified by myself (see also Leps. d. ii. pi. 
 150). — And a different form of apparently the same title, is next in succession in the 
 chamber of kings at Karnak (Leps. k. pi. 15). 
 
 The Egyptian soldiers figured in the same tomb (Champoll. pi. 349) are all on foot ; 
 and the military dress and equipments of the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan continue. 
 
 " 1837 B. C. = 1st year of Fa, of the Hia" or Third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 The title "ra-meri-bem " of a king of the Fifteenth dynasty, not found on contem- 
 poraneous monuments, — is next in succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, and Benlley as. res. viii. p. 
 244), Danu reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 Seventy-fourth generation. Sept. 1st, 1834, mostly beyond youth : 
 The obliterated title of a king of the Fifteenth dynasty, — is next in order of suc- 
 cession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 The Armenian prince Anouschavan, son of Ara and surnamed Sos, slain in war 
 against Semiramis — (Mar Apas Catina). 
 
 Populus alba of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain abele or white poplar, 
 by Galfriclus pr. pm. "awbel" or "ebelle," in the medieval Latin of Lambertus Ardensis "albellus," 
 in Holland "abeel," in France "aubel," in Germany "alber," in Italy "albero" or "albera" (Prior), 
 in Germany "silberpappel," in Italy "gattice " or "gattero'' or "pioppo bianco" (Lenz), in Greece 
 " lSuke " (Sibth.), in Egypt "hour" (Del.), and the above Armenian surname '-sos" — is referred 
 here by writers : the " ah£rSis " (from " hour " the current name in Egypt) is mentioned by Hesiod, 
 and Homer il. xiii. 389 to xvi. 4S2 ; but the word becoming obsolete, " l£uke " was substituted before 
 the days of Aristophanes nub. 1087, Nicander fragm., Uioscorides, Pausanias v. 13, and Galen, the 
 'TSuke " being expressly mentioned by Theophrastus as occurring in Egypt: P. alba was observed 
 by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from 
 the Peloponnesus and Greek islands to Constantinople, planted, and besides wild in the forest. 
 Westward, the "populus alba" is enumerated by Pliny xvii. 32 and xxiv. 32 as planted in Italy; 
 "albaro" planks are mentioned in a chart "A. D. 971" (Prior); P. alba is described by Lobel 
 pi. 2. 193; is termed "p. alba majoribus foliis " by Tournefort inst. 592; was observed by Lenz 
 wild in Italy, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and 
 Engl. bot. pi. 1618). Eastward from the Caspian, is known to grow throughout Northern Asia, 
 being enumerated by A. Decandolle among plants extending two-thirds around the Subarctic circuit 
 of the Globe. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 sparingly planted in both our Northern and Southern States, but extending by suckers may have 
 acquired firm foothold. 
 
 The fortified city of Van in Armenia, is attributed to Semiramis (Samuel Aniens, i. 7). Also 
 according to other writers, various extensive structures in the region of the Euphrates : as the " walls 
 of Babylon ; " meaning possibly the so-called " Median wall," traces of which are found " extending 
 from the Tigris forty miles obliquely to the Euphrates." 
 
 1820 B. C. (= 17S2 + "38 years" of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Ninyas or 
 Zames, son of Ninus and Semiramis, as Assyrian emperor. He is named also by Castor, and Dio- 
 dorus ii. 1 to 31. 
 
 The name of king Sebakem-f, of the Fifteenth dynasty, occurs at Konosso, at Hama- 
 mat on the Kosser road (Leps. d. ii. pi. 151), and on a coffin dated in his reign (and 
 now in the museum at London). — His title is next in the order of succession in the 
 chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 " 1818 B. C. = 1st year of Kie-kouei, of the Hia" or Third dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 1815 B. C. (= 1849 — "34 years " of Gen. xi. 16), Peleg born to Eber. —The Hebrews appear 
 to have derived their name from Eber: the word "phlg" signifies division, and to this day anions 
 the Arabs an opposing cl.iss claim to be descendants of Peleg's brother, Joktan. 
 
 The usual formula relating to the doctrine of Transmigration, is inscribed (according to Birch) 
 on the scarabaeus of king Sebakem-f — (now in the museum at London). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 97 
 
 A king of the Fifteenth dynasty, — is designated by his erased title next in the order 
 of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 1810 B. C. (= 1773 y- 5 m °. -\- " 36 y. 7 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 14), acces- 
 sion of the Hyksos king Apahnas. 
 
 Another king of the Fifteenth dynasty — is designated by his erased title next in the 
 order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 P ten's aquilina of sparsely-wooded districts all over the Globe. Called in Britain 
 brakes or bracken, in Sweden "braakin" (Prior), in France "fougeraie" (Nugent), in Ger- 
 V J \ J many "gemeiner farm" (Fraas) or "adlerfarn," in Italy "felce maggiore " or "felce ira- 
 \"^ - /""^ periale " (Lenz), in Greece " pteris " (Sibth.), and according to Syn. Diosc. by the Egyp- 
 tians ^ " aima onou " — (growing in Palestine), and observed by Forskal on the mountains of Tropical 
 Arabia. Farther North, the " ptgrin " is enumerated by Epicharmus as edible ; by Dioscorides as grow- 
 ing in rocky and mountainous situations, stemless without flower or fruit, leaves incised like a wing and 
 on a stalk a cubit high, root longish and black, superficial, somewhat astringent, and given against tape- 
 worm : P. aquilina was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in mountain- 
 ous and certain open situations from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople. Westward, 
 the "ptgris" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "philikem" of the Romans; the " filicetum " or 
 " filictum " is mentioned by Columella ; the " urenda filix " by Horace ; one of the two kinds being 
 according to Pliny xxvii. 55 the " pten'n " of the Greeks : P. aquilina is termed "filix ramosa major 
 pinnulis obtusis non dentatis " by Tournefort inst. 536; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary; 
 is known to grow on the Canaries, where " a miserable sort of bread is made by mixing the flour " 
 with barley meal (Lindl.) ; and from Italy throughout middle- Europe as far as Sweden (Engl. bot. pi. 
 1679). Farther West, is frequent in the wooded portion of North America from Canada to Arkansas 
 and the Mexican Gulf (Nutt, Chapm., and myself). In the Tropics and Southern Hemisphere, was 
 observed by myself in many distant parts of the Globe, its rhizoma constituting the principal food of 
 the New Zealanders. The Greek name is derived by Smith from the rhizoma cut across having " a 
 branched appearance, resembling a spread-eagle " (Lindl.). 
 
 Plantago media of Europe and Northern Asia Called in Italy "piantaggine media" or "petac- 
 ciola " (Lenz) in Britain lamb's tongue (Prior), and from the character of the leaves deserving the 
 name: possibly the Egyptian " asonth " or "asoeth" (Syn. Diosc.) or "asout" from "gsfiou" 
 sheep — (Kirch.), for " P. media ? " called " bizr bslledi " was observed by Forskal on the mountains 
 of Tropical Arabia. Farther North, the "arnoglosson mikron " as described by Dioscorides has nar- 
 rower softer and more tender leaves ; and the " plantago minor " by Pliny xxv. 39 as having leaves 
 "linguae pecorum simillimis : " P. media is termed "p. latifolia incana " by Tournefort inst. 126; 
 was observed by Sibthorp in pasture-land around Constantinople ; and is known to grow in like situ- 
 ations from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan pi. 581, and Pers. ; see P. 
 major) 
 
 Tribulus terrestris of the Desert and its borders from the Atlantic to Hindustan and Lake 
 Baikal. Called in Italy "tribolo" or " tribolo terrestre " (Lenz), in Greece " trivoli," or by the Turks 
 "demio dikieni " (Sibth.), in Egypt " kharchoum el-nageh," or by the Nubians " kenyssa kou " (Del.), 
 in Tropical Arabia " kotaba " (Forsk.), in Egyptian "se>oji" — (transl. Matth.) : the " trivolos " is 
 mentioned in the Septuagint translation of Hosea x. 8, and in Matthew vii. 16, as' growing in Pales- 
 tine : T. terrestris was observed by Delile in both Lower and Upper Egypt, by Forskal p. 88 in 
 Tropical Arabia, by Denham in Nigritia, and was received by A. Richard from Senegal and Abys- 
 sinia. Northward and Westward from Egypt, the "trivolos" is mentioned by Aristophanes lys. 
 576; by Theophrastus vi. 5 as having " £r£vinthos "-like leaves; the " trivolos hJrsaios " by Dios- 
 corides as growing about houses and along rivers ; the " tribulus " by Virgil, geor. i. 153, and as a 
 weed in gardens by Pliny xviii. 44 to xxii. 12 : T terrestris is described by Lobel pi. 84, and Morison 
 ii. pi. 8; is termed " t. terrestris ciceris folio seminum integumento aculeato " by Tournefort inst. 
 266; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary; by Lenz in Italy; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent in waste and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the Dardanelles; is known 
 to grow in Southern Russia and from Caucasus along the border of Siberia as far as Lake Baikal 
 (Ledeb.) ; was received by Fischer from Thibet ; and was observed by myself, indigenous on the 
 Deccan. In Austral Africa, may have arrived without European intervention ; but clearly by Euro- 
 pean colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Drege, Boj., and A. Dec). 
 
 Cmtoii (Crosopliora) tinctorium of the Northern border of the Desert from Barbary to Arabia. 
 Called in France " tournesol "'(Pers.), in Greece " sklarohorto " or " agriophasoulia " (Forsk.) or 
 " agriophaskia " (Sibth.), in Egypt "ghobbeyreh" (Del.), in which we recognize the Egyptian 
 " h6upe> " — identified with "cupressus herba"in lex. Oxf. p. 80 : C. tinctorium was observed by 
 Forskal, and Delile, around Cairo ; and according to Clot-Bey ii. 38, oil is made from its seeds. 
 Farther North, is described by Gesner, Lobel, and Camerarius ; is termed " ricinoides ex qua para- 
 
 ■3 
 
98 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 tur tournesol Gallorum " by Tournefort inst. 655; was observed by Forskal, Sibtborp, and ChaubarJ, 
 frequent from the Peloponnesus and Crete to the Dardanelles ; is known to grow also in Bnrbary 
 (Pers.) ; is besides cultivated in Southern France "for the deep purple dye called turnsole" and its 
 seeds ground " and mixed with oil are employed as a cathartic " (Lindl). 
 
 Croton (Crozophora) villasum — described as distinct, and called in Greece " eliotropion " 
 (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " heliotropium " worn by the Magians in intermittent fevers, and 
 termed " tricoccum " by Pliny xxii. 29 : the " herba Solaris " of Celsus v. 27 may also be compared, 
 as well as the " solago minor" of Apuleius 63 : C. villosum is termed "ricinoides ex qua paratur 
 tournesol Gallorum folio oblongo et villoso " by Tournefort cor. 45, and was observed by him, Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. 
 
 Croton (Crocophora) plicatum of Tropical Arabia. An allied species — called in Hindustanee 
 " souballi," in Bengalee " khoodi-okra " (Drur.), in Nubia " qoddeh " (Del): observed by Delile 
 from Cairo to Nubia, where it is called " qoddeh ; '' by myself, a weed in cultivated ground in Upper 
 Egypt. Eastward, is known to grow in Yemen (Pers.) ; was received by N. L. Burmann pi. 62 from 
 Hindustan; was observed by Graham around Bombay, " common on rice fields in the cold weather," 
 by myself occurring as a weed only ; by Drury, " common in the Peninsula ; " by Roxburgh, and 
 Ainslie as far as Bengal and Behar. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables), Vrishaparvan reigning in Hindustan; a 
 grandson of Dacsha — according to the Puranas (Bentley as. res. viii. p. 230). 
 
 Seventy-fifth generation. Jan. rst, 1800, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 " 1797 B, C = 22d year of Kie-kouei " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Fifteenth cycle. 
 
 "In the time of the Hia " (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 472), arrival in China of "islanders, 
 bringing as tribute garments embroidered with flowers." 
 
 Chrysanthemum Indicum of Japan. Called in English gardens Christmas flower (Graham) 
 from flowering late, in Egypt " karaoue " (Clot-Bey), in the environs of Bombay "gool daodee " (Gra- 
 ham), in Japan '' kikokf ' or "kiku" (Thunb.), and probably the flower copied on the embroidered 
 garments : * — was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, wild in Japan, cultivated besides around 
 dwellings. Westward, the " kiu-hoa " flower was embroidered on dresses of the Chinese empress 
 ami ladies of the court under the Tcheou dynasty, is mentioned also in the Chin-nong herbal, Eulh- 
 ya dictionary, Tchun-tsieou of Confucius, and in Li-ki (Cibot mem. Chin, iii.) : was observed by 
 Mason " exotic " in Burmah ; by Rumphius v. pi. 91, in the Malayan archipelago ; by Rheede x pi. 
 44, in Malabar; by Graham " very common in gardens " around Bombay, and by myself, flowers 
 among temple-offerings on the Deccan. Farther West, was observed by Clot-Bey in Egypt, where 
 it seems recently introduced, having perhaps previously reached France (Bomatuelle journ. hist. nat. 
 ii. and Pers ). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues frequent 
 in greenhouses and gardens. 
 
 " In the time of Oanamuchi-no-mikoto, long before the historical period " (old Jap. legends, and 
 Jap. centen. comm. 59), pottery invented in Japan by Oosei-tsumi, — "afterward honored with the 
 divine appellation of Kami." 
 
 The title " ra-chu-te-ti " of a king of the Fifteenth dynasty not found on contem- 
 poraneous monuments, — is next in succession in the chamber of kings at Karn.ik. 
 17S5 B. C. (= 1815 — "30 years " of Gen. xi. iS), Reu born to Peleg. 
 " 1783 B. C. = 1st year of Tching-tang" — (Chinese chron. table). 
 N— ^ 1782 B. C. (= 1752 -(- "30 years" of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of 
 Arius as Assyrian emperor. He is called Areius by Julius Africanus. 
 
 1773 B. C. (= 1712 y. 5 mo. -\- "61 yrs " of Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 14), accession of the 
 Hyksos king Apophis. 
 
 The title " ra-meri-atep " of a king of the Fifteenth dynasty not found on contem- 
 poraneous monuments, — is next in the order of succession in the chamber of kings 
 at Karnak. 
 
 Seventy-sixth generation. May 1st, 1767, mostly beyond youth : 
 ^—y ' 1766 B. C. = 18th year of Tching-tang; who vanquishing Kie," now becomes the 
 
 * Crids rcvoluta of Subtropical Japan. Called " sotetsu," three to five feet high, with its palm- 
 like trunk a foot or more in diameter crowned with long feathery fronds, and from early times culti- 
 vated in gardens — (Jap. c. c. 35): observed by Cleyer iii. 3. 118 (Sprcng), and Kaempfer S97 in 
 Japan ; by Thunberg trav. and fl. growing spontaneously and often cultivated, its fruit edible, and its 
 sago-like pith so remarkably nutrient in small quantities that carrying the plant out of the country 
 ■is prohibited by law. A description however of the " tetsjoe " is given by Rumphius i. pi. 24. Ac- 
 cording to Lindley, "the wounded stem, leaves and fruit, abound in a white transparent mucilage, 
 which hardens into a sort of gum." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 99 
 
 head of the new dynasty of the Chang. Tching-tang changed the name of the years to " sse," after 
 the four annual sacrifices at the solstices and equinoxes (Chinese chron. table) : and ordered, "that 
 the twelfth moon or month of the Hia should be the first of the civil year of the Chang." — A prac- 
 tice from this time adopted on change of dynasty. 
 
 /' N 1 761 B. C. (== 1 41 3 -)- " 348 years " of the Egyptian Chronicle and Euseb.-Maneth. 
 table, the Afr.-Maneth. table giving 1614 -{- " 151 y " = 1765, and Ramessu II. at San 
 1366 -|- "400 yrs " to the reign of the Hyksos king Seti or Saites = 1766), accession 
 of the Sixteenth dynasty. The title " ra-s . . -en-ra," by the change in style, seems 
 — ^^ to indie ite a new dynasty : is not found on contemporaneous monuments, — and is 
 next in the order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables), Yayati reigning in Hindustan. He mar- 
 ried Devayani grand-daughter of Bhrigu, and Sarmishta great grand-daughter of Dacsha. Bhrigu, 
 Yayati, Devayani, and Sarmishta, — are mentioned also in the Puranas (Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244). 
 " 1753 B. C. = 1st year of Tai'-kia, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 The same year (= 1785 — " 32 years " of Gen. xi. 20), Serug born to Reu. 
 1752 B. C. (= 1712 -|- "40 years" of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Aralius or 
 Amvrus, as Assyrian emperor. 
 
 The name and title of king Rahotep, of the Sixteenth dynasty, occurs on contempo- 
 raneous monuments : — and a different form of apparently the same title, is next in the 
 order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak (Leps. k. pi. 15). 
 
 " 1737 B. C. = 17th year of Tai'-kia" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Six- 
 teenth cycle. 
 
 A third king of the Sixteenth dynasty, — is designated by his obliterated title next 
 in order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 "1736 B. C. = the Seventh manwantara " among the Hindus (Graha Munjari 
 . tables). King Turvasu may have been at this time reigning. He is mentioned in the 
 - *■— ' Sama Veda iii. 9 (tra'nsl. Stev.); and as the son of Yayati and Devayani, in the Pura- 
 nas ; his brother Yadu, and half-brothers Druhya, Anu, and Puru, are also mentioned in the Puranas 
 (Bentley as. res. viii. p. 230). 
 
 Seventy-seventh generation. Sept. 1st, 1734, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 / "\ A fourth king of the Sixteenth dynasty, — is designated by his obliterated title next 
 in order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 Artemisia absinthium of the Uralian plains. Called in Britain wormwood, in Anglo- 
 Saxon "wermod" or " wyrm-wyrt," in Germany "wermut," in Old High German 
 V-.^ v- y "werimuota," in Old Saxon " weremede " (Prior), in France "absinthe" (Nugent), in 
 Italy "assenzio" or "assenzio romano " (Lenz), in Greece "apsinthia" (Fraas), in Egyptian " somi " 
 (Syn. Diosc ), "shSm" meaning garden — (transl. Sept., and Luke xiii. 19): the " apsinthion " was 
 known to Athenaeus iv. 9. in Egypt ; A absinthium is enumerated by Clot-Bey as long known there ; 
 its alkali "melh afsantin " was found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally; and absinth cor- 
 dial was found by myself well known to the Egyptians. Farther North, the " apsinthiS " is mentioned 
 by Euripides, Diphilus, by Theophrastus ix. 18 as growing in Pontus, by Dioscorides as excessively 
 bitter and placed among clothing to keep out moths, employed besides medicinally and mixed in a 
 wine used in Thrace and around the Propontis : A. absinthium is known to grow in the Crimea 
 (Lindl.) ; was observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 63 in Siberia ; by Forskal, in the gardens of Constantinople ; 
 and by Fraas, seemingly wild on Naxos, Milos, and Santorin. Westward, " absinthium " was em- 
 ployed from the earliest times in the sacred rites of the Romans (Plin. xxvii. 28); is termed "ponti- 
 cum" by Cato, and Columella; is mentioned also by Lucretius, and Quintilian: A. absinthium is 
 mentioned by Macer Floridus, and in Ortus Sanitatis 3 (Prior) ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild 
 in Italy ; is known to occur in Barbary (Lindl.), and in waste places throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Britain (Lam. fl. fr. 45, Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 1230). By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, to Newfoundland (Lindl), observed by A. Gray in our Northern States, along 
 " road-sides, sparingly escaped from gardens." The plant according to Lindley " is a powerful bitter, 
 much extolled as a stomachic," employed also against worms, and said to be added by brewers "to 
 their hops," by " rectifiers to their spirits ; " yields "a very bitter alkali called absinthium," but the 
 so called salt of wormwood, procured usually from this herb, retains " none of its peculiar qualities." 
 Iris sambucina of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens flower-de-luce, in 
 France "fleur-de-lis" (Nugent), in Germany " schwertlilie " (Grieb), in Greece " krinos,'' or by the 
 Turks "susen"(Sibth.), in Egypt " zambak " (Forsk.), in Egyptian " tshStshgn " — (transl. Sept.), a 
 name found besides in hieroglyphic characters by Champollion diet. 392 : the " shwshn " was modelled 
 in the ornamental work on Solomon's temple (1 K. vii. 19, and 2 Chron. iv. 5), is mentioned as grow- 
 ing in Palestine in Cant. ii. 1 to vii. 2, and Hosea xiv. 5 ; and the " krmon " wild in Palestine, in 
 
IOO 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Matthew vi. 28: I. sambucina was observed by Forskal in the gardens of Egypt. Farther North, 
 the " souson " of the Persians, mentioned by Aristobulus fr. 13, and which seems to have given its 
 name to the city of Susa beyond the Tigris, is identified by Athenaeus with the "krinon ; " the word 
 " sousinon " occurs in the treatise 2 Mul. morb. 74 ; the " krinon " is mentioned by Anacreon, and as 
 springing up from tears falling on the ground by Theophrastus ii. 2. 1 and caus. i. 4. 6 : I. sambucina 
 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in the open country on Crete, and frequent in ceme- 
 teries and about villages throughout Greece as far as Rhodes. Westward, following the example of 
 emperors of Constantinople and certain French kings, Louis VII. in 1137 placed " fleurs de lis" on 
 his escutcheon (Montf.), and hence according to Prior the English name, as though "fleur de Louis: " 
 I. sambucina is described by Tabernasmontanus pi. 647 ; is termed " i. latifolia germanica sambuci 
 odore " by C. Bauhin pin. 31, " i. vulgaris germanica sive sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 358; is 
 known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Savi, and Pers.) ; and is cultivated in 
 middle Europe for ornament. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues a favorite flower in gardens. (See Lilium candidum). 
 
 1723 B. C. (= 1752 — "30 years " of Gen. xi 22), Nahor born to Serug. 
 
 " 1720 B. C. = 1st year of Wou-ting, of the Chang" or fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 The Northern language from which certain Greek words were taken, probably at this time in 
 existence. 
 
 The Greek word " linon " (used by Homer and others) is regarded as derived from some Northern 
 language; — possibly from the Celtic " llin " meaning a thread, as maintained by Thei's gloss, bot. 
 p. 276. (See Linum usitatissimum, Tilia Europaea,-and Paritium tiliaceum). 
 
 Qiicrcus robur of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain oak, in Anglo- 
 Saxon " ac " or "aec," in Scotch "aik,"in Sweden "ek," in Denmark "eg," in ancient Danish " eik," 
 in Germany " eiche," in Low German " eik '' or " eek," in Old High German " eih " (Prior), in France 
 '"chene" (Nugent), in Italy "querce commune" or "rovere" (Lenz), in Greece "th^nthro" the 
 tree (Sibth.) or by the Turks ' L mesiae " or "mesjee " (Forsk.) : the Greek word " akulos " (used by 
 Homer) was adopted from Northern nations — (according to Plato), and is identified with the 
 German " eichel " by Adelung, and Grimm : the " thruos " at Dodona where the will of Jove is made 
 known (visited by Ulysses according to Homer od. xiv. 327 and xix. 296) seems connected with 
 or the origin of the "druidae" or ancient priests of middle and Northern Europe: the " thrus " is 
 also mentioned by Hesiod op. 228, Aeschylus prom. S34, Sophocles, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides ; 
 and U. robur was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, around Constantinople and 
 on the mountains of Greece. Farther South, oaks at Thebes in Egypt are mentioned by Theo- 
 phrastus, planted of course, for the grove disappeared before the days of Pliny : oaks according to 
 Clot-Bey continue to be sparingly cultivated in Egypt, but were seen by myself only in the botanic 
 garden at Cairo, apparently Q. robur. Westward, the " quercus '' and '■ robur " are mentioned by 
 Cato, Varro, Cicero, Virgil, and Pliny ; Q. robur furnished piles or posts of lake-villages in Switzer- 
 land during the Stone period (Troyon) ; is mentioned in Britain in Ina's statutes during the Hep- 
 tarchy ; the two varieties are distinguished by Tournefort as " q. latifolia mas quae brevi pediculo 
 est" and " q. cum longo pediculo ; " were observed by Lenz in Italy, bv Moris on Sardinia, and are 
 known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as " Lat. 60° 57' " (Martins, and A. Dec.) 
 f "^ f \ A fifth king of the Sixteenth dynasty, — is designated by his obliterated title next 
 in the order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 1713 B. C. = (1662 y. 4 mo. -f- " 50 y. 1 m." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 14), accession 
 of the Hyksos king Iannas. 
 
 1712 B. C. (= 1682 + "30 years" of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of 
 Xerxes or Baleus, as Assyrian emperor. 
 
 The title "ra-f? * * * " of a king of the Sixteenth dynasty, — is next in order of 
 succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak. 
 
 Seventy-eighth generation. Jan. 1st, 1700, mostly beyond youth : 
 The title "s-het-* *-en-ra" of a king of the Sixteenth dynasty, not found on con- 
 temporaneous monuments, — is next in order of succession in the chamber of kino's 
 at Karnak. 
 
 1694 B. C. (— 1723 — " 29 years " of Gen. xi. 24), Terah born to Nahor. 
 " 1691 B. C. = 1st year of Tai-keng, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 The title "ra-s-nefru* *" of a king of the Sixteenth dynasty not recognized on 
 contemporaneous monuments, — is next in order of succession in the chamber of 
 kings at Karnak. 
 
 1682 B. C. (= 1644 -|- "38 years " of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell), accession of 
 Amramithes as Assyrian emperor. He is called Armamithres, by Syncellus. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IOI 
 
 "1677 B. C. = 15th year of Tai-keng" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Seventeenth 
 cycle. Also in the reign of Tai-keng (mem. Chin. viii. p. 192), first historical notice of a language 
 differing from the Chinese: certain people coming to render homage requiring interpreters (see 
 below, Tai-wou). 
 
 As early perhaps as this date the Greek language in existence, with the inhabitants in the first 
 stage of society, the Stone Age or so-called " Golden Age," when (according to Hesiod, and Dicear- 
 chus) mankind lived on spontaneous fruits, and dissensions injustice and war were unknown — (much 
 as among the tribes of Interior Oregon when visited by myself). 
 
 Quercus pubescent of the Mediterranean countries. Resembling 0. robur and equally called in 
 Greece " thenthro " (Sibth.), in Italy " rovere " though distinguished as " eschio " or " querce gentile " 
 (Lenz) : included doubtless in the Greek proverb " alis thruos " sufficiency in the oak, referred to the 
 Golden Age — by Dicearchus : the " platuphullos " bearing excellent acorns but the timber inferior, 
 is mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 8, also by Pausanias viii. 13. 1 : Q. pubescens was observed by 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and Constantinople. West- 
 ward, the account by Pliny xvi. 8 of the "latifolia" seems chiefly taken from Theophrastus: Q. 
 pubescens is described by Clusius hist. i. pi. 18; is termed "q. foliis molli lanugine pubescentibus " 
 by Tournefort inst. 583 ; and is known to grow in Italy and Sicily (Guss., Philippi, and A. Dec). 
 
 Quercus cegilops of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "vglanithia" (Sibth.), 
 in which we recognize the "valanoi" eaten from the earliest period by the Greeks, — mentioned also 
 by Hesiod op. 228, Homer od. x. 241, and " valanephagoi " by the Oracle after the death of Lycurgus 
 prohibiting Spartans from warring against Arcadians (Herodot. i. 66, and Paus. viii. 1, 6): the 
 "aigildps" is described by Theophrastus iii. 8 as the loftiest of the oaks, and bearing the bitterest 
 and worst acorns ; and the account by Pliny xvi. 8 seems taken from Theophrastus : Q. segilops is 
 termed "velani" or "q. orientalis castaneae folio glande recondita in cupula crassa et squamosa" by 
 Tournefort cor. 40 and trav. i. 128, "q. orientalis" by Pococke trav. iii. pi. 87; was observed by 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, a large and magnificent tree abounding near the sea from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Asia Minor, its large acorn-cups exported under the 
 name of valonia for dyeing cloth: the acorns notwithstanding their "disagreeable flavour" 
 were found by J. D. Hooker linn, trans, xxiii. eaten in Syria. Westward, Q. aegilops is enumer- 
 ated by Lenz as not indigenous in Italy, and therefore in France and Spain (Pers.) doubtless also 
 introduced. 
 
 Quercus cerris of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " cerro " and the acorn "cerra" 
 (Lenz), in Greece " agria velanithia " or " mikra velanithia " (Fraas), and probably included in the 
 " valanSi " eaten by the earliest Greeks : — the " emSris " or " £tumothrun " described by Theophras- 
 tus iii 8 as not lofty but of a stunted habit with many branches, its acorns second in quality, may 
 be compared : Q. cerris was observed by Fraas in Greece, frequent towards the North. Westward, 
 the " cerrus " and " cerrea glans " are mentioned by Nigidius, Vitruvius, Columella, Pliny xvi. 6 to 8, 
 and Palladius i. 9; and O. cerris is known to grow in Italy, Southern France, and as far as Spain 
 (Duroi ii. pi. 5, Pers., Lam. fl. fr., and Dec. fl. fr.). 
 
 Quercus ballota of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "prinari " (Fraas), and pro- 
 ducing edible acorns: — the tree called by the Arcadians "smilaka"is described by Theophrastus 
 iii. 16 as resembling the "prin6" but its leaves softer and not prickly; the "iligna glans" is men- 
 tioned by Horace, and Virgil eel. vii. 1 ; that from the kind that is not prickly is commended by 
 Columella vi. 3 ; and according to Pliny xvi. 6 to 8, one of the two kinds of " ilex " has leaves differ- 
 ing not much from those of the olive, and by some Greeks is called " smilaces : " Q. ballota is described 
 by Clusius hist. i. 23 ; is termed "ilex folio rotundiore molli modiceque sinuato " by Tournefort inst. 
 583; was observed by J. D. Hooker in Syria (Daub.); by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the 
 Peloponnesus to the Greek islands, the acorns not eaten habitually as in Spain ; by Desfontaines 
 ii. 350, in Barbary; by Webb, and Boissier, on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar (A. Dec); but 
 has not been observed by Lenz wild in Italy. 
 
 Quercus Tournefortii of the East Mediterranean countries. The "aliphloios " or " guthuphloion," 
 one of five kinds of oak producing edible acorns distinguished by the inhabitants of Ida, — further 
 described by Theophrastus iii. 8 as having worthless timber, used only for axles and the like, is 
 referred here by Bosc (Steud.): the "alian thrun" is mentioned by Eupolis, and Plutarch symp. 4. 1 ; 
 and Pliny xvi. 8 in taking his account from Theophrastus clearly unites the " aliphloios " with the 
 "asprin" of the Macedonians: O. Tournefortii is termed " q. orientalis latifolia foliis ad costam 
 pulchre incisis glande maxima cupula crinita" by Tournefort cor. 40 as observed by him in Armenia 
 (Pers.), was observed also by Olivier trav. ii. 5 in Asia Minor, and either here or in Greece by 
 Sibthorp. 
 
 Arbutus unedo of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain from the shape and colour of 
 its fruit strawberry-tree (Prior), in Germany " erdbeerbaum " (Grieb), in France " arbousier '' (Nugent), 
 
102 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 at Verona "fragile de montagna," in other parts of Italy " corbezzolo " or " albatro " or " arbuto " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " lagomelia " or "koumaria" or by the Turks " chogia jemischi" (Sibth.), in which 
 we recognize the " arbutum " fruit eaten in the Golden Age — (Varro rust. ii. I): " komarophagoi " 
 are mentioned by ancient Greek writers ; the " komaros " by Aristophanes av. 621, Amphis, its fruit 
 according to Theophrastus iii. 16 edible and called " memaikulon ; " and "mSmaikula" are men- 
 tioned by Crates, Pherecrates, Eupolis, Theopompus, and Amphis : A. unedo was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; by 
 Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople, its fruit though edible employed only for feeding pheasants. 
 Farther South, " mimaikula " are enumerated in the Scylacean Periplus 108 among trees planted in the 
 gardens of the Hesperides (West of Cyrene and Barke on the Tripolitan coast) ; and were known 
 to Athenaeus xiv in Egypt. Westward, the " comaron " of the Greeks is identified by Pliny with the 
 "arbutus'' or "unedo," bearing " fragis " that resemble those growing on the ground, a single one 
 sufficing; the "arbutus " is mentioned also by Virgil, Ovid, and Columella; A. unedo is termed "a. 
 folio serrato " by Tournefort inst. 598 ; is known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe, 
 and after a wide interval in Ireland (Pers., and A. Dec). According to Lindley, " wine is made from 
 the fruit in Corsica, but it is reported to be narcotic, if taken in quantity." (See Ficus vasta). 
 
 Arbntus andrachne of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agriokoumaria " 
 (Sibth.), and the fruit possibly eaten during the Golden Age : — the "anthrahle " is described by Theo- 
 phrastus iii. 16 as resembling in leaf and fruit the " komar6 " but a smaller tree, its bark smooth and 
 peeling off ; the " komaros " of Dioscorides having fruit as large as a plum " kokkomclou " and dis- 
 agreeing with the stomach when eaten, causing headache, is referred by Sibthorp to A. andrachne ; 
 the " adrachne " of the Greeks according to Pliny xiii. 40 and xvi. 33 is a tree growing not in the 
 open country but in the forest and resembling the " unedo," its leaves evergreen and smaller, he also 
 infers, xv. 28 from the two names ■' comaron " and " memecylon "' that there are two species : A. 
 andrachne is termed " a. folio non serrato " by Bauhin, and Tournefort cor. 41 (Pers ) ; was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, a fine tree on mountains from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek 
 islands to Cyprus and Smyrna. 
 
 Sorbus dowcstua of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens service tree from 
 the Latin " cerevisia," but in former times sorb (Prior), in Germany " speierbaum " (Grieb), in Italy 
 " sorbo " and its fruit " sorba " (Lenz), in Greece " sourmpa " or " skaroupa " (Sibth.), and probably 
 included among the " poma " berried fruits eaten during the Golden Age: — the " oua " of Hippo- 
 crates vict. acut. 405, Dioscorides, and Galen, or " oue em£re " and " agria " wild ahd cultivated of 
 Theophrastus ii. 12, is referred here by writers : S. domestica was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, 
 wild on mountains from the Peloponnesus and Greek islands to Athos, and Haemus ; by Forskal, in 
 the gardens of Constantinople, the fruit not ripening on the trees but gathered and protected by a 
 covering of garments. Westward, the "sorbus " according to Mago should be planted in moist cool 
 places (Plin. xvii. 11); is mentioned also by Cato, Varro, Celsus, Columella, Martial, Apicius, and 
 the kind with pear-shaped fruit " turbinatio piri " by Pliny xv. 23 ; perry or fermented cider " fermento 
 atque acidis iniitantur vitea sorbis " by Virgil geor. iii. 380 : " cerevisia " was known to Pliny xxii. 82 
 as a fermented drink used in <;aul and other provinces, is mentioned also by Isidorus : S. domestica 
 is termed " s. sativa " by Tournefort inst. 633 ; is known to grow wild in Italy (Lenz) and other parts 
 of Southern Europe (All., Jacq. austr. pi. 447, and Pers.) ; and according to Evelyn sylv. 15 "beer 
 brewed with these berries, being ripe, is an incomparable drink." 
 
 The title " ra * " * " of a king of the Sixteenth dynasty not recognized on contem- 
 poraneous monuments, — is next in order of succession in the chamber of kings at 
 Karnak. 
 
 Seventy-ninth generation. May 1st, 1667, mostly beyond youth : 
 V_y " 1666 B. C. = 1st year of Siao-kia, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 1663 B. C. (= 1613 y. 2 mo. + -49 y. 2 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. i 14), accession of the 
 Hyksos king Assis. 
 
 " 1649 B. C = 1st year of Young-ki, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 1(44 B. C. (= 1609 + "35 years " of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Belochus as 
 Assyrian emperor. 
 
 1640 B. C. (= 991 -j- " 105 + 162 -f 382 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, compare 1071 -f- 
 "about 570 years " of Clint, i. p. 19), Inachus : the earliest name (according to Ocellus and others) 
 known to the Greeks. 
 
 " 1637 B. C. = 1st year of Tai-wou, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 1635 B. C. --= " 3d year of Tai-wou " (Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. 67), arrival at the court of Tai- 
 wou of ambassadors from " seventy-six foreign kingdoms : " interpreters were also present, to trans- 
 late what was said into Chinese. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 IO' 
 
 Eightieth generation. Sept. ist, 1634, mostly beyond youth : Nahor the younger (Gen. xi. 26 to 
 29j_xxii. ^ and x *iv. 15), Seir the Horite (Gen. xxxvi. 20 and 1 Chron. i. 38). 
 
 1628 B. C. (= 1613 y. 2 mo. -)- " 14 yrs " of the Armenian Euseb.-Maneth. table), 
 j accession of the Hyksos king Aphophis. The name and title of the Hyksos king 
 Apepi occurs on the monuments — (Leps. k. pi. 15). 
 
 1624 B. C. (= 1694 — "70 years" of Gen. xi. 26), Terah "seventy years" old. 
 After the death of his son Haran, " Terah took Abram his son, and Lot the son of 
 Haran," and " Sarai his daughter in law, his son Abram's wife," and they went forth " from Ur of 
 the_Chaldees," and " came unto Haran and dwelt there " (Gen. xi. 27 to 31, and Josh. xxiv. 2). 
 
 Ra-sekenen Taakan ruling Upper Egypt and warring against the Hyksos king Ra- 
 
 j apepi — (pap. Brit. mus.). Ra-sekenen was buried at Drah Abu-el-Neggah in the 
 
 Assasif at Thebes, but his tomb has not yet been discovered (Birch). His name occurs 
 
 in a tomb at El-Kab (observed by myself) ; also in the chamber of kings at Karnak, 
 
 and the series at Der-el-Medinet 
 
 El-Kab or Eileithya, unlike the other Egyptian cities being walled, has evidently been held by 
 
 an armed force ; and the power of the Hyksos may thus have been prevented from extending farther 
 
 up the river. 
 
 " 1617 B. C = 21st year of Tai-wou " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Eighteenth cycle. 
 
 " In the reign of Tai-wou" (Pauth. 68), death of Ou-hien, author of a "Catalogue of the stars :" 
 — quoted by Chinese astronomers of after times. 
 
 1614 B. C. (= T574 y. 10 mo. -f- " 13 -\- 25 y. 4 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 2015 — "402d 
 year of the Assyrian empire " in Clem. Alex., the " 32d year of the eighth Assyrian king Belochus " 
 of Clem. Alex, in Euseb. prap. x. p. 497 giving — 1644= 1613), at the end of "five hundred and 
 eleven years " and after protracted war, the Hyksos excluded from the greater part of Egypt, as far 
 as the before-mentioned stronghold of Auaris on the Northeastern frontier. The event is referred to 
 "the reign of Inachus at Argos and of Amosis in Egjpt" (by Ptolemaeus of Mendes as quoted by 
 Apion, Just. Mart., Tatian, and Clem. Alex. ; though confounded by him, Josephus, and others, with 
 the Jewish Exodus. Compare Gen. xii. 6). 
 
 End of the Turin papyrus : some two hundred and fifty successive kings being enumerated ; of 
 whom the last " sixty-five " have been referred to the Hyksos period. — The papyrus was composed 
 under the " Nineteenth or Twentieth " dynasty (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 395, and C. Muller fr. Man. p. 
 563). Traditionary reminiscences of the Hyksos, are found in Gen. xlvi. and xlvii., and Herodot. 
 ii. 128. 
 
 V. THE PHARAOHS. 
 
 The Egyptian king who recovered his authority, is in the Maneth. tables called 
 AmSs or Am6sis. A portrait of king Aahmas occurs on a stela (now in the museum 
 at Marseilles) : and his name — is at the head of a new dynasty on the tablet at Aby- 
 dos, and in the series of kings at Gurna. 
 
 The name of king Aahmas occurs also at El Kab, in the above-mentioned tomb of 
 an officer bearing the same name ; who witnessed the capture of Auaris, and whose father served 
 under Ra-sekenen. 
 
 A striking change now takes place in Egyptian monumental history : temples are again erected, 
 Aahmas repairing that at Karnak — (Birch); figures of gods are no longer rare, but all sculptured 
 walls teem with manifestations of Polytheism ; while military campaigns cease to be conducted on foot : 
 The same tomb at El Kab contains figures of foreigners of the White Race in servitude, and of 
 the horse — (Leps. d. iii. pi. 10 and 12); the domesticated animal brought from perhaps Tartary : with 
 this acquisition, the Egyptians soon became a warlike conquering people, amply illustrating on their 
 monuments the so-called Heroic Age ; figures of the horse or accompaniments being very generally 
 present during this epoch. Joseph in Egypt rode in a chariot (Gen. xii. 43) ; the Egyptians in chariots 
 pursued the Israelites (Ex. xiv. 9) ; the war horse is described in Job xxxix. 19 to 25 : and horses 
 and chariots at the siege of Troy, are a constant theme with Homer. The horse bones among re- 
 mains of Swiss villages of the Stone Age (Heer and Troyon p. 273) may have been of the animal in 
 its wild state ; " ippous agrious " among the Alps, are mentioned by Polybius (Strab. iv. 6. 10) ; and 
 " equorum greges ferorum " herds of wild horses in the days of Pliny viii. 16 inhabited the North 
 "septemtrio" (meaning perhaps the plains of central and Eastern Europe). Farther East, the horse 
 seems known in China earlier than in Egypt, its sign occurring in the primitive characters of Chinese 
 writing (Pauth. p. 84): a dwarf breed, long introduced throughout the Malayan archipelago, was 
 observed by myself on Luzon ; in Hindustan, figures of horses and horsemen were observed by my- 
 self in the Budhist cave-temples at Adjunta, and the horse is mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. 
 
104 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Stev.), and Institutes of Manu (transl. Bramin.). By Columbus himself, the horse was carried to 
 America (F. Columb. 45 to 51), where it is now employed throughout, even among uncivilized tribes, 
 and in both Northern and Austral America has besides relapsed into secondary wildness. 
 
 The same tomb at El Kab presents the earliest distinct figures of the pig I could find on the 
 Egyptian monuments ; a herd substituted for the goats previously employed for treading in seeds 
 scattered on the soil: — pigs continued to subserve this agricultural purpose in Egypt in the days of 
 Herodotus ii. 14 ; afterwards, another change took place, in the substitution of sheep, witnessed by 
 Baumgarten i. 15. The hieroglyphic character of the pig, occurs as early at least as the Ptolemies 
 (Leps. d. iv. pi. 26), and is mentioned by Horapollo ii. 35. The flesh of the " hzyr " or pig was pro- 
 hibited by Moses (Levit. xi. 7) : the pig is also mentioned by Homer, Aeschylus ; and in Switzerland, 
 during the Stone period, was kept domesticated, as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Tro- 
 yon). Eastward, in Hindustan, the pig is mentioned in the Sama Veda (Stevenson), and in the 
 Institutes of Manu (Deslongchamps' version) ; and figures of boar-headed personages were observed 
 by myself in a Braminical cave-temple at Ellora. In China, the pig has been long known. Farther 
 East, was aboriginally introduced throughout the Tropical islands of the Pacific (as verified by my- 
 self) ; but was absent from New Zealand until carried there by colonial Whites : and was carried to 
 America by Columbus (F. Columb. 81). 
 
 Zizyphus vulgaris of the Southern border of the Sahara. Called in Italy " giuggiolo " and its 
 fruit " giuggiula " or " zizola " or " zinzola " (Lenz), in Greece " tzitzuphuia " and its fruit " tzitzupha" 
 (Fraas), around Lebanon " ziziphi " (Rauwolf), in Egypt "bnnab" (Forsk.), and heaps of red fruit 
 figured in the same tomb — possibly belong here : Z. vulgaris was pointed out to me by an Arab 
 attendant as bearing "the best of all known fruits," in accordance with the account of Lotophagi by 
 Homer od. ix. 97 ; the " 16tos " of Cyrene, its timber much used in Egypt and its fruit yielding wine, 
 is mentioned by Herodotus ii. 56 and iv. 177, Theophrastus iv. 3, Polybius, Strabo xvii. 3. 17, and 
 Athenaeus xiv 65 ; 'T6tos etSros " yielding wine and its fruit eaten, is enumerated in the Scylacean 
 Periplus among trees planted in the garden of the Hesperides, occurring also farther West along the 
 Syrtis of the Lotophagi (Tripolitan coast) : Z. vulgaris is mentioned by Mohammed kor. 53 (transl. 
 Sale); was observed by Mungo Park in Interior Africa (Pers.) ; by Abd-allatif, Forskal liii., Delile, 
 and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt, its timber of excellent quality and a cold infusion of its 
 fruit much used. Farther North, the " zizuphon " is mentioned by Galen, Oribasius, and in Geo- 
 ponica x. 3 ; Z. vulgaris was observed by Rauwolf around Lebanon ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, on Parnassus and the mountains of Attica, also in gardens. Westward, "zizipha" were 
 brought from Syria towards the close of the reign of Augustus by Sextus Papinius, seen consul 
 (A. D. 36) by Pliny xv. 14; and the tree is mentioned as cultivated in Italy by Columella, and Palla- 
 dius : Z. vulgaris is termed " ziziphus " by Tournefort inst. 627; was observed by Ray (Hogg in 
 Hook, journ.), and Lenz, cultivated and seemingly wild in Italy; and by Shaw, in Barbary. East- 
 ward from Egypt, is known to occur in Persia (Pall. fl. ross. ii. pi. 59, and Lindl.) ; was observed by 
 Roxburgh in Hindustan; by Graham, the " cultivated bhere generally found about old Musselman 
 cities in the Deccan and Goozerat, and probably introduced at the time of Mahomedan conquest " 
 According to Lindley, " the pleasant pectoral lozenges called pate de jujube are prepared " in part 
 from this species. (See Z. jujuba, and Z. melanogona). 
 
 Allium cepa of the Desert-margin in Syria and Persia. Called in Britain onion, in a Wycliffite 
 transl. Num. "uniowns," in France " oignon " (Prior), in Germany "zwiebel" (Grieb), in Italy 
 " cipolla " (Lenz) , in Greece " krommuthi " (Sibth.), in Egypt " basal " (Forsk ), in Egyptian " mj61 " 
 (transl. Sept.) or " emjol " (Kirch.) or "emjol" (ms. Borg.) or " mjoul " (lex. Oxf.); and standing 
 crops figured in this tomb, brown-headed and pulled while the stems are green — seem to belono- 
 here ; notwithstanding the superior height of a similar crop at Bab-el-meluk under the Nineteenth 
 dynasty : strings of onions are distinctly figured under the Seventeenth or Eighteenth dynasty 
 (Champ. -Fig. pi. . .) : " btzlym " were longed for by the Israelites in the Desert (Num. xi. 5); and 
 "caepas" were held sacred like gods by the Egyptians in oaths, in the days of Pliny xix. 32, and 
 Juvenal xv : A. cepa was observed by Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, under cultivation in 
 Egypt ; and by Hasselquist, growing in the open country along the Dead Sea near Jericho (A. Dec). 
 Farther North, the " krommuon " is mentioned by Homer, Aristophanes, Theophrastus, Dioscorides • 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "k£pam" of the Romans ; the •' cepe " or "caepa" is mentioned 
 by Varro, Horace, Persius, Columella, and according to Pliny xix. 32 to xx. 20 is unknown in the 
 wild state : A. cepa is termed " c. vulgaris floribus et tunicis candidis " by Tournefort inst. 382 ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas everywhere under cultivation in Greece, as throughout 
 Europe. Eastward from Egypt, the Tsoung ling or onion mountain-chain passing near Kachgar, de- 
 rives its name from the abundance of the plant (Klapr. mem. ii. 295): A. cepa is successfully cultivated 
 within the Tropics, as witnessed by myself at Mocha and in Hindustan ; is mentioned in the Insti- 
 tutes of Manu (transl. Deslongch ), is called in Sanscrit "palandu" or " latarka " or " sukandaka " 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 105 
 
 (Pidd., and Ainsl.), in Bengalee " palandu brikhya " or " tanmul," in Hjndustanee u basal " or " piyaz " 
 (D'roz.), and " piaz " in the environs of Bombay long famed " for the cultivation " (Graham). Farther 
 East, was observed by Mason "exotic" in Burmah and called " kypt-thwon-nee ; " by Loureiro, 
 under cultivation in Cochinchina and China; by Kaempfer and Thu,nb<ft-g, cultivated here and there 
 in Japan and called "soo, " or usually " fitomosi." By European colonists, was carried to Peru 
 before the visit of J. Acosta, observed there by myself; to the West Indies before the visit of Sloane i. 
 p. 75 ; to New England before the visit of W. Wood i. 5 in 1629, continues abundantly cultivated in 
 Northeast America, and partly from this source has been distributed throughout the Pacific, as ascer- 
 tained by myself on the Hawaiian and Feejeean islands, New Zealand, and Australia. 
 
 Metallic money, probably of silver, at this time in use in Egypt, as shown by heaps of rings 
 figured at El Kab (Leps. d. iii. pi. 10). — The pieces of silver given by Abimelech to Abraham, and 
 those "weighed" for the purchase of the sepulchre at Hebron (Gen. xx. 16 and xxiii. 16), were prob- 
 ably of this description. Rings, regarded by Champollion-Figeac p. 208 as of silver, are figured in a 
 tribute-procession to Tetmes III. under the Eighteenth dynasty : a mummy belonging to the time of 
 perhaps the Twenty-fifth dynasty, was found on being unrolled in London to contain "a silver plate." 
 Among the Greeks, the discovery of silver was attributed to Erichthonius of Athens, or by some to 
 Aeacus (Plin. vii. 57); and "arguroelos" silver-studded, and " argurotoxos " bearing a silver bow, 
 are expressions used by Homer il. i. 37 and ii. 45. 
 
 161 2 B. C. (= 1587 y. 239H d. -)- "430 — 400 years " of ten lunations of Ex. xii. 40 and Gen. xv. 
 13 = 24 j. y. 93^ d., for 30 years X ia -f- 12 = " 100-75 years" of Gen. xii. 4 and xxi. 5), the Call to 
 Abram ; and his departure from Haran for the land of Canaan. 
 
 The "gml" of the sojourn of Abram in Egypt (Gen. xii. 16), according to the name current 
 there and the received opinion, is the camel, Camelus dromas : — the "gml " is also mentioned in 
 Genesis xxxvii. 25, Leviticus xi. 4, Judges vii. 12, viii. 26, 1 Kings x. 2, and Job i. 3; but by Herod- 
 otus, in connexion with the East only ; is figured in the Khorsabad sculptures at Nineveh (Botta pi. 
 98, and Bonom. iv. 1), and on Himyaritic monuments in Yemen (observed by myself), but seems 
 entirely excluded from the Egyptian monuments. Egypt besides, appears to have continued for 
 many centuries a barrier to the diffusion of the living animal Westward : even to the time of the 
 Romans, the camel is hardly mentioned more than once in Numidia (Caes bell. afr. 68); and its 
 final complete introduction, carrying population into districts previously uninhabitable, doubtless revo- 
 lutionized society throughout North Africa. In Hindustan, the camel is mentioned in the Institutes 
 of Manu, and as used for riding by bramins (Braminical and Deslongchamps' versions) ; riding camels 
 in India, is also mentioned by Herodotus, and Arrian, and was occasionally witnessed by myself; 
 but I found no figures of the animal in the cave-temples. Recently, the camel has been introduced 
 upon our Western plains, and with some promise of success. 
 
 The city of Hebron at this time in existence (Gen. xiii. 18, xviii. 1, and xxiii. 2). " Hebron was 
 built seven years before Zoan in Egypt" (Numb. xiii. 22). In regard to the latter city, called also San 
 or Tanis, no Tanite dynasty is named by Manetho anterior to the present date ; — and the earliest 
 relics found there are inscribed with the name of Meneptha II. of the Nineteenth dynasty. 
 
 1609 B. C. (= 1071 -f " 25th + 27 -f 19 + 42 + 30 + 8 + 32 + 30 + 45 + 45 -f 40 -f 40 + 
 30 4- 22 -f- 30 -\- 30 -)- 32 years " of Eusebius i. -\- " 12 years " in another place), accession of Bal- 
 aeus as Assyrian emperor. (The alleged " 12 years," not reaching Cephalion's limit, cannot be cor- 
 rect ; and in fact, "fifty-two " years are assigned to this reign in Euseb. i and ii, and Syncell.). 
 
 Amosis abolished the human sacrifices to Hera or Juno in Heliopolis ; and in place of the vic- 
 tims, ordered " kerinous " to be laid aside (Manetho, in Porphyr. de abst. ii. 55). The Greek word 
 may in one sense mean destiny-images or soul-certificates, and therefore the small blue sepulchral 
 images so frequently exhumed.in Egypt. — A box for holding such images, dated in the succeeding 
 reign, is mentioned by Birch as the earliest instance known of the custom of depositing them : he 
 further states, that these images are all inscribed with the same extract from the Ritual or Book of 
 
 the Dead. 
 
 This interfering in religious rites seems connected with the real commencement of Greek history, 
 Inachus first king of Argos being a worshipper of Hera or Juno (Pausan. ii. 15. 4). The inhabi- 
 tants of Greece had by this time reached the Second stage of society, the consequence (according to 
 Dicearchus) of accumulating provisions, slaying wild animals and domesticating certain kinds, multi- 
 plying hefds through pastoral pursuits, and the introduction of war. As to the Third stage, critical 
 examination of whatever is practically useful leading to Agriculture, the art if not already in Greece 
 would probably be brought by refugee priests of Hera. 
 
 Malva s/lvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain mallow or 
 round-dock, by Chaucer "dock" (Prior), in Italy "malva" or "malva selvatica" (Lenz), in Ger- 
 many " wilde kasepappel," in Greece " moloha " or " maloha " (Fraas), in Egyptian " j6j," the same 
 word meaning unleavened bread (Kirch.), in which we recognize the " malahe " eaten as early as this 
 
 14 
 
106 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 date in Greece — (Hesiod op. 41), mentioned also in the Batrachomyomachia 161, and identified with 
 the " molohe " by Athenaeus ii. 52 ; the " molohes " root is mentioned by Antiphanes (Athen.) : M. 
 sylvestris was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in low ground and waste places frequent 
 from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands, its leaves eaten (Walpole trav. 
 p. 245) ; by Delile, wild near Alexandria, and is enumerated by Clot-Bey among the esculent plants 
 of Egypt. Westward, the " malva " is enumerated among esculents by Cicero, and Horace; by 
 Pliny xx. 84 as eaten and called "malachen" by the Greeks; and the " moloche " is mentioned 
 by Columella x. 247: M. sylvestris is termed " m. vulgaris flore majore folio sinuato " by Tournefort 
 inst. 95 ; is described by Persoon as erect ; was observed by Forskal on Malta and on the hills 
 around Marseilles ; and is known to occur in waste places and fallow ground throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Britain (Cav. ii. pi. 26, and Curt. lond. ii. pi. 51). By European colonists, was car- 
 ried to Northeast America, where it was observed by A. Gray along " way-sides " in our Northern 
 States. The plant according to Lindley is " mucilaginous and emollient." (See M. rotundifolia.) 
 
 slsphodehts ramosus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "asfodillo" (Lenz), in 
 Greece " karavouki " or " spourthakula " or "asphoth£16" (Sibth.), in which we recognize the 
 " asphothfilos " eaten by the Greeks as early as this date, — and in after times held sacred, planted 
 on tombs and before gates of cities (Plin. xxi. 68, and Eustath.) ; mentioned as esculent by Hesiod 
 op. 40, Theophrastus vii. 12, and the favourite diet of Pythagoras (Porphyr.) ; mentioned as growing 
 wild by Homer od. xi. 538 to 573; and the " l£uk6n asphoth£16n," by Cratevas : A. ramosus was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in open situations from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout Greece and the Greek islands, extensive tracts coloured with its flowers. Westward, its 
 stem called " anthe'rikos '' was according to Hellanicus employed by the Numidians for building huts, 
 a practice alluded to by Diodorus xx. 57, the time of gathering is defined by Mago, and the " anthS- 
 rix " is also mentioned by Theocritus i. 52 : the " asphothelos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " alvoukioum " of the Romans, but according to Pliny xxi. 68 the " albucum " of Italy is the stem : 
 A. ramosus is termed " a. albus ramosus mas " by Tournefort inst. 343 ; was observed by Lenz here 
 and there in Italy, and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 i5o8 B. C. (tomb of officer Aahmes, and Birch), after a siege of "six years," Sharuhana in Pal- 
 estine captured by king Aahmes. — The city of Sharuhen is mentioned in Joshua xix. 6. 
 
 1605 B. C. = " 15 years before the reign of Phoroneus " (Anticlid., in Plin. vii. 56), letters or 
 alphabetic willing invented by Memnon or Menon, an Egyptian. The Phoenician alphabet is clearly 
 not older than the domestication of the camel j this animal being substituted for the Cynocephalus or 
 baboon for the third letter. 
 
 The tomb of Aahotep mother of king Amosis (discovered by Mariette 91) was found to con- 
 tain : a breastplate ornamented with precious stones, red cornelian, turquoise, and lapis-lazuli (the 
 latter of course brought from Media) : — ''antique Egyptian jewelry set alternately with bits of lapis 
 lazuli" was known to C. W. King ant. gem, who further refers here the '• sapphirus " of Pliny from 
 its coming "from Media : " according to Marco Polo 47, " balasci " and "pieres duquelz Ten fait le 
 azur " come from Balascia : 
 
 Also a diadem of gold, ornamented with two diminutive sphinxes: a poignard having the blade 
 of bronse, and handle of sillier : 
 
 And three bees carved in gold. The honey-bee, Apis mellifica, is enumerated as a hieroglyphic 
 character — by Horapollo 59; is figured in a tomb above Girgeh of the time of MienpUh (observed 
 by myself), is mentioned in the history of Samson (Judg. xiv. 8), also in Proverhs xxiv. 13, Psalm 
 cxviii. 12, and by Hesiod, Homer il. ii. 87, and subsequent Greek and Latin writers. Eastward, is 
 mentioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stev.), the Institutes of Manu (transl. Deslongch.), and the 
 Mahavansi of the Ceylon Budhists. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues kept in hives and has become naturalized ; and in " 1869," the first swarm of bees 
 with a "store of wild honey" were found in a tree "on the west side of the Sierra Xevacla moun- 
 tains," there " were no wild bees" in the country beyond the Sierra when first occupied by emigrants 
 from the Atlantic States, by whom however bees were soon imported (B. Transcript, Apr. 14th, 1869). 
 
 Eighty-first generation. Jan. 1st, 1600, mostly beyond youth : Bethuel (Gen. xxiv. 24 and 
 xxviii. 5), Zibeon (Gen. xxxvi. 24 and 1 Chron. i. 38). 
 
 Ficus svcomoius of Abyssinia and the mountains of Yemen. The sycamore is called in Yemen 
 " sokam " or '■ obre '' or "chanas," in Egypt "djummeiz" (Forsk.), and mummy-cases under the 
 Seventeenth dynasty are usually of its wood — (Birch) : a tank with trees planted around, apparently 
 of this species, is figured in the beginning of the Eighteenth dynasty ; also the mystical sacred tree 
 (Leps. d. iii. pi. 37 and 40), shown by later and more highly finished representations to be the syca- 
 more : the "sukaminos" is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 2 as not growing North of E°-ypt ; the 
 "djummeiz," by Temimi, and Abd-allatif ; and F. sycomorus was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in 
 Egypt, by myself, planted on the river-flat throughout. Farther South, by Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 107 
 
 128 to 170, among the trees clothing the banks of the Nile beyond Lat. 14° 30' and Abu Haras ; by 
 Bruce, and Salt, abounding on the Taranta mountains in Abyssinia ; and the "sukaminon aiguption" 
 is enumerated by Artemidorus, among other trees growing South of the entrance to the Red Sea 
 (Strab. xvi. 4. 14). Eastward, F. sycomorus was observed by Forskal wild on the mountains of Ye- 
 men : and dried sycamore figs "from the Persian Gulf" were once shown me. 
 
 The name of king Aahmas occurs in the alabaster quarries at El Bosra, opposite Siut (Leps. eg. 
 and sin. 32 and 115J. 
 
 1593 B. C. = " 22d year of Aahmas," in the quarries at Massara, the date of opening these 
 quarries, to repair temples at Memphis. 
 
 1592 B. C. (= 14x7 -)- " 37 _|_ 31 _|_ 9 _|_ 26 -f 13 + 22 -f 24 -j- 13 years " of the 
 Afr.-Maneth. table = " 38 -f 31 -f 9 -f 26 -f 12 -j- 21 -f- 13 -4- 25 years " of the Eu- 
 seb.-Maneth. table), accession of the second king of the Seventeenth dynasty. The 
 name of king Amunhotep is next on the monuments; both contemporaneous, — and 
 in the tablet at Abydos, and the series of kings at Gurna. 
 
 Amunhotep built a portion of the temple at Karnak (De Rouge") ; and (according to Champol- 
 lion-Figeac) foreign wars are recorded on some of his constructions : 
 
 1590 B. C. (= 1640 — " 50 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129 to 131, see also Apollod. ii. 1, 
 and Pausan. ii. 5 to 8), Inachus succeeded by Phoroneus, second king in the Peloponnesus. He 
 collected the scattered inhabitants into a town, named after him Phoronikon (Pausan. ii. 15. 5). 
 
 His brother Aegialeus collected the inhabitants of a neighboring district on the Isthmus into a 
 town, named after him Aegialea, and became the first king of Sicyon (Apollod. ii. 1. 1, and Paus. 
 ii. 5. 5). 
 
 The Arcadians living on the leaves of trees and roots of herbs before — the time of Pelasgus, ac- 
 cording to tradition (Ruel i. 115). 
 
 Apargia tuberosa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "rathiki" or "agriorathi- 
 kon" (Sibth.) ; and perhaps included among the roots of herbs eaten by the Arcadians: — the 
 "kihoriS agrio," edible according to Theophrastus ix. 12. 4, may also be compared: A. tuberosa, sent 
 by Busbecke from Constantinople, is termed " cichorium constantinopolitanum " by Matthioli comm. 
 pi. 388 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in meads more or less sandy from the 
 Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, is described by Lobel pi. 232; is termed "dens leonis aspho- 
 cleli bulbillis " by Tournefort inst. 468 ; is known to grow in Italy and Southern France (Pers.), and 
 was observed by Brotero as far as Portugal (Spreng., and Steud.). 
 
 1589 B. C. (= 1587 y. 239H d. -j- " 100 — 99 years " of Gen. xvii. r and xxi. 5), the Promise to 
 Abraham. Establishment of the rite of circumcision. And destruction of the two cities of Sodom 
 and Gomorrah. 
 
 According to the Septuagint and English Versions " vouturon " or butter is mentioned in Gen. 
 xviii. 8. — The art of making butter (according to Oppian cyneg. iv. 271) was brought from the 
 Issedones or other Northern nations by Aristaeas ; according to the Hippocratic writer morb. iv. p. 
 357, was derived from the Scythians, and their process of making butter from mare's milk is dis- 
 tinctly described : butter used among the mountaineers of Portugal is mentioned by Strabo iii. p. 
 414 ; butter from sheep's or goat's milk is prescribed by Dioscorides ; and from cow's milk, by Galen 
 fac. simpl. x. p. 272 (Spreng.). 
 
 The same year (= 1557 -\- "32 years" of Euseb. i and ii. = 1609 — Cephalion's 20 years limit) 
 is given for the accession of Altadas as Assyrian emperor : but suspicion here arises of conformity 
 to a chronological landmark ; as he is called " Sethos " by Syncellus, with "fifty" years assigned to 
 his reign. 
 
 "Towards the close of the Treta Yug"or Silver Age (Puranas, Graha Munjari tables, and 
 Bentley as. res. viii. p. 231), Bharadwaja reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 1588 B. C. (— 1587 y. 239H d - = I2 4° + "43° Y ears " of Ex - xii - 4°. compare also 1413 + 
 '■ 175 years " of Gen. xxv. 7), Isaac born to Abraham and Sarai. 
 
 "Hevr6n" is placed in this year by Manetho (— 1574 y. 10 mo. + " 13 years" of Jos. c. A. i. 
 15) ; the "thirteen years" of HSvrSn or He>r6s occur also in the Maneth. tables, but at different 
 dates, and there is no such king on the Egyptian monuments. Manetho seems therefore to have 
 been acquainted with this date in Jewish history. 
 
 Cordiamyxa of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. A large tree called in Burmah "tha-nat" 
 (Mason), in Hindustanee " lusora " or " lesoora," in Telinga " nekra," in Bengalee " bohooari " (Lindl.), 
 in the environs of Bombay "bhokur" (Graham), in Tamil "vidi-marum" (Drur.), in Egypt " mokha- 
 yet " (Del.), in Yemen "onneb" or "gharaf " or "sehajli " or "eschell " (Forsk.), in which we recog- 
 nize the "as'hl" planted by Abraham at Beer-sheba— (Gen. xxi. 33), that under which Saul abode 
 at Gibeah, and a third under which he was buried in Jabesh (1 Sam. xxii. 6, and 1 Chron. x. 12) : 
 mummy-cases are said to be made in some instances of wood of C. myxa ; the "mokhaita" is men- 
 
108 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 tioned by Ibrahim Magrebi, Ishak ben Amran, and Ebn Baitar ; the living C. myxa was observed by 
 Alpinus, Lippi, Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, by myself on the river-flat planted throughout, a Tropi- 
 cal tree that may succeed in Palestine but hardly farther North : is known however to occur in Per- 
 sia (Lindl.). Farther South, was observed by Forskal p. 33 planted as well as wild among the 
 mountains of Yemen and the fruit eaten by boys, its wood tough and solid employed by carpenters, 
 also to procure fire by friction. Eastward, was observed by Graham " on the Ghauts and about 
 villages throughout the Concan," its fruit pickled and eaten by the natives ; by Rheede iv. pi. 47, in 
 Malabar; by Roxburgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan; by Mason, in Burfnah. The 
 " sebesten" of Avicenna, Serapion, and Averrhoes, is also referred here; and according to Gaertner, 
 Graham, and Lindley, the transparent glutinous pulp of the fruit of C. myxa becomes when dried the 
 true sebesten of the shops. 
 
 In the valley of Der-el-Medinet at Thebes, an example of the arch occurs in a tomb inscribed 
 with the name of Amunhotep, and built of dobi or sun-dried brick (Wilk. topog. theb. Si). 
 
 The portraits of Amunhotep are sometimes accompanied by that of his wife, queen Aahotep 
 (Leps. d. iii. pi. 1) ; a woman possibly of the Nubian Race, but to all appearance, a negress. 
 
 A statue of king Amunhotep is (now in the museum at Turin) : — and his memory appears to 
 have been held in after times in veneration by the Egyptians. 
 
 1579 B. C. (= 1592 — " 13 years" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), end of the reign of 
 the second king of the Seventeenth dynasty. The name of king Tutmas is next on 
 the monuments, — in the tablet at Abydos, and the series of kings at Gurna. 
 
 The "first year of Tutmas" occurs on the rocks at Assouan, and in the quarries. of 
 German opposite the isle of Tombos in 19 N. — (Birch). 
 1578 B. C. = "2d year of Tutmas '' (Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and eg. and sin. 233), in an inscription 
 at Tombos ; the latest date in his reign found on the monuments. 
 
 Tutmas continued the temple at Karnak, placed there two obelisks (Birch) ; and according to 
 Champollion-Figeac, built the earliest portion of the temple at Medinet Abu and a rock-temple at 
 Ibrim in Nubia; a "magnificent colossal statue" of him is now in the museum at Turin. 
 
 1576 B. C. (= 1575 -|- his " 1st year"), the accession of Tutmas II. not earlier than 
 this dale. His name is next on the monuments, contemporaneous — as well as in the 
 tablet at Abydos, and the series of kings at Gurna. 
 
 " First year of Tutmas II." (Leps. k. tab. p. 17), the latest date in his reign found 
 on the monuments. His name occurs in one or more rock tablets at Tombos (Leps. 
 e_ r . and sin. 18) ; and (according to Champollion-Figeac), he built additions to the temple at Medinet 
 Aim, and edifices at Semneh in Nubia, and at Esneh. 
 
 1575 B. C. (= 1554 y. 3 mo. -|- "20 y. 7 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A., or "21 
 years" in the Euseb.-Maneth. table), accession of Am£n6phis, in the Afr.-Maneth. 
 table called " Am£n6pbtbis " (the termination indicating a female). The name of 
 queen Amun-u-hnumut is next on contemporaneous monuments ; — but does not occur 
 in the genealogical series at Ab\dos, nor in that at Gurna (an omission due perhaps 
 to the mode of reckoning). 
 
 Her name is associated with that of Tutmas II. at Medinet Abu, in the Assasif, and elsewhere 
 — (Birch) : and occurs in a tomb at Thebes belonging to the earlier part of the Eighteenth dynasty 
 (Poole hor. eg. 65). 
 
 Peaceful expedition by sea as far as Punt (Pontus ?), now first visited by the Egyptians — (Birch). 
 Among the articles brought back to Egypt, " stibium" is enumerated — (Birch) : the practice of 
 blackening the eyelids with "kohl" (a preparation said to be mainly composed of antimony) seems 
 figured on the monuments as early as the Seventeenth dynasty : the use of "kohl " or eye-paint is 
 mentioned in 2 Kings ix. 30; also by Ion, and Julius Pollux v. 16. 101, the material being termed 
 '•stimmi " by the Greeks, and "stibium" by Celsus : the custom continues in Egypt to the present 
 day; and the importation there of antimony "from Europe," is mentioned by Forskal mat. med. 
 
 Echium setosum of the East Mediterranean countries. A rough bristly-leaved herb called in 
 Egypt "el kaheeli," its red root and bark persistently and beautifully staining the skin, and employed 
 as a cosmetic (Forsk.); included perhaps in that composed by queen Amun-u-hnumut on the return of 
 the Expedition — (see Birch) : "aghousa riza" used as cosmetic by women, giving rise to the term 
 "aghousizfisthai," is mentioned by Hesychius ; the " riziou " used by women as cosmetic, by Diosco- 
 rides iv. 98: the "ghousa" or "aghousa," by Aristophanes lys. 48 and eccles. 929; and is described 
 by Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 to 9. 3 and od. 31 to 33 as having leaves spreading on the ground and a red 
 root, imported from Syria for colouring ointments : E. setosum was observed by Sibthorp pi. 182, and 
 Chaubard, from Crete to the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal p. 41, and Delile, on the Mediterranean 
 border of Egypt. 
 
 Populus nigra of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain black poplar (Prior), in Germany 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 109 
 
 " schwarzpappel," in Italy "albaro" or "pioppa" or "pioppo nero" (Lenz), in Greece "kavaki" 
 (Sibth.), in Egypt "baks" (Forsk.) ; and possibly among the foreign trees brought by the fleet and 
 planted in Egypt — (see Birch) : tall ornamental trees are figured in garden-plans at Gurna (Champ, 
 pi. 174, and Rosselin. ii. pi. 68): the "bkaym" of David's victory at Rephaim (2 Sam. v. 23 and 
 1 Chron. xiv. 14) may prove the origin of the consecration of the " populus " to Hercules (see Samson) : 
 P. nigra was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt ; is known to occur 
 also in Palestine (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). Farther North, the "aig£iros" is mentioned by Hesiod, 
 Homer, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and the "aigeirou kretikes " in 1 Mul. morb. 108: P. nigra 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in wooded situations from the Peloponnesus and Cyprus 
 throughout Greece. Westward, the "populus" is mentioned by Cicero, Ovid; as grateful to Her- 
 cules, by Virgil eel. vii. 61, and Pliny xii. 2 ; and the "populus nigra," by Pliny xvii. 35. 22 : P. nigra 
 is described by Tournefort inst. 592, and Blackwell pi. 248 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy, and 
 is known to grow on river-banks throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1910, 
 and Pers.). Eastward from the Black Sea. is known to grow throughout Northern Asia, being 
 enumerated by A. Decandolle among the plants extending two-thirds around the Subarctic circuit 
 of the Globe. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues planted 
 for ornament, especially in and near the district drained by the Hudson river. The young leafbuds 
 according to Lindley are " employed as the basis of a balsam and tincture," and occasionally in the 
 preparation of "unguentum populeum." (For the art of making the tree grow unnaturally tall, see 
 P. tremula). 
 
 Pyrus communis of Europe and the Caucasian countries. Called in Britain pear, in Anglo- 
 Saxon "peru," in France "poire," in Spain " pera " (Prior), in Germany "birn" (Grieb.), in Slavonic 
 "krusska" or "gruscha," in Celtic "peren" (A. Dec), in Italy "pera," and the wild kind " peruggine " 
 or "pero selvatico" (Lenz), in Greece " apithia," and the wild kind " ahlathia" (Fraas), in Egypt 
 " kummitri " (Forsk.) ; and possibly among the foreign trees brought by the fleet and planted in Egypt 
 — (see Birch) : the fruit-tree figured in one of the tombs at Gurna (Rosselin. ii. pi. 68) seems to belong 
 here : the " apios " is mentioned in the Hermetic iatromathem. ; and P. communis was observed by 
 Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt, the fruit besides imported from 
 mount Sinai, and from Tor on the Gulf of Akaba. Farther North, the image of Juno dedicated by 
 Peirasus was rwade of " ahrathos " wood (Paus. ii. 17. 5) ; the " apios " is mentioned by Theophrastus, 
 Istrus, Dioscorides, Galen, and Athenaeus xiv. 63 ; P. communis was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 
 bard, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece, both wild and cultivated ; and is 
 known to grow wild about Caucasus (Ledeb.). Westward, the "pirum" cultivated in several varieties 
 is mentioned by Cato vii. 4, Horace, Virgil, Celsus, Pliny, the "achras pi rus " by Columella, and 
 "pirus agrestis" by Palladius iii. 25. 1 : P. communis was cultivated in Switzerland during the Stone 
 Age, a small-fruited kind "var. achras " occurring in debris of the earliest villages (Heer and.Troyon 
 278 and 443) ; is termed " p. sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 632 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; 
 is known to grow wild in middle Europe, and is besides cultivated throughout as far as Lat. 64° (A. 
 Dec). Eastward from Caucasus, pears " from Bunder- Abbas " on the Persian Gulf were shown me 
 at Muscat ; and are sometimes carried to Hindustan, as appears from having a Hindustanee name 
 "nashpati" (D'roz.), but the tree remains unknown there even in the North (Royle); though its 
 cultivation has extended by the way of Central Asia to China and Japan (Bunge, and Thunb.). By 
 European colonists, the tree was carried to Northeast America, where it continues successfully culti- 
 vated in our Northern States; and to St. Helena, where I found the fruit large but -tasteless. (See 
 Peirasus). 
 
 Beta vulgaris of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain beet (Prior), 
 in France "bette" or " betterave " (A. Dec), in Germany "mangold," in Italy " barba " or "betiola" 
 (Lenz), in Greece "seskoula" or "pheskoula" and the red-rooted variety '-kokkinogoulia" (Fraas), 
 in Egypt "saelk" and the red-rooted variety " bandsjar " (Forsk ), in Egyptian " 16gem " (Kirch.) ; 
 and possibly brought to Egypt by the Expedition in question — (see Birch) : agreeing with the tuft 
 of laro-e leaves on a root figured in the Asasif, and on subsequent monuments (Leps. d. iii. pi. 19 and 
 78): B. vulgaris was observed by Abd-allatif ii. I, Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation in Egypt. 
 Farther North, the "s£utlon" or "teutlon" is mentioned in the Batrachomyomachia, also by Crates, 
 Melanthius, Aristophanes pac 1008, Eudemus, Diphilus, and Athenaeus ii. 57 ; the "teutlon leukon " 
 and " melan " are distinguished by Theophrastus vii. 4, and Dioscorides ; B. vulgaris was observed 
 by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, and by Fraas under cultivation in Greece, the white-rooted 
 variety for the leaves only, which are eaten as greens. Westward, the "beta" is mentioned by Plau- 
 tus, and Pliny, the "pede Candida beta" by Columella x. 251, "fatuae fabrorum prandia betae " by 
 Martial, and "betizare" by Suetonius oct. 87; B. vulgaris is described by Fuchsius, Cassalpinus, 
 Olivier de Serres, and Parkinson; and is known to be cultivated in Italy and throughout middle 
 Europe (Ait., and Pers.). Eastward from Egypt, is cultivated in Hindustan for its leaves only and 
 
I IO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 has no Sanscrit name (Roxb.), is called in Hindustanee "chuqandar" (D'roz.), in the environs of 
 Bombay sometimes "paluk"or "palung," the red-rooted variety observed by Graham " commonly 
 cultivated in gardens:" and farther East, B. vulgaris called "toodisia" was observed by Thunberg 
 under cultivation in Japan. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1656 to New England (poem 
 Bradf. in Hist. coll. iii. p. 77), where as well as throughout our Northern and Middle States it con- 
 tinues abundantly cultivated: the mangel wins?? variety, employed for feeding cattle, has also been 
 introduced, and continues to some extent cultivated. (See B. maritima). 
 
 Myrtus communis of the borders of the Persian Gulf. Called in English gardens myrtle, in 
 France and Germany " myrte " (Nugent, and Grieb), in Italy " mirto " or ■' mortella " (Lenz), in Greece 
 "murton" or "mursine" (Sibth.), in Egypt "as" or " mersyn " (Del.); and possibly brought to 
 Egypt by the Expedition in question — (see Birch): branches carried by women are figured on a 
 monument of about this date (Rosselin. ii. 99), and according to Clot-Bey, branches are sold to the 
 present day and used in festivals by the Jews : the " mursine" was already in Egypt in the days of 
 Theophrastus, and Pliny xv. 37 ; and M. communis was observed there in gardens by Forskal, and 
 Delile. Farther North, its branches were strewn by Xerxes on his bridge across the Hellespont 
 (Herodot. vii. 54) ; were carried in Greek sacrificial processions in the days of Aristophanes vesp. 
 S6q ; the '' mursine " or " murtos " is mentioned also by Pherecrates, Euripides, Plato polit. ii. 372, 
 Philonides, and the "mursine e emSros " by Dioscorides: M. communis was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent and seemingly wild from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and 
 the Greek islands. Westward, the " myrtus " is regarded by Pliny xv. 36 as foreign to Italy, first 
 seen on the tomb of Elpenor, but when Rome was founded growing already on its site ; is mentioned 
 also by Cato vi Ii. 2, Catullus, Horace, Columella, and as sacred to Venus by Virgil: M. communis 
 is described by Clusius hist. i. 67; is termed "m communis italica" by Tournefort inst. 640; was 
 observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy ; and has become abundantly naturalized throughout the 
 West Mediterranean countries (Chaubard), but its foliage and mode of flowering indicate Tropical 
 origin. Eastward from the .Mediterranean, was observed by Nearchus in a garden on the North 
 shore of the Persian Gulf (Arr. ind. 27) ; has no Sanscrit name (A. Dec), but is called in Hindustanee 
 " murd " or "as" (D'roz.); in the environs of Bombay "belatee mendie " and observed by Graham 
 " in gardens pretty common," but by myself only in a missionary garden on the Deccan. Farther 
 East, by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah. By European colonists, was carried to Macfeira (Lemann) ; 
 and to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in conservatories. 
 
 Bosivellia glabra of Tropical Hindustan. A small tree called in the environs of Bombay " salai " 
 or " salphullie " and furnishing a portion of " the gum olibanum of commerce " (Graham) ; possibly 
 therefore the " incense trees " or frankincense brought by the above Expedition to Egypt — (see 
 Birch): the incense-burner is figured in the Asasif, and from this time becomes frequent on the mon- 
 uments (Leps. d. iii. pi. 19, 58, 71, and Champoll.-Fijeac pi. 86). Eastward, the incense-bearing tree 
 exuding its gum from branches snapped by elephants, is mentioned by the Sanscrit dramatist Bhava- 
 bhuti uttar. ii : B. glabra is described by Rumphius ii. pi. 50; was observed by Gibson, and Graham, 
 " common on the bare rocky hills of the Deccan," as well as "in the Sautpoora jungles " where the 
 gum may be bought in quantities at a cheap rate ; by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight, in central Hin- 
 dustan and as far as the Coromandel mountains ; its fragrant resin called " koondricum " is much 
 burnt as an incense in the religious ceremonies of the Hindoos, is collected largely by the Khoonds 
 an 1 Woodias in the extensive jungles in Goomsur and Cuttack provinces, and the same tribes in 
 times of famine live on a soup made from the fruit (rep. Mad. exhib., and Drur.). 
 
 Boswellia thurifcra of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit " salaci," in Hindustanee 
 "luban" (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay " dup salai " and furnishing the remaining portion of 
 "the gum olibanum of commerce" (Graham), from Bombay according to Royle the Indian olibanum 
 is chiefly exported: B. thurifera may therefore have furnished the frankincense for the incense-burner 
 figured in the Asasif, and that called in Egyptian " lav6 " (Edw.) or '' shedloouz " — (ms. Par.) : " Ibnh " 
 is mentioned by Moses levit. ii. to xxiv and num. v. 15. and according to Jeremiah vi 20 was brought 
 by Arab merchants; "livanos" brought by them, is mentioned by Herodotus iii. 107, Euripides, 
 Theophrastus ix. 4. 7, Eratosthenes, Strabo, and Dioscorides ; and the incense burned in Catholic 
 churches according to Colebrooke res. as. ix. 317 to xi. 15S is from B. thurifera. Eastward, the tree 
 was observed by Gibson, Law, Nimmo, and Graham, in the environs of Bombay and in the South- 
 ern Concan; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the mountains of Coromandel; by Royle, common 
 in central Hindustan, extending not as far North as the preceding ; and according to Drury, is a large 
 tree, affording good timber, and its gum-resin is called in Bengal " koondooroo " or " fhundurus " 
 or " cundun." 
 
 Eighty-second generation. May 1st, 1567, mostly beyond youth : Ishmael, Anah (Gen. xxxvi. 
 24 and 1 Chron. i. 41) : among the Greeks, Laodice mother of Apis and Niobe (Apollod. ii. 1). 
 
 1563 B. C. (= 2016 — "453 years " of both the Maneth. tables), a date possibly marking the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. I I I 
 
 expulsion of the Hyksos from the Egyptian frontier. In the absence of monumental evidence that 
 the kings of the Seventeenth dynasty carried war beyond the Northeastern frontier, the Hyksos are 
 regarded by Lepsius as probably the obstacle in that direction. Confirmation is found in Manetho's 
 detailed account in Jos. c. A. i. 14 and 15. 
 
 Compelled to quit the Egyptian frontier (Manetho in Jos. c. A.), the Hyksos carried along all 
 their possessions, and the whole community numbering not less than two hundred and forty thousand, 
 proceeded across the Desert towards Syria : but fearing the Assyrians, who now ruled Asia, they 
 turned aside, and for their own protection built a city and called it Jgrosoluma. (That Jerusalem 
 was built before the Exodus of the Jews, appears from Josh. x. 1, xviii. 28, and Judg. xix. 10). 
 
 The hieroglyphic character of the onager V ft " iant(56u " and " Siantoou '' means "mountain 
 ass," also "hill country," and therefore Pales ^\\ tine; the animal in its wild state wandering 
 no farther West. The character occurs in / tJ an inscription having reference to the Hyksos 
 king " Apepi" or Apophis (Leps. k. pi. 15), but composed perhaps subsequently ; — and with its modi- 
 fications, continues in use until the reign of Ramessu VIII. of the Twentieth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. 
 pi. 238, and k. pi. 30 to 40). 
 
 In a painting of about this date (now in the museum at London), I remarked the onager, Equus 
 hemionus, domesticated and caparisoned. — The "white asses" of the Song of Deborah (Judg. v. 
 10) may therefore be compared. 
 
 Ambiguous figures at Benihassan on examination proving varieties of the dog, the above paint- 
 ing contains the earliest figure I have met with of the cat (copied in Wilkinson pi ), from the 
 
 surroundings possibly in its wild state as Felis maniculata of the Upper Nile : — under the Twenty- 
 second dynasty (Leps. k. pi. 46) the cat makes its appearance as a hieroglyphic character, and was 
 doubtless at this time domesticated in Egypt ; though unnoticed in the Hebrew Scriptures, Hesiod, 
 Homer, and the Batrachomyomachia, until mentioned by Herodotus as a familiar domestic animal 
 in both Egypt and Greece. Eastward, I looked in vain for figures in the cave-temples of Hindustan ; 
 but according to Deslongchr.mps transl., the cat is mentioned in the Institutes of Manu. By Euro- 
 pean colonists, the cat was carried to America and the islands of the Pacific ; was met with by our 
 Expedition on Taheiti and Tongatabu, relapsed into secondary wildness on the Hawaiian Group, and 
 (according to Rich) on the Samoan. 
 
 " 1562 B. C. = 1st year of Tchoung-ting, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 1561 B. C. = " 1st of Mechir in the 15th year of Amun-u-hnumut," commencement in the quarry 
 of work on the two Great obelisks — (Birch). 
 
 1560 B. C. = "last day of Mesore in the 16th year of Amun-u-hnumut," and after an interval of 
 " seven months," the two Great obelisks finished — (Birch) : they continue in place in the temple at 
 Karnak. The " 16th year" is the latest in the reign of Amun-u-hnumut. found on the monuments 
 (Leps. k. tab. p. 17). 
 
 " 1557 B. C. = 6th year of Tchoung-ting" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Nineteenth 
 cycle. 
 
 The same year (= 1527 -|- 30 years of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Mamythus 
 as Assyrian emperor. 
 
 1554 B. C. (= 1532 y. 6 mo. -\- "21 y. 9 mo.'' of Manetho in Jos. c. A., the Afr.- 
 Maneth. table giving 1417 -f " 37 + 31 + 9 + 26 + 13 + 22 years " = 1555), acces- 
 sion of Am£ssis, called "AmSnsis" in the Afr.-Maneth. table. On the monuments, 
 Tutmas III. head of the Eighteenth dynasty is next in order : — he immediately follows 
 _ Tutmas II. in the series of kings at Abydos, and Gurna. 
 
 Nelumbiiim speciostun of Subtropical and Tropical Eastern Asia. The flower of the great 
 water-lily has not been found on the Egyptian monuments, but certain representations, including 
 the emblem designating Asiatic captives, appeared to me intended for the fruit ; the plant is besides 
 known to have furnished one form of capital of the Egyptian columns— (Athen. v. 9) : a kind of 
 " ldtos " lily growing in the Nile is described by Herodotus ii. 92 as having fruit like a wasp's nest, 
 containing se°eds as large as olive-stones ; the " kuamos aiguptios " is mentioned also by Hippocrates, 
 Theophrastus iv. 3 to 10, Diodorus, Strabo, and Dioscorides ; the flower and fruit of N. speciosum 
 occur on a medal of Vespasian, and a bust of Antinous (Del.), but the plant has since disappeared 
 from Egypt. Eastward, continues in the Caspian as far as the mouths of the Volga (Ledeb., and 
 A. Dec/), though perhaps not indigenous there : is figured in the cave-temples of Hindustan, both 
 Budhist and Braminical, as ascertained by myself ; was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 30 in Malabar ; 
 by Graham " in tanks throughout the Concan " (planted) ; and is called " nelumbo " on Ceylon (Lam.). 
 Farther East, was observed by Mason indigenous in Burmah and called "pa-dung-ma ; " by Loureiro 
 p. 416 in Cochinchina; is called in China " lien-hoa," is mentioned in the Eulh-ya dictionary, and its 
 spongy fruit by Li-chi-tchi as medicinal, was observed by Cibot mem. chin. iii. 437 multiplied by seeds 
 and roots and requiring no further care in cultivation, its seeds eaten like filberts ; by Kaempfer, and 
 Thunberg, around temples in Japan and regarded as sacred, but its stems eaten. 
 
112 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 1552 B. C (= 161 1 y. 239II d. — "60 years '' of Gen. xxv. 26), Esau and Jacob born to Isaac 
 and Rebekah. 
 
 1550 B. C. = " 5th year of Tutmas III.," date of a contract, written on papyrus, — and now in 
 the museum at Turin (Champ.- Figeac). 
 
 " 1549 B. C. = 1st year of Wa'i-jen, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 1539 B. C. = " 16th year of the joint reign of Amun-u-hnumut and her brother Tutmas III.," 
 in a tablet at Wady Maghara, re-opening of the mines there, abandoned since the Twelfth dynasty. 
 — (Birch). 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 231), 
 Viswamitra reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 Burmah at this time inhabited.* 
 
 1536 B. C. = " 55th year of Phoroneus " (in Africanus, see also Philochor., Hellan., Thall., 
 Tatian, and Clem. Alex.), the Deluge of Ogyges in Greece. Or (according to Castor) the city of 
 Eleusis founded in this reign by Ogyges. Phoroneus and Ogyges are also made contemporary by 
 Acusilaus : and " Ogygia " (according to Strabo, and Pausan. ix. 5. 1) was the ancient name of 
 Boeotian Thebes. 
 
 * Dillenia tha-byu of Burmah. Called there " tha byu," and from early times its fruit affording 
 sustenance to man ; — enumerated by Mason 450 and 532 as edible, the tree indigenous and not exactly 
 agreeing with descriptions of D. speciosa. 
 
 Dillenia scabra of Burmah. From early times its fruit affording sustenance to man, — described 
 by Mason v. 473 as large, "brought to bazar green and considered a favorite vegetable with the 
 natives," the tree confined to " the borders of streams." 
 
 Uvaria grandiflora of Burmah. A scandent shrub called there " ta-bwot," its fruit from early 
 times affording sustenance, — having according to Mason v. 452 and 740 "the taste and appearance 
 of the North American pawpaw," and " abounding in the jungles." 
 
 Staculia alata of the Siamese countries. Called by residents Boodli's cocoa-nut, and from early 
 times the winged seeds of its large fruit affording sustenance, — sometimes according to Mason v. 
 448 eaten by the natives, the tree " handsome," growing in Tenasserim : described also by Roxburgh. 
 
 Pierardia sapota of Tropical Eastern Asia. A small tree called in Burmah " ka na-zo," its fruit 
 from early times affording sustenance ; — described by Mason v. 451 as " one of the best and most 
 plentiful of the jungle fruits," the "bunches resembling large grapes," and not as yet cultivated. 
 Farther South, was observed by Jack in the Straits of Malacca. 
 
 Sleichtra kyet-mouk of Burmah. A tree called there " kyet-mouk," and from early times its fruit 
 affording sustenance, — according to Mason v. 454 " rarely seen in market, but would be a valuable 
 addition to the dessert ; " indigenous "among the hills of Tavoy.'' 
 
 Bouca oppositifolia of Burmah. A tree called there " ma-yan," by residents opposite-leaved 
 mango, and from early times its fruit affording nutriment: — indigenous according to Mason v. 448, 
 and one variety "intensely sour," the other "as insipidly sweet." Described also by Roxburgh 
 i. 640 : and farther West, introduced by Nimmo in 1833 into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 Bauhinia sheen-byat of Burmah. A small timber tree called "sheen-brat," and from early times 
 affording nutriment; — according to Mason v. 531 "bearing a sour leaf," and its "pod containing 
 sweet pulp." 
 
 Willughbeia Martabanica of Burmah. Called there " theet-kyouk-nway," its fruit from early 
 times affording sustenance ; — according to Mason v. 457 "large as an apple " and "of an agreeable 
 acid taste but abounds in a milky juice," is termed by residents "a kind of fig," and is indigenous "in 
 the forests : " is described also by Wallich. 
 
 Bignonia (Spatlwdea) s/ipulata of Burmah. Called there " bet-than," and its flowers from early 
 times affording nutriment, — according to Mason v. 411 and 543 brought to market for food ; the tree 
 being "common at Maulmain," employed by the natives as "a cure for psora," and its wood (accord- 
 ing to Berdmore) for "making furniture, paddles, etc. : " described also by Wallich. 
 
 Artocarpus echinatiis of Burmah. A tree called there " toung-peing-nai," or by residents moun- 
 tain-jack, and from early times its " echinated agreeably acid fruit " affording sustenance ; — its timber 
 according to Mason v. 462 and 541 considered valuable " by the natives especially for canoes : " de- 
 scribed also by Roxburgh. 
 
 Artocarpus myouk-loke-ngay of Burmah. A tree called there " myouk-loke-ngay," and from 
 early times its orange-colored fruit affording sustenance ; — described by Mason v. 462 as resemblinc 
 "in taste a custard apple and in appearance a fig," and " not scarce " in the forests. 
 
 Macrocladus .... of Burmah. A palm, its terminal cluster of unexpanded young fronds from 
 early times affording sustenance, — having " the taste of cabbage " according to Mason v. 426, and 
 growing indigenous in various districts. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 113 
 
 " In the reign of Phoroneus " (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), EurSps succeeded by TSlhis, third king 
 of Sicyon : Crete being under the rule of Kretos. 
 
 " 1534 B. C. = 1st year of Ho-tan-kia, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 Vessels from Hindustan and Arabia visiting Burmah as early probably as this date* 
 
 Eighty-third generation. Sept. 1st, 1534, mostly beyond youth: Niobe daughter of Phoroneus 
 (Apollod. ii. 1). 
 
 •533 B. C. = the "month Pharmouthi in the twenty-second year of his reign" (inscribed on the 
 walls of Karnak), Tutmas III. with an army leaving the Northeastern frontier of Egypt on his first 
 military campaign. 
 
 1532 B. C. (= 1519 y. 9 mo. -\- " 12 y. 9 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A., the Maneth. tables giving 
 1417 + "37 + 31 +9 + 26 4- 13 " = "38 + 31 -1-9 + 26+ 12 years" = 1533 = 1592 — "13 — 
 24 — 22 " = " 25 — 13 — 21 years "), accession of Mephres or Misaphris. Seemingly marking some 
 event : the reign of Tutmas III. according to monumental evidence continuing without interruption. 
 
 The same year = the "month Pashons in the twenty-third year of his reign," Tutmas III. with 
 his army arriving at Gaha or Gaza, on the " 5th " he marched from the town to meet the enemy, and 
 on the " 22d " defeated them at Maketa or Megiddo — (Birch). 
 
 1531 B. C. = " 24th year of Tutmas III." on the walls of Karnak, the Ruten and Assur or Assyr- 
 ians continue to bring tribute — (Birch). 
 
 1530 B. C. (= 1590 — "60 years" of Castor in Euseb., see also Apollod. ii. I, Hygin. 145, and 
 Pausan.), in Greece Phoroneus succeeded by Apis, third king of the Peloponnesus, called after him 
 " Apia : " as he extended his power throughout, he seems identical with the fourth king of Sicyon 
 bearing the same name (compare Apollod. ii. 1.1 and Paus. ii. 5.5). Apis is spoken of as one of the 
 earliest lawgivers among the Greeks (Theodoret. graec. affect, cur. iv. p. 927). 
 
 By Car, son of Phoroneus, the worship of Demeter established at Megara, and a citadel built 
 there : probably the beginning of Greek monumental history. — The citadel retained the name of its 
 founder in the days of Pausanias i. 39.5 to 44.6, to whom also the tomb of Car was pointed out. By 
 the Romans, Demeter was called " Ceres ; '' possibly from Car. 
 
 The same year = " 25th of Tutmas III.," in a tablet at Sarabit-el-Khadim in the Sinai peninsula 
 — (Birch). 
 
 1527 B. C. (= 1497 -\- " 30 years " of Euseb. i. and ii.), accession of Macchaleus as Assyrian em- 
 peror. " Twenty-eight " years only are assigned to his reign by Syncellus ; who calls him Aschalius. 
 
 1526 B. C. = "29th year of Tutmas III.," his fifth military campaign — (Birch). 
 
 Among spoils obtained in this campaign, lead is enumerated — (Birch) : the "ophrd" of Moses' 
 Song (Ex. xv. 10), mentioned also in Job xix. 24 ; as used for purifying silver, in Jer. vi. 29, and 
 Ezek. xxii. 18 to 22 (compare Pliny xxxii. 31), is admitted to be lead: and the "ank" of Amos vii. 7 
 
 * Casnarina imiricata of the seashore of Burmah. A leafless tree called "hten-roo," from its 
 green feathery terminal branchlets attracting the attention of approaching strangers, — growing in 
 " the loose sandy soil of the seaboard and never inland ; '' its timber according to Mason v. 422 and 
 541 very little used by the natives, but hard and heavy and exported under the name of beefwood to 
 America. By European colonists, the living tree was carried to Hindustan, observed by Roxburgh 
 planted in Bengal, and by Graham "pretty common about Bombay." 
 
 Cassia (Cathar/ocarpus) nodosa of Tropical Eastern Asia. A tree called in Bisaya "lombayong " 
 or "balayong" or "ybabao " (Blanco), in Burmah " gnu-theing," tinting the forest in Tavoy with its 
 "pink-colored" flowers, — and according to Mason v. 404 and 525 affording "good timber." Farther 
 East, was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, its trunk as large as a man's body, flowers orna- 
 mental "blancas y encarnadas." By European colonists, was carried to the botanic garden at Cal- 
 cutta, and is described by Voight. 
 
 Gordonia floribunda of Burmah. A conspicuous tree in Maulmain called " theet-ya " itch-wood, 
 from the itching caused by contact with its chips or bark ; — affording according to Mason v. 408 the 
 " compact timber used for house posts and for rice mortars : " described also by Wallich. 
 
 Heritiera 7?iinor of the Tropical seashore from Hindustan to Tongatabu. A tree called in 
 Tao-alo " taloto " (Blanco), in Burmah " ka-na-zo," growing within reach of occasional high tides, — 
 its timber according to Mason v. 535 not very durable but "without a rival in strength : " observed 
 in Burmah also by Buchanan, and farther West, is supposed to have imparted its name " soondree " 
 to the Soonderbunds of the mouths of the Ganges ; the " samandura" of Ceylon (Lin. fl. zeyl.) may 
 also be compared. Eastward, was observed by Blanco along the seashore of the Philippines ; by 
 myself, a small tree at high-water mark around the Feejeean islands and Tongatabu. 
 
 Xylocarpus keannan of the seashore of Burmah. An accompanying tree in low lands near the 
 sea , — and of which according to Mason v. 539 "canoes are occasionally made," its wood besides 
 "much used for sandals," and of a red colour that "turns black on being anointed with petroleum." 
 
 r 5 
 
114 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 continues among the Arabs the name of lead (Kitt. cycl. bibl. lit.). Under its Greek name 
 " molivthos " or "moluvthos," lead is mentioned by Herodotus iii. 56, Aristophanes, and Plato ; and 
 under its Latin name "plumbum," by Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, and Columella. "Ancient lead- 
 mines " in the mountains between the Nile and Red Sea, have been discovered by Burton ; and 
 "lead is also said to exist at a place called Sbeff, near Mount Sinai." 
 
 " 1525 B. C. = 1st year of Ts-ou-y, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 Other nations than the Egyptians now begin to furnish monumental history, and certain vases 
 manufactured under the Chang dynasty are regarded as the earliest Chinese works of art — extant 
 (Pauth. 201). 
 
 There are also artificial works at Babylon, Nineveh, and in Syria and Greece, doubtless more 
 ancient than the last-named date ; «- but none have been traced with certainty so far back. Through- 
 out the vast variety of sculptures and inscriptions, Assyrian, Phoenician, Greek, and Italian, paintings 
 on pottery being included, the amount of information afforded on the subject of animals and plants 
 is surprisingly small. 
 
 Henceforward, our principal dependence is on transmitted writings : for the lifetime of individ- 
 uals whose words are extant, is now reached ; — and eye-witnesses in each succeeding generation 
 can be consulted, down to the present day. 
 
 In this year = " 30th of Tutmas III.," his sixth military campaign ; directed as usual Northward 
 and Eastward, but in the same year tribute was received from Ethiopia — (Birch). 
 
 1522 B. C. = "33d year of Tutmas III.," his eighth military campaign: in which he found a 
 tablet of his father Tutmas I., and established a fleet on the Euphrates — (Birch). 
 
 Besides lapis lazuli, "an artificial imitation of blue colour" moulded into the form of the head 
 of a ram was brought as tribute by the chief of Singara (and according to Birch various moulded 
 " specimens exactly alike as to material have been found on the banks of the Euphrates and the 
 Nile"). It is perhaps the blue earth resembling indigo, figured in baskets in the tribute-procession 
 to Tutmas III., — and mines of which are known to be worked on the Euphrates to the present day. 
 
 1521 B. C. = "34th year of Tutmas III.," his ninth military campaign: and in the same year, 
 tribute was sent from Ethiopia and other countries — (Birch). 
 
 1520 B. C. = "35th year of Tutmas III.," inscribed on the monuments, his tenth military cam- 
 paign : and in the same year, other tribute came from Ethiopia — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 385, and 
 Birch). 
 
 The same year (= 1493 y. n mo. -)- " 25 y. 10 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 1417 -|- "37 
 — f- 3 r — |— 9 — (— 26 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving — |— " 3S — (— 31 — [— 
 9 -j- 26 years" = 1521), accession of MepbramouthSsis or MisphragmouthSsis. Seemingly mark- 
 ing some event : the reign of Tutmas III. shown by the monuments to continue without interruption. 
 
 In the procession of foreign nations bearing tribute to Tutmas III., the head and neck of a bird 
 prepared as a curiosity seems (from the copied figure in Champollion-Figeac pi. 61) that of the domes- 
 tic fowl, Gallus Bankivus ; and therefore from Burmah, — where according to Mason v. p. 229 the 
 bird occurs in its wild state : the domesticated bird was brought "from the West " into China B. C. 
 1400 (Chin, encycl.), and a proverb of the men of antiquity, " The hen should not crow, if the hen 
 crows the family is lost," is preserved in the Chou-King (Pauth. 77). Westward from Burmah, the 
 domesticated bird is mentioned in the Institutes of Manu as well known in Hindustan ; is figured 
 on Babylonian cylinders "between the Sixth and Seventh centuries B. C," and "on the Harpy tomb 
 in Lycia about 600 B. C." (Layard) ; but with the above exception is not figured on the Egyptian 
 monuments ; is not mentioned in the early portion of' the Hebrew Scriptures, nor by Hesiod, nor 
 Homer, and seems unknown in Switzerland during the Stone Age (Troyon) ; at a later period, the 
 "alSktor" is mentioned by Theognis 862, the Batrachomyomachia, Epicharmus, Aeschylus, and 
 Cratinus ; the "gallina" by Plautus, and Varro, the "gallus gallinaceus " by Cicero, and was already 
 in Britain when visited by Caesar. Eastward from China and the Malayan archipelago, the domestic 
 fowl was carried throughout the Tropical islands of the Pacific by Polynesians, as verified by myself : 
 but continued unknown in America, New Zealand, and Australia, until introduced by European 
 colonists. 
 
 Heaps of precious stones are also figured, including (according to Champollion-Figeac p. . .) 
 garnets, and cornelian. 
 
 The young elephant led in this Tribute-procession by men of the White race, was therefore not 
 from the Upper Nile, but an Indian elephant, E. Indicus, brought overland by the Nabathean or a 
 more Northern route. The delegates are Northerners as appears from their costume — and from 
 the bear led by delegates of the same nation in a subsequent Tribute-procession. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 115 
 
 The accompanying tusks in the hands of the same delegates, from the large size clearly belong 
 to the African elephant, E. Africanus : procured therefore by the way of Hindustan and the Persian 
 Gulf through intercourse by sea with Equatorial Africa. 
 
 A set of delegates, with difficulty identified with the White Race, come from the Southern extreme 
 of Arabia ; shown by their resemblance to many among the existing population, and by the checkered 
 receptacle in which they are carrying a living exotic tree : 
 
 Gen. ignot. of Tropical Arabia. This very painting — may prove the origin of the tradition that 
 the "persSa" tree was planted by Perseus in Egypt; a tradition credited by Alexander (Plin. xv. 
 13) : the "pe'rsea" was held sacred by the Egyptian priests (Plut. is. and osir. p. 548) ; is called 
 in Egyptian " tshve' " (Kirch.) or " tshouS " (ms. Par.) ; is described by Theophrastus iv. 2 as a 
 large handsome tree growing in Egypt, in habit and foliage resembling the pear, but the leaves ever- 
 green, fruit greenish and having a smaller nucleus than the plum, and the wood solid and valuable ; 
 is mentioned also by Nicander, Diodorus, and Dioscorides ; by Artemidorus (Strab. xvi. 4. 4) as 
 wild in the country West of the entrance of the Red Sea; and is identified with the "lebakh" of 
 Abu Hanifa, Firuzabadi, Avicenna, Abd-allatif, Ebn Baitar, Makrizi, and Soyouti, by the Copts, 
 Arabs, and De Sacy. The " la^bach " wa£ seen by Forskal p. 196 at Melhan among the mountains 
 of Yemen, a tree having leaves twice as long as the petiole, otherwise closely resembling those of the 
 " sar '' (described as lanceolate, entire, and smooth), but neither fruit nor flower were met with. 
 
 A third set of delegates are clad in the cincture of Tropical climates, yet seem to have come 
 from either Palestine or Cyprus, for the vases in their hands manifest a taste for the fine arts sugges- 
 tive of Greek nationality. 
 
 Crocus sativus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens saffron, in 
 Spain " azafran," in Arabic " al zahafaran " (Prior), in Germany " safran," in Italy " zafferano " (Lenz), 
 in Greece "krokos" (Fraas), in Egyptian "mSthaio" (Edw.) ; and the single large flowers project- 
 ing above the soil in these vases — may be compared : " krokos " of Cilicia continued celebrated in 
 the days of Dioscorides, and that of Cyrene is mentioned by him, and Theophrastus vi. 6; the 
 "sahaferan" or "zafran" is mentioned by Arab writers; and the "fragrant" crocus was observed by 
 Rauwolf in Syria. Farther North, the " krokos " is mentioned by Homer, Aeschylus ag. 230, Euri- 
 pides, Aristophanes, the Hippocratic writings, and the "krokos Suosmos '' by Theophrastus ix. 7: 
 C. sativus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains and rocky plains of Attica, and in 
 fallow ground in other parts of Greece. Westward, Sicilian " krokos " is mentioned by Dioscorides ; 
 cultivating "crocus" in Italy is mentioned by Varro, Columella, and Pliny xxi. 17; Roman saloons 
 and theatres were strewed with its " costly perfume," and " vinous tinctures retaining the scent were 
 made" (Sen. ep. go, Lucan ix. 808, Spartian., Lamprid., and Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) : C. sativus 
 is described by Bauhin hist. ii. p. 637, and Tournefort inst. 350; was observed by Lenz seemingly 
 wild in Italy ; continues a favourite garden flower throughout middle Europe, escaping and springing 
 up spontaneously for successive seasons as far even as England (Engl. bot. pi. 343, and Wats.) ; 
 but according to A. Decandolle, its cultivation for commercial purposes is becoming rare. Eastward 
 from Greece, is known to be cultivated in Asia Minor, Persia, and extensively in Cashmere ; the 
 product according to Royle exported and sold at a high price in Hindustan for colouring and flavour- 
 ing dishes, and as a stimulant medicine. The dried stigmas according to Pereira, and Lindley, "are 
 the saffron of the shops," among Europeans "little used except as a colouring ingredient," and "an 
 agreeable stimulant in many culinary preparations and liqueurs:" the "singular substance called 
 polychroite is obtained " from it. 
 
 In the same tribute-procession, the two men leading a camelopard, from the features and com- 
 plexion examined by myself in the original painting at Thebes, seem (as suggested by Gliddon) to 
 belong to the Abyssinian Race of man. 
 
 The same year (in or about the "four hundred and ninety-fifth ann. Abr. and seventh year of 
 Marathius king of Sicyon," Euseb. . . . ), the city of Corinth founded. 
 
 December (= 1551 ■• 239ft — "4° years" of ten lunations, Gen. xxvi. 34), marriage of Esau 
 with Judith and Bashemath. 
 
 Balsa?nodendron opobalsanmm of the African side of the entrance to the Red Sea. The balsam 
 tree is called in Yemen " abu scham," and its imported product seems connected with the name of 
 Bashemath ; — " bshm " is enumerated by Moses (ex. xxx. 23 to xxxv. 28) among ingredients for the 
 anointing oil, and to the days of Ezekiel xxvii. 22 continued to be imported by "merchants of Sheba 
 and Raamah : " the living tree (according to Josephus) was brought by the queen of Sheba to Pales- 
 tine • and seems mentioned in gardens there in Cant. iv. 16 to vi. 2 ; the " valsamon thfinthron " con- 
 tinued under cultivation in Palestine in the days of Theophrastus ix. 6, Diodorus, Dioscorides, Pliny, 
 Tacitus, Justin, Galen, Pausanias, Nicolaus of Laodicea, Beda loc. sanct., and Willebald, after whose 
 visit it disappeared from the country : two centuries later, trees were seen in Egypt by Ebn Samhun 
 in a garden at Ain-Schems near Cairo, and continued flourishing when visited by Abd-allatif, Maun- 
 
tl6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 deville, Gulielmus de Baldensal, Peter Martyr, and Barthelemi de Salignac ; "living stocks brought 
 at great expense from Yemen" were seen by Belon in the same locality, also by Pellegrino Brocardi, 
 Radzivil, and notwithstanding Alpinus' unsuccessful search by Brenning, but soon afterwards " in 
 the early part of the Seventeenth century" they disappeared (Hartmann). Farther South, B. opo- 
 balsamum is described by Strabo xvi. 4. 19 as wild in the country of the Sabaeans ; was observed by 
 Bruce, and Salt, a small tree of stunted appearance " above fourteen feet high -" growing especially 
 in the vicinity of Azab (Saba) and thence as far as the entrance to the Red Sea. Was carried at an 
 early period to Yemen (Bruce) ; was first observed by Forskal p. 80 at the Oude caravanserai near 
 the end of his journey ; was also carried to Hindustan (Roxb., and Wight) ; and afterwards by 
 Wathen "in 1S37 from Mecca ".to the botanic garden at Bombay (Graham). 
 
 1 5 iS B. C. (= 1273 -|- "245 years" of Berosus, in Alex. Polyhist. and Euseb. i. 4. p. 18), at 
 Babylon, the accession of the Arabian dynasty : — a series of '• nine " successive kings. 
 
 In this year = " 37th of Tutmas III.,'' slaves and cattle brought as tribute by the Kharu and 
 Kush — (Birch). 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 231), 
 Jamadagni, nephew of Viswamitra, reigning in Hindustan.. 
 
 1517 B. C. (= 1505 y. 332^- d. -f- " 7 " + 7th year of ten lunations, Gen. xxx. 25 and xxxi. 
 41), departure of Jacob, to reside with Laban at Haran. 
 
 In this year = " 38th of Tutmas III.," his thirteenth military campaign — (Birch). 
 
 15 16 B. C. = "39th of Tutmas III.," his fourteenth military campaign — (Birch). 
 
 1515 B. C, in or about the "five hundredth ann. Abr. and third year of Ascatades king of Sicy- 
 on " (Euseb. ). 
 
 1514 B. C. = "41st of Tutmas III.," the king in the field, warring and receiving tribute — 
 (Birch). 
 
 A papyrus roll, enumerating Egyptian kings, and composed in part in the reign of Tutmas III., 
 is mentioned by Lepsius (Eg. and Sin. p. 395). Papyri written "from the Sixteenth — to the Thir- 
 teenth century B. C," are also mentioned by Lepsius p. 381 ; containing, it is inferred, like those of 
 later date, "laudatory songs upon kings or gods, historical annals, accounts of the temple, that which 
 relates to the calendar, and many other things with reference to this life, contracts, law-suits." The 
 papyri were '■ interred in tombs ; " and from the time of the Greeks, were sometimes accompanied 
 with a Greek translation. 
 
 1508 B. C. = " 47th year of Tutmas III.," in a tablet at On or Heliopolis, recording that he had 
 surrounded the temple with a wall. ( Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and Birch). 
 
 In this year (= 508 -)- " 1000 yrs." of Herodot. iv. 5), Targitaus the first Scythian, colonist or 
 ancestor of all the Scythians. (See Tanaus). 
 
 Cucumis dudaim of Equatorial Africa. Called in Egypt " schemmam '' (Forsk.) : the " thw- 
 thym " love-apples "in the days of wheat harvest " found by Reuben " in the field " — (gen. xxx. 
 14), occurring in vineyards and giving a smell (Tant. vii. 12), are according to Harris bibl. nat. hist, 
 by " the generality of interpreters and commentators " regarded as " a species of melon : " the Egyp- 
 tian word " vi tukg " is translated by Edwards " melonis genus silvestris, pomum amoris, mandra- 
 gora " (compare " batykh ") : the " schammam " or " Syrian luffah '' is described by Temimi, and 
 Ebn Baitar; was observed by Forskal p. 169, and Delile, in Egypt, its fruit globose-ovate as lar^e as 
 a lemon and not edible, but cultivated for its strong and not unpleasant odour. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Dillenius hort. elth. pi. 77. (See Mandragora officinalis). 
 
 "1506 B. C. = 1st year of Tsou-sin, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 The same year (= (481 y. 239^- d. -f- "30 years " of ten lunations of Gen. xli. 46), Joseph 
 born to Jacob and Rachel. 
 
 Amygdalus communis of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in English gardens almond, in 
 France " amande " (Nugent), in Germany " mandel," in Italy " mandolo " or " mandorlo " (Lenz)', in 
 Greece " amugthalea " (FraasJ, in Egypt "louz" (Del.), in Egyptian " karia " (transl. Sept.) indi- 
 cating the geographical route of introduction : rods of " lwz " were among those selected by Jacob — 
 (gen. xxx. 37) : A. communis was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, the 
 fruit imported besides in quantities from Syria and Cyprus. The Greek word "karuon" may have had 
 the same derivation as the Egyptian ; an ancient custom of eating bitter almonds to prevent intoxica- 
 tion is mentioned by Pliny, and Plutarch sympos. i. 6; the " amugthale " is mentioned by Xenophon 
 anab. iv. 4. 8, Tryphon, Pamphilus, Dioscorides, Athenaeus ii. 39, and ajnode of rendering the nuts 
 sweet, by Theophrastus ii. 7.7 : A. communis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from 
 the Peloponnesus and Crete throughout Greece, springing up spontaneously, the branchlets spine- 
 scent and the kernel bitter ; is known to grow to all appearance wild in the country South of Cauca- 
 sus (Bieb., and Ledeb.). Westward, the "mix" is mentioned by Plautus, and from being termed 
 " graeca " by Cato is regarded by Pliny xv. 24 as probably foreign to Italy ; the " nux graeca " is 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. I I 7 
 
 mentioned by Columella, and Macrobius ii. 14; the " max" flowering in Spring, by Virgil geor. i. . . . ; 
 "nuces amarae" by Celsus; and "amygdalae amarae" and "dulces," by Pliny xvii. 43 : A. communis 
 is described by Matthioli i. 247 ; is termed " a. amara " by Tournefort inst. 627 ; has become natur- 
 alized in Italy, Sicily, and Barbary, forming in Algeria groves or woods (Desf., Cosson, Guss., and 
 A. Dec). Eastward from Syria, is called in Persia "badam" (Roxb.), and the same word has been 
 adopted in, Hindustanee and Bengalee (D'roz.) for the imported nuts, the tree not succeeding in 
 Hindustan even in the North (Royle, and Graham) : was however observed by Loureiro, and Bunge, 
 under cultivation in China, and called "him" or "hanh." By European colonists, was carried to 
 America, where I have occasionally met with it in gardens in our Middle States. 
 
 Styrax officinale of the East Mediterranean countries. The storax tree is called in Italy " sto- 
 race" (Lenz), in Greece "stouraki" (Sibth.) or " agria kuthfinia" (Fraas), and its imported product 
 in Egyptian " aminakou " or " suetos " (Edw.) : the green " lbnh " selected for rods by Jacob — 
 (gen. xxx. 37), mentioned as a tree on the mountains of Palestine by Hosea iv. 13, is referred here in 
 the Septuagint and Arabic translations : " samgh leban Schami " or " olibanum Syriacum " is enu- 
 merated by Forskal mat. med. as imported from Greece into Egypt ; and at Mocha I was informed 
 that "lubanum" is a general term, including in the Somali country all gum-like articles of commerce. 
 Northward from Egypt, the "sturaka" is mentioned as indigenous in Asia Minor and Greece by He- 
 rodotus iii. 107, Theophrastus, Strabo, and Dioscorides ; and S. officinale was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Gittard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus and Crete to Smyrna and Cyprus. Westward, the "sty- 
 rax " seems known to Pliny xii. 40 to 55 only from the imported product ; but the tree has since been 
 introduced and become naturalized in Italy and Southern France (Csesalp. ii. p. 71, Bertolon., and A. 
 Dec). As cultivated in England according to Lindley does not form storax, and this "fragrant resi- 
 nous balsamic substance is obtained in Asia Minor." 
 
 The long reign of Tutmas III. is remarkable for an astonishing amount of building, throughout 
 Egypt and Nubia. At Thebes, the temple in the Asasif was completed, and additions made to those 
 at Karnak and Medinet Abu. Temples were also constructed, continued, or commenced at Esneh, 
 El Kab, Edfu, Ombos, Elephantine, Amada, Eguisse, Semneh, Ibrim, and Wadi Haifa. Two obe- 
 lisks ninety feet or so in height, were placed in Karnak ; other obelisks were erected by Tutmas III. 
 (but have been removed, two of them to Alexandria, one to Constantinople, and one to Rome. See 
 also Leps. eg. and sin p. 20, 25, and 42). 
 
 But above all we are indebted to Tutmas III. for an important historical document: the series of 
 successive kings in the chamber at Karnak — (now removed to Paris). 
 
 1501 B. C. = "30th Phamenoth in the 54th year of his reign," death of Tutmas III. — (Birch). 
 The accession therefore of Amunhotep II., second king of the Eighteenth dynasty, 
 not earlier than this date. His name is next in order on the monuments : both con- 
 temporaneous, — and in the series of kings at Abydos and Gurna. 
 
 Amunhotep II. continued the temple at Karnak, and others in Nubia, and built new 
 temples at Bigeh and Kalabsheh. His name occurs also in a cave-temple at Ibrim, 
 and in the Sinai peninsula at Sarbut-el-Khadem. A colossal statue of this king — (is now in the 
 museum at Turin). 
 
 In this year (= 1517 — " 20 years " of ten lunations, of Gen. xxxi. 41), treaty at the parting of 
 Laban and Jacob ; the heap of stones called by the former "ygr shSthwda" being perhaps the earliest 
 specimen known of the Aramaic or Chaldee language. — This language is called " army " in •> K. 
 xviii. 26, Dan. ii. 4, and Ezr. iv. 7 ; and forms the text of the following portions of the scriptures : 
 Jer. a. ii, Dan. ii. 4 to vii. 28, Ezr. iv. 8 to vi. 18 and vii. 12 to 26. The Syriac, regarded as only a 
 dialect or somewhat later form, is to the present day spoken by the Christian Syrians on the Tigris 
 near Mosul. (See J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.). 
 
 Eighty-fourth generation. Jan. 1st, 1500, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 1498 B. C. = "4th year of Amunhotep II.," in a tablet at Sarabit-el-Khadim in the Sinai penin- 
 sula— (Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and Birch;. , . . , , _ 
 
 " 1497 B C. = 10th year of Tsou-sin " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twentieth cycle. 
 The same year (= 1477 + "20 years" of Euseb. ii.), accession of Sphaerus as Assyrian empe- 
 ror " Twenty-two " years are however assigned to his reign i. p. 44, and by Syncellus. 
 
 1495 B C (= 1530— "35 years" of Castor and Euseb. i. p. 129 to 131, see also Pherecyd., 
 Apollod and Hy-in.), Apis succeeded by his nephew Argus, son of Niobe and now fourth king of 
 the Peloponnesus°or fourth Argive king; the name of his kingdom having been changed to Argos 
 
 (Hygin. fab. 145, and Paus. ii. 16. 1). . 
 
 The same year = " 7th of Amunhotep II.," in a tablet at Sarabit-el-Khadim in the Sinai penin- 
 sula — (Birch). 
 
Il8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 1494 B. C. (= 1484 y. 3 mo. -\- "9 y. 8 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 1417 + 
 '37 _|_ 31 -j- 9 years" of the Afr.-Maneth table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving -j- 
 '3S -(- 31 -\-g" = 1495), accession of Thmdsis or T6uthm6sis, as king of Egypt. Tut- 
 mas IV., third king of the Eighteenth dynasty, is next on the monuments : both con- 
 temporaneous, — and in the series of kings at Abydos and Gurna. 
 
 In this year = " 1st of his reign," Tutmas IV. set up a votive tablet fourteen feet high between 
 the fore paws of the Great Sphinx at Gizeh — (Leps. d. iii. pi. 68, and Birch). He also completed 
 the temple at Amada, built additions to others at Wadi Haifa and Thebes, and set up obelisks (one 
 of which is now in Rome). 
 
 1402 B. C. (= 1505 y. 33 2 |§ d. — " 17 years " of ten lunations of Gen. xxxvii. 2 and 28), Joseph 
 sold to Ishmeelite or Midianite merchants, and carried by them into Egypt. 
 
 The balm of Gilead " Izry " on the camels of the Ishmeelites and Midianite merchants — (gen. 
 xxxvii. 25), included among the productions of Palestine in gen. xliii. 11, healing and produced in 
 Gilead according to Jeremiah viii. 22 and xlvi. 11, brought by merchants of Judah and Israel to 
 Tyre in the days of Ezekiel xxvii. 17, is probably the "balsamum Hierosolymitanum " seen by Forskal 
 mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt : the plant from which it is procured remains unknown. 
 
 Cistns Creticus of the East Mediterranean countries. The plant producing gum ladanum is 
 called in Greece "lathan6" (Sibth.) or " em£ro kistari" or " emeVa kounouklia " (Fraas), while in 
 Egypt its imported product is called "laden" (Forsk.) : the "It" or "lwt" on the camels of the 
 Ishmeelites — (gen. xxxvii. 25), included among the productions of Palestine in gen. xliii. it, is 
 referred here by Celsius, and Gesenius ; the "lethanon" is said by Herodotus iii. 107, and Rufus 
 Ephesius, to be procured by the Arabians, by Pliny xii. 37 to be produced in Nabathaean (Northern) 
 Arabia and Cyprus ; Arabian, Cyprian, and Libyan " lathanon " procured from a kind of "kistou" 
 are mentioned by Dioscorides : gum "laden " was found by Forskal mat. med. imported into Egypt 
 from Crete ; and the process of procuring it was witnessed in Crete by Tournefort, and Sieber 
 (Spreng.). C. Creticus is termed " c. ladanifera cretica flore purpureo " by Tournefort cor. 19, was 
 observed by him, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Crete and Corinth throughout the Greek islands to 
 Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Syria (Buxb. iii. pi. 64, and Pers.). Ladanum according to 
 Lindley is a gum-resin "produced principally by this species," and "has been much esteemed as a 
 stimulant and emmenagogue." (See C. Monspeliensis). 
 
 Astragalus gummi/'er of the mountains of Syria and Kurdistan. Gum tragacanth is called in 
 Arabic " nakaoton " (Greenfield), and the '• nkad " on the camels of the Ishmeelites — (gen. xxxvii. 
 25), enumerated among the productions of Palestine in gen. xliii. 11, is referred here by Gesenius: 
 " katad " or " katira " is mentioned by Rhazes ; and as procured on Lebanon, by Ebn Baitar: A. 
 gummifer was observed by Labillardiere on Lebanon, yielding gum tragacanth; by Dickson, yielding 
 the same in Kurdistan (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). A white kind according to Lindlev, " more 
 transparent than that of commerce, neither does it dissolve so well in water, and therefore is inferior 
 in quality.'' (See A. verus). 
 
 Scorzoncra tuberosa of Syria and the Tauro-Caspian countries. The " nkwd " brought from 
 Gilead on the camels of the Ishmeelites — (gen. xxxvii. 25) is referred by Sprengel to the gum exuded 
 by this root, well known in the country East of the Jordan : S. tuberosa is known to grow around 
 Damascus, was observed in Syria by Rauwolf 117 ; and by Pallas trav. iii. app. 131, in arid situations 
 along the Lower Volga (Pers.) 
 
 1491 B. C. (="five hundred and twenty-fifth ann. Abr.'' of Euseb., "five hundredth" beino- 
 given in another place), in Greece, the temple at Delphi built by Erysichthon. The oracle at first 
 belonged to Ge and Neptune (Paus. x. 5. 6, see Aeschyl. eum. 2). 
 
 " 1490 B. C. = 1st year of Wou-kia, of the Chang " or Fourth dymsty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 1488 B. C. = " 7th year of Tutmas IV.," in a tablet on Konosso recording a victory over Ne°ro 
 tribes ; the latest date in his reign found on the monuments — (Birch). 
 
 9/ ^y r 4S5 B - c - (= I4'7 + "36 )'■ 5 mo. -f 30 y. 10 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A., = 
 Nial " 37 -j-3 [ " in the Afr.-Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving -)- "38 -|- 31 " 
 i :r jM = i4 Sfj ), accession of AmenSphis as king of Egypt. Amunhotep III. fourth king of 
 Wmm llle Eighteenth dynasty, is next on the monuments: both contemporaneous, — and in 
 ^■y the series of kings at Abydos and Gurna. 
 In this year = " istof his reign." The quarries at Tourah re-opened by Amunhotep III. (Birch.) 
 "14S4 B. C. = beginning of the Dwapar Yug or Brazen Age" among the Hindus (Graha 
 Munjari tables). Parasurama son of Jamadagni (Bentley as. res. viii. 231) may have been at 
 this time reigning. He is said to have destroyed the Kshattriya or military caste (Bhavabhuti 
 uttar. vi., transl. H. H. Wils.). Rama, a son of Jumudugni, — is mentioned in the Ramayana i. 61 
 to ii. 18. 
 
 In this year = " 2d of Amunhotep III.," on the rocks at the quarries at Tourah — (Birch). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 119 
 
 Uredo segetum of Europe arid Northern Asia. A minute fungus developed in the blasting of 
 grain-crops, and called in Britain rust or blight (Ainsw.) or mildew, in Anglo-Saxon "mele-deaw," 
 in the Ortus Sanitatis "mel rods" (Prior), in Germany "mehlthau" (Grieb), in France " nielle " 
 (Nugent), and the blasted ears " shdphwn " of Pharaoh's dream — (gen. xli. 6 to 27), Deut. xxviii. 
 22, Amos iv. 9, and 1 K. viii. 37, are referred here by Gesenius. Farther North, the "Srusives" is 
 mentioned by Democritus (Cass, geopon. v. 5), Theophrastus viii. 10 and caus. iii. 27 ; the "uredo," 
 by Cicero, and Pliny; the "sterilem rubiginem" by Horace; "rorem inustum sole acri frugibus 
 rubiginis causam esse" by Pliny xviii. 68; and the "ustilago rustica " by Apuleius d. h. 63. 109 
 (Billerb., and others). 
 
 1482 B. C. (= 1484 — " 2 full years " of Gen. xli. 1 = 1002 y. 1 i6^j d. -j- "480th year " of 1 
 Kings vi. I = 1611 y. 239H d - — " x 3° y ears " of Gen. xlvii. 9 ; 1587 y. 239H d - — " r 3° y ears " of 
 ten lunations = end of September 1483), Joseph released from prison and appointed governor over 
 Egypt. Israel or the Israelitish nation being "an hundred and thirty years " old. 
 
 The "Coptic" or Egyptian language at this time the spoken language of Egypt: as appears 
 from Gen. xlii. 23, and from the quotations preserved in xli. 43 to 45 : " abrk " ap£-r£k, head incline ; 
 and " tsphnd phinh " tsh6f-noud fai-nfih, in God's Desert-making bringing deliverance. The words 
 being pure Coptic, the non-existence of any different hieroglyphic language is demonstrated. — Words 
 however were clearly invented before grammar; and at what period the latter modification was made 
 in the Egyptian language, does not appear. 
 
 1480 B. C. = "5th year of Amunhotep III.," on the rocks near Philae in a tablet recording 
 victories over Negro tribes: a tablet at Semneh mentioning the rapid passage of the king — (Birch). 
 
 1477 B. C. (= 1447 — " 30 years " of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Mamylus as 
 Assyrian emperor. 
 
 1474 B. C. (= 1481 y. 239H d. — 1 — "7 years" of Gen. xli. 53), arrival of Joseph's brethren 
 in Egypt. 
 
 Joseph's cup was for divining as well as drinking (Gen. xliv. 1 to 5). — Divining-cups are fig- 
 ured on the Assyrian monuments at Nimroud ; and to the present day, drinking-cups inscribed with 
 some mystic sentence are in use throughout the East (Bonom. nin. iv. 2). 
 
 In this year = " loth of Amunhotep III.," on scarabaei recording that the king had slain " no 
 lions " with his own arrows — (Birch). 
 
 1473 B. C. (=; 1481 y. 239|| d- — "7 — 2 years " of Gen. xli. 53, xlv. 6 to xlvi. 27, and Ex. i. 5), 
 removal into Egypt of Jacob and his household: the Israelitish nation now numbering " seventy " 
 souls, "besides Jacob's sons' wives." The date is confirmed by the Biblical genealogies ; no Israelite 
 beino- named after an Egyptian king more ancient than Hur or Horus and Amminadab. 
 
 In this year = " 16th Athyr in the nth year of his reign" on scarabaei, Amunhotep III. having 
 married Tii, a foreign woman whose father's name was "Iuaa" (compare Iuda) and her mother's 
 " Tuaa," now holding a novel religious festival, introducing upon an artificial lake the boat of 
 the responsive aid-according solar disk Aten-nefru or nofri — (compare the Hebrew Adonai, and 
 revealed religion). 
 
 "In the same year of his reign," Amunhotep III. bestowed endowments on the temple at 
 Karnak — (Birch). 
 
 147 1 B. C. (Gen. xlvii. 18 to 26), the land of the Egyptians bought for bread by Joseph : who 
 " made it a law," that " Pharaoh should have the fifth : " except only, that the priests having already 
 an assignment of food, " sold not their lands." This change in the agrarian condition of Egypt and 
 introduction of a ground-tax, is mentioned by Herodotus, and Diodorus, but is attributed by them 
 to Sesostris (Leps. trav. Eg. and Sin. p. 480). 
 
 Eighty-fifth generation. May 1st, 1467, mostly beyond youth : Eliphaz and Ruel, sons of Esau 
 (Gen. xxxvi. 4 to 17, and I Chron. i. 35). 
 
 " 1465 B. C. = 1st year of Tsou-ting, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 1456 B. C. (= 1481 y. 239f|d. — "7 — 2— 17 years " of Gen. xli. 53, xlv. 6, and xlvii. 28), 
 death of Jacob ; in the reign of the king who ruled Egypt "two full years " before Joseph's release 
 — (a severe chronological test). 
 
 The same year — " 30th of Amunhotep III.," on a. monument representing him receiving the 
 account of a great harvest from the store-keepers of Upper and Lower Egypt — (Birch). 
 
 1451 B. C. — "35th of Amunhotep III.," at Sarbit-el-Kbadim in the Sinai peninsula— (Birch). 
 
 Amunhotep III. warred in foreign countries, and the names of some sixty conquered tribes and 
 nations are recorded on the monuments. He built the great temple at Luxor, another at Elephantine, 
 founded that at Soleb in Nubia, and set up obelisks - (Leps. eg. and sin. 19 to 236, and Birch). 
 
 The two colossi sitting on the plain at Thebes and so conspicuous in the distance, are statues 
 of Amunhotep III. : — behind them, an immense temple has been destroyed to the foundation-stones, 
 the lines of which are barely traceable. 
 
120 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 1450 B. C. = "36th year of Amunhotep III.," at Sarbit-el-Khadim ; the latest date in his reign 
 found on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 17). 
 
 In this year (= 1413 -|- "36 y. 5 mo.'' of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = "37 " in Afr.- 
 Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving-)- "38" = 1451)1 en d o:f tne re 'g n 
 of Amunhotep III., and accession of Amunhotep IV., fifth king of the Eighteenth 
 dynasty. His name occurs on contemporaneous monuments : — but not in the series 
 of kings at Abydos, Gurna, Medinet Abu, nor is he mentioned by Manetho. 
 Amunhotep IV. completed the great temple at Soleb in Nubia; but adopted the religion of his 
 mother Tii, and in all the inscriptions composed during his reign " not one Egyptian god is men- 
 tioned except Sun" (Leps. eg. and sin. 19 to 27, and Birch. See below, Sherah). 
 
 1447 B. C. (— 1408 -\- "39 years " of Euseb. ii.), accession of Sparaethus as Assyrian emperor. 
 "Forty" years are however assigned to his reign i. p. 44, and "forty-two" years by Syncellus, who 
 calls him " Spartheus " 
 
 1445 B. C. = "6th year of Amunhotep IV." at Alabastron or Tel-el- Amarna, recording his 
 homage to a solar disk whose rays have hands — (Immortality reaching down to man, or revealed 
 religion). Amunhotep IV. was called Khuenaten in the latter part of his reign, and had two daughters 
 whom he associated with him in the empire in order to succeed him (Birch). 
 
 "In the sixth generation before Deucalion's conquest" (Dionys. i. p. 45, see also Hellan., and 
 Clint, i. p. 16), a colony from the Peloponnesus led by Pelasgus son of Larissa, accompanied by 
 Phthius, and Achaeus, into Kaemonia (Thessaly). After expelling barbarous tribes, the country was 
 divided into three districts which received the names of Pelasgiotis, Phthiotis, and Achaea. 
 
 1439 B. C. = " 12th year of Khuenaten or Amunhotep IV. ; " the latest date in his reign found 
 on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 17). 
 
 In his reign, the usual tributes came from the people of the East, North, the isles of the Medi- 
 terranean, and Ethiopia, while Asiatic and Negro soldiers filled the ranks of his army (Birch). That 
 he preceded Horus, appears f/om his name on stone blocks employed by Horus in building (C. Mull, 
 fr. Man. p. 586). 
 
 143S B. C. (— 1449 y. 5 mo. — " 12 y. 1 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A., Manetho also 
 giving " 5th -|- 12 y. 5 mo. 4-9= 12 y. 3 mo. -f 12 y. 5 mo. -f- o y. 9 mo." = 25 
 y. 5 mo, this added to 141 3 = 1439), AkSghres succeeded by her brother Rathfitis. 
 On the monuments, Rasaakakherperu is the sixth king of the Eighteenth dynasty. He 
 married a queen named Atenmerit, but his name — does not occur in the series of 
 kings at Abydos, Gurm, nor at Medinet-Abu (see Leps. k. pi. 29, Poole hor. eg. 255, and Birch). 
 
 " 1437 B. C. = 29th year of Tsou-ting " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-first 
 cycle. 
 
 In this year (r= 1437 y. 4 mo. — 9 mo., Manetho also giving" 12 y. 31110.-)- 12 y. 5 mo." 
 -(- 1413 i= 1438), Rath6tis succeeded by Ak£gheres. On the monuments, Ai or Aui 
 is the seventh king of the Eighteenth dynasty. He had held office under Amunhotep 
 IV. ; and that he preceded Horus, is shown by his name on stone blocks — employed 
 by Horus in building the fourth pylon at Karnak (Prisse, and Birch). 
 The same year = " 1st of Ai," in a tablet — (Birch). 
 
 1434 B. C. = "4th year of Ai," in a tablet ; the latest date in his reign found on the monuments 
 (Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and Birch). 
 
 Eighty-sixth generation. Sept. 1st, 1434, mostly beyond youth : Pharez and Zarah (Gen. xxxviii. 
 29, Num. xxvi. 20, Ruth iv. 18, and 1 Chron ii. 4) ; Machir " the first born of Manasseh " (Gen. 1. 23, 
 Num. xxvi. 29, xxvii. 1, and Josh. xvii. 3) ; Teman, Amalek, Zerah of Bosrah, and Bela king of Edom 
 (Gen. xxxvi. 11 to 33, and 1 Chron. i. 36 to 44). 
 
 " 1433 B. C. — 1st year of Nan-keng, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 " 1432 B. C. " ( . . . . Parian marble, and Troyon p. 175), iron discovered by the Dactyli of 
 Ida in Phrygia. — Smiths working iron, are figured on Egyptian monuments hardly later than this 
 date (see Rosselini ii. pi. 50). The triangular bow was observed by myself figured on the Ramesseum 
 or great temple built by Ramessu II. at Thebes ; also on the temple at Medinet Abu, under Ramessu 
 III. ; and the "bow of steel," is mentioned in Job xx. 24. and 2 Sam. xxii. 35. The "brzl" of Gen. 
 iv. 22, Josh. viii. 31, Deut. xxvii. 5, Psalm cv. 18, and Isaiah xlviii. 4, is admitted to be iron. Hesiod 
 op. 151 speaks of a traditional period when iron was unknown ; and "sitheros " or iron, is also men- 
 tioned by Homer, and Greek writers generally. The process of manufacturing steel is besides 
 described by Aristotle. 
 
 The tomb of Ai is the most ancient one in the valley of Bab-el-meluk, — his name having been 
 "erased purposely" in all instances (Glid. analect.). This valley now became the royal cemetery 
 of Thebes, devoted solely to subterranean tombs of Egyptian kings; and according to Lepsius eg. 
 and sin. 264 the paintings on the walls " almost exclusively refer to life after death. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 12 1 
 
 These paintings — remain uninjured by the slightest infiltration of moisture, notwithstanding the 
 prodigy mentioned by Herodotus of a fall of rain at Thebes. That the climate is not absolutely 
 rainless, is shown by Lepsius eg. and sin. 119 having experienced a "heavy rain and violent thunder- 
 storm at Assuan," though his "guards never remembered such a spectacle ; " on my own visit there 
 several months afterwards, the people continued to speak of this rain-storm. ' 
 
 _ 1425 B. C. (= 1436 + 7 — " 12 y. 5 mo." of Manetho in Jos u. A., Manetho also 
 giving "12 y. 3 mo." -f 1413 = 1426), Ak£gheres succeeded by another Akegheres. 
 On the monuments, Tutankhamun Hiktenres is the eighth king of the Eighteenth 
 dynasty, but his name — does not occur in the series of kings at Abydos, Gurna, nor 
 at Medinet-Abu. 
 
 Amunhotep and Hui, governors of Ethiopia under Amunhotep III., continued in power, and Hui 
 sent tribute ; recorded together with tribute from the Syrians in a tomb at Thebes. The name of 
 Tutankhamum Hiktenres occurs also on blocks of stone — employed by Horus in building (C. Mull, 
 fr. Man. p. 586, Leps. k. pi. 30, and Birch). 
 
 In this year (= 1495 — "70 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Pherecyd., Apollod., 
 Hygin., and Pausan.), in the Peloponnesus, Argus succeeded by his son Criasus, fifth Argive king. 
 
 Tiryns another son of Argus founding the city bearing his own name ; his brother Peirasus dedi- 
 cating there an image of Juno. This image, made of wood of the "ahrathos" — or wild peat, was 
 on the capture of the city by the Argives removed to the temple near Mycenae, where it continued 
 extant in the days of Pausanias ii. 17. 5 and 25.7. (See Pyrus communis). 
 
 Cratmgus oxyacantha of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hawthorn or 
 white thorn or hedge thorn, in Anglo-Saxon " hagathorn " or "hegethorn," in Germany "hagedorn " 
 (Prior) or "weissdorn " (Grieb), i.i France "aubepine " (Nugent), in Italy "spina bianca" (Lenz), in 
 Greece "moruntza" or " trikokkia" or " ahlatha " (Sibth ), in which we recognize the "ahras " fruit on 
 which the inhabitants of Tiryntha at first lived — (Aelian and Ruel i. 115), also the "aMrthS" thorny 
 hedge on Ithaca (Horn. od. xiv. 10), and '■ ahfirthos " plant of Sophocles oed. 1596, and Theocritus 
 xxiv. 89, yielding according to Pherecrates the fruit called "ahras " (Steph. th.ed. Hase) : C. oxyacantha 
 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, a frequent tree from the Peloponnesus to 
 Tenedos, and planted in hedges on Crete. Westward, the "spina alba" is mentioned by Columella 
 vii. 7, 2 to 9. 6; C. oxyacantha was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; is known to grow wild in 
 Italy and throughout middle Europe, where also it has long been employed for hedges (fl Dan. pi. 
 634, Jacq. austr., Pers., and Prior). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where 
 it continues planted for ornament, and I have observed trees to all appearance spontaneously seeded 
 and more than thirty feet high in the environs of Salem in New Enghnd. (See C. monogyna). 
 
 Pyrus salicifolia of the East Mediterranean countries and Siberia. Called in Greece "goritzia " 
 or " gouritzia " or " ahlathia " (Fraas), and possibly the " ahras " in question : — the " ahras " is men- 
 tioned as edible by Homer, by Aristotle viii. 9 as food for swine, by Dioscorides as a kind of "agrias 
 apiou," is mentioned also by Theophrastus ii. 3, and in the Hermetic iatromathematica, and is referred 
 here by Fraas : P. salicifolia is termed "p. sylvestris orientalis folio oblongo incano" by Tournefort 
 cor. 43 ; and was observed by Sibthorp on mount Hsemus, by Fraas, abounding in Greece and con- 
 tinuing a favourite food of swine ; is known to grow also in Armenia and Siberia (Pall. fl. ross. i. pi. 
 9, and Pers.). 
 
 1417 B. C. (= 1505 y. 332|| d. — " no years " of ten lunations of Gen. 1. 22 to 26), after bring- 
 ing up upon his knees the children "of Machir the son of Manasseh," and seeing "Ephraim's chil- 
 dren of the third " generation, death of Joseph. 
 
 The same year (= 1413 -j- " 5th year of Kogharis " of Manetho in Syncell. p. 103), accession 
 of AkSghres or AhSrres, as queen of Egypt. She is identified by Lepsius (C. Mull. fr. Man. 
 p. 586) with " Bech-n-aten ra (Bechra) " widow of Amunhotep IV. ; and is represented in the 
 sculptures at Amarna with all the emblems of royalty ; but whether she died in the lifetime 
 of her brother-in-law king Horemheb, remains unascertained. The account of "Nit6kris" 
 (given by Herodotus . . ), coincides in some remarkable particulars with that of " Sherah," 1 Chron. 
 vii. 21 to 24 ; and in Manetho, we find even identity in name (for the sound " sh " cannot be expressed 
 in Greek letters, the nearest approach being the phonetic change that has converted the Spanish 
 "Xeres" or Heres into the English "Sherry"). 
 
 Convolvulus scammonia of the East Mediterranean countries. The scammony plant is called 
 in Egyptian " sakamonia " (Edw.), and the trailing sagittate-leaved Convolvulus figured at Amarna 
 — (Leps. d. iii. pi. 98), and more or less distinctly on subsequent monuments (Champ, pi. 5 and 273, 
 and Rosselin. i. pi. 19 and iii. pi. 5), may be compared : C. scammonia was observed by Hasselquist 
 near Damietta on the Mediterranean border, and the imported drug has doubtless been long known 
 in Egypt. Farther North, the " skamonias " is mentioned by Antiphanes, I Mul. morb. 597, Theo- 
 phrastus, Nicander, and Athenaeus, the plant according to Rufus Ephesius fr. 21 growing on the Asiatic 
 
 16 
 
122 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Olympus and around Colophon : C. scammonia was received from Asia Minor by Matthioli ; is termed 
 "scammonia syriaca"by C. Bauhin pin. 294, " c. syriacus " by Tournefort inst. 83; was observed 
 by Sibthorp in the hedges of Rhodes, and he further ascertained that it yields Aleppo scammony. 
 Westward, the imported drug " scammonea " or " scammonium " is mentioned by Cato, Cicero, Celsus, 
 Scribonius Largus, and Vegetius ; and the kind called by the Romans "kolophftnion," in Syn. Diosc, 
 and by Pliny xxvi. 38. The drug scammony according to Lindley is a resin obtained " from the roots," 
 but is "extremely uncertain," the difference in quality due in part to "manipulations of the Jews." 
 
 The same year (=317-)- " 1100 yrs " of Puranas, Lassen, and C. O. Mull, note to Arrian ind. 9), 
 in Hindustan, accession of Somapi son of Sahadeva as first king of Magadha under the Kali Period. 
 — " Forty-four or forty-five " kings follow, down to Sandracottus, an average reign of more than 
 twenty-four years. 
 
 1414, June (= 1413 y. 302j£ d. = 1240 -f- half of the "430 years" of ten lunations of Ex xiii. 
 40, a division sanctioned by immemorial usage among the Jews), "Beth-horon the nether, and the 
 upper, and Uzzen Sherah," cities in Palestine, founded by Sherah (1 Chron. vii. 24) : an undertaking 
 that could only be carried out with the aid and assent of the Egyptian government. The two cities 
 first mentioned bear the name of king Oros or Horemheb, — were certainly in existence prior to the 
 Hebrew conquest of Palestine (Josh. x. 10, xvi. 5, xviii. 13, and xxi. 22) ; were repaired by Solomon 
 (2 Chron. viii 5) ; and to the present day are recognized in the two neighbouring villages called 
 "Beit-flr" (see Robinson topog. Palest, iii. 59 to 62). 
 
 1413, July 20th (= 753 -f- a phcenix of 660 years = 128 A. D. -f- 1540 years = 351 -|- " 18 -j- 
 39" -)- erased 6 -\- " 124 -(- 177 -)- 44 -f- 44 -j- 19 -)- 48 -|- 121 -|- 22S -J- 194 years " of the Egyptian 
 Chronicle = " 5th year of Kogharis " of Manetho in Syncell., the Afr.-Maneth. table giving 339 -|- 
 "4 + 3 -f - + 38 + 20 y. 4 mo. -\- 6 + 124 y. 4 mo. -j- 150 y. 6 mo. -j- 40 + 6 -)- 89 -f-42 -f 13 -)- 25 
 -j- 15 -f- 21 -\- 130 -|- I3S 4" 20 9 years " = 1412 y. 2 mo , and the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving -\- '- 6 
 + 4 + 6 -f 20 + 21 y. 4 mo. + 6 -{- 120 y. 4 mo. + 42 -)- 25 -f 17 -f 6 + 45 + 8 + 6 -f 7 -f 12 -\- 44 
 — (— 4.4. — j— 44 -[-49 + 130 -\- 178 -(- T 94 4" 4° years " = 1413 y. 8 mo., or in the Armenian version 522 
 y. 8 mo. 4" " 167 + 44 + 44 4" 44 + 49 + r 3° + l 7& + x 94 4" 4° years " = 1412 y. 8 mo., Theon's 
 account agreeing, for the reign of Menophre or Seti Mienptah is conventionally extended in the Afr.- 
 Maneth. table beyond this date)-, end of the second Great Year : fairly counted by the calendar used 
 in Egypt. 
 
 The phcenix, "\S\p\ ' s %ured at Amarna, and so far as I have been able to discover, for 
 the first time on -£t\ "\vy^ the Egyptian monuments. — Subsequently, the hieroglyphic character 
 of the phcenix is ^gy ^_> by no means rare, and continues in use until the end of hieroglyphic 
 wiit ng (Leps. d. iii. pi. 109, 226, and iv. pi. 74. See butterfly, and Horapollo i. 32, 33, and ii. 54). 
 
 The sculptures at Amarna have been already mentioned as remarkable for the absence of the 
 Egyptian gods and the substitution of the sun's disk with rays extending downward, each terminating 
 in a hand, expressing in hieroglyphic writing a new idea, revealed religion : but Horus also "saw the 
 gods," — and a later king Amenophis desired the same privilege (Maneth ), and on each occasion the 
 Israelites are found implicated. 
 
 The accession therefore of Oros or Horus or Hofembeb, ninth king of the Eighteenth 
 dynasty, not earlier than the last-named date. His name is next to that of Amunhotep 
 III. — in the series of kings at Abydos, Gurna, Medinet-Abu, and in Manetho's lists. 
 
 Horemheb restored the ancient religion, demolished the temples erected by his 
 immediate predecessors and with the stones built the fourth pylon at Karnak (Birch) : 
 and figures of the Egyptian gods again make their appearance on the monuments. 
 
 He made a successful military campaign against the Ethiopians, recorded in grottoes at Silsilis 
 (Birch) ; built additions to the temples at Luxor and in the Asasif ; his name occurs also in Nubia, 
 
 at Gebel Addah ; and perhaps at Sedeinga or Sai, where sculptures of the time of the " Eighteenth 
 
 and Nineteenth" dynasties were found by Lepsius eg. and sin. 19. 
 
 " 1408 B. C. = 1st year of Yang-kia, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 The same year (— 1368 4- "40 years " of Euseb. i. and ii.), accession of Ascatades as Assyrian 
 emperor. " Thirty-eight " years are however assigned to his reign by Syncellus. 
 
 1407 B C. — "7th year of Horemheb," the latest date in his reign found on the monuments 
 (Leps. k. tab. p. 17, and Birch). Finely-executed statues of this king, —now in the museum at 
 Turin, are mentioned by Champollion-Figeac. 
 
 On two stela under the " Eighteenth dynasty," a sort of secret or cypher writing was remarked 
 by De Rouge* : and in the royal tombs at Bab-el-meluk, something of the kind was noticed by Cham- 
 pollion. — the art of writing in cipher or occult characters, seems mentioned by Homer il. vi. 168 ■ 
 and is known to have been long practised in the East. 
 
 A mummy possibly belonging to the reign of Horemheb, is mentioned by Birch : who further 
 ascertained, that the dead were already provided with funeral papyri (inscribed doubtless as in after 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 123 
 
 times with portions of the Egyptian Ritual). Bodies of persons who lived as early as this reign being 
 rare, I mav mention seeing at Thebes an unopened inner mummy-case, in the style of workmanship 
 belonging to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasties, and highly finished. 
 
 " 1401 B. C. = Tst year of Pan-keng, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 He changed his family name of Chang to " Yn : " — and the new name is by some writers applied to 
 the remaining emperors of the dynasty. 
 
 The same year (= 14.17 — " 12 y. 3 mo. — 4 y. 1 mo." of Jos. c. A., = " 16 y." in the 
 Euseb.-Maneth. table, the Afr.-Maneth. table giving — " 12—5 " = 1400), accession of 
 I Ramessu, head of the Nineteenth dynasty. On the monuments — he is placed next 
 I after Horemheb in the series of kings at Abydos, Gurna, and Medinet Abu. 
 
 Eighty-seventh generation. Jan. 1st, 1400, mostly beyond youth : Hezron (Gen. 
 xlvi. 12., Num. xxvi. 21, Ruth iv. 18, and 1 Chron. ii. 5 to 24) ; Rephah, Resheph, and Telah (1 Chron. 
 vii. 25). 
 
 Ramessu completed some of the columns of the temple at Luxor ; and set up a large stela at 
 Wady Haifa in Nubia. 
 
 The same year = " 2d year of Ramessu " at Wady Haifa, the latest date in his reign found on 
 the monuments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 583). 
 
 Ramessu engaged also in a military campaign against Syria (Birch) : and his tomb, only partially 
 finished, has been found at Bab-el-meluk near Thebes. 
 
 1399 B. C. (= 1417 — " 12 — 5 — 1 " in the Afr.-Maneth. table, Manetho in Jos. c. 
 A. giving — " 12 y. 3 mo. — 4 y. 1 mo. — 1 y.4 mo." = 1400, the Euseb.-Maneth. 
 table — "12 — 5 — 1" = 1397, and the Afr.-Maneth. table in another place 1366 + 
 "32 y." = i39S), accession of SSth6s or Seti Mienptah, second king of the Nineteenth 
 dynasty. — He is next after Ramessu in the series of kings at Abydos, Gurna, and 
 Medinet Abu. 
 
 The same year = " 1st of his reign " on the monuments, Seti Mienptah carrying on war in Syria, 
 as far as Kanana or the " Canaanites " (Leps. eg. and sin. 450, and Birch) : farther North, he reached 
 Lebanon, or at least a wooded country, as shown by tufts of fern and the forest of spruce figured on 
 the temple at Karnak (Rosselin. i. pi. 46). 
 
 The felling of some of these spruce trees, taken in connexion with flag-staff receptacles project- 
 ing from the walls of the temple, demonstrate the existence of navigation upon the Mediterranean. 
 
 Abies picea of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe, and as far as Caucasus. Called 
 in Britain silver fir from its white trunk (Prior), in Germany " weisstanne," in Italy "abezzo " or 
 " abeto " or " abeto bianco " or " abeto comune," or in Lombardy " pezza " or " pescia " or " peccia " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " Slate " or " Slatos " (Sibth ), and clearly the species in question : — spars of 
 surprising length, said to have come from Syria, were observed by myself floating in the harbour of 
 Alexandria. Farther North, the " 61ate " growing on the mountains is termed " ouranomekes " tall 
 as the heavens by Homer il. xiv. 287 and od. v. 239, is mentioned also by Euripedes cycl. 385, Theo- 
 phrastus, and its resin by Dioscorides i. 91 and 92 : A. picea was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 on all the high mountains of Greece ; is known to grow also on the mountains of Asia Minor as far 
 as Caucasus (Bieb.). Westward, the "picea" is mentioned by Virgil as forming dark groves ; by 
 Pliny xvi. 18 to 28, as having leaves like a comb and growing on mountains : A. picea is termed "a. 
 taxi folio fructu sursum spectante " by Tournefort inst. 585 ; is known to grow on Sicily, and through- 
 out the Apennines (Guss., and Schomv), Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathians to " Lat. 51° 15'" in 
 Silesia (A. Dec.) ; perhaps in ancient times farther North, for the relics in the peat-bogs of Britain 
 and the Shetland Islands (Edmonst. ann. nat. ii. p. 71) may in part be derived from ocean-currents. 
 The tree according to Sprengel, and Lindley, yields " Argentoratensis " or Strasburgh turpentine. 
 
 Aspidium filix-mas of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain male fern 
 (Prior), in Germany " wurmfarn," in Italy " felce maschia " (Lenz), in Greece with other kinds 
 "ptgris" (Fraas) ; agreeing with the tufted fern in the spruce forest figured on the walls of Karnac : 
 — the " theluptens " is described by Theophrastus ix. 18 as useful against both roundworm and 
 tape-worm ; by Dioscorides, as taller than the " ptSrithi " with many sprouts, which are eaten while 
 young, and in the added Synonyms is identified with the " numphaian pterin: " A. filix-mas was 
 observed by Sibthorp in woods on Crete and Zacynthus. Westward, the "thelypterin" or "nym- 
 phaeam pterin " is identified by Pliny xxvii. 55 with one of the two kinds of " filicis : " A. filix-mas 
 is termed "f. non ramosa dentata" by Tournefort inst. 536; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; 
 is known to grow as far as Britain, and "all over the North of Europe " (Engl. bot. pi. 1458, and 
 Lindl.). The rhizoma according to Lindley is " used as an anthelmintic ; the oil of fern, extracted 
 by ether, is the most efficacious." 
 
 1391 B. C. = "9th year of Seti Mienptah," in an inscription at Assouan enumerating the monu- 
 ments he had constructed — (Birch). 
 
124 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 In this year (Davis, Colebrooke as. res. v. 2S8 to viii. 489, and Elphinst. iii. 1 to 3, compare the 
 adoption of the kali-yug referred in the Braminical books to " about 1400 B. C," Buns. iv. 7. 1), the 
 date indicated by the position of the solstitial points at the time of the division of the ecliptic into 
 twenty-seven lunar mansions, and instituting "a cycle of five years of lunar months ; " — an arrange- 
 ment containing " the rudiments of the calendar" in use throughout Hindustan.* 
 
 Bela succeeded by Jobab or Job, second king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 33, 1 Chron. i. 44, and Jul. 
 Afr. xi.x). 
 
 " 1379 B. C. = the Eighth manwantara " among the Hindus — (Graha Munjari tables, and Bent- 
 ley as. res. viii. 244 
 
 1378 B. C. = "22d year of Seti Mienptah," in an excavated chapel at Silsilis ; the latest date in 
 his reign found on the monuments. 
 
 A library in Thebes in the " Fourteenth " century B. C. (Leps. eg. and sin. 391 to 397), and 
 there is "reason for considering it neither the most ancient nor the only one in Egypt." — Several 
 " hieratic papyri " are " dated from the Rameseion ; " and the " tombs of two librarians of this time " 
 have been discovered. 
 
 " 1377 B. C. = 25th year of Pan-keng " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-second 
 cycle. 
 
 Besides building at Karnac the great hall of columns (regarded as the most imposing work ever 
 constructed by human hands) Seti Mienptah set up obelisks (one of which is now in Rome) ; and 
 his name occurs on other monuments throughout Egypt and in Nubia; in the cave-temple near Beni- 
 hassan ; in the Theban Desert at Wadi-el-Moyeh towards the Red Sea ; at Sesebi or Sese in Nubia, 
 but not farther South (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 235) : and at Sarbut-el-Khadem, Elephantine, and Silsilis. 
 He also commenced the temple at Gurna, in the Western quarter of Thebes. 
 
 Trifolium .-llcxandriuum of the East Mediterranean countries. A kind of clover called in Egypt 
 " bersun " or " bersim " (Forsk.),and seemingly corresponding with the plant held by an Asiatic 
 captive on the walls of the temple at Gurna — (Champ, pi. 167) : T. Alexandrinum was observed by 
 Forskal p. 131;, and Delile, abundantly cultivated in Egypt for feeding cattle; also according to Clot- 
 Bey ii. 39 in Syria, and the seeds exported to Egypt. Farther North, the cultivated '■ e>usimon '' of 
 Theophrastus and others, may be compared : T. Alexandrinum was observed by Chaubard in wild 
 situations in the Peloponnesus ; and farther West, " T. Latinum " of Sebastiani is regarded by him 
 as possibly identical. 
 
 " 1373 B. C. = 1st year of Siao-sin, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 1371 B. C. (= 1425 — '■ 54 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Pherecyd. . . . ), in 
 the Peloponnesus, Criasus succeeded by his son Phorbas, sixth Argive king. 
 
 A portion of the walls of the tomb of Seti Mienptah, is devoted to" Ethnography ; the inhabitants 
 of the four quarters of the world being represented in their respective costumes ; including Egypt 
 as the Western quarter. 
 
 The people of the North (probably from the Euxine) are fair-complexioned, and wear egret- 
 plumes and skin-cloaks, in one instance clearly an ox-hide : there is perhaps no evidence that they 
 were acquainted with the art of weaving cloth. 
 
 The cloaks are bordered and ornamented with down or fur (very distinct in the original painting 
 examined by myself at Thebes), and if fur, of the ermine Mustela erminea : — this animal inhabited 
 Switzerland during the Stone Age (Rutim.. and Troyon) ; " pontici mures albi " are mentioned by 
 Pliny viii. 55, and the "mustela alpina " or "alba " and " muris pontici pellicula " were known to the 
 Romans (Ainsw.) ; " ermin " is enumerated by Marco Polo 71 among the furs brought from the 
 country North of the Altai. 
 
 Quercus infectoria of the East Mediterranean countries. The black lines on the skin of these 
 people of the North — (Champ. -Fig. pi. 1) seem made with nut-galls; a custom I found extant at 
 
 * Trapa bicornis of Southern China. Called in Hindustan " singhara " (W. Jones), in the 
 environs of Bombay " shingaree " (Graham), in Sanscrit " sringata " from its horned nut which is 
 placed among the lunar constellations — (W. Jones as. res. iv. p. 253) : the "sringata" is mentioned 
 also by Susrutas sutr. 46 : T. bicornis was observed in Hindustan by Rheecle xi. pi. 33, Roxburgh 
 cor. iii. pi. 234, Wight ; by Graham, " in tanks throughout the Concans," preserved from extirpation 
 by "the Bhoie or Hamal caste of fishermen" by transplanting in the dry season, the fruit employed 
 "in making a dye of a red colour "for "the Hooly festival," also "eaten by the natives on fast 
 days," and in Goozerat " an important article of food to certain classes." Farther East, was observed 
 by Loureiro in Southern China ; and the " pi-tsi " or " chataigne d'eau " is enumerated by Cibot 
 (mem. Chin. iii. p. 451) as long cultivated in China, a superior kind occurring in the South. (See 
 T. natans, and T. incisa.) 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 !25 
 
 Mocha, the pigment being of course imported: nut-galls are called in Egypt "afs" (possibly from 
 the Egyptian " apg " or "aphS " signifying head), and were further ascertained by Forskal mat. med. 
 to be imported " from Syria and Greece." The " kekis " is mentioned by Aeschylus ag. 934, Demos- 
 thenes 816. 20, and Dioscorides ; " gallae " by Virgil, the best according to Pliny xvi. 9 and xxiv. 5 
 brought from " Commagena," the district yielding the Aleppo galls of the present day : Q. infectoria, 
 a shrub oak, was observed by Olivier ii. pi. 14 and 15 in Asia Minor, by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 in Greece. 
 
 M a hieroglyphic character occurring (according to Bunsen and Birch) on the walls of this tomb : 
 (beaver signifying author of his own distress Horap. ii. 61) ; " noeik " or " nSik " adulterer, also 
 unbeliever ; " p6rk " or " pork " or "ph6rk " or " phork," to pluck out. Non-conformists to estab- 
 lished religion being included, — we have an explanation of the Scriptural application of the term 
 " adulterous " to whole nations. Compare in Hebrew, " nkr " foreigner, " nkrye " strange woman, 
 and in vulgar English " nocker." 
 
 The drug castoreum probably the means through which the beaver became known to the Egyp- 
 tians : for the living animal occurs only in the distant North : inhabiting among other countries 
 Switzerland during the Stone period, as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Riitimeyer, in 
 Troyon habit, lac. p. 442). — The " kast6r " or beaver is mentioned by Herodotus iv. 9, Nicander 
 ther. ^>s, Dioscorides ; and its product castoreum, by Lucretius, Strabo, Celsus, Pliny, Juvenal, 
 Galen, and by the Arab writers Rhazes, Avicenna, and Serapion. The importation into Egypt of 
 " castoreum, djild menaster," is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. 
 
 1368 B. C. (= 1323 -j- "45 years " of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of Amyntas as 
 Assyrian emperor. 
 
 Eighty-eighth generation. May 1st, 1367, mostly beyond youth: Chelubai or Caleb, son of 
 Hezron (1 Chron. ii. 9 and 18), Tahan (num. xxvi. 35, and 1 Chron. vii. 25): and among Greeks, 
 Oceanus father of Clymene (Dionys. i. p. 45). 
 
 Jobab succeeded by " Husham of the land of Temani," now third king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 35, 
 and I Chron i. 45). 
 
 Among moveable articles in the tomb of Seti Mienptah (discovered and opened by Belzoni) 
 were " wooden statues coated with bitumen; " the earliest instance known of the employment of this 
 material — (Birch) : its use for embalming soon became general ; quantities being imported overland 
 as is alleged from the country on the Euphrates. 
 
 1366 B. C. (= 1417 — " 12 y. 1 mo. — 9 — 12 y. 5 mo. — 12 y. 3 mo. — 4y. 1 mo. — ■ 
 I y. 4 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 51 y. 2 mo= " 5T years of SSthSs " in the 
 Afr.-Maneth. table, giving in another place "32 -j- 6 -f- I2 y-" = 5°)> accession of 
 ArmSses Miammou. Ramessu II., third king of the Nineteenth dynasty, corresponds 
 on the monuments : and he is placed next after Seti Mienptah in the series of kings 
 at Abydos, Gurna, — and at Medinet Abu. 
 
 1365 H. C. = " 2d year of Ramessu II.," in an inscription at Nahr-el-Kelb in Syria — (Leps. eg. 
 and sin. 23). 
 
 1364 B. C. = " 3d year of Ramessu II.," excavation of a well at Redisieh or Contra Pselcis — ■ 
 (Birch). 
 
 1363 B. C. = "4th year of Ramessu II.," in a second inscription at Nahr-el-Kelb in Syria — 
 (Leps. 1. a). 
 
 1362 B. C. = " the month Epiphi in the 5th year of Ramessu," commencement of his campaign 
 against the Khita of Syria — (Birch). 
 
 1359 B. C. = " 8th year of Ramessu II.," capture of " Shaluma" or Jerusalem, also of " Tapura " 
 or Dabir at the foot of mount Tabor, and of " Askaluna " or Ascalon— (Birch). 
 
 1358 B. C. = " 9th year of Ramessu II.," — in the poetical account of his campaigns called the 
 " Sallier papyrus," supposed to have been written not long after his death. (See Seti-Mienptah II., 
 and Leps. eg. and sin. 394)- 
 
 Besides campaigns in the North, Ramessu II. extended his conquests up the Nile to Gebel 
 Barkal ; farther than any of his predecessors, and the 1 limit of all subsequent Egyptian conquests 
 (the granite rams inscribed with the name of Amunhotep III. being regarded by Lepsius as probably 
 brought "from Soleb "). At Gebel Barkal, Ramessu II. built a great temple ; evidently by Egyptian 
 workmen, — and like all monumental remains in Nubia down to the Twenty-fifth dynasty, in the 
 Egyptian style of art. Moveable articles have been found farther up the Nile : as an Egyptian statue 
 of Osiris in "black granite "'at Soba, in company with a "bronze vase" and "small Venus of Greek 
 workmanship;" but of fixed Greek inscriptions, the "most Southern" were at Gebel Barkal (Leps. 
 eg. and sin. p. 17, 162, and 189 to 222) ; and this continued the limit of Egyptian and European 
 influence throughout the Roman and Early Christian periods. 
 
 Borassus Aethiopicus of the Upper Nile. The deleb palm is by the Negroes called " m'voomo " 
 
126 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 (Grant), and seems the flabellate-leaved kind figured in a campaign of Ramessu II., in which the 
 Equatorial forest has been reached — ( . . . ): the " dileb " palm was first met with by Lepsius 
 eg. and sin. 172 in about Lat. 14° at Wad Negudi, its "slender naked stem" bearing leaves large 
 enough for one to be "set up in the boat as an umbrella," the "leaf-stalk serrated," and the round 
 fruit "larger" than that of the doum ; was observed by Grant, "plentiful in Shillook country ii° N., 
 where natives make beautiful strong white baskets and mats for the markets on the Nile," the leaves 
 also furnishing thatch, rope, sieves, fences, firewood, and flageolet reeds among more distant tribes, 
 and the boiled roots eaten in famines by the Wanyamuezi, but very few about the Equator. 
 
 Hyphaene nov. sp. of Abyssinia. A palm called "mizanza" (Grant), and possibly the kind 
 figured : — observed by Grant in desolate valleys "21° N. " on the Nile, thirty feet high and never 
 branching, its green leaves collected to make shackles for camels; had been seen by one of his men 
 "growing in Wambweh, 8° or 9° S. Lat." 
 
 1354 B. C. (in the ninth or tenth generation or about " 283 years " before the fall of Troy, Clint, 
 i. p. 73 and SS), Pelasgus establishing himself as king in Arcadia, the central mountainous portion 
 of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Qacrcits esculus of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. An oak called in Italy 
 "rovero" or " querce esculo " (Lenz), in Greece "agria velanithia" (Fraas), in which we recognise 
 the "phegos" whose acorns found edible by Pelasgus were the only kind permitted by him to the 
 Arcadians — (Paus. viii. 2. 6), the oracular tree at Dodona according to a Hesiodic poem (quoted 
 by Sophocles trach. 1167. and Strabo vii. 7. 10), and another solitary tree on the tomb of Ilus outside 
 the walls of Troy (Homer il. vi. 237 to xxiv. 349, and Theophrastus iv. 13) : the "phegos " is described 
 as having " stroggulas " rounded acorns by Theophrastus iii. 10, and as a kind of oak by Dioscorides : 
 O. esculus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Greece and Asia Minor as far as Constantinople. 
 Westward, the " esculos " sacred to Jove is mentioned by Horace, Virgil, Vitruvius, and Ovid, by 
 Pliny xvi. 5 to xvii. 34 as cultivated and bearing esculent acorns : O. esculus is described by Dale- 
 champ pi. 5 ; is termed " q. parva sive phagus Graecorum et esculus Plinii " by Tournefort inst. 583 ; 
 was observed by Lenz in Italy, its acorns according to Daubeny "so sweet as to be much eaten by 
 the peasantry" in Tuscany ; and is known to occur in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 " 1352 B. C. = 1st year of Siao-y, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 " In the reign of Phorbas " (Tat., and Clem. Alex., see also Strab. ix. 1. 18), Actaios governing 
 the district of '' Aktaia," so-called after his own name ; — but in later times, known as Attica. 
 
 Sambnais nigra of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain elder, in Piers Plowman 
 "eller," in Anglo-Saxon "ellen" or " ellarn " from its hollow branches used to blow a fire (Prior), 
 in France " sureau " (Nugent), in Germany '• holunder," in Italy "sambuco "or " s montano " (Lenz), 
 in Greece " kouphoxulia " (Sibth.) : the " akt£a " or " akte," named from Akte on the Gulf of Argolis 
 — (see Strab. ix. 1. 1), mentioned also by Euryphon 2 morb. 19, Theophrastus i. 7 to iv. 4, by Dios- 
 corides as arborescent with reedlike hollow branches and juicy purplish-black fruit, is referred here 
 bv writers : S. nigra was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Greece, but chiefly or altogether in 
 the vicinity of dwellings; is enumerated by Clot-Bey as long known in the gardens of Egypt. West- 
 ward, the " emfron " kind or " thSnthron arktou " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " seva " of the 
 Dacians, "skovien " of the Gauls, and " samvoukoum" of the Romans : the " sambucus " is described 
 by Pliny xvi. 71 and xvii. 34 as both wild and cultivated, having "abundant pith " and "small black 
 edible" berries ; seeds of S. nigra occur in debris of the earliest villages of Switzerland (Troyon p. 
 465) ; the living tree was observed by Lenz in wild situations in Italy ; and is known to occur around 
 dwellings as far as Sweden (Linn., Wahl , and A. Dec). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow 
 about Caucasus, and throughout Siberia as far as Japan (Pers., and Lindl.). " The inspissated juice 
 of the fruit" and "the inner bark" according to Lindley are used medicinally ; and the flowers " in 
 French pharmacy are commonly employed as expectorants." 
 
 1346 B. C. = " 21st year of Ramessu II.," treaty at the fortress of Pa-ramessu — (Birch). 
 Temples and other structures by Ramessu II. occur throughout Nubia and Egypt; are more 
 numerous than those of any other king; and historical documents of great importance, as the Abydos 
 series of successive kings, have been preserved by being inscribed on the walls. His name is often 
 accompanied by his portrait, which is sufficiently striking to be at once recognized : of these por- 
 traits, the finest I have seen is one in polished sienite — (now in the possession of Francis C. Lowell 
 of Boston). 
 
 Amid the costliness and imposing dimensions of the structures by Ramessu II. there is yet 
 manifest a falling off in taste, a Decline of the arts; — strikingly parallel to that in a later period 
 of history, under the Romans 
 
 1344 B. C. = "23d year of Ramessu II.," peace concluded between him and the Khita — 
 (Marictte 88). 
 
 The " new king over Egypt which knew not Joseph," alarmed at the fncreasing number of Israel- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1 27 
 
 ites, lest " when there falleth out any war they join also unto our enemies,'' employed them under 
 "taskmasters" in building, and from the name, " Raamses " one of the "treasure cities" (Ex. i. 7 
 to 11) could hardly have been earlier than Ramessu II. : ovals of Ramessu II. are cut in a block of 
 granite at Abu Kesheb on the ancient Red Sea canal and this is regarded by Lepsius (eg. and sin. 
 438) as the site of " Raamses." The " Patoumos " described as an Arabian town by Herodotus, 
 and called "Thoum " in the Itinerarium Antonini, is not far distant on the same canal, and is regarded 
 by Lepsius as the " Pithom " of the Israelites. 
 
 The art of levelling having been long practised in Egypt, the canal in question was carried by 
 Ramessu II. from Bubastis to Heroonpolis — (Leps. p. 445). In B. C. "600," the canal appears 
 to have been extended by Nekau II. as far as the Bitter Lakes; in "500," was carried to the Red 
 Sea and the connexion completed by Darius ; whose name and statue occur with cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions .in Persian ruins near Suez ; but the canal was narrow, not intended for large ships, and in 
 " 350," in the days of Aristotle, appears to have fallen into disuse : in " 250," a wide canal was carried 
 by Ptolemy II. Philadelphus from the Bitter Lakes to the Red Sea, where he founded the city of 
 Arsinoe : in " 100 A. D.," a new canal was opened by Trajan from Babylon on the Nile to Heroonpolis : 
 in "643 " to "644," the connexion was re-opened by khalif Omar : and in " 762 to 767," on the occa- 
 sion of the revolt of Mohammed ben Abdallah at Medina, the canal was filled by khalif El Mansur. 
 
 1336 B. C. (= 1371 — " 35 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Pausan. . . . ), in the 
 Peloponnesus, Phorbas succeeded by his son Triopas, of the " seventh generation from Inachus " 
 (Clem. Alex.) and now seventh Argive king. 
 
 Contemporary with Triopas (Paus. iv. I, and Clint, i. p. 33, see also Homer il. k 429 and tp 86), 
 Lelex ruling a district in the Peloponnesus named after him Lelegia — (but in later times Laconia). 
 Besides Aones, Temmices, and Hyantes, Leleges are enumerated as original inhabitants of Boeotia 
 (by Strabo ix. p. 401) ; and holding the islands as far as the coast of Asia Minor, are identified with 
 the Carians (by Herodotus i. 171), and with the fabulous centaurs (by Suidas, and schol. Pind. 
 pyth. ii. 78). 
 
 Eighty-ninth generation Sept. 1st, 1334, mostly beyond youth : Paapios father of the Egyptian 
 prophet Amenophis (Maneth. in Jos. c. A.): Laadan (1 Chron. vii. 26), Gilead (Num xxvi. 29, Josh, 
 xvii. 3, and I Chron. vii. 17), Hur the firstborn of Ephratah (Ex. xxxi. to xxxviii., and 1 Chron. ii. 19 
 and iv. 4) : and among Greeks, Agenor son of Triopas (Hellan , and Pausan. ii. 16. 1). 
 
 Husham succeeded by Hadad, son of Bedad and now fourth king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 35, and 
 I Chron. i. 46). 
 
 " 1325 B. C." (argum. Chi-King iv. 5. 5), beginning of the reign of Kao-tsong of the Chang.* 
 
 " 1324 B. C. = 1st year of Wou-ting II., of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " In the reign of Triopas " (Hes. theogon. 507, Dionys. i. p. 45, Tat., and Clem. Alex.), the three 
 brothers Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Atlas, living. The date is important, Prometheus and Clymene 
 being the parents of Deucalion. # 
 
 Ferula communis of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "ferula" (Lenz), in 
 Greece " kalami " (Fraas) or " anartkekas " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the " nartheca " or " fe- 
 rula " employed to preserve fire struck from the rock; an art taught by Prometheus, — and continuing 
 in Egypt in the days of Pliny vii. 57 and xiii. 43, who further speaks of staffs made of the stem : 
 the " narthex " is mentioned by Aeschylus prom., 109, Euripides bacch. 695, Xenophon cyr. ii. 3. 7, and 
 Theophrastus i. 9 ; its medicinal uses, by Dioscorides ; and F. communis was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, from Attica to Cyprus. Westward, the "ferula" is enumerated by Pliny as foreign to 
 Italy; F. communis, described by Dodoens pi. 321, was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy, 
 and by Desfontaines i. p. 251 in Barbary. 
 
 Clematis cirrhosa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " hSlithronaki " (Fraas) ; 
 and the "athragSnes" whose wood was preferred for rubbing fire, with a laurel borer, — further de- 
 scribed by Theophrastus v. 9. 6 and ign. 64 as a woody vine climbing around trees, is referred here by 
 writers : C. cirrhosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in Attica, and by Bory on Milo. 
 
 * Pinus Massoniana of China. The "pin" cut for building purposes on the King mountain 
 according to the ode to Kao-tsong, — furnishing planks for ships according to an ode to the queen 
 of Hui (Chi-King i. 5. 5 to iv. 5. 5). growing according to the Chou-King in the province of Tsing 
 (Gaubil), may be compared: P. Massoniana, having very long geminate leaves, was received by 
 Lambert pi. 12 from China (Pers.). 
 
 Cupressus Japonica of Japan. The " cypres " also cut for building purposes on the King moun- 
 tain according to the ode to Kao-tsong — (Chi-King iv. 5. 5), growing in the province of King accord- 
 ing to the Chou-King ii. I. 13, not shedding its leaves in winter according to Confucius lun-yu ix. 27, 
 and unknown in Cambodia when visited by a Chinese official in A. D. 1296, may be compared : C. 
 Japonica, "arbor altissima" very lofty, was observed by Thunberg 265 in Japan (Pers.). 
 
128 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Westward, is termed "c. peregrina foliis pyri incisis " by Tournefort inst. 293; was observed by Des- 
 fontaines i. 433 in Barbary ; is known to grow also on Corsica and in Spain (Pers., and Viv.). 
 
 1323 ]'>. C. ( = 1298 -f- " 2 5 years" of Euseb. ii., and Syncell ), accession of Belochus II. as 
 Assyrian Emperor. " Forty-five " years are however assigned to his reign in Euseb i. p. 44. 
 
 Triop.is succeeded by his son Iasus eighth Argive king; his dominions (those of " the father 
 of lo," Acusil., Herodot. i. 1 and ii. 26, see also Apollod., and Paus.) including under the name of 
 Pelasgia all continental Greece. 
 
 Xanthus another son of Triopas led a colony of Pelasgian Creeks to Lycia ; — and afterwards 
 occupied Lesbos, an island close to the main shore of the Troad. 
 
 '■ 1317 B. C. = 8th year of Wou-ting II." (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-third 
 cycle. By the emperor Wou-ting II., ambassadors received from kings of foreign nations whose 
 language differed from the Chinese. 
 
 In this year (= Sth of Wou-ting," hist. Cor., and Klapr.), the Corean seat of government 
 removed from P£-y6 to the A-szu-ta ( Asstak) mountain. 
 
 1316 B. C. (= 1266 -|- " 50 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134, see also Paus. i. 2. 6., Tat , and 
 Clem. Alex.), Actaeus succeeded by his son-in-law Cecrops, second (or according to Apollodorus 
 iii. 14. 1 first) Attic king; his dominions including Boeotia. — The tomb of Cecrops on the acropolis 
 at Athens continued extant in the days of the historian Antiochus (Strab. ix p. 407, and Clem. Alex, 
 pr. p. 20). 
 
 The worship of Jupiter supreme over the gods, not earlier than Cecrops, who inaugurated it 
 (Paus. viii. 2. 3, Euseb. chron. ii., and Constantin. Diac. 13). Io daughter of Iasus is connected with 
 this worship, and (according to Aeschylus prom. 705) she visited the neighborhood of Dodona. The 
 Oracle at Dodona probably at this time founded (see Amnion, and Deucalion). 
 
 Lycaon son of Pelasgus and second king of Arcadia contemporary with Cecrops (Paus. viii. 2. 2). 
 On mount Lycaeus, Lycaon built the city of Lycosura, instituted games there, and adopted the 
 worship oi Jupiter, but offered a human sacrifice. (See Mienptah). 
 
 Images of gods among the Early Greeks (as ascertained by Pausanias viii. 17. 2) were made 
 either of "<5v£nos" chonv, "lotos" (see Zizyphus lotus and Celtis Austra is), " thruina " oak 
 (O. robur and O. pubescens), or of the four following kinds of wood : 
 
 Cupressus semfrcrvirens of the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. The cypress 
 is called in France " cypres " (Nugent), in Italy " cipresso " ( Lenz), in Greece " kuparissia " (Sibth.), 
 in Egypt " saru '' (Forsk.), in which we recognize the " kuparissos '' of which some of these images 
 were made — (Paus.), employed also for door-posts according to Homer od. v. 54 and xvii. 340, and 
 mentioned by Herodotus, Thucydides ii. 34, and Theophrastus : one of the gates of the temple at 
 Jerusalem wis called the "sur" gate (2 K. xi. 6 and 2 Chron. xxiii. 5) : C. sempervirens was 
 observed by Forskal, and Delile, planted in Egypt, and by myself in the Muslim cemeteries ; by 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, wild on the mountains of Crete and Greece, but its abundance in the Pelopon- 
 nesus, remarked by Bory, is doubtless due to human interference. Westward, the " cupressus " is 
 mentioned as foreign to Italy by Cato, and Pliny xvi. 60, introduced with difficulty and sacred to 
 Pluto ; is further described by Pliny as sheared to the density of a wall and thus rendered unnaturally 
 slender and pointed ; is termed "cupressus funebris " by Horace epod. v. 16, and Ovid met. x 106 ; 
 and C. sempervirens continues to be associated with mourning in France (Nugent), is besides 
 planted for ornament throughout middle and Western Europe as far as Spain (Pers., Targ.-Tozz, and 
 Lenz). Eastward from Palestine, the "kuparissos" was found by Alexander abounding in Adiabene 
 in Babylonia, furnishing timber for a whole fleet (Arr. vii. p. i6t) : C. sempervirens is called in 
 Hindustanee " saro " or " sarv" (D'roz.), was observed by Graham "in gardens " in the environs of 
 Bombay, thriving "best above the Ghauts ; " by myself, in Muslim cemeteries on the Deccan. By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens, the stocks I 
 have met with small in size. 
 
 Junipcrus oxyecdrus of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. The berried cedar 
 is a small tree called in Greece " agriophitha " (Forsk.) or "kgthros" (Sibth.), and a kind of timber 
 imported into Egypt " gutran " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize one of the "kSthroi" of which 
 images of the gods were made — (Paus.), referred here by Hawkins: the "kethros" is termed 
 " SukSatoios " easily split by Homer od. ii. 6 and v. Co, growing on Calypso's isle (Malta), is men- 
 tioned also by Herodotus . . , Satyrus, by Theophrastus iii. 12. 3 as sometimes called " oxukethron," 
 its berries " xanthos" ruddy and edible, and wood odorous and sound to the centre; its berries by 
 Nicander ther. 80 to 583, and the " kSthros mikra" by Dioscorides : the "kSthros" is further 
 described by Theophrastus iii. 2. 6 and iv. 5. 5 as abounding in Syria and used for ship-building ; by 
 Pliny as used in Egypt for this purpose, the galley of Ptolemy IV. was in part built of " kethros " 
 (Callixen., and Athen. v. 38) according with the use made at present of the imported " n-utran " timber 
 (Forsk. p. Ivi.) : J. oxycedrus was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, everywhere in Greece and on 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 129 
 
 the Greek islands, and trunks eight to ten inches in diameter were found by Bory, its berries largely 
 exported. Westward, the " odorata cedrus " of which images of gods and ancestors were made in 
 the days of Latinus is mentioned by Horace, Virgil aen. vii. 13 to 178, Persius, and Pliny : J. oxycedrus 
 is described by Matthioli i. 115 ; is termed "j. major bacca rufescente" by Tournefort inst. 589 ; but 
 from Italy along both sides of the Mediterranean to Gibraltar, hardly exceeds the dimensions of a 
 shrub six feet high (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Juniperus Phoenicia of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece 
 "kSnthros" (Sibth.), and a kind of timber imported into Egypt "schaerbin" (Forsk.) : one of the 
 "kgthroi" of which images were made — (Paus.) may be compared: the "kgthron phoiniken"is 
 distinguished by Theophrastus iii. 12. 3 and ix. 2. 3; the "kSthron " becoming a great tree " thgnthron 
 mega" by Dioscorides, "thenthron 6u mikron" according to Galen simpl. vii. 8 ; and the largest 
 "cedrus" on record, "one hundred and thirty feet high" with three men required to encircle its 
 trunk, was cut for Demetrius on Cyprus (Plin. xxvi. 76) : the "brwsh " growing on Lebanon (Psalm 
 civ. 17, Hos. xiv. 3, Isaiah xiv. 8 to lx. 13, and Zech. xi. 2), of which David's musical instruments 
 were made (2 Sam. vi. 5), employed in the construction of houses (1 K. v. 8 to ix 11, and 2 Chron. 
 ii. 8 to iii. 5), is mentioned by Ezekiel xxvii. 5 as also employed in ship-building, the purpose for 
 which "schaerbin" timber is imported into Egypt (Forsk. p. lvi) : J. Phoenicia was observed by 
 Pococke in Palestine ; by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent and of large size from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, is described by Matthioli 122, and Lobel ii. 
 pi. 221 ; is termed "cedrus folio cupressi major fructu flavescente " by Tournefort inst. 588 ; and is 
 known to grow from Italy throughout Southern France and Spain as far as Cadiz (Pers., Bory, and 
 Lenz). "J. Lycia," though described by Matthioli, Lobel, and Tournefort, is regarded by Sibthorp 
 as perhaps not distinct, as seen by him on Crete. 
 
 Taxus baccata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain yew, by Chaucer " ewe," by 
 Galfridus pr. pm. " u," in Anglo-Saxon " iw," in Welsh " yw," in Old High German " iwa," in current 
 German " eibe," in France "if," in Spain and Portugal ■' iva," in mediaeval Latin "ivus" or "iva " or 
 "iua" (Prior), in Italy "libo" or " tasso " or albero della morte " (Lenz), in Greece " maure'latos " 
 (Fraas): the " milax " of which some of these images were made — (Paus.) is mentioned also by 
 Pherecrates, Euripides bacch. 108, and Aristophanes nub. 1003 ; the " milos " by Theophrastus iii. 10. 2 
 as resembling" Slate " even in its foliage but bearing a red edible berry, its leaves poisonous to 
 " lophSura " equine animals, and its wood which seems to be all heart-wood fraudulently sold for 
 cedar; the deadly " smilon " by Andreas, Nicander alex. 624, and Plutarch symp. iii. p. 634: 
 T. baccata was observed by Hawkins, and Fraas, on high mountains of the Peloponnesus and other 
 parts of Greece. Westward, the " smilax " tree according to the received text of Dioscorides iv. 80 
 grows in Italy and Narbonia bordering on Spain, its berries fatal to "ornithia; " is identified in the 
 added Synonyms, and by Sextius, and Galen simpl. med. viii. 29 with the " taxon " of the Romans ; 
 Cativolcus king of the Eburi according to Caesar vi. 31 killed himself with " taxo ; " noxious and 
 harmless kinds are distinguished by Virgil; the "taxus" is also mentioned by Columella, Lucan, 
 Statius, Silius Italicus, and as the only berry-bearing tree of the spruce kind by Pliny xvi. 20 : 
 T. baccata is described by Dodoens, Lobel (Spreng.), and Tournefort inst. 589; is known to grow 
 in mountainous situations in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Lenz). 
 Eastward from the Black Sea, was observed by Thunberg in Japan, is known to grow throughout 
 Siberia (Pers.), or according to A. Decandolle two-thirds around the Subarctic circuit of the Globe. 
 The leaves according to an Italian physician " have a power similar to that of Digitalis," in too large 
 doses "certainly fatal" (Lindl.). 
 
 1315 B. C. (= 1304 y. 248|-|d. -\- " at least ten years " of Clint, i. p. 301, see Ex. ii. 4 to 8, and 
 Num. xxvi. 59), Miriam born to Amram and Jochebed. 
 
 Articles apparently of green gauze worn by women on Egyptian monuments of about this date 
 (....). The earliest Greek settlers on the island of Cos, according to the traditionary 
 account (Pausan. iii. 23. 4), came from Epidaurus near Argos : and the art of unravelling cocoons 
 and weaving the thread, was discovered on Cos by Pamphila daughter of Plateo — (Aristot. animal. 
 v. 19). Cos was "thickly peopled" in the days of Homer . . . ; and continued to be celebrated in 
 after times for its manufacture of "woven wind." The name of the island, written in Greek " k6s," 
 is continued in our English word "gauze." 
 
 Lilium candidum of middle Asia. Called in English gardens lily, in Spain " lirio " (Prior), in 
 Germany " lilie," in Italy " giglio " (Lenz), in Greece " krino " (Sibth.), at Constantinople " samvahi," 
 on the mountains of Yemen " zambak " (Forsk.), in Egyptian " sumphaiphou " or " tialos," by the 
 prophets " aima arS6s " (Syn. Diosc), and a plant corresponding in stem and leaves and terminal 
 large flower is figured at Abousimbel : — L. candidum was observed by Clot-Bey confined in Egypt 
 almost exclusively to the pasha's garden ; by Forskal, under cultivation among the mountains of 
 Yemen. Northward, the '• krinon vasilikon " or " lemon " or " kall£iri6n " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 
 17 
 
I30 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 with the "sasa" of the Syrians, and "aura krokothSilou " of Osthanes : " ISirioe'ssan " is a word 
 used by Homer il. iii. 152, and the "leirion" is mentioned in the Hesiodic theogon. 41, the Hymn 
 to Ceres 427, Pindar nem. 2. 7, by Dioscorides as coronary and employed medicinally, affording an 
 ointment called " sousinon : " L. candidum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent 
 in the gardens of Greece ; by Hawkins, and Chaubard, in some instances seemingly wild. Westward, 
 the " krinon vasilikon " or "ISirion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " avivlavon " of the Numi- 
 dians, and "rosa iounonis " or " lilioum " of the Romans; "Candida lilia " and "grandia lilia " are 
 mentioned by Virgil ; the "lilium " by Horace, Propertius iv. 4, Columella, by Pliny xxi. 11 as one 
 of the tallest flowers, sometimes three cubits high, its neck always bending under a head distinguished 
 for whiteness, the narrow base expanding gradually with lips around turned backwards from central 
 saffron borne on a slender thread ; " oleum liliaceum " is also mentioned by Palladius : L. candidum 
 was known to Walafridus Strabus (F. Adams), and Macer Floridus 22 ; is figured " somewhere about 
 1480 " in an engraving by Martin Schongauer (Lindl. gardn. chron. ii. p. 744) ; is described by Lobel 
 pi. 183, is termed " 1. album vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 369 ; is a well known garden-flower through- 
 out Europe, and has been found seemingly wild in Switzerland and near Cadiz (Pers.). By European 
 colonists, was carried prior to 1657 to New England (poem Bradf. in hist. coll. iii.), where as well 
 as throughout our Northern and Middle States it continues a favourite in gardens. (See Pancratium 
 Illyricum, and Iris sambucina). 
 
 13 1 2 B. C. = " 55th )ear of Ramessu II.," death of one of his sons Shaemuas, who for a long 
 time was governor of Memphis. His mummy — has been found there in the Serapeum, " in one 
 of the chambers of the mummies of the hill Apis " (Birch). 
 
 1307 B. C. (= 1240 -j- " 83 years " of ten lunations of Ex. vii. 7), Aaron born to Amram and 
 Jochebed. 
 
 Clearly after the birth of Aaron, the Ordinance of the king of Egypt respecting the Israelites: 
 "Every son that is born ye shall cast into the river, and every daughter ye shall save alive" (Ex. i. 22). 
 
 As early possibly as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 232), 
 Galava reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 1305 B. C. (= 1304 y. 246^1 d. = 1240 -j- " 80 years " of ten lunations of Ex. vii. 7), Moses 
 born to Amram and Jochebed. 
 
 Cyperus dives of Tropical marshes from the Red Sea to Hindustan. The flags " swph " among 
 which the infant Moses was placed (ex. ii. 3 to 5), growing along " the brooks of defence " according 
 to Isaiah xix. 6, gave the name "ym swph" (Psalm cvi. 7 to 22 and cxxxvi. 13) to the Red Sea, in 
 Egyptian "phiom ntshari " (transl. Sept. ex. x. 19), and therefore correspond to the Egyptian "sa- 
 ris " — rendered " calamus " or " juncus " in ms. Borg. (compare also R. Salomo, Forskal p. 24, and 
 C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. 112) : the "sari " is described by Theophrastus iv. 8. 2 to 5 as growing in 
 water in the marshes and flat land of Egypt, its stems thick as the thumb and two cubits high, trian- 
 gular as in the papyrus with a similar top, and in like manner chewed for the juice : C. dives, four to 
 five feet high with radical leaves three feet long and rough with small prickles, was observed by 
 Lippi, and Clot-Bey, in Egypt, by Delile pi. 4 under cultivation in the wet plains of the Delta, its 
 stems split for making mats. Eastward, was observed by Fresnel at the extremity of the Sinai 
 peninsula near Tor ; and is known to grow in Hindustan (confounded according to Delile in herbaria 
 with the next species). 
 
 Cypous alopecurvid.es of Tropical marshes from the Red Sea to Hindustan. Probably included 
 in the " swph " in question ; — observed by Delile intermingled in cultivation with C. dives, and used 
 for the same purpose. Eastward, is known to grow in Tropical Arabia (Pers.) ; was observed bv 
 Graham in the environs of Bombay, by Roxburgh i. 208 in other parts of Hindustan. From trans- 
 ported specimens, is described by Rottboell xxxviii. pi. 8, and Willdenow (Steud.). 
 
 The same year = " 62d year of Ramessu II.," on a stela — now in Florence ; the latest date in 
 his reign found on the monuments. 
 
 (SjGlK ftftK The same >' ear (— I36 5 y- I0 mo - — " 6l vrs " in the Afr.-Maneth. table), the acces- 
 Wvim trJBU sion of Mienptah, thirteenth son of Ramessu II. and now fourth king of the Nine- 
 teenth dynasty, not earlier than this dtte. He is next on the monuments, — and 
 immediately follows Ramessu II. in the series of kings at Mcdinet Abu. 
 
 The same year = " 1st of Mienptah," in a tablet at Silsilis, recording offerings to 
 the gods Anion- Ra and Hapi — (Birch) ; the earliest instance known of the worship of Anion, which 
 could not be traced by Lepsius beyond the Twentieth dynasty (Buns. v. 4. 4, see Jupiter). 
 
 About three miles beyond Girgeh and on the Eastern margin of the river-flat where some mounds 
 of rubbish mark the site of an ancient city (possibly the lost " Lepidotum "), one of the chambers or 
 tombs excavated in the face of the cliff contains ovals of king Mienptah, — observed by myself. 
 
 Nineteenth generation. Jan. 1st, 1300, mostly beyond youth: the Egyptian prophet Amenophis 
 (Maneth. in Jos. c. A. i. 26) : Ammihud (Num. i. 10, ii. 18, vii. 48, x. 22, and 1 Chron. vii. 26), Am- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 131 
 
 minadab (Ex. vi. 23, Num. i. 7, vii. 12, and Ruth iv. 20), Hepher (Num. xxvi. 33, xxvii. 1, and Josh, 
 xvii. 3), Uri son of Hur (Ex. xxxv. 30) : and among Greeks. 
 
 The same year (= 1365 y. 10 mo. — "66 y. 2 mo " of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 1412 y. 2 mo. 
 — " 51 —61 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), Amgnoph;s or Amenophath or Ammgnepthes, a date 
 possibly marking the great victory gained by Mienptah over the Libyans and their allies invading 
 from the West, the Shakalusha or Sicilians, Tursha or Etruscans, Akaiusha or Greeks, and Luka or 
 Lycians : the number of the enemy slain is set down at " 12,535 " — on the temple at Medinet Abu. 
 (The date at least is one of the three regarded as established by De Rouge" with absolute certainty, 
 De Saulcy acad. inscript. Apr. 7th 1876 in Boston Transcript of May 5th 1876). 
 
 Hadad succeeded by Samlah of Masrekah, now fifth king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 36, and 1 
 Chron. i. 47). 
 
 1298 B. C. (= 1268 + "30 years " of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.) accession of Balatores or 
 Beletaras as Assyrian emperor ; (according to Bion, Alex. Polyhist., and Agath. ii. 25 p. 119) head 
 of a new or Second dynasty. 
 
 The same year = "8th year of Mienptah," in private letters — (Birch). 
 
 The name of king Mienptah occurs also at San or Zoan, and in his own tomb at Bab-el-meluk 
 (Glid. analect.). 
 
 The accession of Seti Mienptah II., a king of the Nineteenth dynasty, not earlier 
 than this date. — He immediately follows Mienptah in the series of kings at Medinet 
 Abu. 
 
 The same year = " 1st year of Seti Mienptah II.," latest date in the Sallier and sim- 
 ilar papyri on the campaigns of Ramessu II. — (Leps. eg. and sin. 394). 
 1297 B. C. = "2d year of Seti Mienptah II.," on a pillar at Silsilis — (Birch). 
 On a tablet at Abusimbel, Seti Mienptah II. is represented as a conqueror : his name occurs also 
 at Karnak and Luxor in Thebes, on various stelaa, and in his own tomb at Bab-el-meluk : a fine statue 
 of him found at Thebes — is now in the British museum, the anciently-erased name "Set" showing 
 that the attempted substitution of the god Set for Osiris was subsequent to his reign (Birch, and 
 Glid. analect.). 
 
 The name of Amunmessu, a king of the Nineteenth dynasty, occurs in his own tomb 
 I at Bab-el-meluk. The name of his wife is also known, but whether he preceded or 
 followed Seti Mienptah II., has not been ascertained — (Birch). He is omitted in the 
 I series of kings at Medinet Abu. 
 
 Viola odorata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The sweet-scented vio- 
 let called in Britain March violet from the season of flowering (Prior), in Germany " veilchen " 
 (Grieb), in France " violette " (Nugent), in Italy "viola" or "viola mammola " or " mammoletta " 
 (Lenz), in Greece "viol6ta" (Sibth.) or " menSx?," in Egypt " benaefsidj " (Forsk), in Egyptian 
 "ian" — (Kirch.) : observed in the gardens of Egypt by Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, Clot-bey, and 
 found by myself a general favourite. Northward, the " i6n " or "ion " is mentioned by Homer od. v. 
 73, Pindar, Aristophanes, Plato conv. 212, and Theophrastus ; the "ion porphuroun " is described by 
 Dioscorides as having a fragrant flower, its purple portion given as medicine to children ; V. odorata 
 was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in moist shady 
 places on the mountains of Greece. Westward, the " ia " is identified by Pliny xxi. 14 to 76 with the 
 purple-flowered "viola" cultivated as well as growing wild; the "viola" and "violarium" bed of 
 violets, are mentioned by Cicero, Varro, Horace, Virgil, and Columella, the Romans having "a wine 
 made of violet flowers, and it is said they are still used in the preparations of the Grand Signior's 
 sherbet " (Pereira, and Lindl.) : V. odorata is described by C. Bauhin pin. 199 ; is termed " v. mar- 
 tia purpurea flore simplici odoro " by Tournefort inst. 419; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy, is 
 known to grow in shaded situations as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 309, Pers., and A. Dec), and is 
 besides cultivated. Eastward from the Mediterranean, is called in Hindustanee " banafsna " or " na- 
 farman" (D'roz.), and was observed by Law cultivated near Bombay (Graham); by Mason, "exotic" 
 in Burmah ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan and called " kotjo " or "kotjo so," also " kinsai " 
 or "simire." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gar- 
 dens, and according to A. Gray "sometimes grows spontaneously near dwellings." Its petals 
 according to Lindley are " used as a laxative for children." 
 
 1295 B. C. = " 1st year of Setnekht Merera Miamun," in a papyrus (Leps. eg. and 
 sin.). His accession not later than this date; and he immediately follows Seti 
 Mienptah II. — in the series of kings at Medinet Abu. 
 
 His name occurs at Sarabit-el-Khadim in the Sinai peninsula, in the Queens valley 
 _ at Thebes, and on a column — now in the British museum (Glid. analect., and Birch). 
 King Amgnophis (according to Manetho) wished the privilege accorded to his predecessor Horus 
 of " seeing the gods : " and under advice from the prophet Amen6phis to clear Egypt of lepers 
 
132 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and " other unclean people," assembled all persons labouring under bodily infirmity in the quarries 
 East of the Nile; some "learned priests" being included. The deserted city of Auaris was next 
 granted: when Osarsiph, one of the priests was elected ruler with absolute power. He prohibited 
 marriage outside of the community, and worship of the Egyptian gods ; rebuilt the city wall, called 
 Hyksos from Jerusalem, and seizing the granaries gained possession of Egypt (Jos. c. A. i. 2$ to 29. 
 Other particulars are given by Manetho, who admits, that the account is not taken from Egyptian 
 records, but from " unascertained writers"). 
 
 1294 B. C. (= 1280 y. 2 mo. -|- " 13 years " of Manetho in Jos. c. A.), withdrawal 
 of king Amenfiphis and the Egyptian army into Ethiopia. Mienptah II. Siptah, 
 regarded by Rosellini as leader of this Second Hyksos invasion, holds the place on 
 the monuments of the seventh king of the Nineteenth dynasty. — He is however 
 omitted in the series of kings at Medinet Abu. 
 He was placed on the throne by Bai, who with prince Seti of Ethiopia is represented on the mon- 
 uments as offering homage — (Birch). 
 
 Callisto daughter of Lycaon was slain by Diana ; whose worship and that of her twin brother 
 Apollo inaugurated hardly later than this date- — Callisto is alluded to by Pamphos, and her tomb, a 
 mound surmounted with a temple to Diana, was shown in Arcadia to Pausanias viii. 3. 6 and 35. 8. 
 
 Some centuries " seculis aliquot " before the Trojan war, building of the most memorable of the 
 Greek temples, that to Diana at Aulis. — All knowledge of the material employed, was lost before 
 the days of Plinv xvi. 79. 
 
 Phemonoe, first priestess of Apollo at Delphi, invented or first employed hexameter verse (Strab., 
 Plin., Clem. Alex., and Pausanias x. 5. 7, who however in another place quotes a hexameter distich 
 ascribed to the anterior Peleiads). In augury, Phemonoe used principally the " triorchem," — iden- 
 tified by Pliny x. 9 with the ■' buteonem " of the Romans (the buzzard, Buteo vulgaris). 
 
 1290 B. C. (= 1336 — "46 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Pausan. ii. 16. 1), in 
 Greece, Iasus succeeded by Crotopus, son of Agenor, and now ninth king at Argos. 
 
 Lycaon succeeded by his son Nyctimus, third king of Arcadia (Eumel., Asius, and Paus. viii. 3). 
 Aided by Nyctimus, his younger brothers Oenotrus and Peucetius led a colony into Italy ; the 
 earliest Greek colony, and so far as known to the Greeks, the earliest of all foreign settlers (Phere- 
 cyd., Antioch., Apollod. iii. 8. 1, and Paus.). Italy was found to be inhabited by the Umb?-ians, "a 
 very ancient people " dispersed over many parts of the country ; and the Greek settlers — with their 
 descendants became the people called " Aborigines,'' who are known to have subsequently welcomed 
 a body of Pelasgians, and at a later date the companions of Evander (Cato, C. Sempron., and 
 Dionys. i. p. 27). 
 
 " In the reign of Crotopus " (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), and " five generations " after their first set- 
 tlement (Hellan., and Dionys. i. p. 45), the Pelasgians expelled from Haemonia or Thessaly by Cure- 
 tes, Leleges (Laconians), and others, led 'by Deucalion. The event is sometimes termed " the 
 Deluge of Deucalion," and is regarded as the beginning of Hellenic ascendancy _, the name being 
 derived from Deucalion's son Hellen, who now became ruler of the " Dorians " in Phthiotis (Hero- 
 dot, i. 56). 
 
 Of the expelled Pelasgians, a band proceeded by the way of Dodona into Italy, and producing an 
 oracle were received in a friendly manner by the "Aborigines" (prior Greek settlers), and were 
 allowed to reside in Velia. The reinforced Aborigines, now able to repel the Sicels, seized Croton a 
 town of the Umbrians, occupied Caere or Agylla, — Pisa, Saturnia, Alsium, and other towns which 
 they gradually took from' the Tuscans, and penetrated into the Campania, where they founded among 
 other towns Larissa, so named from a Larissa of their own in the Peloponnesus (Diodor. xiv. 118, 
 Strab. v. p. 220, and Dionys. i. p. 45). 
 
 Other expelled Pelasgians joined the Expedition to Lesbos under Macar son of Crinacus, and 
 helped form a second settlement on that island — (Diodor. v. 81, Dionys. i. p. 47, see also Hesiod 
 and Homer). 
 
 The name of Siptah occurs at Silsilis, also on the Ramesseum at Thebes, — and with that of his 
 wife queen Tasesurt in his tomb at Bab-el meluk (Glid. analect.). 
 
 At the end of " thirteen years exile " (Maneth.), Merera Miamun recovered his kingdom, — and 
 was buried in the appropriated tomb of Siptah at Bab-el-meluk. 
 
 1281 B. C. (= 1299 y. 8 mo. — " 19 y. 6 mo." of Manetho in Jos. c. A. = 1412 y. 
 I 2 mo. — " si — 61 — 20 years," 1071 + " 209 years " of the Afr.- Maneth. table = 
 1280), accession of " Se"th6sis and RamSsses : " or Merera Miamum succeeded by his 
 I son Ramessu III., second king of the Twentieth dynasty. — He immediately follows 
 . Merera in the series of kings at Medinet Abu. 
 1277 B. C. = " 5th year of Ramessu III.," the Libyans and their confederates defeated with 
 great slaughter — (Birch). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 133 
 
 1274 B. C. = " 8th year of Ramessu III.," a fleet having been prepared, the enemy defeated in 
 the earliest naval combat on record ; represented on the main hall of the great temple at Medinet 
 Abu ; and (on comparing the historical account in Manetho and the statement of the Egyptian priests 
 to Germanicus, Tacit, ii. 60) the two foreign nations fighting the Egyptians should be the Phoenicians, 
 and people of Cyprus. The foreign ships were probably built of timber from Syria and the neighbour- 
 ing portion of Asia Minor. The Egyptian ships are similar in form ; and one of them, — a few years 
 later may have brought Danaus into Greece ; the celebrated " pentekontoros " or first large galley 
 seen by the Greeks. 
 
 1273 B. C. (= 747 -|- " 526 years " of Berosus in Alex. Polyhist., and Euseb. i. 4. p. 18, Berosus 
 using the Era of Nabonassar and placing Phul and Sennecherib afterwards), accession over Babylon 
 of the Assyrians : — a series of " forty-five " successive kings. (See below Sosares.) 
 
 " In the reign of Crotopus " (Tat., and Clem Alex.), the conflagration through Phaethon ; a his- 
 torical person — (according to Hellanicus, and Apollodorus). 
 
 As the sisters of Phaethon were transformed into poplars, whose tears along the " Eridanum by us 
 called Padum" become amber (Apollon. Rhod. iv. 506, Diodor. v. 23, and Pliny xxxvii. 11), this fossil 
 gum of the shores of the Baltic may now have first reached the Mediterranean countries : the trans- 
 fer to the Po of the name of the Rhine " erithanon " (see Choerilus) indicates the route across 
 Switzerland through the Greek or St. Gothard pass ; and bits of amber have been found among debris 
 of Swiss lake-villages of the Stone age : — also, in prehistoric tombs in Italy between Albano and 
 San Marino (see Troyon p. 254 and 288) ; the palace of Menelaus (according to Homer) was orna- 
 mented with amber; " elfiktron " or amber is mentioned by Hesiod (Hygin. 154), Herodotus iii. 115, 
 and Timaeus (Plin. iv. 27) ; and the amber district on the Baltic, was visited by sea by Pytheas from 
 Massilia. Among the Orientals, I found amber in request in Egypt, highly prized to the present day. 
 
 Of other foreign articles brought into Switzerland in connexion possibly with the amber traffic, 
 Oriental nephrite from Turkestan in Asia, white coral from the Mediterranean, and serpentine and 
 flint chiefly from France, have been found among debris of early lake- villages (Troyon p. 288). 
 
 Trapa natans of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain water-nut or saligot, in France " saligot " 
 (Prior, and Nugent), in Germany " wassernuss," in Italy " castagna acquatica" or " tribolo acqua- 
 tica " (Lenz), in China " lin-kio " (Cibot) : possibly introduced into Switzerland as early as this date, 
 for remnants occur in the debris of lake-villages, — and the plant no longer grows in that country 
 (Haller 527, and Troyon p. 279) ; since the days of Lyte 536, has also disappeared from Britain, and 
 when once transported to a new locality is known to maintain itself for a long series of years (A. 
 Dec. g. b. 634 and soc. vaud. 1859) : tne " trivolos Snuthros " was eaten as bread by the Thracians 
 (Dioscor., and Plin. xxii. 12) ; is described by Theophrastus iv. 9. ' as growing not in all waters but 
 in the deep pools of rivers : T. natans is termed " castaneas ferrarienses " by Hermolaus Barbarus 
 (Spreng.), " tribuloides vulgare aquis innascens " by Tournefort inst. 655; is described by Lobel 
 hist. 324, and Camerarius pi. 715 ; is known to occur in Italy and middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 (Pers., and Fries); and was observed by Sibthorp in Greece. Farther East, is known to grow 
 around Caucasus and in Siberia (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Royle abounding in the lakes of Cash- 
 mere (Graham); by Cibot, under cultivation ih China (mem. Chin. iii. 451); and by Thunberg in 
 Japan, the roots cooked and eaten. Was observed by Grant at "2° N. in the Nile," also around the 
 margin of Lake Victoria N'yanza, the nuts eaten by wild boars, gathered also by the Waganda, but 
 the name " singara " indicates introduction from Hindustan (see T. bicornis). 
 
 The above Greek legend seems to imply that the basin of the Po was already dyked out and 
 planted with poplars ; — a very conspicuous feature in the landscape to the present day, P. nigra 
 being rendered unnaturally tall by pruning, preventing the growth of large branches : an art known 
 perhaps in the days of Homer od. vii. 106, who speaks of the " make'thnes " high-tapering "aig£i- 
 roio," clearly implied in "procerissimas populos " of Cicero, and " populus " devoid of shade of 
 Pliny xvii. 18 : the "populus fluviali consita ripa " planted on the river-bank, is mentioned by Ovid. 
 
 Populus tremula of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain aspen, by Chaucer "aspe," 
 in Anglo-Saxon " jesp " or " Eepse," in Germany " aspe," in Old High German " aspa," in Old Norse 
 "espi " (Prior), in France "tremble " (Nugent), in Italy "tremolo " or "tremula" or " populo mon- 
 tano " (Lenz) ; used occasionally for piles or posts of the early lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon 
 p. 16), and perhaps already planted along the Po, — where I found the tree rendered tall with the 
 preceding, so as to be distinguished only on near inspection : the industrious ever-moving leaves of 
 the " makSthnes aigfiiroio " of Homer od. vii. 106 seem to belong here, as well as the leaf-stalk " tre- 
 mulo populis et iisdem solis inter se crepitantia " of Pliny xvi. 38 : P. tremula is known to grow from 
 Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 1909, and Lenz) ; was observed by Sib- 
 thorp from Boeotia to mount Athos, by him and Belon, in the environs of Constantinople ; by Clot- 
 Bey and Figari, in the gardens of Egypt ; is known to grow wild throughout Northern Asia, or 
 according to A. Decandolle two-thirds around the Subarctic circuit of the Globe. 
 
134 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 A trade-route from the Po along the Rhine to the Baltic implies the existence of population more 
 or less scattered ; and the following fruits, seeds, and roots, growing wild and affording sustenance, 
 occur in debris of the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland (Heer and Troyon 445 to 465) : beech-nuts, 
 Fagus sylvatica ; filberts, Corylus avellana ; wild apples ; bird cherries, Cerasus padus ; blackberries, 
 Rubus fruticosus ; elder berries, Sambucus nigra ; yew berries, Taxus baccata ; and 
 
 Primus spinosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A rigid spinescent bush called in 
 Britain blackthorn or sloe, in Lancashire " slaigh " or " sleawgh," in Old English " sle," in Anglo-Saxon 
 " sla- " or " slag- " or " slah-thorn," in Danish " slaaen," in Swedish " sla," in Dutch " slee," in Ger- 
 man "schlehe," words connected with slaying or striking (Prior), in France "prunellier" (Nugent), 
 in Italy "prugnolo" or "susino selvatico " (Lenz), in Greece " tzapournia " or "mamousia" (Sibth.); 
 and its fruit found in debris of the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland — (Heer) : the " spothias '' as 
 if an " agria kokkumelea " is mentioned by Theophrastus' iii. 6. 4, Dioscorides i. 174, and Athenaeus 
 ii. . . ; the " prunus silvestris " by Columella ii. 2. 20, " silvestrium- prunorum baccae " by Pliny xv. 
 13 and xxiii. 68, and the "spinifera prunus" by Palladius xiv. 81 P. spinosa is termed "p. sylves- 
 tris " by Tournefort inst. 623 ; is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Brit- 
 ain (Pers., Engl. bot. pi. 842, and Lenz) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in thickets 
 in Greece and hedges around Constantinople ; and farther East, was observed by Thunberg in Japan. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America. " road-sides and waste places, E. New 
 England, Penn., etc." (Pursh, and A. Gray). The juice according to Lindley "is a substitute for 
 catechu," and " is said to be used in factitious or adulterated Port wine." 
 
 Rubus Idaeus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain raspberry, in France "fram- 
 boise" (Nugent), in Germany " himbeere " (Grieb), in Italy "lampone" or " lampione " or "ampo- 
 melle " (Lenz), in Greece " emeVa vata " (Fraas) ; and its fruit found in debris of the same lake- villages 
 — (Heer) : the "vatos orthophues " of Theophrastus iii. 18. 4, and "vatos ithaia" abounding according 
 to Dioscorides on mount Ida, are referred here by writers ; the ''idaeus rubus" seeming known to 
 Pliny xvi. 71 and xxiv. 75 chiefly from Dioscorides : R. Idaeus was cultivated in middle Europe in the 
 medieval period (A. Dec.) ; is described by Ruellius, and Turner ; is termed in its wild state " r. idaeus 
 spinosus " by Tournefort inst. 614; is known to grow wild from the mountains of Northern Italy to 
 Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 788, Pers., Wats., and Lenz) ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 on high mountains from the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus ; by Forskal, in the gardens of 
 Constantinople ; is known to grow on the subalpine portion of Caucasus (Bieb.) ; and farther East, 
 was observed by Thunberg in Japan and called " itsingo.'' By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where in our Northern and Middle States it continues sparingly cultivated. 
 
 Cornus sanguined of Europe and Northern Asia. A shrub called in Britain cornel or dogwood 
 (Prior), in Germany " rother hartriegel," in Italy ''verga sanguigna" or " sanguinello " (Lenz), in 
 Greece " maurovergia '' ( Sibth.) ; its berries found in debris of the same lake-villages — (Heer) : the 
 " thelukran£ia" of Theophrastus i 8. 2 to iii. 12. 1, and " femina cornus " and " sanguinei frutices " 
 of Pliny xvi. 30 to 43, are referred here by writers : C. sanguinea is termed " c. fcemina " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 641 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; is known to grow throughout middle Europe 
 as far as Sweden (Engl, bot- pi. 249, and Wats.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the 
 Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus ; and according to Clot-Bey and Figari has been recently 
 introduced into the gardens of Egypt. Eastward, is known to grow throughout Siberia (Pers., Dec, 
 and Wats.) ; and was observed by Thunberg in Japan. 
 
 Betula alba of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain birch, in Anglo-Saxon " birce " or 
 "byre " or " beorc," in Icelandic and Swedish "biork," in Danish " birk," in Dutch " berke," in Low 
 German "barke," in Old High German " piricha," in Russian " bereza," names giving rise to the 
 Latin "barca" and English "bark" in its double signification of tree-rind and vessel, birch-bark 
 being used for boat-building to the present day in Northern Europe (Prior), in France " bouleau " 
 (Nugent), in Italy "bedollo" or "betula" (Lenz). Furnishing some of the piles or posts on which 
 the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland were built (Troyon p. 16) ; buried also in the submarine 
 forests along the coast of France and Britain, and in peat-bogs on the Faroe Islands — where it no 
 longer grows (Beudant, and Martins) : the "betulla" is described by Pliny xvi. 30 as growing in 
 Gaul, a tree of cold climates and marvellous whiteness, " terribilis magistratuum virgis : " B. alba 
 was observed by Lenz on the mountains of North Italy, is known to grow on Etna and throughout 
 middle and Northern Europe as far as Lat. 70 40' in Lapland, and in rare instances in Interior Ice- 
 land (Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt ; is known 
 to grow on Caucasus, and from Lat. 37 on the East side of the Caspian to the Altaian mountains, 
 Lat. 68° on the Jenisei, 58 in Kamtschatka, Daouria (Wats.), and Japan (Thunb.). 
 
 The remaining piles or posts are mostly of " pommier sauvage," Mains sylvestrisj " chene " or 
 oak, Quercus robur ; " hitre " or beech, Fagus sylvatica ; " ormeau " or young elm; and " sapin," Abies 
 excelsa — (Troyon p. 16 to 40). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 135 
 
 Nymphcea alba of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white water-lily 
 (Prior), in France " nuphar blanc " (Fe"e), in Germany " weisse seerose," in Italy " ninfea " or " nin- 
 fea bianca" or "carfano femina" (Lenz), "in Greece " nerokolokuthia " (Sibth.) ; and remnants 
 found in debris of the same lake- villages — (Heer) : the " sithe " with leaves and rose-like flower 
 floating upon the Orchomenian lake and seeds eaten according to Theophrastus iv. 10. 1 to 7, known 
 in the same locality to Nicander ther. 887, mentioned also by Athenaeus xiv. 53, and the white-flow- 
 ered " numphaia " of Dioscorides growing in rivers of the Peloponnesus, are referred here by writers : 
 the " nymphaea " with a flower " lilio simili " is identified by Pliny xxv. 37 with the " heracleon " 
 or " rhopalon ; " and according to Marcellus Burdigalensis its clavate root is called by the Gauls 
 " baditin " (Spreng.) : N. alba is termed " n. alba major " by Tournefort inst. 260 ; was observed by 
 Lenz in Italy ; is known to grow also in Sicily, Sardinia, Algeria, Spain, and throughout middle and 
 Northern Europe as far as the Shetland Islands and Lapland (Munby, Guss., Wats., Fries, and A. 
 Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Zacynthus and the Peloponnesus to Thessaly 
 and Bithynia. Its root-stock according to Lindley is "astringent," and "is occasionally chewed by 
 singers to relieve the relaxation of the uvula." 
 
 Nuphar lutea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain yellow water-lily 
 (Prior), in France "nenuphar jaune " (Fe"e), in Germany " gelbe seerose," in Italy " ninfea gialla " 
 or "nannunfero" or "carfano maschio " (Lenz), in Greece " nupbaron " or " nounoupharon," or 
 by the Turks "pufer ciceghi " (Sibth.), and remnants found in debris of the same lake-villages — 
 (Heer): the sweet-rooted "numphaia" growing according to Theophrastus ix. 13 in lakes and 
 marshes from Crete to the Orchomenian district, and called " math6nia" by the Boeotians who eat its 
 fruit, is referred here by writers : the " alle numphaia " is described by Dioscorides as having yellow 
 flowers and growing about the river Peneus in Thessaly ; is identified in the added Synonyms with 
 the " numphdna " whose flower is called " nouphar ; " but seems known to Pliny xxv. 37 only from 
 Dioscorides : N. lutea is termed "n. lutea major" by Tournefort inst. 261 ; was observed by Sib- 
 thorp from Thessaly to Constantinople, and a refrigerating drink made from the flowers by the 
 Turks; was observed by Lenz frequent in North Italy; is known to grow also in Sicily, Sardinia, 
 and throughout Europe as far as Finland (fl. Dan. pi. 603, and Pers.), its roots and leaf-stalks eaten 
 by the Finns and Russians (Linder venen. p. 651, and Spreng.). Eastward from Russia, has been 
 observed only in the neighbouring portion of Siberia (Ledeb.), its presence in Japan alleged by 
 Thunberg, requiring confirmation (A. Dec). The root-stock according to Lindley " has been reputed 
 sedative and anti-aphrodisiac." * 
 
 Of quadrupeds inhabiting Switzerland during the Stone age, the main sustenance of the inhabi- 
 tants, and found in debris of the earliest lake-villages, the following are enumerated by Riitimeyer 
 (Troyon p. 271 and 442) : 
 
 The elk, Cervus alces. — A " peculiar " animal, having the form of the stag with the neck and 
 hair of a boar " kapr6," and under the chin a hairy appendage a span long and as thick as a colt's 
 tail, is attributed to the Alps by Polybius (Strab. iv. 6. 10). The " alcem " is also mentioned by 
 Pliny viii. 16, and as not unlike the reported "achlin " of Scandinavia. At the present day, the elk 
 is confined to the Scandinavian peninsula, and Russia as far as Poland (see Heer) : 
 
 The urus, Bos urus. — " Vo£s agrioi " are mentioned by Herodotus vii. 126 ; and are attributed 
 to the Alps by Polybius (Strab. iv. 6. 10). The "urus" is described by Caesar as resembling a 
 bull, but larger and very swift : according to Pliny xi. 45, " urorum cornibus barbari septemtrionales 
 potant," the barbarians of the North use horns of the urus for drinking-cups : the " ouros " is also 
 described by Epiphanius expos, iii. : and from this animal (according to Heer), the Swiss canton of 
 Uri derives its name, the head being figured to the present day on the escutcheon. The urus, after 
 lono- continuing frequent throughout middle and Northern Europe, gradually became rare, and in 
 the " Seventeenth " century disappeared. The name however is retained in French dictionaries ; 
 and we have a relic in the English phrase " to take a horn ; " explicable by Pliny's account of the 
 habits of our ancestors living on continental Europe : 
 
 The bison, Bos bison. — The " vonasos " by the Paeonians called " monapon," described by 
 Aristotle anim. ix. 45 as inhabiting the country North of Macedonia, is clearly the bison : the brazen 
 head of a " vis6nos " or Paeonian bull was sent by Dropion Deontis king of the Paeonians to Delphi 
 (Paus. x. 13. 1) ; and Pliny viii. 15 and 16 speaks of the " iubatos bisontes " of Germany. The 
 bison, once known throughout middle and Northern Europe, is described by Heer as a fierce animal, 
 now restricted to a forest in Lithuania and to Caucasus : 
 
 * Nuphar pumilum of middle and Northern Europe. Remnants of the dwarf yellow water-lily 
 are found in debris of the same lake-villages — (Heer), at the present day growing in but one of the 
 lakes of Switzerland (Troyon p. 445) : known however to grow in Germany and Sweden (Tiram, 
 Willd., and Wahlenberg). 
 
13^ CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The brown bear, Ursus arctos ; badger, Meles vulgaris ; martin, Mustela martes ; pine 7nartin, 
 M. foina ; polecat, M. putorius ; otter, Lutra vulgaris ; fox, Vulpes vulgaris ; European wildcat, Felis 
 catus ; hedgehog, Erinaceus Europaeus; squirrel, Sciurus Europaeus; wild boar, Sus scrofa, and a 
 race inhabiting the marshes, smaller with short tusks ; and the roebuck, Cervus capreolus : 
 
 Of birds, the kite, Falco milvus ; falcon, F. palumbarius ; sparrow-hawk, F. nisus ; pigeon in 
 the wild state, Columba palumbus ; mallard or duck in the wild state, Anas boschas ; teal, " A. quer- 
 quedula ? ; " and the heron, Ardea cinerea : 
 
 Of reptiles, the box-tortoise, Cistudo Europaea ; and the frog, Rana esculenta : and of fishes, the 
 pike, Esox lucius ; carp, Cyprinus carpio ; and bleak, C. leuciscus. 
 
 1271 B. C. = (1238 -|- "40 years " of ten lunations of Josh. xiv. 7), Caleb born to Jephunneh. 
 
 The same year (= " 200 years before the fall of Troy " of Bocchus), Saguntum in Spain founded, 
 and a temple built there to Diana. — The temple was spared by Hannibal from religious motives, and 
 with the original rafters continued extant in the days of Pliny xvi. 79. 
 
 Juniperus communis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain juniper, in France 
 "genevrier" (Nugent), in Germany " wachholder," in Italy "ginepro" (Lenz), on mount Athos 
 " kfithros " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the " juniperi " rafters of this temple, — the tree accord- 
 ing to Pliny xvi. 30 to 78 growing very large in Spain, growing also on the mountains of Italy, and its 
 timber incorruptible and equalling " cedro : " " juniperi gravis umbra " is mentioned by Virgil, and 
 the " iounipe'roum " of the Romans is identified in Syn. Diosc. i. 103 with the " i6upik£ll6uson " of 
 the Gauls : J. communis is termed " j. vulgaris fruticosa " by C. Bauhin pin. 488, and Tournefort 
 inst 5S8 ; was observed by Lenz frequent on the hills and mountains of North Italy ; by Forskal, 
 near Marseilles ; is known to grow throughout middle Europe, and in a dwarfed form as far as the 
 Shetland Islands, Sweden, Lapland, and Iceland (Hook., Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward, was 
 observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus ; and is known to grow through- 
 out Siberia as far as the mountains of Daouria (Gmel., and Pall.). By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where I have observed it occasionally planted for ornament in our 
 Middle States. Its berries are employed medicinally, and the oil is said to be " the most powerful 
 of all diuretics " (Alexand., and Lindl.). 
 
 Death of Linus, infant son of Psamathe the daughter of Crotopus. On this occasion (according 
 to Conon, Ovid, Statius, and others), the "linos" was composed: a poem however claimed as an 
 imitation or translation from the Egyptian — (see Herodot. ii. 79). The "linos" is mentioned 
 by Homer il. xviii. 570 ; and some fragments are extant. The village of Psamathon (" psamatheithas " 
 Nic. ther. 887) near the Orchomenian lake seems to have been named from Psamathe. 
 
 The same year = " nth year of Ramessu III.," his victory over the Mashuasha and Tahennu — 
 (Birch). 
 
 1269 B. C. (=1290 — "21 years " of Castor in Euseb. I. 'p. 129, Pausan. ii. 16. 1 . . . ), in 
 Greece, Crotopus succeeded by his son Sthenelas, tenth king at Argos. 
 
 After subduing the Assyrians and Medes, and overthrowing the cities and kingdoms of the 
 East, Ramessu III. recalled with his army by a letter f rom the chief-priest, giving information of the 
 misconduct of his brother at home (Manetho in Jos. c. A. i 15). 
 
 1268 B. C. (= 1236+ "32 years" of Euseb. i. and ii.), accession of Lamprides as Assyrian 
 emperor. " Thirty " years only, are assigned to his reign by Syncellus. 
 
 "The same year" (= 1258 -f "10 years" of Isocr. . . , Apollod., Pausan., and others), 
 arrival of Danaus at Lindus in Rhodes. Being (according to Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 15) no other 
 than Armais the expelled brother of Ramessu III. Among other inventions brought by him to 
 Greece, are enumerated : " uthreia " wells, gr perhaps pumps for raising water (Strab. i. 2. 1 - 
 and Blair). 
 
 The upper portion of the temple at Medinet Abu bears representations of Ramessu III. playing 
 games, like draughts or chequers, with his daughters : the origin apparently of the Greek legend of 
 the " fifty daughters of Danaus." 
 
 The main hall at Medinet Abu exhibits the battles of Ramessu III., and notwithstanding the 
 vast expanse of wall, seems barely to afford room : nations not previously figured make their appear- 
 ance in his campaigns. 
 
 The domestic pigeon, Columba palumbus, has been already noticed as a hieroglyphic character ■ 
 but at Medinet Abu, a bird bearing little outward resemblance, is from the attendant circumstances 
 referred by Wilkinson to the carrier pigeon. — The " aggelonta periston " or messenger pigeon, 
 is mentioned by Pherecrates, Athenaeus, the pseudo-Anacreon, and Maundeville x. 
 
 Ninety-first generation. May 1st, 1267, mostly beyond youth : Elishama (num. i. 10, vii. 48, and 
 1 Chron. vii. 26), Nahshon (ex. vi. 23, num. i 7, vii. 12, Ruth iv. 20, and 1 Chron. ii. Jo),'zelophehad 
 (num. xxvii. 1 to 3, Josh. xvii. 3, and 1 Chron. vii. 5), Korah (ex. vi. 21, num. xvi., and't Chron. vi 
 22), the artisans Bezaleel and Aholiab (ex. xxxi. to xxxviii, and 1 Chron. ii. 20) : and among Greeks 
 Electra mother of Dardanus (Apollod. iii. 12. 1). & ^ > 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 137 
 
 Samlah succeeded by Shaul or Saul of Rehoboth, sixth king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 37, and 1 
 Chron. ii. 10). 
 
 The same year = " 15th year of Ramessu III.," on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 589). 
 
 Ships of war first employed on the Red Sea by (" Sesostris," according to Herodotus ii. 101, 
 meaning probably) Ramessu III. 
 
 The same year (= 1257 -)- " 9 years" of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134), Cecrops succeeded by 
 Cranaus, third Attic king (reigning however according to some authorities as early as Deucalion's 
 conquest, Apollod. iii. 14, 15). 
 
 " 1265 B. C. = 1st year of Tsou-keng, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 In the " sixth generation " before the fall of Troy (Clint, i. p. 45 to 56), first appearance of Aeolus 
 or Aeolic Greeks in Thessaly. 
 
 Nyctimus succeeded by Areas (of the " sixth " generation before the fall of Troy, Clint.), son 
 of Callisto and now fourth king of Arcadia (Paus. viii. 4. 1). 
 
 1259 B. C. (= 1247 -\- " 12 years " of Apollod. iii. 14. 15, Castor giving only " 10 years " ), and 
 " in the reign of Sthenelas " (Tat, and Clem. Alex.), Cranaus expelled by his son-in-law Amphictyon, 
 now fourth Attic king : a "son of Deucalion," and therefore Hellenic in opposition to the Pelasgians. 
 — The tomb of Cranaus in the demos of Lamprae continued extant in the days of Pausanias i. 31. 3. 
 
 " 1258 B. C. = 1st year of Tsou-kia, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty— (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 The same year (= 1269 — " n years " = 991 -f " 105 -f 162 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 
 129 to 131, see also Apollod. ii. 1. 4, and Pausan. ii. 16. 1 and 19. 3), in Greece, by consent of the 
 people and of Gelanor son of Sthenelas, Danaus made eleventh king at Argos. 
 
 The acropolis at Argos (according to some authorities, Strab. viii. p. 371) built by Danaus, 
 received the name of " larissa ; " and from this spot, the migrations of the Pelasgian Greeks can be 
 traced by a city of this name founded in each new settlement. Seventeen Larissas are enumerated : 
 including one, only " thirty-five " miles from Nineveh ; one in Lydia ; one mentioned by Homer under 
 the name of " Argissa," in Thessaly; one in Mitylene ; two in Crete ; one in Attica ; and one in Italy 
 (Xenoph., Dionys., Strab., Pausan., Stephan. Byz., and Clint, i. p. 25). 
 
 The same year = "24th year of Ramessu III.," on the monuments (Champ. -Fig. p. 347). His 
 name is also inscribed on an older obelisk, — the one removed to and now standing at Alexandria 
 (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 42). 
 
 " 1257 B. C. = 2d year of Tsou-kia" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-fourth 
 cycle. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 232), 
 Causica reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 1256 B. C. = " 26th year of Ramessu III. ; " the latest date in his reign found on the monu- 
 ments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19). 
 
 1 vv 1 (two heads, a man looking inward, and a woman looking outward, signifying "phulakterion " 
 J J &- safeguard or amulet, Horap. i. 24) ; " nahvi " head ; " natsh " protection ; " natshperi " charm, 
 amulet; "v66n" amulet, evil eye, " voone" " hurt, damage, (the superstition of the evil eye being at 
 least as ancient as this date). — The character occurs under the Seventh Ptolemy (Leps. d. iv. 
 pi. 25). 
 
 Strings of a great variety of small articles in pottery or carved in stone are found on Egyptian 
 mummies, — and one of these strings carried by myself to Zanzibar was recognized by a native as an 
 amulet: those tied around the head of Zanzibar infants differing merely as I soon perceived in the 
 selection of natural objects. Northward from Egypt, the amulet " pgriapton " is mentioned by Plato 
 polit. iv. 426; " vaskania " witchcraft and the envious eye, by Plato phaed. 100, and Demosthenes 
 coron. 291 . 21 : and in Italy we find " fascia " and " fascinum," the god " Fascinus," and " amuleti " 
 tied on infants (Plin. xxviii. 7 and xxxvii. 12. See phylactery). 
 
 In the reign of Ramessu III., ornamental wood-work carried to great perfection at Thebes. In 
 his tomb at Bab-el-meluk, cushioned chairs are figured ; with other cabinet furniture, richly carved, 
 and in some instances presenting unexpected coincidence with the most approved patterns of the 
 present day. 
 
 Lagenaria vulgaris of Eastern Hindustan. The gourd is called in France " gourde " or " cale- 
 basse " (Nugent), by the Turks " tatli-chappach," in Yemen "dubbadybbe " (Forsk.) and one variety 
 in Egypt "qara' debbeh " (Del.), in Egyptian " shlo " (ms Par.) or "fent-shlot " (transl. Sept. Jonah 
 iv. 6), and the Cucurbitaceous plant without flowers or fruit figured in this tomb — and that of a later 
 king of the same dynasty, seems to correspond: the"kara"is mentioned by Ebn Baitar ; and L. 
 vulgaris was observed in Egypt by Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, and by Rauwolf in Syria. Farther 
 North, the " kolokunte " is mentioned by Hermippus, Aristophanes, Theophrastus, its "lily-like" 
 flower by Diphilus, and Zenobius, and the " kolokuntha " by Dioscorides as edible and holding wine ; 
 the "cucurbita" is mentioned by Cato, by Varro as curved in shape, by Propertius as swollen at one 
 
 18 
 
138 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 end " tumido cucurbita ventre," by Pliny xix. 24 as used to hold water as well as wine and sometimes 
 " novem pedum Iongitudinis " nine feet long : " calabazas " are enumerated by Herrara in 15 13 as culti- 
 vated in Spain ; L. vulgaris is described by Ruellius, Brunfels iii. 189, and Lobel ; was observed by 
 Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, by Bory under cultivation in several varieties in the Pelopon- 
 nesus, and by myself its cooked fruit in Mediterranean steamships. Southward from Egypt, was 
 observed by Forskal under cultivation in Yemen; by myself, at Muscat, and ascertained at Zanzibar 
 to be cultivated by Negro tribes as far inland as N'Yasa lake. Eastward, is mentioned in the Insti- 
 tutes of Manu (transl. Deslongch.) ; is called in Sanscrit " ulava " or " ulavoo " (Roxb., and Pidd.), 
 in Bengalee " lau " or " kadu," in Hindustanee " petha " or " kumdha " or " lauki " or " kadu " (D'roz.), 
 in the environs of Bombay " hurrea kuddoo " the fruit "of great importance to the natives as an 
 article of food " (Graham) ; was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 1 in Malabar, cultivated and growing 
 spontaneously ; and a bitter kind called in Sanscrit " kutoo-toombee," growing in the humid forest 
 near Deyra Doon in Eastern Hindustan, is regarded as indigenous by Roxburgh, and Royle him. p. 
 218. Farther East, was observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah and called " boo-hsen-sway ; " by 
 Loureiro p. 728 in Cochinchina ; by Van Braam in China (A. Dec.) ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, 
 in Japan and called "feo" or usually " nari finango ;" by Blanco on the Philippines, and called in 
 Tagalo "tabayag" and one variety " opo ; " by Rumphius v. pi. 144 under cultivation on the Moluc- 
 cas ; by myself, from the Malayan archipelago to New Zealand and throughout the Feejeean, Tongan, 
 Taheitian, and Hawaiian islands, aboriginally introduced and cultivated ; but the variety with giant 
 fruit, the shell substituted for casks and trunks, confined to the last-named locality. Eastward from 
 the Polynesian Groups, a peculiar variety with small yellow depressed fruit was observed by myself 
 in debris of the Ancient Peruvian cemetery at Pachicamac, also recent in the Lima market ; L. vul- 
 garis was already in the West Indies when first visited by Columbus (F. Columb. 24), and "cala- 
 bazas" of all the forms known in Spain were cultivated in the West Indies and Nicaragua in the days 
 of Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 and gen. hist. vii. 8. 
 
 1248 B. C. (= 1281 — "33 yrs." of Diodorus i. 58), end of the reign of Ramessu III. He 
 appears to have been the "king of Egvpt" who "sought to slay Moses" — (ex. ii. 15 and 23 to iv. 19). 
 
 Armais the expelled brother was called by the Greeks Danaus, and Egypt derived its name from" 
 Ramesses (Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 15, meaning of course its Oriental name " Mussera"). Confir- 
 mation is found in Gen. xlvii. 11, and in the Greek traditionary account of the hero Aiguptos. 
 RamSsses therefore limits the antiquity of the Mizraim of the Hebrews, and Ermes or Hermes of 
 the Greeks. 
 
 Allium Dioscoridis of the East Mediterranean countries. The " m61u " with milk-white flowers 
 and black root indicated by Ermes for protection against enchantments — (Horn. od. a. 305, and Plin. 
 xxv. S), described by Theophrastus ix. 15. 7 as growing about Pheneum and Cyllene with scilla-like 
 leaves and a round onion-like root, by Dioscorides as having grass-like leaves spreading on the 
 ground from a small bulbous root and a slender stem four cubits high and garlic-like at the summit, 
 is referred here by Sibthorp : A. Dioscoridis was observed by him in shaded bushy places from Mysia 
 in Asia Minor to Cyprus, its stem sometimes three to four cubits high, flowers white somewhat re- 
 sembling those of Peganum harmala, in accordance with the statement of Dioscorides iii. 46, but 
 there are no specimens for verification. 
 
 Peganum harmala of the Desert and its Northern border from the Atlantic to Hindustan. 
 Called in Greece " vrdmosouSrkos " (Fraas) or " vromohortaro," or by the Turks " vserlich," in 
 Egypt "ghalget ed dib " or " harmal " (Forsk.), in which we recognize the "armala" identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the "gpnouvou " of the Egyptians, " vesasa '' of the Syrians, " m61u " of the Cap- 
 padocians and Galatians, — and "peganon agrion " having according to Dioscorides many stems from 
 one root, strong-scented leaves, and white flowers : the " vesasa " according to Galen comp. med. loc. 
 ix. p. 257 is seed of the "agriou peganou " growing in Syria and called there "armala:" P. harmala 
 was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the Desert from Alexandria as far as Cairo, and Belon 
 found its seeds used continually by the Arabs as a .safeguard against evil Spirits ; was observed by 
 Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Crete and the Peloponnesus as far as Tenedos. 
 Westward, the "peganon agrion" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "hourma" of the Numidians- 
 P. harmala is termed "harmala" by Tournefort inst. 257; is known to grow in Italy, Sardinia 
 Algeria, and Spain (Pers , and A. Dec). Eastward from Syria, is known to grow around the 
 Caspian, and from the Crimea to the Ural mountains near Lat. 51 , and the Alatau mountains in 
 Tartary (Ledeb.) ; to Northern Hindustan (Royle), and within the Tropics "in considerable 
 abundance on the ruins of Beejapoor," regarded by Graham as possibly " introduced by the 
 Muselmen ?" 
 
 Afercurialis annua of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain French irurairv in Ger- 
 many " bingelkraut " or "kuwartz," in Old French "cagarelle " (A. Dec), in Italy "mercorella" or 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 139 
 
 " mercuriale" (Lenz), in Greece "skarolahanon" or " skullolahanon " (Sibth.), in which we recognize 
 the " grva niSrkourialis " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " aphlopho " of the Egyptians, said to 
 have been discovered by Mercury or Ermes — and hence sometimes called " hermupoan " by the 
 Greeks (Plin. xxv. 18) : the " linozSstis " is mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 12 to 77; by Diosco- 
 rides as a span or more high with twin rounded fruit and laxative when eaten as a potherb ; is iden- 
 tified in the added Synonyms with the " Srmou votanion " or "parthenion ; " and by Ebn Baitar with 
 the "halbub:" M. annua is mentioned also by Averrhoes, and Moses Charras (F.Adams); was 
 observed by Delile at Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt; by Hasselquist in Pales- 
 tine; and by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste places and cultivated ground from 
 Cyprus and the Peloponnesus to Marmora. Westward, the " linoz6stis " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "asoume's " of the Numidians ; and the " herba mercurialis " is enumerated by Cato as both 
 medicinal and esculent : M. annua is mentioned by Turner as seen by him in Germany and beginning 
 to be cultivated in Britain, where it has since become naturalized (Hill, and Bromfield phytol. for 
 1850) ; is described also by Valerius Cordus, Dalechamp (Spreng.), Bauhin hist, and Tournefort 
 inst 534; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur in waste places and culti- 
 vated ground throughout middle Europe (Pers.). 
 
 In this year therefore Ramessu III. succeeded by his son Ramessu IV. Hikma. A 
 portrait of Ramessu IV. is sculptured on the walls of Karnak. His name occurs also 
 on other temples at Medinet Abu and Elephantine, and on moveable articles — now 
 in the museums of Europe. 
 
 1247 B. C. = " 2d year of Ramessu IV.," at Hammamat — (Birch). 
 In this year (= 1 197 -f- " 50 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134, the three displaced or dupli- 
 cated reigns '•-)- 40 -\- 50 -f- 40 " being omitted, see also Isocr. panath. p. 258 d., and Apollod. iii. 
 14. 1), Amphictyon succeeded by Erichthonius, fifth Attic king. The Panathenaea were instituted by 
 Erichthonius (Hellan., and Androt). 
 
 1244 B. C. = "5th year of Ramessu IV.," on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19). 
 1243 B. C. (=: " 240 years before the building of Solomon's temple " of Josephus a. J. viii. 3. 1), 
 the city of Tsor or Tyre founded. Being-a seaport, merchant ships sailing thence and commerce 
 upon the Mediterranean are implied. — The city of Tyre in existence at the time of the Israelitish 
 conquest of Palestine, and mentioned in Josh. xix. 29. Tyre is also mentioned by Ezekiel, and 
 Herodotus ii. 43 ; was captured by Alexander, an event followed by the establishment of a rival em- 
 porium Alexandria, yet continued "the first commercial city of the East" in the time of Hierony- 
 mus, and in a flourishing condition until the discovery of America and of the route around Africa 
 into the Indian Ocean. A town continues in existence on the sfte ; but there is shelter for small ves- 
 sels only (see Sm. geogr. diet.). 
 
 Cassia senna of the Tropical portion of the Desert from the Atlantic to Hindustan. Called in 
 Egypt " sena gebely " of the Desert, or " s. beledy" or "s. baharaouy " (Del.) or '■ s. Hedjazi " or 
 "s. Mecki " (Forsk.), in which we recognize the burning " sn£ " seen on mount Horeb by Moses — 
 (ex. iii. 2, and deut. xxxiii. 6) : C. senna was observed by Forskal in the Desert Eastward from 
 Cairo ; by myself, just beyond the tide-flow at the Northern extreme of the Red Sea. Southward 
 and Westward, by Delile in Upper Egypt ; by Oudney in Central Africa ; and is known to grow from 
 Nubia to the Cape Verd Islands (Lindl.). Eastward from Sinai, was observed by Burn growing 
 "abundantly in various localities in Goozerat " and called "mendie awl" (Graham) ; is known to 
 grow also as far as the "high dry uncultivated lands of Mysore " (Roxb., Wall., and Wight). The 
 dried leaves are imported into France under the names of "sdne" de Tripoli " or " s. de Barbarie " 
 (Del.); are "the inferior senna known by the name of Aleppo and Italian," and Lindley further 
 states that the living plant has been introduced into the West Indies. 
 
 In reference to the account in ex. ix. 23 to 34, it may be observed, that thunder and hail are not 
 entirely unknown in Egypt. — A " hailstorm " was experienced by Lepsius (eg. and sin. p. 53 and 
 119) in Lower Egypt, at the pyramids at Gizeh ; and a "violent thunder-storm," even at the Southern 
 extreme of Egypt "at Assuan " (see Ai II.). 
 
 At this time, "rhS" hand-mills in use for grinding corn: mentioned by Moses ex. xi. 5 — and 
 num. xi. 8 ; also by Isaiah xlvii. 2, and Matthew xxiv. 41, and to the present day I found them in use 
 in Yemen and farther East. 
 
 Capparis spinosa of Tropical and Subtropical Arabia. The caper bush is called in Italy "cap- 
 pero" (Lenz), in Greece " kapparia " (Sibth.) or " rimoniaria," in Egypt " kabbar," in Yemen "lasaf" 
 (Forsk.), around mount Sinai "alsef " (Burkhardt) ; and the " azwb " for striking blood on the door 
 posts in the night appointed for the Passover, — further met with by Moses lev. xiv. 4 to 52 and num. 
 xix. 6 to 18 in the Sinai peninsula, and of which Solomon spoke as springing " out of the wall " at 
 Jerusalem (1 K. iv. 33), also the "ussSpos" that furnished a stick at the Crucifixion (John xix. 29), 
 are referred here by Royle (Kitt. bibl. cycl. ii. p. 976) : C. spinosa was observed by Forskal p. 99 on 
 
140 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the wall of Taaes in Yemen, and abounding in the district around Hammam Faraun in the Sinai 
 peninsula ; by him, and Delile, at Alexandria in Egypt ; and by Hasselquist, at Jerusalem. North- 
 ward and Westward, the " kapparis " is mentioned by Antiphanes, Aristophon, Zeno the Stoic, Ti- 
 mocles, Demetrius, Clearchus Solensis, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ; the "capparis," by Plautus, 
 Pliny, and Martial: C. spinosa is described by Lobel pi. 635 ; is termed "c. s. fructu minore folio 
 rotundo" by Tournefort inst. 261 ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent 
 from Rhodes and Tenedos to the Peloponnesus ; by Lenz, seemingly wild in Italy ; by myself, con- 
 spicuously projecting from crevices in walls of buildings on Malta; by Forskal, on Malta, and in 
 arid situations around Marseilles ; by Desfontaines i. 404, in Barbary ; is known to occur also in 
 Sicily and Spain, is besides cultivated (Pers.), and its berry-like flower-buds largely exported have 
 become generally known as a condiment. (See Satureja Juliana). 
 
 Centaurea cahitrapa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain caltrops, in Anglo-Saxon 
 " coltraeppe," in the romance of K. Alisander "calkelrappen," in medieval Latin " calcitrapa " (Prior), 
 in Greece " kala anthe " (Sibth.) or "katrinaggatho," in Egypt " schok " or " morreyr " (Forsk., and 
 Del.), in which we recognize the " mrrym " eaten in the night appointed for the Passover, — further 
 met with Moses ex. xii. 8 and num. ix. it in the Sinai peninsula on the anniversary of the Passover 
 (translated " trivolos " by Hermas iii. 9. 20 and the "trivolos phullakanthos " of Theophrastus vi. 5. 
 3 seems to correspond) ; associated with wormwood in Lam. iii. 15 : leaves and young stems of C. 
 calcitrapa were found by Forskal p. 152 eaten crude in Egypt, the plant abounding there, as observed 
 also by Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself. Northward and Westward, C. calcitrapa is described by Co- 
 lumna phyt. pi. 24; is termed "carduus stellatus sive calcitrapa" by Tournefort inst. 440; was ob- 
 served by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; by 
 Forskal, on Malta and around Marseilles ; and is known to occur along waysides and in cultivated 
 ground as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 125. Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, was 
 carried to Madeira (Lindl.) ; to Northeast America, where it continues in Carolina and Eastern Vir- 
 ginia springing up spontaneously (A. Gray, and Chapm ). The plant according to Lindley "has been 
 used as a febrifuge, and has even been preferred to gentian." 
 
 Picris hio'tuioides of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "hJirovotan6n " (Sibth), 
 in Egypt "murreyr" (Del), and possibly the plant in question, "mrrym" — being translated '■ pik- 
 rithSs " in the Septuagirit : P. hieraciodes is termed " hieracium aegyptium gigas " by Lippi, as seen 
 by him in Egypt; was observed by Forskal, and Delile (Steud.), on the margin of cultivated land 
 about Cairo, and was received from Egypt by Vaillant act. paris. for 1721. Northward and West- 
 ward, is termed "hieracium asperum majori flore in limitibus agrorum " by Tournefort inst. 469 ; was 
 observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Dardanelles to Athens and Zacynthus ; and is known to 
 occur, always as above-indicated on the margin of cultivated ground, as far as France and Britain 
 (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 196 ; see Helminthia echioides). 
 
 1240, April (ex. ix. 31, xii. 1 to 12, and xiii. 4 ; see Introd. p. . . . , the moon's place remaining un- 
 ascertained), after the revelation of the name "Jehovah," Exodus of the Israelites (see Ramessu VI.). 
 
 The eleventh Egyptian month being now made the first Hebrew month, a year of ten months 
 was established: as is further shown, by the "30 years " of Ex. xii. 40 corresponding to the " 100 — 
 75 years " of Gen. xii. 4, xv. 13, and xxi. 5 (30 X 10 H- 12 = 25) ; by the Hebrew generation of "40 
 years " (X 10 -r- 12) equalling the Greek generation of " 33^ ; " by the use among the early Romans 
 of a calendar year of "ten months ; '' and by usage among the Jews to the present clay. In further 
 confirmation that Moses was the author of the calendar year of ten lunations ; — the new moons were 
 observed by the Israelites ( . . . . Num. ix. 5) ; and such a calendar continues in use on the 
 Tarawan or Kingsmill Islands (see Hale ethn. Expl. Ex.). Both modes of reckoning were in use in 
 the time of Clemens Alexandrinus, who gives the interval between the Exodus and Solomon as by 
 some estimated " 595," and by others " 576 years " (X 10 -=- 12 = " 480 " of 1 K. vi. 1, and " 595 " 
 years of ten lunations = 481 y. 2i|| d. In Gen. vii. 11 to viii. 13, there is a reckoning in ten Egyp- 
 tian months of thirty days each : " 17th of Seventh month " — " 17th of Second month " = 5 months 
 = " 150 days," and " 10th " X 3° + " 4° + 7 + 7 " = 354 days = lunar year). 
 
 Wearing an inscribed sentence " twtphwd " bound on the forehead and around the wrist enjoined 
 by Moses ex. xiii. 9 to 16: — phylacteries " phulakteria " are mentioned in Matthew xxiii. 5. In- 
 stead of writings " grammata," the Egyptians of the time of Horapollo i. 24 protected themselves 
 against demons by the representation of two human heads (see amulet). 
 
 The reality of the sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt is proved by some of them bearing the 
 name of Egyptian kings : as Amminadab (from Amunhotep, in Greek Am£n8phis) ; Hur (from Ho- 
 remheb, in Greek Oros) ; and Ram (from Ramessu, in Greek RamSsses). Moses is mentioned by 
 Manetho ; and among Greek writers, yet earlier by Hellanicus ; also by Philochorus, Polemon the 
 archaeologist, Castor, and Ptolemaeus of Mendes (see Just. Mart, ad Graec. p. 10, and Cyrill. a Jul. 
 i. p. 15). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 I 4 I 
 
 The "mixed multitude" accompanying the Israelites (Ex. xii. 38), may perhaps derive some 
 illustration from Manetho's account of the Exodus : that among those departing, were persons 
 afflicted with leprosy, may be inferred from the treatise on this disease in Levit. xiii. 
 
 Ctratonia siliqua of Western Africa. The carob tree or St. John's bread is called in France " ca- 
 roubier" (F^e), in Italy " carrubio " or "carrubo" (Lenz), in Greece " xulokeYatia " (Sibth.), in 
 Egypt "kharroub" (Del.), in Egyptian " kontrates " (lex. Oxon.) or "jiiri" (lex. Oxon., and Kirch., 
 perhaps from "jir" a small kind of salted fish): is regarded by Sprengel as the tree with which 
 Moses ex. xv. 25 sweetened the bitter water at Marah, — the "hhrub" according to Avicenna p. 205 
 having the property of sweetening salt and bitter water : the " kSr6nian " of the Ionians according to 
 Theophrastus iv. 2. 4 is improperly called "aiguption sukon," growing not in Egypt, but in Syria and 
 Ionia and about Cnidus and Rhodes, and bearing pods on its trunk and branches ; is identified by 
 Galen with the "kfiratia;" said by Strabo xvii. 2. 2 to grow beyond Meroe ; mentioned also in Luke 
 xv. 16; and its edible pods, by Dioscorides i. 158: C. siliqua was observed by Alpinus, Forskal, 
 Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt, but continues rare, and was not met with by myself; 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and Attica through- 
 out the Greek islands. Westward, " siliquis " are mentioned by Horace epist. ii. I. 123; "siliquae 
 graecae " and their cultivation, by Columella ; and " siliquas syriacas " by Pliny as very sweet, a fin- 
 ger in length by an inch broad, and sometimes falcate: C. siliqua is termed "s. edulis" by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 578; was observed by Forskal, and myself, on Malta; continues according to Lenz under 
 cultivation in Southern Italy ; appeared to me discordant in the Mediterranean countries, exotic and 
 having a Tropical aspect, was in fact seen by Denham and Clapperton in Bornou in Central Africa 
 (Hogg in Hook. j. bot. 1834). By European colonists, was recently carried to Hindustan (Graham 
 p. 254), observed by myself in the Botanic garden at Bombay. 
 
 Nigella sativa of the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain 
 Roman coriander, in Germany " schwarzkummel " (Grieb), in Italy " nigella" or "cominella" or 
 "melanzio domestico " (Lenz), in Greece " mavrokoukathSis " (Sibth.) or " maurokoukki " (Fraas), in 
 Egypt " kammoun asouad " black cummin or " habbah soudeh " black grain (Del.), in Egyptian 
 "stikmme' " (transl. Sept. Is.) ; in which we recognize the "melanthion" identified with the "gith" 
 by Pliny, and the "gth " resembling the grains of manna sent through Moses ex. xvi. 14 to 31 and 
 num. xi. 7 : — the " mfilanthion " is mentioned in the Septuagint translation of Isai. xxviii. 25 as culti- 
 vated in Palestine : and the black seeds of N. sativa scattered over the thin wafer-like bread made 
 throughout Egypt were observed by Belon, and myself. Farther North, " makonithdn arton " is 
 mentioned by Alcman (Athen. iii. 75) ; the " melanthion " is mentioned in the treatise Steril. 675, and 
 Nicander ther. 43 ; its seeds are described by Dioscorides as black pungent odorous and " kataplas- 
 somSnon Sis artous '' plastered on bread ; and the " mekSna agrion mSlana " is identified in the added 
 Synonyms : N. sativa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; 
 is known to grow also about the Taurian mountains and Caucasus (Pall., and Bieb.). Westward, the 
 " melanthium " is mentioned by Cato 102, and Columella x. 245 ; the seed called " git," by Columella vi. 
 34. 1; the "gith ex Graecis " or " melanspermon " by Pliny xx. 71 "gratissime panes etiam con- 
 diat ; " and the "gith" by Palladius x. 13.3 as cultivated: N. sativa is termed "n. flore minore 
 simplici candido " by Tournefort inst. 258 ; and is known to be cultivated in France and Germany 
 (Pers.). Eastward from the Caspian, is called in Goozerat " kala jeera" (Graham), has been long 
 cultivated in other parts of Hindustan "both as a condiment and as a medicine " (Roxb., and Royle 
 in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) : was observed by Mason v. 495 " exotic " and called " sa-mung-net " in Burmah, 
 where it is sometimes cultivated. Its seeds are described by Lindley as " aromatic, subacrid," "for- 
 merly employed instead of pepper, and have also been used as carminatives." 
 
 Coriandrum sativum of Central Asia. Called in Britain coriander, in France " coriandre " 
 (Nugent), in Germany " koriander," in Italy " coriandro " or '• coriandolo " (Lenz), in Greece " kori- 
 anthron" or "kousvaras " (Sibth.), in Egypt "kousbarah " (Del.), in Egyptian "v£r£tshe " or " ve>£- 
 tshSu " (ms. Par.) or " v£rtsh£u " (Kirch.) or " vfirtsheou " or " verseou " (transl. Sept.) or " ohion " 
 (compare ohionon " granum herbescens of Kirch.), by the Numidians "goith'' (Syn. Diosc), and 
 agreeing better with the implied white or bdellium-coloured "gth," — translated "korion" in the 
 Septuagint ex. xvi. 31 and num. xi. 7 : the best "coriandrum " in the days of Pliny xx. 82 came from 
 Egypt; and C. sativum was observed under cultivation there by Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, and 
 Clot-Bey. Farther North, the " korion " or " koriannon " or " korianneton " is mentioned by Anac- 
 reon, the comic poet Alcaeus, Anaxandrides, Antiphanes, Zeno, Theophrastus, Xenocrales, Pollux vi. 
 107, and Athenaeus ii. 77 and iv. 47 : C. sativum was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground from 
 Cyprus to the Peloponnesus, but is regarded by Chaubard as not indigenous. Westward, the " cori- 
 andrum " is mentioned by Varro, is termed "famosa" by Columella . . ; is not wild in Italy accord- 
 ino- to Pliny, who gives directions about its cultivation ; is mentioned also by Apicius, Apuleius 102, 
 and Macer Floridus . . : C. sativum is termed " c. majus " by Tournefort inst. 316; is known to be 
 
142 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 cultivated from Italy throughout middle Europe, and has besides become naturalized in certain locali- 
 ties in France and England (Engl. bot. pi. 67, Pers., Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward from the Black 
 Sea, was observed by Szovitz " in the corn fields of Tartary " (Lindl.) : is called in Hindustanee 
 "kothmir" or "dhaniya" (D'roz.) ; was observed by Graham " in gardens " in the environs of Bom- 
 bay, the seeds " much used by Musselmen in their curries ; " by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindus- 
 tan : by Mason p. 495, " exotic " and called " nan-nan " in Burmah, often cultivated by the natives 
 who use the seeds " as a condiment for curries as well as for medicine." By European colonists, 
 was carried prior to 1670 to New England (Josselyn rar. . .), where as throughout our Northern and 
 Middle States it continues in gardens. Its fruits according to Lindley are " carminative and aro- 
 matic." (The English word "virtue" as pronounced " virtshu " maybe compared with the above 
 Egyptian names). 
 
 " In the third month " after leaving Egypt (ex. xix. 1 to xx. 17), the Ten commandments deliv- 
 ered on Mount Sinai. 
 
 Moses was of course familiar with Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, and a modification in which 
 figures of animals and other external objects (the human form excepted) are avoided, — has been 
 discovered in Palestine : the language not ascertained, but possibly Hebrew. 
 
 The " argmn " to be brought as an offering (ex. xxv. 4) — is admitted to be sea-purple , a dye 
 procured from Murcx trunculns (Wilde in Kitt. cycl. bibl.) and other marine univalve shells of the 
 Mediterranean. The "argmn" and garments dyed with it, are also mentioned in Ex. xxvi. to xxxix. 
 29, Judg. viii. 26, Prov. xxxi. 22, Jer. x. 9, and Ezek. xxvii. 7 ; the " aliporphuros," by Homer od. vi. 
 54; the "porphura thalassia," in 1 Mace. iv. 23, Diodorus iii. 68, and Josephus bell. Jud. v. 5 ; and 
 the " dibapha Tyria " or Tyrian dye, by Horace, Pliny, and others. This dye continued to be man- 
 ufactured in the " Twelfth century " at Thebes in Greece, but its use has now become obsolete. 
 
 Balsaiiwdindron myrrha of Abyssinia. The imported product is called in Britain myrrh, in 
 France " myrrhe " (Nugent), in Germany " myrrhe " or " mirrhe " (Grieb), in Latin "myrrha," in 
 Greek sometimes "murra" (Gesen.), in Egypt " mur " (Forsk.), in Egyptian " tshal " (transl. Sept. 
 and N. Test.) or "val" (Plut. is. and osir.), in Sanscrit " bola " (Royle) and in Hindustanee " bol " 
 or "mur" (D'roz.), in which we recognize the " mr " in the anointing oil enjoined through Moses ex. 
 xxx. 23 : — "mur" is mentioned also in Prov. vii. 17, Cant. v. 5, Psalm xlv. 8, and Esther ii. 12: 
 "smurria" by Herodotus iii. 107, the Hippocratic writings, Theophrastus, ix. 4, Nicander, and Op- 
 pian; "myrra" by Plautus, Virgil, and Ovid am. i. 288; and of myrrh brought to Egypt, a portion 
 according to Forskal mat. med. comes from Arabia, but the best from Abyssinia. The myrrh tree as 
 seen under cultivation in Tropical Arabia was described to Theophrastus ix. 4. 3 ; is mentioned as 
 growing along the Sabaean or opposite African coast by Artemidorus, Strabo, the Erythraean peri- 
 plus, and Pliny xii. 33: was ascertained by Ehrenberg and Hemprich to be the " kataf " found by 
 Forskal p. 80 cultivated at Beit el fakih ; and I learned at Mocha that a portion of the myrrh of com- 
 merce is really produced in Arabia, the main supply coming from the opposite Somali country, where 
 the tree was observed by Bruce, and Johnson. Eastward, myrrh has long been imported into Hin- 
 dustan, and is generally known there under the above name " bol " (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). The 
 "bdellium " seen in Egypt by Forskal mat. med. was ascertained by him to be only imperfect myrrh. 
 (See Amyris commiphora, and Borassus dichotomus). 
 
 Pandanus odoratissimus of the seashore of Hindustan. The fragrant xrewpine is called from 
 Cutch to Bombay " keura " (Forsk., and Graham), in Malabar " kaida " (Rheede), in Yemen "kadi" 
 (Forsk.), in which we recognize the " kth£ " in the anointing oil, — and sold according to Ezekiel 
 xxvii. 19 at Tyre: oil scented with the " kadsi " of Yemen is mentioned by Abu Hanifa, Rhazes, 
 Serapion, and Ebn Baitar ; P. odoratissimus was observed by Forskal p. 172 under cultivation among 
 the mountains of Yemen, and I found its fragrant flowers in the Mocha market, but is a maritime 
 plant, and from the character of the coast so far as examined by myself can hardly be indigenous in 
 Arabia. Eastward, was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 1 to 8 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the environs 
 of Bombay, its flowers " very sweet scented " and " generally sold in the bazars ; " by myself, wild 
 in the same neighbourhood around Elephanta; by Roxburgh, on the Coromandel coast; is described 
 also by Rumphius iv. pi. 74 ; and was observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah and called " hsat- 
 ta-phu." 
 
 Acorns calamus of Northern Climates. Called in Britain sweet fag (Prior), in Germany " kal- 
 mus " (Grieb), in Italy " calamo aromatico " or " acoro " or " acoro vero " (Lenz), in Greek " akoros " 
 (Sibth.), in Egyptian " ok£ " (ms Borg.) or " akS " (Zoeg.) ; in which we recognize the " kn£ bshm " 
 in the anointing oil, — or "kn£" of Cant. iv. 14, Isaiah xliii. 24, "from a far country" according to 
 Jeremiah vi. 20, and according to Ezekiel xxvii. 19 imported and sold at Tyre ; also, the "kalamos " 
 in the " kuphi " incense mentioned by Manetho (Plut. is. and osir.) ; the "kalamos murepsikos" of 
 2 Mul. morb. 651 ; the "kalamds euSthes " of Theophrastus iv. 8. 4 to odor. 34, growing around a 
 lake in Syria and scentless while fresh, its root marked with interstices ; the " calamus alexandrinus " 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 143 
 
 ins 
 
 of Celsus, and Dionysius Periegetes ; and the " akoron '' of Dioscorides having leaves like the 
 but narrower, roots jointed at intervals and extending near the surface, acrid to the taste and fragrant, 
 mentioned also by Galen : A. calamus was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; its root is 
 enumerated by Alpinus among the ingredients of the Egyptian theriac, and by Forskal mat. med. as 
 imported into Egypt from Greece. Westward, the " acorus " is mentioned by Celsus, and Pliny xii. 
 48 to xxv. 100 : A. calamus is termed "a. verus sive calamus aromaticus officinarum " by C. Bauhin 
 pin. 34 ; was observed by Lenz in North Italy, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as 
 far as Sweden (Engl. bot. pi. 356, Dec, and Wats.). Eastward from Syria, " kalamos ar6matikos " 
 produced in India is mentioned by Dioscorides i. 17 : A. calamus was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 48, 
 Roxburgh, and Lush, under cultivation in Hindustan, by Nimmo seemingly wild in the Southern 
 Concan; is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee "bach," in Telinga "vasa" or "vadaja," in Tamil 
 " vashambu " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " yekund " and " employed in medicine as a febri- 
 fuge " (Graham) : was observed by Mason v. 496 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated " to a small extent 
 for its medicinal properties" and called "len-has;" by Thunberg, near Nagasaki in Japan; and by 
 Gmelin, wild throughout Siberia. Farther East, by Drummond on the Saskatchewan river at 54° in 
 central North America ; by Nuttall on the Arkansas, by Short in Kentucky, by myself from 43 to 38 
 along the Atlantic, by Croom at 35°, and is known to grow as far as Florida (Ell., and Chapm.). The 
 root according to Lindley is in Constantinople "made into a confection " which is "eaten freely 
 during the prevalence of epidemic diseases," but in Britain is "chiefly employed by perfumers, in the 
 manufacture of hair powder." (See Andropogon Martini). 
 
 Cinnamomum aromalicum of Mindanao. Imported cinnamon is called in Arabic "dar-sini" 
 (Sontheim.), in Hindustanee and Bengalee "dar-chini" (D'roz.), in Sanscrit "dhal-kinna" China- 
 wood (. . . ) : the "knmwn" in the anointing oil, — and of Prov. vii. 17, and Cant. iv. 14, is referred 
 here by writers : "the best cinnamon of any " according to Pigafetta 121 grows on Mindanao, is 
 called there " cainmana " from " cain " wood and " mana " sweet, " is a small tree not more than three 
 or four cubits high," and " its wood and leaves when they are green have the taste and force of the 
 bark itself : " C. aromaticum, furnishing according to Nees von Esenbeck the valuable Chinese cinna- 
 mon, was seen by Roxburgh, and Wight, under cultivation in Hindustan ; by Graham, " in gardens 
 Bombay, rare." 
 
 The name however seems to indicate the route of transmission of the earliest-known article, and 
 that the Hebrew " kn " really means China or possibly Siam, appears from the Sanscrit " kinna " — 
 occurring in the Greek words " kinnamomon " and "kinnavar " (another product of China, and men- 
 tioned by Ctesias). China is called in Egyptian "ielopon " (Mar., and Kirch.) 
 
 The concluding Hebrew syllable "mwn" is perhaps the Tamil "maun" signifying tree, in 
 accordance with the above Sanscrit name ; and if so, may prove the earliest specimen known of the 
 Tamil language. 
 
 Cinnamomum cassia of Java and Ceylon. A tree furnishing the cinnamon of commerce or Cey- 
 lon cinnamon ; probably the "knmwn " of Moses, — and Solomon, "kinnamdmon " of Herodotus iii. 
 in, Hippocrates, Theophrastus, Strabo, Dioscorides, and Galen, "cinnamomum" or "cinnamum" 
 of Ovid, Pliny, and Claudian, and " dar-sini " of Ishak ben Amran, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar. The 
 bark of the roots and coarser branches according to Marshall is the cassia of commerce, and accord- 
 ing to Galen antid. i. p. 70 the two spices are from the same tree : the " kasia " brought by the 
 Arabs is mentioned also by Herodotus iii. ill, Theophrastus ix. 5. 1, Agatharchides, Strabo xvi. 4, 
 Dioscorides, Pliny xii. 42, and Dionysius Perigetes 939 : C. cassia is known to be " cultivated to a 
 great extent in Ceylon " (Graham) ; and a degenerate variety according to Nees von Esenbeck 
 was by Europeans carried to the neighbouring portion of Hindustan, where it has become naturalized 
 (Wight pi. 123). By European colonists also, C. cassia was carried to various places within the 
 Tropicks, and is now cultivated even in America (Lindl.). 
 
 Galbanum officinale of central Asia. The imported gum-resin galbanum is called in Egypt 
 " qanavascheq " (Forsk.), in Egyptian " kakonia " (Edw.) ; and the "hlbng," an ingredient of the 
 perfume enjoined ex. xxx. 34, — is referred here by writers : " halvane " is regarded by Theophrastus 
 ix. 7.2 as the product of a Syrian plant called "panakous," of a "narthekos" according to Dio- 
 scorides, of a "ferula" called " stagonitin " according to Pliny xii. 56, and " halvanis riza " is men- 
 tioned by Nicander ther. 938 : " galbanum '' is mentioned by Celsus, and Juvenal ; and its odour 
 driving away reptiles and insects, by Nicander ther. 555, Virgil geor. iii. 415, and Pliny xix. 58: 
 "kinnah" is mentioned by Ebn Baitar, the " narthex " of the Greeks being called "kana" (Son- 
 theim.); and "galbanum" was found by Forskal mat. med. imported into Egypt "from Persia." 
 Farther East, the drug is called in Hindustanee " qanna " or " birzad " or "barija" (D'roz.) ; and 
 Royle learned that the plant is called " kinneh " or " nafeel : " but according to Lindley, " nothing is 
 known of this plant except " the imbedded seed described by Don (which may belong elsewhere), 
 "the drug comes from Smyrna and India." 
 
144 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The "shld" entering into the composition of the enjoined perfume — is referred by Gesenius 
 to blatta byzantina also called unguis, odoratus, and valued on account of the fragrant odour given 
 out in burning : the " onux " is described by Dioscorides as the operculum of a shell resembling the 
 purpura-shell, and inhabiting the marshes or pools of Hindustan ; the " ostracium '' by some called 
 "onychem," is mentioned by Pliny xxxii. 46; unguis odoratus, by Arab writers cited by Bochart, 
 and under the name of " dofr el affrit" was found by Forskal mat. med. imported into Suez from 
 Mocha. Eastward, the "nakhi" meaning nail, is enumerated among perfumes in the Amera Cosha. 
 and is sold under that name in the bazars of Bengal (Wils.) ; under the Arabic name " azfar-al-teeb " 
 may everywhere be obtained in Northern Hindustan, and is further described by Royle antiq. hind, 
 med. p. 95 as the operculum of Strombus lentigiiwsus, but he "was unable to ascertain whence it 
 was brought : " the operculum however «• is less fragrant than that of Pleurotoma Babylonia or PL 
 TrapeziiP 
 
 The "shphn" whose flesh is prohibited by Moses lev. xi. 5, — finding refuge among rocks 
 (Psalm civ. iS), and translated " hoirogrullios " in the Septuagint, is admitted to be Hyrax Syriacus : 
 the " hoirogrullious " is described by Hieronymus ii 65S as an animal resembling a mouse and bear 
 and hence called " arkomus " in Palestine, where it abounds, dwelling in caves among rocks and holes 
 in the ground. 
 
 1239 B. C. On the first day of "the first month in the second year " after leaving Egypt, "the 
 tabernacle was reared up " (Ex. xl. 17). 
 
 I'itex agnus-castus of Subtropical Arabia and Persia. Called in English gardens chaste-tree 
 or hemp-tree or Abraham 's balm (Ainsw.), in Italy "agno casto " (Lenz), in Greece "agngia" or 
 "lugaria" (Sibth.), in Egypt "kaf maryam " Mary's hand (Del.), in Egyptian " tshets " or " tshen- 
 tshits" (transl. Sept.) or "soum." by the prophets "sSmnon" or "aimaiv68s" (Syn. Diosc.); and 
 the "orby" whose boughs are enjoined by Moses lev. xxiii. 40 to be brought during the Feast of 
 tabernacles, — mentioned also in connexion with brooks in Isaiah xv. 7 and xliv. 4, Job xl. 22, and as 
 growing "by the rivers of Babylon" in Psalm cxxxvii. 2, is referred here by the Septuagint: the 
 Hebrew name according to Gesenius implying whitish leaves: the " kaf maryam " is mentioned by 
 Ebn Baitar ; and V. agnus-castus was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens 
 of Egypt. Farther North, the " lugos " of Homer il. xi. 105, od. x. 166, Nicander ther. 65, and 
 others, is identified by Dioscorides with the "agnos" strewn by women in religious ceremonies; 
 mendoned also by Theophrastus, Nicander, Galen, and Paulus Aegineta : A*, agnus-c.istus is known 
 to abound along the water-courses of Syria and Greece, arborescent, sometimes twenty-five feet high, 
 its trunk eight inches in diameter (Forsk., Sibth., Chaubard, and Fraas). Westward, the "agnos" 
 or "agonon" or " amiktomiainSn " or " tridaktulon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " salix 
 marina" or "piper agrJste " or "lfikristikoum " of the Romans; by Pliny xxiv. 3S, wilh the "vitex" 
 growing in Italy: V agnus-castus was observed I 'y Lenz wild in Italy, is known 1o grow also in 
 Sicily (Pers.) and Southern France (Lam. fl. fr.). Eastward from Syria, has a Persian name " band- 
 schankascht" (Avicenn., and Ebn Baitar), and is therefore known in Persia; but the plant belongs 
 to a Tropical genus, and may only be exceeding its natural limits in extending into the Mediterranean 
 countries. Its berries according to Lindley are "acrid," and the powdered seeds were found by 
 Forskal at Smyrna applied externally against colic. 
 
 On "the fourteenth day of the first month" the passover was kept (Num. ix. 5) ; terms implying, 
 a reckoning of lunations in a regularly-formed calendar. 
 
 " On the first " day " of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the 
 land of Egypt" (Num. i. 1 to 18), the Tribes numbered. " On the twentieth of the second month" 
 (Num. x. 11 to 33), departure of the Israelites from Sinai through the Desert for Paran. 
 
 Allium ampeleprasum of the Mediterranean countries. Its cultivated form is called in Britain 
 leek, in Anglo-Saxon " por-leac," in Holland "look," in Germany " lauch '' (Prior), in France "poi- 
 reau" or " porreau " (Nugent), in Italy " porro " or "porretta" (Lenz), in Greece "ta prasa " (Fraas), 
 in Egypt " korrat " (Forsk ), in Egyptian " £she" " or " eshe " (ms. Borg.) or " eji " (Kirch , and transl. 
 Sept.) ; the " htsyr " of Egypt longed for by the Israelites and mixt multitude ex xi. 5 — is referred by 
 the Septuagint to the "prasa;" but the "htsyr" of Psalm civ. 14, Job viii. 12 and xl. 15, is admitted 
 to be grass : the cultivation of the " porrum " in Egypt is mentioned by Pliny xix. 33 ; the " kurrath," 
 by Ebn Baitar ; and the leek was observed under cultivation in Egypt by Forskal, Delile, and Clot- 
 Bey. Farther North, the term " prasiai " is used by Homer od. vii. 127, "prasios" green by Plato, 
 "prasies hloSron prason" by Nicander ther. 879 ; the "prason" is mentioned in the Batrachomyo- 
 machia, also by Chionides, Theophrastus, Athenaeus ix. 13 ; and is identified by Diphilus, and Dios- 
 corides, with the "kephalotbn" of Epicharmus, and Polemon : the leek was observed by Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece. Westward, the "prason" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the "porroum" of the Romans ; the "porrum" is mentioned by Horace, Columella, and the "capitato" 
 kind is distinguished by Pliny xx. 22 : the leek is figured by Blackwell pi. 421, is known to be culti- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 145 
 
 vated in Italy (Lenz) and throughout middle Europe (Pers.). Eastward from Egypt, is mentioned 
 in the Institutes of Menu (transl. Deslongch.) ; is called in Bengalee "purou" (Pidd.) from the 
 Latin, in Hindustanee "kurras" (D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay " khorat " (from the Arabic), 
 "cultivated" there "to a small extent" according to Graham: and farther East, was observed by 
 Mason "exotic" in Burmah and called "tau-kyet-thwon." By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation in our Middle States. A. ampeloprasum 
 in its wild form is the "ampgloprason " of Dioscorides ; occurring in vineyards according to Pliny 
 xxiv. 86; is described by Lobel, Clusius (Spreng.) and Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 151; is termed "a. 
 sphaericeo capite folio latiore " by Tournefort inst. 383 ; has not been found as far East as Caucasus 
 (A. Dec), but was observed by Sibthorp frequent on rocks and the minor Greek islands ; by Fraas, 
 frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground in Attica ; is known to occur as far West as Algeria 
 and Portugal, and as a weed in cultivated ground as far as Britain and Ireland (Ray hist. p. 1125, 
 Gay, and A. Dec.) ; but by European colonists was carried to the Azores Islands (Wats.). 
 
 Allium sativum of the plains of Western Tartary. Called in Britain garlic from the Anglo- 
 Saxon "gar-leac" spear-plant (Prior), in France "ail" (Nugent), in Germany "knoblauch," in Italy 
 "aglio" or " aglio sativo" (Lenz), in Greece "aglithia" or "gelgithia" cr " skorthSn " (Fraas), in 
 Egypt "toum" (Del.), in Egyptian " skorton " (lex. Oxf.) or "tshshen" (transl. Sept.) or "tshjen" 
 (ms Borg.) ; and the " shwm " of Egypt longed for by the Israelites and mixt multitude, — is referred 
 by the Septuagint to the " skortha : " cultivation of the "allium" in Egypt is mentioned by Pliny 
 xix. 32; and the "thum," by Ebn Baitar : A. sativum was observed by Forskal under cultivation 
 in Egypt, but according to Hasselquist, Delile, and Clot-Bey, is principally imported from Syria. 
 Farther North, the "skorothon" is mentioned by Homer, Herodotus ii. 125, Aristophanes, Theo- 
 phrastus, and Dioscorides : and A. sativum was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation 
 in Greece, in some instances becoming spontaneous. Westward, the "skorothon'' is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the "allioum" of the Romans; and "allium" is mentioned by Plautus, Varro, 
 Horace, Virgil, by Pliny xix. 34 as cultivated in Italy and springing up spontaneously in cultivated 
 ground : A. sativum was observed by Lenz under like circumstances in Italy ; and is known to be 
 cultivated in Spain and throughout middle Europe (Lobel pi. 158, and Morison iv. pi. 15). Eastward 
 from Greece, is known to grow wild in the Soongoro-Kirgish Desert (Ledeb., and A. Dec.) : is men- 
 tioned in the Institutes of Menu (transl. Deslongch.) ; is called in Sanscrit " mahoushudha" (Roxb.), 
 in Bengalee " rasun," in Hindustanee " sir " or " lalisan " (D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay " lussun " 
 and according to Graham "cultivated : " farther East, was observed by Mason, " exotic" in Burmah 
 and called " kyet-thwon-phyoo ; " and by Loureiro, under cultivation in China. By European colonists, 
 was carried to America, and has been observed by myself under cultivation in both the Northern and 
 Austral portions of the continent. 
 
 Allium scorodoprasum — supposed to be a variety only of the preceding (Dec. fl. fr., and Koch), 
 is called in France and Britain rocambole (Nugent, and Prior), in Italy " agliporro " (Lenz), and with 
 a corresponding combination in Egyptian "korthom" (Kirch.): the "skorothon agrion " called 
 according to Dioscorides ii. 181 "ophioskorothon," and in the addition identified with the "glapho- 
 skorothon," is referred here by writers : A. scorodoprasum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on 
 Cyprus and the Greek islands. Westward, is described by Valerius Cordus, Tragus (Spreng.), and 
 Clusius hist. i. pi. 191 ; is termed "a. sativum alterum sive allioprasum caulis summo circumvoluto '' 
 by Tournefort inst. 383 ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy, is known to occur throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Denmark (Pers. and A. Dec), and is besides cultivated. "A. arenarium " 
 regarded as not distinct, is described by Bauhin hist. ii. 599 (Spreng.), and is known to occur from 
 the Pyrenees and Switzerland to Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 290, Hall., Lapeyr., and Steud.). 
 
 On reaching Paran, spies including Caleb and Joshua, sent into the land of Canaan (Num. xiii. 
 
 3, and xxxiii. 16 to 18). 
 
 1236 B. C. (:= 1216 + "20 years" of Euseb. ii., and Syncell. = 710 + "526 years" of Berosus), 
 accession of Sosares as Assyrian emperor, Berosus' "526 years" of Assyrian rule over Babylon, as 
 usually adjusted, begin with this reign (see above Ramessu III.). 
 
 Subsequent to the "parousia" arrival of Danaus (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), Dardanus grandson 
 of Atlas (Apollod. in. 10.1) and fifth lineal ancestor of Priamus (Homer il. a> 215) leading a migration 
 of Pelaso-ian Greeks to Samothrace (called in consequence "Dardania"), and thence into the Troad. 
 — The city of Larissa in the Troad, mentioned by Homer, may be compared with this migration. 
 
 Dardanus had received an ark or chest containing an image of Dionysus or Bacchus. As mount 
 " Nusa " of the Greeks is clearly Sinai written after the Hebrew manner from right to left, etymology 
 indicates the origin of the new deity and his worship. — The same ark or chest constituted in after 
 times the palladium or one of the palladia of the city of Troy (Horn. il. xx. 459. Paus. vu. 19. 6, and 
 Serv. ad aen. viii. 285). . 
 
 Osiris when born was placed in an ark and set adrift upon the water ; and his identity with 
 
 '9 
 
146 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Dionysus is expressly stated by Plutarch is. and osir. 35. Indeed, Osarsiph is gben as the Egyptian 
 name of Moses by Manetho. , ... , , „ 
 
 Trigonella hamosa of Cyprus, Syria and Egypt. Called in Egypt " daragrag " or adjelmailek, 
 in which we recognize the "alchimelek " of Avicenna, or the " achilel melich " identified by berapion 
 with the " melilStos : » the " mglilSton » growing on the banks of the Nile, coronary and connected 
 with the history of Osiris - (Plut. is. and osir. 14 and 38), may therefore be compared : I . hamosa 
 was observed in Egypt by Alpinus, Forskal, and Delile ; and farther North, by Hasselquist in 
 Palestine, and by Sibthorp on Cyprus. (See Lotus rectus). 
 
 Ninety-second generation. Sept. 1st, 1234, mostly beyond youth : Assir, Elkanah, and Abiasaph, 
 sons of Korah (ex. vi. 24, num. xxvi. 11, and 1 Chron. vi. 22 and 37) : and among Greeks, Ench- 
 thonius son of Dardanus and father of Tros (Horn. il. xxiv. 215 to 240) ; the Aeohc chieftains Sisyphus 
 and Salmoneus (Hes., Horn. il. vi. 154 and od. xi. 235, and Apollod.). 
 
 By Tectamus, grandson of Hellen and father of Asterion, a migration of Dorians from Northern 
 Greece led into Crete — (Horn. od. xix. 172, Andron in Strab., and Diodor. iv. 60). 
 
 Saul succeeded by Baal-hanan, son of Achbor and now seventh king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 38, 
 and 1 Chron. i. 49). , , 
 
 I2 3 [ B. C. (="28th year of Tsou-kia," Pauth. p. 69), death of the chief of the province of 
 Tcheou, after naming his youngest son for the succession. The two excluded brethren retired to 
 ''the Eastern extremity of Kiang-nan," and after cutting their hair and making marks on the skin, 
 were received as rulers by the barbarous population around the mouth of the Kiang. The eldest 
 brother, Tai-pe, is regarded by several Chinese historians as the ancestor of the " dairis " or emperors 
 of Japan.* 
 
 Setaria vertiallata of Subtropical Asia. A small kind of millet called in Yemen " sa;ra erra 
 (Forsk., and Steud.), in Japan " hiye," and cultivated there from the introduction of agriculture by 
 Ukemochi-no-kami — (Jap. centen. comm. 104) : observed under cultivation there by Kaempfer, and 
 Thunberg. Westward, by Roxburgh, and Graham, in Hindustan, and the same or a closely allied 
 species by myself under cultivation on the Deccan ; by Forskal p. 20, at Hadie in Yemen, and termed 
 "p. adherens;" by Delile, around Cairo; by Sibthorp, frequent in cultivated ground on the Greek 
 islands; is termed " gr. geniculatum " by Tabernaemontanus iii. 1.532 (Spreng.), "p. vulgare spica 
 simplici et aspera" by Tournefort inst. 515 ; is known to occur as a weed throughout middle Europe, 
 and from at least the time of Ray in Britain (Roth germ. ii. 69, Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and A. Dec). 
 Probably by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a weed "near 
 dwellings, rare northward" (A. Gray), occurs also "around dwellings, Norlh Carolina" (Chapm.). 
 
 Phaseohts radialus of Subtropical Eastern Asia. Called in Japan " adzuki," and included per- 
 haps in "the various kinds of peas and beans " cultivated there from the introduction of agriculture 
 
 (jap. c. c. 32 and 104) : P. radiatus is known to occur also in China (Pers.). And from transported 
 
 specimens is described by Linnasus. 
 
 The same year = " 18th year of Ramessu IV. ; " the latest date in his reign found on the monu- 
 ments — (Birch). His name occurs also in his tomb at Bab-el-meluk. 
 
 1230 B. C. (= 1280 y. 2 mo. — " 51 yrs " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), a date possibly 
 marking the accession of the usurping Ramessu V. Amunihopsef-miamun, third king 
 I of the Twentieth dynasty. The name of Ramessu V. occurs in a tablet recording 
 benefits conferred on Silsilis — (Birch). 
 
 In this year (== 710 -\- " 520 years " of Herodot. i. 95, Appian praef. c. 9 giving 331 
 -)- "900 years" = 1231), commencement of " Assyrian rule in Upper Asia ; " after the death, as will 
 be observed of Ramessu III. The " 526 years " of Berosus, may again be compared. (See above, 
 Sosares and Ramessu III.). 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. 232) 
 Diptiman reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 * Anemone cernna of Japan. Known to the Chinese as early perhaps as this date and called 
 " hak-too-woo ; " — observed by Thunberg, and Siebold i. pi. 4, on exposed parts of the mountains 
 of Japan; and according to Lindley, the "root in great reputation among the Japanese and Chinese." 
 
 Xanthoxylon piperitum of Japan. A prickly shrub called in Japan " seo " or " sansjo " (Lindl.) 
 or"sansho" (Jap. c. c. 31), and known from early times: — observed there by Kaempfer pi. 803, 
 Thunberg, and Siebold, used as spice in place of ginger or pepper. According to Lindley, "the 
 active principle chiefly in the fresh leaves, the dry bark, and the pericarp ; " the bruised leaves applied 
 in a poultice to sore throats. 
 
 Ocymum crispum of Japan. — Observed there by Thunberg 248, an infusion of the leaves used 
 against rheumatism (Lindl.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 147 
 
 " 1225 B. C. = rst year of Lin-sin, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 In the time of the Chang" (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 472), arrival in China of Youe-yeou of 
 the East, having the hair cut short and the body tattooed {Malayans) "bringing boxes of fish skins, 
 bucklers and short swords ; and from the South, pearls, tortoise-shell, elephants' teeth, peacocks' feath- 
 ers, birds, and small dogs." 
 
 The "peacocks' feathers " may have come from Burmah ; where the bird in its wild state was 
 observed by Mason, being not exclusively confined to Hindustan. — The peacock (according to Stev- 
 enson) is mentioned in the Sama Veda : a doubtful figure was observed by myself in the Budhist 
 cave-temples at Adjunta ; but distinct figures, in Braminical cave-temples at Ellora. Westward, 
 "twkyym " peacocks were brought up the Red Sea in Solomon's ships (1 K. x. 22, and 2 Chron. ix! 
 21); and among the Greeks, the" ta6s" peacock is mentioned by Eupolis, Aristophanes, Strattis, 
 Anaxilaus, Menodotus, and Athenaeus. 
 
 The "pearls" may have come from the coral-bound shores of the East Indies and Burmah, or 
 possibly from Ceylon, — long celebrated for its pearl-fishery. The discovery of pearls "margariten 
 the ton thalassion," was attributed by some among the Indians to Hercules ; the shell containing 
 them, or the pearl-oyster, is further described by Megasthenes ; and Arrian ind. 8 states, that pearls 
 imported from India were formerly in great request among the wealthier Greeks, as in his own day 
 among the Romans. 
 
 The " tortoise-shell" was probably really from the South, from among the East India islands. 
 Tortoise-shell from the Indian Ocean, may at this time have been brought up the Red Sea to the 
 Mediterranean countries, — but I am not aware of any direct evidence. " Dorsa testudinum " were 
 brought to Alexander on the Lower Indus (Q Curt. ix. 25) ; the art of splitting tortoise-shell was 
 first taught by Carvilius Pollio (Plin. ix. 13) ; and I found tortoise-shell a well known article of com- 
 merce at Mocha. 
 
 The Philippines known therefore to the Chinese probably at this date* 
 
 Subsequent to the "parousia " arrival of Danaus, and before the accession of Lynceus (Tat, and 
 Clem. Alex.), recovery and return of Europa daughter of Phoenix. She became the wife of Aste- 
 rion ruler of Crete (Horn. il. xiv. 321, Apollod. iii. 1. 2, and Paus. vii. 4. 1). 
 
 1222 B. C. (= 1 181 -)- "41 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Apollod., and Pausan. 
 x. 35. 1), Danaus succeeded by Lynceus, husband of his daughter Hypermnestra, and now twelfth 
 king of Argos. Minerva's temple at Lindus in Rhodes, attributed to the daughters of Danaus,— 
 continued extant in the days of Herodotus, Callimachus, Apollodorus, Diodorus, and Strabo xiv. 2. 11. 
 
 Xanthium strumarium of Northern climates. Called in Britain bur-weed or ditch-btir, by Tur- 
 ner "dyche-bur" trom growing on dykes (Prior), in France "lampourde glouteron " (Fe"e), in Ger- 
 many " spitzklette," in Italy "sanzio" or "lappolone" or " lappola minore " or " bardana minore " 
 (Lenz), in Greece "eme'ra kolletzatha" (Fraas), in Egypt "kharaq el-bahr" (Del.), in Yemen " mandj 
 el ma" or "kavar el abid" (Forsk.) : the "argemon" herb healing swine, and said to have been dis- 
 covered by Minerva, — is identified by Pliny xxiv. 116 to xxv. 15 with the " canaria lappa ; " and the 
 ' lappam " of the Romans by Syn. Diosc. with the " xanthion : " the " xanthion " is described by Dio- 
 scorides as growing in fertile soil and dried-up pools, a cubit high with an angular fleshy stem, " atra- 
 phaxSi "-like leaves having the odour of "karthamo," fruit like a large olive, prickly and adhering to 
 garments, and made into a plaster against swellings ; is identified in the added Synonyms with the 
 " hoiratholSthron " by some called " aparinen ; " is mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta : X. 
 strumarium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the 
 Peloponnesus ; and farther South, by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, by myself along the river-bank ; 
 and by Forskal, among the mountains of Yemen. Westward, is described by Lobel, Gerarde, and 
 Parkinson; is termed "xanthium" by Tournefort inst. 439 and plant, par. ii. p 124, who- found 
 scrofula dispersed by its leaves (Spreng.) ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild throughout Italy ; 
 and is known to occur as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 970, and A. Dec). Farther West, is known to 
 occur on the Azores Islands (Wats.) ; was observed by myself along the seashore of New England 
 
 * Juslicia {Graptophyllum) pictum of the Malayan archipelago. A garden shrub called in 
 Malabar " tjude-marum " (Rheede), in Burmah " gnwas-ban " or the sanguineous-leaved variety " sa- 
 lat-nee " (Mason), in Tagalo "balasbas'' or from its variegated leaves "moradong maputi " violet 
 white, in Bisaya " balasbas " or " antolang " or " san francisco ; " and known from early times : — ob- 
 served by Rheede v. pi. 60 in Malabar ; by Graham, "a very common shrub in gardens " and " sev- 
 eral varieties " cultivated in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wallich, in other parts of 
 Hindustan ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; is described also by Rumphius iv. pi. 30 ; was observed 
 by Blanco on the Philippines, planted by the natives, the bruised leaves applied to cancerous tu- 
 mours of the breast. 
 
148 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and inland along river-banks, but occurring also as a weed around dwellings ; by Nuttall, on the 
 Upper Missouri and the Arkansas; by E. James, near the base of the Rocky mountains (Tor.) ; by 
 Baldwin, as far South as Lat. 31° in Florida ; but is regarded by Elliot as not indigenous around 
 Charleston. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Greenland (Wats.) ; to Patagonia, and 
 the Hawaiian Islands, and in both localities as observed by myself has become naturalized. "X. 
 Orientale " regarded as not distinct, was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, near Nagasaki in 
 Japan, and called "sooni" or usually "naraone." 
 #EV £Sk 1221 B. C. (= 1412 y. 2 mo. — "51 — 61 — 20 — 60 yrs " of the Afr.-Maneth. table 
 1 = 1613 y. 3 mo. — " 393 yrs " of Josephus c. A. i. 16 and 26, Manetho in Jos. giving 
 1280 y. 2 mo. — " 59 yrs " = 1221 y. 2 mo, and the Euseb.-Maneth. table and Egyptian 
 Chronicle 1413 — "194 yrs" = 1219), marking perhaps the accession of Ramessu 
 . VI. Amunikhopsef-nuterhikten, fourth king of the Twentieth dynasty. — His name oc- 
 curs in a tomb near Deru, in which an Ethiopian prince offers a royal statue ; also in his own tomb at 
 Bab-el-meluk (Birch). 
 
 (Some similarity in name maybe remarked with " NghgphrSous " given by.Artapanus jud. in 
 Clem, strom. i. 23 as the pharaoh of the Exodus, called " HgnSphr£6us " by Eusebius, " H£n£vr6n " 
 in the chron. alex. ; and according to Birch, the rising of Sothis or the Dog-star is calculated in the 
 tomb of Ramessu VI. "at 1240 B. C. ; " compare also the second Sethos of Manetho in Jos. c. 
 A. i. 26). 
 
 In this year (= 716 -f- " 505 years " of Herodot. i. 7, and Clint, i. p. 133), beginning of Lydian 
 history; Agron becoming king at Sardis. — His descendants reigned there in lineal succession 
 '■ twenty-two generations," Candaules being the last. The Lydian language continued extant in the 
 mountain district of Cibyra South of Lydia proper in the time of Strabo xiii. I. 17. 
 
 " In the reign of Lynceus " (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), abduction of Proserpina. 
 
 " 1219 B. C. = 1st year of Keng-ting, of the Chang'' or Fourth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 '•In the reign of Lynceus" (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), agriculture of Triptolemus. The city of 
 Tarsus on the Southern coast of Asia Minor, founded (according to Strabo xvi. 2. 5) by the Argive 
 companions of Triptolemus. — Tarsus or Tharshish continued in existence in the time of Solomon 
 (1 K. x. 22, xxii. 48), of Isaiah xxiii. 1 to 10, and of the Apostle Paul (Acts xxii. 3). 
 
 1216 B. C. (= 1 186 -(- "30 years" of Euseb. i and ii., and Syncell), accession of Lampares as 
 Assyrian emperor. 
 
 About this time (Plnd. ix. 86, Plut. quaest. graec. 15, and Eustath. horn. p. 277), the city of 
 Hyantheia or Oeantheia in Western Greece founded by Locrus, son of Physcius and grandson of 
 Amphictyon. 
 
 Rosa sempervirens of the Mediterranean countries. An evergreen rose called in Greece " vata " 
 or "agria vata" or "hamovata" (Fraas) ; and the " kunSsvaton " that wounded Locrus in fulfilment 
 of an oracle respecting the bite of a wooden dog, — mentioned also in Ulc. 8, Theophrastus iii. 18. 4, 
 Theocritus v. 92, having according to Dioscorides white flowers and oblong fruit of the shape of an 
 olive-stone and downy within, known also to Athenaeus ii. 87 in Egypt, is referred here by Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas: the "kunnkanthe" is mentioned by Aristotle an. v. 19, and the "kunosvaton " by some 
 called " oxuakanthan " in Syn. Diosc. : R. sempervirens was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent in Greece and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the "cynosbaton" of the Greeks is 
 identified by Columella xi. 3. 4 with the '• sentis canis ; " the "spina" called "rubus caninus " is men- 
 tioned by Palladius i. 34 5 : and R. sempervirens is known to grow wild in Northern Italy, on the 
 Balearic Islands, and as far as Germany (Pers., Steud., and Lenz). A scented variety "var. mos- 
 chata"is distinguished by Fraas, is called in ( Greece " agrio moskia " (Sibth.), and by Tournefort 
 inst. 637 " r. moschata sempervirens." 
 
 Smilax aspera of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " ro°-o cervione " or " smilace 
 aspra" or "smilace" (Lenz), in Greece "smilagga" (Forsk.) or "smilax" or "xuloklema" or "arkou- 
 thovatos " or " skulovatos " (Fraas), in Egyptian " luisthc " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the 
 "smilax trach£ia" called by some "kunosvaton" according to Syn. Diosc, and therefore possiblv the 
 plant that wounded Locrus : — the " smilax " is described by Theophrastus iii. 18. 1 1 as resting upon 
 other stems, its own stem prickly, leaves ivy-like but not angular, and white odorous flowers ; the 
 "smilax trahSia" by Dioscorides as twining around trees and bearing red berries, and is identified in 
 the added Synonyms with the " lukanthSmon " or " eliophuton " or " anatolikon : " S. aspera was ob- 
 served by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus Crete 
 and Cyprus, tangling the forest and in spring the young shoots eaten. Farther South, is known to 
 jjrow in Palestine (Pers.), and branches of " milaxi " (of course imported) were carried in Alexandria 
 at the festival of Ptolemy Philadelphus (Callixen., and Athen. v. 28). Westward, the "smilax trahgia" 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " rathia " of the Tuscans, and " mgrgina " of the Romans- the 
 "smilax" growing in Italy and worn although unsuitable in garlands at festivals of Bacchus, is men- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 149 
 
 tioned by Pliny xvi. 63; S. aspera is described by Fuchsius p. 719, is termed "s, a. fructu rubente " 
 by Tournefort inst. 654, was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to 
 grow in Carniolia and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Spreng.j. " S. nigra" described 
 by Clusius hist. i. 113, termed "s. a. minus spinosa fructu nigro " by Tournefort inst. 654, and known 
 to grow in Portugal and Spain (Pers.), was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, from the Peloponnesus 
 to Constantinople, but is regarded by Fraas as not distinct. 
 
 1208 B. C. (= " 40th year after " leaving " Egypt, in the first of the fifth month," Num. xx. 27, 
 xxi. 4, and xxxiii. 37), Eleazar installed high priest, and the death of his father Aaron on Mount Hor. 
 In proceeding "to compass the land of Edom," many persons were bitten by serpents ; and " Moses 
 made a serpent of brass." — This specimen of his handiwork was kept in after times at Jerusalem ; 
 and continued to attest the reality of the abode in the Desert, until broken in pieces by order of 
 king Hezekiah (2 K. xviii. 4). 
 
 Clutia lanceolata of the mountains of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen " luch " or " alloh " 
 (Forsk.) ; and the growing " aglym " trees of Balaam's prophecy num. xxiv. 6 — may be compared: 
 C. lanceolata was observed by Forskal p. 170 at Boka in Yemen in the middle region of the moun- 
 tains ; and according to Vahl resembles C. pulchella of Austral Africa (Pers.). 
 
 August (= 1207 y. 241^ d. = 1240 — "40 years " of ten lunations of num. xiv. 33, xxvi., and 
 xxvii. 12), death of Moses on Mount Abarim in sight of the promised land. — Mount Nebo has been 
 re-discovered by De Saulcy (correspond. Lond. athen. 1865), and still bears the name of "Jebel 
 Neba ; " while another eminence in the vicinity called " Jebel Jelul " illustrious mountain, is regarded 
 by him as very probably marking Beth-peor or the burial-place of Moses. As Moses gave directions 
 for building an altar " of whole stones " untouched by iron (Deut. xxvii. 5 and 6), it may be inferred, 
 that some " twenty dolmens and cromlechs exactly like those of France and England " observed by 
 De Saulcy, were not in existence before the days of Moses. 
 
 1207 B. C. ("on the tenth of the First month," Josh. iv. 19), the Jordan crossed by the Israelites 
 under Joshua. "On the fourteenth day of the month,'' the Passover kept "in the plains of Jericho." 
 And not many days afterwards, the city of Jericho captured; an event attended by the transgression 
 of Achar (Josh. v. 10, vii. 26, xxii. 20, and 1 Chron. ii. 7). 
 
 Hazor, the Canaanitish or Phoenician capital of the country around the sources of the Jordan, 
 burned by Joshua (Josh. xi. 10). — In the time of Deborah, the city had recovered its importance 
 (Judg. iv. 2). Its site, bearing the ancient name, was found by G. Williams (Sm. geogr. diet.) East 
 of the Jordan and of Lake Merom, on a hill commanding the road from Tyre to Damascus. 
 
 1203 B. C. (= 1239 — "45 years" of ten lunations of Josh. xiv. 5 to 13), division of the con- 
 quered land among the Israelites ; Hebron being assigned to Caleb son of Jephunneh. 
 
 Phragmltes communis of Temperate climates. Soft-stemmed and called in Britain bog reed or 
 bennels from its use in forming roofs (Johnst.), in Anglo-Saxon " hreod," in Germany " riet " (Prior) 
 or " schilfrohr," in Italy " canna palustre " or " cannuccia " or " spazzola di palude " (Lenz), in 
 Greece " agriokalamos " or '■ haita " (Sibth.) the latter word used by Homer and Euripedes and ap- 
 plicable to thatch, in Egypt " bous " (Del ), and doubtless connected with the river " kn£ " mentioned 
 in Joshua xvi. 8 and xvii. 9 to xix. 28 : — the "agmwn " growing at Babylon (Jer. Ii. 32), may also be 
 compared : P. communis was observed by Delile on islets in the Nile, by Forskal p. 25 occupying 
 the Ghobeibe marsh in the Sinai peninsula and its stems transported to Egypt and throughout Arabia. 
 Farther North, " kalamoi " were found by Darius around a lake beyond the Danube (Herodot. iv. 
 109) ; were figured growing in water among fishes by Polygnotus at Delphi (Paus. x. 28. 1) ; and are 
 one of the kinds distinguished by Theophrastus iv. it. 11 : P. communis was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in marshes from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to 
 Bithynia. Westward, the "fluvialis arundo " is mentioned by Virgil geor. ii. 414; " canna " covering 
 the slothful pool, by Ovid ; " arundines " lasting for ages as thatching among Northern people, by 
 Pliny xvi. 64 ; and remnants of P. vulgaris for bedding or for thatching roofs, have been found among 
 debris of the earliest Swiss villages (froyon p. 44): P. communis is termed "a. vulgaris" by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 526 ; was observed by Savi, and Lenz, in Italy; and is known to grow in Barbary, Portugal, 
 and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Desf., Brot, Wats., and 
 Hook.). Eastward from Syria, is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries, and throughout 
 Siberia as far as Japan (Bieb., Gmel., and Thunb.). Farther East, was observed by myself in Cali- 
 fornia and Oregon ; by Drummond, at Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan ; was called " weki- 
 nash " by the aboriginals of New England (R. Williams) ; and is known to grow throughout Canada 
 and along the Atlantic as far as Lat. 31 in Florida (Wats., Baldw., and Chapm.). In the Southern 
 Hemisphere, was observed by myself in the drizzly climate of Western Peru, also in Chili and Pata- 
 gonia ; and is known to grow in Australia (Wats., and Kunth). 
 
150 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Baal-hanan succeeded by Hadar or Hadad II., eighth king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 39, and 
 1 Chron. i. 50). 
 
 Ramessu VI. succeeded by his brother Ramessu VII. Atamum-nuterhikten, fifth 
 king of the Twentieth dynasty. The name of Ramessu VII. occurs at Medinet Abu, 
 and in his own tomb at Bab-el-meluk. 
 
 As early probably as this date, the " paieona " composed by Tynnichus of Chalcis 
 (Plat. ion. 5). The "paieona " is described by others, as originally sung at Delphi to 
 celebrate the killing of the serpent Python by Apollo : — it was sung by the Greek army before the 
 walls of Troy (according to Homer il.). 
 
 Ninety-third -generation. Jan. 1st, 1200, mostly beyond youth : Micah of Mount Ephraim (Judg. 
 xvii) : and among Greeks, Tros father of IIus (Horn. il. xxiv. 215 to 240), Tyro daughter of Salmo- 
 neus and mother of Neleus and Amythaon (Horn. od. xi. 234 to 258). 
 
 1 199 B. C. (= 1071 -|- " 128 years" of Euseb. ii., and Clint, i. p. 345), Gordius succeeded by his 
 son Midas as king of Phrygia. — Midas promoted the worship of Dionysus or Bacchus, and founded 
 the city of Ancyra (Herod, i. 14, Strab. vii. p. 304, Paus. i. 4. 5, and Ael. var. hist. iv. 17). 
 
 Jiosa centifolia of Eastern Caucasus. A rose called in Italy " rosa a bottoni " (Lenz) in Greece 
 " triantaphullfa " (Fraas), in Egypt " ouard " (Del.), in Egyptian "v£rt" or " ert " (ms. Borg.) or 
 "ouert" or " oueYt " (ms. Par.): "rotha" having sixty petals and exceeding other kinds in fragrance 
 were springing up spontaneously in the gardens of Midas in Macedonia — in the days of Herodotus 
 viii. 138: the most fragrant roses yielding the sweetest ointment came from Cyrene in the days of 
 Theophrastus vi. 6. 5 : R. centifolia was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, cultivated for 
 commercial purposes in Egypt ; by Fraas, in the gardens of Greece ; is well known in the gardens 
 of Italy and middle Europe (Desf., Pers., Red. pi. 25 and 52, and Lenz); and according to Lindley 
 is indigenous in "woods in the eastern parts of the Caucasus." Its petals are employed medicinally, 
 and "for the distillation of rose water" (Lindl.). A fragrant oil of roses was known in the time of 
 the Trojan war (Horn. il. xxiii. 186); the " nrth " at the king's table in Cant. i. 12, rose-ointment 
 for the dinner-table mentioned by Pliny xxi. 10, may also be compared: the term "narthos" being 
 extended by the modern Greeks to a similar perfume, the essential oil of lavender (see R. Damascena, 
 Lavandula, and Valeriana jatamansi). 
 
 " 1198 B. C. = 1st year of Wou-y, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 1 197 B. C. = 2d year of Wou-y " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-fifth cycle. 
 
 The same year (= 1071 A- " 23 -f- 30 -\- 48 -)- 25 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134), Erich- 
 thonius succeeded by his son Pandion, sixth Attic king. 
 
 The same year (" in the reign of Pandion at Athens," Castor in Euseb. i. p. 135, and " of Lynceus 
 at Argos," Tat. and Clem. Alex., and "about 130 years before the fall of Troy," Clint, i. p. 86), arrival 
 of Cadmus in Greece : bringing (according to Sophocles, Herodotus, Aristotle, and ancient authors 
 generally) the alphabet and art of writing from Phoenicia. 
 
 One of his companions, Membliarus, was left upon the island of Kalliste (afterwards called 
 "There," Herodot. iv. 147, Pausan. iii. 1. 7, and Schol. Pind. pyth. iv. 88). Traces of ancient col- 
 onization from Phoenicia and Palestine, are found in geographical names in various parts of Greece : 
 as in the Peloponnesus a river called " Iardanos" or Jordan, another in Crete (Horn. il. vii. 135, od. 
 iii. 292, and Pherecyd.) ; and in . . . a city called " Hebron." 
 
 The worship of Bacchus also brought by the Cadmeans — (Herodot. ii. 49, and Pausan. ix. 5). 
 
 " 1 [94B. C, = 1st year of Tai-ting, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 The same year (= 991 -j- " 7 -)- 26 -)- 40 yrs " of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), a date 
 possibly marking the accession of Ramessu VII I., sixth king of the Twentieth dynasty. 
 — - His reign is recorded by a royal scribe in a sepulchral tablet dedicated to the deities 
 Osiris, Onouris, and Horus (Birch). 
 
 Leaving Boeotian Thebes, Cadmus and Harmonia proceeded Westward and North- 
 ward to the Encheleans on the Illyrian shore of the Adriatic ; and near Rizon (Risano on the 
 Gulf of Cattaro) founded the new city of Bouthoe (Herodot., Apollod., Nicand., Strab., Etym. magn., 
 Stephan., and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. 31) :— called " Butuam " by Pliny, and at the present day 
 " Budua." The temple or tomb of Cadmus in that vicinity is mentioned in the Scylacean Periplus 
 and by Eratosthenes, Phylarchus, Apollonius Rhodius, and others. 
 
 " 1 191 B. C. = 1st year of Ti-y, of the Chang" or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 232) 
 Cripa reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 Phinehas being high-priest (Ex. vi. 1, Num. xxv., Josh, xxii., and Judg. xx. 28), civil war; ending 
 in the almost total extirpation of the Tribe of Benjamin. ° 
 
 The OVP klo used in this war — (Judg. xx. 16), mentioned also in the history of David (1 Sam 
 xvii. 40), and somewhat later in 2 K. iii. 25, is admitted to be the sling; figured on the Assyrian 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 151 
 
 monuments at Nineveh (Bonom. iv. 3) ; and bands of "funditores" or slingers were employed in the 
 Roman armies (Sail., and Val. Max.). The use of this weapon extended even to America : as shown 
 by an ancient Peruvian sling found by myself among the ruins of Pachacamac near Lima. 
 
 1186 B. C. (= 1 141 -\- "45 years" of Euseb. ii., and Syncell.), accession of Panyas as Assyrian 
 emperor. He is also mentioned by Cephalion : but "forty-two" years only are assigned to his reign 
 in Euseb. i. 
 
 Tantalus father of Pelops, Broteas, and Niobe, a wealthy king, and (according to Diodorus iv. 
 74, Hyginus 124, and Servius ad aen. vi. 603) king of Lydia or of Sipylus ; — an account confirmed 
 by recent discoveries on mount Sipylus (see Niobe). 
 
 1185 B. C. (= IT76 y. 302J! d. -|- "8 years" of Judg. iii. 8), the Israelites "sold" into "the 
 hands of Chushan-rishathaim king of Mesopotamia ; " or the first Servitude. 
 
 " In the reign of Lynceus" (Tat., and Clem. Alex.), Crete governed by the lawgiver Minos. 
 Regarded as having inaugurated naval dominion : extending his authority over other islands, and 
 even imposing tribute on the city of Athens. — The wisdom and justice of Minos are celebrated by 
 Homer (il. iii. 232, xiii. 450, od. xi. 322, 569, and xix. 179), the Cretans continuing pre-eminent as 
 mariners, and communication with the main land being frequent. The tribute imposed by Minos on 
 Athens, continued to be paid annually for about eight hundred years, ceasing soon after the death 
 of Socrates (Plat. leg. iv. 2). 
 
 Minos encouraged archery, and a law in which he directs children to be instructed in the art — 
 has been preserved by Ephorus (Strab. x.) : the quiver is represented on the earliest coins of Crete 
 (Goltz. grasc.) ; the Cretan archers according to Xenophon iv rendered great assistance in the 
 Retreat of the ten thousand ; to the time of Pausanias, the Cretans excelled all other Greeks in the 
 art ; and their proficiency was found by Tournefort trav. i. 100 not altogether obsolete. 
 
 Cenchrus ? frutescens of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "pe'trokalamo" 
 (Sibth.), and furnished the arrows — according to Tournefort trav. i. 100 : the "kalamous inthikous " or 
 " mSstokalamous " or "valitas" is said by Democritus to indicate water if the shoots are tender; the 
 "kalamou epigfiion" of Theophrastus iv. 13 maybe compared ; and the " nastos " from which arrows 
 are made, distinguished by Dioscorides i. 114, is referred here by Sibthorp : C. frutescens is termed 
 "arundo graminea aculeata" by Alpinus exot. pi. 104 as observed by him on Crete (Spreng.), "gramen 
 orientale spicatum fruticosum spinosum spicis echinatis in capitulum congestis " by Tournefort cor. 
 39 ; was observed by Sibthorp frequent in maritime sands around Crete, the Peloponnesus, and the 
 Greek islands, and according to Linnaeus occurs also in Armenia ; but in the absence of specimens 
 from the Linnaean and Sibthorpian herbaria, the plant remains altogether obscure (J. E. Smith). 
 
 1181 B. C. (= 1158 -j- "23 years" of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Pausan. ii. 16. 2, and 
 Tat.), Lynceus succeeded by his son Abas, thirteenth king at Argos. 
 
 1 1 78 B. C. = " 17th year of Ramessu VIII.," in a papyrus — (Birch, in Buns, praef iii.). 
 1 177 B. C. (= 1158 y. 302JI d. -4- " 18 years" of judg. iii. 14), Chusan-rishathaim of Mesopo- 
 tamia defeated by the Israelites under Othniel. 
 
 Cleitor succeeded by his cousin Aepytus, grandson of Areas and now seventh king of Arcadia 
 
 (Pind. vi. 54, and Paus. viii. 4. 7). Aepytus was killed by the bite of a " seps," described by 
 
 Pausanias as a viper of the smallest size, ash-coloured with dots, the head broad and neck slender. 
 The tomb of Aepytus is mentioned by Homer il, ii. 604, and was visited by Pausanias. 
 
 On the summit of mount Cyllene in Arcadia, Cyllen brother of Aepytus built a temple to Mercury ; 
 — in ruins when visited by Pausanias viii. 17. 1. 
 
 Callitris quadrivalvis of Barbary. Called in Egypt and Yemen "atl" (Forsk.) : by a marked 
 exception, the image of Mercury in this temple was of " thuSu " — (Paus.) ; burned on Calypso's 
 Isle (Malta) for sacrifice (Horn. od. v. 60); mentioned by Theophrastus v. 3 as growing in Cyrene 
 and the Oasis of Ammon ; and " xulon thuinon " by Callixenus, Strabo iv. 6, and in Rev. xviii. 12: 
 the " athl " is mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar : C quadrivalvis was observed 
 by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in Egypt; by myself, planted in gardens throughout and in the 
 distance much resembling a Casuarina ; according to my Nubian attendant is well-known in Dongola ; 
 was observed by Forskal as far as Yemen ; and galls from the " atl " are enumerated by Forskal mat. 
 med., and Clot-Bey, as employed in Egypt for dyeing in place of those from the oak. Westward, the 
 " thy'on " of Homer and others is identified by Pliny xiii. 29 to 30 with the " citrus " of the Romans, the 
 material of tables so highly prized from the time of Cicero, the variegated knotty root being especially 
 valued • " libyssa citrus " is mentioned by Varro ; its wood as precious by Horace iv. 1 ; and " citrea 
 mensa" by Petronius, Lucan, and Martial: C. quadrivalvis was ascertained by S. E. Cook to have 
 furnished the roofing of a mosque at Cordova built in the " Ninth " century (Royle in Kitt. bibl cycl.) ; 
 and according to Daubeny " beautiful specimens of ornamental cabinet-work " so much admired a 
 few years ago in Paris ; was observed by Schousboe in its wild state, "a tree of enormous size " in 
 the Upper portion of the province of Temsme in Morocco. 
 
I5 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 This tree (according to Broussouel) yields sandarach, called in Egyptian " vanS " (Arab, transl. 
 ex. xxx. 34) or "stiriakg" — (Kirch.) : " sindarake " or "sandarahe" is mentioned as a vegetable 
 product by Menecrates, Aristotle an. viii. 24, and Pliny xi. 7. From "the resinous substance called 
 sandarach " is "prepared the pounce employed in rendering parchment fit to write upon " (Lindl.). 
 
 1173B. C. (= 1 155 + his "19th year"), the accession of Ramessu IX. Khaem-miamun, 
 seventh king of the Twentieth dynasty, may be placed provisionally at this date. His 
 name occurs at Medinet Abu, and on two stelae — now in Berlin (Glid. analect.). 
 
 1 1 72 B. C. (= 1071 -)- " 23 -)- 3° + 48 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134, see 
 also Apollod iii. 14. 15; and Pausan. i. 2. 5), Pandion succeeded by his son Erech- 
 theus, seventh Attic king. Erechtheus is mentioned by Homer il. ii. 547 and od. vii. 81 ; and accord- 
 ing to some writers, was an Egyptian (Diod. i 29, and Leps. eg. and sin p. 383). 
 
 His brother Butes now hereditary priest of Xcptuiu : this being the original worship in Attica 
 (Isocr. panath. Ixxviii. p. 273. c, and Apollod. iii. 14. 1). The temple called the " £rehth£ion," 
 situated on the acropolis at Athens, is mentioned by Herodotus viii. 55. 
 
 Senccio vulgatis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain groundsel, in 
 Anglo-Saxon "grundswelge," by Galfridus pr. pm. " chynchone," in medieval Latin "ceneceon" 
 (Prior), in France " senecon " (Nugent), in Italy " erba calderugia " or " solleccione " or " senecione" 
 (Lenz), in Greece " oglegoras " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the "s£n£kioum" of the Romans 
 identified in Syn. Dinsc. with the " erigeY6n " or "grShthites" (named apparently from Erechtheus 
 and his temple on the Acropolis) : — the " erigSron," old in the spring from flowering throughout 
 the winter, is mentioned by Theophrastus vii. 7. 1 to caus. i. 22. 4; is termed "acanthida" by Calli- 
 machus from its heads of down resembling those of thistles, by others "pappus " (Plin.) ; is yellow- 
 flowered according to Dioscorides and growing chiefly in cities and along walls ; and is identified 
 by Ebn Baitar with the "shih elrabia : " S. vulgaris was observed by Delile at Damietta in Egypt; 
 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent about dwellings from the Peloponnesus throughout 
 Greece; is known to occur also along the Taurian mountains and in Siberia (Bieb., and Ledeb.). 
 Westward, the "erigeron" or "senecio" is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 106: S. vulgaris is described 
 bv Brunfels i. p. 119 (Spreng ) ; is termed " s. minor vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 456 ; was observed 
 by Munby in Algeria, by Forskal on Malta, by Lenz in Italy; and is known to occur in waste places 
 as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Fries, and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to 
 Madeira (Lowe, and A. Dec.) ; to the Falkland Islands (Durv , and J. D. Hook.) ; and before 1669 
 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in our Northern States, in one winter 
 observed by myself flowering until January in the streets of Boston. 
 
 1171 B. C. = " 3d year of Ramessu IX.,' on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 589). 
 
 Of hymns and prayers to particular deities "composed in the reign of Ramessu IX.," several 
 ■ — were procured at Thebes by Lepsius eg. and sin. 392. 
 
 " 1 169 B. C." (Diodor , Euseb. ii. p. 299, and Clint, i. p. 23), a change in naval dominion. The 
 " empire of the sea" acquired by the Lydians and Maeonians. — Held by them " ninety-two " years. 
 
 On the death of Polydorus son of Cadmus, Nycteus father of Antiopa governing Boeotian Thebes 
 during the minority of Labdacus (Apollod. iii. 4. 2, and Paus. ix. 5). 
 
 Ferula Tingitana of Barbary. Pills of ■' ammoniac" employed in Egypt medicinally and called 
 "kelleck " are mentioned by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., and " calak" was ascertained by Rouyer 
 to be brought " from Barbary : " agreeing therefore with the " ammoniakon " of Amythaon — (Gal.), 
 Hippocrates (Pereir.), Antipater, Callinicus, Meges, Triphon, Servilius Damocrates, Galen comp. 
 med. gen. vii. 7, and Paulus Aegineta, termed " thumiamatos " by Andreas, " guttae " by Scribonius 
 Largus, and described by Dioscorides as the juice of a " narthekos " growing in Libya and together 
 with its root called " agasullis : " two kinds or qualities are distinguished by Dioscorides, and Pliny 
 xii. 49 and xxiv. 14; gum ammoniac is mentioned by Rhazes, and Avicenna ; and the plant pro- 
 ducing it was observed by Shaw, and Jackson, in Barbary, and is described by them as belono-ino- to 
 this genus (F. Adams): F. Tingitana is described by Hermann par. pi. 165, Morison ix. pi. 15, and 
 Rivinus pentap. iii.pl. 10; and is known to grow in Spain and Morocco (Pers., and Lindl.), but 
 according to Viviani not as far East as Cyrene. The "fetid gum resin ammoniacum" according to 
 Lindley " is chiefly employed as a discutient and expectorant." (See Dorema.) 
 
 Ninety-fourth generation. May 1st, 1167, mostly beyond youth: Salmon (Ruth iv. 20, and 
 1 Chron. ii. 11), the high-priest Abishua (1 Chron vi. 5, Ezr. vii. 4, and Jos. v. 11. 15) ; and amono- 
 Greeks, Hyagnis the earliest flute-player known to the Greeks (Plut. mus., and others). 
 
 The city of Ilium or Troy, founded by llus (Euseb.). Ilus, brother of Assaracus and father of 
 Laomedon, — is mentioned by Homer il. xxiv. 215 to 240. 
 
 In Boeotian Thebes, death of Labdacus shortly after his accession, leaving a son Laius " a year 
 old." Lycus, who succeeded his brother Nycteus as regent, made war against Epopeus fourteenth 
 king of Sicyon, and brought back his own niece Antiopa (Apollod. iii. 5. 2, and Pausan. ix. 5). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1 53 
 
 1159 B. C. (= U38y. 302^ d. -\- "20 years" of Judg. iv. 1), Eglon king of Moab, slain by Ehud; 
 and shortly afterwards, the Moabites defeated in battle by the Israelites. 
 
 1 1 58 B. C. (=" 16th year of Ramessu IX.," on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p 19, and Birch). 
 In this year (= 1141 -|- " 17 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Apollod. ii. 1. 4, 
 Pausan., and Clint.), Abas succeeded by his twin sons, Acrisius at Argos, and Proetus as king at 
 Tiryns. The walls of Tiryns built by Proetus — (Strab. viii. 6. 11, and Pausan. . ) are mentioned 
 by Homer il. ii. 559, and from their colossal dimensions continue to excite admiration to the present 
 day (Sm. geogr. diet.). 
 
 Salix viminalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in France and Britain osier, 
 in medieval Latin "oseria" (Prior): the earliest Greek shields, as those carried by Acrisius and 
 Proetus, were woven of " itSa " — (Pausan. corinth., and F6e) ; " itSinoisin " shields are mentioned 
 by Theocritus xvi. 79 ; the bending of " salignas umbonum crates," by Virgil aen. viii. 632 ; manu- 
 factured articles of wicker-work, by Plato vii. 23 ; " oisuinos," by Homer od. v. 256; and the "oisua " is 
 enumerated among the signs of water by Democritus (Cass, geopon. ii. 6) : S. viminalis was observed 
 by Sibthorp in moist situations in Greece and around Constantinople. Westward, willow-grounds 
 " salicta " are mentioned by Ennius, Cato, and Cicero ; the person having charge " salictarius," by 
 Cato ; slender withs " vimines " by Caesar, Varro, and Columella ; " salices fecundae viminibus," by 
 Virgil ; and the cultivation and product of " salicis viminalis," by Pliny xvi. 68 and xvii. 32. Farther 
 North, articles of fine osier-work have been found in debris of the lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon 
 p. 465 and pi. vii. 22); S. viminalis is termed "s. folio longissimo angustissimo utrinque albido " by 
 Tournefort inst. 591 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow along banks 
 of streams throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Hoffm. pi. 2, 5, and 2r, Lam. fl. fr., and 
 Engl. bot. pi. 1828). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where I have occa- 
 sionally observed it cultivated. 
 
 In Thessaly, a city called " Larissa " founded by king Acrisius : a temple to Ceres at Ther- 
 mopylae, is also attributed to him (Callim. e. 41, Pausan. ii. 23. 9, and Steph. Byzant.). 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 232), 
 Rishyasringa reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 " In the reign of Proetus" (Tat. and Clem. Alex., see also Thucyd. ii. 5, Isocr., Lycurg., and 
 Pausan. i. 31. 2), invasion of Attica by Thracians under Eumolpus, assisted by the citizens of Eleusis : 
 apparently a religious war between the partisans of Neptune and Minerva. Erechtheus was sup- 
 ported by Ion, but was slain (Philochor., Strab., and Pausan. i. 38. 4). He was succeeded by his 
 brother Cecrops II., eighth Attic king. The date is confirmed by Tatian and Clemens Alexandrinus, 
 who make Ion and Cecrops II. contemporary with Acrisius. 
 
 1 155 B. C. (= 1071 -f- " 18th -(- 67 years" of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 131 = "85th year" of Syn- 
 cellus, see also Homer il. ii. 105), Pelops brother of Broteas appointed curator of the Olympiads at 
 Pisatis. 
 
 The most ancient statue of Cybele mother of the gods on the rock of Coddinos on mount Sipy- 
 lus, made by Broteas brother of Niobe — (tradit. of the Magnetes in Pausan. iii. 22. 4). The statue 
 has been recognized as the Niobe turned to stone of Homer il. xxiv. 603, Ovid met. vi. 155, and 
 Pausanias viii. 2, continues extant (Van Lennep in trans. Amer. Orient, soc. May 1867), and is the 
 earliest specimen known of Greek art (see Mycenae). 
 
 The same year (— 1613 y. 2 mo. — " 393 — 66 yrs " of Josephus, Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 26 
 giving 1221 y. 2 mo. — "66 yrs" = 1155 y- 2 mo, and the Euseb.-Maneth. table 991 -4- " 130 + 
 7 + 26 yrs" — 1 154), possible date of the sacrilegious plundering of ten royal tombs at Thebes, and 
 punishment of the offenders in the " 19th year of Ramessu IX." — After his " 19th year," Ramessu 
 IX. associated his son in the government (Birch). 
 
 Helleborus Orientalis of the mountains of Asia Minor and Greece. Called by the Greeks 
 "skarphe" (Sibth.), by the Turks "zopteme" (Lindl.): the "Sllevoros melas" with which the daughters 
 of Proetus were healed by Melampus son of Amythaon — (Hesiod in Apollod ii. 2. 2, Diosc, and Plin. 
 xxv 21) mentioned also by Euryphon 2 morb. 34, Theophrastus ix. 11, and according to Dioscondes 
 having the root purgative and flower purplish, is referred here by writers : H. Or.entalis is termed 
 
 " h ni<rer Orientalis fiore purpurascente " by Tournefort cor 20 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 
 Fraas "on the mountains of Asia Minor and Greece, frequent also in the environs of Constantinople ; 
 and is' known to grow in Macedonia and Thrace (Spreng.). Farther South, the " ellevoros melas' 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "z6maritis" of the prophets, and " rsaia or » elaphues or 
 " kemeleg " of the Egyptians ; and roots of " helleborum nigrum " were found by Forskal mat. med. 
 used medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the "helleborus" is mentioned by Plautus Horace and 
 Virgil and the medicinal use in Italy of "elleborum nigrum" (probably imported roots) « implied by 
 the account of Pliny xxv. 21 to 94. The root of H. Orientalis according to Lindley « is acrid and 
 violently cathartic " but " is still used in the Levant." (See H. niger, and Veratrum nigrum.) 
 
 20 
 
154 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 By Melampus also, the worship of Dionysus or Bacchus (derived according to Herodotus ii. 49 
 through the Cadmean Phoenicians in Boeotian Thebes) was extended in Greece. Melampus resided 
 at first with his uncle king Neleus at Pylos : — and his descendants, hereditary prophets as far as 
 Theoclymenus of the fourth generation seen by Telemachus, are enumerated by Homer od. xi. 291, 
 and xv. 225. 
 
 1154 B. C. (="527 A. D. + 1680"= 1804 A. D. + "2957 years" of Bentley as. res. viii. 
 p. 233), the Hindu astronomer Parasara, whose rule for the adjustment of the calendar — is quoted in 
 the Vedas. 
 
 " The same year = 1st year of Tcheou or Cheou-sin, of the Chang " or Fourth dynasty — (Chi- 
 nese chron. table). 
 
 Olen of Lycia the earliest composer of "umnoi" or hymns among the Greeks — (Herodot. 
 iv. 35, and Pausan. ix. 27. 2): "hymns to the gods" were recited or sung during the Trojan war 
 (Homer il.). 
 
 The names of a party of Hyperborei visiting Delos recorded by Olen of Lycia : — Hyperborei 
 are also mentioned by Boeo of Delphi, Hesiod epigon. ; and their home is placed by Aeschylus 
 prometh., and Pindar, at the sources of the Ister or Danube. 
 
 The arts of agriculture and weaving cloth known to the Hyperboreans as early probably as this 
 dale (see Meneptha Sethos, and amber) : — the presents they continued sending to Delos came 
 wrapped in straw of " puros " (Herodot., and Paus. i. 31. 2) : 
 
 And in direct accordance, the two kinds of grain most anciently cultivated in Switzerland are 
 shown by the debris of lake-villages to be Triticum vulgare var. antiquorum (Heer, see also Chin- 
 noung), and Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichum sanctum, six-rowed barley. 
 
 ^ Linum angustifolinm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "agrioli- 
 nari " (Sibth.) : and shown by the debris of lake-villages to be the kind of flax cultivated in Switzer- 
 land for weaving cloth during the Stone period — (Heer): L. angustifolium is termed "1. sylvestre 
 angustifolium floribus dilute purpurascentibus vel carneis " by Tournefort inst. 340 ; was observed 
 in Harbary by Desfontaines ; and is known to grow in Britain, especially in the vicinity of the sea 
 (Huds., Engl. bot. pi. 381, and Pers.). Eastward, the " amorgithos " is mentioned by Aristophanes 
 lysistr. 735 ; " amorginos hitfln," by Antiphanes, and Pollux; the " amorgis " is identified by Orion 
 etym. with the " linokalamen ; " and according to other authority, is the most slender kind of flax 
 and an herb with a purple flower (see also Scarlatus) : L. angustifolium was observed by Sibthorp 
 and Chaubard, in Crete and the Peloponnesus. 
 
 The domestic animals of Switzerland during the Stone Age, are enumerated as : the bullock, Bos 
 taurus, a small race with the horns short and incurved furward ; the goat, Capra hircus, numerous; 
 the sheep, Ovis aries, in rare instances ; swine, Sus scrofa domesticated ; and the dog, Canis famili- 
 aris (Troyon p. 273 and 442). 
 
 In Denmark, judging from the culinary relics, the dog appears to have been the only domestic 
 animal during the Stone Age (Troyon), but additional wild animals occur in debris of the earliest 
 dwellings and villages, as the following used for food: the seal, Phoca ; lynx, Felis lynx; the "rat 
 de terre " . . . : of birds, the wild swan, Cygnus . . . . ; eider duck, Anas mollissima ; "petite oie 
 sauvage," Anser . . . . ; great auk, " Alca impennis ; " "coq de bruyere," Tetrao . . . . : of fishes, the 
 lierring, Clupea . . . . , and eel, Anguilla . . .of Crustacea, the crab, Cancer . : and of mollusks, 
 the oyster, Ostrea . . . ; scollop, Pecten. . . ; and land-snails. Helices (Steenstrup, and Troyon 97). 
 
 " 1 150 B. C." (Pauth. note to Chi-King iii. 1. 1), Wen- Wang, founder of the Tcheou dynasty. 
 
 In this year (= 1071 -\- " Soth year" of Philistus, Dionys. i. . . ), the Sikels, driven out of Italy 
 by the ■' Aborigines " and associated Pelasgian Greeks, proceeding to the neighbouring large island 
 occupied by Sikani ; an Iberian tribe recently driven there by the Ligurians. The Sikels formed 
 settlements; and hence the name " Sikedia " or Sicily. — The island of Sikelia is mentioned by 
 Homer od. 
 
 The above event is further referred to the "twenty-sixth year of the priestess Alcyone ; in the 
 third generation before the fall of Troy" (Hellan.) : the first part of this extract being from the Reg- 
 ister kept at Argos by the priestesses of Juno. The language of this Register was in all probability 
 Greek, and the writing alphabetic. 
 
 Lycus after governing Boeotian Thebes "twenty years " (including the short reign of Labdacus) 
 slain and succeeded by Zethus and Amphion, sons of Antiopa. Instead of continuing the regency, 
 they expelled Laius, and proceeded to build a wall around the city (Homer od. X 262, Apollod. iii. 
 5. 2, and Pausan. ix. 5). 
 
 The improvement of combining poetry with instrumental music attributed to Amphion (Hera- 
 clides in Plut. mus. p. 1132). The poet-musician Linus at this time living, — whose tomb at Boe- 
 otian Thebes continued to be pointed out for many centuries (Pamph., Hes., Heraclid., and Pausan. 
 ix. 29. 3). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 155 
 
 Petroselinum sativum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain parsley, by Treveris 
 " percely " (Prior), in Germany " petersilie," in Italy " petroselino " or " prezzemolo " or " apio ortense " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " makSthonesi " or " maithano " or " murdthia p£tros£lina " (Fraas) or " murothia " 
 (Sibth.), in Egypt "baqdunis" (Forsk.) or "maqedounis " (Del.); in which we recognize the"apium 
 amarum" with which the poet Linus adorned his head — (Virg. eel. vi. 98): the "apium" with which 
 Nemean victors were crowned (Plin.) is identified by Cato with the "s£linon kepaion" of Pindar, and 
 Aristophanes, mentioned also by Dioscorides iii. 67 ; and the "selino oulo" is mentioned in 2 Morb. 
 raul. 63 : P. sativum was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and other craggy declivities in Greece, 
 but by Chaubard, and Fraas, nowhere indigenous in the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the "moka- 
 dunas"is mentioned by Ebn Baitar; P sativum was observed by Forskal, and Delile, under culti- 
 vation in Egypt, the roots besides and "aqua petroselin." employed medicinally. Westward, the 
 cultivation of the " apium " is mentioned by Columella, and Palladius, and directions for rendering 
 the plant "crispius" are given by Pliny xix. 46: P. sativum is described by Dodoens pi. 694; is 
 termed "a. hortense seu petroselinum vulgo " by Tournefort inst. 305; is known to grow wild on 
 Sardinia (Pers., Moris i. p. 21, and Spreng.), and is besides cultivated and naturalized in Italy and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward from Egypt, is called 
 in Hindustanee "pitirseli " or "ajmod" or "karafs bostani," in Bengalee "randhani shak " (D'roz.), 
 and was observed by Graham " in gardens " around Bombay ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; by 
 Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called " kin," or usually " seri." By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation. The leaves 
 according to Lindley " are diuretic, and are at once recognized by their agreeable smell." 
 
 As early perhaps as this date, the accession of Ramessu X. Amunikhopsef, eighth 
 king of the Twentieth dynasty. His name occurs on a tablet — now in the British 
 museum, and in his own tomb at Bab-el-meluk (Glid. analect.). 
 
 1 149 B. C. = " 2d year of Ramessu X.," the latest date in his reign found on the 
 monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19). 
 " 1144 B. C." (= nth year of Cheou-sin, Pauth. note to Chi-Kingiii. 1. 3), Wen- Wang imprisoned 
 by the emperor Cheou-sin — for three years. 
 
 During his imprisonment Wen- Wang explained the y-king or eight Koua symbols, and doubled 
 the number of symbols. — His explanations were continued by his son Tcheou-kong (Visdelou, and 
 Pauth . panth. lit.). 
 
 1 141 B. C. (= 1 122 -\- " 19 years '' of Euseb. i. and ii.), accession of Sosarmus as Assyrian emperor. 
 The assigned length of this reign probably incorrect, falling short of the "twenty years " limit given 
 by Cephalion ; and in fact, the reign of Sosarmus is extended to " twenty-two " years by Syncellus. 
 
 The same year (= 1096 -f- "45 years" of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Homer il. xiv. 319, 
 Pherecyd., Pausan., and Clint, i. p. 81), not later than this date, death of Acrisius by the hand of his 
 grandson Perseus. Perseus removed the Argive seat of government to Mycenae ; and (according to 
 Apollodorus ii. 4. 4, and Strabo viii.) built walls there. These cyclopian walls include a gateway 
 with two sculptured lions ; an early specimen of Greek art — (see Sm. geogr. diet, and Broteas). 
 
 Boletus edulis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An edible mushroom called in 
 Italy "ghezzo" or "porcino" or "bole porcin" (Lenz), and the " mukes " growing on the site and 
 giving its name to the new city — (Paus. ii. 16. 3) may be compared: " mukai " are enumerated as 
 edible by Epicharmus, Ephippus, Antiphanes, are termed "eustomous" by Diphilus of Siphnus 
 although in his day an article of food generally despised ; and mushrooms growing near fig-trees are 
 pronounced salutary by Nicander (Athen. ii. 56): "suilli" are enumerated by Pliny xxii. 47 as col- 
 lected and dried in Italy, like those imported from Bithynia: B. edulis was observed by Sibthorp 
 in woods in the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Britain (Schaeff pi. 134, Bulliard h. fr. i pi. 60, 494, and Sibth. oxon. 375). 
 
 " In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Jael " wife of Heber the Kenite (Song 
 of Deborah, and Judg. iii. 31 and iv. 4), the country inhabited by the Twelve tribes disturbed and 
 
 unsafe. 
 
 1139 B. C. (= 1 131 y- 302^| d. -f- "7 years" of Judg. vi. 1), the army of Jabin king of Canaan at 
 Hazor, defeated by the Israelites under Deborah and Barak. 
 
 In the Song of Deborah, "ships" mentioned, also embroidery or the Sidonian "needlework." 
 
 The accession of Ramessu XL Siptah, ninth king of the Twentieth dynasty, hardly 
 later than this year. His name has been found " only on a large tablet at Silsilis " — 
 (Glid. analect.). 
 
 "1137 B. C. = 1 8th year of Cheou-sin" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the 
 _ Twenty-sixth cycle. The emperor urged to change his course by his minister Pi-kan, 
 who was in consequence put to death : the first instance in Chinese history of this self-sacrifice 
 (Pauth. p. 70). 
 
156 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Plantago major of Northern Asia. Called in France and Britain plantain (Prior, and Nugent), 
 in Germany "wegerich" (Grieb), in Italy "piantaggine maggiore " (Lenz), in Greece " pentanguron " 
 (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Egypt " massasah " or " lissan el-hamal " lamb's tongue (Del.), by the prophets 
 " ouran ihngumonos," in Egyptian " asonth " or " asoelh " (Syn. Diosc.) or " asout " from " <5s66u " 
 sheep (Kirch.), in Japan " siaden," or usually " obako " (Thunb.) : the " feou-yi " gathered by women 
 in pathways and under the wheels of chariots according to an ancient ode — (Chi-King i. 1. 8) is 
 referred here by Pauthier : P. major was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan ; by Siebold, 
 on Yeso ; by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. Westward, " lissan el-hamal " translated into Greek 
 becomes the " arnoglfisson " of Theophrastus vii. 8. 3, and Themison, "arnoglfisson mSizon" being 
 medicinally the most useful kind according to Dioscorides : in Syn. Diosc, the " arnoglfisson " or 
 "amnion" or "provateion" or " £ptapl£uron " is identified with the " atieirkon " of Numidians, 
 "thesarikam" of Spaniards, and " tarvelothathion " of Gauls; and the." heptapleuron " is identified 
 by Pliny xxv. 39 with "plantago maior : " P. major is known to occur in waste places along the 
 Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; was received by A. Richard from Abyssinia ; was observed by Forskal, 
 and Delile, around Damietta and Cairo ; by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from 
 Constantinople to Crete and the Peloponnesus ; is known to occur in pathways from Italy through- 
 out Western Europe as far as Lapland (Tourn. inst. 126, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from Japan, 
 may have been carried by Aino or Aleutian colonists to America ; was received from the neighbouring 
 American coast by Gmelin, was observed by Brackenridge around Chinnook villages on Gray's har- 
 bour, but otherwise by him and myself throughout Oregon only around the trading-post of Fort 
 Colville ; was received however bv Hooker from California, Fort Vancouver, and Sitcha ; was observed 
 by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; and in 1515 by Oviedo gen. hist. xi. 2 in the West Indies, "plante 
 al qual los medicos llamen plantago." In our Atlantic States, has an indigenous aspect along salt- 
 marshes, was received by Hooker from Labrador, and observed by him on Iceland, yet may have 
 been introduced throughout by European colonists : Josselyn voy. 188 and rar. 86 found in 1663 
 "broad-leaved plantain " the only "sort" in New England, which " the Indians call Englishman's 
 foot, as though produced by their treading; " Bartram also found the natives "pretending that this 
 plant never grew here before the arrival of Europeans" (Kalm trav. i. 92) ; and in various instances 
 the plant has certainly accompanied the footsteps of fur-traders. Clearly also by European colonists, 
 was carried to the Southern Hemisphere ; to Chili (C. Gay) ; and to New Zealand, occurring there 
 in but one known locality (Raoul, and A. Dec. ; see P. media). 
 
 Hardly later than this date, Panaceia the " all-healing." — She was regarded as the daughter of 
 Aesculapius, and a temple was erected to her at Oropus (Aristoph. plut. 702, Paus. i. 34. 2, and schol. 
 Aristoph.). 
 
 Ferula ferulago of the East Mediterranean countries. The " panaces " called after Aesculapius 
 because he named his daughter Panacea, — further described by Pliny xxv. n as yielding " succus 
 coactus ferulae," that procured in Macedonia being called " bucolicon," may be compared : " halvane " 
 produced in Syria by a plant called "panak£s," is mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 7 to u ; " halvanis 
 riza," by Nicander ther. 938 ; a " narthex " in Syria producing "halvane," by Dioscorides iii. 87; 
 "galbanum " produced by a "ferula" growing on mount Amanus in Syria and called " stagonitin," 
 by Pliny xii. 56: F. ferulago was obtained by Lobel obs. 451 from seeds found in the gum (Spreng.); 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete to the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also 
 in Transylvania, Gallicia, and as far as Caucasus (Jacq. austr. app. pi. 5, and Lindl). Westward, 
 is termed " f. galbanifera " by Tournefort inst. 321 ; is known to grow in Sicily (Morison ix. pi. 15, 
 and Pers.) ; and was observed by Desfontaines p. 251 in Barbary. The plant according to Lindley 
 " yields abundantly a gum-resinous secretion," but " it would appear that the opinion of" its produc- 
 ing galbanum "is unfounded." (see G. officinale). 
 
 Thapsia Asclepium of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " aglegora " (Sibth.) ; 
 and the "panakes asklepi<5ion " — distinguished from the preceding by Theophrastus ix. 8 to 1 1, having 
 a white root a span long "alukfithe" brackish, stem geniculate every way, and " thapsia "-like leaves, 
 which according to Dioscorides are hairy and the flowers yellow, is referred here by Columna 
 (Spreng.) : T. Asclepium was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Rhodes and Con- 
 stantinople. Westward, is enumerated among foreign plants in the Ortus Sanitatis and termed 
 "thapsiam" (Spreng.), but was found by Brassavolus on the Appenines ; is described also by 
 Matthioli 545. and Columna ecphr. i. pi. 85; is termed " th. tenuiore folio apula " by Tournefort 
 inst. 322 ; and is known to grow as far as Apulia at the Southern extreme of Italy (Pers.). 
 
 "1134B. C. = 1st year of Wou-wang " (Chinese chron. table). A vase dedicated to Wou- 
 wang's father Wen-wans;, is figured by Pauthier pi. xxxix. 5. 
 
 Ninety-fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 1134, mostly beyond youth: Boaz, and Ruth; the high- 
 priest Bukki (I Chron. vi. 5, Ezr. vii. 4, and Josep. v. 116) ; Bellerophon grandson of Sisyphus 
 (Horn. il. vi. 154); Laomedon king of Troy and father of Priamus, and Capys father of Anchises 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 157 
 
 (Horn. il. xxiv. 215 to 240) ; the Phrygian flute-player Marsyas, son of Hyagnis (Plut. mus., Clem. 
 Alex., and others) ; Pittheus son of Pelops (Pind. and Apollod.). 
 
 1132 B. C. (= 1113 y. 302^1 d.-|- " 18 years" of Judg. x. 8), the Midianites defeated by the 
 Israelites under Gideon, also called Jerubbaal. 
 
 Ramessu XI. built the temple in the rear of Karnak — dedicated by his successor to the god 
 Khons (Birch). 
 
 Platanus Orientalis of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain plane tree (Prior), in 
 Italy "platano" (Lenz), in Greece "platanos" (Sibth.), in which we recognize the "platanus" on 
 the road from Apamea into Phrygia, said to be that on which Marsyas was hanged, — and which 
 continued to be pointed out in the days of Pliny xvi. 88 and 89 ; who further mentions a "platanus " 
 at Delphi said to have been planted by Agamemnon, and trees or their offshoots continuing on the 
 tomb of Protesilaus within sight of Troy: the "platanistos " (translated "platanus" by Cicero) was 
 already at the beginning of the Trojan war in Asia Minor and Greece, as appears from Homer il. ii. 
 307; is mentioned also by Herodotus vii. 31 ; and the "platanou" is described by Dioscorides as 
 having green globular fruit and down on the leaves : P. Orientalis was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding along streams in Asia Minor and throughout Greece and the Greek 
 islands, besides being sometimes planted. Farther South, was already planted in Egypt in the days 
 of Theophrastus ; and was observed there in gardens by Forskal, Clot-Bey, and by myself as far 
 even as Middle Egypt. Westward, according to Pliny xii. 3 the "platanus" was first brought over 
 the Ionian Sea to the isle of Diomedes to adorn his tomb there, and thence to Sicily, having been 
 planted by the first Dionysius ; "platanos" trees on the tomb of Diomedes are mentioned also by 
 Theophrastus : P. Orientalis continues to be planted for ornament in Southern and middle Europe. 
 
 1 13 1 B. C. (=431 -f- "700 yrs " of Thucyd. v., Tourn. trav. i. 174), from this date the island 
 of Milo, halfway between the Peloponnesus and Crete, — retained its independence " seven hundred 
 years." 
 
 1 130 B. C. (= 1071 -j- "60th year" of Dionys. i., see also Strab.), in Italy, arrival of Evander 
 from Arcadia with "two ships" and the alphabet; which had "recently been acquired by the Arca- 
 dians." He was amicably received by king Faunus of the tribe called " Aborigines,'' and allowed 
 to settle on the Palatine hill : — four centuries later, included in the site selected for the city of 
 Rome. 
 
 Acer pseudoplatanus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sycamore 
 ox great maple (Prior), in Germany mountain "ahorn," in Italy " acero " or " acero di montagna" 
 (Lenz), in which we recognize the " acernis " of which the spear of Evander was made — and the 
 Trojan horse (according to Virgil aen. ix. 87), the tree growing in the sacred groves of Phrygia . the 
 " klinotrohon " with wood white and tough employed for the rollers of bedsteads, is further described 
 by Theophrastus iii. 10 as having the leaves lobed as in the plane but less fleshy and pointed at the 
 apex : A. pseudoplatanus has been observed by modern travellers in Greece, and according to Forskal 
 is called there "platanos : " farther South, was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt. West- 
 ward, the " acer gallicum " affording wood of special whiteness, is further described by Pliny xvi. 26 
 as growing in Italy North of the Po, and in the country beyond the Alps ; A. pseudoplatanus is 
 known as a lofty forest-tree in France and middle Europe as far as " Lat. 52° " (Duham. i. pi. 36, 
 Pers., A. Dec, and Daub.) ; and is besides planted for ornament (Engl. bot. pi. 303). By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues occasionally planted ; to the Mauritius 
 Islands, where it is called "platane," but was not seen by Bojer flowering. 
 
 1 128 B. C. (= 51 A. D. -f- " T178 years " of Plin. xvi. 79, pseud. -Aristot. mir. 146 giving S59 
 -|- " 287 years " = 1 146, see C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. xx), Utica, sometimes called " Old Carthage," 
 founded by Phoenician mariners. 
 
 Cedrus Atlanlica of the Atlas mountains. Rafters of the temple of Apollo at Utica, built at the 
 same time with the city, — continued extant in the days of Pliny xvi. 79, and proved to be of " numidi- 
 carum cedrorum ; " referred by A. Decandolte to the cedar of Atlas : the timber was doubtless sometimes 
 imported into Egypt and Italy, and included in the " cedrus magna " of Pliny ; but the living C . Atlantica 
 remained unknown to botanists until recently discovered by Manetti (see C. Libani). 
 
 The same year (= 991 -\- " 130 + 7 y rs " °f tne Euseb.-Maneth. table), possible 
 date of the accession of Ramessu XII. Miamun, tenth king of the Twentieth dynasty. 
 His name occurs at Karnak, Medinet Abu, on a stela — now belonging to Mr. Hoskins 
 (Glid. analect), and in his own tomb at Bab-el-meluk. 
 
 1 127 B. C. (= 1071 + "56 years" of Clint, i. p. 78, see Horn. il. xi. 719, and Pind. ol. ix), war 
 against king Neleus of Pylos, his son Nestor at this time regarded as too young to bear arms. Other 
 particulars Illustrating the condition of Greece from this period — down to the Trojan war, are con- 
 tained in the narrations of Nestor. 
 
 Mulius, the husband of Agamede daughter of king Augeas of Elis, slain in battle by Nestor. 
 
153 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Agamede was acquainted with all the "pharmaka" medicinal plants that the Earth produces — (Horn, 
 il. xi. 739). 
 
 Geranium Robertianum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain herb 
 robertixom at least the Thirteenth century (ms. vocab., and Prior), in Germany " ruprechtskraut " 
 (Grieb) : the " heracleon siderion " supposed to have been discovered by Hercules — (Plin. xxv. 15), 
 termed "sitheritis erakleian " by Cratevas, agglutinating wounds according to Dioscorides, and grow- 
 ing in vineyards and along walls, its single root giving out many coriander-like leaves around smooth 
 tender whitish or reddish stems a span high and bearing small red flowers bitter and viscous to the 
 taste, is referred here by Dodoens p. 62, and Anguillara p. 257 : G. Robertianum was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in shaded situations in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands. West- 
 ward, the "amomum" of Ortus Sanitatis 22 is referred here by Sprengel : G. Robertianum is de- 
 scribed by Brunsfels ii. 37, Fuchsius iii. 206, and Tournefort inst. 268; was observed by Desfontaines 
 in the gardens of Algiers, by Savi in Etruria, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Denmark and Moscow (fl. Dan. pi. 694, Pers., and Dec ). By European colonists, was carried 
 to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized in our Northern and Middle States, observed 
 by myself among shaded rocks in wild situations ; to Brazil, observed in the streets of Porto Alegre 
 by A. Saint-Hilaire (A. Dec). Employed in Germany according to Prior to cure a disease called 
 " ruprechts-plage ; " and according to Lindley, "a popular remedy in Wales in Nephritic complaints." 
 
 Scropliularia lucida of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly the plant in question : — 
 the " sitheritis erakleian " as described by Dioscorides, and Pliny, is referred here by Sibthorp, and 
 Sprengel ; and the "sideritin " by some regarded as the " achilleon " is enumerated by Pliny xxv. 19 
 as growing on walls and fetid when bruised: S. lucida is termed "s. saxatilis lucida laserpitii mas- 
 siliensis foliis " by Tournefort inst. 167; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the Greek 
 islands ; is known to grow on Crete and about Naples, and on the walls of Hydrus in Southern 
 Italy (Iiocc. mus. pi. 117, and Pers.). " S. livida " observed by Sibthorp pi. 601 in Asia Minor, but 
 regarded by Borv as not distinct, seems the " aliam sideritin '' of Pliny xxv. 19 growing in vineyards 
 and resembling the preceding, but having whiter and more fleshy leaves. 
 
 Hcraileujn sphondylium of Europe, Northern Asia, and Northwest America. Called in Britain 
 cow-parsnep (Ainsw , and Prior) or brankitrsine (Lindl.), in Germany " barenklau," in Italy 
 '■ panace " or " panace erculeo " (Lenz), in which we recognize the " panakes erakleion" — having 
 according to Theophrastus ix. 11, 3 large spreading leaves three palms either way, and a bitterish 
 root as thick as the finger : H. sphondylium was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus to mount Athos. Westward, is described by Rivinus pi. 4 ; is termed " sphondylium vul- 
 gare hirsutum" by Tournefort inst. 320, "s branca ursina " by Hoffmann ; was observed by Scopoli 
 in North Italy, by Linnaeus in Sweden, its young shoots eaten ; and is known to grow throughout 
 middle and Northern Europe (Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 939). Eastward from the Black Sea, is 
 known to grow throughout Siberia to'Kamtschatka (Spreng.), and as far as Unalaschka near the 
 American coast (Lindl ). The "rind and root' according to Lindley "are acrid and will ulcerate 
 the skin," but the "root contains sugar." 
 
 I'aslinaca opopanax of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " polukarpon " or 
 "ampedona" (Sibth.) or " kophtia " (Fraas) : the " panakSs erakleion" — of Dioscorides yielding 
 "opopanax" and growing in Cyrene, Arcadia, Boeotia, and Macedonia, cultivated besides for its 
 juice, very tall with a terminal '• angthou "-like umbel of yellow flowers, the seed fiery and fragrant, 
 clearly belongs here : "jawashir" is mentioned by Rhazes, A vicenna, and gum " opopanax " called 
 "djoaschir" is enumerated by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., as imported into Egypt from Syria: 
 seeds of P. opopanax were found in the gum by Dodoens p. 309 ; and the living plant was observed 
 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the Peloponnesus and Southern Greece ; is known to 
 grow also in Syria (Pers.). Westward, the account by Pliny xii. 57 and xx. 100 of the " panacem " 
 five cubits high, the drug " opopanacis " being separately mentioned, seems chiefly taken from the 
 Greeks: I'. opopanax is described by Lobel adv. p. 312 as observed by him near Montpellier (Spren°\); 
 is termed "p. sylvestris altissima" by Tournefort inst. 319; is known to grow also in Hungary, Italy, 
 and Sicily (Gouan pi. 13, Lam. fl. fr., Kitaib. hung. iii. pi. 212, and Pers.). According to Lindley! 
 opopanax is " a fetid gum resin similar in its effects to assafcetida." 
 
 Lagoecia cuminoides of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "la<*6kumino " 
 (Fraas) or " agriorigani " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " agrioriganos " identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " panakes erakleion," — and according to Dioscorides iii. 31 having slender stems a 
 span high, " anethS "-like umbels, white flowers, and a slender useless root: the "panake leptophul- 
 lon " is mentioned by Theophrastus ix. II. 4; and the " lag66u kuminon " in Syn. Diosc. iv. 17 : L. 
 cuminoides was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in vineyards and cultivated around' fre- 
 quent from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece. Westward, is described by Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is 
 termed "cuminum sylvestre capitulis globosis " by C. Bauhin (Pers.), "cuminoides vu]<rare'"'by 
 Tournefort inst. 301. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 159 
 
 Origanum Creticum of the Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece " agriorigani " (Sibth.); 
 in which we recognize the " agrian orSiganon " or "panakitha" or " eraklSion " — identified by 
 Diodes with the "konilen" (Petrich. oph., and schol. Nicand.) ; also the "panake" not "leptophul- 
 lon"of Theophrastus ix. 11. 4; the " panaktSion konilen" of Nicander ther. 626; the " cunilam 
 bubulara" called "panacem" by Cratevas, bruised and placed on wounds and taken internally against 
 serpents even by tortoises (Plin. xix. 50 to xx. 61) ; the " agrian origanon " by some called " panakfis '' 
 according to Dioscorides iii. 49, his " agrioriganos," identified with the " konilen " of Nicander, so far 
 as relates to the " 6rigan6 "-like leaves clearly belonging here ; also the "panaces heraclion " of Pliny 
 xxv. 12, attributed to Hercules and by some called " origanum heracleoticum silvestre " from resem- 
 bling "origano," its root useless : O. Creticum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Crete and 
 Greece throughout the Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Palestine (Pers.). Westward, is 
 described by Lobel pi. 494, and Tournefort inst. 199 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, and is known 
 to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers. ; see O. Heracleoticum). 
 
 Hyoscyamus albus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " gSrouli " or " uosku- 
 am5s," by the Turks " ben tochunni " (Sibth.), in Egypt " beng " (Del.), in which we recognize the" 
 " uoskuamos " supposed to have been discovered by Hercules — (Plin. xxv. 17), mentioned also by 
 Pherecrates, Xenophon oecon. i. 13, Nicander alex. 415, Paulus Aegineta, and the medicinal and 
 mildest kind described by Dioscorides as white-seeded and growing by the seaside and in waste 
 places : H. albus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in precisely those situations 
 from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna. Farther South, the "hyoscyamus " or "apollinaris" is identified 
 by Pliny with the " altercum " of the Arabs ; H. albus was observed by Delile around Alexandria, 
 but the seeds of " hyoscyamus " or " bindj " employed medicinally in Egypt were found by Forskal 
 mat. med. to be imported from Greece. Westward, "hyoscyamus " is prescribed by Celsus ii. 33 ; 
 seeds of "alterci albi " and roots of "apollinaris herbae," by Scribonius Largus 90 to 121 ; the 
 " apollinaris " of the Romans is mentioned also in Syn. Diosc, and Pliny's description corresponds : 
 H. albus is termed " h. a. major vel tertius Dioscoridis et quartus Plinii " by Tournefort inst. 11S; 
 and is known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Blackw. pi. in, Pers., Spreng., 
 and Lenz). 
 
 Colckicum montanum of the East Mediterranean countries. The " petilio " said to have been 
 named by Hercules, — in the autumn according to Pliny xxi. 25 springing up among brambles and 
 commended for its colour only which is that of " rosae silvestris," the leaves appearing after the 
 nodding flower turns upwards, " parvo calyce at versicolori " enclosing yellow seed, may be compared : 
 C. montanum is described by Clusius hist. i. pi. 200 ; is termed " c. m. angustifolium " by Tournefort 
 inst. 350 ; was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of Attica, and by D'Urville on the island of 
 Milo (Bory). 
 
 1 124 B. C. (= 1071 + " 23 + 30 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134, see also Pausan. i. 5. 3). 
 A date possibly marking the accession of Pandion II., son of Erechtheus, and now ninth Attic king. 
 1 123 B. C. = "6th year of Ramessu XII.," on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 5S9). 
 " 1122 B. C. = 13th year of Wou-wang ; who, vanquishing Cheou-sin." now becomes the head 
 of the new dynasty of the Tcheou. He changed the name of the years from " sse " to " nian," a 
 term havino- reference to harvest-time (commentator of the Li-ki, and Chinese chron. table). Wou- 
 wano- also reformed the calendar : making " the lunation containing the Winter solstice the first one 
 of the year; " and making " the civil day commence at midnight." * 
 
 Khi-tsu of the dethroned imperial family, unwilling to accept office under Wou-wang, was made 
 king of Corea — (geogr. Chin., and Klaproth). 
 
 In this " 13th year " (Chou-king iv. 4. 1), the Hong-fan, a philosophical treatise attributed to the 
 emperor Yu, delivered by prince Ki-tse to Wou-wang. 
 
 * 
 
 Euryale ferox of Southern China. A kind of water-lily having leaves nearly a yard in diam- 
 eter and thorny on the nervures and petiole, called in China "ki-teou : " at this time under cultivation 
 but rare, —has since according to Cibot (mem. Chin, iii.) become more frequent, its seeds yielding 
 farina the pulp around them eaten, and the root used medicinally ; was observed by G. Staunton 
 in the province of Kianang. Westward, was carried at an early period to Hindustan, where it has 
 become seemingly wild in lakes in Chittagong and Eastward of Calcutta and Lucknow, and is called 
 in Hindustanee " machana " (Roxb., Royle, and Drur.). 
 
 Rubus Moluccanus? of Eastern Asia. Called in Bisaya " dagamit " (Blanco), m Japan "fugu 
 itsiigo " (Siebold) ; and the "ronces flexibles " holding back the door of tombs, mentioned in an ode 
 of the kingdom of Tchin — (Chi-King i. 12. 6) may be compared : R. Moluccanus was observed by 
 Rumphius°v pi. 47 on Amboyna (Pers.) ; by Roxburgh, Wallich iii. pi. 234, Wight, and Graham, in 
 Hindustan ; by Mason, in Burmah ; by Blanco, on the Philippines ; by Thunberg, m Japan ; by Sie- 
 bold on Yeso, enumerated among the useful plants. 
 
l6o CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "When the Tcheou conquered the Chang" (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 472), eight barbarous 
 nations in communication with China. 
 
 The same year (= 1095 -f " 27 years" of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell., see also Cephal.), 
 accession of Mithraeus or Metraios as Assyrian emperor. 
 
 Acouiium napellus of the mountains of middle and Eastern Europe. Called in Britain monks- 
 hood or aconite (Prior), in Italy " napello " or " aconito " (Lenz), in Greece " akoniton," in which we 
 recognize the "akoniton "discovered by Hecate, wife of Aeetes king of Colchis and mother of Medea 
 — (Diodor. iv. 45) ; growing in the countries on the Black Sea according to Theopompus, and Strabo, 
 mentioned also by Heraclides, Antigonus Carystius, Euphorion, and Aelius Promotus, and the 
 "akoniton pontikon " used by physicians of Syn. Diosc. iv 78: the " parthalianheV' whose root 
 was placed in meat to destroy wild beasts, according to Aristotle an. ix. 6, and Nicander alex., 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. iv. 77 with the " theluphonon " or "therophonon " or " muoktonon," may also 
 belong here : A. napellus was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. Westward, Calpurnius 
 Bestia consul B. C. in was accused of poisoning women with "aconitum," and this material is men- 
 tioned as a poison by Ovid, by Pliny xxv. 75 and xxvii. 2 as the most speedy poison known : A. 
 napellus is described by Lobel pi. 679, and Clusius hist. ii. pi. 96 ; is termed "a. casruleum seu napel- 
 lus primus " by Tournefort inst. 425 ; is known to grow wild on the mountains of Italy Switzerland 
 and Eastern Germany (Spreng., and A. Dec.) ; is besides cultivated and naturalized throughout 
 middle Europe, and was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde. By European colonists, was car- 
 ried to Northeast America, where it continues to be cultivated for ornament. The plant according 
 to Lindley is "a true narcotico-acrid poison," and "numerous fatal cases of its application are 
 recorded." 
 
 About this time (Sm. b. d.), Clvmenus king of Orchomenus slain by Perieres at the festival 
 of the Onchestian Neptune. His son and successor Erginus marched at once against Boeotian 
 Thebes, and compelled the inhabitants to pay an annual tribute. 
 
 Lonicera periclymenum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wood- 
 bine, in Old English " woodbinde " or " woodvynde," in Anglo-Saxon " wudu-bind " or " wudu-winde " 
 (Prior), in Germany "geissblatt" (Grieb), in Italy " periclimeno " (Lenz), in Greece " agrioklema" 
 (Fraas), in which we recognize the "pe>iklum6non " identified through Syn. Diosc. with the " klu- 
 mSnon" named after king Clymenus (Plin.) and called in Egyptian "klumSnion" or "agonon" or 
 " oxioni : " — the "klumfinon" is described by Dioscorides as having a tetragonal stem and plantain- 
 like leaves, the mountain kind best, the juice of the root and whole plant astringent and refrigerating 
 administered in potion, and the bruised leaves applied to recent wounds : L. periclymenum was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard and Fraas, in Greece and Cyprus, along hedges as well as on the 
 mountains. Westward, the " klumSnon " by some called "smilax" or "kalukanthemon " or " Clio- 
 phu£s " or " epatitis " or " anatolikon " or " thutikon " or " merging " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the " ouoloukroum " or " ouoloukroum maious " of the Romans ; the " clymenus herba " is described 
 by Pliny xxv. 33 and xxvi. 48 as growing in woodland and mountainous situations, the stem "inani 
 articulis praecincta," the odour "gravi," and the seed ivy-like and administered in wine : L. pericly- 
 menum is described by Tragus f. 311, and Fuchsius p. 646; is termed " wald-winde " by Gerarde 
 (in Tabernxm. ii. 616), "caprifolium germanicum" by Tournefort inst. 608; and is known to grow 
 in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 90S, and Pers.). 
 
 Lonicera caprifoliuin of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain 
 caprifoly (Prior), in Italy " caprifolio " or " madreselva " (Lenz), in Greece "agrioklema" (Sibth., 
 and Forsk.), in which we recognize the " sylvae matrem " identified bv Scribonius Larmis 129 with 
 the " penklumfnou " of the Greeks ; called by some " klumJnon " — (according to Svn. Diosc), and 
 described by Dioscorides as twining around other shrubs in hedges and cultivated places, and having 
 at intervals leaves " perieilephota " surrounding the stem (compare also Periclvmenus brother of 
 Nestor, Horn. od. xi. 285): L. caprifoliuin was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, fre- 
 quent in hedges from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople. Farther 
 South, the " peYiklumgnon " by some called " kalukanthSmon " or " epatitis " or " ais^ine " or " klem- 
 atitis " or " karpathon " or " splenion " or " £lxine m£iz6n " or " m ursine " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the " polion aphrothites " of the prophets, and " tourkon " of the Egyptians. Westward, with 
 the " lanath " of the Numidians, and " ouoloukroum maious " of the Romans ; the account of the 
 " periclymenos " by Pliny xxvii. 94 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides; but L. caprifolium is 
 described by Matthioli p. 691 (Spreng.), is termed " c. italicum " by Tournefort inst. 608, and is 
 known to grow wild in Southern France (Mut, Gren., and A. Dec); is besides planted for ornament 
 throughout middle Europe, and has become naturalized in various localities as far as Britain (J. E. 
 Smith flor. 260, Wats., and Bromfield). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues to be cultivated for ornament. 
 
 1117 B. C. (= 1114 + "3 years" of Judg. ix. 22). not later than this date, Abimelech son of 
 Jcrubbaal made by the " men of Sechem" ruler "over Israel." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. r 6i 
 
 in gS" faSwsibtM Ta 7" C : SPia ; v UntrieS and m ° UntainS ° f Tr °P ical Arabia - Called 
 in Greece ramnos (Sibth.), in Egypt and Yemen » ausadj " or "ausajdi" (Forsk) in which we 
 
 recognize the « ramnos " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "atathin" of the VmM ans' or^atft" 
 of Jotham son of Jerubbaal - (Judg. ix. 14), and Psalm Iviii. 9 : L. Europium was observed by 
 SeTre^f I ^^j,^ A1 P inus > F ° rskal - »* Delile, at Alexandria a'nd Damiett A™ 
 the Greeks, the "ramnos" was regarded sacred to Aesculapius (Pausan. iii. , 4 v is mentioned also 
 by Sophron, Euphonon, Eupolis, Theophrastus, Nicander ; and is described by Dioscorides as a 
 shrub with stra,ght thorns growing along hedges: L. Europaeum was observed by Sibthorp and 
 Chaubard, irequent m hedges in Greece. Westward, the " ramnos " is identified in Syn Diosc wkh 
 the • spma kervahs " of the Romans, but the account of the "rhamnus" by Pliny „* 76 seemT n 
 part taken from Dioscorides : L. Europaeum is known to occur also in Italy, Barbary Portugal and 
 France Pers.). In lts w.ld state, was observed by Pallas trav. iv. not far from Astrakan ; by Forskal 
 among the mountains of Yemen. "*«■<"! , uy r orsKai, 
 
 . "Before the time of Homer" (Strab. iii.), the Phoenicians, in possession of the best part of 
 
 t!Zo^r G ±7X Islands of the Blest (Canaries)> not far from the extreraity of M ^ 
 
 "11 16 B. C. under the Tcheou dynasty " (Stan-Jul.), the following plant known to the Chinese 
 « ,JZ%'"\\ tm f rmS ° { f Eastern Asia - CaIled « English gardens safflower (Prior), in Germany 
 saflor (Gneb), in France « safranon » or " faux safran » (A. Dec.), in Italy « zafferano falso " or « sara* 
 cmesco or » zaffrone "or "cartamo » (Lenz), in Greece « saphlanoni " or « asphouri " (Fraas), in Egypt 
 osfar_ or qortom (Forsk.), in Egyptian « tshoug " (Lex oxf.) or « jouj " (Kirch.) or "shoush " ms 
 f.l r ' h m w '^"LT ^Bombay "koosumba" (Graham), in Japan » benino fanna" or "kookva" or 
 kurenai (Thunb.), and as early as this year used in China in cosmetic pigment; imported in " uc 
 B. C. under the Han dynasty " (Stan. Jul. industr. chin. 83), but at present cultivated and exported 
 (parcels examined by myself) : was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan 
 as well as growing spontaneously, and occasionally employed by women to tinge the lips. Westward 
 is enumerated by Mason v. p. 512 as "exotic" in Burmah and extensively cultivated "the be<t 
 yellow dye in the country, and mixed with other ingredients " to " dye red and to give a variety of 
 tints : " is termed " crocus indicus " by Rumphius v. pi. 79 ; was observed by Roxburgh under culti- 
 vation in Hindustan ; by myself, commonly cultivated on the Deccan, for the use according to Gra- 
 ham "of dyers and for the oil obtained from the seeds ; " and according to Gibson cultivated "also 
 in Guzerat to a small extent." Farther West, " krokopeplos " saffron-coloured clothing was known 
 to Homer il. xxiu. 227; the term " krokovaphes " dyed with saffron occurs in Aeschylus a"-. 1092 
 " krok6tithion " and " krokotos " saffron robe in Aristophanes lys. 48 and ran. 46, "crocotula" saf- 
 fron garment in Plautus, " tunica crocina " in Catullus ; the " cnicon " mentioned by Pliny xxi. 53 to 107 
 as unknown in Italy, an "aegyptia herba " with seeds yielding oil, may in part belong here ; and the 
 I' kurthum " or " usfar " is mentioned by Ebn Masawia, Abi Othman, Abu Hanifa, Ebn Masah, Maser- 
 jawia, Rhazes, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar : C. tinctorius was observed by Abd-allatif, Forskalj Delile, 
 and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt; by Grant in descending the Nile was found cultivated "for 
 its oil" at Kartoom in 15 30'; was seen by Fraas experimentally cultivated in Greece ; is described 
 by Caesalpinus, and Bauhin iii. p. 76; and is known to be now cultivated in Italy (Lenz). By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens. (See C. 
 Creticus). 
 
 " 1 115 B. C. = 1st year of Tching-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. 
 table). The earliest round copper-money having "a square hole in the middle," issued durino- the 
 reign of Tching-wang (Pauth. 84). 
 
 Ranunculus thora of the mountains of middle and Eastern Europe. The acrid juice of its root 
 employed by Swiss hunters to envenom their weapons (Lindl.) as early perhaps as this date in 
 accordance with the Latin word " toxicum " perverted from the Greek through the use of poisoned 
 arrows — (Nicand. alex. 207 and schol., Plin. xvi. 20) : the word " toxicum " occurs as early as 
 Plautus : the "phthoram " of the Waldenses or R. thora is described by Gesner hort. f. 244 (Spreng.) 
 and C. Bauhin pin. 284 ; is termed " r. cyclaminis folio asphodeli radice major " by Tournefort inst. 
 285 ; and is known to grow "near the limits of perpetual snow " on the Pyrenees, Alps, and Carpa- 
 thians (Jacq. aiistr. pi. 442, Pers., A. Dec, and Lindl.). Eastward, the " thruon," a ma^ic plant 
 of the Colchians (argon. Orph. i. 916), is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " pe"ntathruon " or "struh- 
 non manikon; " the "thruoron " or "pSritton " or " struhnos manikos " is described by Theophras- 
 tus ix. 11. 6 as having a head like the fruit of the plane tree, and Dioscorides adds that the head is 
 sessile ; the " manicon " is further identified by Pliny xxi. 105 with the "dorycnion" poison in which 
 spear-points were dipped ; and in Alexipharm. praef. and 6, and Galen comp. med. x. p. 356 with the 
 " thoruknion " plant : R. thora was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of the Peloponnesus. 
 (See Atropa belladonna). 
 
1 62 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 1 114 B. C. (= 1413 y. 302J-4 d. — "300 years" of Judg. xi. 26), the Ammonites defeated by the 
 Israelites under Jephthah. — From the etymology of the name, it has been conjectured : That Jeph- 
 thah's daughter became the Iphigeneia of the Greeks : and confirmation is found in the silence of 
 Homer respecting Iphigeneia. 
 
 In this year = " 2zd of Epiphi in the 15th year of Ramessu XII.," medical aid requested for the 
 queen's sister, a daughter of the chief of Bakhtan — (Birch, and Mariette 98). 
 
 Chiron residing on mount Pelion, — where in the following year he was visited by Jason and his 
 companions on the Argonautic expedition (Apollon. Rhod. i. 554, and Orph. 375). 
 
 Hypericum lauiiginosum of the mountains of Greece. The "Mironos rizan " or"panakeV' 
 discovered on mount Pelion by Chiron, — further described by Nicander ther. 500 as having " amara- 
 k66ssa" marjoram-like foliage and golden flowers, by Theophrastus ix. II. 1 as having leaves like 
 those of "lapathd" but larger and more hairy, applied externally and the small root (see Pliny xxv. 
 13) taken in wine against poisonous reptiles, by Dioscorides as growing chiefly on mount Pelion and 
 having a slender acrid root, maybe compared: H. lanuginosum is termed "h. montis Olympi foliis 
 circa margines hirsutis " by Tournefort inst. 255 ; and was observed by Sibthorp in Greece, probably 
 on mount Athos (J. E. Smith). 
 
 Ta/nus communis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain black bryony 
 from its dark glossy leaves (Prior), in Italy " smilace liscia " or " tamaro " or " vite nera " (Lenz), in 
 Greece "vruon" or "ta vrua " (Fraas), in which we recognize the "vruonia m£laina " or " amp£los 
 m£laina " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " heirfinSion amp£lon," discovered by Chiron — accord- 
 ing to Pliny xxv. 16; also the " bryoniam " proper or " chironiam " or " vitis nigra'' whose "aspar- 
 agos " young shoots from their medicinal properties are preferred for food to " veris asparagis " by 
 Diocles (Plin. xxiii. 17): the " ampSlos melaina " is described by Dioscorides as ascending trees and 
 having leaves approximating those of " smilakos," the young shoots eaten : the entangling of the 
 urns by its horns in " tanis " vines, is mentioned by Epiphanius phys. 3 : T. communis was observed 
 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in woods and hedges from Crete and the Peloponnesus 
 to Cyprus, and on the last-named island the young shoots cooked and eaten. Westward, the "ampedos 
 medaina" or "voukranion" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "priathela" or " p£grina " of the 
 Dacians, "laouothSn" of the Numidians, and "ovlamenia" or " vatanouta " or " ve"tisalka " of the 
 Romans ; " taminia uva" are prescribed by Celsus, and besides medicinal uses are according to Pliny 
 sometimes worn as an amulet ; the " vitis nigra " is also identified by Pliny with the '• gynaecanthen " 
 or "aproniam : " T. communis is termed " tamnus racemosa fiore minore luteo-pallescente" by 
 Tournefort inst. 103 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe, but in Britain 
 is regarded by Bromfield as possibly exotic and only naturalized (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz). 
 
 Tamns Cretica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in (Ireece by the same names with 
 the preceding (Fraas), and possibly the plant discovered by Chiron : — the " vruonian " or " vruonitha " 
 is prescribed by Apollodorus ther. against freckles and cutaneous affections ; the " vruonis " is men- 
 tioned also by Nicander ther. 858 ; the "ampedou agrias " is enumerated as a drug by Theophrastus 
 ix. 14. 1 ; is identified by Cratevas with the "h£ir6ni5ion" (schol. Nicand. ther.) ; and is described 
 by Dioscorides as a woody vine, having the flower after the manner of " trihas vruotheis," round 
 berries red while ripening, the root used against dropsy, and young shoots stored for food : T. Cretica 
 is termed " tamnus cretica trifido folio " by Tournefort cor. 3, and was observed by Sibthorp in the 
 woods and hedges of Greece, Crete, and Cyprus, not rare and the young shoots eaten. (See Bryonia 
 dioica, and Clematis vitalba). 
 
 1 1 13 B. C. (= 1071 -|- "4- years" of Clint, i. p. 140), the Argonautic expedition led into the 
 Black Sea by Jason, son of Aeson and father of Euneus. Periclymenus brother of Nestor was one 
 of the Argonauts (Pinch pyth. iv. 311) ; and Philammon was the bard of the Expedition — (Pherecyd. 
 fr. 63, and Apollon. Rhod.). After the return to Greece, the ship Argo was drawn on shore and 
 left with a dedicatory inscription in the city of Corinth (Dio Chrys. corinth. p. 458, and Aristid. 
 isthm. i. p. 24). 
 
 Sah'ia hormimtm of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " sarkotrophi," and 
 the "orminon " of the companions of Jason — (argon. Orph. i. 917), Polemon diaet. ii. 14, Theophras- 
 tus viii. 7, Nicander, wild and cultivated according to Dioscorides and its stem quadrangular, is 
 referred here by writers ; together with the " phSrvion " of Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 152, "phormion " 
 of Paulus Aegineta vii. p. 249, and " zSntogalen " of Nicolaus Myrepsus iii. 62: S. horminum is 
 described by Alpinus exot. p. 112, and was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated 
 ground in Greece. Farther South, the "orminon" was known to Athenaeus xi. 56 in Egypt. West- 
 ward, the "orminon emSron " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "ormia" of the Dacians, and 
 " ggminalis " of the Romans ; the " horminum " is mentioned by Pliny xviii. 10 and xxii. 76 as culti- 
 vated in Italy, and his account seems in part taken from Dioscorides: S. horminum is described by 
 Matthioli, Dodoens, and Lobel pi. 555; is termed "h. coma purpuro-violacea et coma rubra "by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 163 
 
 Tournefort inst. 178; and is known to occur in both Northern and Southern Italy (Pers., and Lenz). 
 " S. viridis," termed "h. coma viridi " by Tournefort inst. 178, is regarded as probably not distinct ; 
 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Bory, in cultivated ground from Constantinople to Caria and 
 the Peloponnesus, and is known to occur in Italy and around Tunis (Desf. atlant. pi. 1, and Pers.). 
 
 Lagurus ovatus of the Mediterranean countries. A grass called in Britain hare' s-tail (Prior), in 
 Greece "lagcunoura" or " alouponora " or " renna voutomo," in which we recognize the "voutomon" 
 cut for beds by the companions of Jason — (Theocr. xiii. 35), having according to Democritus 
 " lgiriois "-like leaves, growing in marshes, eaten by cattle, and one of the signs of subterranean water ; 
 described also by Theophrastus i. 10. 5 as having keeled leaves : L. ovatus was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Dardanelles to the Peloponnesus abounding on hills near the sea, 
 especially in depressions that have contained water. Farther South, was observed by Forskal and 
 Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is described by Morison viii. pi. 4 ; is 
 termed " gramen spicatum tomentosum longissimis aristis donatum " by Tournefort inst. 517; was 
 observed by Forskal on Malta ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Butomus umbellatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Having a " tall rush-like 
 stem" and called in Britain flowering rush (Prior), in France "joncfleuri" (Fee), in Italy "biodo" 
 or "giunco florido" (Lenz), in Greece "psathe" (Fraas), and the "voutomon" — described by 
 Theophrastus as growing in water, is referred here by writers : B. umbellatus was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Fraas, on the banks of streams from Constantinople throughout Greece. Westward, is 
 described by Gerarde p. 27, and Bauhin ; is termed " juncus cyperoides floridus " by Lobel, "b. flore 
 roseo " by Tournefort inst. 271 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 604, Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Cyclamen Persicum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "kuklamitha" 
 (Sibth.), in which we recognize the "kuklamis" of the Argonautic expedition — (Orph. 916), or the 
 " kuklaminos " identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " trimphalitis " of Zoroaster and " aspho " of 
 Osthanes, prescribed in 1 Morb. mul. 682, mentioned also by Theophrastus ix. 10, Nicander ther. 
 945, by Dioscorides as having the leaves spotted on both sides, again identified in the added Syno- 
 nyms with the " ihthuotheron," and according to Pliny xxv. 69, and Oppian h. iv. 658 the root employed 
 for poisoning fish : C. Persicum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the mountains of Greece 
 an:l frequent around Athens, the root employed for driving cuttle-fish from their hiding places ; is 
 known to grow also on Cyprus (Pers.). 
 
 im B. C. (= 1 141 — " 31 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, = " 32d year of Perseus " men- 
 tioned by Apollodorus chron. in Clem. Alex. Strom, i. p. 322, see Clint, i. p. 76), a date to all appear- 
 ance marking the end of the reign of Perseus. He was succeeded as Argive king by his four sons, 
 Sthenelas II., Alcaeus, Mestor, and Electryon (Herodor., see also Palaephatus, Apollod., and Strab. 
 viii. p. 372). 
 
 " In the reign of Laius " (Herodot. v. 59), war o c Amphitryon son of Alcaeus against the Tele- 
 boae : connected (according to Hesiod in Schol. Apollon. i. 747) with the death of Electryon. The 
 inscription on Amphitryon's commemorative tripod, seen and copied by Herodotus, is described by 
 him as in the " Cadmean letters; " differing very little from those used among the Ionians. 
 
 Lemna minor of Temperate Climates. Called in Britain duck-weed or duck-meat, by Galfridus 
 pr. pm. " ende-mete " (Prior), in an Anglo-Saxon glossary " dok mete " (Harl. 3388, and Cockayne), 
 in Italy "lente palustre " (Lenz), in Greece " psarophaki " (Fraas) : and the aquatic plant " pin," col- 
 lected according to an ode of the time of Tchao-Koung— (Chi- King i. 2. 4), is described by Tchou-hi 
 as a diminutive rootless herb floating upon stagnant water, and called " piao " by the inhabitants East 
 of the river Kiang : L. minor was observed by Thunberg in Japan ; is known to grow also through- 
 out Siberia as far as Taurus and Caucasus (Bieb., Kunth, and Wats.). Farther West, the "phakos 6 
 epi telmat6n" is described by Dioscorides as growing moss-like on stagnant water, resembling lentils, 
 and a refrigerating application ; is prescribed by Paulus Aegineta ; is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "pkakos agrios " or " epiptSron," and with the " viperalis " or " ikeosmigthonos " of the 
 Romans ; and the account of the " palustris lens " by Pliny xxii. 70 seems taken from Dioscorides : 
 a Lemna'called " blesemman " was observed by Forskal among the mountains of Yemen ; L. minor 
 is known to grow in Abyssinia (Fresen.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on stag- 
 nant water throughout Greece ; by Desfontaines, and Munby, in Barbary ; and is known to grow 
 throughout Europe as far as the border of Lapland (Fries), also on the Canary Islands, Madeira, and 
 the Azores (Lemann, Wats., and A. Dec). Beyond the Atlantic, has been observed by myself from 
 43 in New E no-land ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, as far as " Florida ; " by Short, in 
 Kentucky ; by Drummond, at Fort Cumberland in 54 ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Humboldt 
 and Bonpland, on the mountains of New Grenada (Kunth); by Gay, in Chili ; by J. D. Hooker, in 
 New Zealand- and by R. Brown, in Tasmania and Australia; probably in some instances trans- 
 ported through entanglement in the plumage of water-fowl. By Feejeean or possibly Polynesian 
 
164 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 colonists, carried together with taro culture to the Feejee Islands, observed by myself on the artificial 
 pools there. (See L. gibba). 
 
 1 105 B. C. (= "nth year of Tching-wang," Pauth. 88), death of the regent Tcheou-koung ; dis- 
 tinguished also as an astronomer and literary man. He was acquainted with the properties of the 
 right-angle triangle, measured the elevation of the pole and length of the solstitial shadow, and built 
 an observatory, which is still pointed out in the city of Teng-foung in Ho-nan. Some of his poetry 
 and other writings are also extant. By Tsheu-Kung (according to Humboldt cosm. iv. p. 125) the 
 earliest Chinese astronomical observations, and the meridian shadows in the two Solstices measured, 
 making the Obliquity of the Ecliptic " 23 54' or 27' greater — than in 1850." 
 
 Tching-wang made war against the Toungi or Oriental tribes ; regarded as all belonging to Corea 
 (comment. Chou-king, and geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. p. 152). 
 
 " Some time after the Argonautic Expedition " (Clint, p. 64), Medea of Colchis at Athens on the 
 arrival there of Theseus, at this time a " melrakion " boy of about fourteen (Plut. thes. 6). His 
 father Aegeus, tenth Attic king, now reigning. 
 
 Colcliicum autumnale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain meadow 
 saffron or naked ladies, in Germany " nakte jungfern " (Prior) or " zeitlose " (Grieb), in France " col- 
 chique " (Nugent), in Greece "volhikon" (Sibth.); and the " £phem£r6n " discovered by Medea — 
 (Nicand. ther. 849 and alex. 250), mentioned as deadly by Theophrastus ix. 16. 6, is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "kolhikon" of Dioscorides, growing mostly in Messenia and Colchis, putting forth 
 a whitish saffron-like flower late in the autumn, and its bulbous root when eaten fatal : C. autumnale 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Parnassus to Constantinople ; and is enumerated by Clot- 
 Bey as long known in Egypt. Westward, the " kolbikSn " or " volvon agrion " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " voulvoum agrSstSm " of the Romans ; " colchicon " is enumerated among poisons 
 by Pliny xxviii. 33 ; and C. autumnale is described by Maranta simpl. p. 83 (Spreng.), is termed "0 
 commune " by Tournefort inst. 348, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 
 (Hall., and Pers.). Its root and seeds according to Lindley " are used extensively in the manufac- 
 ture of veratria, and in various " medicinal preparations. 
 
 1 103 B. C. = " 20th year of Ramessu XII.," on a second application for medical aid for the 
 queen's sister, the ark of the god Khons sent to Bakhtan ; represented on the tablet as borne by 
 twelve priests — (Birch, and Mariette 98. Compare Amos v. 26). 
 
 1 102 B. C. "Little more than thirty years before the fall of Troy" (Clint, i. p. 87, see also 
 Homer il. xxxiii. 670 and od. xi. 271), Oedipus succeeded by Eteocles, as king of Boeotian Thebes. 
 
 As Erginus reigned at Orchomenus "till within thirty years of the fall of Troy" (Clint, i. p. 49), 
 the war against him in which Amphytrion was slain, possibly not earlier than the last-named date. 
 
 1101 B. C. (= 1071 -|- "not more than 30 years" of Clint, i. p. 51, and during the infancy of 
 Diomed, il. vi. 222 and xiv. 121), the First war against Boeotian Thebes ; conducted by Adrastus 
 king of Argos and Sicyon, accompanied by Tydeus, Amphiaraus, and four other chieftains, of whom 
 Adrastus alone lived to return. The rival brothers Polyneices and Eteocles were both slain, and 
 Laodamas son of Eteocles became king of Boeotian Thebes. 
 
 The same year (= 1103 — "seventeen months" on the tablet), arrival of the ark of Khons in 
 Bakhtan — (Birch). 
 
 The inscription in hexameter verse on Laodamas' votive tripod (copied by Herodotus v. 59) is an 
 early specimen of Greek poetry. The inscription was in the " Cadmean letters." 
 
 Ninety-sixth generation. Jan. 1st, 1100, mostly beyond jouth : Obed (Ruth iv. 22, and 1 Chron. 
 ii. 12); the high-priest Uzzi (1 Chron. vi. 5, Ezr. vii. 4, and Josep. v. 11. 15): and among Greeks, 
 Idomeneus grandson of Minos (Horn. il. xiii. 450, and od. xix. 178) ; the Phrygian poet and flute- 
 player Olympus, a pupil of Marsyas (Plat, Plut., Clem. Alex., and others) ; the sculptor Daedalus 
 (Paus. ix. 40. 3 and x. 17. 4). 
 
 1098, August (= 1097 y. 240 \\ d. = 1 1 13 y. 302 Jf d. — " 20 years " of ten lunations, Judg. xv. 
 20), death of Samson. The death of Hercules corresponds (as deduced by Clinton 1 p. 78 from 
 Greek authorities, " 26 years before the fall of Troy" = 1097). Hercules is described by Homer as 
 a military chieftain, who wore armour and led an army. By Herodotus and other Greek writers 
 Hercules is admitted to have been a Phoenician ; and his identity with Samson — is confirmed by the 
 fact (recorded by Menander Ephes. in Jos. a. J. viii. 3. 1 and c. A. i. iS) that the temple to "Her- 
 cules" at Tyre was built by king Hiram. Friendship towards Greeks of " Boeotia and the Pelo- 
 ponnesus only" (Cadmean and Dorian) was extended by Arab tribes on the Red Sea in the time of 
 Agatharchides 95. (See Dorian conquest of the Peloponnesus). 
 
 Before the close of the year (= 1103 — " 1 y. 5 mo — 3 y. 9 mo " in the tablet), after a deten- 
 tion of " three years and nine months," departure from Bakhtan of the ark of Khons the chief 
 having been warned in a vision — (Birch). 
 
 1096 B. C. = " 19th of Mechir in the 33d year of Ramessu XII.," return of the ark of Khons to 
 the temple of the god at Thebes — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19, and Birch). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1 65 
 
 1095 B. C. (= 1071 -(- "25th year" of Euseb., see also Ctesias in Diodor. ii. 21), accession 
 of Teutamos as Assyrian emperor. 
 
 The same year(= 1091 -f- "4 years " of Apollod. ii. 8. 2, see also Horn. it. xix. 123, Thucyd. i. 9, 
 Euseb. ii. p. 288, and Clint, i. p. 106, Castor's numbers corresponding very closely 991 -|- '• 105 years 
 of the Pelopidas " = 1096), the Argive king Eurystheus son of Sthenelas II., slain in battle; suc- 
 ceeded by two sons of Pelops, Thyestes at Mycenae, and Atreus at Argos. 
 
 As early possibly as this date, Jewish colonists settling at the Southern extreme of Arabia. — - 
 An offshoot of these colonists is perhaps found in the Zaffe-Hibrahim inhabiting the island of Nossi 
 Hibrahim and neighbouring portion of Madagascar : who brought with them Geomancy or foretelling 
 by fingers, practise circumcision, will not intermarry with strangers, observe Saturday, claim descent 
 from Abraham, and have retained the names of Noah, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, and Moses ; but know 
 nothing of later prophets, nor of the author of Christianity, nor of Mohammed, whose followers they 
 regard as " Caffres " or destitute of laws (Flacourt praf.). 
 
 Theseus on his expedition against the Marathonian bull hospitably entertained by a poor old 
 woman named Hecale, — in whose honour he subsquently ordained in Attica a sacrifice, to her and 
 Zeus Hecalus (Callim., Ov. rem. am. 747, and Plut. thes.). 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Old German " du-tistel," in Anglo- 
 Saxon " thuthistel " or " thufethistel " all meaning sprout thistle, in Ortus Sanitatis 148 " suwe-distel " 
 or " saw-distel," in current English, sow thistle (Prior), in current German "gansedistel " (Grieb), in 
 France "laiteron" (Nugent), in Italy " cicerbita " or " sonco " (Lenz), in Greece "sohos" (Sibth.), 
 in Egypt " galayl " or "libbeyn" (Del.) ; in which we recognize the "sonchos" placed by Hecale 
 before Theseus — (Callim., and Plin.), mentioned as esculent by Dioscorides, and the " albus " kind 
 by Cleemporus (Plin. xxii. 44) : the " soghos " is also mentioned by Matron, Antiphanes, Hegesander, 
 Theophrastus, Erasistratus, Nicander, as medicinal by Agathocles, and Zenon, and was known to 
 Athenaeus in Egypt : S. oleraceus was observed by Sibthorp frequent in waste and cultivated ground 
 throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, around Cairo in Egypt. West- 
 ward, is described by Tournefort inst. 474; was observed by Forskal on Malta as well as near Mar- 
 seilles ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 682, Fries, and Wats.). Southward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal among the mountains 
 of Yemen and called " myrrejr," and was received from Abyssinia by Richard. Eastward, is known 
 to grow throughout Siberia and in Nepal (Ledeb., and Wats.); was observed by Nimmo "at Surat," 
 and by Lush " in Deccan gardens " (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; 
 by Blume, on Java ; by Thunberg, in Japan, frequent and called " fsitsikusa ; " and probably by Poly- 
 nesian navigators was carried throughout the islands of the Pacific to New Zealand (where it was 
 found by Cook and Forster) and Southeast Australia (where it was found by R. Brown). Clearly by 
 European colonists, was carried prior to 1669 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where it has extended 
 itself from Newfoundland to our Southern States (Chapm.) and throughout Canada to the Saskatch- 
 awan and mouth of the Columbia (Hook.), following the fur traders as verified by myself at Fort 
 Nisqually on Puget Sound ; to the West Indies (Swartz, and Wydl), Rio Janeiro and Buenos Ayres 
 (herb. Dec), Patagonia and Peru (observed by myself), Chili, the Chonos archipelago, Falkland 
 Islands, and Tristan d'Acunha (Hook., and A. Dec.) ; to the Mauritius Islands (Bojer) ; to South- 
 west Australia, where it was unknown before English settlement (J. Drummond in Hook, journ. 
 1840) ; to the remote Aukland Islands, the only evidence of prior visits of mariners obtained by Dr. 
 Silas Holmes on our Expedition ; seems in fact the pioneer of plants accompanying man, the first to 
 acquire foothold even within the Tropics. 
 
 Asparagus acutifolius of the Mediterranean countries. A kind of wild asparagus called in Italy 
 " sparaghella " or " asparago selvatico " (Lenz), in Greece " sparaggi " or " spharaggia " (Sibth.) or 
 " asparaggia " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " aspharagos " thickets that concealed Perigyne 
 beloved of Theseus, — the plant in consequence protected by law among the Ionians inhabiting Caria 
 (Plut. thes. viii) : the " aspharagon " is mentioned also by Cratinus, Pherecrates, Phrynichus, Ameip- 
 sias, Antiphanes, Theopompus, Athenaeus ii. p. 240 ; and the " asparagos pgtraios " of Dioscorides 
 is identified in the added Synonyms with the " muon " or " muakanthan : " A. acutifolius was observed 
 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Chaubard, abound- 
 ing in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " myacanthon " or " hormenum " or " libycum " or " silves- 
 trem asparagum" is identified by Pliny xvi 67 and xx. 43 with the " corruda " of Cato and others ; 
 A. acutifolius is termed " a. foliis acutis " by Tournefort inst. 300 ; was observed by Forskal near 
 Marseilles ; is known to grow also in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, its young sprouts eaten (Pers.). 
 
 Asparagus aphyllus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece by the same names as 
 the preceding (Sibth.), in Egypt "a'aqoul" or "shouk" (Del ) ; and probably included with the pre- 
 ceding species: — the "aspharagos " is enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 4- 1 as one of the two leaf- 
 less ptants known to him : A. aphyllus is termed " a. creticus fruticosus crassioribus et brevioribus 
 
l66 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 aculeis " by Tournefort trav. i. pi. 88 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from Crete 
 and the Peloponnesus to mount Athos, the young sprouts collected and eaten ; by Forskal, and 
 Delile, was observed in Lower Egypt. Westward, the •' asparagus " leafless and altogether thorn is 
 mentioned by Pliny xxi. 54 ; A. aphyllus is described by Morison i. pi. I, and is known to grow 
 in Sicily, Barbary, Spain, and Portugal (Pers.). "A. horridus " regarded as not distinct, was 
 observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus, is known to grow also in Barbary and Spain (Desf., Cav. 11. pi. 136, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Corvdalis solida of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " thesewn " flower of which 
 the Ariadne garland was made —according to Timachidas (Athen.), may be compared: the root 
 of the " theseiou " is eumerated by Theophrastus vii. 12. 3 as tuberous " kephalorriz&n," bitter, and 
 purgative : C. solida was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in Boeotia and the Peloponnesus from 
 the fertile plains to the higher portion of Taygetus near the snow. Westward, the account of the 
 "thesium" by Pliny xxi. 67 to x.xii. 31 seems taken from Theophrastus : C. solida is termed "f. bul- 
 bosa radice non cava major" by Tournefort inst. 422, " pistolochia solida" by Bernhardi ; and is 
 known to grow in shaded situations throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1224, 
 Engl. bot. pi. 1471, and Pers.). 
 
 1094 B. C. (= 1078 -f his " 17th year " on the monuments = 1280 y. 2 mo. — " 55 
 — 66 — 40 — 26 y." in the Euseb.-Maneth. table), accession of Ramessu XIII. Hhaem- 
 mianun-nuterhikten, eleventh king of the Twentieth dynasty. His name occurs at El 
 Kab, Karnak, Gurna, and on a stone — now in Cairo (GHd. analect). 
 The same year (= 107 1 -f- " 2 3 years " of Castor in Euseb.), Theseus being absent 
 or excluded from Athens, the accession of Menestheus son of Peteus as Twelfth Attic king. 
 
 Examples have been already given of Scriptural names of animals and plants continuing in use 
 in Egypt : but further, many names current there are found to go behind the formation of the Greek 
 language, supplying the meaning of obsolete Greek words, and showing relationship, the more inti- 
 mate as we recede into antiquity. 
 
 Next after Olen and before Homer, hymns to the gods composed at Athens, and first by Pam- 
 phos — (Pausan. ix. 27. 2, and Philostrat. her. p. 693). 
 
 Narcissus tasetta of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "toumpakia" (Fraas), in 
 Egypt "nardjis," in which we recognize the yVAPKIESOE of Pamphos, — the Cyprian Verses, hymn 
 to Ceres, Hippocrates, Theophrastus vii. 12, Plutarch sympos. iii. 1, Pausanias ix. 31, and the " nar- 
 kissos en mSs6 krukoSithSs " of Dioscorides referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas: N. tazetta was 
 observed by Wheeler, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, wild and frequent in Greece ; by Forskal in 
 the gardens of Constantinople, "introduced from Cyprus ; '' by Forskal, in gardens at Cairo, and by 
 Delile, " growing spontaneously in gardens at Damietta.'' Westward, the " narcissus " of Ovid 
 metam. iii. 509, and the " calyx herbaceus " kind of Pliny xxi. 12 and 75, are referred here by Fraas ; 
 N. tazetta is termed " n. medio luteus copioso flore odore gravi " by Tournefort inst. 354; and is 
 known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Portugal, Spain, and Southern France (Barrel, pi. 91S, Desf. i. p. 
 282, Pers., and Lenz). Is enumerated among medicinal species by Lindley. 
 
 Narcissus poetiacs of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Italy " giracapo " or " tazzette 
 selvatiche " or " narciso poetico " (Lenz), and possibly the " narkissos " of Pamphos : — the " narkissos 
 6upn65s " fragrant, is mentioned by Moschus ii. 65 ; the sweet-scented mountain kind is pronounced 
 the best by Dioscorides, and his " narkissos 2n m£s6 porphuroSitMs " is referred here by writers : 
 N. poeticus was observed by Wheeler on Helicon and other mountains of Greece (Sibth.). West- 
 ward, the " purpureus narcissus " is mentioned by Virgil eel. iv. 34, and the kind " flore candido 
 calyce purpureo " by Pliny xxi. 12: N. poeticus is described by Camerarius (Spreng. ) ; is termed 
 " n. albus circulo purpureo " by Tournefort inst. 353 ; is known to grow wild on the mountains of 
 Northern Italy and as far as central France (A. Dec, and Lenz) ; is besides cultivated for ornament, 
 and has become naturalized in various localities as far as Belgium and Britain (Wats.). By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be a favourite garden flower. 
 According to Lindley, " the bulbs have considerable energy as emetics," and " in doses of two to 
 three drachms the extract is a deadly poison." 
 
 1091 B. C. (= 1071 -\- "20 years" of Herodotus ix. 26, and Clint, i. p. 79 to 106), First invasion 
 of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidas. Met on the Isthmus by the Achasans, Ionians, and the 
 Arcadians of Tegea ; and Hyllus the Heraclid leader slain in single combat by king Echemus of 
 Tegea. 
 
 The worship therefore of Samson or Hercules advancing rapidly throughout middle and Western 
 Europe. — The " temple to Hercules " supposed by Ephorus to exist on Cape Sagra in Portugal, 
 was found by Artemidorus to consist of only "three or four stones put together in many places," 
 which the inhabitants taught by their fathers said was the work of Hercules (Strab. iii. 1.4); an 
 account clearly referring to cromlechs. Druidical circles are perhaps less ancient : but Druids were 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 167 
 
 seen in France by Posidonius, and Caesar ; and as appears from Pliny xvi. 95 " sexta lima quae 
 principia mensium annorumque his facit et seculi post tricesimum annum" the sixth day of the 
 moon which is the beginning of their months and years and of their thirty-year period, the Druids 
 used the calendar year of twelve lunations, and were acquainted with the " Cycle of 360 lunations = 
 10,631 days." (See mount Nebo, Deut. xxvii. 5, Jeroboam, and Amaziah). 
 
 Ireland inhabited as early probably as this date, and crannoges (palisaded villages on lake islets 
 and shoals) perhaps already constructed : — they are mentioned in Irish annals "from the Fifth cen- 
 tury A.D.," serving as strongholds and places of refuge during wars, and one of them continued 
 extant as late as " 1610 " (Wilde, and Troyon p. 87 and pi. 2). 
 
 The kinds of timber employed in these crannoges include " aulne," Alnus glutinosa (Troyon 
 p. 458). 
 
 Among bones of animals in great quantities on the site of these crannoges, those of the extinct 
 Irish elk, Cervus . . . . , were probably merely collected in the fossil state. Implements are inter- 
 mingled of different degrees of antiquity, some made of stone and possibly belonging to the Stone 
 Age (see Troyon). 
 
 Of plants less anciently cultivated in Switzerland during the Stone Age, possibly therefore as 
 early as this date, the following are enumerated (by Heer, in Troyon p. 443) : the pear, Pyrus com- 
 munis ; sour cherry, Cerasus avium ; plum or bullace, Prunus insititia ; two-rowed barley, Hordeum 
 vulgare ; spelt, Triticum spelta ; and T. monococcum. 
 
 Of forest trees and shrubs, the following are enumerated (by Heer in Lee's edit. Keller) : Juni- 
 perus communis and Pinus sylvestris. 
 
 Besides the manufacture of metallic implements throughout middle and Western Europe, the 
 Bronze Age is especially marked by the change from burying to burning the dead — (Troyon 302). 
 
 "1089 B. C." (Euseb. and Clint, i. p. 23, Diodorus' numbers giving 1169 — "92 " = 1077), 
 "Second" change in naval dominion. Leaving the Lydians and Masonians, the "empire of the 
 sea " acquired by the Pelasgian Greeks. — Held by them " eighty five " years. 
 
 1088 B. C. (= 107 1 + " r8th year " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 131, and of Clemens Alexandrinus), 
 Thyestes succeeded at Mycenae by Agamemnon, son or grandson of Atreus and now Argive king. 
 
 1087 B. C. (= 1071 + " 16 years" of Clint, i. p. 140, see Homer il. iv. 406), Second war against 
 Boeotian Thebes, Diomed being old enough to take part. On the capture of the city, its wall was 
 demolished, and the Cadmeans with their king Laodamas expelled from Boeotia. — At a later period, 
 the Gephyraei, a Phoenician and Cadmean family or clan, were allowed to reside at Athens ; and are 
 specially noticed by Herodotus v. 57 to 61. 
 
 Ruscus hypoglossum of the mountains of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. Called in Italy 
 "bonifacia " or " bislingua " or " lauro alessandrino " (Lenz), in which we recognize die " al£xanttir£ia 
 thaphne " with which Alexander or Paris was crowned victor in the Games at Troy — (Stapel ad 
 Theophr.), termed "epiphullocarpus " by Theophrastus i. 10 and iii. 17, and identified by Dioscorides 
 with the " stephanen " or " ithaian " or " thanaen " or " upoglotton " or " zalgian " growing on moun- 
 tains and having red fruit in the middle of the leaf : R. hypoglossum was observed by Sibthorp on 
 mount Athos and in thickets towards the Black Sea. The 'Taurus alexandrina" or " hipoglottion " 
 or "carpophyllon " growing mostly on Ida and about Heraclea in Pontus always on mountains, is 
 mentioned by Pliny xv. 39 and xxiii. So : R. hypoglossum is described by Matthioli p. 829, is termed 
 " r. angustifolius fructu folio innascente " by Tournefort inst. 79, and is known to grow in shaded sit- 
 uations°on the mountains of Hungary and Italy (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). 
 
 Ruscus hypophyllum of Southeastern Europe. Called in Greece " ktirallovotanon " (Sibth.), in 
 E t "q a f an dar" (Del.) : the " hamaithaphne " by some called " alexanthrSian " — (Diosc. iv. 147), 
 mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 18, and described by Dioscorides as having laurel-like but smoother 
 leaves with red fruit attached to the leaves, is referred here by Columna ecphr. i. p. 165, and Sibthorp : 
 R hypophyllum was observed by Sibthorp in the woods on mount Athos ; and by Delile, in the gar- 
 dens of Egypt. Westward, the " chamaedaphe " is mentioned by Pliny xv. 39 and xxiv. 81 as a 
 woodland shrub " silvestris frutex ; " R. hypophyllum is termed " r. latifolius fructu folio innascente " 
 by Tournefort inst. 79 ; and is known to grow on hillsides in Italy (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Daphne laureola of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A shrub two or three feet high 
 called in Britain loril or laury (Ainsw.), or copse laurel or spurge laurel (Prior), in France " laureole " 
 (Nugent) in Italy "laureola" (Lenz), in which we recognize the "laureola" of the Romans identified 
 with the'"thaphniten"in Syn. Diosc. iv. 147: the "daphnoides" or "stephanon alexandn " — or 
 "pelaso-um" or "eupetalon" of Pliny xv. 39, °r the " thaphnoeithSs " growing according to Diosco- 
 rides in mountainous situations, a cubit high with thong-like branches leafy from the middle upward, 
 the leaves laurel-like but not easily broken, burning the throat if tasted, and the npe fruit black, 
 clearly belongs here ■ D. laureola was observed by Sibthorp in shaded situations on the Bithyman 
 Olympus Westward, is described by Anguillara, Dodoens, Lobel, and Cassalpinus (Spreng.) ; is 
 
1 68 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 termed " thymelaea lauri folio sempervirens " by Tournefort inst. 595 ; and is known to grow in woods 
 in Sicily, Italy, and throughout middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi 1S3, and Smith engl. fl. ii. 229), "every 
 part" according to Lindley "very acrid," producing "a burning heat in the mouth and throat," the 
 scent of the flowers "resembling saffron, with an overpowering sweetness," but "perceptible in an 
 evening only," the berries "black." 
 
 1082 (= "2 years" before the assembling of army and fleet at Aulis, Sm. b. d.), preparations 
 commenced by the Greeks for war against Troy. 
 
 Pinus maritima of the Northern shores of the Mediterranean. A kind of pine called in Greece 
 "pSukos " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the "p£uke" whose timber withstands rain — (Horn. il. 
 xxiii. 328), mentioned also in Hesiodic scut. here. 376, and by Crates, Euripedes med. 4, Dioscorides, 
 Athenaeus iii., and the "pguken paralian " by Theophrastus iii. 9. 1 and ix. 2. 5 : P. maritima was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in low sandy situations from the Peloponnesus throughout 
 Greece, and the only kind of pine on Cyprus, furnishing pitch, turpentine, and abundance of excellent 
 ship-timber. Westward, "tibulos" are described by Pliny xvi. 17 as growing along the seashore of 
 Italy, slender and used for ship-building: P. maritima, "a tree twenty feet high," is described by 
 Bauhin (Pers.), and Lambert pi. 10 ; is known to grow in Italy as far as Genoa, and in Southwestern 
 France (A. Dec, and Daub.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). 
 " P. Alepensis " regarded as not distinct, was also seen by Bory in the maritime portion of the Pelop- 
 onnesus, is known to grow from Tauria to Barbary (Lamb. pi. 11, and Pers.), was observed in the 
 gardens of Egypt by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, and its imported timber called " snoubar." 
 
 Spartium junccum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " ginestra " (Lenz), in Greece 
 " sparto " (Sibth.) or "ta sparta" (Fraas), in which we recognize the material of the ropes " sparta " 
 in the Greek ships — (Horn. il. ii. 135), the "sparton" or "spartion" plant of Cratinus, Herodotus 
 v. 16, Plato polit. 280, Aristotle an. ix. 40, Dioscorides, and the "linosparton " plant of Theophrastus 
 i. 5. 2 : S. junceum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands to the Dardanelles: and "sparta'' cordage 
 was known in Egypt as early at least as the arrival of the ships of Menelaus (Horn. od. iii. 300). 
 Westward, great quantities of " spartum " were accumulated by Asdrubal for naval use (Liv.), and 
 that produced in Africa being small and worthless, were probably imported from Carthagena in 
 Spain, where according to Pliny xix. 7 and xxiv. 40 the plant covers whole mountains and is collected 
 by persons having their hands and legs protected: the term "sparteus" occurs in Columella, and 
 "lentae genistae " in Virgil, but whether the "genista" of the Romans useful for ties is identical 
 with the " sparton " plant of the Greeks, Pliny is uncertain : S. junceum is termed " genista juncea " 
 by Tournefort inst. 643 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in Italy 
 and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 1080 B. C. ("in the beginning of the war against Troy," Pausan. ix. 5. 7. and Clint, i. p. 87). 
 Thersander son of Polynices and father of Tisamenus, slain in Mysia. He had recalled many fugi- 
 tive Cadmeans. 
 
 Fagus sylvatica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain beech, in Anglo- 
 Saxon " bece " or " boc," in Germany "buch," in Old High German "puocha," in M. H. G. "buoche," 
 in Holland "beuk," in Old Norse "beyki," in Denmark " bog," in Sweden " bok," all signifying both 
 the tree and book, from Runic tablets made of this wood, and in accordance with the Sanscrit "boko " 
 letter and " bokos " writings (Prior), also in Slavonian "buk" (A. Dec), in Tartar "biuk" (Pall.), 
 in France "hetre" or "fouteau" (Nugent), in Italy "faggio" (Lenz), in Greece "oxua" (Sibth.), 
 in Egypt its imported timber "sansan" (Forsk. p. lvi) ; in which we recognize the "oxua" tree that 
 gave its name to the Mysians — (Xanthus, quoted by Menecrates of Elais and Strabo xii. 8. 3), and 
 the " oxue " spear of Archilochus : the " oxua " is described by Theophrastus iii. 10. 1 to v. 8. 6 as the 
 only tree of its kind, its softly-echinate fruit enclosing a nut having the sweetness and taste of chest- 
 nuts, its wood used for wagons : F. sylvatica was observed by Hawkins on high mountains in Greece, 
 by Sibthorp in woods near Constantinople, by Griesebach on the mountains of Asia Minor, by 
 Karelin as far as Astrabad South of the Caspian; is known to grow also about Caucasus, and in the 
 province of Talusch, and as far as the Ural (Gmel., Pall, and Clauss.). Westward, the "oxue" is 
 said by Theophrastus iv. 8. 3 to grow in Latium, large enough for the keels of Etruscan ships ; the 
 "fagus" is mentioned by Caesar, Varro, Virgil, Columella, Martial, and is described by Pliny xvi. 7 
 as bearing nuts " triangula cute : " F. sylvatica occurs in piles or posts of Swiss lake-villages belong- 
 ing to the Stone Age, and in quantities of the nuts among the debris (Troyon 16 to 40, and HeerV 
 is termed "fa,L;us" by Tournefort inst. 584; was observed by Lenz on the heights of North Italy; 
 and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lat. 6o° 31' (Lindblom)! 
 By European colonists, was carried to Madeira, where it continues under cultivation (Heer, and A." 
 Dec. g. b. 47 to 1 54). 
 
 " 1078 B. C. = 1st year of Kang-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 169 
 
 The same year = " 17th year of Ramessu XIII.," in an official letter addressed to his son 
 Painehsi. His name occurs also in his tomb at Bab-el-meluk — (Glid. analect, Leps. k. tab. p. 19, 
 and Birch). 
 
 The same year (= 1071 + " 7 years " of both Maneth. tables = 1417 — " 16 — 8 
 — -IS — 5 — 68 — -40 — 55 — 66 — 40 — 26 years " of the Armenian Euseb.-Maneth. 
 table), accession of " Thou6ris called Poluvos by Homer," = (1417 — "51 — 61 — 
 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 — - 135 years " of the Afr.-Maneth table, this table also giving 991 4- 
 " 14 + 9 "t - 6 -}- 9 -|- 4 -j- 46 years " = 1079) accession of Smenthes or Sm£nthis, 
 first king of the Twenty-first dynasty. The name and portrait of king Herhor-siamun have been 
 found on the temple of Khons at Thebes; with evidence, that under Ramessu XII. he held the office 
 of high-priest of Amon. (Compare the " Pr6teus " of Homer, and Herodotus). 
 
 Herhor received the submission of the Northern Syrians, and married a Semitic female, — by 
 whom he had several sons bearing Semitic names (Birch). 
 
 Aethra, daughter of Pittheus and mother of Theseus, a captive in Troy during the siege by the 
 Greeks (Horn. il. iii. 144, Arctin., Lesch., and Hellan.). Theseus is mentioned as seen by Nestor 
 and Ulysses, and as taking no part in the war — (Horn. il.). 
 
 The Eumolpian bard Musaeus, son of Antiophemus (Paus. x. 5. 6), composing poetry about the 
 time of the Trojan war (Theodoret. serm. ii. 741). His daughter Astyanassa is said to have been a 
 slave of Helen — (Suid., Phot., and Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Teucrium folium of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " amaranto " or " agapes- 
 votane " or " panagiohorton," by the Turks " giuda " (Forsk., and Sibth.), and the fOV I N polion 
 celebrated by Musaeus — (Plin. xxi. 84), and Hesiod op. fragm., mentioned also by Hippocrates, 
 Tlieophrastus ix. 21, Nicander ther., and Dioscorides, is referred here by writers : T. polium was 
 observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in mountainous and dry situations from the 
 Dardanelles and Smyrna throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; and farther South, by Forskal, 
 and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. Westward, the "polium " is 
 mentioned by Celsus v. 23, and Pliny ; T. polium is described by Matthioli p. 612 ; is termed "p. 
 montanum album etiam luteum " by Tournefort inst. 206; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; 
 and is known to grow also in Italy and Spain (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Teucrium capitatum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " livanohorton '' or "po- 
 16on tou vounou " (Sibth.), and distinguished from the preceding as early probably as this date : — ■ 
 the "polion etSron " is described by Dioscorides as weaker and less odorous; and the "polion 
 herba " by some called " libanotis " is mentioned by Marcellus 20 : T. capitatum is described by 
 Sibthorp as "praecedenti valde affinis," and was observed by him, and Fraas, frequent in Greece both 
 on plains and mountains : is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, the "polium cam- 
 pestre " is distinguished by Pliny xxi. 21 ; T. capitatum is termed "p. candidum tenellum tomento- 
 sum flore purpureo " by Tournefort inst. ; and is known to grow in Italy, Spain, and Southern France 
 (Barr. rar. pi. 1047, Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Ormis Europaa of mountains on the North side of the Mediterranean. A small tree called in 
 France "orne" (Fee), in Italy "orno " or " ornello " or " avornio " (Lenz), in Greece "meleos " or 
 by the Turks " disu budak " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the MEVIHSIA/ meliesin of Musaeus 
 — (Clem. Alex. str. vi. p. 618), Hesiod op. 145, growing according to Homer il. 767 in the mountain 
 forest, mentioned also by Aristophanes, Tlieophrastus iii. II, Nicander fragm., Dioscorides, and Op- 
 pian cyn. iv. 383 ; the name derived from its saccharine exudation, a tree yielding honey being 
 expressly mentioned by Diodorus xvii. 75, Curtius vi. 4, Polyaenus iv. 3. 32, and Athenaeus xi. 500: 
 O. Europsea was observed by Sibthorp, Hawkins, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople fre- 
 quent on high mountains throughout Greece. Farther South, the "melia " was in Egypt in the days 
 of Tlieophrastus ; and O. Europasa was observed in gardens there by Clot-Bey : the seeds are 
 besides imported for culinary and medicinal use, and are called "lissan asfur " bird tongues (Forsk. 
 mat. med., and Del.). Westward, the "ornus" is mentioned by Virgil, and Pliny xvi. 30, as growing 
 on the mountains of Italy ; O. Europoea is termed " f. florifera botryoides " by Tournefort inst. 577 ; 
 is known to "row in Italy, especially towards the Southern extreme (Lindl., and Lenz), also in Spain 
 (Cav., and Pers.) ; and according to Lindley yields the manna of the shops. 
 
 Ornus roiundifolia of Italy and Greece. Another species of flowering ash called "melios " in 
 Greece, and probably included in the "meliesin" of Musaeus, — and Homer- the "melia" termed 
 "upsele" and "eumekes" by Tlieophrastus iii. 11, is referred here by Fraas; and O. rotundifolia 
 was observed by him to be the most frequent kind in Northern Greece : is known to grow also 
 in Hungary (Pers.). Farther West, is known to grow in Calabria or Southern Italy, "yields 
 manna and according to Tenore of better quality than the last" (Lindl.). Farther South, 
 "sarachoscht frandji, manna calabrica" is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as imported into 
 Egypt. 
 
170 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Juniperus macrocarpa of the East Mediterranean countries. The t> PK E VTOE of Musaeus — 
 (schol. Apollon. iv), and Satyrus, is described by Theophrastus Hi. 3. 1 to 12. 3 as growing on moun- 
 tains, taller than the "kethros" and less prickly, its wood inferior and scentless, and berries black 
 and hardly edible; is mentioned also by Nicander ther. v. 584; and the "arkeuthos mikra" having 
 fruit no larger than a filbert, by Dioscorides : "lesser arkeuthis " berries are among the ingredients 
 of the "kuphi" incense enumerated by Manetho, and the "arkeuthos" is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "livioum" of the Egyptians, and "zouorinsipfit " of the Numidians : the name, subse- 
 quently pronounced "argetos," has according to Fraas become obsolete: J. macrocarpa is termed 
 "j. maior " by Matthioli p. 118, "j. maximi illyrici " by Lobel hist. 629 and ii. pi. 223, "j. major 
 bacca CEerulea" by Tournefort inst. 589; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains of 
 Greece, its berries obovate, twice as large as in J. oxycedrus and black with a blue bloom ; is known 
 to grow also in Illyria, Istria, and Sicily (Spreng., and Lenz). 
 
 " 1077 B. C. = 2d year of Kang-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 1075, November (= 1073 y. 302^ d. — "7 months" of I Sam. vi. 1), the ark of the covenant 
 removed from Shiloh and captured by the Philistines : and on " the same day," death of the high- 
 priest Eli. 
 
 1074 B. C. (= 1113 y. 302JI- d. — "40 years " of Judg. xiii. 1), the ark of the covenant returned 
 by the Philistines ; and placed at Kirjath-jearim. The Philistines afterwards defeated by the Israel- 
 ites under the prophet Samuel (1 Sam. vii. 1 to 13). 
 
 Achillea millefolium of Northern climates. Called in Britain milfoil ox nosebleed or sanguinary 
 ox yarrow, in Anglo-Saxon "gearwe," in Germany "garbe," in Low German " geruwe," in Old High 
 German "garawa," in Old Frisian "kerva," names apparently from the Greek " i^ra " (Prior), in 
 France " mille-feuille " (Nugent), in Italy " millefoglie " or " achillea " (Lenz); in which we recog- 
 nize the " millefoliam " or " achilleos " with which the wounded king Telephus of Mysia was healed 
 by Achilles — (Plin. xxv. 19) ; described by Dioscorides as having coriander-like leaves with numerous 
 incisures, white or purple flowers in a terminal umbel, used for agglutinating wounds and stanching 
 blood, and in the added Synonyms identified with the " ahilleion sitheritin" or " hiliophullon " or 
 " muriomorphon " or " strati 6tikon : " A. millefolium was observed in Greece by Fraas; is known 
 to grow also along the Taurian mountains ; and to and beyond Lat. 62° throughout Siberia (Meyer). 
 Westward, the " ahilleion sitheritin " or " erakleion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " aster hoi- 
 loth " of the Numidians, and " militarism " or " millepholioum " of the Romans ; and the " millefo- 
 lium" or "achilleos" or "panacem heracleon '' is described by Pliny as a cubit high and branchy, 
 clad from the base with leaves like those of fennel but smaller; the " herbaque quae folds nomen de 
 mille " is mentioned by Serenus Sammonicus ; the " sanguinaria " or " millefolium," by Marcellus 1 ; 
 the " millefolium," in a medical formula of the time of Charlemagne (Spreng.) ; and the " herbam 
 cui nomen foliis de mille," by Macer Floridus : A. millefolium is described by Brunfels iii. p. 171, 
 Lobel, Gerarde, and Parkinson theatr. 695 ; is known to grow in Italy and from the Pyrenees through- 
 out middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Wats., and A. Dec). Farther West, was observed 
 by Hooker in Iceland; by Gieseck, in Greenland ; by Richardson, nearly to Slave Lake ; by Drum- 
 mond, on the crest of the Rocky mountains ; by Georgi, on the Pacific coast of America and islands 
 as far as Kamtschatka; is known to grow from Lat. 57 20' in Labrador (Meyer) throughout Canada 
 and along the Atlantic to our Southern States (Chapm.), springing up in clearings and having an un- 
 American aspect, but already in New England in 1620 on the arrival of the first colonists (Mourt 
 rel.) ; From Europe, according to Clot-Bey, has recently been introduced into the gardens of Egypt. 
 
 Achillea tomentosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Included in the "ahill£ios" — at least 
 by Dioscorides, who describes the flowers as sometimes " hrusizonta " golden : A. tomentosa was 
 observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on mountains from the Peloponnesus to the 
 environs of Constantinople. Westward, is termed "millefolium tomentosum luteum " by Tournefort 
 inst. 496; is known to grow in Italy (Lenz), and France (Pers.); but as occurring in England, is 
 regarded by A. Decandolle as hardly naturalized. 
 
 Buplcurum rotundifolium of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain hare's car, by 
 Turner " thorow-wax" or "throw-wax" its "stalke waxeth throw the leaves," in medieval Latin "au- 
 ricula leporis " (Prior), in Germany " hasenohr," in Italy " bupleuro " or " cinquefoglio giallo " (Lenz) ; 
 and the "veram achilleon" with which Telephus was healed — is referred by others to a branchless 
 plant a foot high, its stem blue and elegantly invested throughout with separate round leaves (Plin. 
 xxv. 19) : I!, rotundifolium is known to grow wild about Caucasus and the mountains of Suwant 
 (Bieb., and Hohen.), and it may be in Persia (Fisch., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, in cultivated and fallow ground from Constantinople and Cyprus to the Peloponnesus. 
 Farther West, is termed " b. perfoliatum rotundifolium annuum" by Tournefort inst. 310; was ob- 
 served by Forskal near Marseilles, but throughout Western Europe is known only as a weed in culti- 
 vated ground (Pers., and A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. I 71 
 
 1072 B. C. (Horn. il. ix. 328), the country around Troy ravaged by Achilles, who destroyed 
 " eleven " towns in the Interior and " twelve " on the coast. 
 
 " In the Tenth " and last year of the war (Sm. b. d.), pestilence in the Greek camp, and the 
 daughter of Chryses priest of Apollo at Chryse, sent back to her father. — With which event, 
 Homer's account opens. 
 
 Ulmus effusa of the Mediterranean countries. A small kind of elm called in Greece "phtelia'' 
 (Sibth.) or "phtSlSa" (Fraas), in which we recognize the "pt£l£a" growing along the river-brink near 
 Troy — (il. vi. 419 and xxi. 242 to 350), mentioned also by Hesiod op. 435, Aristophanes nub. 1008, 
 Dioscorides, and distinguished from the "orfioptSlSa" large mountain kind by Theophrastus iii. 14: 
 U. effusa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Crete throughout Greece, according to Chau- 
 bard, never becoming very large; Westward, the "ulmus" is mentioned by Plautus, Virgil, and a 
 "silvestre" kind by Pliny xvi. 29: U. effusa is distinguished by Willdenow, is termed "u. peduncu- 
 lata" by Fougeroux; and is described by Lindley as "a small tree" growing in "woods in the South- 
 ern parts of Europe." 
 
 Ulmus suberosa, — by some writers regarded distinct, is termed "u. sativa" by Duroi, "u. 
 pumila " by Pallas, " u. fruticosa " and "arborea" by Willdenow (Steud.), and is perhaps the 
 " kharkhafty " long known in the gardens of Egypt, according to Delile, and Clot-Bey, but hardly 
 exceeding the dimensions of a shrub. 
 
 Salix alba of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A large tree called in Britain white 
 willow (Prior), in Italy with other species " salcio " (Lenz), in Greece "gStigia" (Forsk.) or "Stia" 
 (Sibth.) or "itSa" (Fraas) ; and the " Mai 61Ssikarpoi " growing among lofty poplars and conspicu- 
 ous from the sea — (od. x. 510), "it£a lSuke " of Theophrastus iii. 13, and "itSa thSnthron" of Di- 
 oscorides, are referred here by Fraas ; the " candidam " kind is also enumerated by Pliny xvi. 69 as 
 cultivated in Asia, and the most useful : S. alba was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Cyprus 
 throughout Greece; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the "Candida" kind of 
 "salix" is mentioned by Cato vi. 9, Virgil, and Ovid met. x. 96; S. alba is termed " s. vulgaris alba 
 arborescens " by Tournefort inst. 590, "omnium maxima et utilissima " by Persoon, and according to 
 Carey is sometimes " eighty " feet high ; is known to grow in meads from Italy throughout middle 
 Europe (Pollini, and Engl. bot. pi. 2430), and is besides planted. Eastward from the Black Sea, was 
 observed by Thunberg in the outskirts of cities in Japan, and called " kawa-ianigi." By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues planted for ornament in our Northern 
 States. Its bark, recommended by " Stone in 1763," is regarded by Smith as "valuable in the treat- 
 ment of agues " though " inferior to that of S. Russeliana" (Lindl.). 
 
 Salix fragilis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A tall and handsome tree called in 
 Britain crack willow (Prior), the annual shoots readily breaking off (Pers.), in Germany "brech- 
 weide," in Greece " itea " (Fraas) or"Stia" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the "itea" growing 
 along the river-brink near Troy— (il. xxi. 350) : the " itSa " divining-rod is mentioned by Herodotus 
 iv. 6°; a shield of " itSa," by Euripides suppl. 705; and the "itea melaina" becoming a tree, accord- 
 ing to Theophrastus iii. 13. 7, with shoots more useful for weaving than the " l£uke " kind : S. fragilis 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on river-banks from the Peloponnesus to Constan- 
 tinople ; by Forskal, in the gardens of Constantinople, as well as those of Egypt. Westward, is 
 described by Tournefort inst. 591 ; is termed "s. decipiens" by Thuillier (Steud.) ; and is known to 
 grow throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden and Russia (Pers., Engl. bot. pi. 1807, and Wats.). 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is "cultivated for basket-work" 
 (Carey), but whether perfecting seeds is not stated. Its bark is "included in some pharmacopoeias " 
 (Lindl.). " S. Russeliana," according to J. E. Smith the most valuable officinal species, seems gen- 
 erally regarded as not distinct. 
 
 Camus mascula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy "corniolo" or 
 "cornal" or "corna" (Lenz), in Greece "krania" (Fraas), in which we recognize the " kranela " of 
 the mountain forest — (il. xvi. 767), and of Herodotus vii. 92, Anaxandrides, Theophrastus iii. 12, 
 Dioscorides, and Galen : C. mascula was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in Asia 
 Minor and Greece, wild in the forest; and by Forskal, and Bory, planted in gardens at Constantinople 
 and in the Peloponnesus. Farther South, " cornus " berries are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as 
 imported from Greece into Egypt, and the living tree according to Clot-Bey has been recently intro- 
 duced Westward, the "cornus" is mentioned by Lucretius v. 939, Horace, Columella, Silius Itah- 
 cus is termed " bona bello " by Virgil georg. ii. 447, and the " cornus mascula " is described by Pliny ^ 
 xvi 30 to \-> as ^rowing on mountains and its wood exceeding strong and destitute of pith : C. mas- 
 cula is termed " c. sylvestris mas " by Tournefort inst. 641 ; is known to grow wild in Italy and mid- 
 dle Europe, is besides planted (Desf., Pers., and Lenz). _ 
 
 Buxus Balearica of mountains in the Mediterranean countries. The puxos of which Pnam s 
 horse-collars were made-(il. xxiv. 268), as well as writing-tablets, not only among the Greeks but 
 
172 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 according to the Septuagint translation mentioned in Isaiah xxx. 8, may be compared : wood of B. 
 Balearica according to Royle (in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) continues to be exported from Smyrna, Constan- 
 tinople, and the Black Sea. and a species of Buxus grows on Caucasus : farther South, the " sham- 
 sar " or " shumshad " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar, and other Arab writers. Westward, " buxum gallicum " 
 is enumerated by Pliny xvi. 28 as the largest kind ; and B. Balearica is known to grow on Minorca. ^ 
 
 Buxus sempervirens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain box, in 
 Anglo-Saxon "box" or "bux" (Prior), in Germany "buchs" (Grieb), in France "buis" (Nugent), 
 in Italy " bosso " or " busso " (Lenz), in Illyrian "bus" (A. Dec), in Calmuk " boschtom," in 
 Georgian "bsa" (Pall ), in Greece "puxari" (Sibth.) ; and possibly the " puxos " in question, — as 
 well as that of the comic poet Plato, Theophrastus iii. 15, and Pollux : B. sempervirens was observed 
 by Hawkins (Sibth.), and Griesebach p. 148, wild in Bithynia and Macedonia and as far South as 
 Pindus; and "buxus minor" was seen by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the 
 " buxus " is mentioned by Virgil, Ovid, Columella, Firmicus, Claudian, as cultivated in gardens and 
 the branchlets sheared " tonsile buxetum " by Pliny, and Martial: B. sempervirens is termed "b. 
 arborescens " by Tournefort inst. 578 ; is known to grow wild chiefly in calcareous soil in Italy and 
 on the Pyrenees and Jura as far as Lat 48° ; is besides cultivated, and has become naturalized as 
 far as Holland and Britain (Gerarde, Ray, Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward from Greece, is known 
 to grow in Persia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan and called " ojo " 
 or"tsuge," growing here and there and often cultivated. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues a frequent edging in gardens, but I have not seen it flowering. 
 The leaves and wood according to Lindley are "sudorific and purgative," and "a fcetid empyreumatic 
 oil 'oleum buxi,' was formerly sold in the shops." 
 
 Stum latifolium of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain water-parsnip (Prior), in 
 Germany " wassermerk," in Italy " herba canella " (Lenz), in Greece "ne>oselina" (Fraas) ; in 
 which we recognize the "selinon" of the marshes eaten by horses — (il. ii. 776, vi. 39, and od. v. 32): 
 S. latifolium was observed by Fraas in brooks and standing water everywhere in Greece. Westward, 
 is described by Caesalpinus vii. 39, the leaves in Italy cooked and eaten (Spreng ) : is known to 
 grow also throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Engl. bot. pi. 204, Pers., and Wats.). East- 
 ward from Greece, is known to grow along the Taurian mountains, and was observed by Gmelin from 
 the Yaic river in Siberia to the Oby. 
 
 Helosciadium nodifloruiu of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Greece 
 "n£roselinon " (Sibth.), and possibly the "selinon"in question eaten by horses : — H. nodiflorum 
 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in water throughout from the Pelopon- 
 nesus to Smyrna. Westward, is described by Morison ix. pi. 5 ; is termed " sium aquaticum ad alas 
 floridum" by Tournefort inst. 308 ; and is known to grow on river-banks throughout middle Europe 
 as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 639, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to the Azores 
 (Wats., and A. Dec.) ; and before 1788 (Walter) to Carolina, where it has become naturalized around 
 the city of Charleston (Ell., and Chapm.). 
 
 Lotus corniculatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain birdsfoot 
 clover (Prior): the "lfitos" prevalent on plains " pethia lStSunta" and eaten by horses around 
 Sparta and Troy — (il. ii. 776 and xii. 2S4) is referred by Chaubard to " L. Argolicus " observed 
 eaten by cattle and horses in the Peloponnesus, but perhaps not a distinct species : the term "16t6 
 triphullti " employed by Dioscorides iv. no seems also to imply knowledge of a non-trifoliate kind: 
 L. corniculatus was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus throughout the 
 Greek islands to Marmora and Smyrna; by Forskal, and Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo; and 
 by Pallas, along the Caspian. Westward, is described by C. Bauhin pin. 332; is termed "1. sive 
 melilotus pentaphyllos minor glabra" by Tournefort inst. 402 ; and is known to grow in woods and 
 meads throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 991, Pers., 
 and Hook.). Eastward from the Caspian, was observed by Thunberg frequent in Japan. By 
 European colonists, was carried to South America (Wats.) ; and to Southeast Australia, where 
 subsequent to the visit of R. Brown it has become extensively naturalized (Corder in phytol. 1845, 
 and A. Dec). , 
 
 Lotus major of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " 16tos " growing along the 
 river-brink near Troy— (il. xxi. 351) may be compared with this allied but larger species ; observed 
 by Sibthorp in wet situations on mount Haemus, though not distinguished by (J. E. Smith). West- 
 ward, L. major is described by Rivinus tetrap. pi. 76 ; is termed " 1. pentaphyllos flore majore luteo 
 splendente " by Tournefort inst. 403, "1. uliginosus " by Scbkuhr ; and is known to grow in shaded 
 moist situations throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (ThuilL, Pers., and Engh & bot. pi. 2091). 
 Lotus (Doryaiiuni) latifolius of the mountains of the East Mediterranean countries. The 
 "16ton th' erseenta" forming with other flowers a dense soft bed on mount Ida— (il. xiv. 348), may 
 be compared: D. latifolium is termed "d. orientate latifolium villosum" by Tournefort cor. 26 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 173 
 
 " totum villosum " by Persoon ; is described also by Buxbaum i. pi. 32 ; and was observed by Sib- 
 thorp on the Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 Crocus vermes of mountains in the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in 
 Britain crocus (Prior), in Italy "castagnola" or "magnugola" (Lenz), in Greece "agrios krokos," 
 in which we recognize the "krokos agrios" of Galen comp. med. loc. iv. 8: the "krokos" of mount 
 Ida — (il. xiv. 347) is referred here by Fraas ; and the " glaukes krokou " is mentioned by Empedocles 
 (Plut. def. orac. 41) : C. vernus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on mountain-summits in Cyprus, 
 Crete, and Greece. Westward, the "rubens crocus " is mentioned by Virgil geor. iv. 180 ; C. vernus 
 is termed "c. orientalis vernus flore subcsruleo (s. violaceo) externe spadiceo-rubente " by Tourne- 
 fort cor. 25 ; was observed by Desfontaines on the Atlas mountains ; is known to grow in North 
 Italy (Lenz), but according to Gay, does not descend the central mountains of Europe into the plains 
 of Germany and France ; is however cultivated and partly naturalized in Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 344, 
 and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be 
 cultivated for ornament. 
 
 Sedum altissimum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "amaranto" or "staphulaki " 
 or "kolWritha " (Sibth.), and the herb applied to wounds to remove pain — (il.) may be compared : 
 also the "telgphion" of Dioscorides ii. 217 resembling in leaves and stem "anthrahne," growing in 
 vineyards and cultivated places in the Spring and full of thick fleshy leaves used for cataplasms ; in 
 the added Synonyms identified with the " aSizoon agrion : " S. altissimum was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, frequent on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek 
 islands, and the leaves used for refrigerant cataplasms. Farther South, the "telSphion" is identified 
 in Syn. Diosc. with the "an6th" of the Egyptians. Westward, with the " atirtopouris " of the 
 Numidians : and Pliny xxvii. no adds that the " telephion " cures wounds : S. altissimum is termed 
 "sempervivum sediforme " by Jacquin hort. i. pi. 81 ; was observed by Tenore pi. 41 (Bory) in Italy, 
 and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers. ; see also S. stellatum). 
 
 Anthyl.is vuhieraria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain kidney 
 vetch or woundwort from its soft downy leaves having been used as lint for dressing wounds (Prior), 
 in Germany " wundkraut " (Grieb), in Greece " kokonohorton " (Sibth.), and possibly the plant in 
 question : — A. vulneraria was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete and the Pelopon- 
 nesus to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, is described by Dodoens p. 554 ; is termed "vulneraria 
 rustica" by Tournefort inst. 391 ; was observed by Munby in Algeria ; and is known to grow in 
 Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Scotland (Scop., Lam. fi. fr., and A. Dec). The plant 
 in the days of Lyte i. 7 was employed against " strangury and against the payne of the reynes ; " and 
 according to Lindley "has had a great reputation as one of the best of styptics." 
 
 Cyperus longus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " cipero " (Lenz), in Greece 
 "kupliros" (Sibth.) or "agrion kupSiri " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the "kupSiron" growing 
 along the river-brink near Troy — (il. xxi. 351), and of Herodotus, and Theophrastus i. 8, termed 
 " 61£ioriz6n " by Hesychius : C. longus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent 
 in marshes from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; and was received by Vahl from Egypt. 
 Westward, the " cyperos " of Varro iii. 16. 23, and Columella xii. 20, is referred here by Fraas: C. 
 longus is described by Morison iii. pi. n; is termed " cyperus odoratus radice longa sive officinarum " 
 by Tournefort inst. 527; and is frequent in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and 
 Lenz). Its imported root is called in Britain galingale from "having been fraudulently substituted 
 for the genuine " (Prior) ; and according to Lindley, is employed " as a stomachic." 
 
 Cyperus fuscus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt "sbod" or "nghil" (Forsk.) : 
 the "kupgiron" growing on the plains, and on which a warrior's body was laid — (il. and od. iv. 603), 
 termed " throsdthe " dewy or tender by Pherecrates, and growing under oaks according to Theocritus 
 v. 45, may be compared : C. fuscus, low and having a subflaccid stem, was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 
 bard, and Fraas, frequent in moist situations from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna: 
 farther South, by Forskal p. 14, and Delile, in Lower Egypt, the most abundant grassy plant in the 
 moist portions of the river-flat. Westward, the " molle cyperon " is mentioned by Petronius ; C. 
 fuscus is described by Morison viii. pi. 9; is termed "c. minimus panicula sparsa nigricante " by 
 Tournefort inst. 527 ; and is known to grow in Carniolia, Barbary, and throughout middle Europe 
 as far as Denmark (Haller helv., Scop, earn., fl. Dan. pi. 179, and Pers.). 
 
 Zostera marina of Northern seas. A marine plant rooting and reaching the surface in sheltered 
 situations, called in Britain grass wrack (Prior), in Germany " wasserriemen " (Grieb), in Greece 
 "ualohorton" (Fraas) or " phukia " (Sibth ), and the "phukioessa " strand— (Horn. il. xxiii. 693) 
 is referred here by Sprengel : the grass-like " phukos " with a long geniculate root is mentioned by 
 Theophrastus iv. 66, and the "phukia" by Theocritus vii. 58: Z. marina was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas around Greece, and is known to grow in the Black Sea to its Eastern extreme 
 (Bieb.). Westward, " the sal nigrum " of Pliny has been identified with the salt procured by burning 
 
174 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 this plant, places for which purpose are among the debris of the Stone Age in Denmark (Troyon 
 98) : Z. marina is termed " alga angustifolia vitriariorum " by Tournefort inst. 569 ; is known to grow 
 from the Adriatic outside of the Mediterranean as far as the Baltic (Pers.), Lapland and Iceland 
 (Hook., and Wats.) ; was observed by myself along the coast of New England ; by Pursh, in Dela- 
 ware Bay ; by Chapman, in West Florida. In the Pacific, by Thunberg in Japan ; and is known to 
 grow in Australia (Wats.). 
 
 1071 B. C. (Horn. il. iv. 327, Hellan., Plut. thes. 32, Clem. Alex., and Euseb.), death at Troy 
 of Menestheus leader of the Athenians. He was succeeded at Athens by Demophon, son of Theseus 
 and now Thirteenth Attic king. 
 
 Before the close of the year (= 711 + " 1360 — 1000 years " of Ctesias in Diodor. ii. 21 = 141 7 
 
 — "16 8 15 — 5—68 — 40 — 194 years " of the Armenian Euseb. -Maneth. table = 1280 — 
 
 " 209 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the same table giving 339 + " 4 + 3 + 2 -|- 38 -f 20 y. 4 mo. 
 -|_ 6 -j- 1 24 y. 4 mo. + 150 y. 6 mo. + 40 -f 6 + 89 -f 120 -j- 130 years " = 1072 y. 2 mo.), Troy 
 captured by the Greeks. The event is further placed by Ctesias in the reign of the Assyrian emperor 
 Teutamos. (The date here given is 56 years or fourteen olympiads below the lowest Greek estimate, 
 " 1 127 " of Callimachus, and Africanus : which estimate could not perhaps be conveniently disregarded 
 by Manetho for he has given 991 -)- "130 -j- 7 years" of both Maneth. tables = 1128, and 1417 — 
 "32 — 61 — 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 1 126 The next Greek esti- 
 mate, " 1 183" of Eratosthenes, will be observed to be 56 years higher ; and the third Greek estimate 
 presents the same difference. The First registered olympiad, "776," is called by Africanus the 
 " Fourteenth ; " and the above difference of fourteen full olympiads are found between the Olympiad 
 of Iphittis as placed by Callimachus and Africanus in " 82S," and by Eratosthenes in " 884." Between 
 the Return of the Heraclidae and the Registered olympiads (according to Clinton i. p. 128 and 139) 
 " fifty-five " years are omitted by Phanias of Eresus ; an interval also found between the date "1257" 
 assigned by Callimachus to Cadmus, and " 1312" given by Hales as the current Jewish date of the 
 Exodus. The 56 years difference,, continually recurring in Greek computations, is possibly derived 
 from the combination of the Great Julian year, for in the Egyptian reckoning, 1539 — 1461 X 2 = 156, 
 of which " 100 years " are disposed of under Phiops. See Introd. p. xiv). 
 
 After the fall of Troy (Homer il. xx. 308), the Troad ruled by Aeneas. The assertion by later 
 writers of his leaving the country, therefore unfounded. 
 
 Ulysses on his homeward voyage driven to the Lybian coast and the Lotophagi, a people living 
 on the "16tos " that from its sweetness causes him who tastes to forget his country — (Horn. od. ix. 
 95); found by Artemidorus to be an herb that is eaten entire: clearly the "helbeh" Trigonella 
 ftrtium Griccum, eaten crude in Egypt and its sprouting seeds often mixed in a ragout with honey 
 (Clot-Bey). The explanation may be found in the " helweh " conserve, once an article of export 
 even to Britain, and to the present day employed by Arabs along the East African coast for child- 
 stealing. By Serapion, the " meliWtos " of the Greeks is referred directly to a species of Trigonella 
 (see T. hamosa, and T. elatior). 
 
 Qucrcus ilex of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. The holm oak is called in 
 Germany " steineiche " (Grieb), in France "yeuse" (Nugent), in Italy " leccio " or "elice" (Lenz), 
 in Greece "pournari" (Fraas) or "aria" or " ar£os " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the three 
 " ilices " on the site selected for the city of Tiburtes — (remaining in the days of Pliny xvi. 5 to 87), 
 also the " ilex " in the Vatican bearing an Etruscan inscription and older than Rome, while among 
 the Romans the earliest civic crown was the " iligna : " the "ilex" is also mentioned by Cato v. 7, 
 Terence, Horace, Virgil, Columella, Statius, and Martial : O. ilex is described by Matthioli valgr. i. 
 pi. 186 ; is termed " i. oblongo serrato folio " by Tournefort inst. 583 ; was observed by Forskal in 
 the environs of Marseilles; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Morocco, and Spain 
 (Moris, Guss., Webb, and A. Dec). Eastward, the "akulSn" of Homer od. x. 242 is regarded by 
 Pliny xvi. 8 as including the acorns of both kinds of " ilicis," that with leaves resembling those of 
 the olive being by some Greeks called "smilaces;" an account derived partly at least from Theo- 
 phrastus iii. 16. 2, who further identifies the " phSllothrun " of the Arcadians with the " arian " of the 
 Dorians : Q. ilex was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Crete and the Peloponnesus to mount 
 Athos, one of the dominant forest-trees according to Chaubard as throughout the Mediterranean 
 region. 
 
 1069 B. C. (."about the end of the Second year after" the fall of Troy, Dionys. Hal.), in Italy, 
 the city of Lavinium founded by the alleged companions of Aeneas. The city of Tiburtes in Italy 
 perhaps as ancient, its founder Tiburtus, contemporary with Aeneas (according to Virgil aen. vii. 
 671), being a son of Amphiaraus who died at Thebes a. generation before the Trojan war" una aetate 
 ante iliacum bellum " (according to Pliny xvi. 87). 
 
 The same year (= 1062 -f- " 7 years and 8th year " of Horn. od. vii. 259 to 261), arrival of Ulys- 
 ses at Ogygia or Calypso's Isle. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 175 
 
 Apium graveolens of marshes more or less saline throughout Europe to Caucasus, the seashore 
 of Austral America and as far along the Pacific as California. Called in Britain smallage or small 
 ach, in France " ache de marais " or " ache rustique " (Prior), in Italy " apio " or " apio palustre " or 
 "seleno" (Lenz), in Greece " agriosglinon " (Sibth.), in Egypt " kerafs " (Forsk.) ; in which we 
 recognize the " sglinon " in the meads of Ogygia— (Horn. od. v. 72) ; mentioned also by Theocritus 
 xiii. 42, Galen al. fac. ii. 52, the Geopon. xii. 23, or the " SlSioselinon " of Theophrastus vii. 6, and 
 Dioscorides : A. graveolens was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in wet ground from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; and is known to grow on Caucasus (Lindl.). Farther South, 
 the " karafs " is enumerated by Ebn Baitar as both wild and cultivated ; its seeds are prescribed by 
 Rhazes, and seeds of A. graveolens were found by Forskal mat. med. employed by the Egyptians to 
 stop sea-sickness; the living plant was seen by him, Alpinus, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, 
 and by Hasselquist in Palestine. Westward, the " eleioselinon " or " pgthinon " or " uthrosglinon 
 agrion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " apioum roustikoum " of the Romans ; " apio " wild 
 " in humidis " is mentioned by Pliny xix. 37 ; A. graveolens is described by Turner nom., and Gerarde ; 
 is termed " a. palustre et a. officinarum " by Tournefort inst. 305 ; is known to grow in Italy and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Ludw. ect. pi. 180, fl. Dan. pi. 790, and Pers.), in its 
 wild state according to Lindley " acrid and poisonous." (See A. dulce). 
 
 Barbarea vulgaris of Northern climates. Called in Britain yellow rocket or winter rocket or 
 winter cress (Prior p. 58) ox yellow water-cress or belders (Ainsw.), in Italy " crescione " or "lavari" 
 or "lavero" (Anguillar. p. 114); and the accompanying "ion" in the meads of Ogygia, is read 
 " sion " — by some writers : the " sion " is mentioned by Theocritus v. 125 ; by Cratevas, as an herb 
 with a few roundish leaves larger than those of " ethuosmou " and very near those of " guzomo ; " the 
 " sion to nerokarthamon," by Nicolaus Myrepsus (Steph. th. ed. Hase) ; and the " riwas " of Ebn 
 Baitar is translated " wasser-eruca " by Sontheimer : B. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp in marshes 
 from the Peloponnesus to mount Haemus ; but by Chaubard in moist places in gardens. Westward, 
 the •' sion " or " tharen ion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. ii. 153 with the " laouvJrthS ; " the " si5n " 
 with " sapore nasturtii," and " laver " growing " in rivis," are mentioned by Pliny xxii. 41 and xxvi. 
 32 ; B. vulgaris is described by Fuchsius pi. 746, Tragus, and Dodoens (Spreng.) ; is termed " sisym- 
 brium erucae folio glabro flore luteo " by Tournefort inst. 226, " eruca barbarea " by Lamarck fl. fr. ; 
 and is known to grow from North Africa throughout Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 560, and 
 Wats.). Eastward from the Black Sea, is known to grow throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Dec, 
 Cham., and Wats.) : farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha ; by Mertens, near the 
 trading-posts on Norton Sound ; by myself, frequent along Puget Sound and clearly indigenous ; is 
 known to grow at the mouth of the Columbia, and from Lat. 68° throughout Canada (Hook.), along 
 Lake Superior (A. Gray) ; was observed by Short in Kentucky; by myself, in wild situations along 
 the Atlantic in New England, but more frequently a weed in waste ground. Clearly by European 
 colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues regularly cultivated (Boj.). 
 
 Almts glutinosa of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain alder or alter, in Anglo-Saxon 
 "air" or "aler,".in German " erle," in Gothic " erila," in Holland "els,'' names connected with awl 
 and boring (Prior), in France "aulne'' (Fde), in Italy " alno " or " ontano " (Lenz), in Greece 
 " skilithro " (Forsk.) or " klSthra " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the "klethre " growing on Ogygia 
 — (Horn. od. v. 64), mentioned also by Theophrastus iii. 14 : A. glutinosa was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus : by Hasselquist, as far as 
 the Mediterranean border of Egypt; and is known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.). Westward, the 
 " alnus " is mentioned by Cicero, Vitruvius, Virgil, Juvenal, Silius Italicus, and Statius : A. glutinosa 
 is included in the kinds of wood used by the ancient Irish in constructing crannoges (Troyon p. 458) ; 
 is termed " a. rotundifolia glutinosa viridis " by Tournefort inst. 587 ; was observed by Desfontaines 
 in Barbary ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Engl, 
 bot. pi. 1508, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from Caucasus, was observed by Gmelin throughout 
 Siberia ; by Thunberg, in Japan and called " iasia," its cone-like fertile aments sold for dyeing black. 
 According to Lindley, " a decoction of the bark is employed as a gargle," and even as a substitute for 
 cinchona. 
 
 Ninety-seventh generation. May 1st, 1067, mostly beyond youth : the Hindu astronomer Garga 
 (Bentl. as. res. viii. p. 232) ; Jesse ; the Greek " aoidoi " or bards, Phemius and Demodocus (Horn, 
 od. i. 337, viii. 472, xiii., xvii., and xxii.) ; the Heraclid chieftain Antiochus, father of Phylas (Apol- 
 lod. ii. 8. 3, and Pausan. ii. 4. 3). 
 
 1064 B. C. (= 1071 — 7 years in the Parian marble, " Demophon ruling Athens "), in Cyprus 
 the city of Salamis founded by Teucer. The fact is mentioned by Aeschylus, Pindar, Strabo, and 
 Pausanias ; and confirmation is found in the name being that of Teucer's native island. 
 
 Ceterach officinarum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain stone fern 
 from growing on stone walls, but originally " spleen-wort " or " miltwaste " (Gerarde, W. Coles, and 
 
176 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Prior), in France " scolopendre " (Nugent), in Italy " cetracea " or " erba dorata " (Lenz), in Greece 
 "skorpithi " or "hrusohorton " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the "teucrion " discovered by Teucer 
 in throwing away entrails from its adhering to and absorbing the spleen, — further identified by Pliny 
 xxv. 20 with the " hemionion," growing according to Theophrastus ix. 18. 7 in stony mountainous 
 places and resembling " skolopenthrS : " the " skolopenthrion " is mentioned by Andreas, Nicander 
 ther. 684, and is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " emionion " or " splenion " or the " asplenon " of 
 Dioscorides growing on shaded walls and rocks, its leaves resembling the " skolopenthra " animal, 
 incised after the manner of " polupothiou," green above and fulvous and hairy beneath : the account 
 of swine feeding on " splenion " being destitute of a spleen is further mentioned by Pliny (a similar 
 statement is attributed to Vitruvius by W. Coles) : C. officinarum was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 
 bard, and Fraas, frequent on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece. Farther 
 South, is called in Egyptian " askolovanterion " (Edw.) ; and was observed by Forskal on the moun- 
 tains of Yemen. Westward, is termed " ceterach " by Matthaeus Sylvaticus, " a. sive ceterach " by 
 Tournefort inst. 544; is described also by Tragus f. 209; and is known to grow from Italy to Spain 
 and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1244, and Bory). 
 
 Acrostichum maratita of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly the "teucrion" in ques- 
 tion, — Pliny's account being in part taken from the " emionitis " of Dioscorides, growing in stony 
 places, having neither stem fruit nor flower, but slender roots and a lunate leaf resembling that of 
 " thrakont^io," dissolving the spleen; and in the added Synonyms identified with the " splenion : " 
 the best " asplenum " too, according to Pliny xxvii. 17, came from Crete: A. marantae is termed 
 "asplenium ramosum " by Tournefort inst. 544; and was observed by Sibthorp on Crete, Cyprus, 
 and mount Athos. 
 
 1063 B. C. (= " 8th year" after the death of Agamemnon, Horn. od. iii. 306), Mycenae recovered 
 by his son Orestes, the lawful Argive king. — Who after acquiring Argos and Sparta, became the 
 most powerful chieftain of the Peloponnesus (Pind. pyth. xi. 24, Pausan. ii. 18, and others). 
 
 On the very day when Orestes was solemnizing the burial of his mother Clytemnaestra and of 
 Aegisthus (Horn. od. iv. 365, and "8 years after the fall of Troy" Paus. iii. 22. 2), return of Menelaus 
 to Sparta. 
 
 Physalis (Withanid) somnifera of Arabia. Called in France " coqueret somnifere (Fe"e), in 
 Greece "tragia" (Fraas), in Egypt "morgan" coral-fruited or "sakeran" inebriating (Del.), in 
 Yemen " barde " or"obab" or "uarak esschefa " (Forsk.), in Malabar " pevetti," in Tamil " amkoo- 
 lang," in Telingan "penerroo," in Bengalee " amkoolang" (Drur.) : and the "n£p£nth£s" drug brought 
 by Helen from Egypt and causing one to forget trouble — (Homer od. iv. 221) : fragments of W. 
 somnifera, unrolled from Egyptian mummies, were identified bv Kunth (Lindl.) : the plant was 
 observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, its "leaves steeped in oil" applied "to inflammatory 
 tumours " (Lindl.) ; again by Forskal, along the base of the mountains of Yemen. Farther North, 
 the "halicacabum soporiferum '' or "morion" or "moly" used in prophesying by soothsayers, and 
 medicinally by Diocles, Evenor, and Timaristus, is according to Pliny xxi. 105 "etiam opio velocius 
 ad mortem ; " "halicacabi cortex" is prescribed also by Celsus v. 20: the "struhnos upn6th.es " is 
 described by Theophrastus ix. u. 5 as growing in clefts and on sepulchres, and having hairy leaves 
 and bright red fruit ; by Dioscorides, as growing in stony places near the sea, and the bark of its 
 root placed in wine to procure sleep : W. somnifera was observed by Sibthorp in stony places on the 
 seashore of Cyprus and Euboea ; by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, farther inland in other parts of 
 Greece. Westward, is described by Clusius hist. ii. p. 85 (Spreng.); is termed "alkekengi fructu 
 parvo verticillato " by Tournefort inst. 151 ; and is known to occur in Spain (Cav. ii. pi. 103, and 
 Pers.). Eastward from Arabia, was observed by Graham in "the English burial ground, Bombay," 
 growing also in " both the Concans and Guzerat ; " by Hamilton, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as 
 Travancore and Bengal, its seeds used to coagulate milk (Drur.), its leaves according to Lindley 
 "steeped in oil" and applied in a similar way as in Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Mexico (Pers.). 
 
 1062 B. C. (= " 10th year" after the fall of Troy, Horn, od iii. and xxiv. 322), Telemachus son 
 of Ulysses visiting Nestor at Pylos, and Menelaus at Sparta : before the close of the year, return of 
 Ulysses to Ithaca 
 
 Triticum spella of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, 
 and Germany spelt, in Spain " espelta," in France " espeautre " (Prior) or " epeautre " (Nugent), in 
 Italy "spelta" or "farro" or " grano farro " (Lenz): the "zeia" mixed with barley and given' to 
 horses in the Peloponnesus — (Horn. od. iv. 41 to 594), mentioned also by Herodotus ii. 36, by Xen- 
 ophon anab. v. 4. 16 as cultivated in Pontus, by Strabo v. 2. 10 and vii. 5. 4 as cultivated in Illyria 
 and Umbria, by Mnesitheus of Cyzicus as cultivated in cold climates, by Theophrastus caus. iv. 6 as 
 " poluhitSna '" many-husked, is referred here by writers : "z£ia" and "liphe" changing into wheat is 
 mentioned also by Theophrastus ii. 4. 1 and caus. viii. 9. 2, and the " zeia thikokkos " two-seeded kind 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 177 
 
 by Dioscorides : T. spelta was observed by Fraas rare in Greece, and experimentally cultivated : 
 farther South, seeds exhumed in Egypt and regarded as of the time of the Pharaohs, were sent 
 by Ehrenberg to Heer (Lee's edit. Keller, 345), and the living plant was seen in Egypt by Belon. 
 Westward, "far" called "semen'' and anciently " adoreum," the only kind of grain eaten by the 
 Romans for "three hundred years" (Verrius) is mentioned also by Varro, Virgil, Valerius Maxi- 
 mus, Columella, by Pliny xviii. 10 to 19 as kept for seed in its envelopes " in vaginulis suis," and the 
 term "farinarius " mealman is employed by Cato : T. spelta occurs in the debris of the ancient lake- 
 villages of* Switzerland (Troyon), has been cultivated from ancient times by the Celts and Germans 
 (Reynier p. 421), continues to be cultivated on mount Etna (Gemellar.) and throughout middle 
 Europe (Morison pi. 6, Hall, helvet., and Pers.). In its wild state, was observed by Michaux in 
 Persia near Hamadan, and by Olivier trav. iii. 460 on the Upper Euphrates (A. Dec). 
 
 Cydonia vulgaris of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain quince, by Chaucer 
 "coine," in France "coing," in Spain "cotogna" (Prior), in Germany "quitte" (Grieb), in Italy 
 " cotogno " or " melo cotogno " (Lenz), in Greece " kuthdnia " (Sibth.), in Persia " betana " (A. Dec), 
 in Egypt " sefargel " (Del.) : perhaps the original "melon " of the Greeks, the same word signifying 
 sheep, agreeing in their woolly coating and aspect on distant hills, and "melinos " further signifying 
 yellow: the "melon" was cultivated in orchards on Ithaca — (Horn. od. vii. 115), is mentioned also 
 by Hesiod; "kuth6nea" from Cydon in Crete or " kuth6ni.i mela " are mentioned by Stesichorus, 
 Solon leg., Theophrastus iv. 8. 11, Dioscorides, Plutarch conj. pr. 1, and Athenaeus : C. vulgaris 
 was observed in Greece by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, both cultivated and in wild 
 situations; is known to grow also apparently wild in the Crimea and around Caucasus (Ledeb.). 
 Farther South, is called in Egyptian " oushe " (Kirch.) ; was observed by Abd-allatif, Schems-eddin, 
 Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; by myself, the fruit in market at Mocha, and the 
 seeds from the abundant mucilage substituted for flax-seed. Westward, the "cydonia" is identified 
 by Pliny xv. 10 with the "malum cotoneum " of Cato vii. 2, and Varro ; C. vulgaris is known to 
 grow in wild situations in Italy and Sardinia (Bertol., Moris, and Lenz), is naturalized in Sicily, 
 Algeria, Spain, and Portugal (Guss., Pers., Munby, and A. Dec), and is besides cultivated as far as 
 Britain. Eastward from Caucasus, is called in Hindustanee " safargal " or " bih " or " darakht-i-bihi," 
 in Bengali " tahar phal " (D'roz.), and though having no Sanscrit name has been long cultivated in 
 Cashmere and Northern Hindustan (Roxb., and Royle ill. himal.) ; the seeds are besides " imported 
 in considerable quantities from Persia " and "used medicinally by the natives " (Little, and Graham). 
 By European colonists, was carried to the environs of Bombay (Nimmo) ; to Japan (Thunb.) ; and 
 to Northeast America, where it continues under frequent cultivation. 
 
 Rubus frulicosiis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bramble or 
 blackberry (Prior), in France " ronce " (Nugent), in Germany " brombeere," in Italy " rovo " or 
 '• more " or "russa de mora " (Lenz), in Greece " vat6 " or " vatos " (Sibth.) and the fruit " mouris " 
 (Forsk.), in which we recognize the "vaton" infesting orchards — (Horn. od. xxiv. 230), mentioned 
 also by Pindar olymp. vi. 90, Salmonius, Theophrastus, Nicander, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ii. 36 : 
 R. fruticosus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding from the Peloponnesus 
 to the Dardanelles and Smyrna. Farther South, the " vatos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " aimoios '' or " ame'tros " of the Egyptians, and " aima titanou " or " aima iv26s " of the prophets : 
 R. fruticosus was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border 
 of Egypt ; and " rubus root from Alexandria " was found by Forskal mat. med. in the Egyptian drug- 
 shops. Westward, the "vatos" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mant£ia " of the Dacians, 
 and " sSnt£s " or " rouvoum " or " mora vatikana " of the Romans : the " rubus " is mentioned by 
 Horace, Virgil, Columella, Pliny xxiv. 73, and the morum of the " rubetum " bramble-thicket by Ovid 
 met. i. 104: R. fruticosus is termed " r. vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 614; was observed by Lenz 
 frequent in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Britain (Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 715). 
 
 1054, June 20th (= 1073 y. 302^ d. — " 20 years " of I Sam. vii. 2, " wheat harvest " of xii. 17 
 being determined by Usher to the end of May or beginning of June), Saul anointed king over the 
 Israelites ; with his power limited, especially in religious matters, and defined in a written record by 
 the prophet Samuel (1 Sam. x. 25, xiii. 9, and xv. 24). 
 
 Thamyris, son of Philammon, composing poetry after the fall of Troy — (....). He is men- 
 tioned in the addition to Homer il. ii. 595 : some of his poetry continued extant in the days of Plato, 
 and two lines have been preserved by Plutarch cohib. ira 5. 
 
 Delphinium ajacis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens rocket larkspur 
 (Graham), in Germany " garten rittersporn " (Fraas, and Lenz), on Zacynthus " agrio linar6 tou 
 vounou " (Sibth.) or at Constantinople " kapoutzinos," in Egypt " ajakabuh " (Forsk.) or " ayakbouh " 
 (Del), in which we recognize the " uakinthos " flower said to have sprung from the blood of a beau- 
 tiful youth beloved by Thamyris and accidentally killed by Apollo — (Apollod. i. 3. 3) : the name 
 
 23 
 
178 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 of Ajax " aias " was substituted before the days of Euphorion, and Theocritus x. 28 : the " uakinthos " 
 is termed " poluthrenos " by Nicander 902 ; is identified in Syn. Diosc. iii. 77 with the " thglpbinion ; " 
 and the " uakinthos " inscribed with letters is identified by Pausanias i. 35. 4 and ii. 35. 5 with the 
 " kosmosanthalon " having coronary flowers: these letters according to Moschus iii. 5, and Ovid 
 met. x. 2ii, are the Greek A I, and Lucian xiv. p. 43 speaks of "Spaiazonta" the dead: D. ajacis 
 was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by Sibthorp, in fallow ground from Bceotia 
 to the Peloponnesus, its corolla according to Chaubard, distinctly bearing the letters A I A : farther 
 South, was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, is 
 described by Miller, and Linnsus ; is termed " d. simplex" by Salisbury; is known to occur in 
 Switzerland (Pers.), and the flowers according to Sprengel are often red. Eastward from Egypt, 
 was observed by Wight, and Graham, in Tropical Hindustan, "in Deckan gardens" according to 
 Lush, " where it is planted below orange and peach trees to keep down weeds ; " was observed by 
 Mason " exotic " in Burmah. 
 
 Scilla amocua of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. After the death of Ajax, 
 according to the inhabitants of Salamis, a pale reddish flower made its appearance, smaller in all its 
 parts than the " krinou " and inscribed with letters like those on " uakinthois " — (Paus.) : the 
 "uakinthos" is mentioned by Homer il. xiv. 348 and od. vi. 231 as growing on mountains; by 
 Theophrastus vi. 8, as vernal but continuing a long while flowering; by Dioscorides, as a span high 
 and resembling in root and leaves the " volvS," the green stem more slender than the little finger 
 and terminating in a curved raceme of purplish flowers, the root believed to delay puberty in boys : 
 S. amoena is described by Rudbeck. ii. pi. 7; is termed " ornithogalum caeruleum byzantinum" by 
 Tournefort inst. 380; was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, by Chaubard, in ascending 
 Taygetus ; is known to grow also in Germany, Austria, and Russia (J acq. austr. pi. 21S), and accord- 
 ing to Persoon its petals are marked at base with two white lines. 
 
 " 1052 B. C. = 1st year of Tchao-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 z' "N In this year (= 1078 — " 26 years " of both Maneth. tables), SmSnthes succeeded 
 by PsousSnnes, second king of the Twenty-first dynasty. Herhor siamun was suc- 
 ceeded by his grandson Pisem or Painetem; whose name has been found on contem- 
 poraneous monuments (Leps. k. pi. 43), though not enclosed in royal ovals. He 
 married Rakamat of the Ramessid line, acquiring thus a kind of legitimate title to the 
 throne — (Birch). 
 
 The same year (= 1054 — "2 years" of I Sam. xiii. 1), war against the Philistines commenced 
 by Saul. 
 
 Picridium Tingitanum of the Desert-margin and the shores of the Mediterranean. Called in 
 Egypt "houeh" (Del.), in which we recognize the Wllfl hwh among which Israelites now concealed 
 themselves — (1 Sam. xiii. 6), mentioned also in Prov. xxvi. 9, Cant. ii. 2, Isai. xxiv. 13, and Job 
 xxxi. 4: P. Tingitanum, an herb with crowded leaves rejected by all kinds of cattle except donkeys, 
 was observed by Forskal p. 143 not far from Cairo growing in the Desert; by Delile, near Alexan- 
 dria; by Sibthorp, along roadsides in Asia Minor and on the seashore of Caria and Cyprus. West- 
 ward, is described by Hermann lugd. pi 659 ; is termed " S. tingitanus papaveris folio " by Tournefort 
 inst. 47s ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Barbary (Pers.). 
 
 1041 B. C. (= 1091 — " 50 years " after the death of Hyllus, Diodor. iv. 58, see also Oenom. 
 in Euseb. pr. v. p. 210, and schol. Pind. isthm. vii. 18), Second invasion of the Peloponnesus by the 
 Heraclidae. Repelled, and their leader Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, slain. (By some writers, the event 
 is placed three years later, see below). 
 
 Genista monosperma of the Desert-margin, from the Atlantic to the Sinai Peninsula. Called in 
 Egypt "retam," in which we recognize the coals of "1 + S rdm alluded to by David while a fugitive. 
 (Psalm cxx. iv) : — Elijah on his way to Mount Horeb rested under a "rdm" (t K. xix. 4), as is 
 often done in the same region by modern travellers (Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; the " rdm " is mentioned also 
 in Job xxx. 4, and charcoal procured in the Sinai Peninsula from G. monosperma continues to 
 be carried to Egypt (Forsk., and others) : the living plant was observed by Forskal near Suez ; by 
 Delile, not far from Cairo growing in the Desert. Westward, is known to grow in Morocco, and in 
 sterile situations in Portugal and Spain (Pers. ; see also Atriplex coriacea). 
 
 1038 B. C. (= 1037 y. 240JI d. = 1005 y. 1 16 3 4 5 d. -f '■ 40 years " of ten lunations of 1 K. ii. 1 1 
 and 1 Chron. xxix. 27 = 1053 y. 302 $£ d. — " 20 years" of ten lunations, in Josephus as read by 
 Epiphanius, in Theophilus of Antioch, and in Clemens Alexandrinus), Saul succeeded by David, 
 second Jewish king. 
 
 The same year (= 1071 — "33 years " of Castor and Eusebius), Demophon succeeded by his 
 son Oxyntes, as king of Athens. (The Second invasion of the Heraclidae, according to Eusebius ii. 
 p. 300, is by some writers placed in the "first year of Oxyntes." See above). 
 
 LJ 
 
 s^J 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 179 
 
 Ninety-eighth generation. Sept. 1st, 1034, mostly beyond youth : Ethan the Ezrahite (1 K. iv. 
 31, I Chron. ii. 6, and Psalm lxxxix), Heman (I K. iv. 31, 1 Chron. ii. 6, vi. 33, xxv. 4, and 2 Chron. 
 xxxv. 15), Chalcol or Calcol, and Darda or Dara (1 K. iv. 31, and 1 Chron. ii. 6), Asaph (1 Chron. 
 vi. 39, xxv., and 2 Chron. xxxv. 15), the prophets Gad, and Nathan (2 Sam. xxiv. II to 18, and 
 I Chron. xxix. 29), the compiler of the book of Yshr (quoted in Josh. x. 13, and which contained 
 David's lamentation 2 Sam. i. 18 to 27) : among the Greeks, the Heraclid chieftain Phylas, father 
 of Hippotus (Oenom., and Pausan. ii. 4. 3), Tisamenus father of Autesion (Herod, iv. 147, and 
 Pausan. ix. 8). 
 
 1032 B. C. (= 1037 y. 240JI d. — "7 years " of ten lunations of 1 K. ii. 11), the Jewish seat of 
 government removed by king David from Hebron to Jerusalem. 
 
 The art of serpent-charming mentioned in Psalm lviii. 5: the ^+1 fdn or " deaf adder " that 
 " stoppeth her ear," implying the ear-like appendages of the cerastes or horned viper (already noticed) : 
 — the " fdn" is also mentioned in Psalm xci. 13, and Isai. xi. 8. 
 
 Cassia aschrek of Tropical Arabia. Called there " aschrek " (Forsk.), and the M S 2 V azrh of 
 Psalm xxxvii. 35 — may be compared: the "ischrik" is mentioned by Ascha, Firouzabadi, Abul 
 Abbas Elhafits, Elgafaki, and is described by Ebn Baitar as growing " in Arabia " and having the 
 " leaves of senna : " C. aschrek was observed by Forskal p. 86 on the Western margin of the Arabian 
 Desert. 
 
 " 1022 B. C. =the Ninth manwantara '' among the Hindus — (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentley 
 as. res. viii. 244). 
 
 1018 B. C. (= 939 y. 8 mo. — [- " 9 -|- 6 — |- 9 -J- 4 years " of both Maneth. tables), 
 PsousSnnes succeeded by NSphSrhSres, third king of the Twenty-first dynasty. The 
 name of king Patenankh-Nebkanofre, apparently of this dynasty, has been found on 
 .._ the monuments (Leps. k. pi. 68) ; the order of succession not given. 
 \—r^ 3K " 1017 B. C. = 36th year of Tchao-wang " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the 
 Twenty-eighth cycle. 
 
 1015 B. C. (= 1002 y. n6 7 \ d. -}-" 12 years before the building of Solomon's temple" of Jos. a. j. 
 viii. 3. 1, and c. A. i. 18), Abibalus (the earliest Phoenician king known, the first portion of the Lists 
 of Dius and Menander Ephes. being deficient) succeeded by his son Hiram ; of the age of ("53 — 
 34" =) nineteen, and who reigned "thirty-four" years. Hiram (according to Menander Ephes., 
 and Jos.) built in Tyre the first temple to Hercules (Samson). 
 
 Hadad, king of the Syrians at Damascus, warring against David (Nicol. Damasc, in Jos. . . 
 vii. 5. 1). The Syrians were defeated, and "David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus" (2 Sam. 
 viii. 5 and 6) . 
 
 f~ A ifllk I0I 4 B - C- ( = 9 8 9 ?■ 8 m0 " + " 9 + 6 + 9 y ears " of D0tn Maneth. tables), NephSr- 
 
 fftsa heres succeeded by Amenopthis, fourth king of the Twenty-first dynasty. His name 
 
 BNm and that of his wife Hesiemkheb have been found 011 the bricks of Kheb in the Hep- 
 
 I mSw tanomide — (Birch, and Leps. k. pi. 43). 
 
 V y Ik 1012 B C. (Asclep., and Strab. xiii. 1. 3), death of Orestes, after planning the 
 
 Aeolic Migration. He was succeeded as Argive king by his son Tisamenus. 
 
 ion B. C. (= 1071 — "60 years" of Thucyd. i. 12, and Strab. xiii. 1. 3, see also Cinaeth., and 
 Pausan. ii. 18. 5), the Aeolic Migration assembled at Aulis under Penthilus another son of Orestes, 
 and led by sea into the Troad. The expedition consisted in part of Boeotian fugitives from Arne ; 
 driven out by the Thessali, who after a long absence were re-occupying the country from this time 
 called Thessaly. 
 
 On their way, the city of Orchomenus captured by the fugitives, and annexed to Boeotia — (Thuc. 
 iv. 76, Strab. ix. p. 401, and Sm. geogr. diet.). 
 
 About this time (991 -\- "about 20 years" of Clinton i. p. 108, see also Apollod. ii. 8. 2), Third 
 invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidae. Repelled by the Argive king Tisamenus, and their 
 leader Aristomachus son of Cleodaeus, slain. 
 
 Not earlier than 1010 B. C, the city of Cumae South of the Troad founded by a Second expedi- 
 tion of Aeolian Greeks : assembled under Cleues and Malaus at the time of the First expedition, but 
 delayed in sailing at Locris — (Strab. xiii. 1. 3). Aeolian settlements were extended on the North 
 coast of the Troad along the Propontis as far as the half-way promontory by Archelaus or Echelaus, 
 son of Penthilus and grandson of Orestes. 
 
 1006 B. C. (= 1037 y. 240^1 d. — "40 years" of ten lunations of 1 K. ii. 11, and 1 Chron. xxix. 
 27), David succeeded by his son Solomon, third Jewish king. Solomon is historically mentioned 
 and' called " king of Jerusalem " by the Greek writers Dius, and Menander Ephesius (Jos. a. j. viii. 
 3. 1, and c. A. i. 18). 
 
180 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 1005 B. C. (=998 y. 8 mo. + "9 + 6 years " of both Maneth. tables), Amgnbphthis 
 succeeded by Osohor, fifth king of the Twenty-first dynasty. The name of Hor 
 Petukhanu has been found on contemporaneous monuments — (Leps. k. pi. 43). 
 
 " 1004 B. C. = the beginning of the Cali Yug or Iron Age " among the Hindus 
 (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244), Bhutagetu reigning not 
 earlier than this date 
 
 1003, December (= 1005 y. 1163V d. — "4th year" of 1 K. vi. 1 and 2 Chron. iii. 2, Josephus c. A. 
 i. 18 to ii. 2 giving " 12th year of Hirom" and "612 years " after the exclusion of the Hyksos = 
 1002, = Jewish date of the Exodus 1312 — " 40 — 8 — 32 — 18 — 62 — 20 — 20 — 7 — 33 — 22 
 
 — 3 — 3 — 20 — 40 — 40 — 4 years " of Euseb. i. p. 77 and ii. p. 300 = 372 years of ten months 
 = 310 years of twelve months), the temple at Jerusalem commenced by Solomon. (The above period 
 of "612 years" is also given by Theophilus of Antioch ; with slight variation, by Clemens Alexan- 
 drinus ; and in one instance, even by Eusebius. See Clint, i. p. 306 to 311). 
 
 The M/V/V>n+ twkyym brought in Solomon's ships (1 K. x. 22, and 2 Chron. ix. 21) are 
 referred by Hieronymus and Syriac and Hebrew authorities to the peacock. The bird has been 
 already noticed ; but the word " twkyym," I am informed by Rev. Mr. Hoisington is Tamil ; the 
 Tamil la.71gua.ge therefore already in existence (see cinnamon). 
 
 In reference to the >AN\>AW " almug trees" brought up the Red Sea in Solomon's ships, — I 
 ascertained, that to this day, the wooden joists for supporting floors and the flat roofs at Mocha, 
 are imported ready-hewn from Zanzibar. 
 
 " 1001 B. C. = 1st year of Mou-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 Ninety-ninth generation. Jan. 1st, 1000, mostly beyond youth : the prophet Ahijah (1 K. xi. 29 
 and 2 Chron. ix. 29), Shimei of Bahurim (1 K ii. 8, and 36 to 46) ; Rezon king of Damascus and 
 Syria (1 K. xi. 24), Hezion grandfather of Ben-hadad (1 K. xv. 18), Abdemon of Tyre (Dius and 
 Menand. Ephes. in Jos. c. A. i. 17) : and among Greeks, the .Heraclid chieftain Hippotus, father 
 of Aletes (Oenom., and Pausan. ii. 4. 3), Autesion father of Theras and Argia (Strab. viii. p. 347, 
 and Pausan. ix. 8). 
 
 999 B. C. (= 989 y. 8 mo. + " 9 years " of both Maneth. tables, the Euseb. -Maneth. 
 table also giving 1128 — "130 yrs" = 998), Osohfir succeeded by Psinahes, sixth 
 king of the Twenty-first dynasty. The name of king Petuhanu occurs on contempo- 
 raneous monuments — (Leps. k. pi. 43). 
 
 Stamped leather bands, according to Birch, have been found on mummies of the 
 time of the Twenty-first dynasty. — Similar bands of morocco leather, stamped with the name of a 
 king of the Twenty-third dynasty, were found on the mummy recently unrolled in Boston. I procured 
 at Thebes pegged morocco shoes, saturated with bitumen and therefore taken from mummies ; also, 
 part of a sash of soft leather having the margin cut, as if by machinery, into lace-like fringe. 
 
 997 B. C. (= 1003 — "7 years " of ten lunations of 1 Kings vi. 38), completion of Solomon's temple. 
 
 992 B. C. (=1169 — "92 — 85 years " of Diodorus in Euseb. i. 36, and Syncell.), "Third" 
 change in naval dominion ; leaving the Pelasgians, the " Empire of the sea" acquired by the Thra- 
 cians. — Held by them " seventy-nine " years. 
 
 991 B. C. (= 1071 — "80 years" of Herodot. ix. 26, Thucyd. i. 12, Eratosth., and Apollod. ; 
 compare Horn. il. iv. 40 to 53, and a date probably marking the same event in Egyptian chronological 
 tables, the Egyptian Chronicle giving 1413 — " 194 — 228 years " = 991 = 1417 — "32 — 6 — 12 
 
 — 12 — 5 — 1 — 19 — 51 — 61 — 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 — 135 = 32 — 6 — 12 — 12 — 5 — 1 — 19 — 
 209 — 130 years " of the Afr. -Maneth. table), Fourth invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclida;, 
 led by Temenus, Aristodemus, and Chresphontes, sons of Aristomachus ; and Argive power over- 
 thrown : an event called also the "return of the Heraclida? " or the "Dorian conquest." Previous 
 attempts by land having failed, the attack was made by sea ; and as the worship of Hercules came 
 from Phoenicia (Herodot.), it is worthy of note, that Hiram and Solomon were now reigning. — 
 Friendly relations between an Arab tribe and the Boeotians and people of the Peloponnesus, on 
 account of Hercules, continued in the days of Agatharchides 95 ; and a continuous bond of friend- 
 ship between the Lacedaemonians and Jews, is mentioned by Josephus a. J. xii. 4. 10 and xiii. 5. 8. 
 
 Cypselus son of Aepytus, reigning in Arcadia at the time of the Dorian invasion— (Pausan. viii. 
 5. 3. 4., and Clint, i. p. 92). 
 
 The worship of the Pelasgian Juno at Argos, and of the Pelasgian and Lelegian Diana in Laconia, 
 adopted and continued by the Dorian settlers (Pausan. iii. 14. 2, iv. 4. 2, 31. 3, and Clint, i. p. xiii). 
 990 B. C. (=989y. 8 mo. = 332 + " 6 + 4 + 6 + 20 + 21 y. 4 mo. + 6 -f 120 y. 
 41110. + 163 + 44 + 44 + 44 + 49 + '30 years" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table = 975 y. 
 8 mo. + " 14 years" of the Afr.-Maneth. table, see B. C. 991), Psinahes succeeded 
 by Psousennes II., seventh king of the Twenty-first dynasty. The name of king 
 Pisem II. occurs on the temple of Khons at Thebes, with evidence that he was at the 
 
 LJ 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. l8l 
 
 same time a priest (Glid. analect., and Leps. k. pi. 43); but according to Birch, he may belong earlier 
 in the dynasty. 
 
 The same year = " 12th year of Mou-wang" (of the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. p. 96), tribute 
 brought by the Western barbarians to China, including large two-edged swords, and cloth by Lie-tseu 
 called " ho-hoan ; " according to Pauthier, of asbestos. — Cloth made of " asbeston " is mentioned by 
 Anaxilaus, and Pliny xix. 4: a vein of " salamandre " from which cloth is made in the province of 
 Ghinghintalas in Central Asia, is described by Marco Polo 60. 
 
 986 B. C. (= " 7 -\- 13 = 20 years " of ten lunations of I Kings vi and vii, and 2 Chron. viii. 1), 
 completion of Solomon's palace, or "his own house." 
 
 The StS ndr of Proverbs xxv. 20 — is admitted to be natron; an impure carbonate of soda 
 found at the bottom of lakes in Egypt and the neighbouring Desert countries : the "ndr" is also 
 mentioned by Jeremiah ii. 22; the " litron " or "nitron" by Herodotus ii. 86, and Strabo ; the 
 "nitrum," by Columella, and Pliny ; and one of the natron lakes of Egypt is described by Forskal 
 p. xlv. 
 
 The 97 92 zbwb of Ecclesiastes x. 1 — is clearly the house fly, Musca .... Swarms of flies 
 "muiadn " are mentioned by Homer il. ii. 469 ; the " musca " and " muscarium " or fly-flap, by Varro, 
 Cicero, and Martial. Eastward, the house-fly was observed by myself to be aboriginally introduced 
 throughout the inhabited islands of the Pacific. By Polynesians too, the insect may have been first 
 introduced into America : but numbers were doubtless brought by European colonists. 
 
 Sinapis Allionii of Syria and Egypt. A species of wild mustard called in Egypt "karilli" 
 (Forsk.) or "qarilleh" (Del.), and the V"l S W hrwl of Proverbs xxiv. 31, — Job xxx. 7, and Zephaniah 
 ii. 9, may be compared: S. Allionii was observed by Forskal around Alexandria; by Delile, an 
 abundant weed in flax-crops, its leaves sold at Cairo and eaten as cress. As transported to Europe, 
 is described by Jacquin hort. v. ii. pi. 168, and the younger Linnaeus (Ait.). 
 
 VL Mains sylvestris of Europe and Caucasus. Called in Britain apple, in Anglo-Saxon " aspl " or 
 "aeppel," in Welsh " afal," in Sweden " aeple," in Denmark " able," in ancient Danish " epli," in 
 Germany " apfel," in Old High German " aphol," in Lithuanian " obelis " or " obolys," in Lettonian 
 "ahboli" (Prior), in Bretagne and Cornwall " aval," in Polish " gabion," in Russian " jablon," in 
 Illyrian "jabluka," in Biscay "sagara" (Moritz.), in Italy " melo selvatico " or " meluggino " and the 
 cultivated fruit " mela " or " porno " (Lenz), in Greece " agriomelia " (Sibth.) or by the Turks Tar- 
 tars and Hungarians " alma " (Moritz.), in Egypt "tiffah " (Del.), in which we recognize the WT1 + 
 dphwh of Proverbs xxv. II, — Cant. ii. 3 and viii. 5, and Joel i. 12 : M. sylvestris was observed by 
 Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultivation on the moun- 
 tains of Yemen ; and fruit was seen by myself at Mocha, worn in turbans for ornament, and as 
 throughout the Arab countries hardly edible, chiefly prized for its odour. Farther North, the " glu- 
 kumalon " of Sappho, and Theocritus xi. 39, is identified by Dioscorides with the " melimela ; " the 
 " melea agria " is mentioned by Theophrastus caus. vi. 24, and Dioscorides ; and M. sylvestris was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains of Greece and seldom cultivated. Westward, 
 the " pomum " is mentioned by Cato, by Cicero as pleasant to the sight and taste and also fragrant ; 
 a "sanguineus" blood-red variety is mentioned by Pliny xv. 15, also the blushing "appiana" ob- 
 tained by Appius Claudius grafting on the " cotoneo," and its name continued in the French "pomme 
 d'api " (Pers., and A. Dec.) : to the time of Tacitus 28, the Germans lived partly on " agrestia 
 poma ; " piles or posts of wild apple occur in the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland, also inter- 
 mingled larger fruit of a variety that appears to have been cultivated (Troyon p. 16 to 40, and Heer). 
 M. sylvestris is termed " m. s. fructu valde acerbo " by Tournefort inst. 634 ; is known to grow wild 
 in middle Europe and on Caucasus (Ledeb.), and is cultivated as far as Lat. 64 (A. Dec). East- 
 ward from Caucasus, is called in Sanscrit "seba" (Pidd.), in Hindustanee " seb " (D'roz.) ; was 
 observed by Burns under cultivation in Scinde, by Royle at Cashmere, by Graham "in gardens Bom- 
 bay " but " the Deccan suits better ; " by Bunge in Northern China, and according to Loureiro is 
 called in Chinese "pim-po." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues abundantly cultivated throughout our Northern and Middle States. 
 
 Solanum cordatum of Tropical Arabia. Called there " hadak " (Forsk.), and the PAM hthk of 
 Proverbs xv 19 —and Micah vii. 4, is referred to a prickly Solanum by Abulfadh, and Celsius : the 
 " hadak" is mentioned also by A. A. Elnabati, by Ebn Baitar as growing in Yemen, abounding also 
 in a garden at Mataria near Cairo : S. cordatum was observed by Forskal in Yemen, its stem some- 
 what prickly and berries as large as a pea. 
 
 Solanum sanctum of Nubia, Tropical Arabia, and as far as the Dead Sea^ Called in Nubia 
 "kaderambes" (Del.), in Yemen "beikaman" or " sorsej sahan" Forsk.); and the tree of So o- 
 mon-is identified by Hermes with the " siradsch elkuthrub," mentioned also by Eltamm, and Ebn 
 Baitar- "thgnthra karpophora meleais emphere " at the Taricheas lake, are mentioned by Strabo 
 xvi - 45 • apples of Sodom fair to the eye but when plucked becoming dust and ashes, are men- 
 
1 82 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 tioned by Josephus b. ]'. iv. 8, and Tacitus : S. sanctum was observed by Rauwolf 73 (Spreng.), and 
 Hasselquist, in Palestine, is known to be " the species commonly met with at the Dead Sea " (Daub.) ; 
 was observed by Delile around cultivated land at Syene ; by Forskal p. 47, frequent in Yemen and 
 the seeds with the surrounding pulp used to coagulate milk. Farther East, the B rah mans of the 
 mountains in the time of Porphyrius abst. iv. 17 lived on cow's milk coagulated by herbs; and 
 according to Forskal the berries of all species of Solanum have this property. 
 
 Rumex roseus of Egypt and the South side of the Mediterranean. Called in Egyptian " jSjrS " 
 (Kirch.), at the present day in Egypt " hommeyd " (Del.) or "hemsis" (Forsk.) : the ^/VSS IP 
 kmshnym of Proverbs xxiv. 31, — or "kymwsh " of Hosea ix. 6, or " kmwsh " of Isaiah xxxiv. 13, 
 may be compared: the "hummadh elbakar " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : R. roseus was observed 
 by Forskal p. 77, and Delile, in sandy situations near Rosetta ; by Sibthorp, on Cyprus ; and by Des- 
 fontaines i. p. 320, in cultivated ground in Barbary. 
 
 985 B. C. = " 17th year of Mou-wang" (Lie-tseu, Sse-ma-thsian, the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. 
 p. 97), journey of Mou-wang to mount Kouen-lun and the '' dominions of the mother of the Western 
 king; " the first instance of a Chinese emperor visiting a foreign country. 
 
 About this time (" 78 to 100 years after the fall of Troy," Eratosth., Crates, Clint, p. 359, and 
 Sm. b. d.), Homer composing poetry. — The tomb of Homer is mentioned in the Scylacean periplus 
 58, and Strabo x. 5. 1, as on 16s : a small island whose proximity to Cadmean Thera is significant ; 
 in consideration of the like proximity of Hesiod's residence to Cadmean Thebes. In pronunciation 
 " 16s " is readily converted into " Hios ; " the claim to Homer by the inhabitants of the latter island, 
 may therefore be compared. 
 
 The E TO/ 1 / OE of Homer il. xviii. 414 and od. xx. 151 — is admitted to be sponge, Spongia offi- 
 cinalis : wiping with " spoggos " is mentioned by Aristophanes, Plato, Theopompus, Demosthenes, 
 and Athenaeus ; " spongia " and " spongiosa," by Cicero, and Pliny ; and to the present day, the 
 commercial demand for sponge, I am informed, is in great part supplied from the Mediterranean. 
 
 The ® E E I H of Homer il. xi v. 41 5 and od. xxiii. 50 — is admitted to be sulphur : " the'Sion " is 
 also mentioned by Araros, and Dioscorides ; and " sulphur," by Vitruvius, Ovid, Seneca, and Martial. 
 
 That the Strait betweeen Italy and Sicily was known to Homer, is inferred by Polybius from the 
 capture there of A E V * I N!\ E porpoises and KV/VAE sharks mentioned in od. xii. 95 : — in the time 
 of Polybius, the capture was effected from boats by means of a sort of harpoon; the wooden shaft 
 falling off, leaving a long line attached to the infixed barb (Strab. i. 2. 15). 
 
 Calypso's isle, termed by Homer od. i. 50 " Ogugie the navel of the sea " — is referred by Calli- 
 machus to " Gauthon " or Gozo (Strab. i. 2. 37) ; and if the adjacent island of Malta be included, 
 the epithet is at least applicable. 
 
 The KAEEITEPOIO kassitSroio or tin mentioned by Homer il. xi. 25, xviii. 474 and 613, may 
 have come from the Cassiterides : the source in the days of Herodotus iii 115 of the tin brought to 
 Greece. The Cassiterides are generally admitted to be the Scilly Isles near Cornwall ; and as the 
 Thracians held the sea, the report to Artemidorus (Strab. iv. 5. 6) of sacrifices after the fashion of 
 Samothrace to Ceres and Proserpine "on an island near Britain," claims attention ; especially, as the 
 sacrifices were in all probability established by Greek traders. Plates of tin have been unrolled in 
 mummies not much later than Homer : as in one at London ( . . . . ) ; and in one belonging to the 
 Twenty-third dynasty, at Boston. (See bronze.) 
 
 Papaver somniferum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain garden poppy or white 
 poppy, and its product opium (Prior), in Germany " mohnblume " (Grieb), in Italy " papavero " 
 (Lenz), in Greece "paparouna" or " aphiSni " (Fraas) or by the Turks "casch casch " (Sibth.), in 
 Egypt "abou el-noum " (Del.) ; in which we recognize the M H KO N of the gardens with drooping head 
 likened by Homer il. viii. 306 to that of a dying warrior : — the juice of the " mek6nos " extracted 
 solely from its head, is mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 8. 2 ; " mek6ni5n " or " opion " is mentioned 
 by Mnesidemus, is condemned by Diagoras, and Erasistratus, is according to Andreas adulterated at 
 Alexandria and therefore not absolutely blinding, and the process of procuring it from the " mekfin 
 kep<5ute " or "papaveris sativi " is described by Iollas, Dioscorides, and Pliny xx. 76 ; the two varie- 
 ties, white-seeded and black-seeded, are also distinguished by Dioscorides, and Galen: P. som- 
 niferum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, cultivated and springing up spontaneously in the 
 Peloponnesus. Farther South, the " mek6n " is called in Egyptian " nanti " (Syn. Diosc.) or 
 "nSman" or "phaki" (Kirch.) or "haulan" (Edw.): opium is mentioned by Rhazes, and Abd- 
 allatif ; continues one of the principal productions of Egypt, and P. somniferum was observed under 
 cultivation there by Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself ; by Forskal, under cultivation on the mountains of 
 Yemen. Westward, the " mek6n " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "papavSr" of the Romans ; 
 Tarquinius Superbus in reply to an envoy seeking advice cut off "papa vera in horto altissima" (Plin. 
 xix. 53) : P. somniferum is cultivated in Italy and middle Europe for ornament and the bland oil from 
 its seeds, continues springing up spontaneously during several years as far even as Britain ; and " P. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 183 
 
 setigerum " growing throughout the Mediterranean countries is regarded by Moris, and A. Decan- 
 dolle, as its indigenous state. Eastward from Syria, the cultivated form is called in Persian " kook- 
 nar" (Ainsl.), in Hindustanee "koknar" or "post" or "khash khash " (D'roz.), in Sanscrit 
 "khaskhasa" (Pictet, and A. Dec.) ; is known to be " cultivated to a great extent in Malwa" in cen- 
 tral Hindustan, and was observed by Graham " in gardens " around Bombay ; by Bunge p. 4, in 
 Northern China ; by Thunberg, in Japan and called "iesoku," or usually " kes." By European col- 
 onists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a garden flower, and escaping from 
 cultivation has been observed "near dwellings in some places" (A. Gray). 
 
 Cicer urietinum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain chick-pea or chiches (Prior), 
 in France "pois chiche " (Nugent) or "garvance," in Spain " garbanzo," in Illyrian "slanutak" 
 (Mor.), in Germany "kicher," in Italy "cece" or "sisaro" (Lenz), in Greece "rovizia" (Forsk.) or 
 "rSvithi" (Sibth.), in Egypt "melan" and the seeds "homos" (Forsk.); and the KVAMOS described 
 by Homer il. xiii. 589 as rebounding from the winnowing-floor, — may be compared (a name by later 
 generations transferred to a different plant) : the seeds resembling a ram's head, may account for the 
 prejudice of the Egyptians against eating " kuamos " (Herodot. . .. ), and from them adopted by 
 Pythagoras: the "krios firSvinthos " is mentioned by Sophilus, Diocles, Theophrastus viii. 5. 1, 
 Athenaeus ii. 54, and as a second kind by Dioscorides : C. arietinum was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, cultivated and springing up spontaneously from Crete to Constantinople ; by 
 Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, abundantly cultivated at the present day in Egypt ; and is 
 known to grow seemingly wild around Caucasus (Pallas, and Ledeb.). Westward, the "cicer" or 
 "cicer arietinum" is mentioned by Horace, Columella, Pliny, Palladius, and Isidorus Hispalensis : 
 C. arietinum is termed " c. sativum flore candido " by Tournefort inst. 389; was observed by Forskal 
 under cultivation near Marseilles; is known to be abundantly cultivated in Italy and Spain, occurring 
 besides in some instances seemingly wild (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz). Eastward from Caucasus, the 
 " eVSvinthos '' was unknown in India when visited by Alexander (Theophr. iv. 4. 9): C. arietinum is 
 called in Sanscrit " chennuka " (Pidd.), in Hindustanee "chenna," in Bengalee "chuna" or " boot- 
 kaley," in Tamil " kadalay " (Drury), in the environs of Bombay " chunna " or " hurburree " according 
 to Graham and " extensively cultivated in some parts of the Deccan and Goozerat for feeding horses," 
 the acid from all parts of the plant found by Christie journ. mad. 13 collected at Madras and used 
 instead of vinegar in curries : was observed by Mason v. 467 " exotic " and cultivated " extensively 
 by the Burmese," and called "ku-lu-bai." By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, 
 where it is said to continue under cultivation; and to Northeast America, where I have found the 
 seeds well known in market in our Middle States. 
 
 ■ Lupinns tennis of the West Mediterranean countries. A lupine called in Egyptian " tharmSs " 
 (Kirch.), at the present day in Egypt "termis" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the EPEBI/V®0£ 
 of Homer il. xiii. 589, its seeds rebounding in like manner from the winnowing floor, — mentioned 
 also by Alexis, Polemon, Zeno (Athenaeus ii.), and according to Theophrastus viii. 3. 2 having the 
 most woody stem of all kinds of pulse : " SrSvinthoi 16ukoi " are mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 69, 
 Diocles (Athen. ii. 44), and Theophrastus viii. 5. 1 to 6. 5, and the " SreVinthos " is further distin- 
 guished by him, and Dioscorides, from the " krios £r£vinthos : " L. termis is no longer to be found in 
 Greece, but continues extensively cultivated in Egypt, its seeds eaten, its stems furnishing fuel 
 (Clot-Bey) and the best charcoal for making gunpowder (Forsk., and Del.). Farther East, the seeds 
 imported into Hindustan are called in Hindustanee " turmis " or " baqillae misri," but have no Sanscrit 
 name (Roxb., Pidd., and D'roz.), nor are lupines cultivated (Royle him. 194). Westward from Greece 
 and Egypt, L. termis is known to grow to all appearance wild from Italy and Sicily to Sardinia, 
 Corsica, and Southern Spain (Bertol., Guss., Moris, Boiss., and A. Dec). 
 
 Ranunculus sceleratus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Egypt " zaghlil " and its bruised 
 leaves used against " psoram " (Forsk. p. Iv), in Italy " sardonia " or " sardoa " or " appioriso " (Targ.) : 
 sarcastic smiling EAPAA/VIO/Vis mentioned by Homer od. xx. 303, and convulsive imitation in a dying 
 man perhaps already known to be caused by an herb : — the " sarthonios gedos " is mentioned by Plato 
 polit. i. 317 ; the "sardoa herba" by Virgil; the plant in question is described by Pausanias x. 17 as 
 " selino "-like and growing chiefly about springs; is identified by Oribasius exc. 124, and in Delet. 
 pharm. 14 with a kind of " vatrahiou " that when eaten induces delirium and convulsive movements of 
 the lips like laughter, giving rise to a proverb (compare Atropa belladonna). The fourth kind of 
 "vatrahion" is described by Dioscorides as small, its flower "galaktizon" (in one manuscript 
 "hlofithestSron," and in Pliny "luteo"), and leaves flowers and tender stem applied externally to 
 remove " psdras : " R. sceleratus was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in wet places around Smyrna 
 and Constantinople and on mount Haemus ; by Forskal, and Delile, as far as Cairo ; is known to 
 cn-ow also in the Crimea and in Siberia. Westward, is described by Fuchsius . . . , and Gerarde . . ; 
 fs termed "r. palustris apii folio lasvis" by Tournefort inst. 291 ; and is known to grow throughout 
 middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Norway (fl. Dan. pi. 371, Pers., and Wats.). 
 
184 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Eastward from the Caspian, was observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan, and is known to occur in 
 Anam (Dec, Steud., and Lindl.). Across the Atlantic, is known to occur from Lat. 67° (Hook.) to 
 Kentucky (Short), and being semiaquatic possibly indigenous, observed by myself in the outskirts of 
 towns from the Lower St. Lawrence to Philadelphia, and not in wild situations. Clearly by European 
 colonists, was carried to Buenos Ayres and Valparaiso (Hook.). The leaves according to Lindley 
 are " said to be used by beggars to produce ulcers." 
 
 Atropa belladonna of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dwale or 
 deadly nightshade (Prior), in France "belle-de-nuit " (Nugent), in Germany " tollkirsche,'' in Italy 
 " belladonna " or " solano maggiore " (Lenz) ; and probably the real origin of the proverb in question : 
 — the "struhnos manikos " of Theophrastus vii. 15. 4 and ix. 11. 6 is referred here by Scarlatus : 
 the account by Dioscorides as far as the black flower and soft black berries like those of ivy, seems 
 to correspond: A. belladonna was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos. Westward, is described 
 by Anguillara p. 90, Dodoens p. 456, and F. Columna phyt. pi. 12 (Spreng.) ; is termed " belladonna 
 majoribus foliis et floribus " by Tournefort inst. 77 ; is rare even in Northern Italy (Lenz) ; but is 
 known to grow in mountainous wooded situations as well as in waste places throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Britain (J acq. austr. iv. pi. 309, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it "has escaped from gardens in one or two places " (A. Gray). The 
 berries according to Lindley are " sweetish " and very dangerous, inducing •' intoxication accompanied 
 with fits of laughter and violent gestures " and finally "convulsions and death : " the plant is used 
 medicinally as narcotic, and "especially in producing a dilatation of the pupil when its infusion is 
 dropped into the eye." 
 
 Pliillyrea latifolia of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " fillirea " (Lenz), in Greece 
 "aglanthinia " or "phullika" or "phulliki " (Sibth.), and the * VV I H shrub of dense woods described 
 by Homer od. v. 477, — is referred here by Hogg: the " philure'a "is enumerated by Theophrastus i. 9. 3 
 as evergreen ; the " phillurSa " of Dioscorides large as the " kupro " with leaves broader than those of 
 the olive and fruit as in " shinS," is referred here by writers : and the " utm " of Elbekri, Gafeki, Ebn 
 Joljol, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : P. latifoiia was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 
 bard, and Fraas 93, frequent from the mountains of Crete and the Peloponnesus throughout the 
 Greek islands; and by Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, is figured by Matthioli pi. 
 (Spreng.), and Clusius hist. pi. 51 ; is termed "ph. folio leviter serrato " by Tournefort inst. 596; was 
 observed by Hogg "not uncommon in the woods of Sicily" (Hook, journ. b. 1834); and is known to 
 grow wild in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Rhamnus alatcrnus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " alaterno " (Lenz), in 
 Greece " kitrinoxulon " (Sibth.) or "phulliki "or on Crete " elaitrinos ? " (Fraas), and possibly the 
 shrub in question : — the " philuke " described by Theophrastus iii. 3. 3 to v. 7. 7 as an evergreen 
 shrub always leafy, is referred here by Sprengel : R. alaternus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, frequent in bushy tracts in company with the preceding and the wild olive from Zacynthus 
 to Attica. Westward, the " alaternus " is mentioned by Columella vii. 6. 1 ; by Pliny xvi. 45, among 
 trees bearing no fruit and never planted, regarded as condemned by religion and unpropitious : R. 
 alaternus is described by Clusius hist. i. pi. 50 ; is termed "alaternus " by Tournefort inst. 595 ; and 
 is known to grow in Italy, Spain, and on the Balearic Islands (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Cynodon dactylon of Tropical Eastern Asia. A grass called in Italy " gramigna " or " ^ramecna " 
 or "capriola" (Lenz), in Greece "agriatha" (Sibth.), in Egypt " nedjil " or " nisjil,"°in Yemen 
 " ubal " or " sabak " (Forsk.), in Egyptian " makrosthen " (transl. Sept.) or " anouphi " (Syn. Diosc.) ; 
 in which we recognize the A/> PO&tl/V of Homer od. vi. 90, — springing up on the paternal estate 
 of Aristodemus and terminating through bis suicide the First Messenian war (Plut. superst. 8), 
 figured by Polygnotus (Paus. x. 31), when in flourishing condition according to Democritus one 
 of the signs of water (geopon. ii. 6), termed " £ilit£nes " creeping by Theocritus xiii. 42, mentioned 
 also by Aristotle an. v. [9, Theophrastus, Polybius, Diodorus i. 43, Athenaeus viii. 4, Apuleius, and 
 Paulus Aegineta: C. dactylon was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Borv, and Fraas, frequent from 
 the Peloponnesus to Tenedos, its roots as in the days of Dioscorides 'employed in decoction as 
 diuretic (Walp. trav. p. 432) ; is known to occur in waste ground along the Taurian mountains 
 (Bieb.). Westward, the "agrtstis" or "amaxitis" or " aigikon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the " ieval" of the Numidians, " aparia " of the Spanish, and " gramSn " of the Romans ; the " corona 
 graminea" was bestowed on L. Siccius Dentatus tribune in 454 B. C. and victor in one hundred and 
 twenty battles, subsequently on others enumerated by Pliny xxii. 5; the " gramen " is mentioned 
 also by Livy, Columella vi. 31, and as " vulgatissimum " by Pliny xxiv. 118: C. dactylon is described 
 by Dalechamp, and Lobel ; is termed " gramen dactylon radice repente sive officinarum " by Tour- 
 nefort inst. 520; was observed by Forskal on Malta and near Marseilles; is known to occur also 
 in Barbary and along the Atlantic as far as Cornwall in Britain (Pers., Dec, and Wats ). Farther 
 South, the "agrostis" is enumerated by Agatharchides as growing in the countries alone* the Red 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 185 
 
 Sea : C. dactylon was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, employed according to Clot-Bey 
 especially for feeding cattle ; by Forskal in Yemen ; and is known to occur on Madagascar, the 
 Mauritius Islands, and in Austral Africa (Boj.). Eastward, is called in Bengalee "doorba," in 
 Telinga "gericha," in Tamil " arugam-pilloo," by English residents huriallee grass (Drury) ; was 
 observed by Graham around Bombay and on the Deccan "abundant everywhere and in general use 
 for feeding cattle," and considered by the brahmins " sacred to Ganesha ; " by Retz, and Roxburgh, 
 in other parts of Hindustan, according to W. Jones as. res. iv. 242 "the sweetest and most nutritious 
 pasture for cattle ; " is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah ; is known to grow also in 
 China and on Luzon (Kunth) ; but in Australia, I found its progress inland at least encouraged by 
 residents. Farther East, C. dactylon was observed by myself on New Zealand and throughout the 
 rocky clusters in the Pacific, usually along the seashore, but to all appearance introduced by the 
 ancient Polynesians into the Hawaiian Islands. Westward from Europe, may have drifted without 
 human aid to the American shore, but has become " troublesome in light soil," occurring in cultivated 
 and waste ground from Lat. 41° to Georgia, Natchez, and the West Indies (Walt, Pursh, Ell., Nutt, 
 Chapm., and A. Gray). 
 
 981 B. C. (= 1002 y. n6^j d. -\- " 12 — 34 years " of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and 
 Jos. c. A. i. 18), Hiram succeeded as king at Tyre by his son Baleazar ; thirty-six (= "43 — 7") 
 years old, — and who reigned "seven" years. 
 
 In or about this year (1 Kings x. 4, and 2 Chron. ix. 3), the queen of Sheba visiting Jerusalem. 
 (She appears to have come from the Abyssinian coast, and is claimed by the Abyssinians as one of 
 their queens). 
 
 Brucea antidysenterica of Abyssinia. A shrub growing especially in the valleys of the low 
 country and called " wooginoos," — considered a most valuable remedy in dysentery and severe 
 cases of diarrhoea (Bruce trav. v. pi. 69, and Grev.). Unknown as a remedy in Europe (the "brucine " 
 and "brucea bark" of druggists belonging to Strychnos nux-vomica, according to Guibourt, and 
 Lindley). Botanical specimens have however been brought to Europe, and are described by Miller 
 pi. 25, and L'Heritier pi. 10. 
 
 Hagenia Abyssinica of Abyssinia. A Meliaceous ? tree twenty feet high and called cusso ; 
 indigenous in the high country, — planted besides near churches, and considered a specific against 
 worms (Grev.). 
 
 Rosa Abyssinica of the mountains of Abyssinia. — Probably the "sweet-brier" observed by 
 Bruce on the Taranta mountains (Grev.). 
 
 Brayera anthelmintica of Abyssinia. A Rosaceous tree called there "cabotz" as early perhaps 
 as this date : — its dried flowers sold in small packets, and according to Brayer are an effectual 
 remedy for tape-worm when all other medicines have failed (Kunth, and Lindl.). 
 
 Cordia Africana of Abyssinia. An ornamental tree called " wansey " and about twenty feet 
 high ; — to which divine honours are paid by the Seven tribes of Galla, their representatives meeting 
 under the shade to choose a king; who is crowned with a chaplet from this tree, and has carried 
 before him wherever he goes a sceptre of the wood: C. Africana was observed by Bruce, and Salt, 
 "common in Abyssinia and planted in all the towns" (Grev.). And from transported specimens, is 
 described by Lamarck (Steud.). 
 
 080 B. C. (= 1071 "33 — 12 — 1 — 8 — 37 years" of Castor in Euseb.). Not later than 
 
 this date, the formal change of Dynasty at Athens, Thymoetes, son of Oxyntes and the last of the 
 Theseidi, succeeded by Melanthus of the fifth generation from Neleus. Melanthus, driven out of 
 his kingdom of Messenia by the Dorians, found refuge with a large body of followers in Athens, and 
 was there elected king (Herodot. v. 65, Strab. ix. p. 393, and Paus. ii. 18. 7). 
 
 976 B. C. (=975 y. 8 mo. = 339 -f "6 -4- 4 + 6 + 20 -+- 21 y. 4 mo. -f 6+ 120 y. 
 4 mo. + 42 + 25 -f 1 7 + 6 + 45 + 8 + 6 + 7 + 12 + 44 + 44 + 44 + 49 + 35 + 
 g_|_6_Ln_l_4.-|-4i years." of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, the Afr.-Maneth. table giving 
 
 I0 yg "26 46 — 4 — 9 — 6 — 7 yrs " = 978), accession of S£s6gh6sis, S£s6ghis, 
 
 or Shishak, head of the Twenty-second dynasty. The name of king Sesonk occurs 
 on a stela at Silsilis, and on moveable articles — now in the "museums of London, Paris, and Berlin" 
 
 (olid, analect.). ,■,,.„ 
 
 The great unfinished hall of the temple at Karnak commenced by king Sesonk. 
 
 Jeroboam fleeing to Shishak in Egypt before — the death of Solomon (1 K. xi. 40 and 2 Chron. x. 2). 
 
 074. B C. (= 98: "7 years " of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A. i. 18), 
 
 Baleazar succeeded as king at Tyre by his son Abdastratus ; twenty (= " 29 — 9 ") years old, and 
 who reigned "nine" years. _ . 
 
 073 B. C. (= 1005 y. 116 d. — "40 years" of ten lunations of 1 K. xi. 42 and 2 Chron. ix. 30), 
 Solomon succeeded by his son Rehoboamr fourth Jewish king. 
 
 After " three days " (1 K. xii. 5 to 20) division of the Jewish nation ; Jeroboam becoming king 
 over the revolted portion. 2 4 
 
I 86 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 To render himself secure, Jeroboam next sought to make a distinction in religious worship ; 
 and "ordained a feast in the eighth month, on the fifteenth day of the month, like unto the feast 
 that" is "in Judah:" called also "the month which he had devised of his own heart" (i K. vi. 38, 
 and xii. 26 to 33). In ingrafting a calendar year of twelve lunations upon the Mosaic institutions, 
 the new festival would be initiated in (" 10 " -f- 2\ =) the thirteenth month : — which may perhaps 
 explain the circumstance of the "eighth" month " bwl " having become the Third.month of the 
 Muslims. 
 
 971 B. C. (= 1071 -f- "about 100 years" of Clint, i. p. 96 and 134), the Minyae expelled from 
 Lemnos and the island occupied by Pelasgians from Attica. — Pelasgians continued on Lemnos in 
 the days of Darius (Herodot. iv. 145, v. 26, and Pausan. vii. 2). 
 
 Not earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244), 
 Dipticetu reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 969 B. C. (= 972 y. 357 ? % d. — " 5th year " of Rehoboam, 1 K. xiv. 25 and 2 Chron. xii. 2), 
 capture of Jerusalem by Shishak king of Egypt. A record of this event, with an accompanying 
 portrait of king Sesonk, has been discovered by Champollion on the walls of the temple at Karnak. 
 
 One hundredth generation. May 1st, 967, mostly beyond youth: the prophets Shemaiah, and 
 Iddo (1 K. xii. 22, 2 Chron ix. 29, xii. 15, and xiii. 22). 
 
 In the reign at Athens of Codrus son of Melanthus (Euseb., and Clint.), irruption into Asia 
 Minor of Amazons and Cimmerians. 
 
 965 B. C. (= 974 — "9 years " of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.), at Tyre, 
 Abdastratus slain by the four sons of his nurse ; and succeeded by the eldest of them, — who reigned 
 "twelve " years. 
 
 962 B. C. = "30th year after the Return of the Heraclidae " (of Didym., and Clint.), capture of 
 Corinth by the Heraclidae or Dorians under Aletes ; who established himself there as king (Diod., 
 and Paus. ii. 4. 3). 
 
 961 B. C. = "about thirty years after the Return of the Heraclidae " (of Clint, i. p. 131 and 140, 
 see Herodot. iv. 147, and Strab. viii. p. 347), Eurysthenes and Procles, twin sons of Aristodemus 
 and Argia, having attained majority, installed as kings of Sparta. Their uncle and guardian Theras 
 retiring with a colony to the island of Calliste, from him called " Thera." Theras and his sister 
 Argia were of Cadmean descent, in the "sixth" generation from Oedipus (Callim. h. Ap. 74, and 
 schol. Apollon. iv. 1764). 
 
 959 B. C. (= 1071 — "33 — 12 — 1 — 8 — 37 — 21 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134 = 931 
 -f- "8th -\- 20 years" in Hieronym. vers., see also Conon 26), Codrus king of Athens slain in battle 
 against the Dorians ; under the belief, that his own death would cause the defeat of the enemy. He 
 was succeeded by his son Medon, who by a change in the form of government, was made archon 
 for life. 
 
 After the war with Codrus (Strab. ix. p. 393), the city of Megara not far from Athens, occupied 
 by the Dorians. 
 
 "958 B. C." (according to astronomers) the date implied in Hesiod's remark respecting the rising 
 of the Pleiades. Hesiod of Ascra in Boeotia composing poetry in the Fifth or Iron Aye, after the 
 conclusion of the Fourth containing the men who fought at Thebes and Troy (op. 155 to 175). His 
 father may have taken part in founding Aeolian Cuma, but he himself had never crossed the sea, 
 except only as far as Euboea (op. 219 to 648). 
 
 I'iscum album of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain mistletoe, in 
 Anglo-Saxon " mistiltan " (Prior), in Germany " mistel " (Grieb), in France "gui " (Nugent), in Italy 
 " visco albo " (Lenz), in Greece " ixia " or in Laconia " mSlla " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the 
 " mella " growing on the oak according to Hesiod — (Plin. xvi. 11, compare Theophrast. iii. vii. 5): 
 the " uphfiar " of the Arcadians growing on pines and spruces, is distinguished from the " ixia " by 
 Theophrastus caus. ii. 17. 1 and 2; is mentioned also by Pliny xvi. 93, and Hesychius ; V. album 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on mountains as far as the Peloponnesus growing 
 on Abies picea and sometimes on the oak ; by Kotschy, on spruces on the Taurian mountains (Lenz). 
 Westward and Northward, the druids of Gaul when in rare instances the " viscum " was found on the 
 oak, collected it with religious rites on the " sixth day of the moon," the beginning of their months 
 and years (Plin.) : V. album is termed " v. baccis albis " by Tournefort inst. 610 ; is known to o-row 
 in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., Engl. bot. pi. 1470, and Pollini). 
 
 Loranthus Europceus of the East Mediterranean countries and Siberia. A kind of mistletoe 
 called in Italy " visco quercino " (Lenz), in Greece " 6x6s " (Belon, and Sibth.) or " ixos " (Fraas) ; 
 
 possibly the "viscum" growing according to Hesiod together with the preceding on the oak 
 
 (Plin.) : the " ixou " whose leaves are prescribed in Int. affect. 93, is mentioned also by Aristotle, and 
 Athenaeus ; the " ixia " called in Euboea " stSlis " and distinguished by its fruit, is described by 
 Theophrastus caus. ii. 17 as growing on the oak, terebinth, and many other trees, and the term " ixou " 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 187 
 
 is applied to its juice ; " ixos " is also mentioned by Dioscorides as the product of a shrub growing 
 on the oak : L. Europaeus was observed by Belon i. 59, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus 
 to mount Athos, and by Chaubard growing on the oak ; by Jacquin pi. 30, on oaks in Austria, is 
 known to grow also in Siberia, its berries yellowish (Pers.). Westward, " viscus " birdlime is men- 
 tioned by Plautus, and Juvenal, and the plant producing it by Varro vii. 7, Virgil, and Pliny : L. Euro- 
 paeus is known to grow in Italy (Pollini, and Lenz) ; bird-lime is made from its berries there as well 
 as in Greece, and its wood is sold in the drug-shops under the name of " viscum quernum " (Spreng., 
 and Lenz). Farther South, "viscum quercinum " was found by Forskal employed medicinally in 
 Egypt. 
 
 Boletus igniarius of Northern climates. A kind of spunk or woody mushroom called in Germany 
 " zunderschwamm " or " feuerschwamm " (translated by Grieb German tinder and " schwammbuchse " 
 tinder-box), in Italy " lingua cattiva " or " esca" (Lenz), in Greece " £ska" (Fraas) or " iska " (Sibth.), 
 and possibly the " viscum " attributed to Hesiod by Pliny, and the Aeolic " viskos ; " the verb " isk6 " 
 to assimilate, seems also connected with this plant : — " muketSs " growing on oaks on and near the 
 roots, are mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 7. 5 ; B. igniarius was observed by Sibthorp in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, and by Fraas on oaks. Westward, "ignis esca" is mentioned by Livy; B. igniarius is 
 termed " agaricus pedis equini facie " by Tournefort inst. 562 ; is known to grow in Italy and through- 
 out middle and Northern Europe (Bull. h. fr., and Sowerb. pi. 132). 
 
 Marsdenia erecta of the East Mediterranean countries. An Asclepiaceous plant called in Greece 
 " psophios " (Fraas) ; and the " ippomanSs " of Hesiod — is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the 
 "apokunon," described by Dioscorides as a shrub with long tough branches and pod-like fruit, its 
 leaves full of yellow juice and mixed in bait to kill dogs, foxes, wolves, and panthers, and referred 
 here by writers : in the added Synonyms the " apokunon " is identified with the " kunomoron " or 
 " kunokramve," and under these three names is mentioned by Galen fac. simpl. vi. p. 835 : M. erecta 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; 
 is known to grow also in Syria (Pers.). Westward, the "paralusis" of the prophets, or " kunokram- 
 ven " or " kunoktonon " or " kunaghon " or " parthaliagh£s " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the " vrassika roustika " or " kanina " of the Romans ; the account of the " apocyni " by Pliny xxiv. 
 58 seems in part taken from Dioscorides, but he adds medicinal uses of the seeds : M. erecta is 
 described by Matthioli p. 774 (Spreng.) ; and is termed " apocynum folio subrotundo " by Tournefort 
 inst. 92. In experiments made in 1580, the seeds according to Clusius hist. i. p. 126 proved fatal to 
 dogs. (See Doronicum pardalianches and Delphinium peregrinum). 
 
 Scolymus Hispanicus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany "golddistel" (Lenz), 
 in Greece " kfiphalaggatho " (Forsk.) or " skolumvros " or " skolumos " (Sibth.), in Egypt " laelech " 
 (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the SKOVVMOE of Hesiod op. 580 flowering in the hot season, — 
 mentioned also by Alcaeus, Eratosthenes, Xenocrates ; by Numenius, and Athenaeus ix. 12, as edi- 
 ble ; termed " phullakanthos " by Theophrastus vi. 4, its edible root becoming milky ; and according 
 to Dioscorides, the young plant eaten as greens: S. Hispanicus was observed by Belon i. 18, and 
 Sibthorp (Walp. p. 245), eaten in Greece ; and by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding from 
 the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Farther South, is called " hnous " in Egyptian (Syn. Diosc.) ; 
 and was observed by Forskal p. 145, and Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo. Westward, the 
 " skolumos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " stouvouloum " of the Romans ; is described by 
 Pliny xxi. 56 as flowering late and during the remainder of the season successively, its leaves losing in 
 drying the power of pricking : S. Hispanicus was observed by Clusius hist. ii. p. 153 in Spain, the 
 root and young plant eaten ; by Desfontaines, in Barbary ; is termed •' s. chrysanthemus " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 480 ; is known to grow also in Italy and Southern France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). . 
 
 Scolymus maculatus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " asproagkatha " or 
 "skolumvros" (Fraas), in Egypt " lehlah " (Del.), and included perhaps in the "skolumos" of 
 Hesiod, — for the young leaves were found by Fraas eaten in Greece : S. maculatus was observed by 
 him, and Sibthorp, from Zacynthus throughout Greece and the Greek islands to Smyrna ; by Hassel- 
 quist, in Palestine ; and by Delile, in Lower Egypt. Westward, is included by Clusius with the pre- 
 ceding species, and both observed in Spain, as appears from his figures (Spreng.) ; is distinguished 
 as "s. chrysanthemus annuus" by Tournefort inst. 480 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Por- 
 tugal, and Southern France (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Alcea rosea, of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain rose mallow (Nugent) or 
 hollihock, by Huloet diet, "holy hoke," by old writers "alcea hortulana " (Prior), in France "passe- 
 rose" (Nugent), in Greece " molohe emera " or " thenthromoWhe " (Sibth.), and possibly included 
 in the M AV AXH of Hesiod op. 41 : — the garden kind is mentioned by Diphilus Siphnius (Spreng.) ; 
 and " malahai " perishing in the garden, by Moschus iii. 106 : A. rosea was observed by Forskal, Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus and mountains of Crete to the Dardanelles, cultivated 
 besides for its flowers which are used medicinally. Westward, the " malache " or " moloche " whose 
 
158 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 top follows the sun, is mentioned by Columella x. 247 : the " malahe kepeute " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " malva ortfinsis " of the Romans : A. rosea is termed " malva rosea folio subro- 
 tundo " by Tournefort inst. 94 ; was observed by Forskal in gardens on Malta ; and is cultivated for 
 ornament from Spain throughout middle Europe (Cav. ii. pi. 28 f. 1, and Pers.). Eastward from 
 Syria, was observed by Graham " in gardens " near Bombay ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; by 
 Kaempfer, and Thunberg, cultivated everywhere in Japan and called " fujoo," or usually " kibatsisso." 
 By European colonists, was carried prior to 1669 (Joss.) to Northeast America, where it continues a 
 favourite garden flower. | 
 
 Alceaficifolia of the East Mediterranean countries. A larger kind of hollihock often confounded, 
 with the preceding, but called in Egypt " khatmyeh " (Del.) and agreeing better with the " malahe " 
 of Hesiod, — and "malahe kepeute" of Dioscorides more suitable for food, in the added Synonyms 
 identified with the "anthelna" of Pythagoras, " thiathe'sma" of Zoroaster, and " aigos splen " or 
 " oura muos " of the prophets . the " malahe " is described by Theophrastus i. 3. 2 as growing as 
 tall and big as a spear in six or seven months : A. ficifolia was observed by Hawkins, Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, wild in Crete and the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Farther 
 South, is called in Egyptian " htikorten " (Syn. Diosc.) or " katmis " (Kirch.) ; •' malvas " in Arabia 
 said to furnish a staff in the seventh month, are mentioned by Pliny xix. 22 ; the " khatmi " is men- 
 tioned by Rhazes, Avicenna, and Abd-allatif ; and A. ficifolia was observed by Forskal p. lv and 
 mat. med., and Delile, under cultivation in Egypt, its leaves cooked and eaten, and leaves and flowers 
 imported besides from Asia Minor for medicinal use. Westward, the " malope *' of the Greeks is 
 identified by Pliny xx. 84 with the larger " malva sativa : " A. ficifolia is termed " a. rosea hortensis 
 maxima folio ficus " by Tournefort inst. 98 ; and is cultivated for ornament from Spain throughout 
 middle Europe (Cav. ii. pi. 28. f. 2). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues in gardens, accompanying the preceding species. 
 
 Phaseelus max of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Erect (Pers.), and called in Nubia "kache- 
 ryngy " (Del.), in Yemen " koschari," (Forsk.), in Palestine " maseh " (Rauwolf); in which we rec- 
 ognize the MA2A of Hesiod op. 590, — Herodotus, Achaeus, Cratinus, Aristophanes acharn. 835, 
 Xenophon, and the " mikron phasiolon " from Alexandria mentioned by Alexander Trallianus vii. 2. 
 8 : the " maseh " or " maddj " is mentioned by Maserjawia, Rhazes, Avicenna, Serapion, and Ebn 
 Baitar, is identified by Ebn Batuta with the " koshira," came according to Ebn Djokljol from Yemen 
 where it is called " aktan," and in the days of Abd-allatif was not sown in Egypt but was imported 
 by druggists from Syria ; " Dolichos " seeds imported from " Aleppo " and called " maseh," were 
 seen by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt : P. max is termed " pisum indicum " by 
 Plempius ; is well known in Persia (Del.) ; was observed by Rauwolf, and rabbi Schwarz ii. 2, under 
 cultivation in Palestine ; by Delile, under cultivation at Syene, and by Forskal p 214 also in Yemen. 
 Eastward, the "madia" or " masha " is mentioned in the Institutes of Manu ix. 39, and by D'han- 
 vantari, and Susrutas iv. 6 to 35 : the black-seeded variety called black gram is less esteemed in 
 Hindustan (Drur.), but according to Crawfurd, and Mason, v. 467, is one of the most common pulses 
 of Burmah. P. max is described by Rumphius v. pi. 140 (Pers.) ; is perhaps the erect species seen 
 by Blanco on the Philippines, in many places the principal food of the natives, and called in Tagalo 
 "balatong" or " mongos." (See P. mungo). 
 
 "957 B. C. = 45th year of Mou-wang " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-ninth 
 cycle. 
 
 956 B. C. = " 2 tst year Sesonk ; " the latest date in his reign found on the monuments — (Leps. 
 k. tab. p. 19). 
 
 The same year (=r 972 y. 357 ¥ 6 5 d. — " 17 years " of 1 K. xiv. 21), Rehoboam succeeded at Jeru- 
 salem by his son Abijah or Abijam, fifth Jewish king. 
 
 Allium roseum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "agrio krgmmuthi " (Sibth.), 
 the equivalent of f Vt~9fl hbtzld of Cant. ii. 1, — and Isaiah xxxv. 1 : A. roseum was observed by 
 Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in Crete 
 and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " allium in arvis sponte nascens " or " alum " is mentioned by 
 Pliny xix. 34 ; A. roseum is described by Magnol xi. pi. 10, and Rudbeck ; is termed " a. sylvestre 
 sive moly minus roseo amplo flore " by Tournefort inst. 385 ; and is known to occur in cultivated 
 ground in Italy, Barbary, and Southern France (Desf., Tenore, and Pers.). 
 
 Narcissus Orientalis of Syria and Palestine. The tVM9trt hbtsld of Canticles ii. 1. and 
 
 Isaiah xxxv. 1, is referred here by Sprengel : N. Orientalis was observed by Chateaubriand trav. ii. 
 122 abounding in the district of Sharon, between Joppa and Caesarea. Transported to Europe, is 
 described by Rudbeck elys. ii. p. 52 (Pers.). 
 
 Jnglans rcgia of Persia and the Himalayan mountains. Called in English gardens walnut, in 
 France "noix" (Nugent), in Germany " wallnuss," in Italy " noce " (Lenz), in Greece "karuthia" 
 (Fraas), in Egypt "gios "(....), in which we recognize the 21 \K agwz of Canticles vi. 1 j, — 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1 89 
 
 "jius" of C. E. Luka, and "jauwz" of Ebn Baitar: the "karua" is mentioned by Epicharmus, 
 Sophocles, and Philyllius (Athen. ii. 38) ; " karua pSrsike " by Theophrastus iii. 6. 2 to 14. 4, identi- 
 fied by Dioscorides with " k. vasilika," and the Greek name is quoted by Pliny xv. 24 as evidence 
 that the tree came from Persia : the " thios valanos " is mentioned by Diodes (Athen. ii. 42) ; " ju- 
 glandium " shells were employed by Dionysius of Syracuse (Cic. tusc. v. 20. 58), and the "juglans" 
 or " jovis glans " is mentioned by Varro, Virgil, and Palladius : J. regia is described by Bauhin 
 (Pers.) ; is known to be cultivated from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as " Lat. 56 " (A. 
 Dec.) ; was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, cultivated in Greece and perhaps naturalized ; by Clot- 
 Bey, in Egypt, recently introduced ; by Belon, and Hasselquist, in Palestine. Farther East, the sap 
 is collected and employed medicinally in Circassia (Spencer, and Lindl.) ; the tree is known to grow 
 wild Southward of Caucasus, and in the mountain forest of Talusch (Ledeb., and C. A. Mey.) ; and 
 according to Roxburgh on the mountains North and Northeast of Hindustan and in Sanscrit called 
 "ukshadu," or according to Piddington "unkotha;" was observed by Bunge p. 62 here and there in 
 Northern China. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where in our Middle 
 States I have found it producing nuts of good quality. 
 
 Lawsonia alba of Hindustan. A shrub called in the gardens of Egypt and Yemen " henna " 
 (Forsk.), in Nubia " kofreh " (Del.), in which we recognize the SIX kphr cultivated in Palestine 
 according to Canticles i. 14 and iv. 13 : — the "kupros " is mentioned by Theophrastus odor. 5 to 6, 
 by Dioscorides as a woody plant growing at Canopus and Ascalon, by Plinv xii. 51 as growing as far 
 as Cyprus : "phoinissan tS n£en kupron " is mentioned by Antipater (Meleag. cor. i. 42) ; the oint- 
 ment prepared from the leaves, by Posidonius, Celsus, Paulus Aegineta, by Dioscorides as turning 
 the hair yellow (a practice unknown to Lucan iii. 238, but mentioned by Tertullian c. foem. ii. 6) : 
 mummies have been discovered having the finger-nails stained with henna; L alba is described by 
 Abul Fadli (Spreng.) ; was observed by Forskal, Delile, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt ; by 
 Rauwolf, in Palestine ; by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen ; by myself, the fresh powdered leaves 
 brought to market at Mocha and universally used by the Arab population. Eastward, Onesicritus, 
 and Nearchus, found the Kathaians staining their beards "white, red, purple, and green " (Strab. xv., 
 and Arr.) : L. alba is called in Hindustanee "mayndie,'' in Telinga "goounta chettoo," in Tamil 
 "maroodanie" (Drury) ; was observed by Rheede i. pi. 40 in Malabar; by Graham, "very common 
 in gardens as a hedge plant" in the environs of Bombay; by myself, under cultivation there and the 
 powdered leaves used even by the Hindu population ; was observed by Roxburgh in other parts of 
 Hindustan: by Mason v. 409 and 513, "exotic" in Burmab and called "dan," extensively cultivated, 
 the "beautiful orange" dye from the leaves beat up with catechu and used by females to stain the 
 finger ends : by Blanco, at Manila, but no native names are given. 
 
 Aquilaria agallocha of Tropical Eastern Asia. The imported product is called in English lign- 
 aloes or aloes wood (Lindl.), in Egyptian " tshenlavos " (lex. Oxf.) ; and the tl V 3 V aelwd of Canti- 
 cles iv. 14, — giving out perfume according to Psalm xlv. 8, or the "aloen" of John xix. 39, is 
 referred here by writers : "agallohon " (a combination of two of its Pali and Sanscrit names "agalu " 
 and "lauha," Royle, and Mason) brought from Arabia and India according to Dioscorides, is men- 
 tioned also by Pliny, Galen, Oribasius, Aetius, Isidorus, and Paulus Aegineta ; '■ aghlajoon " or 
 "indian ud," by Rhazes, Serapion, Avicenna, Ebn Baitar, and Persian medical writers : lign aloes 
 was seen by Baumgarten iii. 4 at Damascus, by Alpinus in Egypt, and accoiding to Forskal mat. med. 
 is called there " oud kakaji." Eastward, is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee "ugoor" (Lindl ), is 
 the wood of a large forest-tree in Sylhet on the Eastern border of Hindustan (Roxb.) ; is called 
 according to Mason v. p. 499 in Burmah "a-kyau," and grows along the Tenasserim coast on the 
 Mero-ui Isles, but the Selungs "as they profit by the trade endeavour to keep all in ignorance ; " was 
 observed by Bontius near Malacca ; by Marco Polo 75 " leigne aloe " in Cochinchina, observed there 
 also by Loureiro ; and by Rumphius ii. 30, on the Moluccas (Spreng.). 
 
 Curcuma longa of the Malayan Archipelago. The imported product is called in English tur- 
 meric (Lindl.), in Armenian "khekhrym " (Gesen.), and as cultivated in Yemen " kurkum " (Forsk.); 
 in which we recognize the "~l X 1 X krkm of Canticles iv. 14 : — the " kupeirou " of India, resembling 
 ginger according to Dioscorides i. 4, saffron-coloured and bitter when chewed, the ointment removing 
 hair, an accounf repeated by Pliny xxi. 70, is referred here by writers : imported turmeric was seen by 
 Alpi'nus iv. 13 in Egypt ; and by Forskal, under cultivation among the mountains of Yemen. East- 
 ward, C. longa is called in Hindustanee "zardchob" or "pitras" or "haldi," in Bengalee "halud" or 
 "har'idra" (D'roz.), in Telinga "pasoopoo," in Tamil "munjel" (Drury) ; was observed by Rheede 
 xi. pi. 11 in Malabar; by Gibson and Graham, cultivated "in Bombay" and "the richer villages of the 
 Deccan," the roots "much used for culinary purposes," also medicinally; by Roxburgh, under culti- 
 vation around Calcutta; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah and called "hsa-nwen;" by Loureiro, in 
 Cochinchina ; by Blanco, well known to the natives throughout the Philipoines and called in Tagalo 
 "dilao," in Bisaya "dulao" or "calavaga" or "quinamboi," in Pampango "angai." An unguent of 
 
I90 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the pounded roots according to Rumphius v. p. 166 rubbed by the Javanese all over their bodies as a 
 preservative against cutaneous diseases ; a practice among the Polynesians in former times, even 
 among the Hawaiians, and I remarked the plant itself introduced and naturalized throughout the Fee- 
 jeean, Samoan, and Taheitian groups. 
 
 955 B. C. (=975 y- 8 mo. — "21 years" of both Maneth. tables), S£s6ghis suc- 
 
 | ceeded by Os6rth6n, second king of the Twenty-second dynasty. The name of king 
 
 I Osarkon occurs on the great temple at Bubastis, on a vase (at one time owned by the 
 
 Roman Claudia family), and on a papyrus. He continued the great unfinished hall at 
 
 Karnak. 
 
 Orpheus according to Pliny xxv. 5 was the first to note the properties of plants (referring to some 
 Orphic poem hardly earlier than this date) : the scene of one at least of the poems attributed to 
 Orpheus is clearly Egypt ; and the personal existence of such a poet is denied by Aristotle an. i. 5. 
 
 Daucus carota of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain carrot, in France 
 " carrotte " (Prior), in Germany " mohre," in Italy " carota " and the wild kind " pastinaca selvatica " 
 (Lenz), in Greece "karotta" or " agria thaukia " (Fraas) or "staphulona " (Sibth.), in Egypt amd 
 Yemen "djazar" (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the "staphylino" said to be "amatorium" by 
 Orpheus (Plin. xx. 15) : the name seems derived from the ancient use of red chalk, and in the addi- 
 tion to Homer il. ii. 765 " staphule " signifies a mark: — the " staphulinos " plant is mentioned by 
 Dieuches, Philistion, Phanias of Eresus, Diodes, Cleophantus, Athenaeus ; the "staphulinos agrios," 
 by Theophrastus, the purple floret in the centre of its white umbels noted by Dioscorides ; and the 
 "karoton" is mentioned by Athenaeus : D. carota was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, in fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna ; by Abd-allatif i. 
 6, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt and the seeds used as aphrodisiac ; by 
 Forskal, seemingly wild on the mountains of Yemen; is known to occur also in Abyssinia (A. Rich.). 
 Westward, the "staphulinos agrios" is identified in Syn. Diosc. withjthe " karotam " or "pastinaka" 
 of the Romans, by Pliny xxv. 64 with the "pastinacam erraticam ; " the "pastinaca" is mentioned by 
 Hyginus, by Columella, and Pliny xix. 27, as cultivated, and the "carota" is mentioned by Apicius 
 iii. 2t : D. carota was observed by Forskal on Malta, as well as near Marseilles ; is known to occur 
 cultivated and seemingly wild in Algeria, Spain, and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden 
 (Pers., Munby, and Fries). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to occur throughout Siberia as far 
 as Kamtschatka (Ledeb.); is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee "gajar" (D'roz.), was observed in 
 Hindustan by Roxburgh, by Gibson and Graham "a staple article of food in the Eastern parts of the 
 Deccan during the cold season ; " is known to occur also in Cochinchina and China (Dec.) ; in Japan, 
 everywhere cultivated and called " kofuk," or usually "nisji" or " iabu nensin " (Kaempf., and 
 Thunb.); on the Loo Choo Islands (Beech y) ; on Timor (Decsne) ; and may therefore have been 
 carried by Malays and Polynesians to Australia, New Zealand, and the Hawaiian Islands. Clearly 
 by European colonists, was carried to Madeira and the West Indies (A. Dec); to Northeast America, 
 where it continues abundantly cultivated and in the dry-rooted form naturalized ; to Patagonia and 
 Chili (observed by myself); and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). Sown in rich soil according to 
 Vilmorin, the root after successive generations becomes fleshy and edible, and in this form trans- 
 ferred to barren soil relapses in the course of generations into its original dry-rooted state. The root 
 and seeds are enumerated by Lindlcy as employed medicinally. 
 
 Mentha aquatica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wafer mint 
 (Bacon), in Germany " wasserminze," in Italy "menta" (Lenz), in Greece with other species 
 " ethiasmo " or " ethuosmos " (Fraas), in Egyptian " tis " or " phgrthroumonthou " or " pgrxd " or 
 "makithS" (Syn. Diosc); in which we recognize the " minlhe " changed according to Orphic 
 poems from a fruit-bearing large tree to a barren plant — (etym. gud. p. 39s), identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "ethuosmos," the name changed by the Greeks (according to Pliny xix. 47) on 
 account of the fragrance : " ethuosmou rizan " is prescribed in Int affect. 33 ; and the " ethuosmon " 
 of Theophrastus vii. 7. 1 may also be compared : M. aquatica was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, frequent along streams from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna; is enumerated by Clot-Bey 
 Figari as long known in Egypt (i. e. in gardens). Westward, the " ethuSsmos " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "mSntha" or "n£pgtam" of the Romans; "the "nepetam" whose root is used 
 medicinally is placed in the same genus with the " mentam " by Pliny xix. 47 and xx. 56: M aqua- 
 tica is termed "m. rotundifolia palustris seu aquatica major" by Tournefort inst. 189, "m. palustris " 
 by Miller, " m. hirsuta" by Linna;us (Steud.) ; and is known to grow wild in Italy and throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 638, Engl. bot. pi. 447, and Pers.). According to 
 Bacon in his essay on gardens, the flowers "which perfume the air most delightfully" on "beinc 
 trodden upon and crushed are three, that is burnet, wild thyme, and water mints, therefore you are 
 to set whole alleys of them : " M. aquatica is among the species enumerated by Lindley as having 
 "been in repute as stomachics and emmenagogues." (See M. rotundifolia and M. arvensis). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 I 9 I 
 
 953 B. C. (= 955 y. 357^ d. — "3 years" of 1 K. xv. 2 and 2 Chron. xiii. 2), Abijam succeeded 
 at Jerusalem by his son Asa, sixth Jewish king. 
 
 The same year (= 965 — "12 years " of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.), 
 accession at Tyre of Astartus son of Delaiastartus ; aged forty-two (= " 54 — 12 "), and who reigned 
 " twelve " years. 
 
 952 B. C. (= 972 y. 354^ d. — "22 years" of twelve lunations of 1 K. xiv. 20), Jeroboam suc- 
 ceeded at Tirzah (1 K. xiv. 17) by his son Nadab, second king of Israel. 
 
 950 B. C. (= 951 y. 228^J| d. — "2 years " of twelve lunations of 1 K. xv. 25), Nadab slain ; and 
 succeeded at Tirzah by Baasha, third king of Israel. 
 
 The same year (=959 — "9 years" of Castor in Armen. vers, of Euseb.), Medon succeeded 
 by his son Acastus, second hereditary archon of Athens. "Thirty-six" years are assigned to his 
 rule by both Castor, and Eusebius. 
 
 Elczagnus angustifolia of middle Europe. A small tree called by the Turks "idae" (Forsk.) : 
 the " kotinon " brought from the country of the Hyperborei (according to Pindar ol. 3, and Pausanias 
 v. 7, by Hercules) to Athens, where it was planted in the temple of Erechtheus on the acropolis — ■ 
 and called "kallist£phanon," the tree afterwards burned by the Persians, a sucker surviving (Herodot. 
 viii. 55), the leaves according to Aristotle mirab. 52 white on the upper surface instead of the under, 
 is referred here by Camus: the "kotinos" is mentioned also by Theophrastus ii. 3, Theocritus v. 
 100, Moschus vii. 2, and is identified by Dioscorides with the " agriSlaia : " E. angustifolia is described 
 by Tournefort cor. 53 as having the fruit "olivaeformi subdulci ; " was observed by Forskal under 
 cultivation on Tenedos and at Constantinople, its yellow edible drupe as large as an olive and the 
 flowers said to be strongly odorous ; by Sibthorp, on Samos and near Smyrna ; and by Hasselquist, 
 in Palestine. Westward, is known to grow in somewhat moist situations among the Alps and 
 Pyrenees (Pers. ; see E. Orientalis). 
 
 949 B. C. (= 1071 — "80 — 42 years" of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 166), Eurysthenes 
 succeeded by his son Agis as one of the two kings of Sparta. 
 
 While Sous son of Procles was reigning jointly with Agis (Plut. lye. 2, see also Ephorus in 
 Strab. viii. p. 360), the revolted citizens of Helos subdued and reduced to slavery : apparently, the 
 beginning in Greece of this institution "thouleia." The Lacedaemonians (according to Theopompus) 
 " when they conquered the Achaeans, and the Thessalians when they conquered the Perrhoebi and 
 Magnetes, were the first who reduced to slavery the former occupiers of the country." — (See also 
 Simonid., Cic. div. ii. 43, Pausan., Athen. vi. p. 265, and Clint, i. p. 144 and 333). 
 
 The address of Mou-wang (quoted in the Chou-king iv. 27, Pauth. p. 196) contains an allusion 
 to "black" marks made on the face of criminals ; evidently tattooing. 
 
 " 946 B. C. = 1st year of Koung-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 943 B. C. (= 952 y. 357/5 d. — " 10 years " of 2 Chron. xiv. I to 8), end of "ten years " of peace ; 
 employed by Asa in fortifying cities and preparing against invasion. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244), 
 Dyutimah reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 941 B. C. (= 953 — " 12 years " of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.), Astar- 
 tus succeeded as king at Tyre by his brother Aserymus ; (" 54 — 9" =) forty-three years old, —and 
 who reigned "nine years." 
 
 The same year (= " 130 years after the fall of Troy" of auct. vit. Horn., and Clint, i. p. 140, and 
 "in the reign of Agis" of Pausan. iii. 2. I., see also Strab. xiii. 1. 3), the outlying island of Lesbos, 
 between Cumae and the Troad, occupied by Aeolian Greeks under Grais, son of Archelaus and 
 great grandson of Orestes. 
 
 940 B. C. (before the "third month in the 15th year of the reign of Asa," 2 Chron. xiv. 9, xv. 11, 
 and xvi. 8), Osarkon or Zerah and his army of Ethiopians and Lubims, defeated at Mareshah by 
 Asa kin<r of Judah. Many "out of Israel" now placed themselves under the rule of Asa. 
 
 The same year (= 954 y- 8 mo. — " 15 years" of both Maneth. tables), Osarkon 
 I succeeded by the third king of the Twenty-second dynasty. The name of king Take- 
 I lut occurs on contemporaneous monuments — (Leps. k. pi. 44). 
 
 939 B. C. (= "third month in the 15th year of the reign of Asa," 2 Chron. xv. 10 
 to 1?), a covenant among the people assembled at Jerusalem; prohibiting change of 
 
 religion under penalty of death. 
 
 The same year ( )• The accession of Osarkon II., fourth king of the 
 
 Twenty-second dynasty, hardly earlier than this date. His name occurs on con- 
 temporaneous monuments, and on a statue — now in London (Glid. analect, and 
 
 Leps. k. pi. 44). ,,,,-,■ 
 
 "934 B. C. = 1st year of Y-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese 
 
 chron. t;\ble). 
 
192 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The Li-ki, or Chinese Ritual * is regarded as belonging to the " Tenth century B. C" — (A. Dec). 
 
 One hundred and first generation. Sept. Tst, 934, mostly beyond youth : the prophet Jehu (1 K. 
 xvi, and 2 Chron. xix. I and xx. 34). 
 
 932 B. C. (= 941 — " 9 years " of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.), Aserymus 
 slain, and succeeded as king at Tyre by his brother Pheles ; forty-nine (= " 50 — o y. 8 mo ") years 
 old, and who reigned " eignt months." 
 
 931 B. C. (= 1071 — "80 — 60 j'ears" of Philochorus, Eratosth., Aristarch., and Apollod. = 
 776 -f- "267 years" of Castor — 56— 56, and "in the archonship of Acastus" at Athens, Cast, in 
 Euseb. i. p. 131), the Ionic Migration. Colonists principally from Attica led by Neleus son of 
 Codrus into Asia Minor; where they founded the cities of Ephesus, Miletus, and Teos, adopting 
 however the worship of Diana anciently established "by the Amazons," and the other deities of the 
 country. (The date is confirmed by Mimnermus, and by the silence of Homer respecting the 
 Ionian cities of Asia ; the addition to the Second book of the Iliad being clearly by a later poet). — 
 During the next few yeats, other cities were built or occupied by the Greek colonists, as Smyrna, 
 Colophon, Erythra, and Phocaea. 
 
 The same year (= 932 — "8 months " of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.), 
 at Tyre, Pheles slain and succeeded as king by a priest of Astarte or Ashtoreth named Eithobalus ; 
 aged (" 68 — 32 " =) thir'.y-six, — and who reigned " thirty-two " years. 
 
 " In the reign of Eurypon " or Eurytion, son of Sous and third Proclid king at Sparta, "a long 
 war against the Arcadians of Mantinea; " who were living "under a popular government " — (Aristot. 
 rep. ii. 6. S, and Polyaen. ii. 13 ; see also Simonid., Herodot, Pausan. iii. 7. I, and Plut. lye. 2). 
 
 927 B. C. (= 949 y. 2505U d. — " 24 years " of twelve lunations of 1 K. xv. 33), Baasha suc- 
 ceeded by his son Elah, fourth king of Israel. 
 
 925 B. C. (= 926 y. 1 yjgYj d. — "2 years " of twelve lunations of 1 K. xvi. 8 to 24), Elah slain 
 and succeeded by Zimri ; who, after reigning " seven days in Tirzah," was himself slain and succeeded 
 by Omri, sixth king of Israel. 
 
 923 B. C. = " 24th of Choiak in the 15th year of Osarkon II.," an eclipse of the moon expected 
 or happened — (inscript. by his successor, and Birch). 
 
 919 B. C. (=924 y. 167m d. — "6 years" of twelve lunations of 1 K. xvi. 23), the city of 
 Samaria founded by Omri, for a new seat of government. 
 
 In the Peloponnesus, the Cynurians, a remnant of the Pelasgians and Ionians, subdued by 
 Echestratus son of Agis and one of the two kings of Sparta ; the third in the Agid line — (Pausan. iii. 
 2. 2 to 7. 2, see also Herodot. viii. 73). 
 
 "918 B. C." (Hieronym. and Clint, i. p. 23, Diodorus' numbers giving 1169 — "92 — 85 — 79 
 years" = 913), '" Fourth '' change in naval dominion; leaving the Thracians, the "Empire of the 
 sea '' acquired by the Rhodians. — Held by them " twenty-three " years. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. 244), 
 Medhatithi reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 917 B. C. = " 23d year of Osarkon II.," death of an Apis or sacred bull ; the latest 
 date in his reign found on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19, and Birch). 
 
 The accession therefore of Sesonk II., fifth king of the Twenty-second dynasty, not 
 earlier than this date. His name occurs on contemporaneous monuments — (Leps. 
 k. pi. 45). 
 
 The same year (=: 949 ■ — "I — ■ 31 years " of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 166), and " not 
 long after ihe conquest of Cynuria" (Pausan. iii. 2. 2), Echestratus succeeded by 
 Labotas as one of the two kings at Sparta; the fourth in the Agid line. 
 
 915 B. C. (= 939 y. 8 mo. — "25 years" of the Afr.-Maneth. table), accession of 
 Tak<516this, sixth king of the Twenty-second dynasty. The name of king Takelut II. 
 occurs at Kirnak, and on a tablet — now in Turin (Glid. analect.). 
 
 While the Rhodians held the sea, " Elpias " (towards the Southeastern extremity of Italv) 
 founded by them and the Coans ; and by themselves unaided, " Parth£nopen " (Naples), and 
 "Rothon" (beyond the mouth of the Rhone) : also according to some accounts, they colonized the 
 
 * Amygdalus Sinensis of China. The scarlet-flowered peach is clearly a distinct species; and 
 the "tao" of the Chinese Ritual — (A. Dec), and Book of Odes, quoted by Khoung-tseu ta hio ix. 
 6, may be compared. Eastward, the "tao" as appears from the Japanese Encyclopedia lxxxvi. 7 
 was brought from China to Japan: the "too" or " momu " was seen by Kaempfer v. 798 in Japan, 
 and with var. "fiore rubro pleno " is according to Thunberg planted in almost every garden "ob 
 elegantiam riorum." By European colonists, A. Sinensis was carried to Australia, and a tree observed 
 in a garden there was said to produce fruit of good quality. 
 
 1 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 193 
 
 " Gumnesias " or Balearic Islands (Strab. xiv. 2. 10). The Rhodians were skilled in the use of the 
 sling — (Sil. Ital. iii. 364) : but in this particular their reputation was eventually eclipsed by the Balearic 
 Islanders (see Lycophr., Diodor., Flor., and others). 
 
 913 B. C. (= 924 y. i6o£| d. — " 12 years " of twelve lunations of 1 K. xvi. 23 to 31), Omri 
 succeeded by his son Ahab, seventh king of Israel. Who married Jezebel, daughter of Eithobalus or 
 " Ethbaal, king of the Zidonians " 
 
 Cuscuta Europcza of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dodder (Prior), 
 in Egypt "haraoul" (Del.) ; the "hamul elkattan of Egypt" is identified by Ebn Baitar with the 
 "kuschut," and the +"10A/r'P ktsyowd of Psalm xlv. 8 — may be compared: " keschut " seeds 
 imported from Syria and taken internally as a cosmetic, especially by the Jews, were seen in Egypt 
 by Forskal mat. med. ; the living C. Europasa was observed by him, and Delile, around Cairo, and 
 by Hasselquist in Palestine. Northward and Westward, is described by Linnaeus ; is termed " c. 
 vulgaris " by Persoon, " c. major " by Decandolle (Steud.) ; is known to grow in middle Europe and 
 as far as Denmark (Thuil., Lam. fl. fr., Engl. bot. pi. 378, and fl. Dan. pi. 199). 
 
 Cuscuta epilinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Germany "flachsseide " 
 (Grieb, and Fraas), and from the name given by Ebn Baitar perhaps the species in question : — the 
 " angina lini " is mentioned by Pliny xvi. 44 : C. epilinum is described by Weihe ; but in the absence 
 of flax crops, was not seen by Fraas in Greece. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it was observed by Engelmann " sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern 
 States." 
 
 Cuscuta monogyna of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly the species in question : — 
 the "kathutas " is described by Theophrastus caus. ii. 17. 3 as a little Syrian herb growing upon trees, 
 thorns, and other plants ; twining around them, according to Pliny xvi. 92 : a species of Cuscuta is 
 distinctly described by Serapion (according to F. Adams) : " cuscuta " seeds from the Thebaid are 
 distinguished by Forskal mat. med.; and the living C. monogyna was observed by Berthe in gardens 
 not far from Gizeh. Farther North, is termed " c. orientalis viticulis crassissimis convolvuli fructu " 
 by Tournefort cor. 45 ; and was observed by Sibthorp on tamarisks near Smyrna. 
 
 912 B. C. (= 952 y. 357^ d. — "41 years " of I K. xv. 10), Asa succeeded at Jerusalem by his 
 son Jehoshaphat, seventh Jewish king. 
 
 The same year (= " 1182 " — a break of about 270 years, Lassen i. 473, and Buns. iv. 7. 1), ac- 
 cession of Gonarda III., the initial point of the Cashmere chronicle, hardly earlier than this date. 
 
 910 B. C. (=911 y. 357^- d. — " 3d year " of 2 Chron. xvii. 7), by order of Jehoshaphat, " the 
 book of the law " carried by a commission of princes, Levites, and priests, "throughout all the cities 
 of Judah, and taught the people." 
 
 "909 B. C. = 1st year of Hiao-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 907 B. C. (= 1071 — " 165th year" of Cyrill. adv. Jul. p. n), Laosthenes reigning in Assyria ; 
 Silvius, at Alba in Latium ; Agelas, at Corinth ; and Labotas with a colleague, at Sparta. (The 
 statement is however shown by Clinton to be taken from Eusebius' table). 
 
 In the joint reign at Sparta of Labotas with Prytanis son of Eurypon, war against the Argives 
 (Aristot. rep. ii. 6. 8, and Pausan. iii. 2. 3 to 7. 2). 
 
 905 B. C. = " nth year of Takelut," mention of a deceased prince Uasarkan. "Towards the 
 close of the same year," death of queen Karumamma, a statue of whom — is now in the Louvre at 
 Paris (Birch). 
 
 "904 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint, i. p. 23, Diodorus' numbers giving 1 169 — " 92 — 85 — 79 — 23 
 years " = 890), " Fifth " change in naval dominion. Leaving the Rhodians, the " Empire of the sea " 
 acquired by the Phrygians. — Held by them " twenty-five " years. 
 
 Ervum ervilia of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain ers or bitter vetch, in France 
 "ers" (Prior), in Germany " erve " (Fraas) or " linsenwicke," in Greece " rovithia " or " rovi " or 
 " orovi," in which we recognize the "5rov6n," a medimnus-measure (bushel and a half) constituting 
 the price of blood among the citizens of Tralles for killing either a Lelegian or Minyan — (Plut. 
 quaest. gr. 46) : the " orovos " is mentioned also in the Hippocratic treatises Vict. acut. 11, 3 Morb. 
 30, 6 Morb. pop. 4, Int. affect. 1 and 25, and by Polemon diaet. 13, Demosthenes 598. 4, Aristotle 
 h. an. iii. 21, Phanias of Eresus, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Galen: E. ervilia was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in Greece, cultivated as well as growing spontaneously in cultivated 
 ground. Farther South, the " orovos " was known to Athenaeus in Egypt ; and E. ervilia as appears 
 from Alpinus has been sometimes cultivated there. Westward, the " orovos " is identified in the 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " orovoum " of the Romans : the " ervum " is mentioned as an ingredient in the 
 theriac of Antiochus Magnus, as having cured Augustus according to one of his own letters, and 
 as cultivated in Italy (Plin. xviii. 38 and xx. 100) ; is mentioned also by Virgil eel. 111. roo, Columella, 
 and Palladius : E. ervilia is described by C. Bauhin pin. 346; is termed " e. verum " by Tournefort 
 inst. 398 ; and is known to occur as a weed or sometimes cultivated throughout middle Europe as far 
 
 25 
 
194 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 as Britain (Pers., Wats., and A. Dec.)- According to Virey, the seeds are poisonous, producing 
 weakness of the extremities when mixed with flour and made into bread (Lindl.). 
 
 902 B. C. — " 14th year of Takelut II.," on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19). 
 
 901 B. C. = " 15th year of Takelut II.," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 
 The same year (914 y. 8 mo. — " 13 years " of both Maneth. tables, giving 902), 
 TakSlSthis succeeded by the seventh king of the Twenty-second dynasty. The name 
 of king Sesonk III. occurs on contemporaneous monuments (Leps. k. pi. 46). 
 
 One hundred and second generation. Jan. 1st, 900, mostly beyond youth : the 
 prophet Elijah. 
 
 899 B. C. (= 931 y. 4 mo. — " 32 years " of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.), 
 end of the reign of the Phoenician king Eithobalus or Ethbaal. (On comparing the biblical account, 
 the deficit of 18 or 19 years between Eusebius' numbers and their given sum, seems to fall after this 
 event, rendering the dates of the succeeding reigns uncertain to the same amount). The List makes 
 Eithobalus succeeded at Tyre by Badezar ; aged thirty-nine (= "45—6"), and who reigned " six" 
 years. 
 
 " 897 B. C. = 13th year of Hiao-wang " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirtieth cycle. 
 
 Ornithogalum umbellatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain 
 star-of-BethUhem (Prior) translated into Welsh " seren Fethleem" (Davies), in Germany " vogel- 
 milch " (Grieb), in France " ornithogale " (Nugent), in Italy '• latte di gallina" (Lenz), in Greece 
 "mouniklia" or " agrios krinos " (Fraas) ; and the ^N^KANVk thbywnym sold in Samaria besieged 
 by Ben Hadad — (2 K. vi. 25) is referred here by Linnaeus : the "ornithos gala " is mentioned by 
 Nicander (Athen. ix. 12); the " ornithogalon " by Dioscorides as having an edible bulbous root, 
 umbelled flowers herbaceous outside and milky within ; and is identified by Ebn Baitar with the 
 " sasali " of Elgafaki : O. umbellatum was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated and fallow ground from the Peloponnesus throughout 
 Greece. Westward, the account of the "ornithogale" by Pliny xxi. 62 seems chiefly taken from 
 Dioscorides; O. umbellatum is described by Dodoens pi. 221 ; is termed " o. u. medium angusti- 
 folium" by Tournefort inst. 378; is known to occur in fallow ground from Italy throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Sweden (Hall., Pers., and A. Dec.) ; was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde 
 p. 133, but is regarded by Ray, Babington, and Watson, as exotic and only naturalized. By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, occurring especially in 
 the grass-grown clearings of New England. 
 
 " 894 B. C. = 1st year of I-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year"( Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 514), "money first coined of gold and silver 
 
 at Argos " in Greece. 
 
 893 B. C. (= 899 y. 4 mo. — " 6 years "of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.), 
 not earlier than this date, the accession at Tyre of Matgenus ; aged twenty-three (=" 32 — 9"), 
 and who reigned " nine " years. 
 
 892 B. C. (=9i2y. 291JA5J d. — "22 years " of twelve lunations of 1 K. xvi. 29), Ahab and 
 Jehoshaphat warring against the Syrians, and Ahab slain in battle. He was succeeded by his son 
 Ahaziah, eighth king of Israel. 
 
 By Jehoshaphat, ships built at Ezion-geber on the Red Sea : servants of king Ahaziah were 
 refused admittance; and " the ships were broken," and " went not" on the proposed voyage "to 
 Ophir for gold " — (1 K. xxii. 48, and 2 Chron. xx. 36). 
 
 890 B. C. (= 89T y. i65|J|- d. — "2 years" of twelve lunations of 1 K. xxii. 51), Ahaziah suc- 
 ceeded by his brother Joram, ninth king of Israel. 
 
 The war with the revolted Moabites brought to a close by the besieged king of Moab offering 
 "upon the wall" his own son for "a burnt offering" — (2 K. iii. 4 to 27). 
 
 Cucumis? prophctarum of the Tropical Sahara from the Atlantic to Arabia. The +1 O P 1 phkowd 
 gathered for Elisha — (2 K. iv. 39) is referred here by Linnaeus : the " lifiyat " according to Abul 
 Abbas Elhafits is called "alkam" in the Hedjaz, grows also in Phoenicia and Upper Egypt with fruit 
 like that of Momordica but prickly, and according to Ebn Baitar is frequent in Upper Egypt and 
 called " damahir." C. prophetarum is described by Linnaeus, and Jacquin hort. pi. 9 ; is known to 
 grow in Africa and Arabia (Pers.); was observed by myself in Upper Egypt, spreading on the soil of 
 the Desert, its fruit covered with soft prickles. " C. anguria " observed by Forskal p. 168 near 
 Mocha, may be compared ; also the plant carried to the West Indies under that name (Mill. diet. pi. 
 33, and Pers.). 
 
 887 B. C. (=911 y. 3S7A d - — " 2 5 years" of 1 K. xxii. 42), Jehoshaphat succeeded at Jerusa- 
 lem by his son Jehoram, eighth Jewish king. He married a daughter of Ahab (2 K. viii. 18). 
 
 In the reign of Jehoram (2 K. viii. 20), revolt of the Edomites. Who succeeded in establishing 
 their independence, and " made a king over themselves." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 195 
 
 " 880 B. C." (Euseb. and Clint i. p. 23 and 166, Diodorus' numbers giving 1169 — "92 — 85 — 
 79 — 2 3 — 2 5 years " = 865, a difference that would carry back these numbers to one of the false-dates 
 for the fall of Troy), " Sixth " change in naval dominion. Leaving the Phrygians, the " Empire of 
 the sea " acquired by the Cyprians. — Held by them " thirty-three " years. 
 
 The same year (= 917 — " 37 years" of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 166), Labotas suc- 
 ceeded by his son Doryssus, as one of the two Spartan kings ; the fifth in the Agid line. 
 
 879 B. C. (= 886 y. 357^ d. — "8 years " of 2 K. viii. 17 and 2 Chron. xxi. 5), Jehoram succeeded 
 at Jerusalem by his son Ahaziah, ninth Jewish king. 
 
 In company with Joram king of Israel, he warred against Hazael king of the Syrians at Damascus 
 (2 K. viii. 28, and 2 Chron. xxii. 5). 
 
 "878 B. C. = 1st year of Li-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 The Chinese characters containing the sign for silk not found beyond the Tcheou dynasty — 
 by Hiu-chin : silk is alluded to in the Chinese inscription on the Heng-chan mountain, erroneously 
 attributed to Yu (Pauth. p. 48 and 54) ; and is mentioned in the Chou-King. Westward, "serika" 
 or silk stuffs were seen in Hindustan by Nearchus (Strab. xv. 1. 20) : and were known in the Med- 
 iterranean countries to Horace, Propertius, Suetonius, and Martial ; though the Chinese manufacture 
 continued so rare and costly, that the emperor Elagabalus is accused of being the first Roman who 
 wore a silken dress. 
 
 Morus alba of China and Japan. Called in English gardens white mulberry, in Egypt "tout" 
 (Del.) ; and the "mulberry" mentioned in one of the three odes complaining of the cruelty of the 
 emperor Li-wang — (preserved in the Chi-King, Pauth. p. 101), and in connexion with "silk-worms" 
 in the Chou-King, may be compared : M. alba was observed by Bunge p. 60 " as though spontaneous " 
 on the mountains of Northern China ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, regarded as indigenous 
 and called " iammagua" or "kago kadsura." Westward, occurs growing spontaneously in the region 
 South and Southwest of the Caspian (Mey., Hohen., and A. Dec), but was unknown in the Mediter- 
 ranean countries in the days of Pliny xv. 29, who asserts that the berries of the " moris " in the end 
 turn black : seeds or cuttings according to some authorities accompanied the living silk-worms that 
 were brought from Central Asia in the reign of Justinian ; but Targioni found the opinion prevailing 
 in Italy, that cuttings were "brought from the East in 1434 by Fr. Buonvicini : " the tree has become 
 naturalized in Armenia, Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece, and Italy (Fraas, Griseb., and Poll.) ; was seen 
 by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by him, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt ; 
 and is known to be cultivated throughout middle Europe. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues in gardens ; to the Tropical islands of the Pacific, observed by 
 myself on the Taheitian and Hawaiian Groups ; and to Hindustan (Royle him. 337, and Graham), 
 but I was informed at Bombay that the cultivation does not succeed. 
 
 The same year (= 877 y. 317$!$ d - = S8 9 J- l8 7|fl d - — " I2 y ears " of twelve lunations of 2 K. 
 iii. 1, the line of Judah giving 878 y. 357^ d. — " 1 year" of 2 K. viii. 26 = 877 Y- 357A d -)> 
 Ahaziah, with Joram and his mother Jezebel, all slain by Jehu. Whose accession therefore syn- 
 chronous with that of Athaliah, mother of Ahaziah. 
 
 The name of Jehu king of Israel occurs in cuneiform letters in an inscription at Nineveh — 
 (according to . . . . and Layard). This therefore the earliest inscription in Assyrian or cuneiform 
 ■writing whose date is ascertained. 
 
 The deity on the Assyrian monuments having the human face and feet and the body of a fish, is 
 clearly Oannes, already mentioned. 
 
 The two-humped or Bactrian camel, Camelus Bactrianus, is figured on the Nimroud obelisk and 
 other monuments at Nineveh: — also at Persepolis, and on the Etruscan vases (Layard pi. 53 and 
 55, Bonom. pi. 178, and Mon. inediti pi. 50). The two-humped camel is described by Aristotle; 
 and is the kind employed by the Tartars of Northeastern and Central Asia, to the Crimea and Cau- 
 casus. Though unknown farther South, in Arabia ; the animal has probably been sometimes brought 
 as a curiosity into Egypt. 
 
 " 876 B. C. About this time " (Clint, i. p. 206 and 214), Second irruption of the Cimmerians 
 into Asia Minor. 
 
 875 B. C. = " 28th year of Sesonk III.," birth of an Apis or sacred bull ; the latest date in his 
 reign found on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. pi. 19, and Birch). 
 
 872 B. C. (= 877 y. 3573% d. — "6 years " of 2 K. xi. 3), queen Athaliah slain. Succeeded at 
 Jerusalem by Joash or Jehoash, son of Ahaziah and now eleventh Jewish king. 
 
 870 B. C. (= 991 — " 121 yrs " of the Egyptian Chronicle = 989 y. 8 mo. — " 120 
 "yrs " of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 822 y. 8 mo. -\- "49 
 yrs " = 871 y. 8 mo., and the monuments 875 — " 26 + 20th" = 869), Sesonk III. suc- 
 ceeded by Pekhi or Pamai, eighth king of the Twenty-second dynasty. His name — 
 has been found only on the tablet of the Apis or sacred bull at the Serapeum (Birch). 
 
I 96 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 869 B. C. = " 2d year of Pekhi " or Pamai, on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19). 
 
 One hundred and third generation. May 1st, 867, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 865 B. C. (859 y. 4 mo. + "7th year" of Phoenician annals in Jos. c. A.), accession at Tyre of 
 Pygmalion as Phoenician king ; aged nine (= " 56 — 47 "), and who reigned " forty-seven " years. 
 
 About 861 B. C. (= 981 — " 120 years " of Veil. Paterc. i. 7), a date for Hesiod, possibly mark- 
 ing that of some of the Hesiodic poems. The Theogony at least seems included in the alleged 
 derivation of Greek mythology from Homer and Hesiod not more than " four hundred " years before 
 Herodotus ii. 53. 
 
 859 B. C. (= 1002 y. 1 16^5- d. — " 143 y. 8 mo." of Phoenician annals in Jos. c. A.), Carthage 
 founded by Elissa also called' Dido, a fugitive sister of Pygmalion. (The date is confirmed by the 
 silence of Homer respecting Carthage, and by the Phoenicians under Cambyses refusing to make 
 war against their Carthaginian descendants, Herodot. iii. 19). 
 
 Glaucium lateum of the seashore of the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as the Baltic. Called 
 in Britain sea poppy or horned poppy (Prior), in Italy " papavero marino " or " papavero cornuto " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " ualopikra " (Fraas); in which we recognize the " mek&n keratitis" identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " sisimaka " of the Numidians : —the " mek6n keratitis " is mentioned by The- 
 ophrastus ix. 12 ; by Dioscorides as growing on the seashore, the flowers yellowish, and the fruit 
 long and curved like a horn ; G. luteum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on 
 the seashore of Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, the " mekdn keratitis " or " paralion " or 
 "agrian mekdna " or " thalassion " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " pavouloum mari- 
 noum " of the Romans ; the wild " papaver " called " ceratitin " or " paralion " or " glaucion " is 
 mentioned by Pliny xx. 78 as growing on the seashore ; G. luteum is described by Tragus 46 ; is 
 termed " g. flore luteo " by Tournefort inst. 254 ; and is known to grow in Italy, and along the Atlan- 
 tic as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 585, Wahl. p. 1082, and A. Dec). By European colonists, was car- 
 ried to Northeast America, where according to A. Gray it continues in " waste places, Maryland and 
 Virginia, not common.'' 
 
 Erodium malachoides of the Mediterranean countries. A species of heron's bill called in Egypt 
 "djarna " or " garna " (Forsk.), the seeming origin of the Greek word " geranion : '' the " g£ranion 
 6te>6n," identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " iSgk " or perhaps " iSsk " of the Numidians, — and de- 
 scribed by Dioscorides as of no medicinal use, having projections resembling a crane's head and bill, 
 and " malahe "-like leaves, is referred here by Sibthorp : E. malachoides was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands and Cyprus ; by Fors- 
 kal p. 123, and Dclile, in Egypt, extending into the Desert and sought as feed by sheep, goats, and 
 camels. Westward, the account of the " geranion " of the Greeks with leaves somewhat " candidiori- 
 bus " than those of " malvae " seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : E. malachoides is described 
 by Matthioli p. 624 (Spreng.) ; is termed "g. folio althaea" by Tournefort inst. 268 ; was observed by 
 Forskal near Marseilles; is known to grow also in Italy, Spain, and on the Canary Islands (Cav. iv. 
 pi. 91, and Pers.). 
 
 Geranium tuberosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " kaloge'ros " (Fraas), 
 and the ''geranion" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "i£sk£" of the Numidians, — mentioned also 
 by Theophrastus, . . Athenaeus, Paulus Aegineta, by Dioscorides as having a roundish sweet 
 edible root and " anemone "-like leaves, is referred here by writers : G. tuberosum was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus, a frequent weed in cultivated ground. 
 Westward, the " geranion " with " anemones " leaves is mentioned together with additional medicinal 
 properties by Pliny xxvi. 68 and 90 ; G. tuberosum is described by Matthioli, Anguillara, Dodoens, 
 and Lobel; is termed "g. tuberosum majus " by Tournefort inst. 267; and is known to occur in 
 Dalmatia and Italy (Cav. iv. pi. 7.8, Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Tragium Columnae of the Mediterranean countries. The '' tragi on alio" identified in. Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "ahoiosim" of the Numidians or ''sever" of the Egyptians, — growing according 
 to Dioscorides in mountainous and precipitous situations, its leaves in autumn emitting a goat-like 
 odour, is referred here by Columna, and Sprengel : T. Columnae was observed in Greece by Link, 
 and Gittard (Bory). Westward, the " tragion alio" or " tragok£r6s " or "skorpion" or "garganon" 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "salia" of the Dacians, and "kornoulaka " or " vitoufinsa" of 
 the Romans ; T. Columnae was observed by Columna phyt. pi. 17 in Italy, and by Villars ii. p. 605 
 in Southern France (Pers.). 
 
 Bunium ferulaceitm of the East Mediterranean countries. Called by the Turks " topana," a 
 name adopted by the Greeks (Sibth.), and the "giggithion" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " tirikta " of the Numidians or " thorusastrou " of the Egyptians or "athoriou"of the Syrians, — 
 produced according to Dioscorides chiefly in Syria and Cilicia, a little herb resembling "staphulind 
 agri6," its whitish and bitterish root eaten both crude and cooked; mentioned also by Galen fac. 
 alim. ii. p. 640, and Paulus Aegineta, may be compared : B. ferulaceum is termed " bulbocastanum 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 197 
 
 creticum ferula folio semine oblongo " by Tournefort cor. 21 ; was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated 
 ground on Cyprus, its root cooked and eaten. Westward, the "giggithion" or "lepithion" is identi- 
 fied in Syn. Diosc. with the " visakoutoum " of the Romans ; but seems known to Pliny xx. 16 only 
 as cultivated in Syria, much resembling " staphylino " and possessing the same properties. 
 
 Euphorbia apios of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " hamaiputhia " (Belon) or 
 "phlomaki" (Sibth.) : the "apios" or "ishas" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "thorphath sathe" 
 of the Numidians, — and mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 9. 5, by Dioscorides as a low plant with 
 a pear-shaped root whose upper portion is emetic and the lower purgative, the whole producing 
 combined effects, is referred here by writers : E. apios was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, on the mountains of Crete and Greece, its root to the present day employed among the peas- 
 antry for the purposes described by Dioscorides. Westward, the "apios'' or " hamaivalanon " or 
 " linozdstin " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " rathix silvestris " of the Romans ; the account 
 by Pliny xxvi. 46 of the "apios ischas " or "raphanos agria" or " raphanum silvestrem " seems 
 chiefly taken from Dioscorides; E. apios is described by Clusius hist. ii. pi. 190; and is termed 
 "tithymalus tuberosa pyriformi radice " by C. Bauhin pin. 292, and Tournefort inst. 87. 
 
 Thelygonum cynocrambe of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "tzingaki" or 
 " xinkohorton " (Sibth.) or " xungiohorton " (= axungia, Fraas); and the " kunia " identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " armas " or " asoumSslavon '' of the Numidians, — and described by Diosco- 
 rides as two span high, tender and whitish, with small round fruit close to the leaves, is referred here 
 by Honorius Bellus : the " kunia " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " kunokramve " or 
 "linozSstis agria arren: " T. cynocrambe was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in shaded 
 rock-clefts in Crete and Southern Greece. Westward, is described by Bauhin prodr. 59, and Bar- 
 relier pi. 335 ; is termed " cynocrambe Dioscoridis " by Tournefort cor. 52, " t. alsinoideum " by 
 Lamarck fl. fr. ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in other parts of 
 Southern Europe (Pers.). Eastward from the Mediterranean, is said to occur also in the East 
 Indies (Pers). 
 
 Crepis biennis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " sithilSas " of the Numidians 
 — identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " soghiten " of the Greeks and " lampouka " of the Romans, 
 also the kind of wild " lactuca " called " hieraciam " by Pliny xx. 26, and the " lactuca sylvatica " 
 of Apuleius Barbarus, are referred here by Fuchsius pi. 319, and Matthioli : C. biennis was observed 
 by Matthioli pi. frequent in Italy; is termed "hieracium maximum chondrillae folio asperum " by 
 Tournefort inst. 470; is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and 
 Engl. bot. pi. 149). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in the district around Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 Scorzonera laciniata? of the Mediterranean countries. The " sithile'sathe' of the Numidians, — 
 also called " soghiten " by the Greeks, and further identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "i<5raki6n 
 mikron " of Dioscorides and " intuvoum agre"st£m " of the Romans, is referred here by Fuchsius pi. 
 320, and Matthioli: S. laciniata was observed by Matthioli pi. frequent in Italy; is termed " s. lacini- 
 atis foliis " by Tournefort inst. 477 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., 
 Jacq. austr. pi. 356, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Chrysocoma linosyris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain goldilocks 
 (Prior), in Germany " goldhaar," in Italy " spilli d'oro di foglia stretta " (Lenz); in which we recog- 
 nize the " hrusokome " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "thouvath" or " vourhoumath " of the 
 Numidians, — and described by Dioscorides as a span high, growing in stony and shaded places : 
 C. linosyris was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the "hruso- 
 kome " or " hrusitis " or "hrusanthSmon " or "amaranton " or "thios p6gSn " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "iovis varva " of the Romans; the " chrysocome " or "chrysitis" is said by Pliny 
 xxi. 26 and 85 to have no Latin name; C. linosyris was observed in Italy by Columna ecphr. i. p. 81 ; 
 is described also by C. Bauhin ; is termed " conyza linariae folio " by Tournefort inst. 455 ; and is 
 known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 2505). 
 
 Plantago psyllium of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "psullohorton " (Sibth.) ; 
 in which we recognize the " psullion " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " ouargougoum " of the 
 Numidians, — and described by Dioscorides as growing in waste and cultivated ground, its seeds 
 resembling fleas, mentioned also by Galen : P. psyllium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chau- 
 bard, and Fraas, a frequent weed in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus through- 
 out the Greek islands to Constantinople. Farther South, seeds were observed by Forskal mat. med. 
 p. 167, and Delile, in the drug-shops of Egypt and called "qotneh," in which we recognize the 
 "kutuna" of Rhazes, and " kuthuna seeds" of Ebn Baitar. Westward, the "psullion" or "psul- 
 lens"or " kataphusis " or " krustallion " or "kunokephalion" or "kunomuna" or " sikSliStikon " 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " konithiis " of the Sicilians, and " silvakioum " or "erva 
 
I9§ CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 poulikaria " of the Romans ; the " psyllium " is mentioned by Celsus v. 2, and is identified by Pliny 
 xxv. 90 with the " cynoides " or " cynomyiam " or " sicelicon " growing in vineyards; P. psyllium 
 is termed "p. majus erectum" by Tournefort inst. 128, and is known to grow in Barbary and in 
 various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). The seeds according to Lindley, "are peculiarly mucila- 
 ginous " and " a good substitute for linseed or marsh mallows." 
 
 Potamogeton densus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Br\ta.\a frog 1 s lettuce 
 (Prior): the "astirkok" of the Numidians, — identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " thursion " or 
 " alimoktonon " or "potamogjitdn StSros " having leaves resembling those of the beet but thinner, 
 more elongate, and more numerous, and slender stems loaded with reddish fruit astringent to 
 the taste, may be compared : P. densus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the 
 streams of the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " potamog£it6n StSros " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "koathama" of the Dacians, " taurouk " of the Gauls, and " venai pholioum " or "Srvag6" 
 or " glathiatoriam " of the Romans ; P. densus is described by Linnasus, and is known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Engl. bot. pi. 397. See P. crispus). 
 
 851 B. C. (= 880 — "29 years" of Apollod., Diodor. and Euseb. i. p. 166), Doryssus succeeded 
 by his son Agesilaus as one of the two Spartan kings ; the sixth in the Agid line. 
 
 The same year (= 877 y. 3i7f$$ d. — " 28 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. x. 36), Jehu suc- 
 ceeded by his son Jehoahaz, eleventh king of Israel. 
 
 Anacyndaraxes or Acrazanes, father of Sardanapallus, reigning in Assyria — (Anchial. inscript., 
 Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.). 
 
 At Nineveh, a gate of the Khorsabad palace fastened by "a huge wooden lock" — which is 
 further described by Bonomi nin. iv. 1 as " like those still used in the East." The " mfth " of Isaiah 
 xxii. 22 is further identified with the Egyptian "muftah," the large wooden key belonging to these 
 locks. 
 
 In the sculptures at Khorsabad, an umbrella is figured — (Botta pi. 113). Umbrellas are also 
 figured at Nimroud (Bonom. nin. iv. 2) ; and were observed by myself in paintings on the walls of 
 the ancient caves at Adjunta in Hindustan. 
 
 At Khorsabad also, a battering-ram is figured, in use against a city wall — (Bonom. nin. iv. 1). 
 Also at Khorsabad, the punishment of imp tlement is represented — (Botta pi. 55, and Bonom. 
 nin iv. t). This barbarous punishment was sometimes employed by Darius (Herodot. thai. 159); 
 and continues in use among the Persians and Turks. 
 
 Pinus sylvestris of Northern Europe and Asia, and mountains farther South. Called in Britain 
 Scotch fir from growing on the mountains of Scotland (Prior), in Germany " kiefer " (Grieb), in 
 France " pin sauvage " (Fe'e), in Italy " pino montano " or " pino selvatico " (Lenz) ; occurring in the 
 buried submarine forests along the coast of France and Britain (Austen geol. soc. vi. p. 97); and "in 
 Assyrian sculptures a fir-cone is the symbol of fire " — (Prior) : the " pitus agria " growing according 
 to Theophrastus iii. 1 on the mountains of Macedonia, is referred here by writers ; and the "pinus 
 " silvestris " of Pliny xvi. 17 may in part belong here : P. sylvestris occurs in the debris of ancient 
 lake-villages in Switzerland (Troyon) ; is termed " p. s. vulgaris Genevensis " by Tournefort inst. 
 586 ; was observed by Forskal on mountains not far from Marseilles ; is known to grow in North 
 Italy and throughout Northern Europe as far as Lat. 70 (A. Dec, and Lenz), also in Siberia (Pers.); 
 was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus ; and by Thunberg, in Japan. 
 
 The same year = " 20th year of Pamai " death of the Apis or sacred bull that was born in the 
 " 28th year of Sesonk III.," aged " 26 years " — (Birch) . 
 
 The accession therefore of Sesonk IV., ninth and last king of the Twenty-second 
 dynasty, not earlier than this date. His name occurs on contemporaneous monuments 
 — (Leps. k. pi. 46). 
 
 S48 B. C. (= 1071 — "80 — 49 — 49— 45 years" of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. 
 i. p. [66), accession of Charilaus grandson of Prytanis, as sixth Spartan king in the 
 Proclid line ; under the guardianship of his uncle Lycurgus. 
 
 The same year = " 4th year of Sesonk IV.," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 841 B. C. (= 827 -\- " 14 years," Pauth. p. 104), the Chinese emperor Li-wang, on account of 
 his cruelties, expelled from the throne, and the government conducted by ministers. 
 
 The same year (= S22 -f- " 19 years" of Castor, Euseb., and Syncell.), at Athens, Diognetus 
 succeeded by his son Pherecles, eighth archon for life. 
 
 The same year = " 1 ith year of Sesonk IV.,'' death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 "837 B. C. = 42d year of Li-wang" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-first cycle. 
 836 B. C. (= 816 -}- " 20 years " of Euseb. 1. and ii., and Syncell), accession of Sardanapallus, 
 son of Anacyndaraxes, as Assyrian emperor. 
 
 The city of Anchiale, not far from Tarsus, founded by Sardanapallus ; according to a monument 
 there bearing his sculptured portrait with an inscription in Assyrian letters (described and quoted 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 199 
 
 By Choerilus, Hellanicus, Amyntas, Callisthenes, Aristobulus, Cleitarchus, Apollodorus, and Strabo 
 xiv. 5. 9). 
 
 The dulcimer figured on the Assyrian monuments at Nineveh; — and is regarded by Bonomi 
 nin. iv. 3 and pi. 202 as the "swmfnyh" of Daniel iii. 5, and the "sumphfinia" of the Greeks. 
 
 The cymbals also figured on the Assyrian monuments — (Bonom. pi. 201); and are found to have 
 continued essentially the same to the present day. 
 
 The tambourine also figured on the Assyrian monuments — (Bonom. pi. 201) ; clearly the same 
 musical instrument in use to the present day. 
 
 The tamboura or long guitar, figured on Assyrian monuments at Nimroud, — is identified by 
 Bonomi iv. 3 pi. 114 and 115 with the " sbka " or sackbut of Dan. iii. 5 ; the same instrument contin- 
 uing in use along the Euphrates and Tigris to the present day. 
 
 The fallow deer, Cervus dama, figured on the Assyrian monuments at Nimroud — (Bonom. pi. 
 150): the "dama" is mentioned by Horace, Pliny viii. 79; and as semidomestic, " timidi venient 
 ad pocula damae," by Virgil. At the present day, the fallow-deer is chiefly known as kept in parks 
 throughout Europe ; but was seen wild in Palestine by Hasselquist, and Schubert (Kitt. bibl. cycl. ii. 
 p. 464). 
 
 834 B. C. (= 850 y. 257JH d. — " 17 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xiii. 1), Jehoahaz suc- 
 ceeded by his son Jehoash or Joash, twelfth king of Israel. 
 
 One hundred and fourth generation. Sept. 1st, 834, mostly beyond youth : 
 
 832 B. C. (= 871 y. 357^ d. — "40 years " of 2 K. xii. 1, and 2 Chron. xxiv. 1), Jehoash suc- 
 ceeded at Jerusalem by his son Amaziah, twelfth Jewish king. 
 
 The Edomites defeated and their city Selah captured by Amaziah. The name Selah was changed 
 to " Joktheel " — (2 K. xiv. 7) : but from the time of the Romans, the city has been called " Petra," 
 at least by Europeans. 
 
 Amaziah next invited Joash king of Israel to battle, and was himself defeated. A portion of the 
 wall of Jerusalem was now broken down by Joash — (2 K. xiv. 7 to 13), and the calendar of the con- 
 querors (as will appear presently) was imposed on Judah. 
 
 831 B. C. (=931 — "100 years after the Ionic Migration" of Apollodorus, Clem. Alex. i. p. 
 327), Agesilaus one of the two Spartan kings. 
 
 The same year (= 1071 — " 240 years " of Apollod.), a date given for Homer, possibly that of 
 some of the Homerid hymns (see Hesiodic poems). 
 
 Eryngium campestre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain eryngo 
 (Prior), in France "panicaut" (Nugent) or " chardon roulant " or " herbe a cent tetes " (F6e), in 
 Denmark " hundred hoved " (Spreng.), in Germany " mannstreu," in Italy " eringio " or " calcatreppo " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " aggathia " or "phithaggathon" (Sibth.) ; the EKATO/V : KAPA of the Hymn 
 to Ceres 12 — may be compared ; also the " centum capita" or " eryngion candidam " celebrated among 
 the Magians, Pythagoreans, and in the Sapphic legend respecting Phaon (Piin. xxii. 9) : E. campes- 
 tre was observed by Forskal around the Dardanelles, and by Sibthorp in Greece, but by Fraas only 
 on high mountains. Westward, the " eruggion " or " eruggen " or " ermion " or " m61u " is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " sikdupno£x " of the Dacians, " kartSrai " or " kapitouloum karthous " of the 
 Romans, "kiotoukapSta" of the Spanish, and " herthan " or "hitha" or "mountain herb " of the 
 Numidians : E. campestre is termed "e. vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 327 ; was observed by Fors- 
 kal near Marseilles; is known to grow from Italy, Morocco, and Portugal (Schousb., and Pers.) 
 throughout middle Europe, in some instances clearly introduced, as far as Denmark (Ray, fl. Dan. 
 pi. 554, Wats., and A. Dec). Has been long used medicinally, and according to Lindley "a good 
 deal of the candied root is still sold." 
 
 Eryngium viride of the East Mediterranean countries. An allied species called in Greece 
 "agkathia" or " phithagkatha," more abundant (Fraas), and possibly the plant in question ; as well 
 as the "krovusos" of the Egyptians — identified with the "eruggion" in Syn. Diosc. : the "erug- 
 gion" of Theophrastus vi. 1. 3, Heraclides, Apollodorus, Nicander ther. 645, Plutarch sympos. vii. 2, 
 its young leaves edible according to Dioscorides, is referred here by Fraas : E. viride is described 
 by Link ; was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in Attica and the Peloponnesus ; and 
 the " E. campestre" called in Egypt " schakakel " and observed near the Mediterranean border by 
 Forskal, and Delile, may also be compared. 
 
 Mentha pulegium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain penny-royal, 
 by old writers "puliol royal," in Holland " poley " (Prior), in Germany " polei " (Grieb), in France 
 "pouliot" (Nugent), in Italy "pulegio" (Lenz), on Malta " poleg " (Forsk.), in Greece "gluphoni " 
 or " vlehfini " or by the Turks " filis cun " (Sibth.), in Egypt " hoboq " (Del.) ; in which we recognize 
 the " vlehSna" identified by Dioscorides with the 'WHXO/VI of the Hymn to Ceres 209, — Heracli- 
 tus, Aristophanes, Polemon diaet. ii, 1 Mul. morb. 606, Theophrastus ix. 16. 1, Theocritus, Nicander 
 ther. 877, Plutarch garrul. 17, or the " vlehdn " of Aristophanes pac. 712, Aristophon, and Athenaeus : 
 
200 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 identified further in Syn. Diosc. with the " vlehros " of Theophrastus caus. i. 7. 5, and others : M. 
 pulegium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in vineyards and fallow ground 
 from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Alpinus, and Delile, in Egypt ; is known 
 to grow also as far as Caucasus (Lindl.). Westward, the " glehon " or " vlehron " or "arsSnikan- 
 thon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " alvolon " or " gallis opsis " of the Gauls, " apolgioum " 
 of the Numidians, "polgioum " of the Romans; and the "pulejum" or "pulegium" is mentioned 
 by Varro, Cicero, and Pliny: M. pulegium is termed "m. aquatica seu pulegium vulgare " by 
 Tournefort inst. 189; was observed by Forskal under cultivation on Malta; is known to grow wild 
 in Italy (Lenz), and from Teneriffe and Gibraltar throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., 
 Engl. bot. pi. 1026, and Lindl.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America before 
 1669 (Jossel.), but has disappeared (excluded by substituting the medicinal use of the indigenous 
 Hedeoma pulegioides) ; to Chili, where it has become naturalized (Lindl.). As in the days of Dios- 
 corides, the plant continues in high repute as emmenagogue (Spreng., and Pereir.). 
 
 Gladiolus communis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens corn flag or 
 com sedge or sword-grass (Ainsw,), in France " glayeul " (Nugent), in Germany " siegwurz," in Italy 
 " pancaciulo " or " gladiolo " (Lenz), in Greece " spathohorton " (Fraas) or " agriokorkoros " (Sibth.) ; 
 and the AAAAAIAA8 of the Hymn to Ceres, — or "agallis" of Nicander fr. 2, maybe compared: 
 the "phasganon" called "xiphos " from resembling a sword, its root edible, is mentioned by Theo- 
 phrastus vi. 8. I and vii. 13. 1 ; by Dioscorides, as growing mostly in cultivated ground, having nerved 
 sword-shaped leaves, and a row of purple flowers ; by Athenaeus xv. 31, as planted on graves of vir- 
 gins : G. communis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground 
 at the opening of spring from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, the "xiphion " or "phas- 
 ganon " or " mahairSnion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " s£g£tal£m " or "glathioloum " of 
 the Romans ; the "gladiolus " is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 38 to 68, Isidorus, and in the Ortus Sanita- 
 tis 211 : G. communis is termed " g. fioribus uno versu dispositis, major et procerior, flore purpuro- 
 rubente " by Tournefort inst. 365 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to occur 
 in Barbary, Italy, and other parts of Southern Europe (Mill., and Pers.). 
 
 830 B. C. (= 848 — " 18 years" of schol. Plat. rep. x. p. 419 and of Suidas, Eusebius' numbers 
 placing the event two years later), end of the regency of Lycurgus. 
 
 "828 B. C." (Callim., Jul. Afr., and Clint, i. p. 140 and ii. p. 500 = 803 -f- "25 years" of the 
 Euseb.-Maneth. table = 1417 — " 194 — 172 — 130 — 49 — 44 years " of the Armenian Euseb.- 
 Maneth. table = "51 — 61 — 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 — 135 — 130 — 120 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. 
 table), at the command of the Delphic Oracle, and after sending an embassy to Egypt (Herodot. ii. 
 160), the Olympian games restored by Iphitus king of Elis : co-operating with Lycurgus, then or 
 recently regent at Sparta (see Hermipp., Plut., and Athen. xiv. p. 635). 
 
 The "disk of Iphitus" bearing an inscription — was preserved for some centuries; and is 
 referred to by Aristotle and others, as an example of " ancient writing." 
 
 An agallis arvensis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain red pimpemell or from its 
 flowers closing before rain poor man's wea/l/er-glns (Prior), in Germany "gauchheil," in Italy "cen- 
 tonchio" or " erba grisettina" or "anagallide" (Lenz), in Greece " perthikoule " (Sibth.) or " kor- 
 hestra" (Fraas), by the prophets "aima ophthalmou " or " hfilithonion " (Syn. Diosc); and the 
 "korhoros" from its bitterness the subject of a proverb — according to Theophrastus vii. 7. 2, its 
 leaves "6kim6the's," may be compared: the " anagallis " is mentioned in Ulc. 879; is described by 
 Dioscorides as " k£hum£na £pi ges " diffuse, and the red-flowered kind is distinguished : A. arvensis 
 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in cultivated and fallow ground from the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople, and according to Fraas eaten as greens ; was observed by Forskal, 
 and Delile, in Egypt; was received from both Egypt and Abyssinia by Decandolle ; is known to orow 
 also on mount Sinai (Decsne), and about Caucasus (Ledeb.). Westward, the red-flowered "anagal- 
 lis " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " Mrkeraphr&n " of the Dacians, "sapana" of the Gauls, 
 "masitip6s" of the Tuscans, and "makia" of the Romans; the " anagallida mas flore phoeniceo " is 
 distinguished by Pliny xxv. 92 : A. arvensis is described by Lyte ; is termed " a. phoeniceo flore " by 
 Tournefort inst. 142 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to 
 occur in cultivated ground as far as Sweden (Vill. dauph. ii. 461, Pers., and Fries). Eastward from 
 Caucasus, is known to grow in Siberia (Ledeb.) ; also in Persia, employed there to prevent cataract 
 in eyes of horses (S. G. Gmel. trav. iii. 349, and Spreng.) ; along the Himalayan mountains to Cash- 
 mere and Nepaul (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan, purple-flowered ; and by Beechey, 
 on the Loo Choo Islands (Hook.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira and the Azores 
 (Barcl., and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized in open situations in our 
 Atlantic States ; to Mexico (Berland.) and California, observed by myself naturalized around San 
 Francisco Bay; to Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chili (Saint-Hil., A. Dec, and Poepp.); to Austral 
 Africa (Dec), the Mauritius Islands (Boj.), Australia (Dec), and New Zealand (Raoul). The plant 
 as appears from Lindley continues in medicinal use. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 2 OI 
 
 Anagallis latifolia of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Yemen " choda " (Forsk ) by the 
 prophets " nuktentis," in Egyptian " mikiSi " (Syn. Diosc.) ; and the " korhoros " of the proverb - 
 is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the blue-flowered "anagallis :» the "korkoron » is mentioned 
 by Aristophanes vesp. 239 as cooked and eaten ; is also mentioned by Nicander ther. 626 to 864 and 
 Hephaestion : the blue-flowered « anagallis," said to differ in some of its medicinal properties is 
 mentioned by D.oscorides, Archigenes, and Galen comp. med. ix. 2 : A. latifolia was observed by 
 f orskal on the mountains of Yemen as well as in Egypt ; by myself on the river-flat of the Nile the 
 flowers larger and more showy and always blue ; is perhaps the blue-flowered species seen by Fcrs- 
 kal, and Sibthorp, as far as Constantinople. Westward, the blue-flowered "anagallis " is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the "asirrisoi " of the Numidians, and " mSkiato " of the Romans ; is distinguished 
 by Pliny xxv. 92 as flowering earlier and avoided by cattle, but he includes both kinds under "ana- 
 galhda » called " corchoron : " A. latifolia is described by Linnajus ; is known to grow in Spain 
 (Pers.), and in general according to A. Decandolle p. 572 farther South than the preceding species. 
 (See Gladiolus communis). 
 
 Anagallis tenella of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " korhoros " — according 
 to the scholiast of Nicand. having leaves always reclining on the ground, seems to agree better with 
 this species: the "korhoros " mentioned separately from the "anagallis" by Galen simpl. vi, may 
 also be compared : A. tenella was observed by Sibthorp on Crete. Westward, is termed "lysimachia 
 humifusa folio rotundiore flore purpurascente " by Tournefort inst. 141 ; and is known to grow from 
 Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 15, Schmidt, and Pers.). 
 
 "In this year" ( . . . . Lacharme note to Chi-King iii. 3. 9), war carried on by Suen-ouang 
 against the barbarians of the country called Hoai or Hoai-Siu. 
 
 "827 B. C. = 1st year of Siouan-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 Stone monuments of the time of the emperor Siouan-wang — are preserved in a colleee at Pekin 
 (Pauth.). S 
 
 Mespilus Germanica of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain 
 medlar (Prior), in France " neflier" or " nespel," in Old French " melier" or " mesple"," in Old Ger- 
 man and Danish " mespel " or " mispel" (A. Dec), in current German " mispel," in Italy "nespolo" 
 and the fruit "nespola" (Lenz), in Greece " me"skoulga " (Fraas) ; and the " nefiier " is mentioned in 
 a Siao-ya ode* — (Chi-King ii. 1. 2) according to Pauthier. Westward, the " mSspilou e'te'ron " is 
 identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "satangios" of Theophrastus iii. 12. 5 bearing larger and 
 more spongy fruit, and one of the three kinds distinguished by the inhabitants of mount Ida : the 
 "mSspilou gteron" is described by Dioscorides as resembling the "mel6"even in its leaves but a 
 smaller tree, its fruit edible subastringent round with a wide umbilicus and ripening slowly; is iden- 
 tified in the added Synonyms with the "Spimelitha" or " setanion ; " and directions for the cultivation 
 of "mSspilon " are given by Didymus (Geopon. x. 71) : M. Germanica was observed by Sibthorp in 
 woods in the environs of Constantinople, and besides cultivated ; is known to grow wild also in 
 Thrace and as far as Germany (Spreng.). Farther West, of the three kinds of " mespilis " the 
 "setania" was not in Italy in the days of Cato (Plin. xv. 22), but had arrived before the time of Dio- 
 scorides, and the cultivation of "mespilus" is mentioned by Palladius iv. 10. 19: M. Germanica is 
 termed "m. germ, folio laurino non serrato sive m. sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 641 ; was observed 
 by Lenz cultivated and seemingly wild in Italy; and is known to occur throughout middle Europe 
 (Pers., and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself 
 under cultivation in our Middle States. 
 
 825 B. C. = " 27th year of Sesonk IV.," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 
 " In this year" (Hieronym. and Clint, i. p. 166, Diodorus' numbers giving 787 -f- "45 years" = 
 832), "Seventh" change in naval dominion. Leaving the Cyprians, the "Empire of the sea" ac- 
 quired by the Phoenicians — Held by them "forty-five " years. 
 
 From the time of the Phoenician occupation, the Balearic islanders celebrated as slingers ; their 
 skill in the art derived originally from their Rhodian ancestors — (see Strab.). 
 
 Schoenus nigricans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A sort of rush; and the 
 "mSlagkrainas " of which some Balearic slings were made — (Strab. iii. 5. I, and Sil. Ital. iii. 64), 
 used besides for cinctures according to Philetas (schol. Strab.), and according to Theophrastus iv. 12 
 named from its black fruit, is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas : the account by Pliny xxi. 69 
 seems taken from Theophrastus, but Dioscorides adds, that the fruit is round : S. nigricans is de- 
 scribed by Morison iii. 8. pi. 10; is termed " gramen spicatum junci facie lithospermi semine" by 
 Tournefort inst. 518 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the marshes of the 
 
 * Populus dero of Eastern Asia. A poplar called by the Ainos "dero" (Sieb.) ; and the "peu- 
 pliers, yang," growing on Northern mountains according to a Siao-ya ode — (Chi-King ii. 2. 3, transl. 
 Pauth.) may be compared : P. dero was observed by Siebold on the island of Yeso. 
 
 26 
 
202 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow in marshes more or less maritime as far as Britain (Pers., 
 and Engl. bot. pi. 1121). 
 
 822 B. C. (=802 + "20 years" of Castor, Euseb., and Syncell.), at Athens, Pherecles suc- 
 ceeded by his son Ariphron, ninth archon for life. The same date, possibly marking the same event 
 (=991 — "121 — 48 years" of the Egyptian Chronicle = 1417 — "194— 178 — 130 — 49 — 44 
 years" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, the same table giving 339 "+ 6 + 4 + 6 + 20 -4- 21 y. 4 mo. 
 + 6+1 20 y. 4 mo. +42 + 25 +17 + 6 + 45 + 8 + 6 + 7+ l2 + 44 + 44 + 44 years" = 822 
 y. 8 mo., and the Afr.-Maneth. table + "4 -f- 3 + 2 -|- 38 + 20 y. 4 mo. + 6 + 124 y. 4 mo. + 
 150 y. 6 mo. +40 + 6 + 89 years " = 822 y. 2 mo., also 1417 — "209— 135 — 130— 120 years" 
 = 823 = 1413 — " 209 — 135 — 130 — 21 — 15 — 25 — 13 — 42 years "). 
 
 819 B. C. (= 818 y. 251 J-j}$ d. = 834 y. 77-jfJ d. — " 16 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xiii. 
 10, or by the line of Judah 831 y. 3S7M> d - — " J 5th year" of 2 K. xiv. 23 — 817 y. 357s%\ <L, or — 
 "15th year" of twelve lunations = 818 y. 144^^ d.), Joash succeeded by his son Jeroboam II., 
 thirteenth king of Israel. 
 
 818 B. C. (== S65 y. 4 mo. — "47 years" of Phoenician annals in Menander Ephes., and Jos. c. 
 A.), at Tyre, end of the reign of Pygmalion. 
 
 About this time (Herodot. iv. 15 . . . ), Aristeas visiting the countries North of the Black Sea 
 as far as the Issedones : — the Issedones are described by Herodotus iv. 24 as eating their dead 
 parents; a custom extant in various parts of the East Indies. 
 
 From the Issedones, Aristeas obtained accounts of more distant tribes, Arimaspi, Grypi, and 
 Hyperborei, of a nation " dwelling along the Northern Ocean on terms of peace with their neigh- 
 bours " (a description applicable only to the Laplanders and Samoyedes). — On his return Aristeas 
 embodied his observations in an Epic poem, which appears to have long continued among the Greeks 
 their principal source of information respecting Northern countries. Accounts of the Polar night 
 reached Greece as early at least as the days of Herodotus, who speaks of a people reported to " sleep 
 six months of the year." 
 
 In or about " 817 B. C." (Thucyd., and Clint, i. p. 141 and ii. p. 408), the Laws of Lycurgus, 
 derived (according to Aristotle rep. ii. 10) "from those of Minos," adopted at Sparta: with the; 
 concurrence of Charilaus (according to Plutarch 5), and of Agesilaus (according to Pausanias iii. 2. 4, 
 possibly like Herodotus and Justinus, referring the adoption to the time of the regency). Written 
 laws were prohibited by Lycurgus. 
 
 Lupinus hirsutus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " loupinia " and its seeds 
 " loupini " (Fraas), on Zacynthus " agrio loupound " (Sibth.), in Egyptian " vrShou " (Syn. Diosc.) ; 
 the only species found by Fraas cultivated in Greece, and there only in the district around Sparta, 
 in seeming connexion with the diet of the ancient inhabitants : — " thermokuamous " are mentioned 
 by the poet Diphilus (Athen. ii.): the "thermos" as esculent, in the Hippocratic treatises, and 
 by Alexis, Polemon, Timocles, Zeno ; by Theophrastus viii. I. 3 to 11. 8 as a cultivated pulse; and 
 the " thermos emSros," by Dioscorides, and in Geopon. ii. 37 : L. hirsutus was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, wild from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Castagne, as 
 far as Constantinople (A. Dec.) ; by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, in some instances intermingled 
 in crops of L. termis, but whether purposely was not ascertained. Westward, is described by Bauhin 
 hist. ii. 2S9, and Cupani i. pi. 156 ; is termed '• 1. latifolius humilis hirsutus " by Tournefort inst. 392 ; 
 is known to grow wild in Portugal and Spain (Pers., Boiss., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Shaw 
 393 in Barbary, and by Forskal near Marseilles. 
 
 Lupinus pilosus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "lupouni" (Sibth.), and 
 possibly included with the preceding: —the "agrios 2r£vinthos " of Dioscorides ii. 126 may also be 
 compared : L. pilosus was observed by Fraas near Sparta, not known to be cultivated ; by Sibthorp, 
 on the Greek islands. Westward, is termed " 1. peregrinus major vel villosus caeruleus major " by 
 C. Bauhin pin. 348, is described also by Tournefort inst. 392 ; and is known to grow in various parts 
 of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Visum elatius of the countries around the Black Sea. A species of pea, possibly the green 
 *A£HVO£ forming the supper of the Spartan warriors — (Polemon, and Athen. ii. 46): P. elatius 
 is however unknown in the cultivated state ; is described by Steven, and Bieberstein, and according 
 to Ledebour is indigenous around the Black Sea (Steud., and A. Dec): the "P. arvense " seen by 
 Sibthorp pi. 687 in cultivated ground about Constantinople, and by Moris in Sardinia, is referred to 
 P. elatius by Grisebach spicil. i. p. 69. (See P. arvense). 
 
 Poterium spinosum of the East Mediterranean countries. A bushy spinescent plant called in 
 Greece " aphanna " or " astoive" (Sibth.) or " stoivatha" (Fraas), in which we recognize the £ T I B A £ 1 
 beds of the Spartans — (Plut. 16): " stivatha " are mentioned in the Cyclic epigon., also by Herod- 
 otus, Euripedes, Xenophon, Plato pol. ii. 372; and the " stoive " plant, by Aristophanes ran. 1 178, 
 Dioscorides, by Theophrastus vi. 1. 3 as prickly separate from the leaves and by some called "ph£6s : " 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 203 
 
 P. spinosum was observed by Honorius Bellus in Crete (Clus. ii. p. 303) ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, abounding and occupying tracts of country from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek 
 islands ; and is known to grow on Lebanon (Pers„). Westward, the " stoive " or " stovion " is identi- 
 fied in Syn. Diosc. with the " stipam " of the Romans ; but the account by Pliny xxi. 54 and xxii. 13 
 of the "stoebe" or " phleos " seems taken from Theophrastus and Dioscorides: P. spinosum is 
 described by Pena and Lobel (Spreng.) ; is termed " pimpinella spinosa seu sempervirens " by Tour- 
 nefort inst. 157 ; and is known to grow in North Italy (Lenz). 
 
 Lycopodium denticulatum of the Mediterranean Countries. A delicate moss-like species. The 
 V VKO^'OA'AE mingled in £TI BAEI in winter in accordance with the Laws of Lycurgus — (Plut. 16), 
 may be compared : L. denticulatum is termed " muscus denticulatus minor " by Tournefort inst. 556 ; 
 is described also by Dillenius pi. 56 f. 1, and Linnaeus; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 on rocks abounding from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Italy, Corsica, 
 Spain, Tunis, Tangier, and Teneriffe, its alleged presence in Poland being a mistake (Bory). 
 
 816 B. C. (= 776 -\- "40 years " of Euseb. i. p 46, Diodorus ii. 21 giving 1820 — 1000 years 
 or " thirty generations " = 820), death of the Assyrian emperor Sardanapallus, defeated by Arbaces 
 the Mede and Belesis. Ariphron being at the time archon at Athens ; a well-known synchronism, 
 according to Syncellus ; and admitted even by Eusebius i. p. 137. 
 
 815 B. C. (= " 37th year of Sesonk IV.;" the latest date in his reign found on 
 the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p. 19). 
 
 811 B. C. (= 753 + " IO + 8 + 40 yvs " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), accession of 
 P£touvates or Petouvastis, head of the Twenty-third dynasty. The name of king 
 Petsibast occurs on contemporaneous monuments — (Prisse, and Leps. k. pi. 46). 
 
 Acacia, gummifera of the Tropical Sahara as far as Arabia. Its exudation is called in English 
 gum arabic, in Egyptian " kome " — (peripl. Erythr., and Kirch.) ; in which we recognize the 
 •' kommi " of the Egyptian " akanthe " mentioned by Herodotus ii. 96, the "gummi optimum ex 
 Aegyptia spina" of Pliny xxiv. 65, and the "qwma" of the Talmud (Buxt. lex. talm.): the "samgh 
 turi " brought from Tor into Egypt is identified by Forskal mat. med. with "gummi arabicum," said 
 by other authorities to be procured in small quantities in the Sinai peninsula The tree is called in 
 Upper Egypt "toull" (Del.), in Yemen "talah" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the " teil " tree of 
 Isaiah vi. 13, and the " talh " loaded from top to bottom with its produce according to Mohammed 
 kor. 56, mentioned also by Abd-allatif: A. gummifera was observed by Delile in Upper Egypt; by 
 Forskal, in Tropical Arabia and its gum collected, but at Mocha I learned that the principal part of 
 the gum arabic of commerce comes from the Somali country. Westward, A. gummifera is known 
 to grow in Barbary as far as Mogador (Lindl. ; see Inga sassa). 
 
 " 806 B. C." (argum. Chi-King i. 7. 1), Hoang-long prince of Tching. 
 
 804 B. C. (=8o4y. 49j|f d. = 818 y. 251JH d. — "15 years" of twelve lunations of 2 K. xiv. 17), 
 Amaziah slain, and the accession at Jerusalem of his son Azariah or Uzziah, thirteenth Jewish king : 
 (the "15 years" allotted to Amaziah = 14 Julian years and 202 days, implying knowledge of the 
 Cycle of thirty lunar years = 10,631 days. — This Cycle continues in use among the Muslims, and 
 is sometimes termed the " Muslim Cycle "). 
 
 Caucalis daucoides of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Greece "v£loni " (Sibth.), and 
 the 3 hOV long of Amos v. 7, Deut. xxix. 18, — Prov. v. 4, Jeremiah ix. 15. and xxiii. 15, and Lam. 
 iii. 15 to 19, or the " apsinthos " of Rev. viii. 1 1 rendering water bitter and deadly, may be compared ; 
 the frequent association of the "lonS " with the "rash " suggesting some compound like the Greek 
 " kongion," and the allusion in Hebr. xii. 15 being figurative : the herb " balin " is said by Xanthus 
 of Lydia to have restored a slain dragon to life (Plin. xxv. 5) : C. daucoides was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Hohenacker 
 p. 96 in the Suwant or Talysch country; and was received by Reichard from Egypt (Del.). Farther 
 West, is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced later than the Roman Period, the plant continuing 
 unknown in Sicily and Sardinia ; is described by Bauhin hist. iii. 2. p. 80, and Morison ix. pi. 14; is 
 termed " c. dauci sylvestris folio echinato magno fructu " by Tournefort inst. 323, "conium Royeni " 
 by Linnaeus (Steud.) ; was already in Britain in the days of Ray, was observed by Desfontaines in 
 Barbary, is known to occur also in Italy and throughout middle Europe, everywhere confined exclu- 
 sively to cultivated ground (Jacq. austr. pi. 157, Pers., Guss., and A. Dec). 
 
 Papaver dubium of the East Mediterranean countries. A kind of poppy called in Greece " pap- 
 arouna" (Lenz), in Egyptian " nanti " (Syn. Diosc): the &VS rash of Amos vi. 12, Deut. xxix. 18 to 
 xxxii. 32, —Job xx. 16, Psalm Ixix. 21, Jeremiah ix. 15, and Lam. iii 19, springing up in the furrows 
 of the field and flowering beautifully as appears from Hosea x. 4, and yielding a juice according to 
 Jer. viii. 14 to xxiii. 15, may be compared with the " mekon roias " of Dioscorides having an oblong 
 capsule with reddish seeds and flowers sometimes white, referred here by Sprengel: P. dubium was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the hills of the Peloponnesus and Attica ; by Visiani iii. p. 99, 
 
204 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 on grassy hills in Dalmatia; and is known to grow on the plains of the Crimea (Bieb.). Westward, 
 the " mekon roias " or " oxutonon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " papavSralis " of the 
 Romans : P. dubium is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced from Greece Westward, con- 
 tinuing unknown in 1837 in Sardinia, and in 1847 in Algeria; but had reached Britain before the 
 days of Gerarde ; is termed "p. erraticum capite longissimo glabro " by Tournefort inst, 238 ; was 
 observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to occur in Italy and throughout middle Europe 
 as far as Denmark, always in cultivated ground (fl. Dan. pi. 902, Jacq. austr., Pers., and Lenz). By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed in cultivated 
 ground in our Middle and Southern States (A. Gray, and Chapm.). 
 
 Papaver rhoeas of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain corn poppy or redweed or 
 cop-rose (Prior), in Germany " klapperose " or " klatschrose " (Grieb.), in France " coquelicot " 
 (Nugent), in Italy "rosolaccio" or "papavero erratico" or "p. selvatico " (Lenz), in Greece "papa- 
 rouna" or on Cyprus "pJtenos" (Sibth.), and possibly the plant in question : — the "mek6n roias" 
 is described by Theophrastus ix. 12. 4 as an " agria '' kind springing up in cultivated ground and 
 bearing a red flower, the capsule as large as a finger-nail ; the " mek6n agria," by Dioscorides iv. 65 
 as having black seeds and by some called " pithitis," or from its flowing Juice " roias : " P. rhoeas 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to 
 Cyprus, colouring whole tracts of country with its flowers at the opening of spring ; by Bieberstein, 
 in waste places and cultivated ground in the Crimea ; by C. A. Meyer, in wild situations near Baku, 
 Southeast of Caucasus ; and by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the 
 "rhoeam" of the Greeks is identified by Pliny xix. 53 and xx. 77 with the "papaver erraticum" 
 growing in cultivated ground : P. rhoeas was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde ; is termed 
 "p. erraticum majus " by Tournefort inst. 238 ; was observed by Gussone naturalized on Sicily, but 
 elsewhere occurs throughout Western Europe only as a weed in grain-fields (Pers., and A. Dec). 
 Eastward from Caucasus, is regarded as the " lala " of the Persian poets and is called " lala " by the 
 Muselmen of Hindustan, as observed by Law "in gardens at Surat and Broach" (Graham) ; was 
 observed by Kaempfer. and Thunberg, in flower- vases in Japan or sometimes springing up spontane- 
 ously, and called " reisjun " or usually " bidsinsoo." By European colonists, was carried to North- 
 east America, where it continues under cultivation as a garden flower. The plant according to 
 Pereira, and Lindley, " is not known to be narcotic," the syruptts rlweados made from the petals 
 being "useful merely as a colouring matter." 
 
 802 B. C. (= 795 -)- " 7 yrs " of Castor in Euseb. = 350 — |— " iS — |— 39 " -|- erased 6 -(- " 124 -f- 
 177 -|- 44 -|- 44 yrs " of the Egyptian Chronicle, the Eg. Chronicle also giving S22 — " 19 yrs " = 803 
 = 759 -)- " 44 yrs " of the Eg Chron. and Euseb.-Maneth. table = 82S — "25 yrs." of the same 
 table), at Athens Ariphron succeeded by his son Thespieus, now tenth archon for life. 
 
 Aegys on the frontier of Arcadia, conquered by Charilaus and his colleague Archelaus, seventh 
 Spartan king in the Agid line. An oracle delivered to the two kings jointly, is preserved by Oeno- 
 maus (in Euseb. pr. v. 32 p. 226). 
 
 One hundred and fifth generation. Jan. 1st, 800, mostly beyond youth : the prophet Zechariah 
 (2 Chron. xxvi. 5). 
 
 "799 B. C." (= 758 -j- "25 -f- 16 years" of Diodor., Euseb., and Clint, i. p. 130 and 160), Telestes 
 being as yet a boy, death of his father Aristomedes or Aristodemus, and the accession of A»emon as 
 ninth king of Corinth. 
 
 In the reign of Uzziah, an important change in warfare, through the invention of the catapult : 
 described in 2 Chron. xxvi. 15 as " engines to shoot arrows and great stones." 
 
 795 B. C. (= 778 + " 17 years " of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 137, and of Syncell.), at Athens, Thes- 
 pieus succeeded by his son Agamestor, eleventh archon for life. "Twenty" years are however 
 assigned to Agamestor by Eusebius. 
 
 The Spartans prospering under the Laws of Lycurgus became desirous of extending their author- 
 ity over the Arcadians, and on consulting the Oracle were informed, That they could measure the 
 territory of Tegea with a " shoinfi " rope. Accordingly under the lead of Charilaus they attacked 
 Tegea, and were defeated ; but the Oracle was fulfilled through captive Spartans being bound with 
 the rope brought for the above purpose. Part of this rope — was preserved in the temple of Minerva 
 at Tegea to the time of Herodotus i. 66 (Pausan. iii. 2 to viii. 48, and Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Scirpus (Jsolepis) holoschoenus of the seashore along the Mediterranean and adjoining portion 
 of the Atlantic. A. sort of rush called in France " scirpe jonc " (Fe'e), in Greece "kopho vroulo" 
 (Forsk.) or " kouphovrelos " (Sibth.) or " kouphovourlos " (Fraas); and probably furnishing the 
 "shoin6"rope in question : — "shoininos " made of rushes, is mentioned by Euripedes cycl. \(& ; 
 and " shoinion " cord, by Aristophanes acharn. 22, and Demosthenes 1 145. 6 : the " oloshoinos " is 
 described by Theophrastus iv. 12. 1 to ix. 12. 1 as sharp-pointed, fleshy and soft and therefore more 
 useful for textile purposes, is enumerated by Dioscorides iv. 52 as the third kind of " shoinos £l£ia : " 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 205 
 
 S. holoschoenus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the sands of 
 the seashore from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, " vincla juncea " are 
 mentioned by Ovid. . ; the " oloshoinos " is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "iougkoum 
 marinoum " or " manualem " of the Romans ; and the " holoschoenos " is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 
 69 to 71 as a kind of "iuncus : " S. holoschoenus is termed "iuncus acutus maritimus " by C. Bauhin 
 theatr. 174, " s. maritimus capitulis rotundioribus glomeratis " by Tournefort inst. 528; is known 
 to grow in Italy, Algeria, and along the Atlantic as far even as Britain (Pluk. pi. 40, Jacq. austr. pi. 
 448, Pers., Spreng., and Engl. bot. pi. 1612). " S. Romanus " having a slender stem, and known to 
 grow from Siberia to Rome and Southern France (Pers.), observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from 
 the Dardanelles throughout the Greek islands, is regarded as not distinct. 
 
 Fumaria parviflora of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " stakteYi " 
 or "kapnohortS" or "kapno" (Sibth ), in which we recognize the " kapnos " identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " knux " or " toukin " of the Egyptians : — F. parviflora was observed by Delile 
 around Cairo in Egypt. Farther North, the " kapnos " is described by Dioscorides as a little bushy 
 herb resembling coriander, altogether tender, the flower purple, juice improving vision and inducing 
 tears, and hence the name ; is mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta : F. parviflora was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding "everywhere in cultivated ground from the Pelopon- 
 nesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " kapnos " or " kapnogorgion " or " hglithfinion 
 mikron " or pSristSrion " or " koruthalion agrion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " apioum " of 
 the Romans ; the description by Pliny xxv. 99 of " capnos fruticosa " is chiefly taken from Dioscor- 
 ides ; F. parviflora is described by Clusius hispan. p. 375, and Tournefort inst. 422 ; is known to occur 
 in cultivated ground in' Italy, and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 590, 
 Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Egypt, is called in the environs of Bombay " pitpatra," and was 
 observed there by Lush, and Gibson (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight, in other parts of 
 Hindustan, having according to Drury " long been acclimatised " as far even as the Neilgherries, 
 Bengal, and Nepaul, and employed medicinally. 
 
 Sedum amplexicaule of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " amaranton " 
 (Fraas) ; the " a£iz6on to mikron," identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " StiSike-lta " of the Egyptians, 
 — and according to Dioscorides growing on walls and rocks, its root giving out many stems fall of 
 small terete sharp-pointed leaves, the central flower-stem a span high bearing a cyme of greenish- 
 yellow flowers, is referred here by Fraas : S. amplexicaule was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent on walls and in stony places in Attica and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the 
 "aSizdon to mikron" or "pStrophuSs " or " vrotion " or "th£ovr5tion " or "krovusson " or " h£im£r- 
 inen " or " kSraunia " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " vitalis " or " Srva sSmpSrviva " of 
 the Romans ; the account by Pliny xxv. 102 of the " aizoum " or " sempervivum minus " seems taken 
 from Dioscorides, but he adds that the root is useless ; and S amplexicaule was observed near Naples 
 by Tenore (Bory). 
 
 Peucedanum cervaria of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Germany " hirschwurz " 
 (Lenz): the "elapbovoskon " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " hemis " of the Egyptians, — ■ 
 and according to Dioscorides cropped by deer as an antidote against snake-bites, its stem resem- 
 bling that of "marathrft" or " livandtithi," leaves " tSr£vinthou "-like and roughish, umbels of yel- 
 lowish flowers and " aneth6 "-like seeds, its white sweet root three fingers long by one thick esculent 
 as well as the young stem, is referred here by Delarbre p. 429: P. cervaria is known to grow 
 in Greece (Lenz). Westward, the " glaphovoskon " or "glaphikon" or " nephrion " or "ophigg- 
 nion" or " ophioktonon " or "grpuxe" or "lume" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "askaoukau" 
 of the Numidians, and " kSrvi okelloum " or "kgrvina" of the Romans; the " elaphoboscon " 
 pointed out by deer is described by Pliny xxii. 37 and xxv. 52 as an esculent ferulaceous plant 
 with leaves of " olusatri," and medicinal properties not mentioned by Dioscorides are enumerated : 
 P. cervaria is described by Tragus, and Lobel (Spreng.) ; was observed by Viviani in North Africa 
 (Steud.) ; by Lenz, throughout Italy ; and is known to grow in fallow ground in mountainous 
 situations from Austria and Switzerland to the Pyrenees (Jacq. austr. pi. 69, Roth, Scop.,. Hall., 
 
 and Lapeyr.). 
 
 Seseli annuum of the mountains of Southern Europe. A kind of wild parsley called in Germany 
 "bergsilge," in Greece "agrios maithanos " (Fraas): the " oreosSlinon " identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "anonim " of the Egyptians, —and described by Theophrastus vii. 6. 4 as having a slender 
 root, leaves like " k6n£i6," fruit " anethon "-like but smaller and emmenagogue, by Dioscorides as a 
 span high growing in stony mountainous situations, and having oblong aromatic " kumino "-like 
 fruits, mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Fraas : S. annuum was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the mountains of Attica and Cyprus. Westward, the " or£6selinon " or 
 "pgtrcWlinon agrion" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "apioum" of the Romans; but the 
 account of the " oreoselinon " by Pliny xx. 46 seems taken from the Greek : S. annuum is described 
 
206 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 by Morison iii. 9. pi. 8, and is known to grow in Pannonia and Southern Germany and France (Villars 
 delph., Jacq. austr. pi. 55, Crantz, and Poll.). 
 
 Ambrosia maritime, of the Mediterranean seashore. Called in Egypt " demsyseh " (Del.) : the 
 "amvrosia" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mersSo " of the Egyptians, — and according to 
 Dioscorides branchy and three span high from a slender root, with small "peganou "-like leaves 
 around the shooting of the stem, grape-like racemes never flowering but full of seed, wine-scented 
 and entwined in garlands in Cappadocia, is referred here by writers: A. maritima is known to grow 
 on the seashore of Cappadocia (Pers.) ; was observed by Chaubard around the Peloponnesus and 
 Greek islands ; by Forskal p. 160 and Delile, from Alexandria to river-islands near Cairo, and 
 employed medicinally. Westward, the " amvrosia " or " votrus " or " votrus art£mista " is identified 
 in Syn. Diosc. with the "kaproum silvatikoum " or "apioum roustikoum" of the Romans ; but the 
 account of the "ambrosia" by Pliny xxvii. 11 to 31 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides: A. mari- 
 tima is described by Lobel obs. p. 442, and Dodoens p. 35 (Spreng.); and is known to grow on the 
 seashore of Etruria (Pers.). 
 
 Convolvulus arvensis of middle Asia. Called in Britain bindweed or withwind, in Anglo- 
 Saxon "withwinde" (Prior), in Germany "acker-winde," in Italy "viticcio" or " vilucchio minore" 
 (Lenz), in Greece " pe'riplokatha," or by the Turks " sarmasjik " (Forsk.), in Egypt "o'lleyq" 
 (Del.) : in which we recognize the " elxine " with long " periplfikOm^na " branches identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the"apap" of the Egyptians, — further described by Dioscorides as growing in 
 hedges and cultivated ground, its leaves ivy-like but smaller, juice somewhat purgative, and referred 
 here by writers : the "pe'riplokatha " is mentioned by the scholiast of Theocritus v. 12S : the "ullaik," 
 by Ishak ben Amran, Gafeki, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar: C. arvensis is known to occur around Caucasus 
 (Ledeb.); was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground 
 from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, around Rosetta and Cairo ; was received by 
 Choisy from Arabia and Abyssinia. Westward, the " edxine " or " amfilxinen " or " medampelon " 
 or " kissampglon " or " kissanthSmon " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the ''voloutou 
 laparou " of the Romans : C. arvensis is described by Valerius Cordus, Fuchsius, Matthioli, and 
 Dodoens (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. minor arvensis flore roseo " by Tournefort inst. 83 ; was observed 
 by Munby in Algeria ; by Forskal, on Malta and near Marseilles ; and is known to occur in cultivated 
 and fallow ground as far as Sweden (Bocc. mus. pi. 53, fl. Dan. pi. 569, and Fries). Eastward from 
 Caucasus, was observed by Malcolm in Persia ; by Gibson " common " on the Deccan and '' flowering 
 during the rains " (Graham), naturalized as observed by myself ; is known to grow along the Altaian 
 mountains and as far as Daouria and Northern China (Ledeb., and Bunge). By European colonists, 
 was carried to Madeira and the Azores (Choisy, and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where it has be- 
 come a frequent weed ; to Mexico, Buenos Ayres (Choisy), and Chili (C. Gay) ; to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and Southeast Australia (Corder, and A. Dec). 
 
 Scrophularia peregrina of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of brown-wort called 
 in Greece "vromohorton " (Sibth.) : the "galiopsis" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "aithopi" 
 of the Egyptians, — and described by Dioscorides as growing in court-yards and along hedges and 
 footpaths, resembling in stem and leaves the nettle but the leaves smoother and heavy-scented if 
 bruised, flowers slender and purplish, is referred here by writers: S. peregrina was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, throughout Greece precisely in the situations described by Dioscorides. 
 Westward, the "galiopsis" or "gal£6vth616n " or "galfphos" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the " ourtika lav6n£m " of the Romans ; but the account by Pliny xxvii. 57 of the " galeopsis " 
 or "galeobdolon" seems taken from Dioscorides (including the name " galion " transferred by mis- 
 take from the succeeding article) : S. peregrina is described by Anguillara, and Camerarius hort. pi. 
 43 (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. folio urticae " by Tournefort inst. 166 ; and is known to grow in Bosnia, 
 Illyria, Italy, and as far as France (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Ballota nigra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain black horehound 
 (Prior), in Italy "cimiciotto" or " marrubio bastardo " or "ballota" or "ballota nera " (Lenz), in 
 Greece "pispSritza" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the "vallSte," identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the "aima Isionos" of the prophets, and "asphos" or "£sk£" of the Egyptians, — and described 
 by Dioscorides as having several somewhat hairy tetragonal stems from a single root, and at intervals 
 roundish leaves " prasid "-like but larger and hairy, strong-scented and resembling " m£lissophull6u," 
 the flowers rotate around the stem : B. nigra was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in waste 
 places from Greece and the Greek islands to Constantinople and Smyrna. Westward, the " vallate " 
 or "melan" or "mega prasion" or "prasion eteron " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 "apnioum" or "mSlitam" or "oulkgraria" or " marrouvioum " or " kantherinoum " of the Romans; 
 the " marrubium nigrum " is mentioned by Castor, but the account by Pliny xx. 89 and xxvii. 30 of 
 the "balloten " seems taken from Dioscorides : B. nigra is described by Fuchsius p. 154 (Spren°\) ; 
 is termed "ballote" by Tournefort inst. 185; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and is 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 207 
 
 known to occur in waste ground from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. 
 pi. 46, Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 
 tinues in waste places in New England. 
 
 Hordeitm murinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wall barley 
 or mouse barley, in Germany " maus-gerste " (Prior), in Greece " agriostakus " (Sibth.), in Egypt 
 "abu stiri" (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the "roun stahuos " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 "athnon" of the Egyptians, — and "phoinix" of Dioscorides, growing in cultivated ground and 
 upon freshly-daubed roofs, its leaves shorter and narrower than those of barley, and spike " aira "- 
 like, mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta : H. murinum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna; by Hasselquist, and 
 Forskal, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt at Alexandria and Damietta. Westward, the 
 "phoinix" or "phoinikoptSron " or "roun" or "aghinopa" or " osthalen " is further identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the "palSlou koupinoum " of the Romans; and the " herba phoenicea," by Pliny 
 xxii. 65 with "hordeum murinum :" H. murinum is described by Tragus (Prior); is termed " gramen 
 spicatum vulgare secalinum " by Tournefort inst. 517; was observed by Forskal on Malta, and near 
 Marseilles ; and is known to occur throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 629, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 788 B. C. (= 848 — "60 years " of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 166), Charilaus succeeded 
 by his son Nicander as one of the two Spartan kings ; the seventh in the Proclid line. 
 
 " 787 B. C." (Hieronym., and Clint , = 1169 — "92 — 85 — 79 — -23 — 25 — 33 — 45 years " 
 of Diodorus in Euseb.), " eighth " change in naval dominion. Leaving the Phoenicians, the 
 " Empire of the sea" acquired by the Egyptians. 
 
 783 B. C. (= 793 — " 10 years" of both Maneth. tables), end of the reign of PsammSus. In 
 the Afr.-Maneth. table, he is succeeded by " Zet ; " but no such king has been found on the monu- 
 ments (see below, Vohhdris). 
 
 " 782 B. C. About this time" (Scymn., and Clint, i. p. 206), Sinope on the Black Sea founded 
 or occupied by Greek colonists under Ambron of Miletus. Ambron was slain by the Cimmerians ; 
 who, with the Amazons, were making a Third irruption into Asia Minor. 
 
 Raphanistrum maritimum of the seashore from the Caspian along the Mediterranean and Atlan- 
 tic as far as Britain. The black radish or Spanish radish is called in Germany " rettig" (Grieb), in 
 Italy " radice " or " rafano " or " ramoraccio " (Lenz), in Greece when growing spontaneously " agria 
 rapania " (Fraas sec. Gay) ; in which we recognize the " raphanum silvestre " or " agrion " identified 
 by Pliny with the " armon " of the people of Pontus, — also the " am6re"an " kind of " raphanithos " 
 mentioned by Theophrastus vii. 4. 2, and the "armorakian" of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc, 
 and by Pliny xix. 26 and xx. 12, with the " raphanis agria . " " raphanithas " are mentioned by Epi- 
 charmus, Cratinus, Pherecrates, Eupolis, Metagenes, Amphis, Aristophanes, Antiphanes, Diodes of 
 Carystus, Androcydes, Dioscorides, Galen, Athenaeus ii. 48, and are identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " thorpath " of the Numidians, and " rathix nostras " of the Romans : the " raphanus " is mentioned 
 by Varro, Horace, Columella, and Pliny : the '• raphanis agria," by Theophrastus . . . , by Dioscorides 
 as medicinal and its leaves and slender root eaten as potherbs, and is identified by Galen fac. alim. 
 ii. p. 622 with the " rapiam " of the people of Asia : R. maritimum is described by J. E. Smith, as 
 observed on the seashore of Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1643) ; is known to grow at Gibraltar (Gay) ; was 
 observed by Moretti in Italy ; seems frequent in Greece (Fraas, and Gay) ; is known to grow on the 
 shores of the Caspian (A. Dec.) ; and according to Gay is cultivated in Siberia and Southern France, 
 in the second year developing a fleshy root. (See Raphanus sativus). 
 
 " 781 B. C. = 1st year of Yeou-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 779 B. C. About this time " (742 to 740 -|- " 38 years " of Apollod., Diodor., and Euseb. i. p. 
 166, see also Ephor., Pausan. hi. 2. 6 and 7. 4, and Clint, i. p. 338), the first difficulty with the Mes- 
 senians : Teleclus, son of Archelaus and one of the two Spartan kings, slain in an affray at a temple 
 of Diana. He was succeeded by his son Alcamenes, ninth king in the Agid line ; and his colleague 
 Nicander at once led an army into Argive territory. Of three extant sayings of Nicander (Plut. mor. 
 p. 230), one refers to the Argives. 
 
 '• 778 B. C." (. . . . Clint, i. p. 150), at Athens, Agamestor succeeded by his son Aeschylus, twelfth 
 archon for life. 
 
 Asclepiadae, hereditary priests of Aesculapius, continuing in the practice of the healing art at 
 Cnidus — (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Daphne Gnidium of the Mediterranean countries. A low shrub called in France " garou " (Fee), 
 in Greece " kausa " or " kapsa " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " casiam of Hyginus '-' identified 
 by Pliny with the "cneoron" producing "granum Gnidium;" employed by the Asclepiadae of Cnidus, 
 — and hence the name (Ruf. Ephes., and Orib. vii. 26) : " kokkou knithiou " of Int. affect. 8, and 
 Theophrastus ix. 20. 2, " kne6rou " of Democritus (geop. xv. 2. 37), Nat. mul. 29, Int. aff. 23, 1 Morb. 
 
208 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 mul. 45, Apollonius Memphites, and "knestron " of I Morb. mul. in, are all identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the " thumelaia " of Dioscorides, a shrub growing in rough mountainous situations and produc- 
 ing " knith£ios kokkos," its leaves also collected and dried and specially called " kngoron : " the 
 "thumelaia " or " puros ahnen" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " apolinon " or "linon" 
 of the Syrians, named from the resemblance ; the " thymelaeam " or " pyros achnen " or " cnestron " 
 or "linum" of Greece and Asia is described from Dioscorides by Pliny xiii. 35 and xxi. 29; and 
 "habb Cnidijeh" are mentioned by Ebn Baitar: D. Gnidium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece frequent in the situations indicated by Dios- 
 corides. Westward, is described by Matthioli, and Clusius (Spreng.) ; is termed " th. foliis lini " by 
 Tournefort inst. 594; and is known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Spain, and Southern France (Pers., 
 and Lenz). Its properties according to Lindley are "like those of Mezereum" (see D. cneorum).. 
 
 "777 B. C. = 5th year of Yeou-wang" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-second cycle. 
 
 "776 B. C." (= "2d year of the Athenian archon Aeschylus and in the reign of Uzziah," E'useb. 
 and Clint., = 1413 — ''51 — 6r — 20 — 60 — 5 — 7 — 135 — 130 — 120 — 40 — 8 years " and in 
 the reign of "Petouvates " of the Afr -Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 332 -(- " 6 -j- 
 4 -\- 6 -\- 20 -|- 21 y. 4 mo. + 6+120 y. 4 mo. -\- 163 -f- 44 + 44 + 10 " = 776 y. 8 mo.), the First 
 registered Olympiad : Coroebus declared victor. 
 
 " Sept. 6th " = " winter, on the first day of the tenth month in the 6th year of Yeou-wang " (Li- 
 tai-ki-sse, Gaubil, and Pauth. 106), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 As early probably as this date, products of the Moluccas brought to China.* 
 
 * Cocculns crispus of the Equatorial portion of the Malayan archipelago, from Java to the Moluc- 
 cas. A woody climber spreading over trees, called in Malay "putra-wali " (Lindl.), and from early 
 times employed medicinally : — termed " funis felleus " by Rumphius v. pi. 44 ; and known to prow 
 on Java, Baley, and Amboyna, the whole plant exceedingly bitter, a powerful febrifuge employed by 
 the Malays in intermittents (Roxb., and Lindl.). 
 
 Hedera umbellifera of the Moluccas. A woody Araliaceous plant — termed by Rumphius ii. 
 pi. 12 " pseudosantalum amboinense " as observed on the mountains of Amboyna, yielding according 
 to Lindley " a blackish or dull brown resin with a very powerful aromatic or camphorated odour." 
 The plant from transported specimens is described by Lamarck diet. i. 225. 
 
 Strychnos ligustrina of Timor and neighbouring islands Having the aspect of the orange tree 
 and called "caju-ular'' or " caju-nassi " or " caju-bidara-pait " or " caju-bidara-laut " (Lindl.) ; and 
 from early times in the Malayan archipelago its wood employed medicinally: — described bv Rum- 
 phius ii. pi. 38 and termed "lignum colubrinum caju ular ; " furnishing according to Blume rum. i. 68 
 the lignum colubrinum of Timor, formerly in the highest estimation, but omitted from modern prac- 
 tice (Lindl.). 
 
 Soulamea amara of the shores of the Moluccas. A Polygalaceous shrub or small tree, from 
 early times used medicinally: — termed "rex amaroris " by Rumphius ii. pi. 41 from the '• horrenda 
 amirities " intense bitterness of all its parts, especially the roots and fruit. In the Malayan archi- 
 pehgo, according to Lindley, employed "with extraordinary success in cholera, and pleurisy, and 
 most valuable as a febrifuge." 
 
 Sandoricum Indicum of the Eastern portion of the Malayan archipelago. An elegant Melia- 
 ceous tree called in Burmah "theet-to" (Mason), in Malay "santoor" (Graham), in Tagalo " santol " 
 (Blanco); and from early times, its fruit eaten and sweet scented wood valued: — observed by 
 Rumphius i. pi. 61 on the Moluccas (Pers.) ; by Blanco, well known on the Philippines. Westward, 
 by Blume on Java, its root aromatic, stomachic and antispasmodic, employed in combination with 
 bark of the root of Xylocarpus obovatus against leucorrhoea (Lindl.); by Mason v. 457 to 525, 
 "exotic" in Burmah, affording "good timber" and the "fleshy acid pulp" of its mangosteen-like 
 fruit highly relished by the natives ; was observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan ; and by Nimmo has 
 been recently introduced into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 Cicca disticha of the Eastern portion of the Malayan archipelago. The coimlty gooseberrv is a 
 small Euphorbiaceous tree called in the environs of Bombay '■ harparewree " (Graham), in Hindus- 
 tanee " harfaroorie," in Telinga " rassa useriki," in Tamil " arunelli," in Bengalee " nubaree " (Drur.), 
 in Burmah " them-bau-hzee-phyu " (Mason) ; and from early times, its fruit eaten : — termed " chera- 
 mela" by Rumphius vii. pi. 33 ; and probably one of the species seen on the Philippines by Blanco. 
 Westward, was observed by Mason v. 454 to 479 " exotic " in Burmah, planted all over the country, 
 its fruit "highly" valued by the natives, and seeds employed as purgatives ; was observed in Hin- 
 dustan by Roxburgh, and Buchanan ; by Rheede iii. pi. 47 and 48, in Malabar ; by Graham, " pretty 
 common in gardens, Bombay," its fruit of the " size of a gooseberry," having " an acid flavour," and 
 "sometimes sold in the bazar.'' 
 
 Casalpinia. nuga of the Moluccas. Woody, unarmed, when growing among trees climbin°-, and 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 209 
 
 " 775 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), Arctinus, the earliest poet of the epic Cycle, at this time writ- 
 ing. One of his verses is important in Greek Mythology, from representing Jupiter dancing. 
 
 "774 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), in Italy, the two cities of Pandosia and Metapontum founded 
 by Greek colonists. 
 
 771 B. C. (= 753 + " 10 + 8 yrs" of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. 
 I table giving -\- " 10 -|- 9 yrs " = 772), Pgtoubates succeeded by Osorho" or Osorthfin, 
 I second king of the Twenty-third dynasty. By the Egyptians, he was "called Hercu- 
 les." The name of king Osarkon III. occurs on contemporaneous monuments — 
 (Leps. k. pi. 46). 
 
 The mummy recently unrolled in Boston proved to be that of a person who died in this king's 
 reign : the ovals of " Osorkon III." being stamped on leather bands. 
 
 Cyperus rotundas of Tropical and Subtropical Asia. The nut-grass is called in Greece "ku- 
 pSire " (Sibth.), in Egypt. " sa'ed," in Nubia " magysseh " (Del.), and tubers unrolled from this mummy 
 — appeared to me to belong here : the living C. rotundus was observed in Egypt by Delile. Farther 
 North, the "kupSiron " having a fragrant root is mentioned by Hippocrates vict. acut. 409; by Theo- 
 phrastus iv. 10. 5 and od. 28 as difficult to extirpate, producing at intervals underground swellings, 
 an ointment from its roots imported from the Cyclades ; by Dioscorides, as occurring in cultivated 
 ground and producing a plexus of olive-like roots ; is identified in the added Synonyms with the 
 " iSunkoum " or " iounki radikem " of the Romans, and the " iunci trianguli " by Pliny xxi. 69 with 
 the "cyperon:" C. rotundus is described by Morison viii. pi. 11; is termed "c. r. vulgaris " by 
 Tournefort 527 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout 
 the Greek islands, troublesome in vineyards and its roots according to Hawkins placed on account of 
 their fragrance among clothing; is known to occur also in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe 
 (Gouan, Targ , and Steud.). Eastward from Egypt, is called in Bengalee " moothoo," in Telinga 
 " shaka-toonga," in Tamil " koray " (Drury) ; was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, 
 its roots "used both as a perfume and medicine;" by Rottler, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hin- 
 dustan, and according to Drury "is perhaps the most common species" as far as Bengal; is described 
 also by Rumphius vi pi. 1 ; roots of a Cyperus that "taste like filberts" were seen by Mason v. p. 
 473 in Burmah ; and C. rotundus by Thunberg in Japan, and called " kobusi " or"sanrio" By 
 European colonists, was carried to America, probably to the West Indies or Florida, and extending 
 thence has become exceedingly troublesome in cultivated ground in our Southern States ; is termed 
 "c. hydra " by Michaux. (See Lathyrus amphicarpus). 
 
 " In this year" (Lacharme note to Chi-King i. 6. 1) the Chinese emperor Yeou-wang defeated 
 and slain by the prince of Chin assisted by the Western Tartars. Succeeded by his son Y-kieou, 
 who took the name of Ping-wang. 
 
 " 770 B. C. = 1st year of Ping-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 A vase inscribed with a decree of Ping-wang, ceding territory to the prince of Thsin, has been 
 discovered in the province of Chen-si — (Pauth. 107). 
 
 from early times employed medicinally: — observed by Rumphius v. pi. 50 on Amboyna (Pers.), a 
 decoction of the root used according to Lindley in calculous and nephritic complaints. 
 
 Nipa fruticans of the Eastern portion of the Malayan archipelago. A stemless palm with 
 long hard loosely-pinnate fronds, called in Burmah "da-ne" (Mason), in Tagalo "sasa" or " nipa " 
 (Blanco), and known from early times : — observed by Rumphius i. pi. 16, and Thunberg . . . ; by 
 Blanco, and myself, wild on the seashore of the Philippines. Westward, by Mason " exotic " in 
 Burmah, " very extensively cultivated " in Tavoy for its crude sap or toddy, which is boiled down 
 into sugar, its leaves also used for thatching. 
 
 Eurycles Amboinoisis of the Eastern portion of the Malayan archipelago. A fragrant white- 
 flowering bulb called in Burmah "la-men" (Mason) ; in Tagalo " catongal," in Bisaya " catangal " 
 or "abur" or " panabor " or " tonuar " or " talaonor " or " dausun " (Blanco), and from early times 
 employed medicinally : — known to grow on Amboyna (Pers.) ; observed by Blanco in the sand of 
 the seashore of the Philippines, its root used by the natives as emetic and purgative. Westward, 
 was observed by Mason v. 431 to 807 "exotic" in Burmah, cultivated by the natives for ornament. 
 Transported to Europe, the "pancratium amboinense " is described by Rudbeck elys. ii. 238. f. 17, 
 and Linnaeus (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Pachyma tuber-regium of the Moluccas. A tuberculated underground fungus large as the fist 
 or even a child's head and called on Java " djamor bonkang," by the Malays " uba radja " or " culat 
 batu," on Amboyna " ulathatu " (Lindl.), and from early times employed medicinally : — observed by 
 Rumphius 120 pi. 57 on Amboyna; and used in the medicine of Eastern nations against diarrhoea, 
 pains in the face, fevers, etc. (Fries ii. 243, and Lindl.). 
 
 27 
 
2IO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Artemisia Indica of Eastern Asia. Called in Persian "arlemasaya," in Sanscrit "dana"or 
 "dona" (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay "doona" or " mustaroo " (Graham), in Hindustanee 
 "mastaru" or " majtari," in Telinga "machipatri," in Tamil " machipattiri," in Bengalee "mastam" 
 (Drur.), in Tagalo "tinisas" or " ca Maria" or "Santa Maria" (Blanco), in Japan "gai" or usually 
 "iamogi" or "motjigusa" or "furs" (Thunb.) ; and perhaps the " armoise " collected, according to 
 an ode of the time of Ping-wang* — (Chi-King i. 6. 8) : the " ai " herb of Meng-tseu ii. I. 9 dried for 
 three years before being used medicinally, is referred to this genus by Stanislaus Julien : A. Indica is 
 known to grow in China and Nepal (Lindl.); was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, 
 and vioxa made of the leaves ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, long known and much used medicinally 
 among the native women, and moxa made by the Chinese of the dried leaves. Westward, the "dona" 
 flower was worshipped by the Hindus in the Festival of spring (Puranas, and H. H. Wils. ind. dram, 
 ii. 264) ; and the "d'hyama" or "maruvaka" of Susrutas sutr. 28 to chikits. 22 and kalp. 7, is re- 
 ferred here by Hessler : A. Indica was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, and Drury, on the high 
 lands of Mysore and other parts of Hindustan; by Rheede x. pi. 45, in Malabar; by Graham, at 
 "Poorundhur Fort" and "common on high lands in the Deccan ; " by myself, at the Karli cave-tem- 
 ple ; and according to Lindley, is considered " a powerful deobstruent and antispasmodic." (See A. 
 vulgaris) 
 
 768 B. C. (= 804 y. 49^-ff d. — " 38th year " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 8), Jeroboam II. 
 succeeded by his son Zachariah, fourteenth king of Israel. Who reigned "six months " only. 
 
 767 B. C. (= 767 y. 97ff §- d. = 804 y. 49^5 5- d. — " 39th year " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 
 13), Zachariah slain and succeeded by Shallum. Who, after reigning "a full month," was slain and 
 succeeded by Menahem, sixteenth king of Israel. 
 
 The Assyrian emperor Pul invading the land, " a thousand talents of silver " paid him by Mena- 
 hem, to be confirmed in the kingdom of Israel (2 K. xv. 19, and 1 Chron. v. 26). The emperor Pul 
 or Phulus is mentioned by Alexander Polyhistor (in Euseb. i. 4 p. 18). 
 
 One hundred and sixth generation. May 1st, 767, mostly beyond youth: Jeiel the scribe (2 
 Chron. xxvi. 11), the prophet Hosea : the Greek poets Cinaethon, Eumelus, Antimachus of Teos, 
 Cercops of Miletus, Creophilus, and Stasinus of Cyprus. 
 
 After the affray at the temple of Diana (Heraclid. p. 214, Strab. vi. p. 257, and Clint, i. p. 251), 
 Rhegium in Southern Italy founded by Greek colonists from Chalcis in Euboea. The expedition 
 was accompanied by fugitive Messenians from the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Clematis vitalba of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woody vine called in Britain 
 travellers joy (Prior), in Germany " teufelswirn " (Grieb), in Italy "vitalba" or " clematitide " (Lenz), 
 in Greece " agrioampSli " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " ampSlon arsSnothelun " investing a 
 wild fig-tree on the site selected for the new city, in fulfilment of the "arsSna thelus opuiei " of the 
 Oracle — (Diodor. viii. 25); also the "klematitis " mentioned confusedly by Pamphilus (Galen simpl. 
 med. vii. 31), by Dioscorides iv. 179 as climbing around trees like "smilax," and having acrid ulcerat- 
 ing leaves : C. vitalba was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard frequent in hedges from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople ; is known to grow also in the Crimea 
 (Lindl.). Westward, the account of the "clematida" by Pliny xxiv. 49 seems taken from Diosco- 
 rides : but C. vitalba is described by Lobel pi. 626 ; is termed " virgin's bower " by Gerarde (Prior), 
 "c. sylvestris latifolia"by Tournefort inst. 293; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near 
 Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Jacq. aust. pi. 308, 
 Curt. lond. iv. pi. 37, and Pers.). Its "fruit and leaves " according to Lindley are " acrid and vesi- 
 cant, dangerous taken internally ; the latter have been used as a rubefacient." (Compare Tamus Cre- 
 tica, dioecious but unknown in Italy). 
 
 "766 B. C." (argum. Chi-King i. 11. 3), war declared by Sian-kong, first king of Tsin, against 
 the barbarians on the Western frontier, f 
 
 " 764 B. C." (Pausan., Euseb., and Clint), Polychares of Messenia declared the Fourth Olympic 
 victor. — The injuries received by him twenty years later were the immediate cause of the First 
 Messenian war. 
 
 * Artemisia moxa of China. About two feet high, hoary, branching, and shrubby, the proper 
 moxa -weed (Lindl.), and probably the " armoise " in question : — A. moxa was received by Besser. 
 abr. 3 from China; is described also by Decandolle prod. vi. 121. Moxa according to Lindley is 
 procured " from many other plants," and serves as a convenient mode of applying the actual cautery. 
 
 f P rutins Kaempferi of Eastern Asia. The sour plum : the " mcei " tree growing according to 
 an ode of this period on mount Tchong-nan — (Chi-King i. 11. 5) is referred by Lacharme to a kind 
 of plum with fruit altogether acid. A Prunus apparently differing from P. domestica was observed 
 by Bunge under cultivation in China (A. Dec.) ; and the " malus persica" seen by Kaempfer, and 
 Thunberg, in Japan, may also be compared. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 21 I 
 
 ♦ w " Th !. v™, y ear:=end of the Cali Yug, or Iron Age," among the Hindus (Graha Munjari 
 tables, andJJentley as. res. viii. 244). The authorship of the First table not earlier therefore than 
 this date. 
 
 763 B. C. (= 753 -\- « 10 yrs " of both Maneth. tables), Osorho succeeded by Psam- 
 mous, third king of the Twenty-third dynasty. The name of king Psimut occurs on 
 the temple at Karnak, and on the ruins of a small building in the immediate vicinity — 
 (Leps. k. pi. 46, and Glid. analect). 
 
 759 B. C. (= 803 — "44 years" = 715 -j- "44 years" of the Egyptian 
 Chronicle and Euseb.-Maneth. table = 753 -f "6 years" of the Afr.-Maneth. 
 table), accession of VohhSris the Saite, only king of the Twenty-fourth dynasty. 
 The name of king Bokenrenf occurs on contemporaneous monuments — (Leps. k. 
 pi. 46). 
 
 Echinops sftinosus of the Desert and its borders from the Atlantic to Hindustan. A species 
 of globe thistle called, in Egypt "khachyr" or " sjok edsjemmel" camel thorn or thistle (Del., and 
 Forsk.) ; and the Egyptian " sarshamoul " — (ms. Par.) may be compared ; also the " akantha 16uke " 
 of Hellanicus, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides : E. spinosus was observed by Forskal, Delile, and 
 myself in the Egyptian Desert, sought for by camels according to Forskal although so full of thorns, 
 farther North, is termed " echinopus creticus capite magno aculeato " by Tournefort cor. 34 ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus and the Greek islands, by Chaubard, in arid open situations in the 
 Peloponnesus ; and Westward, by Desfontaines ii. p. 310 in Barbary (Pers.). Eastward from Egypt, 
 the " E. echinatus " of Roxburgh, and Graham, as growing on the Deccan, appeared to me identical. 
 " 758 B. C." (= 746 -f- " 12 years " of Diodor , Euseb., and Clint.), and (according to Diodorus' 
 numbers) forty-one years after the death of his father Aristodemus, accession of Telestes as eleventh 
 king of Corinth. Telestes was in the fifth generation from Bacchis. 
 
 7S7 B. C. (= 804 y. 49i|£ d - — " 5°th year " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 23), Menahem 
 succeeded by his son Pekahiah, seventeenth king of Israel. 
 
 " The same year " (Aristot, Euseb., and Clint, i. p. 338), Ephori instituted, or at least invested 
 with political importance by Theopompus, one of the two Spartan kings; the ninth in the Proclid 
 line. (The accession of Theopompus, is however placed by Apollodorus' numbers seven years later). 
 A saying of Theopompus is extant — (Plut. pol. praec. p. 816). 
 
 " 756 B. C." ( . . . . argum. Chi- King i. 5. 1), death of Ou-kong, king of Ouei. 
 " In this year " (Euseb., and Clint, i. p. 156), on the Black Sea, Trapezus or Trebizond founded by 
 Milesian Greeks from Sinope. 
 
 755 B. C. (= 804 y. 49j|f d. — " 52d year" of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 27 = 756 y. 217JU 
 d. — " 2 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 23), Pekahiah slain and succeeded by Pekah, eigh- 
 teenth king of Israel. 
 
 Isaiah i. 1 prophesying before the accession of Jotham. — and as late as the reign of Hezekiah. 
 Cuminum cy milium of Abyssinia. Called in English gardens cummin (Ainsw.), in French 
 "cumin" (Nugent), in German " Romischer kummel," in Italian " comino " or "cymino " (Lenz), in 
 Greece "kumino" (Fraas), in Egypt "kammoun" (Del.), in Egyptian "thapgn" or "tapen" (transl. 
 Matth.) or"tapn"(ms. Par.); in which we recognize the 1"1>l kmn cultivated in Palestine in the 
 days of Isaiah xxviii. 25 to 27, — the "kuminon" of Matthew xxiii. 23, and the Egyptian kind of 
 Hippocrates (Plin.), and Dioscorides : C. cuminum was observed by Abd-allatif, Delile, Clot-Bey, 
 and myself, a favorite object of cultivation in Egypt. Farther North, the " kumin5n " is mentioned 
 by Aristophanes, Theophrastus, Nicander ; " kuminon emSron " by Dioscorides as cultivated espe- 
 cially in Asia Minor; and "kumino " seeds imported from Smyrna were found by Fraas much used 
 in Greece. Westward, the "cuminum" or "cyminum" is mentioned by Horace, Persius, Columella, 
 and Apicius, doubtless the imported seeds, but a kind brought from Africa is enumerated by Pliny 
 xx. 37: C. cyminum is described by Morison ix. pi. 2; and is occasionally seen in gardens in Italy 
 and middle Europe (Cav. iv. pi. 360, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Palestine, was observed by 
 Graham at Bombay, "cultivated in gardens " and called "zeera ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other 
 parts of Hindustan, the seeds throughout according to Drury "being much in use as a condiment: " 
 by Mason v. 496, "exotic " in Burmah and called "zee-ya," said to be "occasionally cultivated," the 
 seeds "a common article in the market." As imported into Britain, the seeds according to Lindley 
 although "carminative " are " chiefly used in veterinary surgery." 
 
 Pulicaria odora of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "agrioskarphi " (Fraas), in 
 Egypt " ghobbeyreh " (Del.), in Yemen " chaa '' or "munis" or "neschusch" (Forsk.), by the 
 prophets " kronos " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the f""11^0H notzwtz of Isaiah vii. 19, — and 
 lv. 13 : P. odora was observed by Lippi in Egypt, by Delile in the Desert environs of Suez, and by 
 Forskal p. 150 under cultivation everywhere in Yemen for its pleasant odour, edible leaves, medicinal 
 use, and its flowers worn in garlands. Farther North, the " konuza arrSn " of Theophrastus vi. 
 
212 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 2. 6 is described by Pliny xxi. 32 as coronary, its root called by some " libanotis ; " the " livandtis " 
 is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "konuzes leptothrioio " of Nicander ther. 875, and "konuza 
 lepte" of Dioscorides; and the "em£rou konuzes" is mentioned by the scholiast Nic. ther. 70: P. 
 odora was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Greek islands to the 
 Peloponnesus and Constantinople. Westward, the " conyzam " sown for bees is mentioned by Pliny 
 xxi. 4( ; P. odora is described by Columna ecphr. pi. 253 ; is termed "aster luteus radice odora" 
 by Tournefort inst. 4S2, and is known to grow in Italy and Southern France (All., and Pers.). 
 " P. undulata" known to grow in Egypt and as far as Senegal, is regarded by Decandolle as probably 
 not distinct. 
 
 " In the autumn " (= 778 — " 23 years " of Castor in Euseb., and Clint, i. p. 156), at Athens, 
 Aeschylus succeeded by Alcmaeon, thirteenth and last archon for life. 
 
 754 B. C. (= 804 y. 49$-§f d. — " 52 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 2 and 2 Chron. xxvi. 
 3), Uzziah succeeded at Jerusalem by his son Jotham, fourteenth Jewish king. (According however 
 to Julius Africanus, Jotham was king during the archonship of Aeschylus. See above). 
 
 " In or about this year" (Percev. i. 49), accession of Yarob as ruler of Yemen. (The earliest of 
 the descendants of Cahtan or Yoktan known to the Arabs). 
 
 753 B. C. = "last year of Vohhoris," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 
 The same year (= 1413 — 660 years = 351 -|- " 18 + 39" -f erased + " 124 -4- 177 -4- 44 
 years " of the Egyptian Chronicle = 759 — "6 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), end of a phoenix. 
 Marked in the Maneth. tables by "a lamb speaking," and by the "burning of the captive king 
 Vohhdris " (see Introd. p. . ). 
 
 Vohhdris was burned by Savak6n, head of the Ethiopian or twenty-fifth dynasty 
 (Maneth.). Savak6n is mentioned also by Herodotus, and Diodorus. The name 
 of king Sabak occurs on the portals of Luxor and Karnak, on a statue — now in 
 Rome, and on some article (now in Florence, Glid. analect.). 
 
 " In the autumn " (= 755 — • " 2 years " of Castor, Euseb., Syncell., and Clint, i. p. 
 156), at Athens by a change in the form of government, Charops son of Aeschylus made archon for 
 " ten " years. 
 
 752 B. C. = "2d year of Sabak," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 
 "750 B. C." (Hieronym. and Clint.), "Ninth" change in naval dominion. Leaving the Egyp- 
 tians, the "Empire of the sea" acquired by the Milesian Greeks. 
 
 " 748 B. C." (Clint, i. p. 160 and 247), Eighth olympiad, Phidon king of Argos presiding. The 
 first coining of money with inscriptions, is attributed to Phiflon ; by whom also, a system of weights 
 and measures was established (Herodot., Aristot., Strab., Plin., and others). His brother Caranus 
 founded the Macedonian monarchy. 
 
 " 747, Feb. 26th " ( . . . Blair, and Clint, i. p. 278), era of Xabonassar. The king reigning at 
 Babylon who (according to Berosus and Alexander Polyhistor in Syncell. p. 209) destroyed the records 
 and everything relating to his predecessors, in order that he might himself head the List of Babylonian 
 kings. 
 
 " 746 B. C." (Pausan. ii. 1. 1, and Clint.), Telestes slain; and the accession of Automenes, 
 twelfth king of Corinth. 
 
 "745 B. C." ( . . . Clint.), a change at Corinth in the form of government; kings replaced by 
 annual magistrates called " prytanes." 
 
 " In this year" ( . . Lacharme note to Chi-King i. 10. 4), the kingdom of Kiu-gouo detached from 
 Tsin by king Tchao-heou, and presented to his uncle Tching-chi.* 
 
 " 744 B. C." ( . argum. Chi-King i. 7. 1 ), death of Ou-kong, prince of Tching. 
 
 " 743 B. C." (Pausan. viii. 5, and Clint, i. p. 92), Aechmis reigning in Arcadia. 
 
 "The same year" (Pausan. iv. 5. 4, and Clint.), beginning of the First Messenian war. Alca- 
 menes, leader of the Spartan army, being a colleague of Theopompus. — The war (according to 
 T\ rtaeus) continued " nineteen " years. 
 
 742 B. C. = " 12th year of Sabak ; " the latest date in his reign found on the monuments (Leps. 
 k. tab. p. 21). Sabak concluded a treaty with Assyria, and his clay seal — has been found among 
 the ruins of Nineveh (Birch). 
 
 " In this year" (Euseb., and Clint., see also Pausan. iv. 5. 4), at Athens, the accession of Aesi- 
 mides, another son of Aeschylus, as second Decennial archon. 
 
 * Pachyma f ... of China. A fungus called "hoelen," large as a child's head, is considered 
 by the Chinese a valuable medicine (Lindl ) : the "fou-ling" collected towards the South on mount 
 Cheou-yang, according to an ode of the kingdom of Tang — (Chi-King i. 10. 12), described by La- 
 charme as growing near old pines and disagreeable in flavour, but strengthening the stomach and sold 
 at a high price, may be compared. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 213 
 
 740 B. C, "before the fifth year of the Messenian war" (Pausan. iv. 7, and Clint, i. p. 337), 
 Alcamenes succeeded by his son Polydorus, colleague of Theopompus and tenth Spartan king in the 
 Agid line. 
 
 738 B. C. (= 753 y. 250^ d. — " 16 years" of twelve lunations of 2 K. xv. 33 and 2 Chron. 
 xxvii. 1), Jotham succeeded at Jerusalem by Ahaz, fifteenth Jewish king. 
 
 Besieged in Jerusalem by Pekah king of Israel and Rezin king of Syria (2 K. xv. 37, xvi. 5 to 10, 
 and 1 Chron. v. 26, see also Nicol. Damasc), Ahaz sent for aid to Tiglath-pileser the Assyrian 
 emperor : who, improving the opportunity, captured Damascus and put an end to the Syrian kingdom. 
 Rezin, the last of "ten generations of kings" from Hadad (contemporary with David), was slain. 
 
 " 735 B. C." ( . . . Lacharme note to Chi-King i. 3. 10), Tchouang-kiang queen of Ouei. 
 
 " In this year" (Thucyd., and Clint.), in Sicily, Naxos founded by Greek colonists from Chalcis 
 in Euboea, led by Theucles. 
 
 " 734 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint., see also Timaeus, Diodor., Strab., and Plut.), after leaving on 
 Corcyra or Corfu a colony in charge of Chersicrates, Syracuse founded by the expedition from 
 Corinth commanded by Archias. These settlements of the Corinthians appear to have been under- 
 taken with some regard to the purposes of commerce. 
 
 One hundred and seventh generation. Sept. 1st, 734, mostly beyond youth : the prophets, Micah, 
 and Joel : the Greek poets, Prodicus of Phocaea, Diodorus of Erythrae, Augias of Troezen, and 
 Hegesinus ; the composer of- music, Olympus the younger (Clint, i. p. 345) ; the Boeotian lawgiver, 
 Philolaus. 
 
 " 733 B. C " (= 747 — " 14 " = 731 -|- " 2 years " of Astron. can. and Clint, i. p. 278), Nabo- 
 nassar succeeded by Nadius, as king of Babylon. 
 
 "732 B. C." (Euseb. and Clint., see also Pausan. i. 3. 2), at Athens, Aesimenides succeeded by 
 his son Clidicus, third decennial archon. 
 
 " The same year " (Euseb. and Clint.), " Tenth " change in naval dominion. Leaving the Milesians, 
 the " Empire of the sea " acquired by the Carians, or Carian Greeks. — Held by them " sixty-one " years. 
 
 Among other evidence of the extent of the voyages of the Carians, is " Karikon-tSihos ; " a city 
 on the West coast of Africa, North of the Desert — (mentioned by Hanno, Ephorus, C. Ptolemaeus, 
 and Stephanus Byzantinus, C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. 4). 
 
 " 731 B. C." (= 726 -f- " 5 years " of Astronom. can., and Clint, i. p. 278), Nadius succeeded by 
 Chinzirus and Porus, as king of Babylon. 
 
 "730 B. C." (= 734— "5th year after Syracuse" of Thucyd. vi. 3, and Clint.), in Sicily, the 
 two cities of Leontium and Catana founded by Greek colonists. 
 
 728 B. C. (= 759 — " 31 — 6 yrs " of the Afr -Maneth. table, the same table giving 
 715 4- " 14 yrs " = 729, and the Euseb. -Maneth. table -f- " 12 yrs " = 727), Savak6n 
 succeeded by his son Se"vih6s, second king of the Twenty-fifth dynasty. " Twelve " 
 years only are assigned to his reign in the Euseb. -Maneth. table. The name of king 
 Sabatok occurs "on a small ruined temple at Karnak " — (Glid. analect.). 
 
 The same .year (= " about the fourth year of the Twelfth Olympiad," Cine. Al., and Clint), the 
 date for the founding of Rome — given by Cincius Alimentus ; derived perhaps while a prisoner with 
 Hannibal and the Carthaginians (see 722 B. C). 
 
 At Caere in Etruria, and at Ardea and Lanuvium in Latium, there were paintings more ancient 
 than the founding of Rome (Plin. . . . , and Bryan diet, paint.). A painting of Atlanta and Helen 
 in a ruined temple at Lanuvium is specified. 
 
 LoHcs rectus of the Mediterranean countries. Called on Zacynthus " melilSton thelukon (Sibth.), 
 possibly therefore the "meliloton" or " sertulam campanam " worn in garlands by the ancient Ital- 
 ians, — its odour saffrony as well as the flower, "ipsa cana" the plant hoary, and with short leaves 
 (Plin. xxi. 29) ; mentioned also by Celsus v. 11, and "serta campanica" by Cato 107, Ovid fast. iv. 
 440, and Vegetius iii. 6: the "m£lil6tos'' growing in Campania is described by Dioscorides as 
 "atonon" weak-scented, and is identified in the added synonyms with the " s£rt6ulam " or " trupa- 
 tioum " of the Romans : L. rectus is described by Morison ii. pi. 18 ; is termed " 1. lybica " by Rivinus 
 tetrap. pi. 78, "1. villosus altissimus flore glomerato " by Tournefort inst 403 ; and is known to grow 
 in Southern France, its stem "pubescente villoso " and leaflets " obovatis " (Pers.). Eastward, the 
 " seYtoulam " of the Romans is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " th£rmouthis " of the 
 prophets, and " aimSith " of the Egyptians : " mSlilotinous " garlands are mentioned by Alexis, and 
 Nicander then 897 ; and Theophrastus vii. 15. 3 speaks of many different kinds of "16tos" including 
 one called "mSlildtos;" L. rectus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete and the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople. (See Melilotus officinalis). 
 
 727 B. C. (Schmitz . . . , see also Archiloch., and Strab. xiv. 1. 40), Magnesia on the Meander 
 captured and destroyed by the Treres, a Cimmerian tribe. The presence of these barbarians, 
 encamped in wagons and threatening ruin, is described and deprecated in a poem by Callinus. A 
 
214 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 painting of the battle-scene by Bularchus, — was purchased less than eleven years afterwards by the 
 Lydian king Candaules (Plin. vii. 38, and xxxv. 8). 
 
 Tilia Europcea of middle and Northern Europe. Called by Chaucer "linde," in the ballad of 
 Robin Hood "lyne," in current English linden or line or lime (Prior), in Welsh "pisgwydden," in 
 German "linde," in Finnish "lechmus," in Slavonian "lepa" or " lipa," in Morduan "pikscha" 
 (A. Dec), in France " tilleul " (Nugent), in Italy "tiglio" or "tiglia" (Lenz) ; and doubtless furnish- 
 ing- implements in use among the Treres : — the " tilia " is mentioned by Virgil, and Columella, 
 by Pliny xvi. 30 as growing in the mountain valleys of Italy : T. Europsea is known to grow in Italy 
 (Lenz) and throughout middle Europe as far as Finland, the inner bark much used in the North for 
 cordage (fi. Dan. pi. 553, Pers., and Prior). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast Amer- 
 ica, where it continues to be sometimes planted for ornament. The flowers, according to Host, and 
 Lindley, are used in " infusion in Austria with much success in vertigo and spasms." 
 
 The same year (= 717 y. 287^^ d. -)- " 9 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xvii. I and xv. 30), 
 Pekah slain and succeeded by Hoshea, nineteenth and last king of Israel. 
 
 " 726 B. C." ( . • • Blair . . . ), the Spartans defeated by the Messenians under Aristodemus 
 and despairing of a speedy termination of the war, send home permission to " their wives to prosti- 
 tute themselves." 
 
 "The same year" (= 721 -\- " 5 years" of the Astronom. can., and Clint, i. p. 278), Chinzirus 
 and Porus succeeded by Jugaeus, as king of Babylon. 
 
 723 B. C. (= 738 y. s8|gf d. — " 16 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xvi. 2 and 2 Chron. 
 xxviii. 1), Ahaz succeeded at Jerusalem by his son Hezekiah, sixteenth Jewish king. 
 
 A postal establishment at this time in Palestine : at least, royal proclamations and official letters 
 were delivered regularly by couriers (2 Chron. xxix. 3 to xxx. 10). 
 
 "The same year" (Tyrt, Pausan. iv. 13. 5, and Clint.), shortly after the suicide of Aristodemus 
 (see Cynodon dactylon), the Messenian war closed by the capture of Ithome by the Spartans under 
 Theopompus. A portion of the Messenians abandoning their country, sailed under Alcidamas to 
 Southern Italy and settled in Rhegium. 
 
 "722 B C. (= 616 -f- " 132 yrs." of ten lunations of pontif. reckoning, Sm. biogr. diet. . . . ), not 
 earlier than this date, founding of the city of Rome. The date is confirmed by historic probability, 
 and by Cicero tusc. i. 1, who makes Romulus contemporary with the Greek poet Archilochus. 
 
 The selection by Romulus of "a healthy spot in an infected region " (Cic. de republ.) reveals the 
 presence of the Italian malaiia: — five hundred years later, soldiers protested against being quar- 
 tered in the unhealthy environs of Rome (Liv.) ; field-labor, according to Cato re rust., cannot be 
 undertaken in summer in places where the atmosphere is unhealthy; the unhealthy atmosphere in 
 Apulia and near Brunuusium, is mentioned by Caesar bell. civ. ; and the owners of unhealthy estates 
 are counselled by Varro to sell, or abandon them altogether (Schouw plants and man vi.). 
 
 The innovation of wreathing mortals as early at least as Romulus, — a practice among the 
 Romans confined to warlike deeds (Plin. xvi. 4). 
 
 Ostrya vulgaris of the countries on the North side of the Mediterranean. The hop-hornbeam is 
 called in Italy " carpine nero" or "carpinella" or "ostria" (Lenz), in Greece " ostrua " (Sibth.), and 
 the " arbori infelici " of the laws of Romulus — (Just. Lips., and Dion. Hal. ed. Reiske), signifying 
 gallows according to Cicero . . . , may be compared : the " carpinus atra " is mentioned by Cato 31 ; 
 the " ostryn " or " ostryam," by Pliny xiii. 37 as " solitariam circa saxa aquosa," but his account 
 seems taken chiefly from Theophrastus : O. vulgaris is described by Micheli pi. 104, and is known to 
 grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Scop., Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, the "ostrus " 
 or "ostruan" is described by Theophrastus iii. 10. 3 as the only one of its kind, and allied in its 
 aspect and bark to the beech, its fruit in shape and colour resembling barley, and wood hard, but 
 regarded inauspicious if brought into a house, inducing difficult parturition and a miserable death: 
 O. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 Celtis Auslralis of Barbary. A species of nettle-tree called in Germany " zurgelbaum," in Italy 
 "perlaro" or " bagolaro " or " giracolo " (Lenz), in France " micocoulier " (Fee), in Greece 
 "mikrokoukki" (Fraas) or " mikrokoukouli " or " glukokokka " or " keratha " (Sibth.), in Spain 
 "almez" (Spreng.), in which we recognize the "mis" identified by Ebn Baitar with the "lotos;" 
 exotic in Italy but a tree in the Vulcanali as old as Rome, planted by Romulus after his victory " de 
 decumis" — (Masur.), one in the area Lucina known in the " three hundred and seventy-ninth year of 
 Rome," and an earlier third to which the hair of Vestal virgins was carried, the " celtin " with blackish 
 wood in request for flutes being identical (Plin. xiii. 32 and xvi. 85) : C. Australis is described by 
 Anguillara . . . , and Camerarius pi. 155 ; is termed " c. fructu nigricante " by Tournefort inst. 612 ; 
 occurs in various parts of Southern Europe, a tree near Aix in Provence being more than five hundred 
 years old (Fee, and Lenz p. 15) ; and is known to grow wild in Barbary (Duham. i. pi. 53, and Pers.). 
 Eastward, the "livus aulos " Lybian flute is mentioned by Euripides ale. 346 and troad. 544: the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 2 15 
 
 "18tos " with blackish wood is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 2. 5 ; the "IStos thSnthron," by Dios- 
 corides as a big tree with sweet edible fruit larger than a grain of pepper : C. Australis was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from Crete and the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Belon, 
 in Syria ; and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as recently introduced into Egypt. The wood is 
 according to Sprengel highly esteemed, being hard heavy and blackish. 
 
 Agrostemma coronaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in France " coque- 
 lourde " (Fee), in Germany " gartenrade," in Italy " cotonella " or " coronaria " or in gardens " velu- 
 dini " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " luhnis st£phan6matike " identified in Syn- Diosc. with 
 the " vallarion " of the Greeks, and " ggnikoularis " or "vallaria" of the Romans: the "vallaris" 
 wreath according to Livy was bestowed on him who first entered the enemy's works, and the " fron- 
 dea '' given by Romulus to Hostus Hostilius for entering Fidena — (Plin. xvi. 5) may therefore be 
 compared: A. coronaria is termed "lychnis coronaria Dioscoridis sativa" by Tournefort inst. 334; 
 and is known to grow wild in North Italy and Switzerland (Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, the "luhnis" 
 is enumerated among coronary plants by Theophrastus vi. 8. 3 ; the " luhnis stgphandmatike " woven 
 in garlands has according to Dioscorides a flower like that of " l£ukoi& " but purple ; is identified in 
 the added Synonyms with the " athanatos " or " akul6nion " or " skeptron," with the " aima apoka- 
 themSnes " of the prophets, and " sSmSon " of the Egyptians : A. coronaria was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, Griesebach, and Fraas, on high mountains from Parnassus to Athos, Olympus, and Hasmus. 
 
 " The same year " (Euseb., and Clint.), at Athens, accession of Hippomenes of the family 
 Medontidae, as fourth Decennial archon. 
 
 " 721 R. C." (= 709 -\- " 12 years " of the Astronom. can., and Clint, i. p. 278), Jugaeus succeeded 
 by Mardocempadus as king of Babylon. 
 
 " March 19th, three hours and twenty minutes before midnight " (as reduced by Ptolemy to the 
 meridian of Alexandria, Blair . . . ), eclipse of the moon. The first of the Babylonian eclipses ; — a 
 series that has proved of great service to historians and chronologers. 
 
 "The same year" (Scymn., Diodor., and Clint.), in Southern Italy, the city of Sybaris founded 
 by Greek colonists. 
 
 The same year (= 717 y. 287^!$- d- + " 3 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xvii. 5), Hoshea 
 having "sent messengers " to the king of Egypt " So " (S£vih6s), the Assyrian emperor Shalmaneser 
 entered Palestine, and laid siege to Samaria. 
 
 " 720, March 8th, fifty minutes before midnight " (as reduced by Ptolemy to the meridian of 
 Alexandria, Blair), second Babylonian eclipse of the moon. 
 
 " In spring, in the Second month, on the cyclic day 'y-sse' of the 51st year of Ping-wang" 
 (Khoung-tseu, the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. p. 107), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 "Sept. 1st, four hours and twenty minutes before midnight" (as reduced by Ptolemy to the 
 meridian of Alexandria, Blair), third Babylonian eclipse of the moon. 
 
 " The same year "(.... Gaubil), death of Ping-wang. He is the last emperor mentioned in the 
 Chou-king. 
 
 " Dresses made of herbs by the barbarians of the islands " mentioned in the Chou-king ii. 1. 11, 
 — (Pauth. p. 48): an early notice of the East Indian tribes. 
 
 Stagmaria verniciflua of the Eastern portion of the Malayan Archipelago. Varnish is men- 
 tioned in the Chou-King ii. 1. 5, and as one of the products of Yen — (Pauth. p. 47). S. verniciflua, a 
 tree of considerable size, was observed by Rumphius ii. pi. 86 in the Moluccas and is termed by him 
 " arbor vernicis ; " is called in Malay " kayo rangas ; " is fully described by Jack ; and according to 
 Lindley, " yields one of the celebrated hard black lackers or varnishes of China. The " bernice 
 arbor " of Vincentius Bellovacensis, is referred here by Sprengel. 
 
 Gossypium Indicum of Tropical Eastern Asia. The cotton shrub is called in Bengalee " kapas " 
 (D'roz.), in ancient Sanscrit " karpasi " (Ritter), in Tamil " paratie " or " van-paratie," in Telinga 
 " puttie " (Drury), in Burmah " wa " (Mason), in Tagalo " bulac " (Blanco) : " cotton thread " manu- 
 factured in the province of Yu, is mentioned in the Chou-King — (Pauth. p. 49) : G. Indicum has been 
 cultivated in China from the Ninth century (Schouw p. 149) ; is said to have been introduced "from 
 China" into Japan so late as " 1558-70 A. D." (Jap. centen. comm. 74); was observed by Blanco on 
 the Philippines, where seeds of several cultivated varieties, some with very sparse fibres, were shown 
 me; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah, but farther North according to Wallich grows along the 
 Irawadi and rivers of Martaban (A. Dec). Westward, is mentioned in the Institutes of Menu 
 (transl. bramin. and Deslongch.) ; seems included in the wool-bearing tree from which according to 
 Herodotus iii. 106 the people of India make their clothes ; and " karpasos " of Barygaze (Baroach) is 
 mentioned in the Erythraean Periplus : G. Indicum was observed by Rheede i. pi. 31 under cultivation 
 in Malabar • by Graham, " the staple article of the commerce of Bombay," cultivated from Guzerat 
 to Dharwar and Coimbatore, as well as in Bengal (Roxb., and Drury). Farther West, a cuirass 
 made of "girioisi apo xulo " was sent by Aahmes II. to Greece (Herodot. iii. 47) : " krphs " is men- 
 
2l6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 tioned in Esther i. 6 ; " carbasina " by Caecilius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Varro ; the living plant was 
 introduced before the time of Strabo into Susiana, Egypt, and other Mediterranean countries (Plin., 
 Ebn Alvam, and Schouw 22) ; and in the time of Pliny xix. 2. 3 the Egyptian priests wore cotton 
 garments : G. Indicum was observed by Tournefort, Forskal, and Chaubard, under cultivation in 
 Greece ; by myself, on Malta ; by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in Egypt ; by myself, a few stocks in a 
 court-yard at Mocha ; and again a few, all in languishing condition, on Zanzibar. By European col- 
 onists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues extensively cultivated in our Southern 
 States, and by a peculiar process the " sea-island " modification has been developed ; to the islands 
 of the Pacific, observed by myself naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands. When carried North, is 
 annually killed by the winter frosts, but is not properly an herbaceous plant. 
 
 Citrus Sinensis of Tropical Eastern Asia. The mandarin orange is called in Tagalo " naran- 
 gitas " or " sintoris " (Blanco), in Burmah " shouk-lieng-mau " (Mason), in Tamil "kitchlee," in Hin- 
 dustanee " koda " (Drury) ; and the orange mentioned in the Chou-King ii. 1. 11 as cultivated in the 
 province of Ying — (Pauth. p. 48) may be compared : C. Sinensis was observed by myself through- 
 out the Malayan archipelago, the only kind of orange (with a solitary exception at Manila) ; by 
 Mason v. p. 453 and 760, "exotic " in Burmah, distinguished by the natives and sold in large quan- 
 tities. Westward, " naranga " and "nagaranga" are mentioned in the Ayurvedas (Susrut.) : " mela- 
 rancie assai ma tutte dolci " were found by Vasco de Gama in 1498 in Hindustan : C. Sinensis was 
 observed by myself the only kind cultivated there from Bombay to Aurungabad ; and according to 
 Drury, " is found in the Northern Circars " where it is called " cumbla nabla," and " is indigenous in 
 Silhet and on the slopes of the Neilgherry mountains." Farther West, the "round atrodj " accord- 
 ing to Masudi (quoted by Makrizi) was brought "from India subsequent to the three hundredth year 
 of the Hedjra" (912 A. D.) "and first planted in Oman, and which lost in Syria and Egypt much of 
 its original odour and colour:" the'Timum mokhattam " was seen by Abd-allatif in Egypt, of a 
 brighter red than the narandj " (C. aurant.) "round and a little flattened, and as if impressed with a 
 seal" (at the apex); the " limun haelu," by Forskal, and is described by Delile as " fructu aurantii- 
 formi cortice ljevi medulla dulci : '' C. Sinensis was observed by myself in the imaum's plantation on 
 Zanzibar; and as transported to the Mediterranean countries is termed " aurantium dulci cortice si- 
 nense " by Ferrari hesperid. pi. 433, is described also by Tournefort inst. pi. 390, and Miller (Pers.) ; 
 and var "myrtifolia" has become frequent in Northern greenhouses. 
 
 Citrus decumana of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called by European colonists shaddock or ftum- 
 malo (Graham) or "pampel-moes " (Rumph.), in Tagalo " lucban " (Blanco); and the " yeou " cul- 
 tivated in China according to the Chou-King ii. i. 11, — is referred here by Pauthier p. 48 : C. 
 decumana was observed by Loureiro p. 572 frequent in Anam and China, and from China according 
 to Rumphius ii. pi. 24 was introduced into the Malayan archipelago ; was observed by Blanco on the 
 Philippines ; by myself, a large tree under cultivation from the Tongan and Feejeean islands through- 
 out the Malayan archipelago ; by Mason v. p. 452 " exotic " in Burmah and the fruit inferior in 
 quality. Westward, is exotic in Hindustan, as shown by the name " batavi nimboo " (Roxb., and 
 Drury) ; was observed there under cultivation by Wight, Graham, and myself ; and farther West, by 
 myself on Zanzibar. The fruit has been sometimes carried up the Red Sea to Egypt, where "lemons 
 large as water-melons " were seen by Abd-allatif ; and the "kabbad" by Ebn Ayyas, described as an 
 " orange of extraordinary bigness " by Vansleb ; also to Jerusalem, as appears from rabbi Schwarz ii. 
 1. By Capt. Shaddock, seeds were carried to the West Indies before the visit of Sloane i. p. 41 
 (Pluk. aim. p. 239), and the tree continues under successful cultivation, as appears from Macfadyen 
 p. 131 (A. Dec.) and from fruit imported into the United States. 
 
 Aleurites triloba of the Eastern islands of the Malayan archipelago to the Samoan. The candle- 
 nut is a large tree called on the Hawaiian and Taheitian islands "tutui," on Tongatabu " tuitui," on 
 the Marquesan islands " ama " and the Samoan "lama" meaning torch or candle (Hale), in Tagalo 
 ' lumban " (Blanco) ; and the " tong " tree growing according to the Chou-King ii. 1. 9 on the South- 
 ern portion of the Y mountain — (in Kiang-nan), and according to Gaubil affording an oil esteemed 
 in China for its great utility, maybe compared: A. triloba was observed by Blanco frequent on the 
 Philippines, and the oil from its nuts sold by the natives ; by Rumphius ii. pi. 58, on the Moluccas 
 (Pers., and Steud.) ; by myself, to all appearance indigenous on the Feejeean and Samoan islands : 
 but clearly by Polynesian colonists carried to Tongatabu, where it was regularly cultivated by the 
 natives ; to Taheiti, where it was observed by Forster prod. 360, and has become naturalized through- 
 out the Interior ; and to the Hawaiian Islands, where the nuts were strung together for candles. 
 Westward from the Philippines, is called in Bengalee " bangla-akrot," in Telinga " natu-akrotu," in 
 Tamil " nattu-akrotu " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " japhal " (Graham) ; is known to occur on 
 Ceylon (Pers.), where its oil is called " kekuna " oil (Drur.) ; was observed by Roxburgh, and Drury, 
 from Bengal to the Northern Circars and Travancore ; by Graham, seemingly wild " in the Southern 
 Mahratta country about Belgaum," and planted " in gardens Bombay ; " by myself, only under cul- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 217 
 
 tivation* By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it 
 is almost naturalized ; to Brazil, observed by myself planted for ornament around Rio Janeiro. Its 
 oil, exported at first by residents of the Hawaiian Islands, has now become generally known in com- 
 merce. 
 
 " 719 B. C. = 1st year of Hing-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 718 B. C. (= 722 y. 233^ d. — "6th year" of twelve lunations, 2 K. xviii. 10), Samaria cap- 
 tured by the Assyrians under Shalmaneser; terminating the kingdom of the Ten tribes. The con- 
 quered Israelites were removed and placed " in Halah and in Habor " by " the river of Gozan, and 
 in the cities of the Medes." — (The river Gozan is identified by Rennel geogr. Herod, with the Ozan, 
 flowing through Ghilan into the Caspian Sea). The account of the Colchians by Herodotus ii. 104 
 may be compared, as affording at least many points of resemblance. 
 
 " 717 B. C. = 3d year of Hing-wang " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-third cycle. 
 
 " 7' 6 B. C." (= 546 -\- " 170 years " of Herodotus, and Clint ), death of the Lydian king Can- 
 daules, and accession of Gyges, head of a new dynasty. 
 
 The luxurious costume and -habits of his countrymen of Samos, described in a poem by Asius. 
 
 Daphne argentea of the Peloponnesus and Greek islands. Called on Samos " sarSmatahi " 
 (Tourn.), and used there for brooms and for procuring a yellow dye as early probably as the time of 
 Asius: —observed and distinguished from D. tartonraira by Wheeler, and Tournefort trav. ii. 135, 
 regarded also as a distinct species by Sibthorp and Smith : termed " thymelaea seu tartonraire lini 
 foliis argenteis " by Tournefort cor. 41 as observed by him on Samos ; by Sibthorp, on Samos and 
 Salimis, but more abundant around Corinth. 
 
 715 B. C (=759 — "44 years" of the Egyptian Chronicle and Euseb.-Maneth. 
 table), Sevihos succeeded by Tarakos or Tarkos, third king of the Twenty-fifth 
 dynasty. He is mentioned in 2 K. xix. 9, and by Strabo i and xv. The name of 
 king Taharka occurs at Medinet-abu, also on mummy-cases, and in inscriptions as far 
 up the Nile as Gebel Barkal in Upper Nubia. 
 
 The Second epoch in Nubian or Ethiopian history (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 17 and 
 152), begins with Taharka: by whom and his immediate successors, magnificent buildings were 
 erected ; all (it is inferred) in the Egyptian style of art. The oldest structures of real Ethiopian 
 ■workmanship are probably those at Gebel Barkal, and are "perhaps not earlier than Taharka." 
 
 Ruta tuberculata of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Nubia " geryg el-ghazal," in Egypt 
 "megennyneh" (Del) or " maaddjenninas " (Forsk.), in Egyptian " mtotf " or " ft&tf" (Kirch., and 
 ms. Par.), and as early doubtless as this date the juice mixed in water by the women of Egypt to 
 wash the head and lengthen the .hair, — as witnessed by Forskal p. 86: the plant was observed by 
 Forskal, and Delile, in the Desert around Cairo. 
 
 "712 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), at Athens, accession of Leocrates, fifth Decennial archon. 
 
 " The same year " (Mela i. 19, and Clint.), on the Propontis, Astacus founded by Greek colonists 
 from Megara. — At the end of " four hundred and forty-eight years," the name of the city was changed 
 to Nicomedia. 
 
 Medicago a'borea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " triphulloklatha " 
 (Fraas); and the " cytisus " discovered on Cythnus and carried thence to other Greek islands and 
 the cities of Greece — (Plin. xiii. 47 and xviii. 43), or " kutisos " of Archilochus (schol. Nic. ther., and 
 Gesn. praef. Trag), Cratinus, Eupolis, Democritus, Amphilochus, Aristomachus, Polemon diaet. ii. 
 25, 1 Morb. mul. 73, Antilochus (schol. Nic. ther. 617), Theocritus, mentioned by Aristotle iii. 21 
 as given to cattle, by Dioscorides as planted near hives to attract the bees, is referred here by 
 Honorius Bellus. and writers generally: M. arborea was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on rocks 
 in Attica and on the Greek islands. Westward, the " kutisos " or " telinen " or " l<5ton m£gan " or 
 " triphullon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the '■ tripholioum maious " of the Romans ; the " cytisus " 
 is mentioned by Virgil, Hyginus, Columella, but continued rare in Itaiy in the days of Pliny: M. 
 arborea is described by Maranta, and Lobel ii. pi. 46; is termed " m. trifolia frutescens incana " by 
 Tournefort inst. 412 ; is known to occur in Italy (Pers., and Lenz), and has become frequent in other 
 parts of Southern Europe (Fe'e). 
 
 711 B. C. (== 710 y. 9 s 9 B 8 j d. = 717 y. 287J-I4 d. — " '4-th year " of twelve lunations of 2 K. 
 
 xvin. 
 
 13). an Assyrian army under Sennacherib, traversing Palestine against rumoured opposition from 
 " Tirhakah king of Ethiopia," and threatening Jerusalem, destroyed in one night — (2 K. xix. 9 to 35, 
 and Herodot). 
 
 * Bambusa amnJinacea var. nana. The " small bamboo " mentioned in the Chou-King ii. 1. n 
 as growing in the Southern provinces of China — (Pauth. p. 48) is probably this dwarf variety. Ac- 
 cording to Mason v. 525, "the Chinese dwarf bamboo " introduced "from Penang"into Burmah, 
 " makes a pretty hedge, and when cut annually, looks like an English quick-set hedge." 
 
 2S 
 
2l8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 710 B. C. (2 K. xix. 36 and 37), returning to Nineveh, Sennacherib was assassinated by his sons 
 Adrammelech and Sharezer; who "escaped into the land of Armenia." The revolt of the Medes, 
 and consequent dissolution of the Assyrian Empire (an event placed at this date by Josephus and 
 Herodotus, but Ctesias has 1071 + " 1000 — 1360 years " = 711, and in Euseb. ii. from the same 
 point " 25th of Teutamus," _ 7 _" 40 — 30 — 40 — 38 — 45 — 30 — 20 — 50 — 42 — 20 years " 
 = 709) : leaving to Esarhaddon, son and successor of Sennacherib, only the reduced kingdom of 
 Assyria proper. 
 
 " The same year" (Dionys., and Clint.), the city of Crotona in Southern Italy founded by Greek 
 colonists. 
 
 " 709 B. C." (Herodot, and Clint.), the Medes having gained independence and power, com- 
 mencement of the " fifty-three " years attributed to their leader Deioces. (A year later is indicated 
 by other authorities, 776 +43 — " 2 & — 3° — 4° — T 3 " = 7°8 = 776 -)- " 40 — 28 — 20 — 30 — • 
 30 years " of Euseb. i = 816 — "28 — 50 — 30 years of Ctesias in Diodor. ii. 32). 
 
 " The same year '' (:= 704 -\- " 5 years " of Astronom. can., and Clint, i. p. 278), Mardocempadus 
 succeeded by Archianus, as king of Babylon. At Jerusalem (709 y. 20 / 8 6 „ d. = 694 y. i83j-|$ d. -|- 
 " 15 years" of twelve lunations of 2 K. xx. 6, and Isai. xxxviii. 5), recovery of king Hezekiah from 
 sickness. — (For the arrival of the Babylonian embassy mentioned in 2 K. xx. and Isai. xxix., see 
 below). 
 
 "July 17th," on the "first day of the Seventh month in the 1 ith year of Houan-wang" (Khoung- 
 tseu, the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. 107), total eclipse of the sun. 
 
 Ephedra distachya of the shores of the Mediterranean. An Equisetum-like shrub called in 
 Greece "polukompos" (Sibth.) : the "tragos" moistening its gray beard in the sea indicated by the 
 Oracle to Phalanthus — (Diod. viii. 21), described by Dioscorides as a shrubby and decumbent plant 
 growing by the seaside, leafless, with numerous red berries large as a grain of wheat pointed and 
 very astringent, identified in the added Synonyms with the "traganos" or "skorpion," is referred 
 here by writers: E. distachya was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on rocks exposed to 
 the sea throughout Greece and the Greek islands, and farther inland on mount Athos and by the 
 roadside near Smyrna. Westward, the account of the " herba tragos" by Pliny xxvii. 116 seems 
 chiefly taken from Dioscorides : E. distachya is described by Ruellius, Dalechamp, Camerarius, and 
 Barrelier pi. 731 ; is termed "e. maritima minor" by Tournefort inst. 663 ; and is known to grow 
 on stony hills exposed to the sea in Barbary and Southern Europe (Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 "70S B. C." (Hieronym., and Clint.), the city of Tarentum in Southern Italy founded by Pha- 
 lanthus and the " Parthenians '' (expatriated Spartans of illegitimate birth). 
 
 In this year (= "01. 18th" of Xanthus, see also Hellan., and Glaucus of Rhegium), Terpander. 
 His improvement in combining poetry with instrumental music (Clem. Alex., and Plut. mus. 3) hardly 
 later than this date. Terpander composed hymns, some of them in hexameter verse (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 The Homerid hymn to Mercury 51 containing an account of the seven-stringed lyre (the invention 
 of Terpander), not earlier than this date. 
 
 Hedera helix of the Himalayan mountains. Called in Britain i:y, in Anglo-Saxon " ifig," in Old 
 High German " ebah " (Prior), in current German "epheu" (Grieb), in France " lierre " (Nugent), 
 in Italy "ellera" or " edera " (Lenz), in Greece "kissos" (Sibth.), in Egyptian " henosiris " or 
 "shSnosiris" (Plut. is. and osir.) ; in which we recognize the Kl££0£ mentioned in the Homerid 
 hymn to Dionysus or Bacchus 40, — also by Anacreon (anthol. pal. vi. 134 and vii. 29), Pratinas, 
 Pindar, Cratinus, Sophocles, Theophrastus, Erasistratus, Theocritus, Semus Delius, Dioscorides, 
 Athenaeus xiv. 16, and that Harpalus attempted without success to introduce into Media (Plin. xvi. 
 62) : the " kissos " is mentioned also in 2 Mace. 6. 7 : H. helix, I was informed, has not been suc- 
 cessfully cultivated in Egypt ; was observed by Hasselquist on mount Tabor in Palestine ; by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, seemingly wild from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. 
 Westward, the "kissos" or " nusion " or "thionusion" or " pgrsis " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the " souvites '' of the Gauls, and " silva mater " or " gthera " of the Romans ; the " edera " or 
 "hedera" is mentioned by Cato in, Horace, Ovid fast. iii. 766, Columella, and Tacitus: H. helix 
 is termed " h. arborea " by Tournefort inst. 613 ; and seems at least completely naturalized in Europe, 
 clinging to trees and rocks from Italy as far as Sweden (Curt, lond., Pers.. Spreng., and Lenz). 
 Eastward from Palestine, Alexander was informed by priests of Bacchus on the Upper Indus that 
 the "kissos" there grew only on mount Meros : H. helix was observed by Royle wild on the Him- 
 alayan mountains (Kitt. bibl. cycl. ii. p. 203 to 217). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where its cultivation for ornament is increasing in our Middle States. Is mentioned accord- 
 ing to Lindley "as a sudorific, and was once reputed to prevent drunkenness." 
 
 " In this year" (Xanth., Clem. Alex., and Clint j, the poet Archilochus leaving Paros in company 
 with a colony for Thasos. 
 
 Prunus insititia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wheaten plum 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 219 
 
 (Ainsw.) or bullace, by Turner "bulks," by Treveris " bolays," by Galfridus pr. pm. "bolas " (Prior), 
 by the Bretons "belosse" or "bolosse" (Le Gall), in France " prunier sauvage " (F<£e), in Germany 
 " haferpflaume " (Lenz), in Greece " agriothamaskenia " (Sibth.) or " koromeleV' (Fraas) ; in which 
 we recognize the KOKK VMH V N of Archilochus, — Hipponax, Aristophanes, having a round nucleus 
 according to Theophrastus iv. 2. 10, and further noticed by Nicander, Dioscorides, and Pollux i. 232 : 
 P. insititia was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, wild in Greece and as far as Smyrna ; is known to 
 grow also about Caucasus (Ledeb.) ; and cultivated varieties may be included in the "barkuk" of 
 Egypt and Yemen, the possible origin of the Greek name. Westward, the "prunum cereum " is 
 mentioned by Virgil, " prunus silvestris " by Columella, and " ingens turba prunorum " by Pliny 
 xv. 12: P. insititia occurs in debris of Swiss lake-villages belonging to the Stone Age (Heer) ; is 
 termed "p. sylvestris prascox altior " by Tournefort inst. 623; is known to grow wild in Italy and 
 throughout middle Europe (Linn., Pers., Bertol. fl. ital., and A. Dec). By European colonists, 
 cultivated varieties were carried to Northeast America, where they continue in our gardens intermin- 
 gled with prunes or damsons under the common name of plutu (see P. domestica). 
 
 Crataegus tanacetifoiia of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " trikokkia " 
 (Sibth.), in which we recognize the " trikokkon " identified by Dioscorides with the M E& T I V ON of 
 Archilochus, — Eubulus, Superfoet. 25, Theophrastus iii. 12, Agatharchides 96, and others, a thorny 
 tree with edible fruit which resembles a small " mel6 " and contains three bony granules ; mentioned 
 also by Pollux i. 233, and " mSspilon " water prescribed by Hippocrates vict. acut. 62 : C. tanacetifoiia 
 is termed " m. orientalis tanaceti folio villoso magno fructu pentagono e viridi flavescente " by Tour- 
 nefort cor. 44 and trav. ii. pi. 172, and was observed by him, Sibthorp, and Fraas, on all the high 
 mountains of Greece. 
 
 " 704 B. C." (= 404 -f- " 300 years " of Thucyd. i. 13 and Clint, see also Herodotus, and Diodor. 
 xiv. 42), trireme galleys, a new and larger class of sea-going vessels, built for the Samians by Amino- 
 cles of Corinth. — Row-galleys continued in use on the Mediterranean in the days of Baumgarten, 
 and Cervantes : and even now, the term " galley-slave " has hardly become obsolete in the English 
 language. 
 
 " The same year" (= 702 -)- " 2 years " of the Astronom. can., and Clint, i. p. 278), at Babylon, 
 end of the reign of Archianus. 
 
 703 B. C. (Beros., Alex. Polyhist, and Clint, i. p. 278), after reigning "thirty days" at Babylon, 
 Hagisa slain and succeeded by Marudach Baldanes. Who reigned " six months ; " and is regarded 
 (by Josephus and Eusebius) as the king who '' sent letters and a present " to Hezekiah at Jerusalem 
 (2 K. xx. 12, and Isai. xxxix. 1, see above). The embassy is proof, that Babylon was now independ- 
 ent of Assyria. 
 
 " 702 B. C." (= 699 -f- " 3 years " of the Astronom. can., and Clint.), Marudach Baldanes slain, 
 and the accession of Elibus or Belibus as king of Babylon. 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., and Clint.), at Athens, accession of Apsander, sixth Decennial 
 archon. 
 
 One hundred and eighth generation. Jan. 1st, 700, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poet 
 Tyrtaeus, and the Messenian bard Theoclus (Blair). 
 
 " 699 B. C." (= 693 -j- " 6 years " of the Astronom. can., and Clint., see also Beros., and Alex. 
 Polyhist.), "in the third year of Elibus," Babylon captured by an Assyrian king, and placed under 
 the rule of his son Apronadius (On comparing 2 K. xvii. 24 and Ezr. iv. 2 to 10, the Assyrian king 
 is found to be Esarhaddon ; the son Apronadius corresponding to " Asnapper," who established 
 colonists from Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, and Sepharvaim "in the cities of Samaria instead 
 of the children of Israel." 
 
 "696 B. C. = 1st year of Tchoung-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 The same year = " 20th year of Taharka," on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 593). 
 
 695 B. C. (= 722 y. 233^ B 4 T d. — "29 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xviii. 2 and 2 Chron. 
 xxix. 1), Hezekiah succeeded at Jerusalem by his son Manasseh, seventeenth Jewish king. 
 
 "693 B. C." (= 692 -j- " I year" of the Astronom. can., and Clint.), Apronadius succeeded by 
 Regibalus, as king of Babylon. 
 
 In this year = " 23d year of Taharka," invasion of Egypt by the Assyrians under Esarhaddon ; 
 who has left a record of his passage on the rocks at Nahr-el-Kelb, close to the tablet of Ramessu II. 
 (Birch.) His capture of the city of No — (On or Heliopolis) is mentioned by Nahum iii. 8. 
 
 " The same year "(.... Suid., and Clint.), Simonides the iambic poet. He was contemporary 
 with Archilochus (Clem. Alex. i. p. 33), and led a migration from Samos to the neighbouring island 
 of Amorgos (Strab. x. p. 487, Steph. Byz., and Tzetz. xii. 52). 
 
 The BAKKAPI ointment of Simonides of Amorgos — (Clem. Alex. paed. ii. 8), or " vakharis " 
 of Hipponax, Aeschylus, Magnes, Ion, Achaeus, Epilycus, Cephisidorus, and Athenaeus xv. 40, may 
 
220 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 be compared with the " bachur " ointment of the Arabs. As prepared by Arab colonists in Spain 
 and Portugal, the ingredients are enumerated by Jao de Souza vestig. arab. 
 
 Inula conyza of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain from its fragrant 
 root ploughman's spikenard (Pryor, and Cockayne) ; in which we recognize the " nardum rusticum " 
 identified by Pliny xxi. t6 with the " bacchar quoque radicis tantum odoratae " of which ointment 
 was made by the ancients — according to Aristophanes : the " vakharis " of Nat. mul. p. 535 to 549, 
 Vict, acut, Lucian lexiph p. 187, and Athenaeus xv. 41 is defined by Erotian voc. Hipp, as a plant 
 as well as kind of ointment, and the plant is described by Dioscorides as a fragrant coronary herb 
 with whitish and purple flowers and a cinnamon-scented root : I. conyza was observed by Sibthorp 
 in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the " bacchare " plant worn in garlands according to 
 Virgil for protection against evil speaking, is referred here by Anguillara, and Gerarde p. 647 ; I. 
 comza is described also by Tragus, and Matthioli ; is termed " c. major vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 
 454, " conyza squarrosa " by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 622, Engl. bot. pi. 1 195, Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 The same year (= 661 y. ioofl d. -f- " 37 years " of ten lunations, Sm. b. d.), Romulus succeeded 
 by Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome. — The tomb of Numa in the Janiculum is mentioned by 
 Pompeius Festus (Paul. Diac). 
 
 Lathyrus sativus of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain cliiek- 
 ling vetch, in France " gesse " (Nugent) or " pois quarries" (Forsk ), in Germany " platterbse " 
 (Grieb), in Italy " cicerchia " (Lenz), in Greece " pgriolathouri " (Sibth.) or "lathouri" (Fraas), in 
 Egypt "gilban" (Del.) ; in which we recognize the " lathuron," one of the legumes among the 
 Romans prohibited to persons leading a chaste life — (Plut. qu. rom. 95) : the "cicercula" is men- 
 tioned by Columella ii. 10. 19, by Pliny xviii. 32 to xxii. 72 as " minuti ciceris inaequalis angulosi 
 veluti pisum," is also mentioned by Palladius ii. 5 : L. sativus is termed "1. s. ftore fructuque albo " 
 by Tournefort inst. 395 ; was observed by Forskal under cultivation near Marseilles ; is known to 
 occur cultivated and springing up spontaneously in Italy, Algeria, Spain, and as far as Switzerland 
 (Pers., Boiss., and A. Dec). Eastward, the " lathuros " is mentioned by Anaxandrides, Alexis, by 
 Theophrastus viii. 3 as having a compressed stem resting on the ground : and the " djilban," by Ebn 
 Djoldjol, and Ebn Baitar : L. sativus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in mountainous culti- 
 vated ground in the Peloponnesus and on Parnassus ; by Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in 
 Upper Egypt and the seeds given to cattle ; is known to occur both cultivated and seemingly wild 
 about Caucasus and in the province of Talusch (Ledeb., and C. A. Meyer). Farther East, has Ben- 
 galee but no Sanscrit names (Pidd., and A. Dec.) ; is called " lang " in Guzerat, where it was observed 
 by Law " commonly cultivated " and " very pretty when in flower " (Graham). 
 
 Lathyrus cicera of the Mediterranean countries, and as far as Caucasus. Called in France 
 "gesse chiche " (Fe"e), in Germany "grosse platterbse " (Fraas) ; and probably included in the pro- 
 hibited "lathuron : " — the "cicera'" is mentioned by Columella ii. 10 as employed for feeding cattle ; 
 the "columbinum" kind 'quod alii venerium vocant candidum rotundum leve," by Pliny xviii 32 to 
 xxii. 72 : L. cicera is described by Dodoens pempt. 523 ; is termed " 1. sativus flore purpureo '' by 
 Tournefort inst. 395 ; and is known to occur cultivated and springing up spontaneously from Trieste 
 and Northern Italy to Algeria and Spain (Pers., Boiss., A. Dec, and Lenz). Eastward, was observed 
 by Sibthorp, Deenzer, and Griesebach, from the Peloponnesus to Thrace and Asia Minor; and is 
 known to grow seemingly wild about Caucasus (Ledeb., and C. A. Meyer). By Columbus, " vitches " 
 were carried to the West Indies (F. Columb. 53), but at the present day their cultivation seems 
 unknown in America. 
 
 "692 B. C." (= 688 -\- "4 years " of the Astronom. can., and Clint.), Regibalus succeeded by 
 Mesesimordachus, as king of Babylon. The same date (=604 -j- " 20 -\- 21 -j- 21 -)- 8 -\- 18 years") 
 is given by Alexander Polyhistor for the accession of the Assyrian king Senecherimus. 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., and Clint.), accession of Eryxias, seventh Decennial archon at 
 Athens. 
 
 " 691 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), the art of w, Iding together silver and iron discovered 1 >v Glau- 
 cus of Chios, a celebrated statuary in metal. A specimen of his workmanship, " a silver bowl having 
 an iron base," — was sent nearly a century later by the Lydian king Alyattes to Delphi (Herodot. . .) ; 
 and its " iron base, chased with figures of animals, insects, and plants " remained extant in the days 
 of Pausanias x. 16, and of Athenaeus v. p. 210. 
 
 "690 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint, see also Philosteph., and Athen. vii. p. 297), in Pamphylia on 
 the Southern coast of Asia Minor, the city of Phaselis founded by Greek colonists under Lacius. 
 
 "Not earlier than this year" (. . . . Clint.), the Second musical school at Sparta founded by Tha- 
 letas of Crete. 
 
 The same year = " 26th year of Taharka ; " the latest date in his reign found on the monuments 
 (Leps. k. tab. p. 21). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 22 1 
 
 Not earlier therefore than this date (the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 339 -f- "6-(- 
 4 + 6 -|- 20 -(- 21 y. 4 mo. -)- 6 -)- 1 20 y. 4 mo. -|- 42 -|- 25 -|- 17 -f- 6 -+- 45 + 8 + 6 
 1 -f- 7 -(- 12 years " = 690 y. 8 mo.), end of the reign of Tarakos or Taharka. In the 
 Euseb.-Maneth. table, he is succeeded by the Ethiopian AmmSris. The name of 
 queen Amuniritis occurs on contemporaneous monuments (Leps. k. pi. 46). The suc- 
 cessor of Taharka is called Urdamani in the Assyrian annals, — and Rutamen by Birch hist. 178. 
 
 A coffin dated in the reign of queen Amuniritis, — and now in the British museum, is described 
 by Birch. 
 
 Melilotus officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Yellow-flowered and called 
 in Britain melilvt (Prior), in France " meTlot " (Nugent), in Germany " melilote " (Grieb), in Italy 
 " meliloto " or " loto domestico " or " tribolo " or " trifoglio odorato " (Lenz), in Greece " triphulli " 
 (Fraas), or " nehaki " (Sibth.), and possibly the " thfirmouthis of the prophets or " aimSith " of the 
 Egyptians — identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mfililotos ; " described by Theophrastus caus. vi. 14 
 and od. 34 as giving out its lasting odour when dried ; by Dioscorides, as produced of the best qual- 
 ity in Attica, and at Cyzicum, and around Carthage : the "yellow-flowered melilot " is also mentioned 
 by Avicenna (Lobel hist. p. 501) : M. officinalis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in 
 moist situations throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; is enumerated by Clot-Bey as long known 
 in Egypt, and dried " melilothus " was observed there in drug-shops by Forskal. Westward, a 
 " melilotus " growing everywhere " recens nee candicans " herbaceous and not hoary " et croco quam 
 simillima " is distinguished by Pliny xxi. 37; the "melilotus" of Palladius xi. 14. 8 may also be 
 compared : M. officinalis is described by Matthioli p. 809; is termed "melilotus officinarum germa- 
 niae " by Tournefort inst 407 ; and is known to occur in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 934, and Pers.), in Britain regarded by Watson and others as a naturalized 
 exotic. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in cultivated 
 and fallow ground in our middle and Southern States (A. Gray, and Chapm ) ; also to Southeast 
 Australia, where it has become naturalized, even in the Interior (Corder, and A. Dec). Its odour 
 in herbaria according to Sprengel has continued perceptible more than an age : and the decoction 
 according to Lindley is sometimes used medicinally. 
 
 Melilotus alba of middle Asia. The white-flowered melilot, by some writers regarded as not dis- 
 tinct, — was already in Italy in the days of Pliny xxi. 37, who enumerates the " Candida" as the most- 
 odorous kind of " melilotos : " M. alba is termed " m. officinarum germaniae flore albo " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 407 ; and is known to occur throughout middle Europe as far as Britain, where it is regarded 
 by Watson and others as exotic and introduced (A. Dec). Eastward, the "white-flowered" kind 
 is distinguished by Avicenna (Lobel hist. p. 501) : M. alba was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, 
 from Thessalonica to Smyrna ; by Wight, Law, and Graham, " in pasture grounds " in the environs 
 of Bombay and other parts of Hindustan. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues in fallow ground and in open situations near the sea, to all appearance naturalized. 
 "688 B. C." (= 680 -\- " 8 years " of the Astronom. can., and Clint.) at Babylon, end of the 
 reign of Mesesimordachus. 
 
 In this year (= 759 — "31 — 6 — 40 yrs " of the Afr.-Maneth. table), accession of StS- 
 phinates or Stgphinathis ; head of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. Tnephahtos is mentioned by 
 Diodorus i. 45. 2, Tehnatis by Plutarch is. and os. 8 ; and according to a papyrus, Tafnekht 
 made himself master of Lower Egypt, as far as Heracleopolis (see Birch). The name of 
 kino- Kasto or T-h-k occurs on contemporaneous monuments, and according to Lepsius he 
 married Amuniritis. 
 
 "687 B. C." (= 559 -f- " 128 years " of Herodotus i. 130, and Clint ), beginning of the Median 
 Empire : Deioces being formally established ruler, and his dominions extending as far West as the 
 river Halys in Asia Minor. 
 
 The city of Ecbatana built for the new seat of government by Deioces. Who also was accus- 
 tomed to deliver his judgments in writing— (see Herodot. i. 100, and Esth. i. 19). 
 
 "685, in the autumn " (Pausan. iv. 15. I, but Clinton i p. 180 and 253 thinks probably six years 
 later), revolt of the Messenians against the Spartans, commencing the Second Messenian war. — 
 The war continued " seventeen " years. 
 
 "684 B. C." (. . . Clint. . .), Perdiccas succeeded by Argaeus, fifth king of Macedonia. 
 "683 B. C." (the seven Decennial archons occupying "69 years " according to Clinton), a change 
 at Athens in the form of government ; Eryxias succeeded by Creon, the first Annual archon. 
 
 "681 B. C. = 1st year of Li-wang II., of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 In this year (= 688 — " 7 yrs " of both Maneth. tables = 664 + " 1 5 yrs dodecarch. 
 -f- 2 yrs anarch." of Diodorus . . .), Stephinates succeeded by Nehepsos, second king 
 of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. Neohavin is mentioned by Alexis autarch. (Athen. x. 
 p. 41S) : the name of king Ankhepi or Pankhi occurs on contemporaneous monu- 
 ments, — and is placed next after queen Amuniritis by Lepsius k. pi. 4 According to 
 
222 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the above-mentioned papyrus, the revolted Tafnekht was subdued by Pankhi, king of Ethiopia, resid- 
 ing at Noph or Napata (see Birch). 
 
 "680 B. C." (= 667 -j- " 13 years" of the Astronom. can., and Clint.), accession of Asaridimis, 
 or Esarhaddon retaining for himself the city of Babylon. 
 
 " 678 B. C." (= 716 — "38 years " of Herodot , Clint.), Gyges succeeded by Ardys as king of 
 Lydia. 
 
 "676 B. C. = 1st year of Hoei-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Sosib., Athen. xiv. p. 635, Jul. Air., and Clint.), "Carnea" or contests with 
 the harp, instituted in Laconia. 
 
 " 675, Oct. 10th," on the first day of the Tenth month in the •' 2d year of Tchoun-wang " (Khoung- 
 tseu, the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. 107), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 In this year (= 313 -f "362 yrs " of the Vishnu-Purana, H. H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 137), in 
 Hindustan, accession of the first " of the ten Saisunaga princes." 
 
 The same year (=681 — "6 yrs" of the Afr.-Maneth. table). N£ha6 is placed here in the 
 Afr.-Maneth table, — but in the Euseb.-Maneth. table (688 — " 12 — 7 — 6 yrs" =663) under 
 Psammetichus. 
 
 "674 B. C." (Hieronym. and Clint., see also Thucyd. iv. 25 and Mela i. 19. 33), on the Asiatic 
 shore of the Bosphorus, Chalcedon founded by Greek colonists from Megara under Archias. — 
 '•Seventeen" years later (Herodot. iv. 144), Byzantium directly opposite founded also by Megaran 
 Greeks ; the city continues nourishing to the present day under the name of Constantinople. 
 
 "671 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), "eleventh" change in naval dominion. Leaving the Carians, 
 the "Empire of the sea" acquired by the Lesbian Greeks. — Held by them "sixty-nine " years. 
 
 "669, May 27th " = "first day of the Sixth month in the Sth year of Hou-wang" (Khoung-tseu, 
 the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. 107), eclipse of the situ. 
 
 Zizvphus jujuba of Hindustan. The jttjube tree or wild Mere is called in Hindustanee "bier," 
 in Bengalee " kool," in Telinga " rengha '' (Lindl.) or " reygoo," in Tamil " elendie " (Drur.), in 
 Burmah " hzee " (Mason) ; and "more than twelve hundred years " ago was introduced by the way 
 of " Persia " into China — (Li-chi-tchin, and others) : the " jujube " is mentioned in an ode attributed 
 to Tcheou-kong, and in one written about B. C. 661 (Chi-King i. 9. 3 and i. 15. 1, and Lacharme) ; 
 .the "eul" or "tsao" cultivated and its fruit eaten, by Thseng-tsi, Thseng-tseu, Koung-sun-tcheou, 
 and Meng-tseu ii. 5. 14 to 8. 36: Z. jujuba was observed by Cibot mem. chin. iii. p. under frequent 
 cultivation in China ; by Blanco, cultivated and seemingly wild on the Philippines, and its fruit called 
 " manzanitas ; " is termed " mansana arborea" by Sonnerat pi. 94 ; was observed by Rumphius ii. 
 pi. 36 on the Moluccas, its bark employed as a remedy for diarrhoea (Lindl.) ; by Mason v. 45S, 
 " exotic " in Burmah but " often found apparently growing wild," its " small sour- berry a great 
 favourite with the Burmese and Karens." Westward, the "koli" tree is mentioned by Budhaghosha 
 parab. xxvi ; Z. jujuba according to Royle is the most common species in Northern Hindustan ; was 
 observed by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, from Bengal throughout the peninsula; by Rheede iv. 
 pi. 41, in Malabar; by Gibson, and Graham, in the environs of Bombay "common almost every- 
 where," and " very abundant in the Kandesh jungles, particularly towards the Taptee ; " its fruit 
 according to Drury "is eatable." and leaves on their "under side as well as young branches and 
 petioles covered with dense tawny tomentum." (See Z. melanogona). 
 
 "668 B. C." (= "first year of the 28th Olymp." of Pausan iv. 23. 2), after eleven years siege, 
 the city of Ira captured by the Spartans : terminating the Second Messenian war. (Pausanias' date 
 is however regarded by Clinton i. p. 190 and 253, as probably "six" years too early). 
 
 "Nov. 10th " = "first day of the Twelfth month" (Khoung-tseu, the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. 
 p. 107), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 One hundred and ninth generation. May 1st, 667, mostly beyond youth : the prophet Nahum : 
 among the Greeks, Polymnastus of Colophon, who improved the Spartan music. 
 
 "The same year" (== 647 -\- •' 20 years" of the Astronom. can., and Clint), Asaridinus or 
 Esarhaddon succeeded by Saosduchinus, now king of Babylon. (The accession of the Assyrian 
 king Sammughes is placed by Alex. Polyhistor a year later, = 604 -|- "20+ 21 -J- 21," with an 
 additional year assigned to his reign : as though the two names belonged to the same king). 
 
 Manasseh king at Jerusalem bound with fetters by "the captains of the host of the king of 
 Assyria," and carried (not to Nineveh) "to Babylon" (2 Chron. xxxiii. n). 
 
 "665 B. C." (Euseb., Ael. xii. 50, and Clint.), at Sparta, first performance of the gymnopaedia, 
 the songs on the occasion including some by Alcman. 
 
 Lactuca scariola of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain lettuce, in 
 Scotland "lattouce" (Prior), in France "laitue" (Nugent), in Germany " salat " (Grieb), in Italy 
 " lattuga " or " lattuca " (Lenz), in Greece " maroulion or " marouli " (Fraas) or " thrithax " (Zalikogl.), 
 in Egypt " khass " (Del.) or as heard by myself " khuss," in Egyptian " iSv ns6tshg " (Ming.) or 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 223 
 
 "6uf"or"ov" (ras. Par., and Kirch.) or "gmvrosi" (Syn. Diosc.) 1 in which we recognize the 
 ' laktouka" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the ® PI AAKA of Alcman, — Hipponax, Cratinus, Polemon 
 diaet. ii. Theophrastus, Athenaeus iii. 82, and "thrithax emSros" esculent according to Dioscorides : 
 the " thrithax " was already in Egypt when invaded by Cambyses (Herodot. . .): the "khass" is 
 mentioned by Ebn Baitar: L. scariola was observed in Egypt under cultivation by Abd-allatif, 
 Forskal, Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself ; by Forskal, under cultivation among the mountains of 
 Yemen ; by Fraas, under cultivation in Greece ; by him, and Sibthorp, in shaded situations in its 
 original state, is known to grow also about Caucasus and as far as the Altaian mountains (Ledeb., 
 and C. A. Meyer). Westward, the " thrithax emgros " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " lak- 
 touka " of the Romans ; the "lactuca" according to Pliny xix. 38 was known to the ancient Italians 
 in one variety only ; is mentioned also by Varro, Horace, Celsus, Columella, and Martial : L. scariola 
 is described by Hermann parad. pi. 91, and Morison iii. 7. pi. 2; is termed "1. sylvestris costa 
 spinosa" by Tournefort inst. 473 ; and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as 
 far as Denmark (Ray, Engl. bot. pi. 268, fl. Dan. pi. 1227, and Wats.), is besides abundantly culti- 
 vated. Eastward from Caucasus, is called in Persian and Hindustanee " kahu " (Roxb., and D'roz.), 
 but seems devoid of a Sanscrit name ; was observed by Royle him p. 247 in the gardens of Northern 
 Hindustan ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay ; and by Roxburgh, Wallich, and Wight, farther 
 South and East : by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; by Loureiro. in Anam ; by Kaempfer, and Thun- 
 berg, under cultivation in Japan and called "kantats," or usually " futsu kusa " or "too tsisa.'' By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cultivated; 
 to the island of Tristan d' Acunha (A. Dec.) ; and according to Loureiro, to Macao in Southern 
 China. The inspissated juice according to Lindley is sold under the name of thridace or lettuce opium. 
 (See L. virosa). 
 
 Calendula arvensis of the Mediterranean countries. A kind of wild marigold called in Germany 
 " feld-ringelblume," in Italy "fior rancio selvatico " or "fiorrancio campestre " (Lenz), in Greece 
 " graias t'atrahti " (Fraas), in Egypt " tob a'yny " or " kahleh " (Del.); in which we recognize the 
 KAVXA/Vof Alcman, — or"kalhe" of Epicharmus, Numenius (schol. Nic. ther. 257), Nicolaus of 
 Damascus, and Athenaeus xv. 28: C. arvensis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent in waste and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by 
 Forskal, Delile, and myself, on the river-flat of the Nile as far as Cairo. Westward, the "calthula" 
 garment is mentioned by Plautus ; the " caltha " by Vitruvius, Virgil eel. ii. 50, and the "flammeola 
 caltha" by Columella x. 307 : C. arvensis is described by Columna phyt. pi. 13 (Spreng.) ; is termed 
 "caltha arvensis" by Tournefort inst. 499 ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy; and is 
 known to occur in cultivated ground as far as middle Europe (Scop., and Pers.). 
 
 Gnaphalium Orientate of the East Mediterranean countries. The EV I X PVEO mentioned as 
 coronary by Alcman, — Ibycus, Cratinus, Themistagoras, Athenaeus xv. 27, or " elSiohrusou " of 
 Theophrastus ix. 19 having a slender superficial root, hard stem, whitish leaves, and golden flowers, 
 with which whoever is crowned will it is believed become illustrious, is referred here by Honorius 
 Bellus (Clus. p 300): Pliny xxi. 38 adds, that the Magians crown themselves with " heliochrysos," 
 thinking that honour and reputation belong to it : G. Orientale is termed " elichrysum orientale " 
 by Tournefort inst. 453; was observed by Sibthorp on Crete; and is known to grow in Barbary 
 (Lam. ill. pi. 693, and Pers.). 
 
 Gnaphalium stoechas of the Mediterranean countries. The gold-everlasting is called in Germany 
 "gold-immortelle" (Lenz), in France "immortelle" (Nugent), in Greece " kalokoimithikis " or 
 " thakrua tas panagias " (Sibth.) or " amaranthon " (Fraas) ; and possibly the " Slihruso " of Alcman ; 
 
 clearly the "amaranton" or "hrusanthSmon " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "Jlihruson of 
 
 Dioscorides with which images of the gods were crowned, placed besides among clothing to keep 
 out moths : Ptolemy was careful to crown the gods of Egypt with "heliochrysum " (Plin. xxi. 96) ; 
 the "elihruson" is mentioned also by Theocritus i. 28, Nicander ther. 625, and the scholiast: G. 
 stoechas was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, is described 
 by Valerius Cordus f. 65, and Barrelier pi. 409; is termed "elichrysum seu stoechas citrina angusti- 
 folia" by Tournefort inst. 452; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; is known to grow from 
 Italy as far as middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.) ; and wreaths of its flowers are often seen in 
 our modern cemeteries. 
 
 Sesamum Orinitale of Equatorial Africa. Called in French and English gardens sesame 
 (Nugent), in German "sesam," in Italy " sesamo " (Lenz), in Greece "sisami" (Forsk.) or "sgsami" 
 or "sesami" or " sousami " (Fraas), in Egypt " semsem," in Yemen " djyldjylan " (Forsk.), in 
 Egyptian "sSmsem" or " susamgn » (ms. Par., and Kirch.) or "6kg" (ras. Par.); in which we 
 recognize the £A£ AM of Alcman, — or " sesamon " of Stesichorus (or perhaps Ibycus, Athen. iii. 
 75 to iv. 72), Crates, and Hippocrates ; cultivated for its oil in Babylonia in the days of Herodotus i. 
 
224 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 193, and Strabo xvi. I ; in Egypt also in the days of Theophrastus . . . , Dioscorides, and Pliny; 
 and its culture in Italy mentioned by Columella ii. 10. 18, Pliny, and Palladius : S. orientale con- 
 tinues well known in Italy (Lenz) ; was observed by Forskal, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation 
 from the Peloponnesus to Tenedos, the seeds plastered on bread; by Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, 
 and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; was ascertained by myself at Zanzibar to be cultivated in 
 the neighbouring portion of Africa ; and Westward in the same Equatorial portion, is known to have 
 been long cultivated along the Atlantic (Hook.) : Eastward from Arabia, is called in the environs of 
 Bombay "gingelie" or " tul " (Graham), in Bengalee "til," in Telinga " noowooloo," in Tamil "yel- 
 loo cheddie " (Drury), in Sanscrit "tila" (Roxb.) : " sesama ab indis " is mentioned by Pliny xviii. 
 10 ; ■* tila," in the Institutes of Menu : S- Orientale was observed by Rheede ix. pi. 55 in Malabar ; 
 by myself, in the environs of Bombay, cultivated according to Graham for its oil and "a very com- 
 mon plant springing up in uncultivated places and flowering towards the close of the rains : " by Rox- 
 burgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Burmann pi. 38, on Ceylon. Farther East, 
 by Mason v. p. 504, " exotic " and called " hnan " in Burmah, " largely cultivated by the Karens " 
 and the seeds sold to the Burmese, who use the oil in curries and for burning ; by Rumphius v. p. 
 204, cultivated and naturalized in the Malayan archipelago and called in Malay " widjin ;" by Blanco, 
 on the Philippines, and called in Tangalo 'Tinga," in Bisaya " longa," in Pampango " langis ; " by 
 Thunberg, in Japan and called " koba ; " and is called " moa " in China (Rumph.). By European 
 colonists, was carried from Equatorial Africa across the Atlantic to Brazil (Piso, and A. Dec), has 
 become naturalized in Tropical America, and as far as Florida. 
 
 Cypervs esculentus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " dolcichini " or " bacicci " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " kipSros," in Egypt 'Tiab el aziz " (Forsk.) ; and the KVIAIPO/v of Alcman — 
 maybe compared: the " kupSiron " by some called " z£rnan " according to Democritus has a root 
 aromatic in flavour (geopon. ii. 6) : the " malinathalle " buried in sand not far from the Nile and giv- 
 ing out leaves like "kup£ir6," becomes according to Theophrastus iv. 8. 12 as large as a "m<5spilon" 
 and is cooked and eaten : seeds of C. esculentus according to Wilkinson have been found in ancient 
 Egyptian tombs : the living plant was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Lower Egypt ; by Fors- 
 kal, near Constantinople, the root large and edible with an aromatic flavour; by Gittard, in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Westward, is described by Morison iii. pi. n ; was observed by Desfontaines i. p. 43 in 
 Barbary ; by Tenore pi. 101, and Lenz, in Italy; is known to grow also in Southern France (Villars, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 "The same year = beginning of the Tenth manwantara " among the Hindus (Graha Munjari 
 tables, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244). 
 
 "664 B. C "' (= 404 -\- "260 years " of Thucyd. i. 13, and Clint.), naval combat between the 
 Corinthians and their colonial descendants of Corcyra or Corfu. Regarded by Thucydides as 
 the earliest one known to the Greeks. 
 
 " Three hundred and forty-one kings " preceded Psammetichus, according to the statement of 
 Egyptian priests to Herodotus ii. 142. In the Afr.-Maneth. table, one hundred and thirteen kings 
 being named, the unnamed kings of the Seventh, Eighth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Seventeenth, and 
 Twentieth dynasties, make up the required number, 1 13 -\- " 70 -|- 27 -)- 16 -\- 60 -)- 43 -\- 12 " = 341. 
 The exclusion therefore may be remarked of the unnamed kings of the Ninth, Tenth, Fourteenth, 
 Sixteenth, Nineteenth, and duplicated Seventeenth dynasties. 
 
 VI. GREEK ASCENDENCY. 
 
 The same year (= 610 -j- " 54 years " of Herodotus and the Afr.-Maneth. table, the 
 
 Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 570 -f " 25 -f 17 -\- 6 -\- 45 years " = 663 = 68S — " 12 
 
 — 7 — 6 yrs "), accession of Psammetihos or Psammetichus, fourth king of the 
 
 Twenty-sixth dynasty : an occasion marked by the first introduction into Egypt of a 
 
 body of Greeks (Herod, ii. 154). He married a daughter of king Pankhi — (Birch). 
 
 From about this date, the Egyptian monuments no longer present representations of manners, 
 
 occupations, and the mechanic arts ; may also be recognized by a difference in style, a o-eneral want 
 
 of care in sculpturing hieroglyphic characters, and by the reduplication of the deities; the cat-headed 
 
 deity being especially frequent. 
 
 The name of king Psametik occurs on contemporaneous monuments, on stones from a temple 
 begun by him near Naharieh (Leps. eg. and sin. 43) ; in the great unfinished hall at Karnak, in the 
 quarries at Tura, on the rocks near Phils, on an obelisk (now in Rome), and on a papyrus and other 
 moveable articles (now in the museums of Europe). 
 
 "Under the Psammetichi " (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 28 and 118), a third canon of proportions for 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 225 
 
 the human figure makes its appearance in the Egyptian sculptures. — This new rule or canon is that 
 mentioned by Diodorus ; and continued unchanged until the time of the Roman emperors. 
 
 "661 B. C." ( . . . . Lacharme note to Chi-King i. 9), the kingdom of Ouei incorporated in the 
 kingdom of Tsin by prince Hien-kang 
 
 In this year (= 635 y. 147^ d. -4- "32 years" of ten lunations, Sm b. d.), Numa succeeded by 
 Tullus Hostilius, third king of Rome. 
 
 Prasium majus of the Mediterranean countries. A Labiate plant called in Greece "phas- 
 sohorton" (Sibth.), equivalent to the " peristereona " identified by Pliny with the "sagmina" 
 employed by Tullus Hostilius in concluding alliance with the Albans — (Liv. i. 24. 4) : the "peri- 
 stereona " is further identified by Pliny xxii. 3 and xxv. 59 with the " hierabotane " with which the 
 temple of Jupiter was swept and purified, and which was carried to enemies by the " verbenarius " 
 in the Roman army : P. majus is described by Morison iii. pi. 21 ; is termed "galeopsis hispanica 
 frutescens teucrii folio " by Tournefort inst. 186 ; is known to grow about Rome as well as in Sicily 
 and Morocco (Pers.). Westward, the " erva saggouinalis " or " krista gallinakSa " or " phgrraria " or 
 "trixalis " or "exoupenms" of the Romans is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "pe'ristMon orthos," 
 named according to Dioscorides from doves loitering around, mostly single-stemmed from a single 
 root, and a span high with incised greyish leaves : the " penste>S6n orthos " or " pensterion " or 
 "trugonion^' or " igra votane " or "philtrothotes " or "vounion" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the " eras thakruon " or " aima grmou " or " aima gales " of the prophets, and "pempsemptg " 
 of the Egyptians: the "pe>istSr£6n orthos" is mentioned also by Aetius, and Alexander Trallianus : 
 "pastus columbarum" occurs in a translation of Avicenna, and the " aiaranuthali " of Ebn Baitar 
 may also be compared : P. majus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on rocky hills from 
 the Peloponnesus to Caria in Asia Minor. (See Verbena officinalis, V. supina, and Sisymbrium 
 officinale). 
 
 "660 B. C." (Euseb. and Clint., see also Ephor., Aristot., Strab. vi. p. 260, and Clem. Alex. i. 
 p. 309), in Italy, laws made by Zaleucus for the Greek colonists at Locris. Regarded as the earliest 
 collection of written laws possessed by the Greeks. 
 
 " The same year (= 17th year of the emperor Huivam = 58th year of the 35th Chinese cycle," 
 Kaempf. ii. 2, and art de verif.), " Third and last epoch of Japanese history," the Nin-0 of the 
 Japanese, or "era of Sinmu" (see below). 
 
 " In this year "(.... Lacharme note to Chi-King i. 4. 6), Oen-kong, son of Y-kong king of 
 Ouei. — He was killed in battle against the barbarians of the North. 
 
 " 657 B. C. = 20th year of Hoei-wang " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-fourth 
 cycle. 
 
 Ricinus communis of Tropical America ? The castor-oil plant is called in Germany " wunder- 
 baum," in Italy " ricino " or " ricino commune " (Lenz), in Greece " krot6n£ia " or " kollokiki " 
 (Siblh.) or "kiki " (Fraas), in Egypt " kharoua," in Nubia " rouagy " (Del.), in Yemen " tebscha " 
 or " djar " (Forsk.), by the prophets " aima purfitou," in Egyptian " susthamna " or " trixin " (Syn. 
 Diosc), in Sanscrit " eranda," in Hindustanee " arend " or "arendi,"in Bengalee " bherenda," in 
 Telinga " amadum " (Lindl.), in Tamil " valluk " or " sittamunak " (Drur.), in Burmah " kyet-hsoo " 
 (Mason), in Tagalo " lingansina " or " tangantangan," in Ylocano " tangantangan " or " tavatavang 
 sina " (Blanco), in Japan " fima," or usually " karagi " or " karagasju " or " Chinese goma " (Thunb.) ; 
 and the '• ricin " is mentioned in an ode attributed to Tcheou-kong — (Chi-King i. 15. 1, transl. 
 Lacharme) : R. communis was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg in Japan, employed for making 
 ink ; by Mason v. 492, " exotic " in Burmah, very extensively cultivated by the Karens for its seeds, 
 used to fix colours ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Bengal and peninsular Hindustan ; by Rheede 
 ii. pi. 32, in Malabar ; by myself, cultivated and naturalized as far as Bombay, according to Graham 
 " common about villages all over the country " and its oil " generally used in lamps by the natives ; " 
 by Forskal, among the mountains of Yemen, seemingly wild ; by myself, seemingly wild on Zanzibar ; 
 by Grant, " everywhere near dwellings " on his route to the Nile, its leaves having virtues among the 
 Negro tribes, and its oil used for ointments. Farther North, the " sillikuprion " or " kiki " is men- 
 tioned by Herodotus ii. 94 as cultivated in Egypt for its oil, and springing up spontaneously in 
 Greece ; its cultivation in Egypt is also mentioned by Strabo xvii. 2, but according to Pliny xv. 7 the 
 plant was unknown there in ancient times : the " kiki " or " krot6n " is mentioned also in Nat. mul., 
 2 Morb mul. 79, Plato tim. 60, Theophrastus i. 10. 9, Nicander ther. 676, Diodorus i. 34, Galen, Hiero- 
 nymus, Hesychius, is compared by Dioscorides to a small fig-tree, its leaves like those of the plane 
 but larger ; is identified in the added Synonyms with the " sSseli kuprion," and with the " loupa '' or 
 "rikinoum" of the Romans ; and the "cici" or " ricinum" was in Spain as well as Italy in the days of 
 Pliny xv. 7 : the " kykywn " is mentioned in Jonah iv. 6 ; " kyk " oil according to the Talmudists is 
 one of the five kinds permitted by Tradition in sabbath lamps (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; and the 
 "kherwa" is mentioned by Avicenna, and Serapion : R. communis was observed by Forskal, Delile, 
 
 29 
 
226 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and Clot-Bey ii. 38, under cultivation in Egypt for its oil ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in 
 waste places and sometimes cultivated, from Cyprus to the Peloponnesus ; by Matthioli 771, in 
 Italy ; by Lobel, and J. Bauhin, under cultivation in Southern Europe (A. Dec.) ; by Ray, and Gus- 
 sone, naturalized on Sicily ; by Desfontaines ii. 355, and Reuter, in Barbary. Eastward from Japan, 
 was observed by myself naturalized on the Feejeean Islands, and strings of its seeds used as candles ; 
 naturalized also from Polynesian introduction on New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands. Farther 
 East, is called by the Caribs " lamourou " (Descourt. i. and ii. pi. 127), their knowledge of , the plant 
 therefore not derived from Europeans ; was observed by E. James seemingly wild at the junction 
 of the Canadian and Arkansas rivers : but from European introduction is cultivated in our Atlantic 
 States and along the Ohio. 
 
 "656 B. C." (Clint i. p. 194 and 274), Deioces succeeded by Phraortes, second Median emperor: 
 regarded by Clinton as the - Arphaxad " of the Book of Judith i. 1 to 15. 
 
 "655, Aug. 19th," in the " Ninth month in the 22d year of Hoei-wang" (Khoung-ts,eu, the Li-tai- 
 ki-sse, and Pauth. 107), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 "The same year" ( ... Clint.), the Bacchiadae expelled from Corinth; Cypselus establishing 
 himself there as king. 
 
 About this time (Percev. i. 54), Himyar, son of Abdshams and great grandson of Yarob, ruling 
 Yemen. His brother Cahlan was the progenitor of various Bedouin tribes. 
 
 "654 B. C." (Hieronym., and Clint.), on the Northern shore of the Black Sea, the city of Olbia 
 or Borysthenes founded by Greek colonists. 
 
 "651 B. C. = 1st year of Siang-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "648, Feb. 1st" ( . . Blair), the Thoth of this Nabonassar year. "Having shifted twenty-five 
 days in one hundred years." 
 
 " 647 B. C." (= 625 -)- " 22 years " of the Astronom. can., and Clint.), Saosduchinus succeeded 
 by Chinaladanus, as king at Babylon. (The accession of the " brother of Sammughes " as Assyrian 
 king, is placed by Alex. Polyhistor two years later, = 604 -f- " 20 -(- 21," with "21 years" only 
 assigned to his reign ; the two accounts possibly referring to one and the same person). 
 
 " 646 B. C." ( . . . . Clint.), Argaeus succeeded by Philippus, sixth king of Macedonia. 
 
 Not earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244), 
 Bhurisena reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 " 644 B. C." (Ma-tuan-lin, E. Biot, and Humb. cosm. iv.), the earliest recorded fall of an aerolite 
 in China. 
 
 641 B. C. (= 694 y. 183JH d. — " 55 years " of twelve lunations of "> K. xxi. 1, and 2 Chron. 
 xxxiii. 1), Manasseh succeeded at Jerusalem by his son Amon, eighteenth Jewish king. 
 
 "640 B. C." (Herodot. iv. 152, and Letronne), Colaeus of Samos on his way to Egypt visiting 
 Platea. Sailing thence, he was driven by continual adverse winds into the Western portion of the 
 Mediterranean, and even "as if led by the divinity" through the straits into the Atlantic : the Greeks 
 not for the first time seeing the main ocean (see above, Carians). 
 
 639 B. C. (= 641 y. 51JJ-J d. — "2 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xxi. 19, and 2 Chron. 
 xxxiii. 21), at Jerusalem, Amon slain by his servants; and succeeded by his son Josiah, nineteenth 
 Jewish king. 
 
 In this year = "26th year- of Psammetichus," death of the Apis or sacred bull that was born in 
 the "26th year of Taharka " — (Birch). 
 
 "The same year" (Herodot. iv. 156, and Clint.), first settlement of Greeks on the Lybian or 
 North African shore. At Platea, under the direction of Battus. 
 
 Thapsia silphiuin of the Lybian Desert. The " silphion " plant discovered in the following 
 year (638 = "7 years before the building of Cyrene," Theophr. . . , and Plin. xix. 15) in the district 
 around the Greek settlement; — figured on coins of Cyrene, and celebrated among the Greeks for the 
 medicinal and culinary properties of its concrete juice : imported " silphion of Cyrene " is mentioned 
 by Herodotus iv. 169, Aristophanes, Antiphanes, in the Hippocratic treatise 1 Morb. 4, and by 
 Nicander, and Strabo xvii. 3 ; was already rare in the clays of Scribonius Largus xvi. 67 ; was known 
 to Dioscorides iii. 84, the plant now so rare that a stem sent from Cyrene to the emperor Nero was 
 the only one procured within the remembrance of Pliny xix. 15 : T. silphium was re-discovered in 
 1818 in its original locality by P. Delia Cella, in journeying by land from Tripoli to Egypt. 
 
 In the same district (Aristot. animal, viii), there were originally no " phftnountSs vatrahoi " 
 frogs having voice, Rana temporaria ? : — implying therefore, that these animals were after some 
 years imported by the Greek settlers. The frogs now frequent all over the island of Madeira, I was 
 assured had been imported by residents. 
 
 637 B. C. After " two years " stay, Battus and his companions, leaving behind only one man, 
 returned to Greece. But before the close of " this year " (Herodot. iv. 157, and Clint.), second set- 
 tlement by the Greeks on the Lybian shore. At Aziris, also under the direction of Battus. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 227 
 
 "635 B. C." (Herodot. iv. 157, and Clint.), in Lydia, the city of Sardis captured by the Cimmer- 
 ians ; who had again entered Asia Minor. 
 
 The same year (= 616 -|- " 24 years " of ten lunations, Sm. b. d.), Tullus Hostilius succeeded by 
 Ancus Marcius, fourth king of Rome. 
 
 Mentha arvensis of Europe and middle Asia. Called in Britain mint, in France "menthe" 
 (Nugent), in Germany " minze" (Grieb), in Egyptian " atshinsthoi " or " ashinnsthoi " or "asinstoi" 
 (transl. n. test.) ; in which we recognize the " menta-" of the early Romans, who deduced the name 
 from "mintha," — commended for its taste and odour by Pliny xix. 47 to xx. 53 "grato menta mensas 
 odore percurrit in rusticis dapibus " agreeably scenting rustic banquets ; mentioned also by Cicero, 
 and Ovid met. x . . . ; its use in cookery, by Apicius ; its cultivation according to Columella, and Pliny, 
 renewed from the " mentastrum " or " silvestre " kind, growing in fallow ground and in the time 
 of Pompeius found to remove " elephantiasin " white scurf on the face : M. arvensis is described by 
 Lobel adv. p. 217 ; is termed " m. arvensis verticillata hirsuta " by Tournefort inst. 189 ; was observed 
 by Forskal on Malta; is known to grow in fallow ground as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 512, Thuil., 
 AH., Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.), and is besides cultivated. Eastward, the " ethuosmon " enumerated by 
 Matthew xxiii. 3, and Luke xi. 42 as cultivated in Palestine, by Dioscorides as medicinal and a con- 
 diment, mentioned also in Geopon. xii. 24, may be compared : M. arvensis was observed by Sestini 
 in the environs of Constantinople (Sibth.) ; by Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; and is known to 
 grow about Caucasus (Royle). Farther East, is known to grow along the Himalayan mountains as 
 far as Cashmere (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; was observed by Graham "in gardens" in the environs 
 of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, in other parts of Tropical Hindustan. By European colonists, was car- 
 ried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and according to A. Gray has been 
 found springing up spontaneously " Penn. and Ohio, rare, odor like that of decayed cheese." Is one 
 of three species enumerated by Lindley as having "been in repute as stomachics and emmenagogues." 
 (See M. aquatica, and M. crispa). 
 
 "634 B. C." (Herodot., and Clint), Phraortes slain by the Assyrians; and succeeded by his 
 son Cyaxares, third Median emperor. Whose siege of Nineveh was arrested before the close of the 
 year by Scythians from beyond the Black Sea overrunning Asia Minor. — The Scythians remained 
 " twenty-eight " years, and extended their incursions as far as Palestine. 
 
 One hundred and tenth generation. Sept. 1st, 634, mostly beyond youth: the Egyptian" priest 
 Sonchis preceptor of Solon : the Jewish prophets, Zephaniah, and Habakkuk : the Greek poets, 
 Aristoxenus of Selinus, Lesches of Mytilene, Xanthus, Pisander of Camira, and Mimnermus. 
 
 " 633 B. C." ( . . . . Clint.), at the mouth of the Danube, the city of Istrus founded by Milesian 
 Greeks. 
 
 "631 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), in Lybia, the city of Cyrene founded by Greek colonists under 
 Battus. 
 
 Continuing South, the Scythians were dissuaded by Psametik from entering Egypt ; but on their 
 way back, some of their number plundered the temple of the Uranian Venus in Ascalon, of the deity 
 called " Alilat" by the Arabians. This was the oldest temple of Venus known to Herodotus i. 105 
 to iii. 8, having preceded and given rise to that on Cythera built by the Phoenicians, and the one on 
 Cyprus. The origin of the Enarean Scythians was attributed to the above-mentioned desecration. 
 
 Tilia argentea of Eastern Europe. A linden tree called in Greece "phlamouria" (Fraas) or 
 "lipa'' or "philouria" (Sibth. app.) ; in which we recognize the " philuren " used in divination by 
 the Enarean Scythians, an art according to their account taught them by Venus — (Herodot. iv. 67), 
 furnishing the splints or stays worn by the poet Cinesias, accused by the orator Lysias (Ruel i. 138) : 
 the "philura" is mentioned also by Xenarchus, Aristophanes av. 1378, and Athenaeus xii. 76 to xv. 
 24 ; by Theophrastus iv. 4. I and caus. it. 19. 2 as not flourishing in the gardens of Babylon, the 
 under surface of its leaves whitish, and a " thelSia " kind distinguished : T. argentea was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on mountains from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Griesebach 
 p. 136, in Macedonia ; by Waldstein and Kitaibel, in Hungary ; and " lipa," one of the above names 
 current in Greece, is (according to Moritzi and A. Decandolle) Slavonian. Farther South, the 
 importation into Egypt of timber of "nafhaur " or " tilia " is enumerated by Forskal p. Ivi. (See T. 
 Europaja) . 
 
 "630 B. C," and "in the reigns of Psammetichus and CyaxareS " (Strab. xvii. 1. 18, and Clint.), 
 in Egypt, the city of Naucratis founded by Milesian Greeks. 
 
 "629 B. C." (= 678 — "49 years" of Herodot. i. 16, and Clint.), Ardys succeeded by Sadyattes, 
 as king of Lydia. 
 
 " 626, Feb. 3d." In " spring, on the day Kouei-hai, in the second month in the 26th year of 
 Siang-wang" (Khoung-tseu, the Li-tai-ki-sse, and Pauth. 107), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 About this year (Percev. i. 55), Malik, son of Himyar, obtaining possession of Oman, main- 
 tained the independence of the province against his brother Wathil. 
 
22 8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "625 Tan 27th" (= 604+ "21 years" of the Astronom. can, and Clint.), Chinaladanus suc- 
 ceeded by Nabopolassar as king at Babylon. (By Alex. Polyhistor, "twenty " years only are assigned 
 to his reign ; but in another place where he is called " Sardanapallus, 21 " are given. See also byn- 
 
 cell. p. 210). , , . _ . , , . 
 
 "The same year" (Diog. Laert, and Clint.), Cypselus succeeded by his son Penander, as king 
 of Corinth. By some writers, Periander is enumerated as one of the " Seven sages." ^ 
 
 "623 B. C." (Herodot, and Clint.), commencement of war between the Lydian king Sadyattes 
 and the Milesian Greeks. — The war continued " eleven " years. 
 
 The same year (= 639 y. 73^ d. - " 18th year " of twelve lunations of 2 K xxu 3, and 2 
 Chron. xxxiv. 8), the lost "book of the law " given by Moses, discovered in the temple at Jerusalem 
 by the high priest Hilkiah, and brought to king Josiah. 
 
 " 621, Saturday April 22d, five hours after midnight » (as reduced by Ptolemy to the meridian of 
 Alexandria, Blair), Fourth Babylonian eclipse of the moon. 
 
 "The same year = 33d year of Siang-wang" (the Li-tai-ki-sse, Sse-ma-thsian, Gaub.l, and 
 Pauth.), death of Mou-koung prince of Thsin ; at whose funeral " one hundred and seventy-seven " 
 persons immolated themselves ; a custom now first introduced into China from the " Tartars of the 
 West." — The custom is mentioned as existing among the Scythians, by Herodotus. 
 
 " The same year " (Tat., Clem. Alex, and Clint), the Laws of Dracon adopted at Athens. 
 
 620 B. C. = "45th year of Psametik," the date (according to Boeckh and Franzius) of the ear- 
 liest Greek inscription known; that at Abousimbel in Nubia, recording the passage of king Psametik's 
 army and presenting the following forms of letters, . . /S A, B, ®, K, A, AA, N, V, #, X, V. 
 
 The "Third " epoch in Nubian or Ethiopian history (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. 17, 29, 
 Is2 to 219), is that of kings independent of Egypt: the kings of Meroe, whose dominion extended 
 not only over Upper Nubia, but as far down the river as Philae. — At Meroe, near Begerauieh, the 
 names of "fifteen" different kings were found by Lepsius p. 152; and among "about thirty different 
 names of kings and queens " at the pyramids there, he remarked the " emblems of Sesurtesen " used 
 " for the fourth time as the throne name of an Ethiopian king." The temple of Amara was "built by 
 the kings of Meroe and Nag.i : " and Napata continued to be a residence of the " Ethiopian kings even 
 in the time of Herodotus/' The Ethiopian demotic was " more in use and more generally known 
 than hieroglyphic" writing; was " similar to the Egyptian demotic in its characters" of "between 
 twenty-five and thirty signs," and was in like manner " read from right to left; " but there is a "con- 
 stant separation of words by two points : " the Bega language of the Bishari, is regarded by him as 
 " most probably the key to the ancient Ethiopian inscriptions written in simple characters." 
 
 "618 B. C. = 1st year of King-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 617 B. C." (= 629 -|- " 12 years " of Herodot. i. 16, Clint, i. p. 184), Sadyattes succeeded by 
 his son Alyattes, as king of Lydia. 
 
 " 616 B. C." (= 578 -(- " 38 yrs," Sm. b. d.), Ancus Marcius succeeded by Tarquinius Priscus, 
 fifth king of Rome, and the calendar Year of " ten months " abrogated (Jun. Gracchan.). Tarqui- 
 nius Priscus was a son of Demaratus of Corinth, one of the expelled Bacchiadae. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari table's, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244), 
 Sucshetra reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 " In the reign of Alyattes" (Herodot.), the Cimmerians finally expelled from Asia Minor. 
 
 "613 B. C." (Humb. cosm. iv. 185), a. comet observed in China: the earliest — in the collection 
 of Ma-tuan-lin. 
 
 In this vear = "53d year of Psammetichus," death of an Apis or sacred bull. Its mummified 
 body was the first one deposited in the new gallery at the Serapeum ; built together with additions to 
 the great temple of Ptah at Memphis by Psammetichus — (Birch). 
 
 "6i2 B. C. = 1st year of Kouang-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "April 28th." On the "first day of the Sixth month" (Khoung-tseu, Gaabil, and Pauth.), 
 eclipse of the sun. 
 
 " 610 B. C." (Euseb , and Clint.), escape from pirates of Arion the inventor of dithyrambic poe- 
 try. A commemorative votive offering of a small bronze statue of a man seated on a dolphin, was 
 placed on the Taenarum promontory; — where it remained more than seven hundred years, being 
 mentioned by Herodotus, and Aelianus xii. 45. 
 
 |5^ ^Ht The same year (= 609 y. 10 mo. 2 d. -)- the portion of his " 1st year" preceding the 
 ^ ■' first day " of the eleventh month " Epiphi " of the stela at Leyden = 570 — f- " 25 — |— 
 6 -(- 16 years" of Herodotus — 7 years excess shown by stelae), Psammetihos suc- 
 ceeded by N£ha6 II, fifth king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. The name of king 
 Nekau II. occurs at Rosetta (Glid. analect.), also on stelae or sepulchral slabs. 
 
 609 B. C. (= 569 -f- " 27th -f- 65 y. 10 mo. 2 days " of the stela at Leyden), the " first day of the 
 month Epiphi in the first year of Nekau II," not later than this date. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 229 
 
 The same year (= 639 y. 73^ d. — " 31 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xxii. 1 and 2 Chron. 
 xxxiv. 1), Josiah striving to arrest the march of an Egyptian army under Nekau II., slain in battle at 
 Megiddo. He was succeeded by his son Jehoahaz. But at the end of " three months," Jewish inde- 
 pendence was overthrown by Nekau II. ; who removed Jehoahaz to Egypt, and appointed his brother 
 Eliakim king at Jerusalem, under the changed name of " Jehoiakim " (2 K. xxiii. 30, 2 Chron. xxxvi., 
 and Herodot. ii. 159). 
 
 608 B. C. (= 570 — " 35th year .... on the 2d of Paopi + 71 y. 4 mo. 6 days " of the stela 
 at Florence), "first day of Paoni in the third year of Nekau II." 
 
 607 B. C. = "4th year of Nekau II. ; " the latest date in his reign found on the monuments (C. 
 Mull. fr. Man. p. 594). But the " 9 years " shown by stelae to be deficient in the Afr.-Maneth. table, 
 probably belong to this reign ; especially as Herodotus' account corresponds. 
 
 Cucumis melo of the Southern border of the Caspian. Called in Britain, France, and Spain 
 melon (Prior), in Germany " melone," in Italy " melone " or " popone " (Lenz), in Greece " peponia " 
 or " karpousia " (Fraas), by the Turks and Tartars " kaun " (A. Dec.) and one variety in Egypt 
 " qaoun " (Del.), the seeming origin of the Hebrew h ~| N P N P kykywn in Jonah iv. 6, — and early 
 Greek " kikuon : " the " sikudn " is mentioned by Alcaeus, Laches, and Matron; the " sikuthion," 
 by Phrynichus ; the " sikuon," by Praxilla, Cratinus, Aristophanes acharn. 520, Polemon diaet. ii., 
 Anaxilaus, Theophrastus, Zenobius iv. 21, and that of Antioch is identified by Athenaeus iii. 4 with 
 the " sikuonian " of Megalopolis, and " sikuan inthiken : " the " sikuan ton pgpona " is mentioned by 
 Speusippus ; the " sikuos pgpon " by the comic poet Plato, Theopompus (Athen. ii. p. 68), Aristotle 
 probl xx. 22, by Aeneas Tacticus 29 as used in smuggling spear-heads ; the " p£p6n " by Cratinus 
 (Athen.), Florentinus (geopon. xii. 20), by Dioscorides as diuretic, and Galen fac. alim. ii. 5 ex- 
 pressly states that the inner portion containing the seeds is not eaten : C. melo was observed by 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece ; by Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, 
 under cultivation in Egypt ; by myself, the fruit in market at Mocha and Muscat. Westward, 
 " melones " are mentioned by Columella xi. 3. 53, Palladius iv. 9. 6, and " pepones " by Pliny xix. 23 
 to xx. 6: C. melo is described by Matthioli pi. 368, and Dalechamp pi. 623 ; but in Southern France, 
 according to Olivier de Serres, began to be extensively cultivated only "in 1629." Eastward from 
 Syria, is called in Persian and Hindustanee "kharbuza" (A. Dec), also in Hindustanee "jamali," in 
 Bengalee " phuti " (D'roz.), and though having no Sanscrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.) is " cultivated all 
 over India " (Graham) : was observed by Mason v. p. 456 " exotic " in Burmah and called " tha-khwa- 
 hmwae," a "very indifferent" kind "cultivated by the natives generally ;" by Loureiro p. 726, in 
 Anam and China, also an indifferent kind ; by Blanco, well known on the Philippines and called in 
 Tagalo "tabogo ; " by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, abundantly cultivated in Japan and called "tenkwa" 
 or usually " kara uri," the term "kara" signifying exotic from China. By Columbus, was carried to 
 America (F. Columb. 53), where it continues under cultivation, and in the United States is called 
 musk-melon; and by the Portuguese (according to Rumphius v. 404) was carried to the Malayan 
 archipelago. (See Ricinus communis). 
 
 In the reign of Nekau II. (Herodot. iv. 40), Africa circumnavigated, and as far as known for 
 the first time. (In passing around the Southern Extreme of Africa, the navigators landing at inter- 
 vals doubtless met with tribes belonging to the Hottentot Race of man ; living on the spontaneous 
 productions of the country, — as for the most part to the present day).* 
 
 * Aphyteia hydnora of Austral Africa. The lower portion constituting the fruit, eaten by the 
 Hottentots and by various quadrupeds — (Thunb., and Pers.). 
 
 Enclea undulata of Austral Africa. The fruit eaten by the Hottentots — (Thunb. trav. iii. 4). 
 
 Brabejum stellulifolium of Austral Africa. The fruit eaten by the Hottentots, — and used for 
 coffee (by the colonists ?), according to Thunberg ii. 2. 
 
 Strelitzia of Austral Africa. The fruit eaten by the Hottentots — (Thunb. iii. 4). 
 
 Schotia speciosa of Tropical and Austral Africa. The beans eaten by the Hottentots — (Thunb.). 
 Farther North, growing also in Senegal (Jacq. rar. i. pi. 75, and Pers.). 
 
 Myrica cordifolia of Austral Africa. The wax on the berries eaten by the Hottentots, — and 
 used for candles (by the colonists), according to Thunberg: the plant described also by Burmann 
 afr. pi. 98 (Pers.). 
 
 Stapelia incarnata of Austral Africa. Eaten by the Hottentots — (Thunb.). 
 
 Stapelia articulata of Austral Africa. Eaten by the Hottentots — and colonists (Thunb., and 
 Mass. pi. 30). As transported to Europe, described by Aiton. 
 
 Zamia cycadifolia of Austral Africa. The pith among the Hottentots, a substitute for bread — 
 (Thunb. iii. 4). Transported to Europe, Z. cycadifolia is described by Jacquin fragm. pi. 25, and 
 Gaertner. 
 
230 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 606 B. C. = 1st year of Ting-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 The same year (= 608 y. 322ffl d. — " 4th year " of twelve lunations, Jerem. xlvi. 2), defeat of 
 the Egyptian army under Nekau II. described in burning words by Jeremiah xlvi. Before the close 
 of the year (Herodot. i. 106, and Clint.), capture and destruction of Nineveh by the Medes under 
 Cyaxares and their Babylonian allies. 
 
 The s/v "IE shmyr of Jeremiah xvii. I, may be compared with "smiris" the Greek name of em- 
 ery; which when pulverized is used in gem-engraving. — The " shmyr " is also mentioned in Ezech. 
 iii. 9, Zach. vii. 12 ; and the " smiris " or " smuris," by ... . The mineral is procured from . . . , one 
 of the Greek islands ; and this locality continued the chief or only source of commercial supply 
 until the recent discovery of a locality in New England. 
 
 Juiiiperus drupacea of Syria. The imported berries of a species of juniper are called in Egypt 
 "arar" (Forsk. mat. med.), in which we recognize the " arar " of Ebn Baitar, and SOSO oror grow- 
 ing in the wilderness according to Jeremiah xvii. 6 and xlviii. 6: — " ark£uthith6n mSizona" are 
 among the ingredients of " kuphi " incense enumerated by Manetho (Plut. is. and osir. 80): two 
 kinds of " arkeuthos " are also mentioned by Oioscorides i. 103 to 105, one having berries as large 
 as a " karuou : '' J. drupacea was found by Labillardiere ii. pi. 8 on mount Casius in Syria, its fruit 
 tubercular and subrotund, three times longer than the leaves ; and Robinson journeying from Hebron 
 among Desert mountains to Petra met with a species of juniper " ten or fifteen feet " high abounding 
 in rocky situations, but in the valleys becoming a larger tree, its berries having something of "the 
 aroma of the pine." (See J. macrocarpa, and J. excelsa). 
 
 Sapindus emargiuatus of Tropical Hindustan. A kind of soapmit imported "from India' 
 was found by Forskal, and Delile, employed in Egypt to wash the finer woollens, and called " ryteh ; " 
 in which we recognize the f/vq9 bryd used in washing according to Jeremiah ii. 22, — and Malachi 
 iii. 2. Eastward, S. emarginatus, a tree of medium size, is called in the environs of Bombay "rhete" 
 (Graham), in Bengalee " buro-reetha,'' in Canara " aratavala," in Telinga " konkoodoo," in Tamil 
 " poovandie " or " ponnanga " (Drury) ; was observed by Gibson, and Graham, about villages from 
 Guzerat to Bombay and the Deccan, the nuts "used medicinally" and "for washing the finer kinds 
 of silk ; " is known to occur also in Mysore, the Northern Circars, and Bengal (Roxb., Ainsl., Wight, 
 and Drury). By European colonists, or at least recently, was carried to Burmah, where according to 
 Mason v. p. 517 it "appears to flourish." 
 
 Cyanella Capensis of Austral Africa. Eaten by the Hottentots — (Thunb.). Transported to 
 Europe, described by the younger Linnaeus, Andrews pi. 191, and Jacquin hort. iii. pi. 35. 
 
 \~zcusscuxia edalis of Austral Africa. An Iris-like plant, the bulbous root eaten by the Hotten- 
 tots, — and when cooked having the taste of potatoes (Burm., and Thunb. iii. 1). Transported to 
 Europe, V. edulis is described by Delarbre, Linnaeus, Andrews pi. 83, and Jacquin hort. iii. pi. 20. 
 
 .Gladiolus plicatus of Austral Africa. Eaten there, — according to Thunberg. Transported to 
 Europe, described by Jacquin rar. ii. pi. 237, and Gawler. 
 
 Aponogeton distachyon of Austral Africa. Its tuberous root broiled and eaten there — (Thunb. 
 iii. I, and Pers.). Transported to Europe, A. distachyon is described by the younger Linnaeus, and 
 Aiton p. 495 ; and has become naturalized in a stream near Montpellier (Godron, and A. Dec). 
 
 Lobelia of Austral Africa. The root eaten by the Hottentots — (Thunb ). 
 
 Mesembryanthemum edule of Austral Africa. Growing in the sand of the seashore, the fruit 
 eaten, and the juice employed medicinally — (Herm. lugd. pi. 245, Thunb. iii. 2, and Pers.). Trans- 
 ported to Europe, described by Dillenius pi. 212. 
 
 Mesembryantlnii/um emarcidum of Austral Africa. The flowers eaten by the Hottentots to 
 quench thirst — (Thunb.). Transported to Europe, described by Haworth. 
 
 Albuca major of Austral Africa. The stem chewed by the Hottentots to quench thirst — (Thunb.). 
 Transported to Europe, flowered in 1633 at Paris and was termed " ornithogalum luteovirens " by 
 Cornuti pi. 161 ; and as cultivated elsewhere, is described by Morison iv. pi. 24, Dryander act. holm. 
 1784, and Jacquin rar. pi. 36. 
 
 Hermas gigantea of Austral Africa. A large Umbelliferous plant used for tinder by the Hotten- 
 tots — (Thunb.): corresponding therefore to the Ferula communis employed in the Mediterranean 
 countries by Prometheus. From transported specimens, H. gigantea is described by the younger 
 Linnaeus suppl. p. 435, and Lamarck enc. iii. p. 121. 
 
 Anthyllis of Austral Africa. Cords made of the bark by the Hottentots — (Thunb.). 
 
 Fucus buccinahs of the sea-margin of Austral Africa. A gigantic seaweed, furnishing the Hot- 
 tentots with trumpets. 
 
 Rhus of Austral Africa. The wood employed for bows by the Hottentots — (Thunb.). 
 
 Aloe dichotoma of Austral Africa. Furnishing the Hottentots with quivers for their arrows — 
 (Patters, iter. pi. 3 to 5, and Thunb.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 231 
 
 "604, Jan. 21st" (Astronom. can., and Clint.), Nabopolassar succeeded by Nebuchadnezzar, as 
 king at Babylon. He built the celebrated wall around the city (Abyden., and others, see also Dan. 
 iv. 30) ; was the first Babylonian king who " acquired extensive dominion ; " and reigned " forty- 
 three " years (according to Alex. Polyhistor, and the Astronom. can.). 
 
 " The same year," on the " fourteenth day of the Ninth month " (Pauth. p. 11 1), " in the king- 
 dom of Thsou" (now the provinces of Hou-pe and Hou-nan), birth of Lao-tseu, founder of the doc- 
 trine of Tao. — The Tao-te-king, written by him and containing his doctrines, has been translated by 
 Pauthier. 
 
 In this year (== 552 -\- " 52 years reign " of the Mahavamsi i. p. 28), accession of the Hindu king 
 Bimsara. 
 
 603 B. C. = " 8th year of Necho," in tablets at Hammamat — (Birch). 
 
 " May 17th" (Bayer, Hales, and Clint, i. p. 419), eclipse of the sun. Probably the one interrupt- 
 ing a battle on the Halys between the Medes under Cyaxares and Lydians under Alyattes, and ter- 
 minating the war. The eclipse had been predicted by Thales (Herodot. i. 74). 
 
 Thales learned geometry and astronomy in Egypt, at this time considered the school of philos- 
 ophy and source of all learning and science (Plut. is. x., and Leps. eg. and sin. p. 384) ; he first 
 among the Greeks " found out the passage of the sun from Tropick to Tropick," and divided the year 
 into "four" seasons (Eudem., and D. Laert. i. 23). He also thought the gods omnipresent, That 
 all things are filled with them (Aristot. psych, i. 5). 
 
 601 B. C. (= 598 — "3 years " of 2 K. xxiv. 1, see also Ezek. xxi. 21), the Babylonian king 
 Nebuchadnezzar having arrived "at the parting of the way," used divination by means of arrows, he 
 also " consulted with images, he looked in the liver " (haruspicium of the Romans), and was directed 
 to Jerusalem. — Divination with arrows is practised among the Arabians to the present day, and the 
 arrows " acdah " are described by D'Herbelot as " without head or wing, they took three on which 
 they wrote 1st ' command me Lord,' on the 2d ' forbid me lord,' the 3d blank " (J. Roberts introd. Sakaa 
 Thevan in Orient, transl. lond.). 
 
 Erinna about this time composing poetry. She was known to Sappho, but " died at the age of 
 nineteen " — (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Carthamus lanatus of the Mediterranean countries. A thistle-like plant called in Italy " scardic- 
 cione" or " ceceprete " (Lenz), in Greece "atraxule" (Sibth.), or "tes gunaikas t'atrahti " (Fraas), 
 by the prophets "aph£thros," in Egyptian " hen6 " (Syn. Diosc.) ; and doubtless known to Erinna 
 when she entitled one of her poems H V A K ATH distaff : — the term " atraktos " is used for distaff 
 by Herodotus iv. 162 : the " knekou agrias " according to Theophrastus vi. 4. 5 more upright than 
 the "eme'rS " kind and used by the women of antiquity for a distaff, is identified through Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "atraktulis " of Dioscorides, resembling " knikS " though much smaller, leafy at the summit 
 but the greater part naked and rough, used for an " atraktou " by women : C. lanatus was observed 
 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from Crete and the Peloponnesus to Cyprus : Westward, 
 the " knikos agria " or " atraktulis " or " amuron " or " aspithion " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "pr£sepi6um" or " phousougrSttis " or " klonouka roustika " of the Romans ; but the 
 account by Pliny xxi. 53 to 107 of the " cnicon silvestris " with rigid stem employed in ancient times 
 for a distaff and therefore by some called " atractylida," seems taken from the Greek : C. lanatus is 
 described by Matthioli p. 593 (Spreng.), and Lobel pi. 13 ; is termed " cnicus atractylis lutea dictus " 
 by Tournefort inst. 451 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and 
 is known to occur in waste places in other parts of Southern France (Dec. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Carlina corymbosa of the Mediterranean countries. Having general resemblance to the preced- 
 ing, and also called in Greece " atraxule," but sometimes " atraklutha " or " sumlaga" (Sibth.) ; and 
 possibly a distaff-thistle, — the " knekou agrias " having according to Theophrastus black " karpon " 
 seeds : C. corymbosa was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding from the Pelopon- 
 nesus throughout the Greek islands to mount Athos. Westward, is termed " c. umbellata apula " by 
 Tournefort inst. 500 ; and is known to grow in Carniolia, Italy, Barbary, and as far as France (Pers.). 
 
 " Sept. 20th." On the "first day of the Seventh month in the 6th year of Ting-wang" (Khoung- 
 tseu, Gaubil, and Pauth. 108), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 One hundred and eleventh generation. Jan. 1st, 600, mostly beyond youth : the Chinese philos- 
 opher Lie-tseu (Pauth. p. 96) : the prophet Obadiah : the Greek poets, Damophyle, Stesichorus, 
 Chersias of Orchomenos, and Sacadas. 
 
 " The same year " (= 480 -f- " 120 years " of Scymn. and Clint., see also Herodot., and Strab. iii. 
 4. 2), Massalia or Marseilles founded by colonists from Phocaea in Asia Minor. The Phocaeans 
 according to Herodotus, were the first Greeks who made long sea-voyages, as far as " Spain and Tar- 
 tessus ; " and according to Strabo, Maenaca near Malaga was their most Western settlement. — Their 
 colonial descendants of Massalia soon became powerful enough to defeat the Carthaginians in a naval 
 combat, mentioned by Thucydides i. 13. 
 
232 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The Gauls or French are regarded as having probably learned the art of making iron and glass 
 from these Greek colonists : the Age of Iron commencing at about this date in France, Switzerland, 
 aud Northern Europe, as shown in the contents of tombs and by various debris (see Troyon p. 326 
 and 355). 
 
 A grostemma coeli-rosa of the West Mediterranean countries. The "luhnis agria " identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " apokathemenes tauros " of the prophets, "semoura" of the Egyptians, — and 
 described by Dioscorides as in every respect resembling the " em£r6 " kind (A. coronaria), its seeds 
 in like manner employed against the sting of scorpions, maybe compared: the "luhnis agria" or 
 "tragonSton" or " atokion " or " igrakopothion " or " lampas " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "intivoum agrSstem " or "lapatou kaphagouina " or " sterithos " of the Romans : A. coeli- 
 rosa is described by Morison v. pi. 22 ; is termed "lychnis foliis glabris calyce duriore " by Tourne- 
 fortinst. 337; was observed by Boccone sic. pi. 14, and Sibthorp, frequent in grain-fields in Sicily; 
 is known to occur also in Barbary (Pers.). 
 
 Agrostemma flos-jovis of the mountains of Southern Europe. The "luhnis agria" or plant in 
 question — is however referred here by Gesner hort. germ. f. 266 (Spreng.) : A. flos-jovis, a tomen- 
 tose species, is described by Boccone mus. pi. 42; is termed " lychnis umbellifera montana helvetica " 
 by Tournefort inst. 334; is known to grow in Switzerland, Southern France, the Palatinate (Lam. fl. 
 fr., and Pers.) ; and was observed by Sestini not far from Constantinople (Sibth.). 
 
 " 599 B. C. (= 135 years after Syracuse," .... Sm. b. d.), Camarina in Sicily founded. 
 
 Rhus cotinus of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. The smoke-bush is called in 
 France "fustet " (Fee), in Germany " periicken-sumach," in Italy " scotano " or " cotino " (Lenz), 
 in Greece "mpoia" (Fraas) or " hrusoxulon " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " hrusoxulon " of 
 schol. Theocr. or " thapsos " identified with the £KV®I KOA/ : HVVOA' of Sappho — by Photius : the 
 word " thapsinos " yellow-coloured occurs in Aristophanes vesp. 1404; the " thaps6 " plant is men- 
 tioned in connexion with colouring by Theocritus ii. 88, and Paulus Aegineta iii. 2 ; and the city of 
 Thapsos was sometimes called Hrusoxulos : the "kokkugSas" of Theophrastus iii. 16. 6, a small 
 tree with " anthrahle "-like leaves and fruit dissipating in pappus (an account copied by Pliny xiii. 
 41) is referred here by writers : R. cotinus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abound- 
 ing on the mountains of Attica and the Peloponnesus and its wood used for dyeing a beautiful orange, 
 being (according to Daubeny) the sumach of commerce ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). 
 Westward, "in appenino frutex " in the days of Pliny xvi. 30 was called " cotinus ad linamenta modo 
 conchylii colore insignis : " R. cotinus is described by Dodoens pempt. 7S0 ; is termed " cotinus 
 coriaria " by Tournefort inst. 610; and is known to grow in Carniolia, Italy, and Southern France 
 (Jacq. austr. pi. 210, Scop., Hall, helv., and Lenz). Eastward from Siberia, was observed by Nuttall 
 to all appearance indigenous along the Arkansas river : but clearly by European colonists, was intro- 
 duced into our Atlantic States, where it continues under cultivation for ornament. 
 
 Aucthiiin graveolens of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain anet or dill, in Old 
 Norse or ancient Danish " dilla " (Prior), in Germany "dill" (Grieb), in France " anet " (Nugent), 
 in Italy "aneto" (Lenz), in Egypt " sjoebet," in Yemen "schibt" (Forsk.), in Egyptian " arahou " 
 (Syn. Diosc); in which we recognize the KNNHJQ of Sappho, — Alcaeus (Athen. xv. 16), Theophras- 
 tus ix. 7. 3, or "anetlion" of Aristophanes, Theophrastus i. 11. 2, Theocritus, Moschus, and Dio- 
 scorides; identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "gonos kunok£phalou '' or "trih£s kunok£phalou " or 
 " gonos ermou " of the prophets : A. graveolens was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in Greece 
 and at Constantinople both wild and cultivated ; by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation 
 in Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen ; and the " sabet" is enumerated by rabbi Schwarz 
 as cultivated in Palestine. Westward, the "anetlion" or "aniketon" or "polgithos" is further 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " polpoum " of the Dacians, "sikkiria" of the Numidians, and 
 "anethoum" of the Romans: the " anethum " is mentioned by Horace, Virgil, Columella, Pliny, 
 Apicius, Palladius, and Apuleius : A. graveolens is described by Lobel pi. 776; is termed "a. hor- 
 tense" by Tournefort inst. 318 ; and is known to be cultivated throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 1572, and Pers.). Eastward from Syria, is known to occur at Astracan (Lindl.) ; was "occasion- 
 ally seen" in Burmah by Mason v. p. 496, "exotic " and called " samwot," the seeds "constantly 
 for sale in the bazars ;" may therefore through native tribes have reached Timor (Lindl.). Clearly 
 by European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa (Lindl.); and before 1669 (Joss.) to Northeast 
 America, where it continues sparingly cultivated. The fruits according to Lindley are "carminative 
 and stimulant, and taken with food may be regarded condimentary." 
 
 598 B. C. (= 608 y. 3--3II d. — "11 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. xxiii. 36, and 2 Chron. 
 xxxvi. 5), Jehoiakim succeeded at Jerusalem by his son Jehoiachin. But after " three months," the 
 city was captured by Nebuchadnezzar ; who plundered the temple and royal palace, carried Jehoiachin 
 with "ten thousand " of the principal men "into captivity" to Babylon, and appointed Mattaniah 
 ruler of Jerusalem under the changed name of " Zedekiah." (The same date for these events, is 
 deduced by Clinton i. p. 319 and 328 from the Babylonian regnal years in the Astronomical canon). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 233 
 
 "597 B. C. = nth year of Ting-wang " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-fifth 
 cycle. 
 
 "596 B. C." (Clint., see Cic, Plut., and Diog. Laert.), Epimenides the priestly bard of Crete, 
 now in old age, visiting Athens. 
 
 Ornithogalum Pyrenaicum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain 
 French sparrow-grass (Prior), in Greece " agria skulla " (Fraas) ; and the " epimemthSiou skilles " 
 — distinguished by Theophrastus vii. 12. 1 as esculent, having narrower and smoother leaves than 
 the others, an account copied by Pliny xix. 30, is referred here by Fraas: O. Pyrenaicum was 
 observed by him, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus and on the mountains of Crete. 
 Westward, is termed " o. angustifolium majus floribus ex albo virescentibus " bv Tournefort inst. 
 379 ! and is known to grow in Carniolia and middle Europe as far as Britain (Tacq. austr. pi. 101 
 Pers., and Sm. fl. brit. 363). 
 
 Ornithogalum stachyoides, given as a distinct species — but also called in Greece " agrioskilla " 
 (Sibth.) ; the " asphothSlos " of Galen fac. alim. ii. p. 652 having a single root rivalling the squill 
 in shape and bitterness, but in times of scarcity rendered edible by being prepared like lupines, is 
 referred here by Dodoens pi. 209, and Sprengel : O. stachyoides was observed by Sibthorp frequent 
 from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople. Westward, is described by 
 Renealme pi. 90 ; is termed " o. majus spicatum alterum " by Tournefort inst. 379 ; and is known to 
 grow as far as France (Lam. fl. fr., and Steud.). 
 
 " 595 B. C." ( . . . . Clint.), commencement of war by the Amphictyons against Cirrha near mount 
 Parnassus. Called the " Sacred war," — and continuing (according to Callisthenes) " ten " years. 
 
 In this year = " 16th year of Necho," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 
 The same year (= 589 + " 6 years " of Herodotus, and the Afr.-Maneth. table), 
 Nghao succeeded by Psammis or Psammouthis or Psammetihos II., sixth king of the 
 Twenty-sixth dynasty. The name of Psametik II. occurs on stones once part of a 
 propylon at Memphis, on a sarcophagus at the bottom of the remarkable insulated pit 
 at Gizeh discovered by Vyse, on stones employed in reparations at Thebes, on the 
 rocks at Philae, on foundation stones of Diocletian's column at Alexandria (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 
 42), on an obelisk (now in Rome), and on various articles (now in the museums of Europe). 
 
 His name occurs also in an " arched tomb " at Sakara (Glid. analect.) ; in the series with " stone 
 vaulted roofs, whose single blocks have the correct concentric cut ; " examples of the stone arch, as 
 early as any in Rome, being " coeval with the Cloaca Maxima and Career Mamertinus " (Leps. eg. 
 and sin. 74). 
 
 "594 B. C." (Sosicr. and Clint.), the laws of Solon, archon for this year, adopted at Athens. 
 Including the Egyptian law on surveying land, by which everyone was obliged to declare the amount 
 of his income; — a law that continued in force in the days of Herodotus ii. 177 (Leps. eg. and sin.). 
 
 Defensive measures against the oppressions of the wealthier classes, were also provided in the 
 laws of Solon ; — and from this time, Athens began to acquire prominence in the affairs of Greece. 
 
 Solon, Thales of Miletus, Pittacus of Mytilene, and Bias of Ionia, were universally reckoned 
 among the " Seven sages ; " and with less unanimity, Cleobulus of Lindus, Myson of Chenes, and 
 Chilon of Laconia : all of them contemporary persons who appear to have been chiefly statesmen. 
 
 " The same year" (= 559 -)- " 35 years " of Herodot. i. 102, and Clint.), Cyaxares succeeded 
 by Astyages, fourth Median emperor. 
 
 The hieroglyphic oval of king Psametik II. is in one instance accompanied with an inscription in 
 Assyrian or cuneiform writing. 
 
 Inscriptions in demotic or enchorial writing occur also under the Twenty-sixth dynasty. Re- 
 garded by Birch, as "an outgrowth of the hieratic writing, which it superseded for the legal and 
 ordinary purposes of life ; " and as " an attempt to assimilate the Egyptian system of writing to the 
 alphabetic Phoenician." — In the form of the characters, some general resemblance may be remarked 
 between demotic and the " Arabic " writing of the present day. 
 
 "593 B. C." (Burm. hist., and Mason 39), the brother of the "seventeenth" king of Tagoung 
 proceeding into the forest to hunt a wild boar that had committed ravages. — He ultimately chose 
 the life of an ascetic ; and his adopted daughter married the son of the king of Tagoung, and became 
 the mother of king Dwattaboung. 
 
 The Mergui Archipelago along the coast of Burmah occupied by the Selungs or Salones, a Ma- 
 layan tribe living in boats, as early probably as this date.* 
 
 * Zalacca edulis of the Moluccas. A palm called in Burmah " yen-gan-khyen " or " yen-gan-khyo " 
 (Mason) ; and its trunk " as light and of the consistency of cork " used perhaps already for making 
 the " unequalled " sea-boats of the Selungs : — Z. edulis was observed by Mason 459 to 544 " exotic " 
 
234 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 592 B. C. = " 4th year of Psametik II. ; " the latest date in his reign found on the monuments 
 — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 594). 
 
 "The same year" (Sosicr., D. Laert. 1. 101, and Clint.), arrival in Athens of the philosopher 
 Anacharsis; a relative of the king of Scythia (Southern Russia). The flute or pipe " aulos " was 
 at this time unknown in Scythia ; but he brought certain inventions, including the " zopura " bellows, 
 and " amphivolon agkuran," many-pronged anchor — (Ephor., and Strab. vii. 3. 9 and xv. 1. 22). 
 
 "591 B. C." (Parian marble, schol. Pind., and Clint.), Simon or Simonides being archon at 
 Athens, first success of the Amphictyons under Eurylochus against Cirrha. 
 
 About this time (Abyden., and Euseb.), on the Persian Gulf at the mouth of the Euphrates, 
 the city of TerethSn or Teredon founded by Nabuchadnezzar. — The city is called " Thirithdtis " 
 by Nearchus (Arrian ind. 41) ; is also mentioned by Amyntas, Eratosthenes, Strabo, Pliny, Dionys. 
 Perieg., Aelian. n. a. v. 14 and xvii. 16, Ammianus, and Stephan. Byzantius. 
 
 589 B. C. (= 570 -f- " 19 years of the Afr.-Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table 
 giving 822 y. 8 mo. — "44 — 44 — 44 — 12 — 7 — 6 — 8 — 45 — 6 — 17 " = 589 
 y. 8 mo. = 339 -(- " 6 -}- 4 -f- 6 -(- 20 -J- 21 y. 4 mo. -f- 6 -[- 120 y. 4 mo. -j- 42 -|- 25 
 years"), Psammetihos II. succeeded by Ouaphris, seventh king of the Twenty-sixth 
 dynasty ; the Hophra of Jeremiah xliv. 30, and Apries of Herodotus. King Uahprahet 
 completed the temple begun by Psammetichus near Naharieh (Leps. eg. and sin. 43) ; and his name 
 occurs at Beghe in Nubia (Glid. analect.), on the rocks at Philae, on stones (recently employed in 
 building the citadel at Cairo), on an obelisk (now in Rome), and on moveable articles (now in the 
 museums of Europe). 
 
 " The same year," or shortly afterwards (Sm. geogr. diet., see also Strabo xiii. 2. 3, and Clint.), 
 arrival in Babylon of Antimenidas ; regarded as the first Greek who reached that city. The visit is 
 mentioned by his brother, the poet Alcaeus. 
 
 5S7, Jan. 2d (= 587 y. I07§£§ d. = 597 y. 353 s \\ d. — "11 years " of twelve lunations of 2 K. 
 xxiv. 18 and 2 Chron. xxxvi. n), Zedekiah having rebelled, Jerusalem again captured by the Baby- 
 lonians under Nebuchadnezzar. The city wall was now broken down, and the principal buildings 
 and temple destroyed. (In Josephus, the interval from the Captivity of the ten tribes is " 130 y. 
 6 mo. 10 days ; '' while the above computation gives 717 y. 287^- d. — 587 y. io7ff$ d. = 130 Jul. 
 y. 6 lun. 2§fJ days. The same year for the Destruction of the temple, is deduced by Clinton i. p. 
 319 and 329 from the Babylonian reigns in the Astronom. canon ; is given by Clemens Alexandrinus, 
 and is further identified by him with the " 2d year of Hophra"). 
 
 In this year (= " 16th year of Bimsara," Mahavamsi. i. p. 28), Budha or Gautama " made his 
 sermon." 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244), 
 Havishman reigning in Hindustan. 
 
 "586 B. C." (= "tenth" year of Callisth., Demetr., and Clint.), Damasias being archon at 
 Athens, conquest of Cirrha by the Amphictyons. The city captured by medicating the principal 
 source of the supply of water — (Paus. x. 37. 7). 
 
 I'eratrum album of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white hellebore 
 (Prior 109), in Italy " veladro " or " veratro " (Lenz), and perhaps the " ellSvorou " whose roots were 
 used for this purpose — (Paus.) : the " veratrum " is identified by Pliny, xxv. 21 with the " sesamoi- 
 thSs," mentioned by Hippocrates vict. acut. 66 as purging upwards ; by Dioscorides, as called on 
 
 in Burmah, its " red scaly fruit " often seen in bazar, but eaten by the natives only ; is known to grow 
 wild in dripping woods from Eastern Java and Baley to Banda (Pers., and Reinw.). From trans- 
 ported specimens, is described by Bauhin i. 401 (Spreng.). 
 
 Pandanus furcatus of Tropical shores from Burmah to the Samoan Islands. A strong-leaved 
 screwpine called in Burmah " tha bau " (Mason) ; and perhaps already used for making mats by the 
 Selungs, — their " only means of livelihood" besides fishing at the present day (Wade, and Mason 
 100) : P. furcatus was observed by Mason 521 in Burmah, growing "abundantly on the lowlands 
 near tide-waters," and supplying "the large coarse mats in universal use;" was not seen by myself 
 in the Malayan archipelago, but was frequent near the sea on the Feejeean and Tongan Islands, 
 and clearly indigenous on mountain-summits exposed to the sea on the Samoan : by Polynesian 
 colonists, was carried to the Hawaiian Islands, where it continues cultivated and naturalized ; was 
 perhaps also carried to Taheiti and throughout the Paumotuan coral-archipelago ; and on the Radack 
 and Caroline coral-archipelagos, in addition to the universal use for mats, the softer basis around 
 the seeds is said to be eaten : on Wake's coral-island, which may have escaped the visits of natives, 
 the Pandanus was absent. Westward from Burmah, the species from whose leaves matting and 
 package-bags are made on the Mauritius Islands (Graham, and Drur.), may be compared. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 235 
 
 Anticyra " 611e>or6n " and mixed with "16uk6 glleVorti " (a mixture according to Pliny sternutatory): 
 the " sesamoSithgs " is mentioned also by Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 120, and Erotian ; and the "l£ukon 
 sesamofiithSs " by Rufus Ephesius: the " fillfivoros " having "sesam6the" fruit and used on Anticyra, 
 is mentioned also by Theophrastus ix. 9. 2, together with the " ell£voros l£ukos " having according 
 to some authorities " pras6th6s " leek-like leaves : the " fillevoros leukos " is mentioned by Philonides, 
 is described by Dioscorides as sternutatory and having plantain-like leaves, and is identified in the 
 added Synonyms with the " veratroum alvoum " of the Romans : V. album was observed by Hawkins 
 on the highest portion of mount Pindus ; is known to grow also on Caucasus. Westward, the " vera- 
 trum " is mentioned by Lucretius as an acrid poison, also by Columella vi. 38. 3 ; and the " album 
 veratrum " by Celsus iii. 23 to vi. 7. 5 : V. album is termed "v. flore subviridi " by Tournefort inst. 
 273 ; and is known to grow in mountainous situations as far as Spain and Denmark (Jacq. austr. pi. 
 
 335, fl. Dan. pi. 1 120, and Pers.). Its root according to Lindley is "a local irritant" inducing "vio- 
 lent sneezing," and if taken in large quantities "violent vomiting, purging, and other consequences 
 that produce death." 
 
 Veratrum nigrum of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An allied species, 
 called in Greece in common with Helleborus Orientalis "skarphe" (Sibth.), and probably the "Sllfi- 
 vorou" in question : — V. nigrum was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of the Peloponnesus; 
 by Grisebach, in Albania ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, the two kinds of 
 "veratrum" according to Celsus v. 8 possess similar properties, and "veratrum nigrum" is separ- 
 ately mentioned by him. and Pliny xxv. 77 : V. nigrum is termed " v. flore atro-rubente " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 273; is known to grow as far as Hungary and the mountains of Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 
 
 336, A. Dec, and Lenz) ; and from transported specimens is described by Morison xii. pi. 4. 
 Helleborus niger of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Christmas rose 
 
 from the time of flowering, or black hellebore (Prior), and possibly the "SlWvorou" in question : — 
 " gllevorian " is a word used by Callias ; " SllSvoros " and " £112v6rizSis," by Aristophanes vesp. 1489, 
 Demosthenes, Diphilus, Lucian, and Athenaeus : the true "ellSvoros lSukos" according to authorities 
 quoted by Theophrastus ix. 10. 1 is a low plant with deeply-lobed leaves, differing from the "melas " 
 kind only in the colour of the roots, which is white : H. niger (with root-fibres "whitish internally," 
 Lindl.) was observed by Sibthorp from mount Athos to the Peloponnesus ; by Pococke, in Palestine ; 
 and roots of " helleborum album " were found by Forskal mat. med in the drug-shops of Egypt. 
 Westward, the "album" kind is distinguished by Pliny xxv. 21 as acting "vomitione," the Gauls 
 tingeing their arrows with " ellebbro " in hunting : H. niger is described by Lobel pi. 681 ; is termed 
 "h. niger angustioribus foliis " by Tournefort inst. 272 ; is known to grow in mountainous situations 
 in Italy and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 201, and Pers.).- The fibres of the rhizoma according to 
 Lindley continue to be employed medicinally, but have sometimes induced "vomiting" with delirium 
 and violent convulsions terminating in death. (See H. Orientalis). 
 
 The war against Cirrha being over, the Pythian Games instituted by the victors — (Paus., and 
 Clint.). 
 
 " 585 B. C. = 1st year of Kien-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Sosicr., Diog. Laert, and Clint., see also Aristot. rep. v. 9. 22), death of 
 Periander. He was succeeded as king of Corinth by his nephew Psammetichus. 
 
 "582 B. C." (Thucyd. vi. 4, and Clint.), in Sicily, Agrigentum founded by Greek colonists from 
 the neighbouring city of Gela. 
 
 Synmu or Jinmu, first dairo of Japan, is placed as early as this date (although only 17 reigns are 
 counted in ann. Jap. from 399 A. D.) : he came, according to some writers, from the Loo-Choo 
 Islands — (Klapr. note to San-kokf 169). The succession continues in his family, the dairos for the 
 last few centuries exercising only spiritual authority. 
 
 " In the reign of Jinmu, ending in 581 B. C." (Jap. centen. comm. 59), from his residence "in 
 Kashiwara, in the province of Yamato," an order given to Wakanetsu Hiko-no-mikoto, one of his 
 officials, " to manufacture various kinds of pottery to be used in the temples for religious festivals." 
 
 The soldiers of Synmu on one occasion made nets of the " katsoura " (tradit. myth); giving 
 rise to the name Katsoura ti of the city or fort selected by his successor Soui Se'i for the seat of 
 government (ann. Jap. transl. Titsingh).* 
 
 "581 B. C." (Aristot., and Clint.), at Corinth, end of the reign of Psammetichus and of the 
 Cypselidae dynasty. 
 
 About this time (Percev. i. 55), Chammir, grandson of Himyar, ruling Yemen. — Ashe is said to 
 have acknowledged the authority of the Persians, he must have continued reigning in the time of 
 Cyrus. 
 
 * Dolichos hirsutus of Japan. The " katsoura " plant in question — is referred here by Klaproth : 
 D. hirsutus was observed in Japan by Kaempfer pi. 41, and Thunberg. 
 
236 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Diod. xxx! .... ), marriage of Pharnaces, "king " of Cappadocia, 
 with Atossa, sister of Cambyses the father of Cyrus. — Pharnaces became "the progenitor of the 
 kings of Cappadocia " (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Centau n-a centauriiim of the mountains of Italy. The " centaurion " attributed to Chiron but 
 claimed for king Pharnaces and hence called "pharnaceon " — (Plin. xxv. 13 to 30, and Pomp. Fest ) 
 is sufficiently identified by Pliny with the "k£ntaurion m^ga " of Dioscorides ; having serrated leaves 
 resembling those of the walnut, blue flowers, involute fruit as in " kniko," root two cubits long and 
 full of red juice, and abounding in the Peloponnesus and Lycia and around Smyrna (but according to 
 Pliny cultivated). Westward, the "k£ntaurion me'ga " or " narken " or " mar6nen " or " plektronias " 
 or " hSirdnias " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "aima eraklSous " of the prophets (compare 
 Pliny), and the " phierr£i " or " ciune'phera " or " ph£ll£rai " of the Romans ; " centauria graveolentia " 
 are mentioned by Virgil geor. iv. 270 ; the " centaurion," by Pliny as wild on the Alps ; and C. cen- 
 taurium is described by Matthioli, Clusius hist. ii. p. 10, and is known to grow from the Southern 
 slope of the Alps along the mountains of Italy to Garganus in Apulia (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). 
 
 "580 B. C." Some of the Greek inscriptions on the island of Thera (according to Franzius) 
 are as early as this date. Among the forms of letters is p. 
 
 A Greek inscription of about this date (Boeckh, and Franz. 24) on a bronze plate found at 
 Olympia, presenting the following form of the letter N. 
 
 About this time ( . . . . Parian marble), poetry combined with dramatic exhibitions by Susarion, 
 and Greek comedy thus instituted. 
 
 " 578 B. C." (= 534 + "44 yrs," Sm. b. d.), Tarquinius Priscus succeeded by Servius Tullius, 
 sixth king of Rome. 
 
 "The same year " (Buddhist ann., and Buns. iv. 7. 2), Bimbisara, son of Bhattiya and friend of 
 Buddha, establishing himself as king of Magadha, South of the Ganges. 
 
 In this year = " 12th year of Hophrah or Apries," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 Daniel and Job — are mentioned by Ezekiel ; who was a son of Buzi, like Barachel the father of 
 Elihu (Ez. i. 3 to xiv. 20, and Job xxxii. 6). 
 
 Suezda beucata of Arabia and Egypt. Called in both countries " mullsah " (Forsk.), in which 
 we recognize the M7V1 mlwh of Job xxx. 4 : — S. baccata was observed by Forskal p. 69 as far 
 South as Lat. 19° in Arabia; and by him, Hasselquist, and Delile, throughout Lower Egypt to the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 A triplex cor iacca of Egypt. Called there " rjetaem " (Forsk.), and therefore possibly the w l + q 
 rdm of Job xxx. 4 — (already referred with more probability to Genista monosperma). A. coriacea 
 was observed by Forskal p. 175, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt, in sands near 
 the sea. 
 
 Aconitum album of Syria. The 3£v9 bashe" of Job xxxi. 40 — is referred by Celsius to an 
 aconite; and the " bisha of Moses " is distinguished by Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar : A. album is said 
 to be the only species growing in Syria, though "not anywhere very common" (see Royle in Kitt. 
 bibl.. cycl.). 
 
 Sedum confertum of middle Asia. Called in Egypt " hay a'lem " (Del.), and the + 1 «1 V w hlmwd 
 of Job vi. 6, that cannot be eaten without salt, — may be compared: S. confertum was observed by 
 Forskal p. Iv to Ixvi in the gardens of Egypt, mixed with other food for women in childbirth. 
 
 "575 B. C." (Diodor., Euseb., and Clint.), "twelfth" change in naval dominion. Leaving the 
 Lesbians, the "Empire of the sea" acquired by the Phocaean Greeks. — Held by them "forty-four" 
 years. 
 
 "May 9th." On the "first day of the Sixth month in the nth year Kien-wang" (Khoun°--tseu, 
 Gaubil, and Pauth. 108), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 The same year (=597 y- 353A 2 <y d. — " 25th year" of twelve lunations = 587 y. 107m d. — 
 " 14th year" of twelve lunations, Ezek. xl. 1), Ezekie'l's vision of the restoration of Jerusalem. 
 
 Salix serotina of Syria and middle Asia. A -billow called in Egypt " khalaf " or " ban " (Forsk ), 
 at Aleppo "safsaf," in which we recognize the " tziphtzaph " identified by rabbi Ben Melech with the 
 3 Irir tzphtzphS of Ezekiel xvii. 5 : — the "safsaf" is described by Rauwolf as a peculiar species 
 from the flowers of which " a very precious and sweet water" is distilled; a practice according to 
 Royle (in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) extending into Northern Hindustan: the "tziphtzaph" is identified by 
 Avicenna with the " chilaf," mentioned together with the oil from its flowers by Abu Hanifa, Gafeki 
 Temimi, and Ebn Baitar : S. serotina, observed by Sibthorp near Smyrna, and by Hasselquist in 
 Palestine, was found by Alpinus 62, Forskal p. 170, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and the 
 water distilled from the barren flowers much used medicinally. * 
 
 Rocella tinctoria of coast-rocks along the Mediterranean. A lichen called in commerce archal 
 or " orchil" (Prior), and the "blue and purple from the isles of Elishah " brought according to 
 Ezekiel xxvii. 7 to Tyre, — may be compared : the " phukos " of Aristophanes thesm.% Theophra S S tus 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 237 
 
 Diodorus, Dioscorides, Plutarch, and Clemens Alexandrinus, is leferred here by Tournefort and 
 others : R. tinctoria was observed by Tournefort, Sibthorp, and Bory, on the rocks and walls of 
 Amorgos and other Greek islands, and exported both to Egypt and Britain. Westward, the " fucus " 
 is mentioned by Plautus, Catullus, Cicero, Horace, Propertius, and Pliny : R. tinctoria was observed 
 by Desfontaines on the ruins of Carthage, and is known to grow along the coast of Algeria, Spain, 
 Southern France, Corsica, and the Balearic Islands (Bory). 
 
 The \A4"1 wdn and t"l£0 V8S9 brzl oshwd manufactured iron of Ezekiel xxvii. 19, — are 
 referred by Gesenius to the city of Aden and its damascus blades : " swords of India " are mentioned 
 by the Arab poet Ascha (De Sacy chrest.) ; and " lames de sabre damasquine'es " are enumerated by 
 Edrisi i. 51 as imported into Aden (Jaubert). 
 
 "572 B. C." (= "01. 52" of D. Laert., Nicol. Damasc, Clint., and Sm. b. d.), Croesus son of 
 the Lydian king Alyattes made satrap of Adramyttium and the plain of Thebe. He commenced a 
 career of successful conquest in Asia Minor. 
 
 Dipsacus sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain teasel, in 
 Anglo-Saxon " tEesel " from " taesan" tease (Prior), in France "chardon" (Nugent), in Germany 
 " karde " (Grieb), in Italy " dissaco " or " cardo da cardare " or " labbro di venere," and the wild kind 
 "cardo selvatico" or " verga pastore " (Lenz), in Greece "skoultara" or " nfirokrates " (Sibth.), in 
 Egyptian "sSsSngor" or "hgir" or "mSleta" (Syn. Diosc.) ; and knowledge of var. fullonum with 
 hooked flower-bracts seems implied in the "gnaphou" instrument with which Pantoleon was put to 
 death by his brother Croesus, in the lifetime of their father — (Herodot. i. 92) : the word "gnaptom£- 
 noi" occurs in Aeschylus pers. 568; "SgnaptSt6," in Sophocles aj. 1031; "knaph£ion" fulling-mill, in 
 Herodotus iv. 14; and the " knaphon p£ristih6£n" plant is mentioned by the comic poet Alcaeus, 
 Antiphanes, Herodian, and the Etym. magnum ; but the cultivated form together with the art of rais- 
 ing nap on woollen cloth has disappeared from Greece and Egypt: the "thipsakos" of Dioscorides 
 with a tall prickly stem surrounded at intervals by connate opposite leaves, is referred by writers to 
 D. sylvestris in the wild state with straight flower-bracts ; observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna. Westward, the " thipsakos " or " onokarthion " 
 or "aphrothites loutron " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " skiare " of the Dacians, and "la- 
 vroum vSneVis "' or " karthoum v£n£ris " of the Romans ; the " carduus nondum fullonibus aptus " is 
 mentioned by Serenus Sammonicus : D. sylvestris is described by Fuchsius 225 ; is termed "d. s. 
 aut virga pastoris major " by Tournefort inst. 466; is known to occur along roadsides from Italy 
 throughout middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 402, and Pers.) ; and var. fullonum, described by Lobel 
 ii. pi. 17, continues abundantly cultivated for manufacturing purposes. By European colonists, the 
 wild form was carried to Northeast America, where I have occasionally met with it springing up 
 spontaneously in our Northern and Middle States. 
 
 "571 B. C. = 1st year of Ling-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 570 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), in Sicily, accession of Phalaris as king at Agrigentum. — He 
 reigned " sixteen " years. 
 
 " The same year " (Clint, i. p. 214 and 236 = 526 -|- •' 44 years " of Herodotus and 
 
 I the Afr.-Maneth. table), Ouaphris succeeded by Amasis II. or Am6sis II., eighth king 
 
 of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. The name of king Aahmas II. occurs at Beghe in 
 
 I Nubia (Glid. analect.), at Elephantine, on the rocks at Phila?, on stones (employed in 
 
 '. building the citadel of Cairo), and on moveable articles (now in the museums of Europe). 
 
 Aahmes II. overthrew the independence of Cyprus (Herodot. ii. 178 and 182). He also per- 
 mitted the Greeks to build a temple at Naucratis, near one of the mouths of the Nile ; perhaps the 
 first introduction of Greek architecture into Egypt. 
 
 One hundred and twelfth generation. May 1st, 567, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poet Euga- 
 mon of Cyrene ; the musician Pythocritus ; the philosopher Anaximenes ; Cadmus of Miletus who 
 first wrote history in prose. 
 
 The Greek philosopher Pherecydes, preceptor of Pythagoras, visited Egypt (Clem. Alex. i. p. 
 129, and Leps. eg. and sin. p. 385), and is regarded by Cicero tusc. i. 16 as contemporary with Ser- 
 vius Tullius, sixth king of Rome. 
 
 "564 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), at Delphi, Aesop arriving with presents from Croesus, giving 
 rise to some dispute, slain by the Delphians. 
 
 " In this year " (= 544 + " 20 years" of Herodot, and Clint.), Alalia in Corsica founded by 
 Phocaean Greeks. 
 
 "563 B. C." (Buddhist ann , and Buns, iv 7. 2), reform in the Hindu religion commenced by 
 Buddha, now in his "35th " year teaching. 
 
 Mawrifera Indica of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Sanscrit " amra " (Roxb., and Pidd.), 
 in Bengalee " am," in Hindustanee " amba " (D'rozar.) in Telinga " mamadi-chitoo," in Tamil " man- 
 gas marum" (Lindl.); and the shrine of the seven " manguiers " is mentioned in the Sutra Mandhatn, 
 
238 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 discourses of Budha with his pupil Ananda : — branches with leaves and fruit figured in cave-temples 
 at Ellora were remarked by myself: the "an-mo-lo " was observed in Hindustan by Hiouen-Thsang, 
 the "aniba" by Jordanus, the " anba " by Ebn Batuta, the " amba " by Nicolo Conti ; M. Indica by 
 Garcias, C. Acosta, Rheede, and Graham ; by myself, abounding throughout the low country and but 
 for the fine quality of the fruit readily mistaken for an indigenous forest-tree. Farther East, is said 
 by the natives to " grow wild " in Burmah, and is enumerated as indigenous by Mason v. p. 447 ; was 
 observed by Loureiro in Cochinchina, but is known in China and called " mong-kwa " (Bridgm.) ; is 
 called in Tagalo " manga," and was observed by Blanco, and myself, on the Philippines ; has only 
 Sanscrit and Telinga names on Java and the neighboring islands (Crawf.), is regarded by Blume as 
 exotic there and only naturalized, and was introduced within the memory of rnan into some remote 
 portions of the archipelago (Rumph. i. p. 95, and A. Dec). Westward, the " ambag " is mentioned 
 by Ebn Haukal (Gildem.) : M. Indica was observed by myself abundantly planted on Zanzibar ; 
 fruit brought to Mocha, produced as appears from Forskal in Yemen ; and seeds occurring even in 
 Egypt. By European colonists, M. Indica was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Bojer) ; to Brazil, 
 and thence in the middle of the Eighteenth century to the West Indies, where it is called mango 
 (Hughes p. 177, and Macfad. i. p. 221) ; to the Hawaiian Islands, where at the time of my visit the 
 trees were not full grown : is described by J. C. Scaliger, and C. Bauhin, from transported specimens. 
 " M. sylvatica " regarded by A. Decandolle as perhaps not distinct, was observed by Vaupell "near 
 Kennery caves " in the environs of Bombay (Graham), by Roxburgh i. p. 644 on the Eastern border 
 of Hindustan in Sylhet ; and is enumerated by Mason v. p. 447 and 774 as indigenous in Burmah, 
 distinguished by the natives and said by them to "grow wild." * 
 
 Fiats re/igiosa of Tropical Eastern Asia. The poplar-leaved fig is called in Sanscrit "pippula" 
 or " bodhi-drooma " or " chuladula " or " koonjurashuna " or " aswattha," in Bengalee " aswat " or 
 " asood," in Telinga "rai," in Cingalese " bogaha " (Lindl.), in Hindustanee "pippul," in Tamil 
 " arasum-marum " (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the " bodhi " tree under which Gautama discoursed 
 — (Sutra Mandhatri) ; also the "iJron aig£irSna" in the days of Artemidorus on the African- side of 
 the entrance to the Red Sea (Strab. xvi. 4. 14), carried there by Banyans or Hindu merchants: F. 
 religiosa, introduced by them, was observed by myself at Muscat and on Zanzibar. Eastward, the 
 "pi-po-lo" was seen in Hindustan by the Chinese traveller Hiouen-Thsang 8 : F. religiosa in Hindu 
 mythology is the second " shadow-giving" tree on mount Meru, and from Guadama's dream while 
 
 * Shorea robusta of Tropical Hindustan. The saul tree is called in Hindustanee and Bengalee 
 " sal," in Sanscrit " uswukurnika " or " sala " (Lindl.) ; in which we recognize the " salas " woods of 
 the Sutra Mandhatri, — and the "sala" of the Institutes of Manu viii. 246, Bhavabhuti mal. ix., Kali- 
 dasa ragh. i. 14, and the Vishnu purana ii. 7 : S. robusta is known to grow from the Godavery to the 
 Ganges at Hurdwar and along the base of the Himalaya as far as the Brahmaputra, sometimes exclu- 
 sively occupying the forest (Roxb. cor. iii. pi. 212, Royle, and Bedd.) ; yields the resin known as 
 Jammer in the bazaars of Bengal, and its timber is highly valued and in very general use, being 
 stronger than teak but not so durable (Drur.). 
 
 Syzygizun jambolanum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large and handsome tree called 
 in Sanscrit " jambu '' (Pidd.), in Hindustanee "jamoon," in Bengalee " kallajam," in Telinga " nare- 
 doo," in Tamil "nawel" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " jambool " (Graham); in which we 
 recognize the "djambu " under which Gautama was sometimes seated — (Avadan. Asok., and Burn, 
 i. 385), also the fourth and last " shadow-giving " tree on mount Meru in Hindu mythology (Mason v. 
 415): the "djambu "is mentioned also by Valmiki ramayan. iv. 44 (transl. Gorr.) ; the rose-apple 
 black with the ripening of its abundant fruit, by Bhavabuti maha-vir. v; and the " kakajambu " of 
 Susrutas chik. 24 is referred here by Hessler : S. jambolanum is described by Rumphius i. pi. 42 ; 
 was observed by Rheede v. pi. 29 in Malabar; by Graham, " in various parts of the Concan " and 
 "the commonest tree on the table-land of Mahableshwur," its fruit having "an astringent rouo-h fla- 
 vour" "sold in the bazars;" by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Tinnevelly and 
 Bengal, its timber valuable. Farther East, according to Mason p. 451, 511, and 745, seems known to 
 the Burmese, and may yield the bark "used as a mordant for blue and black dyes " and the "small 
 black plum " often " seen in bazar." 
 
 Eragrostis? cynomroides of Tropical Hindustan. Called there " cusa " or •' cusha " (W. Jones) ; 
 in which we recognize " Kusigramaka," the name of a city in the Sutra Mandhatri, — and the • 
 "kusa" grass of the Vedas, or " darbha " of the Atharva Veda : eating with the tip of a blade of 
 "kusa'' grass is mentioned in the Dhammapada 70; cinctures of "kusa" are mentioned in the 
 Institutes of Manu ii. 43 ; and the " kusa " or " darb'ha " is prescribed medicinally by Dhanvantari 
 (stanzas in Susrut. chikits. 5) : E. cynosuroides was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay ; 
 by Koenig, Retz, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bengal ; and according to w! 
 Jones asiat. res. iii. 255, its leaves are very long, serrated, and sharp-pointed. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 239 
 
 sleeping beneath one is "the most sacred of trees with the Buddhists " (Mason v. 415 to 424) ; was 
 observed by Rheede i. pi. 27 in Malabar; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay, "always to be met 
 with planted about temples ; " by myself, around temples and villages to the end of my journey inland ; 
 by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, the natives very unwilling to 
 cut it down, and the seeds leaves and bark employed medicinally. Farther East, was observed by 
 Mason indigenous in Burmah, and called " nyoung-bau-de ; " and is known to occur in Tropical 
 China, paintings on the dried leaves being often exported. (See F. populifolia). 
 
 " 562, March " (= 562 y. 28f#£ d. = 597 y. 353^ d. — " 37th year " of twelve lunations, "the 
 twelfth month on the seven and twentieth of the month " 2 K. xxv. 27, and Jerem. lii. 31), at Babylon, 
 Jehoiachin released from prison by Evil-merodach " in the year that he began to reign," and provided 
 with a " daily " maintenance from the royal table (according to oriental custom with captive kings, as 
 witnessed by myself at Zanzibar. The date deduced by Clinton i. p. 319 to 329 from the Astronomical 
 canon does not correspond, being "561, Jan. nth "for the accession of Ilvarodamus or Evil-merodach. 
 See below). 
 
 560 B. C. (= 538 -\- " 17 -f o y. 9 mo. -)- 4 years," and after reigning " two years," Beros. in Jos. 
 c. A. i. 20), Evil-merodach slain, and succeeded as king of Babylon by his brother-in-law Neriglis- 
 soor. — Who reigned " four " years. (See above) . 
 
 " In this year" (Lacharme note to Chi-King i. 5. 7), Siang-kong reigning in China* (see birth 
 of Confucius). 
 
 "The same year" ( . . . . Clint.), at Athens, supreme authority usurped by Pisistratus ; who how- 
 ever continued to administer the government according to the laws of Solon. Pisistratus is regarded 
 as the first Greek who collected a Library (A. Gell. vi. 17, and Athen. i.). This he rendered acces- 
 sible to the public. He also caused the poems of Homer to be collected, collated, and written out in 
 a connected form, under the charge of Onomacritus, Zopyrus, Orpheus of Croton, and Concylus ; 
 the earliest instance on record of editing books. 
 
 Cirsium acarna of the Mediterranean countries. A thistle called in Greece "agri aggatho " 
 (Forsk.) or " agriagkatha " (Fraas) or "aspre agkatha" (Sibth.) ; and the extensive "akanth6th£s " 
 tract ordered to be cleared by Cyrus while inciting the Persians to revolt — (Herodot. i. 126) may 
 be compared : the " agriagkathon " is identified by Skarlatos with the " poluakanthos " of Theophras- 
 tus vi. 4. 3 : C. acarna was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, abounding from the Pelopon- 
 nesus throughout the Greek islands to the Dardanelles, according to Chaubard often so abundant on 
 arid plains as to prove impenetrable ; is known to grow also farther East. Westward, the " polya- 
 canthos " is enumerated among pubescent thistles by Pliny xxi. 56 : C. arcana is termed " c. poly- 
 cephalos canescens aculeis flavescentibus munitus " by Tournefort inst. 451, and is known to grow 
 as far as Spain (Cav. i. pi. 53, and Pers.). 
 
 Onopordtim Illyricum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agkathi " or "gaithar- 
 agkatho" (Sibth.), and possibly the thistle in question: — the "akantha" having dry pappus accord- 
 ing to Theocritus iv. 50 and vi. 15, is referred here by Hogg : O. Illyricum was observed by Forskal, 
 and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to the Dardanelles, according to 
 Chaubard one of the most abundant thistles, and when the stem hardens in the autumn rendering 
 certain places impassable. Westward, is termed " carduus tomentosus acanthi folio angustiori " by 
 Tournefort inst. 441 ; was observed by Hogg in Sicily ; and is known to grow also in Southern France 
 (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 " 559 B. C" (Herodot., and Clint, i. p. 180, 204, and 259), Astyages succeeded by his son Cyrus ; 
 who uniting Media, founded the Persian empire. 
 
 In the "first" year of the reign of Cyrus (2 Chron. xxxvi. 22, and Ezr. i. to vi. 5), a decree issued 
 by him, granting the Israelites permission to rebuild their temple at Jerusalem. 
 
 Carissa edulis of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen "antur" or "arm,'' and the SSV arn 
 planted in Babylonia according to the later Isaian prophecies xliv. 14, — may be compared : the 
 " aran " according to Abu'l Fadli (Celsius, and Kitt. cycl. bibl.) is " said to be a tree of Arabia 
 Petraea, of a thorny nature, inhabiting the valleys, but found also in the mountains, where it is how- 
 ever less thorny ; the wood is said to be much valued for cleaning the teeth ; the fruit is in bunches 
 like small grapes ; the berry is noxious while green and bitter like galls ; as it ripens it becomes red, 
 then black and somewhat sweetish, and when eaten is grateful to the stomach, etc., and seems to act 
 
 * Cydonia Sinensis of Eastern Asia. A species of quince : the " coignassier " of a Tcheou nan 
 ode — (Chi-King i. 5. 10) may be compared : C. Sinensis was observed by Bunge under cultivation 
 in Northern China, its fruit inferior in quality (A. Dec). Westward, was carried to Bengal (Roxb. 
 ii. 512) ; and by European colonists to the environs of Bombay (Graham). From transported speci- 
 mens, is described by Poiret, and Thouin. 
 
24O CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 as a stimulant medecine ; " is also mentioned by Ebn Baitar : C. edulis was observed by Forskal 
 p. 63 frequent among the mountains of Yemen, the berries black and edible. 
 
 The ^ /V h /V ^ Synym of the later Isaiah prophecies xlix. 12, is referred by Gesenius and others 
 to China. And may therefore prove the earliest notice of the Chittese by a Western writer. 
 
 '•556 B. C." (D. Laert, Cyrill , and Clint.), Chilon ephor at Sparta. Already mentioned as by 
 some writers enumerated among the " Seven sages." 
 
 " The same year " (= 538 -(- "17 -)- o y. 9 months " of Berosus in Jos. c. A.), Neriglissoor suc- 
 ceeded as king of Babylon by his son Laborosoarchod : a boy, who reigned " nine months." 
 
 555 B. C. (= 538 -f- " 17 years " of Berosas in Jos. c. A.), at Babylon, Laborosoarchod slain by 
 conspirators, and succeeded by Nabonnedus. — Who reigned "seventeen " years, being the last king 
 of Babylon. 
 
 " 553 B. C." ( . . • Clint.), in Sicily, Camarina "forty-six" years after its foundation captured 
 and destroyed by the Syracusans. 
 
 "551 B. C." On the "thirteenth day of the Eleventh month or near the Winter solstice, in the 
 22d year of Siang-koung king of Lou " (Chinese chron. table), birth of Khoung-tseu or Confucius ; 
 "in the town of Tseou-y of the province " (now called Chan-toung). 
 
 550 B. C. (= 743 -j- " 8th year" in Singal. ann., Burnouf ii. 487), Bimbasara succeeded by his 
 son Adjatasatru, now king of Magadha on the Ganges. Sucriti in the Graha Munjari tables and 
 Puranas (Bentley as. res. viii. 244) seems at least contemporary. 
 
 " Nearly two thousand four hundred years ago," according to the Cingalese, their ancestors came 
 to Ceylon "from the Eastward" (Maunder). The colonists were doubtless acquainted with the 
 Negrillo Race of man, either as inhabiting the Andaman Islands or farther South. — The Andaman 
 Islands and their inhabitants are mentioned in one of the voyages of Sindbad.* 
 
 * Elceocarpus than-lwen of Burmah. A Tiliaceous tree that gave its name to the river Salwen, — ■ 
 or according to the pronunciation of residents the salwen tree ; as pointed out by the natives to 
 Mason v. 537. 
 
 Elceocarpus . ... sp. ... of Burmah. Its hard and valuable timber used from early times for 
 carts and in house and Boat building : — observed by Mason v. 537 growing very abundantly in the 
 neighbourhood of Rangoon, and not uncommon in some parts of Tenasserim. 
 
 Hopea odorata of Burmah. A Dipterocarpous tree called there " then-gan " (Mason) ; and from 
 enrly times, dammar the general substitute for pitch and rosin procured from it : — observed by 
 Mason v. 517 to 527 the most valuable indigenous timber tree of the Southern provinces, used there 
 " for building purposes " and especially for " the best canoes." Westward, is described by Rox- 
 burgh. 
 
 Valeria pan-thect-ya of Burmah. Another Dipterocarpous tree, whose wood from early times 
 was valued and employed by the natives : — observed by Mason v. 527 "common " in Tavoy and 
 Mer^ui, its timber "whiter than Hopea and equally good." 
 
 Sterculia omata of Burmah. A tree called there " shau-nee " (Mason), and from early times 
 ropes made of its bark : — observed by Mason v. 487 to 520 one of the three trees from whose bark 
 "ropes are more frequently made," and identified with the " S. ramosa '' of McClelland yielding an 
 "exudation similar to tragacanth." S. ornata is described by Wallich, and may therefore prove 
 distinct. 
 
 Eriochlcena htwa-nie of Burmah. A Sterculioid tree, its red wood from early times used for 
 paddles, rice-pounders, and building purposes : — observed by Berdmore (Mason v. 536). 
 
 Acacia kuk-ko of Burmah. A very large tree, used from early times for making canoes, and 
 according to Burmese geography "an immense specimen growing on the great Eastern island : " — 
 under the former Burmese government, according to Brandis, "a higher sum was required for permis- 
 sion to fell " the " kuk-ko " than for any other tree (Mason v. 529). 
 
 Inga bung-mai-za of Burmah. A tree, its hard and black heart-wood from early times used for 
 small canoes and wooden bells for cattle : — observed by Berdmore, and Mason v. 529. 
 
 Aeschynomene paludosa of Burmah. Subaquatic, growing half under water, and called by the 
 
 Burmese "pouk" or " nya " (Mason) ; its bark from early times used for making a coarse hemp: 
 
 observed by McClelland, and Mason v. 519. 
 
 Lagerstroemia hlee-za of Burmah. A Lythraceous tree, its red-coloured wood used from early 
 times for paddles and for building : — observed by Berdmore, and Mason v. 53S. 
 
 Pentaptera t/. ... of Burmah. The bitter-wood is a small Combretaceous tree, from early 
 
 times used for boats, said to be exempt from attacks of the teredo: — observed by Mason »•. 533 
 its bark "sold in bazar to chew with betel," but is regarded by him as possibly not distinct from P. 
 arjuna. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 24 1 
 
 " 549, June 19th." On the "first day of the Seventh month in the 23d year of Ling-wang" 
 (Khoung-tseu, Gaubil, and Pauth. p. 108), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 "The same year" (Hieronym., and Clint.), in Sicily, Phalaris king of Agrigentum slain in an 
 insurrection. 
 
 The metope-reliefs of Perseus and Medusa, and of Hercules and Kerkopes, on the central 
 temple of the acropolis at Selinunt in Sicily, are referred to "the middle of the sixth century" — by 
 Lubke and Lutrow ; the remaining five Doric temples being regarded as later than this century. 
 
 548 B. C. = "23d year of Amasis II.," death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 
 " In this year " (Pausan., and Clint.), the temple at Delphi in Greece destroyed by fire, (according 
 to Herodotus ii. 180) accidentally. The temple was rebuilt by the Amphictyons; Amasis II. of 
 Egypt contributing. 
 
 " In this year (= 01. 58 " of Plin. ii. 6, and Sm. b. d.), the Obliquity of the Ecliptic discovered 
 by Anaximander of Miletus. Who also constructed the first map on record (Blair). 
 
 "546 B. C." (Solin., and Clint ), in anticipation of aid from the Babylonians and Egyptians, and 
 trusting to an oracle, war commenced by Croesus against the Medes and Persians. He was defeated 
 in battle ; and before the close of the year, the city of Sardis was captured and Lydian independence 
 overthrown (Herodot. i. 77). 
 
 " 544 B. C. = 1st year of King-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Clint, i. p. 238, see Herodot.), in Asia Minor, the city of Phocaea besieged 
 by the forces of Cyrus, and abandoned by the inhabitants ; who sailed away in their ships. 
 
 Ibycus of Rhegium may have been at this time composing poetry. — He is said to have passed 
 much time with Polycrates at Samos (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Potentilla fragariastrum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The OINAN0IAEE of 
 Ibycus, — and others, described by Theophrastus vi. 6 to 8 as vernal and scentless with racemed 
 white flowers, by Dioscorides as a span high, growing in stony places, and in the added Synonyms 
 identified with the " k£raskomion " or "lSukanthon," may be compared: P. fragariastrum was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Tournefort 
 inst. 296 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 20, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Hardly later than this date ("620 to 540," Franz), a Greek inscription, found near Petilia 
 (Policastro) in Italy, presenting the following form of the letter 0. 
 
 "543 B. C." (Singalese ann., Lassen, Buns. iv. 7. 2, and Burnouf ii. 487, " 1116th year before the 
 founding of Pegu " = 542, Mason ii. 20), in the " eighth " year of king Adjatasatru, death of Gaudama 
 or Buddha, founder of Buddhism. On the "third week" afterwards, the First Buddhist council 
 assembled by the high priest Kasyapa, Ananda not having as yet attained the state of ashat. The 
 " sermon-books " were " committed to memory " by different priests (Mahavams. ii.).* 
 
 "In this year '' (Fa-Hian, and roy. asiat. soc. vi. 247), a piece of ground bought by king Prasene's 
 minister of Sravasti for a garden to a temple of Buddha. 
 
 " 540 B. C." Not earlier than this date (Franz), the Greek inscription on a vase found at 
 Agylla in Italy, presenting the following forms of letters : T, ¥. Other inscriptions of about this date, 
 present the forms : B, "], H, I, Y. 
 
 Maba buxifolia of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small Diospyroid tree called in Tamil 
 "erumbelie," in Telinga "pishanna" (Drur.) ; in Burmah " mai-byoung " (Mason), and from early 
 times its hard touo-h knotty wood selected by Tavoyers for anchors for large boats, — wooden anchors 
 "laden with stones constituting the greater part in use " to the present day (Mason v. 543). West- 
 ward, was observed by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 45, and Wight, in Hindustan, on the Circar mountains, 
 its berries edible, agreeable to the taste, and its dark-coloured durable wood useful for various eco- 
 nomical purposes (Drur.). 
 
 * Garcinia Roxburghii of the Siamese countries. Called on the Neilgherries " heela " (Drur.), 
 in Burmah " toung-da-lai " (Mason) ; and the yellow produced by a Clusioid tree adopted as the sacred 
 colour by the Buddhists (Lindl.) as early perhaps as this date : — G. Roxburghii was observed by 
 Mason v. 480 to 514 indigenous and very abundant in Tenasserim, its gum-resin affording " a beautiful 
 permanentj^//W varnish for metallic surfaces." Westward, is perhaps the tree regarded by Murray 
 as carried from Siam to Ceylon : is known to occur on Ceylon (Drur.) ; was observed by Roxburgh, 
 cor. iii. pi. 298, Beddome, and Wight, in various parts of the peninsula; by Law, and Graham, in the 
 vicinity of Bombay, "some very large trees" in "a grove at Belgaum ;" its exudation "is semi- 
 transparent, very adhesive, and unsuitable as a paint" (Drur.). " G. gambogia, G. Zeylonica" and 
 " G. cowa " of Roxburgh, according to Graham, and " G kydia, G. papilla " of Wight, and " Cambogia 
 gutta" of Linnaeus, according to Drury, are all identical. 
 
 3' 
 
242 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The same year (= " 60th olympiad "), the well-ascertained date of the poet Hipponax — (accord- 
 ing to Pliny xxxvi. 4). 
 
 Cliclidonium majtis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain celandine 
 (Prior), in France " chelidoine " (Nugent), in Germany " schollkraut," in Italy "celidonia" or 
 "chelidonia maggiore " (Lenz), in Greece " Mlithonion " (Sibth.), in Egyptian " mothoth " (Syn. 
 Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the XEAIAONON :*APMAKON of Hipponax, — "hedithonion" 
 supposed according to Aristotle to restore sight to young swallows, and the " hedithonion mgga " of 
 Dioscorides having acrid yellow juice and fruit like that of the " kSratitithos mekdnos " horned 
 poppy : the " chalidunium " is mentioned also by Arab writers : C. majus was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, around villages in Greece and seemingly wild on the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the 
 " hedithonion mgga " or " paionia " or " krataia " or " panthios riza " or " philomethedon " is identified 
 in Syn. Diosc. with the " kroustane " of the Dacians, " th6na " of the Gauls, and "phavioum" of the 
 Romans : the " chelidoniam maior " two cubits high with yellow flowers, is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 
 50 ; and two species of " chelidoniae," by Macer Floridus 52 : C. majus is described by Dodoens, 
 and Gerarde ; is termed " ch. m. vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 231 ; and is known to occur in waste 
 places from Italy to Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 676, Pers., and Wats.). By European colonists, was 
 carried before 1669 (Toss.) to Northeast America, where it continues a garden weed in our Northern 
 and Middle States. Its juice according to Lindley "is a popular remedy for warts, and has been 
 employed successfully in opacities of the cornea." 
 
 Brassica oleracea of the seashore of Northern Europe. Called in Britain cale or cole or colcwort 
 or cabbage (Prior), in France " chou " and the headed variety " chou cabus " (Nugent), in Germany 
 " kohl," in Italy the headed variety " capuccio '' or " cavolo capuccio " (Lenz), in Greece " lahanon " 
 (Sibth.), in Egypt " krumb " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the " kramve " identified by Aristotle, 
 and Athenaeus, with the PA^ANOE of Hipponax, — Ananias, Epicharmus, and others, imitating a 
 tree in its trunk according to Theophrastus i. 3. 4; known to the earlier Greeks in three varieties, 
 and especially commended by Pythagoras, Dieuches, and Chrysippus (Plin. xx. 33) : the "kramve" 
 is mentioned also in the Batrachomyomachia, and by Teleclides, Eupolis, Timaeus, Apollodorus of 
 Carystus, Nicander; its leaves according to Diphilus Siphnius, and Dioscorides, deteriorating in 
 Egypt after the first year, but seeds produced there commended for medicinal use: the headed or 
 leafy variety of B. oleracea according to Clot-Bey deteriorates in Egypt ; and the only kinds seen 
 there by Alpinus were the "brassica raposa " turnip-stemmed, and the cauliflower called there 
 " karnabid," in Greece " karnaviti " (Forsk.), by Florentinus " karnavathion " (geopon. ix. 28), and 
 by Theodoras Ptochoprodromus " karnavathin : " B. oleracea was seen also by Forskal, and Delile, 
 under cultivation in Egypt ; and by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in 
 Greece. Westward, the " kramve kepaia " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " vrassika " of the 
 Romans; the "brassica" (from the Celtic " bresic ") is mentioned by Cato 156, Columella, and 
 the "brassica capitata " by Pliny : B. oleracea is described by Dodoens pempt. p. 626 ; is termed 
 "b. maritima arborea seu procerior ramosa" by Tournefort inst. 220; is cultivated from Italy 
 throughout middle and Northern Europe, and is known to grow wild on the sea cliffs of Northwestern 
 France, Britain, and Denmark (Pers., Bosc, Bab., and Fries). Eastward from Syria, is called in 
 Tartar " kapsta " (Moritzi), in Hindustanee and Bengalee "kobi " (D'roz.) or " kopee " (Picld.), but 
 has no Sanscrit name (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, " commonly 
 cultivated during the cool season ; " by Royle him. 70, in Northern Hindustan ; by Mason, •' exotic " 
 in Burmah and called " them-bau-mung-la ; " by Loureiro, under cultivation in Anam and China. By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cultivated; 
 also to the islands of the Pacific, observed by myself naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands, Taheiti, 
 Tongatabu, and New Zealand. 
 
 Mentha crispa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy " sisembro " 
 (Matth.) : the M I N H, coronary according to Hipponax, — mentioned also by Cratinus (Athen. ii), 
 by Theophrastus ii. 4. 1 and caus. ii. 16. 4 as a supposed degenerate form of "sisumvrion" from 
 neglected cultivation, maybe compared: the "sisumvrion" of Cratinus, Pherecrates, Strattis, Anti- 
 phanes, Philinus, Athenaeus xii. 78, mentioned as coronary by Theophrastus vi. 1. 1, Nicander, and 
 Dioscorides, is referred here by Matthioli : M. crispa was observed by Sibthorp wild in the Pelopon- 
 nesus ; and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt. Westward, the " sisum- 
 vrion" or " aphrothites stephanon" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " oustcr.ilis " or " £rva 
 "vSnerfia" of the Romans; the "sisymbrium" is mentioned by Ovid; by Pliny xix. 55 and xx. or, 
 as fragrant and growing near water, its branches pulled and cultivated: M. crispa is described by 
 Rivinus mon.pl. 50; is termed " m. rotundifolia crispa spicata " by Tournefort inst. 189; and is 
 known to grow near water in Italy, France, and middle Europe (Linn., Pers., and Dec). 
 
 Mentha rotundifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Resembling and sometimes 
 confounded with the preceding, called in Greece " agrioethuosmos " (Sibth.), and possibly the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 243 
 
 " minthe " of Hipponax, — and Theophrastus : the " agrion ethuosmon " is described by Dioscorides 
 iii. 36 as larger every way than the "sisumvriou " with the leaves more hairy and a ranker odour: 
 M. rotundifolia was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in abandoned gardens and among 
 ruins from Crete and the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus ; is enumerated by Clot-Bey and 
 Figari as only recently introduced into Egypt. Westward, is termed " m. sylvestris rotundiore folio " 
 by Tournefort inst. 189; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and is known to grow in wet 
 places and along roadsides as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 446, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Is one of 
 the species enumerated by Lindley as having " been in repute as stomachics and emmenagogues." 
 (See M. arvensis, and M. aquatica). 
 
 " 538 B. C." ( . . . Blair, and Clint), capture of Babylon by the Medes and Persians under 
 Cyrus ; and Babylonian independence overthrown. (The same date, probably marking the same 
 event, occurs in the Egyptian Chronicle = 715 — " 177 years; " and nearly the same, in the Afr.- 
 Maneth. table, 1072 y. 2 mo. — " 130 — 120 — 89 — 6 — 40 — 7 — 6 — 8 — 54 — 6 — 6 — 19 
 — 44 " = 537 y. 2 mo. = 339 -f "4 -f 3 -f 2 + 38 -f 20 y. 4 mo. -f 6 -f 124 y. 4 mo. + o y. 6 
 months "). 
 
 Euphorbia antiquorum of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Cactiform, called by the Arabs 
 "shrfth" (Spreng.), in Yemen "kerf" or "kaelah" or "gholak" (Forsk.), in Hindustanee " seyard " 
 or "narashij," in Bengalee " narsij," in Telinga " bonta-jammoodoo," in Tamil " shadray kullie " 
 (Drur.) ; and the A H S *r srphth of the later Isaian prophecies lv. 15 — is referred here by Sprengel : 
 also the " kaulos " with stout spines and copious fig-like juice observed by Aristobulus (Arr. exp. vi. 
 22), or leafless "akanthan " growing in Gedrosia according to Theophrastus iv. 4. 13 ; the " snuh " 
 or"snuhi"or "sud'ha" or " vajrakantaka " or " mahavriksha " milk prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 
 36 to chikits. I, is referred here by Hessler : E. antiquorum was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 42 in 
 Malabar, the bark of the root bruised and taken as purgative; by Graham, "in gardens Bombay" 
 and "wild in the jungles about the falls of Gockauk, Southern Mahratta country ; " by Buchanan, 
 and Roxburgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Drury, " common in waste places in the 
 peninsula," and the juice employed by the natives for various medicinal purposes. Westward, was 
 observed by Forskal p. 93 in Tropical Arabia, cooked in pits and given to camels ; and as appears 
 from Persoon is known even in Egypt. 
 
 "537 B. C. = 8th year of King-wang" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-sixth 
 cycle. 
 
 " 536 B. C." ( . . . and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. xx), the island of Corsica abandoned by the 
 Phocaean Greeks ; yielding naval dominion over the Western portion of the Mediterranean to the 
 Carthaginians. 
 
 Scilla marilima of Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. The squill is called in Greece 
 "skilla" or."v6lkikos" (Sibth.), in Egypt "basal el-far" or " askyl " (Del.) ; in which we recognize 
 SKI AAA of Theognis 537, — Pythagoras, Cratinus, Diphilus, Theophrastus i. 6, Theocritus, Dioscor- 
 ides, and Clemens Alexandrinus ; and the "iskil" of Avicenna: S. maritima was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in Greece and on the Greek islands ; by Delile, on the 
 Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the "scilla" or "scylla" or " squilla " is mentioned by 
 Varro, Virgil, Celsus, Columella, Ausonius, Apuleius 42, and by Pliny xix. 30 as growing also on 
 the Balearic Islands and in Spain ; S. maritima is described by Anguillara p. 120, and Tournefort 
 inst. 381 ; was observed by Desfontaines i. p. 297 in Barbary ; and is known to grow in Sicily, Spain, 
 and Portugal (Pers., and Spreng.). Preparations from the bulbous root continue to be much used 
 medicinally. 
 
 Spartium (Calycotome) villosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "xulag- 
 katha" (Fraas) or " aspalatos " or " aspalathgia " (Sibth.); and the ASPAAAOOI : TATHeiA' of 
 Theognis — maybe compared: " aspalathous '' are mentioned by Pherecrates (Athen. xv. p. 685), 
 and Theocritus iv. 57: the " mfilaina riza" of 2 Mul. morb. 660 is identified by Galen with the 
 " aspalathon ardmatikon : " the " aspalathos " is described by Dioscorides as a woody and thorny 
 shrub, growing in Syria as well as on Nisyrus, Rhodes, and other Greek islands, and employed for 
 thickening ointment ; and in the added Synonyms, the " aspalathos " or " grusiskeptron " or " sphag- 
 non" or "phasganon" is identified with the "thiaxulon" of the Syrians: S. villosum is termed 
 " cytisus spinosus creticus siliqua villis densissimis longissimis et incanis obducta" by Tournefort 
 cor. 44 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece 
 and the Greek islands. Westward, the account by Pliny xxiv. 69 of the " frutex humilior " growing 
 on Nisyrus and Rhodes, and called " erysisceptrum " or " adipsatheon " or " diacheton," seems in 
 great part taken from Dioscorides: S. villosum was observed by Desfontaines ii. 135 in Barbary 
 (Pers.), and was received by Sprengel from Corsica and the vicinity of Naples. (See Myrica 
 sapida). 
 
 Genista horrida of the Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece "xulagkatha" (Fraas) ; 
 
244 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and the "aspalathos " with which kings -are chastised in Hades — (Plat. leg. 10) is referred here by 
 Sprengel : the aspalathos gteron " is distinguished by Dioscorides as white and scentless and inferior 
 in quality : G. horrida was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on mountains 
 from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the "frutex humilior" is further 
 described by Pliny xxiv. 69 as growing in many places but " non ubique odoratus : " G. horrida is 
 termed " genista-spartium minus saxatile aculeis horridum " by Tournefort inst. 645 ; was observed 
 by Villars in Southern France, and is known to grow as far as Spain (Pers.). 
 
 " 535 B. C." (Suid , and Clint.) in Greece, tragedy first exhibited by Thespis. 
 
 Pcplis portula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water purslane 
 (Prior), in Greece "anthrakleitha" or "anthrahne" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the A/VAPAX/VH 
 herb habitually used by Thespis — (Suid.), the salted "anthrahne potamie " of Polemon diaet. ii. 
 25, and the "anthrahne" mentioned by Theophrastus vii. 1. 2 as cultivated, by Dioscorides as escu- 
 lent, and by pseudo-Aristot. color. 5 as turning red in ripening: P. portula was observed by Sibthorp 
 abounding in moist cultivated ground around Athens, and eaten in salads. Westward, the " an- 
 drachne " herb is identified by Pliny xiii. 40 and xx. 81 with the " portulacae " or " porcilaca " mixed 
 in salads "in acetariis sumta; " the "portulaca" is mentioned also by Varro iv. 28, and Columella 
 x. 356; P. portula is termed "glaux palustris flore striato clauso foliis portulacae" by Tournefort 
 inst. 88, is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 64, and Pers.). 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Satya reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 One hundred and thirteenth generation. Sept. 1st, 534, mostly beyond youth : the poet Phocy- 
 lides (writing in Greek but a Jew according to Bernays, note in Steinschn. i. 2) ; the Greek poets, 
 Melanippides, Telesilla of Argos, and Lasus of Hermione ; Choerilus the tragic poet ; Theagenes of 
 Rhegium (who wrote on Homer) ; the historians, Eugeon of Samos, Polyzelus, Deiochus of Procon- 
 nesus, Eudemus of Paros, Democles, Acusilaus, and Amelesagoras of Chalcedon. 
 
 "The same year" (= 509 -(- " 25 yrs," Sm. b. d.), Servius Tullius succeeded by Tarquinius 
 Superbus seventh and last king of Rome. In whose reign, Petronius Sabinus is said to have obtained 
 from M. Tullius or M. Atilius the Sibylline books to take a copy of them (Val. Max i. 1. 14, and 
 Dionys. iv. 62). 
 
 Teclona grandis of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The teak tree is called in the environs 
 of Bombay "saag" (Graham), in Bengalee ■' segoon," in Telinga " teka," in Tamil " thaikoo marum " 
 (Drury) ; in which we recognize the material of which ships were built at Tyle at the entrance to 
 the Persian Gulf — that continued sailing "more than two hundred years" to the time of Theo- 
 phrastus v. 6 : T. grandis was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 27 in Malabar; by Graham, "in consider- 
 able abundance in the forests " along the Taptee " and in various parts of the " Concans ; by myself, 
 a fine large forest-tree frequent in the Concans or lower country along the sea; is known to grow 
 from Goojerat to the end of the peninsula, and as far as Rajahmundry on the Eastern coast (Roxb. 
 cor. i. pi. 6, and Drury) ; was observed by Mason v. p. 525 abounding in Burmah and called " kywon," 
 furnishing " the staple timber" of the country ; and is known to grow as far as Java (Rumph. iii. pi. 
 18, and Pers.). Westward, a tradition is mentioned by Eutychius of Alexandria that " saj " timber 
 was employed for building the ark (Smith bibl. diet.) ; the " sadj " is mentioned also by Edrisi, Ebn 
 Baitar; and is described by Forskal p. lvi as an incorruptible kind of wood imported from Hindustan 
 for the keel of Egyptian vessels. 
 
 " In the second half of the Sixth century B. C." (Mason i. 2), founding by Budhists of the sea- 
 port city of Rangoon in Burmah.* 
 
 * Pterospermum aceroides or " tha ma jam wai-soke," and P. subaarifolium or " na-jee," both 
 of Burmah. — In company with P. acerifolium "growing with teak in all the forests," attaining 
 according to McClelland the girth of ten or twelve feet and a lofty height, the timber extremely valu- 
 able and strong as either teak or oak (Mason v. 536). 
 
 Grewia ta-yau of Burmah. A small Tiliaceous tree, from early times furnishing spars to vessels 
 at Tavoy : — observed by Mason v. 537 growing " on the sea-board." 
 
 Bcrrya ammonilla of Burmah. A Tiliaceous tree, its light strong timber valued from early 
 times, — and known in commerce as Trincomalee wood: growing according to Heifer on Kind's 
 Island, opposite Mergui (Mason v. 537). Westward, is described by Roxburgh. 
 
 Vatica koung-mu of Burmah. The largest Dipterocarpous tree in the country, from early times 
 used for making large boats, — but yielding " no oil," and " its places of growth are usually of difficult 
 access by water ; " according to O'Riley, the wood is also " well adapted for spars for vessels " (Mason 
 v. 528 to 757). 
 
 Aglaia spectabilis of Burmah. An Aurantiaceous tree, its light serviceable timber known from 
 early times : — observed by McClelland (Mason v. 539). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 245 
 
 " 532 B. C." ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), supreme authority at Samos acquired by Polycrates. 
 
 "The same year" (Clint, i. p. 234, see also Herodot. i. 67, and Strab. vi. 1. 1), on the Italian 
 coast not far from Paestum, the city of Hyela or Elea or Velia founded by Phocaean Greeks. 
 
 " S3 1 ! J un e 10th =first day of the Seventh month in the 24th year of King-wang " (Khoung-tseu, 
 Gaubil, and Pauth. p. 108), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 " 53° B - C." (Athen. i. p. 3, and Clint, i. p. 372), a library founded by Polycrates king of Samos. 
 Pythagoras after receiving instruction in Egypt from Onnuphis of Heliopolis (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 386), 
 now at the age of "forty" quitting Samos (Aristoxen., Iamblich., and Porph.) : all accounts make 
 him contemporary with Polycrates and Tarquinius Superbus (Sm. biogr. diet.). 
 
 Anemone coronaria of the East Mediterranean countries. The garden anemony is called in Italy 
 "anemone" or "anemolo" (Lenz), in Greece "paparouna" (Sibth.), in Arabic " schkiak naman" 
 (Camus, and Spreng.) ; in which we recognize the "anfimone" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 "knikos agria " of the prophets, ATPAKTYAI6 of Pythagoras, — and "verulios" or " 6rni6s 
 kgranios " of Osthanes : the " an£m&ne " is mentioned also by Pherecrates, Theophrastus, Theocritus, 
 Bion, Moschus, Athenaeus vi. p. 268, is prescribed in 1 Morb. mul. 598, and the "an6m&ne emSros " 
 according to Dioscorides has either red, pale, milk-white, or purple flowers: A. coronaria with flowers 
 appearing in March and either scarlet, white, violet, or blue, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent on dry hills from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece. Westward, the " ane"m6ne " 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "houphphois" of the Numidians, and " orki tounikam " of the 
 Romans ; the " anemone " of cultivated ground, flowering only when the wind blows, is mentioned by 
 Pliny xxi. 94 : A. coronaria is described by Dodoens pi. 434 and 435, Lobel pi. 277 ; is termed 
 " peregrinum " by Caesalpinus xiv. 9, " a. tenuifolia " by Tournefort inst. 278 ; was carried according 
 to Clusiusfrom Italy to Spain; has become naturalized in Italy, Sicily, Algeria, Sardinia, and Southern 
 France (Munby, Moris, and A. Dec.) ; and is cultivated for ornament throughout middle Europe 
 (Pers ). Is according to Christison, and Lindley, " among the most active of the poisonous species." 
 (See Parietaria officinalis). 
 
 Anemo?ie stellata of the Mediterranean countries. Also called in Italy "anemone "or "anemolo," 
 but distinguished as "fiore Stella" (Lenz), in Greece "agria paparouna" (Sibth.) ; in which we 
 recognize the " agria an£m6ne," included through Syn. Diosc. in the " atraktulis " of Pythagoras, — 
 and described by Dioscorides as larger with harder and broader leaves, and from its red flower con- 
 founded with "argSm6nen" and roiatha mekona : " the "an£m6ne ISimonia" enumerated among 
 vernal plants by Theophrastus vi. 8. 1, may also be compared : A. stellata was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece, the flowers in Spring giving a 
 bloody tinge in tracts. Westward, the account of the "silvestris anemone " by Pliny xxi. 94 seems 
 chiefly taken from Dioscorides : A. stellata is described by Dodoens pi. 434 ; is termed " a. latifolia 
 simplici carneo flore " by Tournefort inst. 276 ; is known to grow wild in Italy and Switzerland (Pers.), 
 
 Calophyllum longifolium of the Siamese countries. A tree called in Burmah "tha-ra-bee" 
 (Mason), and from early times used for spars : — observed by Mason v. 534. 
 
 Garcinia pa-ra-wa of Burmah. A Calophylloid tree, the largest of its genus, its timber from 
 early times valued by the natives : — observed by Mason v. 534. 
 
 Walsura piscidia of Burmah. A large Meliaceous tree, its heavy and strong timber from early 
 times familiarly known : — according to McClelland abundant in Pegu (Mason v. 539). 
 
 Contiarus speciosus of Burmah. A large tree, its heavy and strong timber from early times 
 familiarly known: — observed by McClelland, and Mason v. 532, its " remarkably bright scarlet pod " 
 " often seen in the jungles." 
 
 Elaodendron inte^rifolium of Burmah. A Celastroid tree called " ksouk " (Mason), and its 
 strong timber from early times familiarly known: — observed by McClelland, and Mason v. 544. 
 Described also by Trattinick (Steud.). 
 
 Canarium geniculatum of Burmah. A large Terebinthoid tree, its timber valued from early 
 times : — growing according to McClelland in the Pegu valley (Mason v. 539) . 
 
 Acacia elata of Burmah. A large tree, its timber from early times familiarly known : — observed 
 by McClelland, described also by Graham (Mason v. 529). 
 
 Terminalia violata of Burmah. A Combretaceous tree called " lai-bwai " (Mason), its timber 
 — useful, as in all the species known to Mason v. 533. 
 
 Conocarpus robustus of Burmah. A very large Combretaceous tree, its strong timber from early 
 times familiarly known : — growing according to McClelland in Pegu (Mason v. 541). 
 
 Tectona ternifolia of Burmah. An inferior species of teak called " ta-hat," and from early 
 times familiarly known :— growing "on the banks of the Irawaddy," described also by Buchanan 
 (Mason v. 526). 
 
246 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 is besides cultivated as a garden flower (Lenz). Is enumerated with the preceding by ChristisOD, 
 and Lindley, " among the most active of the poisonous species." (See Adonis aestivalis). 
 
 Anemone {Pulsatilla) jbratensis of the plains of Northern Europe and Asia. The "anemSne 
 melaina," included through Syn. Diosc. in the "atraktulis" of Pythagoras, — and described by 
 Dioscorides as more acrid than the preceding and having black " phulla " petals, may be compared : 
 P. pratensis was observed by Sestini as far South as Constantinople (Sibth.). Westward, is termed 
 "p. flore minore nigricante " by Tournefort inst. 284 ; is known to grow in open situations in middle 
 Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 611, Vill., and Pers.) : and is enumerated by Stoerk, and 
 Lindley, among medicinal plants. (See Adonis autumnalis). 
 
 Anemone {Pulsatilla) vulgaris of the plains of Northern Europe and Asia. An allied species, 
 possibly the " anemSne melaina " in question : — P. vulgaris was observed also by Sestini as far 
 South as Constantinople (Sibth.) ; is known to grow also throughout Siberia as far as Daouria (Dec, 
 and Steud.). Westward, is termed "p. folio crassiore et majore flore" by Tournefort inst. 284; is 
 known to grow in open situations in middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 153, Engl. bot. 
 pi. 151). The root according to Lindley is so acrid that the operator requires protection in pul- 
 verising it. 
 
 Sinapis nigra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain mustard (Lmdl), in 
 France '■ moutarde " (Nugent), in Germany " senf," in Italy " senape " or " senapa " (Lenz) ; in which we 
 recognize the " sinapi " whose penetrating power is commended by Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 87) : the 
 "khardal" of Badigoras (Pythagoras), Maserjawia, and Rhazes, is distinguished by Ebn Baitar : 
 S. nigra was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus and around Constantinople ; but according 
 to Clot-Bey and Figari has only recently been introduced into Egypt. Westward, the phrase "teritur 
 sinapi " occurs in Plautus (Beda orthogr.) ; the " sinape " or " sinapi " is mentioned also by Col- 
 umella, and Palladius ; by Pliny xix. 54 as growing wild, improved by being transplanted, difficult to 
 exterminate where once sown, and one of three kinds "simile rapi foliis :" S. nigra is termed " s. rapi 
 folio " by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy under cultivation as well as wild ; and 
 is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Pers.). By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues springing spontaneously in cultivated 
 ground and around dwellings. The seeds according to Lindley are employed medicinally in different 
 preparations, including their flour " in the form of a poultice " as a local irritant. 
 
 Sinapis alba of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white mustard 
 (Lindl.), in Germany " weisser senf," in Italy "senape bianca " (Lenz), in Greece " agriovrouva" 
 or " napi " or "sinapi" (Fraas) ; and possibly the "sinapi" of Pythagoras: — the phrase to look 
 " napu " occurs in Aristophanes eq. 631 ; and the " napu " of Polemon diaet. ii. 25, the Hippocratic 
 Affect. 40 and 1 Morb. mul 30, and Theophrastus, identified by Dioscorides with the " sinepi " of 
 Nicander an 1 others, is referred here by Fraas : S. alba was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent in the Peloponnesus both wild and in gardens ; is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari 
 as only recently introduced into Egypt. Westward, the " napu " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the " sinapg " of the Romans ; and one of the three kinds of " napy " or "sinapi " is described by 
 Pliny xix. 54 as resembling the " erucae : " S. alba is termed " s. album siliqua hirsuta semine albo 
 et rufo " by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; is cultivated and known to 
 occur in waste ground throughout middle Europe (Pers). By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and according to A. Gray has been found 
 springing up spontaneously. The seeds " in their entire state " are according to Lindley a stimu- 
 lating cathartic, and their flour is employed " in the composition of common table mustard." 
 
 Ruta Montana of the Mediterranean countries. A species of wild rue called in Greece " agrios 
 peganos " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " ruta silvestris " of Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 51), and 
 "peganon agrion" and " oremon " of Dioscorides: the "ruta " distinguished from the " pegana " 
 by Cratinus (Athen.) may also be compared : R. montana was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in 
 mountainous dry situations in Asia Minor and Greece. Westward, the " peganon agrion " and 
 "oreinon" or " ruten oremen " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " rrjuta montana" of the 
 Romans ; the account of the " ruta sylvestris " by Pliny seems in part taken from Dioscorides ; but 
 R. montana is described by Clusius hist. ii. p. 136, is termed " r. sylvestris minor "by Tournefort 
 inst. 257, was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary, and is known to grow in Southern Europe as far 
 as Switzerland (Thuill , and Pers.). 
 
 Ruta Patavina of the East Mediterranean countries. The kind of " ruta silvestris" distin- 
 guished as "marem" by Pythagoras, having smaller leaves herbaceous in colour or brighter green 
 
 (Plin. xx. 51), may be compared: R. Patavina was observed by Sibthorp on mount Parnassus; by 
 Micheli n. g. xxii. pi. 19, near Padua in Italy (Pers.). 
 
 Ilex aquifolium of Europe and the Caucasian countries. Called in Britain holly or holm or 
 hollen, in Anglo-Saxon "holen" or "holegn" (Prior), in France "houx" (Nugent), in Germany 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 247 
 
 " stechpalme," in Italy "alloro spinoso" or "agrifoglio" or "aquifolio" (Lenz), in Greece " lgo- 
 pourna " (Hawk ) ; in which we recognize the " aquifolia " whose flower is said by Pythagoras to 
 congeal water, — identified by Pliny xxiv. 72 and xxvii. 40 with the " crataegon " or " crataegona " of 
 Theophrastus iii. 15. 6, who describes it as a tree not large and the only one of its kind, bearing 
 round berries turning yellowish or blackish in ripening: I. aquifolium was observed by Hawkins, 
 Sibthorp, Grisebach, and Fraas, around Constantinople and on the mountains of Greece ; by Tchi- 
 hatcheff, in Asia Minor, but has not been met with beyond Caucasus (Pallas, Ledeb., Bieb., and A. 
 Dec). Farther South, the "krataigos" or " krataigfin " was known to Athenaeus ii. 34 in Egypt. 
 Westward, " vectes aquifolios " are mentioned by Cato ; the " aquifolium " is described by Pliny xv. 
 29 and xvi. 38 as a tree bearing berries, its leaves prickly and not deciduous : I. aquifolium after the 
 conversion of Britain was substituted in church ceremonies for the olive, and hence one of its English 
 names hulver from the French " olivier " (Googe's Naogeorgus, and Prior) ; is termed " aquifolium 
 sive agrifolium vulgo " by Tournefort inst. 600 ; is known to grow on the Alps and Pyrenees and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as " Lat. 62 15'" in Norway (fl. Dan. pi. 508, Gunner, and A. Dec). 
 By European colonists, was carried to Madeira (Webb). The bark according to Lindley affords bird- 
 lime, is besides employed medicinally together with the leaves and root. 
 
 Anthriscus sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wild cicely 
 or cow parsley or cow weed m kecks or kecksies or kixes, in a manuscript of the Fourteenth century 
 "keiex," the "stemmes both of this herbe and hemlocke " used according to Lyte "for quills and 
 caxes to winde yarne upon " (Prior) : the " cicutam " of Pythagoras, — Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Per- 
 sius, the stem eaten but seeds noxious according to Pliny xxiv. 101 to xxv. 95, may be compared : 
 the "kikoutam" of the Romans is mentioned also in Syn. Diosc. iv. 79 ; and a pandean pipe of seven 
 "cicutis," by Virgil : A. sylvestris is described by Fuchsius p. 524 (Spreng.) ; is termed " ch. sylves- 
 tre perenne cicutae folio" by Tournefort inst. 314; is distinguished as " magna ramosissima odore 
 tetra " by Persoon ; is known to grow wild on the mountains of Italy and Spain (Boiss., and A. Dec), 
 occurring besides in cultivated ground " a common weed " as far as Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 149, Curt, 
 lond. iv. pi. 24, Pers., and Lindl.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to occur as far as Caucasus (Lindl.) ; and was observed 
 by Schimper among the mountains of Abyssinia. Is according to Lindley the "herba cicutaria; " of 
 the shops, and is "reputed to be similar in its effects to hemlock only rather less narcotic." (See 
 Caucalis daucoides). 
 
 Anthriscus vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain rou«h 
 cicely or rough chervil or hc?n!ock-chervil (Prior) ; and possibly included with the preceding in the 
 "cicutam" in question : — the " wudu ceruille " or " wudu cerfillu " of the Anglo-Saxon translation 
 of Apuleius 86 may also be compared : A. vulgaris is termed " ch. sylvestre seminibus brevibus hir- 
 sutis " by Tournefort inst. 314 ; is known as " a common annual weed " on the borders of cultivated 
 ground from Italy to Britain (Scop., AIL, Jacq. austr. pi. 154, Curt. lond. i. pi. 19, Pers., Steud., and 
 Lindl.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; is known to occur 
 also in the Crimea (Bieb , and Lindl.). The plant according to Lindley is "deleterious," and an 
 instance of several persons poisoned by its being placed by mistake in soup is related by Burnett. 
 
 Mandragora officinalis of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Germany 
 " alraun " (Grieb), in France " mandragore " (Nugent), in Italy " mandragora " (Lenz), in Greece 
 " manthragoura " (Sibth.), in Palestine " yabrochak " (Royle), in which we recognize the "manthra- 
 goras " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " apgmoun," the " emionous " or " gonog£6nas " of 
 the prophets, ANO PO T OM OP*ON of Pythagoras, — and " thiamonon " or "arhinen " of Zoroaster : 
 the "manthragoras" is mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 39, Alexis, Demosthenes 133. 1, Aristotle 
 somn. 3, Apollodorus iii. 15, and Lucian tim., its root is prescribed in Locis in horn. 48, considered a 
 love-charm according to Dioscorides, and Venus sometimes termed " manthragoritSs " according to 
 Hesychius : the " manthragoras " is mentioned in the Septuagint translation of Gen. xxx. 14, confirmed 
 by Josephus ; the " ybrwhyn " in the Syriac translation, and the " ybruh " is mentioned by Abulfadli, 
 Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar: M. officinalis continues known in Egypt from its imported root, enumer- 
 ated by Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally ; was observed by Hasselquist, and Mariti ii. 
 p. 195, growing in Palestine, its fruit edible "of the size and colour of a small apple, exceedingly 
 ruddy,' and of a most agreeable odour " (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands, its fruit remaining during winter 
 and the flowering of the succeeding Spring; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, 
 the " manthragoras " or " kirkaian " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mala te>r£stria " or " mala 
 canina" of the Romans; the "mandragora" is mentioned by Celsus v. 25, its fruit by Pliny xxy. 94 
 as sometimes eaten; and the " semihominis mandragorae " by Columella... : M. officinalis is 
 described by Platearius f. 241 (Spreng.), Tragus 126, Lobel pi. 267, and Stapel), is termed " m. 
 fructu rotundo " by Tournefort inst. 76 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Switzerland, and Spain (Pers., 
 
248 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and Lenz). The English term mandrake comes from the fraudulent substitution of a different root 
 cut into human shape (Brown pop. err. ii. 6, and Prior). 
 
 Pimpinella anisum of Central Asia. The imported seeds called in Britain anise, in France and 
 Germany " anis " (Nugent, and Grieb), in Italy " granelli d' anice " (Lenz), in Greece " anison " or 
 "glukanison" and the plant "glukanthes" (Fraas), in Egypt "yansoun" (Del.); in which we recog- 
 nize the AN I EON commended by Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 72), the Hippocratic writings, Evenor, 
 Iollas, Dieuches, Dalion, Sosimenes, Heraclides, Tlepolemus, the best according to Dioscorides pro- 
 duced on Crete, and the next best in Egypt ; the Egyptian kind is mentioned also by Columella xii. 
 51, and Pliny : P. anisum was observed by Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt; by Sib- 
 thorp, and Fraas, seldom cultivated in Greece, but springing up spontaneously in cultivated ground. 
 Westward, the " anison " or " sion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " anisoum " of the Romans ; 
 and the "anisum" is mentioned by Celsus ii. 72, and Palladius : P. anisum is described by Matthioli 
 ii. pi. 113; is termed " apium anisum dictum semine suaveolente " by Tournefort inst. 305; and is 
 known to be sometimes cultivated as far as France (Pers., Targ-Tozz., and Lenz). Eastward from 
 Syria, is called in Hindustanee " anisun " or " saunf," in Bengalee "jira," known to D'rozario as a 
 kind of parsley ; was not seen by Mason v. 496 in Burmah, though the seeds are " much used by, the 
 native " physicians ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, sparingly cultivated in Japan and 
 called " kvaiko," or usually " uikjo " or " koikjo " or " kureno ommo " or " seri nisi." By European 
 colonists, was carried before 1669 to New England, where Josselyn found the seeds seldom ripening. 
 " The officinal preparations " according to Pereira, and Lindley, are in frequent medicinal use. 
 
 Origanum majorana of Persia? Called in Britain marjoram, in medieval Latin " majorana " 
 (Prior), in France "marjorlaine " (Nugent), in Germany " majoran," in Italy "maggiorana" or 
 " amaraco " or "persa" or " samsuco " (Lenz), in Greece " masouran " (Forsk.) or " mantziourana " 
 pronounced " manschurana " (Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen " mardakusj " or " mardakusch " (Forsk.); 
 in which we recognize the "amarakon" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " sopho," the 
 " rauouron " of the Armenians, "onos ie>c6s " or '■ ekigonos is<56s " of the prophets, and P AM B H £ 
 of Pythagoras: — the "amarakos" is mentioned also by Pherecrates, Chaeremon, Eubulus, Anti- 
 phanes, Theophrastus, Nicander, Meleager, Dioscorides i. 68, and is identified by Diodes of Carys- 
 tus with the " sampsouhon," produced according to Dioscorides iii. 41 of the best quality at Cyzicus 
 and on Cyprus, and the next best in Egypt: " sampsuchum " is given as the Syrian and Egyptian 
 name (Plin.) ; and the " naukratike " wreath, mentioned by Anacreon, was according to Atljenaeus of 
 " sampsuhos : " the '■ morsanjush " is mentioned by Avicenna : O. majorana was observed by Hassel- 
 quist, and Forskal, in the gardens of Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen ; and by him, 
 and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece as fir as Constantinople. Westward, the "sampsuhon " is 
 mentioned as occurring in Sicily by Dioscorides ; is identified in the added Synonyms with the " mai- 
 zourana" of the Romans; the " sampsucum " or " amaracus " is mentioned by Lucretius, Catullus, 
 Virgil, Columella, and directions for its cultivation are given by Pliny xxi. 35: O. majorana is 
 described by Morison iii. pi. 3 ; and is known to be cultivated from Italy and Portugal throughout 
 middle Europe (Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Arabia, is called in Hindustanee " marzanjosh " or 
 " manva " or " nazbo " (D'roz.) ; and was observed by Graham " in gardens " in the environs of Bom- 
 bay. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues well known in 
 gardens. 
 
 Sideritis montana of the Mediterranean countries. A horehound-like plant called in Germany 
 "gliedkraut" (Grieb): the "sitheritis" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " sSnthionSr," 
 the "gonon" or "aima titanou " or " oura skorpiou " of the prophets, TAPMIPON of Pythagoras, 
 — " vouphthalmon " of Osthanes, and "xanthophanSa " of Andreas, may be compared : the "sithe- 
 ritis " is described by Dioscorides as an herb a span or more high growing in stony places, its leaves 
 " prasio "-like but longer as in " elelisphakou " and " thruos " as well as smaller and rough, stems 
 quadrangular, not unpleasant to the taste and somewhat astringent, surrounded at intervals with 
 whorled balls after the manner of " prasiou " and containing black seeds, the leaves externally 
 applied agglutinating wounds and arresting inflammation : S. montana was observed by Forskal, and 
 Sibthorp, in stony places and on walls in Greece and Asia Minor as far as the Dardanelles and Smyrna. 
 Westward, the "sitheritis " or " eraklSian " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "outhethoni " 
 of the Numidians, and " ouSrtoumnoum " or " solSastroum " of the Romans ; but the account of the 
 sideritin " quadrato caule " by Pliny xxv. 19 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides :■ S. montana is 
 termed " marrubiastrum sideritidis folio caliculis aculeatis flore flavo cum limbo atro-purpureo " by 
 Tournefort inst. 190 ; is known to grow in Italy and Austria (Jacq. austr. v. pi. 434, and Pers.). 
 
 AtripU'x hoiicusis of Tartary. Called in Britain orach, in old English "arach," by Galfridus pr. 
 pm. "arage," in France "arroche" (Prior), in Germany " melde " (Grieb), in Italy " bietolone " or 
 "spinacione" or " atriplice '' (Lenz), in Greece "vlita" or "spanakia" (Fraas), in Egyptian " 6hei " 
 (Syn. Diosc.); in which we recognize the "atriplex" condemned by Pythagoras — (Plin. xx. 83), 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 249 
 
 and J. Lydus mens. iv. 39; identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "atraphaxis" or "atraphaxun" 
 or " anthraphaxis " of Pherecrates, Hippocrates, Diocles, Theophrastus, Lycus of Neapolis, Diony- 
 sius, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ii. 57: A. hortensis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in culti- 
 vated ground in Greece and as far as Constantinople, rare ; by Hasselquist, in gardens at Damietta ; 
 and is enumerated by Alpinus among the esculent plants of Egypt. Westward, the " atraphaxis " or 
 " hrusolahanpn " is identified directly in Syn. Diosc. with the " atriplikSm " of the Romans ; the " atri- 
 plex " is said by Solon Smyrnaeus to be cultivated with difficulty in Italy, incorrectly according to 
 Pliny ; is mentioned also by Columella x. 337, and Palladius : A. hortensis is described by Matthioli i. 
 pi. 417, and C. Bauhin pin. 119 ; is termed "a. hortensis alba sive pallide virens " by Tournefort inst. 
 505 ; was observed by Lenz cultivated here and there in Italy ; and according to Loudon, is cultivated 
 to considerable extent in the neighborhood of Paris. Eastward from Syria, was observed by Lush, 
 and Nimmo, under cultivation " as a spinage " in Bombay and on the Deccan (Graham), but no native 
 name is given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it was observed by 
 Pursh, and myself, springing up in cultivated ground in our Northern and Middle States, but may 
 have disappeared, being according to A. Gray "rarely cultivated as a pot-herb." 
 
 Pedalium murex of the seashore of Eastern Africa and Hindustan. A prostrate herb called 
 in Telinga " yea-nugapulleroo," in Tamil " ana-neringie," in Malabar " kaka-mooloo," in Hindustanee 
 " burra-ghokeroo " (Drur.) ; and the " coracesia " and " callicia " said by the Magians and Pythago- 
 ras " aquam glaciari " — (Plin. xxiv. 99) may be compared : P murex was observed by Rheede x. 
 pi 72 in Malabar; by Graham, as far as Bombay, "the fresh leaves have the property of thickening 
 water and rendering it mucilaginous ; " by N. L. Burmann pi. 45, Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury, 
 " common about Cape Comorin on the sea-shores " and as far as the " shores of Coromandel," its 
 leafy stems thickening butter-milk, and its seeds used as diuretic in dropsy. 
 
 Gmelina parviflora of Southern Hindustan. A woody Verbenaceous plant, possibly included 
 with the preceding : — observed by Roxburgh cor. pi. 32 in Coromandel, its leaves like those of P. 
 murex having the power of rendering water mucilaginous (Pers., and Drur.). 
 
 "529 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), "Thirteenth" change in naval dominion. Leaving the Pho- 
 caeans, the " Empire " over at least the East Mediterranean waters, acquired by the Samian Greeks 
 under Polycrates. 
 
 "The same year" (= 538 — "9 years" of Alex. Polyhistor in Euseb., see Clint, i. p. 258 and 
 ii. p. 12), Cyrus slain in battle on the "plain of Dahar." His tomb (visited by Alexander, and 
 described by Strabo, and Arrian) is extant near Murghab (Lubke and Lutrow). He was succeeded 
 by Cambyses, second Persian emperor. 
 
 A hieroglyphic inscription on the rock on the Kosser road, in which the chief architect traces his 
 lineal ancestors as far back as the " Twenty-fourth " generation, to an ancestral mother Nofratnue ; 
 "at a rough calculation about the end of the Nineteenth dynasty" (Leps. eg. and sin. 458). 
 
 " 527 B. C." ( . . . . Clint, app. 2), Pisistratus succeeded by his eldest son Hippias, now with 
 his brother Hipparchus joint rulers of Athens. 
 
 The same year = "44th year of Aahmas II. ; " the latest date in his reign found on the monu- 
 ments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 594). 
 
 Momordica (Ecbaliwn) elaterium of the Mediterranean countries. The imported drug is called 
 in Britain elaterium (Lindl ), the plant in gardens spurting cucumber, in Germany " springgurke '' 
 (Grieb), in France " concombre e"lastique " (F^e), in Italy " elaterio " or " cocomero asinino " (Lenz), 
 in Greece " pikra aggoura " (Forsk.) or " agriagkouria " (Sibth.), in Egypt " katte el homar " (Forsk.) : 
 an instance of "glaterion " from the " sikuos agrios" — lasting two hundred years, was known to 
 Theophrastus ix. 14. I to 15. 6; " Slaterion " is mentioned also by Aeschylus choeph. 962, Hippo- 
 crates ; the " sikuos agroteYos," by Nicander ther. 867 ; and " sikuos agrios '' growing about dwell- 
 ings and in sandy situations, by Dioscorides: M. elaterium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent among rubbish from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands 
 to Constantinople ; by Forskal mat. med., its fruit imported from Syria and Sinai into Egypt, the 
 plant itself was received from Egypt by Linnseus. Westward, the "sikus agrios " or "elaterion " or 
 "valis" or " vonvalion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "kousim£zar" of the Numidians, and 
 " koukoumSrfhn roustikoum " or "agrSstSm " of the Romans ; " elaterium" from the "cucumin sil- 
 vestrem " is mentioned by Pliny xx. 2 : M. elaterium is termed " c. s. asininus dictus " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 104; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and is known to grow wild in Italy and 
 other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). The extract according to Lindley is "a violent 
 cathartic and hydragogue." 
 
 "526 B. C." (Clint, i. p. 236), Amosis II. succeeded by Psamme'hSrites or Psam- 
 | menitos, ninth king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. Who reigned "six months " only 
 (according to the Afr.-Maneth. table, and Herodotus iii. 14). The name of Psame- 
 tik III. occurs at Karnak, and on a moveable article — now in Rome (Glid. analect.). 
 
 V- 
 
250 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 525 B. C." (Clint. = " 5th year of Cambyses," Maneth.), invasion of Egypt by the Persians 
 under Cambyses, aided on their march by the galleys of Polycrates. Obtaining possession, Cambyses 
 became the head of a new Egyptian dynasty, the " Twenty-seventh." Hieroglyphic ovals containing 
 the name of Kambatet occur on the Kosser road, and on moveable articles (now in Cairo, and 
 others in Rome, Glid. analect.). 
 
 At Thebes, Cambyses split in twain one of the colossal statues of Amenatep III. — This statue 
 afterwards became the "vocal memnon," and when visited by Pausanias i. 42. 3, the upper half 
 remained, lying neglected on the ground. 
 
 " In the time of Hipparchus " (Plut. vitios. pud., and Sm. b. d.), Xenophanes of Colophon main- 
 taining the unity of the Deity, without beginning without end, the animating power of the universe, 
 seeing everything, hearing everything, understanding everything, unlike man in mind and person, and 
 who cannot be known. He denounced the imputing human passions and weaknesses in the poetical 
 myths of Homer and Hesiod, and is quoted as the founder of Eleatic philosophy. He mentions 
 Pythagoras, and the founding of the city of Elea or Velia, — and is mentioned by Heracleitus, and 
 Epicharmus (D. Laert., and Sm. biogr. diet.). 
 
 He also maintained, that the land had risen out of the sea : shells occurring inland and in moun- 
 tains ; relics of fishes and seals in the quarries at Syracuse ; an A$YA, herring, imbedded in rock on 
 Paros ; crusts of all marine productions on MSlitfl; and when the land sinking shall change back 
 again into mud, mankind will perish, and a new creation will succeed (Orig. Philos. iv.). Perhaps 
 the earliest geological observations on record. 
 
 The star-like " thioskourous," electric lights on the rigging of ships during storms, are attributed 
 to the same cause as lightning by Xenophanes — (Stob. i. 25, Plut. plac. phil. ii. 18, and Galen xiii) ; 
 are mentioned also by L. Seneca nat. i., and Pliny; and in the days of Columbus, were termed by 
 Mediterranean sailors "the body of St. Elmo " (F. Columb. 46). 
 
 Cerasus avium of Europe, and as far as Caucasus. The sour cherry is called in Britain maz- 
 zard from the medieval Latin " manzar," explained by Galfridus pr. pm. as "spurius, pelignus " 
 (Prior), in France " bigarreaux " (Pers.), in Greece " kSrasia " (Fraas); in which we recognize the 
 KE PAEON of Xenophanes — (Poll. vi. 46), Democritus (geopon. iv. 7), and Diphilus Siphnius ; men- 
 tioned by Theophrastus iii. 13. 1 as a tree twenty-four cubits high, and distinguished as sour-fruited 
 by Galen fac. simpl. vii. p. 22 : C. avium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, wild in the 
 mountain woods of Greece; is known to grow also on Caucasus (Ledeb. ii. p. 6). Westward, a 
 beam of "cerasus" forty cubits long by two in diameter throughout, is mentioned by Pliny xvi. 54: 
 P. avium occurs in seeds in the debris of early lake-villages of Switzerland ; is described by Bauhin, 
 and Blackwell pi. 425 (Pers.) ; is known to grow wild in middle Europe (A. Dec), is besides very 
 generally cultivated. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is culti- 
 vated indiscriminately with C. cerasus ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it was not seen flower- 
 ing by Bojer. 
 
 524 B. C. = "6th year of Kambatet " or Cambyses on the rocks at Hammamat; the latest date 
 in his reign found on the Egyptian monuments (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 596, and Birch). In or "about 
 this year" (Clint, i. p. 236, see also Herodot. iv. 165), submission to Cambyses of Arcesilaus III., 
 sixth Greek king of Cyrene. 
 
 "523, Wednesday July 16th, one hour before midnight" (as reduced by Ptolemy to the meridian 
 of Alexandria, Blair), Fifth Babylonian eclipse of the moony "above six digits eclipsed on the North 
 part of her disk." 
 
 "522 B. C." ( . . . Blair, and Clint.), Polycrates king of Samos put to death by Oroetes, the 
 Persian prefect of Sardis. Anacreon by invitation of Hipparchus now left Samos to reside in Athens 
 (Plat, hipparch. p. 22S, and Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Smyinium olus-atrum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain alisanders 
 or horse-parshy, in France " grande ache " or " ache large " (Prior), in Italy " macerone " or " smir- 
 nio" (Lenz), in Greece " skulosfilinon " or " maurosSlinon " (Fraas) or " agrioselinon" (Sibth.); in 
 which we recognize the " agriosSlinon " identified through Syn. Diosc. with the KO^EION fr 
 £y\AYPNEION of Anacreon — (schol. Nic. ther. 596), and " ipposelinon " of Pherecrates, Aristotle 
 probl. xx. 7, Theophrastus vii. 6. 3, eaten as a potherb according to Diosco'rides, also the root either 
 crude or cooked: known to Athenaeus in Egypt, and mentioned as occurring there by Apuleius 
 Barbarus : S. olus-atrum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus 
 to Cyprus and the shore of Caria in Asia Minor. Westward, the " ipposSlinon " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc, as well as by Pliny, with the " olous atroum " of the Romans ; the " atrum olus " is mentioned 
 by Plautus pseudol. iii. 2, Columella xii. 58, and as a cultivated plant by Pliny xix. 48 : S. olus-atrum 
 according to Beckmann was generally cultivated throughout Europe until superseded by celery " about 
 the end of the Seventeenth century ; " is described by Fuchsius p. 327 ; is termed " s. Matthioli " 
 by Tournefort inst. 316; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; and is known to grow to all appear- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 25 1 
 
 ance wild from Spain to Britain (Pers., Bromf., and A. Dec). Its fruit according to Lindley "is 
 carminative and used to be officinal." 
 
 Aspleniutn trichomanes of Northern climates. Called in Britain bristle fern (Prior), in Italy 
 " tricomane " (Lenz), in Greece " polutrihi " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " trih6*man£s " 
 identified by Galen with the "kallitrihon," and the latter by Scarlatos with the KAAAI*YAAON 
 of Anacreon, — prescribed in potion in 7 Popular. 81: the "trihomanSs" is described by Theo- 
 phrastus vii. 14 as having a stem like that of " athianton mfilan " and numerous small leaves opposite 
 each other ; by Dioscorides, as resembling " ptgrithi," small and smooth, with thin lentil-like leaves 
 on blackish stems : A. trichomanes was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on 
 shaded walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; by Forskal, on mountain-sum- 
 mits in Tropical Arabia. Westward, the " trihomanSs " or " pt£rion " or "optSron" is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " kapillargm " or "pinoulam" or " philiklam " of the Romans; the "tricho- 
 manes" is described by Pliny xxvii. ill as resembling " adianto " but smaller and blacker: A. 
 trichomanes is termed "trichomanes sive polytrichum officinarum " by Tournefort inst. 539, and is 
 known to grow in Italy and throughout Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 576, and Lenz). Farther West is 
 known to grow on Madeira (coll. sice.) ; was observed by myself in clefts of rocks in our Atlantic 
 States from Lat. 43 to 40 ; by Nuttall, along the Arkansas ; and is known to grow on the Alleganies 
 to their Southern termination (Chapm.). 
 
 " 521 B. C." (= 529 — " 7 y. 5 mo. — 7 months '' of Herodot., Clint, i. p. 258 and ii. p. 16), 
 Cambyses succeeded by Darius, third Persian emperor. Hieroglyphic ovals containing the name 
 of Ntarius occur at Edfu (Leps. eg. and sin. 117), also on rocks on the Kosser road, on temples in 
 the Oasis el Khargeh and Oasis of Amnion ; and (according to Glid. analect.) on papyri in the 
 Demotic character. 
 
 "The same year" (according to Blair) "is counted the 227th and 228th year of Nabonassar, as 
 one began January 1st, the other December 31st." 
 
 520 (= 519 y. I38ff$ d. = 587 y. I07ff $■ d. — 70 years of twelve lunations), end of the " three- 
 score and ten years " of 2 Chron. xxxvi. 21 ; " in the second year of Darius " (according to Haggai 
 i. 1, Zechariah i. 1 to 16, and Ezra iv. 24). — Zechariah vii. 1 to 5, speaking at Jerusalem in the 
 "fourth " year of Darius, alludes to the completion of the period. 
 
 " 519 B. C. = 1st year of Keng-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 518 B. C. = "4th year of his reign," Darius in Egypt offering a premium for the discovery of a 
 new Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 
 " April 9th." On the " 1st day of the Fifth month in the 2d year of Khing-wang " (Khoung-tseu, 
 Gaubil, and Pauth. p. 108), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 In this year (= 550 — "32 years" of the Mahavamsi i. p. 29), end of the reign of Ajatasatru. 
 His successor is called Udayibhadra — in the Asoka avadana (Burnouf introd. 358). 
 
 516 B. C. = "6th year of the reign of Darius," Ezr. vi. 15), completion of the new temple at 
 Jerusalem. Described by Haggai ii. 3 as an inferior building, in the eyes of those who had seen the 
 first temple, " in comparison of it as nothing." 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Tapomurti reigning 
 in Hindustan. 
 
 Desmodium triflorum of Tropical Asia. A procumbent diffuse trifoliate plant having no San- 
 scrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.), but called in Hindustanee " kodaliya," in Bengalee " koodaliya," in 
 Telinga " moonoodna-mooddoo " (Drur.) ; from early times supplying feed for cattle : — observed by 
 Graham "common in the rains" in the environs of Bombay; by Wight, and Drury, "springing up 
 in all soils and situations" in peninsular Hindustan, the fresh plant applied by the natives "to ab- 
 scesses and wounds that do not heal well ;" by Burmann pi. 54, on Ceylon; by Roxburgh, as far as 
 Bengal ; by Mason v. 478 to 767, indigenous in Burmah and the most valuable plant in the country 
 for feeding cattle, being "a good substitute for clover and lucerne ; " is known to grow also in China 
 (Pers.), and as far even as Timor (Decaisne). Westward from Hindustan, possibly by Hindu or 
 Arab colonists was carried to Zanzibar, observed by myself seemingly wild there ; is known to grow 
 also in Guinea (fl. Nigr.). Probably by European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, 
 observed there by Bojer; to the West Indies, for it is not mentioned by early writers though now 
 well-known there (Swartz obs. pi. 6, Macfad., and A. Dec), as also in Guayana (Pers.) and Mexico as 
 far as Acapulco (Benth. bot. sulph.).* 
 
 * Smithia sensitiva of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small decumbent pinnate-leaved annual, 
 also from early times supplying feed for cattle : —observed by Graham " common in Bombay towards 
 the close of the rains;" by Rheede ix. pi. 38, in Malabar; by Wight, in other parts of peninsular 
 Hindustan ; by Mason v. 478, in Tavoy, said to make "excellent hay." 
 
252 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "514, July or August "(.... Clint.), at the time of the Panathenaia Magna, Hipparchus son of 
 Pisistratus and ruler of Athens slain by conspirators. 
 
 "513 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), Fourteenth change in naval dominion. Leaving the Samians, 
 the " Empire " over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean acquired by the Spartans. — Held by 
 them " two " years. 
 
 "511 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint, i. p. 174), in Southern Italy, the city of Sybaris destroyed by 
 the inhabitants of Crotona, led by Milo the wrestler. 
 
 " The same year" (=513 — "2 years " of Diodorus in Euseb.), Fifteenth change in naval domin- 
 ion. Leaving the Spartans, the " Empire " over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean acquired 
 by the Naxian Greeks. 
 
 "Nov. 14." On the "first day of the Twelfth month in the 9th year of Khing-wang (Khoung- 
 tseu, Gaubil, and Pauth. 108), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 " 510 B. C," and in the reign of Amyntas, ninth king of Macedonia (Herodot., Dexipp, Euseb., 
 and Clint.), the dynasty of the Pisistratidae expelled from Athens. 
 
 " 509, Feb. 24th " (Blair), Tarquinius Superbus and family expelled from Rome, and govern- 
 ment by consuls instituted. Shortly afterwards, the Romans subdued by Porsena lars or king of the 
 Etruscans; a sceptre, golden crown, ivory throne, and triumphal robe, sent him by the senate, and 
 the Romans prohibited by treaty from using iron for any other purpose but agriculture (Virg. aen. 
 viii. 646, Tacit, iii. 72, Dionys. v. 34, and Plin. xxxiv. 39). — The Etruscan domination lasted only 
 about three years, and was checked at Aricia by the united forces of Latium and the Greeks of Cumae 
 (Liv. ii. 15, and Dionys. vii. 5). To the Etruscan period are assigned by universal tradition the great 
 architectural works in Rome of the Cloaca Maxima and the Capitol (Sm. geogr. diet.). 
 
 "The same year" (Sm. b. d., and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. 20), first treaty between the Romans 
 and Carthaginians. 
 
 " 508 B. C." About this time (Wesseling, and Clint, ii. p. 379), Darius crossing the Danube on 
 his Scythian expedition. During "more than sixty days" that he continued North of the river, he 
 appears to have reached central Europe. 
 
 The Paeonians of Lake Prasias, near the border of Macedonia, escaped the dominion of the Persians 
 in consequence of having their village on piles or posts at a distance from the shore, communicating 
 only by a narrow bridge (agreeing therefore with the lake-villages of ancient Switzerland). Within 
 the village, polygamy was in vogue ; young children were tied by the foot to prevent their falling 
 overboard; and in the absence of hay, horses and beasts of burden were fed on fish (Herodot. v. 16, 
 and Troyon p. 206). — In Norway and along the colder portion of the European coast, according to 
 Thorm. Torffaeus, cattle are fed on fish : I have seen a horse eat raw fresh-water fish here in New 
 England. 
 
 " 507 B. C." ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), P. Valerius Poplicola and M. Horatius Pulvillus consuls at 
 Rome, and dedication by the latter of the temple on the Capitol. 
 
 "506 B. C." ( . . . Sm. b. d.), after the return of Darius, Megabazus was left in charge 
 of the countries West of the Bosphorus, and a saying of his in praise of the site of Byzantium has 
 been preserved (Herodot. iv. 144). He sent to Amyntas the Macedonian king a demand for earth 
 and water in token of submission ; in complying a difficulty arose in which the Persian envoys were 
 slain, and Megabazus was pacified by receiving in marriage Gygaea daughter of Amyntas. 
 
 The conquests of Darius extending to or including a portion of Hindustan ; at least, a satrap or 
 local governor was appointed (Herodot.). 
 
 Zoroaster, according to the Zend Avesta, lived in the reign of Vitacpa (Gushtap of the Persians 
 or Darius Hytaspis) : and Zoroaster of Proconnesus (according to Pliny xxx. 2) " paulo ante " a 
 little before — Osthanes and the invasion of Greece by Xerxes. 
 
 Lactuca virosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of wild lettuce called in 
 Italy "lattuga selvatica" or "lattuga velenosa" or "scariola" (Lenz), in the environs of Constanti- 
 nople "galatzitha" (Forsk.), in Egypt " Hbbeyn " (Del.), in Egyptian " iobonsos " (Apulei. 31); in 
 
 Ulmns integrifolia of districts more or less mountainous in Hindustan and Burmah. The Indian 
 elm is called in Telinga " naulie " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " woula " or " keul " or " papura " 
 (Graham); and from early times one of the trees selected to keep straw and unthrashed °rain in the 
 forks of the branches, out of the way of cattle : U. integrifolia was observed by Law in the Southern 
 Mahratta country, by Auld in the Kandesh jungles, by Nimmo, and Graham, in the environs of Bom- 
 bay, the leaves "deciduous in October" and the wood used for "the same purposes as that of" the 
 English elm, for " carts, door frames, etc. ; " was observed by Buchanan on the ghauts near Arcot ; 
 by Roxburgh cor. i pi. 78, on the Circar mountains (Pers.) ; is known to grow on the foot of the 
 Himalaya (Drur.) ; and was observed by McClelland in the Pro me district of Burmah (see U. alter- 
 nifolia) . 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 253 
 
 which we recognize the "laktouka sulvgstris " of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "aima 
 titanou" of the prophets, *EPOYA* BPOE of Zoroaster, — and "agria thrithax" described by 
 Dioscorides as bitter to the taste, with juice having similar properties and sometimes mixed with that 
 of the poppy: L. virosa was observed by Sestini near Constantinople (Sibth.) ; by Forskal p. 215, at 
 the Dardanelles and near Alexandria in Egypt; and by Delile, near Cairo. Westward, "lactucae 
 atrae " abounding in milk " meconis vocatur a copia lactis soporiferi " is mentioned by Pliny xix. 38 
 as the only kind known to the ancient Italians, and hence the name " lactucae : " L. virosa is described 
 by Lobel, and Dalechamp p. 528 (Spreng.) ; is termed " 1. sylvestris odore viroso " by Tournefort 
 inst. 473 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow along walls and hedges 
 as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1957, and Pers.). Its inspissated " milky juice" according to Lindley 
 " has been used as a substitute for opium." (See L. scariola). 
 
 Lactuca coriacea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "agria maroulia" 
 (Fraas) ; and possibly the " pheYoumvros " of Zoroaster: — the thrithakine agria" growing according 
 to Theophrastus vii. 2. 8 to 6. 2 in cultivated ground, lower and more branchy than garden lettuce, 
 leaves shorter and at length becoming prickly, and its acrid juice collected and used medicinally, 
 termed "lahanon agrion " a wild esculent by Galen alim. fac. ii. 40, is referred here by Fraas: 
 L. coriacea, described by Schultz bip., was observed by Fraas frequent in low cultivated ground in 
 Attica and the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Citrullus colocynthis of the African and Arabian Desert, and as far as Hindustan. The colocynth 
 is called in Egypt and Yemen " hamdal," or sometimes in Yemen " dahak " (Forsk.), in Nubia 
 "horky " (Del.) ; and the "kolokunthis " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the ©YA" BPH of Zoroaster, 
 
 — and "autoggnfis" of Osthanes ; the "kolokunthis " or "kSlokinthis " is prescribed in 1 Morb. 
 mul. 108, is mentioned also by Aristotle probl. xx. 14, Rufus Ephesius, Galen, Marcellus, and the plant 
 is distinctly described by Dioscorides. Westward, the "kolokunthis " or " sikuan pikran" is further 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " toutastra " of the Dacians, and " kourkourvita silvatika " of the 
 Romans ; the " colocynthis " is mentioned by Pliny xx. 8, but in these countries as well as in Greece 
 seems to have been known only from the imported fruit. Farther South, the " kolokuntha algxan- 
 thrine " is mentioned in Syn. Di®sc. ; the " hantsal," by Ebn Baitar : C. colocynthis is mentioned by 
 Mesue, and other Arab writers (F. Adams) ; was observed by Forskal in the environs of Cairo, 
 growing in the Desert, by Delile in Upper Egypt, and by Forskal in Yemen ; is known to grow as 
 far even as Austral Africa (Pers.), where the seeds according to Drury " constitute an important 
 article of food." Eastward, is called in the environs of Bombay "indrayan '' (Graham), in Bengalee 
 "makhal,"in Telinga " putsa-kaya," in Tamil "paycoomuti " or " varriecoomuttie " (Drury); was 
 observed by Gibson " in great abundance on the sea shores of Guzerat," by Graham " on the plains 
 of the Deccan"and "common in Salsette jungles," and according to Vaupell " there is a sweet 
 variety which is edible and cultivated " (probably the same seen by myself wild on the Deccan, with 
 deeply-lobulated leaves, and globular variegated fruit which in the unripe state was not bitter). 
 
 Citrullus pseudo-cotocynthis of the plains of Northern Hindustan. Given as a distinct species, 
 
 — but called " indrayun " or " bisloombha ; " the fruit " oblong," marked " with eight broad stripes," 
 its "flesh very bitter" and substituted "for the true colocynth" (Royle ill. pi. 47. f. 2, and Lindl.). 
 
 Verbena supina of Central Asia ? Perhaps the species called in Arabic at Lahore " ikmubaran " 
 (Honigb. 419, and J. F. Wats, index). The " p8rist£rS6na uption " of Zoroaster — (geopon. xv. 1), 
 the Hippocratic steril. 13, Nicander ther. 860, Dioscorides, Galen, Aetius viii. 15, and Paulus Aegi- 
 neta, is referred here by Sprengel : the "peristereona " was celebrated among the Magians (Plin. 
 xxv. 59); the name derived according to Cratevas from its leaves incised after the manner of a dove's 
 foot (schol. Nicand. ther.) : the " p2rist£r£6n uptios " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " Srusi- 
 skSptron " of Pythagoras, and "pSmphthSmphtham" of the Egyptians': and the "ikmubaran" is 
 mentioned by Maserjawia, and Ebn Baitar : V. supina was observed by Sibthorp near Smyrna and 
 elsewhere in Asia Minor, in depressed situations subject to inundation ; by Forskal, Delile, and 
 myself, in Lower Egypt. Westward, is described by Dodoens p. 150, and Lobel . . . ; is termed "v. 
 tenuifolia" by Tournefort inst. 200 ; and is known to occur in Spain (Pers. ; see V. officinalis, and 
 Prasium majus). 
 
 Bombax (Salmalia) Malabaricum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The red-flowered cotton- 
 tree is called in the environs of Bombay " saur " (Graham) ; and the " pembeh " of the Zend Avesta 
 
 — is according to Ritter 9 a tree bearing cotton: wool-bearing trees were seen by Androsthenes on 
 Tyle, their leaves like those of the vine, and fruit as large as quinces containing wool of which cloth 
 is woven (Theophr. iv. 7. 7, and Plin. xii. 21) : S. Malabarica was observed by Rheede iii. pi. 52 in 
 Malabar ; by Law, and Graham, in the environs of Bombay, " a very large tree," its " leaves digitate, 
 deciduous in the " cool season and succeeded by large red flowers very conspicuous in the forest, as 
 witnessed by myself on the Ghaut ; was observed by Gibson as far as Guzerat ; by Roxburgh cor. iii. 
 pi. 247 in other parts of Hindustan, and is termed by him '• b. heptaphyllum." Farther East, was 
 
254 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 observed by Mason v. 487 to 520 " one of the most abundant forest-trees " in Burmah, the silky 
 down around the seeds "used to stuff mattresses and pillows " and "has occasionally been made into 
 cloth." 
 
 Cochlospermum gossypium of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The yellow-flowered cotton-tree 
 is called in Tamil " tanakoo-marum," in Telinga " conda gongu-chettu " (Drur.) ; and possibly the 
 tree in question ; — agreeing better in the shape of the leaf with the wool-bearing trees seen by 
 Androsthenes : C. gossypium is termed "bombax gossypium " by Roxburgh, " b. grandiflorum " by 
 Sonnerat voy. ii. pi. 133 ; was observed by Gibson in the Sautpoora jungles, by Auld in Candesh, 
 by Graham "a large tree " wild on " chains of hills running inland from the Ghauts," also planted " in 
 gardens," the capsule large as "goose's egg" and '-filled with cotton ; " by Roxburgh, Royle, Wight, 
 and Drury, not uncommon in Southern Hindustan as far as Travancore and Coromandel, the trunk 
 yielding kuteera, a gum substituted for tragacanth in Northwestern Bengal ; is known to grow also 
 on Ceylon (Lindl.). Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 520 in Burmah, its "down" used by 
 the natives according to McClelland for stuffing " their pillows." 
 
 " 504 B. C." ( . . . Sm. b. d.), P. Valerius Poplicola and T. Lucretius Tricipitinus consuls, 
 removal of Appius Claudius from the Sabine city of Regillum to Rome. He was received by the 
 patricians, and lands assigned to his numerous followers ; and was the first (according to Pliny xxxv. 
 3) who set up tablets or portraits of his ancestors in a public temple, that to Bellona. 
 
 Hardly later than this date, Hecataeus of Miletus visiting Egypt. — He is mentioned by Hera- 
 clitus (Sm. b. d.), and endeavoured to dissuade his countrymen from the proposed Ionian revolt. 
 In his geographical work (written "after 524," Sm. b. d.) he mentions in the West, the city of 
 " Mtilitta " outside the Mediterranean on the Atlantic coast of Africa ; and in the East, various peo- 
 ple of Hindustan, the " Kallatiari " (named also by Herodotus), " Opiari, Gandarari," and the city of 
 " Kaspapyrus " (C. Mull, geogr. m. i. p. xxiii). 
 
 Inula viscosa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "psullistra" or "konutza" 
 (Sibth.), in Egyptian "k£ti " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the KONY2A of Hecataeus, — 
 Pherecrates, Aristotle h. a. iv. 8, Theophrastus, and " konuza mSizSn " two cubits high according to 
 Dioscorides and strong-scented, strewn to drive away venomous animals including insects, and the 
 juice inducing abortion ; identified in the added Synonyms with the " vrSphuktonos " or " anouvias " 
 or "ethSmias" of the prophets : I. viscosa was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abound- 
 ing from the Peloponnesus throughout Greek islands ; and is known to grow as far as Jerusalem 
 (....). Westward, the "konuza mSgale " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "intuvoum" or 
 "militaris mina " or " thelliarion " or " phSvriphouga " of the Romans : I. viscosa is described by 
 Clusius rar. p. 377 (Spreng.) ; is termed " virga aurea major foliis glutinosis et graveolentibus " by 
 Tournefort inst. 484; was observed by Boccone xiv. pi. 7 in Sicily; is known to grow also in Bar- 
 bary and Southern France (Lam. fi. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Inula (Alunid) graveolens of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "psullistra" 
 (Sibth.), or " vrdmitza " (Fraas); and possibly included in the "konuza*" of Hecataeus: — the 
 "konuza thelu " smaller according to Theophrastus vi. 2. 6, humble "konuza" of Nicander ther. 70, 
 and " konuza mikra " only a foot high of Dioscorides, are referred here by writers : A. graveolens was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek 
 islands to Asia Minor ; is known to grow also on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria 
 (Dec). Westward, is described by Lobel adv. p. 146 (Spreng.) ; is termed " virga aurea minor foliis 
 glutinosis et graveolentibus " by Tournefort inst. 484 ; and is known to grow near Montpelier and in 
 other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 The same year (= " 69th. ol." of schol. Pind. rem. ii. 1), Cinaethus : supposed by ancient 
 writers to be the blind poet of Chios who composed the Hymn to the Delian Apollo. This hymn 
 contains perhaps no descriptive expressions derived through the sense of sight, and is quoted and 
 considered ancient by Thucydides ; but the date-palm on Delos found by Homer od. vi. 165 young 
 and flourishing, is in this Hymn old enough for Apollo to have been born underneath: — this date- 
 palm continued standing in the days of Euripides hec. 457 and iph. 1100, Callimachus hymn Del., 
 and of Cicero leg. i. 1 ; but disappeared before the time of Pausanias viii. 48, and Athenaeus. 
 
 " 502 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), Sixteenth change in naval dominion. Leaving the Naxians, 
 the " Empire " over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean acquired by the Eretrian Greeks. 
 
 "Nov. 19th, Monday, twenty-four minutes before midnight" (as reduced by Ptolemy to the 
 meridian of Alexandria, Blair), Sixth Baylonian eclipse of the moon; "three digits eclipsed on the 
 South part of her disk." 
 
 In this year (= 518 — " 16 years reign " of the Mahavamsi iv.), Udayibhadra succeeded by his 
 sort Anurudde, now Hindu king. 
 
 "501 B. C." ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Postumus Cominius Auruncus and T. Lartius consuls, 
 the dictatorship instituted ; and T. Lartius (of Etruscan descent) appointed dictator. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 255 
 
 One hundred and fourteenth generation. Jan. 1st, 500, mostly beyond youth : queen Esther 
 (Munk. p. 471) : the Greek poets, Timocreon of Rhodes, Praxilla, and Cleobuline ; the comic poets, 
 Phormis, Dinolochus, Euetes, Euxenides, Mylus, and Magnes ; the tragic poet, Phrynichus ; the phi- 
 losophers, Heracleitus, and Parmenides ; the historians, Dionysius of Miletus, Charon of Lampsacus, 
 and Hippys of Rhegium ; the sculptors, Ptolichus, and Calamis. 
 
 In this year (= " 70th olymp." of Suidas . . . . ) at Athens, satyric drama invented and first 
 exhibited by Pratinas. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Leps. eg. and sin. 442), the canal from the Nile to the Bitter Lakes, 
 extended to the Red Sea by Darius, and the connexion first completed. The canal is represented 
 by Lepsius as narrow and not intended for large ships : but the Persian ruins near Suez with cuneiform 
 inscriptions and the name and statue of Darius, are described as all in " red granite ; " a material 
 that probably came through the canal from Syene. The signet ring of Darius, containing "his name 
 and title in cuneiform characters in three languages, Persian, Median, and Babylonian " — has been 
 found at Suez (Birch). 
 
 " 499 B. C." (Clint. . . . ), revolt of the Ionians ; who after burning the city of Sardis, were pur- 
 sued and defeated near Ephesus. The Athenians now withdrew from the confederacy (Herodot. v. 
 99 to 102). The affair — led eventually to the invasion of Greece by the Persians. 
 
 Mago the Carthaginian military commander and agricultural writer, from being termed the father 
 of Agriculture (Columell. i. 1. 13) seems to have at least preceded Democritus. (See Plin. xviii. 5). 
 
 Cladium mariscus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain twig rush, 
 from its tough twiggy branching growth (Prior) ; and the " junco " called by Mago " mariscon," to 
 be cut for weaving mats from June to the middle of July — (Plin. xxi. 69), is referred here by writers : 
 C. mariscus is described by Valerius Cordus (Spreng.), and Morison viii. pi. 11 ; is termed " scirpus 
 palustris altissimus foliis et carina serratis " by Tournefort inst 528 ; is known to grow through- 
 out middle Europe as far as Sweden (flor. Suec. p. 35, Engl. bot. pi. 950, and Pers.). Eastward, 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the marshes of Southern Greece. (Compare Juncus 
 spinosus). 
 
 Juncus acutus of the seashore along the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. A species of rush 
 called in France "jonc maritime " (Fe"e), in Germany " strandbinse " (Fraas), in Greece " vourla'' 
 or " vourl6 " (Sibth ) : the " alterum genus juncorum " of Mago, — maritime according to Pliny xxi. 
 69 and the " oxyschoenon " of the Greeks, may be compared : the " oxushoinos " is mentioned in the 
 Batrachomyomachia 164, Aristophanes ach. 230, as sharp-pointed by Dioscorides iv. 52 ; and the 
 " shoinos oxus " is one of the three kinds distinguished by Theophrastus iv. 12 : J. acutus is described 
 by Anguillara 264 (Spreng.), and Barrelier pi. 203; is termed "j. acutus capitulis sorghi " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 246 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding on the seashore of Greece 
 and Crete, and used for basket-work (Walp. p. 243) ; by Forskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean 
 shore of Egypt; and is known to grow along the sea from Italy and Barbary to Portugal and Britain 
 (Savi, Desf., Brot, Dec, and Engl. bot. pi. 1614). Farther West, is known to grow on Madeira (herb. 
 Schw.), and as far as our Atlantic seashore from New Jersey to Carolina and Florida (Pursh, Muhl., 
 Ell., A. Gray, and Chapm ) 
 
 Iris pseudacorus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The yellow iris is called in 
 Italy "acoro adulterino " or "iride gialla " (Lenz), in Greece " nSrokrinos " or by the Turks "aiak 
 ingivi " (Sibth.) ; and a yellow-flowered kind is included in the " iris " identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the " glathidlon " of the Romans: the "gladiolum alterum " called " cypiron " should according to 
 Mago be cut to the root in July, and for three successive days carried under cover before sunset, 
 nocturnal dew injuring cut marsh-plants — (Plin. xxi. 68) : I. pseudacorus is described by C. Bauhin 
 pin. 34; is termed '' i. palustris lutea " by Tournefort inst. 360 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in 
 Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 494, Curt. lond. 
 iii. pi. 4, and Pers.). Eastward, the " cypiron " of Apollodorus is identified by Pliny with the " gladiolus " 
 growing on Crete and Naxos as well as in Phoenicia and Egypt ; and an " iris " having yellow flowers 
 is expressly mentioned by Dioscorides: I. pseudacorus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent in marshy situations from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Triglochin palustre of Northern climates. Called in Britain arrow-grass (Prior) ; the " sagittam " 
 of the Romans called "pistanam" by the Greeks, to be peeled and dried according to Mago from the 
 Ides of May to the end of October — (Plin. xxi. 68), may be compared : T. palustre was observed by 
 Desfontaines in Barbary ; is known to grow in Portugal, and throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Brot., fl. Dan. pi. 490, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward is 
 known to grow in Tauria and throughout Siberia in both fresh-water and saline marshes (Gmel., and 
 Bieb.) : and farther East, in Alaska, and throughout Canada in fresh-water and saline marshes, to 
 Ohio, Onondaga, and Lat. 49 in Newfoundland (Wats., Pursh, La Pylaie, and A. Gray). " T. 
 bulhosum," figured by Barrelier pi. 271 and perhaps not distinct, was observed by Bory in the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
256 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "498 B. C." = "2d year of the Ionian war" (Herodot., and Clint.), Cyprus recovered by the 
 
 Persians. . , , 
 
 » In or about this year" ( . . . Sm. b. d.), Amyntas succeeded by his son Alexander, now tenth 
 
 king of Macedonia. , . 
 
 .SWn/.r a^fer of Europe and Northern Asia. The " sonchos niger" regarded by Cleemporus 
 as unfit for food, -but employed medicinally by Agathocles (Plin. xxii. 44), may be compared : as 
 also the "soghos" described by Theophrastus vi. 3 as having prickly leaves, and by Dioscondes 
 as "agricthSsteron" and more prickly: S. asper has not been observed in Greece by modern 
 travellers but may have been confounded and overlooked. Westward, the " soghos. trahus is 
 -identified' in Syn. Diosc. with the "kikervita aspera " of the Romans, and " gathouonem " of the 
 Numidians ; S. aspera is described by Fuchsius 8, and is known to grow in waste and cultivated 
 ground nearly to the Arctic region (Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow 
 alon<r the Altaian mountains and as far as Daouria (Ledeb.), and was obtained by Wallich 362 in 
 Hindustan (herb. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it was 
 observed by La Pylaie on Newfoundland, by myself along salt marshes from Lat. 42 30' to 38 m 
 Maryland, by Chapman in Florida, and by Short in Kentucky; was carried to Brazil (Lund); to 
 Chili (Poeppig) ; to Austral Africa (Drege) ; to Southwest Australia (Steetz) ; to New Zealand, 
 where I found it naturalized ; and to the Hawaiian Islands, occurring near the salt-works, to all 
 appearance introduced with the wholesale manufacture of salt. 
 
 "495, J ul Y -- d -" 0n the " first da y of the Ei g hth month in the 25th year of Khing-wang '' 
 (Khoung-tseu, Gaubil, and Pauth. 108), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 Hardly later than this date, Simonides in Thessaly composing his Epicinian ode on the victory of 
 the Thessalian chief or king Scopas II. in the chariot-race. The death of Scopas II. and accession 
 of Aleuas II. followed the recitation (Herodot. vii. 6, Phan., Callim., and Athen. x. p. 438). 
 
 The following forms of letters termed Simonidean, M, 5, Q, are as early possibly as this date. 
 (See Franz). 
 
 "494 B. C." ( .... Sm. b. d.), A. Virginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus and T. Veturius Geminus 
 Cicurinus consuls, and M. Valerius Volusus Maximus dictator, the populace of Rome withdrawing 
 discontented to mount Sacer, persuaded to return and tribunes of the people and aediles of the people 
 instituted. 
 
 " The same year " = " 6th year " of the Ionian war (Herodot. vi. 21, and Clint.), naval combat 
 near Miletus ; the city captured by the Persians, and the war terminated. Soon afterwards, a drama 
 by Phrynichus on the capture of Miletus so excited the feelings of the Athenians that its repetition 
 was prohibited. 
 
 "In this year" ( . . Sm. b. d), victory in the chariot-race at the Pythian games gained 
 by Xenocrates of Agrigentum through his son Thrasybulus, and the event celebrated by Pindar 
 in his second ode in point of time. 
 
 Quercns suber of the West Mediterranean countries. The cork oak is called in Italy " sughero " 
 or " sovero " or " suvero " (Lenz), in Greece together with the bark " phellos " (Fraas) ; in which we 
 recognize the <J>EAAOS of Pindar pyth. ii., — Aeschylus choeph. 499, Theophrastus, Lucian ii. 107, 
 and Oppian h. iii. 374 ; its timber in the days of Pliny xvi. 13 sometimes imported into Greece: 
 Q. suber is said by Fraas to occur in some instances in the Peloponnesus and Asia Minor (perhaps 
 planted?). Westward, the "phSllos " is described by Theophrastus iii. 16 as a tree of Italy and 
 Spain ; the " suber " is mentioned by Vitruvius, Sidonius, and as growing in Italy by Columella, and 
 Pliny : Q. suber is known to grow also in Barbary and Spain (Duham. ii. pi. 80, and Pers.). Its 
 imported bark must have reached Egypt at an early period ; and mainly through European colonists, 
 has become scattered almost universally over the Globe. 
 
 •'492 B. C." (Herodot., and Clint.), the successful Persian fleet, proceeding under Mardonius 
 against Greece, dispersed in part near mount Athos by a storm; and the portion of the forces that 
 succeeded in reaching land led back to Asia. Macedonia was now compelled to submit to Mardonius, 
 and its king Alexander became vassal to the Persians. 
 
 Under Darius (Lubke and Lutrow), commencement of the imperial palace at Persepolis : — the 
 building into which Alexander threw burning torches ; at the present day called " Tschihil Minar," 
 being " the grandest and most wonderful monument" of Persian architecture extant. 
 
 Cichorium intybus of Central Asia. Called in Britain succory or chicory, in France " chicore'e " 
 (Prior), in Germany " cichorie " or " wegewarte " (Grieb), in Italy " cicoria " or " radicchio " (Lenz), 
 in Greece " rathiki " or "pikrolithi " or " papathoulia " (Sibth.), in Egypt " sjikurie " or "hendeb" 
 (Forsk.) or "cichorium" (Plin.), in Egyptian " hrintou " (ms. Par.) or "annotshe> " (Edw.) or 
 "iannotshSr" (Kirch.) or "agon" (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the "cichorium" used for 
 anointing by the Magians and called "chreston" or '• pancration" — (Plin. xx. 30), also the 
 "kihorion" of Theophrastus vii. 9. 2 to ix. 12. 4, and Nicander alex. 429, identified by Dioscorides 
 with the "sfiris agria : '' C. intybus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, around 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 257 
 
 cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and 
 Delile, a weed in Egypt and sometimes cultivated (A. Dec.) ; is known to occur also around Caucasus 
 and in the Talusch country (Ledeb.). Westward, the " cichorium " of Egypt is identified by Pliny 
 with the "erraticum intubum," in Syn. Diosc. with the " intuvoum. agrSstgm" of the Romans; the 
 "cichoreum" is mentioned by Horace i. 31. 17, and the "intybum" by Columella x. in, and 
 Palladius : C. intybus is described by Bauhin hist. ii. 1007 ; is termed "c. sylvestre sive officinarum" 
 by Tournefort inst. 479; is known to occur in fallow ground and along roadsides from Italy nearly 
 to Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 607, Pers., and A. Dec). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to grow as far 
 as Lake Baikal (Ledeb.) ; was observed by Bunge iji gardens and waste ground around Pekin, but 
 regarded there as exotic ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, abundantly cultivated as an esculent in 
 Japan and called "kio," or usually " tsisa." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it has become naturalized, occurring especially along New England roadsides. The 
 root, besides being used medicinally, is according to Lindley (A. D. 1838) " extensively cultivated, 
 especially in France, as a substitute for coffee." 
 
 Cichorium endivia of Hindustan. Called in English gardens endive, in Spain " endivia " (Prior), 
 in Germany " endivie," in Italy " endivia " or " e. maggiore " (Lenz), in Greece " emSra rathikia " 
 (Fraas) or " rathike," or by the Turks " hiddiba," in Egypt " hendibe " (Forsk.), in Egyptian " saris " 
 (Akerblad) or "serin" — (Plin.) ; in which we recognize -the "sSritha" of Epicharmus, and "serfs 
 kepSutes " cultivated as an esculent according to Dioscorides : C. endivia was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Cyprus, cultivated 
 and seemingly wild, its leaves eaten as a substitute for lettuce ; by Forskal, and Delile, under culti- 
 vation in Egypt. Westward, the " serin " of the Egyptians is identified by Pliny xix. 39 to xx. 29 
 with the " cichorium sativum " or cultivated " intubum ; " the herb called " seris " is mentioned by 
 Varro iii. 10. 5 ; " amaris intuba fibris," by Virgil geor. iv. 120 ; and the "sSrin" of the Greeks a 
 kind of "intubi," by Columella viii. 14. 2: C. endivia is described by Dodoens pempt. 634, and 
 Bauhin hist. ii. p. 1007 ; is termed " c. latifolium sive endivia vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 479 ; 
 was observed by Forskal seemingly wild near Marseilles ; and is known to be cultivated from Italy 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi. 378, and Mill.). Eastward from Egypt, is 
 called in Hindustanee "hindaba" or "kasni" (D'roz.), in Tamil " kashi " (Pidd.) ; was observed 
 by Law, and Graham; "in gardens " from Surat to Bombay ; is known to grow wild from Patna and 
 Kamaon to Nepaul (Hamilt, Wall., and Dec), and a species perhaps identical was observed by 
 myself clearly indigenous on the Deccan. Farther East, is cultivated in Northern China (Lour., 
 Staunt., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Thunberg around Jedo in Japan, esculent and called " fanna 
 tsisa." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultiva- 
 tion in our Middle States. 
 
 A ntirrhinum orontium of the Mediterranean countries. The calves-snout is called in France 
 " mufflier rubicond" (Fe'e) ; in which we recognize the " antirrhinon " regarded by the Magians as 
 cosmetic and to be worn as an amulet — (Plin. xxv. 80), mentioned also by Hippocrates, by Theo- 
 phrastus ix. 19. 2 as rootlets (annual) and having fruit like the nostrils of a calf, referred here by 
 Matthioli and others: the " anarrhmon " is mentioned also by Nicander fr. 13, Dioscorides, and is 
 identified in the added Synonyms with the " anarrinon " or "luhnitha agrian," by Galen with the 
 " voukranion : " A. orontium was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in cultivated ground in Greece 
 and on the Greek islands. Westward, the "antirrhinon" or " anarrhinon " or "lychnis agria"is 
 described by Pliny as resembling flax : A. orontium according to Euricius Cordus has fruit like the 
 head of a calf "tarn exquisita simihtudine ut etiam os et nares appareant" (Spreng., and Prior) ; is 
 termed "a. arvense majus " by Tournefort inst. 168; was observed by Forskal on Malta and near 
 Marseilles ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground in Sicily, Algeria, and throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., Guss., Munby, and A. Dec). 
 
 Antirrhinum majus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain snap-dragon (Prior), in 
 France "grand mufflier" (Fe'e), in Germany "grosses lowenmaul," in Italy "bocca di leone"or 
 "antirrino" (Lenz), in Greece "agria phouskouni " (Fraas) ; and possibly the "antirrinon" of the 
 Magians : — clearly the flower having a lion's mouth mentioned by Columella x. 98 : A. majus was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus and Cyprus 
 to Constantinople. Westward, is termed " a. vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 168; was observed by 
 Lenz in Italy; by Forskal, on Malta and near Marseilles ; and escaping from gardens has become 
 naturalized throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Fries) ; in Britain, was known to Gerarde 
 p. 439 only in gardens, is not included among spontaneously-growing plants by Ray and Dillenius, 
 but in 1778 was found by Hudson completely naturalized, occurring even on cliffs (Bab., and 
 A. Dec). 
 
 491 B. C. = " 31st year of Darius," birth of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch). 
 
 " April 25th, Wednesday, ten hours and forty minutes after mid-day " (as reduced by Ptolemy to 
 
 33 
 
258 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the meridian of Alexandria, Blair), Seventh Bahylonian eclipse of the moon: "two digits eclipsed on 
 the South." 
 
 Medicago sativa of Tartary. Called in Britain lucerne or medick (Prior), m Italy " medica " or 
 "erba medica" (Lenz), in which we recognize the " medica " brought by the Medes into Greece 
 during the wars of Darius — (Plin. xviii. 43), or the " methike " of Amphilochus, Aristotle, Theo- 
 phrastus viii. 7. 7., Epicurus, Strabo, Dioscorides, and Plutarch : M. sativa was observed by Sibthorp 
 frequently cultivated in Greece for fodder, but as appears from Chaubard, and Fraas, its cultivation 
 has nearly ceased : the plant is enumerated by Clot-Bey as introduced only recently under Mohammed 
 Ali into Egypt, where it is called " bersym Heggiasy." Westward, the " medica " and its cultivation 
 in Italy are mentioned by Varro, Virgil, Columella, Pliny, and Palladius ; and its French and Ger- 
 man name " luzerne " indicates that the plant reached middle Europe by the Greek or St. Gothard 
 pass across Switzerland : M. sativa is described by Bauhin hist. ii. p. 381 ; is termed " medica major 
 erectior" bv Tournefort inst. 410; and is known to occur cultivated and naturalized in Italy, Sar- 
 dinia, Algeria, Spain, and throughout middle Europe (Oliv. de Serres, Moris, Munby, and Wats.). 
 Eastward from Greece, is known to grow wild from Caucasus to Cashmere and throughout Siberia 
 (Bieb., Ledeb., and Royle) ; has no Sanscrit name (A. Dec ) ; was observed by Gibson, and Graham, 
 " cultivated in the Deccan for feeding horses, also in Goozerat where it is coming fast into use." By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where though not thriving it continues under 
 cultivation, and has even been found growing spontaneously (Dark, and A. Gray); also to Austral 
 Africa (Drege). 
 
 "490 B. C." (Herodot, and Clint.), the Second Persian armament, commanded by Datis and 
 Artaphanes, defeated by the Athenians under Miltiades at Marathon. The tumulus erected over 
 the Athenian slain, — and mentioned by Pausanias i. 32. 3, remains to the present day (Sm. geogr. 
 diet.). Aeschylus fought at Marathon. Natives of Hindustan may have been in the Persian army, 
 for an INA05 is mentioned by Aeschylus suppl. 2S1. — " inthikos " articles from Hindustan are 
 mentioned by Sophocles antig. 102. 
 
 Erica multiflora of Europe. A species of heath called in Greece " reke " (Sibth.) ; in which we 
 recognize the EPEI KH of Aeschylus ag. 286, — " griken " of Eupolis, Plutarch symp. iv. 1, and the 
 " SrSike " described by Dioscorides as a tree-like shrub resembling the tamarisk but much smaller, 
 whose flowers injure the quality of honey : E. multiflora was observed by Sibthorp abounding on the 
 mountains around Athens, flowering in winter, and the honey collected from it by bees sold much 
 cheaper than summer honey. Westward, the " mel ericaeum " is described by Pliny xi. 15 as of 
 inferior quality and brought after the first showers of autumn, when the " erice " is alone in flower • 
 E. multiflora is described by Clusius hist. i. pi. 42, and is known to grow in Italy and Southern France 
 (Pers.; see E. arborea). 
 
 Erica licrbacca of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " riki " or " reike " or " erei- 
 ke " (Sibth.); and possibly included in the EPEIKH of Aeschylus, — and Theophrastus i. 23: E. 
 herbacea was observed by Sibthorp everywhere frequent in Greece. Westward, is termed " e. pro- 
 cumbens ternis foliolis carnea" by Tournefort inst. 603 ; and is known to grow as far North as Mora- 
 via (Jacq. austr. pi. 32, Pers., and A. Dec). 
 
 Bellis iylvestris of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " ISmonohorton '' (Sibth.); 
 and possibly included in the A N G E A : A E I M Q N I A of Aeschylus, — and Aristophanes nub. 1364 : B. 
 sylvestris was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, vernal, and closely resembling Bellidiastrum 
 Michelii, but devoid of pappus. Westward, is described by Cyrillo ii. pi. 4 ; and is known to grow in 
 Italy and Barbary (Desf., Pers., Tenore, and Bory). 
 
 Morus nigia of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain mulberry (Prior), in Germany 
 " maulbeere " (Grieb), in France " mure " (Nugent), in Italy " moro nero " (Lenz), in Greece " m6r£a " 
 or " sukamemSa" (Fraas), in Egypt "tout chamy " Syrian mulberry (Del.), in Egyptian "nouhi" 
 (transl. Luke, lex. Oxf., and Kirch) ; in which we recognize the MO PO N of Aeschylus phryg., changed 
 from the original Attic name "sukamina" — (according to Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 102) ; the " moron " 
 is mentioned also by Sophocles, and Dioscorides, but Athenaeus ii. 36 found the term confined to 
 the Alexandrians only: the "sukaminos" is mentioned by Pythermus, Eubulus, Amphis, Philippides, 
 Theophrastus caus. vi. 6. 4, Hegesander, by Luke xvii. 6 as occurring in Palestine, and is identified 
 with the "morfia" by Dioscorides: M nigra was observed by Forskal cultivated for its fruit at 
 Constantinople, by Chaubard under cultivation in the Peloponnesus, and by Forskal, Delile, and 
 Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt; is known to grow seemingly wild from Lenkoran South of the 
 Caucasus as far as the Caspian (Pers., and Ledeb.). Westward, the "sukaminon" is identified by 
 Celsus iii. 18 with the " morum " of the Romans, and the "morus" tree is mentioned by Horace, 
 Columella v. 10. 20, Pliny xv. 27, and Palladius: M. nigra was employed to feed the silk-worms 
 introduced in "1 148 A. D." into Italy (Crescenzio, Targioni, and A. Dec); continues abundant in 
 Italy (Lenz), and is known to be planted throughout middle Europe. Eastward from the Caspian, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 259 
 
 was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called "soo," or usually 
 "kuwa." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues sparingly 
 planted for its fruit; and "in 1837" to Bombay (Graham). The bark according to Lindley "said 
 to be cathartic and anthelmintic." 
 
 E-vonymus Europaus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain spindle- 
 tree or prick-wood or gadrise from "being used to make skewers, shoemaker's pegs, and goads,'^ in 
 Germany "pinnholtz" (Prior), in France "fusain'' (Fe*e), in Italy "fusaro" or "fussaggine" or 
 " evonimo " (Lenz) ; and knowledge of the tree seems implied in the word " eu6numos " signifying 
 unlucky in Aeschylus prom. 488; — the "Sufinumon" tree is described by Theophrastus iii. 18. 13 
 as growing on mount Ordynnus in the island of Lesbos, its flowers having the direful odour of blood, 
 fruit dividing in fours, and together with the leaves if eaten killing sheep and goats : E. Europaeus 
 is known to grow in the environs of Constantinople, also about Caucasus, and as far as the Tobol 
 river in Siberia (Georgi, Ledeb., and A. Dec. p. 247). Westward, is described by Turner, Dale- 
 champ, and Miller; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known to grow throughout mid- 
 dle Europe as far as Lat. 60° 15' on Aland in the Baltic (Lam. fl. fr., and A. Dec). 
 
 Evonymtis latifolius of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Possibly the species in 
 question, — but agreeing better with the "t8trag6nia" of Theophrastus iii. 4. 2 to 6 : E. latifolius 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Gittard, and Fraas, in woods on the Bithynian Olympus and other moun- 
 tains as far as Arcadia in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Miller ; was observed by 
 Scopoli, and Lenz, in Italy ; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. iii. pi. 289, 
 Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 "487 B. C. (= 8 years before the Persian war," Suid., and Sm. b. d.), Chionides exhibiting com- 
 edy at Athens. 
 
 Saccharum Ravennce of the East Mediterranean countries. A reedy grass called in Greece 
 "samaki" (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the SAMAKI of Chionides, — Lysippus, Eratosthenes, 
 Julius Pollux, Hesychius, and Photius : S. Ravennas is termed "gramen paniculatum arundinaceum 
 ramosum panicula densa sericea " by Tournefort inst. 523 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent in marshy ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople; and is known to grow 
 as far West as Italy (Zanon. i. pi. 24, and Pers.). Articles manufactured from this grass have 
 doubtless been sometimes carried to Egypt. 
 
 About this time (Percev. i. 59), Abyan, a descendant of Himyar, ruling Yemen. — Near the 
 entrance to the Red Sea, he founded or restored the city of Aden, named after him " Aden of Abyan." 
 
 486 B. C. = "36th year of Ntarius " or Darius ; the latest date in his reign on the Egyptian 
 monuments (C. Mull fr. Man.). Before the close of this year (= "4th year after the battle of Mar- 
 athon and the year before the death of Darius," Herodot, and Clint.), revolt of the Egyptians against 
 the Persians. 
 
 "The same year" ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Proculus Virginius Tricostus Rutilus and Sp. 
 Cassius Viscellinus consuls, and an agrarian law proposed by the latter. • — In the following year, he 
 was condemned by the patricians and put to death. 
 
 "485 B. C." (Euseb., and Clint.), Seventeenth change in naval dominion. Leaving the Ere- 
 trians, the " Empire of the sea," or dominion over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean, acquired 
 by the Aeginetan Greeks. — Held by them until the Invasion by Xerxes. 
 
 The same year = " 5th year after the battle at Marathon and five years before the Invasion of 
 Greece" (Herodot., and Clint.), Darius succeeded by Xerxes, fourth Persian emperor. The hiero- 
 glyphic ovals of Hesirsa occur on rocks along the Kosser road ; and his name in cuneiform charac- 
 ters, on an Egyptian vase (now in Paris, Glid. analect). 
 
 As early probably as this year (Herodot. vii. 1 1 1), an Oracle of Dionysus on mount Haemus 
 under the management of the Bessians of Thrace. 
 
 Tussilago farfara of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain coltsfoot or 
 cough-wort (Prior), in France " pas d'ane " (Nugent), in Germany "huflattich," in Italy "farfaro" 
 (Lenz), in Greece "hamailSuke" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the " vehion " or " hamailSuke " 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian "saartha," and the "asa" of the Bessians — (by whom 
 its alleviating power in asthma may have been discovered) : the "vehion" is mentioned by Hippoc- 
 rates p. 400. 9, Moschion 123, by Dioscorides as having ivy-like leaves but larger green above and 
 white beneath, and a flower-stem quickly perishing; is identified by Ebn Bai tar with the " suala " 
 of Avicenna : T. farfara was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople; is known to grow also in the Crimea, Persia, Siberia (Lindl.) ; and 
 dried "tussilago" was found by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt. Westward, the 
 "vehion" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "tousilago" or " poustoulago " or "pharpha- 
 riam " of the Romans ; and the " tussilago " or " farfarum " or " farfugium " is mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 
 8? to xxvi. 16; the name derived perhaps from the river Farfaro in the Sabine territory, mentioned 
 by Ovid met. xiv. 330 (Spreng.) : T. farfara is termed " t. vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 487 ; is known 
 
260 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 565, Lam. fl. 'fr., and 
 Pers ), becoming often a troublesome weed. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast Amer- 
 ica, where it seems naturalized, extending along roadsides in Western New England and the neigh- 
 bouring portion of New York ; also to the " East Indies " (Lindl ). As in the days of Dioscorides, 
 the smoke of the leaves continues to be inhaled "against dyspnoea" (Lindl.). 
 
 Andropogon angustifolius of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in 
 France "barbon pied de poule " (Fe"e) ; and the "ishaimon" growing in Thrace, and said to stop 
 the bleeding even of an opened vein -— (Theophr. ix. 15. 3), stuffed in the nose according to Pliny 
 xxv. 45, its leaves "asperis et lanuginosis," is referred here by writers : A. angustifolius was observed 
 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the 
 " ischaemomem " according to Pliny grows also in Italy, and is tied on to arrest bleeding : A. angus- 
 tifolius is termed "gramen dactylon angustifolium spicis villosis " by Tournefort inst. 520 ; and is 
 known to grow in Switzerland and as far as Leipsic in middle Europe (Hall. hist. ii. 203, Jacq. austr. 
 pi. 384, Roth germ. ii. p. 2. 546, and Schreb. lips. 46). A. ischamum observed by Gerardi gallopr. 
 pi. 4 in Southern France, described by Linnaeus, and termed "a. villosus " by Lamarck fl. fr. (Pers., 
 and Steud.), is regarded by J. E. Smith as distinct. 
 
 Tuber cibarium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain truffle, by Park- 
 inson "trubbes," in Italy " tartuffola " (Prior), in Germany " triiffel " (Grieb), in France " truff e " 
 (Nugent), in Greece "iknos " or "uthnos" (Sibth ) ; in which we recognize the "tuber" identified 
 by Pliny with the " iton " of the Thracians : — the "iton" or "itnon" is mentioned also by Galen, 
 and Aetius ; the "uthnos," by Theophrastus i. 1. 11 to 6. 9, by Dioscorides as a roundish edible root 
 dug in the Spring, and by Apollonius mirab. viii. 46, Galen, and Athenaeus ii. 60 : T. cibarium was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus, sought for according to Walpole 
 mem. 284 with a divining-rod ; and was met with by Burckhardt on his journey through the region around 
 Sinai (Kitt. p. 281). Westward, the "tuber" according to Pliny xix. 11 to 13 was met with by Lartius 
 Licinius in Spain, is produced also in Italy, and of the best quality in Barbary ; is also mentioned by 
 Martial xiii. 47: T. cibarium is termed "tubera" by Tournefort inst. 565 ; and is known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Bulliard h. fr. i. pi. 356, and Sibth. oxon. 398). 
 
 484 B. C. (= 502 — " 18 years of two reigns " in the Mahavamsi iv.), Mudda or Munda succeeded 
 by his son Nagadaseka, now Hindu king. He is called Kakavarninin the Avadana asok. (Burn. i. 358). 
 
 " In this year — 2d year after the death of Darius " (Herodot., and Clint.), Egypt recovered by 
 the Persians. 
 
 "In this year" (Gaubil pref.), the Chou-king compiled from ancient historians by Khoung-tseu 
 or Confucius. 
 
 Zingiber officinale of Equatorial Africa. Its imported root is called in Britain ginger, in France 
 "gingembre" (Nugent), in Italy " zenzere '' or "zenze\ero" (Lenz) ; and the plant in Yemen "zen- 
 jebil" (Forsk.), in Sanscrit "ardrukum" or " shringuverum " (Lindl.), in Bengalee " adrak " or "ada" 
 (D'roz.), in Flindustanee "south," in Telinga " ullum," in Tamil "ingie" (Drur.), in Burmah "khyen- 
 seing" (Mason), in Tagalo " luya," in Camarines " laya " (Blanco); and "gingembre" was not 
 avoided by Khoung-tseu lun-yu x. 8 in his food:* — ginger continues to be preserved and exported 
 in large quantities from China ; was observed by Blanco under cultivation on the Philippines ; by 
 Loureiro i. 2, in Anam ; by Mason v. 495 "exotic" and "cultivated to a small extent" in Burmah; 
 is known to be extensively cultivated throughout Hindustan from the elevation of five thousand feet 
 on the Himalaya to Cape Comorin (Drur.) ; was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 12 in Malabar; by Gra- 
 ham, as far as Surat. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by Forskal under cultivation in 
 Yemen ; by myself, the root brought in quantities from the Comoro Islands to Zanzibar, and recog- 
 nized by Wanyamuesi from Interior Africa as a production of their own country; "ginger of Zan- 
 guebar " is mentioned by Abd-allatif ; ginger brought principally from Abyssinia and calledby Negroes 
 "zymbane," was found by CailKaud rare at Ouamamil on the Nile; and the plant is regarded by 
 Joebel as indigenous in Guinea (Drur.). Farther North, the "inthikon" of Menestheus, Andreas, 
 Xenocrates, and Dioscorides of Alexandria, is identified by Galen with the "ziggivfiri" or "zingiber; " 
 mentioned by Celsus v. 23; by Dioscorides, as a peculiar plant growing mostly in " troglothutike 
 aravia," but by Pliny xii. 14 as growing within towns in "arabia atque troglodytica;" the Greek and 
 Latin name is clearly geographical, derived from the source of supply, the island of Zanzibar. By 
 European colonists, the plant was carried to the West Indies, where it is now extensively cultivated 
 (Wright lond. med. journ.) : and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). The root according to Lindley is 
 "one of the most valuable of aromatics, carminative, stimulant, sialoo-oo-ue." 
 
 * 
 
 Cucwnis conomon of Japan. The "melon" too bitter to be eaten and fit only to be suspended, 
 mentioned by Khoung-tseu lun-yu xvii. 7, — may be compared : C. conomon was observed by Kaemp- 
 fer v. 811 in Japan, according to Thunberg "everywhere cultivated," and a preparation of the fruit 
 eaten by the natives, carried besides by the Dutch occasionally to Batavia and even to Europe. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 26 1 
 
 "483 B. C." (Herodot., and Clint.), ostracism or banishment from Athens of the statesman Aris- 
 tides. A transaction much celebrated. 
 
 " In this or the preceding year (= 245 yrs " after its foundation, Thucyd. vi. 4, and Sm. b. d.), 
 Megara in Sicily destroyed by Gelon; who removed the principal citizens to Syracuse, including 
 Epicharmus a pupil of Pythagoras. — Of the comedies of Epicharmus, the only one whose date is 
 certainly known is the Nasoi "in 477." 
 
 The following form of the letter is said to have been first used by Epicharmus (Aristot., and 
 Plin. vii. 57). 
 
 Foenicuhtm vulgare of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Hr\\.-A\r\ fennel or fenkel, in France 
 "fenouil," in Germany "fenchel" (Prior), in Italy "finocchio" or at Verona "fenocio" (Lenz), in 
 Greece "agriomalathron" (Sibth.) or "marathron" (Fraas), in Yemen "sekamar" (Forsk.), in Egyptian 
 "savin" (Kirch.) or " tshamar hoout " (ms. Par.), in which we recognize the MAPA0A of Epichar- 
 mus, — Anaxandrides, Archestratus, Athenaeus ii. 47 to 83, or "marathron" of the Hippocratic 
 treatises, Demosthenes, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Galen : F. vulgare was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to the Dardanelles. 
 Seeds called "schamer" are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as brought for medicinal use "from 
 Upper Egypt,'' and the living plant was seen by him under cultivation on the mountains of Yemen. 
 Westward, the " marathrus " is mentioned by Ovid, and Columella ; is identified by Pliny with the 
 "foeniculum," mentioned by Celsus, and others ; and a gum-like exudation procured from it in Iberia 
 or Spain is mentioned by Dioscorides and Pliny xx. 95 ; F. vulgare is described by Lobel pi. 775, 
 and Dodoens pi. 295 ; is termed "f. vulgare minus acriori et nigriori semine " by Tournefort inst. 311 ; 
 is known to occur in cultivated and waste ground throughout middle Europe (Pers.), and has become 
 naturalized in Britain (A. Dec). Eastward from Arabia, was observed by Wight, and Graham, under 
 cultivation in Hindustan and called " owa ; " by Thunberg, cultivated in Japan from seeds brought from 
 China, and called "sen rio " or "kure no womo.'' By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it continues under cultivation in our Middle and Southern States ; to Austral Amer- 
 ica, observed by A. Saint-Hilaire naturalized at Montevideo, by myself in other localities ; and to the 
 Hawaiian Islands, where also I found it naturalized. According to Lindley, "oil of wild fennel is 
 obtained from the fruit." 
 
 Foeniculum dulce of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the " maratha" of Epicharmus, — ■ 
 and others, mentioned as esculent by Dioscorides : F. dulce is described by C. Bauhin pin. 147 ; is 
 usually considered by Italian writers "a cultivated variety of" the preceding, but is regarded by 
 Decandolle, and Lindley, as a distinct species : is known to occur also in Portugal, and "oil oi sweet 
 fennel 'is obtained from the fruit" (Lindl.). 
 
 Siuin sisarum of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain skirret, in old English " skyrwyt " or 
 " skyrwort," in Holland " suiker-wortel " (Prior), in Germany "zuckerwurzel," in Italy " sisaro " 
 (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the %\ 5APOA/ of Epicharmus, — Opion, Diodes, Heraclides Taren- 
 tinus, Dioscorides, Soranus Ephesius, Galen, Athenaeus iii. 91, Paulus Aegineta, three roots of which 
 according to Hicesius no one can continuously eat : S. sisarum seems no longer cultivated in Greece 
 (Fraas). Westward, the "siser" is mentioned by Horace sat. ii. 8. 9, Celsus, Columella, roots from 
 the cool climate of the Rhine were annually imported by Tiberius, and its cultivation in Italy is 
 further mentioned by Pliny xix. 28 and xx. 17 : S. sisarum is described by Tragus 9:2 ; and is known 
 to be cultivated in Italy and middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi 514, and Spreng.). East- 
 ward from Greece, was observed by Burmann pi. 29 in Hindustan and called " ninsi ; " is known to 
 grow in China (Pers.) ;. and was observed by Kaempfer amoen. pi. 818, and Thunberg in Japan, and 
 called '" mukago nisin " or " sjakuna." By European colonists, was carried prior to 165610 Northeast 
 America, being enumerated in Bradford's poem as successfully cultivated in New England, but has 
 since disappeared. 
 
 Cynara cardunculus of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain cardoon (Prior), 
 in France " cardon " (A. Dec), in Germany "kardon" (Fraas), in Italy " cardo " (Lenz): the 
 KAKTOS of Epicharmus, — growing according to Theophrastus vi. 4 only in Sicily, the flowers 
 chano-ing into pappus and the stem called "kaktos " and eaten, mentioned also in Delet pharm. 33, 
 and by Pliny xxi. 57, is referred here by writers : C. cardunculus is described by Anguillara, and 
 Dalechamp (Spreng.) ; is known to grow wild in Barbary and Southern France, is besides cultivated 
 throughout middle Europe for the edible stalk and midrib of the leaves (Pers.). Eastward, is known 
 to occur on Crete (Pers.) ; and the " kaktos " was known to Athenaeus ii. 70 in Egypt. By European 
 colonists, C. cardunculus was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself under cultivation 
 in our Middle States ; to Austral America, where it has become naturalized and abundant on the 
 pampas or plains from the Uruguay and La Plata (A. Saint-Hil., and A. Dec.) to Patagonia, observed 
 there by myself along the Rio Negro. 
 
 Origanum vulgare oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain organy (Prior) 
 
262 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 or wild marjoram (Lindl.), in France " origan " (Nugent), in Germany, " dosten," in Italy " regamo " 
 or "origano" (Lenz), in Greece " rigani " or "riganon" (Sibth.), in which we recognize the 
 OPirA/VOyVof Epicharmus, — Ion, the comic poet Plato, Aristophanes eccles. 1022, Timotheus, 
 Archestratus, Sotades, and the Arcadian kind of Athenaeus ii. 77 : O. vulgare was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos ; and is known to grow as far 
 as Central Asia (Lindl.). Westward, the "origanum " is mentioned by Columella ix. 4. 2 as good for 
 bees and their honey, by Pliny xxi. 29 as coronary, by Palladius as cultivated: O. vulgare is described 
 by Brunfels, and Valerius Cordus (Spreng.) ; is termed " o. sylvestre " by Tournefort inst. 198 ; was 
 observed by Lenz wild in Italy, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 638, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where, it 
 has become naturalized, observed by myself in wild situations in our Middle States. The plant 
 according to Lindley yields oil of thyme, " a common remedy for " toothache ; mixed also " with olive 
 oil, as a stimulating liniment." 
 
 Origanum Smyrnaum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "rigani," or by the 
 Turks " sater " (Sibth.), and possibly included in the " origanon " of Epicharmus : — the " origanon " 
 of Tenedos, celebrated by the ancients (Athen. i. 50), is identified by Forskal with a species observed 
 on that and a neighbouring island, resembling O. vulgare but its flowers congested in a strobile : 
 O. Smyrnaeum is described by Tournefort inst. 199; was observed by Sibthorp around Smyrna, and 
 among heath around Constantinople; and " O. Syriacum" of Syria is regarded by Fraas as not 
 distinct. Westward, " O. glandulosum " having the aspect of O. vulgare and observed by Desfon- 
 taines ii. p. 27 on the Atlas mountains, is also regarded as not distinct. 
 
 Lavandula spica of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain French lavender (Sibth.) , 
 in Italy, " spico gentile" (Spreng.), in Greece " kalog^rikohorton " (Sibth.); and probably the 
 l*YO/V of Epicharmus, — Theophrastus vi. 8. 3, Athenaeus ii. 83, identified with the "lavantis" 
 by Hesychius ; and copied " tiphyon " by Pliny: L. spica is described by Dodoens pi. 273; is 
 termed "I. latifolia " by Tournefort inst. 198; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the 
 Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands ; by Forskal, near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in other 
 parts of Southern Europe and in Barbary (Pers., and Lindl.). Probably by European colonists was 
 carried to Hindustan, observed by Law "in gardens Belgaum " near Bombay (Graham). The plant 
 according to Lindley '' is not employed medicinally, but yields " oil of spike, "used by painters on 
 porcelain and" in "varnishes for artists." (See L. stoechas). 
 
 Rumex patientia of Europe A species of dock called in Britain patience or passions (Prior), in 
 France "patience" (Fe'e), in Italy " pazienza " or " lapazio " or " romice domestica " (Lenz), in 
 Germany " gemiis-ampfer," in Greece "xunethra" (Fraas); in which we recognize the AATAeO/V of 
 Epicharmus, — Diocles, Athenaeus ii. 57 to S3, esculent and single-rooted according to Theophrastus 
 i 6. 6, and the " lapathon kepSuton" of Dioscorides : R. patientia was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Fraas, springing up spontaneously in gardens and fallow ground in the Peloponnesus. 'Westward, 
 the time for sowing " lapathum " is indicated by Pliny xix. 54 to xx. 86 : R. patientia is described by 
 Dodoens pi. 648; is termed "1. hortense folio oblongo, sive secundum Dioscoridis " by Tournefort 
 inst. 504 ; continues occasionally cultivated, and is known to grow wild in Italy and as far as Germany 
 (Pers., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried before 1669 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, 
 but has disappeared. 
 
 Rumex crispus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The curled dock is called in France 
 "patience crepue " (Fe'e), in Germany "hasen-ampfer " (Fraas), in Greece " lapatho " (Sibth.) ; 
 possibly therefore the " lapathon " of Epicharmus : — the " lapathon oxulapathon " growing in marshes 
 according to Dioscorides, hardened and somewhat pointed at the summit, is referred here by writers ; 
 the "lapathon" is enumerated by Manetho among the ingredients of the Egyptian "kuphi" incense 
 (Plut. is. and osir.) ; and according to Pliny xx. S5, leaves and roots of " oxylapathon " are used in 
 making " pastillos," the leaves redder and more acute than in the"sativo" kind, and the seeds 
 employed medicinally: R. crispus is termed " 1. folio acuto crispo " by Tournefort inst. 504; was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in moist places from the Peloponnesus through- 
 out Greece, and eaten as a potherb ; is known as a weed in moist ground from Italy to Britain (Pers., 
 Lenz, and Lindl.). Eastward from Greece, was observed by Thunberg frequent in Japan, along 
 roadsides and on the margin of cultivated ground and called "gisigisi." By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where in our Northern and Middle States it has become "naturalized" 
 and "a very common weed in cultivated and waste grounds" (A. Gray). The root according to 
 Lindley is "astringent" and is employed "in decoction or ointment" as "a cure for the itch." 
 
 Cha7iiarops humilis of the West Mediterranean countries. The palmetto or dwarf palm is 
 called by the Arabs " wakl " and its fruit "mokl " (Spreng.); the esculent EAATAN of Epicharmus 
 — (Athen. ii. 71) may be compared ; the "phoinix"by some called " Slaten " or " spathen " being 
 according to Dioscorides the involucre of the fructification : the " hamairriphSis " is described by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 263 
 
 Theophrastus ii. 6. 1 1 as a singular kind of palm growing on Crete and more abundantly on Sicily, 
 continuing to flourish after the brain is removed, and when cut to the roots giving out new shoots ; 
 the fruit of " hamaizelSn phoinik6n " is mentioned by Dioscorides i. 149; the " palma agrestis," by 
 Cicero verr. v. 33; "palma campestris " by Columella iii. 1.2; and the"palma elate " of Pliny 
 xxiii. 53 has "germina folia corticem" buds leaves and bark : fruit of a " Chamseriphis " was found 
 by Delile in the drug-shops of Egypt: C. humilis is described by Anguillara p. 71, Matthioli, and 
 Cassalpinus ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 436 in Barbary ; by Hogg in Sicily, covering hills 
 like furze ; is known to grow also in Southern Italy, Sardinia, the Balearic Islands, and Southern 
 Spain, the roots and base of the young stem eaten (Pers., and A. Dec.) ; is besides sometimes 
 cultivated, and was seen by Forskal in the Montpellier garden. By European colonists, was carried 
 to Madeira, where it has become naturalized (Lemann) ; perhaps also to the Greek islands of Corfu 
 and Zante (Martius). 
 
 "482 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Julius Julus and Q. Fabius Vibulanus, consuls at Rome, marching 
 unopposed against the Veientes and laying waste their territory. 
 
 Artemisia queen of Halicarnassus and the neighbouring islands, a vassal but voluntarily pre- 
 paring to join the Persian fleet with " five beautiful ships " (Herod., and Paus. iii. II. 3). Her brother 
 or son Pigres is regarded as the author of the Batrachomyomachia (Plut. malign, her. 43, Suid., 
 and Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Mentha sylvestris of Europe and Northern Asia, as far as the Altaian mountains. Called in 
 Britain horse mint or brook mint or water mint (Prior), in Italy " sosembro matto " (Pollin.), in 
 Greece "kalamithra" or "agrioethuosmos " (Sibth.), in Egypt "habaqbaq" (Del.), in Egyptian " sou- 
 manas '' (Edw.) ; in which we recognized the KAA A M I N 9H of Pigres batrach., — and " kalaminthe 
 trite " of Dioscorides resembling "ethuosm6 agrid " but larger and its leaves longer : M. sylvestris 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Link (Chaub.), frequent in moist situations in Greece ; by Forskal, and 
 Delile, in Egypt ; by Forskal, in Yemen ; is known to grow also about Taurus and Caucasus (Royle). 
 Westward, the " sisymbrium silvestre " not more than a foot high and by some called " thymbraeum," 
 is mentioned by Pliny xx. 91 : M. sylvestris is described by Tragus f. 8, and Anguillara (Spreng.) ; 
 was observed by Pollini in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 
 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 484, and Pers.). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to grow among the Altaian 
 mountains, and the Himalayan as far as Cashmere (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). 
 
 Calamintha officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain calamint 
 (Prior), and according to Fraas frequent in the ditches of Attica; possibly therefore the "kala- 
 minthe" of Pigres batrach., — and Aristophanes : C. officinalis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, 
 from Attica to mount Athos and Constantinople. Westward, the "calamintha" employed in cookery 
 by Apicius, is referred here by Dierbach, and others : C. officinalis is described by Kivinus monop. ; 
 is termed " c. vulgaris vel officinarum Germaniae " by Tournefort inst. 194 ; and is known to grow in 
 stony places from Austria Italy and Spain as far as Britain (Scop., Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Engl. bot. 
 pi. 1676). Is according to Lindley "aromatic and slightly bitter," used " by country people in the 
 form of tea as a grateful fever drink." (See Mentha tomentella). 
 
 "481, April 19th " = " first day of the Fifth month in the 39th year of Khing-wang " (Chinese 
 annals, Gaubil, and . . . ), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 " In the autumn " (Sm. b. d.), arrival of Xerxes at Sardis. Osthanes, earliest commentator on 
 the Magian doctrines, accompanying Xerxes — (Plin. xxx. 2). 
 
 Anchusa paniculata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " buglossa " (Lenz), in 
 Greece " vouthogldsson "(Sibth.) or " voithogl8ssa" (Fraas); in which we recognize the " vouglftsson " 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " anton £rinv£s<5r," the "gonos ailourou " of the prophets, 
 and SANNOYXI of Osthanes : — the " vougldsson " is described by Dioscorides as resembling the 
 " phlom6," its leaves spreading over the ground, rough with prickles and like an ox's tongue : A. 
 paniculata was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus frequent through- 
 out Greece. Westward, the " vougldsson '' is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " vouthalla" 
 of the Dacians, " ansanaph " of the Numidians, and " loggaivoum " or " liggoua vovoum " or "liva- 
 nin" of the Romans : A. paniculata is described by Brunfels i. p. 11 r (Spreng.); is termed "b. angus- 
 tilblium majus flore caeruleo " by Tournefort inst. 134 ; was observed by Retz obs. i. p. 12, and Lenz, 
 in Italy ; and is known to grow as far as Madeira (Pers.). 
 
 Borago officinalis of Persia. Called in Britain borage, in France "bourache" (Prior), in Ger- 
 many "borretsch " (Grieb), in Greece " vouraza " (Forsk.) or " armpgta " (Sibth.) or "arnopStra" 
 (Lowndes), in Egypt " lissan et tor " ox's tongue (Forsk.). and therefore possibly the " sannouhi " in 
 question : — the belief in " vouglSsson " causing " Suphrosunon " hilarity if placed in wine, mentioned 
 by Dioscorides, Pliny xxv. 40, and Plutarch sympos. i, seems at least the origin of the medieval 
 proverb " ego borago gaudia semper ago : " the " lisan el-tour " is described by Avicenna as an herb 
 with broad leaves rough to the touch as well as its branches, the best having calloso-hirsute leaves 
 
264 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and procured in Khorasan ; is mentioned also by Ebn Baitar : B. officinalis was observed by Forskal, 
 and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and according to Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., is employed 
 medicinally; is known to occur springing up spontaneously at Aleppo (Pers.); was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, in waste places from Cyprus to the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal, in gardens at 
 Constantinople. Westward, the "borago" is mentioned by Nicolaus Praepositus, and Matthaeus 
 Sylvaticus pand. 42; B. officinalis is described by Gerarde p. 653; is termed " b. floribus caeruleis " 
 by Tournefort inst. 133 ; was observed by Bertoloni seemingly wild in Italy (A. Dec.) ; and is known 
 to occur in waste and cultivated ground as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 36). By European colonists, 
 was carried to Northeast America, where it continues " sometimes spontaneous in gardens " (A. 
 Gray) in our Northern States. (See B. Africana). 
 
 Asarum Europamm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain folefoot 
 or hazel-wort (Prior) or from blended synonyms dsarabacca (Parkins, th. 115), in Germany " hasel- 
 wurz," in Italy " asaro " (Lenz) or at Verona " baccara " or " bacchara " (Pollin.), in Greece " asaron " 
 (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " asaron " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " kSreeran,'' 
 the " aima ar£6s " of the prophets, and 6ESAN of Osthanes : — the "asaron" is mentioned in t 
 Mul. morb. ; by Dioscorides as growing mostly in Pontus, Phrygia, and Illyria, in shaded mountainous 
 situations and among its leaves having a flower close to the roots ; is also mentioned by Paulus of 
 Aegina : A. Europaeum was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, also in the environs of Con- 
 stantinople ; and " asarum " root imported from Greece was found by Forskal mat. med. used medici- 
 nally in Egypt. Westward, the "asaron " was further known to Dioscorides as growing among the 
 Oufistinois in Italy; is identified with the " narthon agrian " in the added Synonyms, and with the 
 " narthon roustikoum " or " soukkinoum " of the Tuscans, and " vakhar " or " peViprgsam " of 
 the Romans ; and the account of the " asarum " or " silvestre nardum " by Pliny xii. 27 is only in 
 part taken from Dioscorides : A. Europium is termed "asarum " by Tournefort inst. 501 ; is known 
 to grow in wooded situations from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan., Pers., 
 and A. Dec). Eastward from the Mediterranean, the dried root and leaves of " asaroon " accord- 
 ing to Moomina are brought from Syria to Hindustan ; are enumerated by Ainslie mat. ind. as 
 sparingly used there medicinally ; and are called in Sanscrit " oopana," in Hindustanee " tuckir," in 
 Telinga " cheppoo tatakoo." The plant according to Lindley is called in France "cabaret," because 
 used it is said by drunkards "to produce vomiting," the roots being "purgative, emetic, and diu- 
 retic." (See Inula conyza). 
 
 " 4S0, in the Spring " (Clint., and others), departure of Xerxes from Sardis, on his memorable 
 Invasion of Greece. 
 
 The Indian auxiliaries in the army of Xerxes wore garments of cotton " apo xul6n ; ' were 
 armed with bows of bamboo " kalamina," the arrows of the same material pointed with iron; and 
 were led by Pharnazathres son of Artabatis — (Herod, vii. 65). 
 
 The Ethiopians in the army of Xerxes had spears pointed with the sharp horn of the " thorka- 
 thos " antelope — (Herod, vii. 68). The fashion continues unchanged, and an African spear pointed 
 with the straight horn of an antelope, is now in the museum at Washington. 
 
 Cluysnphylhem ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A lofty tree called " chenjha " (Grant) ; 
 possibly furnishing the wooden portion of the spears in question : —observed by Grant from " 5 S. 
 to 3 15' N." on the Nile, its wood made into spear-handles, and a sweet drink obtained from its fruit. 
 
 Phoenix sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A wild date, perhaps furnishing the bows four cubits 
 long of *OINlKO§: SnAOHS carried by the Ethiopians in the army of Xerxes — (Herodot. vii. 69): 
 observed by Grant growing on the hill-sides, having no known uses, its fruit not edible. 
 
 On his way, the camels of Xerxes were attacked by lions — (Herodot.). 
 
 AlchemiHa alpina of mountains in Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece 
 "leontopothion " (Sibth.), a name that seems to have arisen when lion-tracks were familiarly known: 
 — the "leontiken" or " kakalia " described by Dioscorides as growing on mountains, having a 
 straight white stem, ample white leaves, the flower " vru6 "-like or resembling that of the' olive, may 
 be compared: A. alpina was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus and in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. Westward, the "leontice " or "cacalia" is described by Pliny x.xv. 85 as growing almost 
 exclusively on mountains, the seed like diminutive pearls pendent amid large leaves ; A. alpina is 
 termed " a. alpina quinquefolii folio subtus argenteo " by Tournefort inst. 508 ; is known to grow on 
 the Appenines and mountains of middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Lapp. 61, Engl, 
 bot. pi. 244, and A. Dec.) Iceland and Greenland (Hook.). 
 
 Achemilla vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain lad/s-man- 
 tle or lions-paw or lion's-foot or padelion (Prior) ; in which we recognize the " leontopothion " — or 
 "leukeoron" or " thdris " or "tbonktens" or " thoruvethron " of Syn. Diosc. iii. 100: A. vulgaris 
 was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus and in the Peloponnesus; is known to grow 
 also along the Taurian mountains and as far as the Altaian (Gmel, Bieb., and Ledeb.). Westward 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 265 
 
 the " leontopodion " or " leuceoron " or " doripetron " or " thorybetron " is described by Pliny xxvi. 
 34 as growing in open situations and thin soil, the root " alvum sistit : " the "leonfot" is mentioned 
 in the Anglo-Saxon translation of Apuleius 8 : A. vulgaris is described by Tournefort inst. 508 ; is 
 known to grow "in dry subalpine pastures" from Switzerland as far as the North cape of Lapland 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 693, Sab., Wats., and Lindl.), Iceland, Greenland, and Labrador in Lat. 57 (Martins, 
 Hook., and A. Dec). According to Lindley, "the decoction slightly 'tonic." 
 
 Evax pygmaeus of the Mediterranean countries. The Egyptian " thaphnoines," or " aima 
 krokothSilou " or " krokomJrion " of the prophets, is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "leontopo- 
 thion," — described by Dioscorides as a little herb two fingers-breadth high having leaves four 
 fingers (-breadth) long, whitish and more woolly next the root, blackish flowers in incised terminal 
 heads, seeds not easily seen on account of the enveloping wool, a small root worn as a love-charm 
 and to disperse swellings, and referred here by Fraas : E. pygmaeus was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands. Westward, the "lSon- 
 top6thion"or "zSonuhon" or "ae'tSnuhon" or "kemos" or " thamnamfine " or "ithiophuton " or 
 "phutovasila " or "krossion " or " krossophthoon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "minSrki- 
 oum" or "nSoumatous" or "pallathioum " or "phlammoula" of the Romans; the "cemos" accord- 
 ing to Pliny xxvii. 35, from being used only as a charm will be passed in silence : E. pygmaeus is 
 described by Barrelier pi. 127, is termed " filago maritima capite folioso " by Tournefort inst. 454; 
 and is known to grow in the more Southern parts of Europe (Cav. pi. 36, Desf., and Pers.). 
 
 Glaucium phamiceum of the Mediterranean countries. The " l£6ntop£tal6n " — described by 
 Dioscorides as growing in cultivated ground, a span or more high with numerous axils, terminal 
 "Mvinthois ''-like pods containing two or three small seeds, flowers " phoinika " and "anSmSne"- 
 like, " kramve "-like leaves incised as in " mek<5nos," identified in the added Synonyms with the 
 " leontion " or " luhnis agria " or "parthale" or " rapeion " or " mek6n keratitis " or " an£mSne," 
 may be compared : G. phoeniceum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in vineyards from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Cyprus ; and by Russel, at Aleppo (Spreng.). West- 
 ward, the l T£ontop5tal6n" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " semen leoninoum" or 
 " kouvilia marina " or " papavSrkouloum " of the Romans; the account of the " leontopetalon " or 
 " rhapeion " by Pliny xxv. 72 seems taken from Dioscorides: G. phcenicium is termed "g. hirsu- 
 tum flore phceniceo " by Tournefort inst. 254, " chelidonium corniculatum " by Linnaeus 724: is 
 known to occur as a weed in Southern Europe, and even as far as London (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 32, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Leontice leontopetalon of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " tzakrS " or 
 "pourthala" (Sibth.) ; and possibly the "parthale" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "leontope- 
 talon" — described by Dioscorides, and referred here by Matthioli : L. leontopetalon is termed 
 " leontopetalon foliis costs ramosae innascentibus " by Tournefort cor. 49 ; was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the Greek 
 islands; is known to occur also in Asia Minor (Spreng.). Westward, is described by Camerarius 
 565, and Barrelier pi. 1029 ; and is known to occur in Italy (Pers.). 
 
 Forcing a passage at Thermopylae against the few Spartans under Leonidas, Xerxes entered 
 Athens. His fleet however after successive naval combats was totally defeated at Salamis by The- 
 mistocles, leaving the " empire of the sea " to the Athenians (Diodor , and Clint.). And before the 
 close of the year, Xerxes with a portion of his army withdrew into Asia. 
 
 " On the day of the battle of Salamis " or at least not later (Herodot. vii. 165, Diodor., and Justin 
 xix 2) at Himera in Sicily, the Carthaginians totally defeated, and their leader Hamilcar slain; leav- 
 ing three sons, Hanno, Himilco, and Gisco. 
 
 ' In this year" (Diodor., and Clint, ii. p. 340), accession of the Archaenactidae dynasty at Pantica- 
 paeum or Bosporus, on the Crimean shore of the Strait leading into the Azof Sea. The city, founded 
 by Milesians, continued under the rule of Greco-Crimean princes ; and with the district around, 
 became "the granary of Greece and especially of Athens." 
 
 "479 B. C." (Herodot., and Clint.), "ten months " after the occupation by Xerxes, the city of 
 Athens destroyed by Mardonius. In " September," the Persian army under Mardonius defeated at 
 Plataea by the Greeks under Pausanias. — Soon after this victory (Lubke and Lutrow), building of 
 the temple to Minerva on Aegina. _ 
 
 Scandix Australis of the East Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous plant called m 
 Germany "ostlicher korbel," in Greece " tzilimonithia " or " kaukatithra " (Fraas) or " skanthiki " 
 (Hon. Bell.) : in which we recognize the " skanthix " sold according to scandal by the mother of 
 Euripides — "thiaskanthikises" (Aristoph. ach. 454 to ran. 839, Theopomp, Cell. xv. 20, and Plin. 
 xxii 38)- the "skanthix" is mentioned also as a potherb by Opion, Theophrastus vu. 7- 1 to 8. 1, 
 Erasistratus, and the " skanthux " by Dioscorides as spontaneously-growing and eaten either crude 
 or cooked : the " scandix " is further enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt : 
 
 34 
 
266 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 S. Austral is was observed by Honorius Bellus eaten on Crete (CIus. hist. 199 to 300) ; is termed 
 "s. cretica minor" by Tournefort inst. 326; was observed by Sibthorp, Gittard, and Fraas, in culti- 
 vated and fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to Caria and Cyprus. Westward, the account of 
 the "scandix" by Pliny seems chiefly taken from the Greeks; but S. Australis is described by 
 Columna ecp. 90, and C. Bauhin prod. 78 (Spreng.) ; and is known to occur in Austria and Southern 
 France (Crantz, All., Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Scandix pecten of Sicily. Called in Britain shepherd's needle or Venus' 1 comb (Prior), in Italy 
 " pettine di Venere " or " spilettone " (Lenz), in Greece " agria kaukalithra " (Fraas) or " santhuki " 
 (Sibth.); and possibly connected with the above scandal: the " santhukos '' herb whose juice dyes 
 garments " sarkoSithes," was discovered by the Lydians — (J. Lydus mag. iii. 64), is mentioned by 
 Democritus (geopon. vi. 19) ; and the " sandyx " dyeing the fleeces of lambs feeding on it, by Virgil 
 (Plin. xxxv. 23): the cosmetic "paith£r6t" of Alexis, Demetrius Poliorcetes, Aelian ix. 9, Athenaeus 
 xiii. 23, and Hesychius, identified with the " caerefolium " by Pliny xix. 54, may also be compared : 
 S. pecten was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in cultivated ground from the Pelopon- 
 nesus to Cyprus and Constantinople ; is known to occur also as far as the country South of Caucasus 
 (C. A. Mey., and Hohen.). Westward, the " akikoulam " or " skanaria " of the Romans is mentioned 
 in Syn. Diosc. ii. 167 ; the "veneris pectinem " named from resembling a comb, its root according 
 to Pliny xxiv. 114 bruised with " malva " extracting substances imbedded in the flesh : S. pecten is 
 described by Gerarde 884 ; is termed " s. semine rostrato vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 326 ; is known 
 to occur from Algeria Sardinia and Italy as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 844, Pers., Moris, and 
 Munby), confined to cultivated ground except only in Sicily, where it was observed by Gussone 
 i. 341 in wild situations (A. Dec). 
 
 " The same year " (Pauth. p. 180), death of Khoung-tseu or Confucius, in his " seventy-third year." 
 A " kiai " tree, planted near his tomb by his disciple Tseu-koung — is said to be still standing: and 
 his descendants, much honoured in China, now number many thousands. 
 
 "478 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint.), in Sicily, Gelon succeeded by Hiero as king at Syracuse. 
 
 " In the Spring" (Herodot., and Clint.), Sestus on the Hellespont surrendered to the Atheni- 
 ans : giving them control of the commerce on the Black Sea. (Herodotus' history here closes ; — 
 though an event twenty-four years later, is incidentally mentioned). 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Herodot. iv. 43), Sataspes sent by Xerxes to circumnavigate Africa. 
 Sailing from Egypt through the Straits into the Atlantic, he turned Southward and followed the 
 African coast, passing Cape Soloe, and several months beyond reached a district inhabited by dwarf- 
 ish people clad in "phoinikeie" palm-leaves and keeping "provata" sheep or cattle, and who on a 
 landing being effected abandoned their towns and fled to the mountains {Hottentot tribes). More 
 than half the distance remaining unaccomplished and finding his ship could proceed no farther 
 (doubtless on account of the opposing winds and current) Sataspes turned back. 
 
 Phoenix rcclinata of Subtropical Austral Africa. Possibly affording the " phoinikeie " in ques- 
 tion : — known to grow in the interior region of Austral Africa (Pers.). From transported speci- 
 mens, described by Jacquin frag. pi. 24. 
 
 " 477 B. C. — 43d year of Keng-wang " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-seventh 
 cycle. 
 
 "The same year" (Diodor. xi. 41, and Clint.), naval dominion having been acquired, beginning 
 of the ascendancy of Athens among the States of Greece. 
 
 As early perhaps as this year, coins issued by the Macedonian king Alexander. He had accom- 
 panied the army of Xerxes but secretly favoured the Greeks ; and sent by Mardonius after their naval 
 advantage at Salamis, urged them to make peace. He subsequently warned them of the impending 
 attack at Plataea ; — and having proved his Greek descent, was the first of the royal family of Mace* 
 donia admitted as competitor at the Olympic games (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 His are the earliest inscribed Greek coins, and they present the following form of the letter S. 
 
 "475 B. C." = 1st year of Youan-wang, of the Tcheou or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " In his reign " (Pauth. p. 186), the estates of the prince of Ou seized by Keou-tsien prince of 
 Youe : several members of the dispossessed family retiring to Japan, being descendants of Tai-pe 
 already mentioned. Wishing to punish an officer without disgracing him, Keou-tsien sent a sword 
 with orders to put himself to death : the earliest instance of this custom on record. 
 
 Saccharum ofpeinarum of the Moluccas ? The sngar-caiu is called in Burmah " kyan " 
 (Mason) ; and has been known in China from a very ancient period — (A. Dec.) : was observed by 
 Mason "exotic" in Burmah ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan ; by Rumphius 
 y. pi. 74, and myself, under cultivation throughout the Malayan archipelago ; by myself, on the Fee- 
 jean Islands, cultivated and a juiceless form overrunning territory in regular cane-brakes,' the absence 
 of seeds being the only indication of foreign origin; "on Tongatabu, and Taheiti, also inclined to 
 become naturalized without the aid of seeds, but here as well as on the Samoan and Hawaiian 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 267 
 
 Islands clearly introduced by Polynesians. Westward from Burmah, is called in Sanscrit " ikshoo " 
 or "rusala" or "poondra" or "kanguruka," in Telinga " cherukoo " (Roxb.), in Tamil "karoomboo" 
 (Drur.) ; and its product sugar in Sanscrit " sarkura," in Tamil " sakkara " (Royle), in Bengalee 
 "sharkara" or "bhura'' or "chini," in Hindustanee "shakar" or "bura" or " chini " or "khand" 
 (D'roz.) : sugar is mentioned in the Institutes of Menu, and the Sama Veda (transl.) ; " honey made 
 by the hands of confectioners" was known to Herodotus iv. ; a kind of reed "yielding honey without 
 the aid of bees" was seen by Nearchus in Hindustan (Strab. xv. i. 20), is mentioned also by Theo- 
 phrastus fr. 190 ; " sakharon " is described by Dioscorides as a kind of concreted honey obtained 
 from reeds in India and Arabia Felix (the living plant already in Yemen), is mentioned also by Pliny, 
 and Galen : S. officinarum was observed by Roxburgh, Graham, and myself, under cultivation in Hin- 
 dustan, and " the ' bhooroo ' reed of which the native pens are made " is according to Graham " com- 
 mon in the Concans : " S. officinarum was observed by Forskal seemingly wild among the mountains 
 of Yemen, and called " muddarjend ; " was ascertained by myself at Zanzibar to be cultivated by 
 Negro tribes as far inland as the Monomoizi country ; was observed by Baumgarten i. 16, Forskal, 
 and Delile, under cultivation in Egypt ; and by Harib in the " Tenth " century, in Spain (A. Dec). 
 By European colonists, was carried "in 1420" from Sicily to Madeira, thence "in 1503" to the 
 Canaries (Buch), and somewhat later to the Mauritius Islands (A. Dec.) ; by Columbus, was carried 
 to America (F. Columb. 53), where it continues abundantly cultivated within as well as near the 
 Tropics. 
 
 474 B. C. = " 12th year of Hesirsa " or Xerxes ; the latest date in his reign found on the 
 Egyptian monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 596). 
 
 " The same year" (Diodor., and Clint.), the Tuscans defeated in naval combat by Hiero Greek 
 king of Syracuse. 
 
 The wheat-fly, Cecidomyia destructor, figured on coins of Metapontum in Southern Italy — 
 (Lee's edit. Keller p. 351). From Europe, the wheat-fly was unintentionally carried by colonists to 
 Northeast America ; where in our Middle States, it continues to commit great ravages. 
 
 "470, not earlier" (Niebuhr, and Sm. b. d.), Coriolanus banished from Rome finding refuge 
 among the Volscians. — Some ten years later, arriving before Rome at the head of a Volscian army, 
 he was persuaded by his mother and family to withdraw. The account however is regarded as 
 legendary rather than historical. 
 
 In this year (= 452 -J- "18 years reign" of the Mahavamsi iv ), Nagadaseka succeeded by 
 Susanaga, now Hindu king. Sahalin is in this place in the Avadana asoka (Burnouf i. 358). 
 
 " In or about this year " (C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. xxii, see Plin. ii. 67), sailing from Carthage 
 of " sixty " ships, containing " thirty thousand " persons, under Hanno, to found and re-establish 
 colonies on the West coast of Africa. " Two days " South of the entrance to the Mediterranean, the 
 new city of " Thumiaterion " was built. Passing the "soloenta" promontory (Cape Cantin), additional 
 colonists were left in the maritime cities of " Karikon-tSihos, Gutten, Akran, Melittan," and " Aram- 
 vun." At the river " Lixon " having procured interpreters, Hanno proceeded South along the 
 "Desert;" and entered a gulf containing a small island which he occupied and named " Kerne " 
 (Heme at the mouth of the Rio do ouro). — Herodotus iv. 195 had heard of gold procured by the 
 Carthaginians at the island of " Kuraunin," and of their trading with African tribes without seeing 
 them ; " Kerne " is mentioned by Ephorus, Lycophron, Eratosthenes, Polybius, Cornelius, Diodorus, 
 Strabo, Plinius, C. Ptolemaeus, Nonnus ; and at the end of a little over nineteen centuries, gold was 
 procured from the natives and the spot named " Rio do ouro " by the Portuguese navigator A. 
 Gonzalez. 
 
 From " KSrne," Hanno proceeded South to a "great river full of hippopotami and crocodiles' 1 
 (Senegal) ; and after re-visiting " Kerne," continued his voyage ; the natives everywhere fleeing and 
 shouting unintelligibly to the Lixite interpreters. He next reached large and wooded mountains 
 (Cape Verd), producing trees whose wood was scented and variegated. After "two days" sailing, 
 crossing a wide opening (mouth of the Gambia), the country became level; and fires were seen at 
 ni°-ht. " Five days " later, he entered a gulf, known to the interpreters as " EspSrou keras ; " and 
 containing a large island, and within the island a sea-water lake, and within the lake another island 
 (Harang, one of the Bissagos Islands). Woods only were in sight ; but at night, there were fires in 
 different directions (kindled by the negroes mainly to keep off wild beasts), and sounds were heard of 
 pipes and drums, mingled with outcries. Continuing beyond, the country was found to be on fire 
 (tall reedy grass becoming dry in autumn and fired by the negroes) ; and at the end of "four days," 
 a very lofty mountain came into view, called "The6n ohema" (Mount Sagres, about fifty miles from 
 Sierra Leone). After the next " three days," Hanno entered a gulf called " Notou keras " (Sherbro 
 Sound) ; want of provisions precluding the farther prosecution of the voyage. 
 
 On an island in this gulf, hairy or furry " wild men " called by the interpreters r P I A A A £ were 
 captured, but continuing to resist, were killed and their skins preserved: "toorallas," the Mandingo 
 
268 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 name of the chimpanzee or small African orang. Troglodytes niger, — is referred here by Hugius 
 (C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. 13). The skins brought back to Carthage, were kept in the "temple of 
 Juno" until the capture and destruction of the city (Plin. vi. 36). 
 
 The name "gorillas " may therefore afford evidence of the Mandingo language being already in 
 existence. 
 
 "469 B. C." (Clint.), at Athens, Pericles first taking part in public affairs. 
 
 "468 B. C. = 1st year of Tching-ting-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 About this time, "548-432 B. C." (Scylacean peripl., Theophrast, Hygin., Plin., C. Mull, geogr. 
 min. i. p. 69 and Sm. b. d.), the constellation Hoedi or kids, defined among the stars by Cleostratus 1 
 of Tenedos. 
 
 One hundred and fifteenth generation. May 1st, 467, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poets, 
 Bacchylides, Panyasis, and Epilycus ; the comic poets, Ecphantides, Peisander ; the tragic poets, 
 Aristarchus, Ion of Chios, Achaeus, Neophron, Cleomachus, and Aristeas ; the philosophers, Diagoras 
 of Melos, Archelaus, Melissus, and Hermotinus ; the historians, Pherecydes of Athens, Damastes of 
 Sigeum, and Xenomedes of Chios. 
 
 Ranunculus flammula of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain spearwort (Ainsw.), 
 in Sweden sometimes " aeltegrass " (Linn.), and the Z A PIES A herb growing according to Archelaus 
 along a river of Aetolia, its root like a spear, good for short-sightedness — (Stob. 98), or according 
 to Aristotle mirab. 171 along the river Lycorna, resembling a " loghe " lance-head and good for 
 short-sightedness, may be compared: fragments of R. flammula occur in debris of the ancient lake- 
 villages of Switzerland; the plant is termed " r. longifolius palustris minor" by C. Bauhin pin. 180, 
 and Tournefort inst. 292 ; was observed by Linnaeus in the wooded country as far as Lapland ; by 
 Curtis vi. pi. 37, in Britain ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; 
 and is known to grow throughout Siberia (A. Dec). Its leaves according to Lindley are "vesicant," 
 and the distilled water is "said by Withering to be an emetic." 
 
 "465 B. C." (Clint.), Xerxes succeeded by Artabanus, fifth Persian emperor. Who reigned 
 " seven months " (according to Manetho) ; his name has not been found on the Egyptian 
 monuments. 
 
 " The same year " (Euseb., and Clint, ii. p. 43), fall of a meteoric stone at Aegospotamos on the 
 Hellespont. Recorded by Diogenes of Apollonia : and the opinion maintained by Anaxagoras and 
 others, That the stone "came from the sun" — (Plin. ii. 58, D. Laert., and Theodoret. therap. 
 4. iv. p. 797). 
 
 That all animals respire, including fishes and mollusks, maintained by Diogenes, and Anaxagoras ; 
 both of whom attempted to explain the respiration of fishes by a portion of air in the mouth (Aristot. 
 respir 1). — Modern discoveries have shown, the necessity of the water being aerated. 
 
 " 464 B. C." (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 380), Artabanus succeeded by Artaxerxes, sixth 
 Persian emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Artahesses occur on rocks on the Kosser road ; at this 
 time therefore, a route of commercial intercourse with the Red Sea — (Glid. analect.). 
 
 " The same year " (Thucyd., and Clint.), revolt of the Helots against the Spartans ; and beginning 
 of the Third Messenian war. — The war continued "ten " years. 
 
 •■460 B. C." (Thucyd., and Clint.), revolt against the Persians of the Egyptians led by Inarus ; 
 and aid extended to the insurgents by the Athenians. — The war continued "six" years. 
 
 A Greek inscription of this date (= "01. 80. 1," Franz) containing the following form of the 
 letter /v\- 
 
 458 B. C. = "7th year of Artaxerxes " (Ezr. vii. 6 to 9), a body of Israelites under Ezra, per- 
 mitted by the Persian emperor to leave Babylon for Jerusalem. 
 
 Myriai sapida of the Himalayan mountains. A tree long celebrated by Sanscrit writers, and its 
 exported bark called in Hindustanee " kaephul" (Drur.), in Arabic " dar-shisan " (Royle) ; in which 
 we recognize the "dar-shisan" identified through Avicenna, and Serapion, with the AS TAAAOOS 
 
 enumerated among spices and perfumes in the Apocryphal book of Sirach xxiv. 15, referred here 
 
 conjecturally by Royle (Kitt bibl. cycl.) : "aspalathos" according to Manetho formed one of the 
 ingredients of the " kuphi " incense (Plut. is. and osir. 80); seems mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 7. 3 
 to od. 33 only as a perfume ; a tree " aspalathum " growing in the East, is mentioned by Pliny xii. 52 
 to xxiv. 68 ; the " dar-shisan," by Maserjawia, Ebn Wahshaneh, Edrisi, Ebn Baitar ; and two kinds 
 are distinguished by Persian medical writers (Ulfaz-i-Udwieh 157 to 884 transl. Gladw.). Bark of 
 M. sapida was found by Royle exported in quantities from Nepal into the lower country, and esteemed 
 a " valuable stimulant medecine." (See Spartium villosum, and Genista horrida). 
 
 "The same year" (Sm. b. d.), L. Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus and C. Nautius Rutilus 
 consuls, the Roman army hemmed in by the Aequians and Sabines said to have been liberated by the 
 dictator Cincinnatus. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 269 
 
 "457 B. C." (Thucyd., and Clint.), the " Long walls," extending from the harbour to the city of 
 Athens, commenced. — In the following year, they were completed. 
 
 About this time (...), -a. geological observation by Xanthus of Lydia. Who, finding salt-lakes 
 in Armenia, Mattiena, and Phrygia, and "stones having the form of shells," concluded that the whole 
 territory "had once been sea." 
 
 "456 B. C." (Jahn biblic. archaeol ), Anaxagoras, a disciple of Hermotinus, visiting Athens. 
 Contrary to the opinion then prevalent, that matter has always existed, Anaxagoras maintained, That 
 matter and the universe had been created by a god : or (according to Plato phsed. 104), "That it is 
 intelligence that sets in order and is the cause of all things." He also thought that the moon is 
 inhabited, and contains hills and valleys (D. Laert. ii. 8), and were its revolving force to cease, would 
 fall to the Earth like a stone from a sling (Humb. cosm. ii.). 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), the revolted Egyptians under Inarus defeated by the Persian general 
 Megabyzus. — Herodotus iii. 12 in visiting Egypt, found the battle-field covered with bones and skulls 
 of the slain. 
 
 As early probably as this date (Herodot. ii. 32), Etearchus king of the Oasis of Ammon visited 
 by Nasamonians, who stated that some of their young men had crossed the Great Desert, and were 
 carried by dwarfish people whose language they did not understand (Hottentot Race) to a city on the 
 banks of a great river, containing crocodiles and flowing from West to East ; supposed by Etearchus 
 to be the Nile; — Herodotus ii. 29 further speaks of a great navigable lake " 40 -)- 12 "days sail 
 with the current beyond Meroe. 
 
 Soymida sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large Meliaceous tree called " m'bawa " (Grant) ; 
 and probably furnishing some of the canoes on the Lake and rivers : — observed by Grant in " 3° N." 
 on the Nile, and immense canoes made by the Wahiyow from its trunk. 
 
 Nov. gen. near Copaifera of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree fifty feet high called " miombo " 
 (Grant) ; and possibly furnishing some of the canoes in question : — observed by Grant from " 5 30' to 
 2° 30' S., alt. 4148 feet," its bark made into boats roofing grain-bins and cloth, and its wood into 
 rafters. 
 
 Slerculia tomentosa of Equatorial Africa. A tree called "m'loolooma" (Grant) ; and probably in 
 some instances furnishing the required cordage : — observed by Guillemin and Perrotett in Senegambia ; 
 by Grant, in 3 N. on the Nile, the seeds eaten in dearths, and cordage made from the bark of 
 young trees. 
 
 Hibiscus (Abelmoschus) heterotrichus of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Probably in some instances 
 furnishing the required cordage : — received from Africa by E. Meyer ; observed by Grant ■' among 
 vegetation 2° N." on the Nile, and cordage made from its bark ; by Bojer, on Zanzibar and the main- 
 land opposite, and on the Comoro Islands. By Bojer, carried to the Mauritius Islands. 
 
 Chrysophyllum sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree, probably in some instances furnishing 
 the required cordage : — observed by Grant frequent at " 3 15' N." on the Nile, growing like a huge 
 bush on the face of rocky hills, and ropes made from its inner bark. 
 
 Fiats sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree called " m'chasrae " (Grant) ; and possibly in 
 some instances furnishing the required cordage : — observed by Grant from "6° S. to 3 15' N." on 
 the Nile, its bark used for bark-cloth and ropes, and birdlime gathered from its trunk. 
 
 Sanseviera sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Possibly furnishing a portion of the required 
 cordage: — observed by Grant in Uganda on the Upper Nile, its long leaves yielding beautiful 
 white ropery. 
 
 A sphodelus fistulosus of the more Southern Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt "burak " 
 (Forsk.) ; and the " anthSrikdn " interwoven with " shoinous " by the Nasamonians to make portable 
 huts — (Herodot. iv. 190), may be compared (" anthgrikon " according to Dioscorides and Pliny 
 being the stem of "asphothelos ") : the "barwak" is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : A. fistulosus was 
 observed by Forskal as far as Cairo growing in the Desert ; by Sibthorp, and Bory, on the Greek 
 islands and the Peloponnesus. Westward, is termed " a. foliis fistulosis " by Tournefort inst. 344; 
 and is known to grow in Southern France and Spain (Moris, iv. pi. 1, Cav. iii pi. 202, and Pers.). 
 
 "455 B. C." (Thucyd., and Clint.), Ithome the acropolis of Messene surrendered to the Spar- 
 tans ; terminating the Third Messenian war. 
 
 "The same year" (Thucyd., and Clint.), in Egypt, capitulation of the Athenian army, deserted 
 by their insurgent allies ; and possession of the country, " the marshes under Amyrtaus " excepted, 
 recovered by the Persians. 
 
 "The same year" (Aristot., and Clint.), logic invented by Zeno of Elea ; and rhetoric, by 
 Empedocles. That fire can be kindled by rays of the sun passing through a glass goblet filled with 
 water, also mentioned by Empedocles — (Clem, strom. vi. 17). 
 
 The KAE¥YAPA or water-clock mentioned by Empedocles (Aristot. respir.), — Aristophanes 
 acharn. 693, Eubulus, and Aristotle poet. 7. (See Scipio Nasica). 
 
270 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ''454 B. C." (Blair, and Srn. b. d.), mission of the Romans to Athens, to procure the laws of 
 Solon. 
 
 452 B. C. (= 443 + his " 10th year," in the Mahavamsi iv), Susanaga succeeded by his son 
 Calasoka, now Hindu king. He is called Tulakutchi in the Avadana asoka (Burn. i. 358). 
 
 "451 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Appius Claudius Crassinus and T. Genucius Augurinus 
 consuls; and in conformity with a plan adopted on the return of the mission to Greece, decemviri 
 appointed, including the two consuls, and the Laws of the ten tables promulgated. 
 
 "450 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, decemviri continued, and two additional tables appended, 
 making the Laws of the Twelve tables. 
 
 In this year (431 -\- "about 65 years" of Pamphila= 496, Sm. b. d.), Hellanicus the historian ■ 
 about 46 years old. 
 
 Acacia seyal of Nubia. A thorny tree called in Egypt "seyal" (Del.); and the AKANOAI: 
 A E Y K A I worn there in garlands according to Hellanicus, as well as the M E A A N A I kind — (Athen. xv. 
 24), may be compared : the "akantha l£uke " is described by Theophrastus iv. 2. 8 as a tree covered 
 with thorns, but its wood is weak and not durable, while on the other hand the "melaina" kind 
 (A. Nilotica) is used for ship-building, and the flowers are coronary: the " sijal " is enumerated by 
 Forskal p lvi as affording charcoal of the best quality ; and A. seyal was observed by Granger, 
 Bruce, and Delile, in the Desert between the Nile and the Red Sea from Syene and Thebes to the 
 Valley of the Wandering towards Suez, the thorns white. The "m'salla," to all appearance the same 
 species, was found by Grant along the Nile from 9 N. to 18°, forming forests much broken by 
 elephants feeding on it. The "akanthes thipsathos " according to Theophrastus Iv. 7. 1 the only 
 tree growing along the Red Sea beyond Coptum, or the "spina sitiens '' of Pliny xiii. 50, may also 
 be compared. 
 
 " 419 B. C." (Sm. b. d. . . . ), at Rome, the decemviri illegally continuing in power until the 
 death of Virginia by the hand of her father ; when they were deposed and the old form of govern- 
 ment restored, Valerius and Horatius being appointed consuls. The power of the plebeians was then 
 increased by the Valeria Horatia laws. 
 
 The same year = " 16th year of Artaxerxes ; " the latest date in his reign on the Egyptian monu- 
 ments (C. Mull, fragm. Maneth.). The war against the Persians renewed in this year, the Athenians 
 sending assistance to Amyrtaeus. And before its close, death of Cimon commander of the Athenian 
 fleet on the coast of Cyprus (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 The MEAEATPIAES of Sophocles — (Plin. xxxvii. 11) is admitted to be Guinea fowl, Numida 
 meleagris. Imported (according to the Scylacean Periplus 112, and Mnaseas) only from Pontifin or 
 Crathin, on the African coast outside of the entrance to the Mediterranean ; but of course, derived 
 originally from the country South of the Sahara. The " mglgagris " is mentioned also by Aristotle, 
 Clytus Milesius, Menodotus, Pliny, and Athenaeus. Those carried in the festival of Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphus at Alexandria (Callixen.) were possibly derived through a new route of supply; for in the 
 time of Browne, Guinea fowl were brought into Egypt by the Darfour caravans. 
 
 The H A EKTPO N associated with " mSleagrithfis," but attributed to India by Sophocles — (Plin. 
 xxxvii. 11), is of course »■;/«; copal : brought together with the birds from the country South of the 
 Sahara. By Mnaseas, the associated "electrum" is attributed with the birds to the above-named 
 spot in West Africa; and the same source- of supply is given by Asarubas (Plin. 1. c). The " suc- 
 cinum indicum containing lizards" seen by Archelaus (Plin. 1. c), is clearly gum copal; carried 
 from the Eastern coast of Equatorial Africa. This gum while flowing often envelopes leaves and 
 insects, which continue visible in its hardened state ; and in one instance, a young lizard thus envel- 
 oped was shown me. 
 
 Psoralen bilitminosa of the Mediterranean countries. A leguminous plant called in Greece 
 "agrio triphulli" (Fraas); and the poisonous TP I 4>Y A A ON of Sophocles, — prescribed as medicinal 
 by Euryphon 2 morb. 25 to 38, Nicander, Simus, exhaling according to Dioscorides the odour of 
 bitumen, is referred here by writers : P. bituminosa was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent in stony places from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the 
 " triphullon " or " asphaltion " or " knikion " or " menuanthgs " or " oxuphullon " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "tripholioum akoutoum othoratoum " of the Romans; the " acutum trifolium" is 
 identified by Columella vi. 17. 2 with the "asphaltion" of the Greeks; by Scribonius Largus, with 
 the " oxutriphullon ; " and the " trifolium " called by the Greeks " minyanthes " or " asphaltion " is 
 distinguished as coronary by Pliny xxi. 30 to 88 : P. bituminosa is described by Matthioli p. 608, 
 and Dodoens p. 566 (Spreng.) ; is termed "trifolium bitumen redolens " by Tournefort inst. 404; is 
 known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Onopordum Arabicum of the Mediterranean countries. A thistle called by the Arabs of Barbary 
 "suchaha" (Matthioli), in Greece " agkathi " (Sibth.) ; and the I" P A I AS : AK A N O H S : PAPPOS 
 of Sophocles — (Plut. disp. epicur. 19) may be compared; also the "akantha aravike " growing 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 27 1 
 
 according to Dioscorides in rough uneven places, astringent and resembling in character "leuke 
 akanthe," and in the added Synonyms identified with the "akanthin:" O. Arabicum was observed 
 by Sibthorp frequent in Greece. Westward, the " akantha aravike " is further identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " spina " of the Romans ; but the account by Pliny xxiv. 65 of the " spinae arabicae " 
 seems taken from Dioscorides : O. Arabicum is termed " carduus tomentosus acanthi folio altissimus 
 lusitanicus " by Tournefort inst. 441 ; and is known to grow in Portugal and Southern France (Pers., 
 and Spreng. ; see O. Illyricum and Silybum marianum). 
 
 Narcissus serotinus of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the KAAAIBOTPYS: N A P K I $ 
 SOS of Sophocles oedip. 682 to 713: — the late-blooming "narkissos" of Theophrastus vi. 6 is 
 referred here by Fraas ; and N. serotinus was observed by him, and Chaubard, frequent in moun- 
 tainous situations in Greece. Westward, the "sera comans narcissus" of Virgil geor. iv. 122 is 
 referred here by writers ; N. serotinus is termed " n. autumnalis minor " by Clusius hist. pi. 252 ; and 
 is known to grow in Algeria, Morocco, and in various parts of Southern Europe (Desf. i. p. 283, 
 Schousb. i. p. 141, and Pers.). 
 
 ''448 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), Sacred war between the Delphians and Phocians for the possession 
 of the Oracle and temple : the Lacedaemonians assisting the Delphians, and the Athenians the 
 Phocians. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Sm. b. d.), at Athens, a prize for comedy gained by the Archilochi of 
 Cratinus. 
 
 Acer creticum of Crete and Greece. A species of maple called in Greece " sphfinthamni " (Fraas) 
 or "sphentani" (E. Soph.); in which we recognize the S$ENAAMNINAI of Cratinus, — Aris- 
 tophanes acharn. 181, Plutarch, and Athenaeus, that of the plains distinguished as "glelnos" accord- 
 ing to Theophrastus iii. n : A. Creticum is described by Plukenet phyt. pi. 251 ; is termed "a. 
 orientalis hederas folio" by Tournefort cor. 43 ; was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of 
 Crete ; by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, and regarded by him as the special maple of Greece ; was 
 observed however by Hogg as far West as Sicily. "A. obtusifolium" mentioned also by Tournefort 
 cor. 43, and observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of Crete, is regarded by Chaubard and Fraas as 
 not distinct. 
 
 Melilotus Cretica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece with other species 
 "triphulli" (Fraas): the MEAIAQTOS of Cratinus, — and Aristotle, mentioned as coronary by 
 Alexis, and Nicander ther. 897, as remarkable for permanence of odour by Theophrastus caus. vi. 
 14, the best kind according to Dioscorides growing in Attica and Cyzicum and around Carthage 
 saffron-coloured and fragrant, is referred here by Fraas: M. Cretica is termed "m. cretica fructu 
 maximo" by Tournefort inst. 407; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the 
 Peloponnesus, conspicuous in the spring from the beauty of its fragrant yellow flowers. Westward, 
 is described by Bauhin prodr. pi. 142 ; and was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 193 in Barbary. 
 
 Ruta graveolens of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain herb of grace or rue (Prior), 
 in France "rue" (Nugent), in Germany " raute," in Italy "ruta" (Lenz), in Greece "peganos," or 
 by the Turks "jaban sedef" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the PHTANON of Cratinus, — Aris- 
 tophanes, Philoxenus of Cythera, Aristophon, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Nicander, Athenaeus ii. 62 to 
 xiv. 50, and " peganon kepJuton " of Dioscorides : R. graveolens was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople, frequent 
 both wild and cultivated ; and according to Persoon, and Clot-Bey and Figari, has been long known in 
 the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the " peganon kepSuton " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " routa 
 ortfinsis" of the Romans ; the 'ruta" is enumerated by Pliny xix. 45 as long cultivated in Italy, on 
 record under the consulship of Cornelius Cethego and Quintius Flamininus ; is mentioned also by 
 Ovid, Petronius, and Martial: R. graveolens is described by Dodoens pi. 119, and Lobel pi. 52; is 
 termed "r. sylvestris major" and "r. hortensis latifolia " by Tournefort inst. 257; was observed 
 by Forskal wild near Marseilles ; is known to grow also in Barbary, Italy, and other parts of South- 
 ern Europe (Shakesp., Pers., and Lenz), is besides cultivated as far as Britain. Eastward from the 
 Mediterranean, is called " saturee " in the environs of Bombay, where it was observed by Graham 
 " in gardens " but "by no means common; " has however been long cultivated in Hindustan (Ainsl. 
 mat. ind.) : was observed by Thunberg in Japan, and called " mats kase so." By European colonists, 
 was carried before 1669 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens. The plant 
 according to Lindley was "once in repute as an emmenagogue, antispasmodic and anthelmintic," 
 and "is still used in the form of 'rue tea' in domestic medecine." 
 
 Ruta Chalepensis of the East Mediterranean countries. Closely resembling the preceding, but 
 distinguished by its fringed petals, and called in Greece "apeganos" (Forsk., and Sibth.) or by the 
 Turks "sendef," in Egypt "saendeb," in Yemen "schedab" (Forsk.), in Egyptian " vatshoutsh " — 
 (transl. Luke, and ms. Borg.), being probably the "peganon " cultivated in Palestine of Luke xi. 42 : 
 R. Chalepensis was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, where according to 
 
272 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Delile it has been long known ; and by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen. Farther North, by 
 Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus; and by Sibthorp, seem- 
 ingly wild on Zacynthus and other Greek islands. As transported Westward, is distinguished by 
 Tournefort inst. 257, Linnaeus mant. 69, and Persoon. 
 
 Anthriscus cerefoHum of Europe? Called in Britain chervil, in Anglo-Saxon " caerfille," in 
 France " cerfeuil " (Prior, and Lindl.), in Germany " kerbel," in Italy " cerfoglio " (Lenz), in Egypt 
 "maqdunis frandji " parsley of Europeans (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the " chaerephyllum " 
 identified by Columella xi. 3 with the ANePISKOYof Cratinus, — or "gnthruskon" of Pherecrates 
 (Athen ), enumerated among potherbs by Theophrastus vii. 7. 1 : the " anthriscum " aphrodisiac 
 and restorative, closely resembling "scandix" but the leaves less slender and less fragrant, is enu- 
 merated by Pliny xxi. 52 to xxii. 38 among the esculent plants of Egypt : A. cerefolium was observed 
 there in gardens by Forskal, and Delile ; and by Forskal, in the environs of Constantinople. West- 
 ward, the " caerefolium " is sown according to Pliny xix. 54 at the autumnal equinox, is mentioned 
 also by Palladius iii. 24. 9 to x. 13. 3 : A. cerefolium is described by C. Bauhin p. 152 (Spreng.) ; 
 continues under cultivation in Italy and middle Europe, springing up besides in cultivated and fallow 
 ground as far as Britain (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz); is according to Lindley " a common potherb 
 with edible roots" (See Scandix Australis, and S. pecten). 
 
 Cachrys libanotis of the West Mediterranean countries. The KATXPYS of Cratinus — (schol. 
 Aristoph. nub. 447), called "livandtis" from the frankincense odour of its root, and this root as 
 appears from Dioscorides collected and dried, may be compared : the " kaghruos " root prescribed 
 in Nat. mul. 29, and 2 Morb. mul. 71, is identified with the " livanfttis " by Galen: the "livandtis 
 karpimos " of Dioscorides having a large white root, fennel-like leaves spreading on the ground and 
 odorous, and umbels of rounded white seed, is referred here by Matthioli, and Sprengel : the account 
 by Pliny xxiv. 59 of the " rosmarinum " bearing a resinous seed called " cachrys," seems in part 
 taken from Dioscorides: C. libanotis is described by Matthioli p. 375, Dodoens p. 308, and Morisoh 
 ix. pi. 1 ; and is known to grow in Sicily and Barbary (Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Cachrys Lrclica of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly the " kaghrus " of Cratinus : — 
 the "karpimos livanfitis " of Theophrastus ix 10 growing in arid stony places and having leaves like 
 "s£lino eleio " but much larger, oblong rough white seeds, which with the leaves and root are 
 employed medicinally, is referred here by Sprengel ; also the " kaghruoSssa " and "kaghrupboros " 
 of Nicander ther. 40 and 850 : C. Cretica is termed " c. cretica angelica? folio asphodeli radice " by 
 Tournefort cor. 23 ; is known to grow on Crete (Pers., and Fraas), and was observed by Sibthorp on 
 Cyprus. 
 
 Thymus serpyllum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain pell-a-mountain (Prior), 
 in France " serpolet " (Fe"e), in Germany "quendel," in Italy " sermollino selvatico " or "serpillo" 
 (Lenz), in Yemen "saatar " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the " serpulloum " of the Romans iden- 
 tified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " merouopuos," and the EPPYAAOS of Cratinus, — Aristoph- 
 anes pac. 168, Eubulus, Antiphanes, Anaxandrides, Clearchus, Theophrastus vi. 1, Theocritus, 
 Callimachus, Nicander, Dioscorides, and Athenaeus xv. 32 : T. serpyllum was observed bv Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, frequent on mountains from the Bithynian Olympus to the Peloponnesus and Crete ; is 
 known to grow also on the Taurian, Himalayan, and Altaian mountains, and as far as Daouria 
 (Bunge, Ledeb., Bieb., Royle, and Benth.) ; was observed by Forskal on the mountains of Yemen ; 
 and by Schimper, in Abyssinia. Westward, the "serpyllum" is mentioned by Cato 73, Yarro, 
 Catullus, Virgil, Columella, and is described by Pliny xx. 90 as growing chiefly in stony places : T. 
 serpyllum is known to grow in Italy and Barbary and throughout middle and Northern Europe 
 as far as Lapland, Iceland, and Greenland (Hook., and Wats.). By European colonists, was 
 carried to Madeira (A. Dec.) ; to Northeast America prior to 1669 (Joss.), where it has become 
 naturalized in exposed situations ; and to other distant countries where I have found it readily 
 acquiring foothold. 
 
 Thymus glabratus, regarded as distinct by Hoffmannsegg and Link, and called in Greece 
 " hamothroumpi " (Fraas) : — the kind of " erpullos agrios " having according to Theophrastus vi. 7 
 a sharp " thumvrothe " odour, is referred here by Fraas : T. glabratus was observed by him, and 
 Chaubard, on the mountains of Greece and the Greek islands ; and Westward, is known to grow in 
 France (Chaub.). 
 
 Phlomis fi itticnsa of the Mediterranean countries. A shrubby sage-like plant called in Greece 
 "phlomo" or "sphaka" or "gatharosphaka " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the S$AKON of Cra- 
 tinus, — Phrynichus, Eupolis, Alexis, Aristophon, and Athenaeus: the " phlomos agria " of Dio- 
 scorides iv. 102 having rings around the twigs as in "prasion " and the flower yellow, is referred here 
 by writers : P. fruticosa was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, throughout Greece and 
 the Greek islands, one of the most frequent shrubby plants in the vicinity of the sea; by Delile, on 
 the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is described by Matthioli p. 800, and Dodoens p. 146 ; 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 273 
 
 is termed "ph. fruticosa salvia? folio latiore et rotundiorg " by Tournefort inst. 177 ; and is known to 
 grow in Italy, Sicily, and Spain (Pers., and Lenz ; see Salvia officinalis). 
 
 Euphorbia characias of the Mediterranean countries. A kind of spurge called in Italy " caracia " 
 or ''titimalo caracia" (Lenz), in Greece "phlomos" or "galazitha" or " tithumald " (Sibth.); in which 
 we recognize the TI6YMAAA0N of Cratinus, — Phrynichus, the Hippocratic writings, described 
 as red-stemmed by Micion, and Cratevas, and the " tithumalos arren " of Theophrastus ix. n. 8 iden- 
 tified by Dioscorides with " t. karakias " growing in rough mountainous situations, and red-stemmed 
 with olive-like leaves : E. characias was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in 
 Greece in rough stony places to the height of "two thousand" feet. Westward, the "tithymallus " 
 is mentioned by Columella ; and " tithymalus characias " by Pliny xxvi. 39 : E. characias is termed 
 '• t. characias rubens peregrinus " by Tournefort inst. 85 ; was observed by Forskal on mountains 
 near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicily, Spain, and as far as middle Europe (Lam. fl. 
 fr., Pers., and A. Dec). 
 
 M uscari comosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany " schopf-hyacinthe " 
 (Fraas), in Greece "vourvos" or "vorvos" or "volvo" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the BOAESS2 
 of Cratinus, — Eupolis, Callias, Archestratus, Xenarchus, Theophrastus vii. 13, Heraclides Tarenti- 
 nus, Athenaeus ii. 64, and " volvos Sth6thimos " known to every one according to Dioscorides : of 
 " bulborum " some are eaten crude, as in the Taurian Chersonesus, and the names of six kinds dis- 
 tinguished in Greece are further enumerated by Pliny xix. 30 : M. comosum was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Cyprus and the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus, flowering 
 at the opening of Spring and the root eaten ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. 
 Westward, next after the "bulborum" of the Taurian Chersonesus those of Numidia in the days of 
 Pliny were most esteemed, the third place being assigned to those of Southern Italy : M. comosum 
 is enumerated by Anguillara p. 119 as eaten in Crete, Corcyra, and Italy; is termed " m. arvense 
 latifolium purpurascens " by Tournefort inst. 347 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is 
 known to grow in waste ground as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 126, and Pers.). 
 
 Ophrys ferrum-equinum of the Mediterranean countries. The KOSMOSANAAAON of Cra- 
 tinus, — worn in garlands by the Spartans according to Clearchus, growing according to Pausanias 
 ii. 35 in the Peloponnesus, its flower large agreeing in colour with the " uakinthos " and in like man- 
 ner marked with letters, is referred here by Sprengel : O. ferrum-equinum is described by Desfon- 
 taines (ami. mus. x. pi. 15). 
 
 Liliutn Chalcedonicum of the mountains of the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian coun- 
 tries. Called in Greece " krinos " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " krinon agrion " or krinanth£- 
 mon " or " porphuranthes " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " iokroi," and HMEPOKAAAEI 
 of Cratinus, — and Athenaeus xv, having according to Dioscorides a large bulb-like root, stem and 
 leaves " krinS "-like, and on each branch three or four pale flowers resembling those of "krino" 
 beginning to open: the red "krinon" is mentioned by Theophrastus vi. 6: "his rouges" were 
 observed by Belon at Constantinople : L. Chalcedonicum is termed " I. Byzantium miniatum " by 
 Tournefort inst. 371 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in mountain-ravines from Zante to Par- 
 nassus ; is known to grow also in Persia (Pers.). Westward, the "rubens lilium " called by the 
 Greeks " crinon" is mentioned by Pliny xxi. n : the "emSrokallis " or " emgrokatallaktos " or "volvos 
 6 aimatikos " or " antikantharon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " avivlavon" of the Numid- 
 ians, and " voulvoum '' or " glioum agrgstgrn " or " £lioum marinoum " of the Romans, but is sepa- 
 rately mentioned by Pliny xxi. 90 : L. Chalcedonicum is known to grow wild in Carniolia, and in a few 
 localities in Italy (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Lilium bulbiferum of the mountains of Southern Europe. Included perhaps in the " em£ro- 
 kallei " of Cratinus, — and Dioscorides, referred here by Matthioli p. 631 : the " krinon " producing 
 drops and multiplied by planting them, is mentioned by Theophrastus ii. 2 : L. bulbiferum was 
 observed by Fraas on mount Parnassus ; and farther East, by Thunberg in Japan (Steud.). 
 Westward, is known to grow in Austria, Italy, and other parts of Southern Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 
 226, Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Asphodelus luteus of the Mediterranean countries. The AN6EPIK0S of Cratinus,— 
 Phrynichus, Theophrastus vi. 2. 9 to vii. 13. 4, or the " anthgrix " by boys according to Theocritus 
 i. 52 woven into a trap to catch grasshoppers, is referred here by Stackhouse ; "anthenkon " accord- 
 ing to Dioscorides ii. 199, and Pliny xxii. 32, being the stem of the " asphothglos : " A. luteus is 
 described by C. Bauhin pin. 28 ; is termed " a. luteus et flore et radice " by Tournefort inst. 343 ; 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Parnassus ; by Hogg, 
 frequent in the wooded region of Etna ; and is known to grow as far as Switzerland (Hall. 1206, 
 
 and Pers.). 
 
 "447 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, quaestors, hitherto appointed by the consuls, tor the first 
 time elected by the people ; M. Geganius Macerinus and C. Julius Julus being consuls. 
 
 35 
 
274 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Probably in "the second half of the fifth century B. C." (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the 
 temple to Neptune at Pactum in Italy. — The temple there to Ceres, is referred " at the earliest " to 
 "the second century B. C." . 
 
 "446-5 B. C." (Plut. malign. 26, and Euseb. p. 169), Herodotus reading his historical work at 
 
 the Panathenaea at Athens. 
 
 The Arabs are mentioned by Herodotus iii. 8 as worshipping Dionysus (the god of Sinai) under 
 the name of OYPOTAA (Allahou-Taala " God supreme), and Uranie under the name of AAIAAT 
 (Al-alihat'' subordinate divinities, Pococke, and Percev. i. 74). 
 
 The K E ATO I or Celts inhabiting Western Europe, are mentioned by Herodotus 11. 33, — Ephip- 
 pus, Ephorus, Alexis, Polybius, Strabo, Arrian, and others. 
 
 The "KPOBY80I on the Ister" mentioned by Herodotus iv. 49 — are regarded by Talvi as 
 probably the Krivitshi ; a Slavonian tribe now within the limits of Russia : the " Krovuzoi " and 
 other Slavi are mentioned by Strabo vii. 6. 5, Pomponius Mela, Pliny, Tacitus, and Claudius Ptolemy 
 iii. 10. The Slavonians are distinctly described and named by Jornandes, Procopius, Menander, and 
 the abbot John of Biclar; and towards the close of the Eleventh century, are found "in possession, 
 partly as masters and partly as servants, of the whole vast extent of territory which they now occupy ; " 
 being very nearly half of Europe. 
 
 The MAPATAOS of Herodotus ii. 44, — or " smaragthos " of Plato phaed. no, and Cosmas 
 Indicopleustes xi. p. 339, is admitted to be the emerald j derived of course from the emerald mines 
 of Upper Egypt. 
 
 The sturgeon of the large rivers of Southern Russia is mentioned by Herodotus iv. 53, together 
 with the drying or salting of its flesh. — Isinglass ox fish-glue " ihthuocolla," probably obtained 
 from the sturgeon, is described by Dioscorides. Pliny xxxii. 24, and Aelian. 
 
 Kvmphcm lotus of Tropical Eastern Asia. A white water-lily called in Egypt "naufar" 
 (Forsk.) or "bachenyn el-khanzyr" (Del.): during the inundation of the Nile, according to Herodotus 
 ii. 02, a KPINON called by the Egyptians AQTOS makes its appearance in immense quantities 
 and the root and seeds are collected and eaten ; nothing is said about the colour of the flowers, — 
 but the white-flowered 'T6tos " of Egypt having a rounded edible root as large as a quince is men- 
 tioned by Theophrastus iv. 9 to 11, and Dioscorides : the " bisnin el-hanziri " is distinguished by Ebn 
 Baitar; and its root, though extremely similar, is according to Delile pi. 60 considered inferior to 
 that of the blue-flowered kind (see N. ccerulea) : N. lotus was also observed" by Alpinus, and Forskal, 
 in Lower Egypt, but to the end of my journey I met with no traces of a living Nymphaea, being as 
 was alleged in the wrong season. N. lotus was observed by Beauvois pi. 78 in Equatorial Africa 
 as far as the Atlantic ; was carried also to a lake in Hungary before the days of Waldstein and 
 Kitaibel pi. 15. The leaves are described by Sprengel as downy underneath, agreeing therefore with 
 the " N. pubescens " called " koee " or " kummul " according to Graham in the environs of Bombay, 
 and " very common throughout the Concans during the rains ; " observed there by myself, by Rheede 
 xi. pi. 26 in Malabar, by Roxburgh ii. p. 577, and Wight 57, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, 
 in Burmah and called " kya-phyoo ; " known to grow also on Java and the Moluccas (Rumph. vi. 
 p. 172, and A. Dec). 
 
 Aeschynomene aspera of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Perennial, floating, and called in Malabar 
 " attekudasa," in Tamil " attoonette,'' in Bengalee " phool-sola," in Hindustanee "shola'' or "tola" 
 (Drur.); and the *AOINHN or $AOYN of India, harvested according to Herodotus iii. 98 from 
 the river, beaten and woven like basket-work into the form of a corselet, and worn by the fishermen, 
 — may be compared : Ae. aspera was received by Breynius cent- pi. 52 from India (Pers.) ; is termed 
 "hedysarum lagenarium " by Roxburgh iii. 365, was observed by him abundant in the marshes in 
 Bengal, and the borders of jheels and lakes between Calcutta and Hurdwar; by Wight, and Drury, 
 " in tanks and lakes " in the peninsula, the pith " much used for the manufacture of hats, bottle-cases, 
 and similar articles, it being a bad conductor of heat," is also made up into " fishing-floats," and 
 is gathered "in April and May." Westward, the "solah" of India was observed by Grant in 
 Equatorial Africa, in marshes generally and called " m'paecee," seven feet high, affording " floats 
 for nets." 
 
 Hibiscus {Abelwoschus') esculentus of Equatorial Africa. The okro or goinbo is called in Burmah 
 " yung-ma-ds " (Mason), in Bengalee "dhenroos," in Tamil "venday," in Malabar "vendah," in 
 Telinga "benda," in Hindustanee "bhindi" or " ramturi " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 
 "bendy" or "ram toorai" (Graham), in Nubia " djyoundou " (Del.), in Congo and Angola " quillobo " 
 (Piso), in Yemen and Egypt "bamia" (Forsk.), in Greece " vamies" (Bory) ; and the plant growing 
 according to Herodotus iii. 100 spontaneously in India, its capsule with the " keghros "-like seeds 
 cooked and eaten, — may be compared : A. esculentus was observed by Loureiro in Anam ; by Mason 
 "exotic" in Burmah; by Moon, on Ceylon; by Roxburgh, Wight, Gibson, Graham, and Drury, 
 throughout Hindustan, "a most useful esculent, and much cultivated," used also medicinally as emol- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 275 
 
 lient and demulcent; but according to Piddington, has no Sanscrit name. Westward, the "bamiat" 
 is mentioned by Abu'l Abbas Nebati, Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar : A. esculentus was observed by 
 Forskal under cultivation in Yemen ; by myself, the fruit in market at Mocha; by Schweinfurth iii. 
 to vi, wild on the Upper Nile as well as cultivated by the Bongo; is known to be cultivated in West- 
 ern Equatorial Africa (fl. Nigr.) ; was observed by Alpinus, Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation 
 in Egypt ; by Forskal, and Bory, cultivated also in Asia Minor and Greece; and was already known 
 to Matthioli pi., and Lobel pi. Through European colonists, was carried from Africa to Brazil 
 before 1658 (Pisoii. 31); reached Surinam before 1686 (Commelyn, and A. Dec), the West Indies 
 before the days of Sloane, and continues under frequent cultivation in our Southern States. 
 
 The OPriEMPAIOI living peaceably at the base of high mountains, appealed to in disputes 
 among the neighbouring tribes, wearing the Scythian dress but having a peculiar language, flat-nosed 
 with a large chin and said to be bald from birth both men and women, clearly belong to the Mongo- 
 lian Race. 
 
 Cerasus padus of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bird cherry 
 (Prior), in France " merisier " (A. Dec), and Erman on the Ural found an edible preparation made 
 of the fruit by the Baschkirs and called "atschui ;' in which we recognize the ASXY made by the 
 Orgiempaei of fruit of a tree called PONTIKON, according to Herodotus iv. 23. —Westward, C. 
 padus occurs in remnants of the fruit among debris of the early lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon); 
 and is known to grow wild in middle Europe (Mill., Engl. bot. pi. 1383, and Lam. fl. fr.). Abounds 
 according to Lindley "in the oil of bitter almonds, and consequently is a dangerous poison." (See 
 Larix Europasa). 
 
 Acacia Stephaniana of the shores of the Caspian. The " ashu " — is however referred here by 
 Breyn, and Sprengel gesch. 88: A. Stephaniana is described by Buxbaum, and is known to grow 
 about the Caspian. 
 
 Pistacia lentiscus of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. The mastich tree is 
 called in France "lentisque" (Fife), in Italy " lentiscio " or "lentischio" (Lenz), in Greece "shinos" 
 (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the SXINOS of Herodotus iv. 177, — mentioned as a tree by 
 Theophrastus ix. 4. 7, and Dioscorides : gum mastich "mastihe" is mentioned as its product by 
 Theophrastus ix. 1. 2, procured according to Dioscorides of the best quality on Chios; as to the 
 present day, and in especial repute among the Arabs (Tourn. trav., Niebuhr p. 144, and Spreng.) : 
 P. lentiscus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in dry stony soil from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Palestine (Pers.) ; and may 
 have been once cultivated in Egypt, for Egyptian " mastihe " is mentioned by Galen, and Paulus of 
 Aegina; was seen by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the "lentiscus" is men- 
 tioned by Cato vii, Ovid, Columella, Palladius ; and by Cicero, and Pliny xviii. 61, as cultivated in 
 Italy : P. lentiscus is termed " 1. vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 580 ; is known to grow in Istria and 
 Italy (Lenz), abounding on Sicily, and was observed by Fe"e frequent in Spain. The "sweet fra- 
 grant stimulant resin called mastich," as appears from Lindley, continues to be employed "to 
 strengthen and preserve the teeth," much as in the days of Lucian lexiph. p. 191. (See Atractylis 
 gummifera). 
 
 Rubia tinctorum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain madder, in Old English 
 "madyr,"from confusion with the coccus insect (Prior), in France "garance" (A. Dec), in Italy 
 "robbia" (Lenz), in Greece "rizari " (Sibth.) or by the Turks "alisari " (Fraas). in Yemen " fua " 
 (Forsk.), in Egypt " fouah " (Del.), in Egyptian " sophovi " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize 
 the " rubiam " identified through Pliny with the EPEYGEAANQ used for dyeing a cloak worn 
 by Lybian women in the days of Herodotus iv. 189, — and in the days of Dioscorides cultivated in 
 Caria : the " gruthrothanon " prescribed in Vict, acut., Steril. p. 20, I Mul. morb., and by Nicander, 
 may also be compared, two kinds being enumerated as medicinal by Dioscorides : cloth dyed with 
 madder has been found around Egyptian mummies ; and "phoua e>uthron " is mentioned by Philon 
 Judaeus r. div. her. 491 : R. tinctorum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople, and under cultivation in 
 and around Attica ; by Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultiva- 
 tion on the mountains of Yemen ; but the living plant seems unknown in Hindustan, where according 
 to Graham "madder is imported at Bombay from the Red Sea." Westward from Greece, the 
 "firuthrothanon " is enumerated by Dioscorides as occurring at Ravenna in Italy, and in the added 
 Synonyms is identified with the " lappa minfir " of the Tuscans, and " rouvia passiva " of the Romans ; 
 the "rubia '' abundantly cultivated in Italy, is mentioned by Pliny xix. 17 to xxiv. 56 ; the " warentia," 
 in the capituLtria of Charlemagne ; and the " vermiculum," in " an Anglo-Saxon manuscript of the 
 thirteenth century" (Mayer and Wright 139, and Prior): R. tinctorum is termed " r. tinctorum 
 sativa". by Tournefort inst. 114; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to grow wild 
 in Southern France as well as in Italy (Pers., Bert. fl. ii. 146, and Lenz) : and its cultivation re- 
 
276 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 introduced by Althen in the middle of the Eighteenth century, continues successful in France and 
 Germany, and as far as Holland (Gasparin agric. iv. 253, and A. Dec). The plant according to 
 Lindley is said " to be tonic, diuretic and emmenagogue." 
 
 Eleusine coracana of Tropical Africa. A grass called in Tamil " kayvaru " or " kelwaragoo," in 
 Telinga "tamida" or " sodec " or "ponassa," in Bengalee "murooa," in Hindustanee " nachem " or 
 by the Mohammedans " rag-ee " (Drur.), in Malwa " mand," in the environs of Bombay sometimes 
 " nagla " (Graham), on Zanzibar " weembi '' (heard by myself), in Interior Africa " oolezee " (Grant) ; 
 and "the grain $ TEPMATI used according to Herodotus iii. 97 both by the Ethiopians and Calan- 
 tian Indians, — may be compared: E. coracana was observed by myself on Zanzibar, specimens 
 shown as cultivated about the mouths of the Jub under the Equator ; by Grant, everywhere on his 
 route, cultivated and yielding flour and coarse beer; was observed by Vesling in 1638 in Egypt, and 
 by C.ivallini in 1689 on Malta, but from these two countries has disappeared. Eastward, was observed 
 by Rheede xii. pi. 78 in Malabar; by Graham, "extensively cultivated by the hill people on the 
 slopes of the great range of Ghauts, and forms their principal article of diet ; " by Roxburgh, in other 
 parts of Hindustan, but never seen " in a wild state ; " and according to Drury, '■ is the staple grain 
 of the Mysore country" and "perhaps the most productive of Indian cereals." Farther East, was 
 observed by McClelland in Pegu (Mason v. 478) ; and by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation 
 in Japan. 
 
 445 B. C. = "20th year of Artaxerxes " (Neh. ii. 1 to vi. 15), Nehemiah "cupbearer" to Artax- 
 erxes, permitted to visit Jerusalem as "governor;" and under his direction, the city- wall rebuilt in 
 "fifty and two days." 
 
 " The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, the Canuleian law ; permitting marriage between patri- 
 cians and plebeians ; which had been taken away by the Twelve tables. 
 
 "In this year" (Sm. b. d.), the five years' truce having expired, Attica invaded by the Lacedae- 
 monians ; and a new truce concluded, to last thirty years. 
 
 The PONTIAS: XEAQNHof Crates (Athen. iii. p. 117) is clearly a turtle or sea tortoise — pos- 
 sibly Chelonia coriacea known to sometimes enter the Mediterranean. 
 
 Brassica campestris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain turnip from the Latin 
 " terrae napus" (Prior), in France "navet" (Nugent), in Germany "rube," in Italy " turnepi " or 
 "rapa domestica" or " rapa tonda " (Lenz), in Greece "rave's" (Fraas), in Egypt "lift" (Del.); in 
 which we recognize the "rapa" of the Romans identified through Syn. Diosc. with the TOrTYAI 
 SI N of Crates, — Callias, Aristophanes, Euphron, Polemon, Diodes, having a fleshy root according 
 to Theophrastus i. 6. 6, mentioned also by Dioscorides, Athenaeus ix., Aretaeus, and further identi- 
 fied in Syn. Diosc. with the "goggule emSros " or "goggulitha" or "golgosion : " B. campestris was 
 observed by Fraas under cultivation in Greece ; by Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; 
 is known to be also cultivated in Syria; and according to Ledebour i. 217 grows wild throughout 
 Siberia. Westward, the " rapum " is mentioned by Cato, Columella, Palladius, and directions for its 
 cultivation are given by Pliny xviii. 35 : B. campestris continues abundantly cultivated from Italy 
 and Portugal throughout middle and Northern Europe (Pers., and Lenz), and in Sweden and Russia 
 is found to all appearance indigenous (Fries, and A. Dec). Southward and Eastward from Egypt, 
 was observed by myself a dry-rooted weed on Zanzibar; is called in Hindustanee "shalgam," in 
 Bengalee " salgram " (D'roz.) ; was observed by Mason "exotic" in Burmah and called " mung-la-oo- 
 waing ; " by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation on Japan and called " kabu " or "kabuna" 
 or "busei," or usually " aona ; " and through native tribes may have been distributed to the islands 
 of the Pacific, where I found it a dry-rooted weed on the Feejeean, Tongan, and Taheitian groups, 
 and New Zealand. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 
 tinues abundantly cultivated ; to Peru, and Australia, observed by myself under cultivation in both 
 countries. In Northern .climates, the plant is often cultivated solely for the oil from its seeds (A. 
 Dec, and others ; see B. napus). 
 
 "444 B. C." (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Military tribunes having consular power elected 
 from patricians and plebeians, but through a defect in the auspices compelled to resign; and L. 
 Pap'irius Mugillanus and L. Sempronius Atratinus appointed consuls. 
 
 " The same year" (Clint.), at Athens, Pericles, one of the governors during twenty-five years, now en- 
 trusted with the sole direction of affairs. — This continued for the remainder of his life, " fifteen years." 
 
 Pa.rieta.ria officinalis of Europe and the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain pcllitoiy 
 or parito-ry of the wall (Prior), in France "parie'taire " (Nugent), in Germany " glaskraut," in Italy 
 "parietaria" (Lenz), in Egypt "hasjijet errihh " wind herb (Forsk.) becoming " anemokleiti " in 
 Greece, where it is also called "pgrthikaki," or by the Turks "ya pu can" (Sibth.); in which we 
 recognize the "perdicium" said to have healed Pericles after his fall from the temple he was building, 
 — from which time the herb began to be called " parthenium " (Plin. xxii. 20) : the " parth£nion " is 
 mentioned by Theophrastus vii. 7. 2 as cooked and eaten; is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 277 
 
 "glxine" growing according to Dioscorides on walls and fortifications; and the "perdicium" is 
 further enumerated by Pliny xxi. 62 as eaten by other nations besides the Egyptians : P. officinalis 
 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on rocks and walls from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout the Greek islands to Smyrna ; by Hasselquist, in Palestine ; and by Forskal, and Delile, 
 in Egypt. Westward, the "pSrthikion" or "parthgnion" of the Greeks is identified by Celsus ii. 33 
 with the " herba muralis ; " by Pliny, with the " asteriscum " or " herba urceolaris ; " and the " herba 
 urceolaris" is mentioned by Scribonius Largus 39 to 158, Marcellus i. 12 to 36, and P. Vegetius i. 
 34 : P. officinalis is termed "p. officinarum et Dioscoridis " by Tournefort inst. 509; was observed 
 by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow from Italy as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. p. 521, 
 Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 " 443 B - C." (Clint), a colony accompanied by Herodotus, and Lysias, sent by the Athenians to 
 Thurium in Italy. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Geganius Macerinus and T. Quinctius 
 Capitolinus Barbatus consuls ; the censorship instituted, and L. Papirius Mugillanus and L. Sem- 
 pronius Atratinus, consuls during the preceding year, appointed censors. 
 
 " In this year (= 100 yrs in Budhu-verouse," Mahav., and Mason 39), at Vasali "twenty miles 
 North " from Patna on the Ganges, in the " 10th year of Calasoka," meeting of the Second great 
 Budhist council. Calasoka made inquiry " touching the law called Istewirrewade, and Wineya, and 
 committed them to writing." 
 
 Of the Budhist cave-temples, some are possibly as early as this date. The painted walls of the 
 series at Adjunta disclose an advanced state of society ; respecting which, particulars have already 
 been given in my work on the Races of Man. 
 
 Figures of the [ndian cobra or hooded snake, Naja, occur in the cave-temples at Adjunta, — 
 and in Braminical cave-temples, as witnessed by myself. The worship continues in Hindustan? 
 according to the oral account of a native, for protection against sunstroke and the febrile influence 
 of the sun. 
 
 Figures of the buffalo, Bos ? bubalus, occur in the cave-temples at Adjunta, — and in other 
 cave-temples, Budhist and Braminical, as witnessed by myself: the buffalo is enumerated in the 
 Institutes of Menu among the wild beasts that inhabit the woods (transl. Deslongch.) ; and in another 
 passage, as sometimes employed instead of the bullock for drawing carts (Mason v. p. 174) ; is men- 
 tioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stev.); under the name of "Indian taurelgphas," by the pseudo- 
 Callisthenes ; as a domestic animal in Hindustan, by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 334; was seen 
 in Eastern Asia by Marco Polo 118; by myself, from Hindustan throughout the Malayan Archipelago 
 to Luzon, but always in the domesticated state. Westward, is mentioned under the year " 388 A. D." 
 by the Armenian chronologer Samuel Aniensis ; under its Arabic name " djamus," by Ebn Masawia, 
 Temimi, Abd-allatif, Ebn Baitar, and Allatafet ; and was observed by myself in Egypt. 
 
 Nymphcea stellata of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Distinctly figured in the cave-temples 
 at Adjunta, — and in Braminical cave-temples, as witnessed by myself : the blue water-lily is men- 
 tioned by Kalidasa kum. i. 47 and raghuv. vi. 65 : N. stellata was observed in Hindustan by Rheede xi. 
 pi. 27, Wight, and Graham ; and farther East, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah and 
 called " kya-nyo." Westward, dried flowers to all appearance of this species were observed by myself 
 in a drug-shop at Mocha: and the living plant has been carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it 
 has become so completely naturalized as to be regarded by Bojer as indigenous. 
 
 Musa paradisiaca of the Siamese countries. The banana is figured on the walls of the cave- 
 temples at Adjunta, — as observed by myself; has Sanscrit names (Pidd., and A. Dec.) ; is called in 
 Bengalee "kala" or "kadali,"in Hindustanee "kela" or "kadli" (D'roz.) ; and was seen under 
 cultivation in Hindustan by Rheede i. pi. 12 to 14, Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 275, and Graham. East- 
 ward, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 449 as " indigenous " in Burmah, " but the wild fruit is too full 
 of seeds to be eatable ; " var. " seminifera agrestis " a wild seed-bearing kind, also a cultivated seed- 
 bearing kind, were seen by Loureiro p. 791 in Anam ; and M. paradisiaca was found by Finlayson 
 trav. p. 86 wild on the islet of Pulo Ubi at the Southern extreme of Cambodia ; the only seed-bearing 
 kind ever met with by myself, was cultivated by the natives of the Samoan Islands : seedless varieties 
 I found especially numerous on the Philippines ; and one or more, aboriginally introduced throughout 
 the Tropical islands of the Pacific, the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Groups. 
 Westward from Hindustan, was observed by myself introduced from an early perio'd on Zanzibar ; is 
 mentioned by Mohammed in the Koran (Kasimirsk. vers.), and was seen in Yemen by Forskal; is 
 described under the name of "mauz" by Asmai, Ebn Masawia, Abu Hanifa, Avicenna, Serapion, 
 Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar ; and was seen at Alexandria in 1520 by a Portuguese pilot, who also 
 met with it on St. Thomas Island in the Gulf of Guinea. From Egypt also, the plant was carried 
 mostly or altogether by Europeans to Malta, the Canaries, Madeira, the Azores, even here (I was 
 informed by Nuttall) in certain situations ripening fruit : from the Canaries, was carried in 1516 by 
 
278 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 P. Thomas de Berlangas to the West Indies (Ovied. p. 112, and A. Dec), and rapidly extending 
 among colonists and natives, was soon cultivated throughout Tropical America. 
 
 442 B. C. = " a year after the" Second Budhist council (Mason iii. 39), founding of the city of 
 Prome in Burmah by king Dwattabong.* 
 
 "441 B. C." (Blair), the tcshido and other engines of war, invented by Artemones. 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), at Athens, the first prize for tragedy gained for the first time by 
 Euripides. 
 
 Palinnts aculeatus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " marruca" or " marruca 
 nera" or " paliuro " (Lenz), in Greece "paliouri" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the pAAIOYPOS 
 of Euripides, — Agathocles, Diphilus Siphnius, Theophrastus, Theocritus, Strabo, and Athenaeus 
 xiv. 62, described by Dioscorides as a well-known thorny shrub : P. aculeatus was observed by 
 Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, one of the most frequent shrubs from the Peloponnesus to 
 the Dardanelles ; is known to grow also around Caucasus (Pall. fl. Ross. ii. pi. 64) ; and was observed 
 by Hasselquist near Jaffa in Palestine. Westward, the " paliurus " is mentioned by Virgil, and 
 
 * Bombax (Salmalia) insigne of Burmah. A red-flowered silk-cotton tree resembling the first 
 species, from early times furnishing down for stuffing mattresses and pillows : — observed by Wallich, 
 and Mason v. 487 to 520. 
 
 Grewia? sp. of Burmah. A tree called " phet-won " (Mason), its wood red-coloured and from 
 early times used for spear-handles, ploughs, and sawn for building : — observed by Berdmore 
 (Mason v. 537). 
 
 Dipterocarpus grandiftorus of Burmah. A tree called " en " (Mason), and from early times its 
 timber valued and gum used for torches : — observed by Wallich, and Mason v. 493 to 52S. 
 
 Murrava may-kay of Burmah. An Aurantiaceous tree called " may-kay " (Mason) , and its strong 
 tough wood box-like in grain, known from early times : — observed by Wallich, and Mason v. 534, 
 indigenous in Tavoy. 
 
 Sophora robusta of Burmah. A Leguminous tree called " theet-wa-gyee " (Mason), its timber 
 known from early times : — ■ observed by McClelland in Pegu (Mason v. 532). 
 
 Syzygium and Acmena sp. of Burmah. Woody Myrtaceous plants, more than a dozen species 
 classed under the general name "tha-byae" (Mason), all affording a small timber used from early 
 times : — observed by Mason v. 533. 
 
 Careya sphtzriia of Burmah. A Gustavioid tree — observed there by Falconer. Regarded by 
 Mason v. 534 to 746 as perhaps the " ban-bwae " that " furnishes a useful timber for house building." 
 
 Lagerstroemia glomerata of Burmah. A tall straight Lythraceous tree called "theet-phyu" 
 (Mason), its compact close-grained wood known from early times : — observed by Mason v. 538. 
 
 Lagerstroemia kha-moung-phyu of Burmah. Its name signifying white jarool, and its timber 
 used from early times, — though considered inferior to the red kind : observed by Mason v. 538 in 
 Tavoy. 
 
 Nauclea ? sp. of Burmah. A Cinchonaceous tree called " theet-pa-young " wax-wood (Mason), 
 its wood having the colour of bees-wax, and though not durable, straight-grained and from early 
 times used for house-posts : — observed by Berdmore (Mason v. 538). 
 
 Millinotonia (Meliosma) simplicifolia of Burmah. A Bignoniaceous tree, its timber from early 
 times valued from its weight and strength : — observed by McClelland, and Mason v. 535, common 
 at Toungoo : known also to Roxburgh. 
 
 Vitex arboreaoi Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small Verbenaceous tree called by the 
 Burmese " htouk-sha " (Mason), and from early times used to make wooden bells : — observed by 
 Mason v. 526 " very common at Maulmain." Westward, is known to grow as far as Hindustan 
 (Drur.), its wood according to Roxburgh becoming when old chocolate-coloured, very hard and 
 durable. 
 
 Laurus nitida of Burmah. A tree from early times furnishing the solitary post, to which 
 Termites or white ants will confine themselves in Tavoy houses, in preference to all other kinds of 
 timber : — observed by Mason v. 542. 
 
 Laurus kyai-zai of Burmah. A tree, its hard wood from early times used in carpentry : — 
 observed by Mason v. 542 in Tavoy. 
 
 Laurus (Sassafras) hman-then of Burmah. A tree even in odour resembling the sassafras, and 
 from early times its wood used in carpentry : — observed by Mason v. 542. 
 
 Myristica amygdalina and AT. Spharocarpa of Burmah Two species of wild nut ma; — observed 
 there by Wallich. In Southern Burmah, Mason v. 543 met with one or two Myristica trees, their 
 fruit having " none of the aroma of a nutmeg," but the timber " large " and " used by the natives in 
 house carpentry." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 279 
 
 Columella, as growing in Italy, and the "zuram" seeds of the Numidians are identified by Pliny 
 xvi. 41 and xxiv. 71 : P. aculeatus is termed "paliurus" by Tournefort inst. 616, "p. spina Christi " 
 by Miller ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow also in Italy and other 
 parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Satureia thymbra of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "thumvro " or "thrimve" 
 (Sibth.) in which we recognize the 6YMBPA of Euripides rhes. 508, — Eupolis, Demochares, 
 Theophrastus, Nicander, Athenaeus, eaten according to Aristophanes nub. 421 and acharn. 254, 
 sometimes cultivated according to Dioscorides, and the " thrumve " of the Geoponica x. 42 : 
 S. thymbra was observed by Honorius Bellus on Crete (Clus. 304) ; by Sibthorp, abounding on the 
 Greek islands and in Southern Greece, the dried herb bruised and scattered over dishes as seasoning 
 (Walp. p. 244). Westward, the "thymbra" is termed "graviter spirans" by Virgil geor. v. 30, is 
 mentioned also by Columella, and Pliny xix. 50: S. thymbra is described by Barrelier pi. 898 ; is 
 termed "thymbra legitima" by Tournefort inst. 197; and is known to grow in Italy, Sardinia, and 
 Tripoli (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). "Thymus tragoriganum " observed by Alpinus exot. pi. 78 on 
 Crete, by Sibthorp on Cyprus and in Boeotia, is regarded by Bory as not distinct. 
 
 Poa pratensis of Europe and Northern Asia. A grass called in Sweden " slater-groe " (Linn.). 
 The P I A of Euripides cycl. 333, — or " pua " of Eubulus (Athen.), or " poa " among later Greeks 
 a term usually employed in a general sense for herb, but the " poa " properly so called of Theo- 
 phrastus i. 6. 6 to vii. 8. 3 and caus. iii. 20. 9 is referred here by C. Bauhin pin. 1, under the name of 
 "poa Theophrasti " (Linn.) : P. pratensis is described also by Ray syn. 409, is termed "gramen pra- 
 tense paniculatum majus latiore folio " by Tournefort inst. 521, and is known to grow from Lapland 
 throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 5, Pers., Wats., and A. Dec), also about Caucasus and 
 in Siberia (Georgi, and Kunth) ; was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 abundant in the meads of the Peloponnesus. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; by Herzberg, at 
 "57° 20'" near Okak in Labrador (Meyer, and Schlecht. in linn. 1835); grows according to Hooker 
 fl am. ii. 246 throughout Canada, and according to A. Gray is "indigenous" on the White moun- 
 tains : farther South along the Atlantic, seeds having been imported with those of other grasses for 
 cultivation, has become abundantly naturalized in our Middle States ; was observed by Chapman in 
 our Southern States "mostly around dwellings, introduced;'' by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nut- 
 tall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Poa trivialis of Europe and Northern Asia. Resembling and probably included with the pre- 
 ceding by the Greeks: — distinguished by the Swedes under the name of " betes-groe " (Linn.); 
 termed "gramen pratense paniculatum medium" by C. Bauhin pin. ii., theatr. 2°, and Tournefort 
 inst. 521, "poa scabra " by Ehrhart ; described also by Ray syn. 409, and known to grow from Lap- 
 land and Russia to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 6, Pers., and Wats.), also in the Tauro-Cau- 
 casian countries (Bieb ) and throughout Siberia to Japan (Georgi, and Kunth) ; was observed by 
 Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the meads of the Peloponnesus. Westward, by 
 Hooker on Iceland ; by Herzberg, at 57 in Labrador (Meyer, Schlecht., and A. Dec.) ; by myself, 
 in the environs of Salem, brought apparently among imported grass seed; by A. Gray, in "moist 
 meadows" in central New York, "less common and less valuable than the" preceding species, and 
 regarded by him as " naturalized " only. 
 
 Boletus luridus of Europe. The " thanasimos mukes " on which Euripides wrote an epigram — 
 according to Eparchides (Athen. ii. 56), or the poisonous kind mentioned by Ephippus, Nicander, 
 Dioscorides, and in the Geoponica xiv. 24, may be compared : B. luridus is known to grow in Italy 
 and middle Europe, and is called in Germany " hexenpilz " (Schaeff., Spreng., and Lenz). 
 
 The MArNHTIS: A I 60 S of Euripides oen. — (Hesych.), prescribed as purgative in Int. affect. 
 21 and by Rufus Ephesius (Cribas. vii. 26), and described by Theophrastus lap. 41 as a white stone 
 hard enough to be worked, is referred by Daremberg to carbonate of 7nagnesia. 
 
 "440 B. C. = 1st year of Kao-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 "The same year" (Diodor. xiii. 18. 2, and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. xxi), war again carried into 
 Sicily by the Carthaginians, now under Hannibal and Himilco son of Hanno. Agrigentum, Gela, and 
 other cities, captured and plundered, and the spoils removed to Carthage. 
 
 "The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome famine, and a praefectus annonae first appointed. Sp. 
 Maelius, a wealthy plebeian, employing his fortune in purchasing corn in Etruria, selling at a low 
 price to the poor and distributing gratuitously. 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Samos revolting against the Athenians, and defended by the philos- 
 opher Melissus ; — but in the ninth month subdued by Pericles and his associate generals, including 
 the poet Sophocles. 
 
 "439 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus and Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 
 consuls, the pretended conspiracy of Sp. Maelius. L. Quinctius Cincinnatus for the second time 
 appointed dictator, and Sp. Maelius attempting to avoid arrest, illegally slain by the magister 
 equitum. 
 
280 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "438 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes with consular power holding the place of 
 consuls ; revolt of the citizens of Fidena (about " five miles " from Rome), who after murdering the 
 Roman ambassadors ally themselves with the neighbouring Etruscan city of Veii. 
 
 " In this year" (Anon de com., Mein., and Sm. b. d.) at Athens now dominant in the affairs of 
 Greece, the prize for comedy gained for the first time by Pherecrates. 
 
 Hrvum tetraspermum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain with some similar weeds 
 tare (Prior): the A#AKHN of Pherecrates, — eaten by sheep according to Aristotle viii. 10, and 
 Phanias of Eresus, enumerated among Leguminous plants by Theophrastus viii. 1. 4 to 11. 1, grow- 
 ing according to Dioscorides in cultivated ground, slender-leaved and taller than " phakou " lentil, 
 with larger pods and three or four smaller black seeds, mentioned also by Athenaeus ix. 71, and 
 Paulus Aegineta, may be compared : E. tetraspermum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 in fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to Caria in Asia Minor. Westward, the account of the 
 "aphaca" by Pliny xxvii. 21 seems taken from Dioscorides: E. tetraspermum is termed " vicia 
 segetum singularibus siliquis glabris " by Tournefort inst. 397 ; is known to occur as a weed through- 
 out middle Europe (Curt. lond. i. pi. 55, and Pers.). Eastward from Greece, was observed by Thun- 
 berg in Japan, along roadsides everywhere and called " no iendo.'' By European colonists, was carried 
 to Northeast America, where it continues in waste ground in our Atlantic States. 
 
 Satureja capitata of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " thumari " or 
 "thumio " (Sibth.), in Egyptian "stJphane" (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the 6 YM Q of Phere- 
 crates, — Choerilus of Samos, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Antiphanes, Crates the cynic, Theophrastus, 
 Ariston, Nicander, Athenaeus ii. 60, not growing according to Hegesander so far North as the 
 Hellespont, and according to Dioscorides small and shrubby with heads of purple flowers : S. capi- 
 tata was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, one of the most frequent plants in sunny situa- 
 tions from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Palestine 
 (Pers.), and was observed by Delile on the .Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the "thumos" 
 or " Spithumis " or " thursion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mozoula " of the Dacians, and 
 " thoumoum " of the Romans ; the " thymum " is mentioned by Virgil, Celsus, Columella, and from 
 being celebrated for the honey from its flowers was brought from Attica and sown in Italy, the stony 
 plains of Narbon in Southern France being already filled with it in the days of Pliny xxi. 31 : S. capi- 
 tata is described by Matthioli comm. p. 531 ; is termed " t. capitatus qui Dioscoridis " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 196; and has become abundant along the Mediterranean as far as Portugal (Brot., and 
 Spreng.). 
 
 Urtica pilulifera of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain Roman nettle (Prior), and 
 by a name corresponding to " Roman " or " Italian nettle" in Germany in the days of Gerarde (A. 
 Dec), in Greece " tziknitha " (Sibth.), in Egypt " kurres " (Forsk.) or '• zorbeh " or " fisah klab " 
 (Del.) ; in which we recognize the " knithe " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " s£16p- 
 sion," and AKAAH$AI£ of Pherecrates, — Eupolis, Aristophanes, 3 Morb. 18, cooked and eaten 
 according to Diocles, and Theophrastus vii. 7. 2, and according to Dioscorides having fruit like 
 "Iin6sp£rm6 : " the "knithe" is also mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 44 to 68, and Hippocrates 
 vict. p. 688 : Pliny xxii. 15 speaks of oil made from the " urtica " in Egypt, and seed imported from 
 Alexandria; and the " korrais " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : U. pilulifera was found by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, one of the most frequent plants about dwellings from the Peloponnesus through- 
 out the Greek islands to the Dardanelles ; by Forskal, and Delile, as far as Cairo. Westward, the 
 ''akaluphe" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " thun " of the Dacians, and "ourtika" of the 
 Romans: the "urtica" is mentioned by Catullus xliv. 15 ; by Horace, and Apicius, as edible; by 
 Ovid am. i. 417 as " mordax ; " by Pliny xxi. 55 as " acetabulis in flore purpuream lanuginem fun- 
 dentibus:'' U. pilulifera is termed " u. urens pilulas ferens prima Dioscoridis semine lini " by 
 Tournefort inst. 535 ; was observed by Forskal on Malta ; and is known to grow in Italy and other 
 parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). Farther North, is supposed to have been introduced 
 by the Romans into Britain, occurring near Romney naturalized from time immemorial (Park. th. 
 441), is termed "a straunge herbe " by Lyte, is considered foreign by Gerarde p. 571, and according 
 to Watson in other localities has appeared and disappeared (Bromf , A. Dec, and Prior). 
 
 "437 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Geganius Macerinus and L. Sergius (Fidenas) consuls, 
 and M. Aemilius Mamercinus dictator ; the citizens of Veii defeated, and Fidena reconquered. 
 •'436 B. C." (Harpocr., and Clint.), at Athens, building of the propylaea on the acropolis. 
 "435 B - c -" (Sm. b. d.), war between the Corcyreans and Corinthians, and the Corinthians 
 defeated in naval combat. 
 
 Artemisia arborescent of the East Mediterranean seashore. A large species of wormwood called 
 in Egypt " sjaebe " white hair (Forsk.) or " cheybeh " (Del.) ; and the " artemisia " named after 
 Artemis-Ilithyia, — or according to others after Artemisia wife of Mausolus (Plin. xxv. 36), prescribed 
 in Nat. mul. 29, Superfast. 19, 1 Morb. mul. 31, growing according to Dioscorides mostly by the sea- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 28 1 
 
 side, a branchy shrub resembling " apsinthiS " but with larger and more shining leaves, is referred 
 here by Sibthorp and others : the "shaibah " of gardens is mentioned by Costa, El Gafeki, and Ebn 
 Baitar : A. arborescens was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt : and by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, in beautiful silvery bushes frequent along the seashore of the Peloponnesus and 
 the Greek islands. Westward, the " artemisia " is prescribed by Scribonius Largus 106, and accord- 
 ing to Pliny xxv. 81 to xxvi. 89 is both used medicinally and worn as a charm : A. arborescens is 
 described by Dodoens stirp. 21, and Lobel pi. 753 ; is termed "absinthium arborescens " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 457 ; and is known to grow as far as Italy and Barbary (Pers., and Spreng.). Is enume- 
 rated by Lindley among the species that "have been used medicinally." (See A. vulgaris). 
 
 One hundred and sixteenth generation. Sept. 1st, 434, mostly beyond youth : the prophet 
 Malachi : the Greek poets, Antimachus of Claros, and Choerilus of Samos ; the comic poets, Myr- 
 tilus, Lysimachus, Phrynichus, Lycis, Leucon, Lysippus, Aristomenes, Teleclides, Cantharus, Cal- 
 lias, Nicomachus ?, Metagenes, Philonides, and Archippus ; the tragic poets, Theognis, Nicomachus, 
 Philocles, Agathon, Antiphon, Carcinus, Nothippus, Acestor, Pythangelus, Xenocles, Sthenelus, Morsi- 
 mus, Melanthius, Morychus, and Iophon ; the philosopher, Prodicus of Ceos ; the miroographer 
 Sophron ; the historians, Antiochus of Syracuse, Stesimbrotus of Thasos, Herodicus, Cratippus, 
 and Herodorus of Heraclea : the orators, Gorgias, and Andocides ; the sophist Protagoras ; the 
 sculptor, Phidias ; the painters, Parrhasius of Ephesus, Panaenus, Polygnotus, Mycon, Pauson, Dio- 
 nysius of Colophon, Aglaophon, Cephissodorus, Phrylus, and Evenor (Bryan). 
 
 433 B. C. = " 32d year of Artaxerxes " (Neh. v. 14 to xiii 6), permission granted by Artaxerxes 
 to Nehemiah governor of Jerusalem, to again visit that city. 
 
 "The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes having consular power holding the 
 place of consuls, and M. Aemilius Mamercinus for the second time dictator; the Aemilian law, limit- 
 ing the duration of the censorship to eighteen months. 
 
 " In this year " (Sm. b. d.), arrival at Athens of embassies from the Corinthians and Corcyreans 
 soliciting assistance : and a defensive alliance formed with the Corcyreans. 
 
 Brassica eruca of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain rocket, in France "roquette" 
 (Prior), in Germany "rauke," in Italy "ruchetta" or "ruca" or "eruca" (Lenz), in Greece 
 " aromatos " or " 6uz6maton " (Sibth.) or "roka" (Fraas), in Egypt "djaerdjir" (Forsk.), in Egyptian 
 "fithrfikiken" (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the EY812MON of Hippolochus, — the 
 Hippocratic writings, Diodes Carystius, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Athenaeus iv. p. 130, and Galen 
 fac. alim. ii. p. 639 : B. eruca was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout Greece and the Greek islands, frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground and eaten as 
 greens; by Alpinus, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the " Suzdmon " 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "asourik" of the Numidians, and " groukam " of the Romans ; 
 the " eruca " is mentioned by Ovid, Columella, and Pliny xx. 49 : B. eruca is termed " sinapis alterum 
 genus " by Fuchsius 539, " e. latifolia alba " by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; 
 and is known to occur in waste ground as far as Switzerland and Austria (Bulliard pi. 313, and Pers.), 
 but in Britain perhaps only under cultivation for it is sometimes termed " garden rocket." The seeds 
 according to Lindley "may be substituted for mustard, but are less pungent." (See Sinapis 
 erucoides). 
 
 "432, in the Spring " (Sm. b. d.), the Corinthians defeated by the Corcyreans aided by the 
 Athenians. Revolt of Potidaea from Athens, and in the autumn, a general congress of Peloponnesians 
 to decide upon war against that city. 
 
 "In this year" (Ptol. math. synt. iii. 2, and Blair), the earliest Greek astronomical Observation 
 on record : the summer solstice observed at Athens under the archonship of Apseudes by Meton 
 and Euctemon, on "the twenty-first of the Egyptian month Phamenoth, in the morning, being the 
 27th of June." Eighteen days later, with "the new moon of the 15th of July," the lunar cycle of nineteen 
 years instituted ; called from one of the observers, the Metonic Cycle. 
 
 " Not before this year " (Lubke and Lutrow), the temple to Jupiter at Olympia in Greece 
 completed by Libon of Elis. 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Pericles attacked by the comic poet Hermippus, on the occasion of 
 Aspasia and in connexion with the impending Peloponnesian war. 
 
 Chondrilla juncea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A lettuce-like herb called in 
 Germany "knorpelsalat," in Italy " lattajola " or "lattugaccio " (Lenz), in Greece " agrio mastihia" 
 (Forsk.) or "kolla" (Sibth.) or "honthros" (Fraas); and the ITAAIAS: XONAPON mentioned by 
 
 Hermippus (Athen. xiv.), may be compared: "honthron" is mentioned also by Aristophanes 
 
 vesp. 749 : the " honthrulla," by Theophrastus vii. 11. 4 as not fit for food and its root containing 
 copious acrid juice ; by Dorotheus, as good for cooking and for the stomach (Plin. xxii. 45) ; by 
 Dioscorides, as sometimes called " seVithos agrias," resembling " kih6ri6 " in stem leaves and flowers 
 but smaller in all its parts, and among its branches exuding a " mastihe "-like gum in grains large as 
 
 36 
 
282 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " kuamiaia ; " is further enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt : C. juncea 
 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in vineyards from the Peloponnesus through- 
 out the Greek islands to Constantinople, and on Lemnos its gum collected. Westward, is termed 
 "ch. juncea viscosa arvensis quae prima Dioscoridis " by Tournefort inst. 475 ; was observed by 
 Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 427, and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Chondrilla ramosissima of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece " honthros " 
 (Fraas), and included perhaps in the "honthros" — or "honthrulla" in question: the " Mron 
 konthrilles " having according to Dioscorides eroded leaves oblong and spreading on the ground, the 
 root slender and full of juice, the stem juicy also and suitable for cooking, is referred here by Fraas : 
 C. ramosissima was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Attica and Boeotia. 
 
 "431 B. C." (Thucyd. ii. 2, and Clint.), commencement of the " Peloponnesian war," against 
 the Athenians. — The war continued nearly "twenty-seven " years. 
 
 " August 3d " (Thucyd. ii. 28, and Clint.), an eclipse. 
 
 "430 B. C." (Thucyd. ii. 47, and Clint.), pestilence at Athens. 
 
 " In this year" (Liv., and Sm. b. d.), to avert pestilence, a temple to Apollo first built at Rome. 
 It was dedicated by the consul C. Julius (Mento). 
 
 "429, autumn" (Clint.), death of Pericles: after governing Athens "forty" years, the last 
 "fifteen" without colleagues. 
 
 Amaranlhus blitum of Tropical Arabia. Called in Germany " gemiisamaranth " (Fraas), in France 
 " amarante blette " (Fee), in Italy " biedone " or " blito " (Lenz), in Greece "vliton" (Sibth.) or 
 " vlita " (Fraas), in Egypt " fisa klab," in Yemen " schedach " (Forsk.). in Egyptian " riplam " or 
 " edilotoripan " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the nickname " vlitomammas " applied to the 
 sons of Pericles — (Muell. note to Festus), also the " vliton " or " vleton " mentioned by Aristophanes 
 nub. 1001, Theopompus, Antiphanes, Menander, Athenaeus ii. 73, and prescribed by Hippocrates. 
 A. blitum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste and cultivated ground 
 from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Defile, as far as Cairo : and 
 by Forskal, wild in Yemen. Westward, the "vleton" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "vies" 
 of the Dacians, and " vlitoum " cf the Romans; the "blitum" is mentioned by Plautus, and 
 Palladius iv. 9. 17, by Pliny xx 93 as " stomacho inutile" unwholesome food but used medicinally: 
 A. blitum is described by Loliel pi. 250; is termed "blitum sylvestre spicatum " by Tournefort 
 inst. 507 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to occur as a weed as far as middle Europe 
 (Pers., and A. Dec). Eastward from Arabia, is known to occur in Hindustan (Moquin), and the 
 " A. viridis " observed there by Roxburgh iii. 60, by Graham "a common weed in gardens and culti- 
 vated grounds " in the environs of Bombay, no native name being given, is regarded as probably 
 identical. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed in Virginia (Pers), 
 and by Nuttall in the outskirts of Philadelphia (" A. graecizans " of Willd.) ; to Cuba, Buenos 
 Ayres, Chili, and Peru (C. Gay, and Moq.) ; and to Austral Africa (Drege). 
 
 Euxohis oleraceus of Hindustan. An allied plant distinguished in Yemen as "schedach hindi" 
 (Forsk.) ; and possibly included in the " vliton " in question : — the " vliton " is enumerated among 
 potherbs by Polemon diaet. ii, Theophrastus, and according to Dioscorides is a wholesome esculent 
 of no medicinal use : the "blitum" is enumerated by Alpinus among the esculent plants of Egypt ; 
 and an " amaranthus " called "vliton," with leaves not retuse, was found by Forskal cooked and 
 eaten at Smyrna: E. oleraceus is termed "blitum album majus " by Tournefort inst. 507 ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground around Constantinople ; by Forskal, under cultivation in 
 Yemen. Eastward, has no Sanscrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.), but in the environs of Bombay is 
 called " tamdoolja " or " maat tambree," and " several varieties are commonly cultivated and used as 
 spinage " (Graham) ; was observed by Roxburgh in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, " exotic " 
 in Burmah, cultivated and called "hen-ka-nway," or by residents Xcpaul spin ige : the " amaranthus 
 mangostanus" of Blanco, cooked and eaten on the Philippines and called in Tagalo " halon," may 
 also be compared. By European colonists, E. oleraceus was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where 
 it is cultivated and called " brede de Malabar grande espece,'' and has become naturalized (Boj.) ; to 
 Tropic il America, where it is also cultivated (A. Dec). 
 
 "429-8 B. C. (= fourth year of 87th Olymp.," Sync, and Sm. b. d.), at Athens, Eupolis first 
 exhibiting comedy. 
 
 Cislus villosus of the Mediterranean countries. A species of rock-rose called in Greece 
 " kounouklia " (Fraas) or " kistari " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " kistharon " or " kissaron" 
 identified through Syn. Diosc. with the KIS60N of Eupolis — (Plut. symp. iv. 1), Mnesimachus, 
 and 1 Morb. mul. 614, usually written " kistos " by Dioscorides, Galen, Athenaeus ix. p. 403, 
 Hesychius, Aetius, and Paulus Aegineta : the " kistos arren " is distinguished by Theophrastus vi. 2 
 as having purplish flowers : C. villosus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, abounding from the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 283 
 
 Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; and farther South, the " kisth " is mentioned 
 by Avicenna p. 245 (Spreng.). Westward, the male kind of the " cisthon " of the Greeks is described 
 by Pliny xxiv. 48 as having the flower " rosaceus ; " C. villosus is described by Matthioli valgr. i. 
 p. 159 ; is termed "c. mas major folio rotundiore " by Tournefort inst. 259 ; and is known to grow in 
 Italy, Spain, and Barbary (Desf., and Pers.). 
 
 Cistus salvifolius of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "asprokounouklia " or 
 " agria alesphakia " (Fraas) or " agrio phaskomelia " or " kistari " (Sibth.) and included perhaps in 
 the "kisthon" of Eupolis, — and others : the "kistos thelus " is mentioned by Theophrastus, and is 
 distinguished by Dioscorides as having white flowers : C. salvifolius was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople. West- 
 ward, the " cisthon " of the Greeks is described by Pliny as a shrub larger than " thymo " with leaves 
 of " ocimi," the female kind having the flower white : C. salvifolius is termed " c. foemina folio salvia; 
 elatior et rectis virgis " by Tournefort inst. 259 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is 
 known to grow also in Carniolia, Italy, Sicily, and as far as Switzerland (Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Pisum sativum of the Crimea and neighbouring countries. Called in Britain pea or by old 
 writers pease (Prior), in France "pois" (A. Dec), in Italy " pisello " (Franz), in Greece "pizglia" 
 (Fraas) or " aukos " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the PI SOY of Eupolis, — Aristophanes, 
 Antiphanes, Phanias of Eresus, Theophrastus viii. 3, Athenaeus, and Clemens Alexandrinus 
 Strom, i. 7, (the pea-bug, Bruchus pisi, distinctly mentioned by Theophrastus caus. iii. 27) : P. 
 sativum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus, seldom 
 cultivated but occurring as a weed in cultivated ground ; by Bieberstein ii p. 151, wild on hills in the 
 Crimea (A. Dec.) ; and was seen by Alpinus in Egypt. Westward, the " pisum " according to 
 Pliny xviii. 31 was sown in Greece in November, but in Italy and farther North in the Spring; is 
 mentioned also by Virgil geor. i. 74, and Columella: P. sativum is described by C. Bauhin, and 
 Rivinus ; is termed "p. hortense majus flore fructuque albo " by Tournefort inst. 394 ; and is known 
 to be cultivated from Italy throughout middle Europe. (Pers, and Lenz). Eastward from Greece, 
 has a Sanscrit name (Pidd.), is called in Bengalee " matar," in Hindustanee "matar" or " dana " 
 (D'roz.) ; was observed by Graham " cultivated in gardens during the cold season " in the environs 
 of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; 
 by Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called "wan," or usually "nora name." By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cultivated. 
 
 Ononis CherUri of the Mediterranean countries. The AITIPYPOS of Eupolis, — employed when 
 plentiful for the caprification of figs, mentioned also by Theocritus iv, and identified by Cratevas with 
 the "an<5nis" (Anguill.), may be compared: the " aigipuros " is described by Demetrius as red- 
 flowered (schol. Aristoph. ran. 310, and Schneid.), by schol. Theocr. as a spiny plant " akanthothSs " 
 with the leaf "platu " as in lentil " glaukizousa," good for inflamed ulcers : O. Cherleri was observed 
 by Sibthorp on Cyprus ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. West- 
 ward, is termed "a. arvensis hirsuta pusilla viscosa multis siliquis cernuis " by Cupani pi. 17, as 
 observed by him in Sicily ; " a. pusilla villosa et viscosa purpurascente flore " by Tournefort inst. 408 ; 
 was observed by Desfontaines ii. 148 in Barbary ; and is known to grow also in Italy, Spain, and 
 Southern France (Bauh. hist. ii. pi. 394, and Pers.). 
 
 Ononis antiquorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain from its 
 strong matted roots rest-harrow, in France " arrete-bceuf " (Prior), in Germany " heuhechel," in 
 Italy " bulimacola " or "anonide" (Lenz), in Greece " palamonitha " or "anoneHtha" (Sibth.) ; and 
 possibly the "aigipuros" in question: — the "andnis"is identified, through Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " 6n6nis " of Theophrastus vi. 1. 3 to 5. 3 having leaves separate from the thorns, hated by agri- 
 culturists, and on account of its roots difficult to extirpate, mentioned also by Nicander, and 
 according to Dioscorides pickled and eaten before the thorns are developed : O. antiquorum was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, the " anonin " or " ononida " is according to 
 Pliny xxi. 58 to xxvii. 12 "aratro inimica," but his further account seems chiefly taken from the 
 Greeks : O. antiquorum is described by Dodoens p. 743, and Lobel ii. pi. 28 (Spreng.) ; is termed 
 " a. legitima antiquorum " by Tournefort cor. 28 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, and is known to grow 
 in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). " O. spinosa," termed " a. spinosa flore purpureo"by 
 Tournefort inst. 408, observed by Sibthorp from Zacynthus to Constantinople, and known to occur 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 783, and Pers.), is regarded as probably 
 not distinct. 
 
 Artemisia dracunculus of Tartarv. Called in Britain tarragon (Prior), in France " estragon " 
 (Pers.), among the Arabs "tharkhun;'" and the TAPI XOS: *PY l"l N : H: TAAEIPIKON of Eu- 
 polis, — or " tarihos phrugion " of Antiphanes, -the Hippocratic writings, and Athenaeus, may be com- 
 pared: the " tharkhun " is mentioned by Ebn Masawia, Abu Hanifa, Rhazes, Avicenna, Symeon Sethus, 
 
284 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and Ebn Baitar ; and A. dracunculus was observed in Egypt by Hasselquist. Westward, the " dragon- 
 tea " is enumerated in the Capitularia of Charlemagne ; A. dracunculus is termed " d. hortensis " by 
 Blackwell pi. 116; is known to be cultivated in Southern Europe, and the " leaves and young shoots " 
 employed "as a pickle, or for giving a pleasant flavour to vinegar" (Pers., and Lindl). Eastward 
 from Greece, was observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 59 and 60 wild in Siberia. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, observed by myself under cultivation in our Middle States. 
 
 Verbascum sinuatum of the Mediterranean and Tamo-Caspian countries. ^ A species of mullein 
 called in Italy " guaraguasco " (Lenz), in Greece "glossa" (Fraas) or "phlomos" (Sibth.) ; in which 
 we recognize the *AOMON of Eupolis, — Aristotle, Macrobius, Plutarch symp. iv. 1, and "phlomos 
 mglaina" of Theophrastus ix. 12. 3, and Dioscorides: V. sinuatum was observed by Forskal, Sib- 
 thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, the most abundant species from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece 
 and the Greek islands, and to the present day employed for killing and capturing freshwater fishes 
 as described by Aristotle anim. viii. 20 (Walp. p. 276, and Spreng.) ; is known to grow afso in the 
 Crimea and as far as the Caspian (Ledeb.) ; in Syria and on mount Sinai (A. Dec.) ; was observed 
 by Delile in Egypt, and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as long known there. Westward, the 
 "phlomon" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " vSrvaskloum '' or "pheminale" of the Romans; 
 the "verbascum nigrum femina" is distinguished by Pliny xxv. 73; V. sinuatum is termed "v. 
 nigrum folio papaveris corniculati " by Tournefort inst. 147; was observed by Hogg on Sicily, by 
 Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles; and is known to grow in Spain, Algeria, and on the Canary 
 Islands (Pers., and A. Dec). 
 
 Verbascum n/ululatum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "gKssa" (Fraas) 
 or "phlomos" (Sibth.), and perhaps included in the "phlomon" of Eupolis: — the "gl<5ssan"is 
 mentioned in 2 Morb. mul. 75 ;, the "phlomon thelu " is distinguished by Theophrastus, and Cratevas 
 (schol. Nicand.) ; and the " phlomos l£uke theleia " having according to Dioscorides " kramve "-like 
 but more hairy and white or yellowish flowers, is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : V. undulatum 
 is termed " v. graecum fruticosum folio sinuato candidissimo " by Tournefort cor. 8 and trav. i. pi. 
 12S ; was observed by Sibthorp, Link, and Fraas, frequent in Southern Greece, and often becoming 
 woody. 
 
 Verbascum thapsus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain hig-taper or mullein, in 
 old French " malen," in mediaeval Latin " malandrium " (Prior), in Germany " konigskerze," in Italy 
 "barbarastio" or " tasso barbasco " or "verbasco" (Lenz), in Greece "phlomos" (Sibth.), and 
 possibly included in the "phlomon" of Eupolis: — the "phlomon arren " is distinguished by Theo- 
 phrastus, Nicander ther. 856, and Cratevas (schol. Nicand.) ; and " phlomos l£uke arren " having 
 according to Dioscorides oblong and narrower white leaves, is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas: 
 V. thapsus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus through- 
 out the Greek islands to Constantinople. Westward, the " phlomon " of the Greeks is identified by 
 Pliny xxv. 73 with the "verbascum" of the Romans; V. thapsus is described by Brunfels p. 197, 
 Fuchsius, and Dalechamp (Spreng.) ; is termed "v. mas latifolium luteum " by Tournefort inst. 146: 
 and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe almost as far as Lapland 
 (Pers., and Fries). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow throughout the Caucasian, Himalayan, 
 and Altaian mountains as far as Daouria (Ledeb., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried 
 to the Azores (Wats.) ; to Northeast America (Walt.), where I have found it one of the first foreign 
 plants to acquire foothold in clearings. The seeds according to Lindley "are said to be used by 
 poachers to poison fish." 
 
 "427 B. C. (= fifth year of the Peloponnesian war," Sm. b. d. ), assistance sent by the Athenians 
 to the Leontines in Sicily. The comic poet Plato first exhibiting— (Cyril, and Sm.). 
 
 Cymbopogon schoenanthus of the Moluccas. The lemon grass is called in Yemen "m'hah," 
 its imported root in Egypt "edcher" (Forsk.) ; and the SXOINOYS of the comic poet Plato — 
 (Etym. magn.), "guosmou" according to the Hippocratic writings (Spreng.), Theophrastus ix. 7, and 
 Dioscorides i. 16, called "shoinuu alexanthrines " by Damogeron (geopon. vii. 13), "shoinou anthos" 
 by Galen ant. i. p. 70, and " shoinanthos " by Aetius, and Actuarius, is referred here by writers: 
 the fragrant "schoenum" is mentioned also by Plautus, and Columella; the "gramen arabum " by 
 Propertius xxix. 17; "juncum odoratum " by Pliny; " squinanthum " by Palladius, Rutilius, and 
 Plinius Valerianus ; and the " idschir " by Ebn Baitar : the living plant in the days of Pliny xii. 48 
 had been found growing in Italy ; was known to Theophrastus as growing in Syria ; to Dioscorides 
 as growing in Lybia and Arabia, the best brought from Nabathea, and the Arabian kind sometimes 
 termed Babylonian. The root of C. schoenanthus or " juncus odoratus " is enumerated by Alpinus 
 as imported from Arabia into Egypt ; comes " from Limbo in Arabia Petraea," according to Hassel- 
 quist; and "edcher" or "schoenanthus" root from Arabia, was seen in Egypt by Forskal mat. med. : 
 the plant itself was received by Garcias from Arabia; and was observed by Forskal p. 173 seemingly 
 wild among the mountains of Yemen. Eastward, is called in Hindustanee "akya-ghas," in Bengalee 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 285 
 
 "agya-ghans," in Telinga " nimma-gaddi " or " chippa-gaddi," in Tamil " vashanap-pullu " or " kar- 
 pnra-pullu" (Drur.) ; was observed by Rheede xii. pi. 72 in Malabar; by Graham, "cultivated in 
 gardens " in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Wallich, and Drury, in other parts of Hindu- 
 stan, covering "large tracts of waste land in Bengal, and its oil regularly exported from Ceylon ; by 
 Mason v. p. 501, "exotic" in Burmah and called "sa-ba-len," cultivated " by the natives," and " a 
 decoction made from the leaves " used medicinally ; by Bontius, cuuivated and seemingly wild on 
 Java ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, and called in Tagalo " salai " or " tanglad " or "paja de meca," 
 in Bisaya " baliyoco ; " is described also by Rumphius amboin. v. pi. 72; was observed by myself 
 on the Feejeean Islands, planted around native dwellings and occurring besides in wild situations. 
 Transported to Europe, continues under cultivation for its fragrance (Morison iii. pi. 8, Vent., and 
 Pers.) ; and by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself in gardens 
 in our Northern and Middle States. 
 
 "426 B. C." (Blair), pestilence again breaking out in Athens, permission given to the men to 
 marry " two " wives. Socrates among others taking advantage of the privilege. 
 
 "425 B. C. = 1st year of Wei-lie-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 "The same year" (Clint, ii. p. 380), Artaxerxes succeeded by Xerxes II.; and after "two 
 months," by Sogdianus, who reigned "seven months." The names of these two Persian emperors, 
 though given by Manetho, have not been found on the Egyptian monuments. 
 
 "The same year" (Thucyd. iii. 116, and Clint.), in Sicily, eruption of mount Etna. And in 
 Italy (Sm. b. d.), war between Rome and the neighbouring Etruscan city of Veii suspended by a 
 truce for " twenty years." 
 
 Thapsia Garganica of the Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous plant called in Greece 
 "polukarpos " (Sibth.) or " oglegora" or " thapsia " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the "thapsia " 
 supposed to have been discovered on the island of Thapso, and named accordingly — (Diosc), 
 prescribed together with its root in Nat. mul. 29, 3 Morb. 17, Superfct. 19 to 20, Int. affect. 19, and 
 7 Popular. 39, having according to Theophrastus ix. 9 " marath6 "-like leaves and a " narthekothe " 
 stem, according to Dioscorides yellow-flowered "aneth6 "-like umbels, the acrid root with its juice 
 purgative: T. Garganica was observed by Sibthorp, D'Urville, and Fraas, frequent from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " thapsia " called also " pagkranon " or 
 " skamm6nion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "voithen" of the Numidians, and " ph£rou- 
 lag6 " or " phSroula silve'stris " of the Romans ; the " thapsia " is mentioned by Celsus v. 18 ; was 
 used by Nero, and the mode of collecting the juice is described by Pliny xiii. 4, the most virulent 
 growing in Africa : T. Garganica is described by Magnol pi. 286 ; is termed " th. sive' turbith gar- 
 ganicum semine latissimo " by Tournefort inst. 322 ; and is known to grow at the Southern extreme 
 of Italy and in Barbary (Pers.). 
 
 "424 B. C." (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 381), Sogdianus succeeded by Darius II. Nothus, 
 ninth Persian emperor. Though reigning "nineteen " years (Astronom. can., Maneth., and Diodor ), 
 his name has not been found on the Egyptian monuments. 
 
 In this year (= 452 — " 28 years reign " in the Mahavamsa iv.), the Hindu king Calasoka suc- 
 ceeded by his ten sons, including Baddesenah and Pantchewekeya. Mahamandala holding this 
 place in the Avadana asoca (Burn. i. 359) may prove king Mandelica who harboured the heretical 
 Budhists (see Mahavans. iv. p. 43). 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), the Athenians defeated by the Thebans at Delium : in the retreat, 
 Xenophon having fallen from his horse was carried on the shoulders of Socrates (Strab., and D. 
 Laert). The historian Thucydides, not arriving with his fleet in time to save Amphipolis from the 
 Spartans, incurred the penalty of banishment. The first prize for comedy awarded to the Equites 
 of Aristophanes, his first exhibition under his own name ; the second prize, to the Satyri of Cratinus ; 
 Aristomenes also exhibiting comedy. 
 
 Pyrus (....) aria of middle Europe and mountains farther South. Called in Germany 
 " mehlbeerbaum," in Italy " lazzerolo montano " or "lazzerolo di montagna " (Lenz), in Greece 
 "trokkia" (Sibth.); and the AMAMHAIAES of Aristomenes, — Aeschylides, and Athenaeus 
 xiv. 63, described as not pears, sweet and devoid of a kernel, may be compared : P. aria was observed 
 by Sibthorp append., and Fraas on the mountains of Greece from Pelion to Athos. Westward, the 
 " upomelis " is described by Palladius xiii. 4 as resembling a sorb, its sweetness mingled with 
 " sapore acuto " a tart flavour : berries of P. aria occur in debris of the early lake-villages of Switzer- 
 land (Heer) ; the tree is termed " c. folio subrotundo serrato " by Tournefort inst. 633 ; was observed 
 by Lenz on the mountains of Italy; is known to grow also on Etna and the Pyrenees (A. Dec), and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 302, Crantz austr. i. pi. 2, and Pers.). 
 
 "423 B. C. (= 8th year" of the Peloponnesian war, Thucyd. iv. 116 to 133, and Clint), the tem- 
 ple to Juno near Mycenae burned. A new temple — was erected on the site by Eupolemus, and a 
 statue of Juno made by Polycleitus (Paus. ii. 17), a work of art much celebrated. 
 
286 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Aster amelliis of the Mediterranean countries. A species of aster called in Italy " amello " or 
 "astro" or " astere attico " (Lenz), in Greece " valtokrates " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the 
 "astSriona" growing along the river of that name and offered in this temple to Juno, its leaves woven 
 in garlands — (Paus.), identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "asteriskos " or "aster attikos:" the 
 " astSriskos " is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 13 ; the " aster " by Nicander fr. ii. 66 to 67 as coro- 
 nary and placed on temples or images of gods, by Cratevas as employed medicinally (add. Diosc.) ; 
 and the " aster attikos " by Dioscorides as having oblong hairy leaves and a star-like purple and yel- 
 low flower split around as in " anthSmithos," the fresh plant applied in inflammation of the groin : 
 A. amellus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in wet ground sometimes saline in Attica and South- 
 ern Greece. Westward, the "aster attikos" or "uophthalmon " or "v6uv6nion " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc with the " rathivitha '' of the Dacians, and " iggunalis " of the Romans ; the account of the 
 " aster " or " bubonion " by Pliny xxvii. 19 seems chiefly taken from the Greeks ; but the " amellus " 
 of Virgil geor. iv. 271 has a golden flower surrounded with purple rays, is mentioned also by Colu- 
 mella ix. 4. 4 : A. amellus is described by Matthioli p. S17 (Spreng.) ; is termed " a. atticus caeruleus 
 vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 4S1 ; was observed by Lenz throughout Italy ; and is known to grow 
 as far as Austria and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 435, and Pers.). 
 
 "In this year" (Meineke, and Sm. b. d.) at Athens, the First prize for comedy gained by 
 Cratinus, and the Second by Ameipsias, over the Nubes of Aristophanes containing an attack on 
 Socrates. 
 
 Lithosftermitm tinctorium of the Mediterranean countries. Resembling the alkanet and called 
 in Egypt " sadjaret el arneb " hare's herb (Forsk.) : the E V KOY i A of Ameipsias — or " enchusam " 
 by some called " anchusam " but distinguished by Pliny xxii. 25 and identified with the " rhexiam '' 
 or " arcebion " or " onochelim '' or " onochiles," may be compared: the "onokihle" is enumerated 
 by Theophrastus vii. 10. 3 among plants continuing a long time in flower from the flowers opening 
 successively; the 6noh£itlos " is mentioned by Nicander ther. S38 ; the " 6noh£il£s " or " alkivia- 
 thion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " aghousa £t£ra " of Dioscorides having smaller leaves 
 similar in roughness, reddish-purple flowers, and long red roots swelling in harvest-time with blood- 
 coloured juice ; and the "adsan el arnab " is mentioned by Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar : L. tinctorium 
 was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, in Attica and the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, near Alexandria ; 
 and by Forskal p. 63 in the Desert not far from Cairo, its root red and staining the skin, stem 
 branching from the base but erect, flower " obscure-violacea." Westward, the account by Pliny of 
 the " enchusam " seems in part taken from Dioscorides, but he states that the bruised leaves exhale 
 the odour of " cucumeris," and gives additional medical uses : L. tinctorium was observed by Fors- 
 kal near Marseilles, is known to grow in other parts of Southern France (Dec. fl. fr.) ; is distinctly 
 described by Vahl, and Lamarck ill. p. 398 ; and according to Bory is often confounded with Anchusa 
 tinctoria, furnishing in like manner " orchanette " (see Anchusa tinctoria). 
 
 "422 B. C. (= tenth year of the Peloponnesian war," Sm. b. d.), hostilities continuing in 
 Thrace between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians ; the Athenian citizens now computed at 
 " twenty thousand." The second prize for comedy awarded to the Yespae of Aristophanes ; who, 
 according to some writers, tendered in vain a second edition of his Nubes. 
 
 The * A i I A N S bird of Aristophanes, is admitted to be the pheasant, Phasianus Colchicus. — 
 The " phasianos " is also mentioned by Epaenetus, Mnesimachus, Aristotle anim. v. 31, and Aga- 
 tharchides ; and according to Callixenus (Athen. ix. 37), these birds were carried in the festival of 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus at Alexandria. 
 
 The K P I i of Aristophanes nub. 630 is admitted to be the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. — The 
 " cimex " is mentioned by Catullus, Horace, Pliny, and Martial ; and the " lectuli bestias," by Ter- 
 tullian adv. Marcio. i. 14. C. lectularius continues to be well known in Egypt and throughout 
 Europe ; and by European colonists, has been carried across the Atlantic to America and other 
 countries. 
 
 Onobryiliis crista-galli of the Mediterranean countries. Called on Cyprus " trivouli " (Sibth.) ; 
 and possibly the TPI B AOS of Aristophanes lys. 576: — both kinds of "trivolos " according to Theo- 
 phrastus vi. 5. 3 have spines on the pericarp, and the seed of the autumnal kind is rounded and con- 
 tained in a pod: O. crista-galli was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus and Cyprus to 
 Constantinople ; and by Delile, near Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, 
 is termed "o. seu caput gallinaceum minus fructu maximo insigniter echinato " by Tournefort inst. 
 390 ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Anagyris foetida of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " azogSra '' or " anthravan6 " 
 or"anaguri" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the ANATYPON of Aristophanes lys. 735, — Aeschi- 
 nes, Demosthenes, a proverb preserved by Zenobius ii. 22, described by Dioscorides as an arbores- 
 cent strong-scented shrub having " agn6 "-like twigs with fruit in long horns, reniform, and in the 
 added Synonyms identified with the " agnakopon " or " akopon : " A. foetida was observed by Fors- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 287 
 
 kal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands 
 to Smyrna ; and by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvii. 
 13 of the " anagyros " or "acopon" seems taken from Dioscorides : A. foetida is described by 
 Tournefort inst. 647 ; was observed by Gussone i. 477 on Sicily ; and is known to grow wild in Italy 
 and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). The seeds according to Lindley 
 " said to be poisonous." 
 
 Verbascum Limnense of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of mullein called in 
 Greece "manoula" or "phitil&a" (Fraas); and the 6PYAAAIS lamp-wick of Aristophanes nub. 
 60, — "thruallis '' plant of Theophrastus vii. II. 2, and Nicander, identified by Dioscorides with the 
 "phlomis luhnitis " having three or four or more hairy leaves and furnishing lamp-wicks, is referred 
 here by Fraas : V. Limnense is described by him as observed near Limni in Euboea. 
 
 Salvia officinalis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens sage, in France 
 "sauge" (Prior), in Germany " salbey " (Fraas), in Italy "salvia" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize 
 the "salviam" called in Greek " elelisphacon " by herbalists of the time of Pliny xxii. 71, the " ele- 
 lisphacos " of the Greeks being sometimes called "sphacos:" the garden S*AKOS of Aristophanes 
 thesm. 486, — and Theophrastus vi. 1. 4 to 2. 5, seems therefore to correspond: S. officinalis was 
 observed by Sibthorp in rugged places in Greece, bearing edible galls like S. pomifera, but according 
 to Fraas is very rare ; by Delile, near Rosetta on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; and according 
 to Clot-Bey has besides been recently introduced. Westward, the " salviatum " potion is mentioned 
 by Columella ; the " salviam " is described by Pliny as resembling " mentae " hoary and fragrant ; 
 is mentioned also by Macer Floridus : S. officinalis is termed " s. major " by Tournefort inst. 180 ; is 
 known to grow wild in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Etling salv. I, Pers., and Lenz), 
 is besides cultivated there and throughout middle Europe. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation; to Hindustan, observed by Graham "in 
 gardens" at Bombay but no native name is given ; to Burmah, observed by Mason "exotic " but no 
 native name is given. The leaves according to Lindley are much employed in cookery, and tea made 
 of them "has the reputation of being a stomachic." (See S. pomifera, and Phlomis fruticosa). 
 
 Chenopodium olidum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A fetid species of goosefoot 
 called in Germany "stoltz heinrich " (Trag.), in France " vulvaire " (Nugent); and the *EYAATPA 
 #A3YN of Aristophanes eq. 630 — is referred here by Hase : C. olidum was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, in waste-and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, 
 the term " blitea meretrix " used by Plautus true, is supposed by Tragus to refer to this plant : C. 
 olidum is described by Cornelius Petrus (Spreng.), Dodoens 616, and Bauhin ; is termed " atriplex 
 canina" by Tragus ii. 57, "ch. foetidum "' by Tournefort inst. 506, "ch. vulvaria" by Linnaeus ; and 
 is known to occur along roadsides and in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 
 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 1152, Engl. bot. pi. 1034, Woodv. pi 145, and Pers.). The plant was found by 
 Chevallier exhaling pure ammonia during its whole existence, and according to Lindley "is still 
 employed as an antispasmodic and emmenagogue, and is constantly to be found " in London herb- 
 shops. 
 
 Juniperus nana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The K E A P I i berry of Aristoph- 
 anes thesm. 493, — or "kethris " shrub described by Theophrastus i. 9. 4 to 12. 1 and caus. vi. 14. 4 
 as small and never becoming a tree, its fruit fragrant and though acrid grateful to the palate, (trans- 
 lated " cedrula " by Gaza), is referred here by Sprengel : a tree in Arcadia resembling the " cedro " 
 and called in Phrygia " frutex," is mentioned by Pliny xiii. 11 : J. nana is described by Pallas ross. 
 ii. pi. 54; is known to grow in Sweden (Wahl.), Siberia, and on the Saltzburg and Styrian Alps (Pers), 
 but has not been observed by modern travellers within the limits of Greece. 
 
 Juniperus rufescens of the Mediterranean countries. A little-known species called in Greece 
 " kSthros " (Lenz) ; and possibly the "kethris" in question : — J. rufescens is described as " very 
 like" J. macrocarpa; is known to grow in Bithynia (Lenz), Thrace and Macedonia (Daub.), and was 
 observed by Link in Portugal. 
 
 Imperata cylindrica of Tropical Asia. A reedy grass called in Greece "thematia" or "thgma- 
 tohorton" (Fraas), in Egypt "halfeh" (Del.); and the *AEflS of Aristophanes ran. 244, — Aris- 
 totle, Theophrastus iv. 10 to 11. 12, Pollux, mentioned by Dioscorides i. 114 as a kind of "kalamfin," 
 is referred here by Fraas: I. cylindrica is termed " gram en tomentosum Creticum spicatum spica 
 purpurea" by Tournefort cor. 39, "lagurus cylindricus " by Linnaeus, " saccharum cylindricum" by 
 Lamarck, its spike according to Persoon "nivea lanata ; " was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas abounding in moist places in the Peloponnesus and Attica; by Forskal p. 23, and Delile, from 
 Alexandria and Rosetta to Cairo; is known to occur also in Barbary. Italy, Southern France, and 
 Spain (Cyrill rar ii. 2. pi. II, and Cav. iii.pl. 2). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Law 
 "common in Guzerat" (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason 
 v p 524 indigenous in Burmah and called " thek-kay-nyen," one of the two grasses employed in the 
 
288 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Interior to thatch native dwellings; by Blanco, extending itself over the Philippines and called in 
 Tagalo and Bisaya "cogon," in Camarines "cogon cogon," in Pampango "ilib" or "balili;" is de- 
 scribed also by Rumphius amboin vi. pi. 7 ; was observed by myself throughout the Malayan archi- 
 pelago, white-spiked and springing up spontaneously, and in clearings from the Feejeean as far as the 
 Samoan Islands. 
 
 "421 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, N. Fabius Vibulanus and T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus 
 consuls, the number of quaestcrs increased from two to four. 
 
 "420 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes having consular power holding the place 
 of consuls. Farther South, thi Greek city of Cumae (on the bay of Naples) captured by the Cam- 
 panians, people of the country around. 
 
 "4r8 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), the Athenians defeated in battle at Mantineia, Argos now joining in 
 alliance with Sparta. Perdiccas II. having also joined in alliance, hostilities were renewed between 
 him and the Athenians. 
 
 Campanula versicolor of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of bell-flower called in 
 Greece "haritzia" (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the XAPIS ION growing along the Eurotas in 
 the spring, and suspended by women on the neck to increase the affection of the men, according to 
 Cleanthes mont. i, — Sosthenes of Cnidus, and Hermogenes (Pint, flu v. 17. 4): the " hari^n " of 
 Mul. morb. 109, may also be compared: C. versicolor was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 from the Peloponnesus to Thessalonica : and from transported specimens, is described by Andrews 
 repos. pi. 396. 
 
 "417 B. C. = 9th year of Wei'-lie-wang " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-eighth 
 cycle. At this time, the men of the principality of Thsin wearing their swords on the side attached to 
 a girdle ; a custom borrowed by the Thsin family from the Tartars : walls were also built as a barrier 
 against the Thsin, by the princes of Wei and Tchou on their own frontiers (Pauth. 1S6). 
 
 "416 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), unjust expedition against the Melians : who were barbarously punished 
 by the Athenians through a decree proposed by Alcibiades. 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Soran., and Sm. b. d.), the physician Euryphon summoned to the 
 court of Perdiccas II. in Macedonia. Euryphon was aware of the difference between arteries and 
 veins, and considered the former as also containing blood — (Aurel. morb. chron. ii. 10). He is men- 
 tioned by the comic poet Plato (Gal. comm. in Hippocr. vii. 44). 
 
 Sisymbrium irio of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain rock gentle or 
 rock-gallant (Ainsw.), or London rocket from springing up abundantly among the ruins left by the 
 great fire of 1667 (Kay 297, and Prior); and the EPYSIMON: AEIA of 2 Morb. 52, written by 
 Euryphon — (as appears from .in extract in Galen), may be compared : the " e>usimon " is described 
 by Theophrastus viii. 1. 4 to 7. 3 and caus. ii. 12 1 as fatty, having very small seeds, and sown 
 together with "sesamon;" ar.l the "erysimum" of Asia and Greece according to Pliny xviii. 22 
 differs from the "irionem'' only in being "pinguius " and is medicinal rather than esculent: S. irio 
 was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, growing about Cairo ; and by Forskal 
 p. 118, among the mountains of Yemen (Steud.). Westward, the "ervsimon" is prescribed by Cel- 
 sus : S. irio is termed "erysimum latifolium majus glabrum " by Tournefort inst. 228; was observed 
 by Lenz in Italy ; is known to occur along walls and in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe 
 (Jacq. austr. pi. 322, Lam. fl. f*-., and Pers.), in Britain appearing in profusion after the removal of 
 soil near Berwick in 1847 (A. Dec), occurring also in other localities, but regarded by Watson as 
 not indigenous. u S. altissimnm caule non hispido" observed by Forskal near Marseilles, edible 
 and called "roquettes sauvages," may also be compared (See S. polyceratium). 
 
 Hypericum crispum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "agouthoura" or " skou- 
 thritza" or "upSrikon" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the YTEPIKON of Euryphon 2 morb. 
 52 and 62, — of 1 Morb. mul. 610, Niger, growing according to Dioscorides prasf. and iii. 161 in 
 rugged places and cultivated ground: H. crispum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent in waste and cultivated ground throughout Greece and the Creek islands. Westward, the 
 "hypericon" is identified in Syn. Diosc. and by Pliny xxvi. 53 and 93 with the " chamaepytin '' or 
 " corion :'' H. crispum is described by Boccone mus.ii.pl. 12; is termed "h. crispum triquetro et 
 cuspidato folio " by Tournefort inst. 255 ; and is known to grow in Southern Italy, Sicily, and Barbary 
 (Desf., Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Saponaria officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain soapwort 
 or fuller's herb (Prior), in France "saponaire" (Nugent), in Germany " seifenkraut," in Italy 
 "saponaria" and its root usid as soap (Lenz), in Greece " sapounohorton " or " kalostrouthi " 
 (Fraas), by the prophets " haliruton," in Egyptian " 6in6 " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the 
 STPOY6ION of Euryphon ■- (Soran. Ephes. mul.), growing on the shore of Andros & and its 
 root and fruit prescribed in Nat. mul. 29. Superfoet. 19, and 1 Morb. mul. 104, employed according 
 to Dioscorides medicinally as well as for washing wool, mentioned also by Lucian alexand. 12, and 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 289 
 
 Galen : the "strouthos" with which linen is whitened, mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 12. 5, is read 
 "struthi6" by Dioscorides (but translated "speciem passerum praebentibus " by Pliny xx. 79): 
 S. officinalis is figured in the Vienna manuscript Diosc. (Harl. and Cockayne); was observed on 
 Andros by Fraas ; and by him, Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in moist places along 
 hedges from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor ; " struthium " root from Greece was found by Forskal 
 mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt; and the living S. officinalis according to Clot-Bey has 
 recently been introduced. Westward, the "strouthion" or " strouthiokamelos " or "katharsis" or 
 "hamairuton" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "suris" of the Numidians, and "erva Iaria" 
 or "rathix an aria " of the Romans; by Pliny xix. 18 and xxiv. 58 with the " radicula " used for 
 washing wool, growing "sativa" everywhere, and having a large root but no seeds (the many-petalled 
 form?); the " radix lanaria " is mentioned by Columella xi. 2. 53; the " struthio " is prescribed by 
 Celsus 18 to 22, and in the time of Macer Floridus 26 was commonly called "ostruthium: " S. offici- 
 nalis is regarded as introduced into Britain after the departure of the Romans and before the dis- 
 covery of America (A. Dec.) ; is described by Brunswygk, Ruel, Fuchsius, Lobel, and Gerarde p. 
 360; is termed "lychnis sylvestris quae saponaria vulgo " by Tournefort inst. 336; was observed by 
 Lenz in Italy, and is known to occur along roadsides as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 543, Pers., and 
 Fries) ; is besides sometimes regularly cultivated (A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried 
 to Northeast America, where it continues chiefly near dwellings in our Northern, Middle, and accord- 
 ing to Chapman our Southern States. (See Imperatoria ostruthium). 
 
 Silene inflata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bladder catnpion 
 or ben or white ben or from froth of an insect infesting it spatling poppy (Prior), in Germany " klatsch- 
 nelke " (Fraas), in Greece "phouskouthia" or " koukaki " or "strouthoula" (Sibth.) ; and possibly 
 the "strouthion" in question: — the "struthion" of Pliny xix. 18, wild in stony places in Asia 
 and Syria, the best in quality beyond the Euphrates, its stem slender and eaten and leaves like those 
 of the olive, may also be compared: the "mekSn eraklSia " whose root according to Theophrastus 
 ix. 12. 5 is employed medicinally, and leaves resemble "strouthos" with which linen is whitened, is 
 identified through Syn. Diosc. with the " mek6n aphrSthes," referred here by Lobel and others : 
 S. inflata was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout Greece, the leaves cooked and eaten. Westward, is described by Gesner f. 273, and 
 Dodoens p. 172; is termed "lychnis sylvestris quas behen album vulgo " by Tournefort inst. 335; 
 was observed by Tenore near Naples, by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to occur along 
 roadsides and in fallow ground from the Pyrenees as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 914, Pers., and A. 
 Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, 
 occurring along roadsides and near dwellings from Quebec (Mx.) to Salem and Philadelphia, and 
 observed by myself in wild situations not far from the last-named city. S.fabaria, termed " lychnis 
 maritima saxatilis anacampserotis folio " by Tournefort cor. 24 and " cucubalus foliis crassis " by 
 Forskal, observed by him on the rocks of Tenedos, by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian 
 Olympus, the seashore of Caria and maritime rocks of Samos, by Boccone mus. pi. 92 on the sea- 
 shore of Sicily (Pers.), is regarded by Bory as perhaps not distinct. 
 
 Potentilta reptans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain five-leaf or 
 five-finger-grass or cinque/oil, by Askham " quynckefolye,'' in Sweden "finger-brt" (Prior), in 
 France " quinte-feuille " (Nugent), in Germany creeping " gansefuss " (Fraas), in Italy " cinquefolio " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " pSntathaktula " or " pSntaphullo " (Sibth.), by the prophets " ptSron ivSos " or 
 " ivfios onux " or " firmothaktulon," in Egyptian " 6rph£t£v£6ke " or " £n6tron " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in 
 which we recognize the P E N TA$ YA AO Y whose root is prescribed by Euryphon 2 morb. 38, — 
 enumerated by Democritus among signs of subterranean water (geopon. ii. 6), identified by Theo- 
 phrastus ix. 13. 5 with the "pfintapStous " having slender stems resting on the ground and all its leaves 
 in fives, growing according to Dioscorides in wet places and along streams, its leaves serrate ; clearly 
 also the " pSntapgtelon " of Nicander ther. 839: P. reptans was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, frequent in the situations described by Dioscorides from the Peloponnesus throughout 
 Greece ; and dried " pentaphyllum " root was found by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., employed 
 medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the " pgntaphullon " or " pgntapSteV or "pSntathaktulon " is 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " propSthoula " of the Dacians, " pSmpSthoula " of the Gauls, and 
 " kigkSpholioum " of the Romans, by Pliny xxv. 62 with the " qui nque folium ; " and " quinquefolii 
 radix" is prescribed by Celsus vi. 9: P. reptans is described by Fuchsius 624, Matthioli, and Lobel 
 pi. 960 ; is termed " q. majus repens " by Tournefort inst. 297 ; was observed by Munby in Algeria 
 (A. Dec), by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 1 164, and Pers.). 
 
 Rhus coriaria of the wooded portion of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in commerce 
 sumach, in France "sumac" (Nugent), in Germany "sumach" (Grieb), in Italy "sommaco " or 
 "ru" (Lenz), in Greece "vursia" or " vursoklatha " (Fraas) or by the Turks " sumack " (Sibth.), 
 
 37 
 
290 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 in Egypt the imported berries " semmaq " (Del.), in Egyptian "routhin" (Kirch.) ; in which we 
 recognize the POY5 prescribed by Euryphon 2 morb. 28, — mentioned also by Antiphanes, Alexis, 
 by Theophrastus iii. 18. 5 as having conjugate elm-like leafets, by Dioscorides, Galen voc. hippoc, 
 the " r6us suriakos " in Geopon. xvi. 8, and " soumakin " by Nicolaus Myrepsicus i. 155: R. coriaria 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and 
 Smyrna ; by Pococke, and rabbi Schwarz, in Palestine ; and the imported berries, used in cookery as 
 well as in medecine, were seen in Egypt by Abd-allatif, Forskal mat. med. p. 150, and Delile. 
 Westward, tli e " rhus " and " rhus syriacum " are mentioned by Celsus, Columella xii. 41, Pliny, 
 and Macer Floridus : R. coriaria is termed " r. folio ulmi " by Tournefort inst. 611 ; was observed 
 by Lenz frequent on the Appenines ; and is known to grow as far as Southern France (Ludw. pi. 122, 
 Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Chlora perfoliata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A gentianaceous plant called in 
 Old English earth-gall or more centory (Askham, and Prior) ; and the KENTAYPION or KENTAY 
 PIHS: KAPPON prescribed by Euryphon 2 morb. 52 to 57 — may be compared : the " kentaurion " 
 is described by Theophrastus iii. 3. 6 to iv. 5. 1. and caus. iii. 1. 3 as barren in the Elean plain but 
 bearing fruit on the neighbouring mountains, growing also in Northern climates, but not in wet 
 ground; the " pedgthronion " according to Nicander ther. 440 to 505 is yellow-flowered; and the 
 " kfintaurion xanthion " is prescribed by Alexander Trallianus viii. 12. 1 1 • C. perfoliata was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. West- 
 ward, the "centaurea major" of Macer Floridus 53 is referred here by Lynacre, who further speaks 
 of its " leves lyke to the lesse centory, but more whyter, and yelowe flowers, and flowreth not but in 
 the top ; " and " eorth geallan " or " curmelle seo mare " occurs in the Anglo-Saxon translation of 
 Apuleius herb. 35 : C. perfoliata is described by M orison ; is termed " centaurium luteum perfoliatum " 
 by Tournefort inst. 123 ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary ; and is known to grow through- 
 out middle Europe as far as Britain (Hall., Engl. bot. pi. 60, and Pers.). Its qualities according to 
 Smith are similar to those of Gentiana and Erythrasa but weaker (Lindl.). 
 
 Salvia pomifera of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of wild sage bearing edible 
 galls and called in Greece " phaskos " or " phaskomelia " (Sibth.) or "alisphakia" (Fraas), in 
 Egyptian " apousi " (Syn. Diosc.) ; and the EAEAIS*AKON prescribed by Euryphon 2 morb. 52, — ■ 
 allied to but having rougher leaves than the "sphakos " according to Theophrastus vi. 1. 4 to 2. 5, growing 
 according to Dioscorides in rugged places, a tallish branchy shrub with whitish leaves, strongly 
 fragrant, may be compared: S. pomifera is termed " s. cretica frutescens pomifera foliis longioribus 
 incanis et crispis " by Tournefort trav. i. pi. 30 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent in rugged sunny places from Crete and the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek 
 islands, and tea made of the leaves ; is known to grow also in Syria (Pers.). Westward, the 
 " Sledisphakon " or " edaphovoskon " or " kiosmin " or " phagnon " or " vehion " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "kosalon" or "salvia" of the Romans; and the "altera bechion " resembling 
 "verbasco " (transl. "phlomis " ?) and by some called "salvia" is enumerated by Pliny xxvi. 17 as 
 medicinal. " S. triloba," termed " s. baccifera" by Tournefort inst. 180 and ■' s. cretica pomifera 
 Clusii flore albo " cor 10, is regarded by Fraas as not distinct. 
 
 Amaracus diclamnus of Crete. Called in English drug-shops dittany of Cnte (Lindl.), in 
 Italian gardens " dittamo cretico " or"dittamo di candia " (Lenz), on Crete " stomatohorton" (Sibth ); 
 in which we recognize the AIKTAMNOS of Euryphon — (Soran. Eph. mul. 22), the Hippocratic 
 writings, Aristotle an. ix. 16, peculiar to Crete and rare there according to Theophrastus ix. 16. 1, 
 mentioned also by Antigonusof Carystus, Andromachus, Damocrates, and known to Virgil, aen. xii. 412, 
 Dioscorides, and Pliny xxv. 53, as growing only on Crete : A. dictamnus is described by Dodoens 
 pi. 2S1 (Spreng.) ; is termed "o. creticum latifolium tomentosum seu dictamnus creticus " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 199; and was observed by Sibthorp only on the rocks of Crete. Imported "dictamnus 
 cretensis " was found by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., employed medicinally in Egypt: farther 
 North, according to Lindley, was "once in much repute among the Greeks and Romans but not 
 now used." 
 
 Iris Florentina of the Mediterranean countries. The imported root is called in Britain orris-root 
 (Lindl.), in Germany " veilchenwurz " (Fraas), and perforated pill-like fragments in Egypt " hab el 
 kei"(Forsk. mat. med.); in which we recognize the I PI*: I A A YP I K H of Euryphon — (Soran. Eph. 
 mul. 22), 2 Mul. morb. 673, Dromo, the only spice according to Theophrastus iv. 5. 2 and ix. 7. 3 
 that Europe produces, growing of the best quality in Illyria and about the Adriatic : " irinon murdn " 
 is mentioned by Cephisodorus ; the fragrant-rooted " iris " is mentioned also by Didymus, Dioscorides, 
 Athenaeus, is prescribed by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta, and the cultivation of '■ iris illurike" is 
 mentioned in geopon. xi. 21 : I. Florentina was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the 
 Peloponnesus to Rhodes. Westward, the "iris" or "iris illurike" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the "rathix marika" or " opertritos " or "konsSkratrix " of the Romans; and the "iris" and 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 291 
 
 "unguentum irinum'' are mentioned by Columella, and Pliny: I. Florentina is described by Lobel 
 pi. 59 ; is termed " i. alba florentina "by Tournefort inst. 358; was observed by Desfontaines in 
 Barbary, by Savi in Italy (Steud.), and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 The root according to Lindley is " subacrid, aromatic, rather bitter," is " employed in the manufacture 
 of tooth-powder," and " to keep up the discharge from issues." 
 
 "415 B. C." (Thucyd. vi. 30, Clair, and Clint.), the statues of Mercury mysteriously mutilated 
 or thrown down at Athens, just as the Athenian fleet sailed for Sicily. 
 
 The metal mercury or quicksilver may have been at this time introduced into Greece : — " kinna- 
 var" (an Indian word according to Pliny) is mentioned by Ctesias, and Anaxandrides, and notwith- 
 standing its alleged discovery by Callias ("90 yrs before Praxibulus = 405, Theophr. lap. 8.) is 
 admitted to be Chinese vermilion: "tiggavari" is mentioned by Diodes the comic poet, and 
 Eustathius ; " arguron huton to move images," by Eubulus, Philippus, Aristotle psych, i. 3, and 
 Themistius ; and " uthrarguros " (a translation of its Chinese name " shwui yin " water-silver), by 
 Plautus, Vitruvius, Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen. Quicksilver is mentioned also by Arab medical 
 writers ; but in the days of Forskal mat. med., "durur ahmar " or " cinnab. nativum " was imported 
 into Egypt from Greece. (See " kinnamSmon," and "minium "). 
 
 "414 B. C." (Clint, ii. p. 87,1=538 — "124 years " of the Egyptian Chronicle), independence 
 recovered by the Egyptians ; their leader AmurtSos or Amurtaios becoming the head of the Twenty- 
 eighth or Saite dynasty. The hieroglyphic ovals of king Amunrut occur on contemporaneous monu- 
 ments (Leps. k. pi. 49). 
 
 As early probably as this date, the "k6n£ion" poison, composed in part of the juice of 
 " mekdnos " and inducing death without pain, invented or made known to the Greeks by Thrasyas 
 of Mantinea. — His pupil Alexias lived shortly before the time of Theophrastus ix. 16.8. The 
 " k6n£ion " poison was employed to put Socrates to death ; is mentioned also by Androcydes, 
 Nicander, and Anaxilaus. 
 
 Oenanthe prolifera of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of hemlock-dropwort : the 
 " konSion " employed by Thrasyas was that of Susa and cool places, — was obtained strongest from 
 the root, and the plant is further alluded to by Theophrastus ix. 8. 3 to 15. 8 and 16. 8 ; is described 
 by Dioscorides as having a great stem and terminal umbels of whitish flowers with " apophusSis " 
 (sprouts or bracts); is identified in the added Synonyms with the "vavathu" of Osthanes, and 
 Egyptian " ap£mphin : " O. prolifera is termed " ce. prolifera apula" by Tournefort inst. 313 ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp in the marshes of Lycia in Asia Minor ; and is known to grow as far as Sicily 
 and the Southern extreme of Italy (Pers.). 
 
 Oenanthe pimpinelloides of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "filipendula aquatica " 
 (Lenz), in Greece "sgarantzi" (Sibth.) ; and the species of Oenanthe being according to Fe"e all 
 dangerous poisons, perhaps included in the " k8n£ion " in question, — produced in the days of 
 Dioscorides in Cilicia, Chios, Crete, and Attica : O. pimpinelloides was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, from Lycia and the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, is termed " ce. apii folio " 
 by Tournefort inst. 312; is known to grow in Carniolia, Italy, and Southern France (Hacq. earn. pi. 
 3, Jacq. austr. pi. 394, Pers., and Lenz). Its " fleshy tubercles " according to Lindley " have 
 occasionally been eaten." 
 
 Oenanthe peucedanifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also having claims to be 
 included in the " k6n£ion " in question, — though the roots " have occasionally been eaten " (Pers., 
 and Lindl.) : observed by Sibthorp in marshes in the Peloponnesus ; by Gmelin, in Siberia (Steud ) ; 
 and Westward, known to grow in Austria and France (Pollich palat. i. pi. 3, Thuil., and Steud.). 
 
 Oenanthe incrassata, observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, and O. virgata by Guerin 
 among maritime rocks there, are other species that have been found in Greece. 
 
 " The same year " (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes having consular power holding the 
 place of consuls ; war with the Aequians, and Bola a city of Latium captured by the Romans. 
 
 " In this or the following year" (Sm. b. d.), Perdiccas II. succeeded by Archel us, now twelfth 
 king of Macedonia. 
 
 "413, August 27th, Monday" (Thucyd., Blair, and Clint.), eclipse of the moon, "about thirteen 
 digits," beginning at Syracuse " 8 h. 27 m. 27 s. p.m. ; " and causing the loss in Sicily of the terrified 
 Athenian army under Nicias. 
 
 Some days later at Athens (Aristot., Athen., and Clint.), exhibition of parody by its inventor the 
 comic poet Hegemon : news arriving of the disaster in Sicily, the Athenians kept their seats. 
 
 "412 B. C." (Thucyd. viii. 12 to 17, and Clint.), Alcibiades sent by the Spartans into Asia, and 
 the first treatv between them and the Persians. 
 
 "411 B. C." (Thucyd. viii. 12 to 17, and Clint), constitution of the " Four hundred," devised by 
 Antiphon, and adopted at Athens. After ruling "four months," the " Four hundred " resigned ; and 
 before the close of the year, Antiphon was put to death. The historical writings of his pupil 
 Thucydides, close with the " autumn of this year." 
 
292 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "410 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Aemilius Mamercinus and C. Valerius Potitus Volusus 
 consuls, an agrarian law proposed by M. Maenius tribune of the people. 
 
 •'409 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Cn. Cornelius Cossus and L. Furius Medullinus consuls; 
 plebeians for the first time quaestors, three of the four. 
 
 " In the same year" (Blair), the Carthaginians after entering Sicily and destroying Selinus and 
 Himera, repulsed by the Syracusan general Hermocrates. 
 
 " 408 B. C." (Clint, ii. p. 87 = 414 — " 6 years " of both Maneth. tables, erased in this place in 
 the Egyptian Chronicle), Amurteos succeeded by Nephe'rites, head of the Twenty-ninth or Mendesian 
 dynasty. NepheVites is historically mentioned by Diodorus xiv. 79 : and the hieroglyphic ovals of 
 king Naifaurut occur at Medinet-Abu, and on a sphynx now in Paris (Glid. analect., and Leps. 
 k. pi. 50). 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), at Athens, exhibition of the tragedy of Orestes by Euripides. The 
 pronunciation of the 269th line by the actor Hegelochus, was ridiculed by the comic poets Plato, 
 Aristophanes, Sannyrion, and Strattis. 
 
 The TPQTE^ of Strattis — is referred by Photius to the "theria in ospriois " or pea-bug, 
 Bruchus pisi ; an insect mentioned also by Theophrastus : and brought by European colonists to 
 Northeast America, where it has multiplied and caused much damage. 
 
 Doronicum pardalianch.es of mountains in Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A com- 
 posite plant called in Germany "gemswurz " (Fraas), in Greece '' skorpithi " (Sibth.) ; in which we 
 recognize the " skorpion " identified by Theophrastus with the " theluphonon," and through Syn. 
 Diosc. iv. 78 with the KAMMOPQ of Strattis, — and " akoniton " of Dioscorides : the "thelu- 
 phonon" is described by Theophrastus ix. 18. 2 as growing in shaded situations, and geniculate in 
 the manner of " agrostis : " the "akoniton" according to Dioscorides has roughish " siku6 "-like 
 leaves, is mixed in soothing applications for the eyes, and in the added Synonyms is further identified 
 with the " parthaliaghSs : " the " darunaj " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar as growing on the mountains 
 near Bairut ; D. pardalianches was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in moist 
 shaded situations on mountains from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor ; and "doronicum " root was 
 found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the account of the "thely- 
 phonon " called "scorpion," or " aconiton " called " pardalianches " by Pliny xxv. 75 to xxvii. 2, 
 seems chiefly taken from the Greek : D. pardalianches is described by Dodoens pi. 437, and Gerarde 
 621 ; is termed " d. maximum foliis caulem amplexantibus " by Tournefort inst. 488; is known to 
 grow wild on the mountains of Italy and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 350, and Pers.), but in Hol- 
 land, Britain, and Denmark, seems only naturalized (Wats., Fries, and A. Dec). Is enumerated by 
 Lindley as "reported to be -a poisonous plant." (See Marsdenia erecta.) 
 
 Delphinium peregrinuut of the Mediterranean countries. A species of larkspur called in Greece 
 " linarithra " (Sibth.) : the plant in question — is perhaps the " kamaros " or " paraUisis," identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. iii. 77 with the " thelphinion ; " growing according to Dioscorides in rugged sunny places, 
 its leaves divided, flower like that of "ISukoio " (Viola canina) and purplish, pods containing millet- 
 like seeds employed against scorpion stings, and referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : D. pere- 
 grinum was observed by them in the situations described by Dioscorides frequent throuo-hout 
 Greece and the Greek islands ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; is known to grow 
 also in Palestine (Pers.). Westward, the " thelphinion " or " thelphinias " or " uakinthos " is identi- 
 fied in Syn. Diosc. with the "voukinos minor" of the Romans; D. peregrinum is described by 
 Morison xii. 4 ; is termed " d. latifolium parvo flore " by Tournefort inst. 426 ; and is known to <row 
 from Malta and Sicily as far as France (Allion. pi. 25, and Pers.). 
 
 Salvia sclarea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain clary or seebright, trans- 
 lated by apothecaries " Godes-eie " or " oculus Christi " (Prior): the QKIMON leaves of Strattis, 
 — "6kim6n" or " 6kum6n " of Eubulus, Polemon diaet. ii. 25, Philistion, Plistonicus, Diodotus, and 
 Athenaeus ii. p. 68, a cultivated potherb according to Theophrastus vii. 1. 2 to caus. v. 7. 2 flowering 
 from below upward and having a long woody root, woody stem, and degenerating into erpullos," may 
 be compared: the " ocimum " is regarded by Chrysippus as unfit for food and not clarifying the 
 eyes (Plin. xx. 48) ; weakens the sight according to Dioscorides if eaten copiously but the juice clari- 
 fies the eyes, eaten also in Libya ; is mentioned by Galen ; is identified by Serapion with the "bade- 
 rudsch" (Spreng.), and the " badsarudsch " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : S. sclarea was observed 
 by Sibthorp in cultivated ground in Bithynia ; is known to occur also in Syria (Pers.). Westward, 
 the "ocimum" is mentioned as cultivated in Italy by Cato, Varro, Sabinus Tiro, Persius, Columella, 
 Pliny, Palladius, its flowers according to Gargilius Martial purple or rose-coloured or sometimes 
 white: the " sclareia " is mentioned in the capitularia of Charlemagne, and by Walafridus Strabus 
 p. 225 (Spreng.) : S. sclarea is described by Lobel pi. 556 ; is termed " sclarea " by Tournefort inst. 
 179; is known to occur in Italy (Pers.); is cultivated throughout middle Europe, and eye-salves 
 made of it are mentioned by Gerarde p. 627, and Prior. (For " silvestri ocimo " or " agrios vasilikos " 
 or wild clary see S. verbenaca.) 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 293 
 
 "407 B. C." (Sra. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls. Expiration of 
 the "twenty years " truce with Veii (the reckoning therefore in old Roman years of ten months). 
 
 About this time (Clint.), improvements in music by the Greek poet Timotheus. 
 
 "In this year" (Xenoph., and Clint.), Cyrus the younger sent to the coast of Asia Minor, to 
 command on the sea and co-operate with the Spartans. 
 
 Ranunculus Asiaticus of the East Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. The garden 
 ranunculus is called in Japan " tagaras " or " dobusesi " or " kimpoge " (Thumb.), in Persian 
 "kabikej" (Avicenn., and Ebn Bait.), in Egypt "zaphyl" (Clot-Bey), on Cyprus "agrio selinon" 
 (Sibth.), in which we recognise the "selinon agrion" identified through Syn. Diosc. with the BAT PA 
 XJ N prescribed in Nat. mul. 29, — and 1 Morb. mul. 108, described by Dioscorides as a cubit 
 high, growing along rills, its leaves coriander-like, and flowers yellow or sometimes " porphuroun : " 
 R. Asiaticus is termed " r. grumosa radice flore phceniceo minimo simplici " by Tournefort inst. 287 ; 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor and Cyprus, 
 its flowers yellow or sometimes scarlet ; by Thunberg, frequent along ditches in Japan ; by Clot-Bey, 
 in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the " batrachium " is described by Scribonius Largus 174 as 
 ulcerating, and is identified by Pliny xxv. 109 with the " ranunculum " of the Romans, his account 
 being chiefly taken from Dioscorides : R. Asiaticus is well known as a garden-flower throughout 
 Europe. And by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under 
 cultivation. 
 
 Delphinium staphisagria of the Mediterranean countries. A species of larkspur called in 
 Greece "agria staphitha" (Sibth.), in Egyptian " ivesaoithe " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize 
 the ST A* 15: A T P I A of Nat. mul. 584, — Nicander ther. 943, having upright stems according to 
 Dioscorides, incised leaves like those of " ampglou agrias," green follicles containing blackish trigonal 
 acrid seeds that excite vomiting, the bruised plant applied against " phth&iriasgis : " D. staphisagria 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent about villages from Crete to the Peloponnesus 
 and Euboea. Westward, the " staphis agria " or " astaphis " or " phthSirion " or " phthgiroktonon " 
 or " apanthr6pon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " grva pfithikoularia '' of the Romans ; the 
 "herba pedicularis " is mentioned by Columella vi. 30. 8, the " pedicularia " or "staphis agria" by 
 Scribonius Largus 166, and the "astaphis agria" or " staphis " by Pliny xxiii. 13 : D. staphisagria is 
 described by Lobel adv. 306, and Dalechamp p. 1609 ; is termed " d. platani folia staphisagria dic- 
 tum" by Tournefort inst. 428 ; was observed by Tenore in Italy (Steud.) ; and is known to occur 
 in "waste places" in other parts of Southern Europe, and as far as the Canary Islands (Pers., and 
 Lindl.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed under cultivation 
 there by Bojer. The seeds according to Lindley " are emetic drastic and inflammatory, never used 
 internally," but chiefly for " destroying pediculi in the head." 
 
 Iberis se/nperjlorens of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Egyptian 
 " souitSmpson " (Syn. Diosc.) in Italy " thlaspi " (Targ.), in which we recognize the QAASPI of 
 Nat. mul. 29, — growing according to Dioscorides on walls and along pathways, a little herb with 
 whitish flowers, fruit flattened from the summit and containing small discoidal " entSthlasmSnon " 
 seed ; also mentioned by Galen, and Paulus of Aegina : a species of Iberis was observed by Forskal 
 on Imros ; I. semperflorens is described by Linnaeus, and is known to grow in Persia (Pers.). West- 
 ward, the " thlaspi " or " thlaspithion " or " muoptfron " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " kap- 
 sSllam " or " skanthoulakioum " or " pSthgm gallinakSoum " of the Romans ; but the account by 
 Pliny xxvii. 113 of the "thlaspi " seems taken from Dioscorides : I. semperflorens is known to occur 
 on Sicily (Pers.). 
 
 Iberis sempervirens of the Mediterranean countries. Also called in Italy " thlaspi " (Targ.), 
 and possibly the " thlaspi " in question, — especially as two Cappadocian kinds are mentioned by 
 Galen (Spreng.) : I. sempervirens is described by Rivinus tetr. pi. 224; is termed "thlaspi mon- 
 tanum sempervirens" by Tournefort inst. 213, " i. garrexiana var." by Allioni, "i saxatilis var." by 
 Lamarck fl. fr. (Steud.) ; is known to grow in Southern France, Italy, and Crete (Pers.) ; was 
 observed on the mountains of Crete by Sibthorp. 
 
 Sempcrvivum arboreum of the Mediterranean countries. A woody-stemmed houseleek called 
 on Corcyra " anastasian," on Chios " amaranton " (Anguill.), by the prophets " parfinuhia " or 
 "hrusitis," in Egyptian "pamphanes" (Syn. Diosc): the KP1NAN9EAAON growing on houses 
 and prescribed in Nat. mul. 29 — maybe compared; also the "aizoon" in whose juice all seeds 
 according to Democritus should be soaked (Plin. xviii. 45), growing according to Theophrastus vii. 
 15. 2 on the ground as well as on walls and places on roofs where sandy soil collects, and having 
 smooth fleshy leaves always green : the "aJizdon to mega " of Dioscorides having stems a cubit or 
 more high, growing in mountainous situations and planted in vases upon roofs, is referred here by 
 writers: S. arboreum was observed by Sibthorp on walls and among rubbish on Cyprus. West- 
 ward, the "aeizoonto mega" or "agithaleV'or " zdophthalmon " or "aidnion" or " stergethron " is 
 
294 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " keriokousia " or " southe'mmour " or " iovis kaulis " of the 
 Romans; is called "stergethron " according to Pliny xxv. 102 because "amatoriis conveniat," and 
 "hypogeson" from growing "in subgrundiis fere" almost in the eaves, is further identified with 
 the "sedum magnum" or "oculum" or "digitellum" of the Italians : S. arboreum is described by 
 Anguillara 276 (Spreng.) ; is termed " sedum majus arborescens " by Tournefort inst. 262 ; and is 
 known to grow in Barbary and Portugal (Pers.). 
 
 Cachrys lavigata of the West Mediterranean countries. A fennel-like plant called in France 
 smooth-fruited " armarinte " (Fe"e), by the prophets " thumarnolion," in Egyptian " sampsSs " (Syn. 
 Diosc); not observed by modern travellers in Greece, but the I P P OM A P A6 PO N prescribed 
 in Nat. mul. 572, — r Morb. mul. 73, Steril. 13, Micton, Nicander, Petrichus, ferulaceous and having 
 a furrowed stem according to Theophrastus vi. 1. 4, identified by Dioscorides with "marathron 
 agrion " having a fragrant root and " kahrui "-like seed, and according to Galen fac. simpl. vii. p. 68 
 taller than the "marathron," is referred here by Anguillara, and Honorius Bellus (Spreng.). Westward, 
 the " ippomarathron " or " marathis " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the '• sistramfior " of the Gauls, 
 and "m£6um" or "phainikouloum Srratikoum" or "ph. ekouinoum" of the Romans; is mentioned 
 by Strabo xvii. p. 641; as growing in Mauritania; by Pliny xx. 96 as a "silvestre" kind of "foeni- 
 culum " by some called " myrsineum," growing in warm stony places : C. laevigata is described by 
 Anguillara p. 124, and Morison umb. 63. pi. 3 ; was observed by Allioni in Southern France, by 
 Desfontaines i. p. 250 in Algeria ; is known to grow also in Italy and Spain (Pers.). 
 
 Peucedanum officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sulphur- 
 wort or hog's fennel (Prior), in Germany "haarstrang," in Italy " finocchio porcino" or " peucedano " 
 (Lenz), by the prophets "agathos thaim6n " or " pinasggloum '' (Syn. Diosc); in which we recog- 
 nize the pEYKEAANON of Nat. mul. 29, — Superfcet. 19, 2 Morb. mul. 81, Theophrastus ix. 
 T4. 1 to 20. 2, Nicander ther. 76, having according to Dioscorides a fennel-like stem, flowers yellow, 
 and root full of juice : P. officinale was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; 
 and is known to grow in Siberia (Gmel. i. pi. 41). Westward, the " pe'ukethanos " is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " satariam " of the Romans: the "peucedanum" and its medicinal uses are 
 mentioned by Pliny: P. officinale is described by Gerarde p. 1053, and Bauhin hist. iii. p. 376: is 
 termed "p. germanicum '' by Tournefort inst. 318; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near 
 Marseilles; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1767, 
 Steud., and Lindl.). The inspissated "juice of the root " according to Lindley "is reputed anti- 
 spasmodic and diuretic." 
 
 Crithmum maritimum of the sea-cliffs along the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Britain. 
 Called in Britain samphire, in old English "sampire" or " sampier," in France "Saint Pierre," 
 in Italy "herba di San Pietro" or " sampetra '' from the fisherman saint (Prior) or "finocchio 
 marino " (Lenz), in Greece " almura " (Fraas) or "kretamon '' (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the 
 KPH6M0N of Nat. mul. 20, — Morb. mul., and the " krithmon " or " kritamon " growing 
 according to Dioscorides in rocky maritime situations, white-flowered, and eaten either crude or 
 cooked : C. maritimum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard. and Fraas, along the seashore 
 from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the "crethmo" commended by Hippocrates 
 is enumerated as esculent by Pliny xxvi. 50 and 90: C. maritimum is described by Pandulf. Col- 
 lenuccius, and Brunfels i. p. 187 (Spreng.); is termed " c. sive foeniculum maritimum minus" by 
 Tournefort inst. 317; was observed by Forskal on Malta and near Marseilles, by Lenz in Italy; 
 and is known to grow along the Atlantic seashore as far as Britain (Shakspeare, and Pers.). 
 
 Echinophora spinosa of the Mediterranean seashore. A prickly Umbelliferous plant: the 
 TPIBOAON : PAPA6AAAS5I0N prescribed in Nat. mul. p. 552, — and 1 Morb. mul. 106, is re- 
 ferred here by Dalechamp 1367 (Spreng.) : E. spinosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna. Westward, is termed " e. maritima spinosa" by Tournefort 
 inst. 656; has been found in some instances beyond the Straits along the Atlantic seashore (Cav. 
 ii. pi. 127, and Pers.), but is not known to be employed medicinally. 
 
 Anthemi* rosea of the East Mediterranean countries. A purple-flowered may-weed or " may- 
 denwede" called on Cyprus "papouni " (from the Arabic name of camomile "babunaj"); in which 
 we recognize the "anth£mis porphuranth£s " identified through Dioscorides with the HPANeEAAON 
 prescribed in Nat. mul. 570: — the account of the "eranthemum" by Pliny xxii. 26 seems taken 
 from Dioscorides, but the " chamaemelum purpureum " is mentioned by Nicolaus Myrepsus i. 44 p. 
 42 (Spreng.) : A. rosea is described by Sibthorp, and was observed by him frequent on the dry hills 
 of Cyprus. 
 
 Anthemis chia of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called on Cyprus "papouni " (Sibth.), 
 but in Attica "armegka" (Fraas); in which we recognize the AN0EAAON: XAfiPON that 
 maybe substituted according to Nat. mul. 570:— the "anthgmon" is described by Theophrastus 
 vii. 14. 2 as flowering from above downwards, the flowers white around with the centre "hldron" 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 295 
 
 greenish-yellow; the "anthSmis" is celebrated by Asclepiades (Plin.) ; the "anthSmis lgukanthg- 
 mon " is one of the three kinds enumerated by Dioscorides, collected in the Spring; and the account 
 of the '■ leucanthemum " or " leucanthemida " by Pliny xxii. 26 seems taken from the Greek : A. Chia 
 is termed " chamaemelum chium vernum folio crassiore flore magno " by Tournefort cor. 37 ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from Attica throughout the Greek islands to Cyprus, 
 flowering at the opening of Spring; by Gussone, frequent also at the Southern extreme of Italy 
 (A. Dec). 
 
 Anthemis discoidea of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly included in the "anthSmon 
 hloron " of Nat. mul. 570 : — the "anthgmon aphullanthe's " is enumerated by Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 
 as having radical leaves; and the third or "hrusanthSmon" kind with flowers entirely yellow accord- 
 ing to Dioscorides is like the preceding more powerfully diuretic than the purple-flowered kind : 
 A. discoidea having the lower leaves pinnate was observed by Forskal 356 in the environs of Con- 
 stantinople (Steud.), and by Sibthorp on mount Parnassus; is termed " chamaemelum discoideum" 
 by Allioni 681, and is known to grow as far as Italy (Pers.). "A. monantha" or " coarctata," de- 
 veloping short yellow rays, known to grow in Tauria (Pers., and Bieb.), and observed by Sibthorp 
 near Smyrna, is regarded by him as probably not distinct. 
 
 Matricaria suaveolens of the Mediterranean countries. A fragrant kind of may-weed; and the 
 "hamaimelon," named according to Syn. Diosc. iii. 144 from its apple or quince-like odour, and 
 identified by Galen with the EYAN6EM0N of Nat. mul. — and 1 Morb. mul. 106: M. suaveolens 
 was observed by Bory in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the "hamaimelon" or " mSlanthSmon" is 
 further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "astertiphe" apple herb of the Numidians, and "malioum" 
 of the Romans: M. suaveolens is described by Linnaeus; is known to grow in Western Europe 
 (Pers.), its calyx- scales pointed, and flowers according to Smith half as large as in M. chamomilla, 
 but is regarded by Chaubard, as perhaps not distinct. 
 
 Matricaria chamomilla of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A fetid kind of may-weed 
 called in Britain maghet (Prior), in Germany " chamille," in Italy " camamilla " or " camomilla " 
 (Lenz), in Greece "hamomel£a" (Fraas) or "hamomela" (Sibth.) ; and possibly the "£uanthSmon" 
 in question, — clearly the " hamaimelon " identified through Syn. Diosc. with the " parthSnion 
 mikrophullon " of Ulc. 10, or the Hippocratic "parth£nion" identified by Galen with the "amara- 
 kon " or "anthSmis:" the "parthSnion" is described by Dioscorides as having a rankish odour 
 and bitter taste, slender coriander-like leaves, flowers white with the centre yellow, and a decoction 
 employed against inflammations of the matrix: M. chamomilla was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, abounding from the Peloponnesus to the Dardanelles ; by Hasselquist, in Palestine ; 
 and by Delile, near Rosetta on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the " parthSnion " 
 or "amarakon" or "anthemis" or " l£ukanth6mon " or "hrusokalis" or " mSlavathron " or "anthos 
 pSthinon" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " thamakth " of the Numidians, "kautan'' 
 of the Tuscans, and " millfpholioum " or " s61is 6k6uloum " of the Romans ; and the " parthenium " 
 or "amnacum" or "leucanthes" is described by Pliny xxi. 104 as growing in garden hedges: M. 
 chamomilla is described by Lobel obs. 455 ; is termed " chamaemelum vulgare leucanthemum Dio- 
 scoridis" by Tournefort inst. 494; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur 
 along roadsides and in waste and cultivated ground as far as Denmark (fl. Dan., Lam. fl. fr., and 
 Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Southeast Australia, where it has become naturalized, 
 spreading far inland (Corder, and A. Dec). " M. suaveolens" of Pallas is enumerated by Steudel 
 as not distinct. (See Pyrethrum parthenium). 
 
 Carthamus Creticus of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle-like plant; and the KNI 
 KON prescribed in Nat. mul. 29, — 3 Morb. 31, Popular, vii. 39, drink from by Hippocrates vict. 
 acut. 30, and enumerated as esculent and laxative by Polemon diaet. ii. 27, may be compared : the 
 " knekos " is mentioned by Anaxandrides (Athen.) ; by Theophrastus i. 13. 3 to vi. 4. 5 and caus. v. 
 18. 4 as thorny-leaved and single-stemmed, its seeds stony and having pappus " p6g6n6spSrmata," 
 and is termed " emSros ; " the " knikos " by Dioscorides as two cubits high with a flower " krokd 
 omoion " which is eaten, and the juice of the seeds laxative and mixed in cakes : C. Creticus is 
 termed " atractylis flore citrino " by Vaillant ; and was received by Linnaeus sp. pi. (not syst. nat.) 
 from Crete (J. E. Smith in Sibth. fl. gr. ii. 161). 
 
 Thymus incanus of the East Mediterranean countries. A hoary species of thyme called in 
 Greece " asprovalsamo " (Fraas); and the EAENION prescribed in Nat. mul. 572, — coronary 
 according to Theophrastus vi. I. I to 7. 4, fragrant in all its parts, shrubby and small-leaved with a 
 superficial multifid root, mentioned also by Nicander fr , named from Helen according to Pliny xxi. 
 33 and growing of the best quality on Helena Island (near the shore of Attica), is referred here by 
 Fraas : T. incanus is termed " calamintha orientalis annua ocymi folio flore minimo " by Tournefort 
 cor. 12 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and 
 Attica throughout the Greek islands. (See Lithospermum callosum.) 
 
296 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Ulva lactuca of the seacoast along the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic. A 
 marine /aver called in Germany " meersalat " (Lenz) ; and the BPYON: eAAASSION prescribed 
 in Nat. mul. 570, —growing on stones and shells according to Theophrastus iv. 6. 2 to 6, grassy 
 green, broad and not unlike lettuce, described by Dioscorides as thin and stemless and employed as 
 an astringent medicinally, is referred here by writers: U. lactuca is termed " f . creticus lactucae- 
 folius " by Tournefort (Bory) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, in harbours and sea-water pools 
 from the Peloponnesus to the Bosphorus ; and by Delile, at Alexandria. Westward, the " vruon 
 thalassion " or " vallaris " or " irane " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " gnfimousillon " of the 
 Romans; the " bryon marinum " according to Pliny xxvii. 33 is clearly an herb, the leaves arising 
 "ab ima radice," and he mentions additional medical uses : U. lactuca is described by Dillenius 42 
 pi. 8 ; and is known to grow around Italy (Lenz), and along the Atlantic as far as Britain, employed 
 there against scrofula, and from its bitter and salt taste sometimes mixed in salads (Engl. bot. pi. 
 1551, and Spreng.). 
 
 "406 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls. Anxur or Tar- 
 racina, a city of Latium, captured from the Volscians by the Romans and war declared against Veii. 
 For the first time, pay decreed by the senate to Roman soldiers. 
 
 "December" (Plut, and Clint.), death of Euripides. At Syracuse on the "same day," the 
 government seized by Dionysius : who besides opposing the Carthaginian invaders of Sicily, wrote 
 poetry; and during "thirty-eight" years reign, obtained several "second and third prizes of tragedy 
 at Athens." 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Callias archon at Athens. He appears to be the Callias who "90 
 years before the archon Praxibulus" (=315 + 90) discovered " minium" (Theophr.) ; a mineral pig- 
 ment at this time found in Spain — (Plin. xxxiii. 37) : the addition to the Second book of the Iliad 
 637 in which " miltopareos " red-prowed ships are spoken of, possibly not older than this date. The 
 face of the image of Jupiter at Rome was covered with " minium " as early at least as the triumph of 
 Camillus, and to the time of Pliny xxxiii. 40 the pigment continued to be brought exclusively from 
 Spain (from the mine afterwards worked for quicksilver). 
 
 " In the reign of Darius II." (Julian ep. 37 p. 413, and Clint.), Democritus visiting Persia and 
 Egypt. 
 
 Hrfianthemum vitlgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in old British 
 herbals sunflower (Prior); in which we recognize the " heliocallidem " or " helianthes " growing 
 according to Democritus in Pontus and on the maritime mountains of Cilicia, myrtle-leaved, and 
 mixed in ointment by the Magians and Persian kings — (Plin. xxiv. 102) : H. vulgare was observed 
 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, 
 is described by Matthioli comm. 546 (Spreng.) ; is termed "h. vulgare flore luteo " by Tournefort 
 inst. 248, " h. chamaecistus " by Miller ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia ; and is known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Crantz, fl. Dan. pi. 101, and Pers.). 
 
 Caucalis maritima of the Mediterranean seashore. A carrot-like plant called in Greece " cafca- 
 lithra " or "kaukalitha" (Belon, and Hon. Bell.), in Egyptian " s£s£]is " (Syn. Diosc); in which 
 we recognize the " kaukalis " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the BPION of Democritus: — the 
 " kaukalis " is enumerated among potherbs by Theophrastus vii. 7. 1, and Chrysippus, is described 
 by Dioscorides as a span or more high, leaves " selind "-like, the upper ones more divided and hairy, 
 white fragrant umbels, the plant eaten either crude or cooked and diuretic ; is enumerated by Pliny 
 xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt ; and is termed a " lahanon almuron " by the scholiast of 
 Nicander (Spreng.): C. maritimus was observed by Belon, and Honorius Bellus (append. Clus. 301), 
 eaten in salads in Greece ; by Sibthorp, growing on the sandy shore of Cimolus Island ; and by Delile, 
 near Alexandria. Westward, the "kaukalis " or "kaukon " or " thaukon agrion" or "muitis " is further 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " pgthSm gallinakeoum " or " pSthSm poulli " of the Romans ; they 
 who eat " capnon " herb (by some read ■' caucon ") " bilem per urinam reddunt " according to Pliny 
 xxvi. 19: C. maritima is termed " c. pumila maritima" by Tournefort inst. 323; was observed by 
 Gerard gall pi. 10 on the Mediterranean shore of France ; is known to grow also as far as Barbary 
 and Spain (Gouan, Cav. ii. pi. 10, and Pers.). An allied species is called lien's foot in Britain 
 (Prior). 
 
 Ranunculus Orien talis of the East Mediterranean countries. The BATPAXION called XPY£ 
 A N G EM N golden-flowered, only two palms high and having leaves like i. E A I N fl and larger, enu- 
 merated among signs of subterranean water by Democritus — (geopon. ii. 6), maybe compared : 
 R. Orientalis was received from the East by Linnaeus (Pers.) ; and was observed by Chaubard on the 
 Greek islands. 
 
 Convolvulus Sibthorpi of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of bimhveed with leaves 
 " cordato-hastatis pilosis basi angulatis " (Sibth ) ; and the AAAAAK0KIS50S twining around 
 reeds and whatever it gets hold of, enumerated among signs of subterranean water by Democritus — 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 297 
 
 (geopon. ii. 6), may be compared : C. Sibthorpi is termed " c. graecus sagittae foliis flore albo " by 
 Tournefort cor. 1 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus throughout the 
 Greek islands to Samos, but only in hedges, vineyards, and cultivated ground ; is identified by Bory 
 with the " C. hirsutus " of Bieberstein, occurring probably as far as Caucasus. 
 
 Calystegia sepium of Temperate climates. Called in Britain hedge-bells or larger bindweed 
 (Prior), in France " Iiseron des haies " (Fee), in Germany " zaunwinde," in Italy " campanelle " or 
 " vilucchio maggiore " or " smilace liscia " (Lenz), in Greece " penplokathi " (Sibth.), and possibly 
 the "malakokissos" in question ; — clearly the "smilax leia" of Dioscorides having " kissS "-like 
 leaves but " malakdtera " as well as smoother and thinner, its circular white flowers distributed 
 throughout the plant which twines around trees and is formed into arbours : C. sepium was observed 
 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in hedges from Attica to Smyrna ; is known to grow from Kasan 
 in Russia to Caucasus, the Altaian mountains and Daouria (Ledeb.). Westward, the " convolvulum " 
 is described by Pliny xxi. 11 as an herb growing in bushy places and bearing a lily-like flower, scent- 
 less and devoid of saffron, as though nature was learning to make lilies : C. sepium is described by 
 Fuchsius 719 (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. major albus " by Tournefort inst. 82 ; was observed by Munby 
 in Algeria, by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 458, Pers., and 
 Fries). Farther West, is known to grow on the Azores Islands (Wats.), on Newfoundland and along 
 the St. Lawrence (herb. Dec, and Lindl.), to the Saskatchawan (Hook.) ; was in New England before 
 1669, as appears from Josselyn rar p. 58 " briony of Peru we call it though its grown hear, or rather 
 scammony ; " was observed by myself in New England, as well as within reach of the Pacific tide in 
 San Francisco Bay. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to grow in Peru (fl. Per. ii. p. 10); was 
 observed by Poeppig in Chili ; by J. D. Hooker on the Chonos archipelago ; by R. Brown, in Aus- 
 tralia and Tasmania ; by myself, indigenous in Australia and New Zealand. Clearly by European 
 colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed by Bojer under cultivation 
 only; and to Java (Burmann, see A. Dec). The root according to Lindley is "purgative like scam- 
 mony but much less active " 
 
 Salvia aethiopis of the Mediterranean countries. The "aethiopida" growing according to 
 Democritus at Meroe and hence called "meroida," — believed by the Magians to open by contact 
 everything closed (Plin. xxiv. 102 and xxvi. 9), growing according to Dioscorides in Messenia and 
 on Ida and having shaggy "phlom5 "-like leaves around the base of its quadrangular stem, is referred 
 here by Matthioli and others : S. aethiopis was observed by Sibthorp around Athens and by the 
 roadside near Smyrna. Westward, is brought according to Pliny xxvii. 1 to 3 of fine quality from 
 Aethiopia : S. aethiopis is termed "sclarea vulgaris lanuginosa amplissimo folio" by Tournefort 
 inst. 179; is known to grow on the African side of the Mediterranean and as far as France and 
 Austria, the lip of the corolla cohering and forming a sack (J acq. austr. pi. 211, and Pers.). 
 
 Schoenus mucronatus of the Mediterranean seashore. A Cyperoid plant called in Egypt " saeaed " 
 (Forsk.) ; and the SXOINOYS by some called OAOSXOINOYS enumerated among signs 
 of subterranean water by Democritus — (Geopon. ii. 6), mentioned also by Aeschines, and Aristippus 
 (D. Laert), may be compared : the " oloshoinos " of Dioscorides iv. 52 has radical leaves and 
 terminal inflorescence : but S. mucronatus appears to be a maritime species, was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, in the sand of the seashore from the Peloponnesus to Crete ; by Alpinus, Forskal 
 p. 15, and Delile, along the Mediterranean shore of Egypt ; and is termed " cyperus aegyptiacus " by 
 Gloxin pi 3 (Pers.). Westward, is described by Morison iii. pi. 9: is termed "scirpus maritimus 
 capite glomerato " by Tournefort inst. 528 ; and is known to grow along the seashore of the West 
 Mediterranean countries as far as Morocco (Schousb. ii. 28). 
 
 Eqiiisetum arvense of Northern climates. Called in Britain horsetail (Ainsw.), in Germany 
 " schafthalm," in Italy "coda di cavallo " or "coda equina" (Lenz); in which we recognize the 
 I p p O Y P I ^ enumerated among signs of subterranean water by Democritus, and described as 
 resembling a horse's tail, its stem more slender at the root than above, hollow and divided into joints 
 from which arise hair-like leaves — (geopon. ii. 6) : E. arvense was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, 
 in moist open situations from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the " hippuris "of the 
 Greeks is identified by Pliny xviii. 67 and xxvi. 83 with the " equisetum in pratis vituperata : " 
 E. arvense is termed " e. a. longioribus setis " by Tournefort inst. 533 ; was observed by Lenz 
 frequent in Italy; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe (Curt. lond. iv. 
 pi. 64). Farther West, is known to grow on Madeira (herb. A. N. S.) ; was observed by Drummond 
 in Lat. 54 at Cumberland House ; by myself, along the Atlantic as far South as Lat. 42°, and by 
 Barton to 40 near Philadelphia. 
 
 Equisetum ephedrioides of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the "ippouris " of Democri- 
 tus ; — at least, agreeing better with the Egyptian " ph£rphra " identified in Syn. Diosc. iv. 44 with 
 the "kronou trophe " of the prophets : E. ephedrioides was observed by Bory pi. 37 in the Pelopon- 
 nesus ; by Bov^ in the Sinai Desert ; and Westward, is known to grow in Algeria and Spain as far as 
 the Garonne (Bory). 3 8 
 
298 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "405 B. C." (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 381), Darius II. succeeded by Artaxerxes II. 
 Mnemon, tenth Persian emperor. 
 
 "In the autumn" (Xenoph., Blair, and Clint.), Nineteenth change in naval dominion. The 
 Athenians defeated by Lysander in naval combat at Aegospotamos ; and the " Empire " over the 
 Eastern waters of the Mediterranean transferred to the Spartans. 
 
 " The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), in Sicily, Agrigentum devastated by the Carthaginians ; 
 the temple there to Jupiter being unfinished. —Remains of the "almost destroyed" temple continue 
 extant. 
 
 By Clidemus (Aristot. meteor, ii. 9), lightning regarded as having no real existence ; as an effect 
 only, like striking the sea with a rod. 
 
 "404, in the spring" (Xenoph., Blair, and Clint.), Athens captured by the Spartans under 
 Lysander ; the Peloponnesian war thus ending in Spartan ascendancy. Athens now placed under the 
 " Thirty; " who ruled " eight months." 
 
 " On the nones of June "(.... Cic. rep. i. 16, and Sm. b. d.), eclipse of the sun. Recorded 
 in the Annales Maximi. 
 
 "403 B. C." ( . . . . Clint.), archonship of Euclides, " a marked epoch in the civil history of 
 Athens." After the deposition of the "Thirty," Thrasybulus and his party carrying on war against 
 the succeeding government of the " Ten." 
 
 402 B. C. (=424 — "22 years" in the Mahavamsa v.), the sons of Calasoka succeeded by 
 Uggasenah-Nandeya, now Hindu king, — afterwards by Panducah-Nandeya, Panducagaty-Nandeya, 
 Bupala-Nandeya, Rattepale-Nandeya, Govisanah-Nandeya, and Dasesittica Nandeya. 
 
 In this year (r= 40S — "6 years " of both Maneth. tables), in Egypt, N£ph£rites succeeded by 
 Ahoris, second king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty. Ah6ris is historically mentioned by Theopompus, 
 and Diodorus. The hieroglyphic ovals of king Hakor occur at Shayl, and on stone fragments at 
 Karnak (Glid. analect.) ; also on repaired portions of the temples at Medinet-abu and El Kab, in the 
 quarries at Tura, and on a sphinx (now in Paris). 
 
 " In this year " (Lysias, Suid., Eudox., and Sm. b. d.) at Athens, a prize for comedy gained by 
 Cephisodorus. 
 
 " 401 B. C. = 1st year of Ngan-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 The same year = " 2d year of Hakor," inscribed at Tura ; the latest date in his reign found on 
 the monuments. " Thirteen " years are however assigned to him in both the Maneth. tables. 
 
 Moringa aptera of Nubia and Tropical Arabia. The oil called in commerce oil-of-ben, in Egypt 
 " habbet el-ghaly " (Del.) or "hobba gali " (Forsk. mat. med.), being remarkable for not turning 
 rancid (Pers., and Spreng.), may have been the kind used in compounding precious ointment called 
 in Egyptian " sojfin " (transl. Sept.): the £ ATA AN Egyptian ointment of Epilycus, — and 
 Eubulus (Athen. xvii. 13), may be compared: the "valanos" is described by Theophrastus iv. 2 to 6 
 as a contorted tree peculiar to Egypt, its leaves myrtle-like, fruit like that of "kapparios" and used 
 by " murgpsoi " ointment-makers ; grows according to Dioscorides in Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, and at 
 Petra on the border of Judea; and the " myrobalanus " is mentioned by Cato 114, Pliny, and Galen 
 comp. med. ix. p. 239: M. aptera is described by Lamarck enc. i. 733 (Pers.) ; was observed by 
 myself, a low contorted tree in mountain-ravines at Aden ; by Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 227, the "ban" 
 tree having "roundish furrowed pods " in a small valley in Upper Nubia, but regarded by him as 
 perhaps "introduced by the Schaiqieh Arabs." The seeds of this species according to Decaisne, and 
 Lindley, yield the oil-of-ben " much used by perfumers as the basis of various scents, and by watch- 
 makers, because it does not readily freeze." 
 
 Moringa pterygosperma of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Tamil "mooringhy," in Telinga 
 "mooraga," in Bengalee " shajina," in Hindustanee "sujna" (Drur.) ; and confounded with the 
 preceding as early perhaps as this date : — the " balanus myrepsica " seen by Belon 126, and Hassel- 
 quist, at mount Sinai, may be compared (a pod from that locality obtained by Gliddon was sharply 
 trigonal, but I did not examine the seeds) ; also the two foreign trees seen by Forskal p. 67 in the 
 city of Beit el fakih, unknown to the inhabitants but by some one called " seseban." Eastward from 
 Arabia, was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 11 in Malabar; by myself, from Bombay to the end of my 
 journey only around villages ; by Graham, " common about villages all over the country, oil is 
 obtained from the seeds ; " by Drury, "in gardens in the peninsula," and the oil used medicinally; 
 by Roxburgh, in other portions of Hindustan ; is known to occur also on Ceylon (Pers.). Farther 
 East, was observed by Mason v. p. 468 " exotic " in Burmah and called " da-tha-lwon," cultivated 
 "by the Burmese for its pods which are eaten in curries," but by residents chiefly valued for its root 
 hardly to be distinguished from horse-radish; is known to occur also on Java (Drur ) ; was observed 
 by Loureiro in Anam (Steud.) ; by Blanco, on the Philippines and called in Tagalo " malungai " or 
 " camalungai " or " calungai," in Bisaya and Pampango " malungai " or " calungai " or '• malungit " or 
 "dool," universally known to the natives and regarded by them as never struck by lightning the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 299 
 
 leaves and fruit cooked and eaten. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, 
 where the oil is eaten on salads, and on "Jamaica the wood is employed for dyeing a blue colour " 
 (Drur.). 
 
 "The same year" (D. Laert., Blair, and Clint.), expedition of the younger Cyrus with Greek 
 auxiliaries, against his brother Artaxerxes II. The route led through " Lycaonia,'' the table-land or 
 inland basin of Asia Minor, now first mentioned in history (Xen. anab. i. 2. 19, iii. 2. 23, and cyrop. 
 vi. 2. 20). — The country is described by Strabo xii. 6 ; and the Lycaonian language is mentioned in 
 Acts xiv. 12. 
 
 One hundred and seventeenth generation. Jan. 1st, 400, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poets, 
 Philoxenus of Cythera, Telestes, and Polyidus ; the comic poets, Diocles, Sannyrion, Philyllius, 
 Hipparchus, Polyzelus, Xenophon, Arcesilaus, Autocrates, Eunicus, Apollophanes, Nicophon, 
 Nicochares, and Theopompus ; the tragic poets, Cleophon, Astydamas, Diogenes, Euripides the 
 younger, Astydamas the younger, Sophocles the younger, Dicaeogenes, and Chaeremon ; the 
 mimographer Xenarchus ; the philosophers, Aeschines, and Metrodorus of Chio ; the historians, 
 Anaximander the younger, and Philistus ; the orators Archinus, Cephalus, Thrasybulus of Colyttus, 
 and Melanopus ; the painters, Zeuxis, Apollodorus, and Eupompus ; the sculptor Polycletus of 
 Argos. 
 
 The EAEI05 of Xenophon cyn. v. 17, — and Aristotle, enumerated as inferior food by 
 Mnestheus (Oribas. ii. 68), identified by Hesychius with the "skiouros," is referred by writers to the 
 squirrel, Sciurus E..ropaeus. 
 
 Corylus colurna of the countries on the Black Sea. The imported nuts called in Britain cob-nut, 
 in Germany " zellernuss " (Grieb), and the living shrub in the environs of Constantinople " phoun- 
 toukia " (Fraas) ; the K A P Y A without seam of Xenophon anab. v. 4, — " karua pontika " of 
 Ctesias, Athenaeus, Galen fie. alim. ii. p. 609, and of Dioscorides in part, may therefore be compared : 
 the " erakl£6tike karua" bearing "promakron karpon " of Theophrastus iii. 15. 2 and causs. ii. I2.6is 
 referred here by Fraas : Pliny xv. 24 speaks of the "abellinas " as distinct from the " avellanis " and 
 brought into Greece from Pontus, therefore called "ponticae nuces : " C. colurna is termed "avellana 
 byzantina" by Clusius hist. i. pi. ir, " c. byzantina " by Tournefort inst. 582 and Seba i. pi. 27; and 
 was observed in the environs of Constantinople by Sibthorp (see C. avellana). 
 
 Azalea Pontica of the Caucasian countries. After the defeat and death of Cyrus the younger, 
 the " Ten thousand " Greeks retreating towards Trebizond found the honey of the country poison- 
 ous, and from the effects some became delirious and some died (Xenoph. anab. iv. 8) : — the existence 
 in this quarter of poisonous honey, is mentioned also by Aristotle mirab. 17, Diodorus, Dioscorides, 
 and Aelian ; soldiers under Pompey in crossing the mountains near Trebizond, were defeated through 
 partaking of this honey (Strab. xii. p. 88) ; and the poisonous quality is attributed by Pliny xxi. 45 
 to flowers of "rhododendri " abounding through the woods. In modern times, this poisonous honey 
 has been traced to the flowers of A. Pontica by Tournefort acad. paris. 1704, and Klaproth trav. i. 
 p. 455, and according to Pallas flor. i. pi. 69 the effects are like those of Lolium temulentum, and 
 the natives are well aware of the deleterious properties. A. Pontica is known to grow in other parts 
 of Asia Minor, in Georgia, and in woods of oak and beech on the subalpine portion of Caucasus 
 (Lindl.). 
 
 Rhododendron Ponticum of Taurus and Caucasus. An allied ornamental shrub, growing 
 chiefly on mountains, — and its flowers supposed by Tournefort to equally poison honey ; but this is 
 denied by Guldenstadt, and according to Pallas i. pi. 29 the shrub is unknown in the country of 
 poisonous honey and makes its first appearance in the districts of Ocriba and Salordkipaniso on the 
 Southern subalpine limestone ridge of Caucasus : R. Ponticum is known to grow also on the neigh- 
 bouring mountains of Western Persia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Labillardiere in Syria, by Grise- 
 bach on the Bithynian Olympus at the elevation of only " eight hundred " feet, but according to 
 Tchihatcheff is rarely met with in Asia Minor. Westward, was known to R. Constantinus ; and 
 according to Persoon, Webb trav. 29, and A. Decandolle, reappears on the extreme Southern moun- 
 tains of Portugal and Spain. Is besides planted for ornament, and by European colonists was carried 
 to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses. 
 
 "Before the close of the year" (Clint.), arrival home by the way of Asia Minor of the retreating 
 " Ten thousand " Greeks. 
 
 " In this year" (Chinese writers, Amyot, and Pauth. p. 200), gunpowder, and "ho-toung" or 
 fire-tubes in use among the Chinese. 
 
 The Feejeean Tongan and Samoan Groups colonized as early possibly as this date. The 
 Tono-ans and Samoans "refer the origin of their race to a large island, situated to the Northwest, 
 called by the former Bulotu, by the latter Pulotu and Purotu," and by the Feejeeans "Mburotu : " 
 regarded by Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. 19s as perhaps Bouro in the Malayan archipelago (see Tau- 
 maco). 
 
3<DO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Calophyllum inophyllum of wooded Tropical shores from Madagascar to the Taheitian Islands. 
 A seaside tree called in Hindustanee " sultan-champa," in Tamil "pinnay," in Telinga "ponna" 
 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "poona" (Graham), in Burmah "phung-nyet" (Mason), in 
 Tagalo " tamauian " or " dincalin " or " dancalan," in Camarines "dancalan," in Bisaya "dancalan" 
 or " bitoag," in Pampango and Ylocano "bitoag" (Blanco), on Taheiti "tomanu" (Bertero) ; and 
 known to the first colonists of the Feejeean and Polynesian islands : * — observed by myself on 
 the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, and Taheitian Islands as far as Metia ; by Rich on the Tarawan 
 coral-islands; by Blanco, on the Philippines, its resin highly esteemed and called " balsamo de 
 Maria," and oil from its nut occasionally used for illuminating; is described also by Rumphius ii. 
 pi. 71 ; is termed "balsamaria " by Loureiro, as seen by him in A nam ; was observed by Horsfield 
 on Java, regarded as diuretic ; by Mason v. 411 to 751 "exotic " in Burmah, planted near Budhist 
 monasteries; by Rheede iv. pi. 38, in Malabar; by Graham, common in "sandy soil near the sea" 
 as far as Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Ceylon, its oil em- 
 ployed medicinally by the natives and for burning in lamps. Farther West, was observed in 1661 
 by Flacourt 130 on Madagascar (Spreng.) ; and according to Lamarck enc, grows also on the Isle 
 of Bourbon. From transported specimens, is. described by Plukenet aim. pi. 147. (See C. calaba). 
 
 Canavalia obtusifolia of Tropical shores. A kind of sword-bean called in Tagalo "pataning 
 dagat " from growing on the seashore (Blanco) ; and doubtless known to the first colonists of the 
 Feejeean and Polynesian islands : — observed by myself on the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, and 
 Feejeean Islands, and on the Mangsi coral-islets near Borneo ; by Blanco, frequent on the Philip- 
 pines, but not put to any use by the natives ; was received by Decaisne from Timor (A. Dec.) ; was 
 observed by Mason v. 468, " growing in great profusion " along " the sea shore " of Burmah ; 
 by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from the mouth of the Godavery " common on the sea-shore ; " by 
 Rheede viii. pi. 43, in Malabar; by Graham, in "the Concans " to and beyond Bombay; and by 
 Bojer 108, on the Mauritius Islands. Farther West, is known to grow along the Atlantic in Equa- 
 torial Africa (fl. Nigr. 307) and the West Indies (Pers., and A Dec). Transported to Europe, 
 is described by Plukenet pi. 51. 
 
 * Brugneira gymriorhiza of muddy Tropical shores from Hindustan to the Samoan Islands. A 
 mangrove or salt-water arborescent shrub, known of course to the first colonists of the Feejeean 
 Islands: — observed there by myself, abounding in muddy places within tide-water, in times of 
 scarcity its fruit eaten by the natives, observed also as far as the Samoan Islands ; by Rumphius 
 iii. pi. 68, and Blume, in the Malayan archipelago, its fruit leaves and bark eaten by the natives 
 (Pers.); by Mason v. 515 to 541, the most abundant mangrove in Burmah, affording "hard and 
 durable timber" and bark abounding in " tannic acid ; " by Rheede vi. pi. 31 and 32, in Malabar ; by 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Flindustan ; and by Graham, as far as Bombay. 
 
 Mussanda frondosa of Tropical Eastern Asia and the neighbouring islands as far as the Samoan. 
 A large shrub called in the environs of Bombay " sarwud " or "lanchout" or "bhootcase" (Graham), 
 in Malabar " belilla " (Rheede, and Drur. p. 500), in the environs of Canton "kaulimang" (Osbeck), 
 in Ylocano "balailamoc," in Tagalo "tingatinga" (Blanco), and clearly known to the first colonists 
 of the Feejeean Islands: — observed there by myself, frequent and to all appearance indigenous, 
 as also on the shores of the Samoan Islands. Westward, is described by Rumphius iv. pi. 51 ; was 
 observed by Blanco on the Philippines, by myself, a single stock growing by the roadside in Interior 
 Luzon ; by Osbeck, " near the shore " in the environs of Canton, by James Read also near Canton 
 and specimens shown me; by Burmann pi. 46, on Ceylon ; by Rheede ii.pl. 18, in Malabar ; by Rox- 
 burgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan; by Graham 86 to 95, as far as Bombay, " in gar- 
 dens " and '• common on the Ghauts," used by the natives "as a charm to drive away daemons" 
 and its " strange looking white calycine leaves " eaten, seen by myself only in the Botanic garden. 
 
 Justicia {Hypoestis) purpurea of Tropical China. Called in the environs of Canton "happ- 
 key-lee" (Osb.), and carried to the Feejeean Islands possibly by the first colonists : — observed by 
 myself naturalized there and also cultivated for ornament by the natives, on the Samoan Islands 
 only around native dwellings. Westward, is described by Rumphius vi. pi. 22; is attributed to 
 China by Persoon ; and was observed by Osbeck near Canton, planted on the graves of Europeans. 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Vahl symb. ii. 13 (Pers.), and continues in greenhouses 
 (Brackenridge). 
 
 Codiavm variegatum of Tropical Eastern Asia. A shrub with laurel-like variegated leaves 
 called in Malabar " tsjera-maram " (Rheede), in Tagalo " saguilala," in Bisaya " calipayang " (Blanco); 
 carried to the Feejeean Islands, and possibly by the first colonists: — observed there by myself, 
 planted for ornament by the natives, one variety having long narrow leaves incised at intervals to the 
 midrib ; the usual broad-leaved variety planted also on Tongatabu and the Samoan Islands. West- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 30r 
 
 " 399 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), pestilence in Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls ; and 
 a "lectisternium " funeral banquet to the gods, for the first time instituted. 
 
 "The same year " (Clint), at Athens, Socrates accused by the tragic poet Meletus and unjustly 
 put to death . 
 
 "398 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), from Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls, an embassy 
 sent to consult the oracle at Delphi. 
 
 As early probably as this date (Plat, phaed., and D. Laert.), Philolaus maintaining after the 
 Pythagoreans, That the Earth is not stationary, but moves around a central fire. 
 
 " 396 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), military tribunes holding the place of consuls, Veii captured by the 
 Romans under the dictator M. Furius Camillus. — Three years afterwards, the conquered territory 
 was distributed among the plebeians. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair, and Clint.), expedition of the Proclid king of Sparta, Agesilaus II., 
 into Asia against the Persians. 
 
 About this time (epist. socrat. 9), the Socratic philosopher Aristippus writing from Syracuse to 
 Antisthenes. 
 
 Lupinus albus of the Mediterranean countries. A field lupine called in France " lupin " or 
 "pois lupin" (Nugent), in Italy "lupino" (Lenz), and the large and white OEPMQN sent from 
 Sicily by Aristippus — may be compared : L. albus was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, 
 by Grisebach in Thrace, by Durville near Constantinople, and is known to grow as far as Caucasus 
 (Ledeb.) ; is known to be cultivated in Egypt (Moench, Del. mem. cult. p. 13, and Dec. prodr. i. 407), 
 was observed by Grant in descending the Nile under cultivation in " Lat. 15 ." Westward, the 
 cultivated " lupinus " is mentioned by Cato 34 to 54, Varro, Virgil, Columella, Pliny xviii. 36, 
 Palladius, and the " loupinoum " of the Romans in Syn. Diosc. ii. 132 : L. albus is termed " 1. sativus " 
 by Gatereau ; was observed by Lenz under cultivation in Italy, by Link i. 207 in Portugal and the 
 seeds eaten (Pers.) ; is besides known to grow to all appearance wild in Italy and Sicily (Bertol., 
 Guss., and A. Dec). 
 
 "395 B. C." (Clint ), after an absence of " three or four" years in Italy, Cyrene, and especially 
 Egypt, where he received instruction from Sechnuphis, Plato returning to Athens. 
 
 The superstition of the evil eye, BALKAN I A already in Greece in the days of Plato phaed. 
 
 ward, "the willow-leaved variety" is described by Rumphius iv. pi. 26 (Graham); C. variegatum 
 was observed by myself on the Philippines, planted by the natives according to Blanco for ornament ; 
 by Thunberg, as far as Japan ; is termed "phyllaurea codiaeum " by Loureiro ii. 705 ; was observed 
 by Mason 421 to 762 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated for ornament ; by Roxburgh, in Hindustan ; by 
 Rheede vi. pi. 61, in Malabar; by Graham, as far as Bombay, "very common" in "gardens and 
 flower pots." By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer in 
 gardens. Transported to Europe, continues in greenhouses (bot. mag. pi. 3051, and bot. cab. 
 
 pi. 870). 
 
 Dioscorea aculeata of Tropical Eastern Asia. The Goa potato or birch-rind yam is called in 
 Malabar " kata-kelengu " (Rheede), on the Feejeean Islands according to one account "kawai" 
 (C. P.) ; carried there, and perhaps by the first colonists : — observed by myself, cultivated rather 
 abundantly, roots also at Tongatabu, possibly imported, and roots again in the market on Sulu ; the 
 plant according to Rumphius v. pi. 126 and p. 358 is chiefly spontaneous in Western China (A. Dec.) ; 
 was observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan ; by Rheede vii. pi. 37, in Malabar ; and according to 
 Drury, the roots " are dug up in the forests in the cold season, and sold in the bazaars ; " are known 
 at Bombay only as "imported from Goa" (Graham, and myself). By European colonists, was 
 carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer cultivated around dwellings. (See D. pen- 
 taphylla). 
 
 Crinum Asiaticum of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Cingalese " tolabo," in Bengalee "bura- 
 kanoor" or " sookh-dursun " (Lindl.), in Telinga " vesha mungaloo-pakoo," in Tamil "veshi moon- 
 ghee " (Drur.) : carried to the Feejeean Islands possibly by the first colonists : — observed by myself 
 under cultivation there and on Tongatabu, seemingly indigenous along the seashore of the Samoan 
 Islands, but found by Brackenridge under cultivation also by the Samoans. Westward, was observed 
 by Blanco on the Philippines in Mandaloyon, though unknown to the natives ; by myself, under cul- 
 tivation in the Malayan archipelago; is termed by Rumphius "radix toxicaria;" and in Java, is 
 considered a good emetic, efficient in curing wounds made by poisoned arrows (rumphia i. 55, and 
 Drur.) ; was observed by Hermann hort. lugd. 683 on Ceylon; by Rheede xi. pi. 38, in Malabar; 
 by Graham, in "both Concans," to and beyond Bombay; by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, in other parts 
 of Hindustan, "on the banks of rivers and in marshy places," the juice of its leaves given "in Upper 
 India" in ear-ache (Drur.). Transported to Europe, is described by Miller pi. no. 
 
3<D2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ioo, — and Aristotle probl. 20.34: spitting thrice upon persons in danger of being bewitched is 
 mentioned by Theocritus vi. 39, and to the present day, according to E. A. Sophocles gloss., is 
 practised by the Greeks 
 
 The M A T N H T I £ : AI90S magnetic ore of iron or the natural magnet, mentioned by Plato ion. 
 533, — Eubulus (Athen. iii.), and others. 
 
 Astragalus poterium of the Mediterranean countries. The NEYPA string of vegetable fibre 
 in Plato polit. 279 seems to imply knowledge of the " nguratha " of the Ionians ; — identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " poterion " of Dioscorides, a large spiny bush covered with woolly down and having 
 long soft thong-like branches " tragakanthe "-like, small roundish leaves, " neur6th£is " roots two or 
 three cubits long yielding when cut a gummy exudation, and referred here by writers : the " poterion " 
 is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " phrunion " or " akithoton : " A. poterium was observed 
 by Tournefort trav. i. p. 61 in Greece, its down collected for kindling. Westward, the account by 
 Pliny xxv. 76 and xxvii. 97 of the " poterion " or '• phrynion," an antidote to " ranis venena rubetis 
 maxime,'' seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides ; A. poterium is described by Matthioli comm. p. 498, 
 and Clusius hist. i. p. 108 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow in Spain and Portugal (Morisonii.pl. 13, 
 Lam., and Pers.). 
 
 In this year (= " 01. 96. 2, Diophantus being Athenian archon," Paus. viii. 45. 4), at Tegea in 
 Arcadia, the temple to Minerva in the Doric style of architecture destroyed by fire. The temple was 
 rebuilt by Scopas, after the Corinthian order invented by Callimachus. 
 
 Acanthus mollis of the West Mediterranean countries. The "acanthus " said to have suggested 
 to Callimachus the idea of the Corinthian column — (Vitruv. iv. 1. 10), is referred here by writers : a 
 cup with the "ugros akanthos '' sculptured around is mentioned by Theocritus i. ^ ; the " akantha " 
 (read " acanthos " by Pliny) growing according to Dioscorides in gardens and stony and moist places, 
 its leaves smooth and incised like those of " £uz6mou," and flower white, is identified in the added 
 Synonyms with the "erpakantha" or " melamphullon " or "paitMrSta ; " the "paith£r6s" was found 
 by Pausanias ii. 10. 5 growing only within the enclosure of the temple to Venus at Sicyon, the leaves 
 having the shape of those of the oak and burned with the offerings : A. mollis has not been observed 
 in Greece by modern travellers ; and according to Clot-Bey and Figari has only recently been intro- 
 duced into Egypt. Westward, the "acanthus" is termed " molli " as well as "flexi" by Virgil 
 eel. iii. 45 and geor. iv. 122 ; " tortus " by Columella x. 243 ; the " laeve " kind according to Pliny 
 xxii. 34 is by some called "paederota" or melamphyllum ; " the "acanthus "is mentioned also by the 
 younger Pliny ep. v. 6 : A. mollis is termed " a. sativus vel mollis " by Tournefort inst. 176, " a. niger " 
 by Miller ; was observed by Sibthorp on Sicily; is known to grow also in Italy, the neighbouring 
 portion of France, and in Spain (Pers., and Colm. recuerd. p. i,S). Farther North, is cultivated for 
 ornament ; and introduced at some remote period, has become naturalized on the Scilly Islets and in 
 the neighbouring portion of Cornwall (Wats., and A. Dec). The leaves according to Lindley are 
 " emollient " and " used for poultices." 
 
 Acanthus spinosus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " moutrina '' or 
 " tzoulathitza " (Sibth.) ; and possibly the "acanthus" seen by Callimachus: — the "akanthou" 
 enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 1. 3 as prickly-leaved, and the "akanthos althegis " of Nicander 
 ther. 645, are referred here by the scholiast; the "agria akantha" of Dioscorides iii. 17 may also 
 belong here : A spinosus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from Crete and 
 the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " agria akantha " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " spina agrgstis " of the Romans, but the account by Pliny xxii. 34 of the " aculeatum 
 et crispum " kind of " acanthos " seems taken from Dioscorides : A. spinosus is termed " a. aculeatus " 
 by Tournefort inst. 176; was observed by Hogg on Sicily; is known to grow also in Italy (S abb. 
 hort. iii. pi. 14, and Pers.). 
 
 "394 B. C." (Blair, and Clint.), naval combat at Cnidus ; the Spartans defeated by the Athenians 
 and their allies, the forces of Pharnabazus and of Evagoras of Cyprus, all under the command of 
 Conon. By a Twentieth change, the "Empire" over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean now 
 leaving the Spartans. A few days later, 
 
 " August 14th," eclipse of the sun. And after a few days, the Athenian army and allies defeated 
 at Coronea by the Spartans under Agesilaus II. 
 
 "The same year" (Gesen. mon. Phoen. p. 10), date of a Cilico-Phcenician coin bearing the 
 earliest Phoenician inscription known: — even after including Punic inscriptions. The Hebrew 
 inscriptions on the Maccabee coins present many of the same forms of letters. 
 
 "392 B. C." (Diod. xiv. 90 to 96, and Sm. b. d.), in Sicily, Mago with a Carthaginian army 
 compelled by Dionysius by cutting off supplies to conclude a treaty of peace. 
 
 " In this year " (Jap. centen. comm. 45). accession of Koan, sixth dairo of Japan. — He " reigned 
 during not less than one hundred and two years " (must therefore have been proclaimed in infancy). 
 
 "391 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), military tribunes holding the place of consuls, Camillus banished from 
 Rome. Etruria invaded by the Gauls, who besiege the city of Clusium. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 303 
 
 "390 B. C." (Polyb., Diodor., and Grenfel), Rome captured by the Gauls under Brennus ; who 
 remained some months, and on leaving, compelled the citizens to pay a ransom. Camillus was 
 then recalled from exile and appointed dictator. — This capture of Rome is mentioned by Aristotle 
 (Plut. Camill. 22.) 
 
 " 389 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), military tribunes holding the place of consuls, alliance with Rome 
 renounced by the surrounding people of Latium. Victories over them gained by the dictator 
 Camillus. 
 
 The same year (=402 — "13 years " of both Maneth. tables), in Egypt, Ah6ris succeeded 
 by Psammouthis, third king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty. " One " year only is assigned to the 
 reign of Psammouthis in the Maneth. tables. His name has not as yet been found on the 
 monuments. 
 
 388 B. C. (z= 389 — " 1 year " of both Maneth. tables), Psammouthis succeeded by Ne'phe'rites II., 
 fourth king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty. Whose name has not as yet been found on the monu- 
 ments. 
 
 At the end of "four months " (both Maneth. tables), he was succeeded by N6ktan£ves, head of 
 the Thirtieth or Sebennyte dynasty. The hieroglyphic ovals of king Nehtharheb were observed by 
 Gliddon at Assouan ; occur also in the Oasis El-Kargeh, at Karnak and on the neighbouring temple 
 of Khons, and on moveable articles (now in the museums of Europe. Glid. analect). 
 
 " The same year " (Suid., and Sm. b. d.), at Athens, the comedy entitled Pasiphae exhibited by 
 Alcaeus. 
 
 " 387 B. C." (Xenoph., Blair, and Clint.), treaty of peace of the Spartan general Antalcidas ; by 
 which the Greek cities in Asia Minor were rendered tributary to the Persians. Evagoras king of 
 Cyprus was excepted from the provisions of the treaty. 
 
 Hardly later than this date, oration of Isocrates pac. 32 containing the following words on the 
 possession of naval power by Sparta : •' The Empire of the sea has displayed its effects there in even 
 a shorter period than at Athens : it has shaken and nearly overthrown the institutions which had 
 stood the assault of seven centuries : it has taught individuals injustice, idleness, and the love of 
 money ; and has inspired the public with disdain for their allies, with ambition of conquest, and 
 contempt of oaths and treaties" (pac. 32). 
 
 Apollodorus of Cumae, the earliest grammarian, a follower •' assectator " of Democritus — (Plhi. 
 vii. 37 and xxiv. 102, and Clem. Alex, strom. i. p. 309). 
 
 Mimosa ettaa of the mountains of Tropical Arabia. A tree called there "schadjaret ettaa" 
 (Forsk.) ; and the " herbam aeschynomenen" of Apollodorus, contracting its leaves on the approach 
 of the hand — (Plin. xxiv. 102), may be compared: a spiny shrub at Memphis with feather-like 
 leaves that fall together on being touched, and after a while revive, is mentioned by Theophrastus 
 iv. 2. II, and the account is repeated by Pliny xiii. 19: M. ettaa was observed by Forskal p. xcv 
 frequent on the mountains around Abu arisch, lowering its branches to a person coming underneath 
 as though saluting, and therefore venerated and held sacred. Eastward, appears to have been 
 carried to Hindustan, for a tree three cubits high bearing no fruit and called "modesty" from 
 shrinking when approached, was seen there in the province of " Pudifetania" by Nicolo Conti ; and 
 a yellow-flowered sensitive plant was seen in Malabar by Garcias. 
 
 Sedum telephium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain livelong or 
 liblong or midsummer men, by old herbalists "fat hen" (Prior), in France "grassette " (Nugent), in 
 Germany "fette-henne," in Italy " fava grassa" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the " anacampseroten" 
 when touched according to Apollodorus " redirent amores vel cum odio depositi " — (Plin. xxiv. 102), 
 and mentioned by Plutarch fac. orb. lun. 25 as growing and sprouting long after removal from the 
 ground ; also the " telephilon " leaf of Theocritus iii. 29, and Pollux ix. 8, regarded by lovers as a 
 good omen if it makes a loud crack, a belief alluded to by Horace satyr, iii. 2. 271 : S. telephium was 
 observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, is termed " anacampseros sive 
 faba crassa " by Tournefort hist. 264 ; was observed by Lenz not rare in Italy ; and is known to grow 
 in stony bushy places throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 686, Pers., and 
 Lindl.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is sometimes called 
 Aaron's red and seems naturalized in rocky situations, though as yet chiefly confined to roadsides 
 and the vicinity of dwellings. The plant is sold in the Italian, drug-shops (Lenz), and according to 
 Lindley is " refrigerant and slightly astringent." 
 
 " 385 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint.), great naval combat between the Persians and Evagoras of 
 
 Cyprus. 
 
 "The same year" (Diodor. xv. 13, Strab. vi. p. 241, Plin. iii. 18, and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. 
 p. 24), the city of Ancona in Italy founded by Dionysius of Syracuse ; now establishing colonies on 
 the shores, and claiming the sovereignty of the Adriatic. 
 
 "384 B. C." (Sm. b. d), at Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls, M. Manlius 
 
304 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Capitolinus having left the patricians and endeavouring to incite insurrection, accused of treason, con- 
 demned, and put to death. 
 
 " The same year " (Diodor. ii. 32, and Clint.), return of Ctesias from the court of Artaxerxes II. 
 
 Ctesias brought accounts of a bird in India " that could talk like a man, and even speak Greek 
 if it had learned the language : " clearly the parrot, Psittacus ; further described, as in part " of the 
 colour of kinnabar " (Chinese vermilion). To this time therefore, the parrot remained unknown in 
 Greece. — The " vittakous " of Eubulus (Athen.) is-admitted to be this bird ; " sittakous having the 
 human voice," were seen in India by Nearchus ; the " psittacus eoi's imitatrix ales ab indis," is men- 
 tioned by Ovid ; the " humanse solers imitator psittace linguae," by Statius ; and in the days of Arrian 
 ind. 15, parrots were familiarly known in the Mediterranean countries. 
 
 Calamus fasciculatus of the valleys of the Himalaya from Cuttack to Bengal. Affording rattan 
 canes, and called in Bengalee " buro-bet," in Tamil " paramboo " (Drur.) ; the K A A A M £ : APPHN 
 growing according to Ctesias along the Indus, strong and having no ENTEPIQNHN, — described 
 by Theophrastus iv. 11. 13 as " steY£os " solid, maybe compared: the " nadeya " or " vidula " or 
 "sita" of Susrutas chik. 1, is referred here by Hessler : C. fasciculatus is described by Roxburgh 
 iii. 779 ; and according to Royle, and Drury, the stems are exported from the valleys of the Hima- 
 laya into the plainSj are about as thick as the forefinger and are used as walking-sticks. (See C. 
 rotang.) 
 
 Terminalia catappa of Tropical Eastern Asia. The Indian almond is a lofty tree called in 
 Tamil "nattoo vadamcottay," in Telinga " vadam," in Bengalee " badam " (Drur.), in the environs 
 of Bombay " buddum '' (Graham) ; and the K A P Y I N S2 oil used according to Ctesias 1 1 by the Indi- 
 ans, — maybe compared: the sacred " ingudi " fruit yielding according to Kalidasa sacont. healing 
 oil that makes the hair shine (transl. W. Jones), mentioned also by Susrutas chik. 1 and 18 to kalp. 
 6, is referred here by Hessler : T. catappa was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 3 in Malabar ; by Graham, 
 "common in gardens and about houses, Bombay," clearly planted as observed by myself ; by Rox- 
 burgh, Wii;ht, and Drury, under cultivation in other parts of Hindustan, the oil expressed from the 
 seeds edible and pleasant-tasted, very like almond-oil both in taste and smell. Farther West, was 
 observed by myself planted at Muscat and on Zanzibar; by Clot-Bey 138, in the gardens of Egypt. 
 Eastward from Hindustan, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah ; was observed by 
 Blanco on the Philippines, in former times used for dyeing, and to the present day planted and called 
 in Tagalo " talisai," in (Bisaya) " talisai " or " dalasa " or " banilac " or " nato " or " hitam," in Pam- 
 pango " calisai," in Ylocano " lugo " or " pandan ; " by myself, planted by the natives in the Malayan 
 archipelago and as far as the Feejeean and Tongan islands, conspicuous in the distance from its pro- 
 jecting tapering summit of sparse horizontal branches. By European colonists, was carried to the 
 West Indies (Descourt. pi.. ). T. Moluccana, called in Sanscrit " kala-drooma," observed by 
 Roxburgh ii. 433 in the mountainous countries Northeast of Bengal, and substituted in Hindustan for 
 T. belerica (Lindl.), is given as a distinct species. 
 
 Cycas circinalis of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. The sago-plant is 
 called in Telinga " wara-gudu," in M a l a t> ar " todda-pana " (Drur.) ; and the Indian $ I N I K ES of 
 Ctesias bearing dates three times larger than the Babylonian, — may be compared : C. circinalis was 
 observed by Graham "in gardens Bombay, introduced from the Eastern Islands," by Lush, "the 
 common tree from Tellicherry to the foot of the Ghauts ; " by Rheede iii. pi. 13 to 21, in Malabar, 
 its vitality such that on being planted again after one or two years removal it will revive and grow : is 
 very abundant according to Drury in the forests of Malabar and Cochin, and a kind of sago prepared 
 from the nuts is much used by the poorer classes and forest tribes. Farther West, was observed 
 by myself by the seaside on Zanzibar, natives on the spot asserting that it abounds and is a common 
 esculent on the Comoro Islands. Eastward from Hindustan, was observed by Mason 424 to 506 
 indigenous in Burmah and called " mu-daing," frequent on the mountains in various districts and 
 producing "a gum like gum tragacanth ;" by Loureiro ii. 632, in Anam ; by Blanco, on the Philip- 
 pines, growing spontaneously on the mountains as well as planted by the natives, called in Tagalo 
 "patubo" or " pitogo '' or "bitogo," and its fruit sometimes eaten; by Rumphius i. pi. 22 to 23, 
 abounding on the Moluccas and the fruit eaten (Lindl.) ; by myself, seemingly wild in the Malayan 
 archipelago, in wild situations on the mountains of Ovolau, one of the Feejee Islands, but carried 
 by the natives to Tongatabu and cultivated there. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses. (Compare also Diospyros kaki.) 
 
 Rosa Damascena of Central Asia. Called in English gardens Damask rose (Drur.). in French 
 "rosier des quatre saisons " (Pers.) ; and the KAPPION, in Greek M Y PO PO A A, described by 
 Ctesias as a tree exuding drops of oil collected and kept in AAABA^TPOY^its fragrance so power- 
 ful that it can be perceived at the distance of five stadia, — may be compared: the account by Mark 
 xiv. 3, and John xii. 3, of the costly " narthos " filling the house with its odour, is eminently descrip- 
 tive of attar of rose : R. Damascena according to Royle him. 203 is the most esteemed and is culti- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 305 
 
 vated in Northern Hindustan for rose-water and attar of rose, but the latter is extensively distilled 
 only at Ghazipore within the limits of Persia ; was observed by Graham " commonly cultivated in 
 Indian gardens " around Bombay ; and the var. with variegated flowers, by Loureiro in Anam 
 (Steud.). Westward from Persia, the "bifera rosaria Paesti " of Virgil geor. iv. 119, mentioned also 
 by Propertius iv. 5. 59, Ovid met. xv. 708, Martial iv. 41. 10, and Ausonius xiv. ir, are referred here 
 by Sprengel : R. Damascena is described by Symphorius Campegius, and Miller ; is termed " r. 
 bifera alba et rosea" by Duhamel (Steud.) ; and has become well known in the gardens of Europe. 
 (See R. centifolia.) 
 
 Vateria M.alabarica of Southern Hindustan. The piney varnish or Indian copal tiee is called 
 in Canarese " dupa " (Buch.), in Telinga " dupada mara," in Tamil " koondrikum " or " velli koondri- 
 cum," in Malabar " peini-marum '' (Drur.) ; and the i. I P T A XO PA tree on the mountains, yielding 
 according to Ctesias an exudation that f alling.into the river Uparhos hardens into amber HAEKTPON, 
 — may be compared : V. Malabarica is termed "chloroxylon dupada" by Buchanan, as observed by 
 him in Mysore ; is wrongly termed "v. indica" by Roxburgh ; and according to Drury "forms beau- 
 tiful avenues in Malabar and Canara " and " was a favourite with the ancient rajas," yields " an excel- 
 lent varnish resembling copal," but "the best specimens of the gum are employed as ornaments 
 under the name of amber ' kehroba' to which it bears exterior resemblance." 
 
 V T ateria Roxburgkiana of Burmah. Called there " let-touk " (Mason) ; and the locality in ques- 
 tion — is referred by Mason iii. 39 to the amber mines of North Burmah: V. Roxburghiana is 
 described by Wight; and according to Mason v. 486 to 515 yields a varnish similar to that of the 
 preceding species. 
 
 Rueliia indigofera of the Eastern Himalayas. Called in Assam " room," in Burmah " mai-gyee " 
 (Mason) ; and the purple flower AN GOS : TO^YPOYN growing according to Ctesias at the sources 
 of the Uparhos and brought down in quantities on rafts, the POPSYPAN purple dye it affords being 
 brighter than the Greek, — is referred here by Mason : R. indigofera is described by Griffith ; was 
 observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated extensively for its blue dye not inferior to indigo, 
 the plant probably derived from Assam. 
 
 Diospyros kaki of Japan. Chinese dates -axe. called by the Burmese "tay-thee'' (Mason); and 
 the fruit attributed to the "siptahora" tree by Ctesias, and brought down HHPAINONTE5 like raisins 
 in baskets on the same rafts, — is referred here by Mason: who further states, that the dried fruit 
 continues to be brought in great quantities overland to Ava, the living tree has also been introduced 
 and is sometimes cultivated, but " bears fruit very sparingly." Farther East, was observed Kaemp- 
 fer pi. 806, and Thunberg, frequent in Japan, cultivated as well as seemingly wild. By European 
 colonists, was carried to the environs of Bombay, observed by Graham in a garden, "a large erect- 
 growing very handsome tree," its fruit "yellow and about the size of a small orange." 
 
 The insects living on the amber-bearing trees, and when bruised yielding *0 I N IK I A A i red or 
 purple dye, — are referred by Mason iii. 39 to v. 357 to lac, Coccus lacca : to the present day very 
 abundant in the Shan States of Burmah, and exported in large quantities from the mouths of the 
 Irawaddy ; met with also by Bontius on Java. Farther West, lac as imported into Hindustan is 
 mentioned in the Institutes of Menu (transl. Deslongch.): and as known among the Arabs, by Ishak 
 ebn Amran, Rhazes, Mesue can. univ., Avicenna, Ebn Elhozar, and Ebn Baitar. 
 
 The inhabitants of the mountain-district in question according to Ctesias are called by the In- 
 dians " Kalustrioi " meaning in Greek " Kunokephaloi," and their language resembles the barking 
 of dofs ; they live by hunting, clothing themselves in the skins of wild beasts and drying the meat in 
 the sun, but also keep sheep, goats, and donkeys, have neither bedsteads nor houses but dwell in 
 caves, are black in complexion, equitable in their dealings like the other Indians, and both men and 
 women all have tails, larger and more hairy than that of dogs. — This belief in tailed men continues 
 in the Malayan archipelago, our native pilot in the Sooloo Sea pointing to Borneo said the "people 
 are very bad, hut those on the mountains worse and have tails." 
 
 Glycyrrhiza glabra of Tartary. The liquorice plant is called in Germany " sussholz," in Italy 
 "liquirizia" or "regolizia" or "glicirriza" (Lenz), in Greece "regolitza" or "glukoriza" (Sibth.), 
 in Egypt "orksus" (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the PI Z AN: r A Y K E I A N eaten according to 
 Ctesias by the pastoral people beyond the sources of the river to prevent milk from coagulating in 
 the stomach; — known to Theophrastus ix. 13. 2 only as a"skuthike" root, growing about the 
 Maeotis and alleviating thirst if held in the mouth, enabling the Scythians to continue eleven or 
 twelve days on horseback: "radix dulcis " is prescribed by Celsus v. 20 to 23 ; " glycyrrhizae succi 
 est autem radix dulcis" according to Scribonius Largus 75 to 86; and the "thoulkis rathix " of the 
 Romans is identified in Syn. Diosc. witji the "pontike " or " skuthion " or " athipson : " the living 
 plant is mentioned by Rhazes, and Avicenna : G. glabra was observed by Forskal in the gardens of 
 Eo-ypt, according to Clot-Bey long known there; by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent and seem- 
 ingly wild from Crete to the Peloponnesus, its pods sometimes scabrous ; is termed "g. siliquosa vel 
 
 39 
 
306 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 germanica" by Tournefort inst. 389, "liquiritia officinalis" by Moench 152 (Pers.) ; was observed 
 by Lenz under cultivation in Italy, as well as seemingly wild. The decoction according to Lindley 
 "is a common remedy for coughs and hectic or phthisical cases." 
 
 J'otamogeton gramineiim of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass-leaved water 
 spike; and the KETXPITIS growing according to Ctesias num. in the river Alpheus, resembling 
 MEM KH Pfl, and given in potion against insanity — (Plut. num. xix. 2), may be compared : P. grami- 
 neum was observed by Sibthorp in the rills of Arcadia. Westward, is known to grow throughout 
 middle Europe (Pers.) ; and was observed by Ray pi. 4. f. 3 as far as Britain. 
 
 " 382 B. C." (Isocr., and Clint., see also Diodor.), Amyntas II., successor of Pausanias, reigning 
 in Macedonia. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (prose Avadan. Asok., and Burnouf introd. 358), Mahamandala 
 succeeded by his son Prasenadjit as Hindu king. 
 
 "376 B. C." = tenth and last year of the Cyprian war, between Evagoras and the Persians 
 (Isocr., and Clint.). Nectanebus at the time reigning in Egypt (Theopomp. fr. in). 
 
 The earliest Zodiacal projection known, is on a sarcophagus of the time of king Nectanebus 
 (Birch). 
 
 "The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls, "roga- 
 tiones Liciniae" to increase the political power and improve the condition of the plebeians, proposed 
 by C. Licinius and L. Sextius tribunes of the people. 
 
 "The same year" (101st 01. of Suid., see Clint.), comedy exhibited by Eubulus : regarded by 
 grammarians as the beginning of the " Middle Comedy.' - 
 
 " 375 B. C. = 1st year of Lie-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (Sm. b. d.), C. Licinius and L. Sextius re-elected tribunes ; who, the patricians 
 not permitting the "rogationes " to become a law, prevented the election of any patrician magistrates. 
 — This continued four years. 
 
 The SMIKPON: TPYPANON small trepan (for sawing a circular piece out of the skull) used by 
 Hippocrates vuln. cap.: litliotomy, cutting for the stone, is mentioned in the treatise ore, — and 
 according to Aretaeus chron. ii. 4, men sometimes die on the day of the latter operation, which how- 
 ever is indispensable (Cockayne). 
 
 Piper longum of Tropical Hindustan. Called in commerce long pepper, in Sanscrit " krishna " 
 or " chupula " or "pippulee," in Bengalee - 'pippul," in Telinga "pippul-chitoo " (Lindl.) ; in which 
 we recognize the P EP E P I about which Ctesias is silent and all writers prior to Eubulus, — and Anti- 
 phanes, so far as known to Athenaeus ii. 73 : the "p£pe>i " is mentioned in Vict. acut. 53 (regarded 
 as a genuine writing of Hippocrates) also in 3 Morb. 25. and according to "> Morb. mul. 84 is so 
 called by the Persians ; the " p£p£ri promekSs " is distinguished by Theophrastus ix. 20. 1, Diosco- 
 rides, and Galen fac. simpl. iii p. 07: the "piper longum," by Pliny xii. 14 ; and the fruit of ■• dar 
 folfel" is compared by Avicenna p. 159 tn aments of the willow (Spreng.) : from transported speci- 
 mens, P. longum is described by Valerius Cordus iv. 25, and Plukenet aim. pi. 104. Eastward from 
 Persia, the " pfipSri " is described by Cosmas Indicopleustes iii. p. 178 to xi. 336 as a woody vine 
 clinging to trees in " MalS " (Malabar) : P. longum was observed in Malabar by Rheede vii. pi. 14 ; 
 by Nimmo, in the Southern Concan (Graham) ; is known to grow " wild among bushes on the banks 
 of water-courses, up towards the Circar mountains " (Lindl.) ; is besides much cultivated, and ac- 
 cording to Roxburgh dried slices of the root and thickest part of the stem are much used medicinally 
 under the name of " pippula moola ; " was observed by Mason v. 494 •• exotic" in Burmah and called 
 " peik-khyen," its dried berries sold " in the bazars." The effects according to Lindley " are analo- 
 gous to those of black pepper." 
 
 Anthyllis Cretica of Crete. Called there " arhontixulon " (Bell.) ; and the E B E N i prescribed 
 in Vict. acut. 407, — its rasped wood useful against ophthalmia according to Theophrastus ix. 20. 4, 
 and Dioscorides, is referred here by some writers : the " acanthina xula"" mentioned by Dioscorides 
 as sometimes sold for ebony, may also be compared : A. Cretica is termed " barba jo vis lagopoides 
 cretica frutescens incana flore spicato purpureo amplo " by Tournefort inst. 651, " ebenus cretica " by 
 Linnaeus ; was observed on the mountains of Crete by Honorius Bellus (Clus. hist. 309), Alpinus 
 exot. ii. 32 p. 278, and Sibthorp. 
 
 Euphorbia peplis of the seashore along the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic. 
 Called in Greece " hamogalatzithaki " (Fraas) ; and the PEPAIQ of Hippocrates vict. acut. 11 — is 
 identified in Syn. Diosc with the " peplis " of Dioscorides, growing on the seashore and full of white 
 juice, referred here by writers : the " pfiplis " is mentioned also by Rufus Ephesius, and Galen, and is 
 further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " anthrahnen agrian : " E. peplis was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in maritime sand around Greece and the Greek islands ; and by Delile 
 on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. Westward, numerous medicinal properties are attributed by 
 Pliny xx. 81 to the "porcilaca" or "peplin : " E. peplis is described by Lobel pi. 363, and Camerarius 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 307 
 
 epit. 970; is termed " tithymalus maritimus folio obtuso aurito" by Tournefort inst. 87; was observed 
 by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow on the seashore from Italy as far even as the 
 Southwestern extreme of Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 2002, Lindl., and Lenz). 
 
 Amtni majus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "ammi " or " comino nostrale " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " aspgrokephalos " (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Egypt " chajUe " (Forsk.) ; in which 
 we recognize the " ammi " identified by Pliny xx. 58 with the KYMINON: PAPABASIAEIof Hippo- 
 crates humor. 4, — or " kuminon vasilikon" distinguished according to Syn. Diosc. iii 63 by some 
 writers from the " aithiopikon kuminon:" A. majus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, 
 frequent in cultivated ground in Greece and on the Greek islands ; by Hasselquist in Palestine ; and 
 by Forskal p. 54, and Delile, around Alexandria and Rosetta. Westward, is described by Tournefort 
 inst. 304, and Blackwell pi. 447 ; and is known to grow as a weed in cultivated ground in Italy and 
 other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Ptychotis ajowan of Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit " yuvanika " or " Bruhmadurbha," in Ben- 
 galee and Hindustanee " jouan " or " ajouan " or." ajwan " (Lindl.), in Tamil " womum" (Drur.) ; 
 and the KYMINONiAleiOplKON of 3 Morb., — Int. affect, p. 492, and 1 Mul. morb. 603, identified 
 through Syn. Diosc. with the " ammi " whose seeds only are described by Dioscorides, is referred 
 here by Sprengel : "ammii " seeds are enumerated among the ingredients of the theriac of Antiochus 
 Magnus (Plin. xx. 100), the " ammi " is mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta, Avicenna 
 (F. Adams); and "ammi seeds from India" are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as imported into 
 Egypt. Eastward, P. ajowan was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, Lush, and Drury, under cultivation 
 throughout Hindustan, and according to Graham " the seeds have an aromatic smell and warm pun- 
 gent taste," are " sold in the bazars, and used by the natives for culinary and medicinal purposes." 
 Farther East, P. ajowan is enumerated by Mason as "exotic" in Burmah, and no native name is 
 given. The seeds according to Sprengel continue to be imported into Europe; and the plant is 
 regarded by Roxburgh, and Lindley, as "one of the most useful and grateful of the umbelliferous 
 tribe." 
 
 Ptychotis Coptica of Crete and Egypt. Possibly included in the " kuminon aithiopikon " of the 
 Hippocratic writings : — the " ammioum alSxantlrrinoum " of the Romans, mentioned in Syn. Diosc. 
 iii. 63, may be compared: "ammi seeds produced in Egypt" are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. ; 
 P. Copticum received from him is described by Linnaeus mant. 56, and Jacquin hort. ii. pi. 196 (Pers. 
 and Spreng.) ; and according to Lindley, grows also on Crete. 
 
 Tordylium officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "kaukali- 
 thra " (Fraas) or " kaukalitha " (Sibth.) ; and the medicinal i E t E A I prescribed in Vict. acut. 12, — ■ 
 Fistul. 884, and by Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Fraas : the " seselios " was found by Alpinus 
 employed medicinally in Egypt; and T. officinale was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Asia Minor. Westward, T. offici- 
 nale is termed " t. narbonense minus " by Tournefort inst. 320 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in 
 Southern Italy ; is known to grow also in Sicily and Southern France, occurring according to Persoon 
 even in England. (See Caucalis maritima). 
 
 Rubia lucida of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " rizari " (Sibth.) or 
 "agrion rizari" (Fraas); and possibly the EPY6P0AAN0N prescribed in Vict, acut., — Steril. 
 p. 20, 1 Mul. morb., and by Nicander: the "£r<5uth6thanon" growing according to Theophrastus ix. 
 13. 6 in shady places, is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas ; and the " £r£uthrothanon agria " is 
 given by Dioscorides as a second medicinal kind : R. lucida was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, is termed "r. quadrifolia asperrima lucida 
 peregrina " by Tournefort inst. 114 ; and according to Persoon, grows as far as Majorca. (See R. 
 tinctorum.) 
 
 Aristolochia pallida of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " pikrounia " 
 (Fraas), in Italy with other species " stallagio " or "stallogio" or "aristolochia" (Lenz); in which 
 we recognize the APISTOAOXIA of 3 Morb. 23, — Int. affect. 25, 2 Morb. mul. 79, Nicander, 
 and Paulus Aegineta : the " aristolohia stroggule " described by Dioscorides as having an orbicular 
 "goCTo-ulithi "-like root and white flowers with their red portion rank-scented, is referred here by 
 writers : A. pallida was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in shaded mountainous situations 
 in Greece. Westward, is termed "a. rotunda altera" by Clusius hist. ii. 70, "a. rotunda flore ex albo 
 purpurascente " by Tournefort inst. 162; and is known to grow in Croatia and Italy (Pers., Kitaib. 
 hung. pi. 240, Spreng., and Lenz). 
 
 Aristolochia rotunda of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy by the same names with 
 the preceding species (Lenz), and possibly included in the "aristolohia" of the Hippocratic writings : 
 
 t l ie "aristrjlohia" described by Theophrastus ix. 20. 4 as black in colour and agreeably-scented, 
 
 may be compared: A. rotunda was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 Farther South, "aristolochia root" was observed by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt; 
 
308 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and according to Lindley, A. rotunda with the preceding and other species " are supposed to be the 
 plants with which the Egyptian jugglers stupify the snakes they play with." Westward, the round- 
 rooted " aristolochia " is described by Pliny xxv. 54 as having leaves intermediate between " malvam " 
 and "ederam," blacker and softer: A. rotunda is described by Matthioli, and Camerarius epit. 419; 
 is termed "a. rotunda flore ex purpura nigro " by Tournefort inst. 162; was observed by Forskal 
 near Marseilles ; is known to grow also in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and 
 Lenz). 
 
 Aristolochia parvifolia of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " pikrorriza " 
 (Fraas), and possibly included in the " aristolohia " of the Hippocratic writings: — the " makra 
 aristolohia" or " thaktulitis" having according to Dioscorides a purple flower eventually becoming 
 much like a pear "apiS," root as thick as the finger and a span or more long, is referred here by 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas : A. parvifolia is termed " a. chia longa folio minori subrotundo flore tenuissimo " 
 by Tournefort cor. 8; and was observed by Wheler trav. pi. 414, Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in 
 Greece. 
 
 Arum dracunculus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " phithohorton " or 
 "thrakontia," in which we recognize the " thrakontiou " described by Theophrastus vii. 12.2 as 
 having an inedible medicinal root, and from its spotted stem called " aron :" the APOY:MErAAOY 
 is mentioned in 3 Morb. 493 ; — the "thrakontia megale," by Dioscorides as growing in the shade 
 of hedges, its stem spotted with purple and " lapatho "-like leaves implicated together: A. dracun- 
 culus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the above-described situations 
 in Greece. Westward, the "thrakontia megale" or "aron" or "isaron" or " iaron " or " viaron " 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " louroumam " or " mauriariam " or " sigiggialios " of the 
 Romans; and the "maiorcJm" kind of " dracunculus " is mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 93 : A. dracun- 
 culus is described by Brunfels, Fuchsius, Tragus, and Dodoens ; is termed " dracunculus polyphyllus " 
 by Tournefort inst. 160; and is known to grow in Carniolia and throughout Southern Europe (Pers., 
 and Spreng.). 
 
 Hypericum coris of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " valsamino " or " phou- 
 thoura" or "gouthoura" (Sibth.) or " arkouthoura " (Fraas); and the KOPHN of Hippocrates — 
 identified with the "upeVikon" by Galen, or the "koris" according to Dioscorides by some called 
 " upSrikon," an odorous shrub a span high with " Sreikes "-like leaves, is referred here by writers : 
 H. coris was observed (on Crete) by Honorius Bellus (Ponam. bald. pi. 40) ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, abounding on the dry hills from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek 
 islands. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 54 of the "hypericon" by some called "corin," 
 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : H. coris is described by Matthioli pi. 669, and Morison ii. 5. 
 pi. 6; is termed "h. saxatile tenuissimo et glauco folio" by Tournefort inst. 255 ; and is known to 
 grow in Italy and Southern France (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). 
 
 Alcea acaulis of the East Mediterranean countries. A low almost stemless species of hollihock ; 
 and the "althaeae" of Hippocrates, the juice of its root prescribed against thirst from loss of blood 
 — (Plin. xx. .84), may be compared: the "althaian," a medicinal plant having soft stems, leaves like 
 those of "malahe" but larger and more hairy, flowers yellow, and root said to render water gelati- 
 nous, is according to Theophrastus ix 16. 5 to iS. 1 called " malahen agrian" in Arcadia; and the 
 "malahe agria" is prescribed in Mul. morb. p. 715, and by Nicander ther. 89 and alex. 486: A. acaulis 
 is termed " malva rosea folio subrotundo chalepensis acaulos flore pallide luteo" by Tournefort inst. 
 95; is described also by Cavanilles ii. pi. 27 (Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in Greece, but 
 the locality not recorded (J. E. Smith). 
 
 Viola canina of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain dog violet (Prior), in Greece 
 "violeta" (Sibth.), and the AEYKOIOY: KAPPON prescribed by Hippocrates — and identified 
 by Dioscorides (of Alexandria ?), and Galen, with seeds of " iou l£ukou," maybe compared: the 
 " lfiukoiou rizes " is prescribed in •> Morb. mul. 73; the "leukoion " or "leuk6 iu" or "iCnias tes 
 Ifiukes " is described by Theophrastus iii. 18. 13 to vi. 8. 5 as the earliest flower of spring, the plant 
 lasting three years, the flower itself entirely resembling that of the " melan ion ; " the " l£ukoion " is 
 mentioned also by Dercyllus (Plut. fluv. 8. 4), Nicander, Hicesius, and a white-flowered kind by 
 Dioscorides : V. canina was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus and 
 Cyprus to the Bithynian Olympus; is known to grow also in Iberia and Persia (Bieb.). Westward, 
 the "pallens viola" is mentioned by Virgil eel. ii. 47; the "viola alba," by Pliny xxi. 38 to 76 as 
 flowering at the opening of spring and employed medicinally, its flower "suppurata aperit, ipsa dis- 
 cutit: " V. canina is termed "v. martia inodora sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 419; Is known to grow 
 from the Canaries throughout middle and Northern Europe to Lapland, Iceland, and " Lat. 6i° " in 
 Greenland (Hook., Dec, and Wats.), var. "lactea" having whitish-blue flowers (Smith fl. brit. i. p. 
 247). Eastward from Persia, is known to grow as far as Northeastern Asia and Japan (Bieb., Dec, 
 and Wats.). The plant according to Lindley is considered a " depurative, and recommended for 
 the removal of cutaneous affections, root emetic." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 309 
 
 Glycyrrhiza echinata of the East Mediterranean seashore and as far as Tartary. Called in 
 Greece "glukoriza" (Sibth.), in which we recognize the " glukurrizes " identified by Galen with the 
 TAYKYMHS: BOTANHS of Hippocrates, — the Cretan kind the best (antid. i. 12): " glycyrrhizae 
 radicis " is prescribed by Asclepiades ; and the "glukuphuton " is mentioned in Syn. Diosc. iii. 5: 
 G. echinata is termed "g. capite echinato " by Tournefort inst. 389; was observed by Sibthorp fre- 
 quent in the sand of the seashore from Samos and Smyrna to Crete ; is known to grow as far as the 
 Southern extreme of Italy, and Eastward to the Tartarian Desert (Pers.). Compared with G. gla- 
 bra, its root according to Lindley has " similar properties but in a less degree." 
 
 Glycyrrhiza glandulifera of the plains of Eastern Europe. Possibly the "glukumes votanes " 
 in question, — at least agreeing better with the "glukurrize" of Dioscorides, growing mostly in 
 Cappadocia and Pontus, and having hyacinthine flowers, glutinous leaves, and rough glomerate 
 fruit: G. glandulifera is described by Pallas (Steud.); was observed by Waldstein and Kitaibel i. pi. 
 21 in Hungary (Pers.); by Fraas in Greece; is known to grow throughout middle Asia (Spreng.), 
 but is not enumerated among medicinal plants. 
 
 Bryonia dioica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white wild-vine 
 or white bryony (Prior), in Greece "agriokolokuthia" or "agrioklema" (Sibth.) ; in which we recog- 
 nize the "lSuke vruonia" identified by Galen with the EXETPQSIS of Hippocrates: — B. dioica 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, not rare in hedges in the Peloponnesus and surrounding 
 islands. Westward, the "albam bryoniam " is mentioned by Pliny xxiii. 16: B. dioica is termed 
 " b. aspera sive alba baccis rubris " by Tournefort inst. 102 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known 
 to grow also in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 199, Engl, 
 bot. pi. 439, and Pers.). Outside of the profession according to Lindley, the root continues in 
 medicinal use, though producing "violent vomiting and purging, tormina, profuse watery evacua- 
 tions, and fainting," is besides sold in London market "to remove the bruise of a blackened eye." 
 
 Bryonia Cretica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece by the same names 
 with the preceding (Sibth.): the *IA06P0N or AAAPEAOS: ATPIA of Fistul. 6 — is identi- 
 fied through Syn. Diosc. with the " ampelos lfiuke " of Dioscorides, climbing among bushes, its berries 
 red, cooked "asparagoi" young shoots purgative and diuretic, leaves berries and root applied to 
 " hSirSn£i6n " and other bad ulcers, and referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : the " ampSlos l£uke " 
 or "psil6thron" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " ophiostaphulon " or "hfilithonion" or 
 "mel5thron" or "arh£z6stin" or "k£thr6stin" or "vrufinian: " B. Cretica is described by Linnaeus; 
 was observed by Sibthorp, D'Urville, and Fraas, frequent in hedges in the Peloponnesus and sur- 
 rounding islands. Westward, the account by Pliny xxiii. 16 of the " vitis alba" called by the Greeks 
 " ampeloleucen " or " psilothrum " or " ophiostaphylon " or " melothron " or " archezostin " or " cedros- 
 tin" or "madon" seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides. (See B. alba and Tamus Cretica). 
 
 Galium saccharahtm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The * I A I i T I N or 
 *IAETA1P0S of Hippocrates — is identified by Galen with the "aparine;" described by Theo- 
 phrastus vii. 14. 2 to viii. 8. 4 as growing among lentils and adhering to garments, its flower on a 
 rough head withdrawing within itself in ripening seed ; mentioned also by Nicander ther. 850 to 923 ; 
 by Dioscorides, as employed to strain hairs from milk and having a hard rounded somewhat concave 
 seed, 'and in the added Synonyms identified with the " omphalokarpon " or " ampSlokarpon " or "phi- 
 lanthr6pon " or " ixon : " G. saccharatum was observed by Sibthorp frequent in the cultivated ground 
 of Greece; is known to occur also in Siberia (Gmel.). Westward, is termed "aparine semine cori- 
 andri saccharati " by Tournefort inst. 114, " valantia aparine " by Linnaeus ; was observed by Allioni 
 in cultivated ground in Southern France, by Vaillant pi. 4 near Paris (Pers.), and within the present 
 century has made its appearance in Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 2173, and A. Dec). 
 
 Galium aparine of Northern Climates. Called in Britain ca'chweed or cleavers or clivers or 
 goose-share or goose-grass, in Anglo-Saxon "clife." in Holland " kleef-kruid " (Pryor), in Germany 
 "klebkraut," in Italy " attacamani " or "appicamani" (Lenz), in Greece "kolletzitha " (Sibth.); and 
 possibly included in the " philistion " or " philgtairos '' of Hippocrates : — G. aparine was observed 
 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent along walls hedges and in cultivated ground from the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to grow also along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), on 
 the Yenisei (Gmel ), and throughout Northern Asia (Ledeb.). Westward from Greece, remnants 
 have been found in debris of the early lake-villages of Switzerland; the " aparinen " or"philan- 
 thropon" or " omphacocarpon " was known to Pliny xxvii. 15 as growing both in cultivated ground 
 and meads " pratisve ; " the small " clifan " is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon leechbook, and " gosys 
 gres " by Galfridus pr. pm. ; G. aparine is described also by Turner, and W. Coles (Prior) ; is termed 
 "aparine vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 114; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Mar- 
 seilles, by Desfontaines in gardens in Algeria, by Brotero in waste places in Portugal ; and is known 
 to occur throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan. 495, Pers., and Wats.), 
 also on Madeira (Lemann) and the Azores (Wats.). Farther West, was already in New England 
 
310 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 when visited by Josselyn ; is known to grow from Canada along the Atlantic as far at least as 39° ; 
 was observed by Short in Kentucky, by Pitcher in Arkansas ; is known to grow also as far as 
 Vancouver (Hook.), Sitka (Bongard), and Unalaska (Ledeb.). In the Southern Hemisphere, was 
 observed by J. D. Hooker at the Southern extreme of both Africa and America; by C. Gay, in Chili 
 (A. Dec.) ; has doubtless in some instances been transported by European colonists, but its wide 
 diffusion seems in part due to adherence to the plumage of water-fowl. 
 
 Cynara acaulis of the Mediterranean countries. A stemless kind of artichoke called in Greece 
 " agriokinara " (Sibth.) ; and the I El ON of Hippocrates, — identified by Galen with the " lfiukos 
 hamaileSn," may be compared : the leaves of the " hamailMn ■' according to Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 
 to ix. 12. 1 are not spiny, those the " l£ukos " kind being " skolum6 "-like but larger and its head of 
 flowers like a great thistle close to the ground, the root used medicinally ; the " hamaile6n leukos " is 
 alluded to by Nicander ther. 66i ; is described by Dioscorides as stemless with a " kinara "-like head 
 of purplish flowers : C. acaulis is termed " c. orientalis moschata acaulos foliis jacobaeae tenuius incisis 
 squamis c.ilycis sursum spectantibus " by Tournefort cor. 31, " cestrinus carthamoides " by Cassini, 
 and " serratula acaulis " by Decandolle (Steud. ) ; was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. Westward, 
 the account of the "chameleon candidus " by Pliny x.xi. 56 to xxii. 21 seems taken from the Greek; 
 but C. acaulis was observed by Desfontain.es pi. 223 in Barbary (Til. pis. pi. 20, and Pers.). 
 
 Atractylis gummifera of the Mediterranean countries. A stemless thistle called in Greece 
 "kgphalia" (Fraas), in Egyptian "gpher" or " SphthosSphin " (Syn. Diosc.) : probably the IE ION 
 of Hippocrates, — for the " hamailetin lSukos " of Syn. Diosc. iii. 8 is identified with the '• ixian," in 
 some situations fielding about the roots " ixon" used by the women for mastich : the " i.xia" of Crete 
 yielding a gum is mentioned by Theophrastus vi. 4 9 to ix. 1. 3, and the '• ixine " is separately 
 described as giving out leaves from its root around a central head, like a concealed " melon," which 
 exudes a pleasant-tasled gum, the "akanthike mastihe : " A. gummifera was observed by Honorius 
 Bellus, Alpinus, Sibthorp, Sieber cret., Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from Crete and the Pelopon- 
 nesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " ixian " or " hrusiskeptron " is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the "karthous ouarinous " of the Romans ; the account of the '• helxine " by Pliny 
 xxi. 56 and xxii. 2r seems taken from Theophrastus, and that of the "ixian," partly from Syn. Diosc. : 
 A. gummifera was observed in Italy by Anguillara p. 137, its gum well-flavoured, and the flower-head 
 preserved with honey and sugar especially around Urbino; is described also by F. Columna ecph. i. 
 12; is termed "cnicus carlina? folio acaulos gummifer aculeatus flore purpureo " by Tournefort cor. 
 33; was observed by Oliver it. gall, in Southern France, by Cavanilles in Spain, by Brotero in Por- 
 tugal, and by Desfontaines in Barbary (Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Chrysanthemum coronarium of Eastern Asia. Called in Greece " tzitzimvola '' or "mantalina" 
 (Sibth.) and the young stems eaten (Fraas), in Egypt "gahvan " (Forsk. emend.) ; in which we recog- 
 nize the BOAN9EMON of Hippocrates, — mentioned as coronary by Nicander fr. ii. 59, and identi- 
 fied by Galen with the " vouphthalmon " or " hrusanthSmon ; " the " hrusanthSmon " of Dioscorides 
 growing in the outskirts of towns, its stems edible, leaves multifid, brilliant yellow flowers improving 
 the complexion in jaundice, and according to the added Synonyms is sometimes called "vouphthal- 
 mon : " C. coronarium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent along roadsides 
 and about villages on the Peloponnesus and neighbouring islands ; bv Hasselquist, in Palestine ; 
 and by Forskal, and Deliie, at Alexandria in Egypt. Westward, the " hrusanthSmon " or " halkas " 
 or " halkitin " or " halk mthemon " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " hourzeta " of the 
 Numidians, " garoulcoum '' of the Tuscans, and " k.iltham " of the Romans; the " buphthalmos " 
 with edible stems is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 42 to xwi. 55, and the " chrysanthemum " by him, and 
 Martial: C. coronarium is termed " c. foliis matricaria- " bv Tournefort inst. 491; and is known to 
 occur in Switzerland and Sicily (Pers.). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Kaempfer in Japan, 
 on the mountains beyond Nagasaki and elsewhere and called "singikf" or "sungiku." (See C. 
 segetum). 
 
 Authentic Valentino, of the .Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "matalina" (Forsk.), 
 by the prophets " aimorra " or " gonos Ermou " or " gonos aphthitos " or " MnesithSos " or " kappa- 
 korania" (Syn. Diosc.) possibly the " voanthSmon '' of Hippocrates, — but the "vouphthalmon" 
 is separately mentioned as coronary by Nicander fr. ii. $<j ; is described by Dioscorides as growing 
 in the open country as well as around towns, its leaves " marathro "-like, flowers yellow and larger 
 than in " anthgmithos," improving temporarily the complexion in jaundice ; by Galen fac. simpl. vi. 
 p. 852, as having flowers of the same shade of colour as " anthSmithos ; " prescribed also by Paulus 
 Aegineta, and referred here by Clusius, and Sprengel : the " bihar " of Avicenna, or " bahar " of Ebn 
 Baitar, is also referred here by Sprengel, as well as Sontheimer : A. Valentina was observed by 
 Forskal near Constantinople, and by Chaubard, along the seashore of the Peloponnesus. Westward, 
 the "vouphthalmon" or " kahlan " or "valsaraSne" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " narat " of the Numidians ; and the " buphthalmos " or " cachlam " is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 42 : 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 3H 
 
 A. Valentina is termed "buphthalmum Narbonense" by Clusius hist. i. pi. 773 ; is described also by 
 C. Bauhin pin. 134; and is known to grow along roadsides and in fallow ground in Barbary and Spain 
 (Pers.). 
 
 Euphorbia paralias of the Mediterranean seashore. Called in Greece " emeros phlomos '' (Fraas) 
 or " galatzitha pelagitha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " lactuca marina " of Celsus, and the 
 " tithumalou " called " kramvion paralion " identified by Galen with the TAPAAION of Hippocrates : 
 — the "paralios " kind of "tithumallon" is distinguished by Theophrastus ix. II. 7, and Dioscorides ; 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mekSna " or " tithumalitha ; " and the " tithumalitha" is men- 
 tioned by Micion, and Cratevas (schol. Nicand. ther. 617) : E. paralias was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubajd, and Fraas, in the sand of the seashore around Crete, the Greek islands, and the Pelopon- 
 nesus; and by Delile, near Alexandria in Egypt. Westward, of the juice of " tithumallos " called 
 "lactuca marina" according to Celsus ii. 12 to v. 7 a drop purges; and the " tithymalon " or 
 " mecona " or " paralion " is mentioned by Pliny xx. 80 : E. paralias is termed " tithymalus mariti- 
 mus " by Tournefort inst. 87, and Lamarck fl. fr. ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Italy as 
 far as the adjoining portion of France (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Orchis papilionacea of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " salgpi " or "sarkino- 
 votani" (Sibth.) ; and the AlAYMH of Hippocrates, — identified by Galen with the " orhis," may 
 be compared : the " orhis " is described by Theophrastus ix. 18. 3 as having a twin root, the two bulbs 
 producing opposite effects, the leaves " skillSthes " but smoother and smaller : by Dioscorides as 
 growing in stony and sandy situations, its leaves spreading on the ground, stem a span high, flowers 
 purplish, and the double root cooked and eaten : O. papilionacea was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 
 bard, and Fraas, abounding in the situations described by Dioscorides from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout Greece. Westward, the account of the " orchin " by Pliny xxvii. 42 seems taken from 
 Dioscorides : O. papilionacea is termed " o. orientalis et lusitanica flore maximo papilionem refe- 
 rente " by Tournefort cor. 30, " o. montana humilis flore majore " by Buxbaum iii. pi. 3 ; was observed 
 by Tenore in Italy (Bory) ; is known to grow also in Carniolia, Barbary, and Spain (Pers.). East- 
 ward from Greece, the nutritious substance called salep or saloop was according to Lindley originally 
 obtained from " Turkey or Persia," and Lieut. Hutton found tubercles of an Orchis collected on the 
 Himalayas under the name of "salep misri " (see O. undulatifolia, and Eulophia salep). 
 
 The inhabitants of Phasis at the foot of Caucasus, described in the Hippocratic treatise aer. aq. 
 et loc. as walking only in the city and the market-place for strangers : thence transporting themselves 
 in canoes made of trunks of trees through the numerous canals to dwellings of wood and reeds sur- 
 rounded by water ; the whole country being marshy (Troyon p. 209). 
 
 " 374 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint.), death of Evagoras king of Cyprus. He was succeeded by his 
 son Ni codes. 
 
 The same year = " 15th of Nectanebus," on the sarcophagus of a person who died in this year — 
 (Birch). 
 
 "The same year (=01. 101, 3 "of Diodor., and Blair), an army under Pharnabazus, accompanied 
 by twenty thousand Greeks, sent by Artaxerxes II. against Nectanebus of Egypt. 
 
 Citrus Medico, of Hindustan and Burmah. Geographical proximity indicates, that the sweet lemon 
 would be the first of its tribe in reaching the Mediterranean countries ; and the " hrusa mela" whose 
 seeds were sent by the great king (Artaxerxes II.) to Athens — (according to Eriphus), recently 
 according to Antiphanes, or the " melon medikon " and " pgrsikon " of Theophrastus having thorns 
 and bearing at all seasons fruit which is not eaten, oblong in shape according to Dioscorides and 
 placed among clothing to keep out moths, or the "kitrion" of Phanias of Eresus, Juba, and 
 Athenaeus iii. 26, may be compared : the description by Abu Hanifa of the " atrodj tree " corresponds ; 
 and C. Medica has been observed by myself only at Muscat on the Persian Gulf, the fruit placed 
 among clothing as described by Dioscorides. Farther East, "lemons sweet as sugar" were seen by 
 Jordanus mirab. p. in Hindustan (soc. Hakl ) ; a plant " having the characteristics of the citron" 
 and called " bijooree," was observed by Royle " apparently wild " along " the foot of the Himalayas " 
 (Graham) ; and C. Medica was found by Mason v. p. 453 "apparently indigenous " in the jungles of 
 Burmah, but also cultivated and called " shouk-ta-khwa." 
 
 "373 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), unsuccessful attempt by the Spartans to recover the island of Corcyra. 
 
 Vicia lutea of Europe, Egypt, and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Egypt " bachra " 
 (Forsk.) ; and possibly the QXPOS of Antiphanes, — Anaxandrides, Alexis, Polemon, Aristotle 
 anim. ix. 40, Phanias, and Athenaeus, described by Theophrastus iv. 2 and viii. 3 as yellowish 
 internally with the leaves more oblong, by Berosus as growing along the Euphrates : V. lutea was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Caria ; by 
 Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt (but the latter found the name " el-bakhrah " applied to V. sativa). 
 Westward, is described by Morison ii. pi. 21 ; is termed "v. sylvestris lutea siliqua hirsuta"by 
 Tournefort inst. 398 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Spain, and middle Europe as far as Britain 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 481, and Pers.). 
 
312 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "371, July" (Pausan., Blair, and Clint), the Spartans invading Boeotia defeated at Leuctra by 
 the Thebans under Eparninondas. Spartan ascendancy thus brought to a close ; and "a, few months 
 later," the city of Megalopolis founded in Arcadia. 
 
 Greek inscriptions of about this date (Franz.), presenting the following forms of letters, Z, n. 
 
 Dolichos lubia of Abyssinia? A bean called in Egypt " lubia bceledi " (Forsk.) ; in which we 
 recognize the "lovos" identified by Galen, and Aretaeus, with the AOAIXJ2N of Anaxandrides, — 
 Polemon diaet. ii. 13, Theophrastus viii. 3, growing at Tempe in Thessaly according to Pliny xvi. 92, 
 and identified by Galen with the "phaseol6n" of Diodes, and Dioscorides ii. 130; also the"16via" 
 pods called "asparagos" of the "smilax kepaia" of Dioscorides ii. 175, a twining plant having 
 bicoloured kidney-shaped seeds : the seeds of D. lubia continue well known in Greece (E. A. Soph.) 
 though perhaps imported, and may be included under the term " phasoulia " applied according to 
 Fraas to allied species : D. lubia continues abundantly cultivated in Egypt, the black spot on its seeds 
 mentioned by Ebn Djoldjol, Delile, and Clot-Bey ; and according to Delile occurs also in Persia and 
 Hindustan. A species regarded by Forskal p. 133 as probably identical was observed by him under 
 cultivation in Yemen and called " didjre." 
 
 " 370 B. C." (= 388 — "18 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table, see below), NSctanSves succeeded 
 by T£6s, second king of the Thirtieth dynasty. " Two " rears are assigned to the reign of T£6s in 
 both the Maneth. tables. His name occurs in the quarries at Mokattam — (Birch). 
 
 '• The same year " (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, on account of the war with Velitrae, the election of 
 consular tribunes permitted by C. Licinius and L. Sextius the regularly elected tribunes. 
 
 369 B. C. (=408 — "39 years" of the Egyptian Chronicle, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 
 332 -j- "6-|-4-|-6-)-2o years " = 368 = 370 — "2 years " of both Maneth. tables), T^6s succeeded 
 by Ne'ctane'vos II., third king of the Thirtieth dynasty. Who reigned "eighteen" years (Egypt. 
 Chron., and Afr.-Maneth. table), and proved the last native Egyptian king. The hieroglyphic ovals 
 of king Nehtnebf occur at Beghe, on a temple built by him on Philae, on stone fragments at Karnak 
 and the neighbouring temple of Khons, and on " a little figure (brought from Pompeii." Glid. 
 analect., and Leps. k. pi. 50). 
 
 At the First cataract, the earliest building on Philae (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. 119 to 
 122) is by Nectanebus : the island is not mentioned by Herodotus, — and appears to have been first 
 regarded as sacred under the Ptolemies. The hieroglyphic inscription on the obelisks there, is said 
 by Lepsius to have nothing to do with the Greek inscription. 
 
 Piper sylveslre of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. Called in Madagascar " lale vitsit ; " 
 and possibly the African pepper mentioned by the comic poet Ophelion — (Athen. ii. p. 66, and 
 Daremb.) : P. sylvestre was observed by Flacourt i. 36 25 abounding in the forest throughout 
 Madagascar and Bourbon Island, eaten by wild pigeons, and its stem and leaves having the savour 
 of pepper ; by Bojer, indigenous in moist places in the forest on Mauritius, and called by the colonists 
 "poivrier sauvage." From transported specimens, is described by Lamarck ill. pi. 23 (Pers.). 
 Varthema found " a grove of cubebs " near Mozambique (edit. Badg.) : Bourbon cubebs is mentioned 
 by "most writers on Materia medica," the berries according to Th. Martins "not larger than grains 
 of millett," but the species producing them remains unascertained (Lindl.). 
 
 " 36S B. C. = 1st year of Hien-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " ( ... Sm. b. d.), C. Licinius and L. Sextius still holding by re-election the 
 power of tribunes, Camillus for the fourth time appointed by the senate dictator ■ he resigned and 
 P. Manlius Capitolinus was appointed in his place. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Apollod., D. Laert., Blair, and Clint.), Eudoxus visiting king Mausolus of 
 Caria; and recommended by Agesilaus II. to Nectanebus, proceeded to Egvpt. — He received 
 instruction in Egypt from Chonuphis ( ... Leps. eg. and sin. p. 386): and'brought back into 
 Greece the Celestial Sphere and the science of Astronomy. Eudoxus is regarded as the discoverer 
 of the principle of cut red lines. 
 
 One hundred and eighteenth generation. May 1st, 367, mostly beyond youth : the Chinese 
 philosopher Meng-tseu ; the Greek poet Erinna the younger ; the comic poets. Araros, Calliades, 
 Nicostratus, Philippus, Anaxilas, Calibrates, Heracleides, Amphis, Cr.itimis the younger, Eriphus, 
 Epicrates, Aristophon, Sotades, Augeas, Heniochus, Epigenes, Timotheus, Sophilus, Antidotes, 
 Nausicrates, Xenarchus, Dromo, Diodorus of Sinope, and Simylus : the tragic pouts, Aphareus. and 
 Theodectes ; the philosopher Diogenes the cynic; the historians, Cephisodorus, Hermeias of 
 Methymne, and Simonides ; the orators, Isaeus, Aeschines, Aristophon of Colyttus, Cydias, Hege- 
 sippus, Callistratus, Leodamas, Aristophon of Azenia, and Androtion ; the painters,' Pamphilus, 
 Euxenidas, Euphranor (Bryan). 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), at Syracuse, death of Dionysius after a reign of " 38 years." He 
 was succeeded by his son Dionysius II., now king of Sicily. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), at Rome, the dictator P. Manlius elected consular 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 313 
 
 tribune, and the " rogationes Liciniae " passed into a law : one of the consuls to be a plebeian, and 
 the praetorship instituted, to be confined to the patricians. War against the Gauls, and after a 
 victory by Camillus dictator for the fifth time, a temple dedicated to Concordia, the two orders of 
 citizens being reconciled. 
 
 " 366 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, L. Sextius now the first plebeian consul, associated with 
 L. Aemilius Mamercinus ; Sp. Furius Camillus son of the dictator, becoming the first praetor. 
 
 " 365 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, L. Genucius Aventinensis and Q. Servilius Ahala consuls ; 
 pestilence, and the death of the dictator Camillus. 
 
 " 364 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Licinius now plebeian consul, associated with'C. Sulpicius 
 Peticus ; the pestilence continuing, and "ludi scenici " dramatic exhibitions first established. 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), second campaign in the war between Arcadia and Elis, and battle at 
 Olympia at the time of the Games. 
 
 /satis Orientalis of the East Mediterranean countries. A wild species of woad, included 
 perhaps in the I SATIS leaves externally applied of Affect. 37: — the " isatis agria," resembling 
 according to Dioscorides the " isatis " of dyers and possessing the same medicinal properties, is 
 referred here by Sibthorp : I. Orientalis was observed by him on the maritime rocks of Greece and 
 Asia Minor ; and was received by Linnaeus from Aleppo (Ait., and Steud.). Westward, the "isatis 
 agria" or " £gne mikra " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "routam mincire'm " of the Romans ; 
 bruised leaves of " in sylvis nascens isatin " were applied to wounds in the days of Pliny xx. 25 : 
 I. Orientalis is termed " i. sylvestris minor lusitanica " by Tournefort cor. 211, is attributed by 
 Linnaeus also to Portugal and Spain (Pers., and Steud.), but the change of name by Willdenow 
 seems to imply some mistake. (See I. tinctoria.) 
 
 Euphorbia spinosa of the Mediterranean seashore. A spurge called in Greece "aphana " or 
 "koukoulaphana" (Fraas) ; and the irHlO'tEn whose juice is prescribed in Int. affect. 23 
 and 24 — is identified by Galen with the " knaphon " or " stuvon " or " ippopha£s : " the " ippoph£6s " 
 is enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 5. 1 to ix. 15. 6 among plants having thorns separate from the 
 leaves, and the '• tithumallos " yielding " ippophaSs " is mentioned as growing in Arcadia: the 
 " ippopha£s '' of Dioscorides, growing in maritime and sandy situations and yielding a juice, a dense 
 bush with crowded leaves resembling those of the olive, dry whitish spines and flowers like corymbs 
 of the ivy, is referred here by Honorius Bellus (Clus. ii. 308), and Sprengel : E. spinosa was 
 observed by Alpinus exot. 302, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in dense inextricable tufts 
 on seaside bluffs from Crete to the Peloponnesus and Greek islands. Westward, the " ippopha£s " or 
 " ippophuSs " or " ippophan£s " or " ippion " or " £hinion " or " pel£kinos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the " lappag6 " or "lappolamSra" of the Romans ; and the "hippophaes spinis geniculatum " is 
 mentioned by Pliny xxi. 54: E. spinosa is described by Hermann lugd. pi. 601 ; is termed " tithymalus 
 maritimus spinosus " by Tournefort inst. 87 ; was observed by Bivona in Sicily, by Forskal near 
 Marseilles ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Carniolia and Italy, the old branches in drying 
 becoming spinescent (Pers , Spreng., and Lenz). 
 
 Cuscuta epithymum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of dodder called 
 in Italy "cuscuta" or " epitimbra " or "epitimo" (Fraas), in Greece " tes al6pou to me'taxi" 
 fox-silk (Fraas); in which we recognize the EnieYMON prescribed in Int. affect. 10, — 2 Morb. 
 mul. 9, and by Paulus Aegineta ; abounding according to Dioscorides especially in Cappadocia and 
 Pamphylia : C. epithymum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, upon Thymbra and allied plants 
 from the Peloponnesus and Greek islands to the Bithynian Olympus ; and "aftimun" from Syria was 
 found by Forskal employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the " gpithumon " or " kgthois " is 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " Smvoloukroum " of the Romans; the " epithymum " growing 
 without root and by some called " hippopheon " is mentioned by Pliny xxvi. 35 : C. epithymum is 
 termed "c. minor" by Tournefort inst. 652 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known 
 to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 427, Engl. bot. pi. 53, and Pers ). 
 
 Phy satis alkekengi of Barbary ? Called in English gardens winter cherry (Prior), in France 
 "coqueret" (Nugent), in Germany " schlutte," in Italy " alcachengi " or "palloncini" or "solatro 
 alicacabo " (Lenz), in Greece " kSrasoulia " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " kakavoum " of the 
 Numidians identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " struhnon" alikakavon " yielding a juice, possibly the 
 STPYXNOY juice prescribed in Int. affect. 30: — the "struhnon alikakavon" of Dioscorides 
 bears bladder-like follicles containing a sort of reddish grape, worn in garlands, and the juice of the 
 plant is dried like that of the edible kind and possesses the same properties: the " alikakavon " is 
 mentioned also by Florentinus (geopon. xiii. 8); and as known in Egypt, by Pliny xxi. 105; the 
 "alkekengi" is mentioned by Avicenna, and Mesue simpl. : P. alkekengi was observed by Forskal, 
 and Sibthorp, in shady situations from Parnassus to Constantinople and the Bithynian Olympus ; its 
 fruit was found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt; and the living plant according 
 to Clot-Bey and Figari has been recently introduced. Westward, the " struhnon alikakavon " or 
 
 40 
 
314 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " phusalitha'' or " kalliatha " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " kukSlitha " of the Dacians, 
 and "vissikalis" of the Romans; and the " halicacabum " or <- callion "' or " vesicariam," having a 
 large berry within a large follicle, is further described by 1 'liny as ripening in November : P. alkekengi 
 is described by Christophorus de Honestis, and Matthioli ; is termed " alkekengi officinarum " by 
 Tournefort inst. 151 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy, and is known to occur on dikes as far 
 as Germany (Scop., Moench, and Pers.). Eastward from the Mediterranean, is attributed by 
 Persoon to Japan. The plant according to Lindley "is diuretic and employed in veterinary 
 practice.' - 
 
 Solatium minimum of Tropical Africa or Asia. Called in France " morelle " (Nugent), in 
 Italy "solatro" or "solano" (Lenz), in Greece " skilostaphilo," in Egypt " enab eddib " wolf grape, 
 in Yemen "mesaelleha" (Forsk.), in Egyptian " pelfimfin " (Kirch.) or *-alleld" (Syn. Diosc); in 
 which we recognize the " solanum " identified by Celsus with the " strychnon " of the Greeks (Plin. 
 xxvii. 108) ; and from the above remark of Dioscorides iv. 72, probably the kind affording the "struh- 
 nou" juice of Int. affect. 30: — the " struhnos " is enumerated as edible by Polemon diaet. ii. 12; 
 the " struhnos Sthfithimos," as if " em£ron " and having berried fruit, is mentioned by Theophrastus 
 vii. 15. 4, and according to Dioscorides the berries become either black or yellowish; "truhna" 
 are mentioned by Theo*critus x. 37; the " strychnum " is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the 
 esculent plants of Egypt; and the " inab el-dubb " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : S. miniatum was 
 observed by Forskal, and Delile, springing up spontaneously from Cairo to Alexandria, the berries 
 eaten crude ; by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste places from the Pelopon- 
 nesus to Constantinople. Westward, the "struhnos kepaios " or "em£ron" is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "astr£smounim " of the Numidians, " skouvouloum " of the Gauls, and " stroumoum " 
 or "koukduvaloum " of the Romans; by Pliny xxvii. 44, with the "strumum" or " cuculi : " the 
 "maurellam " is mentioned by Slacer Floridus 60, and the " morella " or " solatrum " or " uva vulpis " 
 in Ortus Sanitatis pi. 455 : S. miniatum is termed " s. officinarum acinis nigricantibus et acinis luteis " 
 by Tournefort inst. 14S ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known 
 to occur in waste places as far as middle Europe (Dill. elth. pi 274. f. 353, Pers., and Lory). 
 Southward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal p. 46 among the mountains of Yemen, the bruised 
 leaves applied in the " bulce '' ulcerous disease ; by Grant, along the Nile from Lat. 28 to the Equa- 
 tor, and beyond to 4 18' South, the "leaves made into spinage." Eastward, was observed by Rheede 
 a. pi. 73 in Malabar ; by Graham, " in gardens pretty common " around Bombay and called '■ ghattee," 
 or on the Deccan " camunee ; " by Roxburgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan, and called 
 " anab-al-salib" (the " inab-el-thalab " of Ebn Baitar); by Mason, in Burmah ; by Loureiro i. p. 
 133, in Anam, the leaves applied externally to cure cancers ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, around 
 Nagasaki in Japan and called " tenka" or " tenkja," or usually "nassubi ;" by Blanco, on the Philip- 
 pines and called in Tagalo "cunti" or " onti " or '■ gamagamatisan," in Camarines " cuti " or "lubi- 
 lubi," in Bisaya " lubilubi " or " lagpacum " or "bolagtog." Farther East, was observed by myself 
 aboriginally introduced on the Feejeean Islands, and clearly by Polynesians carried to New Zealand, 
 to the Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Islands, everywhere naturalized, occurring in wild situations, 
 the berries edible and the plant two feet or more high : may therefore be the species seen by J. D. 
 Hooker on the Galapagos Islands, and the " yerva mora o solatrum like that of Spain" found by 
 Oviedo already in the West Indies. Probably by European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, where it occurs in clearings (Boj., and A. Dec), but according to Graham is besides culti- 
 vated as a potherb and called "brede." (See S. nigrum, and S. Aethiopicum). 
 
 Arum maculatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain make robin 
 or cuckoo-pintle, in a manuscript of the Fourteenth century '• kokok-pyntel " (Prior), in Greece 
 "thrakontia" (Sibth.) or " aron mikra thrakountia" (Fraas); in which we recognize the "thrakontias 
 mikras" of Cratevas (Anguill.), and Dioscorides: the APAKONTION prescribed in Int. affect. 
 1, — and termed '■ preu " mild in Steril. 17, may be compared : A. maculatum was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands; by Anguillara, its 
 root cooked and eaten in Albania, and in Slavonia made into a kind of bread (Spreng.). Westward, 
 is described by Bauhin (Pers.); is termed "a. vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 15S; was observed by 
 Lenz in Italy; is known to grow in Barbary (Lindl.) and throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 
 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 505, Lam. fl. fr, and Curt. lond. ii. pi. 63). The crude tubers according to Lindley 
 "are stimulant, diaphoretic and expectorant," and a nutritious substance manufactured from them on 
 the island of Portland is called Portland sago. 
 
 Arum Italituiii of -the Mediterranean countries. A larger species called in Italy " lengua de 
 bo" or " aro" (Lenz); and possibly the " thrakontion" of Int. affect, —and Steril. : the "thrakontia 
 6t2ra" is described by Dioscorides as two cubits high with great ivv-like leaves spotted with white, 
 its root eaten either crude or cooked: A. Ilalicum was observed by Fraas, not rare in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. Westward, the cooked root of the " thrakontia gtSra " is further mentioned by Dioscorides 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 315 
 
 as mixed with honey by the Balearic islanders and made into cakes : A. Italicum is described by 
 Dodoens p. 329 (Spreng.) ; was observed by Lenz, not rare in Italy ; is known to grow also in Spain, 
 Portugal, Southern France, and as far as Germany (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America where it has become a frequent greenhouse plant. 
 
 Trifolium arvense of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hare's foot, 
 in Germany "hasen fuss," in France "pied de lievre" (Prior), in Italy "pie di lepre" or "lagopo" 
 (Lenz), in Greece "lagonoura" (Fraas) ; and the AATanYPOS according to Ulc. p. 319 in the 
 dried state resembling bran, its small leaf like that of the olive and longer or more elongate, — identi- 
 fied by Galen voc. with the "lagonate votane," is referred here by writers : T. arvense was observed 
 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from "Crete and the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and 
 Cyprus ; is known to occur also along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.). Westward, is described by 
 Valerius Cordus, Fuchsius pi. 479, and Lobel hist. 383 ; is termed "t. arvense humile spicatum sive 
 lagopus" by Tournefort inst. 405 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; is known to grow also 
 in Barbary and throughout middle .and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 
 724, Hook., and Wats.) By European colonists, was carried before 1547 to the West Indies ("tri- 
 folium leporinum " of Oviedo hist. gen. xi. 2), and extending thence, or independently introduced, has 
 become naturalized in our Southern (Chapm.) and throughout our Atlantic States, occurring not only 
 in old fields and roadways but in wild sunny situations. 
 
 Potentilla hirta of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe. The black nENTA*YAAON 
 prescribed in Ulc. 880 — is referred here by Fraas: P. hirta was observed by Sibthorp, Gittard, 
 and Fraas, on and about the mountains of Southern Greece. Westward, is termed "q. montanum 
 erectum hirsutum luteum " by Magnol monsp. 216; and is known to grow also on the Carpathians 
 and Pyrenees (Allion., and Pers.). 
 
 Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum of the Mediterranean shores, and beyond as far as Madeira. 
 Called in Egypt "ghasul" or " schaechacha " (Forsk.) ; and the EninETPON prescribed in 
 Ulc. 875, — growing according to Aristotle part. an. iv. 5 on Parnassus and continuing alive sus- 
 pended on a peg, regarded as altogether flowerless by Theophrastus vii. 8. 4, mentioned also by 
 Galen method, iv. 5, may be compared: M. nodiflorum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 frequent along the seashore of Greece ; by Labillardiere, on the seashore of Syria; and by Alpinus 
 pi. 127, Forskal, and Delile, frequent in the Egyptian Desert. Westward, is described by Linnaeus; 
 was observed by Forskal on Malta ; and is known to grow around the Adriatic to " Lat. 43 ," along 
 the West coast of Italy to Genoa, also to Marseilles, Corsica, Sardinia, Spain, Barbary, and beyond 
 the Straus to Portugal, the Canary Islands, and Madeira (A. Dec ; see M. Copticum). 
 
 Carthamus corymbosus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " omvrSla " 
 (Fraas) or " hamail£6n " (Sibth.), in Egyptian '■ sovel " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the 
 XAMAIAEJJN : MEAAS of Ulc. 879, — Theophrastus ix. 12, Nicander, Cratevas, growing 
 according to Dioscorides on dry plains and seaside hills and having spinescent hyacinth-coloured 
 flowers, leaves varying according to locality, deep green, hoary, bluish, or red : C. corymbosus 
 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus and Greek islands 
 to the Dardanelles, frequent in the situations described by Dioscorides. Westward, the "hamail£6n 
 melas " or "pagkarpon" or " oulophonon " or " ixian " or '' kunomahon " or " 6kimo£ith£s " or 
 "knithion kokkon" or "kunoxulon" is identified in the Syn. Diosc with the " karthous nigra" or 
 "ou£rnilag&" of the Romans : the account by Pliny xxii. 21 and xxvii. 118 of the "chameleon niger" 
 or " ulophonon " or " cynozolon " seems in part taken from Dioscorides : C. corymbosus was observed 
 by Anguillara, and A. Maranta, in Slavonia and Southern Italy (Spreng.) ; is described also by 
 Matthioli coram, p. 491, and is termed "c. aculeatus carlinas folio flore multiplici veluti umbellato" 
 by Tournefort cor. 33. 
 
 Cvnoglossum officinale of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain hound' 's-tongue (Prior), 
 in Italy "lingua canina " or '• cinoglossa" (Lenz), in Greece "gourgougiannes " or "shSloglfisson " 
 (Sibth.) ; and the i X EA I Ai prescribed in Ulc. 879 — may be compared : C. officinale was observed 
 by Sibthorp frequent in Greece and on the Greek islands ; by Hasselquist, in Palestine ; root of 
 " cynoglossum " or " lissan-el-kelb " was found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt; 
 and the living C. officinale according to Clot-Bey has recently been introduced. Westward, the 
 " lingua canina " is mentioned by Celsus v. 27 ; and a kind of " cynoglossos " bearing " lappas 
 minutas," its root taken in potion against (the poison of) frogs and serpents, is distinguished by 
 Pliny xxv. 41 : C. officinale is described by Miraldus, and W. Coles simpl. 27 (Prior) ; is termed " c. 
 majus vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 139 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to 
 occur in waste ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan pi. 1 147, and Pers.). 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues along roadsides and in 
 waste ground from the Saskatchawan (Hook.) to Montreal and North Carolina (Darl., Chapm., and 
 myself). The plant according to Lindley "was once officinal, being used as an antispasmodic," but 
 
3 i6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "is so fetid that it has long since ceased to be exhibited ; " its odour is compared by Smith to that 
 of mice (Pers. ; see Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum). 
 
 Cynoglossum Apenninum of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece " gour- 
 gougiannes " or " shSloglosson " (Sibth.) ; and possibly included in the " sheTas " in question : — 
 the "alia similis cynoglosso quae fert lappas minutas " of Pliny xxv. 41, may also be compared : C. 
 Apenninum was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, is described 
 by Columna ecphr. pi. 170; is termed "c. montanum maximum" by Tournefort inst. 139; and is 
 known to grow in Italy, on the Apennines (Pers.). 
 
 Cynoiilassum pictitm of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "g6rgoiannes " (r-raas); 
 and possibly included in the " shelias " in question : - C. pictum is termed " c. creticum latifohum" 
 by Tournefort inst. 140 ; was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Attica and the Pelopon- 
 nesus. Westward, is described by Scopoli (Steud.) ; is known to grow in Barbary and various parts 
 of Southern Europe, and even on Madeira (Pers.). 
 
 Ruscus aculeatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain butcher's broom 
 from being used to protect meat against mice and bats, or knee-holly or knee-holm, in Anglo-Saxon 
 " cneow-holen " (Prior), in France " fragon piquant" (Fie), in Germany " mausedorn," in Italy 
 "pugnitopo" or " spruneggio " or " ruschio " (Lenz), in Greece " smurnakantha " or " korallo- 
 horton" or "lagomelea" (Fraas), by the prophets "gonos eraklfious " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we 
 recognize the " rouskoum " identified through Syn. Diosc. with the MYPPINH ATPIH prescribed 
 in Ulc. S80, — or "mursine agria " of Dioscorides, its sharp-pointed leaves bearing at the middle 
 globular fruit, and the root used for adulterating " phou : " the " kentromurrine " is described by 
 Theophrastus iii. 17. 4 as having fruit upon its leaves : R. aculeatus was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Fraas, frequent in rugged mountainous situations in Attica and other parts of Greece : was known to 
 Serapion f. 166, by whom its berries were called " khababath," and hence improperly by mediaeval 
 writers " cubebae " (Leonicen., and Spreng.). Westward, the " mursine agria " or " hamaimurte " or 
 " oxumursine " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " rouskoum " of the Romans ; the " oxymyr- 
 sinen" by Castor with the " ruscum " of which "scopae" are made (Plin. xxiii. 83) ; "ruscea" are 
 mentioned by Cato orig. i. 7; the "ruscum" by Varro, Virgil, Verrius ; and " oxymyrsinae " or 
 "scopa regia" by Scribonius Largus 153 : R. aculeatus is described by Anguillara 291, Lonicer 204, 
 and Parkinson ; is termed " r. myrtifolius aculeatus " by Tournefort inst. 79 ; was observed by Lenz 
 in Italy; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 560, and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Marinbium alys.unu of the Southern division of the Mediterranean countries. A species of 
 horehound called in Egypt " frasium " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the Greek " prasion " trans- 
 ferred to allied species: — the " alusson " of Antonius rhizotom., and Galen antidot. ii. p. 449, is 
 referred here by writers, and the " kamelopothion " of Syn. Diosc. iii. 109 may also be compared: 
 M. alyssum seems unknown in Greece, but was observed by Forskal p. 213, and Delile, near Alex- 
 andria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is described by Dodoens 88, and Clusius 
 hist. ii. 35, and is known to grow in Spain (Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Marrubium catai iafolium of the East Mediterranean countries. The n P A i I N prescribed in 
 Ulc. 878 — is perhaps the medicinal kind described by Theophrastus vi. 2. 5 as having green and 
 more deeply incised leaves, termed " prasioio hloanthSos " by Nicander ther. 550, and referred here 
 by Sprengel: M. catariaefolium, received from the East " Oriente " is described by Desroussaux enc. 
 meth. iii. 771, its leaves "ovatis subviridibus profunde crenatis" (Pers.), and according to Sprengel is 
 frequent in Asia Minor. 
 
 Marrubium vulgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain horehound, 
 in Anglo-Saxon " hara-hune " (Prior), in France " marrube (Nugent), in Germany " andorn," in Italy, 
 "marrobio" (Lenz), in Greece " skulohorton " (Fraas), by the prophets " aima taurou " or "aphe- 
 thros '' or " gonos 6rou," in Egyptian " astfirope " (Syn. Diosc ) ; in which we recognize the marrou- 
 vioum" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "prasion:" — growing according to Dioscorides around 
 dwellings and in waste places, its leaves rounded and wrinkled: the "prasion Mron " is distin- 
 guished by Theophrastus vi. 2. 5 as having rounder dry or shrivelled leaves not so deeply incised: 
 M. vulgare was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus through- 
 out Greece and the Greek islands ; is known to occur also about Taurus and Caucasus (Ledeb.) ; 
 was received by Bentham from Yemen, and may therefore be the unnamed species observed on 
 mountains there by Forskal ; was found by Alpinus employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the 
 " prasion " or " phullopharSs " or " philophare's " or " tripfithilon " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "atiSrverzia" of the Numidians, and " lave"6nia " or " marrouvioum " of the Romans; the 
 " prasion " or " philochares " or " philopaeda " or " linostrophon," by Pliny with the " marrubium ; " 
 the "marrubium candidum " is mentioned by Castor (Plin. xx. 89); and "marrubium," by Macer 
 Floridus 42 : M. vulgare is described in Ortus Sanitatis 256 (Prior) ; is termed " m. album vulgare " 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 317 
 
 by Tournefort inst. 192 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known 
 to occur in waste places from Algeria and the Canary Islands to Sweden, and to Kasan in Russia 
 (Pers., Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to occur in Persia and as far as 
 Cashmere, but continues unknown in Eastern Asia (Ledeb.). By European colonists, was carried 
 to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens and waste ground in our Atlantic States ; also 
 to Mexico, California, Southern Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chili (Benth., A. Saint-Hil., and herb. 
 Dec). Its extract according to Smith, and Lindley, " is a popular remedy for coughs and asthmatic 
 complaints." 
 
 Marrubium pseudodictamnus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " mauro- 
 markos" (Fraas) or " mavromargo " or " aspropikropanthi " (Sibth.) ; and the *EYAOAIKTAM 
 NON of the Hippocratic writings, — described by Theophrastus ix. 16. 2 as resembling in leaves 
 "thiktamnon" and used medicinally for the same purposes but less efficacious, by Dioscorides as 
 growing in many countries, and by Pliny xxv. 53 to xxvi. 31 as sometimes called " chondris," is 
 referred here by writers: M. pseudodictamnus is described by Dodoens (Spreng); is termed 
 "pseudodictamnus verticillatus inodorus " by Tournefort inst. 188; and was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and Crete throughout the Greek islands. 
 
 Origanum Teurnefortii of the Greek islands. The AIKTAMNOS : KPHTIKOS of the 
 Hippocratic writings — may be compared; also the " StSron thiktamnon " of Theophrastus ix. 16. 3, 
 bearing the same name with the preceding and peculiar to the same island, but differing in medicinal 
 properties and in aspect, the leaves like those of " sisumvriS : " the " £t£ron githos thiktamnou " from 
 Crete is described by Dioscorides as having flowers like " 6rigan6 agr'16 " soft and black, the odour 
 of its leaves exquisite, between that of " sisumvridu " and "ededisphakou : '' O. Tournefortii is termed 
 " o. dictamni crelici facie folio crasso nunc villoso nunc glabro " by Tournefort cor. 13 and trav. i. 
 pi. 91 as observed by him on Amorgos (Pers.) ; and was found by Sibthorp on the same island, on 
 rocks near the monastery. 
 
 Teuaium scordium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water ger- 
 mander (Ainsw., and Prior), in Italy " scordio " (Lenz), in Greece " skorthgo " or " skorthohorton " 
 (Sibth.), by the prophets "aima pothotos," in Egyptian "aphS" (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recog- 
 nize the SKOPAION of the Hippocratic writings, — and Galen: the " scordion " or " scordo- 
 tin " growing according to Mithridates in the fertile humid plains of Pontus, bitter to the taste, 
 a cubit high and branching, stem quadrangular and leaves " lanuginosis," is attributed to him by 
 Lenaeus (Plin. xxv. 27): the " skorthion " is described by Dioscorides as growing in marshes and 
 best in quality in Pontus and Crete, bitter and astringent to the taste with a slight odour of garlic, 
 stems quadrangular, leaves like those of "hamaithrui " but larger and less incised; is identified in 
 the added Synonyms with the " mithrithanios : " the " shkordium " is mentioned also by Ebn Baitar : 
 T. scordium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in watery places from the Peloponnesus 
 to the Dardanelles ; by Schimper, in Abyssinia (A. Dec. g. b. 1015) ; and according to Clot-Bey has 
 recently been introduced into Egypt; imported "scordium" is enumerated among the ingredients of 
 the Egyptian theriac, and was observed by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally. Westward, the 
 " skorthion " or " skorvion " or " plSuritis " or " thusosmon " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the " phrixagS paloustris " of the Romans ; and the medicinal use of " scordium " is enumerated by 
 Pliny xxvi. 481085: T. scordium is termed "chamsdrys palustris canescens seu scordium offici- 
 narum " by Tournefort inst. 205 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 593, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). " T. scordioides," termed 
 "c cretica palustris canescens scordioides betonica; folio " by Tournefort cor. 14, and observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Bory, on Crete and the Peloponnesus, is regarded as not distinct (Steud.). 
 
 Corylus avellana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain filbert or hazel, 
 in Anglo-Saxon " haesl " or " hassel " from " haes " behest (Prior), in France " noisette " or "aveline " 
 (Nugent), in Germany " hasel," in Italy " nocciolo " or " avellano " (Lenz), in Greece " l£pht5karia " 
 (Sibth.) or "phountoukia" (Forsk.), in Egypt " bondok " ( . . ), in Egyptian " pantoki " (Kirch.) : 
 the6ASIAI : KAPYAI of the Hippocratic writings — are referred here by Sprengel : the " eraklS- 
 6tike karua" is described by Theophrastus iii. 15. 1 as hardy, wild on the mountains as well as culti- 
 vated, its leaves like those of the alder but wider ; and " pontika " are identified by Dioscorides 
 i. 179 with " lgptokarua : " C. avellana was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, on the mountains of 
 Greece and around Constantinople ; and imported nuts were seen by Abd-allatif, and Baumgarten i. 
 14, in Egypt. Westward, cultivation of the " nux avellana" is mentioned by Cato, Virgil, Columella, 
 and Pliny, the name derived by Servius from the town of Avellano in Campania ; the " corylus '' is 
 mentioned by Virgil, Columella vii. 9. 6, by Pliny xvi. 30 as growing both on plains and mountains, 
 and "coryleta" hazel-thickets by Ovid : C. avellana occurs in remnants in forests buried under the 
 sea along the coast of France and England ; in peat-bogs on the Shetland Islands, where the living 
 shrub is no longer known (Edmonst, Austen, and Beud.) ; also in debris of the earliest lake-villages 
 
318 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 of Switzerland (Heer) ; is termed " c. sylveslris " by Tournefort insft. 5S2 ; was observed by Munby 
 in one locality in Algeria, perhaps not indigenous ; by Lenz, wild in Italy ; is known to grow wild on 
 the mountains of Sicily Sardinia and Corsica (Guss., Moris, and Salis) and throughout middle and 
 Northern Europe as far as Lat. 65° 30' (A. Dec). Eastward from the Black Sea, is known to grow 
 in Northern Asia (Pers.) ; and was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan. Filberts are 
 largely imported into Northeast America, but I have not heard of attempts at cultivation. (See C. 
 colurna.) 
 
 Lepraria flava of Northern Climates. The^QPAN EAAIHS and A A$ N H i of the Hippo- 
 cratic writings,— and Theophrastus iv. 16, is referred to this genus by Billerbeck : the " limus 
 arborum" by the Greeks called " lichena," is described by Pliny xxiii. 69 as growing on plum trees 
 wild and cultivated, and used medicinally : L. flava was observed by Sibthorp on old trees in Greece. 
 Westward, is termed " b. pulverulenta flava lignis adnascens " by Dillenius iii. pi. 1 ; and is known 
 to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 1350). 
 
 The TETPATGNO Y of the Hippocratic writings — is identified by Galen voc. Hippocr. 578 with 
 "stimmi" or antimony : "stibium"' is mentioned by Celsus ; and "stimmi," by Dioscorides, and 
 Pliny. 
 
 "363 B. C." (Diod., and Clint, iii. p. 421), Mithridates succeeded by Ariobarzanes II. as king 
 of Pontus in Asia Minor. 
 
 Origanum Henuleotiaun of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " rigani " (Fraas) ; 
 and the " konilen " discovered by Conilus — is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the " origanos 
 erakl£6tike " of Dioscorides, strewn to drive away reptiles as well as taken against their bites, having 
 an umbel not rotate but as if separated, and referred here by writers : the " l£uke origanou " is men- 
 tioned by Theophrastus vi. 2. 3; and the "eraklfiion origanon " by Nicander ther. 627: O. Herac- 
 leoticum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in dry mountainous situations from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; and by Forskal within the city of Constantinople. Westward, the 
 "origanum heracleoticum " of the Greeks is identified by Pliny xx. 62 with the '■ cunila gallinacea ; " 
 known to Plautus trinum. 4 as growing in Pontus ; mentioned also by Cato 127, Serenus 909; and 
 termed "gallicam'' by Apuleius 122 (Spreng.). O. Heracleoticum is described by Matthioli 
 comm. 519, and Lobel pi. 492; is termed " o. sylvestre album" by Tournefort inst. 199; was 
 observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers. ; see 
 O. Creticum). 
 
 "362 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Q. Servilius Ahala and L. Genucius consuls, half of the mili- 
 tary tribunes for the first time elected by the people. 
 
 "June" (Plut., and Clint.), defeat of the Spartans at Mantinea by the Thebans under Epami- 
 nondas ; who however was mortally wounded. 
 
 After the battle at Mantinea and before the close of the year (" 01. 104. 3" of Diodor. xv. 92, and 
 Blair), by Agesilaus III. Proclid king of Sparta, an army sent into Egypt to assist Tachos against 
 the Persians. 
 
 361 B. C. = "45th year of Artaxerxes II.," in a Greek inscription (2691 of Boeckh ii. p. 468). 
 
 " In this year" (Polyb., Diodor., and Clint.), peace among the States of Greece. 
 
 "The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Sulpicius Peticus and C. Licinius consuls ; invasion 
 of the Gauls; and a Gaul advancing and challenging the Roman army killed in single combat by T. 
 Manlius, who from the captured chain received the name of Torquatus. 
 
 "360 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Poetelius Libo Visolus and M. Fabius Ambustus consuls; 
 the Gauls and Tiburtines defeated by the dictator (,). Servilius Ahala. 
 
 "359 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint), Perdiccas king of Macedonia slain in battle against the 
 Illyrians, and succeeded by his brother Philip. Who defeated the Athenians at Methone; made 
 peace with them ; and before the close of the year, defeated the Illyrians under Bardylis. 
 
 "The same year" (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 382), Artaxerxes II. succeeded by Artaxerxes 
 III. Ochus, eleventh Persian emperor. 
 
 Tauiarix dioica of Hindustan. A very graceful shrub called " surroo " or " lal jhau " (Roxb.), 
 in Sanscrit "jhavaca" or "pichula," and along the Ganges pointed out to W. Jones as the "gaz" 
 of the Persians, used by them for arrows in ancient times, the celebrated shaft of Isfendiya being 
 made of it— (asiat. res. iv. 268): the Indian "murikes" is described by Theophrastus v. 4. 8 
 as differing in having strong wood : T. dioica was observed by Graham " common in the beds of 
 the Concan and Deccan rivers ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan as far as 
 Bengal. 
 
 " 358 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Fabius Ambustus and C. Plautius Proculus consuls, fighting around 
 Rome against the Tarquinians, Gauls, and Hernicians, and the alliance with Latium renewed. 
 
 "357 B. C. = 1 2th year of Hien-wang" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-ninth 
 cycle. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 319 
 
 "The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Marcius Rutilus and Cn. Manlius Capitolinus 
 Imperiosus consuls, C. Licinius fined for violating his own law, having acquired too much public 
 land. 
 
 "Aug. 9th" (Plut., and Clint.), eclipse: Dion immediately afterwards sailing from Zacynthus 
 for Sicily : 
 
 "356 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Fabius Ambustus and M. Popilius Laenas consuls; the 
 Etruscans defeated by C. Marcius Rutilus the first plebeian dictator. 
 
 "In this year," defeat and death of the historian Philistus, and expulsion of Dionysius II., 
 Dion establishing himself as king at Syracuse. — He reigned less than four years. 
 
 Euphorbia falcata of the Mediterranean countries. The nEllAOS prescribed by (Leo- 
 phanes) Superfoet. 19, — and Paulus Aegineta, spreading on the ground according to Dioscorides 
 in gardens and vineyards, and identified in the added Synonyms with the " suken " or " mek<5na 
 aphr6the," is referred here by Sibthorp : E. falcata was observed by Sibthorp, and D'Urville (Bory), 
 in vineyards and cultivated ground in Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward, the account by 
 Pliny xxvii. 93 of the "pgplis" or "sycen" or "meconion" or " mecona aphrode " seems taken from 
 Dioscorides : E. falcata is described by Barrelier pi. 751 ; is termed "tithymalus annuus supinus folio 
 rotundiore acuminato " by Tournefort inst. 87 ; was observed by Boccone xxiv. pi. 13 in Sicily, and is 
 known to occur in cultivated ground in Southern and as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 121, 
 Pers., and Lindl.). 
 
 Euphorbia peplus of Europe and Northern Asia. An allied species called in Italy "rogna" or 
 "fico d' inferno" (Lenz), in Greece "galazitha" (Sibth.), in Egypt "maelske," in Yemen " sabia " 
 or "subbejd" (Forsk.) ; and possibly the "suken" of Syn. Diosc. and " pSplos " in question: — • 
 E. peplus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in vineyards and cultivated ground from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt ; and 
 by Forskal among the mountains of Yemen. Westward, is described by Bauhin hist. iii. 670, and 
 Morison x. pi. 2; is termed "t. rotundis foliis non crenatis " by Tournefort inst. 87 ; was observed 
 by Lenz in Italy ; and is a " weed in cultivated ground " throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 959, Pers., and Lindl.). Eastward from Greece, was observed by Thunberg in various 
 parts of Japan, but no native name is given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast Amer- 
 ica, where it continues in "waste places in the Eastern States, rather rare" (A. Gray). Its medi- 
 cinal properties according to Lindley are "the same as in E. falcata." 
 
 "355 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Sulpicius Peticus and M. Valerius Poplicola consuls, both 
 of them patricians in violation of the Licinian law. 
 
 "354 B. C." (Sm. b. d ), at Rome, M. Fabius Ambustus and T. Ouinctius Pennus Capitolinus 
 Crispinus consuls, again in violation of the Licinian law both of them patricians. League with the 
 Samnites. 
 
 Sargassum natans of the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The $YKOS of the Scyla- 
 cean Periplus — is referred here by Sprengel : S. natans is termed "f. folliculaceus serrato folio" 
 by Tournefort inst. 568 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, floating at sea from Cadiz throughout 
 the Mediterranean to the Greek archipelago and the Propontis ; and is known to occur in frequent 
 tufts throughout the Gulf Stream to the terminal accumulation called the " Sargasso Sea," and is 
 sometimes driven Northward as far as the coast of Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1967). 
 
 Laminaria bulbosa of the Mediterranean. A species of sea-belt (Prior) or kelp : and the 
 *YKOS of Scylax p. 126 — is further identified by Sprengel with the "zfistera;" described by 
 Theophrastus iv. 6. 2 as " platuphullon taini6£ith£s " and having an onion-like root, referred 
 here by writers : L. bulbosa is described by Turner, and Lamouroux, and was observed by Fraas 
 on the coast of Attica. L. Blosevillii, four to eight feet long, and according to Bory formerly dis- 
 covered by Bloseville among the Greek islands, may also be compared. 
 
 "353 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Sulpicius Peticus and M. Valerius Poplicola again consuls. 
 War against the Tarquinians and Caere ; and a truce made with Caere for a hundred years. 
 
 "In this year" (Diodor., and Clint.), death of Mausolus king of Caria. — His memory was 
 consecrated by his widow Artemisia by a tomb much celebrated for its magnificence ; and the origin 
 of our English word "mausoleum." 
 
 "352 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, P. Valerius Poplicola and C. Marcius Rutilus consuls, 
 " quinqueviri mensarii " appointed for a general liquidation of debts. 
 
 "351 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Sulpicius Peticus and T. Ouinctius Pennus Capitolinus 
 Crispinus consuls, the first plebeian censor C. Marcius Rutilus ; war against Tarquinii, and a truce 
 for forty years granted. 
 
 " In this year " (Blair), Sidon besieged by a Persian army, and burned by its inhabitants ; involving 
 in the flames their own destruction. 
 
 The same year (= 369 — " 18 years"), end of the Egyptian Chronicle. 
 
320 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Sison amomum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italian drug-shops 
 "amomo germanico " (Targ.) ; and the S E I S a N of Axionicus — (Poll, onomast. x. 122), a small 
 seed according to Dioscorides resembling that of " selino " but hot to the taste, growing in Syria and 
 employed there as a condiment, is referred here by writers : S. amomum was observed by Sibthorp 
 from the Bithynian Olympus to the environs of Smyrna. Westward, the "sison" is mentioned by 
 Pliny xxvii. 15, and Apuleius Barbaras 94 (Fraas) : the " amomon " herb by Pliny xxvi. 19; and 
 from mediseval times " semen amomi " have been sold in the drug-shops of Europe (Spreng., and 
 Lindl.) : S. amomum is described by Dalechamp 708 ; is termed " sium aromaticum, sison officinarum '' 
 by Tournefort inst. 308 ; and is known to occur in " chalky fields " in Carniolia, France, and Britain 
 (Scop., Pers., Engl. hot. pi. 954. and Lindl.). The seeds according to Lindley are " pungent and 
 aromatic " but have a nauseous smell when fresh. 
 
 "350 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint, ii. p. 383), Egypt re-conquered by the Persians with the aid of 
 Greek mercenaries. The name of the reigning emperor, Artaxerxes III. OchUs, has not been 
 found on the Egyptian monuments (Glid., and Leps. k.). 
 
 Aucklandia costus of Cashmere. An imported root called in commerce costus, in Arabic "kust" 
 (Royle), in Egyptian " ris " — (Edw.) ; in which we recognize the " kostos " enumerated among 
 imported fragrant roots by Theophrastus ix. 73 and odor. 28 to 34 ; used by the Romans in suppli- 
 cating the gods (Plin. xxii. 56), mentioned also by Horace, Ovid, Celsus, Lucan ix. 917 ; and according 
 to the Erythraean Periplus brought from the Indus : three kinds are mentioned by Dioscorides; and 
 two kinds "from the island of Patale at the mouth of the Indus " by Pliny xii. 25 : the "kust" is 
 mentioned by Rhazes, Avicenm, Abd-allatif, Ebn Baitar, and Persian medical writers ; and the root 
 in question was traced by Falconer to A. costus, observed by him growing in the valley of Cashmere. 
 Eastward, was found by Garcias brought to Malacca for export to China ; and according to Royle 
 (in Kitt. bibl. cycl.), is an ingredient in the incense burned in Chinese temples and houses. 
 
 " In this year " ( Liw, App., and Sm. b. d.). the Gauls defeated by the consul M. Popilius Laenas ; 
 and a triumph celebrated, the first obtained by a plebeian. A second temple to Apollo built in 
 Rome. 
 
 " In this year" (Bothling, Roth, Lassen, and Buns. iv. 7. 3.), Panina the grammarian, founder of 
 Sanscrit literature : — the oldest Sanscrit prose occurring in the Bramana or books of ritual, and the 
 Upanishad or philosophical treatises. (Panina may have lived to the time of Alexander's invasion). 
 
 As early probably as this date (Theophrast., and Cic. acad. quaest. ii. 39), Hicetas of Syracuse 
 maintaining That the heavens are stationary, and that the Earth turns on itself or rotates. 
 
 The Niobe "roup of statues — (referred by writers to the Fourth century B. C, Lubke and 
 Lutrow) impressed me more deeply than any work of art I ever met with. For a different reason, I 
 was interested in the Scythian slave preparing to skin Marsyas ; as being in the days of the sculptor 
 a truthful representation of the people on the North of Greece. 
 
 "348 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Valerius Corvus and M. Popilius Laenas consuls, renewal 
 of the treaty with Carthage. 
 
 The same year (= 339 -|- " 2 -f- 3 -f- 4 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 332 -f- " 6 -\- 4 -\- 6 
 years" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), a date thus found in both the Maneth. tables, and possibly 
 marking some event (see B. C. 339). 
 
 The Greek physician Mnesitheus may have been at this time writing. — He is quoted by the 
 comic poet Alexis. 
 
 The tree M YAS enumerated among articles of food by Mnesitheus — (Oribas. ii. 68) is referred 
 by writers to the dormouse, Myoxus glis : the " muoxus " is mentioned by Oppianus cyn., Epiphanius 
 haer. 64, and as eaten in Italy by Galen al. fac. iii. 2 : the "glis " is mentioned by Plautus, Lupinus 
 or Hirpinus, Petronius, Pliny, Martial, and Apicius ; was the subject of a Roman sumptuary law in 
 "B.C. 115;" and the "glirarium " park for keeping dormice, is described by Varro iii. 15. The 
 dormouse continues to be eaten in Italy, and is even reared for that purpose in Carniolia, Carinthia, 
 and Styria (Gesn.. Matihiol., Yalvasor, and Daremb.). 
 
 "347 B. C." (Clint, ii. p. 156), Syracuse recovered by Dionysius II. 
 
 "In this year" (= 01. 108. 1, Cic, Scncc, D. Laert., andSm. b. d ), at Athens, death of Plato. 
 He was succeeded by his pupil Speusippus as head of the Academic school of philosophy. 
 
 Brassica nopits of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain colt::a or rape or 
 navew (Prior), in France " colza," in Italy "rapaccione" or " navone selvatico " or " napo silvestre " 
 (Lenz), in Egypt " selgam " (Del.) ; in which we recognize the " napus " identified through Pliny with 
 the BOYNIAS of Speusippus, — Diphilus Siphnius, Artemidorus, Nicander fr.", Columella, 
 Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ii. 71 B. napus was observed by Fraas in hilly situations in Greece, 
 where it is or has been cultivated ; is known to occur seemingly wild in Armenia, Russia, and 
 "perhaps Siberia" (Billerb. p. 170, Ledeb., and A. Dec); the~"seljam" was seen' in Enypt by 
 Abd-allatif; and B. napus, byDelile, and Clot-Bey, cultivated in Upper Egypt for the oil from its 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 321 
 
 seeds. .Westward, "coles rapicii " and "semen rapicium " are mentioned by Cato ; the "napus" by 
 Columella xii. 56, and Pliny xx. 1 1 : B. napus is described by Miller ; is cultivated in middle Europe 
 for the oil from its seeds, and is known to grow wild in maritime situations as far as Gothland and 
 the neighbouring portion of Sweden (Pers., and Fries p. 29). 
 
 "345 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), the comic poet Alexis mentioned by Aeschines in his oration against 
 Timarchus. — Alexis satirized Demosthenes in "343," alluded to the decree through Sophocles of 
 Sunium against the philosophers in " 316," exhibited plays in "306," and was alive in " 288 " (Sm.). 
 
 1 ' ordylium maximum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hartwort 
 (Prior); in which we recognize the §E5EAI of Alexis, — resorted to before delivery by the 
 female stag according to Aristotle an. ix. 5 : T. maximum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the "seselis " is mentioned by Cicero, and as 
 sought by the female stag by Pliny viii. 50: T. maximum is described by Parkinson th. 908, and 
 Tournefort inst. 320 ; is known to occur in waste places and along hedges throughout middle 
 Europe as far as the three Southern counties of Britain (Ray, Jacq. austr. pi. 142, Pers., Wats., 
 and A. Dec). 
 
 Nardostachys jatamansi of the Himalayan mountains. A Valerianaceous herb called there 
 "jatamanse " or "balchur " (W. Jones), and spikenard in Hindustanee " jatamasi " or "chhar"or 
 " sambuluttib " or " nard " (D'roz.) ; in which we recognize the " nardus indica spica" found by 
 Forskal mat. med. imported from Hindustan into Egypt, the " nardi spica" of an ointment used by 
 the Parthian kings (Plin. xiii. 2), and perhaps the NAPAON: BABYAQNIAKON of Alexis 
 — (Poll, onom., named from the route of importation) : " narthos " having a spike is mentioned 
 by Nicander ther. 604 ; " narthou inthikes " called "gaggitis " from the river along the mountains on 
 which it grows, by Dioscorides ; " nardum indicum," by Pliny ; "narthou stahuos " by Galen fac. 
 s mpl. viii. 84, and Paulus Aegineta ; and " sunbul hinde " by Avicenna, and Persian medical writers : 
 " espi " of " Bangala " was seen in Hindustan by Marco Polo 126; the spikenard of commerce was 
 traced by W. Jones to the long hairy root of N. jatamansi, and living specimens were brought from 
 the Himalayan mountains to Royle (Kitt. bibl. cycl.). Imported spikenard according to Lindley 
 " has been highly esteemed not only as a perfume, but as a stimulant medecine." (See Rosa 
 centifolia). 
 
 Patrinia scabiosaefolia of the Himalayan mountains. An allied plant, possibly the " narthon 
 vavulSniakon " in question : — beyond Babylon and before reaching Hindustan, Alexander met with 
 the "narthos" growing wild (Onesicrit., and Strab. xv. 1. 22): the "narthou suriake " growing 
 according to Dioscorides on the same mountains with the first kind, but on the slope facing Syria, 
 yellow and very fragrant but with a " kupelrizgin '' odour, enumerated by Pliny xii. 26 as highly 
 esteemed by the Romans, is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : P. scabiosaefolia is described 
 by Fischer ; and was ascertained by Sprengel to grow "in Imao et Emodis montibus." 
 
 344 B. C. (= 322 -{- " 22 years reign " in the Mahavamsa v.), Dasesittica-Nandeya succeeded 
 by Danepala-Nandeya now Hindu king. — He is called Nanda in the Avadana-asoka (Burn. i. 359, 
 see also Puranas, and Wilford as. res. ix. 87). 
 
 343 B. C. (= 347 — "4 years," Clint.), Dionysius II. finally expelled from Syracuse by 
 Timoleon. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), M. Valerius Corvus and A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina 
 consuls, the Romans now gaining more than local importance : Eastward beyond the limits of 
 Latium, the Campanians claiming their protection, and war commenced in that direction against the 
 Samnites. — The war continued at intervals fifty-three years. 
 
 Elettaria cardamom urn of the Siamese countries. The imported seeds are called in commerce 
 cardamoms (Johnson) ; in which we recognize the " karthamSmon " mixed in the Egyptian " kuphi " 
 incense — (Maneth. in Plut. is. and osir. 80), prescribed by Diodes (Orib. excerpt. 52, and Daremb.), 
 and in 1 Morb. mul. 52, imported partly from Media and partly from India in the days of Theo- 
 phrastus ix. 7, mentioned also by Dioscorides, Celsus, and Pliny. Farther South, " hal " or 
 " kakulah " are mentioned by Gafeki, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar ; cardamoms were observed by 
 Abd-allatif, and Delile in Egypt; by myself, imported there through Mecca and the Thebaid, and 
 everywhere in use in Southern Arabia. Eastward, are called in Persian " hil," in Hindustanee 
 "kakulah," in Sanscrit "buhoola" or "ela nishkooti," in Bengalee " elachi," in Telinga " sana- 
 yallacci" (D'roz., and Lindl.), in Tamil '■ aila-cheddie " (Drur.) : the living plant was observed by 
 Rheede xi. pi. 4 and 5, Roxburgh, and Lush, under cultivation in Hindustan (Graham), and springing 
 up spontaneously on clearing the forest in Wynaad and other hilly districts (Drury). Farther East, 
 cardamoms are enumerated by Edrisi as brought to Aden from "China" (meaning Siam) ; E. car- 
 damomum is described by Sonnerat ii. pi. 136; was observed by Bontius on Java; and according to 
 Mason v. p. 496, abounds in the "forests of Tavoy and Mergui," the seeds collected in former times 
 by the Karens for tribute, and is called "bala." 
 
 41 
 
,22 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 This word "bala" seems the origin of the Sanscrit, Persian, and Arabic names, and may 
 therefore be regarded as an early specimen of the Barman language* 
 
 " 340 B C " (Sm b. d.), total defeat of the Latins at mount Vesuvius by the consul T. Manlms 
 Torquatus, partly through the self devotion of his colleague P. Decius Mus. A son of T. Manhus 
 Torquatus, having contrary to orders engaged and slain an enemy in single combat, was put to death 
 by his father ; and the supremacy of Rome over Lalium was now established. 
 
 The same year = " 20th year of Artaxerxes III. Ochus," mentioned in both the Maneth. tables. 
 
 "In or about this year" (Lubke and Lulrow), at Priene in Asia Minor, building under the 
 architect Pytheos of the temple to Minerva. 
 
 Various animals of "Ethiopia" or Abyssinia described by Dinon, as OPNI6AS : TOYS: 
 MONOKEPflS — (Aelian xvii. 10), the Abyssinian hornbill, Buceros. 
 
 The Yi ■ TETPAKEPQS — the Abyssinian boar, Phacochoeres .If ham : mentioned also by 
 Agatharchides (Ael. v. 27) ; the " hoirSIaphon " seen and eaten in Abyssinia by Cosmas Indicopleustes 
 xi°p. 336, according to his accompanying figure, is clearly the same animal : 
 
 And nPOBATA devoid of wool, TPIXAS . AE . KAMHAQN : EXONTA— the Somali or hairy 
 variety of the sheep (already mentioned). 
 
 "339 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint.), the Carthaginian army defeated in Sicily at the river Crimisus 
 by Timoleon king of Syracuse. 
 
 '•In this year" ( . . Sm. b. d.), at Athens, Speusippus succeeded by Xenocrates as head 
 of the Academic school of Philosophy. 
 
 "The same year" (Syncell.), end of the Maneth. tables. Clearly the initial point of reckon- 
 ing, — notwithstanding that Arses is mentioned, and the death of Darius. (If however as Syncellus 
 further states, the point of reckoning is from the conquest of Egypt by Alexander, see B. C. 348). 
 
 "338 B. C." (Clint, ii. p. 3S2, = 340 — "2 years" of the Afr.-Maneth. table, see Astronom. 
 can.), Artaxerxes III. succeeded by Arses, twelfth Persian emperor. He reigned only "two" 
 years (according to the Astronomical canon) ; and his name has not been found on the Egyptian 
 monuments. 
 
 "The same year" (Dionys., Diodor., and ClinJ.), the Athenian and Theban armies defeated at 
 Chaeronea by Philip, and the last obstacle to his ascendancy over the States of Greece now removed. 
 On the battle-field, a colossal statue of a lion was erected: —mentioned by Pausanias ix. 40. 10; 
 but at the present day in fragments, and the only sepulchral monument of " the better days of Hellas, 
 with the exception perhaps of the tumulus of Marathon, the identity of which is beyond dispute" 
 (Mure in Sm. geogr. diet). 
 
 Acacia fistula of the Upper Nile. A tree called by the Arabs " soffar " flute, by the natives of 
 Soudan "whistling tree" (Schweinf.) ; and the KieAPA plant of Clitonymus, growing on mount 
 Pangaeus from the blood of Orpheus, and emitting the sound of a harp during the Dionysia — (Plut. 
 flum. 3. 4). notwithstanding the different locality may be compared: A. fistula was observed by 
 Schweinfurth iii. in Lat. io° on the Upper Nile, conspicuous in the Acacia groves throughout an 
 area a hundred miles square, yielding gum, and the holes left by the departure of a gall-insect ren- 
 dered musical by the wind like "a thousand flutes give out their hollow dirge." 
 
 "337 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Sulpicius Longus and P. Aelius Paetus consuls, the first 
 plebeian praetor O. Publilius Philo. 
 
 "336 B. C." (Eratosth., Arrian, and Clint.), Philip slain ; and the accession of his son Alexander 
 as king of Macedonia. 
 
 * Croton thel-yen-7iee of Burmah. Its roots from early times employed by the natives as a cathar- 
 tic : — observed by Mason v. 492 abounding " in some parts especially on the Maulmain hills." 
 
 " Crotoii thet-yen-ka-dau " of Burmah. A shrub three or four feet high, having similar properties 
 with the preceding — according to the natives : observed by Mason v. 492 frequent " in the neighbor- 
 hood of Rangoon," and found occasionally in Tenasserim. 
 
 Alstonia t let-htuk of Burmah. An Apocynous tree, its bark employed from early times to cure 
 rheumatism, and its very white smooth wood to make yokes, — also chopped and boiled with jaggery 
 by the natives to mix in segars : observed by Mason v. 53S. 
 
 Wrlghtia sp. of Burmah. A small Apocynous shrub, from early times employed as a vermifuge : 
 — observed by Mason v. 415 " abundant in the Toungoo forests." 
 
 Cynomorinm sp. of Burmah. A fungus-like flowering plant, valuable as a styptic: — observed 
 by Wallich in Tenasserim, "parasitical on the roots of trees" (Mason v. 505). 
 
 Colocasia odor a of the Siamese countries. The. fragrant arum called " peing-ma-haw-ya" 
 (Mason) cultivated from early times, — according to the Burmese " for medicine:" observed by 
 Voight, and Mason v. 436 to 816, the flowers said to be odorous. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 323 
 
 " In this year" (Clint, ii. p. 384, = 332 -f " 4 years" of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 330 -f "6 
 years" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, see Astronom. can.), Arses succeeded by Darius III. Codoma- 
 nus, thirteenth Persian emperor. The name of Darius III. has not been found on the Egyptian 
 monuments. 
 
 Rice, called in Arabic "arz" or "rouz" (Del.), heard of by the Greeks as a production of Hin- 
 dustan as early probably as this date, — for " 6in5n oruzes" arrack is mentioned by Aristotle viii. 
 26 as sometimes given to elephants: "6ruza"was found by Alexander's Expedition under cultiva- 
 tion in Hindustan (Aristob.), and the account by Theophrastus iv. 4. 10 seems to imply that the 
 living plant continued unknown in the Mediterranean countries. If the above names are derived 
 from the Malay "bras," this may prove the earliest instance of the incorporation of a Malay word \n 
 the Greek language (see Oryza sativa). 
 
 "335 B. C." (Plut, Arrian, and Clint.), Boeotian Thebes, having revolted, destroyed by Alex- 
 ander, and Pindar's house alone left standing. Next sending to Athens, Alexander demanded the 
 persons of the orators ; but was propitiated by Demades. The following orators were named, De- 
 mosthenes, Polyeuctus, Ephialtes, Lycurgus, Moerocles, Damon, and Callisthenes, with the Athenian 
 general Charidemus ; according to other accounts, the demand was for "ten; " and (according to 
 Arrian), Hyperides, Diotimus, and the Athenian general Chares, were included. 
 
 "The same year" (Suid., and Clint.), comedy exhibited by Philippides ; by grammarians regarded 
 as one of the six standard poets of the " New Comedy." 
 
 "In this year" (Evaenetus being archon, according to the inscription), building at Athens of 
 the choragic monument of Lysicrates. 
 
 " The same year " (Sm. b. d ), Aristotle returning from Macedonia to Athens. 
 
 Aristotle meteor, i. 3 speaks of the Earth as shown by astronomical theorems to be "much 
 smaller than some of the stars ; " and that these are far more distant from us than the sun ; the sun 
 being at the same time more distant than the moon (i. 8). 
 
 The phenomenon of red snow described by Aristotle animal, v. 19; and "red and hairy 
 SKQAHKES worms " mentioned in connexion. 
 
 The innEAA$OS described by Aristotle ii. 1 as inhabiting Arachosia — (South of the 
 Paropamisus), is admitted to be the Indian stag, Cervus hippelaphus. 
 
 The " badizahr," mentioned by Aristotle — according to Ebn Baitar, also by Rhazes, Haly 
 Abbas, Avicenna, and Serapion, is admitted to be bezoar stones j highly prized among Orientals, and 
 ascertained by Bontius to be alvine concretions formed in various quadrupeds, in goats, gazelles, and 
 monkeys. 
 
 The MYS : TO : KHTOS described by Aristotle an. iii. 12 as having in the mouth instead 
 of teeth bristles like those of the swine, — is referred by writers to the right whale, Balaena mysti- 
 cetus. Confirmation is found in the KHTH being enumerated in iii. 20 among other sea-animals 
 having mammae and milk. 
 
 The insect produced among books, described by Aristotle an. v. 32 as resembling the garment 
 moth, — may be compared with the Lepisma. This insect has been introduced by European colonists 
 into North America ; where it is now often seen in houses and among heaps of paper. 
 
 The other insect produced among books, described by Aristotle as small and like $ K Pn I I i : 
 ANEY ; THS ; OYPAS, scorpions without the tail, — is clearly the false-scorpion or Chelifer. This 
 insect has been introduced by European colonists into North America ; where it is now occasionally 
 met with in houses. 
 
 Habzelia. AZthiopica of Equatorial Africa. A tree whose transported fruit is called in Darfour 
 "kumba" (Browne), in Egypt " amama " ( . . . ) ; in which we recognize the AMQMON of 
 Aristotle, — Theophrastus ix. 7. 2 and od. 32, described by Dioscorides as woody and convoluted 
 in the form of grapes, termed " amomi uva " by Pliny xii. 28, mentioned also by Athenaeus xi. 11, 
 and Isidorus : the dried fruit of H. /Ethiopica was received from Egypt by Matthioli ; is termed 
 "piper yEthiopicum" by Lobel pi. 205, "habzeli" and "piper nigrorum" by C. Bauhin pin. 412; 
 was seen by Forskal mat. med. p. 164, and Delile, in the drug-shops of Egypt; by Browne, brought 
 by the Soudan caravans to Darfour ; and according to Lindley, the tree grows in Sierra Leone and 
 in the "palmwoods of Senegambia," and its "fruit, pungent aromatic and often substituted for other 
 spices, is the "piper aethiopicum" of commerce. H. aromatica found by Aublet i. pi. 243 in the 
 woods of Guaiana, the fruit " employed by the Blacks in lieu of spice " (Lindl.), is described as dis- 
 tinct, but is at least an introduced tree, indigenous according to Bojer on the Mauritius Islands. 
 
 Phaca Boelica of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agriokoukia " or "agri516u- 
 pino " (Sibth.); and the SISTPON plant growing along the Scamander according to Aristotle 
 probl. 160, resembling the EPEBIN0O and named from the rattling seeds, — may be compared: 
 P. Boetica was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on mountains from the Peloponnesus to 
 Cyprus. Westward, is termed "astragalus primus sive boeticus " by Clusius hist. ii. 233, "astra- 
 
324 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 galoides lusitanica" by Tournefort inst. 399; and is known to grow in Barbary, Spain, and Portugal 
 (Desf. atl ii. 180, Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Rosa glutinosa of Crete. The POAA with OM<t-AAOS : TPAXYS mentioned by Aristotle 
 probl. v. 8, — by Theophrastus vi. 6. 4 as large and sweet-scented " trahu to kat6," may be 
 compared : R. glutinosa is termed " r. cretica montana foliis subrotundis glutinosis et villosis " by 
 Tournefort cor. 43 ; is described by Sibthorp " fructibus globosis pedunculisque hispidis," as observed 
 on the mountains of Crete. 
 
 Picris? asplenioides of the Mediterranean countries. An herb called in Greece "pikralitha" 
 (Sibth.), in which we recognize the niKPIAOS of Aristotle an. ix. 8, — named from its bitter- 
 ness and flowering throughout the year according to Theophrastus vii. 11. 4, mentioned as edible in 
 the Septuagint translation of ex. xii. 8 : P. asplenioides is regarded by Chaubard as a species of 
 Apargia, and was observed by him and Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus and on Zacynthus. Westward, 
 is described by Linnasus sp. 1115; is termed "leontodon muricatum " by L' Heritier pi. 82; was 
 observed by Scopoli in Italy ; by Desfontaines 222, in the maritime sands of Barbary (Pers.). 
 
 Carthamus leiicocaulos of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle-like plant called in Greece 
 "atraktuli" or " stauragkathi " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the ATPAKTYAIS of Aristotle 
 an. ix. 30, — whiter than others according to Theophrastus vi. 4. 6, emitting blood-like juice and 
 therefore termed "phonon," having also the smell of blood: the " atraktulis " is mentioned also by 
 Theocritus iv. 52, is prescribed by Paulus Aegineta ; and the description by Dioscorides so far as 
 relates to the flowers being sometimes purplish, may belong here : C. leucocaulos is termed "cnicus 
 creticus atractvlidis folio et facie flore Ieucophaeo sive candidissimo " by Tournefort cor. 33; and 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and D'Urville frequent in Southern Greece and on the Greek islands. 
 Westward, the " atractylis " emitting "sanuuineum succum " seems known to Pliny .xxi. 56 only from 
 the account of Theophrastus. (See C. lanatus). 
 
 Convolvulus Jorvinium of the East Mediterranean countries. A branching erect species; 
 and the " dorycnium " of Aristotle — ( Plin. xxviii. 21), Demophon, Lysimachus the Hippocratean, 
 Nicander alex. 376, growing according to Dioscorides in stony places not far from the sea and 
 resembling a young olive but with smaller and very rough leaves, its branches not a cubit long, flower 
 white, " Srevinthou "-like follicles containing five or six round variegated seeds almost like "orovoi 
 mikroi," root a cubit long and believed to induce sleep and even death, is referred here by Linnaeus, 
 and Fraas : the " thoruknion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " kalSan " or " alikakavon " of 
 Cratevas ; and there is further confusion in names, as appears from Pliny xxi. 105, Galen comp. med. 
 loc. x. 356, and the author of Delet. pharm. 6 : C. dorycnium is termed " c. ramosus incanus foliis 
 pilosella? " by Tournefort inst. 84; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in dry stony 
 places near the sea from Crete to the Peloponnesus and Attica. 
 
 Stachys lanata of the East Mediterranean countries and Siberia. Called in Greece " stahus " 
 (Sibth.); in which we recognize the STAXYS of Aristotle probl. ined. ii.' 80, — Aratus, Theocritus 
 x. 47, Apollonius Rhodius, and Nicander ther. 803, growing according to Dioscorides in mountainous 
 and broken places and resembling "prasio," but whiter and somewhat longer with more stems from 
 the root, the leaves numerous and subrotund hard fragrant hairy and white. S lanata was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna and Constantinople ; is known to grow 
 also in Siberia (Jacq. rar. pi. 107, and Pers.). 
 
 Avicennia tomentosa of Tropical shores. A mangrove called in Yemen " schura," at Muscat 
 "germ" (Forsk.) ; and trees growing in salt-water around the Indian Ocean are mentioned by Aris- 
 totle mund. c. 4 — (Callim., and Antig. mirab. 147) : the " elaa " growing in the Red Sea beyond Cop- 
 turn and having fruit like an olive, is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 7. 1 ; and the sea-washed " Slaian" 
 with fruit like a chestnut, by Agatharchides 43 : A. tomentosa was observed by Forskal p. 37 frequent 
 along the islands and shores of the Red Sea, the wood used for fuel, and the leaves eaten by camels, 
 donkeys, and sheep. Eastward, is called in Bengalee " bina," in Telinga '• nalla-madu " (Dniry) ; was 
 observed by Rheede iv. pi. 45 in Malabar ; by Graham, abundant about Bombay ; by Roxburgh, 
 Wallich. Wight, as far as the mouths of the Ganges ; and by Mason, along the shores of Burmah. 
 
 Rhhophora conjugate of the shores of the Indian Ocean. Another mangrove included doubt- 
 less among the salt-water trees of the Indian Ocean mentioned by Aristotle : —at the mouth of the 
 Indus, the companions of Alexander found trees nearly covered at high-water, one of the two kinds 
 having lupine-like fruit ; and Theophrastus iv. 7. 1 to 5 further speaks of a " lhaphnen " besides the 
 "Slaan" growing in the Red Sea beyond Coptum : Megasthenes also mentions " trees growing in 
 the Indian Sea" (Callim., and Antig. mirab. 147) : R. conjugata was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 34 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, "abundantly in salt marshes all along the coast ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 along the Eastern coast of Hindustan ; by Mason, along the coast of Burmah, and called " pyu ; "°by 
 Rumphius iii. pi. 71 and 72, among the Moluccas ; by Blanco, around the Philippines, and called in 
 Tagalo "bacao" or "bacavan." (Compare R. Mangle.) 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 325 
 
 One hundred and nineteenth generation. Sept. 1st, 334, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poet 
 Myro of Byzantium ; the comic poets, Stephanus, Straton, Euphron, Philemon, Menander, Apollo- 
 dorus of Gela, Dionysius of Sinope, Timocles, Theophilus, Sosippus, Anaxippus, Demetrius Arche- 
 dicus, and Sopater ; the culinary poet, Archestratus of Syracuse ; the philosophers, Crates the cynic 
 Crates of Tarsus, Stilpo, Polemon, Crantor, Pyrrhon, and Anaxarchus ; the mathematician Dino- 
 crates (Blair) ; the medical writers, Dieuches (Bussem.) ; the historians, Leo of Byzantium Cal- 
 listhenes, Anaximenes of Lampsacus, Palaephatus, Marsyas of Pella, Demophilus, Cleitarchus 
 Ephippus, Cyrsilus, Medius, Clytus of Miletus, and Hecataeus of Abdera ; the orators, Dinarchus' 
 Stratocles, Philinus, Hegemon, and Pythocles ; the grammarian Zoilus ; the musician Aristoxenus •' 
 writers on other subjects, Eudemus, Heracleides of Pontus, Clearchus of Soli, Theocritus of Chios 
 Chamaeleon, Menaechmus, and Euhemerus ; the sculptor Lysippus ; the painters, Protogenes Apelles' 
 Melanthus, Nicophanes, and Nicomachus (Bryan). 
 
 " The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), at Athens, building of the Choragic monument of Lvsi- 
 crates. 
 
 The Laocoon group, " the joint work of Agesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus," is regarded as 
 "probably belonging to the time of Alexander" — (Lubke and Lutrow). 
 
 Astragalus Creticus of the East Mediterranean countries. As early probably as this date, 
 |'tragakantha" gum tragacanth brought from Crete, and supposed to be produced only on that 
 island — (Theophrast. ix. 1.3): A. Creticus, termed " tr. cretica incana flore parvo lineis purpureis 
 stnato " by Tournefort cor. 29 and trav. i. pi. 21, was observed by him on Crete, yielding white gum 
 tragacanth ; by Sibthorp, on Crete as well as on sandy hills in Ionia as far as the Bithynian Olym- 
 pus, also yielding tragacanth. A small quantity according to Lindley, supposed by Th. Marti us to 
 be the sort " received in the form of threads or slender strips." (See A. aristatus, and A. verus.) 
 
 "333 B - C." ( . . Sra. b. d.), the consuls at Rome for this year, not mentioned by any ancient 
 authority. 
 
 Apollonius of Myndus, educated among the Chaldeans, teaching that comets return in long regu- 
 lated paths — (Senec. quaest. nat. vii. 3 to 17). 
 
 Mencius or Meng-tseu ii. 8. 38 (according to his own account) writing more than a hundred years 
 after Confucius.*— He died in his "eighty-fourth year about B. C. 314" (Stan.-Julien). 
 
 "33 2 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina and Cn. Domitius Calvinus consuls at 
 Rome. Alexander uncle of the Macedonian and king of Epirus, at the request of the'Tarentines 
 entering Italy ; the Lucanians and Samnites defeated by him near Paestum, and a treaty entered into 
 with the Romans. 
 
 About this time (Strab.. and Pliny ii. 77), Pytheas from Massalia (near Marseilles) after travers- 
 ing the whole of Britain on foot, sailed "six days North to 60 YAH " (identified by Claudius Ptolemy 
 with the Shetland Islands, " called by seamen Thylensel " to the present day, according to Ainsworth 
 diet.). In the deficiency of cattle and cultivated fruits, some grain was produced on " Thoule," 
 as "keghrS" millet, " sitos " wheat; besides "lahanois" vegetables, and roots for food, and even 
 " m£li " honey ; also that the wheat, on account of the climate, was threshed in " oikois m£galois " 
 barns. Pytheas sailed far enough North to see icebergs; described by him as something neither air, 
 sea, norland; but a concretion of these resembling jelly-fish (Medusa); and he was informed that 
 such bound the Universe in this direction, being inaccessible alike to ships and the foot of man. 
 Pytheas also speaks of the Polar circle, where the longest day continues twenty-four hours ; and of 
 the region beyond, where there is constant day during the six summer months and constant night 
 during the six winter ones. 
 
 The KANTION described by Pytheas as "some days sail from KSltikes " (Strab. i. 4. 3), is pos- 
 sibly Kent ; but may be in Scotland. — The " Kantai " are described by Claudius Ptolemy as dwell- 
 ing " Northeast of the Caledonian forest " (which would place them at or near the Northern extremity 
 of Scotland). 
 
 The I2STIMI0YS are described by Pytheas as inhabiting the KABAION promontory (Bre- 
 tagne in Northern France). — By Caesar, Strabo iv. 4. 1 and 5, Mela, Pliny, and Claudius Ptolemy, 
 they are called " Osismii." 
 
 The island Y H I i A M H, described by Pytheas as the last one at the extremity of the promon- 
 tory (Strab. i. 4. 5), is clearly Ushant. Pytheas also maintained, That the Northern portion of 
 Spain is more accessible across France, than by way of the ocean: — a statement repeated by Era- 
 tosthenes, but opposed by Artemidorus (Strab. iii. 2. 1 1). 
 
 * Salix Japonica of Japan. The " k'i-lieou " according to Meng-tseu ii. 5. 1 woven into bas- 
 kets, — may be compared with some species of willow : S. Japonica is described by Thunberg p. 24 
 as observed in Japan (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
326 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Pytheas mentions " mentonomon," an estuary or bay of the Northern Ocean, upon which the 
 Guttones dwelt (compare Gothland) ; and a day's sail from this, the amber-producing island named 
 "abalus" — (Plin. xxxvii. 7 or 11). By Timaeus, this island is called " basilia ; " a name identified 
 by Zeuss p. 270 with Oesel. The "vasilSioi" and " ourgoi " are also mentioned by Strabo, and 
 (according to Talvi introd. and iii. 3) the '■ idols " also of the Slavonian population of this quarter. 
 The " rugii " are mentioned by Tacitus germ. 43 ; and are referred by Latham to the people around 
 the Gulf of Riga In that vicinity, idol-worship and widows "burning themselves with the corpses 
 of their husbands " continued to a comparatively recent period : indicating connexion with Hin- 
 dustan. 
 
 "The same year" (O. Curt, iv., Churchill coll., and Clint.), at Tyre, a wooden mole built by Alex- 
 ander destroyed by the besieged citizens by means of a fire-ship : a novelty in warfare. 
 
 After the fall of Tyre, Alexander entered Egypt, where he founded the city of Alexandria ; and 
 after visiting the Oasis of Ammon, returned to Memphis (see Clint.). The city wall of Alexandria — 
 continued standing to the time of the visit of Baumgarten i. 14. 
 
 Hieroglyphic ovals of Alexander occur in Egypt (Leps. k. pi. 51): from this date, — the monu- 
 ments becoming comparatively uninteresting. The imposing temples by no means devoid of taste 
 and all in the Egyptian style of art erected by Alexander's successors, are chiefly inscribed with 
 representations of deities and the ostentatious enumeration of conquests, yet present genealogies, 
 astronomical records, and dates, that the historian might consult with advantage. 
 
 From this date also, — Greek inscriptions become frequent in Egypt: Greek papyri ox books also 
 make their appearance ; the lost oration of Hyperides discovered by A. C. Harris, being probably 
 among the earliest of these papyri. 
 
 "331, in the spring" (....), Alexander leaving Egypt, on his expedition Eastward. 
 
 "Sept. 30th" (Blair, and Clint), eclipse of the moon. Eleven days afterwards, the army of 
 Darius III. defeated at Arbela by Alexander, and Persian dominion brought to a close. A few days 
 after the battle, Alexander entered Babylon. 
 
 The magian, Osthanes the younger, accompanying Alexander on his Eastern expedition — (Plin. 
 xxx. 2). 
 
 Pyrethrum parthenium of the Taurian and Caucasian mountains. Called in Britain feverfew or 
 may-weed or maghet or maithes, in old English " maydenwede " or " mayde-wede " or "maythys " 
 from the Anglo-Saxon " maegth " maid, by Galfridus pr. pm. " feder-foy " (Prior), in Germany " mut- 
 terkraut," in Italy " matricale doppio " (Lenz), in Greece "asprokhi" (Fraas), in Egypt "achaovan" 
 (Alpin.) ; in which we recognize the " parthenium " used against intermittent fevers by the Magians 
 ■ — (Plin. xxi. 104), and the "anthfimis " used also according to Dioscorides iii. 144 for the same pur- 
 pose : the " anthSmon phullSthSs " having stem-leaves according to Theophrastus vii. 8. 3, is referred 
 here by Fraas : the " duhn el-ukhuwan " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar ; and the " ukhowan " in the 
 Thousand-and-one Nights: P. parthenium was observed by Guldenstadt on the Beschtau peak <>f 
 Caucasus (Ledeb.) ; by Grisebach ii. 203, in mountain meads on the Bithynian Olympus and in 
 European Turkey ; by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent about dwellings from Euboea throughout 
 Greece ; by Alpinus pi. 39, in Egypt ; and perhaps the same species, by Forskal on the mountains 
 of Yemen and called '• moniat." Westward, is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced anciently 
 into Britain, perhaps before the visits of the Romans ; was already there in the days of Gerarde ; is 
 described by Brunfels iii. 63 (Spreng.) ; is termed " m. vulgaris seu sativa " by Tournefort inst. 493 ; 
 seems unknown in Sicily and Barbary (Guss., and Munby) ; but was observed by Moris on Sar- 
 dinia, by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy; is known to occur in waste places in Spain and Portugal and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 674, Brot., and Colm.). By European 
 colonists, was carried before 1669 (Joss.) to Northeast America, where it continues under cultiva- 
 tion in our Northern and middle States, and according to A. Gray " escaped from gardens in some 
 places." The plant according to Lindley is reckoned tonic stimulant and anti-hysteric, was "once a 
 popular remedy in ague," and its odour is said to be peculiarly disagreeable to bees. 
 
 "33°. J ul Y lst " (Blair, see also Arrian iii. 22. p. 213, and Clint, ii. p. 410 to 419), the dethroned 
 emperor Darius III. put to death; the beginning of the Cycle of Calippus, of 76 years = 27,759 
 days = 940 lunations 
 
 "After the death of Darius III." (Arrian, and Clint.), Alexander entered Hyrcania, subduing 
 the country along the Caspian, and next proceeded to Bactra in Central Asia. 
 
 "329 B. C." (Arrian, and Clint.), Alexander on his "Sixth" campaign proceeding across the 
 Oxus, and "about four hundred and twenty miles North of Bactra" founding Alexandria on the 
 Jaxartes ; changing the name of this river to " Tanais " (Strab. xi. 7. 4). Crossing the river, he next 
 attacked the Scythians ; and returned to Bactra, where he passed the winter. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 327 
 
 Astragalus aristatus of the mountainous portion of the Mediterranean countries. Called in 
 Greece " kolldstoupa " or "tStragkatho" or " tragakantha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the 
 " tragakantha " gum tragacanth found about this time to be produced in other countries besides 
 Crete, and especially of excellent quality in the Peloponnesus — (Theophrast. ix. 1. 3 to 15. 8), 
 mentioned also by Dioscorides, and Galen : A. aristatus was observed by Sib.thorp, and Fraas, on 
 mountains from the Peloponnesus to Thessalonica and Cyprus, and the collected gum exported from 
 Patras ; a fact confirmed by Bory and Chaubard. Westward, "tragacantha " is mentioned by Celsus 
 iv. 4, and Pliny xxvi. 87, doubtless the imported article ; but the living A aristatus is described by 
 Garidel pi. 104, and is known to grow on the Alps, and Pyrenees (Hall. 177, All., Pers., and 
 Spreng.). 
 
 Astragalus verus of Persia. Perhaps yielding the "tragakantha" about the same time ascer- 
 tained to be produced in Media — (Theophr. ix. 1. 3) : A. verus was observed by Michaux in Persia, 
 and was found by Olivier trav. iii. pi. 44 to yield the principal part of the gum tragacanth of 
 commerce: "ketire adjami " from Persia was found by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of 
 Egypt; and "cake tragacanth" is regarded by Th. Martius as the product of A. verus (Lindl. ; see 
 A. gummifer). 
 
 "328 B. C." (Arrian, and Clint.), after spending in the same quarter his "Seventh" campaign, 
 Alexander wintered at Nautaca "about twenty-two miles from Samarcand, and two hundred and thirty 
 miles North of Bactra." 
 
 Amygdalus persica of Central Asia. Called in Britain peach, by old writers " peshe " or " peesk," 
 in France " peche," in Old French "pesche," in Spain and Persia " al-berchigo " (Prior), in Germany 
 "pfirsiche," in Italy "peskanoce" or "perseg nos " (Lenz), in Greece "rothakekSa" and its fruit 
 "rothakena" (Fraas), in Egypt "khoukh" (Del.), in Yemen "choch" or "fersik" (Forsk.) ; and 
 possibly in this campaign first made known to the Greeks : — Theophrastus iv. 4. 2 to vii. 13. 7 had 
 heard of the " pSrsikon " as growing in Media and Persia, yet supposed the almond to be the only 
 tree that puts forth flowers before the leaves ; the "persica " was planted in the East Mediterranean 
 countries in the days of Diphilus Siphnius, Philotimus, Dioscorides, Athenaeus iii. 24, and accord- 
 ing to Pliny xv. 13 came by the way of Egypt : the " choch " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : A. persica 
 was observed in Egypt by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey ; by Forskal, under cultivation on the moun- 
 tains of Yemen; and by Fraas, cultivated with great success in Greece. Westward, is not men- 
 tioned by Cato, and only at a late period came from Asia and Greece into Italy (Plin.) ; is not 
 mentioned by Virgil, but is figured in the Herculanean paintings ; and at the present day, is cultivated 
 from Italy throughout middle Europe (Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Persia, is called in Hin- 
 dustanee "shaftalu " or " alubalu " or "alubukhara" (D'roz.) ; has been long known in Northern 
 Hindustan (A. Dec), and within the Tropics according to Graham "thrives well in the Deccan." 
 Farther East, several kinds came from Persia, Samarcand, and Thibet into China, and the emperor 
 " Vou-ty who began to reign B. C. 130" had in his garden from distant lands peaches, some yellow, 
 others with cloven fruit, and others with fruit detaching itself from the stone (Cibot mem. Chin. xi. 
 280). By European traders, and colonists, A. persica was carried to America and the islands of the 
 Pacific, succeeding very generally in Temperate climates, in our Middle States, Chili and Juan Fer- 
 nandez, New Zealand, and Australia ; but in low moist Tropical countries rarely ripening fruit. 
 
 Pistacia vera of Central Asia. The pistachio nut is called in Italy "pistacchio" or "pistacchio 
 verde " (Lenz), in Greece "phistakia" or "psittakia" (Fraas), in Egypt " festoq " (Del.), in Persia 
 "bstk" (Spreng.) ; and the rare " tSrminthou " bushes, the only thing like a tree found by Alexander 
 in crossing the mountains into Bactria — (Strab. xv. 2. 10), may be compared : a Bactrian tree resem- 
 bling the terebinth but bearing almond-like nuts, is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 4. 7 : pistachio 
 nuts are called in Hindustanee "pista'' or " fistak " (D'roz.), and P. vera is known to grow wild in 
 Affghanistan (Royle). The tree was afterwards introduced into the Mediterranean countries, for 
 "pistaki amugthaloSnta " are mentioned by Nicander ther. 891 ; the " vistakion" by Posidonius the 
 Stoic, Athenaeus, and Hesychius ; "pistakia" growing in Syria, by Dioscorides; "psittakia" from 
 growing in the city of Psittace on the Tigris, by Damophilus, Athenaeus, Eustathius, Stephanus 
 Byzantinus, Nonus morb. cur. 91 to 240, and the Geoponica : P. vera was observed by Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, under cultivation in the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of 
 Egypt, and the importation besides of the nuts from Aleppo is mentioned by Abd-allatif, and Delile. 
 Farther West, the "pistacia " tree was introduced into Italy by Vitellius, and at the same time into 
 Spain by Flaccus Pompeius (Plin. xv. 24) ; its cultivation in Italy is mentioned by Palladius xi. 12. 3 ; 
 P. vera was observed there under cultivation by Lenz, and is known to have become naturalized in 
 various parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lindl.). 
 
 " 327 B. C." (Aristobul , and Clint.), Alexander next proceeded South, to and across the 
 Paropamisus ridge of mountains ; and spent " about ten months " in the country West of the 
 Upper Indus. A "cave" in the Paropamisus was regarded by the Greeks as the one in which 
 
328 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Prometheus was chained (Arn'an ind. 5) ; probably the great cave-temples at Baymian, — extant to 
 the present day. 
 
 P rangos palndaria of the Northern slope of the Himalayan mountains. Called in Indian bazaars 
 " fiturasulioon " (Royle) ; and the S I A * I N observed on the Indian Caucasus by Aristobulus, 
 eaten by cattle — (Arrian ind.), is referred here by Royle ill. 230, and Burnes : P. pabularia was 
 re-discovered by Moorcroft on the border of Thibet near Draz, the leaves dried as winter fodder 
 for cattle ; was observed also by Burnes in crossing in the direction of Alexander's route, greedily 
 cropped by sheep and eaten even by his fellow-travellers ; a statement confirmed by Kinnier 
 (Lindl.). 
 
 Ferula asafectida of Eastern Persia. The "silphion" product seen by Aristobulus, — was 
 doubtless asafcetida : an imported drug " much used by " Burmese physicians, and the plant pro- 
 ducing it described in Buddhist books "as one of the ornaments of the Himmalay forest" (Mason 
 v. 497) : Burnes trav. ii. 243 found the asafcetida plant at the elevation of seven thousand feet on 
 the Hindu Rush, eaten by sheep, and its hardened milk put into hair bags and exported, but its root 
 " annual ; " and two different fruits were obtained by Royle from the bazaars of India : F. asafcetida, 
 having a perennial root and growing in Beloochistan, around Herat and on the mountains of Laristan, 
 is described by Kaempfer am. pi. 536 as the asafcetida plant. Farther West, the " opos methikos" 
 is mentioned by Strabo xi ; the "silphion' of Media Armenia and Syria, by Dioscorides as having 
 a stronger odour than that of Cyrene ; and the "laser" from Persia Media and Armenia was the 
 only kind brought to Rome in the days of Pliny xix. 15 : the asafcetida seen in Egypt by Forskal 
 mat. med. came from " India." (See F. Persica). 
 
 " In this year" (= 355 — " 2S yrs," Puranas, and Wilford as. res. viii. 87), death of the Hindu 
 king Nanda. He was succeeded by his sons. 
 
 "326 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Poetelius Libo Visolus and L. Papirius Mugillanus consuls at 
 Rome. Alexander king of Epirus hitherto successful in Italy, defeated and slain near Pandosia by 
 the Bruttians and Lucanians : war now re-commenced between the Romans and Samnites. 
 
 Vi'mninm tinus of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain laurestinus (Prior), 
 in Italy " tino " or "lauro tino" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the "tinus" identified by Pliny xv. 
 39 with the "silvestrem laurum : " clearly the AA4>NHN ATPIAN of Antigonus (the historian 
 of Italy?), — and schol. Nicand. tlier. 575, enumerated among evergreen trees by Theophrastus i. 93, 
 although V. tinus has not been observed in Greece by modern travellers. Westward, the " laurus 
 silvatica" is mentioned by Cato r. r. 3 ; the " tinus " by Ovid as having blue berries, by Pliny as by 
 some authorities regarded a tree "sui generis:" V. tinus is described by Linnajus, and is known to 
 grow wild in Italy, Barbary, Spain, and Portugal; is besides cultivated for ornament throughout 
 middle Europe (Lam. fl.fr., Pers. and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses. 
 
 "The same year" (Arrian, and Clint.), crossing the Indus, Alexander readied the city of Taxila; 
 whose inhabitants are described by Aristobulus as "exposing their dead to the vultures" (Parsees) ; 
 and as having in use the war-conc/i (Strain, xv. 1. 62). 
 
 Continuing Southward across the Hydaspes and other tributaries of the Indus, Alexander 
 defeated the army and elephants of Porus ; and building boats for his "own army, proceeded in them 
 down the river. 
 
 Ci'dn/s deodara of the Himalayan mountains. The timber of which these boats were built was 
 doubtless in part deodar ax Himalayan cedar, — known to abound on the tributaries of the Upper 
 Indus, the forests on the mountain-slopes extending from the elevation of " three thousand to nine 
 thousand feet " (Drur.) : Royle met with temples and palaces built exclusively of this timber, and 
 leaves and twigs exported Southward are much employed in native medicine (Kitt. bibl. cycl.). 
 Westward, the "diwdar" is mentioned by Avicenna, and according to Ebn Baitar the name is 
 Persian. 
 
 Pinus excelsa of the Himalayan mountains. Called there " cheel" (Drur.), growing with the 
 preceding, and its timber doubtless also used by Alexander in building the boats : — tar according to 
 Cleghorn is also afforded by th\s pine (Drur.). Westward, at the distance of " twenty-two hundred 
 miles," P. excelsa was observed by Grisebach on the mountains bordering Northern Greece (J. D. 
 Hook. linn. soc. viii. 31, and Daub. 136) ; if really indigenous there, must exist also on some of the 
 connecting mountain-chains. 
 
 Pinus longi folia of the Himalayan mountains. Called there "cheer" or " cheersullah " or 
 " sarul " or " thansa " (Drur.), growing lower down than the two preceding species, from " six thousand 
 to two thousand feet," and its timber or product doubtless used by Alexander in building the boats : 
 — the "sarala" tree to which elephants are tied, and exhaling a pleasant odour when rubbed by 
 them, is mentioned by Kalidasa kum. i. 9 and raghuv. iv. 75 : P. longifolia was observed by Pearson 
 forming extensive forests towards the sources of the Jumna and Tonse rivers ; and tar and turpentine 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 329 
 
 continue to be obtained from this pine by the natives of Upper India (Drur.). From transported 
 specimens, described by Lambert pi. 21. 
 
 Euphorbia nereifolia of Tropical Hindustan. Cactiform, called in the environs of Bombay 
 "thor" or " seej " (Graham), in Bengalee "shij," in Hindustanee " ptoon,'' in Telinga "akoo- 
 jemmoodoo," in Tamil "elakullie" (Drur.); and probably included in the KAYAOS with stout 
 spines and copious fig-like juice seen by Aristobulus — (Am exp. vi. 22) : E. nereifolia was observed 
 by Preedy "about Karrachee in Scinde," becoming "a small tree," by Graham all over the "rocky 
 parts of the Deccan,'' also " common in the Concans," affording "shelter to tigers and other wild 
 animals," and "for a short period during the rains " putting "forth a few leaves;" by myself, in 
 scattered clumps in the open country to the end of mv journey ; by Rheede ii. pi. 43 in Malabar, 
 employed medicinally by the natives ; by Buchanan, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan as 
 far as Coromandel and Bengal. 
 
 Euphorbia ligularia of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. Cactiform, sacred to 
 Munsa the goddess of serpents, and called in Bengalee " munsa sij " (Drur.) ; possibly included in 
 the " kaulos " seen by Aristobulus : — E. ligularia was observed by Graham " common in Bombay ; " 
 by Roxburgh, in Bengal ; and according to Drury, is employed as a remedy in snake-bites, and 
 offerings are made to the tree on certain days in July and August; the trunk is used besides by the 
 natives to purify arsenic (journ. agri. Ind. x. 37). Farther East, was observed by Mason indigenous 
 in Burmah and called "sha-zoung;" is known to grow in the Malayan archipelago (Lindl.) ; 
 " E. pentagona " observed on the Philippines by Blanco, and called in Tagalo Pampango and Bisaya 
 " sorosoro " or " sorogsorog " or ''bait," in Ylocano " carambuaya," may also be compared. 
 
 Cassia (Catliartocarpus) fistula of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Called in Egypt and 
 Yemen " chiar schambar" (Forsk.), in the environs of Bombay "bhawa" (Graham), in Hindustanee 
 "amultas," in Telinga " rela," in Tamil "koaunay," in Bengalee " sonaloo " (Drur.) or "soondali," 
 in Sanscrit " soovurnuka " (Lindl.); and the small tree seen by Aristobulus in Hindustan, its 
 KY AM OS-like pods ten inches long and full of honey which whoever eats will hardly escape 
 death — (Strab. xv. 1. 21), may be compared ; also the poisonous " kinnam " fruit sweet as honey, of 
 the Mahavamsa iv. p 44 : C. fistula was observed by Rheede i. pi. 22 in Malabar ; by Graham, on 
 "the Ghauts and hilly par.s of the Concan ; " by Buchanan, in Karnata held sacred to Ganeshwar 
 and called "cacay," in Mysore stakes of it put in the ground and worshipped ; by Roxburgh, Wight, 
 and Drury, in other parts of the peninsula. Farther East, its Pali name " chaturengula " four 
 fingers, is translated in Burmese books, but the tree is at present called "gnu-gyee," is further 
 enumerated by Mason v. 404 to 530 as indigenous, its wood valuable, and selected in preference by 
 the Karens for making bows ; was observed by Linschoten in Malacca and Cambaia. Westward, is 
 mentioned by Priscianus >(Rhaz.), Nicolaus Myrepsus, and Actuarius ; and the " khiar janbar " by 
 Ebn Masawia, Maserjawia, Rhazes, Haly Abbas, and Ebn Gnefith : C. fistula was observed by 
 Forskal among the mountains of Yemen, and I found quantities of the pods stored at Mocha for 
 exportation up the Red Sea; the living tree was observed by Abu'l Abbas Nebati, Abd-allatif, Ebn 
 Baitar, Belon, Forskal, Delile, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt ; is said to occur also in 
 " Tropical Africa," (Lindl.). By the first Spanish colonists, was carried from Egypt to the West 
 Indies (Sloane ii. 42). 
 
 Fuus fmiica of Tropical Hindustan. The Banyan tree is called in the environs of Bombay 
 " wur" (Graham), in Telinga " marri," in Tamil " ala-marum," in Bengalee "bur" or "but" (Drur.), 
 in Sanscrit " vuta," in Cingalese "bagha" (Lindl.) ; and the tre'e seen by Aristobulus and Onesicritus 
 along the Acesines and Indus, its branches descending to the ground, rooting and becoming trunks, — 
 or the "inthikes sukes " of Theophrastus i. 7. 3 to iv. 4. 4, and Strabo xv. 1. 21, clearly belongs 
 here: F. Indica in Hindu mythology is "one of the four shadow-giving trees that grow on mount 
 Meru" (Mason v. 415); was observed by Rheede i. pi. 28 in Malabar; by myself, from Bombay to 
 the end of my journey on the Deccan only in places where it had been planted, trees with more than 
 a single trunk being rare ; by Roxburgh, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, used medicinally 
 by the natives, and bird-lime manufactured from the milky glutinous juice. Farther East, was 
 observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, and called in Tagalo and 
 I'ampango "baliti," in Bisaya " dalaguit " or " nonoc," its inner bark employed by the Negrillos of 
 the mountains to cover their nakedness. 
 
 Dillenia pentagynn of Tropical Hindustan. A stately forest-tree called in the environs of Bombay 
 "kurmul" (Graham), in Telinga "rawadarn" or " chinna-kalinga," in Tamil "rai" or " pine " or 
 " nai-tek" (Drur.) ; and the leaves large as a shield or buckler attributed to the preceding tree — 
 (Theophr. iv. 4. 4, and Plin. xii 11), may belong here: D. pentagyna is "common along the West 
 face of the Ghauts," its leaves are sold in market "as a substratum for chuppered roofs," and a tree 
 in Kennery forests having "leaves four or five feet long" is regarded by Graham as probably this 
 species, whose leaves diminish in size as the tree grows older : D. pentagyna was observed by Law 
 
 42 
 
530 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 in the Southern Mahratta country; by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 20, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of 
 Hindustan, its wood close-grained and used for a variety of purposes, and in Assam for canoes. 
 
 Pharnix sylvestris of Tropical Hindustan. The wild date is called in the environs of Bombay 
 "sindee" (Graham), in Hindustanee " seyndie," in Telinga " eeta," in Tamil " eetchum-pannay," in 
 Bengalee " khajoor " (Drur.) ; and the trees resembling " ficis " and called " occhi," from which 
 honey flows for two hours in the morning, growing according to Onesicritus in the valleys of 
 Hyrcania — (Plin. xii. 18), may be compared (" 00k " being Bengalee and " uch " Hindustanee names 
 of ..sugar-cane) : "phoinikas" were seen by Androsthenes on the isle of Tyle (Theophr. iv. 7. 8); 
 P. sylvestris was observed by Rheede iii. pi. 22 to 25 in Malabar; by Graham, in the environs of 
 Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Royle, and Drury, common all over India, and on the Coromandel coast " as 
 well as in Guzerat and especially in Bengal," is " the only tree whose sap is much employed for 
 boiling down to sugar." Farther East, was observed by Mason "exotic'" in Burmah. (See P. 
 dactylifera, and Arenga saccharifera). 
 
 Asdepias (Calotropis) procera of the Tropical portion of the Desert from the Cape Verd Islands 
 and shores of the Atlantic to the Red Sea and Hindustan. Large-leaved and chiefly herbaceous in 
 defiance of the surrounding aridity, and called in Nubia "abouk,"in Egypt "o'char" (Del.), in 
 Yemen " oschar " (Forsk.) ; and possibly the "occhi" of Onesicritus : — " sukkar eluscher " is 
 mentioned by Israeli or Ishak ben Soliman, Avicenna, Serapion temp, simpl. 50, Edrisi, Ebn Baitar, 
 and was ascertained by Ange de Saint-Joseph pharm. pers. 361 to be a kind of sugar produced by an 
 insect puncturing the plant, the geographical limits of the insect not extending beyond Persia: 
 C. procera was observed by myself on the Deccan, apparently the "same termed "c. Hamiltonii" by 
 Don, Wight, and Graham. Westward, was observed by Hasselquist in the heated deeply sunk 
 valley containing the Dead Sea, and again on the Sinai peninsula ; by Forskal, everywhere in 
 Tropical Arabia ; by Grant, as far as " 3 15' N." on the Nile ; by myself, in Upper Egypt in the 
 Desert; by Alpinus, Norden, and Delile, also in Egypt, its juice employed against ringworm 
 and other cutaneous affections, also a powerful depilatory ; and again by myself, on the Cape Verd 
 Islands. 
 
 •' Brahmanas " were brought to Alexander {Brahwinism being already in existence). The 
 burning of widows with their dead husbands, among the Kathaians, is also mentioned by Onesicritus 
 (Strab. xv. 1. 30 to 66). 
 
 The flute or pipe AYAOS, according to Onesicritus (Strab. xv. 1. 22) unknown to the Indians ; 
 their only musical instruments being the KYMBAAQN cymbals, TYMriANQN drum, and KPOTAAQN 
 little bells, used by conjurers. SKIAAIA umbrellas, according to Nearchus (Arrian ind. 16; were 
 carried before persons of any note. 
 
 Onesicritus obtained information of Taprovane, an island five thousand stadia in diameter and 
 twenty days sail from the main land, but the vessels badly provided with sails and otherwise 
 imperfectly constructed (undecked?); between this and India there are intervening islands, but 
 Taprovane is the Southernmost of all ; — is also placed by Eratosthenes seven days sail South from 
 the Southern extreme of India (Strab. xv. 1. 14) : the name seems derived from the Negro class cf 
 languages, and the descriptions agree with Madagascar. (In later times, the name Taprovane was 
 transferred by the Greeks to Ceylon. See Cosmas Indicopleustes). 
 
 The KHTH:A.AM<I>IBIA described to Onesicritus as inhabiting the coast of Taprovane, — 
 may have been the dugtmg. Not far distant at Zanzibar, a dugong captured by the native fishermen 
 was sketched by myself. 
 
 "325 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), L. Fifrius Camillus and D. Junius Brutus Scaeva consuls at Rome. 
 Victory over the Samnites gained by Q. Fabius Maximus " magister equitum " in the absence and 
 contrary to orders from the dictator: flight to Rome and the intercession of the senate, people, and 
 his own family, barely saved his life. 
 
 "The same year" (Clint., see also Quint. Curt.), after witnessing the bore or overwhelming 
 tide-wave at the mouth of the Indus, Alexander and his army commenced their return Westward. 
 Leaving Nearchus and the ships to follow by sea ; the navigation of the Persian Gulf being as vet 
 unknown to the Greeks. 
 
 Artocarpus mlcgrifolia of Ceylon and Java. The jack tree is called in Tamil "pila" (Yule), 
 in the environs of Bombay "phunnus" (Graham), in Telinga "panasa," in Bengalee " kantal," and 
 its fruit in Sanscrit " tchackka " (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the " mSgalokarpon" tree, remark- 
 able for the size and sweetness of its fruit, on which the naked wise, men of India live — (Theophr. 
 iv. 4 5), also the "palae" tree of Pliny xii. 12 putting forth from its bark fruit called "arienae," a 
 single one satisfying four persons: the "chaqui" was seen in Hindustan by Jordanus mirab. (soc. 
 Hakl.), and the "shaki" producing fruit at the base of the trunk, by Ebn Batuta: A. integrifolia 
 was observed by Rheede iii. pi. 26 to 28 in Malabar; by Graham, "generally to be met with about 
 villages throughout the Concans, the large fruit" an article of diet with the nati\es, "and the wood 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 331 
 
 in common use" for household furniture; by Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 250, Wight, and Drury, planted 
 in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bengal; but by Rumphius i. 106, wild in the Ceylon forest. 
 Farther East, was observed by Mason "exotic " in Burmah and called "peing-nai ; " by Loureiro, 
 under cultivation in Anam and Tropical China; by Rumphius i. 105, becoming rare in the Eastern 
 portion of the Malayan archipelago and devoid of a native name; by Blume, a wild kind on Java. 
 Westward from Hindustan, was observed by myself on Zanzibar, introduced probably by either Ban- 
 yans or Arabs. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer 
 inclining to become naturalized ; about A. D. 1800 to the West Indies, where it continues under 
 successful cultivation (Hook. bot. mag. pi. 2833, and A. Dec). 
 
 Areca catechu of the Malayan archipelago. The betel palm is called in the environs of Bombay 
 '' foflee-sooparee " (Graham), in Telinga "poka-chettu," in Tamil " paak-marum " or " camooghoo," 
 in Bengalee "gooa" (Drur.) ; and the tree with leaves like ostrich plumes on helmets, but two cubits 
 long — (Theophr. iv. 4. 5), mistranslated by Pliny xii. 12, may be compared : A. catechu was observed 
 by Rheede i. pi. 5 to 8 in Malabar ; by Graham, " commonly cultivated " in the environs of Bombay, 
 also by myself ; by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 76, Simmonds, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, and 
 from Ceylon to Northern Bengal. Farther East, by Mason " exotic " in Burmah and called " kwon- 
 thee ; " by myself, under cultivation throughout the Malayan archipelago as far as the Philippines, 
 where according to Blanco it is called in Tagalo and Bisaya "bofiga," in Pampango "luyos." West- 
 ward from Hindustan, was observed by myself under cultivation on Zanzibar: the "pgtros" of the 
 Erythraean Periplus is regarded as the imported nut ; and " areca " nuts according to Wilkinson 
 have been exhumed in ancient Egyptian tombs: the "fawfal" is mentioned by Maserjawia, Ebn 
 Amran, Abu Hanifa, Gafeki, Mesue, Avicenna, Serapion, Ebn Redwhan, and Ebn Baitar ; and 
 "arica" nuts called "fufal" were found by Forskal mat. med. imported into Egypt. (See Acacia 
 catechu, and Piper belle). 
 
 Inga bigemina of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The tree with long twisted fruit sweet to 
 the taste, but inducing dysentery and therefore prohibited by Alexander — (Theophr. iv. 4. 5), an 
 account copied by Pliny xii. 12, may be compared: I. bigemina was observed by F.heede vi. pi. 12 
 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in the Concans as far as Bombay (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in 
 other parts of Hindustan. Farther East, by Mason v. 459 to 772 indigenous in Burmah and called 
 "ta-nyen," planted besides by the natives who "are extravagantly fond " of the seeds as "a condi- 
 ment " to preserved fish, notwithstanding sometimes disastrous consequences. 
 
 Mimusops hexandra of Tropical Hindustan. Called in the environs of Bombay " kernee " or 
 " rayanee " or " rajun " (Graham), in Telinga "palla," in Tamil " palloe " (Drur.) ; and the tree with 
 fruit like that of the cornel " kranSois " — (Theophr iv. 4. 5), may be compared : M. hexandra was 
 observed by Gibson, and Graham, planted by Muslims, "very common on Malabar hill" near Bom- 
 bay, the fruit eaten, and in Guzerat the wood much used for a variety of purposes where toughness 
 is required; by myself, planted trees around the Imampoor station where we rested for a night ; by 
 Roxburgh cor. pi. 15, on the Circar mountains (Pers.) ; and according to Drury, the berry is of the 
 "size and shape of an olive." 
 
 Diospyros ebenum of Ceylon. Of the two kinds of ebony met with, that with good and beautiful 
 wood, but rare — (Theophr. iv. 4. 6), may be compared: "nigrum ebenum" produced only in India, 
 is mentioned by Virgil geor. ii. 117: D. ebenum is described by Rumphius viii. pi. 6; is termed 
 "ebenoxylum verum" by Loureiro, "d. glaberrima" by Roxburgh (Steud.) ; was observed by Retz 
 v. 31 in the Ceylon forest (Pers.) ; and according to Tennent i. 117, grows in great abundance 
 throughout all the flat country West of Trincomalee, and so large that the central black portion 
 furnishes logs two feet in diameter by ten or fifteen long, excelling all other kinds in the evenness 
 and intensity of its colour (Drury). The" living tree has recently been introduced by Nimmo into 
 the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 Diospyros melauoxylon of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. The Coromandel 
 ebony is called in Tamil "tumballi," in Telinga "toomida," in Hindustanee "tindoo," in Bengalee 
 "kendoo" or "kiew" (Drur.); and is possibly the beautiful kind of "eVSne" in question: — 
 "gvSnos " was also seen in India by Megasthenes (Strab. xv. 1. 37) : D. melanoxylon is described 
 by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 46; is known to grow from Malabar to Orissa, a large tree "twenty to 
 twenty-five feet to the branches " with the trunk " eight or ten in circumference," yielding according 
 to Drury " a fine kind of ebony" exported in small quantities "from Madras;" the bark astringent 
 and taken by the natives in dysentery (Lindl.). Farther East, was observed by McClelland in Pegu 
 and called "ouk-chin-ya" (Mason v. 542) ; "bonus qe est mout noir" was observed by Marco Polo 
 162 abounding in the forests of " Cianba " (Tsiompa), the species doubtless the same seen by Lou- 
 reiro p. 752 throughout the forests of Anam. 
 
 Diospyros montana of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Mysore " ingalagunte " scolding wife 
 (Buch.) ; and the second kind of " evene " met with, inferior in quality but abundant — (Theophr. 
 
332 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 iv. 4. 6), mav be compared : D. montana was observed by Graham on hills in the environs of Bombay, 
 growing "probably throughout the Concans ; " by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 48, and Buchanan, in other 
 parts of Hindustan, the wood very hard and durable, variegated with dark and white-coloured veins, 
 but from some prejudice not used by the natives (Beddome, and Drur.). 
 
 Phaseolus trilobus of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Procumbent, and called in Telinga 
 "pelli pessara," in Hindustanee " kakhal-kuluy " (Lindl.) or " triangguli," in Bengalee "mooganee " 
 (Drur.) ; and the "phakos "-like pulse met with — (Theophr. iv. 4. Q), may be compared : P. trilobus 
 was observed by Lush, and Graham, "common in the Deccan ;" by myself, wild there on the arid 
 plain; by Roxburgh, as far as Bengal but only in its wild state ; by Ainslie, in Behar, given by the 
 Vytians in irregular fever: was also seen in Hindustan by Burmann ind. pi. 50, and Wight ; and 
 according to Drury, " is cultivated for its seeds which are eaten by the poorer classes," and '■ affords 
 good fodder." Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 467 in Burmah, "spontaneously everywhere 
 in the country." Transported to Europe, is described by PJukenet aim. pi. 120, and Linnaeus. 
 
 Dolichos iiiiijlorus of Tropical Eastern Asia. The gram or horse gram is an annual plant 
 called in Hindustanee "koaltee," in Bengalee "koolthee," in Tamil " kolloo," in Telinga " woola- 
 waloo (Drur.) ; and the " en5vinthos "-like pulse met with — (Theophr. iv. 4. 9), may be compared : 
 the "kulatt'ha" or " yavaka " commended for food in the stanzas of the Ayurvedas (Susrut. sarir. 2), 
 is referred here by Hessler : D. uniflorus was observed by Lush "cultivated in the Deccan;" by 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel and Beng.il, the seeds according to Drury eaten by 
 the natives in curries, and everywhere in the peninsula given to cattle, but the " plant has never been 
 seen in a wild state." Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet pi. 113, and Lamarck. 
 
 Paspahtm scrobiculatum of Tropical Hindustan. A grain called in Guzerat "menya," in the 
 environs of Bombay " kodro " (Graham); and the kind of "agriun krithfin " furnishing good bread 
 and gruel, but which at first killed the horses of the Greeks until by degrees they became accustomed 
 to it (Theophr. iv. 4. <)), may be compared with the " vosmorou " of Onesicritus, — planted according 
 to Eratosthenes together with "kSghros " in the rainy season (Strab. xv. 1. 13 to iS) : the " kodru," 
 a sort of millet, was observed by Ebn Batuta plentiful in Hindustan : P. scrobiculatum was observed 
 there by Roxburgh, and Sykes ; by Gibson, and Graham, in the environs of Bombay, " a very com- 
 mon and cheap grain but not wholesome, the natives say it will keep good for twenty years," a vari- 
 ety called "hareek" is " narcotic, and in this respect resembles Lolium temulentum." Farther East, 
 P. scrobiculatum is described by Houttuyn pi. S9 (Pers.). 
 
 Cyamopsis psoralcoiiks of Tropical Asia. An erect annual called in the environs of Bombay 
 "mutkee" or " gaur " or " goor " (Graham); and the other plant called by Alexander's army 
 "phakon" but having the aspect of " voukf ras " — (Theophr. iv. 4. 10), may be compared: C. 
 psoraleoides, having small purplish flowers, was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, 
 " cultivated for the sake of the pods which are eaten like French beans ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 in other parts of Hindustan ; is known to occur also in Arabia (Pers.). Farther East, was observed 
 by Mason v. 467 "exotic " in Burmah and called "pai-pa-soon," cultivated by the natives and "es- 
 teemed by them a good vegetable." Transported to Europe, is termed "dolichos fabaeformis " and 
 "indigofera tetragonoloba " by L'Heritier pi. 78, "psoralea tetragonoloba " by Linnceus, "dolichos 
 psoraloides " by Lamarck, and "lupinus trifoliatus " by Cavanilles i. pi. 51). 
 
 Vitis Indica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The "ampelon" growing in the mountain- 
 region — (Theophr. iv. 4. 11), may be compared: V. Indica was observed by Rheede vii. pi. 6 
 in Malabar; by Graham, in "the Gmcans " as far North as Bombay; by Wight, in other parts of 
 Hindustan. Farther East, by Mason, indigenous in Burmah and called " yen -doun°\'' 
 
 Oleaf dio-ca nf Tropical Hindustan. The Indian olive is called in the environs of Bombay 
 "Parr jamb" (Graham) ; and the "elaan" growing in the mountain-region, barren and as if inter- 
 mediate in nature and form between the "elaas" and " kotinou " — (Theophr. iv. 4. 11), an account 
 copied by Pliny xii. 14, may be compared: the "jummum" seen by Ebn Batuta in Hindustan, a 
 "high tree with black fruit resembling that of the olive as does likewise its stone," seems distin- 
 guished by him from that met with in East Africa (see Chionanthus sp. . .) : O. dioica was observed 
 by Rheede iv. pi. 54 in Malabar; by Graham, "a large tree" with fruit much resembling a sloe, 
 growing " near Kandalla " and " very common towards the top of the Rotunda ghaut, Mahableshwur; " 
 by Roxburgh, Hamilton, and Wallich, in other parts of Hindustan (Drury); and the " Tetrapilus 
 brachiatus " found by Loureiro in Anam, is regarded by Graham as not distinct. 
 
 Stcrculia foctida of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Bengalee jungle-" baddam," in Tamil 
 " kudrapdukku " or "peenaree-marum ; " (Drur.); and possibly included among the "akrothrua " 
 nut-bearing tries of the mountain-region — (Theophr. iv. 4. 1 1 ) : S. foetida was observed by Graham 
 in woods near Bombay "but evidently planted," a "very stately tree" furnishing masts called poon 
 .spars, its leaves deciduous in the cool season, and seeds " roasted and eaten like chestnuts ; " by 
 Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Travancore and Bengal. Farther 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 333 
 
 East by Mason 457 to 487 " not uncommon in the forests " of Burmah and called " let-khok," 
 yielding with other species a gum " similar to tragacanth," and its seeds "eaten like filberts;" by 
 Horsfield, on Java; is described by Rumphius iii. pi. 107, and Sonnerat pi. 132; was observed 
 by Blanco on the Philippines, in Tagalo called " calumpang," in Ylocano " bangar," and its seeds 
 eaten. 
 
 Sterculia guttata of Tropical Hindustan A large tree called in the environs of Bombay 
 "kookur" or "goldar" (Graham), in Tamil " pee-marum " (Drur.) ; and included perhaps among 
 the "akrothrua" of the mountain-region — (Theophr. iv. 4. 11) : S. guttata was observed by Rheede 
 iv pi. 61 in Malabar ; by Graham, " common along the Ghauts" as far as Bombay, the seeds size of 
 a chestnut "roasted and eaten by the natives ; " by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight ii. pi. 487, in other 
 portions of the peninsula, clothing and cordage made of the inner bark. 
 
 Sterculia balanghas of Tropical Eastern Asia. A tree possibly included among the " akrothrua " 
 of the mountain-region — (Theophr. iv. 4. 11): S. balangas was observed by Rheede i. pi. 49 in 
 Malabar ; by Nimmo, in the Concan South of Bombay (Graham) ; by Wight v pi. 30, in other parts 
 of the peninsula ; and according to Roxburgh, the seeds when roasted are nearly as palatable as 
 chestnuts (Drur.). Farther East, is described by Rumphius iii. 107 (Pers.), and in Amboyna 
 according to Hooker a pigment called " cassoumba " is made from the burnt pericarp (Drur.). 
 
 Sterculia {Cavallium) urens of Tropical Hindustan. A large tree called in the environs of 
 Bombay " kavalee " (Graham), in Telinga "kavalee," in Hindustanee "bulee" (Lindl.), in Tamil 
 " vellay bootalli " (Drur.) ; and possibly included among the " akrothrua '' of the mountain-region — 
 (Theophr. iv. 4. 11): S. urens was observed by Gibson, and Graham, "common throughout the 
 Concans " and Hindu guitars "made of the wood ; " by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 24, Royle, and Wight, as 
 far as Courtallum and the mountainous parts of Coromandel, yielding a gum extremely like tragacanth ; 
 and the seeds according to Drury " are roasted and eaten." 
 
 Guarea binectarifera of Tropical Hindustan. A Meliaceous pinnate-leaved tree called in the 
 environs of Bombay " yerindee " (Graham); and possibly included among the "akrothrua" of the 
 mountain-region — .(Theophr. iv. 4. 11): G. binectarifera was observed by Graham in ravines near 
 Bombay "not common," the fruit with hard rind containing seeds " size of a chestnut, monkeys are 
 very fond of them : " is however not certainly identical with the " G. binectarifera" of Roxburgh. 
 
 Buchanania latifolia of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tree called in the environs of 
 Bombay " pyal " or "char" or "charolee" (Graham), in Hindustanee " peeyar cheroonjie," in 
 Bengalee "piyala," in Telinga "chara puppoe," in Tamil "mowda" or "morada" or "kat mango 
 marum " (Drur.) ; and probably included among the " akrothrua " of the mountain-region — (Theophr. 
 iv. 4. 11) : dust of the flowers of the "priyala" tree is mentioned by Kalidasa kum. iii. 31, and the 
 "priyala" or " piyala " or '' rajavriiksha " of Susrutas sutr. 36 and 46 to chikits. 2 is referred here by 
 Hessler: B. latifolia was observed by Gibson, Law, and Graham, in the environs of Bombay, also 
 " common in the Barria jungles east of Baroda " and its kernels collected and sold by the Bheels ; by 
 Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in Mysore and on the mountains of Malabar and Coromandel, the 
 kernels " a general substitute for almonds among the natives," yielding an oil called cheroonjie oil, 
 also a black varnish, and the wood "used for various purposes." Farther East, was observed by 
 Mason indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Balsa7iwdendron tnukul of Scinde. Called there "googul " (Drur ) ; and the "akantha" of the 
 bordering Arian district, yielding under the rays of the sun an exudation that resembles myrrh in 
 aspect and odour — (Theophr. iv. 4. 12), may be compared: B. mukul according to Stocks, and 
 Drury, has been ascertained to be a peculiar species. (See B. agallocha, B. myrrha, atjd Borassus 
 dichotomus). 
 
 Carissa diffusa of the country on the Lower Indus. A thorny shrub whose wood is called 
 "ajar" (Drur.); and the "akantha l£uke triozos '' growing in the Arian district and called " eraklSous," 
 juicy and spongy and its wood made into staffs and clubs — (Theophr. iv. 4. 12), may be compared : 
 C. diffusa was observed by Powell in the Punjaub, bearing a small black edible fruit, its wood used 
 for fences and for making "native combs," that of a very old tree turning quite black and acquiring a 
 strong fragrance, and sold at a high price as a medicine (Drur.). 
 
 Gnidia eriocephala of Western Hindustan. Called in the environs of Bombay "rameta" 
 (Graham) ; and the other bush growing in the Arian district and as large as a " raphanos," its leaves 
 laurel-like and fatal to whoever eats, so that horses are always held by hand on alighting near — 
 (Theophr. iv. 4. 12), may be compared: G. eriocephala is described by Wallich ; was observed by 
 Murray very common at Mahableshwur, by Law on the hilly parts of the Southern Mahratta country, 
 by Graham on the Ghauts and about Karlee caves, " a highly ornamental shrub " with " willow-like 
 leaves " and " large terminal umbels " of " yellow flowers," the " natives attribute poisonous qualities 
 to it." 
 
 Stylocoryne webera of Tropical Hindustan. A large-branched Coffeaceous shrub called in 
 
334 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Malabar " cupi," in Telinga " commi " (Drur.) ; and the tree on Tyle furnishing staffs variegated like 
 a tiger's skin — (Theophr. v. 4. 7), may be compared : the " karenu " of Susrutas sarir. 4 to chikits. 30, 
 is referred here by Hessler: S. webera was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 23 in Malabar ; by Nimmo in 
 the Concan South of Bombay, and by Lush in the Goa jungles (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 in other parts of the peninsula as far as Coromandel ; is known to grow also on Ceylon (Pers. i. 200); 
 and according to Drury, its "wood is hard and prettily marked, and is much esteemed by the 
 
 natives. 
 
 Excoecaria agallocha of the Tropical seashore from Hindustan to Tongatabu. The tiger 's-milk 
 tree is called in Malabar "cametti" (Drur.); and the "kiurino" leaved "spina" whose juice 
 sprinkled on the eyes induces blindness — (Plin. xii. 18), may be compared: E. agallocha was 
 observed by Rheede v. pi. 45 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, and Graham, " in salt marshes along with the " 
 mangroves as far as Bombay ; by Drury, in Travancore and Cochin, the natives " afraid almost to 
 cut the branches ; " by Roxburgh, at the Sunderbunds or mouths of the Ganges, woodcutters 
 complaining that the milky juice is very dangerous. Farther East, the " ta-yau " or " ka-yau " of 
 Burmah is regarded by Mason as probably identical ; E. agallocha was observed by Blanco frequent 
 along the seashore of the Philippines, called in Tagalo " buta " or "butabuta," in Pampango 
 " butabuta," in Bisaya "lipata" or "alipata " or " himbabao " or " siac," and employed medicinally, 
 smoke from the burning wood causing intolerable pain in the eyes ; is termed "arbor excoecans" by 
 Rumphius ii. pi. 79 to 80, sailors sent to cut wood on Amboyna having been blinded by juice falling 
 in their eyes ; was observed by myself as far as the Feejeean and Tongan islands, frequent along the 
 seashore. 
 
 Nvctanthes arbor-trislis of Hindustan and Burmah. from " Lat. 18' to 30 '' along the base of the 
 Himalayan mountains. A small tree called in the environs of Bombay '■ shiooli " or "har" or 
 " singahar " (Graham), in Bengalee " singahar," in Hindustanee " hursinghar." in Tamil " pagala- 
 mully " (Drur.) ; and the tree large as a fig, having exceedingly fragrant flowers with inedible 
 lupine-like fruit, seen by Androsthenes on the isle of Tyle — (Theophr. iv. 7. 7 to caus. ii. 5, and 
 Plin. xii. 21), m.iv be compared: the " sep'halica " of the Amara-cosha is referred here by pandits 
 and W, Jones (asiat. res. iv. 244), and the " sophali " is mentioned by Susrutas sutr. 8 to chikits. 2: 
 N. arbor-tristis was observed in Hindustan by Garcias 225 (Spreng. ); by Rheede i. pi. 21, in 
 Malabar ; by Graham, very common " in gardens and about villages," by Vaupell in Guzerat " probablv 
 introduced ; " by myself, clearly indigenous towards Adjunta on the Deccan ; by Royle. along the 
 base of the Himalayan mountains; by Wallich, wild on hills near Prome on the Irrawaddy; by 
 shedding a delicious fragrance, and before morning falling and covering the ground ; by Mason, 
 Roxburgh, and Drury, under cultivation in various parts of Hindustan, the flowers opening at night, 
 " exotic " in Burmah and called "hseik-ba-lu," cultivated for its ornamental fragrant flowers that also 
 yield a beautiful orange dye. 
 
 Ih'iikinia variegaia of Tropical Hindustan. A tree twenty to thirty feet high called in Sanscrit 
 " canchanara" or " covidara " ( W. Jones), in the environs of Bomb iy '• kunchum " or " kana raj " 
 (Graham), in Hindustanee "sona" (Drur.) ; and the tree seen by Androsthenes on Tyle, its flower 
 like that of "Ieuk6i6" but four times larger than in '• i6n " and scentless — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8, and 
 Plin. xii. 22), may be compared : the "kovidara " is mentioned in the Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 
 219 and 416); and the " kanchana " or "kovidara" or " karbudara " or "kanaka" in the stanzas oi 
 the Ayurvedas (Susrut. sarir. 10) : B. variegata was observed by Rheede i pi. 32 in Malabar ; by 
 Graham, in "gardens Bombay," but "perhaps the ' apta ' tree of the Concans is identical," the 
 flowers " very beautiful : " by W. Jones (as. res. iv. 279), Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel, 
 Bengal, and Oude, the flnwers in one variety varied with purple, in the other whitish, the buds eaten 
 as vegetables ; or in the Punjaub according to Powell dried and used medicinallv by the natives 
 (Drur.). Farther East, was observed by Mason "exotic" in Burmah, and cultivated for ornament. 
 (See B. purpurea). 
 
 Averrhoa bilimbi of the Moluccas. Called in the environs of Bombay " anvulla " or " bilimbi " 
 (Graham), in Bengalee "bilimbi," in Hindustanee " kamarunga " (Drur.); and the tree seen by 
 Androsthenes on Tyle, "poluphullon " like the rose, the flower closing at night, opening again with 
 the rising sun, and fully expanding at noon — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8, and Plin. xii. 23), is referred here 
 by Link : A. bilimbi was observed by Rheede iii. pi. 45 to 4(1 in Malabar; by Graham, " in gardens 
 Bombay," the fruit growing " on the trunk and branches," of " an agreeable acid flavor," and " sold 
 in the bazar;" by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, under cultivation in other parts of Hindustan. 
 Farther East, by Mason v. 454 " exotic " in Burmah ; by Nieuhoff, the " bilinbing " fruit among the 
 Javanese and Malayans ; by Navarrete, in Tropical China and the Malayan archipelago, the "milin- 
 bines or carambolas of Terranate " being the most famous; by Blanco, on the Philippines; and is 
 figured by Rumphius i. pi. 36. 
 
 Fichi comosa of Tropical Hindustan. The tufted fig is perhaps included among the evergreen 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 335 
 
 " sukas " seen by Androsthenes on Tyle, — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8) : F. comosa was observed by Graham 
 " on the Ghauts and hilly parts of the Concans " as far as Bombay, a tree with smooth shining leaves, 
 " fruit size of a gooseberry ; " by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 125, in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
 Ficus benjamina of Tropical Hindustan. A beautiful tree called in the environs of Bombay 
 "nandrook " (Graham), in Telinga " tella barinka " (Drur.) ; and perhaps included among the ever- 
 green " sukas " on Tyle — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8) : F. benjamina was observed by Rheede i. pi. 26 in 
 Malabar, a decoction of the leaves mixed with oil applied to ulcers ; by Graham, " between the 
 Kamatkee Ghaut and Wye," and " common throughout the Mawul districts," the leaves polished 
 shining; by Roxburgh, Wight pi. 642 and 648, and Drury, in other portions of the peninsula. 
 
 Ficus racemosa of Tropical Hindustan. The red-wood fig-tree is called in Hindustanee " gooler," 
 in Telinga " maydi," in Tamil " attie marum " (Drur.) ; and is perhaps included among the evergreen 
 " sukas " on Tyle — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8) : F. racemosa was observed by Rheede i. pi. 25 in Malabar ; 
 by Graham, in " the Concans " as far as Bombay ; by Ainslie, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, 
 the fruit edible, and the leaves root and bark employed medicinally by the natives ; the leaves 
 according to Lindley are "on the upper side dark-green and shining : " the tree is termed "grossularia 
 domestica " by Rumphius iii. pi. 87 to 88. 
 
 November, when the " Etesian winds " or Southwest monsoon ceased (Arrian ind. 21), Nearchus 
 sailed from the mouth of the Indus and " Kr6kala " (to the present day called Crocola), passing the 
 Aravios (Araba-il-mend), and continuing along the Desert coast Westward. The people of this coast 
 were found to be exclusively fishermen, living on fish which in the cooked state were sometimes 
 ground into meal ; a few date-palms were met with, also some gardens, with sheep and gnats fed how- 
 ever mainly on fish-meal (the detailed description of the natives and their habits being, according to 
 Kempthorne, "strictly correct even to the present day"). The bones of whales were used in con- 
 structing dwellings ; and on afterwards meeting with living whales (a novelty to the Greeks) the sail- 
 ors were much terrified ; but Nearchus bearing down with the clang of arms and the ships in battle 
 array, put the dreaded monsters to flight : a dead whale fallen in with, measured "fifty cubits," hav- 
 ing many OSTPEA shell-fish, AOnAAAS barnacles, and *YKIA sea-weed, adhering to the skin 
 (Arrian 1. c. 30 and 39). 
 
 Hydnocarpus inebrians of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. Called in Malabar " morotti," in 
 Tamil " maravuttie " (Drur.) . and the tree seen by Nearchus whose fruit inebriates if eaten, and 
 from which honey also is extracted — (Strab. xv. 1. 20), may be compared: H. inebrians was ob- 
 served by Rheede i. pi. 30 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, and Graham, in the Concan, "common" a* far 
 at least as Bombay; by Buchanan, Wight i. pi. 16, and Drury, very common on the Western coast 
 as far as Travancore, the fruit if eaten occasioning giddiness, and on Ceylon the seeds used for poison- 
 ing fish : oil from the seeds is used medicinally by the natives (Rheede, and Ainslie). 
 
 Arenga saccharifera of Tropical Eastern Asia. A very stately palm called in the environs of 
 Bombay " bhirlee " (Graham) ; and the " phloiou phoinikinou " of which fishermen seen by Nearchus 
 made their nets — (Strab. xv. 2. 2), may be compared : A. saccharifera was observed by Graham 
 planted near Bombay, affording " tolerably good sago, the sap palm wine and sugar, and the black 
 horse-hair like fibres of the trunk are converted into excellent cordage ; " by Roxburgh iii. 626, and 
 Buchanan, under cultivation in other parts of Hindustan. Farther East, by Mason v. 506 indigenous 
 in Burmah " on the mountains north-east of Toungoo ; " by Parish, observed also in Siam ; by Lou- 
 reiro 759, in Anam ; by Marsden, and Crawfurd, on Sumatra and the neighbouring islands, planted 
 according to Griffith very commonly by the Malays, the cordage from black fibres of the trunk 
 renowned for its power of resisting wet, the sap drunk as toddy or converted into sugar, and the 
 young albumen in syrup forming one of the well-known preserves of the Straits ; the palm is termed 
 "gomutus gomuto " by Rumphius i. pi. 13 ; and according to a writer in soc. tract Lond., its very acid 
 fruit, exciting inflammation when chewed, was the basis of the "infernal water" used by the AIoluc- 
 cans in war to pour over their enemies. Is termed also " saguerus Rumphii " by Roxburgh, and 
 "gomutus saccharifer" by Sprengel. (See Caryota urens, and Phcenix sylvestris.) 
 
 Michelia champaca of Ciampa and Anam. The pcela of golden-flowered chumpa is a tree thirty 
 to forty feet high called in Sanscrit "champaca" or " champeya " or " hemapushpaca " (W. Jones), 
 in Bengalee " chumpaka " or "chumpa" (Drur.); and the "alia anthea" seen in a garden by 
 Nearchus, the flowers worn in the hair — (Arrian ind. 27), may be compared : the fragrant "champa" 
 is mentioned in the Mrichchhakati iv : garments scented with a "champa flower," by Vachespati 
 Misra tatwa-kaum. (Wils. sankh.) ; and the " katu " or "kanaka" or "kanchana" or "gand'ha" or 
 "nagapushpa" or " surab'hi " or " hemanga " of Susrutas sulr. 28, is referred here by Hessler : M. 
 champaca was observed by Graham " in gardens " around Bombay, "a highly ornamental and sacred 
 tree ; " by W. Jones as. res. iv. 287, Roxburgh, and Wight i. 13, in gardens throughout the peninsula 
 and as far as Bengal, dedicated according to Drury to Vishnu, and its flowers used by the natives to 
 adorn their heads. Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 402 " exotic " in Burmah, planted about 
 
336 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 villages, and its "golden flowers" in the "dark long hairj' of the maidens celebrated in Burmese 
 poetry ; is known to grow wild in Ciampa (Drur.)i was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, around 
 villages in the environs of Manila, and called in Tagalo " sampac," its flowers sold in the market. 
 By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues under cultiva- 
 tion (Boj.). 
 
 Andropogon Martini of Tropical Hindustan. The roiissa grass is called in Tamil "kamakshi- 
 pullu" or " kasattam-pullu," in Telinga " kamakshi-kasuvu " or " kamanchi-gaddi," in Bengalee 
 "khama-kher," in Hindustanee and on the Deccan •' ganjni " (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the 
 grass West of the Indus recognized by Phoenicians in Alexander's army as one of the perfumes of 
 commerce ; also the " k6makon " enumerated by Theophrastus ix. 7. 2 among imported perfumes : 
 A. Martini is termed "a. nardus " by Linnaeus; "a. calamus-aromaticus " by Royle (in Kitt. bibl. 
 cycl.), who further states that it grows from Nagpore as far North as Delhi, its "leaves culms and 
 roots" yielding the fragrant grass oil called "oil of Xamur," much used in perfumery, also medici- 
 nally by the natives, but in the shops is often confounded with "oil of spikenard . " the grass was 
 brought by Martin from the highlands of Balaghaut to Lucknow and Calcutta (Roxb. fl. i. 277), and 
 abounds on the Deccan, universally spread over the trap districts (Drur.). 
 
 Andropogon palinodes of Tropical Hindustan. Said to yield also a volatile oil (Drur.) ; and 
 possibly the grass in question : —the " narte '' enumerated among perfumes by Theophrastus ix. 7. 3, 
 may be compared : A. pachnodes is described by Trinius. The ginger grass of Ainslie ii. 401, yield- 
 ing an essential oil called by the natives " koshel," was observed by Law in the environs of Bombay 
 "common between Dhowe and Krishna," by Nimmo in the Concan North and South, by Heddle 
 in the "vale of the Nerbudda," and is further identified by Graham with the "nardus indica " of 
 Lamarck enc. ii. 375. 
 
 Carvota urens of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. A stately palm called in the environs of 
 Bombay "bherlee-mhar" (Graham), in Telinga " mari " (J. F. Wats., and Beddome 60) or "jeeroo- 
 goo" (Lindl.), in Tamil " coonda-panna " (Drur.); and the "phoinikdn " in Gedrosia inducing " kata- 
 noethenai" if eaten crude— (Theophr. iv. 4 13), " strangulati " as translated by Pliny xiii. 9, may 
 be compared: the "marih" is mentioned by Rhazes, by Ebn Baitar as an Indian seed; and the 
 " belluri " met with by Jordanus, yielding toddy of superior quality, is referred here by Yule : C. 
 urens was observed by Rheede i. pi. n in Malabar; by Graham, "common on the Ghauts and Con- 
 cans," also "in gardens," its pith yielding sago, and its sap or toddy in common use for yeast : by 
 myself, clearly indigenous on the Ghaut ; by Buchanan, the trunk the favourite food of elephants ; 
 by Roxburgh, Ainslie, Royle, and Drury, in Travancore, Coromandel, and other parts of Hindustan, 
 fifty to sixty feet high, the thin rind of the fruit very acrid and producing a burning sensation on the 
 tongue ; is termed " saguaster major" by Rumphius i. pi. 14, and is known to grow on Ceylon, where 
 the split trunks are used as rafters, and the fibre of the leaf-stalks made into ropes for tying wild 
 elephants (fl. zeyl. 369, and Drur.). Farther East, a species of Caryota yielding sago was observed 
 by Blanco on the Philippines, common in many parts and called "pugaham." (See Arenga sac- 
 charifera). 
 
 Xeiinm oleander of Subtropical Persia. The oleander is called in France " laurier-rose " 
 (Nugent), in Italy " oleandro " or " alloro indiano " (Lenz), in Greece " pikrothaphne " or " rotho- 
 thaphne " (Sibth.) or " ar5thaphn6," in Egypt " tifla? " (Forsk.), in Egyptian " skinphe " 1 Syn. Diosc.) ; 
 and the " thaphne "-like plant that poisoned cattle of Alexander's army in Gedrosia along the Persian 
 Gulf — (Strab. xv. 2. 7), may be compared : in the days of Dioscorides, the " nerion " having a rose- 
 like flower and fruit in the form of horns, was a well known shrub in gardens, growing also by the 
 seaside and along streams ; and somewhat later, the " wild laurel bearing roses " is mentioned by 
 Apuleius asin., and Lucian : N. oleander was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Ijorv, and Fraas, fre- 
 quent along streams from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to occur also seemingly 
 wild in Syria . . . ; and was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, 
 the "nerion" or " rothothaphne " or " rothothe'nthron'' is identified in Svn. Diosc. with the "ikmane" 
 of the Lucanians (of Southern Italy), and " laurorosa " or " 616anthroum " of the Romans; the 
 "nerion" or "rhododendron," from having no Latin name, is regarded by Pliny xvi. 33 to xxiv. 53 as 
 brought from Greece ; and the " rhododaphne " is mentioned in the Virgilian Culex, and by Palladius 
 i. 35. 9, and Vegetius : N. oleander is termed " n. floribus rubescentibus " by Tournefort inst. 605 ; 
 was observed by Desfontaines i. 208 along streams on the Atlas mountains (Pers.) ; and is known to 
 occur seemingly wild from Italy to Portugal (A. Dec, and Lenz). By European colonists, was car- 
 ried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation as a hardy greenhouse plant. A 
 decoction of the leaves and bark according to Lindley is employed " in the South of France to cure 
 the itch and to destroy cutaneous vermin," and " the powdered bark and wood to poison rats." 
 
 iXcriitni odornm of Hindustan. An allied species called in Upper India " hayamaraca" horse- 
 killer (W. Jones), in Broach "nermudda," in the environs of Bombay "kunher" (Graham), in Hin- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 337 
 
 dustanee " karpud," in Bengalee " kurubee " (Lindl.), and possibly the plant in question : — the 
 " karavira " is mentioned in the Mrichchhakati x., and by Susrutas ; and the " hayamaraka " by Susru- 
 tas sutr. 36 to chikits. 18 : N. odorum was observed in Hindustan by Hermann lugdb. pi. 448, Rheede 
 ix. pi. 2, and Roxburgh ; by Graham, " in gardens " and " wild by the banks of Deccan rivers ; " by 
 myself, clearly indigenous along the river-bank of the Godaveri ; and according to Lindley, "the 
 bark of the root and the sweet-smelling leaves are considered by the " natives " powerful repellants, 
 applied externally." Farther East, the shrub is enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah ; and 
 is known to occur in gardens in China and Japan (Barrow trav. p. 505, and Blume). 
 
 At ArmozSia (Ormuz) opposite the projecting promontory of Arabia, a man was seen who wore 
 the Greek dress and spoke Greek, and who proved to be a straggler from Alexander's army; then, 
 according to his account, only "five days journey" distant. After an interview with Alexander, 
 Nearchus resumed his voyage ; and in the inner portion of the Gulf, in addition to canoes propelled 
 not by oars attached to the sides but paddled, met with ships of burden (Arrian 1. c. 27 and 38). 
 Continuing along the coast of Carmania, Persis proper, and Susiana, Nearchus and the fleet at length 
 reached Thirithdtis or Teredon at the mouth of the Euphrates. By this voyage, a more accurate idea 
 of the configuration of a large portion of Asia was made known to the Greeks. 
 
 "324 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome by decree of the senate, the dictator L. Papirius Cursor and 
 the "magister equitum" L. Papirius Crassus continued in office without any consuls. The Samnites 
 defeated. 
 
 "323 B. C." (Clint.), death of Alexander. In the ensuing partition, Ptolemy obtained the gov- 
 ernment of Egypt. His earliest buildings there bear the hieroglyphic ovals of Philippus Aridaeus 
 and Alexander IV. ; nominal successors to the whole Empire. 
 
 The first mention of the lunate sigma C is ascribed to the poet Aeschrion, a pupil of Aristotle 
 and said to have accompanied Alexander on some of his expeditions — (Tzetz., Franz, and Sm. 
 b. d.). This form of sigma occurs in an inscription found on Sicily and perhaps anterior to " B. C. 
 282 ; " also in an inscription under Ptolemy III. 
 
 Campanula ramosissima of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of bell-flower called 
 in Greece " agria goulia " (Sibth.) ; and the E P I N N of Diodes of Carystus, growing about springs 
 and streams and at the base of mountains, — giving out according to Dioscorides five to seven 
 branches a span long, its leaves incised at the apex, flowers white, fruit or seed small black and 
 austere, the stem and leaves abounding in juice, is referred here by Fraas : C. ramosissima is de- 
 scribed by Sibthorp : and was observed by him, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Zacynthus and the 
 Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the " ennos '' or " 6kimo£ithgs " or " uthreron " 
 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "okimoum akouatikoum " of the Romans; the account by Pliny 
 of the "herba" called by the Greeks " erineon " seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides, but he adds 
 that its juice is milky and sweet. 
 
 Bupleurum prstractum of the East Mediterranean countries. A simple-leaved Umbelliferous 
 plant called in Greece "skullomarathron " (Fraas); and the "aliud hippomarathri genus" having 
 according to Diodes long narrow leaves and coriander-like seed — (Plin. xx. 96), according to Dio- 
 scorides small narrow oblong leaves and round coriander-like fruit fragrant and heating, the medicinal 
 properties as in the first kind but weaker, maybe compared: B. protractum is described by Link, 
 and was observed by Fraas in vineyards and cultivated ground in Southern Greece. 
 
 "322 B. C." (Plut, and Clint), submission of Athens to Antipater; by whom, "twelve thou- 
 sand" of the poorer citizens were disfranchised, and some of them carried into Thrace. 
 
 Montia fontanel of extreme Northern and Austral Climates. A diminutive subaquatic, growing 
 around springs, and called in Britain blinks or blinking chickweed or zvater chickweed or water b inks 
 (Prior); in which we recognize the MYfl* herb of Dercylus, growing in the Achelous, and inducing 
 blindness if mixed in water for washing sight to be recovered by appeasing Diana — (Plut. fluv. 22, 
 5): M. fontana was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus; by Grisebach, in 
 Roumelia ; by Savi, in Italy; by Moris, in Sardinia; by Boissonade, on the mountains of Southern 
 Spain ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; and is known to grow from the environs of Paris and London to 
 Ireland and Lapland (Pers., Curt. fl. lond. iii. pi. 8, Fries, and Wats.). Farther West, was observed 
 by Hooker on Iceland; by Lapylaie, as far South as Lat. 52 on Newfoundland; by Mertens, at 
 Norfolk Sound on the Pacific coast; by Chamisso, on Unalascha and throughout the Arctic portion 
 of Northwest America; is known to grow also in East Siberia (Ledeb.) ; and on Antisana and 
 Pichinca, peaks of the Equatorial Andes (Kunth). In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by 
 C. Gay in Chili; by J. D. Hooker, on the Falkland Islands, New Zealand, the Auckland Islands, 
 Campbell Island, and Kerguelen Island (A. Dec). 
 
 In this year (= 288 -j- "34 years reign " in the Mahavamsa v.), through the brahmin Chanacca, 
 Danepala-Nandeya (Nanda) slain and succeeded by prince Chandragutta or Sandracottus. 
 
 " 321 B. C." (Clint., see Strab. xvii. 1. 8), the body of Alexander brought into Egypt by Perdiccas, 
 
 43 
 
338 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Philippus Aridaeus, Alexander IV., and their mother Roxana. Perdiccas in reality seeking the 
 government, was prevented by Ptolemy and put to death. The body of Alexander was then buried, 
 and the Royal family departed for Macedonia. — In the time of Strabo, the original golden sarco- 
 phagus having disappeared, the body was contained in one of glass. A sarcophagus of solid gold is 
 mentioned by Bonomi as recently discovered by Arabs in Egypt. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), near Beneventum in Italy, the defeated Romans 
 passing under the Samnite yoke. The peace made by the consuls, was however not ratified by the 
 home government, and war continued. 
 
 Tiigondla elalior of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " emeron triphulli " or 
 "agria murothia" (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " muroldtos " of ancient Greek writers — 
 (J. P. lex.) : the "16tos" herb according to Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 to 15. 3 has stem-leaves only, 
 and there are several kinds ; is mentioned as coronary by Theocritus xvii. 43 ; and the " lotos 
 agrios " of Dioscorides, growing mostly in Libya, two cubits high with leaves like those of the " lotS 
 triphull6" of gardens, and seed like fenugreek but much smaller, is referred here by writers : T. 
 elatior is termed "melilotus syriaca odora" by Lobel ii. pi. 42; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Asia Minor. West- 
 ward, the 'T6tos agrios" or "livuon" or "triphullon" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " tripho- 
 lioum minous " of the Romans ; and the " trifolium cujus minima sint folia" is mentioned by Pliny 
 xxi. 88: T. elatior is termed "lotus sylvestris ex codice cssareo " (illustr. ms. Diosc), also "trifo- 
 lium italicum sive melilotus italica corniculis incurvis " by Bauhin hist. ii. 372. T. corjiiatlata, 
 called in Greece " nikaki " (Sibth.), but regarded as perhaps not distinct (Steud.), was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and D'Urville, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; and Westward, 
 is described by Gesner hort. f. 265; is termed "melilotus major" by Tragus 592, " m. italica '' by 
 Fuchsius 528, " trifolium cornicul itum alterum " by Dodoens 573, " fcenum-graecum sylvestre meliloti 
 facie " by Tournefort cor. 28 ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (All., 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Melilotus Messanensis of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece " emeYon 
 triphulli " (Fraas) ; and probably one of the kinds of "16tos " already known to the Greeks : — the 
 '• 16tos emeTos" of Dioscorides, springing up in gardens, its juice removing spots and cloudiness 
 from the eyes, identified in the added Synonyms with the '• triphullon '' or " trivolion " or " tripotbion," 
 is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : M. Messanensis is termed " m. m. procumbens folliculis 
 rugosis sublongis spicis florum brevibus " by Tournefort inst. 407 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Bory, 
 and Fraas, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; by Delile, around 
 Rosetta, Darnietta, and Cairo. Westward, was observed by Desfontaines ii. 192 in Barbary ; is 
 said to occur also in Italy and Sicily (Pers.), but seems unknown around Messina (Arrosli, and 
 Sibth. 1782). 
 
 Trifolium resupinatum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt "djulban" or " gurt " 
 (Forsk.); and possibly one of the kinds of "lotos" in question : — the " 16t6 triphullo " springing 
 up in "hortokopeiois" is mentioned by Dioscorides iv. no and in; the "gramine herba " called 
 "chortinon" from which oil is procured in Egypt, by Pliny xv. 7; and the "kurth," by Abu Hanifa, 
 Ebn Redwhan, and Ebn Baitar : T. resupinatum is termed "t. melilotus diffusa vel bicornis " by 
 Forskal, and was observed by him, and Delile, at Rosetta Darnietta and Cairo ; by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, frequent throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, is described by Bauhin 
 hist. ii. 379, and Barrelier pi. 872 ; is termed "t. pratense folliculatum" by Tournefort inst. 404; 
 and is known to grow seemingly wild as far as middle Europe : was once introduced into England, 
 where it continued many years, but finally disappeared (Wals. cyb. 301, and A. Dec ). 
 
 " 320 B. C. = 1st year of Chin-tseng-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 In his reign (Pauth. 193), more than " eighty thousand " persons slain in civil or rather feudatory 
 warfare by the adherents of the prince of Thsin. 
 
 Taheiti colonized directly or indirectly from the Samoan Islands, the "mother country " of the 
 Polynesians (next after "Pulotu" or "Purotu"), long before — the Marquesas (J. Williams miss. ent. 
 57, and Hale ethnog. Expl. exp. 120 to 14S. See Taumaco). 
 
 Urena lobala of Tropical Africa and Asia. A suffruticose weed called on the Upper Nile 
 "milenda " (Grant), in Hindustanee and Bengalee "bun-okra " (Drur. p. 4S3) ; and carried to Taheiti 
 possibly by the first colonists : * — occurring on the islands of the Pacific in the clays of Rumphius 
 
 * Urena sinitata, closely allied, but regarded as distinct. Called in the environs of Bombay 
 "jungly kapas " (Graham) ; and known as far as the. Feejeean Islands as early perhaps as this date : 
 — observed a weed there by myself; is described by Rumphius vi. pi. 25 ; was observed by Rheede 
 x. pi. 2, in Malabar ; by Graham, " common in waste lands " in the environs of Bombay ;' by Rox- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 339 
 
 vi. pi. 25 (A. Dec.) ; observed by myself in cultivated ground and neglected clearings on the Tahei- 
 tian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands ; by Rumphius, and myself, in the Malayan archipelago ; 
 known to occur also in China (Pers.) ; was observed by Mason v. 519 in Burmah, "a weed which 
 abounds all over the coast " and is used for making cordage ; by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight, 
 "common in most parts of India" and useful for its fibres ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, "com- 
 mon in waste places during the rains ; " but according to A. Decandolle is not known to have a 
 Sanscrit name. Westward, was observed by Grant from " 2° to 3 N." along the Nile, frequent 
 and its bark made into cordage; is known to grow 'also in Western Equatorial Africa (J. D. Hook., 
 and Benth. fl. nigr. 226). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands and the 
 West Indies (Descourtilz), no Carib name being given; to Southern Brazil, observed by myself 
 frequent in the outskirts of Rio Janeiro. Transported to Europe, is described by Dillenius elth. pi. 
 319, and Linnaeus. 
 
 "318 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), M. Foslius Flaccinator and L. Plautius Venno consuls at Rome. 
 Truce with the Samnites for two years. 
 
 "The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), at Athens, the Choragic monument of Thrasyllus 
 erected. 
 
 As early perhaps as this year, the physician Apollodorus writing to king Ptolemy on the different 
 kinds of wine, those of Italy being as yet unknown — (Plin. xiv. 9). 
 
 Ajuga iva of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt " missreka " (Forsk.) or " meskeh " 
 (Del); and the X AM A I n I TY C identified by Apollodorus with the IONIAN of the Athenians or 
 CIAHPITIN of Euboea or O AOKYPO N — (Athen. xv. 28), may be compared: the "ionia" is 
 enumerated by Theophrastus ii. 1. 3 to vi. 1. 1 among frutescent small-leaved coronary plants; is 
 identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "olokuron" of Pontus ; and according to Dioscorides, the 
 " hamaipitus " having leaves like " aSiz66 mikro " is used at Heraclea in Pontus as an antidote against 
 "akoniton; " is further identified in the added Synonyms with the "aima athenas " of the prophets : 
 A. iva is termed " c. moschata foliis serratis, an prima Dioscoridis " by Tournefort inst. 208 ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus and Crete throughout the Greek 
 islands ; by Forskal p. 158, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the 
 " hamaipitus " or " pitusorusin " or " or£izelon " or " vrudnian agrian " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the " thohfila " of the Dacians, and " kupripoum " of the Romans : A. iva is described by 
 Clusius hist. ii. 186 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow in dry sandy situations 
 throughout Southern Europe (Cav. pi. 120, and Pers.). 
 
 Asclepias Dioscoridis of the East Mediterranean countries. The KIPKAIAN: PIZAN prescribed 
 by Apollodorus — • (Athen. iii. 15. 6), clearing the matrix according to Dioscorides, growing in stony 
 airy and sunny situations, its several shoots with numerous small black flowers, " k6ghro£ithe " fruit 
 within as if horns inducing abundance of milk, may be compired : is identified in the added Synonyms 
 with the "thirkaian:" A. Dioscoridis with flowers " nigro purpureis " is described by Fraas, as 
 observed at Delphi on Euboea. at the elevation of three thousand feet. 
 
 Cynanchnm 'nigrum of the West Mediterranean countries. — Referred here by Anguillara p. 229 
 (Spreng.) : C. nigrum has not been observed in Greece, but is known to grow on the hills of Italy 
 and Southern France (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Heliotropium Europceum of Tropical Arabia. Called in Italian drug-shops " verrucaria " (Lenz), 
 
 burgh, Royle, and Wight, as far as Bengal, the fibres .of its bark of like quality with those of U. 
 lobata. Transported to Europe, is described by Linnaeus 
 
 Colubrina Asiatica of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A shrub called 
 in the environs of Bombay "gootee" (Graham); and known doubtless to the first colonists of 
 Taheiti : — observed by myself in clearings and natural openings on the Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, 
 and Feejeean Islands, but not in the inland forest, seemingly indigenous also in the Malayan archi- 
 pelago ; is known to grow on Luzon (Pers.) ; is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah ; 
 was observed by Burmann pi. 48 on Ceylon; by Rheede v. pi. 47, in Malabar; by Roxburgh, and 
 Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Graham, as far as Bombay, " common on Elephanta 
 and the Ghauts." 
 
 Melastoma Malabalhrica of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A shrub 
 called in Tagalo "buyong" (Blanco) ; and known at least to the first colonists of Taheiti : — observed 
 by myself in clearings and natural openings on the Taheitian, Samoan, and Feejeean Islands and 
 in the Malayan archipelago, but nowhere producing edible fruit; by Blanco on the Philippines, a 
 single branch brought from Cebu ; by Jack (linn, trans, xiv. 4). abundant on Sumatra and the neigh- 
 bouring islands ; by Burmann pi. 73, on Ceylon ; by Rheede iv. pi. 42, in Malabar; by Nimmo, in 
 the Southern Concan, and by Lush "about Asunwaree " in the Southern Mahratta country (Graham) ; 
 by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
340 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 in Greece " vromohorton " or " eliotropion," by the Turks "bambal otu " (Sibth.), in Egypt " sackran " 
 inebriating, its leaves if eaten believed to induce vertigo, in Yemen " kerir " or "akrir" (Forsk.) ; in 
 which we recognize the " verrucariam" identified by Pliny with the '• heliotropium " prescribed by 
 Apollodorus, — and Apollophanes ; also the " eliotropion mega" of Dioscorides, with leaves following 
 the sun, and from the fashion of its whitish or ruddy flowers sometimes called " skorpiouron : " the 
 " ikrar" is mentioned by Abul Abbas, and Ebn Baitar • H. Europseum was observed by Forskal p. 38 
 near Mor in Yemen ; by Grant from " Lat. 16° " on the Nile banks near cultivation ; by Forskal, and 
 Delile, in Egypt ; by him, and Sibthorp, abounding in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout the Greek islands to Marmora. Westward, the " heliotropium " is mentioned by Varro i. 46, 
 and that following the sun is described by Pliny xxii. 19 as occurring chiefly in cultivated ground, 
 half a foot high and having blue flowers ; the " solago major " is mentioned by Apuleius 49, and the 
 " verrucaria " by Isidorus Hispalensis : H. Europaeum is termed " h. majus Diosroridi " by Tournefort 
 inst. 139, "h. erectum" by Lamarck fl. fr. ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, and is known to occur in 
 other parts of Southern Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 207, and Pers.). By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where it continues in " waste places, Maryland, Virginia etc. in a few 
 places" (A. Gray). " H. villosum," observed by Tournefort cor. 7 on the island of Melo (Pers.), 
 and by Fraas in continental Greece, is regarded by Bory as perhaps not distinct. 
 
 "317 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint.), Philippus Arldaeus put to death by Olvmpias. Who was at 
 once besieged at Pydna by Cassander, — and after two years, captured and slain. 
 
 "The same year" (Diod. xviii. 3, xix. 14, and Buns. iv. 7. 2), Porus decoyed into the power of 
 Eudemus Greek king of Bactria, and put to death : Sandracottus being present. 
 
 Not earlier than the last-named year (D. Laert., and Clint.), commencement of the government 
 of Demetrius Phalerius over Athens. — He ruled "ten" years. 
 
 Stac/ivs betonica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain beiony (Prior, 
 and Lindl.), in France " betoine " (Nugent), in Germany " betonie,"in Italy " betona" or" betonega" 
 (Lenz), in Greece " prionetes " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " vettonica" of the Gauls, dis- 
 covered in Spain by the Vettones (Plin.) and hardly later than this date, — being identified through 
 Pliny with the "k^stron" prescribed in 1 Mul. morb. in to 119 and 2 Mul. morb. 63 : while in Syn. 
 Diosc. the " kSstron " called " psuchotrophon " from growing in the coldest places is identified with 
 the " 6u6ttoniken " of the Romans : " herba vettonica " is prescribed by Celsus v. 27 against the bite 
 of serpents; and in the days of Pliny xxv. 46 was called in Italy ■• serratula ; " the " prionitis " 
 (a Greek translation of this name) is mentioned by Alexander Trallianus (Billerb.) : S. betonica 
 was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, by Forskal near Constantinople ; is known to grow 
 also in Asiatic Russia; and "aquae betonicae" was found by Alpinus, and "betonica" syrup "from 
 Europe" by Forskal mat. med., employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, s. betonica is described 
 by Brunfels f. 89, Tragus f. 180, Valerius Cordus f. 165, and Clusrus hist. ii. 38 (Spreng.) ; is termed 
 " b. purpurea " by Tournefort inst. 203, " b. officinalis " by Linnaeus ; was observed by Lenz wild in 
 North Italy; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 726, 
 Curt. lond. iii. pi. 33, and Pers.). Continues in medicinal use as appears from Lindley, and from 
 "the fine rigid hairs" when powdered inducing sneezing " is generally made an ingredient in herb- 
 snuffs." 
 
 "315 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), coalition of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and LyMmaehus, and war 
 commenced against Antigonus. 
 
 "In this year" (Sm. b. d.), at Athens, death of Xenocrates. He was succeeded by Polemon as 
 head of the Academic school of philosophy. 
 
 Sisymbrium polyceratium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece 
 "agriopra" (Forsk. and Sibth.) or " skullovrouva " (Fraas), by the prophets "erakleous alphita," in 
 Egyptian "eVethmou" (Syn. Diosc); and the EPYCIMON enumerated as esculent by Polemon 
 diat. 14, —mentioned also in 2 Mul. morb. 81, by Dioscorides as growing around towns and dwellings 
 and having leaves like those of " euz6m6 agri6," yellow flowers, and at the summit slender horned 
 fenugreek-like pods containing small seeds that are used medicinally, is referred here by writers : 
 S. polyceratium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste places and around 
 villages from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, the " erusimon " 
 or "hamaiplion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the u Srion£m" of the Romans; the " irio " is 
 mentioned by Columella, by Pliny xviii. 10 as cultivated in Italy : S. polyceratium is described by 
 Anguillara p. 173 (Spreng.); is termed " erysimum polyceration vel corniculatum " by Tournefort 
 inst. 228; is known to occur in Italy and throughout Southern Europe as far as Portugal (Pers., 
 Brot., and Lenz), and escaping from gardens has been found springing up spontaneously^ Britain 
 (Wats. cyb. i. p. 152 and iii. p. 384, and A. Dec. ; see S. irio). 
 
 Avena sativa of Abyssinia. Called in Britain haver or oat, in Anglo-Saxon "ata" meaning 
 originally food, in Holland " haver," in Germany " hafer " or " haber," in old high German " haparo " 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 341 
 
 (Prior), in Bohemian and Russian "oves" or "owes," in Hungary "zab" (Moritz.), in France 
 "avoine" or " aveine " (Nugent), in Italy " avena coltivata " (Lenz), in Greece " vrdmos " 
 (Zalikogl. and Fraas), in Egypt "zammeyr" (Clot-Bey); in which we recognize the BPOMOC 
 commended for food by Polemon diaet. ii. 12 — (Athen. xi. 56), and Dioscorides ii. 116, mentioned 
 also by Dieuches, Theophrastus viii. 4. 1 to 9. 2, Oribasius, Hesychius, by Galen alim. fac. i. 14 as 
 abundant in Asia Minor, especially in Mysia, and made into bread as well as given to horses : 
 
 A. sativa was observed by Chaubard under cultivation in Greece and springing up spontaneously ; by 
 Fraas, cultivated only as a curiosity ; ten varieties according to Clot-Bey were introduced under 
 Mohammed Ali into Egypt and cultivated for fodder; was observed by Bove in the Desert around 
 Sinai (Decaisne ann. sc. nat. ii. 13); by Bruce, wild in Abyssinia and sometimes tall enough to 
 conceal horse and rider, the straw "thick as the little finger" formed into huts "like bee-hives," the 
 grain " not valued but the taste is good " and cakes of the meal were often made by him " in remem- 
 brance of Scotland " (Grev.). Westward, the cultivated " avena " is mentioned by Horace sat. ii. 80 ; 
 by Pliny iv. 27 to xviii. 44 as the only " pulte " of the Germans, and with bird-eggs the only food of the 
 Oonae of the Baltic : A. sativa continues under cultivation from Italy to "65° " in the Scandinavian 
 peninsula, but remains unknown on the Faroe Islands (A. Dec). Eastward from Syria, is called 
 " sulu " by the Tartars (Moritz.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, and called 
 " ienbaku," or usually " karasmuggi ; " and var. " nuda " by Bunge in waste ground around Pekin. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation ; to 
 Austral America, observed by A. Saint-Hilaire naturalized around Montevideo ; to Juan Fernandez 
 (Bertero) ; to California, observed by myself naturalized and covering hills for many miles around 
 San Francisco Bay, but in Oregon under cultivation only ; to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; and to 
 Hindustan (Royle himal. 419). 
 
 "314 B. C. = 1st year of Nan-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 In his reign, walls were built on the Tartar frontier, from the Hoang-ho river to Pe-tchi-li, and from 
 the border of Chan-si to the Gulf of Liao-toung. 
 
 Ccronilla securidaca of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "pikrolouvi " (Sibth.) ; 
 and the nEAEKINOI : EN : CITQ prescribed by (Soranus ?) mul. morb. ii. 63, — or " pSISkinos " of 
 ointment-makers identified by Dioscorides with the " ethusaron " growing among wheat and barley, 
 its horn-like pods containing bitter seeds shaped like a two-edged axe, is referred here by writers : 
 C. securidaca was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated and fallow 
 ground from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor. Westward, the " pelecinum " is described by Pliny 
 xxvii. 95 as springing up among grain and having pods by threes or fours and curved or hooked in 
 the manner of horns : C. securidaca is described by Matthioli p. 641 (Spreng.) ; is termed 
 " securidaca lutea major " by Tournefort inst. 399; and is known to occur in Italy, Southern France, 
 and Spain (Dec. fl. fr., Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Biserrula petechias of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the plant prescribed, — for the 
 "pglekinos " of Theophrastus viii. 8. 3 springing up among "aphakais" (in one ms. "phakois " as 
 read by Pliny xviii. 44) and named from the resemblance to an axe, is referred here by some writers : 
 
 B. pelecinus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in various parts of the Peloponnesus. 
 Westward, the "pelecinon" that destroys " lentem '' is identified by Pliny with the " herba securi- 
 daca : " B. pelecinus is described by Clusius hist. ii. 347 ; is termed " pelecinus vulgaris " by Tournefort 
 inst. 417 ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Cotyledon umbilicus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain navel-wort 
 (Prior), in Germany " nabelblatt," in Greece "zoumgra" or " sampouni " (Fraas) or " samvouni " or 
 " kotuletha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the KOTYAHAONOC whose leaves are prescribed in 
 1 Mul. morb. 117, — mentioned also by Nicander, Cratevas, and according to Dioscorides its saucer- 
 like leaves used medicinally : C. umbilicus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent 
 on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " kotule- 
 th6n " or " skutalion " or '■ kumvalion " or " kepos aphrothites " or "ges omphalos " is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the "oumvilikoum vSngris " of the Romans; the "cotyledon" having a fleshy 
 concave leaf and growing in maritime and stony places, is mentioned by Pliny xxv. ior ; and the 
 "umbilicus veneris," by Apuleius 43 : C. umbilicus is termed " c. major" by Tournefort inst. 90 ; 
 was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to grow also in Spain and Portugal and as far as 
 Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 325, and Pers.). 
 
 Sedum stellatum of the Mediterranean countries. A species of stone-crop called in Greece 
 " a<*ria anthrakla " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " anthrahnen agrian " identified through S) n. 
 Diosc. with the THAE*ION of 2 Mul. morb. 80, — its leaves according to Nicander ther. 873 
 employed against bites of venomous animals ; also with the "triton eithos aeizSou " of Dioscorides, 
 pungent and ulcerating, growing on rocks, its leaves broader than those of " anthrahnes " and hairy : 
 S stellatum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in clefts of rock on the mountains of 
 
342 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Crete and Southern Greece. Westward, the "anthrahnen agrian " is further identified in Syn. Diosc, 
 and by Pliny, with the " illekevran " of the Romans ; " illecebrae " is prescribed against calculus by 
 Scribonius Largus, and according to Pliny xxv. 103 is besides collected for food : S. stellatum is 
 described by Camerarius hort. pi. 2, and Columna phyt. pi. 11 ; is termed " s. echinatum vel stella- 
 tum fiore albo" by Tournefort inst 263 ; and is known to grow in Italy and Southern France (Pers., 
 and Spreng. ; see S. telephium, and S. altissimum). 
 
 Buphurum jiincciiiii of the Mediterranean countries. The name " bupleuro " is given in Italy 
 to an allied species (Lenz), but the BOYnAEYPON or BOYIlPHCTICof 1 Mul. morb. 619, com- 
 mended as food by " Hippocrates," — Lycon, Epaenetus, Antigonus, and as medicine by " Glaucon, 
 and Nicander" (Plin. xxii. 35), seems referred here by Dodoens : the " vouprestis " herb is men- 
 tioned also by Theophrastus vii. 7. 3, and Galen : B. junceum "a foot and a half high " was observed 
 by Sibthorp near Smyrna. Westward, the " bupleuron " classed by the Greeks among spontaneous 
 potherbs, is according to Pliny xxii. 35 a cubit high with numerous long leaves and " capite anethi : " 
 B. junceum is described by Dodoens pempt. pi. 633; is termed " b. annuum angustifolium " by 
 Tournefort inst. 310, " isophyllum junceum" by Hoffmann, as observed by him in Germany; is 
 known to grow also in Italy, Switzerland, and France (Pers.). 
 
 Laserpitium siler of the mountains of middle and Eastern Europe. The CECEAhMACCAAIC 
 T I KON prescribed in 1 Mul. morb. 108, — having according to Dioscorides " marathrS "-like leaves, 
 an "aneth6 "-like umbel, fruit quickly "thrimus " acrid or bitter, and in the added Synonyms iden- 
 tified with the " sphagnon," is referred here by Valerius Cordus (Spreng.) : L. siler was observed 
 by Sibthorp at Delphi and on other high mountains of Greece, the seeds as in all the species 
 intensely bitter. Westward, is described by C. Bauhin pin. 162, and Morison ix. pi. 3 ; is termed 
 " ligusticum quod seseli officinarum " by Tournefort inst. 323 ; and is known to grow in Austria, 
 Switzerland, and France (Jacq. austr. pi. 145, and Pers.). 
 
 Sen-// tortuosum of the Mediterranean countries. The "sese'li massal£6tikon " — is however 
 referred here by Anguillara, Matthioli, Lobel, Clusius, and Sprengel : S. tortuosum is known to grow 
 in Albania (Fraas) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, in Greece ; and by Pallas, and Guelden- 
 staedt, farther East (Steud.). Westward, is described by Anguillara, Lobel adv. 352, and Bauhin 
 hist.iii.pl. 16; is termed "foeniculum tortuosum" by Tournefort inst. 311; is known to .grow in 
 North Italy (Lenz) ; and was observed by Forskal near Marseilles. 
 
 Ferula Persic a of Persia. The sagapcnum of commerce is called in Persian " sagapina " (Jao 
 de Sousa), in Arabic " sekhbinedsch " (Spreng.); in which we recognize the CATAnENOY of 1 Mul. 
 morb. 10S, — described by Dioscorides as the juice of a Ferulaceous plant growing in Media, mentioned 
 also by Celsus, Galen, Marcellus, Oribasius, Paulus Aegineta, and in the days of Plinv xix. 15 used 
 for adulterating the "laser" asafcetida of Persia, Media, and Armenia: " sekhbinej " is mentioned 
 by Rhazes, Avicenna, Ebn Baitar, and according to Mesue 79 is the product of a '■ tree, an oleander 
 of the mountains." F. Persica was sent from Persia by Michaux as the source of asafcetida ; is 
 regarded by Nees and Eber-maier " as one of the plants yielding " this substance, and according to 
 Lindley "probably with justice." 
 
 Peuicdanum nodosum of Crete. The A A Y K Y: A I 6 I On I KO Y whose root and fruits are pre- 
 scribed in 1 Mul. morb. 56, — may be compared, one of the kinds of "thaukos" being referred here 
 by Honorius Bellus (ad Clus. 301) : the " thaukon thaphno£ithc5s krokogn " is enumerated by Theo- 
 phrastus ix. 15. 5 to 8 as growing in Arcadia and of excellent quality about Patras, heating, the root 
 black; and four kinds of "dauci " are distinguished by Petronius Diodotus (Plin. xxv. 64) : P. nodo- 
 sum, yellow-flowered, is described by Linnaeus, and is known to grow on Crete, where it is extremely 
 rare (Pers., and Spreng.). " P. creticum" of Decandolle is regarded by Chaubard, as perhaps not 
 distinct, together with " Ferula geniculata " observed by him, and Fraas, on high mountains of the 
 Peloponnesus and Southern Greece, and by Gussone prodr. as far as Sicily. 
 
 lltapsia fectida of the Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous plant called in Greece 
 "polukarpos" (Sibth); and possibly the riOAYKAPnON prescribed in 1 Mul. morb. 90 : — T. fcetida 
 was observed by Sibthorp on Zacynthus and Cyprus. Westward, is described by Lobel ic. 7S0, 
 Morison ix. pi. 18, and Blackwell pi. 459; and is known to grow in Spain (Pers. ; see T. Garganica, 
 and Opopanax chironium). 
 
 Crucianella Monspcliaca of the Mediterranean countries. A Rubiaceous plant called in Ger- 
 many "kreuzblatt," in Greece " agriositaro " (Fraas) ; and the " polukarpon '' in question — is iden- 
 tified by Galen with the "krataiogonon," described by Theophrastus ix. 18. 6 as springing up like 
 "linon purinon " its fruit as in " keghros," by Dioscorides as growing in shady bushy places and 
 very acrid, and referred here by Fraas : the " krataiogonon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 "krataionon," is mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta : C. Monspeliaca was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fra is, frequent in hilly situations from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek 
 islands ; is known to grow also in Palestine (Pers.). Westward, the " crataeogonon " is described by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 343 
 
 Pliny xxvii. 40 as " spicae tritici simile" with many much-geniculated stems from one root, yet his 
 account seems chiefly taken from the Greek : C. Monspeliaca is termed "rubeola supina spica longis- 
 sima " by Tournefort inst. 130 ; and is known to grow in Southern France (Pers.). 
 
 Pulicaria dysenterica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain fleabane 
 (Prior and Lindl.) ; and the KONYZHC:HAYOCMOY prescribed in 1 Mul. morb. 108, — or "euo- 
 thous " of Apollonius (Galen comp. med. loc. ii. I), may be compared : P. dysenterica was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in moist places from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, 
 the leaves of the coronary " conyzae feminae " according to Pliny xxi. 32 have the odour of honey : 
 the "policarie " is mentioned by Franciscus Pedemontium : P. dysenterica is termed "aster pratensis 
 autumnalis conyzae folio " by Tournefort inst. 482, " inula conyzaea " by Lamarck fl. fr. ; was observed 
 by Scopoli in Carniolia, by Allioni in Piedmont (Steud.) ; and is known to grow throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 410, and Pers.). The herb according to Lindley is " more 
 or less woolly or cottony, glutinous, with a peculiar acid aromatic scent, somewhat like the flavour of 
 peaches ; " and according to Keith cured the Russian army of dysentery (Linn. fl. suec. 294), but its 
 medicinal virtues are discredited by Haller. 
 
 Onosma echioides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A Boragineous plant called in 
 Greece " vrahotzikla" (Fraas) ; by whom the CX E A I AC : M ET AA H of 1 Mul. morb. 101 — is referred 
 here conjecturally : O. echioides was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the 
 Peloponnesus to the shores of the Black Sea; and is known to grow farther East (Bieb.). West- 
 ward, is termed "Symphytum echii folio ampliore radice rubra flore luteo " by Tournefort inst. 138 ; 
 was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 295, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Satureja Juliana of the Mediterranean countries. A species of savoury called in Greece 
 "ussopo " (Sibth.), in Egyptian "p<5sal£m " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the YC CflllO C of 
 3 Mul. morb. 490, — Nicander ther. 872, Cratevas (Anguillar 198). produced according to Dioscorides 
 of the best quality in Cilicia : S. Juliana was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding 
 on Crete and the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " ussSpos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " ussSpoum " or " latfir " or " kassiala " of the Rom.ins ; " hyssopum " is mentioned as edible by 
 Celsus ii. 21, "vinum hyssopiten " by Columella xii 35, and "hyssopum cum vino decoctum " by 
 Pliny xxvi. 11 S. Juliana is described by Matthioli p. 693, and Caesalpinus xi. 39 (Spreng.) ; is 
 termed " thymbra Sancti Juliani sive satureja vera " by Tournefort inst. 19S ; and is known to grow 
 wild in Italy (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Satureja Grceca, regarded by Bory as perhaps not distinct, is also called in Greece " ussopo," 
 but sometimes "throumpi," and by the Turks " supha " (Forsk.) ; was observed by Alpinus exot. 
 pi. 264, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on Crete and the Peloponnesus : eating " Greek hyssop " is men- 
 tioned in the Talmud (Kitt. bibl. cycl. ii. 533) ; " zufa " is compared with maiorana by Isaac Ebn 
 Amran, with thyme by Mesue ; and " hyssopus " from Palestine, and " syrupus hyssopi " called 
 " scherab zufe," were found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt. 6". nervosa, also 
 regarded by Bory as not distinct, was observed by Sibthorp on Zacynthus and called there " ezSpon ; " 
 and by Desfontaines pi. 121 on the Atlas mountains (Pers ). 
 
 Satureja montana of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " santoreggia " or at Verona 
 "isopo" (Lenz); in which we recognize the "ussSpoum" of the Romans identified through Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " uss6pos " in question : — the " orgine " kind distinguished by Dioscorides, seems 
 to correspond : S. montana was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos ; and is known to grow farther 
 East (Pall., and Steud.). Westward, is termed " calamintha frutescens satureja; folio facie et odore " 
 by Tournefort inst. 194 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; and is known to grow in other parts 
 of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Ziziphora capitata of the East Mediterranean countries. The nOAYKNHMON of 1 Mul. 
 morb. 90, whose leaves are prescribed in Sterilib. 24, — mentioned also by Nicander, and fragrant 
 according to Dioscorides, is referred here by Fraas : Z. capitata is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 
 164; is termed "thymus humilis latifolius " by Buxbaum cent. iii. pi. 51 ; was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, from Boeotia to Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Syria, Armenia, and Siberia (Pers.). 
 Westward, the "poluknemon" or " klinopethion " or " polugonaton " or "thios elakate " or "£h£onu- 
 mon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " poutialogonthria " of the Romans ; the " polycnemon " 
 is mentioned also by Pliny xxvi. 88, but his account seems taken from Dioscorides. 
 
 Chenopodium {Agathophytum) bonus-henricus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. 
 Called in Britain wild spinage (Petiv.) or altgood or good henry, in Holland " goeden henrik," 
 by Cordus " weyss heyderich " or "gut heynrich." in Germany " guter heinrich " (Prior) or 
 "schmerbel," in Old French " sars " or " sarron " or "serrones," in Switzerland " mangauns " or 
 "vauno-as "or " voungas " or "heilmeln" (A. Dec), in Greece " agriospanakia " (Sibth.); and 
 possibly the ANAPA#A3IA0C ATPIHC whose fruit is prescribed in I Mul. morb. 31,— 
 
344 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 both kinds it would seem from Dioscorides being eaten as potherbs, and their fruit used medicinally; 
 Pliny xx. 83 expressly states that the " atriplex silvestre " is used for the same purposes as the 
 cultivated kind, and besides for dyeing the hair : C. bonus-henricus was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in mountainous situations from the Peloponnesus to Aetolm West- 
 ward, is described by Gerarde, Bauhin hist. ii. 965, and Parkinson ; is termed " ch. folio triangulo " 
 by Tournefort inst. 506 ; is known to occur in waste places throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 579, and Pers.) ; was once much cultivated in Britain, but is regarded by 
 Babington, and Watson, as probably exotic and now naturalized. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, observed by myself in cultivated ground in the environs of Salem. 
 
 Arum arisarum of the Mediterranean countries. A small species called in Greece " thrakontia " 
 (Sibth.); and clearly the APIMY acrid BOABION: EN: I1YPOIC prescribed, especially that 
 from Egypt, in 2 Mul. morb. 63 : — the " aris " growing in Egypt and resembling the " aro " but 
 smaller with smaller leaves and a root not exceeding the size of a large olive, is mentioned by Pliny 
 xxiv. 98, also by Galen voc. Hipp. 442, and Hesychius ; and the "arisaron" having according to 
 Dioscorides an olive-like root and more acrid than the " arou," is referred here by writers : A. arisarum 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, extremely frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout 
 Greece ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt, and by myself in winter near the pyramids. 
 Westward, is termed "arisarum latifolium majus " by Tournefort inst. 161 ; was observed by Savi iv. 
 101 in Italy (Spreng.).; and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe, as well as in 
 Barbary (Pers.). 
 
 Polypodium vulgare of Northern Climates. Called in Britain polypody or by the older herbalists 
 oak-fern (Prior), in Italy " felce quercina" or "polipodio quercino " (Lenz), in Greece "then- 
 throphthem " (Fraas) or " polupothi " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the nOAYnOAION 
 prescribed in 1 Mul. morb. 45, — mentioned by Theophrastus caus. ii. 17.4 as sometimes growing on 
 trees, by Dioscorides as a span high and growing on mossy rocks and trunks of trees : P. vulgare 
 was observed by' Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in such situations in Greece ; is known to 
 grow also in Siberia (Hook.). Westward, the polupothion '' or " skolopSnthron " or "polurrizon " is 
 identified in Syn. Diosc with the "philikoula phloukitalis "of the Romans, by Pliny xxvi. 37 with the 
 •• filiculam : " P. vulgare was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary, by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to 
 grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Iceland (Hook., and" Bory). Farther West, 
 is known to grow in Subarctic America from Lat. 64 to 54° (Hook.), has been observed by myself 
 along the Atlantic from Northern New England to Lat. 39 , is known to grow on the Alleghanies as 
 far as Alabama (Chapm.), was observed by Nuttall along the Arkansas, and again by myself along 
 the Pacific at Puget Sound. 
 
 Piper nigrum of Tropical Hindustan. The black pepper of commerce is called in Tamil 
 " molagoo-vully," in Telinga " moloovoo-kocli " (Drur.), in Bengalee " golmarich," in Hindustanee 
 "filfil" or " golmirch " (D roz.) or "mirtsh" (Fleming), in the environs of Bombay " miree " or 
 '■ kala miree " (Graham) ; in which we recognize the Indian round pepper called MYPTIAANON 
 of 2 Mul. morb., — the "strongulon pfipcri '' distinguished by Theophrastus ix. 20. 1, and " medan " 
 kind of Dioscorides, Pliny xii. 14, and Galen fac. simpl iii. 97 ; also the " fulfill " of Rhazes, Avicenna, 
 Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar : pepper is termed " sacrum " by Persius, and down to the Fifth century 
 was so highly valued as to be enumerated by Attila among other things required for the ransom of the 
 city of Rome (Drur.) : in regard to the ancient route of importation, I saw on the Nile a quantity of 
 black pepper that had been brought from Mecca across the Red Sea and through the Thebaid. East- 
 ward from Arabia, the vine producing it was observed by Rheede vii. 12, Roxburgh, and Graham, under 
 cultivation in Hindustan ; by Mason v. 494 " exotic " in Burmah, " often seen creeping up the trees " 
 and called " nya-yoke-koung ; " by Marsden, on Sumatra, at the present day the principal seat of its 
 cultivation. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, where according to Lindley it is 
 also successfully cultivated. 
 
 Piper trioicitm, regarded as the original state of the same plant by Wight, and Miquel, is called 
 in Telinga " murial-tiga " (Roxb.), in the environs of Bombay " cockerwail " (Grah.) ; was found by 
 Roxburgh wild in moist rich soil shaded with trees among the Circar mountains; by Graham, 
 " clothing the trunks of high trees " at Lanowlee not far from Bombay. Roxburgh commenced a 
 plantation of some fifty acres, which from 1789 yielded abundantly, and the product was rated by the 
 merchants equal to the best Malabar pepper (Lindl , and Drur.). 
 
 Piper betle of the Malayan archipelago. The betel vine is called in Sanscrit " nagurulee " or 
 " tamboolee" or " tambooluvulle," in Bengalee "pan" (Lindl.), in Hindustanee "pan" or " tambol " 
 (D'roz.), and at Bombay the roots as a stimulant medicine "paun-ka-jhar " or "pippla mool " 
 (Vaupell) ; ■in which* we recognize the INAIKOY of 2 Mul. morb. 47 — identified through Galen 
 with the "p£per£os riza " of Dioscorides ii. 188; also the "fulfill mujah " root of pepper plant 
 mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Ebn Masah, Avicenna p. 237, and Ebn Baitar. The plant itself is 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 345 
 
 called "tanbul" or "tamul" by Maserjawia, Abu Hanifa, Masudi, Haly Abbas, Gafeki, Avicenna, 
 Ednsi^and Ebn Baitar; and the imported folded leaves have sometimes reached Egypt, where 
 "fufal" or"areca & betel" are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as " masticatorium!" Farther 
 South, P. betle was observed by myself under cultivation on Zanzibar. Eastward, by Rheede vii. 
 pi. IS, Roxburgh, Graham, and myself, under cultivation in Hindustan; by Burmann pi. 82, on 
 Ceylon; by Mason v. 495 "exotic" in Burmah, extensively cultivated by the natives and called 
 '•kwon-rwet;" by Rumphius v. pi. 116, and myself, under cultivation throughout the Malayan 
 archipelago, but by Blume once found wild in a marsh among mountains on Java (Lindl.). By 
 European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, where according to Lindley it is now cultivated. 
 (See Areca catechu). 
 
 "313 B. C." (Hindu narr., Benfey, and Buns.), Pataliputra * on the Ganges captured and the 
 sons of Nanda dethroned ; Sandracottus establishing himself there as king. — Pataliputra (not far 
 from Patna) was visited by Fa-hian. 
 
 "312 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint), at Gaza, Demetrius Poliorcetes defeated by Ptolemy and 
 Seleucus Nicator. Babylonia was now seized by Seleucus ; whose entrance into Babylon " March 
 13th, Tuesday" (Blair) marks the Era of the Seleucida. — Used especially by the Jews, under the 
 name " Dhilcarnain " or " Era of contracts." 
 
 Clearchus of Soli, a pupil of Aristotle, possibly at this time writing. 
 
 Primus domestica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. In its wild state called in 
 France "prunelle," in Lorraine "brimbelle" (Fe"e) ; in which we recognize the BPABYAON 
 growing according to Clearchus on Sicily and Rhodes, — mentioned also by Seleucus, Theocritus 
 vii. 145, Athenaeus ii. 10, and Galen alim. fac. ii. 38; and " brabyla " by Pliny xxvii. 32. Cultivated 
 kinds are called in Britain prune or damson (Prior), in Greece "thamaskenea " (Fraas), in which 
 we recognize the " prdumn.es " having a gum of Theophrastus ix. 1, the " kokkumelea " called in Asia 
 "pr6umnon"of Galen simpl med. fac. vii. 35, and the Syrian " kokkumelea " growing according 
 to Dioscorides especially at Damascus and the fruit dried : P. domestica was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, under cultivation in Greece and sometimes growing spontaneously; is known 
 to grow wild around Caucasus and the Talysch mountains (Pall. fl. ross. i. p. 18, Ledeb., and A. Dec.) ; 
 was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; and by Forskal, under 
 cultivation on the mountains of Yemen. Westward, the "cereolum et damasci prunum " is mentioned 
 by Columella x. 405, the " damascena " or "pruna in damasco monte nata " is enumerated by Pliny 
 xiii. 10 and xv. 12 as a tree but recently introduced into Italy, and the dried fruit "pruna pere- 
 grinae senectae " is mentioned as laxative by Martial xiii. 29: P. domestica is termed "p. fructu 
 cerei coloris " by Tournefort inst. 622, and cultivated varieties are familiarly known in the gardens 
 of Europe. By European colonists, some of these varieties have been carried to Northeast America, 
 where they continue frequent in gardens in our Northern and Middle States. 
 
 " The same year " (Sm. b. d., and Lubke and Lutrow), the " via Appia " or oldest Italian road, 
 built by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus ; the earliest literary Roman, writing however in Greek. 
 He also built the oldest of the fourteen aqueducts that supply Rome with water. 
 
 "311 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus and Q. Aemilius Barbula consuls, the 
 Etruscans having declared war, defeated by the Romans. 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Roxana widow of Alexander, and her son Alexander Aegus, put to 
 death by Cassander. 
 
 Pisitm ochrus of the Mediterranean countries. A species of pea called in Italy "araco nero " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " auk6s agrios " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the APAKQN of Dieuches — 
 (Oribas. iv. 8), mentioned as a cultivated pulse by Phanias of Eresus (Athen. ix. 71), and Clemens 
 Alexandrinus strom. i. 7 ; by Theophrastus viii. 8. 3 as springing up among lentils, its seeds hard 
 and rough : P. ochrus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in cultivated ground from 
 the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; and the " aracus " is enumerated by Alpinus among the esculent plants 
 of Egypt. Westward, the "cicer nigrum" is distinguished by Pliny xviii. 32 to xxii. 71 : P. ochrus is 
 
 * Bignonia suaveolens of Tropical Hindustan. A flowering tree called in the environs of Bombay 
 " purul " (Graham), in Sanscrit " patali " (Koenig) ; and giving its name to the city of Pat'ali putra 
 on the Ganges — (C. Mull, note to Arrian ind. 10) : " patala " flowers are mentioned in the Saddharma 
 pundarika (Burn. ii. 218 to 415), by Jayadeva (res. asiat. iv. 291), Susrutas, Harivansa 18, and as 
 red by Kalidasa raghuv. xvi. 52 to xix. 46 : the " po-tch'a-li " seen by Hiouen-Thsang 8 in Hindustan, 
 is referred here by Stanislaus-Julien : B. suaveolens was observed by Gibson, and Graham, on the 
 Deccan, its "flowers in terminal panicles, of a dark purple colour and very fragrant ; " is termed 
 " b. gratissima " by Koenig ; and was observed by him, and Roxburgh, in Tranquebar and other 
 parts of Hindustan. 
 
 44 
 
346 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 described by Morison ii. pi. 3 ; is termed "ochrus folio integro capreolos emittente semine subluteo " 
 by Tournefort inst. 396, " ochrus uniflorus '' by Moench ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is 
 known to occur in cultivated ground in Southern France and as far as Portugal (Lam. fl. fr., Dec, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Arum Dioscoridis of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " vourvos " (Fraas) 
 or "agriokolokuthia" (Sibth.) j and the " aron " commended by Dieuches, — Cleophantus, and 
 Diodotus (Plin. xxiv. 92), stemless according to Theophrastus vii. \i. 2 to 13. 2 and its root and leaves 
 steeped in vinegar and eaten, described by Dioscorides as having smaller leaves than those of 
 "thrakontiou" and less spotted, is referred here by writers : the "aron" called on Cyprus " kolo- 
 kassion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " loupha" of the Syrians, and the " luf " of Ebn Baitar 
 is admitted to be an Arum : A. Dioscoridis is described by Sabbati hort. rom. ii. pi. 75 (Bory) ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus 
 and Boeotia to Cyprus, the root cooked and eaten. 
 
 "310, Aug. 15th, about 8 a.m." (Diodor., Blair, and Clint.), eclipse of the sun, nearly total, 
 "being eleven digits 10'." Agathocles after defeat in Sicily by the Carthaginians transporting 
 his army to carry the war into Africa, with the co-operation of Olynthius or Ophelas of Cyrene, 
 marching by land (pseud-Aristot. oecon. ii. 35, Diodor. xx. 40. 1, Marcian, and C. Mull, geogr. min. 
 p. xxiv). 
 
 " The same year " (Sm. geogr. diet.), Q. Fabius Maximus and C. Marcius consuls, the Ciminian 
 forest first crossed by the Romans, and the Etruscans and their allies defeated at the Yadimonian 
 lake by Q Fabius Maximus : the first decisive blow to the ancient power of Etruria — (according to 
 Livy ix. 39). 
 
 Boswellia sp. of Equatorial Eastern Africa. A stunted tree only five feet high, affording a kind 
 of " looban " (Grant) or frankincense , perhaps the " livan6tos " tree (according to Juba) transplanted 
 under the Ptolemys into Egypt : observed by Grant "growing locally in patches in 3° N." on the Nile. 
 
 Boswellia, papyrifera of Abyssini . Called there "makar" or " makkar " (Rich.); and possibly 
 the "livanotos" tree in question, — and that known to Theophrastus ix. 4. 2 as growing near Saba 
 on a mountain whose summit was covered with snow : B. papyrifera was received by Richard from 
 Abyssinia, where it grows at the elevation of about "four thousand " feet on the mountains (C. Mull, 
 geogr. min. i. p. cvii). 
 
 " 309 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), Heracles, only surviving son of Alexander, put to death by Polysperchon 
 and Cassander. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Sm. b. d.), Herophilus removing to Alexandria, as affording 
 opportunities for dissecting : — he there made important discoveries in Anatomy, and became eminent 
 as a physician. 
 
 Plantago coronopus of the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in Britain star 
 of the earth (Prior), in Italy "piantaccine coronopo " (Lenz), in Greece " kuparissohorton " (Sibth.), 
 by the Arabs " atariabelal " (Spreng.) ; in which we recognize the THC: ACT EPOC prescribed 
 against bleeding by Herophilus — (Gal. comp. med. vii. 4) ; also the " astrion " of Syn. Diosc. ii. 157, 
 and Actuarius, referred here by Stapel : the " radschil elgorab " of Ebn Baitar is referred here by 
 Sprengel, and Sontheimer : P. coronopus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, fre- 
 quent on the seashore of Greece and the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, around Alexandria 
 and Cairo. Westward, the "astrion" or " aramfinos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "atir- 
 sipte " of the Numidians, and " kakiatrikem " or "stilago" or " saggouinariam " of the Romans: 
 P. coronopus is termed " coronopus hortensis " by Tournefort inst. 128 ; was observed by Forskal on 
 Malta, as well as near Marseilles ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 
 (Blackw.pl. 460, Hall. helv. 658, Pers., Engl bot. pi. 892). 
 
 Symphytum officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain comfrey 
 (Prior), in Sweden " vallort," in Germany " beinwelle " or "beinheil," in France "consoude" 
 (Spreng.), in Italy "consolida maggiore " or "sinfito consolida " (Lenz), in Greece " xekouli " 
 (Sibth.); in which we recognize the CYM*YTOY whose root is prescribed against bleeding by 
 Herophilus — (Gal. comp. med. vii. 4), not named but alluded to by Theophrastus ix. 18.2: S. 
 officinale was observed by Sibthorp in Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward, the " sum- 
 phuton alio" or "pekten" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "soldaginem" of the Romans; and 
 the "consolida" is mentioned by Apuleius Barbaras 60: S. officinale is described by Brunfels i. 75 
 (Spreng.); is termed " s. consolida major flore purpureo qua; mas" by Tournefort inst. 138; was 
 observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow in moist shady situations as far as Britain (Engl. bot. 
 pi. 215, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried prior to 1669 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, 
 where it continues about dwellings, the flowers according to A. Gray "yellowish-white, rarely pur- 
 plish." Formerly according to Lindley was "in much repute as a vulnerary, but not now used;" 
 the root however yielding mucilage and "useful in coughs and all internal irritation." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 347 
 
 Symphytum brochum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " honthroutziko " 
 (Fraas) ; and probably included in the "sumphutou " of Herophilus, — and others : the " sumphuton 
 alio " of Dioscorides, two cubits or more high covered with roughish pubescence that excites itching, 
 stem empty like that of " soghou " and rendered angular by adnate " vouglossou "-like leaves, flowers 
 white or yellow, roots black but within white and mucilaginous, is referred here by Fraas : S. brochum 
 is described by Chaubard, and was observed by him, and Fraas, in cool situations in Attica and the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Ajuga reptans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in France and Britain 
 bugle, in mediaeval Latin "bugulus" or " consolida," in old English " consound " or "consoud" 
 (Prior); and possibly the "sumphutou" of Herophilus, — and "sumphuton pStraion " growing 
 according to Dioscorides among rocks and having " origano "-like branches, " thumou "-like heads, 
 a long reddish root, and employed against spitting blood and among other medicinal purposes for 
 agglutinating wounds. A. reptans was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in woods from the 
 subalpine portion of the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the " symphyti " is identified 
 by Scribonius Largus 83 with the "inulam rusticam" or "alum gallicum " and its root prescribed 
 against bleeding from the lungs, chest, or arteries ; the " symphyton petraeum " of the Greeks is 
 identified by Pliny xxvii. 24 with the "alum" of the Romans, resembling " cunilae bubulae," healing 
 broken bones and agglutinating flesh even in cooking, but his further account seems chiefly taken 
 from Dioscorides: A. reptans is termed "bugula" by Tournefort inst. 209; and is known to grow 
 in woods and meads throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 925, Curt. lond. ii. 
 pi. 43, and Pers.). 
 
 "308 B. C. = beginning of the Eleventh manwantara " among the Hindus — (Graha Munjari 
 tables, and Bentl.). 
 
 "The same year" (= 543 — "235 yrs." of the Mahavans. v. p. 68, and Mason iii. 40), at Pata- 
 liputra (near Patna on the Ganges) meeting of the Third great Budhist council. 
 
 Corypha umbraculifera of Ceylon. The talipot palm is called in Tamil " condapana," in Telinga 
 "sidalum,"in Bengalee " talee " (Drur.) ; and the "tala" leaves on which the early Budhist Scrip- 
 tures of Kasyapa's council were written — (according to tradition current in the days of Hiouen- 
 thsang 158), may be compared : "the leaf used for writing on " is described by Nicolo Conti as "six 
 cubits long and almost as many broad : " C. umbraculifera was observed by Rheede iii. 1 to 12 in 
 Malabar; by Knox, wild on Ceylon; and according to Roxburgh, and Drury, the leaves are used 
 for writing on with an iron style, for portable tents and for covering houses, for umbrellas by all 
 classes, and the seeds are used as beads by certain sects of Hindus, and the pith converted into a 
 kind of sago. Farther East, "leaves so big that five or six men can stand in the shade" were seen 
 by Jordanus mirab. in " India major : " C. umbraculifera was observed by Mason " exotic " in Bur- 
 mah and called "pas ; " by myself, under cultivation on the Philippines, where according to Blanco 
 it is called in Tagalo and Bisaya "buri" or "buli." By Nimrao, was introduced "in 1833" into the 
 environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 Corypha taliera of Eastern Hindustan. The book palm, an allied species, is perhaps the "tala" 
 in question: — the "tali " of Kalidasa ragh. xiii. 15, and Susrutas chik. 17, is referred here by Hess- 
 ler • C. taliera was observed by Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 255 to 256 in Bengal, its leaves used for writing 
 on with an iron style, for thatching roofs, and hats and umbrellas are made from them (Drur.). 
 Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 425 to 812 in Burmah and called "pas," planted near 
 " religious edifices " and its leaves used for writing on. By Nimmo, was introduced "in 1833" into 
 the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Ptolemy visiting Greece as liberator, obtained possession of Corinth 
 and Sicyon, where he left garrisons. 
 
 About this time, "at the expense of kings" (Plin. ii. 65, and Gemin.), the height of mountains, 
 Pelion, Cyllene, and others in Greece, measured by Dicaearchus a pupil of Aristotle. Dicaearchus 
 also collected statistics tending to show, that more human beings perish through the violence of man, 
 than from all other causes combined. 
 
 "307 B. C." (= 543 — "236 yrs.," Tumour mahawans. xiii., and Elphinst. ii. 4), the Budhist 
 religion introduced from Hindustan into Ceylon* (compare B. C. 246). 
 
 * Odina wodier of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Terebinthaceous tree called in Sanscrit 
 "ajasringha" (Pidd.), in Tamil "kulleyum" or "woodian," in Telinga "waddi gampina," in Hindu- 
 stanee "cushmulla," in Bengalee "jiwul" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "shimtee" (Graham), 
 in Burmah "hnan-bai" (Mason) ; in which we recognize the "coliya" tree on the site of and giving 
 its name to a new city — (Mahavams. i p. 24), and the " ajasringi " of Susrutas sutr. 36 : O. wodier 
 was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 32 in Malabar; by Graham, "on the Ghauts pretty common," also 
 
348 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (Diodor., and Clint.), by Demetrius Poliorcetes, Athens liberated; Demetrius 
 
 Phalerius escaping to Egypt. 
 
 Phanias of Eresus, a pupil of Aristotle and the contemporary and friend of Theophrastus 
 
 ^ Malva rotundifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain WW 
 (Jossel. and Ainsw.), in France "mauve" (Nugent), in Germany "runde kasepappel (Fraas) m 
 Italy "malva" (Lenz), in Greece "moloha" or "molohe" (Sibth.) or " agna moloha (Fraas), in 
 Yemen "hobsen" (Forsk.); in which we recognize the MAAAXH whose seed-vessel resembling 
 a sea-urchin in its markings according to Phanias is called [1AAKOYC cakes, - described by 
 Theophrastus vii 8 I as " epigSiokaula " its stem resting on the ground, and called 'molohe 
 before the days of Athenaeus ii. 5?: the " malahe hSrsaia" of Dioscorides may also be compared: 
 M. rotundifolia was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in fallow ground from the 
 Peloponnesus to Asia Minor; by Forskal, among the mountains of Yemen, and "aqua Malv. rotun- 
 difol" called "habize" in the drug-shops of Egypt Westward, the " moloche " is mentioned by 
 Columella x. 247 ; several kinds of " malva," by Pliny xx. 84 ; and the " malva" flagging in the heat 
 as understood by Gildas ep. 59 writing in Britain, seems to belong here : M. rotundifolia is termed 
 "m. vulgaris flore minore folio rotundo " by Tournefort inst. 95; was observed by Lenz in Italy, 
 used there medicinally ; and is known to occur in waste places as far as Denmark (n. Dan. pi. 721, 
 and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried before 1669 (Joss.) to Northeast America, where 
 it continues along roadsides and around dwellings in our Atlantic States, even according to Chapman 
 in the far South. (See M. sylvestris). 
 
 Echinophora Umtifolia of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " valtohorton " 
 (Fraas); and the MYH*ONON of Phanias, — enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 1. 4 among 
 striate-stemmed ferulaceous plants, by Pliny xxi. 30 as coronary, may be compared : E. tenuifolia 
 is described by Columna ecphr. i. pi. 101 ; is termed " e. pastinaca? folio" by Tournefort inst. 656; 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna, by Chaubard on 
 Antiparos, one of the two plants surviving the September heat of the sun ; is known to grow as 
 far West as the Southern extreme of Italy; and as cultivated by Sprengel proved extremely 
 
 fragrant. 
 
 " 306 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint.), the forces of Ptolemy defeated in naval combat by Demetrius 
 Poliorcetes. The title of " king" now assumed by Ptolemy and three other of Alexander's generals, 
 Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Antigonus. A daughter of Antigonus, Berenice, became the wife of 
 Ptolemy (Plin. xxvii. 8, and Tzetz.). 
 
 The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy, not earlier therefore than this date. Obelisks now for the 
 first time removed from their original site ; two being brought by Ptolemy from Heliopolis to Alex- 
 andria: — where they remain, one of them upright to the present day. 
 
 "In this year" (D. Laert. v. 38, Spreng., and Sm. b. d.), the philosophers, including Theo- 
 phrastus, banished from Athens. — The law was repealed in the following year, and the philosophers 
 returned. 
 
 The MYKHTEC: AnOAieOYMENOI of the Erythraean Sea mentioned by Theophrastus 
 iv. 7 — a re referred by Lenz to corals : and may be compared especially with the genus Fun^ia. 
 
 Uvaria naruin of Western Hindustan. A climbing shrub called in Malabar " narum-panel" 
 (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the N A I PON enumerated among perfumes by Theophrastus ix. 7. 
 3 : — u. narum was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 19 in Malabar, the roots fragrant and aromatic, yield- 
 ing a sweet-scented greenish oil which is employed medicinally ; by Graham, in " the Concans " as 
 far North as Bombay ; by Wight, and Drury, Southward to Travancore. 
 
 Diospyros ebenastcr of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. A sort of EBENOY:nOIKIAHC 
 variegated ebony is mentioned by Theophrastus v. 3. 2 as the product of a large tree with beautiful 
 foliage and resembling the pear: — the Indian " £v£nos '' is described by Dioscorides as inferior 
 to the Ethiopian kind and marked with light or tawny bands and spots (see also Salmas. comm. 
 Solin. 727) : D. ebenaster is described by Rumphius i. pi. 6 ; was observed by Retz v. 33 near 
 Calcutta (Pers.) ; is known to grow in other parts of Hindustan and on Ceylon, the wood according 
 to Tennent i. 117 of extreme beauty; the prevailing black stained with stripes of rich brown, approach- 
 ing to yellow and pink, but the heart never sound (Drury). 
 
 around Bombay, its " leaves deciduous after the rains ; " by Wight, one of the most commonly 
 cultivated and best known trees in the peninsula, planted in avenues, and its wood useful ; by Rox- 
 burgh, Ainslie, and Royle, as far as Bengal, its bark leaves and exuded gum employed medicinally ; 
 by Mason v. 540, in Burmah, " not uncommon from Maulmain to Toungoo " and producing " a valu- 
 able timber," the trunk according to Berdmore attaining " a girth of twelve feet." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 349 
 
 Euphorbia heptagona of Southern Africa. The PIZA: 6ANHT0*0P0C of Ethiopia in 
 which arrows are dipped, mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 15. 2, — maybe compared: E. heptagona 
 is described by Bradley succ. ii. pi. 13, Boerhave lugd. i. pi. 258, and according to Yirey "the Ethio- 
 pians tip their arrows with the milk which is a mortal poison; " is further attributed by Lindley to 
 the " Cape of Good Hope." The Wazaramo, a Negro tribe inhabiting the coast opposite Zanzibar, 
 were found by Speke ii. 2 to keep their arrows "well poisoned." 
 
 Zygia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A very large tree, the largest in Uhiyow in " 7° S.," 
 called " m'koondee " (Grant), and the pods probably already " used for lashing round poisoned arrows 
 ' instead of leather : " — the pods also " said to be edible," and the wood which " takes a fine polish " 
 used for boats and drums (Speke trav. app.). 
 
 Scirpus (Eleocharis) palustris of Temperate Climates. Called in Britain club-rush (Prior) ; and 
 the TY*H of Theophrastus iv. 10, leafless and growing in and around the Orchomenian lake, — its 
 smooth stem according to Dioscorides having around the summit a densely-crowded " SkpappoumS- 
 non " flower, may be compared : E. palustris was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in marshes 
 from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Forskal, Jomard, and Delile, in Egypt as 
 far .as the Fayoum ; is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.) and Siberia (Wats.). 
 Westward, is termed " s. equiseti capitulo majori " by Tournefort inst. 528 ; was observed by Brotero 
 ih Portugal ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and 
 Iceland (Hook., fl. Dan. pi. 273, and Wats.). Farther West, is known to grow throughout our Atlan- 
 tic States as far as Florida (Muhl., Nutt., A. Gray, and Chapm.) ; was observed by Short in Ken- 
 tucky ; by Nuttall, along the Arkansas ; and was received by Kunth from the Hawaiian Islands. In 
 the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by Baldwin in the Banda Oriental ; by J. D. Hooker, in 
 Patagonia and on the Falkland Islands (A. Dec.) ; and was received by Kunth from Austral Africa. 
 Phalaris paradoxa of the Mediterranean countries. A grass called in Greece " alepounoura " 
 (Sibth.); in which we recognize the AAQI1EKOYPOC of Theophrastus vii. 11. 2 having a spike 
 neither acute nor pointed, but soft and downy like a fox's tail, and flowering in successive portions : 
 — P. paradoxa was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, frequent in cultivated ground from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus throughout Greece ; by Delile, around Salehyeh in Lower Egypt. Westward, is termed 
 "gramen spicatum perenne semine milUceo radice repente," by Tournefort inst. 519 (Desf.) ; and is 
 known to occur as far as Portugal (Pers.). 
 
 Alopecurus utriculatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Greece 
 " alepounoura " (Sibth.) ; and possibly included in the " alSpSkouros " of Theophrastus : — A. utricu- 
 latus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in waste places and grassy situations from 
 the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, is termed "gramen spicatum pratense spica ex 
 utriculo prodeunte " by Tournefort inst. 519, "phalaris utriculata " by Linnaeus; was observed by 
 Scopoli insubr. pi. 12, and Savi, in Italy as far as Milan (Pers.). 
 
 Polypogon Monspeliense of the shores of the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic. 
 A grass called in Greece " al6penoura " (Fraas), in Egypt " deyl el-far " mouse tail (Del.) ; and the 
 " al6p<5kour6s '' of Theophrastus — is referred here by Fraas: the " teil " grass is mentioned in 
 Stephanus' translation of Haly Abbas ; and the " thil " grass by Ebn Baitar : P. Monspeliense was 
 observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna; 
 by Forskal, and Delile, as far as Cairo ; and by myself frequent on the river-flat of the Nile as far 
 as Thebes. Westward, the account of the " alopecuros " by Pliny xxi. 61 seems taken from Theo- 
 phrastus ; but the "teil" grass is mentioned by Michael de Capella : P. Monspeliense is described 
 by Barrelier pi. 115 ; is termed " panicum maritimum spica longiore villosa" by Tournefort inst. 515 ; 
 was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia, by Savi in Italy, by Desfontaines atl. in Barbary ; and is known 
 to grow along the Atlantic as far as Britain (Huds., Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European traders 
 and colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized on the Isle of 
 Shoals (A. Gray), and near the sea in South Carolina (Ell., and Chapm.). 
 
 Hordeum bulbosum of the Mediterranean countries. The CTEA E*OYPOC according to Theo- 
 phrastus vii. 11. 2 by some called APNOTAQCCON or PTYI , its spike flowering throughout at once 
 like that of wheat, and the whole plant resembling wheat n Y PO except that the leaves are broader, — 
 may be compared : H. bulbosum is termed " gramen creticum spicatum secalinum altissimum tuberosa 
 radice " by Tournefort cor. 39 ; was observed by Chaubard in all grassy places in the Peloponnesus ; 
 by Sibthorp in maritime sand on Cyprus; and was received by Fischer from the Tauro-Caspian 
 countries (Steud.). Westward, is described by Barrelier pi. 112; is known to grow in Italy (Pers.), 
 and on the arid plains of Tunis (Desf. i. pi. 37, and Schousb. maroc). 
 
 Aeailops ovata of the Mediterranean countries. A grass called in Italy " cerere " or " grano 
 delle formiche " or " egilope " (Lenz), in Greece " makroggnni " or " agriositaro " or " sitherostaro " 
 (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the AiriAanOCof Theophrastus vii. 13. 5 to caus. iv. 16. 2, grow- 
 ing among barley and n OAYXITGN having many tunics, — mentioned also by Nicander ther. 857, 
 
350 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 by Dioscorides as having leaves like wheat, seeds in two or three husks in a terminal head from 
 which bristles arise : Ae. ovata was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from 
 the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to the Dardanelles: and "Ae. triaristata " (seen in 
 Greece by Bory and regarded by him as perhaps not distinct) was observed by Delile near Alexan- 
 dria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the " festuca " called " aegilops " is men- 
 tioned by Pliny xviii. 44 and xxv. 93, and as killing barley : Ae. ovata is described by Dodoens, 
 p. 539; is termed " gramen spicatum durioribus et crassioribus locustis spica brevi " by Tournefort 
 inst. 519 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known to occur also in Barbary, and in various parts of 
 Southern Europe (Scop., Pers., and Spreng.). The traditional belief that wheat changes into this 
 grass, was ascertained by Godron to arise from hybridization, lasting only a single generation (A. Dec. 
 
 P- 933)- 
 
 Galanthus nivalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain snowdrop, in 
 Germany " sclmeetropfen " (Prior), in France " perce-neige " (Nugent) ; the AEYKOION described 
 by Theophrastus vii. 13. 9 as bulbous with a round root, — is referred here by Dodoens, and Fe"e : G. 
 nivalis was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople, and by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 Westward, is termed " narcisso-leucoium trifolium minus " by Tournefort inst. 387 ; and is known to 
 grow throughout middle Europe as far as Holland (Jacq. austr. pi. 330, prodr. fl. Bat., and A. Dec.) ; 
 but in Britain was known to Gerarde, and Ray, under cultivation only, and is regarded by Watson as 
 exotic and naturalized. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 under cultivation as a garden flower. 
 
 Leucohim cestivum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The OniTIQN of Theophras- 
 tus vii. 13. 9 — is referred to this genus by Camerarius ; and L. aestivum, observed by Sibthorp 
 around Constantinople, seems the only species known in Greece. Westward, the " calathis virentia 
 lilia cam's " of Columella x. 99 is referred here by Sprengel : L. aestivum is termed " narcisso-leucoium 
 pratense multiflorum" by Tournefort inst. 387 ; is known to grow in Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 202, and 
 Pers.); but is regarded by Watson as cultivated only and naturalized in Britain, and by A. Decan- 
 dolle as probably also exotic in Holland and Denmark. 
 
 Lloydia Graeca of the East Mediterranean countries. The CICYPITXION of Theophrastus i. 
 10. 7 to caus. vi. n. 11, an edible bulb having leaves from the root only, and none from the stem, — 
 may be compared : the " sisyrinchion " is enumerated by Pliny xix. 30 among bulbs known to the 
 Greeks: L. Graeca is termed "bulbocodium graecum myosotidis flore " by Tournefort cor. 50; was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the loftier mountains from Crete and the Pelopon- 
 nesus to Cyprus ; and by Labillardiere v. pi. 8, in Syria. 
 
 Scilla hyacinthoides of the West Mediterranean countries. The BOABOC: E P I 0<E>0 PO C of 
 Theophrastus vii. 13, having an esculent root covered inside of the bark with a woolly substance 
 of which garments are made, — unknown to Pliny xix. 10, but termed " bulbus fabrilis " by Apicius, 
 is referred here by Dierbach, and Sprengel : S. hyacinthoides is termed " s. eriophora " by Miller ; 
 and is known to grow in Portugal and on Madeira (Linn., Ait. i. p. 445, and Pers.). 
 
 Ledebouria hyacinthoides of Hindustan. Called in Hindustanee " bankanda " (D'roz.), in the 
 environs of Bombay "boe-kunda" (Graham) ; and the Indian kind differing according to Theophras- 
 tus vii. 13. 8 in being hairy rather than woolly, — may be compared : L. hyacinthoides was observed 
 by Nimmo in " both Concans, with two or three other undetermined species " (Graham) ; by Ainslie, 
 and Rottler, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bundelkund, the bulbs " employed in cases of 
 strangury and fever in horses," and according to Theodore Martius also " as a substitute for squills" 
 (Lindl.). Transported to Europe, is described by Sprengel ii. 97, and Boyle bot. mag. pi. 3226. 
 
 Urginea Indica of the seashore of Hindustan and Burmah. The Indian squill is called in 
 Hindustanee "janglipiyaz" (IJ'roz.), in Bengalee "kanda,"in Tamil " nurrivungayum," in Telinga 
 "addivi-tella-guddaloo" (Drur.) ; and is possibly the Indian B OA B C in question : — U. Indica was 
 observed by Graham "common on the sandy shores of both Concans," and "usually employed as a 
 succedaneum for the true squill ; " by Roxburgh, Wight pi. 2063, and Drury, in waste sandy situa- 
 tions near the sea in other parts of the peninsula, the burnt bulb according to Ainslie applied to the 
 soles of the feet when suffering from any burning sensation : was observed by Mason v. 491 " green 
 flowered," and frequent "on the seashore at Monmagon" in Burmah. 
 
 Tulipa Celsiana of the East Mediterranean countries. The NAPKICCOC: AEIPIONof Theo- 
 phrastus vi. 6. 9 to 8. 1, vernal, having a broad leaf spreading on the ground, and a leafless stem bear- 
 ing a terminal flower, — may be compared: T. Celsiana is described by Gouan ; was observed by 
 Gittard along the Alpheus ; by Bieberstein, in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Steud.). 
 
 Tulipa Sibthorpia.ua of the East Mediterranean countries. The AEIPION: ETEPONof Theo- 
 phrastus vi. 6. 9 to 8. 3, flowering in autumn, — may be compared : T. Sibthorpiana was observed by 
 Hawkins, and Sibthorp pi. 330, in the Peloponnesus and Asia Minor. 
 
 Erythronium dens cams of Europe and Northern Asia. The unnamed plant, aphrodisiac by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 35 1 
 
 contact according to Theophrastus — (Plin. xxvi. 63), or "saturion gruthronion " of Dioscorides, 
 growing in mountainous situations, its seed like flax, root pleasant tasted and said to be aphrodisiac 
 if held in the hand, is referred here by Lobel : the " saturion Sruthronion " or " s. Sruthraikon " or 
 "melion to 2n udasin " or "Sntatikon'' or "priapiskon e morion" or "saturiskos" or " orhis satu- 
 rou " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "molortikouloum v£n£ris" of the Romans; "satyrii ery- 
 thraicon " according to Pliny xxvi. 63 is administered to rams and goats, and by the Sannatians to 
 horses: E. dens canis is described by Gesner hort. f. 261, and Lobel obs. 97 (Spreng.) ; has not 
 been observed in Greece; but is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr.) ; was ob- 
 served by Gmelin i. pi. 7 in Siberia ; by Siebold on Yeso, and by the Japanese called "katakuri," by 
 the Ainos "kiktori." 
 
 Muscari race7nosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain grnpe-hyacinth (Prior), 
 in Greece "vourvos" (Sibth.) ; and the BOABINH of Theophrastus vii. 13. 9 — maybe compared: 
 M. racemosum is among the kinds found by Anguillara sempl. p. 120 eaten on Crete, Zacynthus, and 
 Corcyra, as well as in Italy (Spreng.); was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Pelopon- 
 nesus and on the mountains of Crete. Westward, is described by Dodoens hist. p. 217, and Dale- 
 champ 1502 (Spreng); is termed " m. arvense juncifolium casruleum minus " by Tournefort inst. 
 348 ; is known to occur in France and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 187, and A. Dec), but is 
 regarded by Watson cyb. ii. 461 as exotic in Britain. 
 
 Crocus nudiflorus of the mountains of the Mediterranean countries. The scentless K-POKOC: 
 0: AEYKOCof Theophrastus vii. 7. 4 — may be compared : C. nudiflorus was observed by Sibthorp 
 on mount Athos. Westward, is termed " c. autumnalis sativo similis florum capillamentis tenuissimis 
 minus odoris flore candidissimo " by Tournefort cor. 25 ; and is known to grow along the Pyrenees 
 (Ramond, Lapeyr., Brot , Engl. bot. pi. 491, and Pers.). 
 
 Crocus minimus of the mountains of the East Mediterranean countries. The KPOKOC: AKAN 
 eiJAHC: KAI: AOCMOC of Theophrastus vii. 7.4 — is referred here by Fraas : C. minimus was 
 observed by him in the middle region of the loftier mountains of Greece. Farther West, is termed 
 "c. Imperati " by Tenore as observed in Italy ; is described also by Decandolle. 
 
 Iris foetidissima of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain gladdon (Prior), 
 in Italy "ricottaria" or "'spatula fetida" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the "glathioloum " or "irim 
 agrSste'm" of the Romans identified through Syn. Diosc. with the 3 I P I C of Theophrastus ix. 8. 7, 
 — or " xuris " having according to Dioscorides red seeds and the flowers purple with a dark red cen- 
 tre : I. foetidissima was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. Westward, the " xuris " or 
 "irin agrian " or " kakos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " aprous " of the Dacians, and the 
 irin "sylvestrem " called " xyrin " is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 83 : I. foetidissima is described -by 
 Matthioli (Spreng.); is termed ' i. foetidissima sen xyris " by Tournefort inst. 360; and is known to 
 grow in Italy, Barbary, and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers.). 
 
 Lemna trisulca of Northern and Austral Climates. An aquatic plant ; and the A EAA N A of Theo- 
 phrastus iv. 10. I, growing under the water of the Orchomenian Lake, — is referred here by Biller- 
 beck, and others : L. trisulca was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to 
 Constantinople ; is known to grow also around Caucasus and in Northern Asia (Bieb., and A. Dec), 
 and as far even as Bengal (Kunth). Westward, is described by Micheli pi. 11 ; was observed by 
 Scopoli in Carniolia, by Haller 1901 in Switzerland ; is known to grow from Italy to Lapland (Pers., 
 Fries, and Wats.), also on the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores (A. Dec. 1004). Farther West, is 
 known to grow in North America as far as Lat. 58° (Hook.); was observed by Drummond at 54 on 
 the Saskatchawan, by Short in Kentucky, by myself near Boston, by Conrad near Philadelphia, and 
 was received by Muhlenberg from the Cherokee country on the Southern extreme of the Alleghanies. 
 In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by R. Brown p. 345 in Tasmania and Southeast Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 Clematis viticella of the Mediterranean countries. The 0INAN6H: ATPIA described by Theo- 
 phrastus v. 9. 6 as a woody vine climbing around trees, — may be compared. C viticella was 
 observed by Sibthorp in hedges around the Nicasan Lake in Bithynia. Westward, is termed " c. 
 purpurea repens " by Tournefort inst., 294, " lugubris" by Salisbury (Steud.) ; and is known to 
 grow in hedges in Italy and Spain (Pers.). 
 
 Anemone nemorosa of Northern climates. The ANEMQNHC:OPEION flowering according 
 to Theophrastus vi. 8. I in the early spring, — may be compared: A. nemorosa was observed by 
 Sibthorp in woods on mount Parnassus ; is known to grow also on Caucasus (Bieb.), on the Volga 
 as far as." Lat. 53 " (Pall.), and in Siberia (Dec). Westward, is termed " wood-crowfoot " by Park- 
 kinson (Prior), "ranunculus phragmites albus vernus " by Tournefort inst. 285 ; was observed by 
 Savi on the Appenines ; by Brotero, on the mountains of Portugal; and is known to grow through- 
 out middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 549, Curt. lond. ii. pi. 38, and Pers.). Farther 
 West is known to grow in North America from the Lower St. Lawrence to Lat. 40 along the Atlan- 
 
352 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 tic (Conrad), and on the Alleghanies to Carolina (Mx.) ; was observed by Short in Kentucky ; by 
 Drummond, " not North of 53° " as far as the Rocky mountains ; was observed West of those 
 mountains by Douglas (Hook.). 
 
 Aquilegia vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain columbine 
 (Prior), in France "ancolie " (Nugent), in Turkish "kanthili zitzgi " (Forsk.) ; and the nOSOC, 
 asstival according to Theophrastus vi. 7 and of two kinds, one having its flower hyacinth-like, the 
 other white and placed on sepulchres, — is referred here by Zalikoglous lex. mod. : A. vulgaris was 
 observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; and is known 
 to grow in Siberia as far as the Altaian mountains (Ledeb.). Westward, the "spectabilis pothos " is 
 mentioned by Pliny xxi. 39: A. vulgaris is described by Columna phytob. p. 1 ; is termed "a. sylves- 
 tris " by Tournefort inst. 42S ; is known to grow on Corsica and throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe as far as Lat. 63 15' in Norway (Gunner p. 80, and A. Dec). By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower, and according to A. Gray 
 '• is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places." 
 
 Caltha palustris of Northern climates. Called in Anglo-Saxon "mersc-mear-gealla," in current 
 English gool ox golds or mare-blobs or marsh marigold (Prior) ; in which we recognize the E A E I 
 X PYCOC enumerated as vernal by Theophrastus vi. 8. 1, — and referred here by Dumolin : C. pa- 
 lustris was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the marshes of the Peloponnesus. Westward, 
 is described bv Lyte ; is termed "populago flore majore " by Tournefort inst. 273 ; was observed by 
 Savi in Italy, bv Brotero in Portugal, and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe 
 as far as Denmark and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 6("„S, Hook., and Wats ). Eastward from Greece, is 
 known to grow about Caucasus (Ledeb) and throughout Siberia as far as Lake Baikal and Kamt- 
 schatka (Gmel , Pall , and A. Dec ) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan, in a flower-vase and 
 called •• ienko so." Farther East, is known to grow along the Columbia river and from Lat. 6o° in 
 Canada and Labrador (Hook.), 51 in Newfoundland (La Pylaie), to 39 along the Atlantic and on 
 the Mississippi (Conrad, and Beck). The plant according to A. Gray " is used as a potherb in spring." 
 
 Brassica Cretica of the East Mediterranean shores. Called in Greece " skarolahanon " (Sibth.) 
 or " m6rolahan6n " (Fraas) ; and the A r P I A: PA<t>ANOC having according to Theophrastus vii. 4. 
 4 to 6. 2 small smooth and round leaves, — is referred here by Fraas : B. Cretica is termed " b. cre- 
 tica fruticosa folio subrotundo" by Tournefort cor. 16; was observed by Sibthorp, Grisebach, and 
 Fraas, frequent on the sea cliffs of Greece and the Greek islands. (See B. incana). 
 
 Hesperis acris of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Egypt "sphajri " (Forsk.), the probable origin 
 of the Greek name " Ssp£ris " transferred to an allied species : — H. acris, unknown in Greece, was 
 observed by Forskal p. 118, and Delile pi. 35, in the environs of Cairo frequent in the Desert and 
 having the taste and odour of Brassica eruca. 
 
 Hesperis matronalis of middle Europe. Called in Britain dame's violet or Damask violet, in 
 medieval Latin "viola Damascena," in France "violette de Damas " (Prior) or "julienne" (Del.) ; 
 and the ECflEPIC of Theophrastus caus. \i. 17. 3 more odorous in the evening, — and hence the 
 name according to Pliny xxi. 18, is referred here by writers : the "philgspe'ron anthos " is mentioned 
 by the poet Dioscorides anth. pal. vii. 31, living in E-ypt ; and the"vi6Iam matronalem" of the 
 Romans in Syn. Diosc. iii. 128 (cod. n.) may also be compared : H. matronalis is described by Ray, 
 and Miller; and is known to grow wild throughout middle Europe from Switzerland to Denmark 
 (Pers., Fries, and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues under cultivation for ornament, and according to A. Gray "begins to escape from gardens.'' 
 A cultivated variety with numerous white petals " odoratissimis,'' is mentioned by Persoon. 
 
 Coronopus Ruellii of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wart cress or 
 swine's cress (Prior), in Greece " emera almurithra" or "armurithra" (Fraas), in Egypt " hab 
 rascbat" (Forsk.); and the KOPflNOnOYC, bitter according to Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 to caus. ii. 5. 
 4 and its leaves spread upon the ground, — growing according to Dioscorides in waste places and 
 along roadsides, an edible prostrate little herb with incised leaves, is referred here by writers: C. 
 Ruellii was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste places in the Peloponnesus and Attica ; 
 by Forskal p. 117, and Delile, from Alexandria to Cairo. Westward, the "coronopus" is described 
 by Pliny xxi. 59 to xxii. 22 as prickly with a creeping stem, and sometimes cultivated: C. Ruellii is 
 described by Ruel, Matthioli, Dodoens, and Dalechamp (Spreng.) ; is termed "nasturtium sylvestre 
 capsulis cristatis" by Tournefort inst. 214; and is known to occur in waste places from the Canary 
 Islands to Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 202, Pers., and Wats). By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues in fallow ground from Rhode Island to South Carolina (Pursh, 
 Ell., and A. Gray). 
 
 Camel iua saliva of the Uralian and Tartarean plains. Called in Britain gold of pleasure, even 
 in the days of Gerarde (Prior), in Germany "leindotter" (Grieb), in Italy "camellina" or "dorella" 
 or "miagro" (Lenz), in the Sixteenth century " pseudolinum " (Lonic p. 154) ; in wdiich we recog- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 353 
 
 nizc the " muagros " identified through Syn. Diosc. with theMEAAMIIYPON infesting the wheat- 
 fields of Sicily according to Theophrastus viii. 4. 6, — mentioned also by Galen: the "muagros" is 
 described by Dioscorides as two cubits high with pale yellow flowers, seeds resembling those of 
 fenugreek but yielding fat which is smeared on twigs and burned as a lamp : C. sativa was observed 
 by Sibthorp in cultivated ground on Cyprus ; is known to grow also in the Tauro-Caspian countries, 
 and in Siberia as far as Lake Baical (Ledeb.). Westward, the account of the " myagros " by Pliny 
 xxvii. 81 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides: the "dornella" is mentioned by Hildegarde ii. 158, 
 and the "dorella" by Caesalpinus (Spreng.) : C. sativa was regularly cultivated in the middle ages, 
 its cultivation commencing probably in Russia or Germarty (A. Dec.) ; is described by Anguillara 
 p. 285, and Parkinson; is termed "a. segetum foliis auriculatis acutis " by Tournefort inst. 217, 
 '' myagrum sativum " by Linnaeus ; was observed by Lenz in grain-fields in Italy and sometimes 
 cultivated for its oil ; is known also as a weed among flax in Spain and Western Europe (Cav. i. pi. 
 60, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a 
 weed in cultivated ground from Salem in New England (observed by myself) to North Carolina 
 (Chapm.). 
 
 Viola tricolor of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain flamy (Kent fl. 
 dom.) or paunce or pansy, in France "penseV or formerly "menues pense"es," in Italy " pensieri 
 menuti" in Germany " unniitze sorge," in medieval Latin "viola flammea " (Prior) ; in which we 
 recognize the "flammea" identified through Pliny with the *AOriNON: IONor$AOl of Theo- 
 phrastus vi. 6. 2 to 8. r, wild and cultivated, the flower scentless and coronary: — V. tricolor was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout the 
 Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Syria, and as far as Bagdad (Dec). Westward, the 
 account by Pliny xxi. 38 to 76 of the "flammea qune et phlox vocatur " seems taken from Theo- 
 phrastus, his " lutea viola " curing " capitis hulcera " is also V. tricolor, to the present day according 
 to Lindley "employed in Italy in tinea capitis : " V. tricolor is termed "jacea vel herba clavelata " 
 in Ortus Sanitatis 49 (Brunswygk), "herba trinitatis " by Brunfels ii. pi. 69," "v. bicolor arvensis" 
 by Tournefort inst. 421 ; is described also by Fuchsius 803, Dodoens, Castor Durantes, Stapel 651, 
 and Gerarde ; and in its wild form is known to grow on the mountains of Teneriffe, and in cultivated 
 and fallow ground throughout Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 623, Pers., 
 Hook., and Wats.). Eastward from the Euphrates, is known to grow in Siberia (Dec); was 
 observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, along roadsides in Japan and called " kinsai," or usually 
 " komafisiko : " but possibly by European colonists was carried to Tropical Hindustan, observed 
 by Graham "in gardens " at Bombay and no native name is given. Clearly by European colonists, 
 was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower, and in the form of 
 " V. arvensis " has become naturalized in " dry or sandy soil New York to Kentucky and Southward " 
 (A. Gray), in our Southern States according to Chapman in "cultivated ground." 
 
 Drypis spinosa of the Mediterranean countries. The A P Y n I C of Theophrastus i. 10. 6, having 
 thorns in place of leaves, — and nimed from wounding persons handling it, is referred here by 
 writers : D. spinosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on Parnassus. Westward, is described 
 by Micheli gen. pi. 23 ; and is known to grow in Istria, Italy, and Mauritania (Pers.). 
 
 Silene behen of the East Mediterranean countries. An annual called in Greece " strouthoni " 
 (Siblh.) ; in which we recognize the CTPY9I0N of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 to 8. 3, prickly-leaved 
 and flowering in summer, but its beautiful flower not fragrant : — S. behen is termed " lychnis cretica 
 parvo flore calyce striato purpurascente " by Tournefort cor. 24 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Caria. 
 
 Dianthus fruticosus of Crete and the Greek islands. A showy species of pink ; and the 
 AIOC .ANGOCof Theophrastus vi. 1. 1 to 8. 3, cultivated and coronary but the flower scentless, — 
 may be compared : D. fruticosus is termed " caryophyllus graecus arboreus leucoii folio peramaro " 
 by Tournefort cor. 23 and trav. i. pi. 9 ; and was observed by Sibthorp on Crete and Seriphus. 
 Westward, is enumerated by Persoon as a garden flower in France. (See D. arboreus.) 
 
 Lavatera arborea of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " thgnthromoloba" 
 (Fraas); in which we recognize the MAAAXH : A n A E N A PO Y M E N H increasing in size after 
 seven months growth according to Theophrastus i. 3. 2 to 9. 2 and used for a staff, — also the 
 " thSnthromalahe " of Galen fac. simpl. vii. p. 67, and Geoponica xv. 5. 4 : L. arborea was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in maritime situations near Athens, also planted in gardens ; by Delile, in 
 gardens at Alexandria. Westward, an " arbor malvae " near Lixus estuary on the Atlantic in Mau- 
 ritania said to be twenty feet high with the trunk too large to be " circumplecti " clasped or embraced, 
 is mentioned by Pliny xix. 22: L. arborea is termed "althaea maritima arborea veneta" by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 97 ; and is known to grow along the seashore of Italy, Barbary, and Spain (Cav. v. pi. 139, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Acer campestre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain maser-lree or 
 
 45 
 
354 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 maple, in Anglo-Saxon " mapel-treow " or " mapulder," by Galfridus pr. pm. " mapulle," in Germany 
 "massholder," in old high German "mazel-dera" (Prior), in Italy "oppio" or " loppo " or " acero " 
 (Lenz); and the second kind of C<J> E N A A M N Y, rare according to Theophrastus in. n. I and 
 called ZYTIA, its wood yellow soft and OYAON curled in fibre, — is referred here by writers : A. 
 campestre was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the mountains of the Peloponnesus 
 to Constantinople; by Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the " acer " prized for its 
 variegated wood is mentioned by Ovid ; that with spots resembling a peacock's tail produced accord- 
 ing to Pliny xvi. 26 chiefly in Istria and Rhaetia : A. campestre is termed "a. campestre et minus" 
 by Tournefort inst. 615; was observed by Lenz in Italy; and is known to grow wild throughout 
 middle Europe (Pers.) ; drinking-bowls made of the knotty parts of its wood are called in medieval 
 Latin "scyphi maserini," in old high German " masar " (Prior). 
 
 Acer platanoides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy "acero plata- 
 noide"or "acero riccio " (Lenz); and the C*ENAAMNOC : A X P I A useless for timber according 
 to Theophrastus, — may be compared : A. platanoides was observed by Fraas in Greece ; by Clot- 
 Bey in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, " nuper vile fuistis acer" according to Ovid elog. i. 11 ; 
 and the "viliore genere " called " crassivenium " is distinguished by Pliny xvi. 26: A. platanoides 
 is known to grow wild in Italy and in the mountain forest of middle Europe (Duham. pi. 10, Pers., 
 Lenz, and Daub.), is besides planted for ornament. By European colonists, was carried to North- 
 east America, where it continues "occasionally planted" (A. Gray). 
 
 Stabhylea pinnata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bladder-nut 
 (Prior), in Germany "pimpernuss" (Grieb), in Italy "pistacchio falso " (Lenz) ; and the CHMYAA 
 of Theophrastus iii. 14. 4 to v. 7. 7, having leaves like those of nEPCIKH : KAPYA but a little 
 narrower, and wood suitable only for staffs, — maybe compared: S. pinnata was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Fraas, from mount Pindus to the environs of Smyrna. Westward, the " staphylodendron " 
 of Pliny xvi. 27, a tree growing beyond the Alps and bearing pods that contain a nut tasting like 
 filberts, is referred here by writers : S. pinnata is termed "staphylodendron" by Tournefort inst. 616; 
 was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia; by Lenz, in North Italy ; and is known to grow throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 1560). 
 
 Rliamnits infectorius of the Alediterranean countries. Called in Greece " lathzihSri " or " ap£i- 
 liras " (Sibth.) ; and the $ I A Y P E A . A E I * Y A A C enumerated among wild trees by Theophrastus 
 i. 9. 3, — large as the " kupro " according to Dioscorides and growing in rugged places, its fruit 
 "shin6"-like black sweetish and in clusters, leaves astringent and like those of the olive but broader, 
 maybe compared: the "philurea" is mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta; and the "hudhudh" by 
 Ebn Baitar : R. infectorius was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in rough and 
 stony situations in Southern Greece, the unripe berries dyeing Morocco leather yellow and exported 
 in large quantities. Westward, R. infectorius is described by Clusius i. p. Ill ; is termed " r. cathar- 
 ticus minor" by Tournefort inst. 593; was observed by Lenz in Italy: is known to grow also in 
 Carniolia, Spain, and Southern France (Scop., and Pers.). The dried fruit according to Lindley "is 
 purgative," and is called in commerce French berries or "graines d' Avignon." 
 
 Euphorbia myrsinitcs of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "galazitha" (Sibth.); 
 and the TIGYMAAAOC AEYKOC called MYPTITHC according to Theophrastus ix. 11. 9 to 
 caus. iv. 6. 9, growing in mountainous situations, its leaves myrtle-like but prickly at the apex, 
 suckers flowering in alternate years and fruit called KAPYON, — mentioned also by Micion, and 
 Cratevas (si.hol. Nic. ther. 617), is referred here by writers: the " tithumalos murtites " accord- 
 ing to Dioscorides resembles the " thaphnoeithSi " and is whitish in aspect, its leaves larger than 
 in the myrtle with the apex pointed, is by some called " mursiniten " or "karuiten :" E. myrsinites 
 was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on mountains from the Peloponnesus and 
 Parnassus to Cyprus. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 40 of the " tithymali myrsiniten " or 
 "caryiten" seems taken from the Greek, and follows second in order as in Dioscorides: E. myrsi- 
 nites is termed "tithymalus myrsinites latifolius " by Tournefort inst. 86; and is known to grow in 
 Italy and Southern France (Sauv. monsp. 51, Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). 
 
 Mcrcuiialis perennis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Jog's cole 
 or Jog's mercury (Prior), in Germany " bingelkraut " (Grieb) ; and the *YAAON of two kinds 
 according to Theophrastus ix. 18. 5, the fruit of the A PP E N TO N OY being double, and that of the 
 6H AYTONOY like olive budding, — mentioned also by Cratevas, and Dioscorides, is referred here 
 by writers : M. perennis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in woods from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the account of the "phyllon" and " thelygonon " by Pliny 
 xxvi. 91 to xxvii. 100 seems chiefly taken from the Greek: M perennis is described in Gerarcle em. 
 333; is termed "m. montana testiculata et spicata" by Tournefort inst. 534; was ol served by C.ussone 
 near Naples, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 400, 
 and Pers.). Is " very poisonous " according to Lindley, instances " of the fatal consequences of its 
 use" are mentioned by Sloane, and Smith. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 355 
 
 Spartium scorpius of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "aphanna" (Sibth.) ; and 
 the C K P fl IOC, one of the two plants known to Theophrastus vi. 1. 3 to 4. 2 as having thorns in 
 place ot leaves, its flowers developing below the pointed apex, — is referred here by Linnaaus : S. 
 scorpius was observed by Sibthorp on the mountain^ of Greece and the Greek islands ; is known to 
 be frequent also in Asia Minor (Spreng.). Westward, the account by Pliny xxi. 54 of the "in totum 
 spina scorpio " seems taken from Theophrastus : S. scorpius was observed by Anguillara p. 63 on 
 Corsica (Spreng.) ; is described also by Lobel ii. pi. 94; is termed "genista-spartium spinosum majus 
 primum flore luteo " by Tournefort inst. 645, " frutex totus ex spinis alternis quibus flor. insident " by 
 Linnaeus ; is known to grow in Southern France and as far as Spain (Pers.). 
 
 Colutea arborescens of the Mediterranean countries. The bladder senna is a large loose-branched 
 shrub called in France " baguenaudier " (Fe"e), in Germany " blasenbaum " (Grieb), in Greece 
 "phouska" (Fraas) ; and the KOAYTE A of Theophrastus iii. 14. 4, a leguminous tree with willow- 
 like foliage and small seeds in broad pods, — is referred here by Robertus Constantinus and writers 
 generally : C. arborescens was observed by him, probably on Crete ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, in thickets and rugged places from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna. Westward, is termed " c. 
 vesicaria " by Tournefort inst. 649 ; is known to grow from Italy to the Pyrenees, and in limestone 
 districts as far as Ratisbon and Lorraine in middle Europe (Roth, Pers., Mohl, and A. Dec). The 
 leaves according to Lindley are "purgative, used for adulterating senna." 
 
 Cytisus laburnum of Switzerland. Called in English gardens laburnum (Prior), in France 
 "aubour" (A. Dec), in Italy " mazi " or "egano" or " eghelo " (Lenz), by Crescenzio " avornus " 
 (Spreng.); and the KOAOYTEA around Lipara, a cultivated tree according to Theophrastus iii. 
 17. 2, in three years yielding a staff, and when cut off perishing without giving out suckers, its leaves 
 like those of T H A E I , pod fattening sheep, — is referred here by writers : C. laburnum was observed 
 by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople and Smyrna. Westward, the " laburnum " is described by 
 Pliny xvi. 31 as a tree growing in dry situations on the Alps, its wood hard and white, flower (-raceme) 
 a cubit long avoided by bees : C. laburnum is described by Haller helv. 360 ; is known to grow wild 
 in Switzerland and North Italy (Jacq. austr. pi. 306, Pers., and Lenz) ; and is besides cultivated 
 throughout Europe. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to 
 be planted for ornament. Its seeds according to Lindley are "highly poisonous, possessing narcotico- 
 acrid properties." 
 
 Planera abelicea of Crete. The K A I T I A N tree of Theophrastus iii. 17. 3, growing on mount 
 Ida, rare and said to produce neither flowers nor fruit, its leaves rounder than those of laurel, elm- 
 like and many-nerved beneath, — may be compared : P. abelicea is termed " abelicea di Candia " by 
 Pona bald. pi. 112, " pseudosantalum Creticum " by C Bauhin pin. 393 ; and was observed by Sib- 
 thorp on Crete. 
 
 Lnpinus angustifolius of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agrio lupouni " or 
 "loupini" (Sibth.), in Egypt " termis el sjaitan " Satan's lupine (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize 
 the 6EPMOC becoming according to Theophrastus viii. 1. 3 to 11. 8 and caus. iv. 1. 7 QCnEP: 
 ATPIOC and altogether AnEllTON unconcocted, — and the "thermos agrios" of Dioscorides : 
 L. angustifolius was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, a weed in Egypt among crops of cultivated 
 lupine. Westward, the " thermos agrios " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " loupinoum agrSst^m " 
 of the Romans: L. angustifolius is termed "1. angustifolius caeruleus elatior " by Tournefort inst. 
 392 ; and is known to occur in grain-fields at Messana and as far as Spain (Knorr ii. pi. 50, and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Lathyrus amphicarpos of the East Mediterranean countries. The APAXIANA producing fruit 
 under ground according to Theophrastus i. 1. 7 to 6. 12, — is referred here by writers : L. amphi- 
 carpus was observed by Sibthorp on Rhodes and Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Syria (Pers.). 
 As cultivated in Britain, is termed "1. amphikarpos seu supra infraque terram siliquas gerens nobis" 
 by M orison ii. 2. pi. 23. (The account of the " arachidna " by Pliny xxi. 52 seems taken from Theo- 
 phrastus.) 
 
 Vicia amphicarpos of the Mediterranean countries. The A PA KQA EC according to Theophras- 
 tus i. 6. 12 also producing fruit on its roots as well as above, otherwise resembling the APAKQ, — is 
 referred here by Clusius, and Sprengel : V. amphicarpos was observed by Gittard on the plain of Nisi 
 in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). Westward, is described by Clusius exot. pi. 88 ; was observed by 
 Gouan herboris. 48 in Southern France, and according to Persoon has subterranean fruit. (The 
 account of the '• aracos " by Pliny xxi. 52 seems taken from Theophrastus.) 
 
 Vicia lathyroides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain strangle-tare 
 (Prior) ; in which we recognize the OPOBATXH overcoming PO BO N according to Theophrastus 
 viii. 8. 4 : — V. lathyroides is termed " ervum Soloniense " by Linnaeus ; was observed by Sibthorp 
 from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor, and in cultivated ground on Cyprus. Westward, the "oro- 
 
356 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 bancbe" killing "ervum" and "cicer" by tying around, is mentioned by Pliny xviii. 44. 3 : V. lathy- 
 roides is termed "v. minima prascox parisiensium " by Tournefort inst. 397; and is known to occur 
 in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as Norway (fl. Dan. pi. 58, and Pers.). 
 
 Cercis siliquastrum of the wooded portion pi the Mediterranean countries. Called in English 
 gardens Judas tree (Prior), in Italy " albero di Giuda" or " siliquastro " (Lenz), in Greece " agria 
 xulokemteV' (Fraas) or " koukourovithia " or by the Turks " ergavan " (Sibth.) ; and the KEPKIC 
 or Kl Kl C enumerated among leguminous trees by Theophrastus i. 11. 2 — is referred here by writers : 
 C. siliquastrum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, one of the most frequent trees from 
 the Peloponnesus to Smyrna ; by Hasselquist on Lebanon ; and according to Clot-Bey has recently 
 been introduced into Egypt. Westward, is termed "siliquastrum" by Tournefort inst. 647; was 
 observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., 
 and Daub.). 
 
 Sorbus chamaemespilus of the mountains of Europe and adjoining portion of Asia. The A N 
 6HA0N0EIAHC according to Theophrastus iii. 12. 5 another of the three kinds of MECniAHC 
 distinguished by the inhabitants of Ida, — is referred here by Fraas : S. chamaemespilus was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Griesebach, on mount Athos. Westward, the third kind of " mespilis " is described 
 by Pliny xv. 22 " anthedoni tamen similius quod gallicum vocant : " S. chamaemespilus is termed 
 "Crataegus folio oblongo serrato utrinque virente " by Tournefort inst. 633, " mespilus chamaeme- 
 spilus " by Linnaeus sp. pi. 6S5 ; and is known to grow on the mountains of middle Europe (Crantz, 
 Jacq. austr. pi. 231, and Pers.). 
 
 Amelanchier vulgaris of the mountains of Europe and adjoining portion of Asia. The wild 
 CYKH on mount Ida, described by Theophrastus iii. 17. 4 as a shrub with broad leaves in shape like 
 those of the linden, the flower M ECniAQAEC, red fruit of the size of an olive but rounder and in 
 taste also MECniAQAEC, — may be compared : A. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp on the moun- 
 tains of Crete. Westward, is termed "m. folio rotundiori fructu nigro subdulci " by Tournefort inst. 
 642, "mespilus amelanchier" by Linnaeus, " aronia rotundifoli.i " by Persoon ; and is known to grow 
 on limestone districts from Switzerland to the Pyrenees (Crantz, Jacq. austr. pi 300, Pers., Molil, 
 and A. Dec). A. Cretica, figured by Alpinus exot. pi. 2, termed " mespilus cretica folio circinato et 
 quasi cordiformi " by Tournefort cor. 43, was also observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of Crete, 
 but is regarded by him as possibly not distinct. 
 
 Crat&gus pyracantlia of the Mediterranean countries. Called in France " buisson ardent" 
 (Pers.), in Italy '• piracanto " (Lenz); in which we recognize the " purinan " or " purakanthen " 
 identified through Syn. Diosc. with the 0HYAKAN90C:AEI*YAA0N growing according to Theo- 
 phrastus i. 9. 3 to vi. 8. 3 both on mountains and plains, and ripening fruit late in the autumn : — the 
 "purakantha" is mentioned by Alciphron fragm. 6; the "oxuakantha" is described bv Dioscorides 
 as resembling the " ahrathi " but smaller and very spiny with red fruit like myrtle berries : C. pyr- 
 acantha was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent in the woods of Northern Greece as far as 
 Constantinople. Westward, a drink made of berries of " pyracanthae " was employed in the days 
 of Pliny xxiv. 70 against bites of serpents : C. pyracantlia is described by Matthioli, and Dodoens 
 (Spreng.) ; is termed " m. aculeata amygdali folio " by Tournefort inst. 642 ; was observed by Lenz 
 wild in Italy ; and according to Persoon occurs in hedges in Southern France, " sempervirens " and 
 the globose berries " autumno amoene coccinei." 
 
 Pyrus cuneifolia of the mountains of the East Mediterranean countries. The KHAACTPON 
 of Theophrastus i. 3. 6 to v. 7. 7, an evergreen tree that does not admit of cultivation, growing in the 
 highest and coldest situations as well as on the plains, its wood white, — may be compared : P. cunei- 
 folia was observed by Chaubard, one of the most frequent trees in the subalpine region of Koubeh, 
 its wood suitable for statues ; is described by Gussone, as observed by him as far West as Sicily. 
 
 Cerasus nfahaUb of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in France " cerisiers de 
 Sainte- Lucie" (A. Dec); and the AAKAPH growing according to Theophrastus iii. 3. 1 and 3 to 
 6. 1 both on mountains and plains, deciduous-leaved, and multiplying with the greatest facility, — may 
 be compared : the "mahaleb " is mentioned by Arab writers (Spreng.) : C. mahaleb was observed 
 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, a small tree frequent from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 Westward, remnants of the fruit have been found in debris of the early lake-villages of Switzerland 
 (Heer) ; the tree is termed " cerasus sylvestris amara mahaleb putata " by Tournefort inst. 627 ; 
 and is known to grow as far as France and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 227, Lam. fl. fr., and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Prunus prostrata of the mountains of the East Mediterranean countries. A depressed subal- 
 pine tree or shrub; and the A I OCriYPQ of Theophrastus iii. 13. 3, having fruit similar in form to 
 that of KEPACOC but the nucleus harder, — enumerated among esculents by Galen (Orib. iii. 14), 
 may be compared : P. prostrata is termed " p. cretica montana minima humifusa flore suave rubente " 
 by Tournefort cor. 43 ; was observed by him, Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the subalpine summits of the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 357 
 
 loftier mountains of Crete and Greece, the fruit eaten and red when ripe (in the unripe state' figured 
 by Sibthorp 478 not unlike a plump grain of wheat) ; was observed also by Labillardiere pi. 6 on 
 Lebanon (Pers.). " Amygdalus incana," growing on Caucasus (Pall. i. pi. 7), is regarded by Poiret 
 as identical (Steud.). 
 
 Rubus casius of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain dew-berry from the Anglo-Saxon 
 " duua " dove, in Germany " tauben-beere," in Norway " col-bar " (Fraas) ; and the XAMAIBATON 
 of Theophrastus iii. 18. 4, extending along the ground and rooting at intervals, — mentioned also in 
 the addition to Dioscorides i. 180, is referred here by Sprengel : R. caesius was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, on the mountains of Greece and the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, is termed " r. repens 
 fructu caesio " by Tournefort inst. 614; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1213, and Pers.). 
 
 Potentilla speciosa of the mountains of Greece and the Greek islands. An odorous kind of 
 OINANSH growing on the mountains of Cyprus is distinguished by Theophrastus odor. 6 : — P. 
 speciosa is termed " fragaria cretica saxatilis fruticosa folio subtus argenteo " by Tournefort cor. 21, 
 and was observed by Sibthorp on Parnassus and the mountains of Crete. 
 
 Chamaenerium angustifolium of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain willow-herb, in 
 Germany " weidenroschen " (Grieb), in Italy " camenerio " or "sfenice" or " epilobio " (Lenz) ; and 
 the ONOOHPACof Theophrastus ix. 19. 1, a large shrub growing on mountains, its leaves like those 
 of the almond, flower red as in the rose, dried root smelling of wine and mixed in wine to promote 
 hilarity, — even according to Cratevas mitigating the ferocity of animals (Plin. xxiv. 102), is referred 
 here by writers : this power of taming animals is attributed by Dioscorides to the " onagra," identi- 
 fied in the added Synonyms with the " onourin " or " onothuran : " C. angustifolium was observed by 
 Sibthorp in shady situations on the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow throughout Northern 
 Asia, and its pith is mixed in a spirituous liquor prepared by the natives of East Siberia and Kamt- 
 schatka (Spreng.). Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 69 to 87 of the " Oenotheras " or " onu- 
 ris " seems taken from the Greek: C. angustifolium is described by Cassalpinus vi. 70; is termed 
 " chamaenerium latifolium vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 302 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is 
 known to grow from Switzerland as far as Sweden, where according to Linnaeus the young shoots are 
 eaten (fl. Dan. pi. 289, AIL, and Pers ). " C. angustissimum," termed " ch. angustifolium alpinum 
 flore purpureo " by Tournefort inst. 302, known to grow in Switzerland, and observed by Sibthorp on 
 mount Athos, is regarded by Persoon as not distinct. 
 
 Myrrliis bunium of middle Europe. Called in Britain earth-nut or ground-nut from its nutty 
 esculent tubers (Prior); and the M Y P P I C of Theophrastus causs. vi. 13 AAXANHPON: EYCTO 
 MON: KAI: EYOCAAON — (Spreng.), having according to Dioscorides the stem and leaves of " k6- 
 nSiS " with a fragrant oblong roundish root grateful for food, — and identified in the added Synonyms 
 with the " murran "' or " konilen," is referred by Anguillara 2S4 to a cicuta-like plant with hairy stem 
 and leaves, anetho-like yellow umbels, seeds of cumini, and a turnip-shaped fragrant root tender and 
 well-flavoured, observed by him in Greece and Slavonia (Spreng.). Westward, the " myrrhis " or 
 "myrrham" or " smyrrhizam " is mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 97, his account seeming chiefly taken 
 from the Greek : M. bunium is termed " bunium majus " by Gouan ill. p. 10, " b. flexuosum : ' by 
 Withering ; was observed by Persoon frequent near " Mont d'or in Auvergne ; " and is known to 
 grow as far as Britain (Huds., and Curt. Jond. pi.). 
 
 Cachrys alata of the region around Caucasus. The M ATYAAPI C seed, called <£>YA AO N accord- 
 ing to Theophrastus vi. 3. 4, — is referred here by Sprengel : C alata was observed by Tournefort 
 trav. ii. pi. 1 2 r near Erzeroum, by Bieberstein on Eastern Caucasus. 
 
 Thapsia villosa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " omoioplSuron " (Sibth.); in 
 which we recognize the MATYAAPI C ETEPON of Theophrastus vi. 3. 7, distinguished at once by 
 experts from the C I A * I Y, less acrid and devoid of juice, growing not in Cyrene but in Syria, and it 
 is said also on Parnassus : — T. villosa was observed by Sibthorp on Patmos and Cyprus. West- 
 ward, is described by Dodoens, Lobel (Spreng.), and Clusius hist. ii. pi. 192 ; is termed "th. latifolia 
 villosa" by Tournefort inst. 322, •' t. decussata" by Lagasca ; is known to grow in Barbary (Lindl.), 
 Spain, Portugal, and as far as Southern France (Morison ix pi. 1 8, and Pers.). " The roots are 
 acrid and corrosive," have been " reputed purgative in a high degree," but this seems contradicted by 
 recent experiments (Fe"e, and Lindl.). 
 
 Ferula nodiflora of the Mediterranean countries. The NAPeHKIA of Theophrastus vi. 1. 4 to 
 2. 8, differing from the NAP6HH chiefly in being smaller, — is referred here by writers : F. nodi- 
 flora was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus ; is known to grow also in Asia Minor and as far as Cau- 
 casus (Bieb., and Spreng.). Westward, the " narthecyan " is distinguished by Pliny as always 
 depressed : F. nodiflora is termed "f. minor ad singulos r.odos umbellifera" by Tournefort inst. 321 ; 
 was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Desfontaines pi. 253 in Algeria; and is known to grow in Sicily 
 (Steud., and Spreng.). 
 
358 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Oenanthe fistulosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water-drop- 
 wort (Prior) ; and the root growing according to Theophrastus ix. 13.4 at the mines in Thrace, 
 pleasant to the taste but if eaten inducing sleep-like easy death, — may be compared : Oe. fistulosa is 
 termed "oe aquatica " by Tournefort inst. 313 ; is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle 
 Europe (Moris, ix. pi. 7, fl. Dan. pi. 846, and Engl. bot. pi. 363) ; was observed by Sibthorp in the 
 environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Peucedanum oreoselinum of hilly situations in middle Europe and as far as Caucasus. Called in 
 the drug-shops *" herba oreoselini " - (Lindl.), and the OPEOCEAINON of Theophrastus vii. 64, 
 having leaves like KQ N E I Q, and given in female complaints, — is referred here by writers : P. oreo- 
 selinum is described by Dodoens p 696 (Spreng.); is known to grow on the hills of Southern France 
 (Lapeyr., Delarbre auverg. i. p. 428, and Pers.) ; and Eastward as far as Austria and Caucasus (Jacq. 
 austr. pi. 68, and Bieb.). The leaves and stem according to Lindley "are bitter and aromatic, as 
 is the- fruit but in a higher degree : they were used as powerful stimulants of the intestinal canal, and 
 are still esteemed in some countries." 
 
 A mini visnaga ot the Mediterranean countries. Called in Southern France " herbe aux cure- 
 dents " (Pers.), in Greece "phdleV (Fraas); and the CT A* YA I N OC: A r P I OC (in approved ms. 
 "raphanon agrian") of Theophrastus ix. 15. 5, called by some physicians KEPAIN, — is referred 
 here by Sprengel : the "k£raskomen '' of Syn. Diosc iii. 52 may also be compared : A. visnaga was 
 observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna ; 
 by Hasselquist on Lebanon ; by Alpinus iv. 14, and Delile, in Lower Egypt, the spoke-like pedicels 
 of the umbel used for tooth-picks, and the seeds employed medicinally. Westward, is described by 
 Lobel pi. 716; is termed " foeniculum annuum umbella contracta oblonga " by Tournefort inst. 311 ; 
 was observed by Desfontaines i. 245 in Barbary, and is known to grow in Southern p" ranee (Pers.). 
 
 Valeriana Celtica of Switzerland and the Eastern Alps. Called in Italy " nardo celtico'' or 
 " spica celtica " ( Lenz) ; and the P I Z I A of Thrace, having according to Theophrastus ix. 7. 4 a nard- 
 like odour, — may be compared: the "keltike narthos " is mentioned by Dioscorides as growing in 
 Istria; and the imported root was known to Avicenna (Spreng.): V. Celtica is known to grow on 
 the Carinthian and Styrian Alps, and according to Wulffenius, and Sprengel, its roots in large quan- 
 tities are exported from Trieste Eastward to mix in ointments. Farther West, " narthou " brought 
 by a Gaul, is prescribed by Andromachus ther. ; " nardum gallicum" is mentioned by Pliny xiii. 2, 
 and " celtica spica " by Macer Floridus 75 : V Celtica was observed by Haller 209 in Switzerland 
 (Pers.), and by Lenz in North Italy. (See V. saliunca.) 
 
 Valeriana saxatilis of Switzerland and the Eastern Alps. The ETEP: ATTA having according 
 to Theophrastus but slight fragrance, — maybe compared with the "tragon" gathered according to 
 Dioscorides indiscriminately with the preceding for adulteration, and referred here conjecturally by 
 Sprengel : the " hirculus " of Pliny xii. 26 corresponds : V. saxatilis is described by Clusius hist. 1. 
 56, and Plukenet aim. pi. 232, and is known to grow on the Eastern Alps (Jacq. austr. iii. pi. 267). 
 
 Arnica scorpioides of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe. The C KO Pn I OY whose 
 root according to Theophrastus ix. 13. 6 resembles a scorpion, and is useful against scorpion stings, 
 — may be compared : A. scorpioides was observed by Sibthorp on mount Parnassus. Westward, is 
 described by Matthioli p. 762 (Spreng.), and Lobel pi. 649; is termed "doronicum radice scorpii 
 brachiata " by Tournefort inst. 487, " aster scorpioides " by Scopoli ; and is known to grow on the 
 subalpine portion of the mountains of middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 349, and Pers.). 
 
 Artemisia Pontica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Yemen "rand" or 
 " baetran " or " ghobaejre " (Forsk.) ; and the A * I N e I N of Pontus on which sheep fatten accord- 
 ing to Theophrastus ix. 17. 4, — is referred here by Linna;us and others : the kind growing in Pon- 
 tus is mentioned also by Dioscorides, Galen meth. med. xi. 16; and "absinthium ponticum," by 
 Cato 159, Columella xii. 35, and Pliny xi. 75: "wormwood" in the days of Duarte Barbosa was 
 exported in great quantities from Xeher on the Southern coast of Arabia ; and A. Pontica was 
 observed by Forskal under cultivation on the plains and mountains of Yemen. Farther North, is 
 described by Fuchsius (Spreng.) ; is termed "a. Gmelini " by Stechmann (Steud.) ; and is known 
 to grow in dry mountainous situations from Italy, Switzerland, and Germany (Jacq. austr. pi. 99, and 
 Pers.) as far as middle Asia, in flavour differing according to Sprengel in being slightly aromatic. 
 
 Artemisia abiotaniim of the Tauro-Caspian Countries. Called in English o-ardens southern- 
 wood ox old-man, in Anglo-Saxon " sajthrene-wudu " or " suthernewude " (Prior), in France " au- 
 ronne des jardins " (Pers.), in Italy "abrotano" (Lenz), in Greece " pikrothanos " (Fraas), in 
 Egypt " semssek " or " msaeka " (Forsk ) or " meskeh " ( Del.), by the prophets " neura phoinikos " 
 or "kunaghiten" (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the A BPO TON ON of Theophrastus i. 9. 4 
 to caus. vi. 16. 7, cultivated and coronary with persistent foliage:— the "avrotonon arren " is de- 
 scribed by Dioscorides as growing in Cappadocia, Asiatic Galatia, and near Hierapolis in Syria, 
 branchy with slender twigs like "apsinthion : " A. abrotanum is known to grow wild in Asia Minor 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 359 
 
 (Caesalp. xii. 6) ; was observed by Fraas under cultivation in Greece ; by Forskal, and Delile, in the 
 gardens of Egypt. Westward, the "abrotonum" is mentioned by Lucretius vi. 123, Horace, Lucan ; 
 and as " subiiciatur pulvino," by Pliny xxi. 92, and Macer Floridus : A. abrotanum is described by 
 Bauhin, and Morison vi. pi. 2; and is well known in gardens from Italy throughout middle Europe 
 (Lenz, and Fraas). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Graham " in gardens " at Bombay, but no 
 native name is given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 in gardens. Is enumerated by Lindley as " a powerful anthelmintic." (See Santolina chamaecypa- 
 rissus). 
 
 Atractylis cancellata of the Mediterranean countries. The TETPAMZ springing up in summer, 
 thorny-leaved, and enumerated among thistles by Theophrastus vi. 4. 4, — may be compared : A. can- 
 cellata was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus and Crete to Rhodes and 
 Cyprus. Westward, the account of the " tetralix " by Pliny xxi. 56 seems taken from Theophrastus : 
 A. cancellata is described by Morison vii. pi. 39; is termed ".cnicus exiguus capite cancellato semine 
 tomentoso" by Tournefort inst. 451, "circellium " by Lamarck ill. pi. 662 ; was observed by Brotero 
 in Portugal ; is known to grow also in Spain and Barbary, its cancellated involucre imprisoning 
 flies (Pers.). 
 
 Carthamus dentatus of the East Mediterranean countries. The ETEPA: ATPIAC: KNHKOY 
 of Theophrastus vi. 4. 5, hairy with stems COTKQAEIC Sonchus-like and in a manner Elll TEIO- 
 KAYAOC from weakness resting on cultivated land, — maybe compared: C. dentatus is termed 
 "cnicus atractylidis folio et facie incanus patulus flore purpurascente " by Tournefort cor. 33; was 
 observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, somewhat rare on the Greek islands and in Asia Minor. West- 
 ward, the account by Pliny xxi. 53 of the " cnicon silvestris altera," more hairy with "torosiore 
 caule," seems taken from Theophrastus ; but C. dentatus was observed by Forskal p. 217 frequent in 
 waste places on Malta, a foot high branching above "raro infra," the flowers "flavi." 
 
 Carlina lanata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "kokkinagatho (Sibth.); and 
 the A K P N A of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 to 6, having almost the aspect of KNHKQ: HMEPQbutin 
 colour EIIIIANeON (translated " rufo " by Pliny) and its juice fatty, — may be compared : C. lanata 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek 
 islands ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the " acorna " is enumerated 
 among pubescent thistles by Pliny xxi. 56: C. lanata seems described by Anguillara as observed by 
 him in Italy (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. flore purpuro-rubente patulo " by Tournefort inst. 500 ; was 
 observed by Garidel pi. 21 in Southern France, and is known to grow in Italy and Barbary (Pers.). 
 
 Carlina acanthifolia of the Mediterranean countries. The A E Y K A K A N 6 A enumerated among 
 thorny-leaved plants by Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — mentioned also by Hicesius, by Dioscorides as hav- 
 ing a " kupgirS "-like bitter root, chewed to alleviate toothache, may be compared : C. acanthifolia 
 was observed by Gittard (Chaub.) about Arcadia in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " leuca- 
 cantha" or " polugonaton " or "phullon" or " ishiatha " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "spina 
 alva " of the Tuscans, and " gniakarthous " of the Romans ; but the account of the " leucacanthos " 
 by Pliny xxi. 56 to xxii. 18 seems taken from the Greek : C. acanthifolia is termed " c. chardous- 
 sae " by Villars ; was observed by Hacquet pi. 1 in Carniolia ; by Allioni pi. 51, in Piedmont ; and is 
 known to grow on the Pyrenees (Pers.). 
 
 Carduus pycnocephalus of the Mediterranean countries. The A K A N C of Theophrastus i. 10. 
 6 to vi. 4. 9, having many stems and branching, and the only species of its kind, — may be com- 
 pared : C. pycnocephalus was observed by Chaubard, in grassy places in the Peloponnesus. West- 
 ward, the "acanon" by some classed with the "eryngio" is described by Pliny xxii. 10 as a low 
 spreading herb with broader spines, applied externally with wonderful effect in stanching blood : 
 C. pyocephalus is described by Barrelier pi. 417 ; and is known to grow in various parts of South- 
 ern Europe, the calyx-scales deciduous (Pers.). 
 
 Cirsinm cynaroides of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle with glistening leaves ; and 
 the XAA KEIOC of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — enumerated among pubescent kinds by Pliny xxi. 56, 
 identified by Skarlatos with the "gaithouragkathon," may be compared: C. cynaroides is termed 
 " carduus creticus foliis lanceolatis splendentibus subtus incanis flore purpurascente " by Tournefort 
 cor. 31 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the vicinity of 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Cirsium palustre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The thorny-leaved A E I M O N I A 
 of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : C. palustre was observed by 
 Sibthorp on mount Athos. Westward, the " limoniam " is identified by Pliny xxi. 99 to xxii. 43 with 
 the " scolymon," and the " scolymon " with the " carduus alter silvestris " single-stemmed and having 
 a purple flower': the " wulfes teasl " of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 156, as figured in manuscript 
 Y, is referred here by Harley and Cockayne : C. palustre is described by Morison vii. pi. 32 ; is 
 termed " cirsium pratense polycephalon vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 448 ; and is known to grow 
 
360 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 in meads and swamps throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., and Curt. lond. vi. 
 pi. 56). 
 
 Cirsium rivulare of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle called in Greece " ngroagkathi " 
 (Sibth.) ; and the AKAN6A:KEANQN0C extending itself by sending up shoots from its root, 
 mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 10. 6 among plants growing around the Orchomenian lake, — may 
 be compared : C. rivulare was observed by Sibthorp frequent in watery situations in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. Westward, is described by Pluckenet phyt. pi. 154; was observed by Jacquin austr. pi. 91 
 in Pannonia ; by Allioni, and Villars, in Piedmont and Southern France (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Cirsium arvense of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Sweden "korntistel " or "akertistel" 
 or "gortistel" or "skrof-tistel " (Linn.), in Greece " neroagkathi " (Sibth.); and the "akantha 
 keanonos " — is referred here by Columna : the " segnisque horreret in arvis carduus " of Virgil 
 seems also referred here by C. Bauhin: C. arvense is termed " ceonanthos Theophrasti " by Columna 
 ecphr. pi. 45, "carduus in avena proveniens " by C. Bauhin pin. 377, ''cirsium arvense sonchi folio 
 radice repente flore purpurascente " by Tournefort inst. 448, "serratula arvensis " by Linnaeus, and 
 is known to grow from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 57, Pers., and Wats.) : was 
 observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Scopoli, in Carniolia ; by Sibthorp, on mount Athos ; by 
 Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains ; and by Pallas, as far as 49 on the Yaic. Westward, 
 by Hooker on Iceland (probably, as farther South, brought by European colonists); is known to 
 occur on Newfoundland and throughout Canada as far as the Saskatchewan (Hook., and A. Dec), 
 and spreading thence into our Northern States has received the name of Canada thistle ; was observed 
 by myself abounding along the Lower St Lawrence, and a frequent weed as far as the outskirts of 
 Philadelphia, but has disappeared from the last-named locality, and I have not heard of its occurring 
 farther South. 
 
 Cirsium tuberosum of middle Europe. The AKANGA: BACIAIKH enumerated by Theo- 
 phrastus caus. i. 10. 5 as PIZOKE<J>AAA tuberous-rooted, — maybe compared: C. tuberosum has 
 not been observed by modern travellers in Greece ; but was found by Anguillara 147 in Tuscany ; 
 is described also by Lobel pi. 10 ; is termed "carduus pratensis asphodeli radice fol. tenuiter incisis" 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 377 ; and is known to grow in Germany and France. 
 
 Cirsium Srrnicum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agrioagkathi " or 
 " kouphagkatho " (Sibth), in Egypt " chouk " thorn (Del) or "laelah'' (Forsk.) ; and possibly 
 the " agriagkathon " identified by Skarlatos with the nOAYAKANeOCof Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 : 
 — C. Syriacum was observed l.y Forskal. Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grain-fields from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Cyprus ; by Forskal, and Delile, about Cairo ; is 
 known to grow also in Syria (Pers.). Westward, is termed " c. albis maculis notatus flore purpureo " 
 by Tournefort inst. 450 ; was observed by Forskal on Malta ; and according to Persoon grows also 
 in Barbary and Spain. (See C. acarna). 
 
 Echinops Gracilis of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of globe tliistle called in 
 Greece " k£phalagkatha" or " honthrokephala " (Fraas) ; and the PYTPOCof Theophrastus vi. 4. 
 4, prickly-leaved and branching towards the summit. — is referred here by Fraas : E. Graecus is 
 termed ■' echinopus graecus lenuissime divisus et lanuginosus capite minore caeruleo " by Tournefort 
 cor. 34, "e. lanuginosus " by Lamarck enc. ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent on 
 barren hills in Attica. 
 
 Stu-lieliiia ditbia of the Mediterranean countries. The ONOriYEOC enumerated among thistle- 
 headed thorny-leaved plants by Theophrastus vi. 4. 3, — may be compared : S. dubia was observed 
 by Gittard in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). Westward, the account of the " onopyxos " by Pliny xxi. 
 56 seems taken from Theophrastus: S. dubia is described by Barrelier pi. 406 ; and is known to 
 grow in Italy, Southern France, and Spain (Pers ). 
 
 Cetitaurea eeutauroides of the East Mediterranean countries. A yellow-flowered species called 
 in Greece "saitaggatho " (Forsk.); and the KENTAYPIAI having red juice according to Theo- 
 phrastus ix. 1. 1, called "triorchis" from being defended by the buzzard — (quoted by Pliny xxv. 
 32), and difficult to cut without wounding one's self, is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : C. 
 centauroides is described by Columna ecph. pi. 35 ; is termed "carduus centaurii majoris facie flore 
 luteo capitulo kmgis aculeis munitis " by Tournefort cor. 31; and was observed by Forskal, and 
 Sibthorp, from the 1'eloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Ccti/aurea spinosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Full of spinescent branches, and 
 called in Greece ■' iala stuvia," or by the Turks " djevann " (Forsk.); and the nANTA^OYCA 
 enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 5. 1 among plants having spines separate from the leaves, — may 
 be compared: C. spinosa is described by Alpinus exot.pl. 162; is termed " jacea cretica aculeata 
 incana" by Tournefort inst. 445; was observed by Forskal p. 217, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the 
 sand of the seashore and other arid situations from Crete and Athens to Tenedos and Asia Minor, 
 and on account of its defensive spines placed in garden-hedges. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 36 1 
 
 Tragopogon crocifolius of the Mediterranean countries. The TPAronQTONby some called 
 KO M H N, having according to Theophrastus vii. 7. 1 a long sweet root, short stem, crocus-like leaves, 
 and a large calyx filled with hoary pappus, — an account repeated by Dioscorides, is referred here 
 bySprengel: the "tragopogSn" is enumerated by Nicander fr. as coronary; and the " kome " of 
 Gafeki, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : T. crocifolius was observed by 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, the " tragopogon 
 folns croco simillimis" enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt, seems the 
 same described in xxvii. 117 as growing in rugged places and "sine usu " useless : T. crocifolius is 
 described by Columna ecphr. i. pi. 230 ; is termed " t. purpuro-caeruleum crocifolium " by Tournefort 
 inst. 477 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known to grow in Southern France (Pers.), and accord- 
 ing to Sprengel the root is edible. (See T. porrifolius). 
 
 Rhagadiolus stellatus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "ragaggiolo" (Caesalp.), 
 in Greece " sphalaggohorton " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the C|~l AAA! of Theophrastus i. 6. 
 11: — R. stellatus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete and the Peloponnesus 
 to Cyprus. Westward, the "aspalax" is enumerated by Pliny xix. 31 among plants growing wild 
 and having roots more numerous than the leaves : R. stellatus is described by Caesalpinus xiii. 
 10; is termed "rh. alter" by Tournefort inst 480; and is known to grow in Italy and Southern 
 France (Pers.). " R. edulis," termed "rh. lampsanae foliis " by Tournefort cor. 36, observed by 
 Sibthorp on Cyprus, and known to grow from Carniolia to Portugal (Pers.), is regarded by Gerard, 
 and Bory, as not distinct. 
 
 Prenanthes chondrilloides of the East Mediterranean countries and mountains of Yemen. Called 
 in Yemen "kat er raejan " (Forsk.) ; and the YnOXOIPIC of Theophrastus vii. 7. r to 11. 4, a 
 spontaneously-growing potherb, smooth, sweet, and H M EPQTEPA having the aspect of cultivation, 
 — may be compared : P. chondrilloides has not been observed in Greece by modern travellers ; but 
 is known to grow as far as Carniolia and Italy (Arduin. ii. pi. 7, Scop., and Pers.). Farther South, 
 the " hypochoeris " is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt: P. chon- 
 drilloides was observed by Forskal p. 144 on mountains about Kurma in Yemen, and eaten crude. 
 
 Prenanthes muralis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wall-lettuce 
 (Prior), in Greece "thrithax" (Sibth.); and the e P I A A K I N H C : fl I K P A C of Theophrastus ix. 11. 
 11 — m:iy be compared: P. muralis was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in shaded 
 stony situations from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, 
 the "hare's lettuce " of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apuleius 114, distinguished from the "sow thystyll " 
 in gloss. Sloane 135, is referred here by Cockayne : P. muralis is termed "chondrilla sonchi folio 
 flore luteo-pallescente " by Tournefort inst. 475 ; and is known to grow along walls and in shaded 
 places throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 509, and Pers.). 
 
 Hicracium bidbosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " h£16n6horton '' (Sibth.) ; 
 and the nEPAIKIONof Theophrastus i. 6. n, pulled up by partridges and having large fleshy 
 roots more numerous than the leaves, — may be compared: H. bulbosum was observed by Sibthorp 
 in the Peloponnesus and on Zacynthus ; by Delile, near Alexandria in Egypt Westward, is termed 
 " dens leonis tuberosa radice " by Tournefort inst. 468 ; and is known to grow in Barbary, Italy, and 
 as far as Montpellier (Pers.). 
 
 Lapsana communis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain nipple-wort 
 from its use in cases of sore nipple (Prior) ; and the KPHIIIC of Theophrastus vii. 8. 3, having 
 stem leaves only, — may be compared : L. communis was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from 
 the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor. Westward, the account of the " crepis " by Pliny xxi. 59 seems 
 taken from Theophrastus : L. communis is described by Tournefort inst. 479 ; was observed by 
 Scopoli 988 in Carniolia ; and is known to occur in cultivated ground as far as Denmark (fl Dan. pi. 
 500, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by 
 myself in cultivated ground near Quebec, and " in 1843 " made its appearance as far South as Boston 
 (Torr. and Gray, and A. Dec). 
 
 Hyoseris lucida of the East Mediterranean countries. The An An H enumerated among potherbs 
 by Theophrastus vi. 4. 8 to vii. 1 1. 4, its leaves spreading on the ground, flower yellow and in growing 
 old EKnAnnOYTAI, flowering with the first showers after the equinox and new flowers successively 
 making their appearance throughout the winter and spring until the ensuing summer, — may be com- 
 pared: the account of the " aequinoctio nascens aphace " by Pliny xxi. 52 seems taken from Theo- 
 phrastus, with the addition that it is one of the esculent plants of Egypt: the Hyoseris tribe 
 accordino- to Persoon have "sem. marginalia saepius cal. squamis involuta pappo subobsoleto : " 
 H. lucida is described by Linnaeus; is termed "lapsana taraxacoides " by Forskal p. 145; was 
 observed by him, and Delile, near Alexandria ; and by Bory and Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Apargia hirta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The AnAPTI A enumerated by 
 Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 among plants having radical leaves only, — may be compared. A. hirta was 
 
 46 
 
562 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, throughout the lower portion of the Peloponnesus. West- 
 ward, is termed "dens leonis foliis hirsutis et asperis saxatilis " by Tournefort inst. 468, " leontodon 
 hirtum " by Linnajus ; and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 
 (Scop., Vill., Hoffm., Curt. lond. vi. pi. 59, and Pers.). 
 
 Fra. villus excelsior of Northern Europe and as far as the Oural and Caucasus. Called in Britain 
 ash, in Anglo-Saxon "assc," in Denmark and Sweden "ask," in ancient Danish " askr," in Holland 
 and Germany " esche," in old high German " asc," in France " fresne " (Prior), in Italy " frassine " 
 or "frasMiiu" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the larger "fraxinum" of the Greeks identified by 
 Pliny with the BOYMEAIOC, growing according to Theophrastus iii. 1 1. 4 to iv. 8. 2 in Macedonia, 
 and even in Egypt : — F. excelsior is known to grow wild in the Crimea and Caucasus, but seems 
 unknown beyond the Oural (Bieb., and A. Dec); was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt. 
 Westward, the "fraxinus" is mentioned by Virgil, Ovid, and Columella ; by Pliny xvi. 24 to xvii. 15 
 as planted in Italy : F. excelsior was observed by Lenz on the Italian slope of the Alps ; and is 
 known to grow wild as far as Lat. 63 in Norway (Scop., Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and A. Dec), its tough 
 wood used in former times for spear-shafts, also for building boats, and in all times " preferred for 
 axe handles " and axles (Prior). 
 
 Syringa vulgaris of Eastern Europe. A shrub called in English gardens lilac, a Persian name 
 (Prior, see Ligustrum vulgare) ; and the C l~l El PA I A flowering from the apex according to Theo- 
 phrastus i. 14. 2 to vi. 1.4, — and enumerated by Pliny xxi. 29 among coronary plants, may be com- 
 pared : the "blue-flowered jasmine" of Ishak ben Amran (Ebn Serap. 176), is referred here by 
 Parkinson: S. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp wild on mount Haemus, but not within the limits 
 of Greece (Smith in Rees cycl.) ; by Forskal, in the gardens of Constantinople; and by Alpinus, in 
 Egypt (Parkinson). Westward, was brought according to Matthioli from Constantinople to Italy ; 
 is termed "lilac vulgaris " by Lamarck ill. pi. 1 ; and has become frequent, cultivated and naturalized, 
 in middle Europe (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 
 tinues in gardens in our Northern and Middle States, but beyond Charleston I was assured does not 
 succeed (in conformity with its rareness in the same Latitude in Egypt). The unripe fruit according 
 to Lindley "is singularly bitter without any acrimony," and an extract is regarded by Curveiller as 
 " a remarkably good tonic and febrifuge." 
 
 Phillyrea angustifolia of the mountains of the Mediterranean countries. The A * A P K H of Theo- 
 phrastus i. 9. 3 to v. 7. 7, evergreen, growing only on mountains, and its wood suitable for stakes or 
 props and for burning, — is referred here by some writers : P. angustifolia was observed by Gittard 
 in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Camerarius pi. 90; is known to grow in Italy, 
 Spain, and on the Atlas mountains (Pers.). 
 
 / \ia iiiimu myrtillus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain bilberry or bulberry or huckle- 
 berry or hurtlc-bcrry or whorl, e-bcrry, in Danish "bollebar" (Prior), in Germany " heidelbeere '' 
 (Grieb), in France "vaciet" (Nugent), in Italy " baccole " or '■ mirlillo " (Lenz); and the AMnEAOC: 
 T H C : I A H C according to Theophrastus iii. 17. 6 a slender-branched shrub with lateral sweet black 
 berries as large as a KYAMOC, the leaves small rounded and not fissured, — - is referred here by 
 writers : V. myrtillus was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow also 
 on the Taurian mountains and in Siberia (Bieb., and W.its.). Westward, is termed •■ \itis idcea foliis 
 oblongis crenatis fructu nigricante " by Tournefort inst. 608 ; was observed by Lenz on the moun- 
 tains of Italy ; is known to grow also on the mountains of middle Europe, and in Northern Europe 
 as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and Wats.). 
 
 ril/arsia nymphoides of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain fninred water-lily 
 (Prior); and the MHNANOOCof Theophrastus iv. 10. I, growing around the Orchomenian lake, — 
 is referred here by writers : V. nymphoides was observed by Sibthorp in the waters of Greece as far 
 as Constantinople : and is known to grow from Eastern Russia to Lake Baikal (Ledeb.). Westward, 
 from the current name of an allied plant (Cockayne), the parti-coloured " ram geallan " of the Anglo- 
 Saxon leechbook i. 51 seems to belong here: V. nymphceoides is termed "nymphoides aquis inna- 
 tans " by Tournefort inst. 153 ; and is known to grow from Italy and the Pyrenees as far as Denmark 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 339, and A. Dec). Its floating leaves according to Lindley "are mottled above, pur- 
 plish beneath," and its stems continue in medicinal use as "bitter, tonic, and febrifugal." 
 
 Convolvulus althasoides of open situations in the Mediterranean countries. °Called in Spain 
 " campanula, " in Portugal " verdezilla " (Lob.), in Greece " tou kalogerOu to horton " (Sibth.)j and 
 the IACIJ2NHC of Theophrastus i. 13. 2 to caus. ii. 18. 3, creeping' on the ground when no other 
 plant is near and its lily-like flower monopetalous with only angular indications of separation at the 
 summit, — may be compared : C. althasoides was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean border of 
 Egypt ; by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, Fraas, and Aucher, frequent on barren hills from Crete and 
 the Peloponnesus to the Marmora shore and Asia Minor; but according to A. Decandolle is not 
 known farther East. Westward, the " iasione in terra repens " of Pliny xxi. 05 to xxii. 39 is edible, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 363 
 
 and is sometimes called " concilium," its leaf being so implicated as to seem several : C. althasoides 
 is termed " c. peregrinus " by Clusius (Lobel hist. 340), "c. argenteus elegantissimus foliis tenuiter 
 incisis " by Tournefort inst. 85 ; was observed by Tenore in Italy (Steud.), by myself on Malta ; and 
 is known to grow near Mogador in Morocco, and on the Canary Islands (A. Dec). Probably by 
 European colonists was carried to Madeira; and to North America, observed by Nuttall along the 
 Red and Arkansas rivers. Its roots according to L. Deslongchamps " contain a purgative resin " 
 (Lindl.). 
 
 Heliotropium supinum of the Mediterranean countries. The HAIOTPOIIION of Theophrastus 
 vii. 3. 1 to 8. I and 15. t, Eni TEIOKAYA A prostrate, having persistent leaves, and at the time of the 
 solstice flowering from below upwards, — may be compared : the " eSlioio tropais grnos " is mentioned 
 by Nicander ther. 677 to 885 ; and the " eliotropion mikron " of Dioscorides, having round fruit, and 
 called " skorpiouron " in the added Synonyms, is referred here by Fraas : H. supinum was observed 
 by Tournefort trav. i. pi. 85, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in moist places especially 
 maritime from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands; by Forskal p. 39, and Delile, from 
 Alexandria to Cairo. Westward, is termed "h. minus supinum " by Tournefort inst. 139; and is 
 known to grow in Barbary, near Salmantica, and on the Mediterranean shore of France (Pers.). 
 
 Cerinthe aspera of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " nJrolahana'' or "nerou- 
 lakia" (Fraas) or " skalizonaki " or " palathrakoulia " (Sibth.); and the K H P I N GO N of Theophras- 
 tus vi. 7 — is referred here by writers : C. aspera was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos. Westward, the " cerintha " is mentioned by Virgil 
 georg. iv. 63; by Pliny xxi. 41 as "folio candido incurvo cubitalis capite concavo mellis succum 
 habente : " C. aspera is termed " c. quorundam major spinoso folio flavo flore " by Tournefort inst. 
 80 ; was observed by Hogg on Sicily ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe 
 (Pers.). 
 
 Cerinthe minor of the East Mediterranean countries. Included perhaps in the " kerinthon," 
 mentioned as vernal by Theophrastus, — according to Fraas: C. minor was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, and especially in 
 vineyards in the spring. Westward, the ''cerintha" of Virgil, and Pliny, is referred here by Lenz : 
 C. minor is termed " c. quorundam minor flavo flore " by Tournefort inst. 80 ; was observed by Lenz 
 in Italy; and is known to grow in Styria, Austria, and as far North as Jena (Jacq. austr. pi. 124, and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Lycium Barbarian of Barbary. A weak-stemmed shrub with long trailing branches slightly 
 thorny; and the PAMNOC: M EA AC agreeing with the other kind according to Theophrastus iii. 18. 
 2 in having thorns, but differing in the fruit, — may be compared : the " ramnos trite mSlanteYa " is 
 described by Dioscorides as having twigs five cubits long, and follicle-shaped fruit : L. Barbarum 
 was observed by Sibthorp on the island of Naxos. Westward, a " silvestre nigrius " kind of " rham- 
 nos " bearing " veluti folliculos," is mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 76 : L. Barbarum is described Sloan, 
 afric. pi. 349 (Pers.) ; was observed by Shaw trav. ii. in Barbary ; and is well known in the gardens 
 of Europe. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be 
 planted for trellis work, but according to A. Gray, is as " yet hardly spontaneous." (See L. Euro- 
 pasum and L. Afrum). 
 
 Orobanche cruenta of the East Mediterranean countries. The AIMOAOPON of Theophrastus 
 viii. 8. 5 to caus. v. 15. 5, having a short simple stem and destroying fenugreek by growing on the 
 roots, — is referred here by Fraas : O. cruenta was observed by Sprunner near Nauplia on Lagoecia 
 cuminoides ; and by Fraas on fenugreek near Haliartus. Westward, is described by Bertoloni ; and 
 is known to grow as far as North Italy (Pollini, and Lenz). 
 
 Melissa officinalis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain garden balm, in France 
 " melisse " (Nugent), in Italy "melissa '' or " cedronella " (Lenz), in Greece "mSlissovotanon " or 
 " melissoborton " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the MEAICCO$YAAON of Theophrastus vi. 1. 
 4, — named according to Dioscorides from bees delighting in it, also the " melitSia " termed fragrant 
 bv Theocritus iv. 25, " mSliphullon " and " m&lissophuton " of Nicander ther. 554 to 677, " mSlitaina " 
 of Hesychius, and " melittidn " of the Geoponica xv. 5. 4: the "badrandschabuje," a Persian name 
 according to Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : M. officinalis was observed by Forskal in 
 gardens at Constantinople, and by him, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, wild in the environs and in 
 mountain woods as far as Parnassus and the Peloponnesus; by Hasselquist in Palestine, as well as 
 near Damietta ; and " spiritus melissa; " is enumerated by Forskal mat med as used medicinally in 
 Egypt. Westward, the " mSlissophullon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mSriseimorion " of 
 the Gauls, and " kitrag6 " or "apiastroum " of the Romans ; by Pliny xxi. 29 and 86 with the " apias- 
 trum " rubbed on hives to keep the bees from deserting; the "apiastrum" is mentioned also by 
 Varro iii. 16, and Columella, and the " melisphyllum " by Virgil geor. iv. 64 : M. officinalis is termed 
 "m. hortensis " by Tournefort inst. 193 ; is known to grow wild in Italy (Lenz), is besides cultivated 
 
364 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and naturalized throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., Wats., and A. Dec). By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where according to A. Gray it has "sparingly 
 escaped from gardens ; " to the island of Juan Fernandez, observed by Bertero abundantly naturalized. 
 The plant according to Lindley is " aromatic and slightly bitter," and is used " in the form of tea as 
 a grateful fever drink." 
 
 Melissa a/tissima, frequent in the lower country as far as Crete, and regarded by Fraas and 
 others as distinct from the preceding ; is admitted to be included in the accounts of the " mglisso- 
 phullon " by Greek writers. 
 
 Salvia sylvestris of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The C*AKEAOC 
 herb of Theophrastus, its leaf "squalens"— (Dod. pempt. ii. 4. 23), maybe compared : S. sylves- 
 tris is termed " sclarea folio salvias major vel maculata" by Tournefort inst. 179; S. sylvestris is 
 known to grow in Bohemia (Crantz, Jacq. austr. pi. 212, and Pers.) ; was observed by Scopoli ed. 2. 
 n. 32 in Carniolia; and by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Venerium chamadrys of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain germander, 
 in France "gamandre'e" (Prior), in Greece "hamaithrua" (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the 
 XAMAIAPYC used medicinally according to Theophrastus ix. 9. 5, — growing according to Diosco- 
 rides in rough stony places and having small purplish flowers : T. chamaedrys was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, in dry stony places from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; and 
 dried ■■ chamaedrys " is enumerated by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. roed., as used medicinally in Egypt. 
 Westward, the " hamaithrus " by some called " teukrion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " trip- 
 sago minor " of the Romans : the " tri.x.igo " or " trisago " is mentioned by Celsus, Scribonius Largus, 
 and is identified by Pliny xxiv. 80 with the " chamaeropem " or "chamaedrys, but his account seems 
 chiefly taken from Dioscorides : T. chamaedrys is described by Fuchsius, Tragus, Matthioli, Lobel, 
 and Dodoens ; is termed " chamaedrys major et minor repens " by Tournefort inst. 204, " t. officinale " 
 bv Lamarck fl. fr. ; is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Normandy (Pers., and A. 
 Dec ) ; but in Britain in the days of Ray occurred only on the walls of a castle, and is regarded by 
 Watson as exotic and hardly naturalized. 
 
 Tencrium flavum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy "teucrio" 
 (Targ.), in Greece "hamaithrua" (Sibth.), and possibly included in the "hamaithrus" of Theo- 
 phrastus: — the "hamaithrun" identified in Syn. Diosc. iii. toi with the "tSukrion" of Dioscorides 
 abounding in Cilicia, is referred here by writers : T. flavum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent from Crete and the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the 
 account by Pliny xxv. 20 of the "teucrion " having " ramis hyssopi " seems in part taken from Dio- 
 scorides : T. flavum is described by Fuchsius, Matthioli. Anguillara, Dodoens, and Clusius; is 
 termed "chamaedrys frutese'ens teucrium vulgo " by Tournefort inst. 205; and is known to grow in 
 Italy and as far as middle Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Teucrium lucidnm, termed " chamaedrys alpina frutescens folio splendente " by Tournefort inst. 
 205, observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Cyprus to the Peloponnesus, and known to 
 grow in Italy (Pers., and Lenz), is regarded by Chaubard as not distinct. 
 
 Origanum Sipyleum of the East Mediterranean countries. The MA PON perfume lasting two 
 years according to Theophrastus odor. 34, — seems the product of the "maron" of Dioscorides, 
 growing mostly about Magnesia and Tralles and having odorous flowers resembling those of '• Ori- 
 gan6," its medicinal properties as in " sisumvriS," and referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas the 
 " maron " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " origanitha " or " isovruon ; " and Lydian " maron " is 
 mentioned by Pliny xii. 53: O. Sipyleum is described by Morison iii. pi. 4; is termed "o. montis 
 Sipyli " by Tournefort inst. 199; was observed by Sibthorp near Smyrna and on mount Sipylo in 
 Phrygia, but in Greece confined to the Euboean Delphi, a fact confirmed by Fraas. (See Teucrium 
 marum). 
 
 Origanum maru of Crete and Cyzicus. The OPITANOY: MEAAINA: AKAPHOC of Theo- 
 phrastus vi. 2. 3 — is referred conjecturally by Sprengel to the variety becoming seedless under culti- 
 vation : O. maru is termed " maru creticum" by Alpinus exot. pi. 28S, " majorana cretica rotundifolia 
 lavandulae odore capitulis minoribus incanis flore purpurascente " by Tournefort cor. 13 ; was observed 
 by Sibthorp on the mountains of Crete; is known to grow wild also on Cyzicus (Spreng.). West- 
 ward, the "amaracum mollem " of Virgil aen. i. 698 is referred here by Sprengel : " O. majoranoides," 
 perennial and well known in European gardens (Pers.), is regarded as not distinct. 
 
 Daphne jasmiuea of- the East Mediterranean countries. The KNEfiPOC: AEYKOCof Theo- 
 phrastus vi. 2. 2, fragrant and more depressed with oblong coriaceous leaves resembling tl use of 
 the olive, and flowering after the autumnal equinox, — may be compared : the " cneori candidi " is 
 further mentioned as coronary by Pliny xxi. 30 : D jasminea, said to be fragrant, was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the subalpine portion of the mountains of Southern Greece. " D. oleoides," 
 described by Alpinus exot. pi. 43, termed " thymelaea cretica oleae folio utrinque glabra " by Tourne- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 365 
 
 fort cor. 41, observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the subalpine portion of mountains from Crete to the 
 Peloponnesus and Bithynian Olympus, known to grow also on Caucasus (Pal).), and Westward on the 
 mountains of Corsica and Sardinia (Spreng.), is regarded by Fraas as not distinct. (See D. sericea.) 
 
 Daphne tartonrah a of the Mediterranean countries. The KNEQPOC: MEAACof Theophras- 
 tus i. 10. 4 to vi. 2. 2, scentless, having fleshy leaves like tamarisk cypress and M H A E A quince, and 
 flowering after the autumnal equinox, — may be compared: the " cneori nigri " is also enumerated as 
 coronary by Pliny x.xi. 30 : D. tartonraira was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus to the Black Sea, flowering according to Fraas at the time of autumnal equinox. Westward, 
 is described by Dalechamp p. 1669 (Spreng.) ; is termed " tarton-raire galloprovinciaj monspelien- 
 sium " by Lobel pi. 371, " thymelaea foliis candicantibus serici instar mollibus " by Tournefort inst. 
 595 ; is known to grow in Italy and Southern France (All. Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Lenz), where accord- 
 ing to Smith fl. gr. pi. 354 it is much used medicinally. 
 
 Passerina dioica of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " emSro the'rokallo " (Sibth.); 
 in which we recognize the HAAEPOKAAAEC enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 1. 1 to 6. 11 among 
 small-leaved woody plants, cultivated and coronary: — P. dioica was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus and Attica, furnishing a yellow dye. Westward, 
 is termed "daphne dioica" in Linn, suppl. 223, "thymelaea dioica" by Allioni ; and is known to grow 
 on the Pyrenees (Lapeyr., and Pers.). 
 
 Plantago (Psyllium) cynops of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The KYNQIIOC 
 springing up with the first showers after the equinox, or AX YN Q* having a spike, of Theophrastus 
 vii. 7. 3 to 1 r. I, — is referred here by Linnaeus : P. cynops, distinguished by its round leafy bracts, 
 was observed by Sibthorp in Bithynia. Westward, the "cynops" having a spike, is enumerated by 
 Pliny xxi. 61 as distinct from the "cynoides " or " psyllion : " P. cynops is described by Bauhin hist, 
 iii. 513 (J. E. Smith) ; is termed "psyllium majus supinum " by Tournefort inst. 128, " p. genevensis " 
 by Poiret; and is known to grow in Italy and Southern France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Rumex (Em ex) spinosus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "agrio sSuklon " 
 (Sibth.), in Egypt " figl el djebbel" Desert radish, or " sagarat el aguz " (Forsk.) ; and the A All A 
 SON: AT PI ON of Theophrastus vii. 2. 7, having a shorter and less enduring root, numerous stems 
 and branches, and in its whole aspect resembling T EYT A I Y, — maybe compared: the"ltHm6- 
 nion " is described by Dioscorides as growing in meads and moist places, its leaves like those of 
 " sfiutld," stem equal as in "krinou " and slender straight full of red astringent fruit ; is identified in 
 the added Synonyms with the " neuro£ith£s " or " napSion oninnou," with the "mgnthrouta" of the 
 Mysians, " m£outha" or "edlSvorosemata '' or " skullion " or " lukosSmphullon " of the Syrians, and 
 " lukou karthia " of the prophets : the '• lapathon e agri5n t£utlon " is also mentioned by Galen alim. 
 fac. ii. 47: R. spinosus is termed "beta cretica semine aculeato " by Bauhin prodr. pi. 57; was ob- 
 served by Sibthorp, and Bory, in Attica and the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal p. 75, and Delile, in 
 Egypt from Alexandria to Cairo. Westward, the "ISimonion" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the " thakina " of the Dacians, " ioumvaroum " of the Gauls, and " oueVatroum nigroum " or 
 " tintinnavouloum t£rrai " of the Romans; but the account by Pliny xx. 2S of the " limonion " or 
 " neuroides " or " beta silvestris '' seems chiefly taken from the Greek : R. spinosus was observed by 
 Schousboe in moist places in Morocco as far as Tangier on the Atlantic (Pers , and Necker). 
 
 Rumex (Acetosa) acetosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sorrel 
 (Prior), in France " surelle " or "oseille" (Nugent), in Germany " sauerampfer " (Grieb), in Italy 
 "acetina" or "acetosa" or "ossalida" (Lenz), in Greece "xunethra" (Fraas) or "zinitra" or 
 "oxulithi" (Siblh ) ; in which we recognize the "oxalidem" identified through Pliny with the 
 AAllAeON: ATPION of Theophrastus vii. 6. 1, better flavoured than the HMEPOY kind but 
 
 more acid : the " oxalis " is mentioned by Nicander ther. 840 ; by Dioscorides ii. 140 as not large 
 
 and havino- acrid red fruit, and called by some "anaxuritha" or "lapathon:" R. acetosa was ob- 
 served by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to grow also 
 along the Taurian mountains ; and seeds of "acetosa obtusifolia" were found by Forskal mat. med. 
 employed medicinally in Egypt : the living R. acetosa was seen by him in gardens at Constantinople, 
 and according to Clot-Bey has recently been introduced into the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the 
 " oxalidem " "or " lapathum silvestre" is further identified by Pliny xx. 85 with the "rumicem" or 
 " lapathum cantherinum " of the Romans, having pointed leaves and "radice minima" the root not 
 swollen ; the " rumex " is mentioned by Plautus pseudol. iii. 2. 26, Apicius i. 1, and Apuleius d. h. 
 13 : R. acetosa is termed "a. pratensis " by Tournefort inst. 502; was observed by Pollini wild in 
 Italy; is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland 
 (Hook. Pers., Wats., and A. Dec), is besides regularly cultivated. By European colonists, was carried 
 to Northeast America before 1669 (Jossel.), but has disappeared ; was also carried to Alaska (Wats.). 
 "An agreeably acid plant" according to Lindley, "refrigerant and diuretic," its root "long and 
 tapering, astringent, somewhat woody." 
 
366 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Rtnnex {Acetosa) acetosella of Northern climates. Called in Britain sheep 's sorrel (Prior), in 
 Italy " acetosella " or " acetosa minore " or " ossalide minore " (Lenz), in Greece " oxulithi " (Sibth.) ; 
 and possibly included in the " lapathon agri5n " of Theophrastus, — and " oxalis " of Nicander : the 
 "lapathon agrion mikron" is described by Dioscorides as humble and having leaves like those of 
 " oxalitha : " R. acetosella was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the 
 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to the Bithynian Olympus; by Hasselquist, at Damietta 
 in Egypt; is known to grow also in Siberia (Wats.). Westward, is described by Dodoens pi. 039 ; 
 is termed "acetosa arvensis lanceolata" by Tournefort inst. 503; was observed by Pollini in Italy, 
 by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in siliceous soil throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Wats., and A. Dec). Farther West, is known to grow on Iceland 
 and Greenland; was observed by Higgeson, one of the first settlers, around Salem in New England; 
 by Nuttall, " indubitably native " along the Arkansas river; but throughout our Atlantic States has 
 greatly multiplied in sterile soil wherever the forest has been removed. Clearly by European colo- 
 nists, was carried to Austral Africa (Drege and Mey.); to the Falkland Islands, observed around 
 dwellings there by J. D. Hooker ii. 341. 
 
 Beta maritima of the shores of the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic. Called 
 in Britain sea beet (Prior), in Greece "agria sSskoula " (Fraas); and the TEYTAIC of Theophrastus 
 vii. 7. 2, a potherb requiring cooking, — is referred here by Fraas : B. maritima was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, in salt marshes and on muddy shores from the Peloponnesus to the Black 
 Sea; by Delile, from the Mediterranean shore as far as Cairo. Westward, is termed "b. sylvestris 
 maritima" by Tournefort inst. 502, "b. decumbens " by Moench ; and is known to grow along the 
 seashore as far as Britain (Mill.), decumbent according to Persoon with triangular leaves. (See B. 
 vulgaris). 
 
 Finis sur of the mountains of Yemen. Called there " sur " (Forsk.) ; and the tree called in 
 Crete KYnPIAC: CYKHC, resembling according to Theophrastus iv. 2. 3 the sycamore and in 
 like manner bearing fruit on its trunk and old branches, this fruit resembling a fig and edible, as large 
 as a K K K Y M H A N, — translated "sorbi " by Pliny xiii. 15, is referred here by Sprengel : F. sur 
 was observed by Forskal p. 180 near Djoblae, a tree " sycomoro similis," fruit crowded "prope trun- 
 cum," as large as a pigeon's egg and edible. 
 
 Herniaria glabra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain rupture wort 
 (Prior), in Italy " millegrana," in Greece "asphfithila" (Anguill.) ; and the EAAEBOPINHC of 
 Theophrastus ix. 10. 2, a little herb whose seed is taken with hellebore to promote vomiting, — is 
 identified through Syn. Diosc. with the " Spipaktis " of Dioscorides, referred here by Anguillara 
 (Spreng.) : the "gpipaktis" is described by Dioscorides as a diminutive shrub with most diminutive 
 leaves, drank in deadly affections and against diseases of the liver, is further identified in the added 
 Synonyms with the "\6rion:" H. glabra was observed by Anguillara p. 2S2 in Macedonia and 
 Greece, employed in conformity with the account of Dioscorides (Spreng.) ; by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the account 
 by Pliny xxvii. 52 of the " epipactis " or "elleborine " seems taken from Dioscorides ; H. glabra was 
 observed by Anguillara in Illyria and Italy ; is described also by Tragus f. 200, and Tournefort inst. 
 507 ; is termed " h. fruticosa " by Gouan (Steud.) ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe 
 as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 529, and Pers.). 
 
 Herniaria fruticosa of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included with the preceding : — 
 observed by Delile near Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egvpt. Westward, described 
 by Lobel pi. 85 ; and known to grow in Spain and Southern France (Pers.). 
 
 L'liutis campestris of Northern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain 
 wych-elm (from being used to make the chests called in Anglo-Saxon " hwacce," by Chaucer 
 "wiche," by Caxton "whutche," and in French " huche," the word elm occurring in Anglo Saxon 
 and with very little change throughout the Germanic languages, " almr " in Icelandic, "aim" or 
 "aim " or "elm" in Danish, " ohn " in Dutch, " olm " or 'Time" or "ulme" in different German 
 dialects (Prior), at Constantinople " gauro " (Forsk.), and the OPEOnTEAEAof Theophrastus iii. 
 14. 1, a lofty tree growing on mount Ida, — may be compared: U. campestris was observed by 
 Forskal near Constantinople. Westward, the "atinia" identified by Columella with the Gallic elm, 
 or " atinias gallicas " named according to Pliny xvi. 29 to xvii. 15 from their lofty stature, are referred 
 here by Daubeny : U. campestris is known to grow wild throughout middle and Northern Europe 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 1886, A. Dec, and Lindl.). By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues to be planted for ornament. 
 
 Salix helix of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Willows never becoming trees are 
 mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 13. 7. and the EAIKHN of the Arcadians — is referred here by 
 writers: the "helicem " according to Pliny xvi. 69 is the humblest of three kinds of willow known 
 in Asia Minor: S. helix was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in the marshes of Greece. West- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 367 
 
 ward, the " amara " kind of Virgil eel. i. 79, may be compared : S. helix is termed " s. humilis capilulo 
 squamoso" by Tournefort inst. 591, "s. monandra " by Hoffmann;- was observed by Pollini in Italy; 
 and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 1343, and Pers.). "S. purpurea," 
 termed "s. vulgaris nigricans folio non serrato " by Tournefort inst. 590, also seen by Sibthorp in 
 the marshes of Greece, and known to grow as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and Wats.), its 
 bark according to Lindley "the most bitter" of all, is regarded as not distinct: by European colo- 
 nists according to Carey, was introduced into the " low grounds " of Canada and our Northern 
 States. 
 
 Pinus peuce of the mountains of Northern Greece. The [1EYKH: IAAIA of Theophrastus iii. 
 9. I, taller and straighter than the flA PA A I A kind, with thicker leaves and the cone longer and less 
 dehiscent, — or the " excelsa " kind of Latin writers, is referred here by J. D. Hooker linn. j. viii. 31 : 
 P. peuce was observed by Griesbach on mount P'eristeri in Macedonia (Daub.) ; the alleged " P. 
 sylvestris " seen by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus, may also be compared. 
 
 Abies excelsa of Northern Europe and Asia and mountains farther South. Called in Britain 
 spruce or spruce-fir (Prior), in Italy "pezzo" or "abeto rosso" or "abeto di Germania" (Lenz) ; 
 and the EAATH:SHAEIAof Macedonia, distinguished by Theophrastus iii. 9. 6, — is referred here 
 by Fraas : A. excelsa was observed by him in Greece, but not South of mount Pindns. Westward, 
 the "abies" is mentioned by Plautus, Virgil, Propertius, the timber according to Pliny xvi. 38 and 
 76 in great request for spars and masts, and the foliage pectinated like that of " picea ; " was observed 
 by Caesar v. 12 in Gaul, and the "abies gallica " is expressly mentioned by Palladius nov. xv. 11: 
 piles or posts of A. excelsa occur in the early lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon), and the tree is 
 known to grow on the Alps and Appenines, the Pyrenees, Carpathians, and throughout Northern 
 Europe as far as Lat. 68° 15, but in Britain occurs only planted for ornament (Pers , Buch, A. Dec, 
 Daub, and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 under cultivation. 
 
 Asplenium ruta-muraria of Northern Climates. A fern called in Britain wall-rue (Prior) ; 
 and the n HTANIQN enumerated by Theophrastus i. 10. 4 among plants whose leaves are fleshy 
 but not thickened, — may be compared : A. ruta-muraria was observed by Sibthorp in rock-clefts 
 from mount Parnassus to Constantinople. Westward, the " rutula " is mentioned by Cicero (Ainsw.) : 
 A. ruta-muraria is described by Matthioli 734, and Lobel adv. 362 (Spreng.) ; is termed " ruta 
 muraria " by Tournefort inst. 541 ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 150). Farther West, is known to grow on "limestone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, 
 Virginia, and southward along the mountains" (A. Gray, and Chapm.) ; was however observed by 
 Conrad near Philadelphia, and by Nuttall along the Arkansas. 
 
 Asplenium adiantum-ni^rum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece 
 "skorpithi" (Sibth.) or "skropithi" or " skropithohorton " (Fraas), and the APYOIITEPICof 
 Theophrastus, — growing according to Dioscorides on the moss-clad portion of old oaks and resem- 
 bling the "pteVithi" but much smaller, roots hairy at the junction, and employed for extirpating hair, 
 is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : A. adiantum-nigrum was observed by them in Greece, not 
 infrequent in shady places and on mounds, sometimes on old oaks as described by Dioscorides. 
 Westward, the " thru5pt£ris " or " ptgrion " or " numphaia ptSris '' is identified in the Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "philiklam" of the Romans: the "dryopteris" is mentioned by Pliny xxvii. 48, the bruised 
 root constituting "psilothrum" (depilatory ointment), but his account of the plant seems taken from 
 Dioscorides : A. adiantum-nigrum is termed "filicula quie adiantum nigrum officinarum " by Tourne- 
 fort inst 542 ; and is known to grow in middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1950). 
 
 Csnea florida of Northern Climates. The #AC KON described by Theophrastus iii. 8 as grow- 
 ing in rags pendent and hoary on the branches of oaks, — is referred here by Fraas : U. florida was 
 observed by Sibthorp on trees around Athens and in Boeotia. Farther South, the " oschnah " is 
 mentioned by Avicenna as growing even on the walnut (Spreng.) ; and the "aschnah" is also men- 
 tioned by Ebn Baitar. Westward, U. florida is described by Tournefort inst. 550; is termed " u. 
 vulgatissima tenuior et brevior cum orbiculis " by Dillenius 69. pi. 13. f. 13 ; and is known to grow 
 throughout the wooded portion of Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 872). Farther West, a species regarded as 
 identical is frequent on forest-trees in North America. 
 
 Usnea barbata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Perhaps included in the " phaskon " 
 
 of Theophrastus : U. barbata was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, in the woods of Greece and 
 
 on the Bithynian Olympus, and called " anSraithohorton." Westward, is termed "u. barbata loris 
 tenuibus fibrosis" by Dillenius 63. pi. 12. f . 6 ; is known to grow throughout the wooded portion of 
 Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 258); and according to Sprengel, in common with the preceding species 
 becomes more fragrant when growing on trees of the pine tribe. 
 
 Alectoriajubata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The $ A C K N growing accord- 
 ing to Theophrastus iii. 8 on the AAI*AOIOCbut shorter and blackish, — may be compared: A. 
 
3 68 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 jubata is termed "usnea jubata nigricans" by Dillenius pi. 12; and was observed by Sibthorp in 
 woods on the Bithynian Olympus, and var. "rigida" on mount Athos and in Boeotia. 
 
 Lycoperdou efidendrum of Europe. The n EZIC of Theophrastus i. 6, — or "pezicae" of the 
 Greeks described by Pliny as a kind of fungus having neither root nor stem, may be compared: L. 
 epidendrum was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also in France and 
 Britain (Bulliard herb. fr. i. pi. 503, and Sibth. oxon. 400). 
 
 riocanium coccincum of shoal water in the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic. 
 The sea $YKOC described by Theophrastus iv. 6 as drifted by the North wind against Crete, more 
 beautiful in colour than sea-purple, and used for dyeing fillets and garments, — is referred here by 
 Sprengel: the " phoinisson alos phukos " mentioned by Nicander as an antidote against serpents, 
 is identified by Dioscorides with the "phukos thalassion upomek^s kai phoinisson ; " the third kind 
 used for dyeing garments in Crete, is described by Pliny xxvi. 66 as " crispis foliis ; " and P. cocci- 
 neum was observed in the Propontis by Sibthorp. And farther North, P. coccineum is known to 
 grow around Britain (Huds. 5S6, Turner i. pi. 59, and Engl. bot. pi. 1242). 
 
 Laurcncia bolryoides of the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean. The AMnEAOC: 
 nONTIAof Theophrastus iv. 7 — is referred here by Billerbeck : L. botryoides was observed by 
 Forskal p. 192 in the harbour of Constantinople ; by Yirlet. in the gulf of Saros ; and by Bory, on 
 rocks on the coast of Greece. Farther South, was observed by Forskal in the Red Sea near Mocha ; 
 and is known to grow around the Kint islets on the coast of Australia (Bory). 
 
 Cvstoscira selaginoides of the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic coast of Europe. The EAATH : 
 n N T I A of Theophrastus i v. 7, — may be compared : the sea " abies " is mentioned by Pliny xiii. 
 25 : the " enalon muriken," by Aelian xiv. 24 ; the " mvrica marina,' - by Clusius ; C. selaginoides 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, around the coast of the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow as 
 far North as Britain (Billarb., and Engl. bot. pi. 1968). 
 
 Alcvonidinm ucmalion of the Adriatic, and coasts of the Peloponnesus. The CYKH: IIONTIA 
 of Theophrastus iv 7, — is referred by Billerbeck to Fucus turbinatus. A. nemalion was discovered 
 by Bertoloni in the Adriatic ; and was observed by Bory at the Southern extreme of the Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 Laminaria saccharina of the European coast along the Atlantic. Called in Britain honcy-iaare, 
 from "war" the Anglo-Saxon name for " seaweed " (Prior): the flPACON growing according to 
 Theophrastus iv. 6 outside of the entrance to the Mediterranean and very large more than a palm 
 wide, — is referred here by Fraas, and Lenz : L. saccharina has its surface coated with a layer of 
 sugar, much used according to Duchesne p. 364 by the Icelanders. 
 
 "305 B. C." (Sin. b. d.), Rhodes besieged by Demetrius: — who in the following year made 
 peace with the Rbodians and returned to Athens. 
 
 Echiitm viilgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain viper's bugloss 
 (Prior), and the "Shis'" herb with which Alcibius bitten bv a viper was healed — (Demetrius Chlorus, 
 and schol. Nicand. ther. 54 r ), may be compared : the " chit-ion £l£ron " is described by Numenius 
 as the useful kind, having a stem with elevated leaves and branches (schol. Nicand. ther. 637) ; the 
 " Alkiviou ehios" is commended by Nicander; E. vulgare was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, growing around Constantinople and in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is said to have 
 been introduced into Britain by the Romans (F. Adams transl. P. Aeg.); is described by Tournefort 
 inst. 135, and Blackwell pi. 29') ; and is known to grow in waste ground throughout middle Europe 
 as far as Denmark (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has 
 become a weed in waste ground, observed by A. Gray especially abounding along the Shenandoah. 
 
 Lycopsis cchioides of the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. — Two kinds of 
 "ehieion" are distinguished by Nicander, and the " mikr5n edition " is described by Numenius 
 as having prickly leaves and a small root (schol Nicand. ther. 637) : the " ediion " or "thoritha" 
 or "alkiviathion "' is described by Dioscorides as having elongate rough leaves resembling those 
 of "aghouses," several stems, purplish flowers, and fruit like the head of a viper ; the "echis'' or 
 " doris " or " pseudanchusa," distinguished from the " anchusa " by the root not giving out red juice, 
 was employed by the Magians against " tertianis " intermittent fever, a leaf collected with the left 
 hand being applied externally (Plin. xxii. 24) : L. echioid.es " calycibus fructiferis inflatis pendulis " 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in unwooded situations in Greece and Cyprus ; and is 
 known to grow also in Armenia (Buxb. cent. i. pi. 1, Pers., and Bieb.). Westward, the " ehion " is 
 identified by Dioscorides with the " alkiviakoum " of the Romans : the " alcibion herba " was known 
 to Pliny xxvii. 22 only from its medicinal use ; but L. echioides has been observed in France (Dec. 
 fl. fr., and Bory). 
 
 "304 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), P. Sulpicius Saverrio and P. Sempronius Sophus consuls, after a victo- 
 rious campaign by the Romans against their neighbours the Samnites, peace concluded and the 
 Second Samnite war terminated. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 369 
 
 Not later than "303 B. C." (Clinton iii. p. 482, see also C. Mull, fragm. Meg. p. 398), Megas- 
 thenes sent as ambassador to king Sandrocottus or Chandragupta at Palimbothra on the Ganges — 
 (regarded as identical with Pataliputtra). 
 
 The art of writing, according to Megasthenes, was unknown among the Indians ; a statement 
 denied by others. He also found the ideas of the "Brahmanes" or Bramins agreeing in many 
 respects with those of. the Greeks ; as in regard to the origin of the world, its spherical shape, and 
 the omnipresence of its author and governor " theos " (Strab. xv. 1. 53, 59, and 67); but "like 
 Plato," maintaining the " immortality of the soul and judgment after death." 
 
 "Serpents large enough to swallow deer and bullocks," are mentioned by Megasthenes, — and 
 some years later, by Deimachus (Strab. ii. 1. 9, Plin. viii. 14. I, and Aelian xvi. 22) ; evidently species 
 of Python or Indian boa. 
 
 Alusa nov. sp. of Tropical Hindustan. Almost stemless, dying to the ground each season, 
 and called in the environs of Bombay "cowdera" or " ran-khela " (Graham); the TAAA tree on 
 whose bark, Megasthenes was informed, the aboriginal inhabitants of India subsisted, — may be 
 compared : Musa nov. sp. was observed by Graham " common on the Ghauts and hilly parts of the 
 Concan during the rains," the leaves "used for thatching houses," and the bulb or stem boiled and 
 eaten, the poor people about Hurrychundarghur are mentioned by Gibson as having subsisted for 
 two months entirely " on the inner rind and heart of " this bulb ; which according to Davis is some- 
 times " dried and pounded into a kind of flower of which cakes are made." The " M. superba " wild 
 in the Dindigul valleys, and observed by Drury at high elevations "on the mountains in Travancore" 
 is perhaps identical. 
 
 Sterculia villosa of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Tamil " odul " or " oadal " (Drur.) ; and 
 possibly included among the trees furnishing the bark with which certain Bramins seen by Megas- 
 thenes were clothed — (Strab. xv. 1. 60): assuming the coat of bark, is mentioned by Kalidasa 
 vicram. 5 : S. villosa was observed by Nimmo in the Concan South of Bombay (Graham) ; by Rox- 
 burgh, Royle, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula and as far as Assam, bags and ropes made 
 of the bark, which is easily stripped off the whole length of the tree, and the ropes used by all ele- 
 phant-hunters in the Himalaya as well as in the Annamallay forests (Drur.). S. guttata, whose 
 tough and pliable inner bark is converted into a flaxy substance of which clothing is made (Drur.), 
 his been already noticed. 
 
 Grewia oppositifolia of Tropical Hindustan. Perhaps included among the trees furnishing the 
 bark clothing — (Strab. xv. 1. 60): G. oppositifolia was observed by Buchanan, Roxburgh, and 
 Royle, in the Kheree Pass and Dheyra Dhoon, the inner bark used for cordage and coarse cloth ; by 
 Powell, and Stewart, in the Punjaub, the bark made into sandals, but the chief value of the tree con- 
 sisting in its leaves which largely serve as fodder (Drur.). 
 
 Antiaris saccidora of Western Hindustan. A majestic forest-tree called in the environs of 
 Bombay " chandul " (Graham), in the Northern Concan " kurwut " or "juzoogry," in Malabar 
 "araya-angeli," in Tamil " nettavil-marum " (Drur.); and possibly among the trees furnishing the 
 bark clothing — (Strab. xv. 1. 60) : A. saccidora was observed by Lush " in 1837 " in the deep ravines 
 at Kandalla, is termed by Nimmo "lepurandra," and according to Graham "is common in the jungles 
 near Coorg," the bark so flexible that by beating with water it can be inverted and the branch sawed 
 off, and a sack formed by leaving a short untouched segment for the bottom ; was observed by Drury 
 and others as far as Malabar and Travancore, pieces of the bark soaked and beaten used by the hill- 
 people as clothing. 
 
 Celtis Oiientalis of Hindustan. The Indian nettle-tree is called in Bengalee " chakan-tubunna " 
 (Drur.); and is perhaps one of the trees furnishing the bark clothing — (Strab. xv. 1. 60) : the 
 "jivanti " of Susrutas sutr. 19 to chikits. 37, is referred here by Hessler: C. Orientalis was observed 
 by Rheede iv. pi. 40 in Malabar; by Graham, "common along the foot of the Ghauts" as far as 
 Bombay ; by Retz, Roxburgh, Buchanan, and Royle, in mountainous situations common throughout 
 to Travancore, Bengal, and Assam, where the inner bark forming a kind of natural or primitive cloth 
 is worn by the Garrows (Pers., and Drur.). 
 
 Calamus rotanr of Tropical Hindustan. The ratlan is called in Telinga " bettam," in Bengalee 
 and Hindustanee "beta" or "bet" (Drur.); and the EYKAMIIEIC branches of trees, flexible 
 enough to make hoops, seen in India by Megasthenes — (....), may be compared : C. rotang was 
 observed by Rheede xii. pi. 64 in Malabar; by Lush, and Graham, nearly as far as Bombay; by 
 Roxburgh iii. 777, and Drury, in other parts of the peninsula and frequent in Coromandel and Ben- 
 gal, believed to be the stouter of the different kinds of rattan exported from the valleys of the Hima- 
 laya. ; by Burmann, on Ceylon (Steud.). Farther East, is termed " c. petraeus " by Loureiro p. 260. 
 (Pers. and Steud.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed in gar- 
 dens there by Bojer. (See C. rudentum.) 
 
 Calamus exlensus of Eastern Hindustan. The KAAAMOYC:XAMAIKAINEIC procumbent 
 
 47 
 
370 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and fifty fathoms long according to Megasthenes — (Strab. xv. I. 56), or " kalamou epiggion" of 
 Theophrastus iv. 11. 13, may be compared . C. extensus is known to grow in Silhet, over the trees 
 of the forest to the length of "five or six hundred feet " (Drur.). 
 
 Co'.ocasia nymphaifolia of Hindustan. Called in Malabar "welie-ela" ( Rheede) ; and the 
 edible roots P I Z A I : A I A*0 PO I : T A I C : TA Y K YT H C I N growing spontaneously according to 
 Megasthenes and in great abundance in the marshes of Hindustan, — may be compared : C. nymphse- 
 i folia was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 22 in watery places in Malabar (Pers.), where it forms part of 
 the food of the inhabitants (Roxb., and Drur.) ; by Graham, " in moist places throughout the Con- 
 cans " to and beyond Bombay. 
 
 "302 B. C." (Kitt. cycl. bibl.), by treaty, the war with Ptolemy brought to a close, and Coele- 
 Syria, Palestine, and Arabia Petraea annexed to Egypt. 
 
 "301 B. C." (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), accession of Ranman, grandson of Dwattayan, as 
 Burmese king, — represented as a " bad king." He reigned " fifty " years.* 
 
 One hundred and twentieth generation. Jan. 1st, 300, mostly beyond youth: the Greek poets, 
 Asclepiades of Samos, Philetas, Aratus, Nossis of Locri, Anyte of Tegea, and Antagoras of Rhodes ; 
 the comic poets, Damoxenus, Hegesippus, Philemon the younger, Plato the younger, Theognetus, 
 Bathon, and Posidippus ; the tragic poets, Lycophron, Homerus the younger, Sositheus, Alexander 
 of Aetolia, Philiscus of Corcyra, Dionysides, Sosiphanes, and Aeantides ; the dramatists, Rhinthon 
 of Tarentum, and Sotades the younger; the philosophers, Teles, Colotes, Timon, Metrodorus, and 
 Dionysius of Heraclea ; the geographer, Patrocles ; the historians, Diyllus, Athanis, Psaon of Pla- 
 tea, Philochorus, Lycus of Rhegium, Callias of Syracuse, Idomeneus of Lampsacus, Timaeus, Duris 
 of Samos, Ctesibius, and Anticlides ; the orators, Cineas, and Demochares ; the medical writers, 
 Serapion of Alexandria ; the grammarian Zenodotus of Ephesus ; other writers, Daimachus, Sim- 
 mias of Rhodes, Amometus, Lynceus of Samos, Leonidas of Tarentum; the sculptor Praxiteles; 
 the painters, Philoxenes, Perseus, Pausias, Aetion, Ctesilochus, and Aristolaus (Bryan). 
 
 Angiras son of Uru, son of Manu Chakshusha, son of Ripu, son of Slishti, son of Dhruva, as 
 early possibly as this date. An extract from his writings — is preserved by Hemadri in the Sraddha 
 Mayukha (H. H. Wils. transl. vishnu purana i. I3*and ii. 7). Angiras is mentioned in the Rig Veda 
 sanhita as well as in the Mahabharata, and his descendants in the Sama Veda x. 10 (transl. Stev.). 
 
 Ae^lc inarinclos of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Tamil " willa-marvum," in Telinga " mare- 
 doo,'' in Bengalee "bela" (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay " bilwa " or " bale " (Graham), in 
 which we recognize the " bel " whose fruit according to Angiras marks the size of balls of food to be 
 presented to Brahmans — (H. H. Wils. note to v. p. iii. 13), and the "vilva" of Susrutas sutr. 46 
 and chikits. 18 to 28 : the downless " melon akanthes " growing according to Nonnus dion. xxii. 25 
 in the forest beyond the Hydaspes, may also be compared : Ae. marmelos is described by Rumphius 
 i. pi. Si ; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede iii. pi. 37, Roxburgh, Wight; by Graham, '• a thorny 
 tree " occurring around Bombay and "about temples in many parts of the Deccan," the pulp of the 
 fruit "much used by the natives in cases of chronic diarrhoea ; " and according to Royle, the astrin- 
 gent rind is used in dyeing yellow. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 494 as " exotic" in 
 Burmah, " cultivated extensively by the " natives, and '• highly esteemed for its medicinal properties." 
 Westward from Hindustan, the "bull" is mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Rhazes, Elbasri, Mosih, 
 Ebn Samhun, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar ; and "bel Hendi " fruit, brought from India to Egypt, is 
 enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as constipating and employed medicinally. f 
 
 * Agathis loraiitliifolia of mountains in the Siamese countries and Malayan archipelago. The 
 dammcr pine is a mistletoe-leaved Coniferous tree called in Tenasserim "theet-men" king of woods 
 (Mason) ; and the Burmese superstition of using its wood for the beam of balance-scales as early 
 probably as this date, also the driving a peg of it into a boat or house-post •' to avert evil," — men- 
 tioned by Berdmore: A. loranthifolia was observed by Griffith, and Mason 544, in Tenasserim, but 
 is not known to yield dammer (see Hopea odorata), its wood " used by native carpenters for various 
 purposes," being " very hard," white and " rather light ; " was observed by Loureiro ii. 710 in Anam ; 
 and by Rumphius ii. pi. 57, on Amboyna. 
 
 f Feronia elephnntiim of Tropical Hindustan. The size of a -wood apple also assigned for these 
 balls by Angiras — (H. H. Wils.) : F. elephantum is called in Tamil "vallanga" or " vola-marum," 
 in Telinga " yellangn," in Bengalee " kath-bel ; " was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 
 141 ; by Wight, the fruit affording "a very pleasant jelly" closely "resembling black currant jellv ; " 
 by Graham, " a large and handsome tree " called " cawtha," in "gardens " and found by Gibson in 
 " the vale of the Taptee common, also on the Mool river, and throughout Guzerat ; " the fruit " with 
 a grey coloured very hard rind," was observed by myself to resemble an unripe orange. Eastward, 
 enumerated by Mason v. p. 452 and 760 as " exotic " in Burmah, found by Phayre under cultivation 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 371 
 
 "299 B. C." (Hervey-Saint-Denys), Kiu-ping-youen or Kiu-youen commencing his elegiac poem 
 called Li-sao. 
 
 Hibiscus Syriacus of Eastern Asia. A flowering shrub called in English gardens "althaja" 
 (A. Gray), in Japan "kin" or usually " mukunge " (Thunb.) ; and the "althaea flowers" of Kiu- 
 youen 29 * — may be compared : H. Syriacus was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, 
 cultivated everywhere for hedges, and (according to Jap. centen. comm. 76) its fibres used for cord- 
 age. Westward, by Roxburgh in Hindustan ; by Graham, "in every garden" around Bombay, both 
 "single and double varieties ; " by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt; and by 
 Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople. Farther West, the " fios siriacus " or " flos malvae " is men- 
 tioned by Simon Januensis sinon. ; and H. Syriacus is described by Camerarius hort. med. pi. 4, and 
 Gerarde. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens. 
 
 "298 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), L. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Fulvius Maximus Centumalus consuls, the 
 Samnites invading the territory of Lucanians in alliance with Rome, the third Samnite war. 
 
 "297 B. C. = 18th year of Nan-wang" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Fortieth cycle. 
 
 "295 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Decius Mus the younger, consuls, great 
 defeat of the Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls at Sentinum. 
 
 Sisymbrium officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hedge 
 mustard (Prior), in Greece "agrioporiho " (Forsk.) or " agriovrouva " (Sibth.), in Italy " verbena 
 muschia" (Mazziari, and Targ.); and possibly the plant tendered by the verbenarius on this occasion, 
 tufts of grass from the capitol being sometimes employed, —as appears from Pliny xxii. 3 : the "ver- 
 bena " is mentioned by Plautus, Terence, Horace, Virgil, Propertius, Festus, Celsus v. 28, and the 
 " verbenaca mas " by Pliny xxv. 59 both kinds superstitiously employed by the Gauls : S. officinale 
 is described by Fuchsius pi. 592 ; is termed "e. vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 228 ; and is known to 
 occur in waste places from Sweden to the Mediterranean and North Africa (fl. Dan. pi. 560, Curt, 
 lond. v. pi. 50, Pers., and Wats.) ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus to Constantinople, but seems unknown in Eastern Asia (Ledeb., and A. Dec). By Euro- 
 pean colonists was carried to Greenland (Wats.), and to Northeast America, where it continues 
 around dwellings and along walls, observed by myself from Salem to Philadelphia, known to occur in 
 the "upper districts" of our Southern States (Chapm.), and found by Scouler at the mouth of the 
 Columbia (Hook. ; see Verbena officinalis). 
 
 "In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Cyprus recovered by Ptolemy. Who about this time, admonished 
 by a dream, caused the statue of a god to be brought from Sinope to Alexandria. On arrival, the 
 statue was found by his interpreter Timotheus and the Egyptian priest Manetho to be that of Sera- 
 pis, and the great temple to Serapis was commenced (Callim., Apollod., Tacit, and Plut. is. and 
 osir. 28). 
 
 Bupleurum fruticosiim of the shores of the Mediterranean. A woody-stemmed umbelliferous 
 plant called in Greece "anSmopuroma " (Fraas), affording perhaps the CECEAI enumerated by 
 Manetho among the ingredients of the " kuphi " incense (Plut. is. and osir. 88) : the "kuonon phri- 
 ken " of the Egyptians — is identified with the " sSsSli aithiopikon," of Dioscorides, a great shrub 
 with boughs two cubits long, ivy-like leaves oblong as in " p£riklum£nou," and " anethou "-like tops, 
 the seeds crowded as in " puros " and very odorous, mentioned also by Oribasius, and referred here 
 
 by the natives in one of the provinces. F. elephantum is termed "anisifolius " by Rumphius ii. pi. 
 43 ; and according to Lindley, "both leaves and flowers exhale a powerful odour of anise." 
 
 Spondias maugifera of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The hogplum is called in Burmah 
 "kywae" (Mason), in Telinga "amatum," in Bengalee " amra " (Lindl ), in Hindustanee "ambara," 
 in Tamil " caat-maavu," in Malabar " ambalam " (Drur.), at Bombay "ran amb " (Graham); and the 
 size of its fruit also assigned for these balls by Angiras — (H. H. Wils.) : the " amburanus " tree 
 was seen by John de' Marignolli in Adam's garden on Ceylon (Yule cath. 362) : S. mangifera is 
 known to grow on the mountains of Coromandel (Lindl.), and as far as Travancore ; is described by 
 Rumphius i. pi. 61 ; was observed by Rheede i. pi. 50 in Malabar ; by Graham, "a large tree " in 
 woods around Bombay "probably planted ; " its " leaves deciduous in the cold weather." Eastward, 
 is enumerated by Mason v. p. 461 and 4S9 as indigenous in Burmah, its intensely astringent fruit 
 " considered a specific " in wounds by poisoned arrows, formed the chosen offering of the Karens 
 according to their own tradition, and hence " God cursed the Karen nation and placed it lowest among 
 all the nations by whom they are surrounded." According to Roxburgh, the trunk when wounded 
 yields large quantities of a mild insipid gum exactly like gum arabic. 
 
 * Trapa incisa of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. A species of water-chestnut called on 
 Yeso "bekanbe," in Japanese "hisi" (Sieb.) ; and possibly the " chataigne d'eau " of Kiu-youen 29: 
 T. incisa is described by Siebold and enumerated among the useful plants of Yeso. 
 
372 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 by writers: the " voupleuron thenthron" is mentioned by Demetrius Chlorus (schol. Nicand.) : B. 
 fruticosum was observed by Sibtborp on the seashore of Thessaly, but by Fraas, extending farther 
 inland in Southern Greece. Westward, is described by Anguillara p. 212 (Spreng.) ; is termed "b. 
 arbqrescens salicis folio" by Tournefort inst. 310; and is known to grow in rocky situations along 
 the Mediterranean shore of France (Linn. hort. cliff., and Pers.). 
 
 "In this year" (Ptol. math. syn. vii. 2 and 3, and Blair), astronomical observations com- 
 menced at Alexandria by Timocharis and Aristyllus. Who "introduced the manner of determining 
 the positions of the stars according to their Longitudes and Latitudes ; " referring them however to 
 the Equator. 
 
 Numenius, a pupil of Dieuches (Spreng), possibly at this time writing 
 
 Geranium asphodeloides of the East Mediterranean countries. The XAAXHC of Numenius, a 
 leaden or copper-coloured flower, — is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : G. asphodeloides is 
 termed "g. orientale columbinum flore maximo asphodeli radice " by Tournefort cor. 20 and trav. ii. 
 pi. 14; is described also by Uurmann geran. 28. 27, and Miller; was observed by Sibthorp on Par- 
 nassus, by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " 294, March 9th, four hours before midnight " (Blair), ocadtation of the star Spica Virginia by 
 the moon, observed at Alexandria by Timocharis ; the star according to his measurement, " eight 
 degrees West from the Equinoctial point." 
 
 " Hardly later than this year " (Sm. b. d.), Antiochus eldest son of Seleucus healed by Erasistratus. 
 Erasistratus resided some years at Alexandria, and made anatomical discoveries : he divided the nerves 
 into those of sensation and those of motion. 
 
 Lvthrum salicaria of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain purple loosestrife (Prior), 
 in Germany "weiderich " (Grieb), in Italy '■ salcerella " or "riparello" (Lenz) : the "herbam lysima- 
 chiam" discovered by Lysimachus and celebrated by Erasistratus, — growing according to Pliny xxv. 
 35 in wet ground and having upright branchlets, willow-like leaves, purple flowers, and if placed on 
 the yoke quieting disagreeing oxen, is referred here by writers : L. salicaria was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in wet situations from the Dardanelles to the Greek islands 
 and Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Matthioli, and Clusius ; is termed " partyke " or " lysi- 
 machia purpurea" by Lobel hist. p. 185, " salicaria vulgaris purpurea foliis oblongis " by Tournefort 
 inst. 253 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Pers., 
 and Lenz), often according to A. Decandolle springing up in abundance on the removal of the forest. 
 Eastward from Greece, was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan and called "sju" or 
 usually "fagi." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under 
 cultivation (A. Gray), and has besides become naturalized from Upper Canada and Maine to the 
 environs of Boston (Doug., Nutt., and myself) ; was also carried to Australia (Dec). According 
 to Lindley, is " an astringent which has been recommended in inveterate cases of diarrhoea." 
 
 Lysimachia atropurpurea of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly the plant discovered 
 by Lysimachus : — the "lusimahion purron " growing according to Dioscorides in wet ground, its 
 stems a cubit or more high and leaves willow-like, identified in the added Synonyms with the " lutron," 
 is referred here by Fraas: L. atropurpurea is described by Commelyn rar. pi. 33; is termed "1. 
 orientalis angustifolia flore purpureo " by Tournefort cor. 7; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 
 bard, and Fraas. in wet situations in and around the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lysimachia vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain loosestrife 
 (Prior), in Italy "lisimachia" (Lenz), and possibly included in the " lysimachiam " in question: — 
 the "lusimahion hrusoSithSs " differing according to Dioscorides only in the colour of the flower, 
 is referred here by writers : L. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp in woods on the Bithynian Olympus 
 and around Constantinople. Westward, is described by Tragus f. ('«; (Spreng.); is termed "1. lutea 
 major" by Tournefort inst. 141 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 6S9, Pers, and Lenz). 
 
 "293 B. C." (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), division of the day into hours adopted at Rome; and the 
 first sun-dial erected there by the consul L. Papirius Cursor. To avert a pestilence, the worship 
 of Aesculapius introduced at the command of the Delphic Oracle or of the Sybilline books (Yal. Max. 
 i. 8, and Ovid. met. xv. 620). 
 
 Banhinia scnndens of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A woody climber 
 called in Burmah "myouk-hlae-ga" (Mason), in Tagalo "banot" (Blanco) ; and its remarkably con- 
 torted stem said to have been the origin of Aesculapius' snaken rod — (Loudon) : B. scandens was 
 observed by Rheede viii. pi. 29 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, and Graham, in a garden at Bombay, and 
 "wild in the Concans ; " by Roxburgh, Royle, and Drury, as far as Travancore ; by Mason 406, in 
 Burmah ; by Loureiro, in Anam (Steud.) ; by Blanco, on the Philippines ; and by Rumphius v. pi. 
 I, on Amboyna (Pers.). 
 
 " The same year "(....), earliest contemporary Roman record, a Latin inscription on the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 373 
 
 tomb of L. Scipio Barbatus, presenting the following forms of letters, D, F, G, Q, S, V; the language 
 being essentially the same — as seventy years later in the time of Plautus. 
 
 About this time ( . . . ), by Ptolemy, the Alexandrian Library founded; and at the entrance 
 of the harbour, the *APOC or light-house commenced. — The light-house was completed in the 
 reign of his successor, and was much celebrated in after times ; continuing "one hundred and fifty 
 cubits high " when visited by Abd-allatif i. 4. 
 
 "291 B. C." (Jap. centen. comm. 45), end of the reign of Koan, sixth dairo of Japan. His stone 
 coffin is regarded as the earliest specimen of stone-cutting in Japan. 
 
 "290 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), P. Cornelius Rufinus and M. Curius Dentatus consuls, at the end of 
 fifty-three years, the Samnites finally subdued by the Romans : peace concluded, and the Third and 
 last Samnite war ended. 
 
 "288 B. C." (C. Mull, fragm. Megasth. p. 398, see also Strab. ii. 1. 9), Sandrocottus or Chan- 
 dragupta succeeded by his son Allitrochathes or Amitraghata, now king at Palimbothra (Patna) on 
 the Ganges. — Deimachus was sent as ambassador to Allitrochathes (Strab. ii. I. 9). 
 
 Abrus precatorius of the wooded seashore of Tropical climates. A woody twining plant called in 
 Hindustanee " gunj " or " ghungchi," in Bengali " gunj " or " kunch," in Tamil " gundu-mani " or " kunri- 
 mani " (Drury), in Sanscrit " gunja " or " krishnala " (Lindl.) ; and as early probably as this date, its seeds 
 called "retti" employed in the Hindu system of weights* — (Drury) : the "krishnala" is mentioned 
 in the Institutes of Manu viii. 134 to 330 ; an open mouth is compared in colour to a " gunja " seed 
 by Bhavabhuti maha-vir. 5; and the " kakachincha" or " kakadani " or "rakta" or "hinsra" of 
 Susrutas iv. 30 is referred here by Hessler : A. precatorius was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 39 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, "very common" in the environs of Bombay, where I found it not altogether 
 confined to the seashore ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, along the peninsula and as far as Assam, 
 the seeds prized "for necklaces and other ornaments." Farther East, by Mason v. 522 "exotic" 
 in Burmah and called "rwae-gnay" or " khyen-rwae," its seeds used by jewellers as weights: by 
 Blanco, universally known to the natives throughout the Philippines and called in Tagalo "baflgati" 
 or "saga" or "sagamamin," in Pampango " cansasaga," in Ylocano "bugayon," in Bisaya "gicos- 
 gicos " or " caloo " or " mangadolong" or " aroyangyang," the leaves and roots having the taste of 
 liquorice : by myself, on the Feejeean Islands, where oracles and other objects sacred with the natives 
 are coated with its seeds, indigenous also throughout the Tongan, Samoan, and Taheitian Islands, 
 but not seen on mid-ocean coral-isles, nor on the unwooded shores of the Hawaiian Islands and 
 Peru. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by myself on Zanzibar ; by Grant, at " Ukuni 4 S.," 
 and "plentiful in Uganda" on the Upper Nile ; by Forskal p. 138 among the mountains of Yemen, 
 called " byllia," and pods sold at Cairo ; by Alpinus, and Hasselquist, under cultivation in Egypt 
 and the seeds eaten (Lindl.) ; by Cadamosto in 1454 at the mouth of the river Senegal. Farther 
 West, is called in Guayana " panacoco," by the Caribs " aouarou " (Desc), having reached America 
 before the arrival of Columbus ; was observed in the West Indies by Sloane i. p. 181, and P. 
 Browne. 
 
 "286 B. C." (Plut, and Clint.), Pyrrhus, after holding Macedonia seven months, driven out by 
 Lysimachus. 
 
 Berosus, who was "born in the reign of Alexander" (Sm. b. d.), may have been writing 
 as early as this date, — though his history of Babylonia was completed somewhat later. 
 
 Colocasia antiquornm of Tropical America. The cocco or taro is called by Polynesians "taro'' 
 or "talo" or "tao" (Hale), in Burmah " peing " (Mason), in Sanscrit "kuchoo" (Roxb., the 
 Carib name of Dioscorea alata), in Bengalee "kuchoo," in Telinga " chama," in Tamil " shema 
 kilangu " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "aloo" (Graham), among the mountains of Yemen 
 "kerir " or "kurr," in Egypt " kulkas " (Forsk.), in Equatorial Africa " myoog'wah " (Grant); and 
 the TOrrAC root, growing according to Berosus in marshes along the Euphrates, esculent and 
 equal to barley bread, — may be compared (the name seemingly derived from introduction by way 
 
 * Phaseolus mungo of Tropical Hindustan. Annual with a flexuous stem (Pers.), and called 
 in Bengalee "mash-kulay," in Hindustanee "moong thikeree," in Telinga " minoomooloo," in Tamil 
 "oalandoo" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "ooreed" (Graham) ; and as early probably as this 
 date, its seeds used as weights by the Hindu goldsmiths — (Burnouf soc. beng.) : the " mudja " is 
 mentioned in the Institutes of Manu ix. 39, and Vishnu purana i. 6; and the " munjam " seen 
 in Hindustan is described by Ebn Batuta as a species of " mash : " P. mungo was observed by 
 Graham 248 "a cultivated pulse in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh hi. 296, Wight i. 246, 
 and Drury, from Malabar to Travancore and the Circars, "the most esteemed of all the" kinds of 
 pulse, and " bread for many of their religious ceremonies " made of it by the natives ; the root accord- 
 ing to Royle him contains a narcotic principle. (See P. max). 
 
374 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 of the Ganges) : hardly later than this date, the "kolokasion" is mentioned as an Egyptian root by 
 Diphilus of Siphnus (Athen. iii. 2) : C. antiquorum was seen under cultivation there by Ishak Israeli, 
 Ali ben-Redwhan, Abd-allatif, Belon, Alpinus, Forskal, and Delile ; by Grant, around huts of Uganda 
 and Unyoro from the Upper Nile to " 2° S. ; " by myself, on Zanzibar ; by Forskal among the moun- 
 tains of Yemen ; by Graham, " very generally cultivated " in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, 
 Royle, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, in Burmah ; by Loureiro ii. 535, 
 in Anam; by myself, on the Malayan archipelago, New Zealand, the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, 
 Taheitian, and Hawaiian islands. Farther East, was observed by Schomburgk under cultivation by 
 the Waraus of the delta of the Orinoko (edit. Ralegh). Northward and Westward from Egypt, the 
 "colocasia" is mentioned by Glaucias, Claudius Iolaus, Virgil, Columella, by Pliny xxi. 51 to 102 
 as cultivated in both Egypt and Italy : C. antiquorum is termed " a. aegyptium " by Columna ecphr. 
 ii. pi. 1, "a. maximum segyptiacum quod vulgo colocasia" by Tournefort inst. 159; was observed by 
 Belon,- and Sibthorp, on Cyprus, Crete, and Zante ; by Tenore, in Southern Italy; by Bossier, in 
 Spain, and called "alcolcaz," and by Clusius in Portugal (A. Dec). By European colonists, was 
 carried to Madeira, observed there by myself ; and doubtless in some instances to America, observed 
 by Sloane i. pi. 106 in the West Indies. 
 
 Certain Indian weeds appear to have accompanied the introduction of rice and taro into Egypt; 
 and being inconspicuous, or of no known utility, may have escaped the attention of ancient writers : 
 
 Elatine verticillata of Tropical Eastern Asia. An annual plant that seems to have accompanied 
 the introduction of taro and rice : — observed by Delile pi. 26 in the rice grounds of Egypt. East- 
 ward, by Rheede ix. pi. 78 in Malabar; by Graham, on "margins of tanks and other moist places" 
 in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh cor. pi. 142, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; and 
 by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 Ammania auriculata of Tropical Asia. — Observed by Delile pi. 15 in the rice grounds of 
 Egypt ; and enumerated by him p. 29 as occurring also in India. Transported to Europe, is described 
 by Willdenow hort. berol. i. 7. 
 
 Jitssicua reptiis of America ?. Aquatic or subaquatic, and called in Egypt " forgaa " or '• fraekal " 
 (Forsk.), on Madagascar " vouloun-ranou " (Boj.) ; and possibly introduced into Egypt as early as 
 this date: — observed by Forskal p. 210 at Rosetta, pentapetalous and creeping on the river-bank 
 and margin of fields ; by Bojer, on Madagascar. Eastward, is enumerated by Delile p. 30 as occur- 
 ring also in India; was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 51 in Malabar; by Graham, in the environs of 
 Bombay, " common on the margins of the tanks, and in rice-fields during the rains ; " by Roxburgh, 
 and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Mason, in Burmah. Farther East, was observed 
 by myself in Peru and Chili, pentapetalous and aquatic, and hardly having the aspect of an introduced 
 plant; by Short, in Kentucky, and is further enumerated by A. Gray 703 as growing "in water 
 Illinois ? and southward: " the "J. erecta" obser\ed by Nuttall along the Arkansas, by Pursh from 
 the Dismal swamp to Carolina, and according to R. Brown cong. occurring also in Equatorial Africa, 
 may be compared. 
 
 Sphcerantlius suaveolcns of Equatorial Africa. Called in Bengalee " chagul-nudie," in Tamil 
 "kbttang-karundic,'' in Telinga "bodatarum," on the Deccan " moondie '' (Drur.), in Equatorial 
 Africa " bozeea " (Grant), in Egypt "habagbag" (Forsk.); and known there as early probably as 
 this date : — observed by Forskal p. 154 on the river-bank near Rosetta, the plant and leaves exhaling 
 the odour of hyssop ; by Grant, along the Upper Nile on the "mud edges of Madi burn," and used 
 medicinally in ague by the Wanyamuezi. Eastward, is enumerated by Delile p. 30 as occurring also 
 in India; was observed by Rheede x. pi. 43 in Malabar; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay, 
 " a very common plant on rice fields during the cold season ; " by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in 
 other parts of Hindustan, its flowers seeds and roots employed medicinally; by Burmann pi. 94, on 
 Ceylon. Farther East, is employed on Java as diuretic (Ainslie) ; was observed by Blanco on the 
 Philippines, used medicinally by the natives, and called in Tagalo " sambong gala." 
 
 Grangt'a MaJcraspatana of Tropical Asia. A diminutive procumbent plant called in Bengalee 
 " namuti," in Tamil " masbiputri," in Telinga "mustaru," in Malabar "nelampata" (Drur.); and 
 known in Egypt as early probably as this date : — observed by Delile along the canal at Alexandria; 
 by Grant, on the " Nile bank, 14 to 15 ." Eastward, was observed by Rheede x. pi. 49 in Mala- 
 bar ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay, "on rice fields etc. in the cold weather;" by Rox- 
 burgh, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, its leaves used medicinally as a stomachic, 
 also in antiseptic and anodyne fomentations (Ainsl.) ; is known to occur also on Java (Lindl.). 
 
 Ethulia conyzoides of Tropical Asia. Known in Egypt as early probably as this date : — observed 
 by Forskal p. 153 near Rosetta, on the mud of the Nile. Eastward, according to Delile p. 30, and 
 Persoon, occurs also in India. 
 
 Sphenoclea pongathim of Tropical Asia. Called in Malabar " pongati " (Rheede) ; and known 
 in Egypt as early possibly as this date : — observed there in rice grounds by Delile ; and according 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 375 
 
 to R. Brown bot. cong. 58, occurs also in Equatorial Africa (A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by 
 Rheede ii. pi. 24 in Malabar; by Graham, and Nimmo, in the environs of Bombay, "in rice fields 
 during the rains ; " by Retz, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, in Burmah ; by 
 Blanco, on the Philippines, and called in Tagalo "silisilihan." By European colonists, was carried 
 prior at least to " 1806" to the West Indies (Le Dru, and A. Dec). 
 
 Damasonium Indicum of Tropical Hindustan. An aquatic plant with large cordate leaves, 
 called in Malabar " ottel afnbel " (Rheede), in Egypt " ouedneh cheytany " (Del.) ; and known there 
 as early possibly as this date : — observed there in rice grounds by Delile. Eastward, was observed 
 by Rheede xi. pi. 46 in Malabar; by Graham, and Nimmo, in tanks Bombay, and "generally through- 
 out the Concans ; " by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 185, in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
 Scirpus {Isolepis) fistulosa of Tropical Asia. — Observed by Forskal p. 15 in moist cultivated 
 ground near Rosetta. Eastward, according to Delile p. 29, occurs also in India. 
 
 Cypcrus difformis of Tropical Asia. — Described by Plukenet aim. pi. 192 ; observed by Delile 
 around Cairo and Rosetta; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, at Patras in Greece; and according to Savi 
 and Parlatore flor. ii. (A. Dec), introduced into the rice grounds of Italy. Eastward from Egypt, 
 was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
 Panicum (Oplismenus) colonum of Tropical Asia?. A grass called in Egypt "abou roukbeh" 
 geniculate (Del.) ; and possibly known there as early as this date : — described by Plukenet aim. pi. 
 189, and Ehret pict. pi. 3 ; and observed by Forskal p. 19, and Delile, along the Nile from Rosetta to 
 Cairo ; by Grant, on the Nile bank as far as '' 16°." Eastward, was observed by Graham in the en- 
 virons of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan, according to Persoon in cultivated 
 ground ; is described by Rumphius vi. pi. 5 ; and this or an allied species aboriginally introduced, 
 was observed by myself abundantly naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands. Farther East, was observed 
 by Humboldt and Bonpland (Steud.) in Tropical America. 
 
 Panicum fiuitans of Tropical Asia?. Called in Egypt "zommeyr" (Del.); and known there as 
 early perhaps as this date: — described by Plukenet aim. pi. 417; observed by Forskal p. 18, and 
 Delile, at Alexandria, Damietta, and Rosetta ; and known to occur also in Arabia and on Madagas- 
 car (Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay ; by Retz obs. iii. 8 to 
 v. 13, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
 " In this year (= 5th year of sixth Mikado," Humb. cosm. iv.), in Japan, land sinking in the 
 district of Omi an inland lake formed, and the volcano of Fusi jama makes its appearance, — " 12,441 
 feet" in elevation; whose most violent eruptions were in "A. D. 799, 800, 863, 937, 1032, 1083, and 
 1707," but has since remained tranquil. 
 
 " 285, June 26th, Monday," (Blair), the Astronomical Era of Dionysius of Alexandria. Who 
 first found " the Solar year to consist of 365 days 5 hours and 49 minutes." 
 
 Allium schoenoprasum of Northern climates. Called in Britain chives (Prior), in Germany 
 " schnittlauch " (Grieb), in France " cive " or "civette" or " ciboulette " (Nugent), in Italy "erba 
 cipollina" or " porro settile " (Lenz), in which we recognize the Egyptian " peshg " (ms. Par. 44. p. 
 333, from "pesh" to divide) and the KAPTON of Diphilus of Siphnos — (Spreng.) : the "skoro- 
 thoprason " of Dioscorides, large like the leek, partaking of the properties of the leek and garlic, and 
 becoming mild when cooked, may also be compared : A. schoenoprasum is known to grow wild in 
 Siberia (Pers.), and according to A. Gray also in North America, as far as the shores of Lakes Supe- 
 rior and Huron. Westward from Greece, the " porrum sectivum '' was brought into notice by Nero 
 (Plin. xix. 33 to xx. 21) ; the " sectile " is mentioned by Columella xi. 3; A. schoenoprasum has 
 been long cultivated in middle Europe, is described by Buxbaum cent. pi. 45, and is known to grow 
 wild throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland (ft. dan. pi 971, Pers., and Fraas). 
 
 "Nov. 2d" (Astronom. can., and Clint.), abdication of Ptolemy in favour of his son Ptolemy II. 
 
 Philadelphus. The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy II. Philadelphus occur on various monuments; 
 
 as on the temple built by him at Philae : and his memory has always been cherished, from the patron- 
 age he extended to Literature, and the large additions he made to the Alexandrian Library. 
 
 " In the ensuing winter" (Champoll.-Fig.), the noted Coronation-festival of Ptolemy II. at Alex- 
 andria. Described very particularly by Callixenus. 
 
 Matthiola incana of the shores of the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Britain. Called in 
 Britain stock or stock-gilliflower (Prior) or ■wintey-^illiflower (Ainsw.), in France " girofle'e " (Nugent), 
 in Germany " levkoje " (Grieb), in Italy " for bianco " or " leucoio bianco " or " viole bianche " (Lenz), 
 in Greece "viola" (Fraas), in Egypt "mantour" or "kheyley" (Del.) ; in which we recognize the 
 A EYKOION flowers carried in the Coronation-festival according to Callixenus, — and produced in 
 Eoypt at all seasons according to Athenaeus v. 25 to xv. 17 : the coronary "lSukoion" is mentioned 
 by Theocritus vii. 64, Philonides, and the " l£ukoion porphuroun " by Dioscorides : a " Cheiranthus " 
 is enumerated by Forskal p. liii among the coronary plants of Egypt: M. incana was observed by 
 Delile and Clot-Bey, crowing about Cairo, cultivated besides for ornament ; by Sibthorp, and Fraas, 
 
37<> 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 wild on the seashore of Crete and the Peloponnesus, and elsewhere under cultivation. Westward, 
 the "leukoion" or " vasileion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " opoula alva" or "viola alva" 
 or " augustia " of the Romans ; the " leucoium " is mentioned by Columella ix. 4. 4 to x. 97 : M. in- 
 cana is termed " leucoium rubrum " by Brunswyck (Spreng.), " 1- incanum majus " by Tournefort inst. 
 220 ; was observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; is known to grow wild on the seashore of Spain and Por- 
 tugal (Pers.), also near Bayonne and Teste in France, and on almost inaccessible cliffs around the 
 Isle of Wight (Laterr., Wats., and A. Dec). By European colonists; was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it continues a favourite garden flower. 
 
 " 283 B. C. = 40 years " after the death of Alexander and " 2 years " after his own abdication 
 (Polyb., Porphyr., and Clint.), death of Ptolemy Soter. His son Ptolemy II. married Arsinoe daugh- 
 ter of Lysimachus; and afterwards another Arsinoe, his own sister (schol. Theocr., and Clint, 
 hi. p. 379). 
 
 In ascending the Nile, the first temple beyond Phite is at Debod ; and presents sculptures of 
 the Ethiopian king Ergamenes, a cotemporary of Ptolemy II. (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 123 and 243; 
 the localities in several of Champollion's sheets of Nubian temples, having been transposed). On 
 Philas also, there is "a whole chamber containing nothing but Ethiopian representations and in- 
 scriptions." 
 
 Philinus of Cos, reputed founder of the medical sect of Empirici, and "a pupil of Herophilus " 
 (Sm. b. d.), hardly later than this date. 
 
 Nasturtium officinale of Europe, Northern Asia, and Northwest America. Called in Britain 
 water-cress (Prior;, in Germany '' brunnenkresse " (Grieb), in Italy "crescione" or '• nasturzio aqua- 
 tico " or " sisembro aquatico " (Lenz), in Greece " ntfirokarthamon," in which we recognize the "si- 
 symbrium " growing '• in riguis " known to Philinus — (according to Pliny xx. 91), also the "sisumvrion 
 to £n tois uthasin " of Zopyrus (Orib. xiv. (>z), and "sisumvrion StSron " an aquatic herb according 
 to Dioscorides with leaves at first round and as they increase dividing after the manner of rocket, 
 eaten crude, and in the added Synonyms identified with the " karthaminen " by some called " sion : " 
 N. officinale was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas in the water of springs everywhere in 
 Greece. Farther South, the " sisymbrion " of Dioscorides, and Galen, is referred by Ebn Baitar to 
 the " hurf elma ; " N. officinale was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine, is enumerated by Clot- 
 Bey as recently introduced into Egypt, and was received by Richard p. 15 from Abyssinia. West- 
 ward, is described by Anguillara p. 114 (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. aquaticum " by Tournefort inst. 226 ; 
 and is known to grow in Algeria (Munbv). Italy, and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 690, and Pers.). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow in Armenia and throughout 
 Northern Asia as far as Behring's Straits (Ledeb.) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan? abounding 
 in ditches and called " ta seri ; " and across the Pacific, was observed by Chamisso on St. Paul Island 
 (Schl.), and by Scouler at the mouth of the Columbia (Hook.). Possibly by European colonists 
 carried to Tropical Hindustan, where it was observed by Graham "in gardens." but no native name 
 is given ; and to Burmah, where it is enumerated by Mason as " exotic," and seems also devoid of 
 native names. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Northeast .America, where it continues 
 under cultivation, and was observed by Nuttall naturalized on Long Island ; was also carried to 
 Madeira, the Canaries, and Cape Verd Islands (Lory, Braun, and A. Dec.) ; to the mountains of the 
 West Indies (Sloane, and Pursh) ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it has 
 become naturalized. 
 
 Thymus zygis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "smari : " the ZYTIAA of Phi- 
 linus, — identified by Dioscorides with the "erpullos agrios," not creeping but erect with narrow 
 leaves and flowers pungent to the taste, is referred here by writers : T. zygis was observed by Fors- 
 kal, and Sibthorp, from Constantinople to the environs of Athens. Farther South, the"zugitha" 
 was known to Athenaeus xv. 23 in Egypt. Westward, T. zygis is described by Clusius hist. i. 358 
 (Spreng.); is termed " thymbra hispanica coridis folio" by Tournefort inst. 197; was observed by 
 Forskal on Malta, and is known to grow in Switzerland (Pers.). 
 
 Fritillaria Pyrenaica of the mountains of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "ga- 
 zouli " (Fraas) ; and the A E I P I N and ION, purple-flowered according to Philinus — (Allien, xv. 27), 
 may be compared : F. Pyrenaica was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on mountains from 
 the Peloponnesus to Parnassus ; is known to grow also in Russia and on Caucasus (Pers., and Adam), 
 and is termed " f . tulipifolia " by Bieberstein (Bory). Westward, is termed " t. flore minore " by 
 Tournefort inst. 377; and is known to grow in North Italy and on the Pyrenees (All , Gawl., and 
 Steud.). 
 
 " 2.S2 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Fabricius Luscinus and O. Aemilius Papus consuls, the Boii defeated 
 and peace granted to them. In Southern Italy the Samnites revolting, defeated with the Lucanians 
 and Bruttians, Thurii relieved, and a Roman fleet attacked by the Tarentines. 
 
 " Nov. 9th, three hours and a half after midnight " (Blair), another ouultation of the star Spica 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 377 
 
 Virginis observed at Alexandria by Timochares ; the moon covering the star with the North part 
 of her disk. 
 
 "281 B. C." (Polyb., and Clint.), Lysimachus defeated by Seleucus, and slain. 
 
 Plectranthus crassifolius of Tropical Arabia. Called there " medan," and in Egypt " zatar 
 hendi " (Forsk.), equivalent to " origani indici " of the letter on preserving health to king Antiochus 
 — (Hippocrat. coll.) : the " setargi indi " is also mentioned by Mesue electuar. : P. crassifolius was 
 observed in Egypt by Vesling obs., Forskal, and in a greenhouse there by Delile. Farther South, 
 was observed by Forskal p. 109 under cultivation along the base of the mountains of Yemen. 
 
 " 280, January" (. . . . Clint, iii. p. 346), Seleucus succeeded by Antiochus Soter, second Greek 
 king of Syria. 
 
 Dictamnus fraxinella of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The herb according to 
 Agathon called by the barbarians on the Tanais <J>PYIA, resembling nHTANQ, and giving out 
 flames if a stepmother is plotting — (Plut. fluv. 14. 5), may be compared: the " fraxinellam " of Cre- 
 scenzio, Tragus 26 (Spreng.), and Tournefort inst. 430, is referred here by writers : D. fraxinella was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to the woods on mount Hse- 
 mus ; and Westward, is known to grow in Italy, Germany, and as far as France (Renealm. pi. 121, 
 Jacq. austr. pi. 428, and Pers.). 
 
 Cynanchum vincetoxicum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An upright species 
 called in Italy " vincetossico " (Lenz) ; and the KYO YPA herb growing according to Agathon along 
 the Argive river Inachus, resembling nH TANQ, and placed on the umbilicus to induce abortion — 
 (Plut. fluv. 18), may be compared: the " asklepias " growing on mountains according to Dio- 
 scorides, and having long branches, its leaves applied externally in diseases of the matrix and 
 mammae, and its slender fragrant roots an antidote in bites of poisonous animals, identified with the 
 " kission " or " kissophullon " in the added Synonyms, is referred here by Fuchsius and others : C. 
 vincetoxicum was observed by Sibthorp on Parnassus and other high mountains in Greece. West- 
 ward, the account of the " asclepiades " by Pliny xxvii. 18 seems taken from Dioscorides ; but the 
 " vincatossicam " is mentioned in a medical formula of the time of Charlemagne, and " vincetoxici " 
 by Nicolaus Praepositus : C. vincetoxicum is described by Matthioli p. 129, Lobel, Dalechamp, and 
 according to Dodoens p. 407 its roots are certainly fragrant (Spreng.) ; is termed " asclepias albo 
 flore" by Tournefort inst. 94, "vincetoxicum officinarum " by Moench ; was observed by Lenz in 
 Italy; by Forskal, near Marseilles; is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 849, and Pers.), but not in Britain. According to Lindley, is "emetic and purgative," 
 and is named from having been "once celebrated as an antidote to poisons.'' 
 
 " The same year " (Polyb., Blair, and Clint.), landing in Southern Italy of an army under Pyrrhus, 
 to aid the colonists of Tarentum against the Romans ; who were now becoming known to the Greeks. 
 A history of Pyrrhus is given by a contemporary, Hieronymus of Cardia ; one of the first Greeks 
 who wrote on Roman affairs — (Dionys. ant. i. p. 16). 
 
 " The same year " (Polyb., and Clijit.), the Achcean League or republic, instituted among the 
 Greek States. 
 
 " In this year (= 50th of the First Calippic period," Hipparch., and Sm. b. d.), observation of 
 the summer solstice by Aristarchus of Samos. Aristarchus maintained, That the Earth not only ro- 
 tates, but moves in an oblique circle around the sun: — an opinion advanced also somewhat later by 
 Seleucus the Babylonian (Humb. cosm. ii.). 
 
 "Before the close of the year" (Dexipp., and Clint.), in Macedonia, Ptolemy Ceraunus defeated 
 by an army of Gauls . who next proceeded South, as far as Delphi in Greece ; — but at the end of 
 two years were repelled, and by invitation of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, entered Asia Minor 
 (Liv. xxxviii. 16). 
 
 "27S B. C." (Clint.), the epoch in Literature called the "School of Alexandria." Philosophy 
 divided into four recognized Sects, under Strato, Zeno, Epicurus, and Arcesilaus ; and the establish- 
 ment of a Library, attracting the seat of learning from Athens to Alexandria. The "first regular 
 body of grammarians or critics " also formed, and called " epihutikoi " (Blair). 
 
 Rumex obtusifolius of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dock 
 (Lindl.), in Greece "lapatho " (Sibth.) or " lapato," in Egypt "humaeid" (Forsk.) ; and the " bula- 
 pathon " of Solon Smyrnaeus, differing only in length of root and the effect on dysentery — (Plin. 
 xx. 83 to 86), may be compared : R. obtusifolius was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas frequent in waste places from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Forskal, as far as Cairo 
 in Egypt ; by Grant on the Coast range of Eastern Africa in " Lat. 6° 38' S." Westward, the " herba 
 lapathi" called "paratella" is mentioned by Macer Floridus . . ; the Anglo-Saxon "docca" is trans- 
 
 A 8 
 
378 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 lated "dilla" in TEfric's glossary, and the " paradilla " or " padella " is mentioned by Galfridus pr. 
 pm. (Prior) : R. obtusifolius is termed " I. folio minus acuto " by Tournefort inst. 504 ; was observed 
 by Pollini in Italy (Lenz), and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 22, 
 Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has 
 become a frequent weed in our Atlantic States, and is distinctively termed by A. Gray " bitter dock." 
 Is used medicinally according to Lindley, having ' properties similar to those of" R. crispus. 
 
 "274 B. C." (Blair, and Clint.), departure from Italy of Pyrrhus, defeated at Maleventum by the 
 Romans under Curius. 
 
 As early probably as this date (Strab. xvi. 4. 5, and Plin. vi. 2r), by Ptolemy II., Dionysius sent 
 as ambassador to India, while Satyrus proceeded down the Red Sea to the country of the Troglo- 
 dytes, to investigate the hunting of elephants. 
 
 "273 B. C." (Liv., Eutrop., and Clint.), arrival in Rome of ambassadors from Ptolemy II. of 
 Egypt, seeking friendship. 
 
 Under Ptolemy II. (inscript. adul. ii. p. 141), " Troglodytic and Ethiopic " elephants were first 
 brought from Adule' to Egypt to be trained for the purposes of war. The account is confirmed by 
 Agatharchides 1 and 56, and the species is again asserted to be the African : (by what route the ele- 
 phants reached their destination we are not informed, but it seems probable that the public and the 
 Syrian king were deceived by landing Indian elephants on the coast near Adule). 
 
 Odina Schimperi of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree called " m'oooomboo " (Grant) ; and 
 possibly furnishing the net in which a serpent " thirty cubits " long was captured, and brought down 
 the Nile to Ptolemy II. at Alexandria — (Agatharch. 78): O. Schimperi was observed by Grant 
 from " 5 S. to 3 N." on the Nile, and nets for game made from its roots ; was received also from 
 Africa and described by Hochstetter. 
 
 Acacia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large tree, prickly-stemmed, and called "m'salla" 
 (Grant) ; and possibly furnishing lashings on the above occasion : — observed by Grant " Dec. 12, 
 1862," in woods in Madi on the Nile, its inner bark made into lashings. 
 
 Ficus Kotschyana ? of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree with huge boughs, and called "m'koo" 
 (Grant) ; possibly furnishing lashings on the above occasion : — observed by Grant from " 5 S. to 3 
 30' N." on the Nile, its bark used for bark-cloths and short ropes. 
 
 "272 B. C." (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), the Tarentine Greeks, although aided by a Carthaginian 
 fleet, defeated by the Romans. Terminating the war in Southern Italy. 
 
 " In this year " (Sm. b. d.), Pyrrhus invading the Peloponnesus slain before Argos, and the king- 
 dom of .Macedonia recovered by Antigonus Gonatas. 
 
 Aratus of Cilicia, physician and astronomical poet, was invited to the court of Antigonus 
 Gonatas. — He is mentioned by Theocritus vi and vii, Cicero orat. i. 16, and is quoted by Paul (Acts 
 xvii. 28). 
 
 "270 B. C." (Polyb., Diod , and Sm b. d.), Hieron II., a son of Hierocles, made king at Syra- 
 cuse. He is praised in the Sixteenth idyl of Theocritus. 
 
 Glaueium violaceiim of Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt " ridjlet el 
 ghrab" (Forsk.) or " rigl el-ghorab " crow-foot (Del.); and the KYANEION XEAUONION of 
 Theocritus xiii. 40, growing in company with A A I A N TO N -around a fountain, — may be compared: 
 G. violaceum was observed by Sibthorp in Cyprus and the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal, and Delile, 
 around Alexandria and in the Egyptian Desert to the vicinity of Cairo. Westward, is termed "g. 
 flore violaceo " by Tournefort inst. 254, " chelidonium hybridum " by Linmeus ; is known to grow 
 in various parts of Southern Europe as far as France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.), but as occurring in 
 Britain does not seem permanently naturalized (Engl. bot. pi. 201, and A. Dec). 
 
 Cistus Mompelicnus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " voukitho : " the 
 AHAON of Theocritus xxi. 10, — identified by Dioscorides with a kind of " kistou " yielding "latha- 
 non," the leaves longer and becoming clammy in Spring, is referred here by Fraas : C. Monspeliensis 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on dry hills in < ireece and the Greek islands. Westward, is 
 termed " c. ladanifera monspeliensium " by Tournefort inst. 260, and is known to grow in Spain and 
 Southern France (Pers.; see C. Creticus). 
 
 Cistus incanus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " koun.5uk.lia," or by the Turks 
 "ladan otu : " the POAOKICCOC or POAOKICTOC of Theocritus v. 131— is referred here by 
 Hogg : C. incanus is termed "c. mas secundus folio longiore " by Tournefort inst. 259 ; was observed 
 by Sibthorp frequent from Samos to Cyprus and the Peloponnesus ; by Hogg in Sicily, and having 
 "large rose-coloured flowers ; " is known to grow also in Spain and Southern France (Pers.). 
 
 Fragaria vesca of Northern climates. Called in Britain strawberry, in Anglo-Saxon " streow 
 berie" (Prior), in France "fraise" (Nugent), in Germany "erdbeere," in Italy " fraga " or "fragola" 
 (Lenz), in Greece "phraouli" (Forsk., and Fraas) or " koukoumaria " (Sibth.) ; & and the K M A 
 PO I C I upon which goats are reposing in Theocritus v. 129 — are identified with " fra-a " by Apule- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 379 
 
 ]us; the "humi nascens fragum" is mentioned by Virgil eel. iii. 92 ; "montanum fragum" and " sil- 
 vers tri nata sub umbra mollia f raga " by Ovid met. i. [04 to xiii. 815 ; "terrestribus fragis" among 
 wild esculents by Pliny xv. 28 to xxi. 50 ; and the " phragouli " by Nicolaus Myrepsus iii. 46 : berries 
 of F. vesca occur in debris of the earliest lake-villages of Switzerland ; the plant was cultivated in 
 the medieval period (A. Dec.) ; is described by Ruellius, and Valerius Cordus (Spreng.) ; is termed 
 "f. vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 295 ; is known to grow wild in North Italy and Portugal (Brot, and 
 Lenz) and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Pers., and 
 Wats.) ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on mountains from the Pelopon- 
 nesus to Constantinople ; the medicinal use in Egypt of " fragaria " root is mentioned by Forskal 
 mat. med., and cultivation of the " fraisier " according to Clot-Bey has been recently introduced. 
 Eastward, F. vesca is known to grow wild on the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), and from Lat. 54° on tNfe 
 Volga to and beyond the Yenisei throughout Siberia (Gmel., and Pall.). Farther East, from Alaska 
 and the Pacific shore of America to Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan (Hook., and Wats.) and 
 throughout Canada and our Northern States ; extending along the Atlantic to Lat. 43 as observed by 
 myself, and farther South on mountains. From Europe, was however introduced into the gardens 
 of North America, where it continues to be occasionally cultivated ; into Jamaica and the Mauritius 
 Islands, and in these Tropical localities has become naturalized on the mountains (Purdie in Hook, 
 j. bot. for 1844, Bory, and Boj.). 
 
 Galega officinalis of the Mediterranean countries. An allied plant is called in our Middle States 
 goafs rue (a name doubtless derived from Europe) : the A I I" I A N eaten by goats according to Theo- 
 critus v. 128, — and growing on mountains according to Babrius iii. 3 (Daub.), maybe compared: 
 G. officinalis was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, 
 is described by Hieronymus Fracastor, Gesner, Matthioli, Gerarde, and Morison ii. pi. 7; is termed 
 "g. vulgaris floribus caeruleis " by Tournefort inst 398 ; and is known to grow in Barbary and vari- 
 ous parts of Southern Europe as far as France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, 
 was carried to Egypt (Clot-Bey) ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed under cultiva- 
 tion by Bojer. 
 
 Scabiosa columbaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "ps6rohor- 
 ton," and the KNYZA growing among good plants for fodder according to Theocritus iv. 25 — may 
 be compared : also the " ps6ra " plant of Aetius (Ruel ii. 145) : S. columbaria was observed by Sib- 
 thorp frequent on the Greek islands. Farther South, is known to grow on the mountains of Abys- 
 sinia (A. Richard), and the " djussar er raaja '' observed by Forskal on the mountains of Yemen is 
 regarded by him as perhaps identical. Westward, is described by Columna (Tenor., and A. Dec. 
 p. 707) ; is termed " s. capitulo globoso major " by Tournefort inst. 465 ; was observed by Munby in 
 Algeria, by Gussone in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 314, Engl. bot. pi. 1311, and Pers.). "S. coronopifolia " 
 observed by Sibthorp pi. 114 on rocks in Greece, is regarded as not distinct (Steud.). 
 
 Erica arborea of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. A small tree called on 
 the Canaries " brezo " (Lowe), in Italy " scopa arborea" (Lenz), in Greece " riki " (Sibth.) or 
 " 6r£ike " (Fraas) ; and the E P E I K A C cut with the woodman's hatchet according to Theocritus v. 64 
 — is referred here by Fe"e : E. arborea was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in the 
 Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands. Westward, is termed " e. maxima alba " by Tournefort 
 inst. 602 ; is known to grow in Italy and throughout Southern Europe ; was observed by Lowe on 
 the Canary Islands (Major edit. Bethenc.p. 134); by myself, in the mountain-region of Madeira. 
 (See E. multiflora ) 
 
 Cyclamen hederaefolium of the West Mediterranean countries. The KYKAAMINON of Theo- 
 critus v. 123 growing along the river Ales — (in Italy) according to the scholiasts, and the herb 
 described by them as also called " kalamithran," altogether useless or its slender root sometimes 
 applied to chilblains, may be compared : C. hederaefolium is described by Lobel pi. 605 ; was 
 observed by Hogg on Sicily, by Lenz in North Italy ; was already cultivated in Britain in the days 
 of Gerarde 845, but has since become naturalized and is called sow bread (Engl. bot. pi. 548, Pers., 
 Wats. A. Dec, and LindL). According to Smith, and Burnett, " a very acrid plant " that " has been 
 used medicinally, its action being that of a drastic purgative " (Lindl.). 
 
 Calainagroslis calamagrostis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The KAAAMOC 
 around a temple in the city of Neileus according to Theocritus xxviii. 3, — or "£tSros phragmites " 
 slender and whitish according to Dioscorides i. 114, may be compared: C. calamagrostis was 
 observed by Sibthorp not infrequent by the road-side between Smyrna and Bursa; and by Forskal 
 p. 24, abounding in the Ghobeibe marsh in the Sinai peninsula. Westward, the "calamus qui circa 
 sepes " is mentioned by Pliny: C. calamagrostis is termed " gramen paniculatum arundinaceum 
 panicula densa " by Tournefort inst. 523 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 280, Engl. bot. pi. 403, and Pers.). 
 
380 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "269 B. C." (Plin., Blair, and Clint.), Fabius Pictor and Q. Ogulnius Callus consuls, silver first 
 coined at Rome. 
 
 As early at least as this date, navigation practised on the Indian Ocean and along the African 
 coast as far as the Equator. 
 
 Guatteria lucida of Equatorial East Africa. A shrub growing along the seashore on Mombas 
 island. — Carried in 1S24 to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Riedleia capitala of Equatorial East Africa. Growing on Zanzibar. — Carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Corchorus procumbens of Equatorial East Africa. An annual growing in moist openings on 
 Zanzibar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated in kitchen-gardens (Boj.). 
 
 Triumfetta iomentosa of Equatorial East Africa. Suffruticose, growing on Mombas Island. — 
 Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Grewia ulmifolia of Equatorial East Africa. A bush growing on Zanzibar. — Carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Grewia cuneifolia of Madagascar and Equatorial East Africa. A bush, — carried to the Mauri- 
 tius Islands, and cultivated there (Juss. pi. 49, and Boj.). 
 
 Cissies fragaricefolia of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, growing on the outskirts of the 
 forest on the mainland and on Zanzibar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated 
 there (Boj.). 
 
 Omphalobium ? scandals of Equatorial East Africa. A climbing shrub, growing on the islands 
 of Zanzibar and Pemba. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Crotalaria strigosa of Equatorial East Africa. Biennial, growing on Zanzibar. — Carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Cytisus glomerulus of Madagascar and Equatorial East Africa. Biennial, growing on Zan- 
 zibar, the Comoro Islands, and Madagascar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated 
 there (Boj.). 
 
 Indigo/era hirta of Madagascar and Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, growing on Zanzi- 
 bar, the Comoro Islands, and Madagascar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated 
 there (Boj.). 
 
 Tephrosia noctiflora of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, growing on Zanzibar and the Comoro 
 Islands. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Tephrosia hirla of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, growing on Mombas island. — Carried to 
 the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Desmodium spectabile and D. lactescens of Equatorial East Africa. Shrubs growing on Zan- 
 zibar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Rhynchosia malacophylla of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, twining, growing on Mombas 
 island. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Rhynchosia inflata of Madagascar and Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, twining, growing on 
 Zanzibar, the Comoro Islands, and the West side of Madagascar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, 
 and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Cassia {Chamacrista) pulchella of Equatorial East Africa. Suffruticose, growing on Zanzibar. — ■ 
 Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and almost naturalized there (Boj.). 
 
 Phyllolobium ? Zanzibarense of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, twining, growing on Zanzi- 
 bar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Telfairia pedata of Equatorial East Africa. A perennial Cucurbitaceous vine called " koueme'," 
 
 — cultivated at Mombas, Zanzibar, and Mozambique. Carried by captain Joliff to the Mauritius 
 Islands in 1807 ; re-introduced in 1S24, and continuing generally cultivated (Boj.). 
 
 Hedyotis densiflora of Equatorial East Africa. Annual, growing on Zanzibar. — Carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Mimusops frulicosa of Equatorial East Africa. Growing on Mombas island and Pemba. — Car- 
 ried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Vahea Comorensis of the Comoro Islands. A twining shrub, with fruit of the form and colour 
 of an orange, — growing on the mountains around Musamodo, the chief town on Johanna or Anjouan. 
 
 — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Dignonia (Spathodca) tenuifolia of Equatorial East Africa. A twining shrub, growing on the 
 mainland and on Zanzibar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Bignonia (Arthrophyllnni) Comorcnse of the Comoro Islands. A shrub, growing in ravines 
 along streams on Johanna or Anjouan (Boj.). 
 
 Tanaaum pinnatum of Equatorial East Africa. A tree, growing on Zanzibar, and Pemba, 
 and in Mozambique. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Jacq. coll. iii. pi. 18, 
 and Boj.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 38 1 
 
 Dicerocarytcm sinuatum of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, growing in the sands of the 
 seashore of Zanzibar. — Carried to the Mauritius. Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Convolvulus (Calonyctiori) Comorensis of the Comoro Islands. Perennial, twining, growing in the 
 bushy forests along streams on Johanna. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultiyated there (Boj.). 
 
 Convolvulus (Calonyction) comosperma of the Comoro Islands and Madagascar. Perennial, 
 twining, growing on the Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Galega, and the West side of Madagascar.— 
 Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Ipomaea arachnoidea of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, twining, growing on Zanzibar. — 
 Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Ipomaea ligulata of Madagascar and Equatorial East Africa. Annual, growing on Zanzibar, 
 the Comoro Islands, and around Boyana Bay on the West side of Madagascar. — Carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Ipomaea macropoda of Equatorial East Africa. An annual vine, growing on Zanzibar and the 
 Comoro Islands. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Convolvulus (Jacquemontid) umbellata of the Comoro Islands. Annual, growing in grassy 
 places on the mountains on Johanna. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Convolvulus (Jacquemontid) hastigera of the Comoro Islands. A perennial vine, growing in 
 ravines along streams on Johanna and Mohila. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated 
 there (Boj.). 
 
 Convolvulus (Elythrostamnd) convolvulacea of the Comoro Islands and Madagascar. Annual, 
 growing even in cultivated ground on Johanna. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated 
 there (Boj.). 
 
 Calystegia ockroleuea of Equatorial East Africa. A perennial vine, growing on Zanzibar. — Car- 
 ried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Ehretia corymbosa of the Comoro Islands. A shrub, — carried to Mauritius and Bourbon, and 
 almost naturalized there. 
 
 Solanum suaveolens of Madagascar and Equatorial East Africa. Suffruticose, growing on Zan- 
 zibar and Madagascar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Solanum nodiflorum of Equatorial Africa, Madagascar, and the neighbouring islands. Annual. 
 — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, almost naturalized there, and besides cultivated abundantly in 
 kitchen gardens (Jacq. rar. ii. pi. 326, and Boj ). 
 
 Solanum heterocanthum of Madagascar and Equatorial Africa. Suffruticose. — Carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, and growing spontaneously there in various localities (Boj.). 
 
 Solanum anghivi of the Comoro Islands and Madagascar. A shrub. — Carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and growing there spontaneously in various localities (Lam., and Boj.). 
 
 Solanum Balbisii of the Comoro Islands and Madagascar. Suffruticose. — Carried to the Mauri- 
 tius Islands, and cultivated there (Roth, bot. mag. pi. 2828, and Boj.). 
 
 Campttleia coccijiea of Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. Perennial, growing on mountains 
 on Johanna. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it has become naturalized and a troublesome 
 weed (Pet. Th., Hook. exot. pi. 203, and Boj.). 
 
 Moschosma polystachya of Equatorial East Africa. Annual, growing on the mainland and on 
 Zanzibar and the Comoro Islands. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and growing there spontane- 
 ously in one locality (Linn., Jacq., and Boj.). 
 
 Ocyi/ittm cinnamomeutji of Equatorial East Africa. Annual, growing on the mainland and on 
 Zanzibar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Thunbergia alata of Equatorial East Africa. A perennial vine, growing on the mainland and 
 on Zanzibar. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, cultivated there and growing spontaneously (Hook, 
 exot. pi. 177, and Boj.). 
 
 Polygo?tu?n Owenii of Equatorial East Africa. Called at Mombas "m'bilivilli," — and observed 
 there by Bojer, growing in savannas and among rubbish. Cultivated in gardens as a medicinal 
 plant. 
 
 Flnggea Comorensis of the Comoro Islands. Suffruticose, growing in valleys and on mountains 
 on Johanna. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Phyllanthus atropttrpureus of the Comoro Islands. A shrub, growing in valleys at the margin 
 of forests on Johanna. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Trngia furialis of the Comoro Islands. Annual, growing along streams on Johanna. — Carried 
 to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Euphorbia obconica of Equatorial East Africa. Suffruticose, growing on Mombas island and 
 Pemba. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Casuarina lateriflora of Madagascar and Equatorial East Africa. A tree. — Carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, cultivated there, and called "filao" (Lam., and Boj.). 
 
382 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Pandanus sessilis of Equatorial East Africa. A bush, growing on the mainland and on Zanzibar 
 and Pemba. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Phoenix Equinoxiahs of Equatorial East Africa. A palm of the stature of a bush, growing in 
 the extensive forests on Pemba. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Cos/us sarmentosus of Equatorial East Africa. A perennial vine, growing on Zanzibar. — Carried 
 to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Sanseviera cylindrica of Equatorial East Africa. Perennial, growing on Zanzibar. — Carried to 
 the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj). 
 
 Dioscorea toxicaria of Equatorial East Africa. A perennial vine, growing on Mombas island, 
 the tubers along the stem poisonous, if cooked and eaten inducing vomiting. — Carried to the Mau- 
 ritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 As early possibly as this date, the poet Bion removing from Smyrna to Sicily. — His death is 
 mentioned by Moschus 3, who styles himself a pupil. 
 
 Adonis autumnalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain rose-parsley 
 (Ainsw), in Italy " camomilla di nor rosso" or " adonide " or "fior d' atone" (Lenz), in which we 
 recognize the "adonium" of Ovid and ANEMQNAN that sprung from the tears of Venus on the 
 death of Adonis according to Bion i. 66, — from the blood of Adonis according to Nicander, and 
 Ovid met x. 503: the "m£lan," one of the two kinds of " anSm6nas " distinguished by Cratevas 
 (schol. Theocr. v. 92), may also be compared : A. autumnalis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, 
 in waste and cultivated ground in Southern Greece and called " mSrohorton ; " by Reuter and Mar- 
 got, in wild situations on Zante. Westward, the "adonium" is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 34 as sown 
 or occurring in cultivated ground in Italy ; A. autumnalis is described by Gerarde ; is termed "ranun- 
 culus arvensis foliis chamaemeli flore minore atrorubente " by Tournefort inst. 291 ; is known to occur 
 in Italy and in grain-fields throughout middle Europe (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz); in Britain, is 
 regarded by Watson and others as exotic. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-first generation. Mav 1st, 267, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poets, 
 Heracleitus of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius Iambus; the comic poets, Machon, and Apollodorus of 
 Carystus ; the philosophers, Lycon, Lacydes, Hermachus, Menippus of Gadara, Meleager.of Gadara, 
 Cleanthes, Lysimachus, and Hieronymus of Rhodes ; the historians, Philostephanus of Cyrene, Ister, 
 Neanthes of Cyzicum, and Nymphis of Heraclea; the grammarians, Lysanias of Cyrene, Sosibius 
 of Laconia, and Euphorion of Chalcis ; other writers, Timosthenes, Philon of Heracleia, Apollonius 
 son of Sotades, and Euphantus of Olynthus ; the architect Sostratus of Cnidus ; the painters, Meco- 
 phanes, Artemon, Clessides, and Theodorus (Bryan). 
 
 "264B. C." (Polyb., and Clint.), war first carried beyond the limits of Italy by the Romans: 
 who now enter Sicily, inaugurating war with the Carthaginians ; called the "First Punic" war, — 
 and continuing "twenty-four" years. 
 
 "The same year" (Liv. ep. 16, Val. Max. ii. 4. 7, and Clint.), gladiatorial combats instituted 
 by D. Junius Brutus. — Whose name seems perpetuated in the changed meaning of the word " brutal " 
 in English. 
 
 "26t B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), Antiochus Soter slain \jn battle against the Gauls ; and succeeded 
 by Antiochus II. Theus, third Greek king of Syria. Antiochus II. married Berenice, daughter of 
 Ptolemy II. of Egypt. 
 
 "In this year" (Lalande, Delambre, and Humb. cosm. iv.), observation on the planet Mercury; 
 the first — of fourteen, partly belonging to the Chaldeans, employed by Claudius Ptolemy. 
 
 "260 B. C." (Polyb., Blair, and Clint.), the Carthaginians defeated in naval combat by the first 
 fleet built by the Romans ; commanded by Duilius. 
 
 "In or about this year" (Sm. b. d.), Zenodotus succeeded by Callimachus as chief librarian of 
 the Alexandrian library. 
 
 Trifoliuin fragijcrum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain straw- 
 berry-clover (Prior), in Germany " erdbeerklee " (Grieb) : and the running Q K Ye O N ;TPinE 
 THAON of Callimachus, — may be compared : T. fragiferum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, 
 abounding from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Caria and mount Athos; by 
 Griesebach p. 34 along the seashore of Macedonia. Westward, is termed "t. fragiferum frisicum folio 
 cordato flore rubro " by Tournefort inst. 406 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known 
 to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1042, and Pers.). 
 
 Cynara horrida of the Mediterranean countries. A species of wild artichoke ; and the thorny 
 K YN A P A, pubescent according to Callimachus around the Areaniticum sea, growing also in Khorasan 
 and as far as the Indus — (Ruel iii. 14), may be compared : C. horridum is described by Aiton iii. 14S, 
 the leaves " subtus tomentosis ; " was observed by Sibthorp on Sicily, and apparently also on Crete 
 and Naxos (J. E. Smith), by Dasnzer, near Navarino in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). 
 
 In this year (= 28S — " 28 years reign " in the Mahavamsa v., Avadana asok., and Buns. iv. 7. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 383 
 
 2), Bindusara (Allitrochathes) succeeded by his son Priyadase or Asoka, now king at Pataliputra on 
 the Ganges* — He reigned "thirty-seven," or according to the Mahavamsa xx. "forty" years. 
 
 "256 B. C. ="59th year of Nan-wang " (Chinese chron. table), end of the Tcheou dynasty. 
 
 "255 B. C. =: S2d year of Siang-wang II.," now head of the new dynasty of the Thsin — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Polyb., Zonar., and Clint.), in Africa, Regulus defeated and taken prisoner 
 by the Carthaginians under the Spartan general Xantippus. 
 
 "253 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Cn. Servilius Caepio and C. Sempronius Blaesus consuls, the 
 first plebeian pontifex maximus Tib. Coruncanius. 
 
 251 B. C. (= his "tenth year" in the 8th inscription at Girnar, Burnouf ii. 732), king Asoka 
 already a Budhist. He is said to have been converted by Nigrodha (Max Mull. p. xx). The inscrip- 
 tions bearing the name of Asoka on Buddhist cave-temples not earlier than his conversion, and he is 
 said to have erected the greatest monuments of Budhism. 
 
 "In this year" (Burm. hist, and Mason 40), Ranman succeeded by his son Rekkhan, now 
 Burmese king. — Rekkhan reigned " thirty-one " years, is said to have had many wives, and to 
 have been a remarkable shot with a cross-bow. f 
 
 "250 B. C. = ist year of Hiao-weng-wang, of the Thsin" or Sixth dynasty (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 The same year (Euseb., Blair, and Clint, iii. p. 315), revolt against the Greek king of Syria of 
 the Bactrians under Theodotus and Parthians under Arsaces. Recovering their independence, the 
 Parthians — (Persians) ruled for the succeeding " 475 years " by the Arsacidas ; a dynasty of " thirty- 
 one " successive kings, whose numerous coins all bear Greek inscriptions. 
 
 "249 B. C. = ist year of Tchoung-siang-wang, of the Thsin" or Sixth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 The same year (= his "twelfth year" in the 4th inscription at Girnar, Lassen, and Burn. ii. 731), 
 king Asoka publicly professing Budhism. An inscription of the same date dedicating a cave-temple 
 (Burnouf ii. 779). 
 
 One of the inscriptions at Girnar contains the name " Tambapanni," — regarded as the " Tapro- 
 vane " of the Greeks (Sm. geogr. diet.) or island of Madagascar. 
 
 Thylachium sumangui of Madagascar. A Capparideous bush called there "voua sumangui," 
 and growing in the Emirne district. — By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands, and 
 cultivated there in the Botanic garden (Boj.). 
 
 Abutilon angulosum of Madagascar. A bush called there "hafou poutsi." — Carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Hilsenbergia cannabina of Madagascar. A tree called "hafoutra," growing in the extensive 
 forests and on high mountains in the Emirne district. — Carried repeatedly to the Mauritius Islands, 
 but not cultivated there with success (Boj.). 
 
 Shakua excelsa of Madagascar. Called there " shakoua," fruit-tree, growing on the Northwestern 
 side of the island in the Saccalava district, — and observed by Bojer around St. Augustin Bay. 
 Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Shakua miner of Madagascar. A shrub, growing around St. Augustin Bay and called "shakoua 
 keli." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Sorindeia Madagascarensis of Madagascar and the neighbouring portion of Africa. Called on 
 Madagascar " voua sourindi " (Boj.) ; and known there as early probably as this date: — observed 
 by Grant in East Africa, on the "banks of rivers y° S.,'' a tree with mango-tasting fruit, large as a 
 
 * Jonesia asoca of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A flowering tree called in the environs 
 of Bombay "jassoondie " (Graham), in Sanscrit "vanjula" or "asoca" (W.Jones): the name not 
 older than the accession of Asoka, although according to Hindu mythology Guadama was born under 
 this tree — (Klapr., and Mason v. 403) : the "asoka" is mentioned in the Avadana Asoka (Burn, 
 i. 365) ; also by Valmiki ramayan. ; in the Mrichchhakati iv. as planted in gardens and having rich 
 crimson flowers ; its flowers ornamenting curls, by Kalidasa kum. iii. 26 and ragh. viii. 61 ; and is 
 prescribed medicinally by Susrutas (Hessl.) : J. asoca was observed in Hindustan by Rheede v. pi. 
 50, W. Jones as. res. iv. p. 274, Roxburgh, and Wight ; by Graham, in gardens and near caves 
 "evidently planted," found by Law "wild in jungles at the foot of the Ram Ghaut." Farther East, 
 is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah and called " a-thau-ka-pho." By European colo- 
 nists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues under cultivation (Boj.). 
 
 t Dalbergia ? of Southern Burmah. The Maulmain lance-wood, a tree found all over the 
 Tenasserim provinces (Mason), possibly furnished the material of Rekkhan's cross-bow: — at the 
 present day according to Mason 530, its wood is sometimes used by the Karens to " make bows of." 
 
3§4 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 sparrow's egg and in bunches two feet long. Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there 
 
 (Boj.). 
 
 Clitoria lasciva of Madagascar. Perennial, twining, growing around the village of Foulepomte, 
 and called "valid embouritsika." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Galactia diverfifotia of Madagascar and the Comoro and Mauritius Islands. Perennial, twining, 
 — observed by Bojer in the savannas and on the mountains in almost all parts of Mauritius. 
 
 llesmodium umbdlatum of the shores of Madagascar, Hindustan, and the Malayan Archipelago. 
 A bush called " toudinga-damvoa " in Madagascar. Eastward, — observed by Burmann pi. 51 on 
 Ceylon; by Wight, in Southern Hindustan; and by Graham, and Law, in "districts south east of 
 Surat" and in the environs of Bombay, always "on the banks of streams." Farther East, enumer- 
 ated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah ; known to grow on Java (Rumph. iv. pi. 52, and Pers.). 
 By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Desmodium ccespitosum of Madagascar, the Seychelles, and Mauritius Islands. Perennial, 
 growing in tufts or beds — (Poir., and Pers.) ; observed by Bojer throughout Mauritius, in savannas 
 and even on lofty mountains. 
 
 Desmodium scalpe of the Comoro and Mauritius Islands. Suffruticose ; — discovered by Com- 
 merson ; observed by Bojer in shaded situations on the culminating mountain on Mauritius. 
 
 Erythrina versicolor of Madagascar. A tree called there "hazou-bohi," the flowers yellow and 
 red. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Dalbergia Telfairii and D. Hookeri of Madagascar. Two shrubs growing around Tananarivou 
 in Interior Madagascar ; the first called "hara-heitra,'' and the second "hara-heitra-lava." — Both of 
 them carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Mimosa latispinosa of Madagascar. A bush growing in the district of Betanimena, and called 
 "fama-hou-foutsi " or " rouhi-mena." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Acacii {Stacli veiny sum) pterosperma of Madagascar. A bush growing around Tananarivou in 
 Interior Madagascar, and called "fannou." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there 
 (Boj.). 
 
 Poinciana regia of Madagascar. A tree called " fannou," — discovered by Bojer growing around 
 the village of Foulepointe. Carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; recently to Hindustan and 
 Burmah, and further described by Mason v. p. 41 1 as " gorgeous," bearing " a most magnificent and 
 graceful flower." 
 
 Cassia (Chamcecris/a) brei'ifolia of Madagascar. Annual, called " mandri-arivou," — growing 
 around the village of Tamatave. Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj ). 
 
 Cassia (C/ia>ncecristd) Jilipendula of Madagascar. Annual-, called "indriena manitra keli," and 
 growing in the Emirne district. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Hvmentra verrucosa of Madagascar. A tree called there " tanrouk-rouhi." — Carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). From transported specimens, described by Gaertner 
 ii. pi. 139, and Lamarck ill. pi. 330 (Pers.). 
 
 Tristan ma virusai urn of Madagascar and the Comoro and Mauritius Islands. A perennial 
 Melastomaceous plant called " voua-touka " in Madagascar. — Described by Commerson ; and observed 
 by Bojer in the sombre and humid forests of the central portion of Mauritius. 
 
 Bryophyllum calycinum of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. Perennial, called " soutou- 
 f afan " in Madagascar; — observed by Commerson on Mauritius ; and according to Bojer, growing 
 there on arid hills in the gorges of Black river. Introduced by Lady Clive (about 17651 "from the 
 Moluccas " into Hindustan, and thence into Burmah, where it continues " growing around old pagodas 
 like a wild plant" (Mason v. p. 434) : observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and Wight ; by Graham, 
 "common in gardens Bombay, and throughout Giergaum woods but probably planted," found by 
 Law "wild in abundance within ten or twelve miles of Belgaum and also on the Ram Ghaut." The 
 " Kalanchoe Brasiliensis " observed by myself naturalized along the Bay shore opposite Rio Janeiro, 
 may be compared. 
 
 Siphomeris lingun of Madagascar. A climbing shrub called " lingouna," — growing around the 
 village of Majungay in Bombetok Bay on the Western coast. Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and 
 cultivated there ; and in 1S26 carried to Britain (Sweet hort. app., and Boj.). 
 
 Vernonia appendiculata of Madagascar. A shrub called " ampiadi " growing on the mountains 
 in the Emirne district. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Microglossa altissima of Madagascar. A bush called " toudinga." — Carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Taberncemontana Noronhiana of Madagascar. A bush called " voua-pandaka " or " louvourou," 
 growing in the forests along the river Naman-Rahan, — near Foulepointe. Carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and cultivated there (Pet. Th., and Bojer). 
 
 Bignotud (Colea) floribunda of Madagascar. A bush called " rei-rei," growing in the forests 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 385 
 
 along the whole Eastern coast, — around Foulepointe, in Anton-Gil Bay. Carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Bignonia (Colea) Telfairia of Madagascar. A tree or bush called " voua-kidzi-kidzi-ka," growing 
 in the Temperate portion of Interior Madagascar on the Angave mountains. — Carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands and long cultivated there, but destroyed by the hurricane of 1825 (Boj.). 
 
 Bignonia (Arthrophylluni) Madagascarense of Madagascar. A tree called " zahane,'' growing 
 in the extensive forests called " Bdfourouna," in the districts of Betani-mena and on the lofty Angave 
 mountains, at Tananarivou. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, arid cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Cordia monoicti, of Equatorial East Africa, Madagascar, and Hindustan. — Observed by Rox- 
 burgh cor. i. pi. 58 wild in Coromandel ; and by Graham, "a shrub of no beauty," in "gardens Bom- 
 bay." Westward, according to Bojer, growing on Zanzibar. And carried to the Mauritius Islands, 
 and cultivated there. 
 
 Cordia subcordata of the shores of the Seychelles, Madagascar, and other East African islands. — 
 Termed "novella nigra" by Rumphius v. pi. 75: and further according to Bojer, growing in coral 
 soil on Zanzibar, Pemba, Galega, and along the West side of Madagascar. Carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and cultivated there. 
 
 Buddleia diversifolia of Madagascar and the Comoro and Mauritius Islands. Suffruticose, 
 growing abundantly on Mauritius — (Vahl, Lara., and Boj.). 
 
 Cenlranthera prostraia of the Seychelles and Galega. Perennial. — Carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Plectrantlms ternatus of the Comoro Islands and Madagascar. Perennial, called in Madagascar 
 "omime," and growing among rocks on lofty mountains on Johanna. — Carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, where it is cultivated as a potherb (Sims bot. mag. pi. 1460, and Boj.). 
 
 Calpidia macrophylla of Galega Island. A tree, — called by the colonists "bois mapou." Car- 
 ried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Celosia spathulata of Galega Island. Perennial. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and culti- 
 vated there (Boj.). 
 
 Phyllanthus stipulaceus of Galega and Diego Garcia. Suffruticose, — called " herbe a balais " 
 by the colonists on Galega. Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Euphorbia splendens of Madagascar. Suffruticose, growing in the Interior, and called '• sougou- 
 sougou." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Hook. bot. mag.pl. 2902, and 
 Boj°). 
 
 Ficus avi-avi of Madagascar. A bush called there " avi-avi." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, 
 and cultivated there (Chapelier and Boj.). 
 
 Boehmeria frondosa of Galega and Diego Garcia. A shrub, —called "bois cendre" " by the 
 colonists on Galega (Don fi. Nep., and Boj.). 
 
 Celtis Madagascarensis of Madagascar. A tree called "andrarizouna," growing in the Emirne 
 district. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and growing there spontaneously in some districts (Boj.). 
 
 Pandanus hoffa of Madagascar. A shrub called " hoffa," growing in marshes along Ivoundrou 
 river and the margin of Nosi-Be" lake. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there 
 (Chapelier and Boj.). 
 
 Areca Madagascarensis of Madagascar. A palm of the stature of a tree, called " voua sira " and 
 ^rowing in the extensive forests called " be-fouroun," in the Betanimena district and around Foule- 
 pointe. & — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Stadtmann, and Boj.). 
 
 Borassus Madagascarensis of Madagascar. A palm of the stature of a tree, growing along 
 Marou-Voai river in Bombetok Bay, and called " dimouka." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and 
 cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Hyphane sckatan of Madagascar. A palm of the stature of a tree, growing along the whole 
 Western coast, and called " schatan." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there 
 
 (Boj.). 
 
 Angracum pectination of Madagascar and the Comoro and Mauritius Islands. A perennial 
 
 epidendric Orchideous plant — (Pet. Th., and Boj.). 
 
 Urania speciosa of Madagascar. A tree called there " ravin-ala." — By European colonists, 
 carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Sonnerat voy. pi. 124 to 126, and Boj.) ; also 
 to Hindustan, and Burmah (Roxb., Graham, and Mason). 
 
 Curculigo Seychellensis of the Seychelles. Perennial, — called by the colonists " coco marron, ' 
 and the leaves employed for cordage. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Aloe elauca of Austral Africa and Madagascar. Perennial, growing on mountain-summits at St. 
 Augustin Bay, and called " vahoun." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Spreng. 
 syst., bot. mag. pi. 1278, and Boj.). _ 
 
 Aloe sahundra of Madagascar. A bush called "sahoundra," growing on the sandy shores 
 
 49 
 
386 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 of St. Augustin Bay, and often forming considerable forests in the Interior, especially in the Emirne 
 district. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Tacca Madagascarcnsis of Madagascar. Perennial, growing in the forests in the Interior, and 
 called "tavoulou." — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Mariscus glandularis of Galega Island. Perennial. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and 
 cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Lomaria grandis of Galega Island. A perennial vine, the young shoots tender and edible. — 
 Carried to the' Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 "The same year'' (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), the Romans defeated in naval conthat at Drepanum 
 on the Sicilian coast by the Carthaginians under Adherbal. 
 
 "247 B. C. (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 15), Ptolemy II. succeeded by his son Ptolemy III. 
 Euergetes : the inherited kingdom consisting of "Egypt, Lybia, Syria, Phoenicia, Cyprus, Lycia, 
 Caria, and the Cyclades " — (inscript. adul., and Cosm. Ind. ii. p. 141)- Hieroglyphic ovals of 
 Ptolemy III. occur on temples at Dakkeh, Philas, Esneh, and Thebes. His coins are dated from the 
 death of Alexander, and an "astronomical era" was employed during his reign (Leps. eg. and sin. 
 p. 110). 
 
 With a naval force and the elephants brought by his father and himself from Adule, Ptolemy III. 
 invaded Asia : and after rendering tributary " Cilicia, Pamphylia, Ionia, the Hellespont, and Thrace,'' 
 crossed the Euphrates and extended his conquests over " Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Susiana, Persia, 
 Media, and as far as Bactria" (inscript. adul., and Cosm. Ind. ii. p. 141). 
 
 Rhamnus cathariicus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain buckthorn 
 (Prior), in Germany " kreuzdorn " (Grieb), in France " nerprun " (Nugent), in Greece '' leukagknthn," 
 in which we recognize the AKAN9AI bearing round fruit of Demetrius reb. re gyp. — (Athen. xv. 24), 
 "ISukcn akanthan" identified by Antigonus with the "leukas" (schol. Nic. S49), of which two kinds 
 are distinguished by Dioscorides, the " ISukas orSine " having broader leaves than the " eme'rou " and 
 more acrid and bitter but weaker fruit, both kinds employed against poisonous animals, those espe- 
 cially of the sea : R. catharticus was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the 
 " rhamnus " called by the French " neprum '' or " burgam spinam " is mentioned by Ruellius i. 123 ; 
 R. catharticus is termed " cervi spina" by Valerius Cordus ; is described also by Tragus, and 
 Tournefort inst. 593. and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 850, Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where 
 it continues under cultivation, chiefly tor hedges, and escaping to wild situations in the forest has 
 become naturalized (Barralt, Torr., and A. Dec). The fruit according to Lindley is "violently pur- 
 gative," but producing colic and '■ only given in some kinds of dropsy.'' 
 
 Rhamnus oleoides of the Mediterranean countries. An allied spinescent species called in Greece 
 " xulagkatha " or " mauragkathia" (Fraas), and possibly the "akanthai " of Demetrius, — and one of 
 the two kinds of " leukas " distinguished by Dioscorides: R. oleoides was observed by Sibthorp, 
 D'Urville, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in mountainous situations from the Greek islands to the 
 Peloponnesus. Westward, is termed " r. hispanicus oleae folio" by Tournefort inst. 593, and is 
 known to grow in Barbary, Portugal, and Spain (Desf., Pers , Brot, and Steud.). Is enumerated 
 among medicinal plants by Lindley. 
 
 Probably about this time (Sm. b. d.), the inventions of Ctesibius of Alexandria. He is said to 
 have been the first to discover the elastic force of air and apply it as a moving power. 
 
 '• 246 B. C. = 1st year of Wang-tching, of the Thsin " of Sixth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 He is identified with " Tching-wang " or Chi-hoang-ti, "son of Tchouang-siang-wang '' (Pauth. 
 p. 212). 
 
 "The same year" (Clint, iii. p. 346), Antiochus II. Theus succeeded by Seleucus II. Callinicus, 
 fourth Greek king of Syria. 
 
 " In this year" (Max Mull. p. xviii to xxxvii, the Mahavamsa giving " 17th year of Asoka" = 
 244), Third Buddhist council, king Asoka reminding the assembled priests that "What had been 
 said by Buddha, that alone was well said." Apocryphal writings being carefully excluded, the 
 Dhammapada, believed to consist of teachings actually uttered by Gautama or Buddha, was adopted. 
 ■ — Mahinda, son of Asoka, was dispatched to Ceylon, where he converted Devanampriya Tishya 
 then reigning (Mahavans.). 
 
 Santalum myrtifolium of mountainous coasts in Southern Hindustan and the Malayan archi- 
 pelago as far as Timor. Called in commerce sandal-wood, in Hindustanee " sandal " or " chandan " 
 (D'roz), at Bombay "chundun" (Graham) ; and the fragrance of " sandal-wood " is mentioned in the 
 Dhammapada 54 to 56, — the " santalon " by Aetius, and Actuarius, and " sandal " by J. B. Amran, 
 Rhazes, Avicenna, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar : S. myrtifolium is described by Rumphius ii. pi. 11 ; was 
 observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 2 ; by Graham, " in gardens about Bombay and in the 
 Deccan ; " and according to Royle, is indigenous on the mountainous Malabar coast. Farther East, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 387 
 
 " sandal " is said by Serapion to come from China ; " sendal " or " sandoint " was seen by Marco 
 Polo 157 and 170 in both " Melibar " and China; "sandal-wood imported from Hindustan" was 
 found by Mason v. p. 500 " constantly for sale in the bazars " of Burmah, " being a favourite cosmetic 
 with " maidens ; S. myrtifolium is mentioned also by Loureiro cochinch. i. p. 87, and is known to 
 grow as far as the island of Timor (Marsd. sum. p. 129, and Lindl.). Westward, was observed by 
 myself in gardens at Bombay, as well as in Egypt, where it is enumerated by Clot-Bey as recently 
 introduced. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, and was observed there 
 under cultivation by Bojer.* 
 
 * Nymphaa rubra of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The red water-lily is called in Telinga 
 "yerra kulwa," in Hindustanee " rukhta-chunduna,'' in Bengalee " buro-rukto-kumbal " (Drur.), in 
 the environs of Bombay " kummul " (Graham), in Burmah " kya-nee " (Mason) ; and the " autumn 
 lotus " of the Dhammapada 285 — may be compared : a tank glowing with water-lilies like the dawn 
 with the fiery beams of the rising sun, is mentioned in the Mrichchhakati (transl. H. H. Wils.) : the 
 " padma " of the Hitopadesa, and Vetala panchavinsati 1., may also be compared: N. rubra was 
 observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, "in tanks particularly in the neighbourhood of 
 caves or temples," its flowers "of a dark crimson colour, very beautiful," appearing "about the close 
 of the rains ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Tanjore and Bengal, 
 its capsules seeds and roots eaten by the natives, a kind of arrowroot prepared also from the roots 
 and underground stems (Drur.); by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Sinapis dichotoma of Northeastern Hindustan. A species of mustard called in Hindustanee 
 "sarsori" (Pidd.), in Assam "sarsu" (Robinson) ; and "mustard seed" is mentioned in the Dham- 
 mapada 40 1 to 407 : — the " sarshapa " or " kshava " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas, prescribed as 
 an external application (Susrut. chik. 5), is referred here by Hessler : S. dichotoma is described by 
 Roxburgh (Steud.), and is one of the kinds enumerated by Drury as extensively cultivated in India 
 " for the oil yielded by the seeds, as well as for dietetical purposes." (See S. juncea.) 
 
 Sinapis ramosa of Hindustan. Annual ; and from early times, extensively cultivated for dieteti- 
 cal purposes, the oil from its seeds used also medicinally : — observed by Roxburgh (Steud., madr. 
 exh. rep., and Drur.). 
 
 Sinapis glauca of Hindustan. Also from early times cultivated for dietetical purposes and the 
 oil from its seeds — (Steud., madr. exh. rep., and Drur.). 
 
 Tabernoemontana coronaria of Tropical Eastern Asia. A flowering Apocynous shrub called in 
 Sanscrit "tugura," in Hindustanee and Bengalee "tugura" (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay 
 " tuggai " (Graham) ; and the fragrant " tagara " of the Dhammapada 54 to 56 — may be compared : 
 the " tagara " prescribed by Susrutas chik. 15 to kalp. 5, is referred here by Hessler: T. coronaria 
 was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 54 in Malabar ; by Graham, at Bombay, very common " in gardens," 
 the " flowers generally double ; " by Roxburgh, and Ainslie, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Bur- 
 mann pi. 59, on Ceylon; by Mason v. 412 to 799, "exotic" in Burmah, cultivated and its "large blue- 
 white double flowers " worn in garlands, the original single-flowered kind comparatively rare. 
 
 Justicia (Adhatoda) vasica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tall shrub called in Sanscrit 
 " vasika " or " vasooka " or " singhee " or " singhashya " or " uturoosha " or " vajiduntuka," in Ben- 
 galee "bakus" (J. F. Wats.) or "arusa," in Tamil "adatodai," in Telinga " adasaram " (Drur.), in 
 the environs of Bombay " adulsa " or " bakus " or " vasooka " (Graham) ; in which we recognize the 
 fragrant " vassika " shedding its withered flowers of the Dhammapada 55 to 377, — also the "vasika" 
 or " sinhi " or " sinhasya " or " atarusha " or " vajidanta " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 
 37 • A vasica was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, "common as a hedge plant about 
 villages ■ " by Stewart, in the Punjaub ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wallich, as far as Bengal and 
 Nepaul 'the leaves flowers and root employed medicinally (Drur.) ; by Hermann lugd. pi. 643, and 
 fl Zeyl' 16 on Ceylon ; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. Transported to Europe, 
 is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 173 i and from Europe was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues in greenhouses. . . , 
 
 Andropoeon muricatus of Tropical Hindustan. The cuscus grass is called in Sanscrit virana or 
 " viritara" (W Jones), in Tamil "viranam " or " vetti-ver " or " vizhal-ver," in Telinga " vatti-veru " 
 or "ouru-veru " in Bengalee " shandaler-jar " or " bala," in Hindustanee " balah " (Drur.) ; in which 
 we recognize the sweet-scented " usira " root of the " birana " grass, mentioned in the Dhammapada 
 3-7-— the "asmantaca" of the Institutes of Manu ii. 43, supplying in case of need a cincture for 
 Brahmans is referred here by Deslongchamps : roots were brought by Gautami to her pupil Sakuntala 
 (W Tones' as res viii. 306) : the "usira" is mentioned also by D'hanvantan (Susrut. sarir. 111. 2), 
 and Kalidasa- A. muricatus was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay; by Ainslie, Retz, 
 W Jones and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bengal, its roots interwoven in screens 
 
3 88 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "245 B C " (Kitt. cycl. bibl.), returning from his victories iri the East, Ptolemy III. entered 
 Jerusalem ; where he offered sacrifices, and "made magnificent presents to the temple." _ 
 
 Continuing homeward, Ptolemy III. brought back to Egypt the sacred objects earned away by 
 the Persians. He also gave great attention to the increase of the Alexandrian Library and encour- 
 agement of learning. 
 
 A Greek inscription containing the name of Ptolemy III. presents the following form of the let- 
 ter €, and the "earliest " example known of UJ (Franz. 81). " Complications of" hieroglyphic signs 
 also began during his reign (Glidd.). 
 
 " 244 B. C."~(Pauth. p. 208), the " Hioung-nou Tartars " now mentioned in Chinese history : — 
 by some writers identified with the " Hunni " or Huns ; who at a later period invaded Europe from 
 
 the East. 
 
 "243 B. C," the " eighth " year after his liberation of Sicyon (Polyb., and Clint.), Corinth liberated 
 
 by the historian Aratus. 
 
 " The same year " (Strab , and Schlegel journ. asiat. 1828), Theodotus succeeded by Theodotus 
 II., second Greek king of Bactria. 
 
 At this time (Plut. vit. Arat, and G. M. B. in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), a banker in Sicyon, "whose 
 whole business consisted in exchanging one species of money for another." 
 
 242 B. C. = " 19th year" of his reign in an inscription by king Asoka — (Burn. ii. 779). 
 "241 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), the Carthaginians defeated in naval combat by the Romans at 
 the Aegates Islets off the West end of Sicily; and suing for peace, the First Punic war brought to 
 a close. 
 
 In the Description of Greece by Heraclides Creticus, the head-covering of the women of Boeo- 
 tian Thebes is said to conceal the face all but the two eyes — (Apollon. mir. 19): to the present 
 day, the fashion in Egypt (see figures in Lane's modern Egyptians). The Boeotians therefore may 
 have derived the custom through the Cadmeans from Phoenicia ? 
 
 Carpinus betulus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hornbeam or 
 horn-beech or yoke-elm (Prior), in Germany " hainbuche " (Fraas). in France " charme " (Nugent), 
 in Italy "carpine bianco o commune" or " carpino " (Lenz), in Greece "gauros" or "agriotzouk- 
 nitha," in which we recognize the " carpi n urn " by some identified with the " zygiam " of the Greeks 
 (Plin. xvi. 26): possibly therefore the ZYTIA frequent on mount Pelion according to Heraclides 
 Creticus : — C. betulus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the environs of Constantinople 
 to the mountains of the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " carpinus " is mentioned by Vitruvius ii. 9, 
 by Columella as furnishing handles for agricultural implements, and by Pliny as growing in Italy 
 both on the mountains and plains : C. betulus is described by Tragus p. 1109, and Gerarde p. 1479; 
 is termed " carpinus " by Tournefort inst. 583, and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 2032, and Pers.). The wood being exceedingly hard and 
 tough continues to be "used to yoke horned cattle " (Prior ; see Acer campestre). 
 
 "240 B. C." (Cic, and Clint.), first dramatic exhibition of Livius Andronicus : regarded as the 
 beginning of Latin literature. This writer or rather translator was by birth a Greek. — Seven 
 years later, both he and four native Latin writers, Naevius, Plautus, Ennius, and Cato, were all living. 
 Scirpus lacustris of Northern climates. Called in Britain bulrush, in Old English " pole-rush," 
 equivalent to the French "jonc d'eau," in Anglo-Saxon " ea-risc " (Prior): the " scirpus " having 
 no knots according to a Roman proverb — (quoted by Ennius, and Terence), made into rafts in the 
 days of Plautus, employed also on roofs (Isidor.), and for sails on the river Po and along the coast 
 of Barbary in the days of Pliny xvi. 70, may be compared : S. lacustris occurs in debris of the lake- 
 villages of Switzerland (Troyon) ; is described by C. Stephanus p. 520, Tragus, Gesner, Lobel, and 
 C. Bauhin ; is termed " s. palustris altissimus " by Tournefort inst. 528; and is known to grow in 
 shallow water in Barbary, Italy, Portugal, and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as 
 Lapland and Iceland (Desf., Savi, Brot, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, in the rivers of Crete and Greece and called " supha ; " is known to grow along the 
 Taurian mountains and throughout Siberia (Gmel., Bieb., Ledeb., and A. Dec), and was observed by 
 Thunberg about mount Fakon in Japan. Farther East, was observed by myself on the Hawaiian 
 Islands and in California and Oregon, by Nuttall in Arkansas, by Pursh in Canada, by Baldwin along 
 the Atlantic as far South as Lat. 29° in Florida ; and doubtless furnished the " rushes " employed by 
 the aboriginal women of New England for making baskets, witnessed by W. Wood ii. 20, and 
 
 or tatties to impart when dashed with water coolness and fragrance to the atmosphere ; used also for 
 covering palanquins and thatching bungalows (Drur.). Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 
 501 " exotic " in Burmah and called " pan-yen," little bunches cultivated by both Karens and Burmese 
 for " its fragrant roots.'' 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 389 
 
 Gookin coll. 3. " S. lacustris" is attributed also to the Southern Hemisphere, to Australia and New 
 Zealand (Wats., and J. D. Hook.), but as growing in Austral America I found the stem obtusely 
 trigonal at base. 
 
 " 237 B. C. = 10th year of Wang-tching" or Chi-hoang-ti (Chinese chron. table), beginning of 
 the Forty-first cycle. 
 
 " 235 B. C." (Liv., Eutrop., and Clint.), Second closing of the temple of Janus. The Romans 
 having peace with all nations for the first time since the reign of Numa Pompilius. 
 
 The same year = " 26th year of Asoka " in inscriptions on columns at Delhi and Allahabad — 
 (Burnouf ii. 655 to 741). 
 
 One hundred and twenty-second generation. Sept. 1st, 234, mostly beyond youth : the Greek 
 poets, Rhianus, Archimelus, Hegesianax of Alexandria, Samius, Alcaeus of Messene, and Diosco- 
 rides of Egypt ; the comic poet, Epinicus ; the philosophers, Evander, Ariston of Ceos, Zenon of 
 Tarsus, and Chrysippus ; the astronomer Conon of Samos ; the historians, Chares, Phylarchus, Phi- 
 linus of Agrigentum, Mnesiptolemus, and Ptolemaeus of Megalopolis ; the grammarian Aristophanes 
 of Byzantium ; the biographer Hermippus ; other Greek writers, Apollonius of Perga, and Antigo- 
 nus of Carystus ; the Greek painters, Neacles, Cydias, and Antidotus (Bryan): the Latin writer 
 Marcius; and the Roman painter M. Valerius Messala. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date, the first regular work on pharmacy composed by Mantias, a fol- 
 lower of Herophilus, and the preceptor of — Heracleides Tarentinus (Galen, and Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Rheum rhaponticum of Western Tartary. The PHON of Mantias — (Gal. sec. loc. viii. 3), 
 Zopyrus, described by Dioscorides as a medicinal root brought from beyond the Bosphorus, men- 
 tioned also by Oribasius (Daremb.), Aetius, and Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by writers ; and 
 the " rawand " of Elhur, Serapion, Avicenna, and the earlier Arab physicians, is referred here by 
 Ebn Baitar : R. rhaponticum is known to grow wild from the Volga North of the Caspian to Kras- 
 nodar on the upper Yenissei (Spreng , and Lindl.). Westward, the " reon " or " ra " is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " rapontikoum" of the Romans : the "radicis ponticae " is mentioned by Celsus 
 v. 23, and Scribonius Largus ; the "rhacoma," by Pliny xxvii. 105; the root of R. rhaponticum is 
 distinguished by Matthaeus Sylvaticus pandect. 589 ; and the living plant introduced into Europe 
 prior to 1612, is described by Alpinus libell. rhapon., and Parkinson. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation for its esculent leaf-stalks, and is 
 called garden rhubarb ; also to Tropical Hindustan (Graham). Its root according to Guibourt is 
 bitter, astringent, and aromatic (Lindl ). 
 
 " 231 B. C." (Dionys., Blair, and Clint.), first divorce among the Romans, that of Spurius Carvilius. 
 
 "The same year" (Zonar., Blair, and Clint.), the Corsicans and Sardinians, who had been in- 
 duced by the Carthaginians to revolt, subdued by the Romans. 
 
 " 229 B. C." (Eutrop., Blair, and Clint.), war against the Illyrians on account of their piracies 
 commenced by the Romans. — At the end of a year, the Illyrian queen Teuta sued for peace. 
 
 " 228 B. C." (Polyb., Blair, and Clint), at the invitation of the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues, 
 Roman ambassadors first visit Athens, Corinth, and other cities of Greece. 
 
 227-6 B. C. (Polyb. v. 89, and Clint, iii. p. 425), the colossus at Rhodes about this time thrown 
 down by an earthquake. Presents to the Rhodians to repair their losses, sent by the Greek kings 
 of the East, Mithridates IV., Seleucus II. Callinicus, Prusias, Attalus, Antigonus Doson, and Ptole- 
 my III. of Egypt. 
 
 "226 B. C. (Clint, iii. p. 346), Seleucus II. succeeded by Seleucus III. Ceraunus, fifth Greek 
 king of Syria. 
 
 Hardly later than this year (Sm. b. d.), by invitation of Ptolemy III., Eratosthenes removing to 
 Egypt to take charge of the Alexandrian library. Parallels of Latitude were applied to geographical 
 maps by Eratosthenes. From the entrance to the Mediterranean, his celebrated "First parallel" 
 extended through the island of Rhodes, and thence across the Euphrates and Tigris to the mountains 
 of India, having been determined by observing where the longest day continued " fourteen hours and 
 a half;" — therefore, as afterwards ascertained by Hipparchus, corresponding to "the Latitude of 
 36 " (Blair). 
 
 According to Eratosthenes (Strab. i. 3. n), the current in the Strait between Italy and Sicily 
 changes twice a day ; corresponding in general to the tides of the Atlantic, but not so invariably fol- 
 lowing the moon. — Further details respecting the tides of the Atlantic, are given by Posidonius, and 
 Athenodorus. 
 
 Eratosthenes (Strab. i. 3. 3, 4. 9, and xvii. 1. 19) maintained, That the Earth is C*AI PO€IAHC 
 spheroidal (compare Archimedes). He divided mankind into good and bad, a distinction existing 
 throughout all nations ; he admired the institutions of the Romans and Carthaginians ; but states, 
 that the Carthaginians would sink any vessel containing a foreigner sailing to Sardinia, or the en- 
 trance of the Mediterranean. 
 
390 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Inga mellifera of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen " dhoba " or " dobb " or " smurr " (Forsk.) ; 
 and probably included in the MeAITOYPTei A plants suitable for bees abounding according to Era- 
 tosthenes at the Southern extreme of Arabia — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2) : clearly the " akanthos " with fra- 
 grant flowers yielding the " aiguption muron " mentioned by Galen voc. hipp. 414 (compare A. 
 myrrhifera) : I. mellifera is termed " mimosa unguis cati " by Forskal p. 176; was observed by him 
 , in moist places in Yemen, the flowers yielding to bees white honey in abundance, the wood supplying 
 fuel, and the masticated leaves applied to the eyes of bullocks to remove cloudiness. 
 
 Dobera glabra of Tropical Arabia. A large tree called in Yemen "dober" (Forsk.); and its 
 fruit probably included among the 6YKAPniA abounding according to Eratosthenes in the Southern 
 extreme of Arabia — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2.) : D. glabra was observed by Forskal p. 32 frequent along the 
 base of the mountains of Yemen, the fruit eaten. 
 
 Asclepias spiralis of Tropical Arabia. A shrub, not lactescent, and called in Yemen " schuntob '' 
 (Forsk.); and its follicles included perhaps in the "Jukarpia" of the Southern extreme of Arabia, 
 mentioned by Eratosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2): A. spiralis was observed by Forskal p. 49 not far from 
 Lohaia growing on the Desert plain, its follicles eaten, and the seeds sweet and relieving colic. 
 
 Stapelia? variegata of Tropical Arabia. A leafless sarmentose plant called in Yemen "draet el 
 kelbe " (Forsk.) ; and its follicles probably among the " eukarpia " of the Southern extreme of Arabia 
 mentioned by Eratosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2) : S. variegata was observed by Forskal p. xciii to 51 
 along the base of the mountains of Yemen, the follicles eaten crude. 
 
 Oncoba spinosa of Tropical Africa and Arabia. A large tree called in Yemen " onkob" (Forsk.); 
 and its berries possibly among the " Sukarpia " of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Era- 
 tosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2) : O. spinosa was observed by Forskal p. 103 among the mountains of 
 Yemen, the fruit eaten by boys. Westward, is known to grow as far as Senegal (Juss , and Pers.). 
 
 Mirrrta crassifolia of Tropical Arabia. An arborescent shrub called in Yemen "msru" (Forsk.); 
 and its fruit possibly among the " Sukarpia " of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Era- 
 tosthenes — (Strab. xvi. 4. 2): M. crassifolia was observed by Forskal p. 104 in arid situations 
 throughout Yemen, its fruit eaten by boys. 
 
 7 uria moghadd of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen " moghadd " (Forsk ) ; and its fruit prob- 
 ably among the "Oukarpia" of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Eratosthenes — 
 (Strab. xvi. 4. 2): T. moghadd was observed by Forskal p. 166 along the base of the mountains of 
 Yemen, the fruit eaten. 
 
 Fiais Forskali of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen "babies" (Forsk.); and its figs probably 
 among the "Oukarpia" of the Southern extreme of Arabia, mentioned by Eratosthenes — (Strab. 
 xvi. 4. 2) : F. Forskali was observed by Forskal p. 179 on the mountains of Yemen, its fruit not 
 agreeable but eaten. 
 
 "224 B. C." (Blair), the Romans pursuing the Gauls, first cross the Po. 
 
 "223 B. C." (Clint, hi. p. 346), Seleucus III. succeeded by Antiochus III. Magnus, sixth Greek 
 king of Syria. 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Sm. b. d.), the inventions of Heron of Alexandria, a pupil of Ctesi- 
 bius. Applications of steam to mechanical purposes are described by Heron. 
 
 A nacyclus pyrethrum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Spain "pelitre," and hence 
 in English pellitory of Spain (Prior); the n Y P€6 PO N of Iolas — (schol. Nic. ther. 683), Andreas, 
 Antipater (Gal. comp. med. gen. vii. 7), Nicander ther. 93S, l'aulus Aegineta, an herb according to 
 Dioscorides having leaves like those of " thaukos agrios " and its root fiery to the taste, is referred 
 here by writers : A. pyrethrum was observed by Fraas near duellings and in wooded mountain- 
 ravines in Southern Greece. Farther South, the "purfithron" or "thoruknion" or "purithron" 
 or "puroton" or "purinon" or " arnos purites " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the "purites" 
 of the prophets ; " pyrethrum " root is enumerated by Alpinus as used medicinally in Egypt, imported 
 according to Forskal mat. med. "from Barbary ; " but according to Lindley A. pyrethrum occurs 
 also in Syria and Arabia. Westward, the " purethron " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the 
 "sali vans" of the Romans; the "pyrethrum" is mentioned by Celsus, Scribonius Largus 9, Pliny 
 xxviii. 42, Serenus Sammonicus, and as exotic by Macer Floridus ; A. pyrethrum is described by 
 Fuchsius p. 641, Tragus p. 173, Dodoens p. 347 (Spreng.), and Gerarde p. 758; and was observed 
 by Shaw spec. n. 13S, and Desfontaines ii. 287, wild in Barbary. The root according to Persoon 
 induces salivation; and according to Lindley is "a powerful rubefacient and stimulant," and "is 
 imported from the Levant." 
 
 " 222 B. C." (Polyb., and Clint.), the Gauls defeated by Marcellus, and their leader Viridomar slain. 
 
 " In this year " (geogr. Chin., and Klapr.), the small kingdom of Van, in the north of the Chinese 
 
 province of Tchy-li overthrown, the last king Lou-wan seeking refuge among the Hiouno--nou. At 
 
 this time a man of Yan named Wei-man proceeding to Corea obtained possession of the government ; 
 
 dethroning Ki-tsum, the last of the Chinese dynasty. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 391 
 
 "November" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 384 and 399), in Egypt, Ptolemy III. succeeded by 
 Ptolemy IV. Philopator. — Who put to death his mother Berenice, his wife and sister Arsinoe, his 
 brother Magas, and his uncle Lysimachus. 
 
 The hieroglyphic ovals of king Ptolemy IV. occur on buildings at Esneh and Karnak ; on res- 
 torations at Luxor ; and on the small temple to Athyr on the Western hill-slope at Thebes. He also 
 built the temple at Akhmin, continued the one at Dakkeh in Nubia, and founded the great temple 
 at Edfu. 
 
 Among the Pali inscriptions by king Asoka on columns at Delhi and along the Ganges, and 
 on rocks in Guzerat and Cattac, one edict relates to establishing charitable institutions beyond his 
 own territory "within the dominions of Antiochus the Greek (Antioko Yona), of which Antiochus's 
 generals are the rulers : " and a subsequent edict contains " and the Greek king besides, by whom 
 the Chapta (?) kings Turamayo, Gongakena, and Maga" (two of these names being Ptolemaios and 
 Magas, according to Prinsep). 
 
 Hardly earlier than this year (Bunsen iv. 7. 2 giving 260 — " 37 yrs." = 223), Asoka succeeded 
 by his son Suyasas, now king at Pataliputra on the Ganges — (Bhagavata purana, Vichnu purana, 
 and Burnouf ii. 778). 
 
 "221 B. C. = 26th year of Chi-hoang-ti, of the Thsin" or Sixth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 By Chi-hoang-ti, the year was made to commence with the conjunction of the sun and moon in 
 Sagittarius, or two months earlier than under the Tcheou (Pauth.). 
 
 "In the 27th year of Ptolemy III." (Samuel Aniens.), "ziunacanos " that "preserved snow in 
 summer" (ice-houses) constructed in Armenia by Arsaces. 
 
 "As far back as the 3d century B. C. " (Klapr. mem. i. 411), commencement of Georgian his- 
 tory. — Among several historical works, the most esteemed was procured by Vakhtang V. from the 
 archives of the convent of Mzkheta and Ghelathi at the beginning of the Eighteenth century. 
 
 Archimedes (Strab. i. 3. n) observing that fluids in solidifying tend to assume the spherical form, 
 concluded, That it was so with the Earth. 
 
 "220 B. C." (Strab., and Schlegel journ. asiat. 1828), Theodotus II. succeeded by Euthydemus 
 of Magnesia, third Greek king of Bactria. 
 
 " In this year " (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), Rekkhan succeeded by his son Khanloung, now 
 Burmese king. — Who reigned "thirty-eight" years. 
 
 "The same year" (Polyb., Blair, and Clint.), in Greece, commencement of the Social war, 
 between the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues ; Philip IV. of Macedonia joining the Achaeans. 
 
 "The same year" (Clint, ii p. 269, and iii. p. 382), Cleomenes III. of Sparta seeking refuge 
 in Egypt, put to death by Ptolemy IV. He is regarded as the last Spartan king in the Agid line 
 (Pausan.). 
 
 A Greek inscription of about this date (Franz. 80) found on Corcyra, presenting the following 
 form of the letter TT. 
 
 "218 B. C." (Polyb., Bhir, and Clint.), from Spain, a Carthaginian army led by Hannibal 
 through France and over the Alps into Italy : in this unexpected manner- commencing the Second 
 Punic war. An account of the journey is given by L Cincius Alimentus ; who was himself taken 
 prisoner, derived many particulars from Hannibal's own lips, and principally wrote in Greek. 
 
 "The same year" (Polyb., and Clint, iii. p. 315 and 384), commencement of war for the pos- 
 session of Palestine, between Antiochus III. and Ptolemy IV. — The war continued a year. 
 
 Not later than this date (C. Aurel., and Sra. b. d.), the treatise on KYNOAYCCOC hydrophobia 
 by Andreas. 
 
 Helminthia echioides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A Lactucoid herb called 
 in Britain oxtongue (Prior), in Greece " heirovotani " (Sibth ) or " agrios sohos " (Fraas), in Egypt 
 "libbajjn" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the "vouglSsson mega" identified through Syn. Diosc. 
 with the K I PCI ON named from and prescribed against varices by Andreas, — two cubits high 
 according to Dioscorides, with "v5ugl6ss6 "-like leaves spinescent around, and heads of purple- 
 tipped flowers changing into pappus, referred here by Ruel iii. 126: H. echioides was observed by 
 Forskal in Egypt ; by him, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Athens to Smyrna and Constantinople, its 
 leaves eaten crude as well as cooked. Westward, the "kirsion" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the " spina mollis " of the Romans ; and the account of the " cirsion " having " spinae molles " by 
 Pliny xxvii. 39, seems taken from Dioscorides : H. echioides is described also by Lobel pi. 557 ; is 
 termed " hierac'ium echioides capitulis cardui benedicti " by Tournefort inst. 470 ; was observed by 
 Forskal on Malta; and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 
 (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 51, and Pers.). 
 
 Aloe Socoirina of Socotra and the countries around. The imported drug is called in English 
 aloes in Bengalee " musabbar," in Hindustanee "musabbar" or "elwa" (D'roz., and Royle), in 
 which we recognize the AAOHC: INAIKHCof Andreas — (Gal. comp. med. gen. vii. 7), "aloe" 
 
392 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 of Celsus v. I, Juvenal, and Plutarch, the concrete juice "opisma" imported according to Dioscorides 
 from India, or according to Pliny xxvii. 5 the Indian kind is the best (brought of course by way of 
 India originally from the district around the entrance to the Red Sea) : "A. officinalis " was observed 
 by Forskal p. 73 wild in Yemen and called " sabr," from the odour of its juice clearly the source 
 of the Socotrine aloes of commerce; this according to Lindley is imported from Bombay and Smyrna, 
 and " Mocha aloes and genuine hepatic aloes are supposed to be varieties of the same species." By 
 European colonists, the living A. Socotrina was carried from Socotra to the botanic garden at Bom- 
 bay (Graham) : from transported specimens is described also by Miller 15, and Woodville pi. 202. 
 
 Aloe littoralis of the seashore of peninsular Hindustan. Yielding a good kind of aloes (Drur.), 
 possibly the "aloes inthikes" of Andreas: —A. littoralis was observed by Koenig, and Ainslie, in 
 Hindustan, the juice of its leaves applied externally in ophthalmia, and by the Mahommedans used for 
 making ink (Drur.). 
 
 Aloe Indica of the arid sandy plains of Northwestern Hindustan. Yielding aloes (Drur.), and 
 perhaps included in the "aloes inthikes" of Andreas, — and "aloes indicae " distinguished by Mar- 
 cellus 8 : A. Indica, termed " a. perfoliata " by Roxburgh, was also seen in Hindustan by Royle. 
 
 All/tea officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain marsh-mallow 
 (Prior), in France "guimauve" (Nugent), in Germany " eibisch " (Fraas), in Italy "bismalva " or 
 "buonvisco" or "altea" (Lenz), in Greece " n£romol6ha " (Fraas); in which we recognize the 
 " althaia " identified through Syn. Diosc. with the € B I C K Y whose root is prescribed by Andreas — ■ 
 (Gal. c. med. gen. vii. 7) : the " iviskon " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "althiokon ; " 
 and the "althaia" is described by Dioscorides as having a stem two cubits high, downy leaves, and 
 a " rdthoeithes " rose-like flower: A. officinalis was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent in marshy situations from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; is known to grow also in 
 Siberia (Pers.). Farther South, seeds of "althaea" are enumerated by Alpinus as employed medici- 
 nally in Egypt, and the living A. officinalis according to Clot-Bey has been recently introduced. 
 Westward, the "hibisco" is described by Virgil eel. ii. 30 to x. 71 as green and slender, furnishing a 
 switch for driving kids, and woven into wicker baskets " fiscellam texere ; " is prescribed by Celsus ; 
 is identified by Pliny xx. 14 with the " molochen agriam " by some called " pistolochiam ; " and " agre- 
 stisque malva " or " althaea " or " eviscus " is mentioned by Macer Floridus : A. officinalis is termed 
 '• a. Dioscoridis et Plinii " by Tournefort inst. 97 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to 
 grow "near the sea" as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 530, Pers., and Lindl.). Seeds may have 
 floated across the Atlantic to New England, the plant observed by myself only along salt-marshes : 
 but clearly by European colonists, was carried to Southeast Australia, where it has become natural- 
 ized (T. Corder, and A. Dec.) ; and to the Mauritius Islands, observed under cultivation by Bojer. 
 The whole plant, especially the root, yields according to Lindley " a plentiful tasteless " mucilage, 
 " very salutary in' cases of irritation," and "a favourite medicine with the French." (See Alcea 
 acaulis.) 
 
 Orchis undulatifolia of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " sarkinovotani " or 
 "oura tou algpou " (Sibth.) : the C A P ATT I A A A of Andreas, — so called from the many uses of its 
 root, is identified by Dioscorides with the "orhis <5te>os " having oblong " pras6 "-like leaves curling 
 at the axil, stems a span high and purplish flowers, and referred here by Fraas : the " sarapiatha " is 
 also mentioned by Aetius : O. undulatifolia was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from 
 Cyprus to the Peloponnesus, not rare, and the root dried and used for food. Westward, the account 
 by Pliny xxvi. 62 of the "serapias" or "orchis herba" seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides and the 
 Greeks : O. undulatifolia is termed " o. cercopithecum lusitanic." by Breynius pi. 42, is further identi- 
 fied by Chaubard with the " 3d ophrys insectifera" of Linnaeus 1343 and "orchis longi cruris " of 
 Link; is known to grow in Portugal (Brot, Pers., and Steud.), and was observed by Bivona ii. pi. 6 
 in Sicily. 
 
 "217 B. C." (Polyb. 81, and Sm. b. d.), attempt to assassinate Ptolemy IV. ; in which his physi- 
 cian Andreas was slain. 
 
 Amanita aurantiaca of Europe. An edible mushroom called in Piedmont "bole real," and the 
 "boletos" commended by Glaucias — (Plin. xxii. 47), Asellius Sabinus (Suet. vit. Tiber. 42), and 
 Apicius, are referred here by Dierbach and others : A. aurantiaca is known to grow in various parts 
 of Southern Europe. 
 
 "216 B. C." (Polyb , and Clint.), the Romans defeated by Hannibal at Cannae. The swords of 
 the Gallic or French allies of Hannibal are described by Polybius ii. 33 as easily bent, and straight- 
 ened on the ground under foot ; and by Livy xxii. 46, as " praelongi ac sine mucronibus," very long 
 and not sharp-pointed: swords agreeing with this description, long, straight, double-edged, rounded 
 at the extremity, and of untempered iron, are found in tombs apparently contemporaneous in Switzer- 
 land and Northern Europe (Troyon p. 347) 
 
 After the defeat at Cannae, O. Fabius Pictor sent by the Romans to consult the Oracle at Del- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 393 
 
 phi. His last name Pictor, came from his paintings in the temple to Health (Bryan diet, paint.). He 
 wrote in both Greek and Latin. 
 
 "215 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), the envoys of Philippus V. of Macedonia, on their way to Hanni- 
 bal, captured by the Romans. 
 
 As early probably as this date, Moschus of Syracuse composing poetry. He was acquainted 
 with Aristarchus — (Suid.). 
 
 Crocus luteus of the East Mediterranean countries. The ZAN60IO: KPOKOY of Moschus 
 ii. 68 — may be compared: C. luteus is termed "c. vernus Meesiacus primus" by Clusius pannon. 
 228 ; and was observed by Sibthorp near Sestus on the Hellespont. Transported to Britain, is de- 
 scribed by Miller, and in a single park continues growing spontaneously (A. Dec). 
 
 "214 B. C. (= 33d year of Chi-hoang-ti," Amyot, and Pauth. p. 222), the Great wall along the 
 Northern frontier of China commenced. — It was finished in "ten years." 
 
 "213 B. C. (= 34th year of Chi-hoang-ti," Pauth. p. 221 to 227), a comet; and the decree order- 
 ing the destruction of books throughout the Chinese empire. At the same time, the minister Li-sse 
 caused the different kinds of alphabetic character* to be reduced to a single kind, called " li-chou ; " 
 — the same that continues to be employed in Chinese writing. 
 
 " 212 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), during the capture of Syracuse by the Romans under Marcellus, 
 Archimedes at the age of " seventy-five " slain. The first paintings and statues brought to Rome, 
 were from the spoils of Syracuse. 
 
 "209 B. C. = 1st year of Eulh-chi-hoang-ti, of the Thsin " or Sixth dynasty— (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 " The same year (= 453 years after Synmu," Kaempf. i. 6), death of Sinosikwo in the " fiftieth " 
 year of his age ; and arrival in Japan of a colony of Chinese led by a physician. 
 
 "The same year" (Liv., and Clint.), Tarentum recovered by the Romans under Q. Fabius. 
 
 Polygonum aviculare of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain knot-grass or swine's 
 grass, by Treveris grete herbal " swynel grass" (Prior), in France " renoue'e " (Nugent), in Germany 
 "knbterich" (Grieb) : the nOAYTONOY prescribed by Heraclides Tarentinus against blood flow- 
 ing from the ear — (Galen comp. med. loc. iii. 1), mentioned also by Nicander ther. 901, Magnus of 
 Philadelphia, and Charixenes, or the "polugonon arr£n" described by Dioscorides as having numer- 
 ous slender branches, jointed, creeping on the ground like grass, with fruit at each leaf, is referred 
 here by writers : P. aviculare was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, everywhere in 
 Greece and' on the Greek islands. Farther South, the "polugonon arr£n " is identified in the Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "thfiphin" or "mSmphin" of the Egyptians: P aviculare was observed by Hassel- 
 quist in Palestine ; by Delile, around Alexandria in Egypt ; and was received from Abyssinia by 
 Richard. Westward, the " erakl£ian " or "hiliophullon" or "polugonon arrSn " is identified in the 
 Syn. Diosc. with the "houloum" of the Numidians, and "pr6s£rpinaka " or "saggouinalis " of the 
 Romans ; the "herba sanguinalis " is mentioned by Celsus ii. 33, and Columella vi. 12 and vii. 5 ; 
 the "polygonum," by Scribonius Largus 46, and is identified by Pliny xxvii. 91 with the " calligo- 
 num " or " sanguinaria ; " P. aviculare is described by Fuchsius 614, Lobel, and Tabernaemontanus, 
 is known to grow in waste places and along roadsides throughout Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., 
 and Wats.). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow in Nepal and throughout Northern Asia 
 (Wats., and A. Dec), was observed by Thunberg on the seashore and elsewhere in Japan ; and far- 
 ther East, was observed by myself around Chinook villages on the American shore, clearly aborigi- 
 nally introduced. By European colonists, was carried to Iceland and Greenland (Hook., and Wats.), 
 to New England prior to 1670 (according to Josselyn), but has since multiplied throughout Northeast 
 America, especially around dwellings and in places that have been trampled on ; and to Southeast 
 and Southwest Australia, where it has become naturalized (Corder, Drumm., and A. Dec). Accord- 
 ing to Lindley, the "fruit said to be emetic and cathartic." 
 
 Polygonum maritimum of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic : possibly a 
 distinct species, the stems harder, more or less ascending, and leaves somewhat glaucous. — The 
 "karkinethron" or " pethalion " of the Syn. Diosc. may be compared: P. maritimum called " ar- 
 gentina " was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the maritime sands of Cyprus, Crete, 
 and Greece to the sea of Marmora. Farther South, was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean 
 border of E°-ypt near Alexandria ; by myself, on the sea-beach there, the same in every respect as on 
 the sea-beaches of our Middle States ; is known to grow at intervening stations, as on the Atlantic 
 shore of Europe, Madeira, the Canaries and Azores (Barrel, pi. 560, Pers., Webb, Wats., and A. 
 Dec). In the Southern Hemisphere, observed by J. D. Hooker fl. Ant. ii. p. 340 in Patagonia and 
 
 Southern Chili. . 
 
 Berberis Cretica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "mmlkuma" (Sibth.) 
 or " mulkini " or " oxuakantha " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the A Y K I N of Heraclides Taren- 
 tinus, — Celsus v. 28, Scribonius Largus, the juice of a plant growing according to Dioscorides in 
 
 5° 
 
394 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 broken ground in Lycia Cappadocia and many other districts, its branches three cubits long crowded 
 with leaves like those of box, and referred here by Honorius Beltus, and Alpinus exot. pi. 20 : the 
 "lukion"is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " puxakanthan ; " is mentioned also by Galen corap. 
 med. iii. 2, Oribasius, and Paulus Aegineta; by Pliny xii. 15 as a " spina " growing on mount Pelion. 
 and by some among the Greeks called " pyxacanthum chironium : " B. Cretica is described by Bauhin 
 hist i. 60; is termed " b. cretica buxi folio" by Tournefort cor. 42; and was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, from the mountains of Crete and Southern Greece to Cyprus. 
 
 "207 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal, defeated by the Romans. 
 
 "206 B. C. = 1st year of Tsou-pa-wang " (Chinese chron. table) : an usurper as shown by title, 
 his real name being Hiang-yu. Coins issued during his reign are extant (Pauth.). 
 
 '•The same year" (Gaubil note to Chou-king ii. 1. 44) is regarded as the beginning of the Han 
 dynasty ; and maps and geographical lists of places (specially excepted by Chi-hoang-ti in his decree 
 for burning the books) were now carefully collected. 
 
 '' In this year" (Gildem. p. 28), expedition of Antiochus III. against India. 
 
 " In this year ( = L. Veturius and Q. Caecilius Metellus consuls," Sm. b. d.), the poet Naevius 
 imprisoned for a disparaging verse on the Metelli, the laws of the Twelve Tables punishing libel with 
 death. His imprisonment is alluded to by Plautus mil. glor. ii. 2. 56. 
 
 The Tl PPV LA of Plautus, — so light as to run on the top of the water according to Varro, and a 
 diminutive animal with six feet according to Pompeius Festus (Paul. Diac), is clearly the insect tribe 
 of G err is. 
 
 Hypericum perforatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain St John's 
 wort (V nor), in Germany "hartheu " (Fraas), in France '• millepertuis " (Xugent), in Italy " perforata " 
 or " iperico " (Lenz), in Greece " leihenohorton " or " valsamon " (Sibth.) or " valsamaki " (Fraas), 
 in which we recognize the HYPER ICON of Plautus, — a cubit high according to Pliny xxvi. 53, 
 strong-scented, and ripening seed at the same time with barley : the " herba sancti ioannis herba per- 
 forata" is mentioned by Symon Januensis sinon. : H. perforatum is described by Arnoldus de Villa- 
 nova (Pouchet), Valerius Cordus, and Dodoens (Spreng.) ; is termed "h. vulgare " by Tournefort 
 inst. 254 ; is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Smith) ; accord- 
 ing to Prior, " gathered on the eve of St. John's day, the 21st June," as "a preservative against 
 thunder and evil spirits, whence it was called ' fuga daemonum,' and given internally against mania." 
 Farther East, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, throughout Greece and the Greek 
 islands ; is possibly included among the imported " Hypericum leaves and flowers " found by Alpinus, 
 and Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egvpt (see H. crispum) ; but seems altogether 
 unknown in Eastern Asia (Ledeb., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it has become naturalized in open and sometimes wild situations. Its leaves accord- 
 ing to Lindley are " astringent, an infusion has been used in gargles and lotions." 
 
 Cinnamomum iners of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. The wild cinnamon is 
 called in Hindustanee "darchini," in Malabar " kat-carua," in Canara " cuddoo-lavang.i (Drur.), in 
 the environs of Bombay " ohez " or " bojevar " (Graham), in Burmah " theet-kyam-boo " (Mason), 
 and the exported dried leaves "folia malabathri " (Lindl.) ; in which we recognize the PETALION of 
 Plautus curcul., — " malabathrum " of Horace, Ovid, Celsus, Pliny xii. 59, Isidorus (Stapel, and 
 Ainsw.), and " folium" of Apicius : the " malavathron " growing in India, is mentioned by Andro- 
 machus, Dioscorides, Claudius Ptolemy, and Paulus Aegineta ; the " phullon malavathrou " or 
 phullon inthikon," by Nicolaus Myrepsus xxxiv. 22 ; the " sadsadsch," by Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar; 
 aromatic ''folio indico " is enumerated by Van Ghistele (Yoyag. Belg. ) among the ingredients of the 
 Egyptian teriacle ; and " sadedj hendi " or "malabathrum fol." imported from Hindustan, was seen 
 in Egypt by Forskal. Southward and Eastward, the "kinnamomon used for firewood among the 
 Sabaeans according to Agatharchides 101, and Artemidorus (Strab. xvi. 4. 19), may be compared; 
 also the "xulokinnamfimon " and importations into Mosul, mentioned by Dioscorides i. 12 to 13, and 
 Pliny vi. 34: C. iners was observed by Rheede i. pi. 75 in Malabar; by Graham, along the "Ghauts, 
 and in the hilly parts of the Concans," its bruised leaves having "a strong spicy smell," its bark put 
 in curries "as a spice," but "billets from the tree are often sold together with other kinds of fire- 
 wood ; " by Buchanan, Roxburgh hort. calc. 30, Wallich, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore, 
 its inner bark " capable of affording cassia li^nea of good quality," and its dried buds used medici- 
 nally ; according to Ainslie, Royle, and Lindley, its dried leaves constitute the principal part of the 
 folia malabathri of 'commerce. Farther East, was observed by Mason wild in Burmah; by Blume 
 rumph. xxxv. pi. 15, as far as Java. (See C. tamala). 
 
 Laurus sp. of the Canary Islands. The aromatic bark M A C I S of Plautus, — " maceris " of the 
 antidote of Antipater (Scrib. Larg. 167), " makSr " brought according to Dioscorides from " varvarou," 
 yellowish, thick, astringent, and taken in potion against dysentery diarrhoea and spitting blood, is 
 referred by Alpinus to the " selica seuda " bark imported from Barbary into Egypt and confounded 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 395 
 
 with the spice cassia : one or more species of Laurus are known to grow, if not on the Atlas mountains 
 on the neighbouring Canary Islands. The "macir" is mentioned also by Pliny xii. 16, Galen fac. 
 simpl. vii. p. 66, and Paulus Aegineta, but is attributed to India. 
 
 Tussilago petasites of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain butterbur 
 (How, Skinner, W. Coles, and Prior), in Italy " petasite " or "tussilagine maggiore " (Lenz), in 
 Greece " kollopanna ; " and the FOLIA-FARFERI of Plautus poen. ii. 1.32, — " f arfarum " or " far- 
 fugium" or " chamaeleucen '' of Pliny xxiv. 85 is referred here by Billerbeck : T. petasites is termed 
 '• petasites major et vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 451, and is known to grow in Italy and throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Denmark, flowering in the early spring (fl. Dan. pi. 842, and Pers.). Eastward, 
 the " pStasitSs " is described by Dioscorides as a sprout thick as the thumb and more than a cubit 
 high, bearing a large leaf like a broad-rimmed hat : T. petasites was observed by Sibthorp along 
 shaded rills in Greece and on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 Festuca ovina of Subarctic Climates. A grass called in Britain fescue (Prior), and the F E S T V C A 
 of Plautus, laid by the praetor on the head of a slave in freeing him, — may be compared (referred by 
 Fe'e to "f. rubra ") : F. ovina is termed " gramen loliaceum minus capillaceo folio spica briza? lon- 
 gissima " by Tournefort inst. 517 ; is known to grow from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Pers., Engl, 
 bot. pi. 585, and Wats.) ; was observed by Brotero in Northern Portugal ; by Scopoli, and Pollich, 
 in Northern Italy and Carniolia; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the loftier mountains of 
 Greece ; is known to grow also on the Taurian mountains and in Siberia (Bieb., and Kunth). West- 
 ward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland; by Sabine, in Greenland; and is known to grow from 
 Lat. 65 at Bear Lake to the Saskatchewan, Lake Winnipeg (Hook.), and Lake Superior (A. Gray), 
 also to the Pacific at Nootka Sound (Kunth). The viviparous variety is known to grow "on the 
 alpine summits of the White mountains " of New England (A. Gray), on Iceland, the mountains of 
 Britain and middle Europe (Ray syn. pi. 22, Engl. bot. pi. 1355, and Pers.), and on the mountains of 
 the Peloponnesus. " F. amethystina " of Linnaeus, observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, is 
 regarded by him, together with " F. rubra," Linn., as perhaps not distinct from F. ovina. 
 
 Festuca duriuscula of Northern Climates. Notwithstanding the flat leaves often confounded 
 with the preceding, and probably included in the "festuca" of the Romans : — termed "gramen pra- 
 tense panicula duriore laxa unam praecipue partem spectante " by Tournefort inst. 522 ; known to 
 grow from Lapland and Russia to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pi. 700, Pers., and Wats.) ; observed 
 by Ray pi. 19 in Britain; by Lamarck, in France ; by Host, in Austria; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 in dry situations in the Peloponnesus. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; by myself, to all appear- 
 ance indigenous on the coast cliffs of Eastern New England, and by Nuttall as far as the seashore of 
 New Jersey; but occurs also in fallow ground, perhaps introduced among grass seed : was observed 
 by Short in Kentucky; by Chapman, "around dwellings, Florida and northward, introduced." 
 
 "The same year" (Liv., and Clint.), a Roman army led into Africa by P. C. Scipio ; and a 
 treaty negociated by him with Syphax. 
 
 " 205, November " (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 339), in Egypt, Ptolemy IV. succeeded by Ptolemy V. 
 Epiphanes ; now about " five " years old — (Justin, and Hieron.). Hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy V. 
 occur on the temple at Ombos, founded by him ; and during his reign, a large amount of building was 
 accomplished, especially at Thebes, Esneh, Edfu, and Philae. At the last named place, his name 
 occurs in a Greek inscription, dedicating the small temple to Aesculapius. 
 "203 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), departure of Hannibal from Italy. 
 
 As early perhaps as this dale (Vishnu purana, and Burnouf ii. 778), Suyasas succeeded by his son 
 Dasaratha, now king at Pataliputra on the Ganges. His name occurs at Budha Gaya, in an 
 inscription dedicating a Budhist cave-temple immediately after his accession — (Prinse;\ and 
 Burn.). 
 
 '■ 202, Oct. 19th "(Blair), partial eclipse of the sun. And shortly afterwards, Hannibal defeated 
 at Zama in Africa by P. C. Scipio — (from this time called " Africanus "). 
 
 "The same y ear = 5th year of Tai-tsou-kao-hoang-ti ; " now, "in the twelfth month," head 
 of the new dynasty of the Han (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 234). His original name is given as 
 Lieou-pang, and he is also called Kao-tsou. He is blamed for giving in marriage a princess of the 
 imperial family to the chief of the Hioung-nou Tartars : the first instance in Chinese history of an 
 alliance with barbarians. 
 
 " In the reign of Tai-tsou-kao-hoang-ti " (Pauth.), and under the superintendence of his gen- 
 eral Chang-liang, a road partly on pillars constructed at great expense among the mountains of 
 
 Chensi. 
 
 "201 B. C. " (Blair), end of the Second Punic war, in peace on ignominious terms granted to 
 
 the Carthaginians. . 
 
 One hundred and twenty-third generation. Jan. 1st, 200, mostly beyond youth : the Jewish his- 
 torian Demetrius (Clint, i. p. 288) ; the Greek poets Seleucus, and Moschus ; the philosophers, 
 
396 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Sotion, and Hegesinus ; the historians, Menodotus of Perinthus, Sosilus, Silenus, and Zenon of 
 Rhodes; the grammarians, Demetrius of Scepsis, and Aristarchus ; other Greek writers, Polemon, 
 Adaeus, and Mnaseas of Patara ; the painters, Nicias, and Athenion (Bryan) ; the Latin writers, 
 Fulvius Nobilior the historian, and Caecilius Statius the comic poet. 
 
 VII. ROMAN DOMINION. 
 
 "The same year" (Liv., and Clint.), war commenced by the Romans against Philippus V. of 
 Macedonia : and an embassy from Ptolemy V., proposing to remain neutral, unless the Romans 
 should desire a different course. 
 
 "In this year" (according to Greek authority, " Megasthenes " in Drur.), teaching writing on 
 school-boards introduced into Hindustan, — the method practised to the present day.* 
 
 " 198 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 316), the army of Ptolemy V. led by the Aetolian general Scopas, 
 defeated at Panicum by Antiochus III. After inclining towards the cause of Antiochus III., the Jews 
 now submitted voluntarily, and passed from the dominion of Egypt. 
 
 Meum athamanticum of mountainous situations throughout middle Europe. Called in Britain 
 spicknelox mew (Ainsw., and Prior), in the drug-shops "radix mei " (Lindl.), in which we recognize 
 the MHOY root of the theriac of Antiochus Philometor, inscribed on the temple of Aesculapius — 
 (Plin. xx. 100, and Gal. antid. ii. 14), or the " meon athamantikon " of Andromachus, Servilius 
 Damocrates, Paulus Aegineta, described by Dioscorides as abounding in Spain and Macedonia, in 
 stem and leaves resembling " anetho," the roots warm to the taste and fragrant : named according 
 to Pliny xx. 94 as if discovered by Athamas, or by another account found of the best quality in the 
 Athamantian district (in Boeotia). Westward, the " meum " is further mentioned by Pliny as spar- 
 ingly sown in Italy and only by physicians ; M. athamanticum is termed •• bervurtz" by Hildegarde 
 ii. 142, was observed by Bartholem. Urbetanus and A. Palla Juvenatiensis on the mountains of Nursia 
 (Spreng.) ; is described also by Gesner hort. f. 274, and Dalechamp p. 1170 (Spreng.) ; and is known 
 to grow in Northern Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (jacq. austr. pi. 303, Pers., 
 Engl. bot. pi. 2349, and Lenz). The roots according to Lindley "are aromatic and sweet, something 
 like carrot," and " form an ingredient in Venice treacle." Seeds of " mu '' or " mei " are enumerated 
 by Alpinus as entering into the composition of the Egyptian theriac. 
 
 197 B. C. = "9th year of Ptolemy V.,'' the date of the Rosetta Stone : a decree in hieroglyphic 
 characters, with a translation in demotic, and also in Greek : — thus affording the means of recover- 
 ing'the art of reading hieroglyphic writing. 
 
 " 196 B. C." (Polyb., Liv., and Clint.), at the Isthmian games, Greece declared free by T. Quinc- 
 tius Flamininus. 
 
 " 195 B. C." (Plut., Trog., and Schlegel journ. asiat. 1S2S), Euthydemus succeeded by Apollo- 
 dotus Soter, fourth king of Bactria ; and (according to some authorities) also by Menander Nicator. 
 — Coins of Apollodotus and Menander continued current in Barygaza (Baroach) in the time of the 
 author of the Erythraean Periplus, and to the present day are found in great numbers from Cabul as 
 far East as the Jumna (Sm. ,ueogr. diet.). 
 
 " 194 B. C. = 1st year of Hoei'-ti or Hiao-hoei'-ti, of the Han" or Seventh dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table, and Pauth. p. 235). He revoked the decree against ancient books. 
 
 "The same year" (Liv., Val. Max., and Clint.), at Roman spectacles, separate seats first assigned 
 to senators. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Suid., and Sm. b. d.), Eratosthenes succeeded by Apollonius Rhodius 
 in the charge of the Alexandrian Library. 
 
 * Ahtonia scholaris of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A tree called in 
 the environs of Bombay " satween " or " shaitan " (Graham), in Bengalee " chhatin," in Telinga 
 '• edakula-ariti " or " edakula-ponna " or " edakula-pala " or " pala-garuda," in Tamil " ezhilaip-palai " 
 (Drur.) ; and furnishing the school-boards in question: — the " saptaparna " with fragrant flowers 
 according to Kalidasa ragh. iv. 23, prescribed medicinally by Susrutas, is referred here by W. Jones, 
 and Hessler : A. scholaris was observed by Rheede i. pi. 45 in Malabar ; by Graham, in " the hilly 
 parts of the Concan pretty common " as far North as Bombay, employed by the natives medicinally 
 but held in " superstitious fear," supposed to assemble " all the trees of the forest once a year to 
 pay homage ; '' was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, Nimmo, and Drury, as far as Travancore, Coro- 
 mandel, and Assam ; and is termed by Rumphius ii. pi. 82 " lignum scholare " from boys learning to 
 write on tablets of the wood (Pers.). Farther East, was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, and 
 called in Tagalo " dita," in Ylocano " dallopaven ; " and apparently the same species, observed by 
 myself as far as the Feejee Islands. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 397 
 
 " 192 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), by Philopoemen, Sparta joined to the Achaean League. 
 
 "The same year" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399), marriage of Ptolemy V., with Cleopatra 
 daughter of Antiochus III. of Syria. 
 
 •' 190 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), eclipse of the sun. And at " Magnesia in Lydia," Antiochus III. 
 defeated by L. C. Scipio ; commanding the first Roman army led into Asia. 
 
 " 189 B. C. (the plebeian M. Fulvius Nobilior and Cn. Manlius Vulso consuls," Cic. tusc. I. 2, 
 and Sm. b. d.), Fulvius Nobilior, having " obtained Aetolia as his province," proceeding thither 
 accompanied by the poet Ennius. 
 
 " 188 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), at Sparta, by Philopoemen again elected Achaean praetor, the 
 Laws of Lycurgus abrogated. 
 
 " 187 B. C. = 1st year of Liu-chi or Kao-hoang-heou-Iiu-chi, of the Han '' or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table) ; the first woman who ruled China— (Pauth. p. 236). 
 
 "The same year" (Polyb., and Clint.), embassies sent by the Achaean League to Rome 
 and Egypt ; and the alliance of Ptolemy V. with the Achaeans renewed. Before the close of 
 the year (Clint, iii. 346), Antiochus III. succeeded by Seleucus IV. Philopator, seventh Greek king 
 of Syria. 
 
 " 186 B. C. (= 326 — " 140 yrs." of Masudi, Wilford as. res. ix. 181), in Hindustan, end of the 
 dynasty of Phour (Porus who was overcome by Alexander). 
 
 " 184 B. C." (Cic, and Clint.), at Rome, Cato appointed censor. 
 
 Smyrnium perfoliatum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " tragogouli : " the 
 MELANTHII-ACETABVLVM by physicians called SMYRN I VM according to Cato 102, — or the 
 " smyrnion " of Pliny xxvii. 109 (whose account seems in great part taken from Dioscorides), is 
 referred here by writers : S. perfoliatum is described by Morison ix. pi. 4 ; is termed " s. peregrinum 
 rotundo folio " by Tournefort inst. 316; and is known to grow in Hungary, Italy, and Spain (Kitaib., 
 Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, the "smurnion" is described by Dioscorides as growing mostly on 
 mount Amanus and called in Cilicia " p£tr6s£linon," its stem " s£lin6 "-like and umbel '■ anethogithgs " 
 with round black seeds tasting like myrrh for which they can be substituted : S. perfoliatum is termed 
 " s. creticum " by Matthioli p. 366 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent 
 on mountains from Cyprus to Crete and the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Asparagus officinalis of Western Europe. Called in Britain asparagus or sometimes sparrow- 
 grass (Prior), in Germany "spargel" (Grieb), in France " asperge " (A. Dec), in Italy " sparag- 
 gio " or "asparago" (Lenz), in which we recognize the ASPARAGVS cultivated according to Cato 
 161 and especially succeeding in gardens at Ravenna, — mentioned also by Augustus (Suet. oct. 87), 
 Pliny xix. 42, Palladius iv. 9. 10, and a bundle of the young shoots distinctly figured at Pompeii 
 (Schouw 4) : A. officinalis is described by Blackwell pi. 332, is known to grow wild in Italy and 
 throughout middle Europe (Pers., and Lenz), is besides abundantly cultivated as far as Holland. 
 Eastward, has not been observed in Greece : but "asparagus " is enumerated by Alpinus among" the 
 esculent plants of Egypt, and "asparagus " roots imported "from Europe " are according to Forskal 
 mat. med. employed medicinally. Farther East, was observed by Thunberg under cultivation at 
 Jeddo in Japan, and called " kikak kusi." Possibly by European colonists carried to Hindustan, 
 where it was observed by myself in the botanic garden at Bombay, and by Roxburgh, and Graham, 
 under cultivation, but no native name is given ; and to Burmah, where it is enumerated by Mason as 
 "exotic," and seems devoid of a native name. Clearly by European colonists was carried to North- 
 east America, where it continues under cultivation, and occurs besides in wild situations perhaps 
 fairly naturalized. (See Asparagus tenuifolius). 
 
 Glyceria fluitans of Temperate climates. Called in Britain float-grass or flote-grass (Prior), 
 and the VLVA-OVIVM of Cato 37, — and " agrtfstis potamios " of Dioscorides iv. 30 (?), are 
 referred here by Thiebault de Berneaud (F£e) : the " not grese " is mentioned by Galfridus pr. pm. : 
 G. fluitans is termed "gramen fluviatile" by Gerarde, "gr. paniculatum aquaticum fluitans" by 
 Tournefort inst. 521 ; was observed by Desfontaines, and Munby, in Barbary ; by Lemann, on 
 Madeira (A. Dec.) ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Hook., Fries, and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by 
 Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to grow also in the Tauro-Caspian 
 countries (Bieb.), and on the Ural in Siberia (Ledeb.). Farther East, was observed by Drummond 
 at Cumberland House in Lat. 54 in central North America ; by ' Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by 
 myself, alono- the Atlantic from Lat. 43 ; and is known to grow as far South as the Delaware 
 peninsula (Muhl.) and Upper portion of Carolina (Ell.). In the Southern Hemisphere, is known 
 to grow in Chili (Brogn. 1st voy. Astrol. p. 39), and was observed by R. Brown i. p. 179 in 
 Australia. 
 
 Arundo festucoides of Barbary. The "arundinis italiae '' used chiefly for vines, and directions 
 for planting which are given by Cato, — or the " ampelodesmon " described by Pliny xvi. 67 to xvii. 
 
398 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 35- 26 as employed in Sicily for tying vines, is referred here by Cyrillo : A. festucoides is termed 
 "donax tenax " by Beauvois ; was observed by Hogg on Sicily; is known to grow wild in dense 
 "caespite" cane-brakes in hilly situations in Barbary (Desf. pi. 34, and Pers.). 
 
 A vena fatua of Tartary. Called in France "folk avoine " (Fde), in Italy " avena salvatica" 
 (Lenz), in Greece " agriogenema " or "agriosiphonari " or " agriovromo," in which we recognize the 
 AVENA of Cato r. r. xxxvii. 5, — " sterilis avena" and " vana avena" of Virgil eel. v. 35 and georg. 
 i. 77, or the "avena" into which barley is supposed by Pliny xviii. 44 to degenerate : A. fatua was 
 observed by Forskal in Southern France, is known to grow as a weed in grain-fields throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Holland and Britain (Bauh., C. Bauh. pin. 10, Parkins, p. 1149, Pers., and 
 Wats.). Eastward, the "vromos" compared with the "aigi!6pi " by Dioscorides iv. 138 is identified 
 in the added synonyms with the " siphonion " or " akrospelos," and with the " avenam " of the 
 Romans : A. fatua was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grain-fields from 
 Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; is called in Egypt " zommeyr " or "chafur," in which we recog- 
 nize the "khafur" of Ebn Baitar ; and was observed in the cultivated ground of Lower Egypt by 
 Forskal, and Delile. Farther East, is known to grow wild in the Crimea, and probably wild also 
 around Caucasus (Bieb., Ledeb., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Thunberg here and there in Japan, 
 growing spontaneously and called "tsusikusa." A. sterilis, regarded by some writers -as not dis- 
 tinct, was also observed in Greece by Sibthorp, and Bory ; and by Delile, growing around Cairo 
 in Egypt. 
 
 " 1S2 B. C." (Liv., Plut., and Clint.), while opposing the measures of T. Quinctius Flamininus, 
 Philopoemen captured and slain. Lycortas was next elected Achaean praetor ; and his son, the 
 historian Polybius, carried the urn at the funeral of Philopoemen. 
 
 In this year (= " 220 — 38 yrs.," Mason 40), Khanloung succeeded by his son .... as Bur- 
 mese king. 
 
 " 181 B. C." (Cass. Hemin., Plin., and Clint.), in Rome, the writings of Numa discovered; and 
 being on '• philosophy," publicly burned. 
 
 "The same year" (Schlegel, Bayer, and Wilson), accession of Eucratides as Greek king of 
 Bactria. He conquered a portion of Hindustan — (Strab. xv. 1. 3), a fact confirmed by the abun- 
 dance of his coins, some of them bearing bilingual inscriptions, Pali and Greek ; he is termed the 
 "Great King" by Artemidorus. 
 
 "October" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399), in Egypt, Ptolemy V. succeeded by Ptolemy VI. 
 Philometer. Who married his own sister Cleopatra. The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy VI. 
 occur on temples erected or continued by him at Antaeopolis, Koos, Edfu, Ombos, Philae, and 
 Paremboleh in Nubia. His name occurs also on these temples in Greek inscriptions; and (accord- 
 ing to Champollion-Figeac) he dedicated one or more Egyptian temples to the gods of Greece. 
 
 " 179 B. C. = 1st year of Wen-ti or Hiao-wen-ti, of the Han " or Seventh dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table) ; the first Chinese emperor, who on the occasion of remarkable phenomena and public 
 calamities demanded to be informed of his faults; and who gave orders for searching out men of 
 merit for public employ (Pauth. p. 236). 
 
 Wen-ti also caused money to be coined outside of the capital, in the provinces : the coins 
 being "all of copper, and round, with a square hole in the centre" for stringing them together 
 (Pauth.). 
 
 "The same year" (Liv., and Clint.), death of Philippus V., and the accession of Perseus, last 
 king of Macedonia. 
 
 Asclepiades of Myrleia a "pupil of Apollonius Rhodius " (Sm. b. d.), and therefore hardly later 
 than this date. 
 
 Cerasus chamacerasjis of the mountains of Eastern Europe and the neighbouring portion of 
 Asia. The XAMAIK6PACOC growing according to Asclepiades Myrleanus in Bithynia, — is 
 referred here by Sprengel and others: " chamaecerasi " are mentioned by Pliny xv. 30 as growing 
 in Macedonia, in cold situations towards the North, and the fruit dried and yielding profit to farmers ; 
 C. chamascerasus is described by Jacquin rar. pi. 90, is known to grow on the Austrian Alps, and 
 according to Persoon, is besides cultivated. Farther South, the " hamaikfirasos " was known to 
 Athenaeus ii. 11 in Egypt. 
 
 " 177 B. C. = 3d year of Wen-ti" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Forty-second cycle. 
 
 " In the first half of the second century B. C." (Humb. cosm. ii.), Szu-ma-thsian writing. 
 
 " In the time of the Western Han " (Topog. Cant., and Pauth. 472), arrival in China* of persons 
 
 * Cocculus fibraurea of Anam and Tropical China. A thick-stemmed woody climber called 
 in Anam "cay vang dang," in China "tien sien tan " (Lour.) ; and from early times used medicinally 
 and for dyeing yellow : — C. fibraurea was observed by Loureiro 769 in the woods of Anam and 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 399 
 
 " from Kan-tou, Lou, Hoang-tchi, and other nations of the South : the nearest about ten days journey, 
 and the most distant about five months, their territories being large and populous (Siamese countries) ; 
 and they had many productions and rare objects." 
 
 " 176 B. C." (Pauth.), on application from the emperor Wen-ti, the Chou-king recited from mem- 
 ory by Fou-chen ; having charge of Chinese literature thirty-seven years previously, at the time of 
 the Burning of the books. 
 
 The same year (= 313 — " 137 yrs." in the Vichnu purana, Burn. ii. 778), a date possibly mark- 
 ing the accession of Samgata, son of Dasaratha and now king at Pataliputra on the Ganges. He is 
 called Sampada in the Avadana Asoka (Burn, introd. 430). 
 
 " 175 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), Seleucus IV. succeeded by Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, eighth 
 Greek king of Syria. 
 
 " 171 B. C." (Liv., and Clint), invasion of Macedonia by the Romans, warring against king 
 Perseus. 
 
 Hegesander of Delphi may have been at this time writing. He mentions Rhodophon of Rhodes, 
 legate to the Romans on the occasion of the above outbreak (Polyb. xxvii. 6. 3 to xxx. 5. 4). 
 
 Astragalus glaux of the Mediterranean countries. A species of milk-vetch; and the TAAYKIC 
 KO N according to Hegesander 35 not growing about the Hellespont — (Athen. ii. 62), may be com- 
 pared : the "eugalacton" of the ancients is identified by Pliny xxvii. 58 with the "glaux," described 
 by Dioscorides as growing by the seaside, its five or six slender branches spreading on the ground a 
 span from the root, leaves whiter beneath and resembling those of " kutis6 " or " phak6," flowers 
 " lgukoiois "-like but smaller, purple, the plant in decoction restoring suppressed milk, and referred 
 here by Clusius, and Sprengel : A. glaux was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus, growing in the open 
 country. Westward, the account of the "glaux" by Pliny seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : A. 
 glaux was observed by Clusius hist. ii. 240 in Spain ; is described also by C. Bauhin pin. 347, and 
 Rivinus pent. irr. pi. 109. 
 
 " The same year " (Diodor., Blair, and Clint.), invasion of Egypt by Antiochus IV.; and between 
 Pelusium and Mount Casius, the army of the youthful Ptolemy VI. defeated. 
 
 " 170 B. C." (2 Maccab. v. 1, Blair, Clint, iii. p. 319, and Kitt. cycl. bibl. lit.) expulsion of the 
 high-priest Menelaus, appointed by Antiochus IV. ; the Jews being deceived by a false rumour. Re- 
 turning alive from Egypt, Antiochus IV. plundered Jerusalem, and polluted the temple by sacrifices 
 of swine. 
 
 " 170-69 B. C." (Porphyr., and Clint, p. 387 and 399), Ptolemy Physcon associated with his 
 brother Ptolemy VI. in ruling Egypt. 
 
 " 168, June 21st " (Blair, and Clint.), eclipse of the moon. The first eclipse predicted by a Ro- 
 man astronomer ; by Sulpicius Gallus to the Roman army at Pydna, which on the following day 
 defeated Perseus, bringing the Macedonian kingdom to a close. Gentius king of the Illyrians and 
 ally of Perseus, was separately defeated and taken prisoner by the Romans. 
 
 Gentiana lutea of the high mountains of middle Europe. Called in Italy " gentiana maggiore " 
 (Lenz), and the r e N T I A N H discovered by Gentius, king of the Illyrians — and growing according to 
 Dioscorides on the loftiest mountains, the stem smooth as thick as the finger and two cubits high 
 with leaves at intervals, mentioned also by Servilius Damocrates, Galen, and Paulus Aegineta, is re- 
 ferred here by writers : the "ggntiane" or "aloe gallike" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " aloitis " of the Dardani (on the border of Illyria), and " g£nous " or " kikSnthia " or " kuminalis " 
 of the Romans : the "gentianam " is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 34 as growing chiefly in " subalpinis ; " 
 and G. lutea is described by Renealme spec. pi. 63, and is known to grow in and around Switzerland 
 in Subalpine situations (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz). Farther South, is mentioned by Serapion 
 (Spreng.); its imported root is enumerated by Alpinus among the ingredients of the Egyptian theriac, 
 
 China the root and lower part of the stem "resolvens deobstruens diuretica ; " bitter in taste accord- 
 ing to'Lindley, and used by the Malays in intermittent fevers and liver complaints. 
 
 Commia Cochinchi/iensis of Anam. An Euphorbiaceous tree of medium size called in Anam 
 " cay son gia " (Lour.) ; and from early times, its gum used medicinally : — C. Cochinchinensis was 
 observed by Loureiro 742 wild near the seashore of Anam, its white tenacious gum emetic, purgative, 
 deobstruent, useful in obstinate dropsy and obstructions (see also Lindley). 
 
 Muricia Cochinchinensis of Anam and Tropical China. A woody climbing Curcubitaceous 
 plant called in Anam " cay goc " or " mouc biet tu," in China " mo pie su " (Lour.) ; and from early 
 times, employed medicinally : — observed by Loureiro 732 wild in Anam and China, its berries 
 used for tin^ein^ food, its seeds and leaves given in obstructions of the liver and spleen, in tumours 
 and malignant ulcers, and applied externally in prolapsus, dislocations, and fractures (see also 
 Lindley). 
 
4<X> CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 and "djentiana" root was found by Forskal mat. med. imported by the way of Greece into Egypt. 
 According to Lindley, the "gentian of the shops" is " a valuable bitter drug, employed extensively 
 in certain forms of dyspepsia, in intermittents, and as an anthelmintic." 
 
 One hundred and twenty-fourth generation. May ist, 167, mostly beyond youth: the Greek 
 poet, Antipater of Sidon ; the philosophers, Antipater of Tarsus, and Diodorus of Tyre ; the his- 
 torians, Heracleides of Oxyrynchus, and Sosicrates of Rhodes ; the biographer Satyrus ; the gram- 
 marians, Aristodemus of Elis, Ammonius of Alexandria, Menecrates of Nysa, and Callistratus ; other 
 Greek writers, Apollodorus, and Jason of Cyrene ; A. Posthumius Albinus who wrote principally in 
 Greek : the Latin writers, Pacuvius the tragic poet, and the three historians C. Fannius, Calpurnius 
 Piso, and Cassius Hemina. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), a Library first established in Rome; consisting of books brought 
 from Macedonia by Paulus Aemilius. 
 
 Cleitophon of Rhodes possibly at this time writing: he mentions the betraying of Ephesus to 
 Brennus, composed a history of the Gauls, and works on India, Italy, and the founding of cities — 
 (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Trichodesma Indieum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The Indian borage is called in the 
 environs of Bombay " chota-kulpa " (Graham) ; and the KAPTTYKH resembling according to Cleito- 
 phon the BO Y T AuilCCUU, and employed in India against jaundice — (Plut. fluv. 25. 3, and Stob. 98), 
 may be compared : T. Indieum was observed by Gibson, and Graham, in the environs of Bombay 
 and on the Deccan, an annual '-very common in waste places during the rains ; " by Roxburgh, and 
 Drury, in various parts of the peninsula, held in repute against snake-bites, and emollient poultices 
 made of the leaves by the natives ; by Powell, in the Punjaub, used for purifying the blood and as a 
 diuretic; and farther East, by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. Transported to Europe, is described 
 by Plukenet aim. pi. 76 f. 3. 
 
 Trichodesma Zclanieum of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. Included perhaps in the "kar- 
 puke " of Cleitophon : — T. Zeylanicum was observed by Gibson, and Lush, on the Deccan South of 
 the Taptee (Graham) ; by Burmann ind. pi. 14, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; is known 
 to grow on Ceylon, and according to Lindley as far even as Tropical Australia. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Plukenet mant. pi. 335 f. 4, and is termed "borago Zeylanica " by Linnaeus. 
 The species of Trichodesma according to Royle are considered diuretic, and one of the cures for 
 snake bites in India (Lindl.). 
 
 " 164 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), Antiochus IV. Epiphanes succeeded by Antiochus V. Eupator, 
 ninth Greek king of Syria. A Greek inscription of this date (Sylvestre) presenting the following 
 forms of the letters A, M. 
 
 " 164-3 B - C." (Liv. and Clint, iii. p. 387), departure from Egypt of Ptolemy Physcon for Cy- 
 rene ; disputing with his brother Ptolemy VI., who now set out for Rome. 
 
 " 163 B. C. = 1st year of the 'heou' of Wen-ti " (Chinese chron. table). From this date, the 
 years of the Chinese emperors are further defined by clusters, each bearing a separate name 
 (Amyot). 
 
 The same year (H. S. in Kitt. cycl bibl.), treaty with Antiochus V , the Jews led by Judas Mac- 
 cabaeus, recovering their independence. — The treaty was confirmed by the successor of Antiochus 
 V., but the citadel of Jerusalem continued to be held by a Syrian garrison. 
 
 " 162 Ii. C." (Polyb., and Clint, iii. p. 3S7), arrival of Ptolemy Physcon in Rome; seeking pos- 
 session of Cyprus, and assistance against his brother. 
 
 "Sept. 27th" (C. Ptol., Blair, and Clint.), at Rhodes, the Autumnal equinox first observed by 
 Hipparchus, "at sunset on the 30th Mesore in the seventeenth year of the Third Calippic period." 
 Recurring to a former Observation by Timochares, the star spica in Virgo was found by Hipparchus 
 to have changed its position in reference to the Equinoctial point, though in its old place in reference 
 to the middle of the zodiac or ecliptic; thus making known the Precession of the equinoxes. Besides 
 determining the places of the stars, Hipparchus attempted to number them : — in the words of Pliny 
 ii. 26, "ausus rem etiam Deo improbam, annumerare posteris Stellas." 
 
 "The same year" (Clint, iii p. 346, and H. S. in Kitt. cyd. bibl.), Antiochus V. put to death; 
 and succeeded by his uncle Demetrius Soter, tenth Greek king of Syria. 
 
 " 161 B. C." (Cell., Sueton., and Clint.), philosophers and rhetors excluded from Rome. 
 
 " 160 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at the funeral games of Paulus Aemilius, the Adelphi or last comedy of 
 Terence acted, the author at this time in his "thirty-fifth " year. Terence was "born at Carthage," 
 — and died in " B. C. 159," or according to Hieronymus in the year following 
 
 Junius effusus of Temperate climates. With other species called in Britain rusk, in Old 
 English " rash " or " rysch " or " rish," in Anglo-Saxon " rise," in Gothic '■ raus " (Prior), in Germany 
 "rusch" or " binse " (Grieb), in France " jonc " (Nugent), at Constantinople " vourla " (Forsk.) : 
 VIRGINES-IVNCEAE are mentioned by Terence ; — " juncetum " where rushes grow, by Varro ; 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 401 
 
 " vincla juncea " by Ovid ; the "juncus" by Virgil, and its pith substituted for candles, by Pliny xxi. 
 69: "joncs" used perhaps for bedding or thatching, occur in debris of the ancient lake- villages of 
 Switzerland (Troyon p. 44) ; J. effusus is termed "j. lasvis panicula sparsa major" with a variety 
 " panicula non sparsa " by Tournefort inst. 246; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and is 
 known to grow in Barbary, Portugal, and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland 
 and Iceland (Desf, Brot., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed around Constantinople in 
 both varieties by Forskal, and Sibthorp ; is known to grow on Sinai (Decsne ann. sc. nat.) and on 
 the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), also in Siberia (Wats.), and was observed by Thunberg in Japan. 
 Farther East, was observed by Nuttall on the Arkansas, by Short in Kentucky ; by myself, the 
 glomerate variety in Nova Scotia, the usual form along the Atlantic from Lat. 45 to 39 ; but by 
 Baldwin, and Chapman, as far as 31 in Florida. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to grow in 
 New Zealand and Australia (R. Brown 258, A. Rich., J. D. Hook., and A. Dec). 
 
 " 159 B. C." (Blair), at Rome, measuring time by water invented by Scipio Nasica. (The cleps- 
 ydra had long been in use in Greece, see above). 
 
 " Sept. 27th'' (C. Ptol., and Clint.), "in the morning of the first day of the Epagomena, in the 
 twentieth year of the Third Calippic period," the Autumnal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hip- 
 parchus. 
 
 In or about this year (Clint.), arrival in Rome of the grammarian Crates of Mallus, as ambassa- 
 dor from Attalus II. king of Pergamus. 
 
 " 158, Sept. 27th " (C. Ptol., Blair, and Clint.), " about noon on the first day of the Epagomena, 
 in the twenty-first year of the Third Calippic period," the Autumnal equinox observed on Rhodes by 
 Hipparchus. 
 
 " 156 B. C. = 1st year of King-ti or Hiao-king-ti, of the Han" or Seventh dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table, and Pauth. p. 240). The name "heou " continuing, included his first years. 
 
 " 15s B. C." (Cic, Gell., Blair, and Clint.), arrival in Rome of the philosophers, Diogenes the 
 Stoic, Critolaus, and Carneades, as ambassadors from Athens. The Roman Senate alarmed at the 
 eloquence of Carneades. 
 
 " 154 B. C." (Polyb., and Clint, iii. p. 387), Ptolemy Physcon again in Rome ; and the assistance 
 of the Senate again extended to him against his brother. 
 
 " 153 B. C." (Liv., Cassiod., and Clint.), in Spain, war between the Romans and Celtiberians. — 
 The Lusitani taking part against the Romans (Liv., and others). 
 
 " 151 B. C." (Plut., and Clint.), return to Greece of the historian Polybius and the other Achaean 
 exiles. 
 
 " 150 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346 and 38S), Demetrius Soter succeeded by Alexander Bala, eleventh 
 Greek king of Syria : and the marriage of Alexander Bala with Cleopatra daughter of Ptolemy VI. 
 
 " In the middle of the Second century B. C." (Lubke and Lutrow), at Athens, building of the 
 Tower of the winds by Andronicus Cyrrhestes. 
 
 '• About this time " (Amyot, and Pauth. 200), the flattened form of the Earth at the poles, men- 
 tioned by the Chinese philosopher Hoai'-nan-tseu. 
 
 " 149 B. C.= 1st year of the ' tchoung' of King-ti " (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " In this year" (Armen. hist.), accession of Valarsace as king of Armenia. He was a brother 
 of Arsace V. called Mithridate I. of Parthia, —and reigned until " 127." He sent the historian Mar 
 Apas Catina on a commission. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Avadan. Asok.), Sampadi succeeded by his son Vrihaspati, now 
 kino- at Pataliputra on the Ganges. — He is mentioned in the Sama Veda adhy. 22, and called Sali- 
 suka in the Puranas (Burn. i. 430 to ii. 77S). 
 
 Beef eaten by the ancient Hindus,* — as appears from the work of Arvalayana on Slaughtering 
 cattle, and other evidence cited by Rajendralala Mitra (in Beng. asiat. soc. xli). 
 
 * Gmelina arborea of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tree called in Nepal "gambbari," in 
 Telinga "kasmaryamu" (J. F. Wats.) or "goomadee," in Bengalee "gumbaree," in Tamil "tagoom- 
 ooda," in Hindustanee " joogani-chookur " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " sewun " or " she- 
 \\ unee " (Graham), in Burmah " kywon-pho " male teak (Mason) ; in which we recognize the " kasmarya " 
 wood used on such occasions— (Arval.), the "kasmari " or "kasmaryya of Susrutas sutr. 44 to chik. 
 25, and the '' gambhari " of Bhavabhuti mal. 9 : G. arborea was observed by Rheede i. pi. 41 in Mala- 
 bar ; by Graham, " common throughout the Concans," its wood used by the natives for " cylinders of the 
 drums called dholucks," also for "carriage pannels, as combining lightness with strength;" by Rox- 
 burgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel and Oude ; by Mason v. 526, indigenous in Burmah, accord- 
 ing V McClelland affording "large remarkably strong tough timber." 
 
 Ficus infectoria of Tropical Hindustan. A tree call in Sanscrit " plucsha " (Pidd.) or " placsha," 
 
 51 
 
402 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " The same year" (Cic, and Clint.), in Rome, the first law against bribery at elections. 
 
 "The same year" (Appian, Blair, and Clint.), commencement of the Third Punic war, between 
 the Romans and Carthaginians, —the war continued three years. 
 
 "147, Sept. 26th" (C. Ptol., and Clint), "at midnight on the third of the Epagomena, in the 
 thirty-second year of the Third Calippic period," the Autumnal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hip- 
 parchus. 
 
 Towards the close of the reign of Ptolemy VI. ( . . ), the temple at Bubastis sought and 
 obtained by the Jews under Onias for a place of religious worship. — The spot continued in the pos- 
 session of the Jews; is the "vicus Judaeorum " of the Itinerarium Antonini, and is called "Tel 
 Jehudeh " to the present day (Leps. eg. and sin. 449). 
 
 "146B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 34''), Alexander Bala succeeded by Demetrius II. Nicator, twelfth 
 Greek king of Syria. Who married his predecessor's widow, Cleopatra. 
 
 "The same year" (Schlegel journ. asiat. 1S28), Eucratides slain and succeeded by his son, Eucra- 
 tides II. now Greek king of Bactria. 
 
 " March 24th " (C.lptol., and Clint.), " in the morning of the 27th of Mechir, in the thirty-second 
 year of the Third Calippic period," the Vernal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hipparchus. 
 
 "Sept. 27th" (C. Ptol., and Clint.), "in the morning of the fourth of the Epagomena," the 
 Autumnal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hipparchus. 
 
 "November" (Ponphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399), in EgyP*. Ptolemy VI. succeeded by Ptolemy 
 VII. Physcon. Who married his brother's widow and own sister Cleopatra; and afterwards 
 another Cleopatra, his niece : and who appointed a Roman as one of his provincial governors. The 
 hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy VII. occur on restorations in the Asasif, on the temple of Athyr at 
 Thebes, on the small temple of Thoth built by him at Medinet-Abu, and on additions made by him to 
 temples at Edfu, Onibos, Phike, and Dakkeh in Nubia. 
 
 "The same year" (Clint.), capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under P. C. 
 Scipio Africanus the younger. " Two months " afterwards, by the Romans under L. Mummius, Cor- 
 inth captured, and the Achaean League and independence of Greece overthrown. Among the spoils 
 of Corinth, Polybius witnessed the contempt of the Roman soldiers for works of art; playing at 
 draughts on pictures thrown on the ground, as on the " Bacchus painted by Aristides," and the 
 " Hercules tormented by the shirt." — To the time of Strabo, the finest and most numerous works of 
 art in Rome, were those brought from Corinth ; and he speaks in the highest terms of the " Bacchus," 
 mentioning however that it had been recently destroyed by fire. 
 
 In the clays of Polybius (Strab. iv. 6. 12), there were four passes across the Alps : First, through 
 " Li°-u6n " (Liguria) along the sea : Second, " Taurinon " (Mount Cenis to Turin) " followed by Han- 
 nibal : " Third, " Salass6n " (St. Bernard) : and Fourth, " Raiton " (St. Gothard). 
 
 145 B. C. (Campb., and Royle fibr. plants), the art of making paper from pulp, known to the 
 Chinese as early at least as this date. — From China, the art was carried into Hindustan ; and is sup- 
 posed to have been learned by the Arabs in the " Eighth " century. By the Arabs, the art was intro- 
 duced into Spain in the " Ninth or Tenth " century ; and paper from pulp was first manufactured at 
 Nuremburg in " 1390," and in England in " 1450." 
 
 " 143 B. C. = 1st year of the 'heou ' of King-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Cic, and Clint.), P. Scipio Africanus the younger, accompanied by the philos- 
 opher Panaetius, sent as ambassador to Egypt. 
 
 "September 26th" (C. Ptol, Blair, and Clint.), "about sunset on the fourth day of the Epago- 
 mena in the thirty-sixth year of the Third Calippic period," the . lutumnal equinox observed on 
 Rhodes by Hipparchus. "Two days later, from the new moon of September 28th," Hipparchus 
 began his Cycle of 304 years = 1 11,035 days = 3760 lunations. 
 
 " The same year " (J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), coined money first issued by the Maccabees. 
 The inscriptions on these coins are the earliest examples known of Hebrew writing; the forms of 
 the letters being in most instances identical with the Phoenician. 
 
 " 142 1!. C." (Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the Syrian garrison at Jerusalem forced to surrender and the 
 citadel demolished by Simon. The Jews having now acquired complete independence, established 
 in this year (Steinscheid. i. 4) the Sanhedrim, a Superior court of law. 
 
 or " jati " or " parcati," in Bengal "pacari " or " pacar" (W. Jones) or "pakoor" or "pakur," in Hin- 
 dustanee " pakar " (J. F. Wats.), in Malabar " tsjakala " (Rheede), in which we recognize the " plaksha " 
 leaves on which the roasted beef was served — ( Arval.), and the " jati " of Susrutas : F. infectoria was 
 observed by Rheede iii. pi. 64 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the Concans ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. 310, 
 Roxburgh, Piddington, and Voight, as far as Bengal, the root yielding a red dye, and the bark of the 
 root made into a peculiar kind of bow-string (Drur.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 403 
 
 As early possibly as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Subala reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 " 141, Jan. 17th, Tuesday, two hours before midnight" (Blair), eclipse of the moon. Observed at 
 Alexandria. 
 
 " The same year " (Blair, and Clint.), in Spain, commencement of war between the Romans and 
 the Numantians under Viriathus. — The war continued eight years. 
 
 " 140 B. C. = 'ian-youan,' 1st year of Wou-ti or Hiao-wou-ti, of the Han" or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). He abolished the law of primogeniture in the succession to principalities ; 
 and founded a national library (Pauth.). 
 
 Competent ambassadors were also sent by Wou-ti to different mercantile nations ; where they 
 were well received, and obtained " pearls, precious stones, various curiosities, yellow gold, etc.; " since 
 which time these articles have continued to flow into China (Topog. Cant., and Pauth. 472).* 
 " 139 B. C." (Val. Max., and Clint.), " Chaldaeans " or astrologers banished from Rome. 
 " 138 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), Demetrius II. leading an army into Persia, captured by Arsaces. 
 The'government of Syria now seized by Antiochus Sidetes, brother of Demetrius II. 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Attalus II. Philadelphus succeeded by his nephew Attalus III. Phi- 
 lometor, sixth and last king of Pergamus. Nicander dedicated his georgica to Attalus III. (Cic. de 
 orat. i. 16, Suid., and Spreng ). 
 
 Nigella aristata of the Mediterranean countries. A species of fennel-flower called in Greece 
 " agrion kuminon " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the KYMINON: ATPION of Nicander ther. 
 710, — growing according to Dioscorides mostly in Lycia, Asiatic Galatia, and Carthagena in Spain, 
 a span high, with leaves divk'ed as in "giggithion," five or six round soft capitula containing chaffy 
 fruit more acrid than in the "emSrou" kind : N. aristata is described by Sibthorp pi. 510; and was 
 observed by him, and Fraas, frequent on the hills of Attica. Westward, the " kuminon agrion " is 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "kuminoum agrSstSm'' or "silvatikoum" of the Romans; seeds of 
 "cumini silvatici " are prescribed by Scribonius Largus 119; but the "cuminum silvestre " seems 
 chiefly known to Pliny xx. 57 from its medicinal properties and the account of Dioscorides. 
 
 Nigella arvensis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " asperolollougi " or " me'la- 
 nohortaro " (Forsk.) ; and included perhaps in the " kuminon agrion " of Nicander : — the " kumi- 
 non agrion £t£ron " of Dioscorides, resembling the " em£r6 " kind, and having horns arising from 
 each flower, the contained seed like that of " mSlanthi6," is referred here by Valerius Cordus, and 
 Sprengel : N. arvensis was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from Imros and the Dardanelles to 
 Cyprus ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. Westward, is termed 
 " n. arvensis cornuta " by Tournefort inst. 258 ; and is known to occur in fallow ground as far as 
 middle Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Dianthus arboreus of Greece and the Greek islands. A species of pink called in Greece " agria 
 garouphala" (Fraas); and the fragrant AIOC; AN60C of Nicander — (Athen. xv. 31) may be 
 compared: D. arboreus is termed " caryophyllus arborescens creticus " by Tournefort inst. 331; 
 and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on the maritime rocks of the Isthmus and 
 Greek islands. (See D. fruticosus.) 
 
 Hypericum barbatum of the mountains of Eastern Europe. The mountain YTT6PIKON men- 
 tioned as an antidote by Nicander alex. 603, — may be compared: H. barbatum was observed by 
 Sibthorp on mount Athos ; is known to grow also in Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 259, Pers., and Engl, 
 bot. pi. 1986) ; and according to Sprengel yields a strong-scented resinous exudation. 
 
 Scorpiurus sulcata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " margShorton : " the 
 CKOPTTI06IC of Nicander alex. 145, — or " skorpioSithe's " of Dioscorides, a little few-leaved 
 herb with "spJrmata'' resembling a scorpion's tail, applied externally against the sting of a scor- 
 pion, is referred here by Dodoens p. 71, and Sprengel : S. sulcata was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Fraas, in waste and cultivated ground from Caria and the Greek islands to the Peloponnesus. Far- 
 ther South, was observed by Delile around cultivated fields in Lower Egypt. Westward, the account 
 by Pliny xxii. 17 of the "scorpio herba " having few leaves with "semen" like a scorpion's tail, 
 
 * Armeniaca Sinensis of China. The "kin-hing" highly prized by the emperor Wou-ti of the 
 H an ^_ (Cibot in mem. Chin. v. . ), was perhaps the Chinese apricot. The apricots seen by Cibot, 
 are described by him as of " nearly the same size, colour, form, and flavour as in France : " but 
 amono- imported Chinese preserves, I have found a fruit agreeing with the apricot even to the shape 
 of the stone except only one or more excavated grooves on its surface, somewhat after the manner of 
 the peach. In Japan, the " kjoo " or " kara momu,'' regarded as introduced from China, was seen by 
 Kaempfer v. p. 798, and though not distinguished from A. vulgaris by Thunberg, is described by him 
 as a very large tree " arbor magna et vasta ramosissima." 
 
404 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 seems taken from Dioscorides : S. sulcata is termed " scorpioides bupleuri folio " by Tournefort inst. 
 402 ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. pi. 1 in Barbary (Pers.), and by Forskal near Marseilles. 
 
 Scorpinrus subvillosa of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included with the preceding by 
 ancient writers : — was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal, around Cairo 
 in Egypt. Westward, is described by Morison ii. pi. 11 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles, 
 and is known to occur as an exotic weed as far even as Britain (Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 Scorpinrus vermiculata of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included with the preceding 
 by ancient writers : — was observed by Sibthorp in the cultivated ground of Attica. Westward, is 
 described by Columna ecphr. i. p. 156 (Spreng.), Morison, and Rivinus ; is termed " scorpioides siliqua 
 crassa " by Tournefort inst. 402, and is known to occur in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Valeriana tuberosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " valeViane " or 
 "muristike" or by the Wallachians "agrios sampoukos" (Fraas) : theNAPA0Y:6YAAKITIA0C 
 of Nicander alex. 403, — identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " neris " or " online narthos," growing 
 according to Dioscorides in Cilicia and Syria and having two or more odorous roots smaller and more 
 slender than those of asphodel, is referred here by writers : V. tuberosa was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, frequent on mountains from Cilicia to Cyprus, Crete, and the Peloponnesus. Westward, 
 the nardum "syriacum " is enumerated by Pliny xii. 26 among the kinds known in Italy (apparently 
 from the imported root): V. tuberosa is described by Camerarius epit. 16; is termed "v. alpina 
 minor" by Tournefort inst. 132, and is known to grow in Dalmatia, Sicily, and Southeastern France 
 (Gerard 218, and Pers.). 
 
 Ptychotis verticillata of the Mediterranean countries. The OPA6IAON of Nicander ther. 
 841, — according to the scholiast an edible seed, maybe compared: the " tortbulion " is described 
 by Dioscorides as growing on mount Amanus in Cilicia, a little herb having a roundish shield like 
 double seed subacrid and aromatic, and is identified in the added Synonyms with the " tSrthulon " or 
 "s£s£li kretikon : " P. verticillata was observed by Link, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Par- 
 nassus. Westward, the "seselis cretici " is prescribed by Julius Bassus against colic (Scribon. Larg. 
 121); the " tordyiion " or "tordylon" is mentioned by Pliny xx. 87 to xxiv. 117 as the seed of 
 " seseli " or " sills," or according to others an herb called " syreon : " P. verticillata is termed 
 " seseli verticillatum " by Desfontaines (Bory) ; was observed by Tenore in Italy, and by Brotero in 
 Portugal (Steud.). 
 
 Geropo^on glaber of the Mediterranean countries. A Hieracioid annual called in Greece " kour- 
 ph£st6s " (Sibth.) ; and the TCPAOC : TTwrwN of Nicander, — called in Etruria "saxifica," by 
 the Romans " petrae barba," is referred here by Ruel ii. 138, and others : G. glaber is described also 
 by Linnaeus, and Jacquin hort. pi. 33 ; is known to grow about Nice and in Italy (Pers.) ; and was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. 
 
 Anlhemis tinctoria of the East Mediterranean countries and Uralian plains. Called on the Volga 
 "popafka" (Pall.) ; coronary kinds of "anthSmis" are mentioned by Nicander fr. ii. 37: — A. tincto- 
 ria was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in dry sandy situations in Greece ; by Pallas 
 trav. i. 95, used in dyeing on the Volga. Westward, the " stephanomelis " of Pliny xxvi. 84 is 
 referred here by Fraas ; A. tinctoria is described by Tragus 58, and Barrelier pi. 465 ; is termed 
 "buphthalmum tanaceti minoris foliis" by Tournefort inst. 495 ; and is known to occur as far North 
 as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 741, Pers., and Wats.), but is regarded by A. Decandolle as not indigenous 
 in Western Europe. 
 
 Echiiun Italicum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " manouni : " 
 theAYKA^ON. OPMeNOENTA of Nicander ther. 840, — or " lukopsis " called by some "aghou- 
 san" growing according to Dioscorides in the open country, the leaves lettuce-like but longer and 
 rough, the stem upright and tall with rough branches a cubit in length bearing small purplish flowers, 
 is referred here by writers. E. Italicum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 in open situations as described by Dioscorides, and frequent from the vicinity of Constantinople to 
 the Peloponnesus. Westward, the account of the " lycapsos " by Pliny xxvii. 73 seems chiefly taken 
 from Dioscorides: E. Italicum is described by the Bauhins, and Parkinson p. 519; is termed "e. 
 majus et asperius flore albo " by Tournefort inst. 135, " e. altissimum " by Jacquin austr. ap. pi. 16; 
 and is known to grow on dry hills in Pannonia, Italy, France (Pers.), and as far as the isle of Jer- 
 sey, the flowers " dilute violacei " according to Sprengel. K. pyramidatum described as distinct, is 
 known to grow in Spain, Algeria, Southern France, and Eastward as far as Asia Minor and the coun- 
 try South of Caucasus (Desf. i. p. 164, Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Steud., and A. Dec). 
 
 Lithospcrmnm purpureo-coernleum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in 
 Greece " skulogldsson," in which we recognize the KYNOrAUUCCOCof Nicander georg. . . , — stem- 
 less according to Dioscorides and prostrate on the ground in sandy places, the leaves like those of 
 the broad-leaved plantain but smaller and downy : L. purpureocoeruleum was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, by no means rare in the shade of thickets in Greece. Farther South the " kuno°-]6s- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 405 
 
 sos " was known to Athenaeus ix. . . in Egypt. Westward, is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " phuton " or " kavallation " or " splenion " or " skolumos," and with the " liggoua kanis " or " liggoua 
 kanina " of the Romans ; the root of a " cynoglossos caninas imitans linguas " producing three thyrsi 
 of seeds reputed good for tertian intermittents, and one with four thyrsi for quartan, according to 
 Pliny xxv. 41: L. purpureo-coeruleum is termed "1. minus repens lati folium " by Tournefort inst. 
 137, and is known to grow in Austria and France (Jacq. austr. pi. 14, Lam. fl. fr., and Steud. ; see 
 Cynoglossum officinale). 
 
 Onosma stellulata of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "mfilihorton" (Sibth.), 
 in which we recognize the JVL6A I ZUU PO I of Nicander alex. 351, — Eutecnius, and the scholiast ; 
 also the " nectaream " herb or " helenion " or " orestion " or " idaeam " or " medicam " identified by 
 Pliny xiv. 19 with the " symphyton " and further mentioned as mixed in wine: the •' sumphuton 
 p£traion" taken in wine according to Dioscorides, is described by him as sweet to the taste and fra- 
 grant, having a long ruddy root, " 6rigan6 "-like branches, " thumou "-like capitula, slender leaves, 
 and agglutinating recent wounds and even meat cooked with it : O. stellulata is described by 
 Columna ecphr. pi. 183; is termed "Symphytum echii folio angustiore radice rubra flore luteo " by 
 Tournefort inst. 138 ; was observed by Sibthorp in Crete and the Peloponnesus ; and by Pallas, and 
 Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Anchusa tinctoria of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens alkanet, in France 
 "orcanette" (Prior), in Greece "vaphorriza" (Fraas) ; and the ATXOYCHC : 6PIAAKHIAOC 
 enumerated as medicinal by Nicander ther. 838, — growing according to Dioscorides in fertile soil, 
 its root reddish and staining the skin, leaves resembling those of " thrithaki 6xuphull6 " rough and 
 prickly, and in the added Synonyms identified with the "kataghousan " or "arhivSllion " or " onophul- 
 16s " or " onoklSian," is referred here by writers : the " onoklSias " is mentioned also by Galen fac. 
 simpl. v. p. 311 : A. tinctoria was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the 
 Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, the " aghousa " or " kataghousa " or "livuken " is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " vouinSsath " of the Numidians ; and "anchusa" root is mentioned by Pliny 
 xxii. 23 as used for dyeing wool: A. tinctoria is termed "buglossum radice rubra sive anchusa vulga- 
 tior floribus caeruleis " by Tournefort inst. 134 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known to grow in 
 Barbary and Southern France (Pers.), and yields the alkanet dye of commerce (see Lithospermum 
 tinctorium). 
 
 Celsia arcturus of Hindustan. Verbascum-like, called in Bengalee " kukshima " (Drur.) ; and 
 the A P K T I N Nicander ther. 840, — of Dioscorides, identified with the " arktoumn " in Syn. Diosc, 
 Pliny xxvii. 16, Galen, and Oribasius xiv. 33, is referred here with hesitation by Honorius Bellus : 
 C. arcturus was observed by him on Crete (Spreng.) ; by Sibthorp, along walls on Crete and Cyprus ; 
 is described by Pona bald. pi. 44, Columna ecphr. ii. pi. 82, Alpinus exot pi. 122 ; and is termed 
 "blattaria perennis cretica incana" by Tournefort inst. 148. Eastward, was observed by Law as far 
 as Bombay, " common in the bed of almost every river," by Lush " wild about Dapooree " (Graham). 
 " C. Coromandeliana," from early times employed medicinally in Hindustan, and observed by Rox- 
 burgh, Waring pharm. ind., and Drury, " on the banks of rivers and still waters " and often "a com- 
 mon weed in gardens," is regarded by Graham as probably not distinct. 
 
 Teucrium montanum of the mountains of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The 
 XAMHAHN : TTITYN of Nicander ther. 841 and alex. 56, — identified by the scholiast with the 
 "onoguros" or "sitheritis" or " idnia agria," may be compared; also the "ajuga idaeae" of the An- 
 tidote of Antipater as translated by Scribonius Largus 167 : the " StSra hamaipitus " of Dioscorides, 
 having incurved branches a cubit long, white flowers, and the odour of pine, is referred here by 
 Sprengel : T. montanum was observed by Sibthorp on mountains from Delphi to Athos and the 
 Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the account by Pliny xxiv. 20 of the kind with "cubitalibus ramis " 
 seems taken from Dioscorides : T. montanum is described by Gesner hort. germ. f. 273, and Matthi- 
 oli (Spreng.); is termed "polium lavandulae folio" by Tournefort inst. 206; was observed by 
 Gussone in Sicily, and is known to grow in dry mountainous situations as far as Ratisbon and 
 Paris (Pers., and A. Dec ), but whether employed medicinally is not stated. " T. supinum," termed 
 "polium montanum repens" by Tournefort inst. 206, and the flowers white (Pers.), is regarded by 
 Sibthorp as not distinct. (See Ajuga iva). 
 
 Ajuga Chia of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agrio livano" (Fraas) or 
 " livanohorton " or " thothSkanthe " (Sibth. emend.) ; and possibly the X A M A ITT I T Y C of Nicander 
 alex. 56: — the "hamaipitus trite" of Dioscorides, a little herb having the odour of pine with slender 
 hairy leaves and yellow flowers, is referred here by Fraas, and Lenz : the " hamaipitus " in the theriac 
 ' of Andromachus corresponds to the " chamaefitos " in the Egyptian theriac copied by Alpinus, and 
 " chamsepithys " was seen by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt: A. Chia is termed "c. 
 chia lutea folio trifido flore magno " by Tournefort cor. 14 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor and throughout the Greek islands. Westward, 
 
406 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the " chamaepitys " is prescribed by Celsus v. 5 ; is called in Latin according to Pliny xxiv. 20 "thus 
 terrae" or "abiga;" and the "abiga" of the Italians or "ibiga" is mentioned by Apuleius Barbarus 
 27 (Rhod. lex. Scribon.) 
 
 Origanum onites of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " rigani " (Sibth.), and 
 the ONOY : n"eTAAeiON:OP6irANON of Nicander ther. 628 or O N I T I C of alex. 56, having 
 according to Dioscorides the leaves whiter and more " uss6p6 "-like, and the seed as if in cohering 
 incumbent corymbs, is referred here by Matthioli, and Sibthorp : O. onites is termed " majorana 
 cretica origani folio villosa satureia; odore corymbis majoribus albis " by Tournefort cor. 13, and was 
 observed by Sibthorp in Southern Greece and on the surrounding islands. Farther West, the 
 medicinal use of the " onitin " is mentioned by Pliny xx. 67 and 69 ; and O. onites is known to grow 
 in Sicily (Bocc. ii. pi. 38, Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Daphne alpina of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe and adjoining portion of Asia. 
 Called in Italy " olivella " (Lenz), and the XAMCAAIAof Nicander al. 48, — described by Dioscor- 
 ides as a shrub with branches a span long, crowded olive-like but more slender leaves, bitter, biting 
 the tongue and purgative, mentioned also by Oribasius, and Alexander Trallianus, may be compared : 
 the "knithSion kokkon " according to Dioscorides was by some supposed to be the fruit of the 
 "hamSlaia," and the "kokkon knithion lepton " is mentioned by Oribasius excerpt. 52(Daremb.): 
 D. alpina was observed by Sibthorp on Parnassus, the Bithynian Olympus, and the mountains of 
 Crete ; by Pallas pi. 35, on the Altaian mountains. Westward, the "hamelaia" or " aknestos " or 
 "hamedaian melainan " or "eraklgion" or "vtheduran " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "olgas- 
 tedloum " or " 61eag6 " or "kitokakioum " of the Romans: the drug euphorbium was supposed by 
 Niger to be procured from the "hamedaia " in Italy (Diosc. i. praef.), and an inferior kind from the 
 "chamelaea" in Gaul is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 38; the " chamaelea " is further described by 
 Pliny xv. 7 and xxiv. 72 as a shrub not more than a span high growing in stony places : D. alpina is 
 described by Plukenet aim. pi. 229, is termed " th. alpina folio utrinque incano flore albo " by Tournefort 
 inst. 594, and is known to grow on the mountains of Italy and Switzerland (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Chenopoditim (Ambrina) botrys of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " botri " (Lenz); 
 in which we recognize the " votrus " identified by Dioscorides with the "art£misian or "amvrosian" 
 of the Cappadocians, the AMBPOCIHN of Nicander fragm., — and further described as growing 
 in ravines formed by torrents, a yellow herb having many branches, " kihfirid "-like leaves, seeds 
 all around the branches, and the whole so fragrant as to be placed among clothing : C. botrys was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on the banks of rills from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna 
 in Asia Minor ; and by Gmelin on the Yaic river in Siberia. Farther South, was observed by Forskal 
 on the upper portion of the mountains of Tropical Arabia and called "schokr el homar." Westward, 
 the account of the "botrys " by Pliny xxvii. 31 seems taken from Dioscorides : C. botrys is described 
 by Tragus f. 335 (Spreng ), and Dodoens pempt. 34; is termed "ch. ambrosioides folio sinuato" 
 by Tournefort inst. 506 ; and is known to grow in sandy situations in Italy and other parts of South- 
 ern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where 
 it has become a weed in gardens and waste ground in our Middle States, was observed by Elliott 
 at Columbia in upper Carolina, by Short in Kentucky, and by Nuttall to all appearance indigenous 
 along the Mississippi and Missouri. "The whole plant" according to Lindley "is powerfully and 
 agreeably fragrant," is reported "to be a valuable expectorant." 
 
 Urtica u/em of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A smaller kind of nettle called in 
 Italy "ordca" (Lenz), in Greece "tziknitha" or " agria tziknitha" (Fraas), in Egypt "zaghlyleh" 
 (Del.) ; and the KATAKN I AH : X AM HAH of Nicander ther., — and "akaluphe Stera" of Dioscor- 
 ides " leptospfirmos " and not so rough, are referred here by Fraas: U. urens was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste places from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is 
 known to occur also in Siberia (Wats.) ; was observed by Delile as far as Cairo ; and was received 
 from Abyssinia by Richard (A. Dec). Westward, the "akaluphe £ tera " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "ourtika mollis " of the Romans ; and the "urtica silvestris '' called "feminam " is described 
 as " mitior " by Pliny xxi. 55 : U. urens is described by Brunfels, and Tragus (Spreng ) ; is termed 
 " u. urens minor" by Tournefort inst. 535 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known 
 to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 739, Pers., Fries, and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast Amer- 
 ica, where it continues about dwellings in our Atlantic and even our Southern States (Chapm.), 
 observed also by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; to Buenos Ayres in Austral America (Commers , and 
 Pers.); to Austral Africa, the Mauritius Islands, and New Zealand (Drege, Boj., and Raoul) ; and 
 perhaps to the Hawaiian Islands, for a species seemingly wild there appeared to me identical. " U. 
 membranacea " of Poiret, known to occur in Portugal, Spain, Barbary, and Egypt (Brot., Desf ., and 
 Pers.), observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, in Greece, by Forskal at Barah in Yemen, is regarded by 
 Chaubard as perhaps not distinct. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 407 
 
 Scolopendrium officinarum of Northern Climates. Called in Italy " lingua cervina" or "fillitide " 
 (Lenz), in which we recognize the " phullitis " of Dioscorides, perhaps the n€ T A A I T I C of Nicander 
 ther. 864: — the "phullitis" is described by Dioscorides as growing in gardens and shaded places, 
 stemless and having neither flower nor fruit, six or seven leaves resembling those of dock but longer 
 and more verdant, upright, smooth in front with something like distant slender worms behind ; and 
 is identified in the added Synonyms with the " phullis " or "akaulon" or " lapathon agrion : " S. 
 officinarum was observed by Forskal growing in the streets of Constantinople, and by Sibthorp, and 
 Fraas, in mountain defiles and shaded situations in Greece, and called at present "gl6ssa." West- 
 ward, according to Cremutius, a tree on which the " phyllis " suspends itself never flourishes (Plin. 
 xvi. 45); S. officinarum is described by Matthioli p. 606 (Spreng.), and is known to grow in Italy 
 and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. i. pi. 67). Farther West, was discovered 
 by Pursh in 1807 in North America, on limestone rocks at Onondaga South of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Agaricus campestris of Northern climates. Called in Greece " manitari," in which we recognize 
 the MY K HT A C : AMA N I TAC of Nicander, — Athenaeus ii. 56, and Galen fac. alim. ii. p. 655 : A. 
 campestris was observed by Sibthorp around Athens. Westward, is called in Italy " pratajolo " 
 or " pratolino " (Lenz), in which we recognize the "pratensibus optima fungis " of Horace satir. ii. 
 iv. 20 ; is described by Tournefort inst. 556, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Schaeff. 
 i. pi. 33, and Sowerb. pi. 305). Farther West, is frequent in North America in grass-grown clearings 
 and around dwellings, seems as yet almost our only edible mushroom, is sometimes artificially multi- 
 plied, and the spores if not originally brought from Europe have doubtless in some instances been 
 imported. 
 
 " 13;, March 23d" (C. Ptol., Blair, and Clint.), "a little after midnight on the 29th of Mechir, 
 in the forty-third year of the Third Calippic period," the Vernal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hip- 
 parchus. 
 
 "134 B. C. = 1st year of the ' youan-kouang ' of Wou-ti " (Chinese chron. table). "In the 
 reign of Wou-ti " (Gaubil), books written in the obsolete Chinese character, including a copy of the 
 Chou-king, discovered in the ruins of the family mansion of Confucius. The copy was written on 
 bamboo, and was certainly not less than a century old. 
 
 "The same year" (Liv., and Clint.), commencement in Sicily of the Servile war. — The war con- 
 tinued two years. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 134, mostly beyond youth : the Syrian writer 
 Maribas : the Greek philosophers, Cleitomachus, Apollodorus the Epicurean, and Hecaton the Stoic; 
 the historians, Dionysius Scytobrachion ; the grammarian Herodicus of Babylon : the Latin writers, 
 Sextus Turpilius the dramatist, L. Attius the tragic dramatist, the two historians Coelius Antipater 
 and P. Sempronius Asellio, M Antonius the orator, and M. Aemilius Scaurus statesman and 
 orator. 
 
 The same year (= 103 y 2 mo. -|- " 29 years " of Abyss, chron., and M. Russel p. 99 and 109), acces- 
 sion of Menilec as king of Abyssinia. As he is termed " son of Solomon," was accompanied by 
 "the twelve doctors of the law that form the right-hand bench in judgment," and by an officer carry- 
 ing " the Ten commandments and holy water," this may mark the commencement of Jewish ascendancy 
 in Abyssinia. 
 
 " 133 B. C." (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), Numantia captured and destroyed by P. C. Scipio Afri- 
 canus the younger. And in Asia Minor, the kingdom of Pergamus bequeathed by Attalus III. to the 
 Romans. 
 
 " The same year " (Clint, iii. p. 331), after nearly a year's siege, Jerusalem captured by Antiochus 
 Sidetes, the usurping king of Syria. 
 
 " 130 B. C." (Diodor., Liv., and Clint, iii. p. 389), Ptolemy VII. of Egypt, on account of his 
 cruelties, compelled by popular indignation to take refuge in Cyprus. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Percev. i. 183), birth of Adnan, twenty-first progenitor of Mohammed, 
 and the earliest descendant of Ishmael— known to the Arabs. 
 
 " 129 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), return of Demetrius II. from captivity among the Persians. 
 
 " 128 B. C. = 1st year of the ' youa-choua ' of Wou-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " March 22d " (C. Ptol., Blair, and Clint.), " about sunset on the 1st of Phamenoth, in the fiftieth 
 year of the Third Calippic period," the Vernal equinox observed on Rhodes by Hipparchus. After- 
 wards the star Cor-leonis was observed by him to be " 29 50' from the Summer solsticial colure." 
 
 "127, May 2d" = "35 years" after his first Astronomical observation (C. Ptol., and Clint), an 
 Observation made on Rhodes by Hipparchus. And on "July 7th," another Observation. 
 
 About this time (Thaalebi, and Percev. i. 61), Dhou-Sadad succeeded by Harith-Erraich, of the 
 " sixteenth " operation from Himyar, and now first tobba of reunited Yemen. The new dynasty is 
 distino-uished°as the " Himyarite Dynasty." — Homerites are first mentioned in the expedition of 
 Aelius Gallus into Arabia (Strab.) " B. C. 24." 
 
408 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 126 B. C." (Wilford as. res. ix. p. 40), the Chinese general Tchang-kiao sent by the emperor 
 Wou-ti to visit the Western countries, as Khorasan and Meru-al-nahar. Hearing of India, — he 
 proceeded there also, and returned to China "in 115." 
 
 As early perhaps as this year, the Sanscrit medical writer Charaka. He preceded — Dhanvan- 
 tari, according to the Vishnu purana iv. 8 (H. H. Wils., and Royle antiq. hind. med. 63). 
 
 Emblica officinalis of Tropical Eastern Asia. Imported emblic myrobalans are called in Arabic 
 "amlaj"( .... ), and the tree producing them in Hindustanee "amlika" or " arooli " or "aoongra," 
 in Bengalee "amla," in Telinga " assereki," in Tamil "nelle kai " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 
 "awla"or "aunlee" (Graham), in Burmah " hzee-phyu " (Mason); in which we recognize the 
 "amvle'g" of Chariton (Charaka), — and Zosimus Panopolitanus, the " empelilez" of Actuarius ; the 
 " emblicis '' of " Xarcha indus " or " Scarac indus " mentioned by Rhazes, Serapion, Avicenna (Royle), 
 and the " amlaj " of Rhazes, and Mesne : importation of myrobalans by the way of Aden is mentioned 
 by Edrisi ; and the medicinal use of emblic myrobalans was witnessed by Alpinus iv. 13 in Egypt, 
 and by C. Bauhin pin. 445 in Europe. Eastward, " amalaka " fruit is mentioned in the Avadana 
 Asoka (Burn. i. 426) ; " amluka " fruit by Valmiki ram. i. 4 ; and the " an-mo-lo-ko " or '• o-mo-lo-kia " 
 seen by the Chinese traveller Hiouen-Thsang in Hindustan, is referred here by Stanislas Julien : E. 
 officinalis is described by Rumphius vii. pi. 1 ; was observed by Rheede i. pi. 38 in Malabar; by 
 Graham, " in gardens " and " wild throughout both the Concans and Deccan," its fruit " eaten by the 
 natives ; '' by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Bengal, its strongly 
 astringent bark used both medicinally and for tanning; by Mason v. 45S, •• very abundant in the jun- 
 gles from Mergui to Toungo " and " bearing an intensely sour plum ; " by Bontius, wild on Java. 
 By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues under cultivation 
 (Boj.). 
 
 Tcrminalia bclcrtca of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Imported belleric myrobalans are 
 called in Arabic " be-ley-ley," in Persian " be-ley-leh," and the tree producing them in Bengalee 
 " buhira," in Sanscrit " vibhituka " (Lindl.), in Tamil " tani-kai," in Telinga "tadi" or "toandee" 
 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " buhira" or " bherda " (Graham), in Burmah "ban-kha" (Mason); 
 in which we recognize the " velilSg " of Chariton (Charaka), — Zosimus Panopolitanus, and the 
 " belli ricis " of ''Xarcha indus" mentioned by Serapion, and Mesue (Royle antiq. hind, med.) : T. 
 belerica was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 10 in Malabar ; by Graham, " a very large tree " " common 
 along the foot of the Ghauts " as far as Bombay; by Buchanan, Ains.lie, Roxburgh, Royle. Wight, 
 and Drury, as far as Mysore and Bengal, its nuts used medicinally, the kernel " said to intoxicate if 
 eaten in any great quantity, and its timber white and durable ; by Mason v. 491, in Burmah, "indige- 
 nous but not very abundant," its fruit "dried and sold among the drugs." By European colonists, 
 was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues under cultivation (Boj.). 
 
 Terminalia ckeba/a of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large tree called in the environs of 
 Bombay " heerda" (Graham), in Telinga " kadukar," in Hindustanee "hur" or "harua," in Sanscrit 
 "haritaka" (Lindl.) ; and probably included in the account of myrobalans by Charaka — quoted by 
 Serapion, and Mesue : the three kinds, black, yellow, and chebulic, compose a medicine called in 
 Sanscrit "tirphala" (Shakesp. diet), in which we recognize the "tryphala" or "tryphera parva " of 
 Actuarius. E.istward, the " triphala " is mentioned in the Amara-cosha, and by Susrutas (see Royle 
 antiq hind. med. 36, and Balanites Aegyptiaca) : T. chebula was observed by Graham, " pretty com- 
 mon " at Mahableshwur and " all along the Ghauts," its fruit yielding blacking for harness makers ; 
 by Retz v. 31, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal, the galls powerfully astringent, fit for making 
 ink, and yield the best and most durable yellow of the chintz painters on the coast of Coromandel ; 
 by Mason v. 509 indigenous but " not very abundant '' throughout Burmah, its fruit furnishing 
 '• all the native ink," some of which "in the course of a dozen years " has been found to fade. 
 
 " 125 15. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), Demetrius II. slain by his wife Cleopatra ; and succeeded by An- 
 tiochus VI. Grypus, thirteenth Greek king of Syria. 
 
 "The same year" (Chinese hist., and Schlegel journ. asiat. 1828), the Greco-Bactrian kingdom 
 overthrown by the Tartars and Scythians or Saca;.* 
 
 The Buddhist hymns of the Lalita vistara probably adopted at the Council under Canishca, Tar- 
 tar king of Cashmere — (Burnouf, and Foucaux). The first translation into Chinese was made about 
 76 A. D. (bibl. or. ii. p. 37). 
 
 * Ficus excelsa of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Malabar " attimeralloo " (Drur.) ; and a tree 
 " traditionally reported to be two thousand years old " — growing twenty miles Southeast of Cochin, 
 "fifty feet in circumference " when seen by Rheede iii. pi. 58 : F. excelsa was observed by Graham 
 in the environs of Bombay, "a tree with altern te bifarious leaves " and "fruit size of a gooseberry;" 
 by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, the root in decoction powerfully aperient in 
 visceral obstructions. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 409 
 
 Carissa carandas of Tropical Hindustan. A thorny shrub called in Sanscrit " avigna '' or 
 " avinga " or " crishnapacap'hala " or " sushenas " or " caramardaca " (W. Jones), in Tamil " kalapa " 
 (Drur.), in Telinga "wakay," in Bengalee " kurumchee," in Hindustanee " kurunda " (Drur.), in the 
 environs of Bombay " corinda " (Graham), in which we recognize the " kourounda " flowers pre- 
 sented to a Buddhist in the Lalita vistara 6: — C. carandas is described byRumphiusvii.pl. 25; 
 was observed by Graham very common " throughout the Concans and on the Ghauts," its fruit "sold 
 in the bazars " and " has somewhat the taste of the blueberry ; " by myself, wild on the Ghauts ; by 
 Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Coromandel, common everywhere, the berries universally 
 eaten by the natives, black when ripe, when scarcely so employed to make tarts preserves and pickles. 
 Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 455 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated by European residents 
 for the " berries, which taste when stewed like currants " and are called Bengal currants. 
 
 " 124 B. C." (Liv., and Sm. b. d.), C. Cassius Longinus and C. Sextius Calvinus consuls for this 
 year : a Roman army at the request of the people of Massilia (Marseilles), having been sent against 
 the Salyes, a neighbouring Ligurian tribe ; Calvinus completed the subjugation of the Salyes, — 
 whom he sold in the following year, their king Teutomal with other chiefs taking refuge among the 
 Allobroges, a people higher up the Rhone. The Romans thus acquiring foothold in France. 
 
 Myriophyllum spicatum of Northern climates. Called in Britain water milfoil, in which we 
 recognize the " millfipholioum " of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " velioukanthas " 
 of the Gauls, — and " muriophullon " of the Greeks; growing in wet places according to Diosco- 
 rides, its stem single and tender, surrounded with numerous " marathro "-like leaves whence the 
 name, and referred here by writers : M. spicatum was observed by Sibthorp frequent in Greece. 
 Westward, the " muriophullon " or " mullophullon " or " strati&tike " or " ahillSios " is further iden- 
 tified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " soupSrkilioum v£n£ris " of the Romans ; by Pliny xxiv. 95 with 
 the " millefolium " growing "in palustribus " and " magnifici usus ad vulnera," but his account seems 
 chiefly taken from Dioscorides ; M. spicatum is described by Matthioli p. 812 ; is termed " potamo- 
 geton foliis pennatis " by Tournefort inst. 233 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Al- 
 geria, the Canary Islands, and throughout Europe as far as Lapland, the Orkney Islands, and Iceland 
 (Hook., Desf., Guss., Moris, Webb, Fries, Wats., A. Dec, and Lenz). Eastward from Greece, is 
 known to grow throughout Siberia as far as the Angara and Lake Baikal (Gmel., and Ledeb.) : and 
 farther East, from Bear Lake in North America and " Lat. 54°" to Arkansas and Lat. 41° on the 
 Atlantic (Drumm., Nutt , Pursh, and myself). 
 
 Sambucus ebulus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dwarf elder or 
 wale-wort or danewort (Prior), in France " hieble " (Nugent), in Germany " zwerg-holunder," in 
 Italy " ebbio " or " sambuco erbale " (Lenz), in Greece " vouzia" (Sibth.) : the " olma " of the Daci- 
 ans or " thoukdnS of the Gauls — is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " agria akte " or " elfiios " or 
 " £uv6ike " Euboean kind, or the " hamaiakte " described by Dioscorides as humble and more herba- 
 ceous with the same medicinal properties : is further identified with the " evouloum " of the Romans ; 
 and the " ebulus " is mentioned by Virgil eel. x. 27, Columella, and Pliny xxvi. 49 to 73 : S. ebulus 
 is described in Ortus Sanitatis 95, also by Brunswygk ii. 20, and Parkinson th. 208 (Prior) ; is 
 termed " s. bumilis " by Tournefort inst. 606 ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, 
 in hedges and mountain thickets from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna and Constantinople ; by Lenz, 
 frequent in Italy ; is known to grow also in Barbary (Pers.) and throughout middle Europe, occurring 
 in waste and cultivated ground as far as Sweden (Linn., Wahl., and A. Dec). The "roots cathar- 
 tic" (Lindl.). 
 
 Nepeta glechoma of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain ground ivy or gill or hay maids 
 or hey hove or tun hoof or ale-hoof (Prior), in Greece " kussos : " the " halus " of the Gauls * or " coto- 
 neam " of the Veneti, — mentioned by Pliny xxvi. 26 as " medetur lateri " and resembling "cunilae 
 bubulae " or in the tops "thymo," sweet and alleviating thirst, "radicis alibi albae alibi nigrae," — 
 may be compared : " eorth ifig " is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon translation of Apul. too; "hey 
 howe " in the ballad of the Frere and the boye 50 ; and " edera terrestris " in the Ortus sanitatis pi. 
 163 : N. glechoma is described by Brunfels i. p. 167 (Spreng.) ; is termed "calamintha humilior folio 
 rotundiore" by Tournefort inst. 194; and is known to occur in waste places and along hedges 
 throughout middle Europe (Scop., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Bithy- 
 nian Olympus to the Peloponnesus ; by Thunberg, along the margin of fields in Japan. By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in shady situations around 
 dwellings in our Northern and Middle States. Used according to Prior "in fermenting beer; " and 
 according to Lindley, "a favourite herb with country people for making a tea against pectoral and 
 other complaints." 
 
 * Erysimum cheiranthoides of Northern Europe, Asia, and America. Called in France "velar" 
 (Batard), in which we recognize the "velam" of the Gauls — mentioned by Pliny xxii. 75: E. chei- 
 
410 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 123 B. C. = " 24th year of Ptolemy VII.," inscribed at Phike (Glid analect.). A petition from 
 the priests at Phite addressed in Greek to Ptolemy VII. — is extant. Affording the means of veri- 
 fying hieroglyphic interpretations derived from the Rosetta Stone. 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Agatharch. 85), Ariston sent by Ptolemy to examine Arabia along 
 the sea. Beginning at the head of the Laeanitic Gulf, which he consecrated to Poseidon or Neptune, 
 there was here a tract abounding in palms, and a very ancient stone altar inscribed with unknown 
 letters (Smai/ic), under the charge of a man and woman who were obliged to take shelter at night in 
 the tree-tops. — Posidium on the Aelanitic Gulf is mentioned by Artemidorus (Strab. xvi. 4. 18). 
 
 Beyond the Gulf were the Nabatean Arabs, and along the coast three islands, one of them con- 
 secrated to Isis and having remains of ancient stone buildings and columns inscribed with barbaric 
 letters (Sinaitic). 
 
 The " ThamouthenSn " Arabs are also mentioned — (Agatharch. 92). They dwelt in caves or 
 rock-excavations along the Northern border, and continued known to the Greeks and Romans in the 
 days of Diodorus Siculus, Pliny vi. 28, Claudius Ptolemy, and as late as -'425 to 453 A. D." (Steph. 
 Byz., and Percev. i. 25) ; but the tribe of Thamud disappeared before the time of Mohammed kor. 
 
 The "thrakontia mikra " penetrating among the muscles of the inhabitants along the Red Sea — 
 (Agatharch. quoted by Plutarch qu. conv. viii. 9. 16), are clearly the Guinea worm, Filaria Medinen- 
 sis. The affliction is mentioned by Niebuhr ?, and I found it continuing to the present day. 
 
 Elacagnns Oinntalis of Arabia. Called in the gardens of Egypt " negdeh " (Del.) ; and the 
 " edaiais " growing on the above-mentioned islands but differing from ours — (Agatharch. 91), or 
 "edaias aithiopikas " yielding a "thakrunn " according to Artemidorus (Strab. xvi. 4. iS), and Dioscor- 
 ides i. 136, is referred here by Sprengel : the "zakkum," mentioned by Mohammed kor. xxxvii. 60, 
 very efficacious according to the Arabs against contusions and wounds (Maundrell, and Mariti), and 
 offered to pilgrims on approaching Jericho, is according to Royle an oil obtained from the "olive- 
 shaped nut" within the fruit of an Elaeagnus (Kitt. bibl. cycl. ii. 89S) : E. Orientalis was observed 
 by Delile in the gardens of Egypt, according to Clot-Bey long known there ; and as appears from 
 Bieberstein (Steud.), is also cultivated in the Tauro-Caspian countries. (See E. angustifolia, and 
 Balanites Aegyptiaca). 
 
 Lotus Forskali of the mountains of Tropical Arabia. The " 16ton anthromeke " supplying feed 
 for cattle on the plain next to the Nabateans — (Agatharch. 89), maybe compared: L. Forskali, 
 decumbent, trifoliate, yellow-flowered, and differing from Lathyrus in the absence of tendrils, was 
 observed by Forskal p. 140 on the middle mountain-region of Tropical Arabia; and "Lathyrus 
 terniflorus " p. xcvii is enumerated by him as affording feed for camels, bullocks, sheep, and 
 goats. Another species, Lotus fruticosa, was observed by Forskal near Musa, but no description 
 is given. 
 
 LYtica lieterophylla of Tropical Asia from Arabia to Burmah. An annual plant called in Yemen 
 ironically " schadjaret el mehabbe " love-plant (Forsk.) ; and the " poa alle " very pleasant to the 
 eyes but its virtue transient, growing in the country of the Sabaeans — (Agatharch. 97), mentioned 
 also by Artemidorus, may be compared: U. lieterophylla was observed by Forskal p. 159 on the 
 middle mountain-region of Yemen. Eastward, by Rheede ii. pi. 41 on mountains in Malabar ; by 
 Nimmo, and Graham, "in various parts S. Concan; " by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; by 
 Mason, indigenous in Burmah, and called "bet-ya." The pain of the sting according to Lindley is 
 '•very severe, but not permanent." 
 
 Balsamodendron kafal of Tropical Arabia. A tree called there "kafal" (Forsk.); and the 
 
 ranthoidps is described by Gerarde p. 213 ; and though a weed in cultivated ground, is regarded by 
 A. Decandolle as indigenous in middle and Northern Europe (see also Jacq. austr. pi. 17, and Pers.). 
 Eastward, has not been observed in Greece ; but is known to grow throughout Northern Asia as far 
 as Kamtschatka (Ledeb.), also in the neighbouring portion of America, and in Canada (Torr.), and 
 is regarded by A. Gray as indigenous in Illinois, Pennsylvania, and New York. 
 
 Lvcopodium selago of Subarctic climates and mountain-summits farther South. The " selago " 
 regarded by the druids of Gaul as preventive against everything deadly, the smoke curing all mala- 
 dies of the eyes, — further described by Pliny xxiv. 62 as resembling '• herbae sabinae," may be com- 
 pared : L. selago, according to Lindley, is used medicinally by the Highlanders of Scotland, taken 
 internally and the ointment applied " to the neighbourhood of the eyes as a counter irritant ; " and in 
 Sweden, according to Linnaeus, the decoction is used as a detergent lotion, and for destroying vermin 
 on swine and other animals. The plant is known to grow throughout Northern and on the mountains 
 of middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 233, and Lindl.) ; also in Iceland; and in North America from the 
 Arctic sea to Lat. 54° (Hook.), and farther South on the Rocky mountains (Drunvm.), and on the 
 White mountains of New England. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 411 
 
 "larimnan" fruit brought by the Sabaeans, exceedingly fragrant and said to possess medicinal 
 properties — (Agatharch. 101), mentioned also by Artemidorus, may be compared: B. kafal was 
 observed by Forskal p. 80 along the mountains of Yemen, its seeds and berries extremely fragrant, 
 the pulp when wounded distilling balsam, the gum of the tree purgative, and the wood exported to 
 Egypt to impregnate drinking-vessels with the smoke : at Mocha, I found water for drinking some- 
 times fumigated, a decided improvement where the water is brackish. Westward, a tree observed 
 by Adanson in Senegal on the border of the Desert, is regarded by Lamarck as perhaps identical. 
 Farther North, the ' L thurea virga" was known to Virgil geor. ii. 117 ; and specimens were brought 
 by Arabian envoys to Rome in the days of Pliny xii. 31 ; the frankincense-wood occasionally imported 
 into America, may also be compared. 
 
 " The same year " (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), Roman expedition under Metellus against the 
 Balearic Islanders, "on account of their piracies ; " or more probably, from these islands "settled by 
 Phoenicians" having been in alliance with Carthage. According to Strabo iii. 5. 1, the fault of a 
 very few individuals found in company with pirates was extended to a whole community devoted to 
 peaceful pursuits : new cities were however built, and a colony left behind of " three thousand 
 Romans from Spain." 
 
 "The same year" (Eutrop., Blair, and Clint.), by order of the Roman Senate, Carthage rebuilt, 
 or rather a colony founded on its site. 
 
 " 122 B. C. = 1st year of the 'youan-cheou ' of Wou-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " In this year" (Yule cath. i. p. lxvi), return of the Chinese traveller Changkian from Bactriana. 
 
 Licnalia acutifida of the Siamese countries. A small palm called in Burmah "sha-zoung," 
 furnishing the Penang lawyers of commerce (Mason) ; possibly the walking-sticks seen by Chang- 
 kian in Bactriana, brought by the way of Shintu (Hindustan) and recognized by him as like those 
 grown in the mountains of Kiongshan — (Yule i. p. lxvi) : L. acutifida is mentioned also by Royle 
 fibr., and Drury ; and is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 "The same year." (Liv., and Clint.), by C. Sextius Calvinus now proconsul, Aquae Sextiae 
 (Aix in Provence) founded ; the first settlement of the Romans beyond the Alps. 
 
 " 120 B. C." (Appian, and Sm. b. d.), Mithridates V. succeeded by his son Mithridates VI. Eupa- 
 tor, now at the age of " eleven " years king of Pontus. 
 
 " 118 B. C." (Veil., Blair, and Clint.), by the Roman consul Q. Marcius, a colony established 
 at Narbonne in France. 
 
 Philadelphus coronarlus of Central Asia. An ornamental shrub called in gardens syringa or 
 mock orangej and the *IAAAEA*ON of Apollodorus of Artemita, used in Parthia for hedges or 
 living fences — (Athen. xv. 29), is referred here by Bauhin and others: P. coronarius is termed 
 "syringa" by Dodoens . . ; is described also by Lobel hist., Dalechamp 355, Caesalpinus, and Clu- 
 sius hist. i. 55 ; was observed by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy ; is known to occur along hedges in 
 other parts of Southern Europe, is besides cultivated for its fragrant flowers, one variety having 
 numerous petals (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 
 tinues frequent in gardens. 
 
 "In this year" (Burin, hist., and Mason 40), accession of Therereet, great grand-son of Khan- 
 loung, as Burmese king ; a good and learned man, in whose reign religion and the arts flourished. 
 His six distinguished teachers wrote on history and mathematics, and taught religion. 
 
 "The same year" (Raja Tarangini, and Prinsep i. 40), in Cashmere, end of the reign of Abhi- 
 manya, successor of Canishca. 
 
 " D'hanvantari is named in the "slokae" of the Ayurvedas, medical stanzas demonstrated by 
 him*— (Susrut. sutr. 1 to sar. 4) ; is mentioned also by Valmiki ram. ii. 40, and in the Vishnu 
 purana iv. 8. 
 
 * Cissampdos hexandra of Eastern Hindustan. The " sank'hini " or " sreyasi " prescribed in 
 the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 2 to kalp. 3), is referred here by Hessler : C. hexandra 
 was observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan, is described also by Fischer (Steud.). 
 
 Xylocarpus qranatum of Tropical shores from Ceylon to Tongatabu. A submaritime tree called 
 in Sanscrit "puroosha," in Bengalee "puroosha" or "puroos" or "pussoor" (J. F. Wats.), in Cin- 
 galese " kadul-gaha," in Tamil "kandalanga" (Lindl.), in Burmah "pen-lai-ung" (Mason), in Tagalo 
 " calumpang sa lati" or " nigui " or "tabigui," in Pampango "migui" (Blanco) ; in which we recog- 
 nize the "parusha " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 2) : X. granatum was observed 
 by Koeni- Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the mouths of the Ganges (Drur.); by Mason v. 494 to 539, 
 in Burmah " common in the mangrove swamps " the falling fruit floating out upon the sea, " exceed- 
 ingly astringent and regarded by the natives as a specific in cholera;" the bark and other parts, 
 according to Drury by the Malays ; is described by Rumphius iii. pi. 61 ; was observed by Blanco 
 on the Philippines ; by myself, along the seashore of the Feejeean Islands and as far as Tongatabu. 
 
412 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Acacia catechu of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A thorny tree, thirty to forty feet high, called 
 in Sanscrit " khadira," in Bengalee "khira" (Lindl.), in Telinga " khadirama " or " podali-manu, in 
 Tamil " vodalai " or " vodalam " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " khadera " or " kair " (Graham), 
 
 Lcca hirta of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit "paravatu-pudee " (Roxb.) ; in which we 
 recognize the " paravatapadi " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. v. 3): L. hirta is described 
 by Hornemann (Steud.); was observed by Roxburgh ii. 469 in Eastern Hindustan (J. F. Wats.). 
 
 Rhynchosia rnfescens of Southern Hindustan. Called in Telinga " chiri-ulava " (W. Ell.); 
 and the "chiravilva" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iv. 5), may be compared: R. 
 rufescens was observed by W. Elliot 43 in the Telugu districts of the Northern Circars (J. F. Wats). 
 
 Acacia fernt^inca of Southern Hindustan. A s'mall tree called in Sanscrit "kadeera" (Ainsl.), 
 in Tamil " shimai-velvel," in Telinga " anasandra" or " vuni " (Drur.) or "woanee" (Lindl.); and 
 the "k'hadira" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 2 to chik. 6), is referred here by 
 Hessler • A. ferruginea was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, from Courtallum and the Circars 
 to Coromandel, its very astringent bark steeped in jaggery water is distilled as an intoxicating liquor, 
 its wood very hard and useful (Drur.). 
 
 Pougamia glabra of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. A large tree called in 
 Sanscrit "karanja" or "naktamala" (Pidd.), in Bengalee " kurunja,'' in Hindustanee '■ kurung," in 
 Telinga "kanoogoo,'' in Tamil " poongu marum " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " karunj " 
 (Graham), in Burmah " tha-wen " (Mason) ; in which we recognize the "karanja" or " karanjaka " 
 of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas, — "galedupe" of Valmiki ram. iii. 79 (transl. Gorr.), and "nakta- 
 mala" trees of Kalidasa ragli. v. 42, and Susrutas chik. 5 : the "galedupe" is mentioned by Valmiki 
 iii. 79 (transl. Gorr.); the "karanja" or "karanjaka" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas, "nakta- 
 mala " trees by Kalidasa : P. glabra was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 3 in Malabar ; by Gibson, and 
 Graham, " very common throughout the Concans, also near rivers in the Deccan ; " by Buchanan, 
 flourishing " equally on the arid hills of the " Carnatic and the muddy banks of the Ganges ; " by 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Travancore and Bengal, the oil from its seeds applied externally by 
 the natives in eruptive diseases, used also in lamps, its wood light and valuable, and its leaves eaten 
 by cattle (Voight, and Drur.) : by Mason v. 504 to 523, indigenous in Burmah, abounding " from Tavoy 
 to Toungoo ; " was observed by Loureiro in Anam (Steud.). 
 
 Grislea tome?itosa of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. A large shrub called in 
 Sanscrit "d'haree" (Ainsl.), in Bengalee "dhari,"in Hindustanee " d'hawe-ke-pol" (J. F. Wats ) 
 or " dhaee-phool" ( Drur.) , in the environs of Bombay "dhauree " or " dhaitee " (Graham) ; in which 
 we recognize the "dhava" or " dhataki " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 2 to kalp. 3), 
 and "dhura" of Valmiki ram. i. 18: G. tomentosa was observed by Gibson, and Graham, very com- 
 mon "throughout the jungly tracts of the Concan and along the Ghauts," its flowers "a considerable 
 article of commerce inland as a dye ;" by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Oude and Dheyra Dhoon, 
 an infusion of the leaves substituted for tea among the hill tribes near Ellichpoor, and its wood used 
 for ploughs (Drur); by McClelland, "very common in the Prome district" of Burmah (Mason v. 
 512) ; and is known to grow as far as China (Pers.). 
 
 Pentaptcra tomentosa of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit " usna " or " peeata- 
 saluka," in Bengalee " usan " or " peea-sal," in Telinga " nella-madoo," in Hindustanee " aans " 
 (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay " ain " or "ayeen" (Graham); in which we recognize the 
 "asana" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. chik. 27 to kalp. 3), and "pentaptere" of Val- 
 miki ram. iii. 79 (transl. Gorr.) : P. tomentosa was observed by Gibson, and Graham, from "the 
 jungly tracts of Guzerat" common "on the Ghauts and throughout the hilly parts of the Concan," its 
 wood much used for " shafts to gigs," and for other purposes " where toughness of fibre is required ; " 
 by Roxburgh, Tennent, and Wight, as far as Ceylon and Oude, its bark astringent, employed medici- 
 nally, and yielding a black dye, the ashes so charged with calcareous matter as to be sometimes sub- 
 stituted for lime in chewing betel (Drur.). 
 
 Pentaptcra glabra, by some regarded as distinct, is called in Hindustanee " urjoon " (J. F. Wats.), 
 in Telinga " tella madoo " (Drur.), in Burmah " touk-kyan " (Mason) ; and the " arjuna " of the 
 stanzas of the Ayurvedas (Susrut. iii. 2) is referred here by Hessler ; P. glabra was observed by Rox- 
 burgh, and Wight, from the peninsula as far as Silhet and Monghyr, a valuable timber-tree, not 
 touched by white ants (Drur.) ; by Mason v. 533, indigenous in Burmah, probably the tree affording 
 according to McClelland " timber strong as teak," and that whose bark yields according to Berdmore 
 a black dye used "in dyeing fish-nets." 
 
 Tcrminalia citrina of Eastern Hindustan. A tree called in Bengalee "hurituki" (Lindl.) ; and 
 the "ab'haya" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. kalp. 3), is referred here by Hessler: the 
 "abhea" is identified in the Taleef Shereef with the " hurr " (J. F. Wats.), an allied species : T. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 413 
 
 in Burmah "sha" (Mason) ; in which we recognize the "k'hadira" or " kantaki " or "kapitana" or 
 " mandana " of D'hanvantari — (Susrut. v. 3), the " khadira " club and staff for warriors in the insti- 
 tutes of Manu ii. 45 to viii. 313, and the " khadira " of Valmiki ram. i. 12 : A. catechu was observed 
 
 citrina was observed by Roxburgh ii. 435 in the forests of Bengal ; its fruit according to Lindley " a 
 common article in the Hindoo materia medica, usually employed as a gentle purgative." 
 
 Trichosanthes cucumerina of Tropical Hindustan.. The hitler gourd is called in Sanscrit 
 " patola," in Telinga " patolas " (J. F. Wats.) or " aduvee-putla " (Lindl.) or " chaynd-potla," in Tamil 
 " poodel" or " pepoodel." in Bengalee " bunputol" (Drur.), in Burmah " tha-bwo't-kha" (Mason); 
 in which we recognize the " patoli " or " patolika " to be mixed in food according to the stanzas of 
 the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. chik. 5): T. cucumerina was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 15 in Malabar; 
 by Graham, "wild in hedges etc." in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as 
 far as Bengal, its unripe fruit very bitter but eaten by the natives in their curries, and its seeds, leaves, 
 root, and young shoots employed medicinally ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah, its fruit " eaten by 
 the natives only ; by Blume bijdr. 934, as far as the Malayan archipelago. 
 
 Trichothanthes dioica of Tropical Hindustan. Called in the Taleef Shereef " patole," in Hin- 
 dustanee "pulvul" or "pulwul," in Bengalee "pulta" (J. F. Wats.); and the "patoli" or "patolika" 
 or " ramyaka " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. chik. 5), is referred here by Hessler : T. 
 dioica was observed by Roxburgh, Piddington, Royle, and Jameson, cultivated as an article of food 
 in the region watered by the Ganges (J. F. Wats., and Drur.). 
 
 Luffa acutangula of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing Cucurbitaceous vine called in Bengalee 
 "jhingo," in Tamil " peekun-kai " in Telinga "beer-kai," in Hindustanee " torooi " (Drur.), in the 
 environs of Bombay " toorai " or " gosalee " (Graham), and species of Luffa in Sanscrit " kosataki " 
 (J. F. Wats.) : the "kosataki" or "koshataki" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. Chik. 5), 
 may be compared : L. acutangula was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 7 in Malabar ; by Graham, "com- 
 monly cultivated " in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of the penin- 
 sula, in hedges and waste lands and besides cultivated, its half-grown fruit " one of the best native 
 vegetables in India" and much used in curries (Drur.). 
 
 Randia dumetorum of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. A thorny arborescent 
 shrub called in Sanscrit " madana " (Ainsl ), in Telinga " mangha," in Tamil " marukarung," in Hindus- 
 tanee " myn " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " ghelah " or " gaerah " or " peiraloo " (Graham) ; in 
 which we recognize the " madana " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iii. 2) ; R. dumetorum was 
 observed by Law, Murray, and Graham, from Guzerat "throughout the Concans and Malabar," its 
 " fruit like a crab apple," and " used for poisoning fish ; " by Retz, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as 
 far as Mysore and Coromandel, its fruit " very commonly used as an emetic by the poorer classes ; " 
 was observed by Mason in Burmah ; by Blume bijdr. 981, as far as the Malayan archipelago. 
 
 Embelia ribes of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large climbing shrub called in Telinga 
 " vayu-velangam-chettu " (J. F. Wats.), in Tamil " vellal," in Malabar " vishaul," in Bengalee "ba- 
 berung" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " karkunnie " (Graham) : the " vid'anga" of the stanzas 
 of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. kalp. 3), is referred here by Hessler : E. ribes was observed by Graham 
 at " Mahableshwur, pretty common ; " by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight, as far as Silhet, its berries 
 used medicinally, and sometimes fraudulently intermingled with black pepper, being almost indistin- 
 guishable and withal somewhat pungent (Drur.) ; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Ickjwcarpus frutescens of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah A twining Apocynous plant called 
 in Sanscrit " syama " (J. F. Wats.), in Malabar " paal-vully," in Telinga " nalla-tiga," in Bengalee 
 " shyama-luta " (Drur.) or "syama-lata" (W. Jones); in which we recognize the "syama'' of the 
 stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iv. 6 to 37), mentioned also in the Amara-cosha, and by Kalidasa : 
 I. frutescens was observed by Law, and Graham, in the Southern Mahratta country ; by Wight, and 
 Drury, as far as Travancore, " common in hedges ; " by Burmann zeyl. pi. 12, on Ceylon ; by W. Jones 
 as. res. iv. 261, Roxburgh, and Royle, as far as Bengal, used sometimes medicinally (Lindl.) ; by 
 Mason, indigenous in Burmah. (See Villarsia Indica). 
 
 Rottlera tinctoria of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tree called in Sanscrit "punnaga," in 
 Bengalee " poonnag," in Telinga " punnagamu " (J. F. Wats.) or " vassuntagunda," in Tamil " capi- 
 lapodi," in Hindustanee "katnal," in the environs of Bombay "shendree" (Graham), in Mysore 
 " cornuo-a-mungi-maram " monkeys-face tree from monkeys reddening their faces by rubbing against 
 the fruit (Buchanan) ; in which we recognize the " punnaga " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Sus- 
 rut. sar. 4), " poonnaga " of Valmiki ram. i. 25, the ape besmearing his female's face with flowery 
 dust in Bhavabhuti mal. 9, and bees abandoning the trees in Kalidasa ragh. iv. 57 : R. tinctoria was 
 observed by Rheede v. pi. 21 in Malabar; by Graham, on "hills throughout the Concans, the "mealy 
 powder" on the fruit "used by the natives to dye red ; " by Roxburgh, Royle, and Drury, "common 
 
4 '4 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 by Gibson, and Graham, "common in Kandesh " and "in some parts of the Northern Concan," giving 
 employment to a "curious tribe of people called Kuttoorees " (Mackintosh bomb, geogr. soc. 1S38) ; 
 by Ainslie, Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 175, Royle, Wight, and Drury, from Malabar to Delhi and Bengal, 
 
 almost everywhere " as far as Madras, its dye called himila used besides as a vermifuge ; by Mc Clel- 
 land, and Mason v. 512 to 543, indigenous in Burmah, and the powder on its fruit "sold in the 
 bazars." (See Calysaccion longifolium). 
 
 Afacaranga Roxburghii of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A peltate-leaved Euphorbiaceous tree 
 called in Canarese " chanda" (Bedd.), in the environs of Bombay "chanda" (Graham); and the "chanda" 
 of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iii. 10) may be compared: M. Roxburghii was observed 
 by Graham i2S4onthe Ghauts and "in both Concans," the capsule "size of a pea" and together 
 with the young shoots " covered with a clammy substance having a strong turpentine smell ; by 
 Beddome 55, as far as Madras ; by Roxburgh iii. 755, in Eastern Hindustan ; and by Mason 589, in 
 Burmah. Farther East, is perhaps the species seen by myself in wild situations in the Malayan 
 archipelago, and frequent in abandoned clearings on the Feejeean, Tongan. and Samoan Islands. 
 
 Ficus (Covellid) glomerata of Tropical Eastern Asia. A large tree called in the environs of 
 Bombay " oombur " (Graham) ; and the " oudoumbara" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. 
 chile. 7), furnishing a staff for merchants in the Institutes of Manu ii. 45, mentioned also in the 
 Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 25 to 37), is referred here by writers : the " ou-tan-po-lo " seen by 
 the Chinese traveller Hiouen-thsang 3. in Hindustan is also referred here by Stanislas-Julien : F. 
 glomerata is mentioned in the Ramayana i. 4 (transl. Carey and Marshm. ) ; is described by Roxburgh 
 cor. pi. 123 ; was observed by Graham " generally by the banks of water-courses throughout the Con- 
 cans " and hence called "water tree " by the natives, who sometimes eat its fruit, outwardly "much 
 like the common fig," but " in clusters from the large branches ; " by Powell, in the Punjaub, its bark 
 and root employed medicinally (Drur.). Farther East, by Blanco on the Philippines, and called in 
 Tagalo " tibig na lalaqui," in Bisaya "haguimit" or " aimit," water for drinking procured by cut- 
 ting the root, and on Zebu in times of drought many of the inhabitants have no other resource. 
 
 Colocasia macrarhha of the Malayan archipelago. The large taro is called on the Hawaiian 
 Taheitian and Samoan islands " ape," on the Marquesas and Rarotongan islands " kape," on Tonga- 
 tabu " kabe " (Hale) ; in Sanscrit "hasti-carni " (Pidd.), and the "hastikarna" is mentioned in the 
 stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iii. 2): C. macrorhiza was observed by Hermann parad. 73 on 
 Ceylon (Pers., and Spreng.) ; is known in Hindustan, and in the fresh state "is employed by the 
 natives as an external stimulant and rubefacient " (Pharm. of ind., and Drur ). Eastward, was 
 observed by myself under cultivation on the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian 
 Islands, its long large root the growth of several years, serving therefore as a safeguard against 
 famine ; by Rich, and Hale, on the Vaitupan and Tarawan coral-groups. By European colonists, was 
 carried to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it has become naturalized. 
 
 Curcuma reclinata of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " kurboor " (Pidd.) ; and the 
 "karbura"of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iii. 2), may be compared: C. reclinata is 
 described by Roxburgh, as observed by him in Eastern Hindustan (Steud. ). 
 
 Cyperus juncifolius of Hindustan. Called in Northern Hindustan " mutran " (Honigb.), and 
 this or C. pertenuis in Sanscrit "musta" (Pidd.) ; possibly therefore the "musta" of the stanzas of 
 the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. v. 3) : C. juncifolius was observed by Honigberger 387 in Northern Hindu- 
 stan (J. F. Wats.). 
 
 Panicum frumentaceum of Tropical Hindustan. A kind of millet called in Sanscrit " shyamaka " 
 (Pidd.), in the environs of Bombay "shamoola" (Graham) ; in which we recognize the "syamaka" 
 of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. chik. 5) : P. frumentaceum was observed by Graham 
 " cultivated in the Deccan ; " by Sykes, Roxburgh, and Drury, under cultivation in other parts of the 
 peninsula. 
 
 Raphis acicularis of Tropical Eastern Asia. A low troublesome grass called in Malabar " kadira 
 pullu" (Rheede), in Burmah " gnung-myeet " (Mason): the "sank'hini" or " chorapushpi " or 
 "chanda" or "kesini" or "sveta" of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 10), is referred 
 here by Hessler; and the "sankhapushpi " of the Institutes of Manu xi. 147 is referred here by Des- 
 longchamps : R. acicularis was observed by Rheede xii. pi. 43 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the envi- 
 rons of Bombay ; by Retz, and Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan ; by Mason v. 477, in Burmah, " the 
 most common grass on the coast ; " by Loureiro, in Anam ; by myself, throughout the Malayan 
 archipelago, but not in wild situations ; by Blanco, everywhere known to the natives on the Philip- 
 pines under a Spanish name "amores secos." By Polynesian colonists, was carried throughout the 
 Tropical islands of the Pacific, from the Feejeean and Tongan to the Taheitian and Hawaiian groups, 
 observed by myself abounding in clearings along the coast and around native dwellings, but not seen 
 on the widely-detached coral-islands. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 415 
 
 yielding terra japonica or catechu j articles made of its wood used according to Stevenson pref. vi. 
 by Brahmans to the present day in Vedic ceremonies. Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 487 
 to 525 "indigenous " in Burmah, and "so abundant on the Eastern side of the mountains " that the 
 inhabitants of a " village of two hundred and fifty houses " were all " constantly engaged in making 
 cutch for the Shan market," to be taken with betel. From transported. specimens, is described by 
 Plukenet pi. 329 ; and by European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; also to 
 Jamaica, where it has become frequent (Macfad., and Lindl.). 
 
 Coccinia grandis of Equatorial Africa. A Cucurbitaceous vine called in Sanscrit "jivaka" or 
 "vimbika" or "vimba" (J. F. Wats.); in which ■ we recognize the "jivaka" of the stanzas of the 
 Ayurvedas, — " bimba " fruit of the Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 273 to 617), " vimba " of Valmiki 
 ram. v. 18, its fruit compared with lips by Kalidasa kum. iii. 67 to ragh. xiii. 16, and the "vimbika" 
 of Susrutas sutr. 16 to chik. 22 : C. grandis was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 14 in Malabar ; by 
 Graham, " common in every hedge and on old walls about Bombay during the rains," its fruit " when 
 ripe red ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, and by Burmann pi. 19 on Ceylon ; 
 by Mason, seemingly wild in Burmah. Westward, by Grant in Unyoro on the Nile, garlands made 
 of its leaves by the Waganda. 
 
 Mimusofts kauki of the Siamese countries. A tree called in Sanscrit "ksheerike," in Bengalee 
 "ksheerni " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the " kshirika " or " kshiri " of the stanzas of the 
 Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 4) : M. kauki was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 25 in Malabar, cultivated 
 according to Drury on account of its acid and esculent fruit ; by Powell, in the Punjaub, the leaves 
 bark and seeds employed medicinally ; by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; but in the envi- 
 rons of Bombay, was seen by Graham only in gardens of European residents. Eastward, was 
 observed by Mason v. 463 indigenous in Burmah, and raised besides from a dried fruit imported by 
 Chinese from Singapore ; is according to Drury " extensively cultivated in China ; " was observed 
 by Rumphius iii. pi. 8 around dwellings on Celebes, commonly planted for the elegance of its form 
 and the grateful shade. Westward from Hindustan, a single tree brought from abroad and having no 
 Arabic name, was seen by Forskal p. 82 at Beit el fakih in Yemen. 
 
 Plumbago Zeylanica of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Perennial and suffruticose, called in 
 Yemen " hamsched " (Forsk ), in Sanscrit "chitruka" or "pathin" or "vuhni," in Bengalee " agnee " 
 or " chitra," in Hindustanee " chita " (J. F. Wats.), in Tamil " chitramoolum " or " kodivaylie " 
 (Drur.), in Guzerat " cheetruck " (Graham); in which we recognize the "chitraka" or " agni " or 
 "pat'hi " or " vahni " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 3) : P. Zeylanica was observed 
 by Rheede x. pi. 8 in Malabar; by Vaupell, "common in Guzerat in hedges by the road side," by 
 Graham, on " hills throughout the Concans," the " fresh bruized bark of the root " sometimes " used 
 for raising blisters ; " by Roxburgh, Ainslie, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Bengal, and 
 used for other medicinal purposes ; by Mason v. 432, "exotic " in Burmah and cultivated for its vesi- 
 catory root. Westward, the " khamischah " of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer : P. Zey- 
 lanica was observed by Forskal along the base of the mountains of Yemen. By European colonists, 
 was carried to the West Indies (Sloane i. pi. 133). 
 
 Curcuma zedoaria of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Sanscrit "kinarista" or " sholee " or 
 " sholika " (Lindl.), in Hindustanee " zaranbad " or "jadwar " (D'rozar.) or "kakhura" or " kuch- 
 oora," in Telinga "kuchoora" or " kichlie-gudda," in Tamil "capoor-kichlie " or " pulang killungu," 
 in Bengalee "shutee" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay '• kutchoora " or "katchoramu " or "satee " 
 or " sotee " (Graham) ; in which we recognize the " sati " of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. 
 iii.), and " shuthi " enumerated by Carey and Marshman among the ten drugs in the " survoushudhee " 
 of Valmiki ram. ii. I : C. zedoaria was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 7 in Malabar ; by Graham, as far 
 as Bombay, producing "the real zedoaria of the Materia Medica; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 
 201, Wight, and Drury, as far as Ceylon and Chittagong, its root used medicinally, and an ingredient 
 in the red powder thrown about by the Hindus during the licence of the Hooly festival. Farther East, 
 is known to occur on " the Asiatic islands" and as far as China (Rumph. v. pi. 68, and Lindl.). 
 Westward, the imported drug " zedoar " is mentioned by Macer Floridus 71 ; " zadawar " or " jadwar," 
 by Rhazes, Ebn Sanhum, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar; and "zedoar" was seen in Egypt by 
 Alpinus. 
 
 " 1 17 B. C. = 6th year of the ' youan-tcheou ' of Wou-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of 
 the Forty-third cycle. 
 
 The Hawaiian Islands colonized "from Taheiti" "sixty-seven generations " before our visit : the 
 colonists being acquainted with the largest Samoan island Savaii, whose name was transferred to a 
 new island corresponding in relative size and in being actively volcanic, its North point receiving the 
 name of the second Samoan island Upolu ; while "a small rocky islet " was called Lefuka, — its 
 current name "Lehua" being the form the word "would take in the Hawaiian language." Com- 
 munication was regularly kept up with the Marquesas Islands, two of which, Nukuhiva and Fatuhiva, 
 
416 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 are mentioned in traditionary Hawaiian songs among the places visited by voyagers (Ellis tour 287 
 to 313, and Hale ethnog. expl. exp. 129). Of the "sixty-seven generations" of Hawaiian kings, the 
 names of the last forty-five kings are regarded by Hale as authentic. 
 
 Evidence is also found in the names of accompanying plants, Jambosa Malaccensis being called 
 on Taheiti "ahii," on the Hawaiian Islands "ohia," but on the intermediate Nukahivanor Marquesas 
 Islands "kahika' (Hale), clearly from having been brought from Taheiti. 
 
 In like manner, Colocasia macrorhiza on the Hawaiian Islands has preserved its Taheitian and 
 Samoan name " ape," but is called " kape " on the Nukahivan and Rarotongan Islands, and " kabe " 
 (Hale) on Tongatabu.* 
 
 Tacca pinnatiftda of wooded Tropical shores from East Africa throughout the Malayan archi- 
 pelago. The East Indian arrow-root is called in Telinga " cunda," in Tamil " carachunay," and 
 its root in Travancore " chanay kalungoo " (Drur.), in Burmah "touk-ta" (Mason), in Ylocano 
 "panarien" and its farina "gaogao" (Blanco), on Tongatabu "mahoa," on the Samoan Islands 
 "masoa," on the Rarotongan Taheitian and Nukahivan Islands l 'pia," a name continued on the 
 Hawaiian Islands — (Hale) : was observed by myself seemingly indigenous on the Hawaiian Tahei- 
 tian Tongan and Feejeean Islands, but unknown on secluded coral-islands, and by the Samoans 
 regularly cultivated ; is termed "tacca littorea" by Rumphius v. pi 114; was observed by Blanco 
 frequent in Ilocos and Zambales on the Philippines; by myself, apparently indigenous on the Mangsi 
 coral-islets; by Mason v. 106, "indigenous" in Burmah, "abounding along the sea shore the 
 islands and especially at Mergui," where a "kind of arrow root has long been made" from its 
 tuberous roots ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury, in Hindustan as far as Travancore; by Nimmo, 
 and Graham, '■ throughout the Concans" to and beyond Bombay; by myself, to all appearance wild 
 on Zanzibar. 
 
 Dioscorca bulbifera of Tropical Eastern Asia. A climbing herbaceous vine called on Madagascar 
 " voua-couviki " (Boj.), in the environs of Bombay " caroo carunda" (Graham), in .Malabar " katu- 
 katsjil " (Drur.) ; on Taheiti " hoi " (Bertero), a name retained on the Hawaiian Islands — (Gaud.) : 
 observed by myself abounding in neglected clearings on Metia, Taheiti, the Samoan and Tongan 
 Islands, its root not considered edible. Westward, " kurenga " yam in Feejeean (Hale) and " kuri " 
 yam on Tobi (between Gilolo and the Pelew Islands) maybe compared with "kuri" in Rarotongan 
 and Mangarevan and "kiri " in Tarawan, names for dog : D. bulbifera is termed " ubium pomiferum " 
 by Rumphius v. pi. 124. was observed by him, and Blume 20, seemingly wild in the Malayan archi- 
 pelago (A. Dec.) ; grows wild in Nepal and Silhet (Kunth) ; was observed by Rheede vii. pi. 36 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, in "both Concans" to and beyond Bombay, its flowers and roots "eaten 
 by the poorer classes," the " very bitter " roots after "being covered over with ashes and steeped 
 
 * Casuarina equisetifolia of the Moluccas and neighbouring islands as far as the Feejeean: A 
 pine-like tree called in Tagalo and Pampango "agoho," in Bisaya " agoho " or "malabohoc," in 
 Ylocano " agoo " or " aro " or " caro " (Blanco), on Taheiti "aito" (Bertero) or " toa," on the Mar- 
 quesas Samoan and Tongan Islands "toa" (Hale), and on the Hawaiian Islands in the absence of 
 the tree the name "toa" is continued, perhaps from imported war-clubs: — C. equisetifolia was 
 observed by myself naturalized and forming groves on the Taheitian and Samoan Islands, under 
 cultivation on Tongatabu, to all appearance indigenous on the Feejeean Islands, and a single 
 planted tree on the Mangsi coral-islets North of Borneo ; by Blanco, frequent in Ilocos and other 
 localities on the Philippines; is described also by Rumphius iii. pi. 57. By European colonists, 
 was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; to Brazil, observed by myself planted for ornament at 
 Rio Janeiro. 
 
 Dioscorca pentaphylla of Tropical Eastern Asia. A kidncy-rootcd yam called in the environs 
 of Bombay " oolsee " or " shendorvail-chand " (Graham), in Malabar " nureni-kelangu," in Bengalee 
 "kanta-aloo" (Drur), in Tagalo "limaiima" (Blanco), on the Feejeean Islands " kawai " (C. P., 
 compare "kywre" the Burman name of D. daemona) ; on the Hawaiian Islands "pia" (C. P.), and 
 carried there possibly by the first colonists : —observed by myself, often in wild situations, and its 
 root said to be eaten in times of scarcity, naturalized also on the Taheitian and Samoan Islands, but 
 on the Feejeean sometimes cultivated. Westward, by Rumphius v. pi. 127 abundantly cultivated on 
 Amboyna, and by him, and Blume, "wild" in other parts of the Malayan archipelago (A. Dec.) ; by 
 Blanco, common in Malinta and Bisayas on the Philippines, its root eaten by the natives ; by Rheede 
 vii. pi. 35, in Malabar; by Davies, and Graham, "common in the Ghauts and in both Concans" to 
 and beyond Bombay, its male flowers "sold in the bazar and eaten," together with its laro-e tubers 
 which are "dug up in November; " by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan, never cultivated so 
 far as observed by Wight, though Drury "always found the natives dig the tubers whenever they 
 had an opportunity to dress and eat them." (See D. aculeata). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 4 1 / 
 
 in cold water " becoming edible, and there is a variety which is "naturally sweet.'' Farther West, 
 was observed by Bojer growing spontaneously on Madagascar (see also Griseb. fl. bras. v. 28) ; by 
 Grant, in " plantain-groves 2° N." on the Nile, its " bulbs Brazil-nut size and shape, eating pleasantly 
 boiled." 
 
 "The same year" (Liv., and Clint.), Dalmatia conquered by the Romans under L. Caecilius 
 Metellus. 
 
 "The same year" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 399), in Egypt, Ptolemy VII. succeeded by Ptolemy 
 VIII. Lathyrus : his mother Cleopatra being the real ruler. The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy 
 VIII. occur on a propylon at Koos, on temples at Ombos and Edfu, on the temple of Athyr at 
 Thebes, and on extensive restorations made at Medinet-abu with materials from Pharaonic ruins. 
 
 Cassia absus of Hindustan. Allied species are called in Yemen " kolkol " .(Forsk.) ; and the 
 AKAKAAAIAA called NAPKICCOC according to Eumachus of Corcyra, — described by Dioscor- 
 ides as the fruit of a shrub growing in Egypt mixed in infusion in eye-salve, mentioned also by 
 Athenaeus xv. 27, and Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Royle : C. absus was observed by 
 Alpinus, Hasselquist, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt. Eastward, was observed by Burmann pi. 
 97 on Ceylon ; by Royle, indigenous in Hindustan and the fruit employed for the medicinal purpose 
 described by Dioscorides. 
 
 " 1 16 B. C. = 1st year of the ' youan-ting' of Wou-ti " (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "Under the Han dynasty," the " Mao-mim" having their bodies "covered with hair," described 
 in the Chinese work " San-gai-kio (Chan-hai-king) " as "inhabiting the other side of the East sea: " 
 the earliest notice of the Ainos of the Northern Japan islands,* — according to the San-kokf (transl. 
 Klapr.), and Siebold (eluc. Vries). 
 
 * Fucus {Alaria) esculenla of the Northern Japan seas. A seaweed or kelp growing from the 
 shore some fifty feet in length by a foot wide, called "kambou" or "koumbou (kuen-pou)," and eaten 
 by the Ainos and surrounding nations : — also found drifting throughout the Sea of Okhotsk : and far- 
 ther South, "generally eaten in Japan, has a very pleasant taste and is noted as being very wholesome 
 and nutritive," and forms an important article of export to China (addit. San-kokf transl. Klapr. p. 
 206, and Siebold eluc. Vries p. 66 and 174): was observed by Vries along the shores of Yeso; by 
 the Japanese traveller Toknai, along those of Krafto (Saghalien) ; by Erman, in the Okhotsk Sea; 
 and is collected and dried through regular fisheries both on Yeso and the Kurile Islands (Sieb.) ; and' 
 farther East, is known to grow in the Arctic portion of Alaska (Rothr. and Harv. in Smith's report 
 1867). From transported specimens, is described by Linnaeus, Agardh, and Ruprecht. 
 
 Fucus sp. Another seaweed, called by the Japanese " kouro-kouki " or black sprouts, is equally 
 good to eat, — according to the addit. San-kokf (Klapr. transl.). 
 
 Rosa rugosa of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "mau," or in Japanese "hama 
 nasi," and the fruit generally eaten by the Ainos — (Sieb.) : observed by Vries on Yeso ; and by 
 Thunbero- p. 213, in Japan. Farther North, " R. Kamtschatica " whose fruit is eaten by the Kamt- 
 schatkans (Sieb.), may be compared. 
 
 Rubus palmatus of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " imare fureppi," or by the 
 Japanese " itsigo ; " — and the raspberries observed by Vries on Yeso, are referred here by Siebold 
 p. 41. Farther South, R. palmatus was observed by Thunberg in Japan. As transported to Europe, 
 is described by the younger Linna;us suppl. 263 (Pers.). 
 
 Rubus triphyllns of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called in Japanese "myama asi 
 kudasi ; '' — and enumerated by Siebold among the edible and useful plants of Yeso. Farther South, 
 observed by Thunberg in Japan. 
 
 Xanthoxylon sikcrebe of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " wobakf," or by the 
 Ainos " sikerebe," or by the Japanese '• ki wada ; " — enumerated by Siebold among the edible and 
 useful plants of Yeso: the "woo-bek" enumerated in the San-kokf transl. Klapr. among the useful 
 plants of the Ainos, is doubtless identical. 
 
 Juglans ticsiko of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "kurumi" by the Japanese, 
 "nesiko" by the Ainos, and the nuts are called "ninum:" — enumerated by Siebold among the 
 edible and useful plants of Yeso. 
 
 Brassica Chinensis of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called by the Japanese " tona ; " — 
 and enumerated by Siebold among the edible and useful plants of Yeso. Received from China by 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Cochlearia sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " tsi " or "kiseseri," or by the 
 Japanese "wasabi ; " — enumerated by Siebold among the edible and useful plants of Yeso. 
 
 Vitis Yesoensis of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "hats," or by the Japanese 
 " Jeso buto : " — enumerated by Siebold as a " delicious black grape " growing on Yeso. 
 
 53 
 
418 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Among the edible and useful plants of the Ainos on Yeso, Tilia parviflora called "koberegeb'' 
 or by the Japanese " sinano ki," furnishing rigging and timber of good quality; Coptis asplenifolia 
 called "seribano woren" by the Japanese (and observed in Japan by Thunberg) ; Rubus Molucca- 
 
 Aralia edulis of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " itsijaribe " or "tsimakina," or 
 by the Japanese " udo : " — enumerated by Siebold as growing on Yeso, and the root edible. 
 
 Apium seri of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called by the Japanese "sen," — and 
 enumerated by Siebold as " a sort of cellery " growing on Yeso : " A. petroselinum " called " kin " or 
 usually "seri," was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, cultivated as a condiment in Japan. 
 
 Heraclaim tsima of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " tsitna " by the Ainos; — 
 and enumerated by Siebold p. 56 as edible, and as probably the "large screen plant" whose stems 
 were collected by Vries' crew on Kunasiri near Yeso. 
 
 Sanicula elata of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called by the Japanese "naga sirami ; " 
 
 — and enumerated by Siebold among the edible and useful plants of Yeso. 
 
 Lappa edulis of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " setakorokoni," or by the Japan- 
 ese "kobo;" — the root enumerated by Siebold as edible. 
 
 Corv/us sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " wohoba," or by the Japanese 
 "hasibami : " — enumerated by Siebold as growing on Yeso, but referred to " C. Americana." 
 
 Fagus pira of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " pira " by the Ainos, — and enu- 
 merated by Siebold as growing on Yeso. 
 
 Polvgonatum Japonicum of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "amatokoro" by the 
 Japanese, and the root used : — enumerated by Siebold among the edible and useful plants of Yeso. 
 
 A Ilium uliginosum of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " heroni," or by the Japan- 
 ese " nira ; " — and enumerated by Siebold among the edible and useful plants of Yeso. From trans- 
 ported specimens, described by Don. 
 
 Gen. Graminac. unlsjaof Yeso and the neighbouring countries. An edible grass called "untsja" 
 by the Ainos, and "makomo" by the Japanese, — enumerated by Siebold as growing on Yeso. 
 
 Pteris ? of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. An edible fern called " toha," or by the Japan- 
 ese "warabi," — enumerated by Siebold as growing on Yeso. 
 
 Gen. Muse, of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. An edible moss called " ikkimaimai," or 
 by the Japanese "koke," — enumerated by Siebold as growing on Yeso. 
 
 Bolelus kuruma of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. An edible mushroom called "kuruma" 
 by the Ainos, — enumerated by Siebold as growing on Qiicrats beroni on Yeso. 
 
 Belula beitats of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " beitats " by the Ainos, and the 
 bark used by them, — the "tatsbi " birch also furnishing good timber (Sieb. p. 41 and 170). 
 
 Belula asatia of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " asada " by the Ainos, and the 
 bark used by them — (Sieb. p. 170). 
 
 Quereus beroni of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " beroni " or " bironi " by the 
 Ainos, — and the wood enumerated by Siebold p. 41 among the kinds especially fit for shipbuilding. 
 
 Acer sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " tobeni," or by the Japanese '• kaide," 
 
 — and according to Siebold p. 41 and 163, "sugar is prepared from the juice," and the wood is of 
 good quality. 
 
 Acer fus:ni of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "fusini " by the Ainos, and furnish- 
 ing good timber, — according to Siebold p. 41 and 162. 
 
 Finns pauciflora of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " tsikafupp " or "inekereni," 
 or by the Japanese " gojo mats," the wood used for houses — and masts (Sieb.). The " sapin a cinq 
 feuilles acereuses " (Strobus) enumerated in the San-kokf transl. Klapr. among the useful plants of 
 the Ainos, may be compared. 
 
 Abies Yesoensis of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called by the Ainos "fuppo," by the 
 Japanese " Jeso mats," the wood — enumerated by Siebold among the kinds especially fit for ship- 
 building, and supplying masts. 
 
 rhalaris sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. A species with an ovoid pendulous pani- 
 cle — enumerated by Siebold as used for roofs. 
 
 Smilacina bifolia of Subarctic climates. Called " maidsur " by the Japanese : — Described by 
 Matthioli pi. 709 (Spreng.J ; observed by Gerarde in two localities in Britain ; known to abound in 
 the Scandinavian peninsula, and as far as Northern France and Germany, becoming rare as the for- 
 ests become more restricted (fl. dan. pi 291, and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Gmelin frequent through- 
 out Siberia ; by Pallas, between the Yenisei and Lake Laical ; by Chamisso, in Kamtschatka. West- 
 ward, by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by Michaux, in Canada ; by myself, from 45° to 40 alone the 
 Atlantic, frequent in the forest ; by Chapman, on "hijjh mountains of North Carolina j" by Short, 
 in Kentucky ; and by Drummond, at 54 on the Saskatchewan. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 419 
 
 tius ? called in Japanese " fuju itsiigo ; " Cannabis saliva called " asakara " or by the Japanese " asa." 
 for sewing thread; Trapa incisa; Castanea vesca called "jam," or by the Japanese " kuri ; " and 
 Sagittal ia sagittifolia called "womo daka " by the Japanese, the root, — are enumerated by Siebold. 
 And in the San-kokf transl. Klapr., "Galium tuberosum (houang-thsing) ; " the " kakouma-kousa " 
 (in Chinese " houang-lian," Chelidoniitm majus, whose Japanese name is however given by Siebold as 
 "kusanowo"); and the "pin de Yeso " (....), the wood very beautiful, employed for making 
 utensils. 
 
 Among plants growing on Yeso, Ervum tetraspermum called " susume no lento " by the Japan- 
 ese ; Spiraa aruncus called " sjoma " or " torino asikusa " by the Japanese ; Ly thrum salicaria 
 called " mizo hagi " by the Japanese ; Geranium pratense called " dai furoso " by the Japanese ; 
 Euphorbia lalhyris called " portoso " by the Japanese ; Alsine media called " hakobe " by the Japan- 
 ese ; Viola canina called " komeno asume " by the Japanese; Capsella bursa-pastoris called "nats 
 na" by the Japanese; Draba hirta ; Thlaspi arvense called " gunbai utsiwa " by the Japanese; 
 Papaver rhoeas called " bizinso " by the Japanese; Anemone parvifiora ; Caltha palustris called 
 " jen ko so " by the Japanese ; Cornus Canadensis called " kakka," or by the Japanese " gozen tatsi 
 bana ; " Hedera helix called " ki dsuta " by the Japanese ; Vaccinium Chatnissonis ? called " isu- 
 suka ; " Primula farinosa called ■' konzumui," or by the Japanese " Juki ware so ; " Veronica ana- 
 gallis called " kawatsisa ; " Physalis alkekeugi called "hokisei," or by the Japanese " hotsuki," and 
 observed by Thunberg in Japan ; Physalis totorep, called " totorep " by the Ainos ; Solatium Caro- 
 liuense? called "katakina;" Solatium, a species growing on Krafto ; Calystegia soldanella called 
 " hama hirugaho " by the Japanese; Prunella vulgaris called " utsubo kusa" by the Japanese; 
 Clinopodium yulgare called ' kuruma bana " by the Japanese ; Lamium amplexicaule called " hoto- 
 keno so " by. the Japanese ; Jasminum precox called " obai " by the Japanese ; Apocynum Vcnetum 
 called " basikuromun ; " Calendula officinalis called "urajenekina," or by the Japanese "kin sen 
 kwa ; " Gnaphalium confusum called " hahako gusa " by the Japanese ; Taraxacum dens-leonis 
 called " inemuni," or by the Japanese " tan bobo ; " Plantago major called " ohobako " by the 
 Japanese ; Polygonum aviculare called " niwa janagi " by the Japanese ; Rumex crispus ? called 
 " stakamaro," or by the Japanese " kizigizi ; " Chenopodium album and rubrum called " sirusikina," 
 or by the Japanese "aka sa ; " Populus dero called " dero " by the Ainos; Salix toisjusju called 
 " toisjusju" by the Ainos, " inokoro janagi" by the Japanese; Salix toppikara called "toppikara" 
 by the Ainos, " kojanaki " by the Japanese ; Humulus Japonica called " kana mugura " by the 
 Japanese ; Alnus incana called " hanoki " by the Japanese, " nitats' kene " or in general " kene " by 
 the Ainos ; Alnus jaja kene called " jaja kene " by the Ainos ; Thuya ? retinospora t called " kara 
 hiba," or by the Ainos " sjungu ; " Typha angustifolia called " sikina," or by the Japanese " gama ; " 
 Dendrobium catenatum called "sekikok" by the Japanese ; Convallaria majalis called " setakito," 
 or by the Japanese "kimikakeso ; " Paris quadrifoli-i called " tsume tori gus-a " by the Japanese; 
 Pohgonatum latifotium ? called " bebeukkina ; " Smilacina racemosa var. J 'esoensis called " juisasa ; " 
 JNar.cissus tazetta called " suizen " by the Japanese ; Uvularia sessilifolia called " hotsjak " by the 
 Japanese ; Iris Sibirica called " ajame " by the Japanese ; Luzula campestris called " ritenmuni," or 
 by the Japanese "suzumeno jari ; " Hordeum jubatum ; and Imperata pedicellata called "nupkausi," 
 or by the Japanese "tsigaja," — are enumerated by Siebold. And in the San-kokf transl. Klapr., 
 " matricaires de printemps a fleurs blanches '' (called in Chinese " tchhun-kiu," in Japanese "soun- 
 gikf " or sometimes " Korei-gikf " from having been introduced from Corea) ; " lys a fleurs noires " 
 (Fritillaria f) ; " baton de tigre " fifteen to sixteen feet high ( . . . ) ; and " espece de bugle " called 
 in Japanese "fouki," in Chinese "khouon-toung," with leaves attaining the dimensions of "ten" 
 square feet (Nardosmia Japonica? called "makaje " or "korkoni," or by the Japanese "fuki"). 
 
 Vyasa may have been at this time collecting the Vedas. — The Burmese king Ronmokkha is said 
 to have been " skilled in the Vedas" (Mason 40). 
 
 Justicia ecbolium of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. A shrubby erect plant called in Malabar 
 "carimcurim " (Rheede), in the environs of Bombay " oodoo jatee " (Graham), in Yemen " kossaejf" 
 or " chasser " (Forsk.) ; and the " oudodjas " of the Rig Veda viii. 5.3* — ■ may be compared : J. ecbo- 
 
 *Parleria cristata of Tropical Hindustan. An unarmed shrub, " very beautiful " when in flower 
 (Graham) : the "serya" of the Rig Veda ii. 5. 8 — is referred here by Langlois, and " sairiya " or 
 "sairiyaka" prescribed by Susrutas chik. 15 to 25 is referred here by Hessler: B. cristata was ob- 
 served' by Graham " in gardens Bombay," flowers " of a blue colour with a dash of purple, appear in 
 the rains;" by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan. Probably carried to Manila, where it was observed 
 by Blanco ; was observed in Eastern Asia by Osbeck trav. pi. 8 (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is 
 described by Morison iii. II. pi. 23. 
 
 Vallisneria octandra of Hindustan. A grass-leaved aquatic called in Sanscrit "janalili" or 
 
420 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 hum was observed by Forskal p. 5 among the mountains of Yemen ; by Graham, on " hills throughout 
 the Concans " to and beyond Bombay, its flowers "greenish or azure-coloured;" by Rheede ii. pi. 
 20, in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, and Wallich rar. iii. pi. 10S, in other parts of Hindustan, and according 
 to Lindley " said to be diuretic." 
 
 Saccharum munja of Tropical Hindustan. A reed called in Hindustanee " munja " (Drur.) ; in 
 which we recognize the " moundja " used for removing impurities from drink according to the Rig 
 Veda ii. 3.4; "munja" cincture of Brahmans, mentioned in the Institutes of Manu ii. 42, — and by 
 Kalidasa kum. v. 10 ; and " munja " grass of the Sutta Samanna Phala (Burn. ii. 477), Susrutas chik. 
 J7 to 19, and the Vishnu purana iv. 6: S. munja was observed by Roxburgh, and Royle, growing 
 abundantly along the banks of the Ganges at Benares, its leaves twisted into strong tow-ropes by 
 boatmen, and used besides for rigging on the Indus (Drur.). 
 
 The "risya" or white-footed antelope (A. nilgau), and the "gavaya" (gayal ox), mentioned in 
 the Yajur Veda (Colebr. as. res. p. Sco). 
 
 In the Saraa Veda adhy. 12 and 22 Jamadagni, and Vrihaspati, are mentioned, also Kasyapa 
 (prapath. i 9), and the descendants of Angiras (adhy. i. 4). 
 
 The rishis or poets, whose stanzas are quoted in the prapathaka, are Puruhanman, Ahi, Virupa 
 Vasu, Yata, Atri, Jeta, Kasyapa, Medha, Sumedha, Nrimedha, Trimedhas, Jamadagni, Prayaga, 
 Mada, Gaupayana, Satya, Satyadhriti, Gopavana, Kanwa, Praskanwa, Trayukil, Upastuta, Vriha- 
 dukta, Vemada, Trisiras, Budhagarishti, Ullovatayana, Yutadakshna, Sakti, Ibhi, Devaja, Garbha, 
 Puruchchhesa, Nodha, Twishta, Sasoka, Godha, Sahago, Gauriviti, Vena, Devajamya, Saya, Garga, 
 Dwaita, Vasuyava, Puru, Gritsamada, Payu, Dirghatima, Trita, Trimati, Rigiswana, Haryata, Gauri, 
 Tarkshya, Rinu, Vrismatilhi, Saunaka, Niranyaslhupa, Sumitra, Nandhasa, Kaleya, Ritu, Suhotra, 
 and Kula : 
 
 Also Usana or Ushana, represented as reciting in adliyaya i. 10 to viii. 1, Bharadwaja.'Medhatithi, 
 Vatsa, Vamadeva, Madhuchhanda, Vasishtha, Saubhari, Viswamitra, Vatsapriya, Gautama, Gotama, 
 Srutakaksha, Trisoka, Irimi, Sukaksha, Irisni, Soka, Kusidina, Priyamedhas, Pragatha, Sanyu, Puru- 
 midha, Rebhas, Kali, Miri, Devatithi, Aswina. Taurasravasa, Kutsa, Dyutana, Tiraschi, Viswamanas, 
 Narada, Parvata, Sunahsepha, Bharga, Trinpani, and Manu. 
 
 Sarcostemma vimmale of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. A leafless ascending many-branched 
 Asclepiaceous plant called in Yemen " mila:b " (Forsk.), in Telinga " tiga tshomoodoo," in Bengalee 
 "bramee" or " shomluta" (Drur.) ; and the " soma," leafless according to the prapath. vi. 7. 12, its 
 prepared juice first obtained by Ushana celebrated throughout the Sama Veda, — mentioned also in 
 the Puranas, is referred here by writers : S. viminale was observed by Lush on the " isle of Perim," 
 by Graham, and myself, "throughout the Deccan," and, according to Gibson, water impregnated with 
 the stems and common salt is employed by the natives to destroy white ants in sugar-cane fields ; by 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel, its milky juice so mild that travellers suck the tender 
 shoots to allay thirst ( Drury). Westward, was observed by Forskal p. 50 near mount Melhan in Yemen, 
 eaten by cattle ; by Alpinus pi. 190, in Egypt. By European colonists was carried to Brazil, observed 
 by myself naturalized at the base of the Organ mountains. 
 
 Btttea frondosa of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Called in Sanscrit "pulasa," in Bengalee 
 " pulas," in Telinga " maduga " (Lindl.), in Hindustanee " palas," in Tamil " porasum " (Drur.). in 
 Burmah "pouk" (Mason) ; in which we recognize the " palasa " named with honour in the Vedas, — 
 
 "saivala " (W. Jones) or "sivala" (Pidd.) ; and the " sipala" of the Rig Veda viii. 27, driven by the 
 wind from the surface of the water, — is referred here by Langlois : the "shivula" is mentioned by 
 Valmiki ii. 3 ; the "saivala" by Bhavabhuti mal. 6, and is prescribed medicinally by Susrutas sutr. 
 45 to chik. iS : V. octandra was observed by Nimmo, and Graham, on " margins of tanks throughout 
 the Concan ; " by W. Jones as. res. 275, and Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 165, as far as Bengal. 
 
 I'altisucria alteniifolia of Hindustan. Included apparently in the "sipala" — and "shivula" 
 above-mentioned : observed by Nimmo, and Graham, " in tanks throughout the Concans," and " used 
 for refining sugar ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
 I'allisncria spiralis of both continents. Included apparently in the "sipala" — and " shivula " 
 above-mentioned : observed by Nimmo "in tanks " in the environs of Bombay (Graham) ; by Rox- 
 burgh, Gardner, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; and known to grow as far as Australia 
 (Graham). Westward, was observed by Ledebour iv. 46 in the Volga; by Micheli gen. pi. 10, in 
 Italy ; by La Peyrouse pyr. 594, in the Aude and Garonne, and is known to grow in the Rhone and 
 other waters of Southern France (Pers., and A. Dec). Farther West, was observed by Pursh in 
 the Oswego river ; by myself, from Lat. 40° along the Atlantic ; is known to grow as far as the St. 
 John's river in Florida and the Mississippi (Willd., and Pers.) ; was observed by Short in Kentucky ; 
 and by Nuttall, from Lake Michigan to Arkansas. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 42 1 
 
 and Institutes of Manu (W. Jones), and whose brilliant red flowers are celebrated by Kalidasa kum. 
 iii. 29: Agni's " sacred wood illuminating " is mentioned in the Sama Veda v. 4, and the "sacred 
 fire " of the Brah mans was found by Stevenson fed exclusively with the wood of B. frondosa ; the 
 same "venerable and holy tree gave its name to the celebrated plain of Plassey in Bengal " (asiat. 
 res. iii. 469 to iv. 229) : B. frondosa was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 16 and 17 in Malabar; by Gra- 
 ham, " common both in the Concans, Kandesh, and Goozerat," its flowers "used to dye with," 
 applied also "to indolent tumours," and furnishing a powder that "enters into the composition of 
 goolal ; " by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 2r, and Wight, on the Circars and in other parts of Hindustan ; 
 yields according to Royle antiq. med. 41 and fibr. ind. the " pulas " or " dhak" fibre of commerce, 
 and its ashes containing carbonate of potash are often commended by Hindu and Arab medical 
 writers : its ruby-coloured exudation, also employed medicinally by the natives (Drur.), was recog- 
 nized by Guibourt as the " original kino which had entirely disappeared from commerce and was 
 once so much valued ; " is now distinguished as pulos kino, and according to Drury "is an efficient 
 substitute for the real kino." Farther East, B. frondosa was observed by Mason v. 485 abounding 
 in the forests of Burmah ; and by M'Clelland, in Pegu. 
 
 The Institutes of Manu hardly earlier than this date, mention being made of Budhist nuns 
 (Weber, and Buns. iv. 7. 3), and of " Tchinas " China (a name unknown before the Thsin dynasly 
 according to Klaproth). m Manu speaks of the "three Vedas," but elsewhere names the At'harvana or 
 fourth (Colebr. as. res. viii), and is himself mentioned in the Sama Veda prapath : i. 9 and 10 * 
 (transl. Stev.). 
 
 * Sapindus detergens of Eastern Hindustan. A species of soapnut called in Bengalee and Hin- 
 dustanee " reetha " (Drur.) ; and the bruised fruit of the " savonier " used according to the Institutes 
 of Manu v. 120 for cleansing woollen rugs from Nepaul, — may be compared: S. detergens was 
 observed by Roxburgh ii. 280 in Bengal, a tree twenty feet high, the pulp of its fruit used by the 
 natives for washing linen (Drur.). 
 
 Careya arborea of Tropical Hindustan. A large tree called in Tamil " poottatanni-marum " or 
 "ave-mavoo," in Telinga "kumbi," in Malabar "pelou," in Hindustanee or Bengalee "pilu" (Drur. 
 index), in the environs of Bombay " koombah " or "kumba" (Graham) ; in which we recognize the 
 " pilou " of the Institutes of Manu ii. 45, furnishing a staff for merchants : — C. arborea was observed 
 by Rheede iii. pi. 36 in Malabar; by Gibson, Auld, and Graham, from Bombay to Kandesh and 
 Guzerat ; by myself, frequent in the forest on the Ghauts ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts 
 of Hindustan as far as Coromandel, its wood used by the cabinet-makers of Monghyr, also for hoops, 
 and its bark twisted into cords for matchlock men (Drur.). 
 
 Kubia cordifolia of Subtropical Eastern Asia. Distinguished as Indian madder, and called in 
 Hindustanee "munjittee," in Bengalee " munjith " or " aroona," in Tamil " manjittee " or " sawil 
 codie," in Telinga "mandastie" (Drur.); and the madder-tinted garb of the military student is 
 mentioned in the Institutes of Manu, — and by Bhavabhuti uttar. 4 (transl. Wils.) : embalming and 
 cloth dyed with "manjistha" are mentioned in the Kasi khanda, practises according to Wilson (note 
 Vishn. pur. iv. 5) that would be thought impure at the present day : the mandjuchakas is mentioned 
 in the Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 4), and the " manjisht'ha " or " manduka" or " mandukaparni " 
 or "kala" by Susrutas sar. 10 to chik. 16: R. cordifolia was observed by Graham "common at 
 Mahableshwur; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, from the Neilgherries to Dindigul, cultivated 
 according to Drury in Assam and Nepaul, but seems chiefly produced in Kuchar, the root " in great 
 demand in the adjacent countries for dyeing coarse cloths and stuffs red," and exported even to 
 London. Farther East, R. cordifolia was observed by Wallich along the Irawaddy (Mason v. 512) ; 
 by Thunberg, in different parts of the Malayan archipelago ; by him, and Kaempfer, in Japan, grow- 
 ing spontaneously and used for dyeing; by Pallas trav. iii. pi. 50, as far as the border of Siberia; is 
 known to occur also in China (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa (Thunb.), 
 and to Majorca (Pers.). 
 
 Vernonia anthelmintica of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. Annual, and called in Sanscrit 
 and Bengalee "somraj" (Lindl.), in Hindustanee "buckche," in Telinga " adavie-zeela-kura," in 
 Tamil " caat-siragum " (Drur.) ; and the " saml " of the Institutes of Manu viii. 247 — is referred here 
 by Deslongchamps : the "somaraji" or " somavriksha " or "syama" is mentioned by Susrutas sutr. 
 46 to chik." 25 and kalp. 7: V. anthelmintica was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 24 in Malabar; by 
 Graham, " in waste places " around Bombay ; by Hamilton, Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of 
 Hindustan as far as Bengal; and by Burmann pi. 95, on Ceylon ; the seeds according to Drury "very 
 bitter" and "considered powerfully anthelmintic and diuretic," an ingredient also "of a compound 
 powder" given in snake-biles. 
 
 Bassia latifolia of Tropical Hindustan. The mowhra tree is called in Sanscrit "madhaca," in 
 
42 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Crotalaria juncea of Tropical Hindustan. The sunn-hemp is an annual plant called in Bengalee 
 "sunn," in Tamil "wuckoo" or "janupa nar," in Telinga " shanamoo " (Drur.), in the environs of 
 Bombay "tag" or " ambaree " (Graham), in Burmah "pan" or "paik-hsan" (Mason); and the 
 "sana" of the Institutes of Manu ii. 44, furnishing the sacrificial thread of the Kshatrya caste,— 
 is referred here by writers : C. juncea was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, " much 
 cultivated for the sake of its fibres;" by Burmann, Roxburgh cor. pi. 193, Royle fibr. I, and Wight, 
 under cultivation in other narts of Hindustan; and the exported fibres and "goni" or gunny-bags 
 made of them have become well known in commerce. Farther East, the plant was observed by Mason 
 v. 519 in Burmah, in "large fields" near the native villages. 
 
 Cordia latifolia of Tropical Hindustan. A small tree called in Sanscrit " shleshmatuka " (J. F. 
 Wats.), in Bengalee "buro-buhooari," in Hindustanee " bhokur " or " buralesoora " (Drur.), in 
 Guzerat "burgoond" or " vurgoond," in Arabic and Persian "pistan " or " sepistan " (Vaupell) ; in 
 which we recognize the " slechmataka " of the Institutes of Manu vi. 14, whose fruit should not be 
 eaten: — the "sibistan '' is mentioned by Honain, Ishak Ben Amran, Mosih, Elthabiri, Avicenna, 
 and other Arab writers (meaning probably in most instances the allied C. myxa) : C. latifolia is 
 mentioned by Valmiki ramayan. vi. 74 (transl. Gorres.) ; was observed by Vaupel " common through- 
 Bengalee " mahwa " or " muhooa " or " muhoola," in Telinga " ipie " (Lindl.), in Hindustanee 
 " moola," in Tamil " caat-elloopei " (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the " madhuka" yielding accord- 
 ing to the Institutes of Manu xi. 94 one of the three kinds of intoxicating drink, — mentioned also 
 by Valmiki ramayan. ii. 43, Jayadevi, yellow garlands of its flowers by Kalidasa kum. vii. 14 to ragh. 
 vi. 25, and prescribed medicinally by Susrutas : B. latifolia was observed by Gibson " very common 
 in Guzerat," by Graham "throughout the Concans," by myself in the central portion of the Deccan, 
 by Malcolm in Mahva ; by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 19, Hamilton, and Ainslie, from Mysore to the Circar 
 mountains and Bengal, its flowers dried for food in quantities by the forest-tribes or Bheels, yielding 
 besides the intoxicating spirit called moivhra, and the oil from its seeds used by the poorer classes 
 in lamps and for frying (Drur.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where 
 it continues in gardens (Boj.). 
 
 Strychnos potatorum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The clearing-nut is called in Tamil 
 " tettankotta," in Telinga "induga," in Bengalee and Hindustanee "nirmulee" (Lindl.), in the 
 environs of Bombay "nirmulla" or "gagra" (Graham) : and the "kataka" clearing water according 
 to the Institutes of Manu vi. 67, — pale-leaved and yielding a powder according to Kalidasa ragh. 
 iv. 55 to vi. 17, and prescribed medicinally by Susrutas chik. 1 to 20, is referred here by W. Jones as. 
 res. iv. 128: S. potatorum was observed by Law, and Graham, on the "hilly parts of the Concans " 
 and " the Ghauts generally," a " middle-sized tree ; " by Gibson, as far as the " Adjunta jungles ; " 
 by Retz, near Madras (Pers.); by Ainslie, and Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 5. in other parts of the peninsula, 
 the ripe seeds used for clearing muddy water, the pulp of the fruit eaten by the natives, but the 
 pulverized dried fruit "reckoned emetic" (Drur.). Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 497 
 in Pegu and Toungoo, the use of its seeds being well known to the Burmese. 
 
 Cordia obliqua of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit " selu " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which 
 we recognize the " selu " of the Institutes of Manu v. 6, whose fruit should not be eaten : — C. obliqua 
 was observed in Hindustan by Ainslie 183 to 228, and Balfour 87. From transported specimens, is 
 described by Willdenow phytog. i. pi. 4 (Pers ). 
 
 Amiaris toxicaria of the Siamese countries and Malayan archipelago. The bohun upas is a 
 large forest-tree, sometimes called "antsjar" (Lindl.) ; and knowledge of its exudation seems implied 
 in the prohibition against poisoned arrows in the Institutes of Manu vii. 90 — (Elphinst. i. 2) : clasp- 
 ing the poison-tree, is mentioned by Bhavabhuti i. (transl. H. H. Wils.) : A. toxicaria is known to 
 grow as far as Lat. 19 in the neighbouring portion of Burmah, and its exudation continues to be 
 " used by the Karens to poison arrows " (Thomson, and Mason v. 489 to 876). Farther South, a tree 
 in the Malayan archipelago according to Jordanus (transl. soc. Hakl.) is said when "in flower" to 
 ■' kill every man that cometh near ; " an account not strictly true, but A. toxicaria has been shown by 
 Rumphius ii. pi. 87, Leschenault de la Tour, and Blume, to be virulently poisonous ; is known to grow 
 particularly on Java, Baly, and Celebes (Aepnel , and Lindl.). 
 
 Saiiliarum sura of Tropical Hindustan. A reed called in Bengalee " shur '' or " saro " (Drur.) ; 
 in which we recognize the " sara " of the Institutes of Manu viii. 247, to be planted' for marking 
 boundaries : — S. sara was observed by Roxburgh, Royle, and Stewart, from the lower part of the 
 Punjaub along the Ganges, its leaves twisted into strong tow-ropes by boatmen, made also into mats, 
 its stems used for wicker-work and for raiting heavy timber, and the delicate pith towards the summit 
 eaten by the poor ; writing-pens from these stems are besides exported from Madras, chiefly to Bom- 
 bay (Drur ). The "bhooroo" reed " of which the native pens are made " was observed by Graham 
 "common in the Concans." (See S. spontaneum.) 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 423 
 
 out Guzerat," its young tender fruit "pickled, alao eaten as a vegetable by the natives" (Graham) ; 
 by Colebrooke as. res., and Roxburgh, as far as Silhet, its fruit larger and more mucilaginous than 
 that of C. myxa (Lindl., and Drur.). 
 
 Achyranthes aspera of Tropical Asia. A weed called in Egypt " na^ajm," in Yemen " uokkes " 
 or "hollem " or " mahot " (Forsk.), in Hindustanee " chikra " or " chirchira," in Bengalee " opang," 
 in Tamil "na-yurioi," in Telinga "utta-reni" or "antisha" or " apa-margamu " or " pratyak-pushpi " 
 (Drur.), in Tagalo "libai " or "docotdocot '' or "hangor hangot," in Bisaya "hangor," in Pampango 
 "angud" (Blanco); and the " kubdja " or "kubdjaka" of the Institutes of Manu viii. 247 — is 
 referred here by Deslongchamps : the " taruna " or "apamarga" or " pratyakpushpi " is prescribed 
 medicinally by Susrutas sutr. 16 to 36 and chik. 18: A. aspera was observed by Rheede x. pi. 78 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, " a common weed " around Bombay, appearing " during the rains ; " by Ainslie, 
 Buchanan, Roxburgh, Wight, from Mysore to Bengal and Oude, and by Burmann Zeyl. pi. 50 on 
 Ceylon, its seeds and flowering-spikes given in hydrophobia, scorpion-stings, and snake-bites (Drur.). 
 Farther East, was observed by Mason in Burmah ; by Blanco, and myself, on the Philippines; by 
 myself, from the Feejeean throughout the Tropical islands of the Pacific as far as Clermont-Ton- 
 nerre coral-island, in some instances having an indigenous aspect. Westward from Hindustan, was 
 observed by Forskal p. 48 in Tropical Arabia ; by Drdge, in Austral Africa (E. Meyer) ; by Grant, 
 " about huts 4 18' S. to y° N." on the Nile ; is known to occur also in Abyssinia and Senegal (Moq., 
 and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Webb on the Cape Verd Islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, around 
 Cairo in Egypt ; by Boccone pi. 9, and Sibthorp, in Sicily (Pers.) ; by Schousboe, in Morocco ; and 
 is termed " amaranthus siculus spicatus radice perenni " by Tournefort inst. 235. Probably by 
 European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it has become 
 naturalized (A. Dec); to Jamaica (Pers.), St. Croix (West), and other islands in the West Indies. 
 (See Agrostis alba). 
 
 " 114 B. C." (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), Therereet succeeded by Taepah as Burmese king.* 
 
 * Melanorrlitza usitatissima of Burmah. A Terebinthoid tree called "theet-sa; " (Mason), yield- 
 ing the Burmese black varnish celebrated from early times, used besides by the natives for a vermi- 
 fuge, and mixed with bone ashes to stick glass on boxes and images ; the timber also of fine quality, 
 resembling lignum-vitas, and affording a red dye : — observed by Wallich, Berdmore, and Mason v. 
 511 to 514, indigenous in the forests, and sometimes cultivated. 
 
 Bauhinia purpurea of the Siamese countries. A Leguminous tree called in the environs of 
 Bombay " dewa kunchun " (Graham) ; in Burmah " ma-ha-hlas-ga-nee " (Mason), and from early 
 times familiarly known : — observed by Mason v. 771 indigenous in Burmah. Westward, is termed 
 "b. triandra " by Roxburgh ii. 320; was observed by Rheede i. pi. 33 in Malabar; by Graham, in 
 "gardens Bombay," its "fragrant flowers of a deep rose colour;" by Wight 915, in other parts of 
 peninsular Hindustan. (See B. variegata.) 
 
 Pterocaipus Indicus of the Siamese countries and Malayan archipelago. A majestic ornamental 
 Leguminous tree called in Burmah " pa-douk " (Mason), and from early times familiarly known : — 
 observed by Mason v. 405 indigenous there, but " propagated by simply planting large branches in 
 the ground : '' described also by Rumphius ii. pi. 70 (Pers.), and Roxburgh. 
 
 Acacia rugata of Burmah. The soap acacia, its dry pods from early times a substitute for soap 
 in cleansing the hair, and its leaves with turmeric affording a beautiful green dye : — observed by 
 Mason v. 515 to 517 : described also by Buchanan. 
 
 Bruguiera eriopetala, Carallia lucida, and Ceriops Roxburgkianus, of the shores of Bengal and 
 Burmah. Mangroves or tide-water shrubs and trees, from early times familiarly known, — their bark 
 accordino- to Mason v. 515 abounding "in tannic acid," suitable therefore for making leather. 
 
 Morinda bracteata of Burmah. A woody Cinchonaceous plant called "yai-yo," its fruit from 
 early times a <reat favourite with the Burmese, served up in their curries : — enumerated by Mason 
 v. 463 as indigenous, though "often seen" near native dwellings. Described also by Roxburgh. 
 
 Psychotria sp. of Burmah. A handsome Cinchonaceous shrub, known from early times for the 
 bright yellow dye obtained from its root : —observed by Mason v. 414 to 512. 
 
 Diospyros mollis of the mountains separating Tavoy from Siam. A tree said to grow wild 
 there called by the Sgau Karens " ma-kleu," and the Shan black dye obtained from its fruit cele- 
 brated from early times : — the living tree observed by Mason v. 509 " in the gardens of Tavoy and 
 Maulmain." 
 
 Daphne ? hsa>-lce of the forests of Tenasserim. A large woody creeper, its bark from early times 
 made by Tavoyers into a coarse paper thick as paste-board, which when blackened is written upon 
 with a steatite pencil : — observed by Mason v. 521. 
 
 Arum furfuraceum of Burmah. Its esculent root known from early times, — and by McClelland 
 termed scaly yam (Mason v. 465). 
 
424 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Colons aromaticus of Tropical Asia. A shrubby Labiate plant, delightfully fragrant, and called 
 in the environs of Bombay " pathur-choor " (Graham), in Bengalee "pathoor-choor" (Drur.) ; in 
 Burmah " pen-bu " (Mason), and from early times in common use as a potherb : — observed in Bur- 
 mah by Mason v. 474; by Loureiro 452, in Anam, employed in asthma, chronic coughs, epilepsy, and 
 other convulsive affections ; is termed " marrubium album Amboinicum " by Rumphius v. pi. 102. 
 Westward, was observed by Roxburgh, and Long, in gardens in Bengal, the leaves eaten, used besides 
 medicinally by the natives in colic and dyspepsia (Drur.), and a good substitute for borage when 
 put into beer and other drinks ; was observed by Law, and Graham, "common in gardens " as far as 
 Surat. The " zatarhendi villosum " observed by Forskal p. cxv to no wild among the mountains of 
 Yemen, exceedingly fragrant, and said to be edible and to please monkeys, may be compared. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Avadan. asok.) Vrihaspati succeeded by Vrichasena, now king 
 at Pataliputra on the Ganges. — He is called Somasarman in the Puranas (Burn. i. 430 to ii. 778). 
 
 " 1 13 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), in Syria, withdrawal to Aspendus of Antiochus VI. ; and Antio- 
 chus Cyzicenus associated with him in the government. 
 
 " In this year" (Liv , and Clint ), invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones ; crossing the Alps into 
 Illvria and Italy. 
 
 1 12 B. C = " 6th year of Ptolemy VIII.," in a papyrus showing that he had attained his majority 
 and was now sole ruler of Egypt (C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. lvii.). 
 
 About this time (Sm. b. d.), the orator L. Licinius Crassus as Roman quaestor visiting Asia, 
 where he heard Metrodorus of Scepsis. On his return, he received instruction from the philosopher 
 Charmidas at Athens. — He died " B. C. 91." 
 
 Larix Enropiea of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain larch, in Germany 
 '• larche " (Prior), in France "me'leze" (Nugent - ), in North Italy "larice " (Lenz) ; and clearly the 
 "picea" tree called according to Metrodorus of Scepsis " padus " by the Gauls, abounding at the 
 source and giving its name to the river Padus, — in the Ligurian language called " Bodincum" (Plin. 
 iii. 20, compared Cerasus padus) : the "larix" is mentioned by Vitruvius ii. 9, Isidorus xvii. 7, and 
 is described by Pliny xvi. 19 and 81 as a resin-bearing tree with pungent leaves and strong very dura- 
 ble wood: L. Europaea is described by Miller, is known to grow in Switzerland and Germany, and 
 according to Lindley yields Venice turpentine. Eastward, this product imported from Subalpine Gaul 
 where it is called "larika " is enumerated by Dioscorides i. 92; and to the present day the living 
 tree continues unknown in Greece (Fraas, and others). By Eu opean colonists, L. Europaea was 
 carried to Northeast America, where in our Northern States it continues sparingly cultivated for 
 ornament. 
 
 "in B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), war commenced by the Romans against Jugurtha in Numidia. — 
 The war lasted five years. 
 
 "The same year" (Strab , and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. lvii), return of Eudoxus of Cyzicus 
 from his voyage down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. The ship's prow surmounted with a carved 
 horse's head found by him on the East coast of Africa, may be regarded as evidence of commercial 
 intercourse with Hindustan (see below Socotra). — At the Braminical city of Toka on the Godaveri, I 
 found river-barges having a figure-head of this pattern. 
 
 The " nesoi the" SuthaimonSs " fortunate isles (Agatharch. 103) is a translation of the Sanscrit 
 " dvipa sukhatara," — and hence the name Socotra, according to Bochart and others (C. Mull, geogr. 
 min. p. 191). The Dioscoridis Island of the Greeks, is identified by writers ; is said to have been 
 colonized with Greeks by one of the Ptolemies (Cosm. Ind. iii. 179) ; contained a mixed population 
 of Indians, Arabs, and Greeks in the days of the author of the Erythraean periplus p 16; is men- 
 tioned also by Pliny vi. 32, and Claudius Ptolemy viii 22 ; and Cosmas Indicopleustes conversed with 
 some of the inhabitants speaking Greek, but did not land there. 
 
 That ships from the " mouth of the Indus " visited Socotra as early as this date, may be inferred 
 from what has been above stated ; and the " white cattle with the females hornless " on the " euthai- 
 monSs " isles, — are regarded by Ritter, and C. M idler, as the zebu or Indian variety : cattle imported 
 by Hindu merchants, were observed by myself in Southern Arabia. 
 
 As early possibly as this date, Hindu merchants proceeding farther Westward across the Desert 
 to Meroe on the Nile. — There or in other localities along the river in Upper Nubia, "a figure 
 unknown in Egypt" having "three lion's heads and four arms," was observed by Lepsius eg and 
 sin. p. 156 to 178 (probably Braminicd) ; also "tanks ; " a "small temple, with riders on elephants, 
 lions, and other strange barbarous scenes ; " and at Soriba, " Indian work in ebony." 
 " no B. C. = 1st year of the 'youan-foung ' of Wou-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 In or about 109 B. C. (see Clint, iii. p. 535, and C. Mull. p. liv.), Agatharchides in his old age 
 writing his account of the Erythraean Sea. 
 
 The KPOKOTTAC of East Africa described by Agatharchides 77 — is clearly the spotted 
 hyena, H. crocuta. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 425 
 
 Already in the time of Agatharchides 61, circumcision practised by the East African tribes ; and 
 in some instances among the Troglodytae, total excision. "Blood and milk " also mixed together 
 for food by the pastoral tribes; — as to the present day a little farther South among the Galla. 
 
 Beyond the agricultural Ethiopians bordering Egypt, the Rhizophagi on the Astaboras, are 
 described by Agatharchides 50 as living on roots ofKAAAMWN growing in great abundance in the 
 marshes: — PhragmiUs communis, eight feet high and called " mataetaj," was observed by Grant 
 "from 4 55' N. to 9 N. the banks of the Nile to the horizon are a sea of this reed," and farther 
 South, made into flutes by the Waganda, " said to grow arm-thickness at Lake N'yassa," used for 
 huts. 
 
 Herminiera elaphroxylon of Tropical Africa. The pith-tree is a Leguminous tree called 
 "ambash" (Grant); and the YA H C: ATTAAHC grasped according to Agatharchides 30 by the Ethi- 
 opians inhabiting the marshes, — may be compared : H. elaphroxylon was observed by Grant from 
 " 3 to 8° N.," its light logs used by the natives in swimming across the Nile, and the tree growing 
 " so rapidly that in three years it almost choked up the channel of the r. Bahr-el-Gazelle." West- 
 ward, was observed by Guillemin and Perrotet in Senegambia. 
 
 Beyond the Rhizophagi, according to Agatharchides 51, the Spermatophagi and Hylophagi 
 much resemble each other ; the Spermatophagi living in summer on spontaneous fruits falling from the 
 trees, and during the remainder of the year on an herb BOTANHC growing in shady valleys and 
 having a stem like that of B Y N I A C I N. 
 
 Blepharis edulis of Nubia and Tropical Arabia. A Ruellioid plant called in Yemen "zogaf" 
 (Forsk.) ; and possibly the BOTANHC in question: — B. edulis was observed by Grant, the only 
 vegetation " on the firm sand desert behind Meroe, 16 50' N. ; " by Forskal p. 1 14, about Lohaja and 
 Mor in Yemen, the leaves " sapida," eaten crude ; is known to grow as far as Persia (Burm. ind. pi. 
 42, and Pers.). 
 
 Ruellia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the " votanes " eaten by the Ethio- 
 pians : — observed by Grant " about 2° N." on the steep banks of the Nile, and eaten by his attend- 
 ants "at Chogwe hills," in 5° 30' S. 
 
 Sclerocarya birrea of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A forest tree called " m'choowee " (Grant) ; 
 and its fruit probably included among those eaten by the Spermatophagi : — observed by Grant from 
 " 5 S. to 3 15' N." on the Nile, the kernels of its fruit eaten, and its wood used for grain-mortars. 
 Received from Africa, and described by Hochstetter. 
 
 Anacardiacecz ?? of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree called "m'soowee" (Grant); and its 
 fruit probably among the kinds eaten by the Spermatophagi: — observed by Grant from Turah 
 nullah 5 S. to " Madi 3° N." on the Nile, its bullet-sized plums eaten, and its wood used for grain- 
 mortars. 
 
 Detarium sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A Leguminous tree called " bootoo " (Grant) ; and 
 its pods probably included among the fruits eaten by the Spermatophagi: — observed by Grant at 
 " 3 15' N." on the Nile, its fruit eaten. 
 
 Syzygium Guineense of Equatorial Africa. A small Myrtaceous tree called "m'sawa" (Grant) ; 
 and its fruit probably among the kinds eaten by the Spermatophagi : — observed by Grant in " 3° N." 
 on the Nile, its fruit eaten. Westward, was received by Decandolle from Guinea. 
 
 Terimnalia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large tree called " m'foof'oo " (Grant) ; and its 
 nuts probably included among the fruits eaten by the Spermatophagi: — observed by Grant from 
 Unyanyembd to Gani, 5 S. to 3 N. on the Nile, its nuts eaten, and its wood used for building and 
 for tinting bark-cloth yellow by the Wanyamuezi. 
 
 Rubiac. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Called " m'koolookootoot'oo " (Grant) ; and its fruit 
 probably included among the kinds eaten by the Spermatophagi: — observed by Grant in Madi on 
 the Nile, its drupe pleasant-tasting. 
 
 Carissa sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Resembling an orange tree, thorny and called 
 '■ m'fombwah " (Grant); and its fruit probably among the kinds eaten by the Spermatophagi: — 
 observed by Grant in "3 N." on the Nile, its fruit eaten, and its roots used to remedy coughs by 
 the Wanyamuezi. 
 
 Vitex sp. of Tropical Africa. A very handsome umbrageous tree called " m'foo " (Grant) ; and 
 its fruit probably among the kinds eaten by the Spermatophagi: — observed by Grant in "forests 
 3 58' S. to 2° 30' N." on the Nile, its fruit eaten, and wood made into drums : by Livingstone no. 5, 
 observed farther South ; received also from Africa and described by Don. 
 
 1 Ficus sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large tree (Grant); and its fruit probably among the 
 ■kinds eaten by the Spermatophagi : — observed by Grant "Jan. and Feb.," Madi to Gondokoro "4 
 54' N." on the Nile, its figs half an inch in diameter, sweet. 
 
 Rhamnus sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A shrub called by the Wanyamuezi " m'quaeta:- 
 quasta; " (Grant) ; and its fruit possibly among the kinds eaten by the Spermatophagi : — observed 
 
 54 
 
426 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 by Grant growing by water at " 3° N." on the Nile, its berries sweet, and a mash of them and its 
 leaves used to bring fish to the surface. 
 
 On the other hand, the Hylophagi according to Agatharchides ascend trees in whole families, and 
 eat A IT A A Ol T A T H N : Y A H N the tender parts of the extreme branchlets, and both men and women 
 go entirely naked. 
 
 Cratava Adansoni of Tropical Africa. A Capparideous tree ; and its young shoots probably 
 included among the ATT A A UUT ATH N ; YAHN eaten by the Hylophagi : — observed by Guillemin 
 and Perrotet in Senegambia; by Grant, in " 3 15' N." along the Nile, its "fresh shoots made into 
 spinage and young branches into tooth-scrubbers." 
 
 Capparis tomentosa of Tropical Africa. Called in Madi " kowangwee '' (Grant) ; and its leaves 
 probably included among the " apalotaten ulen " eaten by the Hylophagi : — received by Lamarck 
 enc. 606 from Senegal (Pers.) ; observed by Grant on " Madi plains " on the Upper Nile, in famines 
 spinage made from its leaves. 
 
 Afzelia Pctt'rsiiina? of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A forest tree called "makola" (Grant); 
 and its young leaves probably included in the "apal6taten ulen " eaten by the Hylophagi : — observed 
 by Grant from Uzaramo opposite Zanzibar to " Madi 3 N." on the Nile, its young leaves eaten as 
 spinage, and its wood used for quivers drums and door-planks. 
 
 Leptadenia lancifoha ? of Tropical Africa. An Asclepiaceous plant; and its flowers and tender 
 shoots included perhaps in the "apalCtaten ulen" eaten by the Hylophagi : — observed by Grant in 
 "3° N." on the Nile, spinage made of its flowers and tender shoots. " Cynanchum lanceolatum" 
 was received from Africa by Poiret, and is termed " c. hastatum " by Persoon (Steud.). 
 
 Prolea sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A low tree called in the Kinyoro language "m'zaza," 
 in the Kihiyow " king'eezee " (Grant); and its leaves perhaps included in the " apal6taten ulen'' 
 eaten by the " Hylophagi : — observed by Grant in " Madi woods " on the Upper Nile, the leaves 
 eaten as spinage in dearths, and where it abounds the natives say "copal is also found." 
 
 ZizvpJius mclaiiagona of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A species resembling Z. jujuba is called in 
 the Kinyoro language " kalembo," in Suahili "m'konazee" (Grant); and the TTAAIOYPOY: 
 KAPTTON mixed according to Agatharchides 34 in pounded fish by the Ichthyophagi along the sea- 
 coast, — maybe compared: also the "grape tree" with "fruit having a stone," seen by Ebn Baluta 
 9 at Makdashu on the African coast: observed by Giant in Ugani, and common everywhere, its 
 branches made into fences, and its fruit mashed and thrown into the water to bring fish to the sur- 
 face ; observed by myself, a single tree planted on Zanzibar, the leaves glaucous beneath, and clearly 
 the same species in Hindustan, planted around villages on the Deccan. Z. melaiiogona was observed by 
 Bojer, a tree growing on Mombas isle, and specimens were carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated. 
 Zizyphw, spina Christi of the Sahara or Great Desert and its continuation in Arabia. Called 
 in Egypt " sidr " or " nabk " (Forsk) and its fruit " nabqah " (Del), in Yemen "sidr" or "ghasl" 
 or"aelb," but the straight-branched variety "ardj " or " orredj " (Forsk.); and possibly furnishing 
 the withs TTAAIOYPUUN : AYfOIC used according to Agatharchides 63 by the Troglodytes (Galla) 
 in binding up corpses : — Z. spina Christi is termed " z. africana" by Miller (Steud.) ; was observed 
 by Alpinus pi. 19 in Egypt; by Forskal, in gardens at Cairo, the fruit eaten ; and again by Forskal 
 p. 204, in Tropical Arabia; is known to grow in Aetliiopia, and as far as Palestine (Pers.). West- 
 ward, was observed by Desfontaines fl. atlant. in Algeria (Del.) ; is perhaps the species seen by 
 myself not exceeding the dimensions of a shrub on the Cape Verd Islands. 
 
 Passia Parka of Tropical Africa. The shea butter tree is called " meepampa " (Grant) ; and 
 the drink according to Agatharchides 61 made from a flower for the Troglodyte chiefs, and resembling 
 poor must rAGYKel, — maybe compared (sugar and an intoxicating liquor being obtained from 
 the flowers of other species of Bassia in Hindustan) : B. Parkii was observed by Grant only at 
 "3 N." on the Nile, its thick bark cut away to cause the exuding of a hard white insoluble gum, 
 but its wood too hard for the iron tools of the natives. Westward, was observed by Park in Sene- 
 gambia, and is described by G. Don. According to Burnett, much of the palm oil of commerce is 
 yielded by species of Bassia or other Sapotaceas (Lindl.). 
 
 Salvadora Persica of Nubia, Abyssinia, and Tropical .Arabia. Called in Nubia " rak " (Del.) 
 or " arak " (Grant), in Yemen " rak " or " redif," or the tree '■ ork " and its fruit " kebath '' (Forsk.) ; 
 and the K A PA AMO Y of incredible size, growing according to Agatharchides S4 on the plains extend- 
 ing from the extreme promontory of the Troglodytes (beyond the Red Sea) back to the Psebaean 
 mountains, — maybe compared: the "mustard-tree" of the parable (Matth. xiii. 31, Mark iv. 31, 
 and Luke xiii. 19), or the "chardal" of the Talmudists affording timber "sufficient to cover a pot- 
 ter's shed," is referred here by Royle (Kitt. bibb cycl.) : and "rahous " are mentioned by Pausanias 
 ii. 32: "rack-trees" were observed by Bruce on the Taranta mountains in Abyssinia; S. Persica, 
 celebrated in Arab song as an antidote against poison, was observed by p'orskal p. 32 alon°- the 
 base of the mountains in Yemen; its fruit eaten, and bruised ka\es applied to tumours; by Grant, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 427 
 
 on the "Nile banks in any quantity at 7 ," its wood used for tooth-scrubbers ; by Delile, on mount 
 Ghareb in Upper Egypt ; by Irby and Mangles, at the Southern extreme of the Dead Sea ; and is 
 known to occur in the low valley of Engedi (J. D. Hook., and Sm. bibl. diet.). Farther East, " grows 
 to be a very large tree" in Scinde and Northern Hindustan (Drur.); is called in Northern Hindustan 
 "kharjal" (Royle) or"miswak" toothbrush tree (pharm. Ind.), in Telinga "ghoonia" or "pedda- 
 warago-wenki," in Tamil "ooghai" (Drur.) ; was observed by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 26, Ainslie, and 
 Wight, on the Circars and in peninsular Hindustan ; by Graham, " near the sea, both Concans," but 
 by myself, a large tree planted around villages on the Deccan ; the berries according to Stewart punj. 
 are sweetish and much eaten, the seed according to Royle having an aromatic pungency and substi- 
 tuted for mustard ; and according to Lindley, and others, the bruised bark of the root is often used 
 by the natives for raising blisters. 
 
 Mimtisops kummel of Abyssinia. A tall tree called there "kummul" (Bruce), on the Nile 
 " m'nyemvee " (Grant) ; and probably included by Agatharchides 84 among the various fruits un- 
 known to the Greeks and having a feeble NUU6PAN taste, growing in this region: — M. kummel 
 was observed by Bruce xii. pi. 54 in Abyssinia; by Grant, at "3° 15' N." on the Nile, in the bed of 
 a rocky stream, common. 
 
 Raphia vinifera of Equatorial Africa and Madagascar. A lofty palm called on Madagascar 
 "raffia" or " ruffia" (Boj.), on the Upper Nile " nakhl-el-Faraoon " Pharaoh's date palm (Schweinf.); 
 and a *OINIKOC of incredible size is mentioned by Agatharchides as growing in this region : — • 
 R. vinifera was observed by Beauvois pi. 45 frequent along the banks of streams in Oware and 
 Benin; by Schweinf urth v. to xiv., in Lat. 5 on the Upper Nile, its fronds "twenty-five to thirty-five 
 feet " long, their midrib " the most popular building material throughout Central Africa," and observed 
 by myself substituted for house-ladders on Zanzibar ; growing also according to Bojer in marshes 
 along the East coast of Madagascar. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, 
 where it continues under cultivation and growing spontaneously (Boj.). From transported specimens 
 is described by Jacquin fr. pi. 4 (Pers.). 
 
 Thespesia populnea of Tropical shores from Africa to the Samoan Islands in the Pacific. The 
 bendy or portia tree is called in Hindustanee " parspippu," in Bengalee " poresh," in Canara " boo- 
 gooi," in Telinga " ghengheravie," in Tamil " pooarasoo " or " porsung " (Drur.) ; and the M A A A X H C 
 of incredible size, growing according to Agatharchides 84 in the region in question, — may be com- 
 pared : T. populnea was observed by myself planted in a court-yard in Mocha, its leaves used medici- 
 nally as a cooling application, while at Zanzibar the tree was growing wild along the seashore ; is 
 known to occur also in Guinea (Graham). Eastward, was observed by Rheede i. pi. 29 in Malabar ; 
 by Graham in the environs of Bombay, but by myself only under cultivation there ; by Roxburgh, 
 Ainslie, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of peninsular Hindustan and as far as Bengal, remarkable 
 for its easy growth from cuttings and frequently used for roadside avenues, its wood making pretty 
 furniture, and selected for purposes where closeness of grain is required ; by Mason, " exotic " in 
 Burmah ; by mjself, to all appearance indigenous in the Malayan archipelago ; by Blanco, on the 
 Philippines, and called in Tagalo "boboi gubat ; " and is figured by Rumphius ii. pi. 74 (Pers.). 
 Farther East, was known to the first colonists of New Zealand, for its Polynesian name " miro " 
 (Hale) was retained for a New Zealand tree (see Podocarpus ferruginea) ; was observed by myself 
 submaritime and indigenous along the shores of the Feejeean, Tongan, and as far as the Samoan 
 islands ; by Rich, on the Tarawan coral-islands ; but clearly by Polynesian colonists, had been car- 
 ried to the Hawaiian Islands, where it continued under cultivation. 
 
 The " Isles of the Chelonophagi," — described by Agatharchides 47. as low, very numerous, and 
 abounding in sea-turtle, seem to be the Laccadive and Maldive Islands ; this being the earliest Greek 
 notice of coral-islands . The Chelonophagi are also mentioned by Artemidorus, Pomponius Mela, 
 Pliny, Solinus, Claudius Ptolemy, and Marcianus. 
 
 The absence of twilight in this low latitude, and the disappearance during a portion of the year 
 of the constellation Great Bear, — are mentioned by Agatharchides 104. 
 
 The " Isles of the Chelonophagi " (Maldive Coral-islands) continuing devoid of useful plants in 
 the days of Agatharchides, the American coast visited by Polynesians hardly earlier than this date. 
 
 Cocos nucifera of islands along the Pacific side of the Panama Isthmus. The cocoatiut palm is 
 called in Mexico " coyolli " (Hernand), at Taheiti the fruit " nia " and the palm "ari" (Forst. esc. 
 
 got" (Blanco), in Malay "nyor" (Crawl.), in Burman "ung" (Mason;, in Sanscrit ■• nariKeia, in 
 Telinga "nari kudum " (A. Dec), in Bengalee "narikel," in Hindustanee " nariyal" (D'roz.), in Tamil 
 "taynga'^ (Drur.), in Yemen " nardjil " (Forsk.) ; and known to the Polynesians, if not before col- 
 onizing the Hawaiian islands, prior at least to their colonizing New Zealand, for on leaving the Trop- 
 
428 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ics they yet retained its name, " kakari " — in New Zealand signifying " feast : " C. nucifera throughout 
 the Pacific occurs only on those islands to which it has been carried by the natives, a fact well known 
 to traders ; was observed by myself only under cultivation throughout the islands of the Pacific and 
 the Malayan archipelago. Farther West, three hundred and sixty different uses of a " phoinikos " 
 are enumerated in a Persian poem (Strab. xvi. 1. 14) ; nuts were seen by Apollonius of Tyana in 
 Hindustan, such as in the days of Philostratus iii. 5 were kept as curiosities in the temples of Greece 
 (Beckm.) ; the "karuon megiston ton inthikon" is mentioned in pseudo-Callisthenes iii. 8, "karuston 
 to megiston to inthikoun" by Palladius brachm. 5 (C. Mull fragm. Ctes.) ; "argellia" were growing 
 on the Maldives and Laccadives in the days of Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. 336 ; " na-lo-k'i-lo " were 
 seen in Hindustan by the Chinese traveller Hiouen-Thang ; the cocoanut palm is fully described by 
 Ebn Wahab, and Abu Zaid, who speak of a class of devotees planting it on uninhabited islands (a 
 seeming explanation of its presence on the Mauritius Islands " two centuries " before the time of 
 Marcgraf) ; and imported nuts are mentioned by Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna, and Mesue : C. 
 nucifera was observed by myself along the seashore of Western Hindustan and Eastern Equatorial 
 Africa, cultivated for its crude sap or "toddy;" at Muscat, was said to be cultivated "in the Inte- 
 rior country ; at Mocha, a locality given by Forskal, I found only one or two young shoots ; but in 
 Egypt, nuts in quantities imported by the way of Mecca and the Thebaid. Eastward from the Poly- 
 nesian islands, nuts were seen by Columbus on his fourth voyage, in Central America (Churchill coll.) ; 
 the living C. nucifera is said by Oviedo to abound "in the province of the cacique Chimam," on the 
 Pacific side of the Isthmus ; by Dampier, to grow not on the main land but on outlying islands ; was 
 observed by Wafer, and Vancouver, covering the uninhabited not far distant Cocos Island. By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to the West India islands in the life-time of Petrus Martyr i. 14S (Sloane 
 ii. 9) ; afterwards to Brazil (Mnrcgr. and Pis. 65 to 138) ; to Congo and Benguela (Marcgr. 138, and 
 Mart. 125) ; and to the Cape Verd Islands, observed there by myself. 
 
 Paritium tiliaccuvi of wooded Tropical shores around the Globe. A straggling interlaced tree 
 of medium size called in Malabar " paroottee," in Bengalee " bola " (Drur.), in Burmah " lyee-nya- 
 sha " (Mason), in Tagalo and Pampango " balibago,'' on Cebu " malabago " and Dagami " raguindi " 
 (Blanco), on the Feejeean Islands "vau,'on the Tongan Samoan and Nukahivan Islands " fau " 
 (Hale), by the Mosquito tribe of Honduras " maho " (Damp.), in Carib " onagneii " (Uescourtilz) ; 
 and except on secluded coral-islands familiarly known to the Polynesians : — observed by myself 
 forming proves along the seashore from the Hawaiian Islands and Metia to the Feejeean Islands and 
 the Malayan archipelago, its bark everywhere used by the natives for making cordage, coarse and 
 fine ; by Blanco on the Philippines, and by Rumphius ii. pi. 73, used for the same purpose; by Mason 
 v. 520 in Burmah, one of the three trees from which " ropes are more frequently made ; " by Rheede 
 i. pi. 30, in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of the peninsula ; but by Gra- 
 ham, under cultivation only in the vicinity of Bombay. Westward, was observed by Drege in Aus- 
 tral Africa ; is known to grow along the Atlantic in Equatorial Africa (R. Brown, Hook., and A. Dec); 
 was observed by Lerius, and A. Saint-Hilaire, in Brazil; by Sloane, Macfadyen, and Descourtilz, in 
 the West Indies; by Dampier in Honduras, its bark furnishing cords and fishing lines. "P. tri- 
 cuspe," a single tree observed on Taheiti, appeared to me only a remarkable deviation in the form 
 of the leaf. P. macrophyllum, distinguished in Burmah and called " bet-mwae-shau," is enumerated 
 by Mason v. 520 as another of the three trees from which "ropes are usually made." 
 
 Siegcsbeckia Oricntalis of Tropical and Subtropical Australia? A weed called in the environs 
 of Canton "chimag" (Osb.) ; and known to the Polynesians as early probably as this date: — 
 received from Mexico (Pers.) ; observed by myself in cultivated and fallow ground on Metia, Taheiti, 
 Tongatabu, New Zealand, and seemingly indigenous on the tide-water fiat of the Hunter river in Aus- 
 tralia ; observed by Thunberg, in Japan ; by Osbeck, in the vicinity of Canton ; by Roxburgh, and 
 Wight, in peninsular Hindustan; by Graham, and Lush, "common in the Deccan," but no native 
 name is given ; by Forskal p. 151, in Tropical Arabia ; and received from the Caspian countries by 
 Buxbaum cent. iii. pi. 52, and Bieberstein (Steud.) ; was observed by Bojer on Madagascar and the 
 Comoro Islands. Probably by European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it has 
 become naturalized (Boj.). 
 
 Ageratum conyzoides of Tropical America. A weed carried to the islands of the Pacific as 
 early perhaps as this date : * — observed by myself abounding seemingly indigenous on the Hawaiian 
 
 * Adenostemma viscosum of Tropical America ? An herbaceous weed carried to Taheiti as early 
 possibly as this date : — observed there by Forster prodr. 2S4 ; by myself, there and on the Hawaiian, 
 Samoan, and Feejeean Islands, frequent in neglected clearings, also in the Malayan archipelago ; by 
 Thunberg, in Japan ; by Burmann pi. 42, on Ceylon; by Rheede x. pi. 63, in Malabar; by Graham, 
 "a common weed" as far as Bombay. 
 
 Bidens fiilosa of Tropical and Subtropical America. A white-rayed species carried to the islands 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 429 
 
 Islands, and naturalized on the Taheitian and Feejeean ; by Blume bijdr. 906, on Java ; by Mason, 
 in Burmah ; by Hermann par. 161 (Spreng.), and Gardner soc. hort. iv. 40, on Ceylon ; by Rox- 
 burgh, in Hindustan, but devoid of a Sanscrit or any ancient name (A. Dec.) ; by Law, and Graham, 
 " one of the commonest weeds in gardens at Belgaum," also " in Bombay, and generally everywhere ; " 
 by Bojer, on Madagascar; by myself, on Zanzibar ; by Grant, " common near fields 2° N." on the 
 Nile; is known to occur as far as the Atlantic at Cape Verd (Perrottet) and Congo (R. Brown). 
 Westward, was observed by Sloane i. pi. 152 in the West Indies ; by myself, in Southern Brazil ; and 
 is known to grow from S. Lat. 37° in Chili along the Western coast as far as the Galapagos Islands 
 (Beech, voy. 30, and J. D. Hook.) and Mexico (Kunth). By European colonists, was carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, where it has become naturalized (Boj.) ; to Austral Africa (Drege) ; to St. 
 Helena and Madeira, observed by myself ; to the vicinity of Savannah in Georgia (Torr. and A. Gray, 
 and Chapm.). Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet phyt. pi. 88. 
 
 Ipomoea pes-caprce of sandy Tropical shores around the Globe. A spreading prostrate vine 
 called in Malabar " schovanna-adamboe," in Hindustanee " dopate-luta," in Bengalee "chagul- 
 khooree" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " dobutee-luta " or "chagul-koon " (Graham), in Bur- 
 mah " pen-lay-ka-zwon " (Mason), in Tagalo and Bisaya " catangeatang " or "lagairai" or "lampay- 
 ong," in Ylocano " lambayong " (Blanco) ; and, except on secluded coral-islands, familiarly known to 
 the Polynesians all the way to the shores of America : — observed by myself in loose seaside sand 
 from the Hawaiian Islands and Metia to the Feejeean Islands ; by R. Brown, as far as the shores of 
 Australia ; is described by Rumphius v. pi. 159 ; is known to grow in China (Graham) ; was observed 
 by Blanco frequent on the seashore of the Philippines, its leaves regarded by the natives as having 
 the remarkable property of removing excrescences in wounds ; by Mason v. 479, in Burmah, its 
 leaves applied externally for medicinal purposes; by Rheede xi. pi. 57, in Malabar; by Roxburgh, 
 and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Graham, " common on sandy beaches as far as Bombay, 
 its leaves boiled by the natives and applied externally in colic ; by myself, on Zanzibar. Westward, 
 is known to grow on the Atlantic side of Equatorial Africa (R. Brown cong., and Benth. fl. nigr.) ; 
 was observed by myself on the seashore of Southern Brazil ; is known to grow also in the West 
 Indies and as far as St. Augustine and N. Lat. 31° on Cumberland isle (N. A. Ware, J. Read, Ell., 
 and Chapm.) ; also from La Guayra to Porto Bello on the Panama Isthmus ; and was observed by 
 J. D. Hooker on the Galapagos Islands. Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann hort. 
 lugd. pi. 175. 
 
 Physalis angulata of Tropical America. Called in Malabar "inota inodien" (Rheede), in Bur- 
 mah "pung-ben" (Mason), in Ylocano " tuttullacac " (Blanco), on Taheiti " tamani " (Bertero), on 
 the Hawaiian Islands " kamani "(....); and carried to the islands of the Pacific as early per- 
 haps as this date : — observed by Bertero on Taheiti ; by myself, a weed only, diminutive and smooth, 
 on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, and the Malayan archipelago ; 
 by Blanco, on the Philippines ; by Thunberg, in Japan ; by Mason, in Burmah ; by Grant, its "leaves 
 used as a vegetable, by huts ?° N." on the Nile. Eastward, was observed by Ruiz and Pavon ii. 42 
 
 of the Pacific as early perhaps as this date : — observed by Mann on the Hawaiian Islands ; by 
 myself, a weed on the Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands ; by Forster, on the Tongan 
 Islands ; and by him, and Lesson, on New Zealand (A* Dec). Eastward, was observed by myself in 
 the environs of Valparaiso and Lima ; by Aublet 794, in Guayana ; by Maycock, in the West Indies ; 
 and by Chapman, in " South Florida." By European colonists was carried to the Bay of San Fran- 
 cisco, where I was informed by Spanish residents it gave the name " Herba Buena " to the landing- 
 place on the South side (now the city of San Francisco) ; was also carried to the Canary Islands (A. 
 Dec), Cape Verd Islands and neighbouring coast of Guinea (Webb in fl. nigr. 142), and to the Mau- 
 ritius Islands (Dec). Transported to Europe, is described by Dillenius pi. 43 (Pers.). 
 
 Drncontium (Arisama) polyphyllum of Tropical America. Called in Guayana " labaria," being 
 one'of the remedies against the bite of the labarri snake (Lindl.), observed by Descourtilz wild in 
 the West Indies : carried to the Polynesian islands as early possibly as this date : — cultivated 
 on the Society Islands and its roots eaten in times of scarcity, also in Japan where a medicine is pre- 
 pared from them (Drur.) ; observed by myself frequent in cultivated ground on the Samoan Islands, 
 rare on the Feejeean. Farther West, is called in Tamil " caat-karnay " or " caat-carnaykalung," in 
 Telinga " adivie-kanda," in Hindustanee " junglai-kandi " (J. F. Wats.) ; was observed in Hindustan 
 by Ainslie, Piddington, Speede, and R. N. Brown, the prepared root regarded as antispasmodic, a 
 valuable remedy in asthma, and used by the natives in haemorrhoids (Drur.). 
 
 Carina angustifolia ? of Tropical America. A low yellow-flowered species that may have been 
 introduced into the Hawaiian Islands as early as this date: — observed by myself only on Oahu, 
 abundantly naturalized in the valley leading inland 'from Honolulu. 
 
430 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 in Peru ; is known to grow in the West Indies (Pers.) ; was observed by Baldwin as far as N. Lat. 
 30° in Florida, by Chapman in " fields and waste ground Florida and Northward," and by Elliot as 
 far as Savannah . Transported to Europe, the "helicacabum " of Camerarius hort. med. pi. 17 is 
 referred here by Sprengel, and P. angulata is described by Dillenius elth. xiii. pi. 12. "P. minima" 
 observed by Rheede x. pi. 71 in Malabar, described also by Hermann lugd. pi. 571 (Pers.), " a 
 common annual '' around Bombay and " covered with clammy hairs " is yet regarded by Graham as 
 probably not distinct. 
 
 Euxahis viridis of Tropical America. A weed called in Brazil "caruru" (Lindl.) ; and known 
 to the Polynesians as early perhaps as this date : — observed by Lay and Collie on the Taheitian 
 Islands ; by myself, on Metia and the Samoan Islands ; is known to grow on Java (Moq.) ; was 
 observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, "a common weed in gardens 
 and cultivated grounds," but he gives no native name ; is known to occur also near dwellings in 
 Abyssinia, North Africa, and as far as Europe and the Canary Islands. Eastward from the islands 
 of the Pacific, was observed by Marcgraf and Piso 241 before 165S in Brazil, where it continues to 
 be used "for emollient poultices" (Lindl.) ; was received from Brazil and the West Indies by Moquin 
 (Dec. herb, and prodr.). 
 
 Canna Indica of Tropical America. The scarlet-flowered Indian-shot is called in Malabar 
 " katoo-bala," in Tamil " kull-valei-munnie," in Telinga " krishna-tamarah," in Bengalee " surbo-jaya " 
 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "dewa-keli" or "nana-keli" or " vana-keli " or " akulbuera " 
 (Graham), in Burmah " bud-di-tha-ra-na " (Mason), in Tagalo " cacuentasan " or "ticas" or "ticas 
 ticas " or '■ tiquis tiquis " (Blanco), in Carib " couroualy " or " balyry " or "bacuacanga" (Desc.) ; 
 and known to the Polynesians as early perhaps as this date : — observed by myself cultivated by the 
 natives for ornament on the Taheitian, Samoin, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, and found by Rich 
 naturalized on the Samoan Islands ; is termed " cannacorus " by Rumphius v. pi. 71 ; was observed 
 by myself in gardens at Manila ; by Mason v. 434 to 806 "exotic" in Burmah, much cultivated by 
 the natives " for the seeds which they use for sacred beads ; " by Rheede xi. pi. 43, in Malabar ; by 
 Roxburgh, and Drurv, in other parts of Hindustan, its root given to cattle that have eaten poisonous 
 grass ; by Graham, " in gardens everywhere " in the environs of Bombay, and sometimes called 
 Indian bead. Eastward from the islands of the Pacific, seeds were brought to Portugal from 
 the West Indies in the early part of the Sixteenth century (C. Bauhin) ; " its leaves are used to thatch 
 houses with in Cayenne " (Graham); and the living plant was seen in the West Indies by Des- 
 courtilz ; by myself, seemingly wild in the environs of Rio Janeiro. By European colonists, may 
 have been carried to the Hawaiian Islands, where I found it only in the gardens of resident Whites. 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Gesner, Lobel, Camerarius, and Morison iii. pi. 14 ; has 
 become naturalized on Sicily (Guss., Parlat., and A. Dec.) ; and was observed by Forskal, and 
 Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, its seeds sold in the drug-shops. 
 
 Kyllingia pumila of Tropical and Subtropical America. A diminutive Cyperaceous weed called 
 in Tagalo "muthang anuang " (Blanco); and except on secluded coral-islands, long familiarly 
 known to the Polynesians : — observed by myself in moist situations, as though accompanying 
 taro culture, on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, and Feejeean Islands, and in the Malayan archi- 
 pelago ; by Blanco, frequent on the Philippines and known to the natives; is known to occur on 
 Timor (Decaisne) ; is described by Rumphius vi.pl. 8; was observed by Mason in Burmah; by 
 Rheede xii. pi. 53, in Malabar; by Roxburgh^ in other parts of Hindustan; by Graham, as far as 
 Bombay ; by Forskal, " schoenus dubius ? spicar. capit. terminal." on the mountains of Yemen ; by 
 Bojer, on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands ; and is known to occur in Western Equatorial 
 Africa. (Benth. fl. nigr.). Eastward from the islands of the Pacific, was observed by myself in 
 Peru and Southern Brazil ; was received by Kunth from Caraccas ; was observed by Baldwin at 
 Bahia, and at Savannah in Georgia; by Pursh, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, " wet 
 places Florida to North Carolina;" by Nuttall, along the Mississippi; by Short, in Kentucky; and 
 by Michaux, as far as the Scioto. By European colonists, was carried to St. Helena, observed there 
 by myself; to the Mauritius Islands (enumerated by Bojer as indigenous). 
 
 Ccnchrus ecliiuatus of Tropical and Subtropical America. A spiked bur grass called in Yemen 
 with other burs "hobb el adjais " (Forsk.), in Tagalo " aguingai " (Blanco), and carried to the 
 islands of the Pacific as early perhaps as this date : — received by Cavanilles v. pi. 463 from Babao 
 (Tongan Islands); observed by myself abundantly naturalized on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Tongan, 
 and Feejeean Islands ; by Blanco, at Batangas, and received also from Luzon by Kunth i. 166; by 
 Bentham from Hindustan; observed by Forskal p. 25 at Menejra; in Yemen ; and known to occur 
 in cultivated ground in Western Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. nigr.) and Barbary (Pers.). East- 
 ward from the islands of the Pacific, is known to grow in Mexico, Cumana, Brazil, the West 
 Indies (Kunth); was observed by Elliot in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "fields and waste 
 grounds .Florida to North Carolina." By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 431 
 
 where it has become naturalized (Boj., and A. Dec). Transported to Europe, is described in 1696 
 by Plukenet aim. pi. 92. 
 
 " 108 B. C. = 4th year of the war with Jugurtha, Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus and C. 
 Licinius Geta censors at Rome" (Sm. b. d.). Not earlier than this date, the Licinian sumptuary 
 law, assigning a limit to "the expense of eating for each particular day." The law is attributed to 
 P. Licinius Crassus, whose brother M. Licinius Crassus — became praetor in the following year; it 
 was abolished "B. C. 98" (A. Gell. ii. 24, Val. Max. ii. 9. 5, Blair, and Sm. b. d.). 
 
 The law is mentioned by the poet Lucilius, — who died " B C. 103 " (Hieronym. chron.). 
 
 Chenopodium rubrum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain with other 
 species goosefoot (Prior), in Germany " gansefuss " (Grieb) ; and the CHAENOPADASof Lucilius, 
 — and Macrobius, is referred here by writers : C. rubrum is described by Morison ii. pi. 31, is termed 
 " c. pes anserinus primus " by Tournefort inst. 506, and is known to occur in waste and cultivated 
 ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1149, Curt. lond. vi. pi. 20, and 
 Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp along walls at Constantinople; and by Forskal around 
 Cairo in Egypt. (Compare C. album.) 
 
 " 107-6 B. C." (Porphyr., and Clint iii. p. 399). The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy IX. Alex- 
 ander, occur on the monuments : but his reign is included in that of his brother Ptolemy VIII. (see 
 below). , 
 
 •' 105 B. C," date of a deedior the sale of a piece of land (discovered in Egypt and translated by 
 Champollion-Figeac p. 439). The deed is accompanied with evidence, of the existence already of the 
 system of public Registry. 
 
 "104 B. C. = Tst year of the 'tai-tsou' of Wou-ti " (Chinese chron. table). Sse-ma-thsian 
 about this time commencing his great historical work, called the " Sse-ki " — (Pauth. p. 246). 
 
 The same year (= " 169th 01." of Marcian peripl. Menipp. 3), Artemidorus of Ephesus writing. 
 He had visited "gathfiira " (Cadiz) and " ISrou akrfiteriou " (Cape Sagra), and describes the Spanish 
 women as equalling the men in manliness, a point "in common with the Celts, Thracians, and Scyth- 
 ians," working in the fields, and not quitting even during parturition. 
 
 The East African coast beyond " Notou kSras" (Cape Gardafui opposite Socotra), unknown in 
 the time of Artemidorus — (Strab. xvi. 4. 14). 
 
 Bambusa sp. of Equatorial Africa. A species of bamb oj and "kalamfin inthik6n " used for 
 bows on the upper waters of the Nile, is mentioned by Artemidorus: — "kalamSus" like the 
 "inthikois " were sent home by Bogus to his wife (Strab. xvi. 4. 9 to xvii. 3. 5) : B. sp. was observed 
 by Grant near the Eastern coast on the " Usagara hills 6° 30' S., and not again till 3 15' N." on the 
 Nile, growing in thick clumps fifteen to twenty feet high, and used for houses, baskets, bows, and 
 spear-handles. 
 
 Dalbergia melanoxylon of Equatorial Africa. A small tree called in the Kinyoro language 
 "m'teendeea," in the Suahili "m'pingo," at Ugogo "m'gembeh" (Grant); and the arrows "pSpurak- 
 t6m£n5is" hardened in the fire, used according to Artemidorus by the same naked people — (Strab. 
 xvi. 4. 9), may be compared : D. melanoxylon was observed by Grant " from 5 S. to 5° N." on the 
 Nile, its hard heavy wood, impervious to insects, used for rafters, arrow-tips, wooden hammers for 
 beating bark cloths, and its "root a cure for toothache." Westward, was observed by Guillemin and 
 Perrotet in Senegambia. 
 
 Acacia horrida of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen " orfota " (Forsk.) : and the " sturax " 
 produced according to Artemidorus on the African side of the entrance to the Red Sea — (Strab. xvi. 
 4. 13), may be compared: A. horrida was observed by Forskal p. 177 along the base of the moun- 
 tains of Yemen, its wood and "resina" employed in epilepsy as a fumigation, also in curing Guinea- 
 worm, a disease called "sora " and the worm " ork." Transported to Europe, the plant is described 
 by Plukenet aim. iii. pi. 121, and Jacquin hort. iii. 75 (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 hicus populifolia of Tropical Arabia. A tree called in Yemen " mudah " or "vudah," but by 
 resident Banyans "baresch" (Forsk.); and possibly the "ie>6n aig£ir6na" already in the days of 
 Artemidorus on the African side of the entrance to the Red Sea — (Strab. xvi. 4. 14) : F. populi- 
 folia was observed by Forskal p. 180 among the mountains at Wadi Zebid, the dried leaves bruised 
 and used for tanning, and matchlock cords made from the bark. Eastward, " F. cordifolia" called 
 "pair" in the environs of Bombay (Graham), and " nyoung-gyat " in Burmah, where it is usually 
 substituted for F. religiosa near "religious edifices " (Mason), may be compared. (See F. religiosa ) 
 
 Laurus (Oreodaphne) cupularis of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. A very large tree 
 called in commerce "cinnamon of the Isle of France" (Lindl.) or by French residents "bois de 
 canelle " (Aubl.) ; and the *£ YAO K.A C I A N attributed by Artemidorus to the African side of the 
 entrance to the Red Sea — (Strab. xvi. 4. 14), may be compared : O. cupularis is known to grow in 
 woods on the islands of Mauritius and Bourbon (Aublet i. 363, Lam., and Pers.), and on Madagascar, 
 its wood "strong scented" (Lindl.). 
 
432 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Sacchartcm ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A grass five feet high (Grant) ; and the 
 "phloun" abundantly produced according to Artemidorus by a river on the African side of the 
 entrance to the Red Sea— (Strab. xvi. 4. 14), maybe compared: Saccharum ? sp. was observed 
 by Grant from the " Equator to 2° N." on the Nile, used by the Uganda and Unyoro for thatch (no 
 flowers). 
 
 Pennisetum Benthami of Equatorial Africa. A reed ten feet high, called " maweengo-weengo " 
 (Grant) ; and possibly the " phloun " in question : — P. Benthami was observed by Grant "by water, 
 Equator to 3 N., etc.," used in Uganda for fences and walls of houses, and slips as knives to cut 
 meat. Received from Africa, and described by Steudel. 
 
 The river porpoise of the Ganges, Delphinus Gangeticus, mentioned by Artemidorus (Strab. 
 xv. 1. 72) : also, the presence there of crocodiles (the slender-beaked species, C. Gang. ?). 
 
 " 102 B. C." (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), the Teutones defeated at Aqua; Sextiae (Aix in Provence) 
 by the Roman army under Marius. 
 
 Descriptions of plants by Cratevas, Dionysius, and Metrodorus, were accompanied by figures 
 
 — (Plin. xxv. 4). Plants of late painted "n£ographa " are mentioned by Meleager cor. i. 55. 
 
 Corydalis tuberosa of Europe. The " mithridatiam " named after Mithridates by Cratevas, its 
 root giving out two "acantho "-like leaves and between them a stem bearing " roseum florem " — 
 (Plin. xxv. 26), maybe compared: C. tuberosa is described by Caesalpinus vi. 75; has two leaves 
 and a simple stem and purple flowers (Spreng., and Lindl.), and is known to grow in shady woods 
 in France (Dec. fl. fr. iv. p. 627, and Pers.). The root according to Lindley is "hollow" also "very 
 bitter and rather acrid," and with that of the next species constitutes the "radix aristolochiae " of the 
 shops, " principally employed as an external application to indolent tumours." 
 
 Corydalis fabacea of middle and Northern Europe. Sold with the preceding under the name 
 "radix aristolochia; " (Lindl.), and perhaps the "aristolohia" prescribed against gout by Cratevas, 
 
 — and Gallus, further described in the addition to Diosc. iii. 4 and identified with the "arariza" or 
 " mflSkaproum " or "£ph£stios" or "Ostitis" or "puxiSnux" or "tharthanos" or "iontitis" of the 
 Greeks, and " sopitis " of the Dardanians. Farther South, with the " sopho£ph " of the Egyptians. 
 Westward, with the rustic "apsinthion" of the Dacians, "thSximon" of the Gauls, "hamaimelon" 
 of the Sicilians, and " tfirrai mala" of the Italians: the external application of "pistolochiam " root 
 was prescribed against gout by Celsus, and the " plistolochia " is distinguished from the "aristo- 
 lochia" by Pliny xx. 14 and xxv. 5$ and 90 : C. fabacea is termed "pistolochia intermedia" by Bern- 
 hardi ; is described also by Retz, and Ehrhart ; and is known to grow in shady mountainous situations 
 in Germany and other parts of middle Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 1394, Pers., and Wahl.). 
 The root according to Lindley is "solid," but like that of the preceding species "very bitter and 
 rather acrid." 
 
 Papaver argemone oi middle Asia. Called in Greece " agria paparauna " (Fraas) : the " argg- 
 m6ne " of Cratevas, — and Dioscorides, resembling " agria mek6ni," but the leaves multifid "an^m- 
 6ne"-like, the flower scarlet, capsule longer than in " mek6ni roiathi " and enlarged at the summit, 
 and the plant or root exuding a yellowish acrid juice, is referred here by writers : P. argemone was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the Greek 
 islands ; by Bieberstein, in the seaside sand of the Crimea. Westward, the " argemSne " or " 5in6ne " 
 or "anth£mis" or " anthos pSthinon" field flower or "omonuia" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with 
 the "korna" of the Gauls, and "livornia " or " kogkorthialis " or "pSrgalia" of the Romans: the 
 "argemonia" is described by Pliny xxv. 56, and as occurring in cultivated ground in Italy: P. 
 argemone was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde (Wats., and A. Dec); is termed "p. 
 erraticum capite oblongo hispido " by Tournefort inst. 238 ; and is known to occur in grain- 
 fields and sandy soil in Southern and middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. S67, and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Nasturtium armoracia of the Uralian plains. Called in Britain horseradish (Prior), in Germany 
 " meerrettig " (Grieb), in Russian " chren " (.Moritzi), in old French " moutarde des Allemands " and 
 in current French " cran " or " cranson " (A. Dec), in Italy " armoraccio " or " rafano rusticano "' 
 (Lenz), by the Greeks of Constantinople " kranos " (Fraas), in which we recognize the kind of 
 © A A CTTI called TT6PCIKON: CINHTTI described by Cratevas as having broad leaves and a great 
 root which is mixed in washes for sciatica — (Diosc. ii. 185): the account is copied by Pliny xxvii. 
 113 : N. armoracia was observed by Pallas trav. i. 308 on the Lower Volga; by Belon, at Constanti- 
 nople ; by Grisebach, seemingly wild in European Turkey; is known to grow wild from Finland 
 to Astrakhan and the Desert of Cuman (Ledeb., and A. Dec). Westward, is regarded bv A. Dec- 
 andolle as introduced into Britain prior perhaps to the visits of Romans ; is described by Petrus 
 Placentius, Fuchsius 660, Rlatthioli, and T. Johnson, and is known to occur cultivated and natural- 
 ized in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Norway and Sweden (Pers., Fries, and Lenz). 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation and 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 433 
 
 has become naturalized, occurring in wild situations in New England. The root according to Lindley 
 " is stimulant, diaphoretic, and diuretic, and externally rubefacient : it is used in paralysis, rheuma- 
 tism, dropsy, and some cutaneous affections." 
 
 Verbena officinalis of the Galapagos Islands and neighbouring continental America. Called in 
 Britain vervain ox pigeon's grass (W. Coles, and Prior), in Sweden " jernb'rt," in Germany " eisen- 
 kraut" (Spreng.), in France "verveine" (Nugent), in Italy "berbena" (Targ.), in Greece "stauro- 
 votani " (Sibth.) or "agria hamanthrua " (Fraas), in Japan "komatsutsura " or babinso " (Thunb.) ; 
 and the TT6PICT6PIUJNOC of Crate vas, its leaves divided in such a manner as to resemble a 
 dove's foot — (schol. Nicand. ther. v. 860) may be compared: V. officinalis is figured in the illus- 
 trated ms. Diosc. at Vienna, also in Ort. Sanitat. pi. 486; is described by Braunsweig dist. f. 102, 
 Brunfels, Fuchsius 593, Belon, Matthioli, Lobel ; is termed "v. communis caeruleo flore " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 200 ; is known to occur in waste places from Sweden to Italy, Algeria, and the Canary 
 Islands (fl. Dan. pi. 628, Pers., and Fries) ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent around villages from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; 
 by Delile, and myself, in Egypt ; is known to occur in Abyssinia (A. Dec), around Caucasus 
 (Ledeb), and in Nepal (Schauer in Dec. prodr.) ; was observed by Forskal in the mountainous 
 portion of Yemen ; by Graham, " in gardens " at Bombay ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; by 
 Beechey 205 to 268, in Southern China; and by Thunberg, in Japan. Farther East, "virbena 
 similar to that of Spain " was seen by Oviedo xi. 2 in the West Indies ; and V. officinalis, if not 
 indigenous, may have been carried Northward by the aboriginal tribes, remaining sparingly along 
 "roadsides" in our Atlantic States (A. Gray, and Chapm); was observed by Beechey in Mexico; by 
 J. D. Hooker, on the Galapagos Islands; by A. Saint-Hilaire, in the outskirts of inland towns in 
 Southern Brazil, and is known to occur as far as Buenos Ayres (Schauer). Clearly by European 
 colonists, was carried to the Cape Verd Islands, Austral Africa, and Australia (A. Dec. ; 'see V. 
 supina, Prasium majus, and Sisymbrium officinale). 
 
 Lithospermum callosum of the Egyptian Desert. A bristly-leaved hoary plant called in Egypt 
 "halamae" (Forsk.) ; and the Egyptian 6A6NION of Cratevas, growing on hillocks and in places 
 near the sea, its branches a cubit long thrown out upon the ground, leaves like those of the lentil, 
 root as thick as the little finger and attenuated downwards (clearly a Desert plant), may be com- 
 pared : L. callosum is termed " echium aegyptium asperius incano folio " by Lippi, " 1. niveum " by 
 Poiret ; is described by Delile as branching from the base so as to form rounded tufts a foot to a 
 foct and a half in diameter ; was observed by him, Lippi, and Forskal p. 39, on sand-hills near the 
 sea at Aboukir and Rosetta, also around the Pyramids and in other parts of the Desert about Cairo. 
 (See Thymus incanus). 
 
 Echinops sphcerocephalus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens globe thistle 
 (Prior) ; and the KPOKOA6IAION resembling according to Cratevas MEAANI: XAMAIA60NTI, 
 its long acrid root having an odour like K A PAAMUJ, — an account repeated by Dioscorides, is referred 
 here by Lobel : E. sphaerocephalus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus 
 frequent in Greece, the leaves in the wild plant more deeply incised. Westward, the account of the 
 " crocodilion " by Pliny xxvii. 41 seems taken from the Greek : E. sphaerocephalus is described by 
 Lobel adv. 363 and obs. 481 (Spreng.); is termed " echinopus major" by Tournefort inst. 463; 
 and is known to occur in waste ground as far as France (Lam fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Gnapkalium sanguineum of the East Mediterranean countries. The ACAPON of Cratevas — 
 is referred here by Anguillara 27 (Spreng.) : G. sanguineum was observed by Rauwolf in Syria; is 
 described also by Barrelier pi. 34; and was received by Linnaeus from Egypt. 
 
 Camphorosma illonspeliaca of the Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. Called by the 
 Kirghis "jouschanu" (Pall.): the third kind of " alimon " having according to Cratevas its leaves 
 longer and " hirsutioribus," with the odour of cypress "cupressi," and used medicinally — (Plin. xxii. 
 33), may be compared : C. Monspeliaca is termed "chamaepeuce " by Anguillara p. 202 (Spreng.) ; is 
 described also by Buxbaum i. pi. 28 ; is known to grow in Spain and Southern France ; was observed 
 by Gittard in the Peloponnesus ; by Pallas trav. i. 600, on the Yaik, supplying feed for cattle in 
 winter. 
 
 Fucus palmetto, of European seas. The e€PHTTIAION of Cratevas, growing on shells and 
 rocks in the sea, — is referred here by Anguillara 171 (Spreng.). 
 
 101 B. C. (= 543 — "441 y- 9 m0 - IO days " in the Mahavamsa xxxiii.), Callona succeeded by 
 his brother Walakan-abha, now king of Ceylon. — He caused "the three precepts of the doctrine 
 Trepitteka" to be committed to writing, and reigned "twelve years and five months." 
 
 One hundred and twenty-sixth generation. B. C. 100, Jan. 1st, mostly beyond youth : the Greek 
 poets, Licinius Archias ; the philosophers, Zenon the Epicurean, Diotimus the Stoic, and Philon of 
 Larissa; the astronomer Geminus ; the mathematician Theodosius of Tripoli ; the historians, Alex- 
 ander Polyhistor, and Apollodorus of Artemita ; the geographer Scymnus of Chios ; the grammarian 
 
 55 
 
434 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Dionysius Thrax ; the rhetors, Hermagoras, Athenaeus, Apollonius of Allabanda, Apollonius Molon, 
 Dionysius of Magnesia, Menippus of Caria, Aeschylus of Cnidus, and Xenophanes of Adramyttium ; 
 other Greek writers, Athenodorus Cordylio : the Latin writers, Pomponius Bononiensis the dramatist, 
 Quinctius Atta the comic dramatist; the historians, Cornelius Sisenna, Claudius Quadrigarius, and 
 Valerius Antias ; the orators, Rutilius Rufus, and M. Antonius ; the grammarians, Aelius Lanuvinus, 
 Servius Claudius, and Aurelius Opilius ; the rhetors, Plotius Gallus, and Otacilius. 
 
 In this year (= " 170th ol.," Sm. b. d.), the Greek poet Meleager collecting the Anthologia. 
 He wrote the epitaph of an elder contemporary poet Antipater of Sidon. 
 
 Centaurea cyanus of the mountains of Sicily. Called in Britain bluebottle or corn-flower (Prior), 
 in Germany " kornblume " (Grieb), in France " aubifoin " or " bluet " (Nugent), in Italy " fior d'aliso " 
 or " battisecola '' or " ciano " (Lenz), in Greece " kuanos " (Scarlat.), in which we recognize the 
 KYA N OC of Meleager coron. i. 40, — unknown in the time of Alexander according to Pliny xxi. 24, 
 and discovered by and named from the colour of the flowers by Greeks : C. cyanus was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus ; and is known to occur sparingly as far as Caucasus 
 (Bieb.). Farther South, the "libah" of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer; and C. cyanus 
 is enumerated by Clot-Bey as recently introduced by way of France into Egypt. Westward, the 
 " cyanus " is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 39 as occurring in Italy : C. cyanus has been found in the debris 
 of ancient lake-villages in Switzerland: is termed " flores frumentorum" in the Ortus Sanitatis 
 (Prior), " cyanus segetum flore caeruleo " by Tournefort inst. 446 ; is extensively cultivated in Italy 
 (Ten., and Poll.) ; occurs as a weed in grain-fields from Algeria and Sardinia throughout Europe as 
 far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 993, Munby, Moris, and Boiss.) ; but seems indigenous only in sunny 
 mountainous situations in Sicily, where it was observed by Gussone ii. p. 509 (A. Dec). By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues as a garden flower, and has 
 besides been found along roadsides and in waste ground (Darl., and A. Gray) ; was also carried to 
 Hindustan, where it was observed by Law "in gardens " (Graham). 
 
 Hardly later than this date, Armenia Minor ceded by its ruler Antipater to Mithridates VI. : 
 who grown to manhood extended his conquests Eastward and Northward, over the whole of Colchis 
 and even beyond Caucasus over wild tribes along the Tanais. — His protection sought in conse- 
 quence by Paerisades king of Bosporus and by the Greek cities of Chersonesus and Olbia, and 
 through his generals Diophantus and Neoptolemus, the barbarians of the North, Sarmatians and 
 Roxolani, were defeated; a success marked by "a fortress called the tower of Neoptolemus at the 
 mouth of the river Tyras " or Dniester (Strab., and Sm. b. d ). 
 
 " The same year = 1st year of the ' thian-han ' of Wou-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "98 B. C." (Clint), Lusitania (Portugal) conquered by the Romans under L. C. Dolabella. 
 
 "About the beginning of the first century B C." (Gal. antid. ii. 8, and Sm. b. d.), an antidote 
 composed by Zopyrus of Alexandria, and communicated by letter to Mithridates VI. 
 
 Clinopodium Plumieri of the East Mediterranean countries. The"z5puron" — or"6kimoei- 
 th£s " or " kleonikon " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " klinopothion " of Dioscorides, growing 
 upon rocks and two span high, with flowers resembling the leg of a bedstead, is referred here by 
 Fraas : the account by Pliny xxiv. 87 of the " zopyron " or " ocymoides " or " cleonicion " or " clino- 
 podion," though disagreeing on some points, seems taken from Dioscorides : C. Plumieri was 
 observed by Fraas on the high mountains of Greece. 
 
 Mattliiula fenestraHs of the East Mediterranean countries-. The 060NNA of Zopyrus — 
 (Orib. xiv. 45), growing according to Dioscorides in the part of Arabia facing Egypt, yellow-flowered, 
 its leaves " euz6m6 "-like but often perforated, growing in Syria according to Pliny xxvii. 85, may be 
 compared : M. fenestralis is described by Miller diet. 10, and Linnsus dec. pi. 16 ; was observed by 
 Sibthorp on the maritime rocks of Crete. 
 
 Brassica inca?ia of Sicily and Southern Italy. The KPAMBH : ATPIA of Zopyrus — (Orib. 
 xiv. 65), growing according to Dioscorides mostly in maritime and precipitous places, and resem- 
 bling the cultivated kind but whiter and more hairy and bitter, identified in the added Synonyms with 
 "vrassika roustika" of the Romans, is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas: B. incana is 
 described by Tenore, and is known to be" not uncommon in Sicily and the neighbouring portion of 
 Italy (Spreng.). 
 
 Hypericum hircinum of Crete and the neighbouring portion of continental Greece. The 
 TPATION of Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 65), growing according to Dioscorides only on Crete, exuding a 
 gum-like juice, and resembling the "shin6 " in leaves branches and fruit but all smaller, is referred 
 here by Belon i. 17. p. 23 (ed. Clus.), and Honorius Bellus : H. hircinum was observed by them, and 
 Sibthorp, along streams in Crete ; and by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, though rare. Westward, 
 the " tragion" was known to Pliny xiii. 3 as occurring only in Crete ; H. hircinum termed " h. fcetidum 
 frutescens " by Tournefort inst. 225, is known to grow not unfrequently in Calabria and Sicily 
 (Dillen. elth. pi. 151, Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 435 
 
 Orobus tuberosus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain heath pea 
 (Prior), and the ACT PA TAAOC of Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 62), growing according to Dioscorides in 
 shaded breezy and snowy situations and abounding around Pheneum in Arcadia, having "e>6vinth6"- 
 like leaves and branches, small purple flowers, and a large rounded root with implicated appendages, 
 is referred here by Sprengel : the name " astragalos " continued extant in Greece in the days of 
 Anguillara p. 267 (Spreng.) : O. tuberosus was observed by Sibthorp in woods near Constantinople. 
 Westward, the " astragalos " or "onux" or " gatales " or "hamaisuke" is identified in the Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " phikoum tfirrai " or " glanthoulam " or " pinoum trivioum " or " tioum " or " n6nar- 
 ian " of the Romans, and the account of the " astragalus " by Pliny xxvi. 29 is not altogether taken 
 from Dioscorides : O. tuberosus is termed " o. sylvaticus foliis oblongis glabris " by Tournefort inst. 
 393 ; was observed by Viviani in Italy (Steud.) ; and is known to grow throughout middle and 
 Northern Europe, the root according to Sprengel eaten in Sweden and forming an article of com- 
 merce (fl. Dan. pi. 781, and Curt. lond. i. pi. 53). 
 
 Pimpinella tenuis of Syria and Crete. The *6YAOBOYN I N of Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 50), 
 a span high in Crete according to Dioscorides, with leaves and branches " vounifi "-like and acrid, is 
 referred here by Sprengel : the " pseudobunion," on Crete " laudatissima " of the best quality, is 
 mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 96: P. tenuis is described by Sieber, as observed by him on Crete ; and 
 farther East, " Tragium eriocarpum" of Russel is regarded as probably identical (Steud.). 
 
 Trinia dioica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The "psSudovounion " of Zopyrus, 
 — and Dioscorides, is referred here by Lobel, and Fraas : T. dioica was observed by Sibthorp, Bory, 
 Grisebach, and Fraas, on high mountains from the Peloponnesus and Albania to Macedonia and the 
 Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow also on the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), but has not been 
 observed on Crete. Westward, is described by Lobel pi. 745 (Spreng.); is termed "fceniculum 
 minimum patulum" by Tournefort inst. 312 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle 
 Europe (Thuil., Lam. fl. fr., Jacq. austr. pi. 28, Steud., and Lenz). 
 
 Cressa Cretica of the shores of the Red Sea and neighbouring portion of the Mediterranean. 
 Called in Greece "almurithra" (Fraas): the ANBYAAIC of Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 62), saltish to 
 the taste according to Dioscorides and growing in sunny sandy places, its branches straight a span 
 long with soft lentil-like leaves, is referred here by Alpinus exot. p. 156, and others ; C. Cretica was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on the seashore around the Peloponnesus and Greek 
 islands. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, and Delile, at the head of the Red Sea and called 
 at Suez " nadaoueh " dewy ; and by Forskal, along the Arabian shore as far as Lat. 16°, where it is 
 called " ghorara." Westward, the " anthullis " or " anthullon " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with 
 the " solastrSum " of the Romans ; the account by Pliny xxi. 103 and xxvi. 5 1 of the " anthyllion " or 
 " anthyllum " seems taken from Dioscorides ; C. Cretica is described by Fuchsius p. 885 (Spreng.), 
 and Plukenet alm.pl. 43; is termed "quamoclit minima humifusa palustris herniariae folio" by 
 Tournefort cor. 4 ; and is known to grow along the Mediterranean as far as Tunis, Malta, and France 
 (Forsk., Desf. atl. i. p. 220, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Orobanche grandiflora of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " lukos " (Fraas), in 
 which we recognize the " lukos " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the O PO B A TX H of Zopyrus — (Orib. 
 xiv. 62), and others, described by Dioscorides as edible, leafless, and suffocating " ospriois " different 
 kinds of pulse ; also identified in the Synonyms with the "kunomorion " or " leonta," and therefore 
 probably the " osproleonta" of Sotion, and Paxamus (geopon. ii. 42) : O. grandiflora is described by 
 Chaubard, as observed in the Peloponnesus ; and was found by Fraas the most frequent kind in 
 Greece. Westward, the "lupum salictarium" is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 50 among the edible 
 plants of Italy ; and O. grandiflora is known to grow on the nearest portion of the Pyrenees 
 
 ^Orobanche caryophyllacea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Greece 
 "lukos" (Sibth.), and perhaps included in the " orovaghe " of Zopyrus, — and Dioscorides: O. cary- 
 ophyllacea was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground in Greece and the neigh- 
 bouring islands, according to Walpole mem. p. 244 fastening on bean plants and with difficulty 
 eradicated. Westward, the account by Pliny xxii. 80 of the " orobanche " or " cynomonon " seems 
 taken from Dioscorides: O. caryophyllacea is termed "o. major garyophyllum olens " by Tour- 
 nefort inst. 176; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe (Pollich, Pers., and 
 
 PheMaea lutea of Arabia and North Africa. Called in Egypt "haluk" (Forsk.), the origin 
 nossiblv of the name " lukos " given in Greece to the above allied plants : - P. lutea was observed by 
 Forskal and Delile, along the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; and farther South, by Forskal p. 112 
 at Mor in Tropical Arabia, and called « hodar " or "zybb alkaa." Westward, was observed by Des- 
 fontaines atl. in Barbary ; but though termed "p. lusitanica flore lutea" by Tournefort cor. 47, its 
 presence in Portugal is questioned (Pers.). 
 
436 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Salvia disermas of the East Mediterranean countries. The £A €AI C* A KOC : AGYKOCof 
 Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 65) may be compared : S. disermas is described by Barrelier pi. 187 ; is termed 
 " sclarea syriaca flore albo " by Tournefort inst. 179; is known to grow in Syria, the odour grateful 
 (Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Cvtinns hypocistis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " ipocistide " or " ipocisto " 
 (Lenz), in which we recognize the YTTO KICTI C of Zopyrus— (Orib. xiv. 61), Themison, Servilius 
 Damocrates, and Andromachus, described by Dioscorides as leafless, yellowish and white, growing 
 on the roots of " kistou : " C. hypocistis was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the roots of 
 different woody species of Cistus in Greece and Crete; and " hypocistis " juice from " Syria," was 
 found by Forskal in the drug-shops of Egypt. Westward, the " upokistis " or " kutinos " or " thru- 
 vethron " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "phullSsathe' " of the Numidians; the "hypocistis" is 
 mentioned by Celsus, and is identified with the " orobethron " by Pliny xxvi. 31; C. hypocistis is 
 termed " h. flore luteo " by Tournefort cor. 46 ; and is known to grow in Italy, and as far as Portugal 
 (Brot., Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Eupliorbia ehamaesvee of the Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. Called in Greece " ham- 
 otrivla " (Fraas): the XAMAICYKH of Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 62), having according to Dioscorides 
 prostrate branches full of juice and small lentil-like leaves upon the ground, identified in the added 
 Synonyms with the " suken " or " mekona apbr6the," is referred here by writers : E. chamaesyce was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in arid stony situations from the Peloponnesus through- 
 out Greece and the Greek islands; is known to grow also in Mesopotamia and Siberia (Pers.). 
 Westward, the account by Pliny xxiv. 83 of the " chamaesyce " seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : 
 E. chamaesyce is described by Morison x. pi. 2; is termed " t. exiguus . . . nummularis folio" 
 by Tournefort inst. 87; and is known to grow in Italy, Southern France, and Spain (Lam. fl. fr., 
 Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Equisettim fluviatih of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " polutrihi " 
 (Sibth.), in Italy "seola " or " setola " (Lenz), in which we recognize the "equisetum pinus foliis 
 similem " called also "hippurin" or "ephedron" or "anabasin" according to Pliny xxvi. 83 : the 
 I TTTTOY PI C of Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 61), growing according to Dioscorides in watery places, its 
 stems hollow roughish and rigid, of joints inserted one in another, and around them numerous slender 
 rush-like leaves, identified in the added Synonyms with the " SphSthran " or "anavasis " called by 
 the Romans '■ ekunalis," is referred here by Sprengel : E. fluviatile was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Bory, in watery places around Constantinople and in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by 
 Tragus f. 264; is termed "e. palustre longioribus setis" by Tournefort inst. 533 ; and is known to 
 grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. 2022). 
 
 Peltidea aphthosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The A 6 I X H N on rocks of 
 Zopyrus — (Orib. xiv. 62), adhering according to Dioscorides to dewy rocks and by some called 
 " vruon," applied to stop hemorrhage, also healing cutaneous eruptions, is referred here by Sprengel, 
 and Lindley : P. aphthosa was observed by Sibthorp around Athens and on mount Athos. West- 
 ward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 10 of the "aliud genus lichenis " adhering throughout to rocks like 
 " muscus," seems in part taken from Dioscorides: P. aphthosa is termed "lichenoides digitatum 
 lajte virens verrucis nigris notatum " by Dillenius pi. 2S. f. 106 ; and is known to grow throughout 
 Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1 1 19), according to Lindley on "moist shady alpine rocks 
 among moss," and "said to be purgative and anthelmintic." 
 
 Peltidea canina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain groiimi-liver- 
 woit (Prior), yet regarded by Sprengel as possibly included in the "leihen" of Zopyrus, — and 
 Dioscorides : P. canina was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, grow- 
 ing upon the ground. Westward, P. canina is termed "I. pulmonarius saxatilis digitatus major 
 cinereus" by Tournefort inst. 549, "lichenoides digitatum cinereum lactucje foliis sinuosis " by 
 Dillenius pi. 27. f. 102; and is known to grow throughout Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. 
 pi. 2299). 
 
 Lccanora parclla of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The "ISihen" of Zopyrus,— 
 and Dioscorides, is referred here by Fraas : L. parella was observed by him, and Sibthorp, frequent 
 on stones from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands and Constantinople. Westward, is termed 
 "lichenoides leprosum tinctorium scutellis lapidum cancri figura" by Dillenius pi. 18. f. 10; and is 
 known to grow throughout Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 727). 
 
 "97 B. C." (Jap. centen. coram. 88), accession of Sujin, now tenth dairo of Japan. He is said 
 to have placed "the sword of Amateraszu-on-kami, the heavenly ancestress of the actual dynasty," 
 together with her "mirror and a rounded stone " in "the Shintoo temple of Ise." 
 
 " In or about 97 B. C." (Percev. i. 186), birth of Maadd, son of Adnan and twentieth progenitor 
 of Mohammed. 
 
 " 96 B. C. = 1st year of the ' tai'-chi ' of Wou-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 437 
 
 New Zealand discovered and colonized by Polynesians after the introduction of the cocoa-palm 
 into the islands of the Pacific, — but before the peopling of the Marquesas or Nukahivan Islands 
 (Hale ethn. expl. exp. 148). 
 
 Phormium tenax of New Zealand. The New Zealand flax, from its abundance and the great 
 strength of its fibre, doubtless attracted the attention of the first colonists : — P. tenax was observed 
 by Cook and Forster ii. pi. 96 in New Zealand in 1773; by myself, frequent there in the Northern 
 district, and much used by the natives. Transported to Europe, is described by the younger Linnaeus 
 204; has been cultivated with more or less success, and according to Clot-Bey was introduced by 
 the way of France into Egypt. From Europe, was also carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues in greenhouses.* 
 
 * Barringtonia speciosa of wooded Tropical shores from the Malayan archipelago to Metia 
 and the Marquesas Islands. A showy flowering tree called in Tagalo "botong'' or " botongbotong," 
 in Bisaya "botong" or "bitung" or "bitoon" (Blanco), in Taheitian and Nukuhivan " hutu " (Hale); 
 known to the first colonists of New Zealand, for missing the accustomed material for seine-floats, 
 they transferred the Polynesian name "hutu' 1 to a kind of pine, Phyttocladus trichomanoides. — B. 
 speciosa is known to grow on the Marquesas Islands (Pers.) ; was observed by myself along the 
 seashore from Metia to the Feejeean Islands and Sulu, under cultivation on Tongatabu, and staked 
 around and reserved on the Feejeean Islands, its large buoyant fruit universally used by the 
 natives for seine-floats ; by Blanco, frequent along the seashore of the Philippines, its fruit us^d as 
 buoys on fishing-nets ; by Rumphius iii. pi. 1 14, and Sonnerat, on the Moluccas ; and is known to 
 grow as far as China (Pers.). 
 
 hiocarpus edulis of wooded Tropical shores from the Moluccas to Taheiti. The Taheiti nut 
 is a large tree called on Taheiti "lata?" or "rata" (Hale); was known to the first colonists of New 
 Zealand, for in its absence they transferred the Polynesian name to Metrosideros ? obusta. — I. edulis 
 was observed by Cook and Forster n. gen. 33 on Taheiti ; by myself, clearly indigenous near the 
 sea throughout the Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, planted besides in some 
 instances; is known to grow also on the New Hebrides and New Guinea, where "the natives 
 smear the heads of their arrows with the expressed resinous juice" (Don) ; and was observed by 
 Rumphius i. pi. 65 indigenous on the Moluccas. By European colonists, was carried to the Ha- 
 waiian Islands, young stocks " brought from Taheiti" seen by myself in the garden of a resident 
 White ; to Hindustan (Roxb. cor. iii. pi. 263), and by Nimmo in 1833 to the environs of Bombay 
 (Graham). 
 
 Tetragonia expansa of New Zealand. The New Zealand spinach, herbaceous spreading and 
 broad-leaved, doubtless met with by the first colonists : — observed in New Zealand by Forster, 
 and termed " t. halimifolia ; " by myself, frequent there along the seashore exclusively maritime, but 
 I did not learn that any use was made of it by the natives. In the Northern Hemisphere, was seen 
 by Thunberg in Japan (Pers., and Steud.). Transported to Europe, is described by Scopoli del. i. 
 pi. 14, and Pallas hort. demid. pi. I ; and by European colonists was carried to Hindustan, observed 
 by Graham "in gardens Bombay, rare," forming "a much better spinach than the Amaranthaceae in 
 common use among the natives." 
 
 Artocarpus incisa of the Malayan archipelago. The breadfruit tree is called on Taheiti " maiore " 
 (Bertero), in Taheitian Mangarevan and Paumotuan "maiore," in Hawaiian "aeiore," in Nukahivan 
 Mangarevan Tarawan and Tongan "mai?" or " mei " (Hale); known to the first colonists of New 
 Zealand, for they transferred the name " mai " to the edible cones of a tree of the pine kind. — A. 
 incisa was observed by Mendana in 1598 on the Nukahivan or Marquesas Islands (Dalrymp., and 
 hist. coll. Am. iv. 238) ; by Forster, on other Polynesian islands : by Dampier, and Anson, on Tinian 
 and the Ladrone Islands; by Sonnerat pi. 57 to 60, on New Guinea; by Rumphius i. p. 112, on 
 Celebes and the Moluccas (A. Dec): the seedless variety, by myself under cultivation on the 
 Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands; a variety, with leaves less-incised 
 and lar^e seeds that are " not known to ripen," under cultivation also on the Samoan and Feejeean 
 Islands. Farther West, the "intercised" leaves and seedless fruit erroneously attributed by Xicolo 
 Conti to the jack-tree may belong to the breadfruit : a tree growing wild on Banda is regarded by 
 Rumphius i. pi. 34 as the origin : and a variety, "full of seeds " and "of no value," was found by 
 Mason v. 462 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated " in a few gardens at Tavoy and Maulmain." By Bligh 
 "in 1793," the seedless breadfruit was carried from the islands of the Pacific to the West Indies ; by 
 Sonnerat voy. 100, to the Mauritius Islands ; by Europeans also, to the environs of Bombay (Graham, 
 and myself) ; to Bengal (Roxburgh) ; and to Burmah, " cultivated at Penang, and has recently been 
 introduced into Mergui" (Mason). 
 
 Podocarpus ferruginea of New Zealand. A Coniferous or pine-like tree that soon attracted the 
 
438 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " The same year " (Clint, iii. p. 346), death of Antiochus VI. ; his colleague becoming Anti- 
 ochus VII. Cyzicenus, fourteenth Greek king of Syria. 
 
 "The same year" (Li v., and Clint.), Cyrene bequeathed to the Romans by Ptolemy Apion, an 
 illegitimate son of Ptolemy VII. 
 
 '' 95 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 346), death of Antiochus VII., the last Syrian king having the "years 
 of the Seleucidae " on his coins. War for the succession ensued, between his son Antiochus Eusebes 
 and the five sons of Antiochus VI. — The war continued "twelve " years. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Sudharma reigning in 
 Hindustan. Puchyadharman about this time king at Pataliputra on the Ganges — (Avadan. asok.) 
 called Satadhanvan in the Puranas (Burn. i. 430 to ii. 778). 
 
 "94 or 93 B. C. (= 17th year of king Taepah " of Burmah, confirmed by Ceylon hist., Mason 
 40), the doctrines of Gaudama or Budha committed to writing in Ceylon. The transaction is referred 
 to about this date by Mahanama, and in the Sara-sangraha (Max. Mull. p. xix). 
 
 The Mulamuli, written originally in Pali, possibly as early as this date. — It has been translated 
 into Shan, and thence in "A. D. 1768 " into Talaing (Mason 593).* 
 
 notice of the first colonists, for missing the Thespesia populnea, they transferred here its Taheitian 
 name "miro." — (See Hale). 
 
 Piper- mctliysticum of the Papuan archipelago ? The kava pepper, upright and branching, is 
 called on Taheiti "ava irai " (Bert.), on the Hawaiian Islands " awa " (Gaud.), in Hawaiian Tahei- 
 tian and Samoan '"ava," in Nukahivan Raratongan and Tongan " kava," the beverage from its root 
 "kava" (Hale) : known to the first colonists of New Zealand, for they transferred its name to P. 
 excclsum, remarkable for being the only known species growing beyond the Tropics. — P. methysti- 
 cum was observed by Forster esc. 76 on the Hawaiian Taheitian and Tongan Islands, by Gaudichaud 
 on the Hawaiian Islands, and by Bertero on Taheiti ; Jjy myself, under cultivation on the Hawaiian 
 and Samoan Islands, and stored roots and stems on the Tongan and Feejeean Islands. In the 
 account of Magellan's voyage by a Genoese pilot " hava " was procured at the Moluccas, and accord- 
 ing to the Lisbon comments "hava" or " ava" drink is known there. 
 
 Draazna terminalis of the Papuan archipelago. Called in Burmah " kwon-len-net " (Mason), 
 in Tagalo " varas hari " or " varas ni Jose " or " toncod obispo " (Blanco), on the Hawaiian Islands 
 and Taheiti " ti " (Gaud., and Bert.), universally by Polynesians " ti," and the cincture of its leaves 
 in Samoan and Tongan " titi " (Hale) : known to the first colonists of New Zealand, for in its 
 absence they transferred its name " ti " to another species, D. An straits. — D. terminalis was 
 observed by myself, an inedible sweet-rooted variety naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands and not 
 seen elsewhere, an edible farinaceous-rooted variety naturalized on Taheiti and perhaps cultivated on 
 Metia, some twenty varieties mostly edible distinguished and cultivated by the natives of the Samoan 
 Islands, and one yellow-leaved variety furnishing the cinctures generally worn, one variety in culti- 
 vated ground on Tongatabu, ^and a very large-leaved banana-like variety on the Feejean Islands, near 
 dwellings and also in wild situations : var. terrea, the red-leaved variety, was first met with on Manua 
 (the most secluded of the Samoan Islands), afterwards on the Philippines, where according to 
 Blanco it is planted by the natives for ornament ; is termed "terminalia rubra" by Rumphius iv. pi. 
 34; is known to occur in China (Pers.) ; was observed by Mason 420 to 814 "exotic" in Burmah, 
 planted by the natives; by Roxburgh, in Hindustan ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, "common in 
 gardens, introduced from China." Transported to Europe, is described by Jacquin ic. ii. pi. 44S, 
 and Redouts' liliac. pi. 91 ; and from Europe was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in 
 greenhouses. 
 
 Bambusa nov. sp. of the Samoan Islands. The Polynesian bamboo is called in Feejeean 
 " mbitu," by Polynesians " kofe " or " kohe " or " koe " or " 'ofe " or " 'ohe," a knife made from it 
 in Tikopian " kofe," and an arrow in Taheitian " ohe " (Hale) : known to the first colonists of New 
 Zealand, for they retained its name " kohe " as the word for knife : — observed by myself near a plan- 
 tation on the Feejeean Islands, in wild situations on the Hawaiian and Taheitian, and to all appear- 
 ance indigenous in the deep forest on Savaii : the universal use of its stems as a substitute for water- 
 casks, and its easy propagation, suggest the mode of transport from island to island From °rowin<r 
 in beds and its brittle stem, may prove a peculiar species, but I did not meet with it flowering. 
 
 * Hopea parviflora of Southern Hindustan. A large Dipterocarpous tree called in Malabar 
 " irubogam " (Drur.) ; and the lone " hopea," under which according to the Mulamuli the good man 
 took up his abode — (Mason 598), may be compared : H. parviflora was observed by Beddome pi. 6 
 in Malabar and Canara, in moist and dry forests as far as the elevation of "thirty-five hundred feet " 
 and in south Canara its timber much valued for temple buildings (Drur.). 
 
 Hopea IVightiana of Southern Hindustan. A large tree called in Tamil "konooo" or " kon°- " 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 439 
 
 " 93 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), the two sons of Ariarathes VI. having been successively driven from the 
 throne of Cappadocia by Mithridates VI. ; through Roman influence, Ariobarzanes elected king by 
 the Cappadocians. 
 
 Salvia verticillata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " plemono- 
 horton ; " and the " chiliodynamam " of the Cappadocians called " polemoniam " or " philetaeriam " 
 from kings contending for the discovery — (Plin. xxv. 27), described by Dioscorides as growing in 
 rough mountainous situations and having its root a cubit long and above the leaves corymbs in which 
 are black seeds, by Apsyrtus hipp. as resembling " kalaminthe te platSia " but more hoary and having 
 a heavy odour, may be compared : S. verticillata was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent 
 from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " polemonium " is mentioned by Varro : 
 S. verticillata is described by Rivinus monop. pi. 38 ; is termed " horminum sylvestre latifolium ver- 
 ticillatum " by Tournefort inst. 178; and is known to grow in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland 
 (Pers.). 
 
 "92 B. C." (Li v., and Clint.), in Cappadocia, ambassadors received by Sulla from Arsaces king 
 of Parthia ; the first public transaction between the Romans and Parthians. 
 
 " In this year " (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Rutilius Rufus on his return from Asia accused unjustly and 
 banished. He retired to Smyrna, accompanied by his friend Opilius Aurelius. 
 
 Coriaria myrtifolia of the Mediterranean countries. The NAVTEA-HERBA bearing black 
 berries and used by curriers, mentioned by Opilius Aurelius, — Pompeius Festus, and Paulus Dia- 
 conus, may be compared : C. myrtifolia is described by Duhamel pi. 73, and Linnseus ; is known to 
 grow in Barbary, Spain, and Southern France (Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Chaubard in the 
 Peloponnesus. The fruit according to Lindley is " a dangerous poison," and " seni^i adulterated with 
 the leaves equally dangerous." 
 
 Sempervivum tectorum of Western Europe. Called in Britain aye-green or se?igreen or houseleek 
 (Prior), in Welsh " dislog" (A. Dec), in France " joubarb," in Italy " erba da cal'i " or "sopravvi- 
 volo " or " semprevivo maggiore " (Lenz), in which we recognize the " sempervivum " identified by 
 Pliny xix. 58 and xxv. 102 with the " aizoum " or " sedum " in whose juice seeds are soaked to prevent 
 destruction by vermin : the " sedum " is identified by Pompeius Festus with the S E S V VI V M planted 
 on roofs of Opilius Aurelius, — and its seeds are commended for the above purpose by Columella ii. 
 9. 10 to xi. 3. 61, and Palladius x.. 3. 2 : the "iovis barba " of Isidorus etym., the capitularia of 
 Charlemagne, Platearius, and the Ortus sanitatis 57, is referred here by writers ; S. tectorum is 
 termed " sedum majus vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 262 ; is known to grow wild as far as Luga in 
 Russia (Gorter) and rocks on the Lower Loire ; and is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced into 
 Britain probably before the Roman Conquest. Eastward, was observed by Sestini on roofs at 
 Constantinople (Sibth.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it contin- 
 ues to be cultivated for ornament. According to Lindley, " the leaves are cooling when applied 
 externally and frequently renewed." (See S. arboreum.) 
 
 91 B. C. = " 27th year of" Ptolemy VIII.), possibly the date of the Second inscription at Adule. 
 The author speaks of pacifying nations on the border of his kingdom and capturing " Gaze, Agame " 
 (possibly Agamia in Tigre), and " Siguen ; " also " Aua, Tiam6 sometimes called Tziamfi " (Tzama 
 in Tigre), " Gamvela, Ziggaveng, Aggavfi, Tiama, Athagaous, Kalaa, and the SSmenai dwelling on 
 snowy mountains beyond the Nile " (Samen beyond the Atbara branch) ; then " LasinS, Zaa, and 
 Gavala" (Galla ?) "dwelling on mountains that emit hot springs ; Atalmo, and V£ga ; the Taggaitas 
 as far as the Egyptian border, thereby opening a path from my kingdom to Egypt ; then Annin<5, and 
 MStinJ ; S£s£a dwelling on a very lofty mountain ; " also, " Rauson an inland nation of livandtophoron 
 varvaron " (Berbera), and the "S61at6 to whom I committed the charge of the seacoast ; " also, 
 " sending a fleet and army across the Red Sea I subdued the Aravitas and Kinaithokolpitas, and 
 compelled their kings to pay tribute and keep the travel safe by land and sea, extending my conquests 
 from LSukes kSmes to Sav£6n " (Azab) ; and "of all my predecessors being the first and only king 
 who has subjected all these nations I give thanks to the great god Mars, my father, by whose assist- 
 ance I have extended my authority over all neighbouring nations from the East to the ' livanotophorou ' 
 country, and from the West to Aithiopias and S<:sou ; " and " peace being established, I have come 
 
 (Drur.) ; and possibly the " hopea " in question : — H. Wightiana was observed by Wight, and Bed- 
 dome, common in the western forests at Tinnevelly, its" timber very valuable and similar to that of 
 the preceding species (Drur.). 
 
 Vatica en-kliven of Burmah. A Dipterocarpous tree, in a grove of which according to the Bur- 
 mese books Gaudama died, — believed also by the natives to have furnished " much of the petrified 
 wood" along the Irawaddy (Mason 528 to 737) : V. en-khyen was observed by Mason in Pegu and 
 Tenasserim, "though not very abundant." 
 
44-0 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 down to Athoulen to sacrifice to Jupiter, Mars, and Neptune on account of mariners, and here in the 
 presence of all my military forces I dedicate this carved seat to Mars in the twenty-seventh year of 
 my reign" (Cosm. Ind. ii. p. 142). 
 
 As early possibly as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Devanica reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "90 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), in Italy, the Marsian or Social war ; and by the Romans, the free- 
 dom of the city granted to the States remaining in allegiance. 
 
 " 89 B. C." ( . . . Blair), commencement of war in Asia between Mithridates VI. king of Pontus 
 and the Romans. — The war continued twenty-six years. 
 
 Scutellaria orientalis of the East Mediterranean countries. The "scordotin" or " scordion " 
 growing according to Mithridates VI. in fertile humid plains in Pontus and bitter to the taste, a cubit 
 high with the stem quadrangular and branchy " quernae similitudine foliis lanuginosis " — (Lenaeus, 
 and Plin. xxv. 27), may be compared: S. orientalis is described by Commelyn rar. pi. 30 ; is termed 
 " cassida orientalis chamaedryos folio flore luteo" by Tournefort trav. ii. pi. 129; was observed by 
 Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus, and is known to grow also in Armenia (Pers. ; see S. hirta, and 
 Teucrium scordium). 
 
 Agrimouia eupatoria of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain agrimony (Prior), in 
 Germany " odermennig " (Grieb), in France " aigremoine " (Nugent), in Italy " agrimonia " or " eupa- 
 torio " (Lenz), in Greece " phonohorton " or by the Turks " cojun oti," in which we recognize the 
 "eupatoria" known to Mithridates VI. — (Plin. xxv. 29), described by Dioscorides as suffruticose 
 with a simple stem a cubit or more high, leaves divided into five or more parts and like those of 
 " p£ntaphullou " jnd " kannaveos," seed disposed along the stem hairy and adhering to garments: 
 A. eupatoria was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Constantinople to Smyrna 
 and the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the "gafet" is mentioned by Avicenna, Serapion, Ebn Baitar, 
 and syrup of "ghafe " or " agrimonia" is enumerated by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., as employed 
 medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the " t5upat6rion " or "epatdrion" or "epatitis" is identified in 
 the Syn. Dio^c. with the "ouoloukroum maious" of the Romans : the " agrimonia" is mentioned by 
 Celsus v. 27. 10; the " agrimo'nium" by Matthaeus Sylvaticus pand. f. 9, and " egremoine " by 
 Chaucer (Prior) ; A. eupatoria is termed " a. officinarum " by Tournefort inst. 301, and is known to 
 grow along roadsides in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 5S8, 
 Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow in Siberia (Wats.) ; was observed by 
 Thunberg in Japan, and called "daikon so " or " binke so." Possibly by European colonists carried 
 to Northeast America, but was observed by Josselyn prior to 1670 in New England, by myself from 
 Lat. 45 to 39 beyond Philadelphia chiefly in bushy places along roadsides. According to Lindley, 
 " is celebrated as a vermifuge," and is " a common ingredient in ' herb teas.' " 
 
 Geuin coccineum of the East Mediterranean countries. — The "eupatfirion" by some called 
 "arg£mSnen" from its scarlet flower (Diosc. ii. 207 and iv. 41), may be compared: also the 
 " argemon " or " canaria lappa" discovered by Minerva, according to Pliny xxiv. 116 and xxv. 56, or 
 the kind of "argemonia " whose root has the odour of "thus : " G. coccineum is termed " caryophyl- 
 lata orientalis flore magno coccineo " by Tournefort cor. 20, and was observed by Sibthorp pi. 485 on 
 the Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 Valeriana Dioscorirfis of the East Mediterranean countries. The $0 Y of the antidote of Mith- 
 ridates, — and those of Marcianus, and Servilius Damocrates, mentioned also by Cassius ant., by 
 Andromachus as from Pontus (Scribon. Larg. 170 to 177, and Gal. antid.), by Dioscorides as growing 
 in Pontus and sometimes called " agrian narthon," a cubit or more high with a hollow stem, leaves 
 like those of " elaphov6sl<6 " or "ipposglin6," flowers purplish-white, and the root strong-scented 
 (as might be inferred from the name), is referred here by Sibthorp and others: the "phu" is 
 described by Pliny xii. 26 as imported from Crete, a root resembling birds' feet, in other respects his 
 account seems taken from Dioscorides : V. Dioscoridis was observed by Hawkins, and Chaubard, 
 from Lycia to the Greek islands ; and is known to grow along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.). The 
 odour of the root according to Lindley is "almost like that of Valeriana officinalis, but less un- 
 pleasant." 
 
 Boletus laricis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy " agarico " or 
 "agarico officinale " (Lenz), in which we recognize the A f A P I KO N of the antidote of Mithridates, 
 — and those of Antipater, and Martianus (Scribon. Larg. 167 to 177, and Galen antid. ii.), or the 
 "agarikon arrfin" described by Dioscorides as growing in Agaria in Sarmatia, roundish and wholly 
 concrete: the "agaricum" is described by Pliny xvi. 13 and xxv. 57 as a white fragrant "fungus" 
 growing high up on trees and shining at night, the kind from Gaul being weaker than that from the 
 Bosphorus : B. laricis is termed " agaricus sive fungus laricis " by Tournefort inst. 562 ; is known 
 to grow in Switzerland, France, and throughout middle Europe (Michel, gen. pi. 61, Jacq. austr. i. 
 pi. zo, Bulliard pi. 296, and Lenz) ; in the absence of the larch, was observed by Sibthorp in Boeotia 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 441 
 
 in Greece ; and according to Sprengel, the best kind continues to be imported from the Ural moun- 
 tains and Syria. 
 
 "The same year" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 390 to 399), in Egypt, Cleopatra put to death by 
 her son Ptolemy IX. Who was driven into exile by the populace, and his brother Ptolemy VI IJ. 
 restored as king. 
 
 In a Greek inscription at Talmis in Nubia, Silco styles himself king of the Ethiopians and 
 " Noubadae," and boasts of victories over the " Blemyes : '' regarded as a branch of the Bischari. — 
 A very late inscription in barbarous Greek also occurs here (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 242). 
 
 The Egyptian gods, Osiris, Isis, Nephthys, Atmu, and others on the pyramids at Meroe, not 
 adopted " previous to the First century B. C. ; and the same throughout the island of Meroe, Naga, 
 and" other places in Upper Nubia (Leps. eg. and sin. 152). 
 
 The Sinaitic inscriptions the work of the inhabitants of the country during the first centuries 
 before — and after our Era ; some being cut over more ancient Greek names, and not unfrequently 
 Christian crosses are in connexion (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 296 to 311, and 553). Cosmas Indico- 
 pleustes is quoted for evidence that at the time of his visit, " about 535 A. D.," the Sinai from which 
 the law was given was believed to be the mountain called at the present day " Serbal." Ruppel 
 mentions sacrifices on Mount Serbal by the Arabs, and found the highest point "6342 French feet" 
 above the sea. Lepsius found on the mountain a place overgrown with ".habak" {Mentha ?) and 
 other sweet-smelling herbs, and translates the name, " Serb Bal " palm-grove of Baal. 
 
 " 88 B. C." (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), commencement of civil war among the Romans, between 
 Marius and Sulla. 
 
 " In this year" (Mahanam. mahav., and Max Mull. p. xix.), accession of Vattagamani, now king 
 of Ceylon. — He reigned until " 76." 
 
 The Nukuhivan or Marquesas Islands colonized from Vavau by Oataia and his wife Ananoona ; 
 bringing with them breadfruit and sugar-cane and a great variety of other plants,* '' eighty-eight gen- 
 erations before — their lineal descendant Keatanui ; the chief who made this statement to captain D. 
 Porter 49 (Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. 129). 
 
 About this time (Strab. xvii. 3. 5 to 7), expedition of Bogus king of Mauritania against the 
 " Western Ethiopians," Negro tribes South of the Desert. 
 
 The P I Z£ I C met with, in shape resembling a bull and in size and strength an elephant, accord- 
 
 * Spondias dttlcis of the Papuan archipelago. The vi-plum is a large tree called in Tongan, 
 Samoan, Taheitian, and Nukahi van "vi" (Hale); carried to the Nukahivan Islands perhaps by the 
 first colonists: — observed by Forster prodr. 198 on the Taheitian Islands; by myself, abundantly 
 naturalized on Metia and Taheiti, also abundant and perhaps naturalized on the Samoan Islands, 
 regularly cultivated on Tongatabu, and said to be cultivated in a single locality on the Feejeean 
 Islands, discordant throughout from its deciduous foliage, and evidently exotic. Farther West, is 
 described by Rumphius i. pi. 60, was observed also by Sonnerat ii. pi. 123. By European colonists, 
 was carried to the Hawaiian Islands, stocks "brought from Taheiti" observed by Brackenridge in 
 the o-arden of a resident White ; to the Philippines, where it has become well known and is called 
 in Tagalo " sirihuelas," from the Spanish "ciruelas" (Blanco); to the Mauritius Islands, planted 
 around dwellings (Pers., and Boj.) ; and by Nimmo by the way of "Bengal" to the environs of 
 Bombay (Graham). 
 
 Erythrina seu-pen-lai of the Papuan archipelago. — The only other deciduous tree observed 
 on the islands of the Pacific; an unarmed coral-tree, sometimes forty feet high, naturalized near the 
 sea on Taheiti and Aimeo, planted near dwellings on the Samoan and Tongan Islands, planted 
 and also naturalized on the Feejeean Islands, and planted within the limits of the town on Sulu. 
 E. seu-pen-lai is described by Mason v. 409 as "a small tree covered with large scarlet blossoms" 
 and "very ornamental," "often seen in the neighbourhood of Karen villages from Mergui to the Red 
 Karen country." 
 
 Ficus prolixa of the Papuan archipelago. A tree called in Taheitian "aoa," in Samoan "'o'a,' - 
 in Tongan "koka" (Hale) : known to the first colonists of the Nukahivan Islands, for they retained 
 its Tongan name "koka" as the word for black or blue, applied to cloth : — F. prolixa was observed 
 by Forster on the Taheitian Islands (Pers.); by myself on the Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean 
 Islands, in all instances planted, from its bark according to Hale "a brown dye is obtained for stain- 
 ing cloth." 
 
 Ficus tinctoria of the Papuan archipelago? A tree called on Taheiti "mati" (Bertero), and 
 probably known to the first colonists of the Nukahivan Islands :— observed by Forster prodr. on 
 the Taheitian Islands (Pers ) ; by myself, on Taheiti, planted near the dwellings of the natives ; and 
 this or the preceding species seen by Rich on the Union and Tarawan clusters of coral-islands. 
 
442 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ing to Iphicrates — (Strab. xvii. 3), may be compared with "ha-risi," from "arou" and "risi," given 
 by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 334 as the Abyssinian name for the skin of the "rinokeros : " the 
 "rinokeVos" was seen in the distance in Abyssinia by Cosmas Indicopleustes, and is further de- 
 scribed by him as so-named from the horns on its nose, the hide being thick enough to be employed 
 as a plough ; two horns are represented in the accompanying figure, and the species is clearly the 
 African rkinoceios, known to inhabit Abyssinia as well as the more Southern and Western portion 
 of the continent. 
 
 Asparagus sp. of Equatorial Africa. The " asparagon " of great magnitude sent home by Bogus 
 to his wife — (Strab. xvii. 3. 5), may be compared: A. sp. was observed by Grant near the Eastern 
 coast in "7° S., and in every forest," five feet high and very elegant, its roots used to cure sore eyes ; 
 "a variety climbs up trees with its opposite branches." 
 
 "87 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), Second grant of the freedom of the city of Rome: now to the 
 Italian States that had taken up arms. 
 
 "The same year" ( . . ), after refusing for nearly three years to acknowledge the recalled 
 Ptolemy VIII., Thebes in Egypt captured. On which occasion, the monuments are said to have 
 sustained much injury. 
 
 Posidonius on his voyage remained " thirty days " in "GathSira" (Cadiz); and from a house 
 "four hundred stadia ".distant, saw a star which he identified with Canopus ; known to become 
 visible "in the same climate" at Cnidus near Rhodes. He also witnessed mining operations in the 
 South of Spain ; the water being removed by means of "aiguptiois kohliais," the Archimedes screw 
 
 — (Strab. ii. 5. 14, and iii. 2. 9). 
 
 Drac&na draco of the Canary Islands. At Cadiz, Posidonius saw a tree with the branches 
 deflexed to the ground, and sword-shaped leaves often a cubit long by four fingers broad; the 
 branches when broken giving out a milky, and the roots a red juice — (Strab.. iii. 5. 10). D. draco, 
 the dragon tree, was observed by Bontier 66 to 69 frequent in the forest on Palma, Gomera, Teneriffe, 
 and Grand Canary, "bearing dragon's blood;'- a drug according to Lindley at present "scarcely 
 known," the resin of Pterocarpus being substituted. 
 
 Posidonius mentions a small i^and at the mouth of the L£iger (Loire), on which the worship of 
 Bacchus was established (doubtless through Greek or Carthaginian traders). The island was inhab- 
 ited exclusively by " Samnite " women ; who were accustomed to sail with their husbands in ships, 
 and afterwards return to the island — (Strab. iv. 5. 6). 
 
 In visiting various parts of Gaul, Posidonius became accustomed to the sight of warriors return- 
 ing from battle with the heads of their enemies suspended from the horse's neck : heads of illustrious 
 men were further exhibited to strangers, and could not be redeemed for their weight in gold. Smit- 
 ing with a sword the back of a human victim, they divined by the convulsions ; druids or priests 
 being present during all sacred rites. Human sacrifices besides were made at other times : but 
 from all these customs in conflict with " our " ideas, the people were being reclaimed by the Romans 
 
 — (Strab. iv. 4. 5). 
 
 In returning from Spain, Posidonius landed on the Barbary coast ; near a wood that proved to 
 be full of apes, some in the trees, and others on the ground ; and among them he remarked many of 
 the same infirmities that afflict the human family — (Strab. xvii. 3. 4). 
 
 "86 Ii. C. = 'chi-youan,' first year of Hiao-tchao-ti, of the Han" or Seventh dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Plut., and Clint.), in Rome during the last illness of Marius, Posidonius 
 ambassador from the Rhodians ; having already visited Spain, Gaul, and other countries. 
 
 Lotus edulis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " grizellia " or "kapisoura" or 
 "neranizoura" (Sibth.), and the ALUTUU: K6P06NTI of Thyillus — (anth. pal. vii. 223) maybe 
 compared : L. edulis was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Caria and 
 Cyprus. Westward, is termed " 1. pentaphyllos siliqua cornuta" by Tournefort inst. 403 : and is known 
 to grow in Italy, Sicily, and Spain (Cav. ii. pi. 157, and Pers.). 
 
 " March 1st" (Sm. b. d.), the army of Mithridates VI. defeated by Sulla near Athens, that city 
 captured, and its ruler the philosopher Arislion dragged from the altar of Minerva and put to death. 
 
 "84B. C." (Plut., and Clint.), the Library of the deceased Apellicon, containing the writings of 
 Aristotle and Theophrastus, sent by Sulla from Athens to Rome. 
 
 " 83 B. C." (Justin, and Clint, iii. p. 346), by invitation of the people tired of internal wars, Syria 
 occupied by Tigranes king of Armenia. — Governed by him peacefully " fourteen " years. 
 
 "83 to 82 B. C." (Franz. 92), date of a Greek inscription on Aegina, presenting the following 
 form of the letter M. 
 
 The Venus de Medici, by the sculptor Cleomenes, is referred by writers to the First century 
 B. C. — (Lubke and Lutrow). 
 
 "82 B. C." (Major edit. Bethenc), Sertorius, fleeing from the ships of Annius, landing near the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 443 
 
 mouth of the Quadalquivir on the Atlantic. Meeting some Lusitanian pilots who had returned from 
 the Fortunate Islands (Canaries), he had thoughts of retiring there — (Plut. vit). 
 
 "At the end of the year" (Plut., and Clint), Sulla dictator at Rome. 
 
 "81 B. C." (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 400), in Egypt, Ptolemy VIII. succeeded by his daughter 
 Cleopatra ; who at the end of " six months " married her cousin Ptolemy Alexander II., now Ptolemy 
 X. He reigned "nineteen days'' only ; and his name has not been found on the monuments, nor 
 even on coins. 
 
 In a mummy unrolled at Bristol, a solution of silver was found employed in the hieroglyphic 
 writing: and Herapath further ascertained, that the solvent was probably nitric acid (Philos. mag. 
 July 1852). 
 
 Indigo/era tinctoria of Tropical Eastern Asia. The indigo plant is called in Yemen "houer " 
 (Forsk.), in Sanscrit " nili " (Roxb.), in Cingalese " nil " (Pidd.), in Bengalee and Hindustanee " neel," 
 in Telinga "neelie," in Tamil "averie" (Drur.), in Burmah "mai-nay" or"shan-mai" (Mason) ; 
 and bandages dyed with indigo encircling this mummy — were remarked by Herapath (philos. mag. 
 July 1852) : the " indicum " dye is mentioned by Vitruvius vii. 14. 68, Dioscorides v. 107, by Pliny 
 xxxv. 2.7 as imported from India: I. tinctoria was observed by Forskal p. 137 (Steud.) cultivated 
 for its dye in Yemen, and springing up spontaneously. Eastward, "ynde qe il se fait d'erbe " was 
 observed by Marco Polo 180 in Quilon ; the manufacture was witnessed also by Nicolo Conti ; and 
 indigo was found by Burnes under cultivation in Scinde, and even "exported in considerable quanti- 
 ties " (Graham) : I. tinctoria was observed by Rheede i. pi. 54 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, "wild in some 
 parts of the Concan " (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, as far as Bengal, often springing up spontaneously, 
 but not at a distance from places where it has been cultivated. Farther East, was observed by Mason 
 "exotic " in Burmah ; by Loureiro, cultivated and springing up spontaneously in Anam and China ; 
 by Blanco, cultivated on the Philippines by the natives, and called in Tagalo " tayom," in Pampango 
 " tayung," in Bisaya "tagung." By European colonists, was carried to Africa (A. Dec); and to our 
 Southern States, where it was once extensively cultivated, and continues in " waste places " (Chapm.) 
 although its cultivation has long ceased. (See I. argentea.) 
 
 "80 B. C." (Alex, chron., and Clint, iii. p. 398), accession of an "illegitimate son" of Ptolemy 
 VIII. ; a boy under the title Ptolemy XI. Auletes. He does not appear to have been acknowledged 
 by the Egyptians, and his hieroglyphic ovals have not been found (Champoll.-Fig.) : but his name 
 occurs on coins, and in Greek inscriptions in red ink at Philae. 
 
 Iambulus in visiting East African islands met with persons who " wrote in vertical columns " — 
 (Diodor. ii. 55), perhaps Chinese; though it is true, vertical writing occurs on the eye-paint bottles 
 "manufactured on the Persian Gulf." The deposition in Egyptian tombs of these eye-paint bottles 
 and of real Chinese manufactures, is evidently more recent. 
 
 Flagellaria Indica of Tropical shores from Africa to the Samoan Islands. Called in Malabar 
 " panambuvalli " (Rheede) ; and the pea-like seeds or grain seen by Iambulus on East African 
 islands — may be compared: F. Indica was observed by myself on Zanzibar; by Grant, at the 
 " Mgaeta river 7° 20' S. ; " and according to Persoon, occurs in Guinea. Eastward, was observed by 
 Rheede vii. pi. 53 in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, indigenous 
 in Burmah ; is termed " sirioides " by Rumphius v. pi. 29 ; and was observed by myself as far as 
 the Feejeean and Samoan Islands. By Nimmo, was introduced into the environs of Bombay 
 (Graham). 
 
 Cajauus flavns of Equatorial Africa. The doll or pigeon pea is called in Tamil "thovaray," in 
 Telinga " candaloo,'' in Hindustanee " toor," in Bengalee " dal urur " (Drur.), in the environs of 
 Bombay " toor " or " dhal " (Graham), in Suahili " baraz " (Grant) ; and possibly the pea-like grain 
 seen by Iambulus: — C. flavus was observed by myself on Zanzibar, the seeds a principal article of 
 diet with resident Banians, and the plant I further ascertained cultivated as far inland as the 
 Unyamuezi country ; by Grant, cultivated everywhere, the " Wahiyow strike a light by using friction 
 with its wood and a reed." Eastward, the " arhaki " enumerated in the Vishnu Purana i. 6 among 
 the seventeen kinds of useful grain, is referred here by H. H. Wilson; and the " ad'haki " or 
 " tubari," yielding oil according to Susrutas sutr. 46 to chikits 33, is referred here by Hessler : 
 " Indian peas " were seen by Nikitin at Calicut : C. flavus was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 13 in Mal- 
 abar ; by Graham, " commonly cultivated " in the environs of Bombay, observed there by myself ; by 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bengal and Assam, the seeds according 
 to Drury " much esteemed by the natives," the tender parts of the shrub eaten by cattle, while " the 
 dried stem makes excellent fuel and is well adapted for producing fire by friction." Farther East, is 
 known to occur on Java (Pers.) ; was observed by Mason " exotic" in Burmah and called "pai-yen 
 khyung;" by Blanco, well known on the Philippines and called in Tagalo "caguios." Westward 
 from Africa, is called in Carib " quingongi " or "bipicaa" or "ouandou " (Desc), the first of these 
 names resembling the Negro name of an allied plant ; continues abundantly cultivated in the West 
 
444 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Indies, and is used for fencing sugar-plantations (Graham), the varieties of " pois-chiches " accord- 
 ing to Humboldt iv. 9 known to the Aboriginal Americans from the earliest times, may also be com- 
 pared : Clearly by European colonists, was carried to the Hawaiian Islands, observed there by 
 myself. " C. pseudo-cajan " of Jacquin or " bicolor " of Decandolle is regarded as not distinct 
 (Drur.). 
 
 " 79 B. C." (Appian, and Clint.), at Rome, abdication by Sulla of his dictatorship. Besides 
 enacting laws, Sulla wrote commentaries or historical memoirs. — He died in the following year. 
 
 As early perhaps as this date, Puchyadharman succeeded by Puchpamitra, now king at Patali- 
 putra on the Ganges. He was persuaded by a Braminical priest in his household to attempt the 
 overthrow of Budhism — (Avadan. asok.). He is called Vrihadratha in the Puranas (Burnouf i. 
 430 and ii. 778). 
 
 A celebrated Sutra against Budhism written as early possibly as this date. It contains legends 
 — referred to by Fa-hian (Burn. i. 162 to 194). 
 
 Cinnamomum tamala of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Bengal " tai " or " tadsch ",or " tedsch," 
 and its exported dried leaves "folia malabathri, tamalapathri, or Inch" (Nees) ; in which we recognize 
 the fragrant " tamala " leaves of this Sutra,* — and the Saddharma pundarika (Burn. i. 178 and ii. 145) : 
 C. tamala is described by Fr. Nees and Eberm. ii. 426 ; is known to grow wild in D.erwanee and 
 Gongachora, and is cultivated in the gardens of Rungpur, •" the taste of the dried leaves warm, aro- 
 matic, at first like cinnamon, afterwards like cloves mixed with camphor" (Lindl). The imported 
 drug " tamalabathra " was found by Garcias to consist of dried cassia leaves ; by Blume to include 
 various species of Cinnamomum, but in all the samples he examined C. tamaJa was absent. (See C. 
 iners). 
 
 " 75 B. C." (Eutrop. and Clint.), from Macedonia, the Roman general Scribonius extending his 
 conquests as far as the Danube. 
 
 "The same year" (Cic, and Clint, iii. p. 341), arrival in Rome of Antiochus Asiaticus, son of the 
 deceased Antiochus Eusebes. 
 
 " The same year " (Javanese annals, and Elphinstone iii. to), the Javanese Era. Said to have 
 been established by "a numerous body of Hindus from Clinga," on the occasion of their arrival in 
 Java, where they "civilized the inhabitants." The era continues in use among the Javanese. 
 
 Melaleuca cajnputi of the Siamese countries and Malayan archipelago. An elegant little Myr- 
 taceous tree, its birch-like bark yielding cajuput oil procured from early times : f — indigenous accord- 
 ing to Mason v. 491 " in the Karen forests " as far as 13 North ; described also by Roxburgh, and 
 Wight i. 326 ; and termed "arbor alba javanica " by Rumphius ii. 74. This green aromatic cam- 
 phorate essential oil according to Lindley is " irritating or stimulating," used " in toothach " and for 
 other medicinal purposes. 
 
 * Pterosftermum acerifolium of the Siamese countries and Malayan archipelago. A large Ster- 
 culioid tree called in Burmah " toung-phet-won " (Mason) ; and the "karnikara" transplanted from a 
 foreign country according to this Sutra, — mentioned also in the Sagitti sutta, is referred here by 
 Burnouf i. 177 and ii. 826 : P. acerifolium was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and Wight ; bv 
 Graham, in a garden at Colabah near Bombay, also in " Giergaum woods, not common;" by Mason 
 v. 536 wild in Burmah, in company with two other species growing with teak. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Linnasus, Cavanilles iii. pi. 44, and in Bot. mag. pi. 620. 
 
 Erythrina suberosa of Tropical Hindustan. A tree with corky bark called in Telinga " mulu- 
 modagu," in Sanscrit "mundara" (Bedd.): " mandarava " flowers are mentioned in this Sutra, — 
 and the Saddharma pundarika (Burn. i. 178 and ii. 3) ; the " erythrine " by Valmiki ram. iii. 79 (transl. 
 Gorr.) ; the "mandara" fillet, and heaps of the flowers waving along the banks of the Ganges, by 
 Kalidasa vikram. to kum. vi. 5 : E. suberosa was observed by Gibson, Auld, and Graham, from Guz- 
 erat to Kandesh and " the Mahal districts East of the Ghauts ; " by Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome, 
 in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
 Erythrina fulgens of . . . Called in Bengalee "mundaruka" (Pidd.); and possibly the 
 "mandarava" in question : — the " mandari " prescribed by Susrutas, is referred here by Hessler : 
 E. fulgens was seen in Eastern Hindustan by Piddington 175. Is known in the gardens of Europe, 
 as appears from Steudel. 
 
 f Melaleuca leucadaniron of the Malayan archipelago. An allied species, — so far as Roxburgh 
 could discover, never employed in the distillation of cajuput oil, its leaves possessing little or no 
 fragrance (Lindl.) : is termed " leptospermum leucadendron " by Forster (Steud.). From transported 
 specimens, is described by Linnaeus mant. 105. 
 
 Polygala venenosa of Java. A shrub — found by Commerson so much dreaded by the Javanese 
 that they are unwilling to touch it (Lindl.), " systemati nervoso valde infesta" (Pers.). From 
 transported specimens, described by Jussieu enc. v. 493. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 445 
 
 Uncaria gambir of the Malayan archipelago. A. Cinchonaceous shrub, from whose leaves the 
 extract called gambier prepared from early times by the Malays, — chewed with betel, and consid- 
 ered by Pereira one of the substances called "catechu" in commerce (Lindl.) : U. gambir was 
 observed in the Malayan archipelago by Rumphius v. pi. 34, Hunter, and Crawfurd ; is described also 
 by Roxburgh. 
 
 " 74 B. C." (Eutrop., and Clint.), Bithynia bequeathed by king Nicomedes to the Romans. 
 
 Cerastes vulgaris of the Armeno-Caucasian countries. The CERASVS in the "480th year of 
 Rome" brought from Pontus by Lucullus — (Plin. xv. 30), seems to be the true cherry : "dulces 
 cerasi " are mentioned by Propertius . . . ; the " sweet and black-fruited kerasia," by Ebn Baitar ; and 
 
 Hopea f sp. of Pulo Condore. A tree — seen only here by Dampier, much larger than any 
 other on the island and yielding tar, is regarded by Mason v. 517 to 527 as probably belonging to 
 the Dipterocarpous tribe. 
 
 Xvlocarpus obovatus of the shores of Java. A Meliaceous tree, known from early times, — the 
 bark of its root extremely bitter : observed by Blume bydr. 179 (Lindl.). 
 
 Mangifera foetida of the Equatorial portion of the Malayan archipelago. The horse mango, 
 introduced from the Straits of Malacca at an early period, — is called in Burmah " la-mwot ; " its 
 large fruit in odour resembling the dorian continuing a favourite with the Burmese, and is cultivated 
 as far as 13 N. at Mergui (Mason v. 448). 
 
 Cassia florida of the Malayan Archipelago. A slender graceful Leguminous tree introduced at 
 an early period — and called in Burmah " ma-za-lee," extensively cultivated, its wood said to be not 
 inferior to ebony (Mason v. 404 to 532) : is termed " Senna Sumatrana " by Roxburgh ii. 347. West- 
 ward, was observed by Wight in peninsular Hindustan ; by Gibson, Law, and Graham, "in gardens" 
 in the environs of Bombay, its growth "very rapid." From transported specimens, is described by 
 Vahl symb. iii. 57. 
 
 Strychnos tieute of Java. Woody, climbing eighty to a hundred and twenty feet before branch- 
 ing, the bark of its root yielding one of the most dangerous poisons known, — called " tshettik " or 
 "tjettek" or "upas radja," and acting like nux vomica only in a more violent manner: observed by 
 Leschenault ann. mus. xvi. pi. 23, and Blume rum. i. pi. 24 (Lindl.). 
 
 Hasseltia arborea of Java. A handsome Apocynous tree, its milky juice from early times used to 
 destroy tape-worm : — observed by Blume in the province of Buitenzorg (Lindl.). 
 
 Laurus (Sassafras) parthenoxylon of the forests of Sumatra. A lofty timber-tree called " kayo 
 gadis " virgin tree, and from early times the oil from its fruit and infusion' of the root employed 
 medicinally : — observed by Jack, and Blume ; described also by Roxburgh hort. (Lindl ). 
 
 Laurus [Caryodapkne) densiflora of the mountain-woods of Java. A tree eighty feet high, grow- 
 ino- in Western Java at the elevation of from fourteen hundred to two thousand feet, called " kiteja" 
 or "kitedja," and from early times its gratefully aromatic leaves employed in infusion medicinally : — 
 observed by Blume (Nees laur., and Lindl.). 
 
 Chloranthus officinalis of the mountain-woods of Java. A smooth shrub, three or four feet 
 hio-h, growing in moist woods at the elevation of from fifteen hundred to two thousand feet ; its root 
 from early times used medicinally by the mountaineers : — observed by Blume fl. Jav. pi. (Lindl.). 
 
 Chloranthus brachystachys of Java. A smooth upright shrub, three feet high, growing in woods 
 along the coast, and known from early times, — its properties being like those of the last species : 
 observed by Blume fl. Jav. pi. (Lindl.). 
 
 Ficus toxicaria of Sumatra. Growing near " pago Pandano " (Pers.), and its juice known from 
 early times as a virulent poison — (Lindl.) : F. toxicaria is termed "f. padana" by Burmann (Steud.). 
 From transported specimens, is described by Linnaeus mant. 305, and Vahl. 
 
 Piper siriboa of the Malayan archipelago. Climbing, and known from early times, — " used in 
 the same way as " P. betle : observed by Rumphius v. pi. 117, and Blume (Lindl.). From transported 
 specimens, described by Linnaaus (Steud.). 
 
 Curcuma viridiflora of Sumatra. A Scitamineous herb entirely green known there from early 
 times: —termed " tommon giring " by Rumphius v. p. 165. Westward, is described by Roxburgh 
 res. as. xi. 341, and by Nimmo was introduced into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 Hedychium coronarium of the Malayan archipelago. A Scitamineous herb called in the envi- 
 rons of Bombay "sonetukkah" or "doolaba chumpa " (Graham), in Burmah "lan-thas" (Mason); 
 known to grow on Java, and from early times its large white fragrant flowers worn by Malay maidens 
 in their hair : —observed by Rumphius v. pi. 69 (Pers.) ; by Mason v. 429 to 8o 4 " exotic " in Bur- 
 mah, cultivated for its flowers. Westward, was observed by Retz iii. 75 in Hindustan, according to 
 Roxburgh the most charming plant of the order ; by Graham, " in gardens " around Bombay, the 
 flowers worn also in the hair by Hindoos. 
 
446 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Pliny states, that the cultivation does not succeed in Egypt ; a fact confirmed by Abd-allatif, Clot- 
 Bey, and others, and by experience in the same Latitude in Northeast America. Besides being culti- 
 vated, C. cerasus has been observed growing spontaneously in Macedonia and Bithynia (Griseb. 
 spic. i. p. 87), Volhynia, Lithuania, and the Crimea ; and apparently indigenous in the forest South 
 of Caucasus (Ledeb. flor. Ross. ii. p. 6), and called there " bali ; " corresponding therefore to " aloo- 
 baloo," the name under which the cherry is cultivated in Cashmere (Royle ill. p. 85, and A. Dec). 
 Farther South in Hindustan, the tree was found by Lush under cultivation at Dapooree (Graham). 
 From Europe, was introduced into the gardens of America, where, in our Northern States, it is 
 now cultivated abundantly, the fruit though of good quality, inferior to some observed by myself at 
 Venice. 
 
 Asclepiades of Prusa in Bithynia, founder of the Asclepiadean medical sect, teaching rhetoric at 
 Rome in the time of Pompeius Magnus (Plin. vii. 37 and xxvi. 7), and therefore not earlier than this 
 date. 
 
 " 73 B. C. = 'pen-chi,' 1st year of Siouan-ti or Hiao-hiouan-ti of the Han " or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 249). 
 
 72 B. C. (Sm. b. d.), after a successful campaign against the Dardanians and Moesians, the 
 Danube first reached by a Roman army ; led from Macedonia by C. Scribonius Curio. — His triumph 
 over the Dardanians celebrated on his return to Rome " B. C. 71." 
 
 "69 B. C." (Clint, iii. p. 342), by the Romans under Lucullus, Tigranes defeated and expelled 
 from Syria ; and Antiochus Asiaticus established there as king Antiochus VIII. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-seventh generation. B. C. 67, May 1st, mostly beyond youth : the 
 Greek philosophers, Cratippus, Antipater of Tyre, Andronicus of Rhodes, and Jason the stoic ; the 
 historian Theophanes of Lesbos; the chronologer Castor; the medical writer Dioscorides Phacas ; 
 the orator Hybreas ; the grammarians, Demetrius of Magnesia, Tyrannion, Demetrius of Erythrae, 
 Asclepiades of Myrlea the younger, and Aristodemus of Nysa ; the rhetors, Aeschines of Miletus, 
 and Apollodorus of Pergamus : the Latin writers, the poets Catullus, Yarro Atacinus, Calvus Macer, 
 and Bavius ; the satirist Furius Bibaculus ; the mathematician L. Taruntius Spurina; the historians 
 Sallustius, Lucceius, Aelius Tubero ; the orators Hortensius, Q. Cornificius, Furnius, M. Calidius ; 
 the grammarians Valerius Cato, Orbilius Pupillus, Curtius Nicia, Ateius ; the rhetors Antonius 
 Gnipho; and other Latin writers, Cornelius Nepos, Publius Syrus, Pomponius Atticus, and Laberius 
 Decimus. 
 
 Berberis lycium of the Himalayan mountains. The AYKION: INAIKON of Nicostratus — 
 (Gal. comp. med. ix. 6), Apollonius, Niceratus, Servilius Democrates, Aretaeus, and Paulus Aegi- 
 neta, known to Dioscorides as the reported product of a thorny shrub called " loghitithos " having 
 many upright stems three or more cubits high and leaves resembling those of the olive, prepared 
 according to Pliny xii. 15 and xxiv. 77 by cooking the bruised branches and roots in water and 
 exported in bladders of the rhinoceros and camel, and employed medicinally among other purposes 
 against " erosos angulos oculorum," is referred here by Royle (Linn, trans, xvii. p. 83) : B. lycium is 
 described by him as observed on the Himalayan mountains, an extract called " rusot " made by digest- 
 ing in water slices of the root stem and branches of this and other species of barberry employed by 
 the natives against ophthalmia (Lindl.). 
 
 " The same year " (Appian, and Clint.), after " two years " war, Crete subdued by the Romans 
 under Q. C. Metellus. 
 
 "66 B. C." (Cic, and Clint.), in Asia, Lucullus succeeded by Pompey in conducting the Mithri- 
 datic war. 
 
 "65 B. C, Caesar being aedile " (Cic. in Rull. i. 1 and ii. 16, see Clint, iii. p. 392), envoys sent 
 to recover money deposited in Tyre ; the will of Ptolemy Alexander bequeathing Egypt to the 
 Romans not having been found. 
 
 "The same year" (Appian, Blair, and Clint, iii. p. 342), the last of the Seleucidas Antiochus 
 VIII. dethroned by Pompey, and Syria reduced to a Roman province. 
 
 Salvia verbeinua of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in, Britain wild clary 
 (Prior), in Greece "sarkothrophi " or " vouturohorton " or "agrios vasilikos," in which we recognize 
 the "agrion vasilikon" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the AKINOC, mentioned as coronary by the 
 physician Andron — (Athen. xv. 26), by Dioscorides as a coronary herb resembling "dkimS" but 
 fragrant and more hairy, by some persons cultivated : S. verbenaca was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in pastures from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus'. Farther 
 South, the"acinon" is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 and 101 as cultivated both for food and as 
 coronary by the Egyptians ; was known to Athenaeus in Egypt; and S. verbenaca was observed 
 by Delile on the Mediterranean border near Alexandria. Westward, the "akinos " or " akonos " is 
 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " okimastroum " of the Romans; the " silvestri ocimo " is men- 
 tioned by Pliny xx. 48; S. verbenaca is described by Brunfels ii. p. 26 (Spreng), and Triumfetti pi. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 447 
 
 66; is termed "horminum sylvestre lavendulae flore" by Tournefort inst. 178; and is known to 
 grow in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Desf. atl., Curt. lond. vi. pi. 1, 
 and Pers. ; see Mesembryanthemum Copticum, and Salvia sclarea). 
 
 "63 B. C." (Dio, Blair, and Clint.), suicide of Mithridates VI. after defeat by his son, now 
 Pharnaces II. : terminating the Mithridatic war against the Romans. The work of Mithridates 
 on poisons was delivered by Pompey to his own freedman Lenaeus, to translate into Latin (Sm. 
 b. d.). 
 
 Tamarix Germanica of the plains of Tartary and Eastern Europe. A kind of tamarisk called 
 in Italy " tamerigio " or "tamerice" or "mirice" (Lenz), and the ERICEN of Lenaeus, — regarded 
 by some as the "tamaricen" (Plin. xxiv. 41), may be compared: the "tamaris'' or "tamarix" is 
 mentioned by Celsus ii. 33, Columella viii. 15. 4, and the "tamarix scopis tantum nascens " by Pliny 
 xvi. 45 : T. Germanica is described by Miller pi. 262 ; and is known to grow in North Italy (Scop., 
 and Lenz) and middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Moench). Eastward, is termed " t. decandra " 
 by Pallas ; is called "balgou" by the Mongols and Bouriates, and is used by them as a substitute 
 for tea (Klapr.). 
 
 Cytisus scoparius of middle Europe. Called in Britain broom, in the Anglo-Saxon leechbook 
 "brom," in Germany " brame " (Prior), in France "genet" (Nugent), and possibly the SCOPIS- 
 A M E R I N I S to which the ERICEN is likened by Lenaeus : — C. scoparius is described by Linnaeus, 
 and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 313, Engl. bot. pi. 
 1339, and Pers.). The young tops in decoction according to Lindley are "diuretic and cathartic, 
 seeds said to be emetic." 
 
 " In the summer" (Dio, Jos., Clint., and Kitt. cycl. bibl.), after "three months" siege and on 
 the anniversary day of the first overthrow by Nebuchadnezzar, Jerusalem captured by Pompey, and 
 Jewish independence again overthrown. The Jews now passed to the dominion of Rome. 
 
 " October " (Sallust, Blair, and Clint.), at Rome, the conspiracy of Cataline detected by Cicero. 
 Some of the books in Cicero's library were written on parchment — (Pouchet). 
 Semecarpus anacardium of Tropical Hindustan. ATRAMENTO-SVTORIO is mentioned 
 by Cicero, — and Pliny (Ainsw.) ; the "halkanthon" is described by Galen comp. med. viii. 3 as 
 composed in part of " hrusovalanou ; " the "xanthovalanos " is mentioned by Actuarius, and Nico- 
 laus Myrepsus ; the indelible ink-markings on mummy-cloth are derived by Mason v. p. 510 from 
 imported nuts of S. anacardium; and the "baladsir" of Ebn Masawia, I. Ben Amran, Rhazes, I. 
 Ben Ali, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar, is referred to this plant by Sontheimer. Eastward, S. anacar- 
 dium in Hindustan is sometimes called "belader" (ulfaz udwiyeh, Faulkn., Honigb., and J. F. 
 Wats.) ; in which we recognize the "balador" identified by Ebn Baitar with the " anakarthiSn " of 
 the Greeks (Royle antiq. hind , see Cardiospermum) ; is called in Sanscrit "bhela" or " arushkara." 
 in Bengalee "bhela" or "bela-tuki" or " bhola-tuki," in Telinga "nella-jedee ; " was observed in 
 Hindustan by Roxburgh cor. pi. 12, and Wight; by myself, as far as the central portion of the 
 Deccan ; by Gibson and Graham, " common throughout the Concans and in Guzerat, whence a con- 
 siderable quantity of the nuts are exported : " and according to Lindley, the "receptacles eaten like 
 apples when roasted; the pure black acrid juice employed externally by the natives" to "remove 
 rheumatic pains, aches and sprains;" also, " universally used to mark linen:" hence the English 
 name marking nut. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason among the plants of Burmah, the nuts 
 at least "constantly for sale in the bazars." and used for making indelible ink. 
 
 Rumex buceplwlophorus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "atzStoza" (Sibth.) 
 or "agriolapatho" (Fraas) ; and the LA P ATH I • B R E V I S ■ H E R B A of Cicero fin. ii. 8, — and 
 Horace sat. 2, is referred here by Fraas : R. bucephalophorus is described by Columna ecphr. i. pi. 
 150; is termed " acetosa ocymi folio neapolitana " by Tournefort inst. 503; and is known to 
 grow in Italy (Pers., Pollini, and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent in grain-fields at the opening of spring from the Peloponnesus throughout the 
 Greek islands to Cyprus. 
 
 Aristolochia clematitis of the Caucasian countries. Called in Italy with other species " stal- 
 lagio " or " stallogio " or "aristolochia" (Lenz), in which we recognize the long-rooted kind called 
 "£rva aristolohia" by the Romans according to the Syn. Diosc. iii. 5: the A R 1 STO LOC H I A is 
 mentioned by Cicero; —the "pontica" kind, by Pliny xxv. 54 as the most celebrated; and the 
 " aristolochiae masculae " is described by him as having an oblong root as thick as a staff and four 
 digits in length, supposed to impart the power of generating males : A. clematitis is termed " a. cle- 
 matitis recta" by Tournefort inst. 162; and is known to grow in vineyards and hedges in Italy and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1235, Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz) : from 
 its name Saracen's birthwort, is conjectured by Bromfield to have been introduced into Britain during 
 the crusades, is mentioned by Gerarde, and Parkinson, as a cultivated plant only, but has since 
 become naturalized (Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and along the 
 
448 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Black Sea near Constantinople ; and is known to grow to all appearance indigenous in Southern 
 Russia and around Caucasus. Was formerly in high repute for its medicinal properties (Merat diet, 
 i. p. 411), the roots according to Lindley having "been chiefly employed as aids to difficult parturi- 
 tion." (See A. rotunda). 
 
 In or about 62 B. C. (= " 20 yrs after the death of Sertorius," Major edit. Bethenc), Statius 
 Sebosus writing on the Hesperides Islands (Canaries), five of which were known to him. 
 
 Laurus Canariensis of the Canary Islands. A laurel called in Guanche " carisco " (Webb) ; 
 and the trees on the Hesperides growing according to Sebosus to the height of "one hundred and 
 fourteen feet" — (Plin. vi. 37), may be compared: L. Canariensis was observed by Webb on the 
 Canary Islands. From transported specimens, is described by Willdenow (Steud.). 
 
 "61 B. C." (Clint, iv. p. 116), the First era of Gaza 
 
 "60 B. C. = L. Afranius and Q. Metellus Celer consuls," the last-named being proconsul of 
 Gaul, "Indos" leaving "India" for trading purposes were driven by a storm to Germany, and 
 were sent to him by the king of the Suevi — (Nepos, and Plin. ii. 67, possibly the earliest historical 
 notice of America). 
 
 "In this year" (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), coalition of Pompey, M. L. Crassus, and Caesar, over 
 the Romans ; called the " First Triumvirate." 
 
 "The same year" = " 180th Ol." (Diodor. i. 44 to 47, and Clint.), Thebes in Egypt visited by 
 the historian Diodorus Siculus ; the great syenite colossus of Ramessu II., as appears from his 
 description, continuing entire. 
 
 The temple mentioned by Diodorus iii. 211 as venerated by all Arabs, is clearly the Caba on 
 the site of Mecca. The Caba is known to have contained a statue of Abraham (Percev. i. 175), doubt- 
 less placed there by Ishmaelites, and from this time — has continued in the possession of Ishmaelite 
 tribes. 
 
 Tannictum vulgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain tansy, by 
 Askham " tansye," in France " tanaisie," in old French " athanaisie," in medieval Latin in the time 
 of Lyte "athanasia" (Prior p. 35 and 223) : the A6A N ACI A medicine discovered by Isis according 
 to the Egyptians (Diod. i. 30), — mentioned also by Lucian dial, iv, as viper's medicine and high- 
 priced by Galen (Orib. xliv. 4), is referred here by writers : T. vulgare has not been observed in 
 Greece ; but is known to occur in the Crimea (Lindl.) ; and according to Clot-Bey, has been recently 
 introduced into Egypt. Westward, the " tanarita " of the capitularia of Charlemagne is referred 
 here by Antony, and Sprengel : T. vulgare is called in Anglo-Saxon "helde" (leechb. i. 36. 41) or 
 " aenglisc cost" (Lacn. 29, and Coi.kavnc) ; is described by Tragus f. 6t, and Dalechamp pi. ; by 
 Lobel, as cultivated in gardens ; and at the present day, is known to occur along roadsides through- 
 out middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 881,' Pers., and Lindl.). By European colonists, 
 was carried prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where it has become frequent around dwell- 
 ings and along roadsides. The plant according to Lindley is esteemed " tonic and cordial," and 
 Withering says " the flesh-fly will not touch " meat rubbed with the leaves. 
 
 Galactites tomentosa of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "atrogira" (Forsk.), 
 and the CI A AY BON described by Diodorus iv. as an edible thistle AKAN6I0N: Tl: A A PON : KAI: 
 6 AUJA I MO N, — and by Dioscorides as eaten while young cooked with oil and salt, the leaves broad 
 and resembling those of the " hamaileonti leuk<\" may be compared: G. tomentosa was observed 
 by Forskal in Asia Minor and around the Dardanelles, "flore tomentoso caule alato edulis tenera," 
 a tomentose flower winged stem and eaten while tender ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the "silybum" is described by Pliny xxii. 42 
 as growing in Cilicia, Syria, and Phoenicia, the cooking very troublesome. G. tomentosa is termed 
 " carduus galactites " by Tournefort inst. 441, " cnicus galactites " by Deslongchamps ; was observed 
 by Forskal on Malta; is known to grow also in Italy, Barbary and Southern France (AIL, Lam. fl. 
 fr., Cav. iii. pi. 231, and Pers.). 
 
 " In this year " (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), Ta:pah succeeded by his son Papeyan, now Burmese 
 king : * — during whose reign of " sixty-six " years there were great religious dissensions in India. 
 
 * Ervthrina pen-lay-ka-theet of Burmah. The sea coral-tree perhaps already " famous in Budhist 
 mythology as the tree around which the Devas dance till they are intoxicated in Sudra's heaven " — 
 (Mason 531) : E. pen-lay-ka-theet was observed by Mason indigenous and "common" at Toungoo, 
 having " small thorns on the trunk," its flowers " reddish." 
 
 Fagraafragrans of Burmah. A Loganioid tree, called in Burmah " a-nan : " perhaps already 
 regarded by the Burmese " as too good for the laity," but "ought to be confined to sacerdotal pur- 
 poses," — was observed by Mason 543 " used principally for the posts of Budhist edifices " at Tavov, 
 its timber "very hard and excellent:" F. fragrans is described also by Falconer, Roxburgh, 
 Wallich, and Griffith, and according to O'Riley its timber is not subject to attacks of the Teredo or 
 ship-worm. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 449 
 
 " 59 B, C." (Liv., and Clint.), at Rome, an agrarian law carried against all opposition by Caesar ; 
 one of the consuls for this year. The provinces of Illyricum and Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul, 
 assigned to Caesar for five years (Sra. b. d.). 
 
 About this time, the Danube crossed and the country North of the Adriatic ravaged by the Getae 
 or Dacians ; who under their king Boerebistas (compare Ariovistus) had acquired great power. 
 Strabo vii. 3- 5 further states, that Caesar sent an expedition against " VurSvistas." 
 
 Ornithopus compressus of the Mediterranean countries. The " karopithla " of the Dacians, — 
 identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " katanagke," having according to Dioscorides a slender root, 
 long leaves as in " koronopothos," six or seven heads of " 6rov6 "-like fruit that in drying curve 
 towards the earth like the talons of a dead kite, is referred here by Sprengel : the "katanagke" is 
 further identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " arharas " or " arkopous " of the prophets ; and the 
 " catanancem " of Thessaly employed for amatory purposes and detecting magic, is mentioned by 
 Pliny xxvii. 35 : O. compressus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Caria to the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Westward, the " katanagke " or " thamnamSne " or " thionusias " or " thursion " or 
 "themos " or "krotion " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " Srva philikla" or "thatiska" or 
 "iovis mathi5us " of the Romans ; and the " pes milvinus " is mentioned by Columella. . . (Ruel ii. 
 62): O. compressus is termed " ornithopodium scorpioides siliqua compressa" by Tournefort inst. 
 400 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicily, Barbary, and Southern France (Bergeret ii. pi. 191, All., 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Ornithopus ebractcatus of the Mediterranean countries. — The " katanaghe Stfiron" employed 
 like the preceding for amatory philtres by the Thessalian women, and further described by Dioscorides 
 as having a small root, leaves in form and colour like those of the olive but soft and divided spreading 
 on the ground, and small fruit pierced into many parts " Sr£vinthon"-like, may be compared: of the 
 added Synonyms, the "kemos " seems to belong here, for the " cemos " is distinguished by Pliny 
 xxvii. 35 from the " catanancem," but is employed for the same purposes (compare " kemos = l£on- 
 topothion" in Diosc. iv. 129) : O. ebracteatus was observed by Chaubard in the Subalpine portion 
 of the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Dalechamp p. 487 ; and is known to grow in Spain, 
 Portugal, and Southern France (Brot., Vivian., Dec. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Aster tripoliicm of the European seashore, along the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Called in 
 Britain share-wort (Prior), equivalent to the "iggunalis " of the Romans or "vouvSnion" identified 
 in the Syn. Diosc. with the "rathivitha" of the Dacians: — the account by Dioscorides of the 
 "aster attikos " may in part belong here : A. tripolium was.observed by Sibthorp sparingly on the 
 seashore of the Greek islands. Westward, the account of the "aster" or "bubonion" by Pliny 
 xxvii. 19 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides ; A. tripolium is termed "a. maritimus palustris caeru- 
 leus salicis folio" by Tournefort inst. 481, "a. pannonicus " by Jacquin (Bieb.) ; and is known to 
 grow on the seashore of France and Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 87, and Pers.). 
 
 Ervlhrcea centaurium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain earth-gall 
 or lesser centaury, in Anglo-Saxon " eorth-gealle," in Germany " tausendgulden" from "centum 
 aureos " or " centaurium " (Prior), in Italy " centaurea minore " (Lenz), in Greece "thSrmohorton" 
 (Sibth.) or " phlouskouni " (Fraas), in Egypt " kantarian " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the 
 "Mntaurion mikron" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " toulvela " of the Dacians : — the " kSntau- 
 rion mikron kai ISpton " is described by Dioscorides as more than a span high with purplish-red 
 flowers and a diminutive root: E. centaurium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, fre- 
 quent in open situations from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; by Forskal p. Ixiv, around Cairo 
 in E<rypt, and in frequent medicinal use. Westward, the "kgntaurion mikron" or "limnaion " or 
 "aima eraklSous" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "ph£uriphougiam " or "aura moulti 
 rathix " of the Romans ; the " centaurion lepton " or " fel terrae " or "libadion," by Pliny xxv. 31 
 with the " exacon " of the Gauls : E. centaurium is described by Io. lac. Manliis de Bosco f. 72, and 
 Brunfels (Spreng.) ; is termed " centaurium minus " by Tournefort inst. 122 ; and is known to grow 
 from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 617, Rafn, and Pers.). By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues at Oswego on Lake Ontario 
 " near the old fort " (A. Gray). The plant according to Lindley continues to be " collected for use 
 in rustic pharmacy," possessing "all the essential properties of the gentian of the shops." 
 
 Hyoscyamus niger of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon " henne-belle," con- 
 verted after the days of Gerarde into henbane (Prior), in Germany " bilse " or "bilsenkraut " (Grieb), 
 in France " jusquiame " (Nugent), in Italy "giusquiamo " or " josciamo nero "_ or " dente cavallino " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " gerSs " (Fraas), in which we recognize the "uoskuamos" identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the " thiSlSia " of the Dacians, " vilinbuntia " of the Gauls, and "phavoul6nia" of the 
 Tuscans ■ — also the kind of " hyoscyamus " described by Pliny xxv. 17 as " vulgare " and paler, the 
 " jusquianus " of Palladius i. 35 and Vegetius ii. 12, the " hyoscyamon " identified by Beda tabernac. 
 lit 8 with the plant called " acharo " in Britain, and the " acharonia " or " jusqmamus " of Albertus 
 
 57 
 
450 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Magnus virt. herb. : H. niger is described by Lobel adv. . . ; is termed " h. vulgaris vel niger" by 
 Tournefort inst. i tS ; was observed by Munby in Algeria, and is known to occur in waste places in 
 Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Greece and Bithynia somewhat rare ; and is known to occur as far as 
 Casan in Russia and throughout Siberia and Daouria (Wirtz, and Ledeb.). By European colonists, 
 was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in waste places ; to Hindustan, where it is 
 sometimes cultivated by residents (Wall., Lush, and Graham). The capsules and seeds (in accord- 
 ance with the commendation of other species by Scribonius Largus 53, and Dioscorides) "are a rustic 
 remedy for toothach," and further according to Lindley "the leaves produce effects very similar to 
 those of opium,'' and "the infusion dropped into the eye dilates the pupil like belladonna." (See H. 
 albus and H. aureus.) 
 
 lithospermnm officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain griun- 
 mil or gromwell or pearl-plant (Ainsw., and Prior), in Germany "perlkraut" (Grieb), in Italy 
 " miglio al sole " or "litospermo" (Lenz), in which we recognize the " lithosp£rmon " identified in the 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " gonoleta " of the Dacians, — called by some " eraklelan " from the strength of 
 its seeds : L. officinale was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the 
 "lithospSrmon " is further identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " koloumvam " of the Romans ; is 
 described by Pliny xxvii. 74 as growing in Italy though he had seen only a gathered specimen, having 
 "margaritis " among leaves and very wonderful, an herb producing stones : L. officinale is called in 
 an English manuscript of the Fifteenth century " lythewale," in the Ortus sanitatis 296 " milium 
 solis," identified with " granum solis " by Treveris grete herb., and hence the combined English 
 name which according to Turner should be written " gray myle " (Prior) ; is termed " 1. majus erec- 
 tum " by Tournefort inst. 137 ; was observed by Gussone i. p. 2t6 in mountain woods in Sicily ; and 
 is known to occur along roadsides and in wooded situations in Italy and throughout middle Europe 
 as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1084, Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to North- 
 east America, where it continues to occur along roadsides from the St. Lawrence throughout our 
 Northern States. The seeds or nutlets contain lime (A. Dec). 
 
 Lithosp,-) 111 um tenuijiorum of the East Mediterranean countries. — Called in Greece "trahSa: " 
 the " lithospSrmon " growing according to Dioscorides in elevated rough situations and having leaves 
 like those of the olive but longer and broader, upright branches with a terminal bifurcation and 
 among leaflets the round white stony seed equalling a small " orovd," identified in the added Syno- 
 nyms with the " aigSnuhon " or " thiospor5n " or " Sxonuhon " or " ISontion " or " lithos 16 ontike " 
 or " gorgdnion " or " tantalitis," is referred here by Fraas : the " lithospermo " or " aegonychon " or 
 "dios pyron " or " heracleos " growing on Crete is mentioned by Pliny xxvii. 74: L. tenuiflorum is 
 termed "buglossum chium arvense annuum lithospermi folio fiore cxruleo" by Tournefort cor. 6; 
 and was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from Cyprus to Attica. Farther South, by Delile on the 
 Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. 
 
 "58 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), " L. Piso and A. Gabinius '' consuls, Switzerland abandoned by 
 the Helvetii, who having burned all their towns and dwellings proposed acquiring dominion over 
 wider territory in Western Gaul. They were prevented from crossing the Rhone by Caesar i. 2, who 
 built a wall as far as the Jura ; he afterwards followed them into Gaul and defeated them, compelling 
 the surviving " one hundred and ten thousand " to return into their own country. They had left their 
 homes "three hundred and sixty-eight thousand" in number, including "ninety-two thousand " fight- 
 ing men, as appeared from tables written in Greek letters found in the camp. 
 
 Of animals and plants whose relics are intermingled and preserved in debris of the lake-villages 
 of Switzerland, the following species (including those already-mentioned) have been discovered : 
 
 Of water and marsh plants, enumerated (by Heer, in Lee's edit. Keller), Chara vulgaris and C. 
 fatidaj Phragmites communis, Scirpus lacustris, Carices, Scheitchseria palustris, Iris pscudacorus ; 
 Potamogeton perfoliatus, P- compressus, P. natans, and P. fluitans j Ceratophvl/um demersum, 
 Alisma plautago, Polygonum hydropiper, Galium pa/ustrc, Maiyanthes trifoiiata, Pcdnularis palus- 
 tris, Pcuccdaiium palustre, Nymphcca albaj A'uphar luleum and A', pumtlum f j Ranunculus aqua- 
 tilis, R. lici/craccus, R. JIam inula, R. lingua, and 
 
 Hydrocotyle vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white rot 
 or sheep's bane (Prior), in Gothland "spikblad" (Linn.)- — termed "cotyledon palustris '' by 
 Dodoens pempt. 113, " h. vulgaris " by Tournefort. inst. 328, and known to grow from Iceland (Wats.) 
 throughout Europe (Gerarde 528, Curt. lond. vi. 19, fl. dan. pi. 90, and Pers.), also in North Africa 
 and as far as Eastern Asia (Wats.) : was observed by Linnxus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in marshes 
 on Crete and Zacynthus. Possibly by European colonists carried to Jamaica (Pers.), and Australia 
 (Wats.). 
 
 Of ferns, Pteris ai/uiliua : of mosses, undoubtedly used for stopping holes in the walls of the 
 huts and for bedding, Antitrichia curtipcndula ; A'ckcra complanala and A', crispa ; Tliuidium dcli- 
 catu/um, tlnomodoH viticulosus, Leucodou sciuroides, and Hylocomium brevirostrc : 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 451 
 
 Of plants for procuring fire, or tinder fungi, Polyporus igniarius, P. fomentarius ; and Dadalia 
 quercina : 
 
 Of forest trees and shrubs, Pinus sylvestris, P. montana, P. abies, and P. picea; Taxus baccata, 
 Juniperus communis, Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Betula alba, Alnus glutinosa j Salix repens 
 and S. cinerea ; Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Euonymus Europatis, Acer, Sorbus aucnparia, 
 and Rhamnus frangula ; and at Robenhausen, twigs and remains of leaves of Viscum album, the 
 sacred plant of the Gauls : 
 
 Rhamnus franguta of Northern Europe and Asia. — Called in Danish "spregner," in Dutch 
 " sporkenhout," in German " sporkenholz" or " spreckenholz " (Cockayne); in which we recognize 
 the "spracen" of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 15. 4 and xxiii : R. frangula is called in Britain 
 black alder ox berry-bearing alder (Prior) ; is termed "frangula" by Tournefort inst. 612; is known 
 to grow from Lat. 65 30' in Lapland throughout Northern and middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 278, 
 Laestadius, and A. Dec); was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople; and farther 
 East, is known to grow in the Oural and throughout Siberia (Gmel., and Ledeb.). According to 
 Lindley, the berries are emetic. 
 
 Of berried fruits, Pyrus mains, the crab of considerable importance for food, everywhere diffused, 
 and a larger round variety probably cultivated; P. communis, only a few specimens; P. aria; 
 I'runus spinosa, sloes gathered in great abundance ; P. insititia ; Cerasus padus, bird cherries 
 gathered in great abundance ; C. mahaleb, and only at Robenhausen stones of the sweet cherry ; 
 Rosa canina, the seeds in abundance ; Rubus Idceus, R. fruticosus, and Fragaria vesca, the rarest 
 of the three ; Sambucus nigra, and 6". ebulus, seeds of both in abundance ; Vaccinium myrtillus, the 
 seeds rare ; V. vitis-idaa, the leaves only met with ; and Viburnum lantana, the berries in several 
 lake-dwellings : 
 
 Of nuts, Fagus sylvatica, beech-nuts abundant and probably used as food ; Corylus avellana, 
 hazel-nuts including one from Robenhausen bored by the nut-beetle ; and Irapa natans : 
 
 Of bast and fibrous plants, Tilia grandifolia, and T. parvifolia ; Linum angustifolium, cul- 
 tivated : 
 
 Of plants used for dyeing, Reseda luteola may probably have been used for dyeing the linen 
 cloth : 
 
 Of aromatic plants, Carum carui, caraway seeds found at Robenhausen and probably used as 
 condiments. 
 
 Of oil-producing plants, Cornus sanguinea ; and at Robenhausen, a cake of seeds of Papaver 
 somniferum var. antiquum, the seeds probably pressed for oil, or perhaps eaten scattered over bread : 
 
 Of culinary vegetables, Pisum sativum the only kind that can with certainty be traced as far 
 back as the Stone age ; Faba vulgaris var. Celtica nana appearing in the Bronze age of a strikingly 
 small size, such as are never found afterwards ; Ervum lens var. microspermum ; Pastinaca sativa 
 the parsnep ; and Daucus carota the carrot : 
 
 Of cereals or different kinds of grain, Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichum sanctum with Triti- 
 cum vulgare var. antiquorum, both of them small-grained, are the most ancient, most important, 
 and most generally cultivated ; next come Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichum densum, Triticum 
 vulgare var. compactum muticum, Panicum miliaceum, and Setaria Italica _, two-rowed barley, 
 with Triticum vulgare var. dicoccum, T. turgiaum, and T. monococcum, probably only cultivated 
 in a few places as experiments; T. spelta, with Avena sativa, appearing later not till the Lronze 
 age: 
 
 Of weeds of the grain-fields, Centaurea cyanus, at Robenhausen only; Lohum temulentuin , 
 Lappa major, Agrostemma githago, Lychnis vesperiina ; Silene Cretica, unknown at the present 
 day in Switzerland and Germany ; Spergula pentandra, Galium aparine, Medicago minima j Cheno- 
 podium rubrum, C. sp. with striped seeds, and 
 
 Arenaria serpvllifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A diminutive annual called 
 in Britain sand-weed (Prior), remnants in the debris of the lake-villages of Switzerland : — described 
 by Fuchsius 23; termed "alsine minor multicaulis '' by Tournefort inst. 243; and known to occur 
 in fallow ground from Britain throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 32, and Pers.) ; observed 
 by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.); by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on walls and in arid situa- 
 tions from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Bieberstein, along the Taurian 
 mountains. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by Hooker on 
 Iceland, by myself in fallow ground around Salem and Philadelphia, by A. Gray in "sandy waste 
 places" in Central New York, by Short in Kentucky, and by Chapman in "waste places" as far as 
 
 " Florida." 
 
 Ranunculus repens of Europe and Northern Asia. Remnants of this buttercup in debris of the 
 early lake-villages of Switzerland: — R. repens is described by Valerius Cordus 8 (Spreng. praef. h. 
 h.) ; is termed " r. pratensis repens hirsutus " by Tournefort inst. 289 ; is known to grow in moist 
 
452 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 places and cultivated ground from Denmark to the Mediterranean and Barbary (fl. Dan. pi. 795, 
 and Wats.); was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus; and is known to grow around Cau- 
 casus and throughout Siberia as far as Daouria and Kamtschatka (Ledeb.). By European colonists, 
 was carried to Madeira (A. Dec); to Iceland (Wats.) ; to Northeast America, observed by Sheppard 
 around Quebec (Hook.), by myself in moist grass-grown clearings and along river-banks in our 
 Northern and Middle States, completely naturalized, and has been received by Torrey and Gray 
 fl. i. 21 from Georgia and Oregon. 
 
 Stellaria media of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain chickweed, in Anglo-Saxon 
 " cicena-mete " (Prior emend ), by Hildegarde ii. 174 " hunesdarm " (Spreng.), in Egypt " qezazeh " 
 vitreous (Del.), in Japan "fan ru " or usually " fakobi " or "f'agu iera" (Thunb.); and remnants 
 in debris of the early lake- villages of Switzerland: — S. media is termed "morsus gallinae " in the 
 Ortus sanitatis 301, " alsine media " by Tournefort inst. 242, and Linnaeus, " alsine avicularum " by 
 Lamarck ; is described also by Fuchsius ; is known to occur in cultivated ground from Lapland to 
 Algeria (Wats., and Munby) and the Canaries (De Buch) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chau- 
 bard, from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor; by Delile, in Lower Egypt ; is known to occur from 
 Caucasus throughout Siberia (Ledeb.) ; and was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in cultivated 
 ground everywhere in Japan. By European colonists, was carried to Northwest America, observed 
 by Mertens around trading-posts on Norfolk Sound, by Beechey 135 in California, known to occur 
 also between York Factory and Cumberland House (Hook.) and as a common weed throughout the 
 cultivated portions of the United States ; was also carried to Greenland (Wats.) and Iceland (Hook ) ; 
 to the Azores (Wats.) ; to Southern Brazil (Saint-Hil.) ; to the Falkland Islands (J. D. Hook.) ; to 
 Chili (C. Gay); to New Zealand (Raoul); to the Auckland or perhaps Campbell Island (A. Dec. 
 490); to Austral Africa (Drc-e, and E. Mey.) ; and possibly by European colonists to Ceylon, 
 observed by Gardner naturalized in elevated situations, and by Wight on the Neilgherrie mountains 
 farther North. 
 
 Clienopodium album of Northern Climates. Esculent, and called in Britain with other species 
 goose-foot (Prior), in Egypt " fisah klab" (Del.), in Yemen "rockeb el djammel" (Forsk.), in Japan 
 "rei" or usually "akasa" or " akadsa" (Thunb.) ; and remnants in the early lake-villages of Switzer- 
 land: — C. album is termed " atriplex sylv." by Fuchsius 1 19 (Spreng.), " ch. folio sinuato candicante" 
 by Tournefort inst. 506 ; is known to occur in waste and fallow ground from the Feroe Islands and 
 Lapland to the Mediterranean (Martins, Fries, and Pers.) ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Hasselquist, in Palestine ; by Forskal, and 
 Delile, in Egypt ; by Forskal p. 2, frequent in Yemen ; by Graham, and Roxburgh, under cultiva- 
 tion as a potherb in Hindustan, but having no Sanscrit name ; is known to grow in Siberia (Wats.) ; 
 and was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan. Farther East, was observed by Mertens 
 around trading-posts on the American coast at Norton Sound ; by myself, around Chinook villages 
 on Puget Sound, also around the European trading-posts, and clearly indigenous throughout the 
 Interior plains, probably indigenous also in the sands along the Atlantic ; indigenous according to 
 Lindheimer in Texas (A. Dec. 752) ; but a frequent weed in the cultivated portions of the United 
 States, as far as Florida (Chapm.), and received by Moquin from Cuba. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Chili (C. Gay) ; to the Hawaiian Islands (Moq.) ; and to Austral Africa (Drfege). 
 
 Chenopodium polyspermum of Europe and the adjoining portion of_Asia. Remnants of this 
 allied weed also in the early lake-villages of Switzerland : — the " third blitum " of Tragus is referred 
 here by Sprengel praef. h. h. ; C. polyspermum is described also by Gerarde 325 ; is termed "blitum 
 majus polyspermum a seminis copia" by Morison ii. pi. 30, "ch. betae folio" by Tournefort inst. 
 506 ; is known to occur in cultivated ground from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 
 1 153, Engl. bot. pi. 1480, and Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp among rubbish at Constantinople. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, found by C. J. Sprague " a scarce garden- 
 weed about Boston," and by Porter in "woods near Mercersburg and Reading, Penn., naturalized" 
 (A. Gray). 
 
 Of quadrupeds, enumerated by Riitimeyer, the brown bear Ursus arcios, badger Meles vulgaris ; 
 pine marten Mustela foina, at all stations of the Stone age ; marten M. marks, polecat Af. putorius, 
 and ermine M . irmineaj otter Luira vulgaris, fox Cards viripes ; wolf C. lupus, teeth as trophies of 
 the chase ; C. familiaris, from the beginning, var. major occurring only in the Western lakes ; Euro- 
 pean wildcat fclis catus ; hedgehog Erinaceus Enropaus ; beaver Castor fiber, at all stations of the 
 Stone age ; squirrel Sciurus Europceus, Mus sylvatieus, hare Lepus timidus ; wil'd boar Sits scropha, 
 and var. palustris, both in the wild state in the Stone age, and subsequently occurring domesticated; 
 Equus caballus ; E. asiuus, at Wauwyl ; Ccrvus alces, C. elaphus, and C. capreolus ; Capra ibex, 
 and C. liircus; Ovis aria, in the domestic state and from the beginning; Antilope rupicapra ; Bos 
 primigenius, B. bison ; B. laurus, in the domestic state, with the varieties primigenius, brachyceros, 
 trochoceros, and frontosus : 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 453 
 
 Of birds, Aquilafulva, and A. halicetus ; Falco milvus, F. palumbarius, F. buteo, and F. nisus ; 
 Strix aluco, Sturnus vulgaris; Corvus corax, and C. corone j Cinclus aquaticus, Columba palum- 
 bus, Tetrao bonasia, Ciconia alba, Ardea cinerea, Grits cinerea, Fulica atra, Lams sp., Cygnus olor, 
 Anser segetumj Anas boschas, and A. querquedula ; Mergus merganser, and Podiceps minor : 
 
 Of reptiles, Cistudo Europcea, Rana esculenta, R. temporaria, and Bufo vulgaris : 
 
 Of fishes, Salmo salar, Esox lucius, Perca fluvialilis j Cyprinus carpio, C. leuciscus, and C. 
 dobula; Chondrostoma nasus, Lota vulgaris, and Scardinius erythrophthalmus : 
 
 But there are no remains of mice, rats, the domestic cat, nor of the domestic fowl ' : and among 
 plants, there are no traces of rye, Secale cereale ; nor of hemp, Cannabis sativa. 
 
 "The same year " (Liv., and Clint.), before the close of the first campaign of Caesar in Gaul, 
 extending as far as the Sequana (Seine), the German invaders under Ariovistus defeated and driven 
 back beyond the Rhine. 
 
 " The same year" (Porphyr., and Clint, iii. p. 400), arrival in Rome of Ptolemy XI. of Egypt. 
 
 " 57, Jan. 25th " (Forbiger, and Sm. b. d.), at Rome, P. Clodius, no longer tribune, endeavouring 
 to prevent by armed bands the passage of a decree recalling Cicero from banishment. The ensuing 
 dissensions seem alluded to by Lucretius de rerum natura : a poem dedicated to C. Memmius Gemel- 
 lus, praetor in the previous year, — and noticed by Cicero in B. C. 55 as recently published. 
 
 Santolina chamcecyparissus of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in France "aurone" 
 (Batardfl.); and possibly the ABROTONVM of Lucretius vi. 123: — ■ " abrotonites " wine is men- 
 tioned by Columella ; the " avrotonon thelu " is described by Dioscorides as a whitish shrub, with 
 minutely-incised leaves and terminal corymbs of golden flowers, growing on Sicily ; and according to 
 Pliny xxi. 34 to 92 the Sicilian kind is the best, and the "abrotonum " with golden flowers is culti- 
 vated : S. chamaecyparissus is described by Matthioli comm. 513, and Clusius hist. 341 (Spreng.) ; 
 was observed by Lenz in the gardens of Italy ; and is known to grow wild in France and various parts 
 of Southern Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). " S. incana," regarded by Chaubard as not distinct, 
 was observed by him near Mycene in the Peloponnesus. (See Artemisia abrotanum). 
 
 Cistoseira barbata of the coasts of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Probably included in 
 the A LG A- DAB AT-TORVM of Lucretius, — and "alga" of Horace iii. 17. 10, Virgil, Pliny, and 
 Servius : C. barbata is mentioned by Bory as one of the most frequent seaweeds in the Mediterra- 
 nean ; was observed by him, and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus to the Propontis near Constanti- 
 nople ; and by Delile, near Alexandria in Egypt. Farther North, is known to grow in the Atlantic 
 as far as Britain (Gooden. and Woodw. linn, trans, iii. 128, and Engl. bot. pi. 2170). 
 
 " The same year = 1st year of the ' ou-foung ' of Siouan-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning 
 of the Forty-fourth cycle. 
 
 "56 B. C." (Clint.), Caesar in Illyria, acquiring knowledge of the bordering nations, recalled by 
 war breaking out in Gaul. 
 
 "The same year " (=326 B. C. — " 140 — 130 yrs." of Masudi, Wilf. as. res. ix. 181, and Colebr. 
 algbr. ind. 43), the Saca era of the Hindus; the Saca or Scythians having entered Hindustan 
 repelled by Vikramaditya king of Malwa at Ujayin. The death of Puchpamitra, last king of the 
 Maurya dynasty, possibly coincident, the predicted " five hundred years " of Budhist supremacy 
 (Avadan. asok., Chinese writings, and Burn. i. 432 and ii. 365) having expired. — The era continues 
 111 use " through all the countries north of the Nerbadha " (Elph. iv. 1 ). 
 
 As early perhaps as this year, certain trees held sacred to three Budhas supposed to have lived 
 before Gautama. Anterior Budhas — are mentioned in the Avadana asoka, and Saddharma pundarika 
 (Burn. i. 38S to ii. 24). 
 
 Acacia (Albizzia) lebbek of the Siamese countries. An umbrageous tree called by Hindu resi- 
 dents in Yemen " serisch '' (Forsk ), in Persian "sirish," in Sanscrit "siris," in Bengalee " sirisha " 
 (J. F. Wats.) or " siris-gachh," in Hindustanee " siris," in Telinga " dirisana," in Tamil " kattuvagai " 
 (Drur.), in Burmah "seet" (Mason) ; and consecrated to the first Budha — (Burn. i. 388 to 396). The 
 "sirisha" is mentioned by Bhavabhuti mal. 10 ; its flowers according to Kalidasa kum. v. 4 and ragh. 
 xvi. 48 will sustain the foot of a bee but not of a bird ; and is prescribed by Susrutas : A. lebbek 
 was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, Graham, and myself, a common tree of rapid growth from 
 Bombay to Travancore and Coromandel, planted in gardens and along roadsides, but in Northern 
 India "considered unlucky to employ the timber in house-building" (Drur.) ; is enumerated by 
 Mason v. 529 as indigenous in Burmah, its wood said to be " dark colored and very hard." West- 
 ward, was observed by Forskal planted at Beit-el-fakih in Yemen ; by Bruce trav. vi. pi. 4, in Abys- 
 sinia ; by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in the gardens of Egypt. By European colonists, was carried 
 to the Mauritius Islands, where it has become naturalized (Boj.). From transported specimens, is 
 described by Plukenet mant. pi. 331. 
 
 "55 B. C." (Cic, Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 395), with the concurrence of Pompey, Ptolemy XI. 
 Auletes restored by a Roman army, entering Egypt under the proconsul A. Gabimus. 
 
454 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " September " (Oros., Blair, and Clint.), Caesar after defeating the Germans across the Rhine and 
 entering Britain, returning to the main land. 
 
 The V R V S of Caesar has been already noticed ; but the name claims attention from being clearly 
 French : — to the present day, notwithstanding the disappearance of the animal, the word "ure" is 
 retained in French dictionaries, a record of the extinction of an idea (see Bos urus). 
 
 Lycopus vulgaris of Northern climates. The Gauls are described by Caesar bell. gall. v. 14 as 
 colouring their bodies with V I TR VM to strike terror into their enemies — (see also Marcell. Burdigal. 
 ii. 23) ; and according to Pliny xxii. 2, the British matrons and bride preparing to walk naked in 
 certain religious ceremonies, smear the whole body with " glastum " so as to imitate the colour of 
 Ethiopians : the two names are evidently translations, one from the other : L. vulgaris according to 
 Lyte is called gipsey-wort, because those people "colour themselves black with this herbe " (Prior) ; 
 an account repeated by Withering, and Burnett states that the plant " is known to make a good black 
 dye" (Lindl.). L. vulgaris is described by Matthioli p. 711, and Plukenet aim. pi. 45; is termed 
 " 1. palustris glaber" by Tournefort inst. 191; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles, and is 
 known to grow in Barbary and Portugal and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Desf., 
 Brot., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus to 
 Smyrna and Constantinople, troublesome in gardens ; and is known to grow along the Taurian moun- 
 tains and throughout Siberia as far as China (Gmel., Bieb., and Lindl.). Farther East, was observed 
 by Scouler at the Straits of De Fuca, and is known to grow from the Saskatchewan and Arkansas 
 throughout Canada and our Atlantic States as far as Florida (Ell., Nutt, Druram, A. Gray, and 
 Chapm.). According to Lindley, occurs also in the Southern Hemisphere, in Tasmania and 
 Australia. 
 
 "54. B. C." (Cic, and Clint), Second expedition of Caesar into Britain. And "in the winter,'' 
 his war in Gaul against Ambiorix. 
 
 " 53 B. C." (Dio, and Clint.), death of M. L. Crassus, defeated beyond the Euphrates by the 
 Parthians. Taking advantage of the situation, Pharnaces II began to extend his authority beyond 
 the limits assigned by the Romans; — and on the breaking out of civil war, defeated the combined 
 forces of the Romans and Galatians, and obtained possession of Colchis, lesser Armenia, and the 
 whole of Pontus (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 "52 B. C." (Cic, Dio, and Clint.), after the death of P. Clodius, Pompey created sole consul. 
 
 "51, May'' (Porphyr., Clint, iii. p. 400 and Sm. b. d.), in Egypt, accession of Cleopatra, in con- 
 junction with her brother Ptolemy XII. Her hieroglyphic ovals occur on various monuments ; as on 
 the small temple built by her at Erment or Hermonthis. She also founded the temple at Dendera. 
 
 " 50 B C." (Cic, Blair, and Clint.), Caesar ordered by the Senate to disband his army, and 
 refusing unless Pompey should do the same, commencement of civil war. 
 
 Hardly later than this date, the medical sect of Methodici founded by Themison, a pupil of 
 Asclepiades of Bithynia. He is regarded as the first physician who employed leeches — (C. Aurel. 
 morb. chron. i. 1. p. 286). He died " B. C. 43 " (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Plantago lagopus of the Mediterranean countries. The "minor" of two kinds seemingly 
 included in the " vulgarem herbam plantaginem" celebrated by Themison, growing in meads and 
 having narrower and blacker leaves closely resembling a sheep's tongue, its stem angular inclined 
 towards the ground — (Plin. xxv. 39), or the " arnogl6ss6n mikron " having according to Dioscorides 
 narrower softer smoother and more delicate leaves, its stem angular inclined towards the ground, 
 flowers pale yellowish and seed at the top of the stem, is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : P. 
 lagopus was observed by them, and Chaubard, abounding in dry sunny situations from the Pelopon- 
 nesus throughout the Greek islands. Farther South, the "radschil elarnab " is mentioned by Ebn 
 Baitar ; and P. lagopus was observed by Rauwolf 6 in Syria, by Delile around Cairo in Egypt. 
 Westward, the " arnoglosson " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the "plantago minor" of the 
 Romans : P. lagopus is described by Morison iii. pi. 16 ; is termed " p. angustifolia paniculis lagopi " 
 by Tournefort inst. 127, and is known to grow in Spain and Southern France (Pers., and Bory)° 
 
 Juniperus sabina of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain savine from the Sabine dis- 
 trict of Italy (Prior), in France " savinier " or " sabine " (Nugent), in Italy "sabina" (Lenz), in 
 which we recognize the "erva savina " of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc. with the B PA6YOC 
 of Themison — (Asclepiad., and Gal. comp. med. gen. vii. 12), and of the two kinds described by 
 Dioscorides, the " vrathu etgron " having tamarisk-like leaves : J. sabina was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Fraas, on the mountains of Greece, Parnassus, the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow also 
 throughout Siberia as far as the mountains of Daouria (Gmel., and Pall, pi 56), or according to A. 
 Decandolle throughout two-thirds of the Subarctic circuit of the Globe. Westward from Greece, 
 the "brathys" is mentioned by Scribonius Largus 154, is identified by Pliny xvii. 21 and xxiv. 61 
 with the "herba sabina " cultivated in Italy, mentioned also by Propertius iv. 3. 58, and Columella : 
 the "savina" is enumerated among cultivated plants in the Capitularia of Charlemagne, and J. sabina 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 455 
 
 continues to be cultivated in Britain ; is described by Bauhin . . . ; and is known to grow wild on the 
 mountains of Italy, and as far as Portugal and middle Europe (Pers., Daub., and Lenz). "Oil of 
 savin" according to Lindley "is a powerful local stimulant, acting when applied to the skin as a rube- 
 facient and vesicant," and though dangerous and uncertain when swallowed, is employed in female 
 complaints. (Compare J. Phoenicia var. Lycia.) 
 
 "48 B. C. = ' tsou-youan,' 1st year of Youan-ti or Hiao-youan-ti, of the Han" or Seventh 
 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 Sinapis arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon "cerlice," 
 in a manuscript of the Fourteenth century "szerlock," in Scotland " skelloch," in current English 
 callock or carlock or charlock or wild mustard (Prior), in Greece " lampsane " or " lapsana," in which 
 we recognize the "lapsana" on which Caesar's army was obliged to live at Dyrrachium — (Plin.), 
 and the "lampsane" of Dioscorides, a wild potherb whose stem and leaves are cooked and eaten 
 and are more nutritious than "lapathou : " S. arvensis was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, fre- 
 quent from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the " lampsane" is identified in the 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " Suthmoi " of the Egyptians. Westward, with the "napioum" of the Romans: 
 the "lampsana" or "lapsana" is mentioned by Varro ii. 16, and Columella, by Celsus as esculent, 
 and by Pliny xx. 37 as among " silvestres brassicas," a foot high with hairy leaves closely resembling 
 those of " napi : " S. arvensis is described by Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. arvense praecox 
 semine nigro " by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Gussone ii. p. 202 in Sicily, and is known 
 to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 
 753, Pers., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has 
 become a weed in grain-fields ; and to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer naturalized. 
 
 Sinapis incana of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "vrouva" or " lahana tou 
 vounou" (Fraas) or '• lapsana tou vounou" (Sibth.), and the " lampsane " in question — is referred 
 here by Fraas : S. incana was observed by him frequent in Greece. Westward, is described by 
 Hermann parad. pi. 115; and is known to grow in Switzerland, France, Spain, and Portugal 
 (Pers.).- 
 
 " Aug. 9th " (Blair, Clint, and Sm. b. d.), Pompey defeated by Caesar at Pharsalia in Thessaly, 
 and sailing to Egypt, put to death " Sept. 29th " by the guardians of the young Ptolemy XII. ; then 
 engaged in war with the expelled Cleopatra at Pelusium. 
 
 " In autumn" (Clint, iv. p. 274), the Cilician era of Aegae. 
 
 "47, January" (Blair, Clint., and Sm. b. d ), Mithridates of Pergamus with an army from 
 Cilicia and Syria having reached Pelusium, landing of Caesar; who joining forces defeated the Egyp- 
 tians under Ptolemy XII., and obtained full possession of Alexandria. Caesar next proceeded to 
 Zela in Pontus, where he defeated Pharnaces II.; and returning in "July" to Rome, was made 
 annual dictator. 
 
 "December" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, O. Fufius Calenus and P. Vatinius appointed consuls for 
 the remainder of the year by the dictator Caesar. The poet Catullus at this time writing (carm. 53 
 and 113). 
 
 Pinus mughus of middle Europe. The torch-pine of the French; the TEDA of Catullus,— 
 Viro-il geor. ii. 431, Ovid, and Juvenal, described by Pliny xvi. 19 to 30 as growing on the mountains, 
 more abounding in resinous juice than other pines, and used for fire and light in religious ceremonies, 
 may therefore be compared : P. mughus is known to grow on the Alps, from Switzerland to Austria 
 and Silesia (Jacq. rar. i. pi. 193, Pers., A. Dec, and Daub.). " P. pumilio," regarded as not distinct, 
 affords Hungarian balsam (Lindl.). 
 
 "46 B. C." (Censorin., Blair, and Clint), the calendar corrected by Caesar through the aid of 
 Sosi<*enes of Alexandria : and this so-called " Year of confusion " made to consist of " fifteen months 
 and four hundred and forty-five days." 
 
 " 44 B. C." (Appian, and Clint.), after his victory in Spain, Caesar made " dictator for life and 
 consul for ten years ; " an appointment soon followed by his death by the hands of conspirators. In 
 his honour, the month Quintilis received the name of " Julius " through the surviving consul Antony 
 (Cic, and Censorin.). 
 
 Departure of Cleopatra from Rome after the death of Caesar (Cic , and Clint, iii. p. 397). 
 
 "43 B. C." (Sen. ep. 91, and Clint, iv. p. 41), by Plancus, a Roman colony established at Lug- 
 dunum in Gaul (the founding of the city of Lyons). 
 
 "April" (Sueton., Tac, and Sm. biogr. diet), battle at Mutina. The consul C. Vibius Pansa 
 dying of his wounds, his physician Glycon was imprisone'd on suspicion. 
 
 Aristolochia tonga of the Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. Called in Greece " ampSlo- 
 klathoriza," in which we recognize the "aristolochia clematitis" and its " sarmentorum " used by 
 ointment-makers according to Glycon — (Scribon. Larg. 206), and Dioscorides : A. longa was 
 observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. Westward, a kind of " aristolochia " called " clematitis " 
 
456 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 or by others "cretica" is described by Pliny xxv. 54 as having a root " longissimae tenuitatis vitis 
 novellae:" A. longa is termed "a. longa vera" by Tournefort inst. 162, and is known to occur in 
 Carniolia, Italy, and as .far as Portugal (Mill. pi. 51, and Pers.). Eastward from Greece, was 
 observed by Thunberg in Japan. The plant according to Lindley continues in medicinal use. 
 
 "Nov. 27th" (Blair, and Clint), the "Second Triumvirate" over the Romans; established by 
 Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, to continue "five years." 
 
 " 42 B. C."' (Blair, and Clint.), defeat and death of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi in Macedonia. 
 
 "41 B. C." (Appian, and Clint, iii. p. 216 and 228), first visit of Antony to Egypt. 
 
 The earliest Latin inscriptions in Egypt, are perhaps those on coins issued by Antony and 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 "38 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), unsuccessful naval warfare of Antony and Octavius against Sextus 
 Pompeius. 
 
 "37 B C." (Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 220), the Jews having been conquered by Sossius, Herod 
 appointed by Antony king at Jerusalem. 
 
 " The same year " (Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 220), return of Antony to Italy ; and the renewal of the 
 Triumvirate between him, Octavius, and Lepidus, for "another five years." 
 
 "36 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), renewal of naval war, and Sextus Pompeius defeated. The fall 
 also of Lepidus, who had taken part against Octavius. And in the East, the Parthian war and dis- 
 astrous retreat of Antony from Media. 
 
 In this year, Varro "eighty" years old writing on Agriculture "re rustica." — He died "B. C. 
 28" (Sra. b. d.). 
 
 Viburnum opalus of middle and Northern Europe. Called in Britain water-elder (Prior), in 
 France in the time of Ruel "opierus" or "obierus," in current French "obier" (Nugent): the 
 OPVLVS of Varro i. 8, — and Columella v. 6. a shrub resembling the cornel, is referred here by 
 Ruel i. 105, and others : V. opulus is described also by Cordus, Tragus, Matthioli, Gesner, Dodoens, 
 Thalius, and Tabernsmontanus ; is termed "opulus Ruellii " by Tournefort inst. 606; and is known 
 to grow in the woods of France and middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 661, Lam. fl. fr., 
 Engl. bot. pi. 332, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in the environs 
 of Constantinople. The cultivated variety called guelder-rose or snowball tree (Prior) from the en- 
 larged and barren flowers, is figured by C. Bauhin ; and by European colonists was carried to North- 
 east America, where it continues under cultivation for ornament. 
 
 Acer opalus of the West Mediterranean countries. Possibly the "opulus" of Varro, — and 
 Columella : A. opalus is described as an arborescent shrub (Pers.) ; is termed " acer opalum " by 
 Crescenzio (Spreng.), "a. italum" by Lauth, "a. hispanicum " by Pourret, "a. opulifolium" by 
 Yillars, and is known to grow in Italy (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Tritkum monococaim of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Single-seeded wheat is called in Ger- 
 many "einkorn" (Grieb), in France " locular " (Fee), in Italy "farragine" (Targ.), in which we 
 recognize the FARRAGO of Varro, — Virgil, Columella, and others: the " z£ia aplc " single-seeded 
 kind of Dioscorides clearly belongs here : T. monococcum is enumerated by Link as frequent in 
 Greece (Chaub.), but according to Fraas is no longer cultivated there. Westward, occurs in the 
 debris of the ancient lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon) ; is described by Morison viii. pi. 6, and 
 Haller helv. 1425 (Pers.), but its cultivation in middle Europe continues unimportant (A. Dec). 
 In its wild state, is said by Bieberstein to grow from the Crimea to Eastern Caucasus, but this has 
 not been confirmed by other observers (See T. spelta). 
 
 Scirpus (Isolepis) setaccus of Temperate Climates. A diminutive annual kind of rush; and 
 the SCIRPICVLVS mentioned by Varro as made into a little wheel — (Ainsw.), may be compared : 
 I. setaceus is termed " s. omnium minimus capitulo breviore " by Tournefort inst. 528, "s. filiformis" 
 bv Savi as observed by him in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe 
 as far as Denmark and Iceland (Hook., fl. Dan. pi. 311, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 
 Sibthorp in marshy ground on the island of Seriphus. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to 
 grow in Australia (Wats.). 
 
 " 35 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), the Illyrians defeated by Octavius. According to M. Antonius (Sueton. 
 aug. 63), Octavius had sought in marriage the daughter of the Dacian king Cotiso. 
 
 " 34 B. C." (Liv., and Clint.), expedition of Antony into Armenia, and king Artavasdes 
 imprisoned. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-eighth generation. B. C. 34, Sept. 1st, mostly beyond youth : the 
 historian Ptolemaeus of Mendes ; the Greek philosophers, Boethus of Sidon, Athenaeus of Seleucus, 
 Nestor of Tarsus, and Pollio of Tralles ; the physicist Athenodorus of Tarsus ; the historians, Tim- 
 agenes, Nicolaus of Damascus, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus ; the grammarians Tvrannion the 
 younger, Conon, Demetrius of Adramyttium, and Didymus ; the rhetors, Timagenes of Alexan- 
 dria, Theodorus of Gadara, Caecilius, Hermagoras the younger, and Dionysius of Pergamus ; other 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 457 
 
 Greek writers, Parthetiius : the Latin writers, the poets Tibullus, Propertius, Quintilius Cremonensis, 
 Varius Rufus, Aemilius Macer ; the historian Livius ; the orators Munatius Plancus, Atratinus ; the 
 grammarian Caecilius Epirota; the editor Plotius Tucca; the rhetors Porcius Latro, Cestius of 
 Smyrna, Passienus, Albutius Silo, M. Seneca Rhetor; other Latin writers, C. Melissus, Tullius 
 Tiro, C. Asinius Pollio, Messala Corvinus ; the Roman actors, Pylades, and Bathyllus ; the Roman 
 painter Arellius (Bryan). 
 
 "33 B. C." (Dio, and Clint.), Media and Armenia conquered by the Parthians (Persians). 
 
 " 32 B. C. = ' kien-chi,' rst year Tching-ti or Hiao-tching-ti, of the Han " or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. p. 253). 
 
 " I" this year " (Jap. centen. comm. 95), a ravine dyked in Japan by the emperor Sujin ; forming 
 a reservoir * irom which water was drawn as required to irrigate rice-fields. — Similar construc- 
 tions, some resembling small lakes, "are now to be met with in many parts of Japan." 
 
 "At this time " (Plut., and Clint.), the Libraries at Pergamus said to contain "two hundred thou- 
 sand volumes." 
 
 About this time (see Percev. i. 186), Conos son of Maadd, seeking to expel his brother Nizar 
 from the Mecca territory, driven away by the people. Nizar was elected chief, and is reckoned the 
 nineteenth progenitor of Mohammed. 
 
 "31, Sept. 2d" (Dio, Blair, and Clint.), at Actium, Antony and Cleopatra defeated in naval com- 
 bat by Octavius. 
 
 "30 B. C." (Porphyr., Oros., and Clint), death of Antony ; and on " Sept. 30th," of Cleopatra; 
 the independence of Egypt ceasing, and Octavius becoming the undisputed master of the Roman 
 world. — From this time gold disappears from the Egyptian coinage. 
 
 The removal of obelisks from Egypt, initiated by Octavius. He also continued the temple at 
 Dendera ; and his hieroglyphic ovals occur at Talmis, Kalabsheh, Debot, Dendur, Philae, and on the 
 temple to Isis at Thebes. 
 
 Cornelius Gallus, appointed by him prefect over Egypt, is accused of permitting statues of him- 
 self to be erected, and of having pillaged the city of Thebes. 
 
 " In this year " (Jap. centen. comm. 88, see also Art de verif.), end of the reign of Sujin. He 
 was succeeded by Suinin or Synin, third son of the dairo Siunsin, and now eleventh dairo of Japan. 
 
 " B. C. 29, and under Suinin '' (Jap. centen. comm. 59), " human figures were formed of clay to 
 be buried together with the deceased members of the imperial family, and in this manner to replace 
 the servants who were otherwise obliged to accompany their masters into the grave." 
 
 "In this year" (Dio, and Clint.), Third closing of the temple of Janus, the Romans being at 
 peace among themselves and with all nations. 
 
 Reseda luteola of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain weld or woold or 
 yellow-weed, in Spain "gualda" (Prior), in Greece " ohistra," in Egypt "uaeha; " or " blyhah : " the 
 L VT VM of Vitruvius, — Virgil, used for dyeing according to Pliny xxxiii. 26, is referred here by Fe"e : 
 R. luteola is termed " luteola herba salicis folio " by Tournefort inst. 423, is known to occur along 
 roadsides and in waste ground throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 320, and Pers.), and continues 
 to be employed for dyeing yellow. Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 from the Dardanelles to the Peloponnesus. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, Delile, and 
 Clot-Bey, in gardens and growing spontaneously around Cairo. By European colonists, was car- 
 ried to Northeast America, where it has been observed " along roadsides in W. New York etc." (A. 
 Gray). 
 
 Salix caprea of Europe and Northern Asia. The " erratica " willow distinguished from the cul- 
 tivated kind by Vitruvius viii. 13, — mentioned also' by Pliny xix. 8, is referred here by Billerbeck : 
 S. caprea is termed " s. latifolia rotunda" by Tournefort inst. 591; is' known to grow in Italy and 
 throughout Northern and middle Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Vaill., Thuill., fl. Lap. pi. 8, 
 Hook., Pers., and Pollini) ; and according to Lindley, all the sallows should probably be compre- 
 hended under this species. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in certain 
 localities in the Peloponnesus ; by Pallas, on the Ural mountains ; and is known to grow throughout 
 Subarctic Asia (Wats., and A. Dec). The species is officinal in the Dublin pharmacopaea, and in 
 that of London for 1824 (Lindl.). 
 
 * Pinus densifiora of Northern Japan. Called by the Ainos "kui," by the Japanese "aka mats" 
 (Sieb.), and from early times used by them in hydraulic constructions "in very damp ground" — 
 (Jap. centenn. comm. 95) : described by Sieb. and Zucc. ; known to grow throughout Japan as far 
 as Yeso; and enumerated by Siebold p. 41 and 170 among the kinds especially fit for shipbuilding 
 and supplying masts. The " kouai " of the Chinese and "finoki " or "saki-kousa" of the Japanese, 
 enumerated in the San-kokf transl. Klapr. among the productions of Yeso, may be compared. 
 
458 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Carcx acuta of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain with other species segs or sedge, 
 in Anglo-Saxon "secg" (meaning also a small sword, Prior), and the CAR ECT VM of Vitruvius,— 
 and Virgil eel. iii. 20, and " carice pastus acuta" of geor. iii. 231, are referred here by Billerbeck : the 
 " segg "is mentioned in a Wycliffite translation of Ex. iii. 2 (Prior) : C. acuta is known to grow from 
 the Mediterranean throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Icehnd (Curt, 
 lond. iv. pi. 62, Hook., Pers , and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on 
 the mountains of the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow about Caucasus and in Siberia (Bieb , 
 and Wats.). 
 
 The NIGRVM • INDICVM of Vitruvius, — and Pliny, is referred by Beckmann to India ink : 
 and Pliny xxxv. 25 expressly mentions a kind of ink imported from India The " medan " of Paulus 
 Aegineta is also referred here by F. Adams. " India." ink, notwithstanding the name, is a Chinese 
 manufacture. 
 
 " 28 B. C." (Hieronym., and Clint.), the Pythagorean and Magian Anaxilaus of Larissa, expelled 
 from Rome and Italy by Octavius. 
 
 Valerianella olitoria of Sicily. Called in Britain com salad or lamb's lettuce, classed formerly 
 with lettuces and called in medieval Latin " lactuca agnina " (Prior), called in France " doucette " or 
 " mache " (Nugent) : the " lactucula; thyrsus " eaten habitually by Augustus to allay thirst — (Sueton. 
 77), or " teneris frondens lactucula fibris '' of Columella, may be compared : V. olitoria is termed 
 "sallade de chanoine " by Lobel hist. 412; is described also by Tabernaemontanus i. 475, and 
 Gerarde em. pi. 348 ; is known to occur in cultivated ground from Barbary throughout middle Europe 
 as far as Sweden (Linn. fl. suec, and Pers.) : and only in Sicily in mountain meads and the open 
 country (Gussone i. 30, and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Bory and Chaubard in cultivated 
 ground in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues in cultivated and fallow ground in our Middle States, and is brought to market in the early 
 spring. 
 
 "27, January" (Blair, and Clint.), the Augustan era. The title " augustus " conferred by the 
 Roman Senate on Octavius, accompanied with the power of imperator for ten years, the censorship, 
 and absolute exemption from the laws. 
 
 Proceeding to Spain, Augustus wrote to Virgil, who in reply states that the Aeneid is not in a fit 
 state to send, hardly begun — (Macrob. sat. i. 24, and Sm. b. d.). The death of Marcellus in " B. C. 
 23 " is alluded to in aen. vi. 883, and the poet died " Sept. 22d, B. C. 19." 
 
 Cissnsviii^iuca of Hindustan. The AMOMVM'ASSYRIVMof Virgil georg. iv. 25, — attributed 
 to Mesopotamia by Strabo xvi p. 290, to Media and Pontus by Dioscorides, to Carduene by Josephus 
 antiq xx. 2, "'indica vite labrusca " according to Pliny xii. 2$, is referred here by Plukenct and 
 others: the similar " amimithi " with which according to Dioscorides it was adulterated, seems in 
 some respects to correspond : C. vitiginea was received from India by Plukenet mant. pi. 337; was 
 observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, in " Kennery jungles etc. common in the rains," by 
 Wight in other parts of the peninsula, and by Roxburgh in Bengal, but no known uses are recorded. 
 
 Gossypntin arboreum of Abyssinia and Yemen. A shrub called in Egypt " cotn el sadjar " tree 
 cotton, in Yemen "otb" or " ddjas " (Forsk.), and possibly the cotton-plant attributed by Virgil geor. 
 ii. 120 to Ethiopia : — a shrub " fruticem quern aliqui gossypion vocant plures xylon," small and grow- 
 ing in the higher part of Egypt towards Arabia, is mentioned by Pliny xix. 2. 3, but the fibres of G. 
 arboreum are not known to have been woven into cloth : the shrub was observed by Forskal, and 
 Delile, in the gardens of Egypt; by Foiskal, p. 125, under cultivation in Yemen, and var. rubrum 
 wild on the mountains; is known to grow wild also in Abyssinia (A. Rich. p. 64). Eastward, is 
 described by Rumphius iv. pi. 13 ; was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, " generally 
 to be met with about houses and in gardens as an ornamental shrub ; " in other parts of Hindustan 
 according to Royle him. 99 only near temples, occurring beyond as far as Celebes (A. Dec). 
 
 Arctium lappa of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon "elate," by Chaucer, 
 and by Galfridus pr. pm. " clote,". in current English clot-bur or burdock, in Germany "klette," in 
 France " bardane " (Prior), in Italy " bardana " (Lenz), in Greece "platea" or " platumanlulitha ;" 
 in which we recognize the LAPPA of Virgil geor. i. 153 to iii. 385, — "tenax lappa" of Ovid, or 
 "personatam " bearing according to Pliny xxv. 58 " grandes lappas " and leaves than which none are 
 "latius : " A. lappa is termed " 1. major arctium Dioscoridis" by Tournefort inst. 4^0 ; and is known 
 to occur in waste ground in Italy and throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 55, and Pers.). 
 Eastward, the "persolata" known to all is identified by Pliny xxv. 66 with the "arcion" of the 
 Greeks; and the "persSnakSam " or •' lappan " of the Romans, in Syn. Diosc. with the " prosbpion " 
 or " pros6pitha " or " arkeion ; " described by Dioscorides as having hairy leaves resembling those of 
 "kolokunthes" but larger, a large root, and employed for various medicinal purposes : A. lappa was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in shaded waste ground in Northern Greece, more rare in Attica 
 and on the Greek islands. Farther South, the "arkthion acher '' of Ebn Baitar is referred here by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 459 
 
 Sontheimer. Farther East, is known to occur in Siberia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and 
 Thunberg, everywhere along roadsides in Japan and called " gobo " or " uma bufuki." By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in waste ground. The 
 root according to Sprengel is esculent ; and according to Lindley, is employed medicinally, and 
 "reckoned tonic, aperient, sudorific, and diuretic." 
 
 Viburnum Ian tana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain lilhy-tree 
 (Prior), in France "viorne" (Nugent), in Italy "lentaggine" or "lantana" or "viburno" (Lenz), 
 in Greece " klSmaxitha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the V I B V R N A termed L E N T A by Virgil 
 eel. i. 25, — mentioned also by Columella v. 6 : the "lythwyrt" is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon 
 transl. Apul. 29 and 1 27 : V. lantana is described by Dodoens pempt. 769 ; is termed " wayfaring 
 tree" or "wayfarer" by Gerarde, "viburnum" by Tournefort inst. 607; and is known to grow in 
 Italy and throughout middle Europe, occurring in hedges in Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 341, Lam. fl. fr., 
 Pers., and Prior). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Valeriana saliunca of Switzerland. Called in Celtic "saliunca " (Val. Cord. p. 2, and Spreng) ; 
 in which we recognize the SALIVNCA of Virgil eel. v. 17, — growing according to Pliny xxi. 20 and 
 83 in Pannonia and " Norici alpiumque aprica," used medicinally, and placed among clothing on 
 account of its pleasant odour; also the " saliougka " so-called according to Dioscorides by the 
 natives of the Ligurian Alps where it grows : V. saliunca is described by Dalechamp p. 982, Allioni, 
 Villars, and is known to grow on the Southern prolongation of the Alps, on mount Meri in Savoy, 
 and on mount Ventoux (Reuter, Martins, and A. Dec). The root, according to Wulffenius, and 
 Sprengel, is exported from Trieste Eastward in large quantities to mix in ointments. (See V. 
 celtica.) 
 
 Vaccinium vitis-idaea of Subarctic Climates. A depressed small shrub called in Britain cow- 
 berry (Prior); in which we recognize the VACCINIA gathered according to Virgil, — mentioned 
 also by Vitruvius vii. 14, and Ovid trist. i. 5, by Pliny xvi. 31 as cultivated by slaves in Italy, but in 
 Gaul used to dye garments purple : " red whortle-berries " were adopted as the badge of the M'Leod 
 clan in Scotland (Vincent's ed. Haydn) : V. vitis-idaea is termed " myrtillus exiguus " by Tragus 
 (Spreng.); was observed by Savi on the Appenines ; is known to grow in Switzerland, and Northern 
 Europe as far as Lapland and Greenland (fl. Dan. pi. 40, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, on the 
 higher portion of Caucasus (Bieb.) and throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Gmel., and Pall.). 
 Farther East, was observed by Mertens at Norfolk Sound in Alaska; by Drummond, in Lat. 54 
 on the Saskatchawan ; by Richardson, near the Arctic Sea in Lat. 65 ; by myself, from the Lower 
 St. Lawrence throughout the neighbouring portion of New England; by Oakes, as far as Lat. 42° 3c/ 
 along the Atlantic ; and is the upland cranberry, whose berries are brought in quantities to the 
 Boston market. 
 
 Osyris alba of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " ginestrella " or "osiride" or 
 " casia poetica" (Lenz), in Greece " pl£ur6t6xul6n " or " n£urot6xulon ; " in which we recognize the 
 C A S I A of Virgil eel. ii. 49 and georg. ii. 213 ; — also the "osyris " described by Pliny xxvii. 88 as 
 having fruit at first black, changing afterwards to reddish, and used by women for "smegmata" 
 scouring: O. alba is described by Lobel pi. 433, and C. Bauhin pin. p. 212; is termed "casia poetica 
 monspeliensium " by Tournefort inst. 664 ; and is known to grow in Italy and other parts of South- 
 ern Europe (Pers., and Spreng.). Eastward, the " osuris " is described by Dioscorides, is written 
 " osiris " by Galen fac. simpl. viii. p. 93; and O. alba was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chau- 
 ' bard, and Fraas, frequent from the Dardanelles to the Greek islands and the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Rosmarinus officinalis of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain rosemary (Prior), 
 in Germany "rosmarin" (Grieb), in France " romarin" (Nugent), in Italy " ramerino " or "rosma- 
 rino" (Lenz), in Greece " thSnthrolivanon " or by the Turks " biberic," in Egypt "klil" or "asel- 
 ban," in which we recognize the M A R I N V S - R S commended for bees by Virgil, — and Columella, 
 mentioned also by Horatius od. iii. 23, Ovid, Servius, Apuleius 79, and as cultivated in Italy by 
 Pliny xvii. 21: R. officinalis is termed "r. spontaneus latiore folio" by Tournefort inst. 195; is 
 known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Lindl., and Lenz), and is besides culti- 
 vated both here and farther North. Eastward, the "rosmarinoum" of the Romans is identified in 
 the Syn. Diosc, and by Pliny, and Galen, with the "livanStis" used for garlands, having according 
 to Dioscorides slender twigs with crowded narrow leaves, green above and white beneath : the 
 "thSnthrolivanon" is mentioned in the Geoponica xi. 16: R. officinalis was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in uncultivated places from the Greek islands to the Peloponnesus, 
 and under cultivation from Constantinople throughout. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, 
 Delile, Clot-Bey, and myself, a favourite in the gardens of Egypt. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America prior to 1670 (Joss.), and continues under cultivation ; to the Philip- 
 pines, where it is called in Tagalo "romero" (Blanco); and probably also to Hindustan where it 
 was observed " in gardens " by Graham, and to Japan where it was found by Thunberg cultivated 
 
460 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 for medicinal use, no native names being given. According to Lindley, "the admired flavour of 
 Narbonne honey is ascribed to the bees feeding on the flowers," but the plant is principally remark- 
 able for its undoubted power of encouraging the growth of hair, causing "the green colour of the 
 best pomatums," is employed besides in manufacturing " Hungary water, the French vinaigre aux 
 quatre voleurs, and eau de Cologne." 
 
 Cerinthe major of Siberia. An annual called in Italy "cerinta " or "cerinte" (Targ.), in which 
 we recognize the C ER I N TH A of Virgil, — white leaved and sought by bees according to Pliny xxi. 
 41 : C. major is termed " c. glauca" by Moench; is known to grow in Siberia, and to occur also in 
 Switzerland (Roth cat. i. 32, and Pers.). 
 
 Ligustrum vulgare of Eastern Asia? Called in Britain by Tusser "privy" and in current Eng- 
 lish privet (Prior), in France by Ruel "troena" and in current French " troene '' (Nugent), by the 
 Turks "lilak" (Sibth.), in Italy "ligustro" (Lenz), in which we recognize the ALBA • LIGVSTRA 
 of Virgil eel. ii. 18, — "nigrum ligustrum" of Columella x. 300, "candidum ligustrum " of Martial 
 i. 117, and the "ligustrum" described by Pliny xvi. 31 and xxiv. 45 as supposed by some to be 
 identical with the " cypros " (henna) of the East, as " tesseris utilissima," the juice used for " nervis 
 articulis algoribus," and the leaves and berries also employed medicinally : L. vulgare is described by 
 Ruel i. 94, Turner, is termed " ligustrum " by Tournefort inst. 596 ; and is known to grow along hedges 
 throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. v. pi. 1, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, along hedges and in uncultivated places from Constantinople to Smyrna and the 
 Peloponnesus ; is known to grow around Caucasus (A. Dec.) ; and was observed by Thunberg in 
 mountainous situations everywhere frequent in Japan and called "ibuta" or "ibota." By European 
 colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed by myself in gardens as far 
 South as Charleston, and through seeds carried by birds (A. Gray) has become naturalized in our 
 Northern States. 
 
 Fraxinus rostrata of the Mediterranean countries. The FRAXINVS mentioned by Virgil as 
 IN • S Y L V I S ■ PV LCH ER R I AA A, very beautiful in the forest, — may be compared with this species 
 of ash : Pliny xvi. 30 also speaks of the " fraxinus " as a forest-tree of Italy, growing " aquosis mon- 
 tibus," in wet places on the mountains. F. rostrata is described by Gussone, and is known to grow 
 in Southern France, Sardinia, Algeria, Sicily, and Persia ; but has not been found in Roumelia, nor 
 on Caucasus (Griseb., Ledeb., and A. Dec). 
 
 Salix triandra of Europe. The AAOLLESILERof Virgil georg. ii. 11, — growing according to 
 Pliny xvi. 31 in watery places, is referred here by Fraas : S. triandra is termed " s. folio amygdalino 
 utrinque aurito corticem abjiciens " by Tournefort inst. 591 ; is described as a tree thirty feet high 
 that sheds its bark like Platanus (Smith, and Pers.) ; and is known to grow along river-banks in 
 Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 72, and Pollini). Eastward, 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, and called there "thia." 
 
 Salix murina of Italy. The A M E R I N A ■ RETINACVLA of Virgil geor. i. 265, used for tying 
 grape-vines, — mentioned also by Columella iv. 30, and Pliny xxiv. 38, are referred here conjecturally 
 by Sprengel (comm. Diosc. i. 135). 
 
 Salix aigentea of Western Europe. The G LA VC A willow of Virgil geor. iv. 183 — is referred 
 here by Sprengel : S. argentea was observed by Linnceus it. goth. in Southern Sweden (Steud.); 
 by Lightfoot, and Hudson, in Britain; by Thuillier, near Paris; and is termed "s. lanata" by 
 Roth. 
 
 Alnus oblongata of the West Mediterranean countries. The ALNVS-PROCERAof Virgil eel. 
 vi. 33 to geor. ii. no — is referred here by Sprengel: A. oblongata is distinguished by Aiton, and 
 Willdenow, and is known to grow in Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Hyaantltus Orientalis of the West Mediterranean countries ? Called in Britain hyacinth (Prior), 
 in Italy "giacinto" (Lenz), in which we recognize theSVAVE-RVBENS-HYACINTHVSof Virgil, 
 — the "cotlestis luminis " and " coeruleus hyacinthus " of Columella ix. 4. 4 and x. 100, and the 
 "hyacinthus " enumerated by Pliny xxi. 3S and 97 as growing wild in Italy, employed by slave mer- 
 chants to delay puberty in boys, and in Gaul to tinge "hysginum," a purple dye (compare Syn. 
 Diosc, and Vaccinium myrtillus) : H. orientalis is described by Gesner, Matthioli, and was first 
 seen by Lobel "in 1562 ; " is described also by Dodoens, Castor Durantes, and C. Bauhin, is culti- 
 vated as an ornamental plant throughout middle Europe ; and was observed by Gittard near Nisi in 
 the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues a favourite flower in parlours and gardens. 
 
 Hyacinthus Romctnui of the East Mediterranean countries. — Possibly the "niveus hyacinthus " 
 of Columella x. 100, for Pliny xxi. 38 speaks of " hyacinthis," implying more than one kind growing 
 in Italy: H. Romanus is known to occur there in cultivated ground (Pers., and Gawl. in Curt. mag. 
 pi. 939). Eastward, is termed "muscari byzantinum flore candicante " by Tournefort inst. 347 ; and 
 was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus and on Cyprus. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 46 1 
 
 Conferva sp. of fresh water. The V LV A' V I R I D I S of Virgil aen. ii. 135 — and Ovid, or " ulva 
 palustris " of Horace sat. ii. 4. 24, is referred by Billerbeck to one or more species of Conferva. 
 
 " The same year " (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, building of the Pantheon by M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 
 consul for this year. — The edifice is remarkable for having remained unmutilated, in a perfect state 
 of preservation to the present day. 
 
 " 26 B. C." (Dio, Hieronym., and Clint.), in Egypt, death of the Roman prefect Cornelius 
 Gallus. And through the influence of Augustus, the "Julian year" adopted there; the moveable 
 calendar stopping with New year's day, 1st of Thoth, fixed to August 29th (Blair). C. Petronius was 
 appointed second prefect over Egypt (Strab., and Sueton.). 
 
 Inula helenium of middle Asia ? Called in Anglo-Saxon " hors-helene " and in current English 
 hors-hele or elecampane (Prior), in Germany " alant " (Grieb), in France "auneV or " enule " 
 (Nugent), in Italy " elenio " or "enula campana" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the "inula," the 
 cooking of which was first taught by Horatius, — and the prepared article of diet adopted by Julia 
 Augusta (Cels. iv. 9, and Plin. xix., 29) the "inula" is mentioned also by Columella, Palladius, 
 Vegetius, and Apuleius 95 ; the " elnan helleniumque " by Macer Floridus 44, and the " enula cam- 
 pana " by Joannes de Sancto Amando: I. helenium is described by Anguillara p. 89 (Spreng.) ; is 
 termed "aster omnium maximus helenium dictus " by Tournefort inst. 483 ; and is known to occur in 
 waste ground in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 718, Pers., and 
 Lindl.). Eastward, the "enoula kampana " or " tSrminalioum " of the Romans is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "glSnion,'' described by Dioscorides as having a stem two cubits or more high, yellow 
 flowers, and a large odorous subacrid root: the " innoulam " is mentioned by Sotion (Geopon.): a 
 "confiture" of the roots of "inula campagne" was found by Belon eaten at Constantinople; and I. 
 helenium was observed by Sibthorp in Thessaly. Farther South, the " elgnion " or " sumphuton " or 
 "pgrsiken" or "methiken" or " orgstfiion " or "nektarion" or " kl66nian " or " vaton ithaian " or 
 "phlomon ithaion" is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the "lenes" of the Egyptians ; "helenium" 
 root is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally in Egypt ; and according to 
 Sprengel comm. i. 15 is mixed with costus by the merchants of Commagenes. Farther East, I. 
 helenium was observed by Thunberg under cultivation and growing spontaneously around Jeddo in 
 Japan, but no native name is given. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1669 (Josselyn) 
 to Northeast America, where it has become frequent along roadsides in our Northern States, perhaps 
 fairly naturalized. The plant according to Smith, and Lindley, "is generally kept in rustic gardens, 
 on account of many traditional virtues." 
 
 Rosa eglanteria of Eastern Asia ? The QUTCOLOR-PUNICEAE-FLORE-PRIOR-ROSAE 
 of Horatius iv. — is referred by Cornuti p. 12 to the variety of the yellow rose having the inner 
 surface of the petals red : "puniceis rosetis " are mentioned by Virgil eel. v. ; "punicas rosas luteo- 
 lasque " by Columella ix ; "rosae lutei floris " by Scribonius Largus 6r, and Marcellus 1 : the " rosa 
 lutea " with petals altogether yellow, is described by Lobel adv., Dalechamp, Miller, and Linnaeus. 
 Eastward, "hrusa kai mSnophulla'' rotha are mentioned in the addition to Dioscorides i. 130. 
 
 " 25 B. C." (Dio, and Clint.), Fourth closing of the temple of Janus ; the Romans being at peace 
 with all nations. 
 
 " 24 B. C." (Dio, Blair, and Clint), expedition of Aelius Gallus down the Red Sea to LSuke 
 k6me (El Haura in Lat. 25 ) ; where he landed his army and proceeded into Arabia. After some 
 days, he reached the territory of Aretas, who received him in a friendly manner: Continuing beyond, 
 using " butter in place of oil " (the temperature rendering butter permanently fluid), he entered the 
 city of Negrana (Nedjran) ; and "six days" beyond, defeated the Arabs armed with "bows, spears, 
 swords, slings, and pole-axes." He next captured the cities of Asca, Athroula, and laid siege to Marsi- 
 ava ; belonging to the Rammanites under king Uasar, and " two days " distant from the Incense coun- 
 try. From the want of water, he was compelled to abandon the siege ; and return to the battle-ground 
 in Negrana in " nine days ; " thence to the Seven wells (El-Hasba) in "eleven ; " and passing Haala 
 (Kholeya ?), and Malotha ( ....), in " sixty days " from Marsiava reached Egra on the sea; in 
 the territory of Obodas, a kinsman of Aretas. He here embarked his army, having lost in battle 
 only " seven " men ; and crossing the Red sea to MuosSrmos, returned down the Nile to Alexandria. 
 
 Psoralea corylifolia of Arabia ? Herbaceous, called in Bengalee " hakooch," in Telinga 
 " bapunga," in Tamil "karpoogum," in Malabar "kaurkoal" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 
 "bawurcheen" (Graham), in Yemen "lobab el abid " (Forsk.) ; and from early times employed 
 medicinally: — observed by Forskal p. 140 among the mountains of Yemen, near water at Taaes. 
 Eastward, by Graham, "a common weed in the Deccan, also in Bombay ; " by Burmann ind. pi. 49, 
 Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula and as far as Bengal, its seeds con- 
 sidered by the natives "stomachic and deobstruent," prescribed also in "leprosy and other cutaneous 
 affections " (Drur., and Lindl.) ; was observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah. 
 
 Acalypha Indica of Equatorial Africa ? Herbaceous and annual, called in Telinga " moorkanda," 
 
462 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 in Bengalee "shwet busunta'' (Lindl.) or " mukto-juri," in Tamil "cupamani" (Drur.), in Malabar 
 "cupa meni " (Rheede) ; and from early times employed medicinally : — observed by Grant in Equa- 
 torial Africa, "by cult. 5 S. and 2° N." on the Nile ; by Forskal p. cxxi and 161, in moist places 
 along the base of the mountains of Yemen. Eastward, by Graham, a " common weed during the 
 rains " in the environs of Bombay, and according to Nimmo, " cats are as much affected by the roots " 
 as "by those of the valerian ; " by Rheede x. pi. 81, in Malabar; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 in other parts of the peninsula as far as Bengal, employed in decoction as cathartic and for other 
 medicinal purposes (Drur.) ; was observed by Mason in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. 
 
 "23 B. C." (Tacit., Dio, and Clint), the tribuneship for life conferred on Augustus, now in his 
 Eleventh consulship. 
 
 Perhaps about this time, an ambassador sent to Augustus by the Hindu king Pandion (Strab.). 
 Probably not the first of the name, the kingdom of Pandya including* — the districts of Madura 
 
 * Helicteres isora of Tropical Eastern Asia. The screw tree, small and hazel-like, called in the 
 environs of Bombay "kawun " or " kewannie " or "dhamnee " (Graham), and from early times used 
 medicinally in diseases of the ears : — observed by Rheede vi. pi. 30 in Malabar; by Gibson, and 
 Graham, "common throughout the hilly jungly parts of the Concan and on the Ghauts" as far as 
 Bombay, "rope may be made from the fibres of the bark ; " by Ainslie, and Wight, in other parts 
 of Hindustan. Farther East, its twisted pods in the dried state and called " thu-gnay-khyce," were 
 seen in Burmah by Mason v. 502 among "drugs in bazar," used medicinally by the natives; ob- 
 served by Rumphius vii. pi. 17 on the Moluccas (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Plukenet aim. pi. 245 
 
 Leea nnurofltylla of Tropical Hindustan. Herbaceous, four feet high and allied to the grape- 
 vine, called in Bengalee " toolsoo-moodryia " (Drur.), and from early times reputed to be a remedy 
 for the Guinea worm, or according to Roxburgh "ringworm:" — observed by Law, and Nimmo, 
 in the Concans or Low country North and South of Bombay common in jungles towards the Ghauts 
 (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal, the root astringent and mucilaginous (Drur.). 
 Farther East, by Mason v. 503 "exotic" in Burmah and called "kya-bet-gyee," cultivated for its 
 "astringent" root, used by the natives to stop "effusion of blood in wounds." 
 
 Pygeitm acuminatum of Tropical Hindustan. A Terebinthoid tree known from early times : • — 
 observed by Graham at " Mahableswur and Kandalla, but rare ; " by Colebrooke linn, trans, xii. pi. 
 18, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason v. 398 to 540, in Tenasserim ; and the same or an allied 
 species by McClelland at Toungoo, becoming a tree of "five or six feet girth." 
 
 Momordica charautia of Tropical Eastern Asia? A climbing Cucurbitaceous plant called in 
 Tamil "pava-kai," in Malabar "pandipasel," in Bengalee "kurula" (Drur.), in the environs of Bom- 
 bay "karaila" or " purwud " (Graham), and from early times used medicinally and the fruit eaten ; 
 — observed by Rheede viii. pi. 9 and 10 in Malabar; by Gibson, and Graham, " very commonly 
 cultivated about Bombay in the rains," the "fruit twelve or fifteen inches long," notched and ridged 
 like a crocodile's back, and requiring "to be steeped in salt water before being cooked;" is de- 
 scribed also by Rumphius v. pi. 151 ; was observed by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, culti- 
 vated everywhere in the peninsula; by Mason v. 471, "exotic" in Burmah and called " kyet-hen-kha,'' 
 used in curries. 
 
 Luffa acutangula of Tropical Eastern Asia. The ridged gourd is called in Tagalo " patola " 
 (Blanco), in Burmah " tha-bwot-kha-wai " (Mason), in Tamil "peekunkai," in Telinga " beer-kai," 
 in Bengali "jhingo," in Hindustanee " torooi " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "toorai" or 
 "gosalee" (Graham); cultivated from early times :— observed by Rheede viii. pi. 7 in Malabar; 
 by Graham, "commonly cultivated" around Bombay; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in "hedges 
 and waste lands" as far as Bengal, its half-grown fruit one of the best native vegetables, much 
 used in curries, and when boiled and seasoned "little inferior to green peas;" by Mason v. 471, 
 " exotic " in Burmah and esculent ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, its fruit cooked and eaten ; and 
 is described by Rumphius v. pi. 149. Transported to Europe, is termed "1. foetida" by Cavanilles 
 i. pi. 9 and 10. 
 
 Nauclea cordifolia of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Cinchonaceous tree forty to fifty feet 
 high called in Burmah "hteing" (Mason), in Tamil " manja cadamba," in Telinga "daduga," in 
 Bengalee "kelikudum" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " edoo " or " eydee " (Graham); its 
 exceedingly beautiful wood, durable if kept dry, used from early times for furniture: — observed 
 by Graham " common throughout the Concans," the wood used at Bombay "for planking etc. ; " by 
 Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 53, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore, the Coromandel mountains, and 
 Bengal ; by Wallich, on the banks of the Irrawaddy in Burmah (Mason v. 534). 
 
 Bignonia (Spathodea) Rheedii of Tropical Hindustan, Burmah, and as far as Java. A small 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 463 
 
 and Tinivelly, with the capital at Madura in the days of Claudius Ptolemy, and continuing there 
 "till within a century of the present day" (Elph. iv. 2). 
 
 "22 B. C." (Strab., Dio, and Clint.), invasion of the Ethiopians under queen Candace, repelled 
 at Elephantine by the Second Roman prefect C. Petronius. 
 
 Dalbergia sissoo of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called there "sissoo" or " sheeshum," in which 
 we recognize the " sisam " of the Chaldee-Samaritan translation of Gen. vi. 14, — of the Koran, and 
 various Arab writers (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.), and the " schischam " wood found by Forskal p. xcvi. 
 imported from India into Yemen : " sesamina xula " is described by Dioscorides as sometimes sold 
 for ebony, but purplish ; is mentioned also in the Erythraean periplus, and by Cosmas Indicopleustes 
 xi. D. sissoo was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and Wight; by Graham, in the environs of 
 Bombay, and found by Gibson as far as Goozerat ; its timber according to Royle *■ one of the most 
 valued woods of India," remarkably "strong, of a light greyish hue, with darker coloured veins." 
 
 Dalbergia latifolia of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called there " sit-sal" (Royle), or by residents 
 blackwood (Graham) : its timber probably imported with the preceding into the Mediterranean coun- 
 tries : — D. latifolia was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh cor. pi. 113, and Wight ; by Graham, 
 in the Southern Concan, and found by Law in the Southern Mahratta country, its wood " used for 
 making furniture ; " being according to Royle " heavy, close-grained, of a greenish black colour with 
 lighter veins," and " highly valued." D. yen-daik, " very abundant at Toungoo " in Burmah and used 
 by the Karens " for spear handles," is regarded by Mason v. p. 530 as perhaps identical. 
 
 "18 B. C." (Dio, and Clint.), the " entire " or authority of imperator, accepted by Augustus for 
 an additional "five years." 
 
 Globularia nudicajtlis of the Pyrenees and Switzerland. The CANTABRICA discovered in the 
 reign of Augustus by the Cantabrians of Spain — (Plin.), mentioned by Celsus v. 27, and described 
 by Pliny xxv. 47 and 55 as " caule junceo pedali in quo sunt flosculi oblongi veluti calathi in his 
 semen perquam minutum," stem a foot high and rush-like on which are oblong florets like baskets 
 and in these very minute seed, may be compared: G. nudicaulis is described by Morison vi. pi. 15, 
 and is known to grow on the Pyrenees and mountains of Switzerland as far as Austria (Pers., and A. 
 Dec). According to Lindley, like other species it possesses purgative properties. 
 
 "15 B. C." (Dio, Blair, and Clint.), Augustus in Gaul, and the Rhaeti and Vindelici subdued by 
 Tiberius and Drusus. 
 
 Marrubium Creticum of Crete. The MARRVBII • T E N V I S of the antidote of Antipater against 
 the bite of the asp — (Scribdn. Larg. 167), may be compared: M. Creticum was observed in Crete 
 by Sibthorp. From transported specimens, is described by Dalechamp pi. 962 ; is termed " m. album 
 angustilblium peregrinum " by Tournefort inst. 192 ; and was observed by Roth ii. 35 growing spon- 
 taneously in Germany. 
 
 Verbascum blattaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " spuri : " 
 the V E R B A S C I of the antidote of Antipater — (Scribon. Larg. 167) seemingly corresponds ; for the 
 " phlomis " with golden flowers is described by Dioscorides as useful against scorpion-sting, employed 
 also for dyeing the hair, and wherever placed attracting " silphas " (the small cockroach, Blatta Ger- 
 manica) : V. blattaria was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, around Constantinople and 
 in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the "blattaria" herb is described by Pliny xxv. 60 as resembling 
 and often mistaken for " verbasco," with more stalks and the leaves not so white ; V. blattaria is 
 described by Lobel obs. pi. 304; is termed "blattaria lutea folio longo laciniato " by Tournefort inst. 
 
 and elegant tree called in Burmah "tha-khwot" (Mason), in Telinga "woody" (Drur.), in Malabar 
 " nir pon<;elion " (Rheede), in the environs of Bombay " mersingee " (Graham) ; and from early times, 
 nets made of its fibres, and its strong timber used for agricultural and building purposes : — observed 
 by Rheede vi. pi. 29 in Malabar ; by Law, and Graham, in " the vale of the Nagotnah river," the 
 Southern Mahratta country, and "in gardens Bombay;" by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 144, Wight, and 
 Beddome, in other parts of Hindustan ; and is known to grow on Ceylon. Farther East, was 
 observed by Mason v. 543 indigenous in Burmah, its wood according to Berdmore of "excellent 
 quality for building purposes;" is known to grow also on Java, and is described by Rumphius iii. 
 pi. 46 (Pers.). 
 
 Artocarpus hirsutus of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large tree called in Tamil " anjelie," 
 in Malabar " ansjeli " or " ayenee " (Drur.), and from early times its fruit eaten, yielding also birdlime, 
 and its trunk hollowed out into fishing-canoes: —observed by Rheede iii. pi. 32 in the forests of 
 Malabar; by Drury, as far as Travancore, its fruit of "the size of a large orange," and its timber 
 under the name of anjely wood "well known on the western coast for house-building, ships, frame- 
 works etc. ; " was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason v. 462, 
 '• indigenous " in Burmah. By Nimmo, was introduced into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
464 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 147 ; and is known to grow in Southern Europe and in Britain (Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 393). By 
 European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where I have met with 
 it along roadsides ; was also carried to Southern Brazil, where it was observed by Aug. Saint-Hilaire 
 (A. Dec), and myself, in the environs of Rio Janeiro. 
 
 " 13 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), Herod accompanied by his friend Nicolaus of Damascus visiting Rome 
 and Augustus. Dates of superior quality presented by them were termed by Augustus " nicolai," — a 
 name that continued in use in the middle ages. 
 
 Euphorbia simplex of Tropical Arabia. The " barba jovis " consisting according to Nicolaus 
 of Damascus plant, ii. 9 of a stem without leaves or fruit, — may be compared: E. simplex was 
 observed by Forskal among the mountains of Yemen, and called " dahan ; " by myself, on the 
 Desert hills at Aden and Muscat, a green cylindrical sprout, like a terminal twig of E. tirucalli, but 
 upright, a foot or more high, and sometimes with a few branches. 
 
 Sodada decidua of Tropical Arabia. The fruit of the " myrobalanorum arboris " described by 
 Nicolaus of Damascus plant, ii. 17 as at first " dulces, consequenter pontici, et in completione amari," 
 — maybe compared: S. decidua was observed by Forskal p. 81 everywhere in Yemen, a thorny 
 shrub called "sodad," its fruit "ruber nuce coryli major," and before ripening cooked and eaten by 
 the Banyans. 
 
 Leptadetiia reticulata of Tropical Hindustan. A large twining Asclepiaceous plant with corky 
 much-cracked bark (Graham) ; and the " mediannus " described by Nicolaus of Damascus i. 13 as a 
 plant all bark, — may be compared : L. reticulata was observed by Law, and Graham, "common in 
 hedges about Surat and in the Southern Mahratta country ; " by Retz obs. ii. 15, Roxburgh, and 
 Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; is termed by Roxburgh " asclepias suberosa." 
 
 " 12 B. C " (Dio, and Clint.), Lepidus succeeded as " pontifex maximus" by Augustus ; and the 
 pontifical books numbering about " two thousand " burned, with the sole exception of the " Sybilline 
 Oracles." 
 
 C. Julius Hyginus of Spain, a pupil of Alexander Polyhistor, and freedman of Augustus, having 
 charge of the Palatine library (Sueton., and Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Daphne cneonim of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " neoro " (Lenz), and 
 possibly the "cneoron" identified by Pliny xxi. 29 with the CAS I AM of Hyginus, — and further 
 enumerated as coronary : the " casiae dapbnitidis " is mentioned by Marcellus 25 • D. cneorum, is 
 described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow on the mountains of Austria, Italy, and Southern 
 France (Poll., Jacq. austr. pi. 426, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers. ; see D. Gnidium). 
 
 " In or about B. C. 10 " (Sueton , and C. O. Muell. edit. Fest.), the grammarian Verrius Flac- 
 cus appointed tutor over the two grandchildren of Augustus. — Verrius died in the reign of Tiberius 
 (Sm. b. d.). A portion of his lexicon has been preserved through abridgments by Pompeius Festus, 
 and Paulus Diaconus. 
 
 "9 B. C." (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), accession of Za-Bazen as king of 
 Abyssinia. — He reigned "sixteen" years. 
 
 "8 B. C." (Dio, and Clint.), the empire for another "ten years" accepted by Augustus ; and 
 the name of the month Sextilis changed by the Senate to " augustus." The Calendar also corrected 
 by Augustus (Blair), " by ordering the twelve ensuing years to pass without intercalation." 
 
 "6 B. C. = ' kian-ping,' 1st year of Gai-ti or Hiao-nga'i-ti, of the Han" or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Dio, and Clint.), the tribunician power for "five years" conferred on Tibe- 
 rius ; and his retirement to Rhodes, — where he remained " seven years." 
 
 Apollonius before the time of Archigenes lived long at Alexandria, perhaps Apollonius Mus a 
 cotemporary of Strabo. Apollonius Herophileus — is quoted by Andromachus (see Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Pluchea Dioscoridis of the Upper Nile. Called in Egypt " barn uf " (Forsk.) ; and the KONY- 
 ZHC:eYLUAOYC prescribed by Apollonius for pain in the head — (Galen comp. med. ii. 1), may 
 be compared : the "barnuf " is mentioned by Eltamini, and Ebn Baitar : P. Dioscoridis was observed 
 by Forskal p. 148, and Delile, cultivated for its fragrance in Lower Egypt, and escaping from gardens 
 naturalized along the Nile ; by Rauwolf pi. 54, at Tripoli in Syria. 
 
 "5 B. C." (according to Clinton iv. p. [4, see also Matth. ii. 16 to 22, Luke i. 5 to ii. 39, and 
 Sulpic. sacr. hist. ii. 39), "the most probable" date of the Nativity. 
 
 To Strabo xvii. 1. 34 visiting the Pyramids, the niunmu/ites abounding in the subjacent rock 
 were pointed out as the "food of the workmen." — The same legend that is repeated by the Arabs to 
 travellers to the present clay. 
 
 Ascending the Nile in company with Aelius Gallus' now third Roman prefect, Strabo heard the 
 sound uttered by the broken colossus on the plain of Thebes. This statue of Amenophis III,— 
 some seventy years later, became an object of pilgrimage ; as recorded in history, and shown by 
 Greek and Roman inscriptions covering the base ; certificates of visitors who had " heard Memnon" 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 465 
 
 In the reign of Septimius Severus, the colossus was repaired with separate blocks of stone, and has 
 since remained silent, (see Champ.-Fig. p. 76). 
 
 Continuing on to Syene and the Red Sea, Strabo ii. 5. r2 found in the harbour of Myoshormos 
 " one hundred and twenty ships " engaged in voyages to India. 
 
 The TAAAC: ATPI AC described by Strabo iii. 2. 6 as imported from Lybia into Spain, and 
 sent with the mouth tied into rabbit-burrows to expel the inmates, — were of course the ferret, 
 Mustela. 
 
 Oenanthe crocata of Western Europe. The Spanish are described by Strabo iii. 4. 18 as having 
 in readiness a poison producing death without trouble, prepared from a plant resembling smallage 
 C6AINUI: TTPOCOMOIAC — (a substitute for the " kongion " of the Greeks): O. crocata is 
 described by Matthioli 628 (Spreng.) ; is known to grow in " wet places common in the west of 
 Europe " as far as France, and Britain, where it is called dead-tongue or hemlock-dropwort (Pers., 
 Engl. bot. pi. 2313, and Lindl.). Further according to Lindley, "a dangerously poisonous plant, the 
 cause of many fatal accidents." 
 
 Quercus humilis of the West Mediterranean countries. One to two feet high ; and the small 
 oak growing according to Strabo iii. 2. p. 388 within the Pillars of Hercules, its fruit eaten by tunny- 
 fish, — is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : Q. humilis is described by Lobel ic. ii. p. 157, and 
 is known to grow in sandy situations in Portugal and France (Pers.). 
 
 Stipa tenacissima of the Mediterranean countries. The C XO I N OTT AO K I K H N: CTTAPTON 
 described by Strabo iii. 4. 9 as abounding near Saguntum in Spain and exported to Italy, — is referred 
 here by Sprengel : Pliny xix. 9 and xxiv. 40 speaks of the "africanum vel hispanum spartum " as 
 unknown in the time of Homer, and of the "spartum " having come into use since the days of Theo- 
 phrastus : S. tenacissima is termed "spartum" by Clusius hist. ii. 220, "gramen spicatum quod 
 spartum Plinii " by Tournefort inst. 518 ; and is known to grow in Barbary and Spain (Desf. pi. 30, 
 and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on the hills of Attica in Greece. 
 
 Papyrus Pangorei of Tropical Hindustan. A species of paper-rush called in Bengalee " ma- 
 doorkati " (Drur.) ; and the BYBAO C is attributed by Strabo xvii. 2. 4 to both Egypt and India : — 
 P. Pangorei was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay ; is termed " cyperus tegetum" by 
 Roxburgh, and was observed by him, Wight, and Drury, " common in ditches and borders of tanks " 
 in the peninsula and Bengal : the floor-mats so common at Calcutta are made of the split stems, and 
 according to Mason v. 520 are imported into Burmah. 
 
 Rumex Abyssinicus of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A species of dock, perhaps included in the 
 TTO A eaten according to Strabo xvii. 2. 2 by the Ethiopians: — R. Abyssinicus was received by 
 Jacquin hort. iii. pi. 98 from Abyssinia ; was observed by Grant from "2° N." on the Nile to " i°42' 
 S.," the "people of Fipa at 8° S. are said to eat its leaves." 
 
 Aerua lanata of Tropical Africa and Arabia. Called in Yemen " schadjaret el athleb " (Forsk.); 
 and possibly included in the "poa" of Strabo, eaten by the Ethiopians : — A. lanata was observed 
 by Grant from " 7° 30' S. to 2° N." on the Nile, a " potherb, grows prettily over huts like an ivy ; " 
 by Forskal p. 48, along the base of the mountains of Yemen. Farther East, by Rheede x. pi. 29 in 
 Malabar, and called " scherubula ; '' by Graham, "a common weed" around Bombay, where also it 
 appeared to me only naturalized ; by Retz, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan, and by Bur- 
 mann pi. 60 on Ceylon ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; by Blanco, little known to the natives on 
 the Philippines, but called in Tagalo "bonga bonga." Through European colonists, was carried to 
 Brazil, observed by myself frequent in the outskirts of Rio Janeiro. 
 
 Corchorus . . . sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the "poa" of Strabo, 
 eaten by the Ethiopians : — observed by Grant common from " i° to 2° N." on the Nile, a foot high, 
 its leaves used for making a stringy spinage. 
 
 Crotalaria glauca of Equatorial Africa. Called there " m'caewae " (Grant) ; and perhaps included 
 in the "poa" of Strabo, eaten by the Ethiopians : —observed by Grant in "plantain-groves Unyoro," 
 near the Equator, three feet high and its flowers pods and leaves eaten as spinage by "the people 
 of Madi." From transported specimens, described by Willdenow (Steud.). 
 
 Celosia iiigyna of Tropical Africa. Included perhaps in the "poa" of Strabo, eaten by the 
 Ethiopians : —received by Linnsus from Senegal (Pers.) ; and observed by Grant from 2° to 3 N. 
 on the Nile, " by huts Nov. 1862," eaten as a potherb. 
 
 Narcissus ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the " poa " of Strabo, eaten 
 by the Ethiopians : — observed by Grant in "sandy moist places about 6° S.," eight inches high, its 
 leaves tasting of onions and made into spinage. 
 
 Veltheimia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the "poa" eaten by the 
 Ethiopians : —observed by Grant in swamps from "6° S. to 1° N." on the Nile, its flowers collected 
 for spinage. _ 
 
 Urginca ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the " poa " eaten by the Ethi- 
 
 59 
 
466 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 opians : — observed by Grant in "rocky ground 3 15' N." on the Nile, three feet high, its leaves and 
 stems cooked as spinage by the Wanyamuezi. 
 
 Com nclyna sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the "poa " eaten by the 
 Ethiopians : — observed by Grant on Zanzibar, spinage made of its leaves. 
 
 Co7nmelyna latifolia of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Probably included in the "poa" eaten by 
 the Ethiopians : —received and described by Hochst. ; observed by Grant "every where on rich soil 
 near huts," and used as a potherb. 
 
 Dombeya multiflora of Eastern Equatorial Africa A tree called " keenga " (Grant) ; probably 
 in some instances furnishing the wooden bows four cubits long used according to Strabo xvii. 2. 3 
 by the Ethiopians : — D. multiflora was received from Africa by Endlicher ; was observed by Grant 
 frequent in "3° N." on the Nile, its wood tough and used for bows. 
 
 Grtwia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large tree called " mkomo " (Grant) ; and probably 
 furnishing some of the bows in question : — observed by Grant diffused generally from " Unyanyembe 
 5° S." to Madi on the Upper Nile, its wood used for building, for bows and arrows, and its bark for 
 ropes, "no insect is said to touch it." 
 
 Sterculia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Probably furnishing some of the bows in question : 
 — observed bv Grant in " 3 58' S.," a "shrubby tree," bows made of its wood, and the sultan of 
 Ukuni (in the Unyamuezi country) "has his hut-lashings made from its bark." 
 
 Ki^clia pinnata of Tropical Africa. Called in the Kinyoro language " m'sankwa," in Suahili 
 " malegasa " (Grant) ; and possibly furnishing some of the bows in question : — received from Africa 
 by Decandolle ; and observed by Grant " everywhere," its wood used by the Wanyamuezi for bows, 
 its leaves with sand for polishing spear-handles, and its roasted seeds eaten in famines. 
 
 "4, March 13th " (Jos., and Clint.), at Jerusalem, eclipse of the moon, and death of Herod before 
 the passover. He was succeeded by his son Archelaus ; another son, Herod Antipas, being 
 appointed tetrarch of Galilee. The accession of Herod Antipas is fixed to this year by coins, Jos., 
 and Clint, iv. p. 22. 
 
 The apocryphal book of Enoch written after the death of Herod ; whose reign is included in 
 the condemnation lxxxix. 25. The book is quoted by Jude, Justin Martyr, Clemens Alexandrinus, 
 and other Christian writers down to the time of Syncellus and the patriarch Nicephorus ; and has 
 been preserved in an Abyssinian version, manuscripts of which have at different times been brought 
 to Europe (Stuart in bibl. repos. for 1840, and S. Davidson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.). 
 
 " 2 B. C. = 1st year of the 'youan-cheou ' of Gai-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 Bubon <1fin~e>fonitu»i of Northern Greece. The PETROSELINVM of the antidote composed 
 for Augustus by Marcianus, — of Celsus v. 23, Cassius the physician, Scribonius Largus 120, Pliny 
 xx. 47, or the "pfitroselinon " of Andromachus, growing according to Dioscorides on crags in Mace- 
 donia, according to Galen antid. i. p. 76 also in Epirus and sold by the Macedonians to all nations, 
 mentioned too by Paulus Aegineta, and termed "the chief condiment" in Geopon. xii. 1, is referred 
 here by writers : the " make'thonision spSrma " is enumerated by Nicolaus Myrepsicus i. t : B. 
 Macedonicum was observed by Belon in market at Constantinople; and by Forskal, under cultiva- 
 tion there in gardens. Westward, is described by Blackwell pi. 382; and is known to occur in 
 Mauritania (Pers.), probably cultivated, as in various parts of Europe where the seeds are sold 
 in the shops (F. Adams). Eastward from Greece, is known to occur in Cochinchina (Pers.), prob- 
 ably cultivated. 
 
 Lavandula stoechas of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens cassidonv from 
 "stoechas sidonia," or French lavender (Prior), in Germany " stochas " (Grieb), in Greece " bamo- 
 livano" or "levantha" (Fraas) or " maurokephali," or by the Turks "cara bach" (Sibth.) ; in which 
 we recognize the S TO EC H A DO S of the antidote of Marcianus, — Celsus viii. 9, Andromachus, 
 Pliny xxvii. 107, Galen, Paulus Aegineta, named according to Dioscorides after the Stoechades 
 isles near Marseilles, and in the added Synonyms identified with the "skiolevina" of the Romans, 
 "ophthalmos puthonos " of the prophets, and Egyptian " souphlo : " the "isthuchudus " of Mesue 
 simpl., and Ebn Baitar, is clearly the "estachudes" imported according to Forskal mat. med. from 
 Barbary and Syria into Egypt, and referred by him with a mark of doubt to this species of Lavan- 
 dula : L. stoechas is enumerated by Alpinus among the ingredients of the Egyptian theriac ; has 
 long been employed by the Arabs as "expectorant and antispasmodic" (Lindl.) ; but the living 
 plant according to Clot-Bey has only recently been introduced into Egypt. Farther North, L. 
 stoechas is described by Fuchsius 778 (Spreng.) ; is termed "stoechas purpurea" by Tournefort 
 inst. 201 ; was observed by Sibth orp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and 
 Greek islands to Northern Greece ; is known to grow also in Italy, Southern France Barbary, and 
 Spain (Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 "1 B. C." (Dion, ind., Ephiphan., Cassiodor., and Clint.), at Rome, " Cn. Cornelius Lentulus 
 Cossus and L. Calpurnius Piso" consuls for this year. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 467 
 
 "In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Caius Caesar on his way to the East: to whom Jubi II. dedicated 
 his history of Arabia. — A coin dated in the "48th year " of his own reign (= A. D. 1) is extant, 
 and the revolted Gaetulians were subdued with the assistance of Cossus Cornelius Lentulus in 
 '•A. D. 6." 
 
 Ficus vastaoi Yemen. Called there "talak," or in Arab botanical books "delb" (Forsk.), and 
 fruit of Arbutus unedo being called by the Arabs "altin aldeb" wolf figs (Spreng.), the "arbutus" 
 trees fifty cubits high in Arabia enumerated by Juba II. — (Plin. xv. 28) may be compared : F. vasta 
 was observed by Forskal p. 179 everywhere among the mountains of Yemen, an immense tree " vas- 
 tissima arbor" with a composite trunk and spreading rafter-like branches. Eastward, may have 
 been carried by Arabs, or by Banyans, to Hindustan ; for " F. Bengalensis " of Rheede i. pi. 28, and 
 Linnaeus, is regarded by Dry and er as identical (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Euphorbia regis Jubae of Morocco and the Canaries. A cactiform spurge called in Morocco 
 "dergmuse" (Jacks.), and the €Y*OPBION discovered by Juba II. on Atlas and named after his 
 physician Euphorbus, — "specie thyrsi foliis acanthinis " according to Pliny xxv. 38, is referred 
 here by Webb : the drug '■ euphorvion " is mentioned by Niger (Diosc. praef.), Rufus Ephesius, 
 Aetius, and Paulus Aegineta ; as the product of a plant growing in Mauritania, by Dioscorides iii. 
 86, and Galen comp. med. loc. ix. 271 ; forms an article of commerce along the Tropical margin of 
 the Sahara, according to the Arab account of Ghanat (Jaubert rec. soc. geogr. ii) ; and in Egypt, 
 " ferfiun " or " gum euphorbias " was found by Forskal mat. med. imported from Barbary. The plant 
 producing it is described by Leo Africanus ix. 300 ; by Jackson, as " with its branches " having the 
 general form "of a goblet," the stem "at first soft and succulent, but after some years becomes 
 hard, the branches are scalloped and have on their sides small knots from which grow five extremely 
 sharp-pointed thorns," and each branchlet bears "on its top a vivid. crimson flower" (med. gaz. xx. 
 745). E. regis Jubae is distinguished by Webb; was observed by him, and Lowe, "common" on 
 the Canary Islands (Major edit. Bethenc. p. 138) ; but according to Pereira, the eupho?-bium of com- 
 merce all comes from Mogador (Lindl.). 
 
 An expedition sent by Juba II. to explore the " Fortunatae insulae " (Canaries) found there 
 stone buildings and a little temple ; one of the islands being called " Nivaria " from the perpetual 
 snow (Teneriffe), and another " Canaria " — (as to the present day: Latin names recorded by Pliny 
 vi. 37, indicating intercourse with the Northern side of the entrance to the Mediterranean). 
 
 Rocetta purpura-antiquorwn of the Canary Islands and Madeira. One of the lichens yielding 
 the archal or orchil of commerce ; and the dyeing of " Gaetulicam purpuram " established by Juba 
 II. on islands in this vicinity — (Plin. vi. 36), may be compared : R. purpura-antiquorum is distin- 
 guished by Bory. 
 
 Echium giganteutn of the Canary Islands. Woody-stemmed and called "taginaste" (Webb); 
 possibly affording the "Gaetulicam purpuram" of Juba II: — the "ligna rubra tingentia," distinct 
 from " verzino " (Caesalpinia sappan) but dyeing almost as well, is referred here by Webb : E. gigan- 
 teum was observed by him on the Canary Islands ; was received by the younger Linnaeus from Tene- 
 riffe, growing on rocks (Pers.). 
 
 Euphorbia balsamifera of the Canary Islands. A woody-stemmed spurge, but its milky juice 
 sweet and innoxious : the " arbores similes ferulae, ex quibus aqua exprimatur, ex nigris amara, ex 
 candidioribus potui jucunda " — (Plin. VL37), may be compared : E. balsamifera is known to grow 
 on the Canary Islands (Aiton ii. 137, and Pers ), its juice is thickened to a jelly and eaten by the 
 natives (Iond. soc. tract geogr. plant.). 
 
 Laurus till of the Canary Islands. A large tree called "til" (Major); and possibly the 
 "arbores" in question yielding water to drink: — certain til trees in elevated situations on Ferro, 
 exposed to fogs, are continually dripping " clear delicious water '' that forms a pool near the trunk 
 (Bont. 65) ; especially one gigantic tree called the " Garoe " or " Arbre Santo," of unknown antiquity, 
 overthrown by a hurricane before "June 12th, 1612," but which is mentioned by Galindo, Nierem- 
 berg, Garcia del Castillo, and Von Buch (Major edit. Bont. p. 125): L. till is distinguished by Poiret 
 (Steud.). 
 
 "The same year = 2d year of the ' youan-cheou ' of Gai-ti " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 V One hundred and twenty-ninth generation. A. D. 1, Jan. 1st, mostly beyond youth : the Greek 
 philosophers, Sextius, and Sotion the younger; the medical writer Niceratus; other Greek writers, 
 Philistion, Thrasyllus, and Apollonides of Nicaea : the Latin writers, the poets Pedo Albinovanus, 
 Cotta; the satirist Cassius Severus ; the historian Fenestella; the orator Asinius Gallus ; the rhetors 
 Votienus Montanus, Haterius, Junius Gallio ; other Latin writers, Macer the younger, and Tuticanus ; 
 the Roman painter Ludius (Bryan). 
 
 " In this year, Caius Caesar and* L. Aemilius Paulus " consuls (Clint.), Caius Caesar being absent 
 in the East. A letter to him is extant (Gell. xv. 7), in which Augustus names "ix. kalend. octobr." 
 as his own " sixty-fourth " birth-day. 
 
e 
 
 468 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Micropus erectus of the Mediterranean countries. TbeCENTVNCVLVM called by the Greeks 
 "gnaphalitha," prescribed by Julius Bassus, — Scribonius Largus 121, and the " herbam incoctam" 
 by Marcellus 29, described by Pliny xxiv. 88 as lying in cultivated ground, its leaves like " capitis 
 penularum " woolen caps, may be compared : M. erectus was observed by Lcefling pi. 1 f. 5 in Spam ; 
 and is known to occur in cultivated ground in France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, the " ken- 
 tougkloum" of the Romans is mentioned in Syn. Diosc. iii. 120; and M. erectus was observed by 
 Sibthorp frequent on Cyprus and other Greek islands. 
 
 Santolina maritima of the seashore along the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Britain. 
 Called in Greece " vamvatzitha ; " and the "gnaphalitha" in question — according to Syn. Diosc. 
 should be the " gnaphalion " of Dioscorides having soft white leaves substituted for down, and 
 infused in wine against dysentery: S. maritima was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent on the seashore of the Greek islands. Farther South, the "gnaphalion" or "ires" or 
 " ampStokos " or " anaxeton " or " anaphalis " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " sem£6n " of the 
 Egyptians ; and S. maritima was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. West- 
 ward, with the " gedasonen " of the Gauls, and " toukoularis " or " alvinous " of the Romans ; and th< 
 account by Pliny xxvii. 61 of the " gnaphalion " or " cliamaezelon " seems in part taken from Dio- 
 scorides : S. maritima is described by Matthioli p. 625, Lobel, Dodoens, and Clusius ; is termed 
 "gnaphalium maritimum " by Tournefort inst. 461 ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 161 in Bar- 
 bary, and is known to grow on the Atlantic shore of France and as far as Suffolk in England (Engl, 
 bot. pi. 141, Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 "The same year = ' youan-chi,' 1st year of Hiao-ping-ti," one hundred and seventh Chinese 
 emperor (Chin, chron. table, and Pauth.) ; " nine " years old, and under the regency of Wang-mang. 
 
 " 2 A. D." (Veil. ii. 101, and Clint.), on an island in the Euphrates, interview of Caius Caesar 
 with the Parthian king Phraates ; witnessed by the historian Velleius Paterculus. 
 
 "3 A. D." (Clint.), the empire for " ten years," for the fourth time accepted by Augustus. 
 The author of the poem interpolated as the "Third book of Tibullus " is styled Lygdamus, and 
 by his own account should be in this year 45 years old (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Amaranthus caudalus of Subtropical Eastern Asia? Called in Britain love-lies-bleeding: the 
 AMARANTHVSof Lygdamus 4, — and Ovid . . . , a purple spike according to Pliny xxi. 23 rather 
 than a flower, coming in August and continuing into autumn, plucked and kept in "alexandrino 
 palma " and when moistened reviving for winter garlands, may be compared : A. caudatus is described 
 by Miller (Steud ), is well known in the gardens of Europe, and escaping occurs in some localities 
 growing spontaneously (A. Dec). Eastward and Southward, is known to occur in Russia and Persia 
 (Pers.) ; in waste ground in Abyssinia (A. Dec); in the gardens of Hindustan, but devoid of a 
 Sanscrit name (Roxb., Pidd., and Graham), in Ceylon, and in Nepaul (Pers., and A. Dec). Proba- 
 bly by European colonists carried to Peru (Pers.), but no American specimens seen by Moquin, nor 
 by A. Decandolle. (See Sedum eriocarpum.) 
 
 " 4 A. D. = 4th year of the ' youan-chi ' of Hiao-ping-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of 
 the Forty-fifth cycle. 
 
 "The same year" (Veil., and Clint.), death of Caius Caesar in Lycia, and Tiberius adopted by 
 Augustus. Tiberius now in command of the Roman armies was sent into Germany, accompanied by 
 the historian Velleius-Paterculus as praefectus equitum (Sm. biogr. diet.).* 
 
 " 6 A. D. = 1st year of the interregnum of Jou-tseu-ying," under the protectorship of Wang- 
 mang — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth ). 
 
 "The same year" (Jos., Dio, and Clint, iii. p. 256), Archelaus successor of Herod, banished 
 from Jerusalem. 
 
 About this time (Percev. i. 77 to 292), Yacer-Younim, a descendant of Himyar, ruling Yemen. 
 — He undertook an expedition into the West, and advancing as far as the VVadi-rraml, Valley of 
 sands, set up a statue inscribed with mousnad or Himyarite characters. These characters — contin- 
 ued in use until the time of Mohammed, when they were supplanted by the modern Arabic. 
 
 Hypericum (Androsamum) ojficmale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called at 
 Padua "ciciliana" (Anguillara), in other parts of Italy " androsemo " (Lenz), in which we recognize 
 the ANAPOCAIMON of Niger, — identified by Dioscorides i. praef. and iii. 163 with the " thionu- 
 
 * Asparagus tenuifolius of middle and Western Europe. The HERBAM'SIMILLIMAM' 
 ASPARAGO observed by Tiberius Caesar in the plains of upper Germany, — or the "incultius 
 asparago" growing on mountains and milder than the "corruda" according to Pliny xix. 42, or the 
 " £l£ios asparagos " of Galen . . . , may be compared : A. tenuifolius is described by C. Bauhin pin. 
 594 ; and is known to grow on mountains and in marshy situations in Hungary and Southern France 
 (Waldst. and Kit., Lam. end., and Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 469 
 
 siatha,'' a shrub with red branches, leaves thrice as large as those of " peganou," terminal yellow 
 flowers, fruit marked with lines, the bruised inflorescence exhaling a resinous odour, and the plant 
 applied to restrain the flow of blood : A. officinale was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. 
 Westward, the " androsaemon " is described by Pliny xxvii. 10 as growing in vineyards, and applied 
 to wounds : the " cecilianae " is mentioned by Belon obs. i. 17 (ed. Clus.) ; A. officinale is described by 
 Anguillara p. 92 (Spreng.), and Dodoens p. 78; is termed "a. maximum frutescens " by Tournefort 
 inst. 25-1, and is known to grow in woods in Italy, Southern France, and even in Britain (All. ped. 
 1440, Curt. lond. iii. pi. 48, and Pers.). The dried plant is called " androsamum" in the drug-shops 
 of Italy (Lenz) ; and according to Lindley, " the leaves once much esteemed as vulnerary, and still 
 employed with great confidence in cases of recent wounds by rustic nurses." 
 
 Hy pericum fierfoliatum of the East Mediterranean countries. The " anthrosaimon " — is how- 
 ever described by Dioscorides as having " anthelia mikra " small flowers, and is referred here by 
 Sibthorp, Sprengel, and Fraas : H. perfoliatum is termed "h. creticum amplissimo folio nitido" by 
 Tournefort cor. 18 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on Zacynthus and throughout Greece to 
 the vicinity of Constantinople, in shaded situations and called at present "lfiihenohorton " or " mur5- 
 thia." Farther West, was observed by Columna ecphr. i. p. 78 in Apulia in Southern Italy, and is 
 termed " androsemum sambac perfoliato folio " by Boccone mus. pi. 127. 
 
 Aloe vulgaris of Abyssinia. Yellow-flowered and called in Egypt " sabbarah," on Cyprus 
 "aloe," and seemingly connected with the mistake of Niger in supposing the drug "aloe" dug out 
 of the ground in Judea ; — clearly the " aloe " of Dioscorides praef. and iii. 22 growing in Asia and 
 by the seaside on Andros and other islands, its thick leaves spinulose and spreading backwards : A. 
 vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. Farther West, the "aloe" or "amphivion" or 
 " eruggion " or "firminon" or "tragok£r6s" is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " aloam " of the 
 Romans ; the " aloe " is described by Pliny xxvii. 5 as somewhat resembling " scillae " but larger with 
 the leaves more fleshy, the stem not unlike " antherico ; " A. vulgaris is described by C. Bauhin pin. 
 286, and Tournefort inst. 366, and is known to continue under cultivation in Italy, Malta, Sicily, and 
 Barbary (Lindl.). Southward and Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of 
 Egypt ; by Forskal p. 73, at the port of Lohaja in Tropical Arabia ; by Rheede xi. pi. 3, and Roxburgh, 
 in Hindustan, by Graham "common in gardens" at Bombay and called "kuar pur," and by myself, 
 growing spontaneously on the Deccan. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, 
 where it continues under cultivation, and its product is exported under the name of " Barbadoes aloes " 
 (Pers., and Lindl.). 
 
 "7 A. D." (Burm. hist., and Mason 40), Papeyan succeeded by his son Ronmokkha, now Bur- 
 mese king ; " a good man skilled in the Vedas," — and who reigned " fifteen " years. 
 
 "Probably about A. D. 7" (Sm. b. d.), P. Ouintilius Varus, having returned from Syria, sent 
 into Germany as governor, the first one having civil as well as military power. — In attempting to 
 introduce Roman institutions, he was opposed by the people, who found a leader in Arminius chief of 
 the Cherusci. 
 
 Armeniaca vulgaris of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain apricot or by old writers 
 abrecocke,\n Spain " albaricoque " (Prior), in Germany " aprikose " (Grieb), in France "abricot" 
 (Nuo-ent), in ijaly " albicocco " or " arbricocco " or " armeniaco " (Lenz), in Greece " prikokkia " or 
 " venkokkia " (Fraas), by the Arabs of Spain and Barbary in the time of Ebn Baitar " barkouk " but 
 by Eastern Arabs "mishmish" (as to the present day in Egypt and Yemen), but at Mocha as 
 heard by myself sometimes " bertoud," in which we recognize the "venkokkia" of Varro and Quin- 
 tilii (Geopon. iii. 1), or the "praecocia " ripening in summer and known to the Romans for " thirty '' 
 
 years according to Pliny xv. n. : the "praecoccia " or "praecoqua" or "armeniaca" is mentioned 
 
 also by Columella v. 10, Palladius xii. 7. 6, and Rutilius; the "armeniaka" or " praikokia " by Dios- 
 corides, and the " prikokkia " by Galen fac. alim. ii. 20 : A. vulgaris was observed by Chaubard, and 
 Fraas under cultivation in Greece, and is known to be cultivated throughout middle and Western 
 Europe. Farther South, was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt ; and by Forskal, under 
 cultivation on the mountains of Yemen. Eastward, is known to occur in Persia (Roxb. ii. p. 501) ; 
 is cultivated in the valley of Cashmere, besides springing up spontaneously on the site of abandoned 
 villages (Royle him. p. 205), has been observed under cultivation within the Tropics as far as the 
 environs of Bombay (Graham), is called in Hindustanee " khubani," in Bengalee " phal bishesli " 
 (D'roz.), but has no Sanscrit name (Pidd., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where the product continues uncertain on account of spring frosts ; to Oregon, 
 prior to the visit of our Expedition ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it is 
 cultivated but never flowers. 
 
 "8 A. D.= 1st year of the ' tsou-chi ' of Jou-tseu-yng" (Chinese chron. table). 
 "In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Bazen succeeded by Za- 
 Senatu, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " twenty-six " years. 
 
470 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "9 A. D. = ist year of the open usurpation of Sin-mang " or Wang-mang— (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 "The same year" (Veil., Dio, and Clint.), the Romans under Quintilius Varus defeated in 
 Germany. 
 
 " The same year " (Clint.), the poet Ovid, at the age of " fifty," banished to Pontus on the 
 Euxine. 
 
 Artemisia, procera of the Uralian plains. The country North and East of the Black Sea 
 TRISTIA- PER- VACVOS • HORRENT' ABSI NTH I A • CAMPOS according to Ovid epist. i. 3; 
 — and Benedict of Poland with Plan Carpin found " plurimum absincium " in the country North 
 of the Caspian : A. procera is described by Lobel ic. 768 ; and is known to grow from France and 
 Italy to Siberia (Pers.). Is besides enumerated by Lindley among the species which have been 
 used medicinally. 
 
 Satureja hortensis of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain savoury, in France 
 "savored," in Italy "savorregia" (Prior) or " santoreggia domestica" (Lenz), on Malta " sarriette " 
 (Forsk.), in which we recognize the SATVR El A of Ovid, — mentioned by Celsus ii. 21 as esculent, 
 by Pliny xix. 50 as a cultivated condiment, also mentioned by Columella xi. 3. 57, and Martial : S. 
 hortensis was observed by Forskal on Malta, is known to grow wild in Italy and France (Pers., and 
 Lenz), is besides cultivated throughout Western Europe. By European colonists, was carried prior 
 to 1670 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and has escaped 
 therefrom to the prairies of Illinois and the rocky islets of the Falls of the Ohio (Short, and A. 
 Gray) . 
 
 Narcissus biflorus of the West Mediterranean countries. The NARCISSVS of Ovid, CRO 
 CEVM'PRO'CORPORE'FLOREM...FOLIIS'MEDIVM'CINGENTIBVS- A L B I S, — may 
 be compared : N. biflorus is described by Marcellus Virgilius, and is known to grow wild on the 
 Appenines (Spreng.) and in Spain (Pers.). As a garden flower farther North is described by 
 Dodoens pi. 223, is termed "n. poeticus " by Hudson (Pers.), but has become naturalized in various 
 parts of Europe, and from at least the time of Gerarde no to 112 in Britain (Park. th. pi. 75, Ray, 
 Wats , and A. Dec). 
 
 A. D. 10, beyond the Lower Rhine, Germanicus found in a maritime district a solitary spring 
 of fresh water ; the use of which for drinking caused the teeth to fall out within two years, and the 
 knee-joints to be loosened; a malady called by the physicians " stomacacen " and " sceletyrben" 
 scurvy (Plin. xxv. 6). 
 
 Cochlearia officinalis of extreme Northern Climates. Called in Germany " loffel-kraut," in 
 Britain spoonwort or scurvy grass or more properly scurvy cress (Prior); and the "britannica" 
 herb pointed out by resident Frisians as a remedy, its juice expressed even from the root, and its 
 flower called "vibones," — may be compared: the "oscedinem herba britannica viridis sumpta in 
 cibo lactucae modo,'' according to Marcellus 11, heals the mouth, is also dried: C. officinalis is 
 known to grow on the seashore from Spitzbergen and Lapland to Ireland and Denmark, and in 
 mountainous wet situations inland as far as Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. 135, Wats., and Lindl.) ; also 
 in Siberia, as far as 67° on the Oby (Pall.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland; is 
 known to grow in Greenland (Wats.), Labrador (Colmaster), and along the Arctic Sea to Mac- 
 kenzie river and beyond (Hook.) ; was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha. Recently, according 
 to Clot-Bey and Figari, has been introduced from the gardens of France into Egypt. 
 
 Iiumex aquaticus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water dock 
 (Prior), in Italian drug-shops " erba britannica" (Lenz), in Greece " nerolapatho " (Fraas) or " agrio 
 hpathSn" (Sibth.) ; and possibly the " britannica" in question: — the " ippolapathon " of Dioscor- 
 ides, large, growing in marshes, and agreeing with the four other kinds in medicinal properties, is 
 referred here by writers; together with the "hydrolapathum " of Pliny xx. 85 said to grow in water: 
 R. aquaticus is described by Lobel pi. 285, and Camerarius 232; is termed "lapathum aquaticum 
 folio cubitali " by Tournefort inst. 504 ; is known to grow in the marshes of the distrjct visited by 
 Germanicus (Lips., and Spreng.) ; also throughout middle Europe as far as Italy (Huds., Pers., 
 and Pollini) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, not rare in marshes from the Peloponnesus 
 to Cyprus. 
 
 Betonica alopecurus of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Greece " vgtonike " 
 (Sibth.); and the BP6TANNIKH mentioned about this time by Niceratus — is perhaps the " vr£- 
 tannike e vSttonike " of Dioscorides, having a short and slender root, a stem not large, leaves like 
 " lapathS agriS " but more hairy and larger, their inspissated juice astringent and used for ulcers- in 
 the mouth : the " vrStannike " is mentioned also by Damocrates, and Galen antid. ii. 2. p. 453 ; and 
 the "vettonike," by Paulus Aegineta : B. alopecurus was observed by Sibthorp frequent on Par- 
 nassus. Westward, is described by Dalechamp 1358 (Spreng.) ; is termed " b. alpina latifolia 
 major villosa flore luteo " by Tournefort inst. 203 ; and is known to grow on the mountains of 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 47 1 
 
 Carniolia, Austria, Italy, and Southern France as far as the Pyrenees (Scop. earn. pi. 28, Pers., A. 
 Dec, and Lenz). 
 
 " 13 A. D." (Dio, and Clint.), the empire for "ten years " accepted for the fifth time by Augustus. 
 
 As early probably as this date, an instrument for crushing the stone within the bladder invented 
 by Ammonius ; — together with the mode of using it, described by Celsus vii. 26. 3. The art was 
 revived in 1813 by Gruithuisen of Bavaria, who having introduced a straight catheter into the blad- 
 der, proposed by means of a looped wire to draw up and destroy stony concretions (Salzburgh 
 medicosurg. gaz. for March, and Mc.Euen in litt.) ; but not until 1824 was lithotrity successfully 
 accomplished, Civiale at Paris employinga rotating or watchmaker's drill (Cuv. rapp. Inst.). Improved 
 instruments for crushing were afterwards invented by Huerteloup, and Jacobson, and have led to the 
 general adoption of the art. 
 
 "14 A. D. = 1st year of the ' thiang-foung ' of the usurping Sin-mang" or Wang-mang — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year," and "before the death of Augustus" (Clint, iv. p. 45), a comet. Observed 
 by L. Seneca nat. qu. i. 1. 
 
 " August " (Sueton., and Clint.), Augustus succeeded by Tiberius, second Roman emperor. The 
 hieroglyphic ovals of Tiberius occur at Dendera, Karnak, Esneh, Philae, and on the temple continued 
 by him at Debot in Nubia. 
 
 Rosapumila of Eastern Europe. The N A R D I -GALLICI-FOLIORVM-ROSAE-ARIDORVM 
 mentioned by Celsus v. 23, — were probably of this species, whose petals according to Lindley "are 
 astringent and tonic, and are dried for various officinal preparations : " R. pumila is known to grow 
 wild in Italy (Lenz) ; is further described by Lindley as a "dwarfish stiff short-branched bush " grow- 
 ing in Austria and the Crimea; and was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Greece. 
 Farther East, " R. Gallica" was observed by Thunberg at Dezima and elsewhere in Japan. 
 
 Athamantha Cretensis of the Mediterranean countries. Its imported fruits are called in drug- 
 shops " semina dauci cretici " (Lindl.); in which we recognize the DAVCLCRETICI'SEMIN I S pre- 
 scribed by Celsus v. 23, — clearly among the four kinds of Petronius Diodotus, " probatissimi in 
 Creta, mox in Achaia, et in siccis ubicunque nati," the stem upright a foot high, and root " suavissimi 
 gustus et odoris " (Plin. xxv. 64) : the " thaukSs kretikos " is described by Dioscorides as growing 
 in dry stony places, its root thick as the finger and a span long, flowers white, fruits hairy white pun- 
 gent to the taste and odorous : "daucum" seeds from Crete were found by Alpinus iv. 7 employed 
 medicinally in Egypt: and A. Cretensis in its annual state is described by Fuchsius pi. 231, is 
 termed "mvrrhis annua semine striata villoso incana" by Tournefort inst. 315, and was observed by 
 Sibthorp along the margin of fields on the island of Melo. Westward, A. Cretensis is described by 
 Matthioli, and Lobel (Spreng.) ; is known to grow from Carniolia to the Pyrenees (Jacq. austr. pi. 
 62, Pers., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Lenz in North Italy, and by Lecoq in limestone districts 
 as far as central France. Its fruits according to Lindley are "aromatic with a warm agreeable 
 flavour," and " were used in the preparation of diaphoenix Venice treacle, and compound syrup of 
 wormwood." 
 
 Euphorbia lathy -vis of Eastern Asia. Called in Italy " cacapuzza " or "catapuzia" (Lenz), in 
 which we recognize the CATAPOTIVM pill of Celsus: — seven or eight seeds of "lathuris" taken 
 in " katapoti6," are prescribed by Dioscorides iv. 164; for a more violent purgative (according to 
 Pliny xxvii. 71) the seeds of "lathyris " are taken in their follicles, and as they hurt the stomach are 
 eaten with fish or chicken-pottage-; the "lathyr"is mentioned by Serenus (Ainsw.) ; " lacteridae '' 
 by Charlemagne capit. for cultivation in every garden; E. lathyris is called " cataputia minor" in the 
 old pharmacopoeias (Lindl.) ; is termed " t. latifolius cataputia dictus " by Tournefort inst. 86 ; and 
 besides growing spontaneously in waste ground, continues to be cultivated in Italy and throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Holland (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz) ; in Britain is called caper-plant, the 
 "seed vessels being used in sauce for the buds of the real caper" (Prior). Eastward, the "lathuris " 
 classed by some among " tithumalois " is further described by Dioscorides as a cubit high, leaves 
 resembling those of the almond, and three-seeded fruit rounded like capers " kapparin ; " is men- 
 tioned also by Galen antid. ii. 17 ; E. lathyris was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the 
 Peloponnesus, but seems rare and has not been found by others : is enumerated by Clot-Bey and 
 Fio-ari as recently introduced into Egypt. Farther East, was observed by Thunberg in Japan, grow- 
 ing here and there and called " soku suisi." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it continues under cultivation and is sometimes found growing spontaneously (A. 
 Gray). According to Lindley, the seeds are " drastic," and are said " to procure abortion." 
 
 Daucus gummifer of Sicily. The M A R I N A ■ P AST I N AC A prescribed by Celsus v. 27, — may 
 be compared ; and the liquid storax supposed by Matthaeus Platearius f. 248 to be produced in Cala- 
 bria, is referred here by Sprengel : D. gummifer is termed "pastinaca tenuifolia gummi manans " by 
 Boccone pi. 20 ; and is known to grow on "dry stony hills " along the seashore of Sicily (Gussone 
 
472 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 fl. sic. pi. 117, and Lindl.). Boccone further states, that the roots yield the " bdellium siculum " of 
 the old pharmacopoeias ; a substance according to Lindley having : ' a bitter balsamic taste and a 
 weak but unpleasant odour." 
 
 Cyperus pcrtcnuis of Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " naga," in the Taleef Shereef 981 " nagar- 
 motha"(J. F.Wats.); and the aromatic IVNCI-QVADRATI identified by Celsus iii. 21 with the 
 KYTTe IPON of the Greeks, — may be compared. Eastward, the "naga" is prescribed by Susrutas 
 chik. 37: C. pertenuis was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, Piddington 180, Balfour 94, and 
 Drury, its roots used medicinally, and besides "for perfuming the hair." (Compare C. juncifolius.) 
 
 " 16 A. D." (Tacit, and Clint.), decree of Tiberius, expelling the " mathematicians and magians " 
 from Italy. 
 
 Tori/is anthriscus of the Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous weed called in Egypt 
 " chellae " or " gazar Sjaeitani " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the " crowfoot " or " Satan's carrot " 
 of Egypt identified by Ebn Baitar with the " daucus " of the Greeks: the " daucus " of Petronius 
 Diodotus having seeds like " milio " — (Plin. xxv. 64) may be compared : T. anthriscus was observed 
 by Forskal, and Delile, from Damietta to Cairo ; by Forskal, and Sibthorp, along hedges from the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, "Satan's carrot" is further identified by Ebn Baitar 
 with the " aatharilal " of Elziharawi (Abulcasis), and Edrisi, the name being Berber: T. anthriscus 
 is termed "daucus annuus minor floribus rubentibus" by Tournefort inst. 308, " tordylium anthris- 
 cus " by Linnasus, " caucalis anthriscus " by Smith fl. br. 29S ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia ; 
 and is known to occur in waste places throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan., Jacq. 
 austr. pi. 261, and Pers.). 
 
 Seseli ammoidcs of the Mediterranean countries. Of the four kinds of "dauci " distinguished by 
 Petronius Diodotus, the " tertium " — (Plin.) or " thaukdn triton " of Dioscorides, having coriander- 
 like leaves, white flowers, an " aneth6 "-like summit and fruit, the umbel carrot-like and full of oblong 
 acrid seeds, is referred here by Sprengel : S. ammoides was observed by Sibthorp in the cultivated 
 fields of Greece. Westward, is termed " fceniculum lusitanicum minimum acre" by Tournefort inst. 
 312, " sison ammi " by herbalists (Steud.) ; and is known to occur in Italy and Portugal (Jacq. hort. 
 pi. 52, and Pers.). 
 
 "17 A. D." (Tacit., Blair, and Clint.), twelve cities in Asia thrown down by an earthquake j 
 regarded by Pliny ii. 84 as the severest one on record. 
 
 At this time in or near Rome, Antonius Castor cultivating a botanic garden of his own — (Plin. 
 xxv. 5). Probably the earliest one on record. 
 
 Lepidhim cormttum of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of pepper-wort, and the 
 P I P ER I Tl S or S I LI QV ASTR VM having according to Castor white seeds tasting like pepper — 
 (Plin. xx. 66), may be compared: L. cornutum is termed "bursa pastoris orientalis cardamines 
 folio siliqua longissima quadrangula" by Tournefort cor. 15; and was observed by Sibthorp on 
 Cyprus. 
 
 Potamogeton pectinatus of Northern climates, in water more or less brackish. A species is called in 
 Italy "potamogeto" (Lenz), and the POTAMOGETON growing according to Castor in watery places, 
 its leaves slender like horse-hair, a long smooth thyrsus, and the root healing " strumas " and " duri- 
 tias " — (Plin. xxvi. 33), may be compared : P. pectinatus is described by Yaillant pi. 32, was observed 
 by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow along the European coast as far as Sweden and 
 Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 186, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, in the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, along the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; and is known to 
 grow in Siberia as far as the salt lakes of the Irtisch (Pall.). Westward from Europe, is known to 
 grow along our Allantic coast, and inland throughout the chain of the Great Lakes (A. Gray) to Lat. 
 54 at Cumberland House (Drumm. ; see P. crispus). 
 
 " 18 A. D." (Clint.), the historian Valerius Maximus visiting Asia in company with Sextus 
 Pompeius, a friend of Ovid 
 
 Glaucium rubntm of the East Mediterranean countries. Called on Tenedos " lolle " or by the 
 Turks "hawa at" (Forsk) : the GLAVCEA'SVCCO'SALVBRIof Columella x. 103, — and Scri- 
 bonius Largus 22, or "glaukion" described by Dioscorides as the juice of an herb, growing at Hie- 
 rapolis in Syria and having leaves like " keratilithos mekSnos," expressed by the inhabitants and 
 employed against maladies of the eyes, according to Pliny xxvii. 59 growing in Syria and Parthia 
 and having further medicinal uses, may be compared: also the herb "bomnih" mentioned by 
 Avicenna as yielding the "mamitsa" juice (Spreng.) : G. rubrum is termed "g. orientale flore magno 
 rubro" by Tournefort cor. 18, and was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, at Smyrna and on "the 
 nearer Greek islands. 
 
 Helleborus foetidus of Western Europe. Called in Britain bear's foot or oxheel or setteriuoit or 
 fetid hellebore (Prior); in which we recognize the CON SI LI GO of shepherds, good according to 
 Columella vi. 5 in all diseases of cattle ; a discovery of "nostra aetas " in the Marsian mountains — 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 473 
 
 according to Pliny xxv. 48 to xxvi. 21 : H. foetidus is described by Cordus, Ruel, Tragus i. pi. 83, 
 Gesner, and Matthioli (Dierb.) ; is known to grow from " Lat. 51° " near Iena to Styria, the Tyrol, 
 France, and Italy (Poll., Ten., and A. Dec). Is probably exotic in Britain, though found seemingly 
 wild by Gerarde 286, and Ray 272 (Hook., Bab., and Wats.) : its root according to Prior inserted as 
 a seton in the dewlap of cattle, and hence the name. Its medicinal properties according to Lindley 
 are similar to those of H. niger and its "leaves are emetic and purgative." 
 
 Lepidium latifolium of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain pepperwort (Prior), 
 in Germany " pfefferkraut," in Portugal "herva pimentiera maior," in Italy "piperella" (Spreng.), in 
 Greece "agria lahana" (Fraas) or "lepithi" (Sib.th.), in which we recognize the LEPIDIVM of 
 Columella — (Ruel ii. 105), applied externally as ulcerating in the antidote of Apuleius Celsus 
 (Scribon. Larg. 174), and according to Pliny xix. 51 and xx. 70 a foreign plant cultivated in Italy, 
 lasting two years, a cubit high with laurel-like but soft leaves : L. latifolium is described by Dodoens 
 hist. p. 716, and Tournefort inst. 216 ; was in Britain before the days of Gerarde p. 187 (A. Dec.) ; 
 and is at least naturalized in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 
 557, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, the " lepithion " by some called "giggithion" is described by 
 Dioscorides as a well-known herb whose acrid ulcerating leaves are applied externally in cutaneous 
 and other diseases, and the root tied to the neck as a remedy against toothache ; is mentioned also 
 by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta ; L. latifolium was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in 
 Greece. Farther South, the " shitharaj " mentioned by Dioscorides according to Ebn Baitar, or 
 "sheiteraj " of Serapion, is referred here by Sprengel, and Sontheimer ; L. latifolium is enumerated 
 by Clot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt, and was observed by Delile around Cairo. 
 
 liaphanns sativus of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain radish, in France "rave" (Nugent), in 
 Germany "radieschen " (Grieb), in Italy " radicine " (Lenz), in Greece '• rapania " (Fraas), in Egypt 
 " fidjel," in Yemen " fidyl " or " bokel " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the ASSYRIA' RADIX or 
 SYRIACAE-RADICIS of Columella xi. 3, — brought from Syria according to Pliny xix. 26 quite 
 recently : the "radix " is mentioned by Palladius, Vegetius, and in the Capitularia of Charlemagne : 
 the " fujl " by Eldshuz, Ebn Masawia, Costus, Elthabari, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar: R. sativus is 
 described by Platearius, and in Ortus Sanitatis 383 ; is known to be cultivated from Italy throughout 
 middle Europe, in some instances springing up spontaneously (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Fraas 
 under cultivation in Greece ; by Forskal, Delile, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt, where 
 according to Clot-Bey the leafstalks are eaten as well as the root ; by Forskal, in Yemen ; by myself, 
 a favourite object of cultivation at Mocha, Zanzibar, and Muscat. Eastward from Arabia, is called 
 in Sanscrit "mooluka" (Roxb.), in Bengalee "mula," in Hindustanee " muli " or " murai " or "turb" 
 (D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay " mohlee '' (Graham) ; was observed by myself abundantly culti- 
 vated on the Deccan ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah and called " mung-la ; " by Loureiro, under 
 cultivation in Anam ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, along roadsides and everywhere cultivated in 
 Japan. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly 
 cultivated and " inclines sometimes to be spontaneous " (A. Gray) ; to the island of Tristan d'Acunha 
 (Petit-Thouars, and Carmich.) ; and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). Var. oleifer long cultivated in 
 China for the oil from its seeds (A. Dec.) seems to have accompanied the fleshy-rooted form into 
 Egypt : for " Slaion raphaninon " is mentioned by Dioscorides i. 45, and Pliny, as used among the 
 Egyptians ; " fadjl oil " is mentioned by Elminhaj, Ebn Baitar, by Abd-allatif as manufactured in 
 Egypt; and the plant producing it was observed under cultivation there and in Nubia by Lippi, and 
 Granger (Del. . see Raphanistrum maritimum). 
 
 Crambe maritima of Western Europe. Called in Britain sea-kale (Prior) : the BAT IS of Colu- 
 mella xii. 7. 13, — or "batin marinam " and " batin hortensiam " by some called " asparagum galli- 
 cum " enumerated by Pliny xx. 50 and xxvi. 50 among the indigenous esculent plants of Italy, is 
 referred here conjecturally by Fraas : C. maritima is known to grow along the Atlantic shore of 
 Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 316, Pers., and Prior). 
 
 Trifaliuin pratense of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain clover or 
 meadow clover or koueystickle, in Anglo-Saxon "hunig-sucle " (Prior), in Germany "wiesenklee" 
 (Grieb), in France " trefle " (A. Dec), in Greece " triphulli," and the TR I FO LI VAA sown for geese 
 orTRIFOLIVAA • PRATENSE of Columella vi. 17. 2 and viii. 14. 2, — and Scribonius Largus 163, 
 is referred here by writers : "read clasfre " is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Leech book iii. 8, and 
 glossary Laud. (Cockayne) : T. pratense is described by Lobel hist. p. 493, Culpepper, and Parkin- 
 son ; is termed " t. pratense flore monopetalo " by Tournefort inst. 404 ; and is known to grow in 
 North Africa, Corsica, and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Wats., Dec, 
 and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in grassy situations everywhere 
 from Constantinople to the Greek islands ; is known to grow also from Armenia and Caucasus 
 throughout the neighbouring portion of Siberia and as far as Cashmere (Ledeb., and Royle). Its 
 cultivation in middle Europe according to Link, and A. Decandolle, having commenced in the Six- 
 
 60 
 
474 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 teenth century, T. pratense may have been carried by European colonists to Iceland, where it was 
 observed by Hooker : clearly by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues to be abundantly cultivated, has become naturalized, and is distinguished as red clover. 
 
 Medicagofalcata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain yellow medic 
 or horned medic, in Germany "sichelklee " (Grieb) or " schwedischen luzern " (Lenz) ; and the wild 
 medica alluded to by Columella ii. 1 1 — is referred here conjecturally by Fraas : U. falcata is termed 
 "falcata" by Rivinus pi. 84, " m. sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 410 ; was observed by Forskal near 
 Marseilles j is known to occur cultivated and naturalized throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 
 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 233, Pers., Dureau de la Malle, and A. Dec.) ; and at least in Britain is regarded 
 by Watson as exotic. Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Bryonia alba of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " zucca selvatica" or " vite 
 bianca" (Lenz), in which we recognize the VITIS • ALBA of Columella vi. 4. 3 and xii. 7. 1, — Pal- 
 ladius i. 35, and Apuleius 66, identified with the " bryoniae " by Scribonius Largus 79 : B. alba is 
 described by Blackwell pi. 533, and is known to be frequent throughout Italy, growing as far even as 
 middle Europe (Pers., Lindl., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Fraas in Greece, rare and 
 called " agrioklema." According to Lindley, the "properties like those of" B. dioica. 
 
 Ligustkum ( Trochiscanthes) nodiflorum of the extreme Southern Alps. The LIGVSTICVM of 
 Columella xii. 59, — and Apicius, described by Pliny xix. 50 and xx. 73 as wild on the mountains of 
 Liguria, a condiment when cultivated sweeter but without strength, by Dioscorides as named from 
 Liguria where it is chiefly produced, growing in shady places on the highest rough Appenines close 
 to the Alps, the stem slender like that of " aneth& " and geniculate, leaves " mSlilotou "-like the upper- 
 most ones much divided, seeds " marathrou "-like acrid and aromatic, used for pepper by the natives 
 who call the plant "panakSs," is referred here by Dierbach, and others : L. nodiflorum is described 
 by Vi liars ; and is known to grow on the Southern prolongation of the Alps separating France from 
 Italy (Allion., and Pers. See L. levisticum). 
 
 Pastinaca saliva of Western Europe. Called in Britain parsnefi, or in old herbals pasnep 
 (Prior), in France "panais,"in Italy '-pastinaca" or "pastinaca domestica " (Lenz), in which we 
 recognize the PASTINACA of Columella, — and Macer Floridus, and "pastinacae malori " of Pliny 
 xix. 28: P. sativa is described by Fuchsius pi. 751, Anguillara, and Columna (Spreng.) ; is termed 
 "p. sylvestris latifolia" by Tournefort inst. 319 ; and besides being cultivated, is known to grow wild 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1206, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, along the margin of fields in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands. 
 By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it continues 
 to be cultivated and has become naturalized : perhaps also by European colonists carried to Hindus- 
 tan, where it was observed by Law " in gardens " in the environs of Bombay (Graham) ; and to Bur- 
 mah, where it was observed by Mason, but no native name is given. 
 
 Carum carui of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain carraway (Prior), 
 in Welsh "canvass" or " carddwy " (Davies p. 20), in Germany " kummel," in Finland " kumina," 
 in Polish and Bohemian "kmjn," in French Switzerland "cumin" (A. Dec), in France " carvi " 
 (Nugent), in Italy " comino tedesco " or "carvi" or " caro " (Lenz), in Egypt " karaouih," in which 
 we recognize the CAREVM of Columella xii. 51, — and Apicius vii. 2, according to Pliny xix. 49 
 exotic in Italy and cultivated in the same manner as " olusatrum," the best produced in Caria whence 
 the name, and the next best in Phrygia : seeds of C. carui have been found in debris of the ancient 
 lake-villages of Switzerland (at Robenh., Heer) ; the term "carui semina " occurs in medieval Latin, 
 and the herb "carui " is mentioned by Galfridus pr. pm. as growing abundantly in Britain (Prior) ; 
 C. carui continues frequent there, has been long known on the neighbouring continent between 
 " Lat. 50 and 6o°," and is regarded by A. Decandolle as indigenous from Lapland to Siberia and 
 Caucasus. Farther South, the " karon '' is described by Dioscorides as a well known little seed, 
 warm, grateful to the taste and stomach and the root edible, is mentioned also by Galen, Oribasius, 
 and Aetius ; C. carui has not been found by modern travellers in Greece nor in Asia Minor, but was 
 observed by Forskal, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt, the seeds besides imported from " Bar- 
 bary and Andalusia" (Forsk. mat. med , and Del.). Eastward, is called in Hindustanee " karwiya '' 
 or "ajmod" (D'roz.) ; and is enumerated by Mason as "exotic" in Burmah and called "sa-mwot." 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation for 
 its seeds ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it rarely flowers (Boj.). The more tender roots 
 according to Sprengel are eaten in Germany. 
 
 Cardans perstmata of the mountains of middle Europe. The P E R S N AT A of Columella vi. 17. 
 1 — is referred here by Sprengel and others : C. personata is described by C. Bauhin prodr. 155 ; is 
 termed " arctium personata" by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow on the Alps from Geneva and Tau- 
 rero to Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 348, and Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 475 
 
 Xeranthemum annuum of the Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. The IMMORTALIS- 
 AM ARAN TVS of Columella a. 175 — is referred here by Sprengel : X. annuum was observed by 
 Sibthorp in Greece, in dry stony mountainous situations frequent ; by Gmelin, in Siberia. Westward, 
 is described by Morison vi. pi. 21 ; is termed " x. flore simplici purpureo majore " by Tournefort inst. 
 499 ; and is known to grow in Italy and as far as France (Jacq. austr. pi. 388, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 According to Sprengel, the flowers have no pungent odour. 
 
 Artemisia palmata of Western Europe. The SANTONICVM of Columella vi. 25, — and Pliny 
 xxvii. 28, " sandonica herba" of Scribonius Largus 141, or " triton apsinthiou " growing according to 
 Dioscorides mostly in Gaul beyond the Alps, and called after the district producing it " santonion," 
 mentioned also by Galen fac. simpl. vi. p. 804, is referred here by Lobel obs. p. 436, and Sprengel: 
 A. palmata is known to grow in Southern France and Spain, its seeds being the officinal "seminis 
 santonici" (W., and Pers.). 
 
 Mentha gentilis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of mint called in 
 Greece "agrioethuosmos"- (Sibth.) : the N EP ETA -SY LVESTR I S of Columella vii. 5. 18 — may be 
 compared with the "nSpStan " of the Romans identified by Dioscorides with the "StSra kalaminthe " 
 called "agrian glehdna " from resembling the " glehdni " even in odour, and referred here by Fraas : 
 M. gentilis is distinctly described by Linnajus 805 ; is known to grow in wet places and among rub- 
 bish throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Sm. brit. ii. p. 621, Sole pi. 18, and Pers.); was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, not rare in Greece, among stubble late in the autumn. 
 
 Salix praecox of middle Europe. The G AL LI C A • S A L I X of Columella iv. 30. 4 — is referred 
 here by Sprengel : S. praecox is described by Hoppe, Hoffmann, Villars, and Host (Steud.) ; is 
 known to grow on river-banks in middle Europe as far as Britain (J. E. Smith), a tree with branches 
 " fragilissimis " (Pers ). 
 
 Sorghum vulgare of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Greece " kSghri " or " kalampoki," in 
 Italy " sorgo " or " saggina " or " melica " (Targ., and Lenz), in which we recognize the M ELI C A E- 
 GALLINAE, a term applied by Columella to the MELEAGRIS Guinea fowl, about this time first 
 served upon the tables of the Romans : a kind of " milium " brought within ten years from India to 
 Italy — is further mentioned by Pliny x. 38 and xviii. 10 as having a very large reedy stem seven 
 feet high and called " lobas," cultivated in moist places and the most productive of all grains, a single 
 seed yielding " terni sextarii : " the "melica" is also mentioned by Palladius (Fraas p. 312) ; speci- 
 mens of a kind of grain called " meliga " were brought from Natolia to Incisa in Piedmont in 
 "August 1204," the price of " meliga " or "melya" is mentioned by Uberto de Lucerna "in 1298," 
 the mode of cultivating " milica" is described by Crescenzio, the " milica " is identified with the 
 " sorghum " by Cardanus, with the " saggina " by C. Bauhin, and the " sorgo " is also mentioned by 
 Matthioli (A. Dec. p. 943). Eastward and Southward, S. vulgare was observed by Fraas under culti- 
 vation in Greece ; stems intermingled with those of Papyrus were observed by myself in a bundle 
 exhumed at Sakara, the "dhorra" continued in the days of Abd-allatif almost unknown in Egypt, 
 but is at present one of the principal objects of cultivation (Alpin., Forsk., Del., and Clot-Bey) ; is 
 called in Nubia "mareh " (Del.), in Southern Arabia "taam" or " habb " (Forsk.), in Hindustan 
 "jondla" or " jowaree " (Graham) ; in which we recognize the "jawars" of Ebn Masah, Abu Hanifa, 
 Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar ; was observed by myself both in Arabia and in Equatorial Africa at Zanzi- 
 bar, and through the Interior had reached Senegal on the Atlantic prior to the visit of Cadamosto ; 
 was observed in Hindustan by Apollonius of Tyana (according to Philostratus, and Btckmann), and 
 continues to be extensively cultivated there, as witnessed by Rumphius v. pi. 75, Roxburgh, Graham, 
 and myself. Farther East, was observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah and called " pyoung ; " and 
 by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan, and called " sioku " or usually " kibi." By 
 European colonists, a slender-stemmed variety has been recently brought " from China " to Northeast 
 America, and continues to be cultivated along the Ohio and Mississippi for the sugar procured from 
 the stems. 
 
 Morchella esculenta of Europe. An edible mushroom called in Britain " morel," in France 
 "morille" (Prior), in Italy " spugnolo " or "spongiole" (Lenz), in which we recognize the SPON 
 GIOLI of Columella, — Pliny, and Apicius, described as a spongy ball on trees: M. esculenta is 
 known to grow also in middle Europe. 
 
 Mucor mucedo of all climates ? The MVCORof Columella xii. 4 and 17, — and Pliny xiv. 26, 
 is referred by writers to this minute fungus, called in English mould. 
 
 " 19 A. D." (Tacit., and Clint.), visit to Egypt of Germanicus ; and his death on his way thence 
 in Syria. At this time, a comet observed by L. Seneca nat. qu. i. I (Clint, iv. p. 45). 
 
 " The same year " (Tacit., and Clint.), at Rome, the religious rites of the Egyptians and Jews 
 prohibited ; and all persons following them banished from Italy. 
 
 "20 A. D. = ist year of the 'ti-hoang' of the usurping Sin-mang" or Wang-mang — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
476 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "22 A. D." (Mason iii. 40), in Burmah, king Ronmokkha succeeded by his son Ranthinkha; — 
 who " discouraged Budhism," and reigned three years only. 
 
 Polygonum barbatum of the Eastern Himalayas. Three to four feet high with several stems, 
 and called in Telinga " kunda-mallier," in Tamil " aat-alarie," in Malabar " velutta-modekvmucu " 
 (Drur.) ; from early times furnishing feed for cattle, its leaves besides used by the natives in colic, 
 and its seeds as carminative : * — observed by Rheede xii. pi. 77 in Malabar ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, 
 and Wight, as far as Bengal ; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous ; and is known to 
 grow in China (Pers., and Lindl.). Westward, was observed by Grant on the " coast range " of 
 Equatorial Africa. Observed by Thunberg fl. 385 in Austral Africa ; but clearly by European colo- 
 nists, carried to the West Indies (Sloane i. pi. 3). 
 
 "23 A. D. = ' keng-chi,' 1st year of Ti-youan, of the Han" or Seventh dynasty — (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 " 25 A. D. = ' kian-wou,' 1st year of Kouang-wou-hoang-ti " or Kouang-vvou ti, of the Han or 
 Seventh dynasty (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). He removed the seat of government from Si- 
 ngan-fou in Chen-si to Ho-nan-fou in Honan : and hence the name " Eastern Han " for the remainder 
 of the dynasty. 
 
 " The same year " (Tacit., and Clint.), death of Cremutius Cordus. His annals "praising M. 
 Brutus and calling C. Cassius the last Roman," were ordered by the Senate to be burned ; but copies 
 being concealed, the work continued extant. 
 
 "In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 41), in Burmah, Ranthinka succeeded by his son 
 Ramunsalingda, an excellent and religious king — who reigned "fifteen" years. 
 
 "27 A. D." (Sueton., Tacit., Alst., and Clint), fall of the amphitheatre at Fidenae ; in which 
 "more than twenty thousand persons" perished. 
 
 Fiearia rannnculoidcs of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " sphour- 
 thakula " or " zohathohorton" (Sibth.,) and one of the plants called in Britain swallow-ivoi t (Prior), 
 in which we recognize the CHELIDONIVM applied as ulcerating of the antidote of Apuleius Celsus 
 
 — (Scribon. Larg. 174) : F. ranunculoides is termed "r. vernus rotundifolius " by Tournefort inst. 
 286; is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 499, and Pers.); 
 and according to Sprengel, the roots so resemble grains of wheat as to have been cooked by mistake 
 in times of scarcity, and from being left exposed in quantities after inundations have occasioned 
 superstitious fear. Eastward, the " hSlithonion to mikron " by some called "puron agrion " is 
 described by Dioscorides as ulcerating the skin, growing near water, stemless, the leaves ivy-like, 
 and roots like a cluster of grains of wheat ; F. ranunculoides was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, frequent in moist shady places throughout Greece. 
 
 28 A. D. = " 15th year of the reign of Tiberius " (Luke iii. 1, and Epiphan. haeres. p. 446), the 
 Baptism. In the Jordan, by "John the son of Zacharias." 
 
 "29 A. D.," in the consulship of " Rubellius Geminus and Rufius Geminus " (Clem. Alex., 
 Tertull. adv. Jud. 8, Augustin., and Clint), the Crucifixion. After "forty days," the number of 
 disciples being "about an hundred and twenty," Matthias elected apostle in place of the deceased 
 Judas : and on " the day of Pentecost," the gift of tongues, and " about three thousand " disciples 
 added (Acts i. 3 to ii. 41). 
 
 . 9 
 
 * Ulmus altcrnifolia of the mountains of Burmah. One of the two elms called " tha-lai " (Mason) 
 known in Prome from early times : — observed by McClelland, " the largest trees " of the district 
 (Mason v. 540. See U. inte^rifolia). 
 
 Jug.'ans arguta of the Eastern Himalayas. Called in Burmah " theet-kya" (Mason), and known 
 from early times : — observed by Wallich. Walnuts according to Mason v. 460 "are occasionally 
 brought from above Ava, but it is not certain that they are the produce of the indigenous " tree. 
 
 Qucrtus sp. of the Eastern Himalayas and the mountains of Burmah. Seven different species of 
 oak — observed by Wallich in Burmah: "three or four" according to Mason "are natives of" 
 Tenasserim "and all afford useful timber." 
 
 Pardanthus Chincnsis of the Eastern Himalayas. The leopard flower, Moraea-like, and called 
 in Burmah "theet-sa" (Mason), in Malabar " canda-shular mini" (Rheede), cultivated from early 
 times : — observed by Rheede xi. 37 in Malabar ; by Graham, " common in gardens " around Bombay ; 
 by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Royle, "wild in the Doons of the Himalayas " (Gra- 
 ham) ; by Mason v. 431 to 807, "exotic" in Burmah, cultivated for ornament. Transported to 
 Europe, is termed " ixia chinensis " by Linnaeus. 
 
 Asparagus acerosus of Burmah. Called there " sheet-ma-tet " (Mason), and from early times : 
 
 — found by Mason v. 46S "a passable substitute for" our garden asparagus, "to which however it 
 is much inferior." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 477 
 
 In or about 30 A. D. (Acts viii. 1, and ix. 19), martyrdom of Stephen ; and the disciples, " except 
 the apostles," scattered abroad "as far as Phenice, and Cyprus, and Antioch." . 
 
 "31 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), disgrace and death of Sejanus, prefect of the praetorian 
 guard and consul for this year. A comet visible at the time, witnessed by L. Seneca nat. qu. i. 1 
 (Clint, iv. p. 45). 
 
 In or about 32 A. D. (see Acts viii. 5 to 25), the gospel extended to Samaria by Philip the 
 evangelist; Simon Magus being among those baptised. — Simon afterwards ("35 to 65" Clint, iv. 
 p. 123) founded the Sect of Simonians ; and is regarded by Tertullian haer. 46, as the first heretical 
 Christian. 
 
 By Philip also (Acts viii. 27 to 39), conversion and baptism of "a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch 
 of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasures : " 
 and who was at least inclining to the Jewish faith, having " come to Jerusalem for to worship, was 
 returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the prophet." — Reasons have been found for 
 suspecting, that the Nubian or Ethiopian kings "adopted both Christ and Jupiter among the gods" 
 (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 210). 
 
 A Roman inscription at Naga in Upper Nubia: and at or near Meroe, a "temple of superior 
 workmanship " perhaps built by Roman artisans, but is devoid of inscriptions (Leps. eg. and sin. 
 p. 155 and 210). 
 
 33 A. D. (=36 — "3 years" of Galat. i. 18), conversion of Saul or Paul, on his way to 
 Damascus. 
 
 Vinca minor of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain periwinkle, in 
 medieval Latin " pervincula " (Prior), in Italy " pervinca " (Lenz), in Greece "agrioliza:" the 
 KAHMATIC mentioned confusedly by Pamphilus — (according to Galen simpl. vii. 31), identified 
 by Dioscorides with the " philgtairion " or " thaphnoSithSs " or " mursino8ith£s " or " polugonoSithfis," 
 having shoots as large as " shoinou " and laurel-like leaves but much smaller, is referred here by 
 writers : V. minor was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus. West- 
 ward, seems at least included in the "vincapervinca" of Pliny xxi. 39, and Apuleius 58: is called 
 in Slavonic and Saxon by names turning on the syllable "vink," but totally different Welsh names 
 are given by Davies (A. Dec); is described by Brunfels (Spreng.), and Wigand ; is termed "per- 
 vinca vulgaris anguslifolia flore casruleo " by Tournefort inst. 120; is known to grow wild in Italy 
 and throughout middle Europe, but is regarded by Watson as exotic in Britain and only naturalized 
 (Pers., A. Dec, and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues under cultivation for ornament. (See V. major.) 
 
 One hundred and thirtieth generation. A. D. 34, May 1st, mostly beyond youth : the Greek 
 philosopher Demetrius the cynic ; the historian Pamphila ; the grammarians, Pamphilus, Heracleides 
 of Pontus the younger: the Latin writers, the poets Lucanus, and Persius ; the orator Domitius 
 Afer; the grammarians Palaemon Vicentinus, Probus of Berytus ; the rhetors Clodius Quirinalis, 
 Statius Ursulus ; the commentator Asconius Pedianus ; the Roman painters, Amulius, Turpilius, and 
 Antisteus Labeo (Bryan). 
 
 "In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull. p. xcvii), Za-Senatu succeeded by Za-Les, now 
 king of Abyssinia. — He reigned "ten " years. 
 
 "35 A. D." (Sm. b. d.), C. Cestius Gallus Camerinus, and the historian and orator M. Servilius 
 Nonianus, consuls for this year. Considia, daughter of the consul M. Servilius, was healed by the 
 physician Damocrates — (Plin. xxiv. 28). 
 
 Lcpidium iberis of Western Europe. The K A PA AM A N T I K H growing according to Servilius 
 Damocrates in waste places, a cubit high with root and leaves like KAPAAMUU and white flowers, 
 discovered and named by him I B H P I C — (Pliny xxv. 49), is referred here by writers : L. iberis is 
 described by Lobel pi. 223 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow along 
 roadsides in other parts of France and in Germany (Roth, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Lepidium graminifolium of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included in the " iveris " by 
 Damocrates, — being apparently the "iveris" known to the Greeks, and mentioned in the addition to 
 Dioscorides: L. graminifolium is described by Bauhin hist. ii. pi. 918 (Pers.); is termed " thlaspi 
 lusitanicum umbellatum gramineo folio flore albo " by Tournefort inst. 213 ; was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in waste ground throughout Greece from the Peloponnesus to Constanti- 
 nople ; and is known to occur throughout Southern Europe (Pollich, and Pers.). 
 
 leucrium marum of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany "katzenkraut," in 
 Italy "maro" (Lenz); and the MA PON of Damocrates — maybe compared: " maron " inferior in 
 quality to the Lydian was produced in Egypt in the days of Pliny xii. 53 : " maru species sclarea; " was 
 found by Alpinus employed there medicinally; and "marum" seeds, by Forskal; but according to 
 Clot-Bey, the living T. marum has only recently been introduced. Farther North, was observed by 
 Gittard in mountainous situations on Amorgos (Chaub.), but in Greece and Italy according to Lenz 
 
478 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 occurs under cultivation only: is known to grow wild in Spain (Matthiol. comm. 537, Ludwig ect. 
 pi. 14, Pers., and Spreng.). According to Lindley, the plant "seems to be a genuine feline aphro- 
 disiac." (See Origanum Sipyleum). 
 
 " 36, before the passover " (J. R. B. in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), Pontius Pilate, " sixth Roman procurator 
 of Judsa," removed from office by the Roman general Vitellius. 
 
 The same year, (see Acts ix. 24, 2 Cor. xi. 32, Galat. i. 18, Alst., and Neand. in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), 
 Damascus held by the Arabian king Aretas III. of Petra, and the return of "Saul" or Paul to Jeru- 
 salem ; where he abode with Peter " fifteen days," but of the other apostles saw " none, save James 
 the Lord's brother." Thence, "Saul" proceeded "into the regions of Syria and Cilicia" (compare 
 Acts ix. 30). 
 
 "37, March 16th " (Tacit., and Clint.), Tiberius succeeded by Caius Caligula, third Roman 
 emperor. From Egypt, Caligula removed an obelisk to Rome (Plin. xvi. 76. 2). His hieroglyphic 
 ovals occur on temples at Dendera, Philae, and Talmis in Nubia. 
 
 His prefect over Egypt, Publius Avilius Flaccus, is named in a Greek inscription at Dendera. 
 
 Lemna polyrhiza of Northern climates. Called in Egypt "ads-el-ma," and possibly known there 
 as early as this year:— the "adschma" is mentioned by Gafeki, and Ebn Baitar ; and L. polyrhiza 
 was observed by Forskal, and Delile, at Rosetta. Westward, is described by Vaillant pi. 20, and 
 Micheli xvi. pi. 11 ; and is known to grow floating on still or stagnant water from Switzerland to 
 Sweden and Russia (Pers., and Wats.). Farther West, is known to occur in our Atlantic States 
 from Lat. 43 to Florida, and inland as far as Arkansas (Ell., Chapm., Nutt., and myself), but accord- 
 ing to A. Gray has not in America been found flowering. Probably by European colonists and 
 through the cultivation of semi-aquatic plants introduced into Madeira (Lemann, and A. Dec). 
 
 Lemna gibba of Northern climates. Its frond plano-convex, more resembling a lentil, and possi- 
 bly the original "ads-el-ma," — becoming in English water-lentil (Prior), in Germany " wasserlinse " 
 (Grieb), in France "lentille sauvage " (Nugent): L. gibba was observed by Delile around Rosetta in 
 Egypt ; known to grow also in Northern Asia. Westward, is described by Micheli xvi. pi. 11, and 
 Wolf p. 26 ; and is known to grow in Switzerland and throughout middle Europe as far as Ireland and 
 Sweden (Pers., and Wats.). Farther West, was observed by Webb phyt. iii. p. 297 on the Canary 
 Islands ; and is known to grow in North America from Western New York to Cumberland House 
 in Lat. 54 (Pursh, and A. Gray), but according to A. Gray has not been found flowering. (See 
 L. minor). 
 
 In or about this year (Acts x. 1 to 45, and xv. 7), at Cassarea, in the presence of Peter, the Roman 
 centurion Cornelius, and others, the gift of tongues and the gospel extended to the Gentiles. 
 
 38 A. D. (=39 — "a whole year" of Acts xi. 26), the disciples first "scattered abroad" preached 
 the word to "the Jews only ; '' but some "of Cyprus and C\rene" coming to Antioch, conversions 
 took place among the Greeks ; and Barnabas sent from Jerusalem, brought " Saul " or Paul from 
 Tarsus to Antioch. 
 
 "39 A. D." (Jos., and Clint.), Herod Antipas tetrarch of Galilee, deposed and banished by the 
 emperor Caligula ; who appointed Herod Agrippa ruler over Galilee. 
 
 "The same year" (Jos., and Clint.), arrival in Rome of "five ambassadors" from Alexandria; 
 Apion the grammarian and Philon Judaeus being among the number. 
 
 Linaria vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain toad-flax (Prior), 
 in France "linaire" (Nugent), in Germany "lynkraut" or "flachskraut " or "harnkraut" (Trag.), in 
 Egypt " ffiisj el ma;lik" (Forsk.) ; and the " cynocephaliam herbam " of Apion the grammarian, used 
 in Egypt against all poisoning and called " osirites " — (Plin. xxx. 6), is referred here by Tragus : the 
 " cynocephalium" is identified by Apuleius Barbaras 86 with the " antirrhinon " or "ametiston" or 
 "pithecion" or " canis cerebrum" or " osireos taphen '' : L. vulgaris is figured in the Ortus Sanitatis 
 23 and 261, and is described by Braunsweig, Tragus i. pi. 117, Fuchsius 585, and Dodoens ; is termed 
 "linaria vulgaris lutea flore majore " by Tournefort inst. 170 ; and is known to occur in waste ground 
 from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 982, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in 
 the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal p. liii, in a single garden in Egypt. By European colonists, was car- 
 ried before 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America ; where it has become frequent in waste and culti- 
 vated ground, and in Pennsylvania is called RanstcJ weed (Shecutt. and A. Dec). In London according 
 to Burnett occasionally boiled in milk to destroy flies (Lindl.). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., prior at least to the reign of Claudius, Acts xi. 26 to 28), the disciples 
 first called "Christians" at Antioch. Eusebius places the founding "by Peter" of the Church of 
 Antioch, in the " third " year of Caius, and the " two hundred and fourth " Olympiad. 
 
 "40 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), the emperor Caligula at Lugdunum (Lyons in France) on 
 his expedition to the ocean. After his return to Rome, interview with Herod Agrippa interceding in 
 behalf of the Jews. 
 
 " In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 41), Ramunsalingda succeeded by his younger brother 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 479 
 
 Baeringda as Burmese king. — Who went to Tekkatho (Taxila on the Upper Indus), where he became 
 skilled in the knowledge of the Vedas. He reigned " twelve " years. 
 
 "41, Jan. 24th" (Sueton., Clem. Alex., and Clint.), Caius Caligula succeeded by Claudius, fourth 
 Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Claudius occur on temples at Dendera, Esneh, Edfu, and 
 Philae. 
 
 The celebrated Series of Egyptian coins, of so much service to history and chronology, begins 
 with the reign of Claudius. — Nearly every year of the next two hundred and fifty-eight is accounted 
 for; on coins inscribed with the year of the reigning emperor, often too in a variety of patterns 
 issued. 
 
 " Before the close of the year " (Jos., and Clint.), Samaria and Judaea added to the district governed 
 by Herod Agrippa. 
 
 42 A. D. ("in the first year of Claudius, two thousand and fifty seventh ann. Abr., and two hun- 
 dred and fifth Olymp." of Euseb.), Christianity introduced into Alexandria and Egypt by the evangelist 
 Mark, " Peter's interpreter." 
 
 "In the second year of Claudius" (according to Hieronymus sc. ecc), Peter proceeded to 
 Rome. As Rome and " Babylon " are considered identical by some writers, it may here be remarked : 
 that the "Babylon" of t Peter v. 13 is clearly the military station — bearing the name to the present 
 day, and situated not far from Cairo. While in Egypt, I heard of "remarkable Christian relics" 
 discovered in the vicinity, but did not see them. 
 
 "43 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), expedition of Claudius into Britain, and conquest of 
 "Vectem" (Isle of Wight) ; Vespasian being one of the Roman commanders. Claudius was accom- 
 panied by his physician, Scribonius Largus (Sm. b. d.). ' 
 
 Cerastium vulgatum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain mouse-ear duckweed 
 (Prior), and the AVR ICVLAE-MVRI NAE prescribed against calculus by Scribonius Largus 153, — 
 and identified in Syn. Diosc. ii. 214 with the " lavotholavath " of the Numidians, may be compared : 
 the "myosoton " is described by Pliny xxvii. 8 as beginning to grow in midwinter and drying up in 
 midsummer : C. vulgare is termed " auricula muris " by Dodoens (C. Bauhin, and Willd.), " myosotis 
 arvensis hirsuta parvo flore " by Tournefort inst. 245 ; and is known to grow in North Africa and 
 throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Vaill. par. pi. 30 f. 3, Curt, 
 lond. ii. pi. 35, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, the " muos 6ta " is so named according to Dioscon'des 
 from its leaves resembling a mouse's ear, is besides called "alsine" from flourishing in groves and 
 shaded situations ; and in the added Synonyms is further identified with the " mufiton " or "muorto- 
 hon '' or " murtosplenon " or " anthullion : " C. vulgatum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chanbard, 
 in the Peloponnesus and on mount Parnassus ; is known to grow also throughout Siberia (Ledeb., 
 and A. Dec.) ; and was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, frequent and called, "fan 
 ru " or "fagu iera " or "fakobi." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where 
 it continues a weed in waste and cultivated ground and has become naturalized; also to South Amer- 
 ica (Wats.). 
 
 Cerastium viicosi/m, regarded as distinct, — is termed "alsine glutinosa" by Gesner (C. Bauhin, 
 and Willd.), " myosotis hirsuta altera viscosa " by Tournefort inst. 245 ; is described also by Dodoens ; 
 and is known to grow in North Africa and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland 
 and Iceland (Vaill. par. pi. 30 f. 1, Curt. lond. ii. pi. 34, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed 
 by Sibthorp from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus and Cyprus ; is known to occur in Abyssinia 
 (A. Rich., and A. Dec.) ; and was observed by Thunberg along roadsides in Japan, frequent and 
 also called "fakobi." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it is known 
 to occur in Greenland and Iceland (Wats.), around trading posts in the Interior (Hook.), and accord- 
 ing to A. Gray in "grassy fields and copses " in our middle States "naturalized ; " to Austral Africa 
 (Drege and E. Mey.) ; and to Southwest Australia (Bartl). 
 
 Trifolium squarrosum of the West Mediterranean countries. A species of clover: the TRI 
 FOLIVM-ACVTVMorOXYTRIPHYLLON growing mostly on Sicily and seen in Italy by Scri- 
 bonius Largus only at Luna harbour when on his way to Britain,* two feet high, bearing a general 
 resemblance to " pratense trifolium " but emitting " odorem gravem," — may be compared : T. squar- 
 rosum is described by Morison ii. 2 ; is termed " t. dipsaceum " by Thuillier 302 ; and is known to 
 grow in France and Spain, the lowest calyx-tooth very long and reflexed (Pers.). 
 
 * Impatiens noli-tangere of Northern Europe. Called in Britain touch-me-not or balsam (Prior): 
 the NASTVRTII-ANIMATI-SEMINIS of Scribonius Largus 95 — may be compared; also the 
 " melago " identified by Galfridus pr. pm. with the " balsamus " or " bawme : " the " persicariae sili- 
 quosae " whose fruit on the slightest contact leaps apart, is mentioned in 1635 Dv Cornuti p. 5 : I. noli- 
 tangere is described by Linnaeus ; is termed " i. palustris " by Persoon ; and is known to grow in 
 woods and wet places in France and as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 588, and Lam. fl. fr.). 
 
480 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Prvnus (Armeniaca) Sibirica of the mountains of Siberia. The SARKOKOLLAE of Scribo- 
 nius Largus 22, — resembling according to Dioscorides thin frankincense, somewhat fulvous, bitterish, 
 agglutinating wounds and the exudation of a tree growing in Persia, according to Pliny xiii. 20 and 
 xxiv. 78 the product of a tree said by some to be spiny, mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegi- 
 neta, is admitted to be sarcocolj a drug found by Sprengel to agree in all respects with the descrip- 
 tion by Dioscorides. Among the Arabs, sarcocol or " anzarut " is mentioned by Rhazes, by Mesue 
 f. 79 as the product of a spiny shrub with knotty branches, and was observed by Forskal mat. med. 
 employed medicinally in Egypt. A figure of the tree sent by a Persian merchant to Andr. Marini 
 has the leaves ovate-oblong serrate or dentate (Spreng.) ; and A. Sibirica observed by Ammann pi. 
 20, and Pallas i. pi. 8, on the mountains of Siberia, may be compared. According however to E. A. 
 Sophocles lex., sarcocol is the gum of the peach tree. 
 
 Lophotacnia aurea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " maithanon tou 
 vounou " (Fraas) : the SPONDYLION prescribed by Scribonius Largus ii. 5, — known to Pliny xii. 
 58 and xxiv. 16 chiefly as a drug, but according to Syn. Diosc. called " £rva routinalis " (rotularis 
 Spreng.) by the Romans, may be compared. Eastward, the " sphonthulion " is described by Dioscor- 
 ides as growing in wet ground, having a "raphanS "-like root, stems a cubit or more high, leaves 
 between those of "platan6" and " panakos," seed in the umbels '• s£s£lSi "-like but broader and 
 strong-scented, "6hra e lfiuka" milky or yellowish flowers yielding a juice which is collected and pre- 
 served; is mentioned also by Asclepiades, and Galen; and is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 " sphonthulis " or " araggen " or " phalaggion " or "asterion" or "nisuris" or '• horothanon " or 
 "oinanthe" of the Greeks, " osiris " of the prophets, and " apsapher " of the Egyptians: L. aurea 
 is described by Hoffmann (Steud., and Chaubard) ; by Sibthorp pi. 282 as having the radical leaves 
 '■ rotundatis ; " and was observed by him, and Fraas, on Parnassus and the mountains of Attica and 
 the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.). 
 
 Hyoscyamus aureus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " melohortiro " 
 (Forsk.) : the ALTERCVM identified with the YOCKYAMON of the Greeks and its seeds and 
 root prescribed by Scribonius Largus 52 to 181, — "altercum" of the Arabs according to Pliny xxv. 
 17, including among medicinal kinds one with reddish seeds like 'irionis," may be compared : H. au- 
 reus is known to grow in Italy (Lenz), and was observed by Forskal on Malta. Farther East, the 
 kind of "uoskuamos" having according to Dioscorides its flowers " melinoJithe " yellow, and seeds 
 "up5xanth5n" tawny like those of '' e>usimon," is referred here by writers : H. aureus is termed "h. 
 creticus luteus major et minor" by Tournefort inst. 118; and was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, 
 frequent in Greece along walls and among rubbish as far as Tenedos. 
 
 Plantago lanceolata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain ribwort or ribgrass (Prior), 
 in Italy " agnoglosso " or "lanciola" or " piantaccine longa" (Lenz), in Greece "p£ntan£uron " 
 (Sibth.), in which we recognize the " ribbe " pi the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 98, and the N ERVA 
 LEM identified with the TTOAYNeYPON by Scribonius Lirgus 12: — P. lanceolata is termed 
 "plantago minor" in Ortus sanitatis pi. 333. " p. angustifolia major" by Tournefort inst. 127; is 
 described also by Brunfels (Spreng. prasf.) ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle 
 and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, the 
 '•poluneuron " is mentioned in Syn. Diosc. ii. 152, also by Oribasius 11 : P. lanceolata was observed 
 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding throughout Greece and the Greek islands as far as 
 Smyrna and Constantinople ; is known to grow also along the Taurian mountains and in the neigh- 
 bouring portion of Siberia and as far as Nepnul ( Bieb., and Wats.). Farther South, was observed 
 by Forskal around Cairo and among the mountains of Yemen ; is known to occur also in Abyssinia 
 (A. Rich., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 
 tinues a weed in waste ground throughout our Atlantic States (A. Gray, Chapm., and myself), and 
 has become naturalized. The plant according to Lindley'-has rather bitter astringent leaves and 
 roots, and has been used with sqme other species as an expectorant and vulnerary." 
 
 Aspidium aailcatiim of Northern climates. The F I L I C I S-AA AC E DO N I C A E prescribed as 
 vermifuge by Scribonius Largus 140, — and distinguished by Pliny xxvii. 55 as "optimum" best in 
 quality, may be compared: A. aculeatum is termed "lonchitis aculeata latioribus pinnulis " by 
 Tournefort inst. 538 ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 
 1562). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople and on Athos and other moun- 
 tains of Greece. Westward from Europe, is known to grow in North America, in "deep woods" in 
 Northern New England and New York (A. Gray). 
 
 About this time (= 29 -\- " nearly 15 years," Burton in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), leaving Antioch on his 
 First missionary tour, Paul sailed from Seleucia to Cyprus in company with Barnabas ; and thence to 
 Pamphylia on the Southern coast of Asia Minor. After visiting the neighbouring countries of Pisidia 
 and Lycaonia, they returned by sea to Antioch ; where they "abode long time " (Acts xiv. 1 1 to 28). 
 
 "44 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), return of the emperor Claudius from Britain to Rome. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 481 
 
 "In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Les succeeded by Za-Ma- 
 seuh, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned "six" years. 
 
 "47 A. D." (Tacit., Dio, and Clint.), the Roman general Vespasian in Britain; Corbulo having 
 charge in Gaul and Germany. 
 
 " The same year " (= 33 -\- " 14 years " of Galat. ii. 1 to 14, compare Acts xv. 4 and xii. 25), 
 Third visit of Paul to Jerusalem ; where "James, Cephas, and John " gave to him " and Barnabas the 
 right hands of fellowship ; " to go unto the uncircumcised. After returning to Antioch, and openly 
 rebuking Peter for concealing the fact that "he did eat with the Gentiles," Paul set out on his Second 
 missionary tour ; and proceeded with Silas through Cilicia and Asia Minor to Macedonia, Athens, 
 and Corinth; where "he continued a year and six months" (Acts xv. 41 to xviii. 11). 
 
 48, in " the days of unleavened bread " (Acts xii. 3), " James the brother of John " put to death, 
 and Peter imprisoned, by Herod Agrippa. Who, before the close of "this year" (Jos., and Clint., 
 compare Acts xii. 23), was succeeded by his nephew Agrippa the younger as governor of Judaea. 
 
 49 A. D. = "9th year of Claudius," in a Greek inscription at the Great Oasis — discovered by 
 Hoskins. 
 
 This or another Greek inscription of the same date (see Franz) presenting the following form 
 of the letter A- 
 
 "The same year" (= 52 — "3 years " of Acts xx. 31), arrival of Paul in Ephesus, on bis Third 
 missionary tour. 
 
 Under Claudius, a freedman of Annius Plocamus sailing along the Arabian coast driven by a 
 storm to the island of Taprobane ; where the sun rose on the left, and the soil was carefully culti- 
 vated — (Plin. vi. 24). 
 
 Jambosa Malaccensis of the Moluccas. The Malay apple is called in Tamil "jambu-malacca," 
 in Malayan " jambu-kling" or " jambu-merah " (J. F. Wats.), in Burmah " tha-byu-tha-byaa " (Mason), 
 in Tagalo " copcop " (Blanco) ; and the "pomis " found by the freedman abundant on Taprobane — • 
 (Plin.) may be compared : "red jambu flowers " and " jambu fruit " are mentioned in Karen dirges 
 (Mason p. 83) : J. Malaccensis has been long known in Hindustan ; was observed by Rheede i. pi. 
 18 in Malabar; by Graham, " common in gardens " around Bombay; by W. Jones, Roxburgh, and 
 Wight, under cultivation in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason v. 450, " exotic " in Burmah, thriv- 
 ing "luxuriantly at Mergui." Farther East, the "jambos with dark red fruit" is mentioned by Nieu- 
 hoff ; J. Malaccensis was not seen wild on Java by Blume ; was observed on Sumatra by Marsden ; 
 by myself, under cultivation only throughout the Malayan archipelago; by Blanco, on the Philippines, 
 and termed by him " eugenia montana ; " by Rumphius i. 195, spontaneously growing on the Moluc- 
 cas (A. Dec.) ; by myself, a large tree cultivated and naturalized on the Feejeean, Samoan, Tahei- 
 tian, and Hawaiian islands ; by Foster, on the Hawaiian, and Marquesas islands. By Arab colonists, 
 was carried to Zanzibar, observed by myself on the Imaum's plantation: by European colonists, was 
 carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). From transported specimens, is described in 1640 by 
 Parkinson. (See Hawaiian Islands.) 
 
 " The same year = beginning of the Twelfth manwantara " among the Hindus — (Graha Mun- 
 jari tables, and Bentl.). 
 
 "Not earlier than the 1st century A. D." (Dallet p. xii.), commencement of Corean history. 
 Corea at this time divided into three States or kingdoms, Kao-li in the North and Northeast, Pet-si 
 in the West, and Sin-la in the Southeast, civil wars and contests between Kao-li and China on the 
 one hand, and between Sin-la and Japan on the other, — continuing more than ten centuries. Sin-la 
 in o-eneral maintaining predominance, so that the period in question is sometimes termed the " Dynasty 
 of Sin-la." 
 
 " 50 A. D. (= 9th year of the war in Britain," Tacit., and Clint.), after the defeat of the " Iceni " 
 (Exeter?), Caractacus leader of the " Silures " (Salisbury?) defeated and taken prisoner by the 
 Roman general Osorius. 
 
 Reseda phyteuma of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "ohestra" or "ohrestra" 
 (Fraas) : the "phutSuma " with a long slender superficial root suitable according to some writers for 
 love-charms, — further described by Dioscorides as having leaves like " strouthiS " but smaller, and 
 numerous perforated fruit, is referred here by Lobel adv. p. 320, and others : R. phyteuma was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in mountain-ravines from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos, its 
 leaves cooked and eaten. Westward, the " phyteuma " used for love-charms only, is mentioned by 
 Pliny xxvii. 99 ; R. phyteuma is described by Columna ecphr. i. p. 270 ; is termed " r. minor vulgaris " 
 by Tournefort inst. 423 ; and is known to grow in Austria and Southern France (Jacq. austr. pi. 132, 
 Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 " In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Maseuh succeeded by Za- 
 Sutuwa, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned "nine" years. 
 
 " In or about this year" (peripl. Eryth., and Major voy. ind.), Hippalus, commander of a vessel 
 
 61 
 
482 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 in the Indian trade, proceeding from the Red Sea boldly out into the ocean discovered the regular 
 course of the prevailing winds, and first made known the monsoons to the Greeks. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Samuel Aniens.), the apostle Bartholomew put to death at Arebonum 
 in Armenia. 
 
 "In or about this year" (Meylan, and Jap. mann. 351), a " Braminical sect" "introduced into 
 Japan, the doctrines of which were, the redemption of the world by the son of a virgin, who died to 
 expiate the sins of men, thus insuring to them a joyful resurrection ; and a trinity of immaterial per- 
 sons, constituting one eternal, omnipresent, omnipotent God, the Creator of all." 
 
 "51 A. D."(Sueton. Tacit, xii. 43, and Clint, see also Acts xi. 28), severe and wide-spread famine. 
 
 " In the eleventh year of Claudius " (Euseb., appointed " before the twelfth," Jos. a. J. xx. 7. 1, 
 J. R. Beard in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), Felix entering upon his duties as procurator of Judea. 
 
 "52 A. D." (Acts xxiv. 10, Sueton., Tacit, xii. 53, and Clint), Paul pleading before Felix, and 
 from this time held prisoner. 
 
 " 53 A. D." (Sm. b. d.), marriage of Octavia daughter of Claudius, with Nero son of Claudius' 
 fourth wife Agrippina. 
 
 . Unanita mnscaria of Europe. The " beletus medicatus " with which Claudius was poisoned by 
 Agrippina— (Plin. xxii. 46, Mart. i. 21, Juv. v. 147, and Sueton. xliv. 33), is referred here by Fraas, 
 and others : A. muscaria is described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow in Italy, where it is called 
 " tignoso " or " uovolaccio " or " uovolo rosso " or " uovolo malefico " (Lenz). 
 
 "54, Ou. 1 2th" (Tacit, and Clint), Claudius succeeded by Nero, fifth Roman emperor. The 
 hieroglyphic ovals of Nero, occur on the temple at Dendera. 
 
 Andromachus, physician to Nero and author of a theriac or compound medicine long in repute, 
 the first person on whom the title "archiater" is known to have been conferred (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Galium verion of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Anglo-Saxon "cys- 
 gerun," in current English cheese-rennet (Prior), in French " caille-lait," in Danish " melklobe " 
 (Spreng.), in Germany " labkraut " (Grieb), in Italy "gallio giallo " or " gallio vero " (Lenz); in 
 which we recognize the r A A A Y of an antidote of Andromachus — (Gal. antid. ii. 1), or " galion " or 
 " gallerion " or " galation " named according to Dioscorides from coagulating milk, closely resembling 
 "aparine " in branch and leaves but erect with numerous slender sweet-scented yellow flowers on its 
 summit: G. verum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Samos and Aetolia to the 
 Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also along the Taurian mountains and in Siberia (Bieb., and Wats). 
 Westward, is described by Lobel pi. S04 ; is termed "g. luteum " by Tournefort inst. 115; and is 
 known to grow in Italy and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Iceland and nearly to 
 Lapland (Hook., Wahl., and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it has become naturalized in a few localities around Boston. 
 
 " The same year " (= 52 -|- " 2 years " of Acts xxiv. 27, see also Jos. a. J. xx. 8. 9), by Nero, 
 Felix removed and Porcius Festus appointed procurator of Judaea. On the arrival of Festus, Paul 
 brought before him and A^rippa the younger ; and appealing " unto Caesar," sent to Rome. 
 
 55 A. D. (Acts xxvii. and xxviii.), arrival of Paul in Rome, after shipwreck and wintering on the 
 island of Melita. 
 
 "56 A. D. = 1st year of the ' kian-wou-tchoung-youan ' of Kouang-wou-ti " — (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 " In the reign of Kouang-wou-ti " (Topog. cant., and Pauth. 472), the barbarians brought horses : 
 ■walls of stone built by Ma-yuan, to prevent the irruption of foreigners from the South and West : the 
 Western nations about this time changed their name : and henceforward, the people of Tien-tchou 
 or India, Thsin or Roman Empire, and other nations, came by sea and held much intercourse with 
 Canton. 
 
 57 A. D. (= 55 -f- " 2 whole years " of Paul's residence "in his own hired house" in Rome), 
 end of Luke's record, called the "Acts of the apostles." 
 
 An inscription relating to Balbillus, prefect of Egypt under Nero, has been found near the 
 Great Sphinx at Gizeh. 
 
 A demotic papyrus dated as late as the reign of Nero — is mentioned by De Rouge" (monit. 
 univers. Mars 1851). 
 
 "58 A. D. = ' young-ping,' 1st year of Hiao-ming-ti "or Ming-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 
 
 " The same year " (Sen. ep. 91, and Clint.), conflagration at " Lugdunensis colonia " (Lyons), in 
 the " one hundredth year " after its foundation. L. Seneca speaks of the rhetor Liberalis as sad- 
 dened by the news. 
 
 The BLATTAR I A' BALNEA mentioned by Seneca, — are clearly baths infested with the small 
 cockroach, Blatla Gcrmanica. By European colonists, the insect was unintentionally carried to 
 Northeast America, where it has become frequent in damp places in dwellings. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 483 
 
 "S9> A P ril 3°th," in the consulship of "Vipsanius and Fonteius " (Plin. ii. 70, and Clint.), eclipse 
 of the sun. Observed also in Armenia by the Roman general Corbulo. Before the close of the year, 
 Agrippina, mother of Nero, put to death. 
 
 " In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Sutuwa succeeded by Za- 
 Adgaba, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " ten y. six months." 
 
 As early probably as this year, Apollonius of Tyana, after " twenty months " in Persia, entering 
 Hindustan. ■ He remained " four months " beyond the Indus, and returning by water — up the Persian 
 Gulf and the river Euphrates as far as Babylon, reached Athens in the '-following year" (Philostr., 
 and Clint.). He afterwards visited Rome, Spain, and the cataracts of the Nile ; everywhere accom- 
 panied by Damis, an Assyrian whose narrative is followed by Philostratus. 
 
 The TA N T A A 10 N : Y A UlP in which Apollonius was initiated by Brahmans, — and the water 
 in a cave containing the statue of a human being male on one side and female on the other (described 
 to Bardesanes by Indian envoys on their way to Antoninus) are identified by Porphyrius de styx. I 
 remarked such a statue on the sculptured walls of the Elephanla cave-temple, which contains a shal- 
 low artificial basin of water, and was informed, that Guzerati bramins continue to make pilgrimages, 
 arriving in " April and May." 
 
 Garr.inia purpurea of Western Hindustan. A very elegant Calophylloid tree called in the envi- 
 rons of Bombay "kokum" (Graham) ; and from early times, its fruit eaten and oil obtained from the 
 seeds : the tree seen by Apollonius in India bearing fruit like a large pomegranate, the apple within 
 the husk of the colour of a fine hyacinth and the very best flavoured fruit they ever ate — (Priaulx in 
 roy. asiat. soc. xvii), may be compared : G. purpurea is described by Rumphius iii. pi. 32 ; was 
 observed by Graham in " ravines at Kandalla" and ''pretty common in some parts of the Concan," 
 also "in gardens Bombay," the acid juice of the fruit used by workers in iron as a mordant; was 
 observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, and is called "brindao" by the 
 Portuguese at Goa, where kokum oil is used for adulterating ghee or butter (Graham, and Drur.). 
 
 "60 A. D." (L. Sen. nat. qu. vii. 21, Tacit., and Clint, iv. p. 45) a comet. Continuing in sight 
 "six months," and differing according to L. Seneca from any seen by him during forty-six years, and 
 from the one recorded to have made its appearance after the death of Caesar. 
 
 "61 A. D." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Petronius Turpilianus and C. Caesonius Paetus consuls. 
 " T. Petronius consuliris " — who in "A. D. 66" anticipating sentence of death broke a costly mtir- 
 rhine vase in order to disappoint Nero (Plin. xxxvii. 7) is termed " C. Petronius " by Tacitus xvi. 18 ; 
 and the satirical poem attributed to him — is mentioned as the work of "Petronius" or "Arbiter" 
 by Terentianus Maurus, and Sidonius Apollinaris xxiii. 155. 
 
 Tulipa Clusiana of the East Mediterranean countries. The SATYRION of Petronius, fur- 
 nishing a potion, — and according to Dioscorides termed "triphullon" from usually having three 
 leaves upon the ground, its stem "psilon" slender, a cubit high, flower " krin6£id£s " lily-like and 
 white, root bulbous as a " melon," agreeable to the taste, and infused in wine, is referred here con- 
 jecturally by Sprengel : the account of the " graeci satyrion " by Pliny xxvi. 63 seems in part taken 
 from Dioscorides : T. Clusiana is termed " t. persica praecox" by Clusius posth. 18, " t. praecox 
 angustifolia " by Tournefort inst. 375 ; was observed by Sibthorp in Italy, near Florence, flowering 
 in March ; but has not been found in Greece. 
 
 Satyrium hircinum of Western Europe. Called in Italy " satirio " or " satirione " (Targ.), and 
 probably the " satyrion " of Petronius : — S. hircinum is known to grow in calcareous soil in France 
 and Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 337, and Pers.) ; was observed by Haller pi. 25 in Switzerland ; by Scopoli, 
 in Carniolia. 
 
 " The same year" (Tacit, Blair, and Clint.), the Romans defeated in Britain by queen Boudicea. 
 Shortly afterwards, her army defeated in turn by the Romans under Suetonius Paulinus. 
 
 "62 A. D." (W. W. in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), "James the Lord's brother,'' after holding for "thirty 
 years " (Hieronym.) the chief direction among the apostles, and therefore called " first bishop of 
 Jerusalem," put to death by the Jews (Jos. a. J. xx. 9. 1). 
 
 "In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 41), Thaka succeeded by his son Thathee, now Bur- 
 mese king. He had no regard for Budhism. 
 
 "62 to 63 A. D. = Sth year of Nero" (Euseb. h. c. ii. 24, Hieronym., and Clint.), Annianus or 
 Annaniah left by Mark to watch over the Christians in Egypt : in other words, ordained first bishop 
 of Alexandria. — His successors in the office are enumerated in an uninterrupted series by Eusebius. 
 
 Clematis flammula of the Mediterranean countries. A vine called in Greece "alogaki glukuge " 
 or " helithronia " (Sibth.), in Egyptian " phulakouon " (Syn. Diosc.) ; and the €T6 P A : K A H M A T I C 
 of Dioscorides iv. 7 (the description as repeated in iv. 179 — belonging to a different plant, according 
 to Galen simpl. fac. vii. p. 31), may be compared : C. flammula was observed by Sibthorp, and Chau- 
 bard, in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the " St6ra klematis " or " epigetis " is identified in Syn. 
 Diosc. with the "amvouxou" of the Romans: C. flammula is described by Matthaeus Platearius f. 
 
484 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 236, Crescenzio, Matthioli 680 (Spreng.), and Dodoens pempt. pi. 404 ; is termed " c. sive flammula 
 repens " by Tournefort inst. 293 ; was observed by Tenore pi. 48 near Naples, by Forskal near Mar- 
 seilles ; and is known to grow in hedges and thickets in Barbary and as far as Switzerland (Scop., 
 All., Pers., Steud., and Lindl.). Is enumerated among medicinal plants by Lindley, the "leaves used 
 as vesicatories." (See C. vitalba.) 
 
 Ranunculus parviflorus of the Mediterranean countries ? The BATPAXION: TPITON of 
 Dioscorides, diminutive and strong-scented with golden flowers, — may be compared : R. parviflorus 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the cultivated ground of the Peloponnesus. Westward, 
 the account of the " ranunculum tertium " by Pliny xxv. 109 seems taken from Dioscorides : but R. 
 parviflorus is termed " r. arvensis annuus hirsutus flore omnium minimo luteo " by Tournefort inst. 
 290, is known to occur in various parts of Southern Europe, and as far even as Britain (Pers., Engl, 
 bot. pi. 120, and Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues in "waste places" from Norfolk in Virginia to Georgia (Ell., Hook., A. Gray, and 
 Chapm.). 
 
 Ranunculus lanuginosus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " spour- 
 thdk6kula"(Sibth.)or'"spourthakula" or "sphourthakla" (Fraas): and the BAT PA X I N : €TePON 
 also called C € A I N N . ATPION described by Dioscorides as taller and more woolly, with leaves more 
 divided, and growing mostly on Sardinia — may be compared: R. lanuginosus was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in wet springy soil from the Peloponnesus to Northern Greece. West- 
 ward, is termed "r. montanus lanuginosus foliis ranunculi pratensis repentis " by Tournefort inst. 291 ; 
 was observed by Moris i. p. 3 abounding on Sardinia (Spreng.), by Tenore neap. pi. 147 in Italy ; and 
 is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 397, Thuill., and Pers.). 
 
 Aconitnm lycactonum of middle and Northern Europe. Called in Britain wolfsbane (Prior), in 
 which we recognize the AyKOKTONON identified by Dioscorides with the KVNOKTONON or 
 AKONITON €T6PONa cubit high, with platanus-like leaves but more divided and much smaller, 
 growing mostly on the mountains of Italy, and the root placed in meat to destroy wolves : — in the 
 added Synonyms, one of three kinds of "akoniton" is mentioned as employed in hunting, and the 
 "akoniton Stfiron" or "kuamon l£ukon " is identified with the " kolomSstroum " of the Romans: 
 A. lycoctonum is described by Gerarde p. S22, and Clusius hist. ii. pi. 94; and is known to grow in 
 mountainous situations in Italy, Hungary, and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden and Lap- 
 land (Jacq. austr. pi. 380, Pers., Lindl.). The roots according to Lindley "have been used to destroy 
 wild beasts ; this is, however, reputed less venomous than many other species." 
 
 Thalktrum flavum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain meadow-rue 
 ox fen-rue, or by old writers "pigamon" or "peganon" (Prior), in Greece "moulpia" (Fraas), in 
 Italy " talittro " (Targ.) ; and the 6 A A I K T P N growing according to Dioscorides chiefly in the open 
 country, its stem as stout as that of TT H f A N I Y, and on it coriander-like leaves, — is referred here 
 bv Fraas : the " thaliektron" is mentioned by Galen, and the "thalietron" by Paulus Aegineta (Spreng.) : 
 T. flavum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. West- 
 ward, the "thalitruum" is described by Pliny xxvii. 113 as growing everywhere and having the stem 
 "papaveris," but the remainder of his account seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides ; T. flavum is 
 termed "th. majus siliqua angulosa aut striata" by Tournefort inst. 270; and is known to grow in 
 Italy and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Linn. fl. lap., fl. Dan. pi. 939, 
 Pers., and Lenz). 
 
 Thalictrum minus of Europe and Northern Asia. Possibly included in the account of Diosco- 
 rides, — observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, but according to Fraas is confined in Greece to 
 subalpine summits. Westward, is described by Tournefort inst. 271 ; is known to grow in Italy and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 732, Spreng., A. Dec, and Lenz). 
 
 Delphinium tcnuissimum of the East Mediterranean countries. The A6 A * I N I O N : 6T6PON 
 of Dioscorides, resembling the first kind but with much more slender leaves and branches, and less 
 potent medicinal effects, — is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas : D. tenuissimum is described by 
 Sibthorp pi. 505 ; and was observed by him, and Fraas, on the mountains of Attica and Southern 
 Greece. 
 
 Leon/ice chrysogonum of the East Mediterranean countries. The XPYCOTONON having ac- 
 cording to Dioscorides oak-like leaves, its flower like coronary <J> A 0* UU, and its black rOITYAH- 
 like root red within and employed against bites of MY f A A H the shrew-mouse, — is referred here by 
 writers : L. chrysogonum is termed "leontopetalon foliis costae simplici innascentibus " by Tournefort 
 cor. 49; was observed by Sibthorp near Abydos on the Hellespont; and by Rauwolf 119, in Syria. 
 Westward, the "hrusogonon" or " hrusospSrmon " or " thaspin " or " origanon " or " arkophthal- 
 mon " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " arilaria " of the Romans : L. chrysogonum is described 
 by Morison iii. pi. 15 ; and was received by Barrelier pi. 11 13 from Corvinus in Italy. 
 
 Hypecoum procumbens of the Mediterranean countries. Called in German "lappenblume" 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 485 
 
 (Grieb) : theYnHKOONorYTTO*eiUJN growing according to Dioscorides in culti vated ground, 
 its leaves 17 H TAN Ui-like, and medicinal properties those of poppy-juice, — is referred here by writers: 
 H. procumbens was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in sand along the seashore of the Pelopon- 
 nesus and Greek islands. Farther South, the "afikoon" is mentioned by Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar ; 
 but " H. patens" observed by Forskal p. 122, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt, is 
 given as a distinct species. Westward, the account of the "hypecoon" by Pliny xxvii. 68, seems 
 taken from Dioscorides ; H. procumbens is described by Dodoens p. 449, and Lobel adv. p. 330 ; is 
 termed "h. latiore folio" by Tournefort inst. 230; was observed by myself on Malta; and is known 
 to occur in cultivated ground as far as France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Corydalis claviculata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " hionistra " 
 from growing on high mountains near melting snow (Fraas) : the ICOFTYPON called according to 
 Dioscorides * A C I A N from its leaves in like manner terminating in a tendril, its numerous small 
 seeds tasting like those of M6 A A N0 I UU, — is referred here by Sprengel, and Lindley : C. clavicu- 
 lata was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus : and farther South, the 
 " aschkun " of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer. Westward, the account of the " isopyron " 
 by Pliny xxvii. 70 seems taken from Dioscorides ; C. claviculata is termed "f. claviculis donata foliis 
 latioribus " by Tournefort inst. 422 ; and is known to grow in moist stony places throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 340, and Pers.). 
 
 Cafipa.7-is? oblongifolia of Nubia and Yemen. Called in Yemen "asal" or "redif " (Forsk.) ; 
 and the acrid KATTn A P I C raising pustules in the mouth and ulcerating the gums, brought according 
 to Dioscorides from Libya and the Red Sea, — is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : C. oblongi- 
 folia was observed by Forskal p. 99 and xcviii in Yemen, and is enumerated among "fastiditae et 
 nocivae " noxious plants. 
 
 Epimedium alpinum of middle Europe. Called in Britain barren-wort (Gerarde p. 389, and 
 Prior), in Italy "epimedio" (Targ.), in which we recognize the €TTIMHAION of Dioscorides, — 
 and Pliny xxvii. 53: E. alpinum is figured in manuscript v of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 163 
 (Harley and Cockayne) ; is described by Anguillara p. 253, Matthioli, Lobel (Spreng ) ; is termed 
 "epimedium" by Tournefort ; and is known to grow wild in shaded situations in Switzerland (Batsch, 
 and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in woods in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Lepidium draba of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " vr6m61ahanon " or 
 " maroulaki : " the APABH described by Dioscorides as herbaceous, a cubit high, with leaves 
 A€ TTIAIOY-like but softer and whiter, and a terminal elder-like corymb of white flowers, the plant 
 cooked and eaten especially in Cappadocia, and the seed substituted for pepper in seasoning, — is 
 referred'here by writers : the "maroulla" is prescribed as esculent by Alexander Trallianus verm. 4, 
 and the " maroullosporon " is mentioned by Maximus Planudae : L. draba was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground and along waysides from the Peloponnesus 
 throughout Greece ; is known to occur also in Roumelia and as far as Caucasus (Griseb., Bieb., and 
 A. Dec). Farther South, the "hurf moscharki " of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer; and 
 L. draba was observed by Delile along the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is termed 
 "1. humile incanum arvense " by Tournefort inst. 216; is known to occur in situations more or less 
 wild in Italy and Sardinia (Bertol., and Moris), and as a weed in cultivated ground in Spain and 
 middle Europe as far as Britain (Boissier, Pers., and Engl. bot. 2683). 
 
 Biscutella lavigata of the Mediterranean countries. The AAYCCON growing according to 
 Dioscorides in rough mountainous situations, single-stemmed and roughish with round leaves and 
 fruit like a double shield, the seed within flatfish, and the plant employed among other medicinal pur- 
 poses against canine madness, — in the added Synonyms identified with the "aspithion" or " aplo- 
 phullon " or " akkusetSn " or " ath£s£ton," may be compared : B. laevigata was observed by Sibthorp 
 on Crete ; and farther South, the "aalussun " of Dioscorides, Galen, and Gafeki, is mentioned by Ebn 
 Baitar. Westward, B. laevigata is termed " leucoium alyssoides umbellatum montanum" by Columna 
 ecphr. pi. 285 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Portugal, and as far as Germany and France (Scop., 
 Brot., and Pers.). 
 
 Biscutella apula of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly included with the preceding by 
 Dioscorides: — observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Rhodes ; and farther 
 South, received by Jussieu from Egypt (Del.). Westward, is described by Columna ecphr. pi. 234; 
 is termed " thlaspidium apulum spicatum " by Tournefort inst. 215; and is known to grow in Italy 
 (Pers.). 
 
 Bunias erucago of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "agria goulia " (Fraas), in 
 which we recognize the ATPIA: ["OITYAH described by Dioscorides as growing in cultivated 
 ground, a cubit high, having smooth leaves, an involucred pod with an additional inner pod, and mixed 
 in preparations for cleansing the skin : — B. erucago was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 in Southern Greece, frequent in cultivated ground. Westward, is termed "erucago segetum" by 
 
486 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Tournefort inst. 232 ; and is known to grow in Austria and Southern France (Jacq. austr. pi. 340, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Aniridia deltoidea of the East Mediterranean countries. The C H C AM 06 I A6 C : TO : M I 
 KPON described by Dioscorides as growing in rough situations, the stems a span high, with KOPLU 
 NOTTOAI-like leaves, purplish flowers white in the centre, in which the seed is CHCAMUJ-like bitter 
 and yellow, — identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " kor6nion " or " sesamon agrion," is referred here 
 by Fraas: A. deltoidea is termed "alyssum creticum foliis angulatis flore violaceo " by Tournefort 
 cor. is; and was observed by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent on the mountains of Crete and 
 Southern Greece. 
 
 Sinapis erucoides of the West Mediterranean countries. The ATPION : 6 Y Z UJM N described 
 by Dioscorides ii. 169 and 187 as having leaves like € PYCIMO N and growing mostly in Spain, where 
 the seeds are used for mustard, — or the " eruca agrestis acrioris virtutis " of Isidorus xvii. 10. 21, may 
 be compared: S. erucoides is described by Barrelier pi. 132, is termed "sisymbrium erucoides " by 
 Desfontaines (Steud.), and is known to grow in vineyards and along roadsides in Italy and Spain 
 (Pers. ; see Brassica eruca). 
 
 Hypericum quadrangnlare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in modern 
 English floras St. Peter's wort, from "flowering on his day, the 29th June " (Ainsw., and Prior) : the 
 A CKY P N according to Dioscorides a kind of YTT£ P I KOY with slender reddish leaves and yellow 
 flowers, from its fruit of a resinous odour staining the fingers called ANAPOCAIMON, — seems 
 referred here by Tournefort : H. quadrangulare was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent in 
 the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the account of the "ascyron " by Pliny xxvii. 20 seems 
 chiefly taken from Dioscorides : H. qurdrangulare is termed "h. ascyron dictum caule quadrangulo " 
 by Tournefort inst. 255 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. 
 Dan. pi. 640, and Pers.). 
 
 Althaea caunabiua of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "canape selvatico " or 
 " canapa selvatica " (Lenz), in which we recognize the KANNABIC: ATPIAof Dioscorides, a cubit 
 hi»h with reddish flowers like AyXN I A I, seed and root as in AA6AIA, and its bark twisted into 
 cordage : — A. cannabina was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, along hedges in Greece as 
 far as Constantinople. Farther South, the " kunnab elbarri " of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sonthei- 
 mer ; and A. cannabina was observed by Forskal not far from Cairo growing in the Desert. Westward, 
 the " kannavis agria '' or " uthrastina " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " terminalis " of the 
 Romans: A. cannabina is described by C. Bauhin pin. p. 316 (Spreng.) ; is termed " alcea cannabina" 
 by Tournefort inst. 93 ; and is known to grow in Hungary, Italy, and Southern France (Jacq. austr. 
 pi. 101, and Pers.). 
 
 Afah'ii alcea of the Mediterranean countries. The A A K £ A of Dioscorides, a kind of wild mallow 
 having leaves incised after the manner of I6PAC; B T A N H C, stems with hemp-like bark, a small 
 rose-like flower, and five or six roots nearly a cubit long, — mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta, is 
 referred here by Brunfels i. f. 197, and others (Spreng) : M. alcea was observed by Gittard in the 
 Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt. 
 Westward, the account of the "alcea" by Pliny xxvii. 6 seems taken from Dioscorides ; but M. alcea 
 was observed by Tenore in Italy (Bory), and is known to grow in France and German v (Lam. ill. pi. 
 582, and Pers.). 
 
 Stella/ ia holostea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain stitchivort or 
 all-bone (Prior), in Northumberland dead-man's bones (G. Johnst.) ; and the OAOCTEON of Dios- 
 corides — is referred here by Ainsworth, and others: S. holostea was observed bv Sibthorp around 
 Constantinople and in wooded portions on the Hcemus mountains. Westward, the "holosteum" 
 according to Pliny xxvii. 65 has narrow leaves and is devoid of hardness, having been named on the 
 principle of opposite qualities : S. holostea is figured in manuscript v as the "beowvrt" of the Anglo- 
 Saxon translation of Diosc. 154 (Harley and Cockayne): "stich-wurt" occurs in a manuscript of 
 the thirteenth century as a translation of " valeriane," a plant curing the sting of venomous reptiles 
 (Mayer and Wright p. 140, and Prior): S. holostea is described by Gerarde ; is termed " alsine 
 pratensis gramineo folio ampliore " by Tournefort inst. 243 ; and is known to grow in shaded situa- 
 tions throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 698, Curt. lond. ii. pi. 30, and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Polycarpum tctrapliyllum of the Mediterranean countries. The TT A PUU N Y X I A growino- accord- 
 ing to Dioscorides in stony places and resembling TT £ FT A UJ but shorter, —is referred here by 
 Anguillara and others : P. tetraphyllum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent 
 along roadsides from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and the Greek Islands; by Delile, at 
 Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the "par6nuhia" or "athoketos " or 
 "nSuras" or " phrunion " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the "vouinalis" of the Romans : P. 
 tetraphyllum is described by Anguillara p. 264, and Matthioli p. 734 (Spreng.) ; is termed "herniaria 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 487 
 
 alsines folio" by Tourne r ort inst. 507 ; and is known to grow in vineyards and cultivated ground in 
 Istria, Italy, Southern France, and Spain (Barrel, pi. 524, and Pers.). By European colonists, 
 was carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in the outskirts of Charleston 
 (Chapm.). 
 
 Polygala vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain milkwort, or 
 from flowering in time for garlands in certain religious processions, gang-flower or proccssion-flnwer 
 or rogation-flower or cross-flower, in Anglo-Saxon "gang-dagas " (Prior), in Germany "kreuzblume" 
 (Grieb), in which we recognize the TTOAy l~AA ON, a span high according to Dioscorides and some- 
 what austere in taste, with lentil-like leaves, and drinking it believed to induce abundant milk : — P. 
 vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the account 
 of the " polygala " by Pliny xxvii. 96 seems taken from Dioscorides : P. vulgaris is described by 
 Gerarde p. 450, and Tournefort inst. 174; was observed by Lenz in North Italy, by Forskal near 
 Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 516, and 
 Pers.). P. amara, smaller in all its parts but by some writers regarded as not distinct, is described 
 by Tragus f. 216 (Spreng.), is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 
 1 169, and Pers.) as far as the mountains of Servia (Fraas), but has not been observed in Greece. 
 
 Polygala venulosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Bitter in taste with leaves elliptic-lan- 
 ceolate, and therefore agreeing better with the account of Dioscorides — according to Fraas: 
 described by Sibthorp pi. 669 ; and observed by him, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. 
 
 Alhagi pseudalhagi of the East Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. The 6T6PA: 
 A K AKI A growing according to Dioscorides in Cappadocia and Pontus, resembling the Egyptian kind 
 but much smaller and more tender, full of rigid spines, its seeds smaller than lentils and in follicles 
 yoked in twos, threes, and fours, — may be compared: A. pseudalhagi was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas p. 58, in maritime sand from Attica and Syra to Samos ; is known to grow also 
 in Tartary (Lerche, Bieb., and Fischer). 
 
 Poterium. sanguisorba of the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in Britain 
 burnet (Prior), in Germany "becherblume " (Grieb), in Italy "pimpinella minore " or " salvastrella " 
 or " sorbastrella " (Lenz): the AAAH : CI AH PI TIC two cubits high according to Dioscorides with 
 leaves on long stalks and fern-like, and from the upper axils long slender shoots terminating in rough 
 spheroidal heads, — is referred here by Columna ecphr. i. p. 124 (Spreng.), and others: P. sangui- 
 sorba was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the " sideritis achar " of Ebn 
 Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer ; and P. sanguisorba was observed by Delile on the Mediter- 
 ranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. Westward, the account by Pliny xxv. 19 of the third 
 " sideritin " corresponds, and seems taken from Dioscorides; P. sanguisorba is termed "pimpinella 
 sanguisorba minor hirsuta vel lasvis " by Tournefort inst. 157 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; by 
 Forskal, near Marseilles ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 64, 
 and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, but 
 has since disappeared. 
 
 Poterium polygamum of Eastern Europe. Called in Greece " poluphulla," and is the " alle 
 sitheritis " of Dioscorides — according to Fraas : P. polygamum was observed by him (and perhaps 
 by Sibthorp) frequent in Attica, and on Parnassus. Farther North, is described by Waldstein and 
 Kitaibel pi. 128 as observed in Hungary (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Seduni rhodiola of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain rosewort or rose-root "from the odour 
 and rosy tint of its rootstock," in medieval Latin "rhodia radix" (Prior); in which we recognize 
 the POAIA:PIZA or POAIAA growing according to Dioscorides in Macedonia and yielding when 
 bruised the odour of roses, — and the " herbam rhodiam ex aceto tritam " prescribed by Marcellus 1 : 
 S. rhodiola is known to grow throughout Siberia as far as Ochotsk and Lat. 69 on the Yenesei 
 (Gmel., and Pall.). Westward, is described by Tragus f. 344 (Spreng.) ; is known to grow on the 
 mountains of Switzerland, the Pyrenees, and throughout Northern Europe to the extremity of Lap- 
 land (Dec, and Sab.). Farther West, is known to grow from Iceland as fir as Lat. 65° in Greenland, 
 also in Labrador, Newfoundland (Hook., and Wats.), New Brunswick (A. Gray), and recently found 
 as far as the border of Maine ; was observed by E. James on the Rocky mountains (Tor.), by Rich- 
 ardson along the shore of the Arctic Sea. is known to grow also in Alaska (Wats.). 
 
 Sedum cepaa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " krommuthi " 
 (Fraas): the KHTTAIA resembling ANAPAXNH according to Dioscorides, its roots slender and 
 with the leaves employed medicinally cooked or taken in wine, — is referred here by writers : S. 
 cepasa was observed by Sibthorp, Grisebach, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Greece, in waste 
 ground; by Thirke, along the Northern shore of Asia Minor. Westward, the " cepaea " resembling 
 "portulacae " is described by Pliny xxvi. 52 as bitter in taste and growing on the sandy shore ; S. 
 cep;ea is described by Matthioli p. 666, and Clusius hist. ii. p. 68 (Spreng.) : is termed " s. cepaea 
 dictum" by Tournefort inst. 263 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as 
 
488 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 far as the Northern shore of France and Maestricht in Lat. 50° 45' (Allion. pi. 6s, fl. Bat. i. p. 91, 
 and A. Dec). 
 
 Cotyledon lutea oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The €TEPON;KOTYAHAONOC 
 also" called KYMBAAlON according to Dioscorides, having softer leaves like little tongues, astrin- 
 gent, a slender stem and on the top YTTC P I K UJ-like flowers and fruit, its root rather large, and 
 medicinal properties as in AeiZUJON,— is referred here by Sprengel : C. lutea was observed by 
 Sibthorp on rocks in Greece. Westward, the account by Pliny xxv. 101 of the " aliud " cotyledon 
 seems in great part taken from Dioscorides ; C. lutea is described by Dodart mem. pi 73 ; is termed 
 " c. radice tuberosa longa repente " by Tournefort inst. 90 ; is known to grow in Southern Europe as 
 far as Portugal, and even in England (Lam., Huds., Engl. bot. pi. 1522, and Pers.). 
 
 Saxifraga media of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Greece "matia," and the 
 " gteren kotulethonos " of Dioscorides — is referred here by Fraas : S. media was observed by Sib- 
 thorp on the summit of the Bithynian Olympus, and by Fraas on the summit of Parnassus. West- 
 ward, is known to grow on the Pyrenees (Gouan obs. p. 27, Lapeyr. i. pi. 12, and Pers.). 
 
 Myrrhis odorata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sweet cicely 
 (Prior), in France " cerfeuil musque" " (A. Dec), in Italy '-mirride " (Lenz) ; in which we recognize 
 the C6CeAl iHeAonON N HCI AKON of Dioscorides, growing on mount Ida as well as in the 
 Peloponnesus, its leaves K UU N 6 I UJ-like, stem larger than in the MACCAA6UITIKOY kind, with 
 fragrant and more fleshy fruit, and the same medicinal properties : — M. odorata was observed by 
 Sibthorp in shady woods in Asia Minor. Westward, is described by Anguillara, and Dodoens 701 
 (Spreng.) ; is termed "myrrhis major vcl cicutaria odorata" by Tournefort inst. 315 ; was observed 
 by Lenz wild in Italy ; is known to grow in mountain woods as far as the Scandinavian peninsula 
 (Jacq. austr. app. pi. 37, Pers., and Fries) ; is cultivated besides and has become naturalized in France 
 and Britain ; the taste according to Persoon especially of the fruit which is large "anisatus." 
 
 Rubia pcregrina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " agriorizari " 
 (Sibth.), and possibly included in the EPY8POAANON: ATP I A of Dioscorides: — R. peregrina 
 was observed by Sibthorp from Constantinople to the border of the Peloponnesus. Westward, is 
 described by Morison ix. pi. 21 ; is termed " r. sylvestris monspessulana major" by Tournefort inst. 
 114 ; and is known to grow in Russia, Central France, and as far even as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 851, 
 and Pers). 
 
 Gnaphalium arenarium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The ATHPATON 
 named from its lasting flower according to Dioscorides, a shrub two span high and much resembling 
 P I T A N UJ, simple, with an uml el of flowers full of golden bubbles and smaller than in €A I X P Y 
 COY, — may be compared : G. arenarium was observed by Sibthorp on the summit of the Bithynian 
 Olympus. Westward, the account of the " ageraton " by Pliny xxvii. 4 seems taken from Dioscorides : 
 G. arenarium is termed '' elichrysum seu stoechas citrina latifolia '' by Tournefort inst. 453 ; is known 
 to grow in sandy soil throughout midi'.le Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 641), and according 
 to Persoon has occasionally crowded flowers •'capitulam efformantibus subrotundis aurantiis." 
 
 Achillea ptarmica of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain sneeze-wort from its pow- 
 der causing to sneeze, in medieval Latin " sternutamentoria " (Prior), in Italy " sternutella " or 
 "tarmica" (Lenz), and the TTTAPMIKH of Dioscorides, having many small A B POTO N UJ-like 
 branches with elongate olive-like leaves around and a terminal A N 6 €M I AO C-like capitulum, pun- 
 gent in odour and exciting sneezing, — is referred here by Fuchsius. Sprengel, and others : A. ptar- 
 mica has not been observed in Greece ; but is known to grow farther East in Siberia (Lindl.). 
 Westward, is described by Tragus f. 61 (Spreng.) ; is termed "ptarmica vulgaris" by Clusius ; and 
 is known to grow in North Italy and from the Pyrenees throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 
 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 643, Dec. fl. 4. p. 211, Steud., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, and has become naturalized sparingly in New England. According to Lindley, 
 "the whole plant is pungent, provoking a flow of saliva; its dried leaves produce sneezing " 
 
 Achillea magna of the Mediterranean countries. The AXlAAeiOC of Dioscorides, with leaf- 
 lets obliquely incised and white or purple flowers, — is referred here by Fraas : A. magna was 
 observed by Sibthorp on Crete ; and by Fraas, on continental Greece, for he speaks of finding the 
 flowers sometimes red. Westward, is termed "millefolium maximum umbella alba " by Tournefort 
 inst. 496; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.. Poir., and Steud.). 
 
 Achillea umbellata of the East Mediterranean countries. The CTPATIUUTHC:0:XlAlO- 
 *YA AOC of Dioscorides, diminutive, a span or more high, with leaves like the wing of a young bird, 
 and a crowded umbel of small white flowers, — may be compared: the "land stratifites " is also 
 mentioned by Galen simpl. 7 and 8: A. umbellata is termed "ptarmica humilis foliis laciniatis 
 absinthii aemulis " by Tournefort inst. 496 ; and was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of 
 Greece "foliis tomentosis pectinato-pinnatifidis." 
 
 Artemisia campestris of Europe and middle Asia. The APTCMICIA with AeiTTOTEPA 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 489 
 
 leaves, flowering in summer- according to Dioscorides, and its flowers small slender white and strong- 
 scented, — is referred here by writers : A. campestris was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from 
 the Peloponnesus to Caria and Mysia in Asia Minor. Westward, is described by Matthioli p. 619 
 (Spreng ) ; is termed "abrotanum campestre cauliculis albicantibus, etiam cauliculis rubentibus " by 
 Tournefort inst. 459 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow in arid sunny 
 situations throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 338, Pers., and Lenz). Is enumerated by Lind- 
 ley among the species that "have been used medicinally." 
 
 Artemisia spicata of the mountains of Southern Europe. The A PTGJVL I C I A N : MO N KAw- 
 NON growing in the Interior according to Dioscorides, a small simple-stemmed herb full of wax- 
 coloured flowers, more agreeably scented than the preceding, — is referred here by Sprengel : A. 
 spicata was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of Greece. Westward, the account by Pliny 
 xxv. 36 of his third "artemisia" as far as growing " in mediterraneis " and "simplici caule," seems 
 taken from Dioscorides : but A. spicata is described by Jacquin austr. app. pi. 34, and is known to 
 grow on the mountains of Switzerland and middle Europe (Allion. pi. 8, Vill., Pers., Whlbg., and 
 Steud.). Is enumerated by Lindley among the species that "have been used medicinally." 
 
 Staehelina chamaepeuce of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agriolivanos " 
 (Fraas): the X AMA I TT €Y K H .an herb entirely green according to Dioscorides, its leaves and 
 branches incurved and flowers rose-like, — is referred here by Alpinus exot. p. 76, and others : Pliny 
 xxiv. 86 describes the "chamaepeuce" as resembling in leaves "larici" larch ; and S. chamaepeuce, 
 agreeing except in the lanate under surface of the leaves, is termed "jacea cretica frutescens eli- 
 chrysi folio flore magno purpurascente " by Tournefort cor. 32 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos, Crete, and Cyprus ; is known to grow 
 also in Asia Minor (Spreng.) ; and farther South, was observed by Viviani in Lybia. 
 
 Cirsium stellalum of the Mediterranean countries. The ITTTTO<I>AICTON of Dioscorides, also 
 by some called ITTTTO<S>AeC, a sort of rNA*IKHC:AKAN6HC, stemless and flowerless, with 
 spiny leaves and tumid capitula together with the thick tender root yielding a juice, — is referred here 
 by Columna phyt. pi. 24, and Sprengel : C. stellatum, depressed unless flowering, and often continu- 
 ing throughout the year without flowering (Spreng ), was observed by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 Westward, the account by Pliny xvi. 92 and xxvii. 66 of the "spina fullonia hippophaeston " seems 
 taken from Dioscorides, but he adds that the juice is expressed in summer : C. stellatum is described 
 by Triumfetti pi. 96; is termed " c. stellatus foliis integris flore purpureo " by Tournefort inst. 440; 
 was observed by Sibthorp on Sicily, and is known to grow as far as the border of France (Allion., 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Silybiim Marianum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain milk thistle or blessed 
 thistle or lady's thistle (Prior), in France " chardon-marie " (Fe"e), in Germany " marien-distel " (Fraas), 
 in Bohemian " ostrope's," in Polish "podgorzal," in Illyrian "osset" or " osgebad " (Moritz.), in 
 Greece "gaithSuragkatha" (Fraas) or "kouphagkath5 " (Sibth.) : its seeds found by Forskal mat. 
 med. employed medicinally in Egypt, in accordance with the AKANGA:A6YKH of Dioscorides, two 
 cubits high with the stem thick as the fore-finger, leaves prickly, flowers purple, seeds and root used 
 medicinally : — the " akub " of Temimi, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer: S. Maria- 
 num was observed by Forskal, and Delile, springing up spontaneously around Cairo; by Belon, 
 Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople ; is known to 
 occur also as far as Caucasus (C. A. Mey.). Westward, the "akantha 16uke " or " agriokinaran " or 
 " thonakitis " or " Srusiskeptron" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "karthous ramptaria " or 
 " spina alva " or " regia " of the Romans ; a garland of " spinae albae " according to Pliny xxiv. 66 
 alleviates headache, but his account of the seeds taken against scorpions seems in part from Dioscor- 
 ides : the "herbe sancte marie " is mentioned by Nicolaus Praepositus, Franciscus Pedemontium, 
 and Joannes de Sancto Amando : S. Marianum is described by Fuchsius p. 55, Dodoens, and Lobel 
 (Spreng.) ; was already in Britain in the days of Gerarde p. 989 ; is termed " c. albis maculis notatus 
 vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 440; was observed by Munby in Algeria; is known to occur in waste 
 places from Italy throughout middle Europe (Scop., and Pers.), is besides often cultivated (A. Dec"). 
 By European colonists, was carried to Madeira (Lindl.) ; to Northeast America, where I have 
 observed it springing up spontaneously in gardens ; to Austral America, where it has become natural- 
 ized from the Uruguay and La Plata to Patagonia (A. Saint-Hil.); to Chili, and the East Indies, the 
 "leaves said to be sudorific and aperient" (Lindl.). 
 
 Onopordum Grtzcum of the East Mediterranean countries. The AKANelON of Dioscorides, 
 having leaves like A€YKH . AKAN0H but at the extremity the spinous prominences covered with 
 spider-web down which is collected, — may be compared : Pliny xxiv. 66 adds, that the leaves are 
 much smaller, and that the collected down is even made into garments in the East: O. Grascum is 
 termed " carduus graecus parvus acanthi folio tomentoso flore minore " by, Tournefort cor. 31 ; is 
 described also by Gouan obs. pi. 25; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelopon- 
 nesus to Cyprus ; and by Delile near Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. 
 
 62 
 
490 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Sonchus arvensis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Greece " sohos " or "sohous" 
 (Fraas), and the eTePOC : COTXOC described by Dioscorides as tender and A€NAPLUAeC with 
 broad or wide-spread leaves and an unbranching stem, — is referred here by Fraas, and with a mark 
 of doubt by Sibthorp ii. p. 361 : S. arvensis was observed by Sibthorp in waste ground from Con- 
 stantinople to Greece. Westward, according to Tournefort inst. 474 is by many called "hieracium 
 majus ; " is known to occur in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 606, 
 Curt. lond. iv. pi: 53, Scop., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it has been observed by myself in grass-grown clearings from the Lower St. Lawrence to 
 Salem, and is known to occur as far as Staten Island and the neighbouring portion of New Jersey 
 (A. Gray). 
 
 Sonchus palustris of Europe and Northern Asia. The " £t£ros soghos " of Dioscorides — is 
 however referred here by Sprengel : S. palustris was observed by Sibthorp in the marshes of the 
 Peloponnesus. Westward, is termed "s. asper arborescens " by Tournefort inst. 474; and is known 
 to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 1109, Curt. lond. v. pi. 59, and 
 Pers ). 
 
 Jasione montana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sheep's-btt or 
 sheep' 's-bit-scabious (Prior) ; and the UUKIM06I A6C of Dioscorides, having UlKIMUJ-like leaves, 
 hairy branches, and pods like YOCKYAMUJ, — is referred here by Lobel iii. 90: J. montana was 
 observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Dardanelles to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, the 
 "6kim6£ithis " or " provataian "' or "edaphion" or "anlimimon" or "porphuritha " is identified in 
 Syn. Diosc. with the " 6kimastroum " of the Romans: J. montana is described also by Dodoens 
 (Spreng.); is termed "rapunculus scabiosa? capitulo canruleo " by Tournefort inst. 113 ; and is known 
 to grow from Denmark throughout France to the Pyrenees (fl. Dan. pi. 319, Lapeyr., and Pers.). 
 
 Campanula medium of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "medion" (Riccio, 
 and Targ.), and the MHA10N of Dioscorides, — and Pliny xxvii. 79, is referred here by Matthioli 
 and others : C. medium is described by Dodoens pempt. 163 ; is termed ''c. hortensis folio et flore 
 oblongo caeruleo" by Tournefort inst. 109; is known to occur in woods in France, Italy, and Ger- 
 many ; and was observed by Sibthorp in shady woods on the Bithynian Olympus and around Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 Globnlaria ah'piim of the Mediterranean countries. A small-leaved shrubby plant about two feet 
 high, called in Greece " stourSki " or sometimes "sSnna" (Sibth.) ; and the AAYTTON of Dioscor- 
 ides, growing on the seashore of Libya and other countries, and possessing purgative properties, — ■ 
 prescribed also by Actuarius (Ruel. iii. 132), is referred here by writers : G. alypum was observed by 
 Delile on the Mediterranean border of Egypt; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Pelopon- 
 nesus to the Greek islands. Westward, the " alypon " is mentioned by Pliny xxvii. 7: G. alypum is 
 described by Lobel adv. 158; is termed "a. monspeliensium s. frutex terribilis " by Bauhin hist. 
 i. 598, "g. fruticosa myrti folio tridentato" by Tournefort inst. 467; was observed by Garidel pi. 42 
 in Southern France ; and according to Sprengel, and Lindley, is not rare on the rocky shores of the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Calystegia soldanella of Temperate climates, of the shore of the Mediterranean and Atlantic as 
 far as Britain and Madeira, and the Austral and Northern shores of the Pacific. The 6 A A A C C I A : 
 K P A M B H of Dioscorides, with leaves resembling those of CTPOrTYAH : APICTOAOXIA and 
 arising singly from red branches, its juice milky and saltish and the cooked plant purgative, — men- 
 tioned also by Rufus Ephesius, is referred here by writers : C. soldanella was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, in sand of the seashore from Bithynia around the Peloponnesus. Westward, 
 the account by Pliny xx. 38 of the "marina brassica" seems taken from Dioscorides: C. soldanella 
 is described by C. Bauhin pin. 295, and Morison i. pi. 3 ; is termed "c. maritimus nostras rotundi- 
 folius " by Tournefort inst. 83 ; is known to grow on the seashore from Carniolia around Italy, Spain, 
 Madeira, as far as Britain and Holland (Engl. bot. pi. 314, and Pers.) ; and in the Pacific, on the sea- 
 shore of Chili, California, New Zealand, and Australia (R. Br., J. D. Hook., and A. Dec). By Eu- 
 ropean colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed by Bojer under cultivation 
 and seldom flowering. The branches are described by Sprengel as reddish with bitter and saltish 
 milky juice, and the root according to Lindley is "purgative." 
 
 Lithospermam fntlieouim of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " thathaki " 
 (Sibth.); and theATXOYCA:AAAH third kind of Dioscorides resembling the preceding but hav- 
 ing smaller red fruit, the root expelling nAATeiAN : eAMIN6A tape-worm, — is referred here by 
 Sprengel from the agreement in the carpels : L. fruticosum is described by Alpinus exot pi. 68 ; and 
 was observed by Sibthorp on the Greek islands and mountainous parts of Greece. Westward, the 
 account of the third anchusa by Pliny xxii. 25 seems taken from Dioscorides, except that the word 
 "karpon" fruit is read "flore" flower: L. fruticosum is described by Barrelier pi. 1168, and Garidel 
 pi. 15; is termed " buglossum fruticosum rorismarini folio " by Tournefort inst. 134; was observed 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 491 
 
 by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and 
 Spreng.). 
 
 Frankenia hirsuta of the East Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. The 6T6P A : A N 
 e Y A A I C of Dioscorides, in leaves and branches resembling X A M A I IT I T Y I but more hairy shorter 
 and rougher, flower purple, heavy-scented, and root as in K I X UU P I Y, — is referred here by Fraas 
 p. 114 and 171 : F. hirsuta is termed " alsine cretica maritima supina caule hirsute foliis quasi vermi- 
 culatis flore candido " by Tournefort cor. 45 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on the 
 seashore from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; by Hasselquist, on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt 
 near Alexandria (Del.) ; and is known to grow in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, Pliny xxi. 103 adds to 
 the account of Dioscorides, that the " altera " kind grows in stony places : F. hirsuta is known to grow 
 at the Southern extreme of Italy (Pers.). 
 
 Hyoscyamus reticulatus of the East Mediterranean countries. The black-seeded Y C K Y A 
 MOC, having according to Dioscorides purplish flowers, CMlAAKI-like leaves, and the calyx-cup 
 hard and spinescent, — is referred here by Sprengel : the " hyoscyamus nigro semine " with flowers 
 "paene purpureis," is said by Pliny xxv. 17 to grow in Galatia : H. reticulatus is described by Clusius 
 parinon. p. 502, and Camerarius hort. pi. 22 ; is known on Crete and in Syria (Pers., and Spreng.) ; 
 and farther South on the border of Egypt, was observed by Delile near Salehyeh and Quatyeh, a vernal 
 plant. The flowers according to Linnaeusare red, beautifully reticulated with dusky veins. 
 
 Lyciuvi Afru7ii of West Africa. The P A M N C : A £ Y K T 6 P A one of the three kinds distin- 
 guished by Dioscorides,— is referred here by Sprengel : L. Afrum is described by Trew and Ehret 
 pi 24 ; is termed "jasminoides linearifolium " by Moench ; is known to occur in Spain and Barbary 
 (Pers.), on the Canaries (Reichb.), the Cape Verd Islands (Schm.), in Guinea (fl. Nigr.) ; and was 
 observed by Drege and Meyer in wild situations in Austral Africa (A. Dec). Eastward, has been 
 met with in Egypt, Palestine, and at Medina in Arabia (Pers.). By European colonists, has recently 
 been "introduced from the Cape of Good Hope" into the environs of Bombay (Lush, and Graham). 
 
 Linaria spuria of the Mediterranean countries. The eAATIN H growing according to Dio- 
 scorides in grain-fields and cultivated ground, its root giving out five or six slender shoots a span 
 long, leaves €Az I N H-like but smaller and rounder and hairy, austere in taste, — mentioned also 
 by Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Lobel, and with a mark of doubt by Sibthorp : L. spuria 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Link, frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Pelopon- 
 nesus throughout the Greek islands ; and farther South, by Delile, at Damietta on the Mediterranean 
 border of Egypt. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvii. 50 of the "elatine" seems chiefly taken 
 from Dioscorides : L. spuria is described by Lobel adv. p. 197 (Spreng.) ; is termed by Gerarde, 
 and others, male fluellin from its soft velvety leaves (Prior), "1. segetum nummularis folio villoso" 
 by Tournefort hist. 169 ; is known to occur in Sicily, Spain, and throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 913, Pers., Brot., and Guss.), was clearly introduced into Britain, and only 
 in Italy found outside of cultivated ground (Seb. and Mauri fl. rom. p. 203, and A. Dec). 
 
 Linaria Graeca of the East Mediterranean countries. The " Slatine " of Dioscorides — is referred 
 here by Fraas : L. Graeca is described by Chaubard, and was observed by him, and Fraas, the most 
 frequent kind in cultivated and fallow ground in Attica and the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Linaria elatine of the Tauro-Caspian countries. The " £latine " of Dioscorides, — and Pliny, 
 is referred here by Montigiano (Targ.) and others : L. elatine was observed by Sibthorp in vineyards 
 and cultivated ground throughout Greece as far as Constantinople, the Greek islands, and Cyprus ; 
 by Delile, at Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt; and farther East, is known to occur 
 in the Crimea, and to all appearance indigenous in the country South o* Caucasus (Hohen., C. A. 
 Mey., and A. Dec). Westward, is described by Matthioli p. 396 (Spreng.) ; is termed "1. segetum 
 nummularis folio aurito et villoso flore. luteo et flore caeruleo " by Tournefort inst. 169; is known 
 as a weed in cultivated ground in Algeria, Italy, and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark, 
 and was clearly introduced into Britain (fl. Dan. pi. 426, Pers., Lenz, and A. Dec). By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in waste ground from Eastern Massa- 
 chusetts to North Carolina, "scarce" (A. Gray, and Chapm.). The plant according to Lindley "is 
 said to be bitter and purgative." 
 
 Linaria A e^vptiaca of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Egypt "asjib ed dib " or "doraejse" 
 (Forsk.), and perhaps the " elarasch " identified with the " elathini " — by Ebn Baitar : L. Aegyptiaca 
 was observed by Lippi, Forskal, and Delile, from Memphis and Cairo to the Isthmus of Suez, indige- 
 nous in the Desert. Farther North, was observed by Sibthorp frequent in vineyards and fallow 
 ground and along hedges on the Greek islands. 
 
 Linaria cyjnbalaria of the East Mediterranean countries. The XAMAIKICCOC growing 
 according to Dioscorides in cultivated ground, its root slender and worthless giving out five or six 
 leafy sprigs a span long, leaves ivy-like but more elongate, and flowers resembling A £ Y KO I I C 
 and strongly bitter, — may be compared : L. cymbalaria was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 
492 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 on maritime rocks of the Peloponnesus and Cyprus. Westward, the "hamaikissos" or "kissos 
 akarpos" or "hamaileuke" or "ges Stephanos" or "splenitis" is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with 
 the "6th6ra plouviatika " of the Romans: the account by Pliny xxiv. 84 of the " chamaecissos " 
 having the flower of " alba viola," seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : L. cymbalaria is known 
 to grow wild in Dalmatia and Italy (Vis., Chav., and A. Dec.) ; is termed "cymbalaria italica" in 
 the Second edition of Gerarde in 1636, " 1. hederaceo folio glabro" by Tournefort inst. 169, ivy- 
 leaved snapdragon by Lindley ; and escaping from cultivation made its appearance on old walls and 
 in humid situations around Bale after the days of Bauhin (Hagenb.), around Iena in the Seventeenth 
 century (Linn.), in Holland where it was previously unknown (Miq.), in Britain a little before 1640 
 (Park, theatr. p. 682), and in Ireland (Mackay). The plant according to Lindley "has a warm 
 cress-like flavour, and has been recommended as an antiscorbutic." 
 
 Antirrhinum asarina of the Mediterranean countries. The "hamaikissos" of Dioscorides — 
 is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas, and seems to agree better in the colour of its flowers, " albis 
 leviter purpurascentibus : " A. asarina was observed by Fraas among ruins near Lamia in Greece. 
 Westward, is described by Lobel obs. p. 329; is termed "asarina procumbens " by Miller; and is 
 known to grow in Southern France and as far as Geneva (Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Mentha iotnentella of the Mediterranean countries. The KAAAMINeH:OP€INOT€PA 
 described by Dioscorides as whitish, with " 6kim6 "-like leaves and the flower purple, — is referred 
 here by Fraas : M. tomentella was observed in Greece by Link, and Fraas, not rare in dry situations. 
 Westward, was observed by Brotero in Portugal (Steud.). 
 
 Polygonum hydropiper of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water 
 pepper or cvderach or ciderage or culrage, in France " curage " or " cidrage " (Prior), in Italy " erba 
 pepe " or "idropepe" (Lenz), in Greece " agria pipouria" (Fraas) or by the Turks '• su biberi " 
 (Sibth.), in which we recognize the YAPOn£II6PI growing according to Dioscorides along slow- 
 moving or stagnant water, its stem geniculate, leaves larger than in HAYOCMU) and acrid like 
 pepper but not aromatic, and fruit in dense racemes arising in proximity to the leaves, — mentioned 
 also by Galen simpl. 8: P. hydropiper was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in Greece in 
 the situations described by Dioscorides ; is known to grow also about Caucasus (Bieb.). Westward, 
 is described by Fuchsius p. 842, Anguillara iv. 115 (Spreng.), and Gerarde p. 361 ; is termed "persi- 
 caria urens seu hydropiper" by Tournefort inst. 509; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout 
 middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Pers., Hook., and Wats ). By European 
 colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Joss.) to Northeast America, where it continues in moist situa- 
 tions along roadsides and near dwellings, fairly naturalized. The plant according to Lindley "will 
 dye wool yellow," and the leaves are " so acrid as to act as vesicants." 
 
 Passeritia hirsuta of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "agria gSroklatha " 
 (Fraas) or "agrio thgrokallo " (Sibth.), in Egypt "metnan" (Forsk.) ; and the £Mn€TPONof 
 Dioscorides, purgative, near the sea saline to the taste but farther inland more bitter, — identified 
 in the added Synonyms with the "phakofithfis, is referred here by Dalechamp : the "phakoitbe's " is 
 mentioned also by Rufus Ephesius, and Oribasius vii. 25 : P. hirsuta was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on the seashore, barren hills and plains from Crete and the Pelopon- 
 nesus to Cyprus, flowering in November ; by Forskal p. 81, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border 
 of Egypt, brought in the dried state in great quantities into Alexandria to be used in cooking. 
 Westward, is described by Dalechamp 1070, and Bauhin i. 595 (Spreng.) ; is termed " thymelasa 
 tomentosa foliis sedi minoris" by Tournefort inst. 595 ; is known to grow in Italy, Barbary, and 
 Southern France (Pers.), and was observed by Lapeyrouse as far as the Pyrenees (Steud.). 
 
 Stalice sinuata of the shores of the Mediterranean. Called in Greece " prSphasis," and the 
 T P I FT A I N growing according to Dioscorides not on dry ground but in places inundated by the 
 sea, a span high, its stem dividing above, and flower said to change colour thrice a day. white in 
 the morning, purplish at noon, and in the evening red, — is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : S. 
 sinuata was observed by them, and Chaubard, one of the most frequent and elegant seaside plants 
 of the Peloponnesus and Greek islands ; according to Fraas, presenting a white summit before flow- 
 ering, the flowers when expanded are blue, and in fading change to violet. Farther South, is known 
 to grow on the seashore of Palestine (Pers.). Westward, the "tripolion" or "psuhen " or " meris" 
 or "potamog£it6n " or " stahuites " is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " kolioumares " of the 
 Romans; the " tripolium" growing by the seaside, and by some called " polium," changing colour 
 thrice a day, is mentioned by Pliny xxi. 21 and xxvi. 22 : S. sinuata is described by Clusius cur. pi. 
 33 ; is termed " limodorum peregrinum foliis asplenii " by Tournefort inst. 342 ; and is known to °tow 
 on the seashore of Sicily, and Barbary (Desf. atl. i. p. 276, and Pers.). 
 
 Statice limonium of the seashore in Northern climates. Called in Britain sea-lavender (Prior), 
 in Greece " thalassogamvros " (Sibth., and Fraas), in Egypt "e'rq angibar" (Del.) : the "isatis"- 
 like leaves but juiceless and broader, and fragrant root heating to the taste, in the description of the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 493 
 
 "tripolion" by Dioscorides, — are referred here by Fraas : S. limonium was observed by him, Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, everywhere frequent in the salt marshes of Greece ; by Delile, along the Medi- 
 terranean shore of Egypt ; and farther East, by Thunberg, on the seashore of Japan. Westward, is 
 described by Matthiqli p. 696 (Spreng.) ; is termed " limonium maritimum majus " by C. Bauhin pin. 
 192, and Tournefort inst. 341 ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Barbary, Portugal, and along 
 the Atlantic as far as Sweden (Desf., Brot., fl. Dan. pi. 315, and Wats.). Farther West, was ob- 
 served by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by myself, in salt marshes along the Atlantic from Lat. 43 to 
 39°; by Elliot, near Charleston; and by N. A. Ware, in Florida (Nutt). 
 
 Euphorbia cyparissias of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy "titimalo 
 cipressino" (Lenz), and the T I 6 YM A A C : K YTT A P I CC I A C named according to Dioscorides 
 from resembling a young shoot of pine TTITY I, a span or more high but the leaves on its reddish 
 stem more tender and delicate, and the whole plant full of white juice, — is referred here by most 
 writers : E. cyparissias was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Greece though rare ; by Grise- 
 bach fl. rum., in Albania and Macedonia. Westward, the " cyparissian " or fifth kind of "herbam 
 lactariam " is described by Pliny xxvi. 43 as growing in the open country " campestribus," and having 
 a double or triple stem: E. cyparissias is described by Gerarde pi.; is termed "tithymalus cyparis- 
 sias" by Tournefort inst. 86; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in 
 barren situations throughout Italy and middle Europe as far as the Northern border of France (Jacq. 
 austr. pi. 435, Pers., Spreng., and Lenz), but is regarded by Watson, and Bromfield, as introduced 
 into Britain (A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 
 tinues under cultivation around dwellings, and according to A. Gray has escaped "to road-sides in a 
 few places in New England." The plant according to Lindley is "a virulent poison," but the "pow- 
 der of the root" is given in small doses. 
 
 Euphorbia Aleppica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "galatzithohorton " 
 (Fraas): the TTITYOYCA differing according to Dioscorides from theKYTTAPICCIOY:TieYMA- 
 AOY, more than a cubit high with leaves like those of pine TTITY OC slender and pointed, and 
 small almost purple flowers, — identified in the added Synonyms with the "klema " or "kramvion " 
 or " paralion " or " kanopikon," may be compared : E. Aleppica is described by Alpinus exot. pi. 64; 
 is termed " t. orientalis cyparissias patulus foliis superioribus hastatis fiore minimo " by Tournefort 
 cor. 2 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground from the 
 Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus and Smyrna. Westward, the " pityusa " seems known to 
 Pliny xxiv. 21 only from its medicinal uses and the account of Dioscorides. 
 
 Euphorbia dtndroides of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "phlomo" or 
 "phlomos" (Sibth., and Fraas): the T I e YM A A C : A 6 N A PO 6 I A6C growing in stony places 
 according to Dioscorides, full of juice and at its summit leafy with many crowns, the leaves around 
 the reddish branches resembling the more tender ones of the mvrtle, — is referred here by writers : 
 E. dendroides was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in stony mountainous situations 
 exposed to the sea in Crete and the Peloponnesus, a tree with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter 
 though only three to five feet high. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 45 of the seventh " herbam 
 lactariam " called " dendroides " or " cobion " or "leptophyllon," seems chiefly taken from Dioscor- 
 ides : E. dendroides is described by Barrelier pi. 910 ; is termed " tithymalus arboreus " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 85 ; and is known to grow as far as Italy and Sicily (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Euphorbia platyphylla of the Crimea and middle Asia Called in Greece "galatzitha" (Fraas): 
 the Tl 6YMA A OC : TTAATY*yAAOC resembling the * A M UJ according to Dioscorides, and 
 if bruised and mingled in water destroying fish like the other kinds, — is referred here by writers : E. 
 platyphylla was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste and cultivated ground in the Peloponne- 
 sus and Greek islands ; farther East, by Bieberstein, in barren stony situations wild in the Crimea 
 (A. Dec). Westward, the sixth "herbam lactariam" called " platyphyllon " or " corymbiten " or 
 from resemblance " amygdaliten," its leaves broader than in other kinds, is mentioned by Pliny xxvi. 
 44 : E. platyphylla is described by Linnaeus ; is known to occur in cultivated and fallow ground in 
 Italy and middle Europe as far as Paris (ThuiL, Jacq. austr. pi. 376, Scop., and Lenz), and from the 
 silence of writers, appears to have been only recently introduced into Britain (Bromf.). According 
 to A. Decandolle p. 753, has also been introduced into Northeast America. 
 
 Alisma plantago of Temperate climates. Called in Britain water-plantain (Prior), in Italy 
 "piantaggine aquatica" or "barba silvana " or " erba alisma " (Lenz), in Greece "plSmonohorton " 
 or "lappa" (Sibth.), in which we recognize the AAlCMA growing according to Dioscorides in 
 watery places, its leaves resembling those of the plantain, slem simple more than a cubit high bearing 
 capitula thyrsus-like, the flowers pale-yellowish and white, — identified in the added Synonyms with 
 the " alkean " or " thamas(5nion " or " akuron " or " luron : " A. plantago was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent along river-margins from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, but 
 is regarded by Fraas as belonging properly to the salt water ; is known to grow also in the Tauro- 
 
494 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Caspian countries and throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Gmel., and Bieb.). Farther South, the 
 "mizmar elrai " of Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer: A. plantago was observed by Delile 
 on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Rosetta ; was received by Fresenius from Abyssinia (A. 
 Dec). Westward, the account by Pliny xxv. 77 of the "alisma" or " damasonion " or " lyron," 
 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : A. plantago is described by Valerius Cordus f. 60 (Spreng.), 
 and Fuchsius 42 ; is termed " ranunculus palustris plantaginis folio ampliore et angustiore " by Tourne- 
 .fort inst. 292 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Portugal, and middle and Northern Europe as 
 far as Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 561, Desf., Brot., Wats., and Lenz). Farther West, was observed by 
 Drummond in Lat. 54 in central North America at Cumberland House ; by Nuttall, on the Arkan- 
 sas ; by E. James, at the sources of the Platte ; by Short, in Kentucky ; and is known to grow as 
 far South as Newbern and upper Georgia (Croom, and Chapm.), but so far as observed by myself 
 along the Atlantic from Lat. 43° to 38°, chiefly near inhabited places. In the Southern Hemisphere, 
 was observed by R. Brown gen. rem. p. 60 in Australia. 
 
 Serapias grandiflora of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The ATPUJCTIC: 6N:TUJ: 
 TTAPNACCU) growing according to Dioscorides on Parnassus, and having K I C CUU-like leaves, a 
 white fragrant flower, and five or six white roots thick as the finger and very sweet, — mentioned also 
 by Pliny xxiv. 1 18, is referred here by Fraas : S. grandiflora was observed by Sibthorp in shady situ- 
 ations on mount Hymettus, and by Fraas frequent on Parnassus. Westward, is termed " helleborine 
 flore albo vel damasonium montanum latifolium " by Tournefort inst. 436 ; and is known to grow in 
 Switzerland and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Hall. helv. pi. 41, Engl. bot. pi. 271, 
 Pers., and Wahl.). 
 
 Helkborini linjiia of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "glfissari" (Fraas), in 
 which we recognize the A TX I T I C of Dioscorides, having leek-like but broader leaves, and on the 
 stem yellow flowers like caps or comic masks with a tongue hanging downwards, — referred here by 
 writers : H. lingua was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in grassy mountainous situations 
 in the Peloponnesus and as far as Parnassus. Westward, the "loghitis" or "kSstron" or " me- 
 thousa" is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the " v£n£r£a" or "lagkSola" of the Romans ; but the 
 account by Pliny xxv. 88 of the " lonchitis " seems taken from Dioscorides : H. lingua is described by 
 Matthioli pi. 636, and Columna ecphr. pi. 322 (Spreng.); is termed "orchis montana italica lingua 
 oblonga altera" by Tournefort inst. 434; and is known to grow in Italy, and Southern France 
 (Allion., Lapeyr., Pers., and Dec. fl. fr.). 
 
 A iitherkuiii ramosum of middle Europe. The <J>AAArriON growing on hills according to 
 Dioscorides, and giving out two three or more branches distant from each other, its flowers white and 
 K P I NUU-like, seeds black and like half a lentil, its small slender root greenish while fresh, and the 
 leaves seeds and flowers employed against scorpion and phalangium bites, — identified in the added 
 Synonyms with the " phalaggition " or " l<5ukakanthan," and termed " phalaggites " by Galen fac. 
 simpl. viii. p. 150, is referred here by writers : but A. ramosum has not at the present day been 
 observed in Greece. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvii. gS of the "phalangites " by some called 
 "phalangion" or " leucanthemon " or in some copies " leucacantha," seems chiefly taken from 
 Dioscorides : A. ramosum is described by Dodoens p. 106 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow in 
 limestone districts in Austria and France (Jacq. austr. pi. 16, Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Narcissus adorns of the Mediterranean countries. The B A B C called 6M 6T I K C, having 
 according to Dioscorides longer and more thong-like leaves than the 6AUUAIMOY kind, and a 
 black-skinned bulbous root that if eaten excites vomiting, — is referred to this tribe by Dodoens, 
 Camerarius, and Sprengel : N. odorus_was observed by Gittard in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). 
 Westward, the account by Pliny xx. 41 of the "bulbus vomitorius " with black and longer leaves than 
 the other kinds, is perhaps taken from Dioscorides : N. odorus is described by Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 
 50; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Hall. helv. I2t;i, and Pers.). Is 
 according to Lindley one of the species having emetic properties. 
 
 Muscari spicatiriu of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "vorvoi" (Sibth.), 
 and agreeing better with the "volvos emStikos " of Dioscorides : — M. spicatum was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, its leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, a span long ; but 
 nothing is said of the properties of its root. 
 
 Scilla pancratium of the Mediterranean countries. The TTATKPATION by some called 
 C K I A A A M, having according to Dioscorides leaves like K P I N UJ but longer, a great reddish bulb, 
 and properties like C K I A A H but milder, — mentioned also by Galen simpl. viii. 16. 1, is referred by 
 Anguillara sempl. p. 120 to the red-bulbed variety of S. maritima, but by Steinheil to S pancratium, 
 recognized by him as a distinct species. Westward, the "pancration" by some called " scillam 
 pusillam" is described by Pliny xxvii. 92 as having the leaves of " albi lilii " but longer and " crassi- 
 oribus " thicker, the large bulbous root " rufo " reddish : S. pancratium the " bulb about half the size " 
 and " pale green or whitish green or occasionally red, leaves much shorter more acute erect and nar- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 495 
 
 rower, stem more glaucous, flowers smaller more compactly arranged with shorter bracts, flower-stalks 
 shorter, flower-bud more blunt, petals and sepals spread fully out white oval obtuse mucronulate 
 marked with a pale pink line along the middle of the back " has been found in the environs of Cadiz 
 and on Malta (Lindl.). 
 
 Pofygonatum multiflorum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Italy " sigillo di Salomone " 
 ■ or " sigillo di S. Maria" (Lenz), in Greece " polugonaton " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the 
 TTOAYrONATON growing according to Dioscorides on mountains and more than two cubits high, 
 its leaves laurel-like but smoother and broader, with white flowers at the base of each, the long white 
 root hairy and geniculate, and as thick as the finger : — P. multiflorum was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; by Gmelin, as far as East Siberia ; and by Thunberg, on mount 
 Fakon in Japan. Westward, is described by Matthioli p. 678 (Spreng.) ; is termed " p. latifolium 
 vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 78 ; and is known to grow on the Appenines and throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 152, Engl. bot. pi. 279, Wats., Savi, and Lenz). 
 
 Pofygonatum vulgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Solomon's 
 seal or seal-wort (Prior), and perhaps included in the "polugonaton of Dioscorides, — referred here 
 by Clusius pannon. p. 264, and Sibthorp : P. vulgare was observed by Sibthorp in woods on mount 
 Parnassus. Westward, is termed "p. latifolium flore majore odoro " by Tournefort inst. 78; and is 
 known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 337, Pers., 
 Spreng., and Lenz). 
 
 Streptopus ainplexifolius of Subarctic climates. The I A A 1 A : P I Z A having according to Dios- 
 corides OHVMYPC I N H-like leaves, and next them little tendrils bearing the flower, — is referred 
 here by Anguillara p. 259, and Sprengel. Westward, the account of the " idaeae herbae " by Pliny 
 xxvii. 69 seems taken from Dioscorides ; but S. amplexifolius was observed by Anguillara frequent 
 in the forests of Italy; is described by Matthioli 841, and Columna phyt. pi. 15 ; and is known to 
 grow on the Pyrenees, Jura, and other mountains of middle Europe (Pers., and Dec). Farther 
 West, was observed by Wormskiold in Greenland (Meyer) ; by Colmeister, and Herzberg, in Labra- 
 dor from Lat. 57 ; by Lapylaie, in Newfoundland ; is known to grow throughout Canada and our 
 Northern States as far as Lat. 43° (near Utica, A. Gray), and farther South on the mountains of 
 Pennsylvania (Pursh) ; also in Northwest America at Unalascha, and across the Pacific in Kam- 
 tschatka (Cham.). 
 
 Sparganium ramosum of Northern climates. Called in Britain bur reed (Prior) : the CTTA P 
 T A N I N having according to Dioscorides 1 1 <I> I UU-like leaves, balls at the summit of the stem, and 
 its root and fruit taken in wine against poisonous animals, — identified in the added Synonyms with 
 the "xiphithion" or " vdlon," and mentioned by Galen simpl. viii. 18. 34, may be compared: S. 
 ramosum was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, growing in water from the Peloponnesus to Con- 
 stantinople ; is known to grow also in the Tauro-Caucasian countries and Siberia (Bieb., and Wats.). 
 Westward, the " sparganion " is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 63 as taken in wine against snake-bites : S. 
 ramosum is described by Matthioli pi. 702 (Spreng.), and Tournefort inst. 531 ; is known to grow in 
 Barbary and throughout Europe as far as Sweden (Curt. lond. v. pi. 66, Pers., and Wats.). Farther 
 West, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by Drummond, in Lat. 54°near Cumberland House 
 in central North America; by Short, in Kentucky; by myself, along the Atlantic from Lat. 43 near 
 Portsmouth to 40 ; and apparently the same species by Elliott in Georgia, and by Chapman in Florida. 
 Sparganium simplex of Northern climates. Agreeing better with the description of the leaves, 
 
 according to Sprengel: S. simplex has not been observed in Greece; but is known to grow in 
 
 Siberia (Wats.). Westward, is known to grow in Barbary and Switzerland, and throughout middle 
 and Northern Europe as far as Russia and Sweden (Engl. bot. pi. 748, Pers., and Wats.). Farther 
 West was observed by Drummond in Lat. 54° near Cumberland House in central North America ; 
 by myself, along the Atlantic from Lat. 44 to 42°, subaquatic and the terminal peduncle sometimes 
 branching, but a more humble plant than the preceding. 
 
 Calamagrostis epigeios of Northern climates. The K A A AM A l~ P UJ C T I C larger in every way 
 than the ArPWCTCWC according to Dioscorides, and if eaten by cattle killing them, especially 
 along roadsides in Babylonia, — is referred here by Lobel, and others : C. epigeios was observed by 
 Chaubard frequent in humid situations in the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Wats., 
 and Kunth). Westward, is described by Lobel adv. pi. 6 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow in Bar- 
 bary and throughout Europe as far as Russia and Lapland (Poll., Lightf. fl. Scot, Steud., and Wats.). 
 Farther West, was observed by Hooker on Iceland (but compare C. stricta of the Alpine portion of 
 the White Mountains in New England and the mountains of Europe). This grass according to 
 Sprengel is in general avoided by cattle, and if eaten through necessity, is known to induce internal 
 inflammation and occasionally death. 
 
 Molinia canilea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The K I N N A M so called in 
 Cilicia where it grows, and further according to Dioscorides iv. 32 if eaten moist by cattle oiten 
 
496 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 inducing inflammation, — may be compared with this reedy grass : M. ccerulea was observed by Sib- 
 thorp growing among heath near Constantinople. Westward, is termed "gramen paniculatum autum- 
 nale panicula angustiore e viridi nigricante " by Tournefort inst. 521 ; is known to grow throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. v. pi. n, Thuil., Gaud., and Pers.) ; and according to 
 Sprengel, has been observed to injure cattle. 
 
 Gastridmm lendigerum of the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in Britain 
 nit-grass (Prior) : the * A A A P I C of Dioscorides, two palms high with slender useless roots giving 
 out several geniculate stems reedy and like those of Z 6 A C, its seeds oblong white as large as millet 
 and with the bruised plant relieving pain in the bladder, — mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus 
 Aegineta, may be compared : G. lendigerum was observed by Sibthorp in the sand of the seashore 
 of Asia Minor ; by Gittard, in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border 
 of Egypt near Alexandria. Westward, the " phalaris " is described by Pliny xxvii. 102 as having a 
 long slender "thyrsum" and seeds like " sesamae : " G. lendigerum is described by Plukenet aim. 
 pi. 33 ; is termed "panicum serotinum arvense spica pyramidata " by Tournefort inst. 515, " agrostis 
 australis " by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow in Southern France and as far even as Britain (Gouan 
 hort. 39 pi. 1, Huds., and Pers.). 
 
 Equisetum liiuosuin of Northern climates. The ITTTTOYPIC : €T€ PA described by Dio- 
 scorides as more than a cubit high with whiter shorter and softer foliage, — is referred here by 
 Sprengel, and Fraas : E. limosum was observed by Fraas in Greece, more frequent than other kinds 
 and called "polutrihia." Westward, the account of the " aliam hippurin " by Pliny xxvi. 83 is taken 
 from Dioscorides ; E. limosum is described by Tragus f. 264 ; and is known to grow in Italy (Lenz) 
 and throughout middle and Northern Europe. Farther West, has been observed by myself in North 
 America, from Lat. 4S on the Lower St. Lawrence to Salem in New England and 39 beyond Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Aspidium lonchitis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain holly-fern, 
 "from its prickly fronds" (Prior): the AorXITIC:€T6PA having according to Dioscorides 
 CKOAOnE N API Ul-like fronds but larger rougher and more deeply incised, — is referred here by 
 writers : A. lonchitis was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the mountains of Crete to the Bithy- 
 nian Olympus. Westward, the "loghitis StSra" or "loghitin trabSian" is identified in the Syn. Diosc. 
 with the "loggina" or " kalavrina " of the Romans : A. lonchitis is described by Matthioli p. 666 
 (Spreng.) ; is termed "lonchitis aspera" by Tournefort inst. 53S ; and is known to grow in Italy and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 797, and Lenz). 
 
 Agaricus dry in in of middle Europe. The A r A P I K N : 9 H A Y distinguished by Dioscorides 
 by having within straight lamellae, — is referred here by Sprengel: the agaricon " femina" is men- 
 tioned also by Pliny xxv. 57 : A. dryinus is described by Persoon ; and is known to grow on oaks and 
 beeches in middle Europe (Spreng.). 
 
 Agaricus ostreatus of middle Europe. Regarded by Sprengel as perhaps included in the "agari- 
 kon thelu " of Dioscorides : A. ostreatus is described by Jacquin ; is known to grow in middle Europe, 
 and like the preceding on oaks and beeches (Spreng.). 
 
 Zonaria pavonia of the coasts of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. The *Y KOC : 6AAAC 
 CION:TTAATYof Dioscorides — is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas : Z. pavonia was observed 
 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Bory, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands as far as Imros ; 
 and by Delile, near Alexandria in Egypt. Westward, is termed "f. maritimus gallo-pavonis pennas 
 referens " by Tournefort inst. 568 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to grow 
 throughout the Mediterranean (Bory), and as far North in the Atlantic as Britain (Engl. bot. 
 pi. 1276). 
 
 Wormskioldia granaiea of the coasts of the Mediterranean. The *YKOC:eAAACCION 
 distinguished by Dioscorides as oblong and *OINICCON red, — is referred here by Sprengel : 
 W. granatea is described by Lamouroux, and Turner; and according to Sprengel, is not rare in the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 / 'aleriana Hardmickii of the Himalayan mountains. The NAPAOY: INAIKH : P 6 INH 
 of Dioscorides — is referred here by Sprengel. V. Hardwickii is described by W allien (in Roxb. fi. 
 ind. i. 166, as. research, vi. 350) ; and its thick "fleshy strong-scented root is used in medicine in 
 Nepal and the North of India" (Royle lect. 82, and Lindl.). 
 
 Gardenia hicida of Tropical Hindustan. Its resin called by the Arabs at Bombay " kunkham " 
 (Birdwood 44, 269, and J. F. Wats, index) ; in which we recognize the KATKAMON described by 
 Dioscorides as the exudation of an Arabian tree, in some measure resembling myrrh ; — and mentioned 
 by Pliny xii. 44 as brought by the Nabathean Arabs to the Mediterranean countries. G. lucida was 
 observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and Wight ; and is described by Graham as "a lartje shrub or 
 small tree, in gardens Bombay, grows wild on Elephanta, Kennery jungles, S. M. country (Law)," and 
 "furnishes the gum called ' decamalee.' " Farther East, enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah. 
 As transported to Europe, described by Plukenet pi. 367. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 497 
 
 Mesnaferrea of Tropical Hindustan. An elegant Clusioid tree called in Sanscrit "canchana" 
 or "champeya" or "cesara" or "nagacesara" (W. Jones), in Bengalee "nagkushur," in Malabar 
 " belutta-champagam '' (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " nag chumpa" (Graham); and the NAC 
 KA*©ON or NAPKA#60N of Dioscorides, imported from India on account of its fragrance, mixed 
 in perfumes, and employed medicinally, — maybe compared. Eastward, M. ferrea is sacred in Hindu 
 mythology (Mason v. 401), and in the Naishadha poem, Cama is whetting his arrows on an alabaster 
 wheel compared to a "nagacesara" flower (W. Jones as. res. iv. 295) ; the "kesara" is mentioned by 
 Dhanvantari (Susrut. sutr. 37), and Kalidasa kum. iii. 55; and flowers of the "mesua," by Valmiki 
 ramayan. vi. 96 (transl. Gorr.) : M. ferrea was observed by Rheede iii. pi. 53 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, 
 and Graham, in the environs of Bombay, the flowers " regularly picked as they expand for sale in the 
 bazar, and preserve their fragrance even when dried ; " by Burmann, Roxburgh, and Wight, in other 
 parts of Hindustan, the dried flowers "used for perfuming ointment," employed also "medicinally" 
 (Drur.). Farther East, was observed by Wallich in Burmah, by Mason "exotic" there, the dried 
 anthers according to Drury stuffed in pillows ; is described also by Rumphius vii. pi. 2 ; and is known 
 to be much cultivated on Java (Drur.). 
 
 " 64 A. D. = 7U1 year of the ' young-ping ' of Ming-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the 
 Forty-sixth cycle. 
 
 "The same year" (the Tching-tseu-thong, Khang-pi, and Pauth. 256 and 490), by the emperor 
 Ming-ti, Budhism or the " religion of Fo " introduced from Hindustan into China. — The new religion 
 " was not fully established till A. D. 310" (De Guignes, and Elphinst. ii. 4) ; but at the present day, 
 includes " at least half of the population of China." 
 
 Ptychotis involucraia of Northern Hindustan. An Umbelliferous plant called there "aneeson," 
 in Bengal " chanoo " or " raahooni " (Lindl.), and known from early times : — observed by Royle, used 
 as a substitute for parsley by resident Europeans. 
 
 Ferula hooshee of Eastern Persia. The gum called in Beloochistan "hooshee," long known 
 though not collected,* — according to Mrs. Macneill resembles opoponax and is produced by a plant in 
 size and appearance like F. asafcetida ; is also described as resembling opoponax by Royle ill. p. 231. 
 The plant according to Lindley "has a distinct smell of asafcetida." 
 
 * Polygala crotalarioides of Nepal. Shrubby, decumbent, the stems branching from the base ; and 
 from early times, the root employed by the hill-people to cure snake-bites : — sent by Colvin to Royle 
 him.; but according to Buchanan, Wallich pi. as. rar., and Drury, the plant is "common on the 
 Himalaya." From transported specimens, described by Decandolle prodr. i. 327 (Lindl.). 
 
 Brucea (Nimd) quassioides of Nepal and the Himalayas. A woody Simaruboid plant, its bark 
 exported from early times — and sold in Bengal under the name of " bharangi ; " its root also accord- 
 ing to Royle ill. p. 158 bitter as quassia : described by Buchanan, and Don prodr. 248 (Lindl., and 
 Drur.). 
 
 Xanthoxylum alalum of the mountainous district North of Bengal as far as Nepal. A low tree 
 called in Hindustanee "durmur" (Lindl.), and from early times an aromatic essential oil procured 
 from it by the natives : — observed by Roxburgh, and known to grow " in Rohilcund and Oude " 
 (Drur.). 
 
 Cerasus capricida of Nepal. A species of wild cherry known there from early times from being 
 so poisonous as to kill goats : — described by Don prodr. 239, and Wallich cat. 718 (Lindl.). 
 
 Cucumis Hardwickii of the lower portion of the Himalayas. Climbing, called there " puharee 
 indrayun" hill colocynth (Lindl ), and from early times : — observed by Royle, its fruit two to three 
 inches long and about half as broad, very bitter and in quality similar to colocynth. (See Citrullus 
 pseudo-colocynthis.) 
 
 Luffa? bindaal of Northern Hindustan. A climbing Cucurbitaceous plant, from early times 
 regarded there as a powerful drastic in cases of dropsy : — observed by Roxburgh iii. 717, and Royle, 
 its'" fruit round, echinate with long firm straight ciliate bristles " (Lindl. : see Cucumis ? prophetarum). 
 
 Ptychotis sylvestris of Northern Hindustan. Called there "arub ajwain " (Lindl.), and long 
 known as an Indian carminative : — observed by Royle. 
 
 Carum nigrum of Central Asia. A species of wild caraway, from early times imported into 
 Hindustan as a carminative — and called "zeera seeah : " found by Royle brought "from Kunawur " 
 
 (Lindl.). 
 
 Gentiana kurroo of the Himalaya mountains. Its root from early times in Northern Hindustan 
 used like gentian : — observed by Royle ill. pi. 68 at Mussooree, Simla, and in other parts of the 
 Himalayas (Lindl.). 
 
 Picrorhiza kurroo of the Himalaya mountains. A low Rhinanthaceous perennial, its intensely 
 bitter root from early times used medicinally : —observed by Royle ill. pi. 71, and Wallich cat. 404, at 
 
 63 
 
498 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Planlaoo isfaghula of Central Asia. A low annual called in Persian and Hindustanee " ispagool " 
 (Lindl.) ; carried to Hindustan, and from early times cultivated there for medicinal use : — observed by 
 Fleming as. res. xi. 174, Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Royle, its seeds of a very cooling nature sold in the 
 bazaars and used to prepare a mucilaginous drink often prescribed as emollient (Drur.). 
 
 " The same year " (Sueton. 16, Tacit, xv. 44, Tertull. apol. v., and Clint.), conflagration at Rome, 
 destroying a large portion of the city : followed by the " First persecution " of Christians. Josephus 
 at the age of " twenty-six " visiting Rome and introduced to Poppaea wife of Nero. 
 
 "65 A. D." (Dionys. of Corinth, Tertull., Euseb., and Clint), war commencing in Judaea, with 
 the defeat of the Romans under Cestius Gallus. In Rome, Paul put to death. The charge of the 
 Christians there devolving on Linus (2 Tim. iv. 21, Iren., and Euseb.). 
 
 Peter "about the same time" put to death (Dionys. of Corinth) : was crucified with his head 
 downwards, at his own request— (according to Origen, Euseb. h. e. ii. 25 and iii. 1). The gospel of 
 John xxi, 18 was written subsequently to this event. 
 
 Greek manuscripts written as early as this year and found at Herculaneum (Sylvestre) presenting 
 the following form of the letter ■&. 
 
 The same year ( = 326 B. C — " 140 — 130— 120 " = 56 B. C. " — 120 yrs." of Masudi, Wilford 
 as. res. ix. 181), a date possibly marking the accession of the Andra dynasty. The capital of the 
 kings of Andra or inland Telingana was Varangul (Elph. iv. 2). 
 
 "66 A. D." (Clint.), arrival of Nero in Greece. — Where, in the following year ("two years 
 after the true period ") he celebrated the Olympic games. 
 
 "67 A. D." (Jos., and Clint.), Josephus taken prisoner at the capture of Jotapata in Galilee by 
 the Romans under Vespasian. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-first generation. A. D. 67, Sept. 1st, mostly beyond youth : the Chinese 
 historian I'an-kou, and his sister Pan-hoei'-pan . Justus of Tiberias : the Greek philosophers, Muso- 
 nius Rufus, Ammonius of Lamprae, and Euphrates ; the rhetors, Isaeus, and Ardys : the Christian 
 writers, Glaucias, Menander the Simonian ; the Latin writers, Quintilianus, Silius Italicus, Statius, 
 and Frontinus ; the Roman painters, Cornelius Pinus, and Accius Priscus (Bryan). 
 
 "6S, June 9th " (Sueton., and Clint ), Nero succeeded by Galba, sixth Roman emperor. The 
 hieroglyphic ovals of Galba occur on Egyptian monuments. His name occurs besides on coins 
 issued in Egypt ; and in a Greek inscription at the Great Oasis, dated in his brief reign. 
 
 Cachrys Simla of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " pStroanarthekos " (Sibth.) : 
 the KPATinnOY: NAP-G-HKOC prescribed by Andromachus the younger — (Gal. comp. med. vi. 
 6) may be compared : C. Sicula was observed by Sibthorp in stony situations in Boeotia and on 
 Cyprus. Westward, is described by Morison ix. pi. 1, and Boccone pi. 18; is termed " c. semine 
 fungoso sulcata aspero foliis peucedani latiusculis " by Tournefort inst. 325 ; and is known to grow 
 in Sicily, Barbary, and Spain (Pers.). 
 
 As early perhaps as this date, arrival of Pliny in Spain, having been appointed procurator 
 "towards the close of the reign of Nero." — He continued in Spain in " 71," and returned to Rome 
 shortly before " 73" (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Gossain Than, Kamaon, and Kedarkonta, its root "fleshy," and flowers "deep blue, in dense spikes " 
 (Benth., and Lindl.) ; by Irvine mat. med. patn. 38, used as a tonic, and called in Hindustanee 
 "kootki" (Drur. 162). 
 
 Dioscorea deltoidea of Subtropical Hindustan. A species of vain ; from early times in Cashmere, 
 its roots used for washing woollen cloths and silk for shawls — (Powel punj., and Drur): D. deltoidea 
 was observed by Rumphius v. 4S2 and pi. 180 "circa castellum Victoriam," and by Wallich 5 no in 
 Nepal (Grisebach and A. Dec.) ; the " mu-kelengue " observed by Rheede viii. pi. 51 in Malabar, and 
 the " common yam, cultivated " according to Graham around Bombay, may also be compared. 
 
 Xyi is Indica of Hindustan and Burmah. Annual, a foot high, and called in Bengalee " cheena 
 ghauza" or " dabi dooba " (Lindl.) or " dali doob," in Malabar " kotsjelleti-pullu " (Drur.) ; from early 
 times, its leaves and root used to cure ringworm, itch, and leprosy : — observed by Rheede ix. pi. 71 
 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in the "S. Concan" (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Roxburgh, as 
 far as Coromandel and Bengal ; by .Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by 1'lukenet aim. pi. 416. 
 
 A udropogon iwarancusa of the skirts of the mountains of Northern Hindustan. A fragrant grass 
 three to six feet high and called in Bengalee "kurankusha" or " ibharankusha " or " iwarankusha" 
 (Lindl.) or " iwaran-kussa " (Drur.); and from early times in Northern Hindustan, its aromatic roots 
 used in intermittent fevers: — observed by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Royle, as far as Hurdwar. A 
 grass regarded by Graham as probably identical, was observed by him as far as Bombay, in the 
 " Concans, rare." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 499 
 
 Rosa canina of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain brier-rose or dog-rose (Prior), in 
 Italy "rosadi macchia" or " rosa canina" or " rosa selvatica " (Lenz), in Greece " agria trianta- 
 phullea," in which we recognize the " cynorrhodon " or " silvestris rosae " whose root sent out to a 
 Roman soldier in Lacetania in Spain was found to cure hydrophobia — (Plin. viii. 63 and xxv. 6): R. 
 canina is termed " r. sylvestris vulgaris flore odorato incarnato" by Tournefort inst. 638; was 
 observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow also in Italy and throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Denmark (Curt. lond. v. pi. 34, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; by Kaempfer, 
 and Thunberg, in Japan, and called "foosen " or usually "ibara." Conserve of roses according to 
 Lindley is prepared " from the pulpy fruit of this and probably other allied species." 
 
 Arum crinitum of the West Mediterranean countries. The " dracunculum " with a variegated 
 stem an inch in diameter, recently found in the same province of Spain — (Plin. xxv. 6), may be 
 compared : A. crinitum is described by Aiton, and the younger Linnaeus ; and is known to grow on 
 Minorca (Pers.). 
 
 "69, Jan. 15th" (Sueton., Tacit., and Clint.), Galba succeeded by Otho, seventh Roman empe- 
 ror. The hieroglyphic ovals of Otho occur on a propylon at Thebes ; and his name, on coins issued 
 in Egypt. 
 
 "April 19th " (Tacit., and Clint.), news received at Rome of the death of Otho. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Vitellius : whose name also occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 " Dec. 21st " (Jos., Dio, and Clint.), Vitellius succeeded by Vespasian, now ninth Roman Empe- 
 ror. The hieroglyphic ovals of Vespasian occur on the temple at Esneh, on a building at Thebes, 
 and on an obelisk (now in Rome). 
 
 "70 A. D." (Jos., Sueton., Clint., and Kitt. cycl. bibl. lit.), after a siege of "nearly five months," 
 Jerusalem captured by the Romans under Titus ; bringing the Jewish war to a close. With the tem- 
 ple, the city was now destroyed, " three towers and a part of the Western wall " being alone left 
 standing. 
 
 " In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Adgaba succeeded by Za- 
 Agba, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " six months," and was succeeded by Za-Malis, who 
 reigned "six years " 
 
 "In the reign of Kei-ko" (San-kokf transl. Klapr.), the barbarians of the East (Ainos) making 
 an irruption inflicted much damage on the Japanese ; a thing that never before happened.* 
 
 "71 A. D." (Jos., and Clint.), at Antioch, persecution of the Jews repressed by Titus. At 
 Rome (Oros. vii. 9), "Sixth " closing of the temple of Janus ; the Romans being at peace with all 
 nations. 
 
 "In this year" (Jap. centen. comm. 88), accession of ... . the son of Keiko, as dairo of 
 Japan. 
 
 * Agaricus eburico of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. A fungus growing on the trunks 
 of Larix Lptostachys and called "eburico" by the Ainos ; one of the two medicines known to them, 
 employed internally against cholic, affections of the heart, vomiting, and worms — (San-kokf transl. 
 Klapr., and Sieb.). 
 
 Larix leptostachys .of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called by the Japanese " fuzi mats," 
 and on account of the wood, — enumerated by Siebold among the useful plants of the Ainos. Observed 
 by Schrenk on Krafto (Sachalin) as far North as Lat. 50° (Sieb. p. 90). 
 
 Urostelma ifcema of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. An Asclepiaceous plant called 
 " ikema '' or " penpu " by the Ainos, being the other medicine known to them ; employed both inter- 
 nally and externally in tumours, wounds, " rhumes tres forts," and fevers, — further described in the 
 San-kokf transl. Klapr. as creeping, growing also in the districts of Sendai and Simotske in Japan. 
 Known to Siebold only as growing on Yeso. 
 
 Andropogon sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " nino," or by the Japanese 
 "kaze gusa ?" (Sieb.) ; apparently the " koutsi gousa " or mouth herb of the Japanese, so named 
 from being employed by the Aino women to paint their lips green ; tattooing around with black material 
 figures of flowers or other objects, and the same on the back of the hands and feet — (San-kokf 
 transl. Klapr.). 
 
 Urtica most of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " utarpe," or by the Ainos 
 " mosl," and the fibres used by them for weaving coarse cloth — (San-kokf transl. Klapr., and Sieb. 
 p. 169). 
 
 Broussonetiat ats'ni of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. A tree called "ats'ni" by the 
 Ainos, the fibrous bark used by them for weaving coarse cloth — (San-kokf, and Sieb. p. 116 
 and 170). 
 
5 oO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 He removed the sword* of Amateraszu " to the temple of Atsuta, Owari, — where it still remains, 
 but is never shown " (Jap. c. a). 
 
 "Other almost equally ancient swords — are preserved in various places, but sword making in 
 Japan is of comparatively much more recent origin" (Jap. c. a). 
 
 "74 A. D." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, censors appointed for the last time. 
 
 Fumaria officinalis of middle and Eastern Asia ? Called in Britain earth-smoke or fumitory, 
 by Treveris gr. herb. 171 "fume or smoke of the earth," in the Ortus sanitatis 176 " fumus terrae," 
 in France "fume-terre" (Prior), in Italy "fumosterno" or "fumaria" (Lenz), in Greece "kapnia" 
 (Sibth.), in which we recognize the <t>OYMAPI A of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 
 KAtlNITHCor KAnNOC among barley :— the " capnos " growing in gardens and barley fields 
 of Pliny xxv. 99, may also be compared : F. officinalis is described by Brunfels i. 99; is termed "f. 
 officinarum " by Tournefort inst. 422 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur 
 in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 52, and Pers.). Eastward, was 
 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in vineyards and waste ground throughout Greece and 
 the Greek islands: by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt and called "sjaetaredj," in which we recognize 
 the " shahtarraj " of Ebn Masawia, Ebn Amran, Elisraeli, Rhazes, Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar ; " aqua " 
 and " syrupus fumariae " are besides enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally in 
 Egypt; and F. officinalis was observed by him in the higher mountain-region of Yemen and called 
 "summina." Farther East, was observed by Thunberg frequent everywhere in Japan and called 
 "karas no ninsin" or "fingosakf." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it has become a weed in waste and cultivated ground. The juice according to Lindley "was 
 formerly administered in cutaneous diseases and obstructions of the liver." (See F. parviflora and 
 F. capreolata.) 
 
 Geranium prutcuse of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain crowfoot 
 cranesbill (Prior), and the rePANOIlOAION of Syn. Diosc. iii. 104 — (mistaken for Agrostemma 
 coronaria ?), may be compared : G. pratense was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople ; and 
 is known to grow as far as Northern Japan (Sieb.). Westward, is termed "g. batrachioides gratia 
 Dei Germanorum " by Tournefort inst. 266 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Britain (Cav. iv. pi. 87, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 49, and Pers.). 
 
 Erodium moschatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "mosko- 
 lahanon," and the MYPPIC or MEPTPY; of Syn. Diosc. iii. I2r, — identified by Pliny xxvi. 68 
 with the "geranion" resembling "cicutae" but having a shorter stem, finer leaves, and agreeable 
 in taste and odour, is referred here by Fraas: the "herbs moschatae " is mentioned by Nicolaus 
 Myrepsus iii. 46 : E. moschatum was observed by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, is termed " acus moschata" by 
 Euricius Cordus (Spreng.), "g. cicutae folio moschatum" by Tournefort inst. 268 ; and is known 
 to grow in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (J acq. hort. i. pi. 55. and Engl, 
 bot. pi. 902). By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa, Brazil, and Peru (Pers.). 
 
 Berbcris vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain barberry or ber- 
 berry (Prior), in France " epine-vinette " (Nugent), in Italy "berberi" or "crespino" or "trespino" 
 (Lenz),. in Greece " oxuakantha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the OHYAKAN-Q-Aof Syn. Diosc. 
 i. 123, — identified by Serapion with the "amir beris" or"berbaris" or " atsrar ; " the "amyrberis" is 
 mentioned by Avicenna (Prior), and the "azrur" by Ebn Baitar: B. vulgaris was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow on Lebanon (Pers.) ; and its fruit, 
 imported "from Greece," is enumerated by Rhazes, Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med. as employed 
 medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the "spina appendix" having according to Pliny xxiv. 70 scarlet 
 berries called "appendices," is referred here by writers : B. vulgaris is described by Matthaaus Syl- 
 vaticus 38, Valerius Cordus, and Gerarde ; is identified with the " amyberberis " of the Arabs in the 
 Ortus sanitatis 55 (Prior); is termed "b. dumetorum" by Tournefort inst. 614; is known to grow 
 in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Norway (A. Dec), but is regarded by Watson as 
 perhaps exotic in Britain. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has 
 become naturalized from Newfoundland to the environs of Boston. The bark according to Lindley 
 
 * Magnolia hypoleuca of Japan, as far as Yeso. Called by the Ainos " ikajubni " (Sieb.), in 
 Japan " honoki," and possibly as early as this date used for scabbards by the Japanese — (see Jap. 
 centen. comm. 31 and 88) ; by the Ainos, for quivers (Sieb). 
 
 Isolepis sp. of Japan. A rush from early times used for " mattings of better quality " in the prov- 
 ince of Bingo— (Jap. centen. comm. 74). 
 
 Hydropyrum latifolium of Japan. From early times used in Japan "for commoner mattings " — 
 (Jap. centen. comm. 74). The plant, from transported specimens, described by Grisebach. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 501 
 
 is "astringent," and "a refreshing drink prepared by crushing the fruit in water is considered ser- 
 viceable in fevers." (See Crataegus pyracantha). 
 
 Hippuris vulgaris of Northern climates. Called in Italy "coda di cavallo " (Lenz), in Britain 
 in old herbals "female horsetail," and by modern botanists mare's-tail (Prior), the TYNON or 
 eKYTION identified in Syn. Diosc. iv. 47 with the CA A I H : e KYN A of the Romans, — may be 
 compared : H. vulgaris has not been observed in Greece, but is known to grow from " Lat. 44 " in 
 Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland, the Shetland Islands, and Iceland 
 (Hook., Dec, Fries, Bertol., and A. Dec), is figured in manuscripts T and G of the latin Apuleius 
 40, and is described by Matthioli p. 676, and Dodoens p. 113 (Spreng.). Eastward, is known to 
 grow in the river Terek, and from Affganistan throughout Siberia to the mouths of the Obi and Lena 
 and to Kamtschatka. Farther East, is known to grow from Bering's Straits and " Lat. 60° " to Norfolk 
 Sound, the Saskatchewan, Newfoundland (Mert., Drumm., and Hook.), Labrador (Mey.), and 
 Greenland (Wats.) ; was observed by myself at the Southern extreme of Nova Scotia, by Eaton in 
 " Lat. 43 " in the Hudson river, and by Short in Kentucky. In the Southern Hemisphere, was 
 observed by J. D. Hooker fl. ant. ii. p. 73 at the abandoned settlement at Port Famine in the Straits 
 of Magellan. 
 
 Linum Gallicum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " linon " (Sibth.), in Italy 
 " lino silvestre " (Riccio, and Targ.), and possibly the AlNONiATPION identified in Syn. Diosc. 
 ii. 125 with the A I N OYM: ATPeCTeM or A I N OMY POYM of the Romans: — L. Gallicum is 
 termed "lino salvatico " by Matthioli (Targ.), " 1. sylvestre minus luteum annuum folio latiore " by 
 Tournefort inst. 340, " I. maritimum " by Lamarck fl. fr., and is known to grow from Montpellier to 
 the hills near Genoa (Ger. prov. pi. 15, Viviani, and Pers.); was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands. 
 
 Iberis amara of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany "bitterer bauernsenf" (Fraas), 
 and the CINHTThATPION or CINHTThTTePCIKON of Syn. Diosc. ii. 185 — may be com- 
 pared : I. amara is described by Linnasus ; was observed by Fraas not rare in Greece ; by Lenz, to 
 all appearance wild in Italy ; is known to grow as far as Switzerland and Germany (Crantz, and Pers ) ; 
 but in Britain occurs only in cultivated ground (engl. bot. pi. 52, and A. Dec). 
 
 Picridium perenne of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agria pikralitha " 
 (Fraas), and the ATPIAiTTIKPIC of Syn. Diosc. ii. 159 — may be compared : P. perenne is de- 
 scribed by Sprengel ; and was observed by Fraas frequent in rocky situations in and around the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Rhitianthus minor of Northern and Subarctic climates. Called in Britain rattle-box or yellow 
 rattle (Prior), in Italy " cresta di gallo " (Lenz), in which we recognize the KPICTA : TAAAlNA 
 K € A of the Romans in Syn. Diosc. iv. 60, — or the " crista " described by Pliny xxvii. 23 as having 
 leaves that resemble a cock's comb, a slender stem, and pods containing black seeds which when 
 placed under the eyelids traverse around and finally come out: R. minor, distinguished by C. Ch. 
 Gmelin (Steud.), is known to grow on the Appenines and in Spain, and throughout middle and 
 Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Ehrh. 46, Fries, Hook., and A. Dec). Eastward, 
 has not been observed in Greece, but is known to grow on the Taurian mountains and in Persia and 
 throughout Siberia as far as Lake Baikal (Gmel., Pall., and Bieb.). Farther East, was observed by 
 Chamisso on Unalascha ; by Scouler on the Lower Columbia, by Drummond on the Rocky moun- 
 tains ; is known to grow also from Slave Lake and Fort Franklin throughout Canada to Newfound- 
 land and Greenland (Hook., and Wats.) ; has been observed by myself in grass-grown clearings from 
 the Lower St. Lawrence to Salem in New England, and is known to occur as far as Lat. 42 at 
 Plymouth (A. Gray). 
 
 Rhinanthus alpinus of Eastern Europe. The " alectorolophos " supposed by'Pliny to be identi- 
 cal with the Italian plant, — mentioned also by Aelian (Ainsw. diet.), is referred here by Fraas : R. 
 alpinus is described by Baumgarten, and was observed by Fraas on mount Pindus at the elevation of 
 " four thousand " feet. 
 
 Veronica anagallis of Northern climates. Called in Britain by Lyte water-pimpernell (Prior), 
 in accordance with theANATAAAlC: 6NYAPOCof Syn. Diosc. ii. 153 — indirectly referred here 
 by Fuchsius (Spreng.) : V. anagallis was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in 
 rills and ditches from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands and Smyrna ; is known to grow also 
 from Northern Hindustan throughout middle Asia to China and Kamtschatka (Gmel., Ledeb , and 
 Benth.), and was observed by Thunberg in Japan, called there " kalen so." Southward from Greece, 
 the " karrat elain " of Gafeki, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : V. anagallis was 
 observed by Delile around Rosetta, is known to grow on mount Sinai (Benth.), was observed by Fors- 
 kal among the mountains of Yemen, and is known to grow in Abyssinia (Rich.). Westward, is 
 termed " v. aquatica major et minor folio oblongo " by Tournefort inst. 145 ; and is known to grow in 
 Italy, Algeria, Portugal, the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, and throughout middle and North- 
 
502 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Brot, Savi, Wats., Hook., and A. Dec). Farther West 
 the " blew-flowered pimpernel " was observed by Josselyn in New England prior to 1670 ; V. ana- 
 gallis is known to grow throughout Canada and our Atlantic States as far as South Carolina and 
 Texas (Beck, Berland., and Hook.), also on the Platte, the Rocky mountains (E. James, and Drumm.), 
 and along the Pacific coast to Sitka and Norfolk Sound (Cham., Mert, and Bong.). Probably by 
 European colonists, as suggested by Bentham, carried to Austral Africa, where it continues rare 
 (A. Dec). 
 
 Veronica beccabutiga of Northern climates. Called in Britain brooklime, in Old English " brok- 
 lempe" or "brok-lympe" (Prior), in Icelandic " lemiki " (Cockayne), by the Turks "becabunga," 
 and possibly included in the " anagallis enutbros " of Syn. Diosc. : — V. beccabunga was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the outflowing water of springs from Constantinople to the Peloponne- 
 sus ; is known to grow also on Caucasus, and from Cabul and the Himalayas throughout Siberia to 
 Behring's Island (Gmel., Bieb., and Ledeb.). Southward from Greece, is enumerated by Clot-Bey 
 and Figari as observed in Egypt ; and is known to grow on the mountains of Abyssinia (A. Dec). 
 Westward, the "hleomoce" growing in brooks of the Anglo-Saxon Leechbook i. 38. 4 is referred 
 here by Cockayne : V. beccabunga is described by Fuchsius 725 ; is termed " v. aquatica major folio 
 subrotundo " by Tournefort inst. 145 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Algeria, Spain, Portugal, and 
 throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Finland and Sweden in '' Lat. 63 " and Iceland 
 (Savi, Brot., Hook., and Wahl.). Farther West, is known to grow from Norway House throughout 
 Canada and as far South as Lat. 40° in our Atlantic States (Hook., and Conrad). 
 
 Cyclamen Europaeuin of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Spain "pan de puerco," 
 in France "pain de pourceau " (Spreng.), in Italy " pamporcino " or "artanita" or "ciclamino" 
 (Lenz), in which we recognize the " cyclaminos " identified by Pliny xxv. 67 with the " tuber terrae ; " 
 the PAnOYM:T£PPAI or OYMBlAlKOYM:T£PPAI or APKAPA of the Romans in Syn. 
 Diosc. ii. 193 — may therefore be compared : the " cyclaminos " "is described by Pliny as growing in 
 Italy in shaded situations and sometimes cultivated, but his account seems in part taken from Dios- 
 corides : C. Europaeum is termed " c orbiculato folio inferne purpurascente " by Tournefort inst. 
 154, and is known to grow in Italy and as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 401, Pers., and Lenz). 
 Farther South, the "kuklaminos" is identified by Apuleius with the "palalia;" C. Europaeum is 
 called in Arabic "arthanitsa" (Spreng., the origin of one Italian name), and the "bachur mariam" 
 of Ebn Baitar is referred here by writers. 
 
 Junifterus exceha of the East Mediterranean and Tauro- Caspian countries. The A PKGY-0-OC: 
 MeTAAlH of Syn. Diosc. i. 103, resembling the KYIIAPICCUU and generally known, growing in 
 rough broken situations and along the sea, — may be compared: J. excelsa is termed "j. sabina var. 
 taurica " by Pallas ; was observed by Fraas in Greece, often "twenty feet high ; " by Grisebach, on 
 the Greek islands and in Asia Minor (Daub.) ; is known to grow in Tauria and towards the Caspian 
 (Willd., Pers., and Bieb.), also in Syria and Arabia (Lenz. See J. drupacea). 
 
 Orchis morio of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain gandcrgoose 
 (Ainsw.), in Germany " knabwurz " (Fraas), in Greece " oura tbu lagou " (Sibth.) ; and the K Y N C : 
 O PX 1 N of Syn. Diosc. iii. 131, — and Galen (Orib. xiv. 23), written " cynosorchin " by Pliny xxvii. 
 42, is referred here by writers : the " chusa elkalb " is mentioned also by Ebn Baitar : O. morio was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from Attica to Cyprus and Constantinople, its dried root 
 cooked and eaten. Westward, the "altera satyrios orchis " considered " femina " and its root worn 
 as an amulet according to Pliny xxvi. 62, may be compared: O. morio is described by Fuchsius 
 p. 554 (Spreng.) ; is termed " O. morio fcemina" by Tournefort inst. 433 ; and is known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Vaill. pi. 3T, Curt. lond. iii.- pi. 59, and Pers.). 
 
 Orchis mascula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Included at least in the old Eng- 
 lish ragwort, and German " ragwurz " (see Prior, and Lenz) ; and associated with the preceding as 
 early perhaps as this date: — O. mascula was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the 
 Peloponnesus and on Parnassus, its dried root cooked and eaten. Westward, a double root is attrib- 
 uted to the "satyrion" by Pliny xxvi. 62 : O. mascula is described by Brunfels p. 104, and Fuchsius 
 p. S54 ; is termed " o. morio mas foliis maculatis " by Tournefort inst. 432 ; was observed by Haller 
 pi. 33 in Switzerland ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Scotland and Den- 
 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 457, Pers., and A. Dec). 
 
 Orchis coriophora of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Possibly included : — observed 
 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople, its dried root cooked 
 and eaten. Westward, is termed " o. odore hirci minor" by Tournefort inst. 443, "o. cimicina" by 
 Crantz ; was observed by Haller pi. 34 in Switzerland ; is known to grow in various parts of South- 
 ern Europe, and as far as the environs of Paris (Vaill. par. pi. 31, Jacq. austr. ii. pi. 122, and Pers.). 
 
 "75 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, Euseb., and Clint.), the temple of Peace near the Roman Forum 
 completed ; together with a colossal statue " one hundred and twenty-eight cubits " high. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 503 
 
 Asperugo procumbens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain madwort 
 (Prior), in Greece " kdlletzitha," and the A A Y C C C of Antonius of Cos, — described by Galen antid. 
 ii. p. 168 as resembling horehound, more rough and prickly about the balls and the flower blue, may 
 be compared : A. procumbens was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in waste places in the 
 Peloponnesus, Attica, and Cyprus. Westward, the " alysson " named from preventing madness from 
 a dog's bite is further described by Pliny xxiv. 57 as differing from " rubiam " madder " foliis tantum 
 et ramis minoribus : " A. procumbens is described by Gerarde ; is termed "a. vulgaris " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 135 ; is known to occur in waste places in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (fi. Dan. pi. 552, and Pers.) ; but has not been observed in Ireland (Mackay, and Power), 
 was known to Ray in only one locality in Britain, and is regarded by A. Decandolle as a naturalized 
 exotic. 
 
 "76 A. D. = 'kian-tsou,' 1st year of Hiao-tchang-ti " or Tchang-ti, of the Han or Seventh 
 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Abyss, chron., C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii, and M. Russel p. 109), Za-Malis 
 succeeded by Za-Hakale, now king of Abyssinia. — He is called Zoskales in the Erythraean periplus. 
 
 The nePKH of the Rhine of Xenocrates aquat., — is referred by writers to the perch, P. fluvi- 
 atilis, inhabiting the rivers and lakes of middle and Northern Europe. 
 
 "77 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint ), the celebrated rhetor Gabinianus teaching in Gaul. 
 
 "In this year" (Plin. i. I, Sm. b. d., and C. Mull.), Pliny dedicating his " Naturalis Historia" to 
 Titus, now for the sixth time consul. 
 
 In the days of Pliny . . . , commerce with India in no year drained the Roman Empire of less 
 than "five hundred and fifty millions of sesterces " (estimated by Major " at about £1,400,000 "), the 
 return being wares sold at fully one hundred times their prime cost. 
 
 The "jamben" of Pliny vi. 33 is identified by C. Aluller (geogr. min. i. p. 169) with Yambo on 
 the Red Sea. At Zanzibar the Soahili salutation is " yambo," and the word has appeared to me to 
 belong to the Negro class of languages. The Arabs on the Red Sea and outer coast of Arabia 
 doubtless held commercial intercourse with Zanzibar as early as the time of Pliny. (See Amomum 
 zingiber.) 
 
 The city of " Omanae " is mentioned by Pliny vi. 149 as one of the " oppidi Omanorum." The 
 name may have been derived from the Persian deity " Omanos," mentioned by Strabo xi. 8. 4 and xv. 
 3. 15. — In conversing with inhabitants of Mocha, I found the term "Oman" extended to the whole 
 Eastern extremity of Arabia. 
 
 The A S T R B L V S of Pliny, described as " a gem like a fish's eye," may be compared with 
 the lens or hardened portion of the eye of cuttle-fish, Sepiadas. Hemispheroidal pearl-like granules 
 that seemed'to have this origin, were observed by myself among gems exhumed in Egypt. 
 
 The earliest notice of S A P O soap is by Pliny ; who terms it an " invention of the Gauls " (F. 
 Adams) : — " sapon " is also mentioned by Galen, Aretaeus, and Paulus Aegineta ; and "sabun," by 
 Serapion, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar. 
 
 Ranunculus polyanthemus of Western Europe. The POLYANTHEMVM, ulcerating according 
 to Pliny xxvii. 90 and by some called BATRACHION, — is referred here by Linnasus, and Sprengel : 
 R. polyanthemus is known to grow in France and middle Europe (Crantz, Pers., Gilib., Neck., and 
 Steud.). 
 
 Actcza spicata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain baneberry (Prior), in Italy 
 " barba di capro " (Lenz) : the A C T A E A growing according to Pliny xxvii. 26 in deep-shaded rough 
 watery places, its stems geniculate and A S P E R I S, berries soft S EAA I N E ■ N I G R O, — is referred 
 here by writers: A. spicata is termed " christophoriana vulgaris nostras racemosa et ramosa" by 
 Tournefort inst. 299 ; is known to grow in Italy, Switzerland and throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe (Hill herb. p. 320, Hall. helv. 1076, fl. Dan. pi. 589, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 
 Sibthorp in wooded situations on the mountains of the Peloponnesus; is known to grow also on 
 Caucasus and in Siberia (Lindl). The roots according to Lindley are "antispasmodic, expectorant, 
 astringent." 
 
 Fumaria capreolata of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "staktgri" ashes, or 
 " kapnohorton " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the CAPNOS PRIMA or PEDES GALLINA 
 CEOS growing according to Pliny xxv. 98 on walls and along hedges, its branches extremely slender, 
 flower PVRPVREO- VIRIDIS, and juice removing dimness from the eyes : — the " kapnos helitho- 
 nion" of the collyrium of Martianus is mentioned by Aetius ii. 3. 109 and iii. 2 (Dod.) : F. capreolata 
 is termed "f. viticulis et capreolis plantis vicinis adhaerens " by Tournefort inst. 422; is known to 
 grow in Italy and Southern France, and even in England (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 47, Pers., and Lenz). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on walls and in cultivated ground in Greece and 
 on the Greek islands : and by Forskal, and Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo. (See F. parvi- 
 flora). 
 
504 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Elatine hydropiper of Western Europe. Called in Britain water-wort or water-pepper (Prior), 
 and the C A L L I T R I C H E hot to the taste according to Pliny xxv. 86, growing in wet shaded situa- 
 tions, its leaves lentil-like, stems resembling a slender rush, and root diminutive, — may be compared : 
 " waeter-wyrt " is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 48 ; "piper aqua." is enumerated among 
 potherbs by Franciscus Pedemontium; and E. hydropiper is known to grow throughout middle Europe 
 (Vaill. par. pi. 2, Hoffm. germ., Schuhr pi. 109, and Pers.). 
 
 Sinapis juncea of Eastern Asia. The Indian mustard is called in Egypt "kabar" and the seeds 
 "khardel" (Forsk., and Del.), in Sanscrit " sarshapa " (J. F. Wats.), in Hindustanee "sarsaf.'Mn Ben- 
 galee "sarshapa" or " sarshya " (D'roz.) or " rai," in Tamil "kudaghoo" (Drur.) ; and the third or 
 G R AC I LE kind of S I N A P I, mentioned by Pliny xix. 54 to xx. 87, as well as the mustard seed 
 brought from Egypt. — maybe compared: S. juncea was observed by Delile in the cultivated fields 
 of Egypt. Eastward, the protecting flour on a boy's forehead mentioned by Bhavabhuti 9 — is referred 
 by H. H. Wilson to white mustard ; and the "sarshapa" as an external application is prescribed in 
 the stanzas of the Ayurvedas (Susrut. chik 5) : S. juncea, according to Wight i. 20, and Drury, is 
 cultivated all over India; is known to occur also in China (Pers.). 
 
 Dentaria enneaphylla of the mountains of Austria as far as Italy. The ENNEAPHYLLON hav- 
 ing according to Pliny xxvii. 54 nine long leaves and exciting pustules if applied externally, — is 
 referred here by writers : D. enneaphylla is described by Linnaeus ; was observed by Scopoli in Car- 
 niolia ; and is known to grow in calcareous soil on the mountains of Austria as far as Silesia (Jacq. 
 austr. pi. 316, Pers., Grabowsk., and A. Dec). 
 
 Reseda alba of the Alediterranean countries. Called in France with other species "reseda" 
 (Nugent), in Germany "resede" or "resedenkraut " (Grieb), in Greece "aggSiotra" or"ohetra" 
 (Sibth.), and the RES EDAM herb of Pliny .xxvii. 106 — is referred here by Sprengel : R. alba is 
 termed "r. foliis calcitrapa? flore albo " by Tournefort inst. 423?; was observed by Forskal among 
 rubbish on Malta ; and is known to grow in Barbary, Spain, and as far as Montpellier in France (Pers., 
 Dec. fl. fr., and Steud.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lvchnis vespertina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The MALVNDRVM herb, 
 growing according to I'liny xxvi. 24 in meads and grain-fields, its flower white and fragrant, — is 
 referred here by Clusius, Sprengel, and others : L. vespertina is termed "1. sylvestris alba" by Tour- 
 nefort inst. 334; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl Dan. pi. 792, 
 and Engl. bot. pi. 1580), its flowers becoming fragrant at night (Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 
 Sibthorp in shaded situations around Constantinople. 
 
 Lychnis dioica, having purple flowers — but usually regarded as not distinct: termed 'T. sylves- 
 tris " by Dodoens pempt. 171, " 1. s. seu aquatica purpurea simplex" by C. Bauhin pin. 204, "1. diurna" 
 by Sibthorp oxon., and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Pers.) : observed by Roehling in 
 Germany (Steud.) ; by Linnaeus, in the mountain-valleys of Lapland, but the flower more frequently 
 white "qua? naturaliter purpurea est." Westward, " L. dioica" was observed by Sabine in Greenland 
 (Hook.). 
 
 Lychnis flos-cuculi of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain cuckoo flower 
 or cuckoo gilliflozuer or mggcd robin, in France "robinet dechire" " (Prior), in Italy "oculus Christi " 
 (Riccio, and Targ.), and the ASYLAor FERVSOCVLVS of Pliny xxv. 92, sought by cattle that 
 have eaten the blue ANAGALLIDA, — may be compared : L. flos-cuculi is described by Tragus 403 
 (Spreng.) ; is termed "1. pratensis flore laciniato" by Tournefort inst. 336 ; is known to grow from 
 Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 51)0, Curt. lond. i. pi. 33, and Lam. fl. fr.) ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in moist grassy meads in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Cuatbalus baccifents of Western Europe. The CVCVLVS of Pliny xxvii. 44, by some called 
 STRVMVM, by others S T R Y C H N N, having black berries and its leaves used against the stings 
 of serpents and scorpions, — may be compared : C. bacciferus was observed by Lucas Ghini (Dalech. 
 1429, and Spreng. comm. Diosc. ii. 194); by Scopoli, in Carniolia; termed "lychnanthus volubilis " 
 by S. G. Gmelin (Steud.): known to grow in woods as far as Paris and Maestricht (Mill. pi. 112, 
 Pers., and fl. Bat.), and formerly on an islet in Thames (A. Dec). 
 
 Gypsophila struthium of Spain. The imported root called in Italy "strutio" or "struzio" 
 (Targ.), and possibly the R A D I C V L A mentioned by I'liny xix. 18 as preserved or stored for washing 
 woolen garments:— ('7. struthium was sent by Ferrandus Imperatus to C. Bauhin, its root used by 
 the Neapolitans as a substitute for soap, and believed to be the "khondus" of the Arabs (C. B. pin. 
 206, and Spreng.): G. struthium is termed "radicetta" by Matthioli (Targ.), is described also by 
 Boccone Bins. ii. pi. 122, and Barrelier rar. pi. 119, is known to grow in Spain (Pers.), and its root is 
 imported from Spain into Italy (Targ.). 
 
 Silene spinescens of the East Mediterranean countries. The STRVTHION described by Pliny 
 xix. i8asSPINOSA-ET-CAVLE'LANVGINOSO spinous and with a woolly stem, — may be 
 compared : S. spinosa, described by Sibthorp as having opposite spinescent branches and leaves 
 pubescent on all sides, was observed by him in Asia Minor. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 505 
 
 Saponaria vaccaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The CONDVRDVM herb, 
 belonging according to Pliny xxvi. 14 to the time of the Solstice and bearing a red flower, — is 
 referred here by Sprengel : S. vaccaria was observed by Sibthorp frequent in Greece and on the 
 Greek islands ; is known to occur in the Ukraine and about Caucasus and along the Altaian mountains 
 as far as Semipalatinsk (Kar. and Kir. in Ledeb.)- Westward, is described by Lobel adv. p. 148 ; is 
 termed "lychnis segetum rubra foliis perfoliate " by Tournefort inst. 335 ; and is known to occur in 
 waste and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as the Baltic and " Lat. 54 30'," occa- 
 sionally making its appearance in Britain (Wats., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried 
 to Northeast America, where it has been observed by A. Gray "escaped from gardens and becoming 
 spontaneous in some places " in our Middle States. 
 
 Vicia cracca of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A vetch called in Denmark "fuglevi- 
 kker" (Cockayne), in Germany " vogelwicke," in Italy "vezzon" (Lenz), in Greece "agrios vikos" 
 (Fraas) : the C R A C C A according to Pliny degenerating from legumes and grateful to pigeons — is 
 referred here by writers : and the ''fugeles bean" of gloss. Laud. 567, is referred here by Cockayne : 
 V. cracca is described by Clusius ii. 235 ; is termed "v. multiflora " by Tournefort inst. 397 ; and is 
 known to grow in Italy, Barbary, and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland 
 (Lam. ft. fr., fl. Dan. pi. 804, Pers., and Wats). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 
 and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Caria and Cyprus ; and is known to occur in cultivated 
 ground in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.). By European colonists, was carried to Iceland 
 (Hook.), Greenland (Wats.), Newfoundland (Hook.), and thence perhaps to Canada and our Atlan- 
 tic States, where it has been observed by myself, sometimes in wild situations, from the Lower 
 St. Lawrence throughout New England ; is known to occur also as far inland as Kentucky (A. 
 Gray). 
 
 Anthyllis barba-jovis of the Mediterranean countries. The BARBA'IOVIS enumerated by 
 Pliny xvi. 31 among woody plants avoiding water, and further mentioned as clipped in ornamental 
 gardens into roundness, the leaves silvery, — is referred here by writers: A. barba jovis is termed 
 "barba jovis pulchre lucens " by Tournefort inst. 651; was observed by Sibthorp on the isle of 
 Capri, and is known to grow on rocks in other parts of Italy and as far as Spain (Mill. pi. 41, Lam. 
 fl fr., Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Gittard on the mountains around Philiatra in 
 the Peloponnesus (Bory). 
 
 Ononis natrix of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy " erba bacaja " 
 (Lenz): the N AT Rl X herb of Pliny xxvii. S3, — is referred here by writers: O. natrix is termed 
 "natrix" by Rivinus tetr. pi. 69, "anonis viscosa spinis carens lutea major" by Tournefort inst. 
 409; and is known to grow from Italy throughout France and middle Europe (Mill. pi. 37, Pers., 
 and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, and along roadsides near 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Cotoneaster vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The G A L LI C VM mentioned 
 among the three kinds of M E S P I L I S by Pliny xv. 22 — may be compared : C. vulgaris is described 
 by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow in Switzerland and on the Pyrenees and throughout middle and 
 Northern Europe as far as " Lat. 58°" in Norway (fl. Dan. pi. 112, Pers., Fries, and A. Dec). 
 Eastward, was observed by Veit in Asia Minor (Fraas) ; and is known to grow on the mountains of 
 the Crimea, Caucasus, and in Siberia (Ledeb.). 
 
 Pyrns {Arid) torminalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy "ciavar- 
 dello" or " sorbo torminale " (Lenz), in which we recognize the TORAAINALE described by Pliny 
 xv. 23 as a fourth kind of S R B A, having .the smallest fruit and leaves almost those of P L A T A N I, 
 
 referred here by writers : A. torminalis is termed " c folio laciniato " by Tournefort inst. 633 ; is 
 
 known to grow in Italy and Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 443, Crantz, Pers., and Lenz) ; and was observed 
 by Sibthorp on mount Athos and around Constantinople. 
 
 Sorbu\ aucuparia of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain mountain ash or wild ser- 
 vice tree or rowan or roan tree, in the Northern counties ran or royne, in Danish and Swedish 
 " rdnn " or " runn " (Prior) ; and theSORBIS'TRITIS with which C I N N A B A R I was adulterated 
 in the days of Pliny xxxiii. 39 — may be compared: S. aucuparia has long been held sacred in the 
 North, " supposed to have power to avert the evil eye," and its wood used for carving runes or 
 charms upon (Jamieson, and Prior) ; is known to grow in Labrador (Meyer), Greenland (Wats.), Ice- 
 land, and from Cape North in Lat. 71 to 47 30' in Bretagne, and on mountains as far as Switzerland 
 and the Pyrenees (Martins, and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos ; 
 is known to grow also on the mountains of the Crimea and Caucasus, and as far as Obdosk and 
 beyond in Siberia (A. Dec.) By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues to be planted for ornament. 
 
 Rosa villosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. TheALABAN DICAAA'VI LIOREAA 
 ALBICANTIBVS-FOLIISof Pliny xxi. 10 — is referred here by Sprengel : R. villosa is termed 
 
 64 
 
506 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "r. sylvestris pomifera major " by Bauhin, and Tournefort inst. 638, and is known to grow in the 
 woods of middle Europe (Pers., and engl. hot. pi. 583) ; was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos. 
 Rosa montana of Western Europe. A white-flowered species called in Italy " rosa di macchia " 
 or "spine bianche" (Targ.), and the S PI N A- ALBA of Pliny xv. 34, its POMVM being the stem 
 itself, — may be compared : R. montana is termed " r. myrtifolia " by the younger Haller, " r. olei- 
 carpa " and " r. sepium " by Thuillier, " r. biserrata " by Merat, was observed by Villars in Dauphiny, 
 by C. Ch. Gmelinnear Baden and termed '■ r. agrestis " (Steud.) ; by O. Targioni-Tozetti, in open 
 uncultivated Dlaces and along hedges in Italy. 
 
 Rvsa punpinellifolia of the Mediterranean countries. A small species called in Italy " rosa 
 pimpinella " (Targ.), and theSPINEAorSPINEOLAof Pliny xxi. 10, a kind of rose with small 
 leaves — (Ainsw.), may be compared : R. pimpinellifolia is described by Linnaeus, and is known to 
 grow in Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Rosa alba of Western Europe. The PRAECOXCAMPANA rose of Pliny xxi. 10, one of the 
 two CELEBERRIMA species, —is referred here by Sprengel : R. alba is described by Duhamel, 
 Linnasus, and in fl. dan. pi. 1215 ; is termed '• r. usitatissima" by Gatereau (Steud.) ; is well known 
 in the gardens of Europe (Pers.) ; and was observed by Delile in gardens at Cairo. 
 
 Rosa Provincialis of Western Europe. Called in Britain Province rose from the village of 
 Provins near Paris where it used to be cultivated (Prior), in France "roses pompones " (Pers.) : the 
 PRAENESTINA rose of Pliny xxi. 10, one of the two CELEBERRIMA kinds, — is referred here 
 by Clusius (Spreng.): R. Provincialis is described by Ehrhart, Poiret, Dumont de Courset, and Roes- 
 sig (Steud.) ; was observed by C. Ch. Grnelin near Baden; is known to grow also in Bohemia, Italy, 
 France, and Spain (Pers.). 
 
 Rosa rubiginota of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain swcetbriar 
 (Prior), and the RVBORVM'ROSA growing according to Pliny xxi. 10 and xxiv. 74 on the R V B 
 and even there having a ple.isant odour, — may be compared : the " bramble flour that bereth the red 
 hepe " of Chaucer 13^7^, may also be compared: the " swete brere " is mentioned by Turner pi : 
 R. rubiginosa is termed " r. sylvestris foliis odoratis " by Tournefort inst. 638, "r. fol. sublus rubigi- 
 nosis " by Haller; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 
 870, Lightf., Jacq. austr. pi. 50, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponne- 
 sus. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it 
 has become naturalized ; was also carried to Hindustan, where it continues 'in gardens, a delicate 
 plant " (Graham) ; and to Burmah (Mason). 
 
 Gfiim urbauum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain avens or herb 
 bennet, by Topsell and Askham "avance," by Galfridus pr. pm. " avence,'" in medieval Latin " aven- 
 cia " or " avantia " (Prior), in Germany " nelkenwurz," in Italy " cariofillata " (Lenz), and the G EVM 
 having according to Pliny xxvi. 21 slender black fragrant mots of an agreeable flavour, — is referred 
 here by writers : the "herba benedicta" is mentioned by 1'latearius, and the "anancia" in the Ortus 
 sanitatis (Prior): G. urbanum is termed " caryophyllata vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 204, and 
 is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Pet. h. brit. pi. 40, fl. 
 Dan. pi. 672, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in shaded situa- 
 tions from Constantinople to mount Athos and Corax. The root according to Lindley is •'astringent, 
 and in some degree aromatic, said to give an agreeable clove-like flavour to beer and even to wine." 
 
 Mesembryanthemum Copticum of the Egyptian Desert. — The A C I N S ■ E P I P E T R N-V 
 CANT that never flowers, enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt, — may be 
 compared: capsules of " M. geniculiflorum " were found by Forskal p. 98 soaked and dried by the 
 Bedouins and the seeds separated for making bread, which however is not eaten by other Arabs ; 
 the plant was observed by him, growing in the Desert around the Pyramids, and called " o-hasul" or 
 " samhh ; " and by Delile, not far from Cairo in the Desert. (See M. nodiflorum.) 
 
 Myrrhis temula of Western Europe. The ANTHRISCVS having medicinal properties accord- 
 ing to Pliny xxii. 38, — is referred here by Dalechamp 791 (Linn.): M. temula is described by 
 Morison 9 pi. 10, is termed " scandix nutans " by Moench, and is known to occur along waysides 
 and in cultivated ground throughout Western Europe, the young umbels nodding (Curt.lond.pl., 
 Jacq. austr. pi. 65, and Pers.); was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden; by Roth, in Germany; by 
 Pallas, as far as Russia (Steud.). 
 
 Oenanthe phcllamtriitm of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain water-fennel (Prior), 
 in Germany " weierfenchel " or " wilden fenchel " (Trag.) ; and the P H E L L A N D R I N of Pliny 
 xxvii. toi, growing in marshes, its leaf like A P I I, and its seed used against calculus and other affec- 
 tions of the bladder, — is referred here by writers : Oe. phellandrium is described by Tragus 4:7, 
 and Matthioli 812 (Spreng.) : is termed "phellandrium aquaticum" by Linnajus; is known to grow 
 in Siberia and the Crimea (Lindl), and throughout middle and Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pl.\>$4, 
 fl. Dan. pi. 1 154, Crantz, and Pers.). The plant according to Lindley is " poisonouslike " Oe cro- 
 cata "but in a less degree." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 507 
 
 Eryngium maritimum of the seashore along the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Denmark. 
 Called in Britain sea-holm or sea-holly (Ainsw.), and the ERYNGEor ERYNGION distinguished by 
 Pliny xxii. 8 as growing by the seaside, A P I l-leaved and more rigid, — may be compared : also the 
 "hiringiu" identified with the " cardus marinus vel benedictus " by Symon Januensis sinon. : E. 
 maritimum is described by Parkinson theatr. p. 988, Morison vii. pi. 36, and Tournefort inst. 327 ; 
 and is known to grow on the seashore of Western Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 875, Engl. bot. pi. 718, and 
 Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in maritime sand from Con- 
 stantinople to the Peloponnesus and Greek islands. Having according to Lindley "similar proper- 
 ties" with E. campestre "but in a less degree;" E. maritimum may furnish a portion of the 
 "eryngium" root found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt. 
 
 Cnidium silaus of middle Europe. Called in Britain meadow saxifrage or pepper saxifrage 
 (Prior), in Germany "seselkraut" (Grieb), and the S I LA VS growing according to Pliny xxvi. 56 in 
 gravelly places along streams, a cubit high and resembling API I, cooked as an acid potherb and 
 besides used medicinally, is referred here by writers: C. silaus is descrihed by Tabernaemontanus, 
 and Rivinus pi. 59 ; and is known to grow in moist situations from Switzerland and Southern France 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 15, Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Filago Germanica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain herb impious 
 (Prior), and the HERBA-IMPIA hoary with the aspect of RORISMARINI according to Pliny xxiv. 
 1 13, capitate and giving out branchlets that are capitate, like children rising above their parent, — 
 is referred here by writers : F. Germanica is termed "f. seu impia" by Tournefort inst. 454; and is 
 known to occur in pastures and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. 
 Dan. pi. 997, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent 
 from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands ; and by Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo. By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where I have occasionally met with it in 
 waste ground in our Northern and middle States. 
 
 Bellis perennis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain daisy, in Old 
 English and by Chaucer "da'eseyghe," in Anglo-Saxon " daeges-eage " (Prior), in Germany "ganse- 
 blume" or "ganseblumchen" (Grieb), in France " marguerite " (Nugent), in Italy "margheritina'' 
 or "primo fiore " or "pratolina '* or "bellide" (Lenz), in Greece "asprolouloutha," in which we 
 recognize the BELLIS growing IN-PRATIS among grass according to Pliny xxvi. 13, its flower 
 white ALIQVATENVS-RVBENTEto some extent blushing, and when mixed and smeared render- 
 ing ARTEMISIA more efficacious: — B. perennis is termed "masslieben premula veris " in the 
 Ortus sanitatis pi. 333, "primula veris" by Brunschwygk ii. 8, and Fuchsius pi. 145, "fior di prima- 
 vera" in French "marguerites" by Matthioli p. 653 (Prior), and is known to grow in grassy situa- 
 tions from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 503, and Pers.), extensively 
 multiplied in consequence of the removal of the forest. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, throughout Greece and the Greek islands. By European colonists, was carried to North- 
 east America, where it continues under cultivation only as a favourite greenhouse plant. 
 
 Hyoseris minima of Western Europe. A small annual called in Britain swine succory (Prior), 
 a translation of the HYOSERIS of Pliny xxvii. 64 : — H. minima is termed "arnoseris pusilla " by 
 Gaertner pi. 157 ; was observed by Allioni in Northern Italy (Steud.); and is known to grow in sandy 
 soil throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 201, Lam. fl. fr , and Pers.). 
 
 Hyoseris scabra of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the plant in question, the name being 
 of Greek origin, and the HYOSERIS described by Pliny as INTVBO-SIMILIS-SED-MINOR- 
 ET-TACTV-AS PE RIO R bruised and applied to wounds : — H. scabra is termed "hieracium mini- 
 mum supinum tragopogoni capitulis " by Boccone pi. 106 as observed in Sicily ; was observed by 
 Allioni in Northern Italy (Steud.) ; is known to grow also in France and Barbary (Pers.) ; and was 
 observed by Sibthorp in Caria and on Cyprus. 
 
 Belliian bellidioides of the Mediterranean countries. The B E L LIO described by Pliny xxi. 25 
 as crowned with flowers in the form of little balls, — mentioned also by Apuleius Barbaras 57, is 
 referred here by Billerbeck, and others: B. bellidioides is termed "bellis maritima minima roris 
 solis folio Cyrnsa" by Boccone pi. 107; is described also by Tournefort inst. 491 ; and is known 
 to grow in Italy, Corsica, and on the Balearic Islands (Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp 
 on the islands of Eubcea and Rhodes. 
 
 Doronicum sccrpioides of the mountains of Western Europe. The SCORPION described "by 
 Pliny xxv. 75 as GENICVLATA and growing in the shade, — may be compared: D. scorpioides, 
 distinguished by its geniculate root, is described by Matthioli p. 762, and Columna (Spreng.); and 
 is known to grow on the mountains of Corsica and France (Pers., Mohl, and A. Dec). 
 
 Callislephics Chinensis of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain China aster, in France "reine mar- 
 guerite" (queen daisy, see Prior, and Graham), in Italy "adoni" or " adonide " (Targ.), in which 
 we recognize the A DON I VM sown in the summer of Pliny xxi. 34: — C. Chinensis continues a 
 
5oS CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 favourite garden flower; is described by Dillenius elth. pi. 34, and Knorr del. i. 3; was observed 
 by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by Lush, at Dapooree near Bombay (Graham) ; by Thun- 
 berg, in vases in Japan, but no native name given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it continues frequent in gardens. 
 
 Artemisia maritima of the North shore of the Mediterranean, and along the Atlantic as far as 
 Norway. The second ARTEMISIA, described by Pliny as tender with more slender leaves and 
 growing only in maritime situations, — may be compared : A. maritima was observed by Sibthorp 
 on the shore of the Bosphorus, near Constantinople. Westward, is termed "absinthium seriphium 
 belgicum " by Tournefort inst. 458 ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Italy and from Bel- 
 gium to Norway (Engl. bot. pi. 1706, Pers. and Lenz). 
 
 Echinops ritro of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in English globe thistle : 
 the E C H I N PO D E according to Pliny xi. 8 one of the two plants from which bees do not procure 
 wax, — mentioned also by Plutarch frat. am. 13, is referred to this tribe by Tournefort: E. ritro is 
 termed "ritro flor. caeruleis " by Lobel ic. ii. 8, is described also by Miller pi. 130, and is known to 
 grow on barren hills in France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal at the 
 Dardanelles ; and by Gmelin ii. pi. 46, in Siberia. (See E. Graecus ) 
 
 Inula bubonium of the Uralian plains. The ASTER-AB-ALIQVIBVS-BVBONIONof Pliny 
 xxvii. 19 — is referred here by Scopoli and others: I. bubonium is described by Tabernaemontanus 
 543; was observed by Scopoli pi. 58 in Carniolia; by Jacquin app. pi. 19, in Austria; is termed 
 " i. salicina " by Pallas (Steud.) ; and is known to grow as far as the river Donez and Tauria 
 (Pers.). 
 
 Carduits erisilhales of the mountains of Eastern Europe. The ERISITHALESof Pliny xxvi. 
 85, — is referred here by Sprengel, and others : C. erisithales is described by Linnaeus ; was observed 
 by Scopoli in Carniolia ; and is known to grow in subalpine meads on the mountains of Austria (Jacq. 
 austr. pi. 312, Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Carduits leucographus of the Mediterranean countries. The LEVCOGRAPH IS known to Pliny 
 xxvii. 88 only as reported useful against spitting blood, — is referred here by Sprengel : C. leuco- 
 graphus is termed "cirsium maculis argenteis notatuni " by Tournefort inst. 44S ; and is known to 
 grow in Italy and Southern France (All. pedem. 529, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, in places somewhat moist in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Ceri uthc macula, a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " leucographis " of Pliny 
 — is referred here conjecturally by Dodoens pempt. v. 1. pi. 13: C. maculata is termed "c. quin- 
 quemaculata" by Wahlenberg ; was observed by Allioni in Piedmont; by Pallas, and Bieberstein, 
 in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Steud.). 
 
 Oxycoccus palintris of Northern climates. Called in Britain cranberry ox fen-berry or marsh- 
 worts, by Lyte vi. 11 " marrish whorts " (Prior): the S AM L VM - H E R B AM growing according 
 to Pliny xxiv. 63 inHVMIDISwet situations, — is referred here by Ainsworth, and Billerbeck : 
 O. palustris is described by Bauhin i. pi. 525 ; and is known to grow from Switzerland throughout 
 middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Pers., Dec, and Wats.) : and 
 Eastward, throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Gmel). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso 
 on Unalascha, by Mertens at Norfolk Sound, by Drummond in Lat. 54 on the Saskatchewan ; and 
 is known to grow from Baffin's Bay and Greenland to Newfoundland (Lapylaie, and Wats.) and Lat. 
 43 in our Atlantic States. 
 
 Samolus Valerandi of Temperate Climates. Called in Britain brooA-we' d or water pimpernell 
 (Prior), in Italy "samolo" (Targ.), and probably the "samolum" in question: — S. Valerandi is 
 termed " s. valerandi" by Bauhin hist. iii. 791, " anagallis aquatica rotundo folio non crenato " by C. 
 Bauhin pin. 252, and known to grow throughout Europe and Northern Asia (Tourn. inst. 103, fl. 
 dan. pi. 198, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 20, Pers., and Wats.) : observed by Linnaeus, and Wahlenberg, on the 
 seashore of Sweden; by A. Decandolle, inland as far as Switzerland; by Lemann, on Madeira; by 
 Braun, on the Cape Verd Islands ; was received by R. Brown from Bornou in Central Africa ; by 
 Decandolle, from North Africa ; was observed by Forskal on Malta ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 from Crete to mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus ; by Aucher 2597, in Persia ; was received 
 by Bieberstein from Tauria ; by Ledebour from Lithuania and Siberia from the Southwest to the 
 Southeast; by Duby from Coromandel in Tropical Hindustan. Westward, by Watson from the 
 Azores; by Hooker from Canada and the Northwest coast of America; was" observed by myself 
 along the Atlantic from 43° to 38 ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina; 
 by Chapman, in "brackish marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward;" by H. Little, near 
 New Orleans; by Short, in Kentucky; by E. James, on the Canadian branch of the Arkansas. In 
 the Southern Hemisphere, by R. Brown in Australia; by Drege, and Burchell, in Austral Africa ; 
 by Gay, near Coquimbo in Chili ; and was received by Duby from Montevideo. Probably distributed 
 through its seeds enduring transport by ocean currents. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 509 
 
 Genitalia asclepiadea of the mountains of Southern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. 
 Called in Switzerland " grosse bitterwurz," and the C A L A T H I A N A of Pliny, a flower springing up 
 in autumn without smell — (Ainsw.), is referred to this or an allied species by Gesner ii. fig. 82: G. 
 asclepiadea was observed by Gesner in Switzerland, flowering in the autumn ; is termed " g. asclepiadis 
 folio " by C. Bauhin phyt. 343, and Tournefort inst. 80 ; is known to grow in the mountainous por- 
 tion of Spain, Italy, and Austria (Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in woods on the Bithynian 
 Olympus. 
 
 Vinca major of Western Europe. With V. minor called in Britain peri-winkle, by Chaucer and 
 other old poets " pervenke " or " pervinke" (Prior), in which we recognize the VINCAPERVINCA 
 identified with the CHAMAEDAPHNE of the Greeks by Pliny xxi. 39 and 99, evergreen and 
 employed for TOPI ARIA ornamental garden-work, supplying the want of flowers, and having 
 besides medicinal properties : the Latin name — is derived by Prior from " vincire " to bind, and " a 
 garland of pervenke " is mentioned in the Ballad against the Scots (Rits. i. p. 33) : V. major is known 
 to grow wild in Italy and Southwestern France (A. Dec, and Lenz), is cultivated for ornament through- 
 out Europe, and had become naturalized in Britain before the days of Ray. (See V. minor.) 
 
 Cynanchum {Sarcostemma) pyrotechnicu?n of the Egyptian and Arabian Desert. The S C R P I 
 ONEM-VEPR EAA-S I N E • F L I I S growing in Asia, further described by Pliny xiii. 37 and xxii. 17 
 as having the stem of asparagus and a single terminal spine, — may be compared : S. pyrotechnicum 
 was observed by Forskal p. 53 everywhere in Tropical Arabia, and the pith used to receive the fire 
 procured by rubbing together pieces of wood ; was observed by Delile near Suez on the Red Sea, 
 and called " mareh ; " by myself, along the border of the Desert in Upper Egypt. (See Ephedra 
 distachya). 
 
 Anchusa officinalis of Western Europe. Called in Britain bugloss (Prior), in Italy "Luglossa" 
 or "buglossa volgare" (Lenz), in which we recognize the BVGLOSSO of Pliny xxvi. 71 said to 
 arrest intermittent fever if gathered and applied in a specified manner, — also the medicinal " vouglSs- 
 son " of Galen, and the "buglossa" of Maeer Floridus 34 referred here by Baudet : A. officinalis is 
 described by Lobel nov. stirp. ; is known to occur in waste ground throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 572, Pers., and A. Dec), but is regarded by Watson and others as not indig- 
 enous in Britain. Farther South, "anchusa " root procured by way of Alexandria is enumerated by 
 Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally in Egypt ; and the living A. officinalis according to Clot- 
 Bey has been recently introduced. The " buglossum " of European shops is referred here by Lenz. 
 
 Echinospermum spinocarpos of Egypt. The LAPPAGO of Pliny xxvi. 65, distinguished as 
 MO LLVGO and resembling the ANAGALLIDI but more branching, — maybe compared : E. spino- 
 carpos was observed by Forskal p. 41 at Alexandria, its leaves " mollia ; " by Delile in the Desert on 
 reaching Salehyeh ; but is not known to yield a medicinal fetid juice, nor to grow North of Egypt. 
 
 Echinospermum lappula of Siberia. The LAPPAGO distinguished as ASPERVGO, resem- 
 bling according to Pliny xxvi. 65 the preceding but with rougher leaves, — may be compared : E. lap- 
 pula is described by Tragus 196, and Columna ecphr. pi. 179, is termed "buglossum angustifolium 
 semine echinato " by Tournefort inst. 134; occurs along walls and in waste places from Northern 
 Sweden throughout middle Europe, but only recently has been introduced into Britain (Haller helv. 
 589, Pers., and Bab.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; 
 and is known to grow around Caucasus, and throughout Siberia (C. A. Mey., and A. Dec). Proba- 
 bly by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by A. Gray in " waste places, 
 common " in Central New York, by myself around Montreal, and according to A. Decandolle occurs 
 in Oregon. 
 
 Convolvulus Cantabrica of the Mediterranean countries. The CANTABRICA of Pliny xxv. 
 
 55 is referred here by writers : C. Cantabrica is termed "cantabrica quorumdam" by Clusius hist. 
 
 ii. 224, " c. linaria? folio assurgens " by Tournefort inst. 83-4 ; is known to grow in Southern Europe 
 and the neighbouring portion of Africa as far as Tauria (Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands. 
 
 Lamium maculatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy " ortica 
 morta " or " lamio macchiato " (Lenz), in which we recognize the L A Ml V M included among nettles 
 by Pliny xxii. 16, and having ALBVM-IN-MEDIO-FOLIO that cures erysipelas: the LEVCE of 
 Pliny xxvii. 77, resembling MERCVRIALI and called MESOLEVCON from a white line along the 
 middle of the leaf, employed against fistula and cancer, — mentioned by Caelius Aurelianus as some- 
 times called "polium," is referred here by F. Columna i. p. 192, and Sprengel : L. maculatum is 
 termed " 1. alba linea notatum " by Tournefort inst. 183 ; is known to grow in Algeria, Italy, and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Pers., and Benth.) ; was once introduced and culti- 
 vated in Britain, and within the present century has made its appearance springing up spontaneously 
 in a few localities (Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from 
 the Peloponnesus to mount Athos ; and is known to grow as far as the Altaian mountains (Benth.) 
 
5IO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Lamium purpureum of Europe and Northern Asia. With other species called in Britain deaf- 
 nettle or dead-nettle (Prior), in Germany " taubnessel " (Grieb), in Italy " lamio " (Lenz), and possi- 
 bly one of the kinds mentioned by Pliny xxii. 16 as distinguished by the Romans:— the " urtica 
 mortua " is mentioned in Ortus sanitatis ; L. purpureum is described by Brunfels i. p. 153, and Tragus 
 f. 2 (Spreng.) ; is termed "1. purpureum foetidum folio subrotundo " by Tournefort inst. 183 ; and is 
 known to occur in waste and cultivated ground from Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe 
 as far as Lapland in Lat. 69 and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 532, Hook., and A. Dec). Eastward, was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus and Greek 
 islands ; by Bieberstein, in waste places along the Taurian mountains ; and by Thunberg, frequent 
 along roadsides in Japan and called "fiofuki " or " kakidosi." By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues a weed in gardens in our Middle States, as yet rare (Dark). 
 
 Salvia calycina of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of wild sage called in Greece 
 "agria alisphakia" (Fraas), and the SILVESTRIVS kind of ELELISPHACOS mentioned by 
 Pliny xxii. 71 — may be compared: S. calycina is termed " s. orientalis frutescens foliis circinatis 
 acetabulis moluccae " by Tournefort cor. 10 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent in Attica and the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Stachys arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy "stache" (Sod., 
 and Targ ), and possibly included in the S T A C H Y S of Pliny xxiv. 86 : — S. arvensis is termed " mar- 
 rubiastrum vulgare" by Tournefort inst. 190 ; is known to occur in cultivated ground from Denmark 
 to the Mediterranean (fl. dan. pi. 587, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 41, Villars delph., and Pers.); was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Caria. By European colonists, has been carried 
 to Northeast America, found in "waste places E. Massachusetts, scarce" (A. Gray). 
 
 Scutellaria hirta of the mountains of Crete. The scordotin ALTERIVS-GENERIS of Pliny 
 xxv. 27 — is referred here by Honorius Bellus (Pona bald. pi. 93, and Sibth.) : S. hirta is termed 
 " cassida cretica minor catariae folio flore subcaeruleo " by Tournefort cor. 11 ; and was observed in 
 shady places on the mountains of Crete by Sibthorp. 
 
 Teller////): spiiiosum of the West Mediterranean countries. The CVNILAGO-MOLLIS having 
 according to Pliny xx. 64 more hairy leaves and pricking branches, and emitting if bruised the odour 
 of honey, — is referred here by Cornuti pi. 124 : T. spinosum is mentioned by him in 1634 as recently 
 brought from Spain, and is termed " scordium spinosum odoratum ; " is termed by Tournefort inst. 
 205 " chamaedrys multifida spinosa odorata ; " and is known to grow on hills as well as in cultivated 
 ground in Portugal and Spain (Barr. rar. pi. 202, Cav., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 
 Sibthorp in cultivated ground around Smyrna. 
 
 Euphrasia odontitis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain eve'r/ght 
 cow-wheat (Prior), in Germany " zahntrost " (Grieb) : the ODONTITIS growing according to Pliny 
 xxvii. 84 in meads C AVLI CVLIS DENSIS AB EADEM R A D I C E, and having a diminutive 
 purple flower, — is referred here by writers: E. odontitis is described by Gerarde p. 91 ; is termed 
 " pedicularis serotina purpurascente flore " by Tournefort inst. 172 ; and is known to grow in Northern 
 Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 625, Huds., Curt. lond. i. pi. 44, 
 Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, in the Peloponnesus and around 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Scrophularia ca/iina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The C A N A R I AM eaten by 
 dogs according to Pliny xxv. 51, — may be compared : S. canina is termed "s. ruta canina dicta vul- 
 garis " by Tournefort inst. 167 ; and is known to grow in Switzerland, Germany, and France (Schleich., 
 Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the 
 Peloponnesus to Crete, and Cjprus. and called "skropithohorton." 
 
 Armeria vulgaris of Norlhern climates. Called in Britain thrift or sea-gilliflower (Prior), in 
 Sweden " strandblbmster " (Linn.), in Greece "holavrohorton '' (Sibth.) ; and the STATICE-SEP 
 TEM CAVLIBVSof Pliny xxvi. 33, — " statika kolluria " of Aetius, and "statike poa" of euporist. 
 i. 1 16 and ii. 82, are referred here by Sprengel : A. vulgaris is mentioned by Anguillara 247 (Spreng.) ; 
 is termed "gramen polyanthemum majus " by Dodoens pempt. 564, "armeriu.s montanus tenuifolius 
 major " by Clusius hist. i. 287, and is known to grow on the seashore and in exposed situations on 
 mountains from the Arctic Ocean throughout Europe and Northern Asia (C. Bauh. pin. 211, Tourn 
 inst. 341, engl. bot. pi. 226, and Hook.) : observed by Linnaeus on the seashore of Sweden ; by Bro- 
 tero, in Portugal, both on the seashore and on mountains ; by Decandolle, on the mountains of Switz- 
 erland ; by Sibthorp, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus ; by Pallas, at 67 on the Oby. West- 
 ward, by Sabine in Greenland ; by Colmaster, in Labrador (herb. Collins) ; is known to grow alone the 
 Arctic American seashore (Hook.), and as far as Alaska (Wats.). Is besides cultivated for ornament 
 in gardens, both in Europe (Linn. fl. suec.) and the United States. 
 
 Salicornia hcrbacea of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic, and Interior salines 
 throughout Northern America and Asia. Called in Greece "krithmos" (Sibth.), and the CRETHMOS- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 51 I 
 
 A G R I S of Pliny xxv. 96 and xxvi. 61, applied externally in affections of the eyes and having other 
 medicinal properties, — may be compared: S. herbacea is termed "s. geniculata annua" by Tourne- 
 fort cor. 51 ; is known to grow along the seashore from Sweden to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pi. 303, 
 Engl. bot. pi. 415, and Wats.) ; was observed by Brotero in Portugal; by Desfontaines, in Barbary ; 
 by Sibthorp, frequent on the seashore of Crete and other Greek islands ; and by Delile, on the Medi- 
 terranean shore of Egypt. Farther East, was observed by Bieberstein in salines along Taurus ; by 
 Pallas, on the shores of the Caspian ; and by Gmelin, around salt lakes throughout Siberia. West- 
 ward from Europe, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; and is known to grow on our Atlantic 
 seashore as far as Florida (Ell., Nutt, Chapm., and myself) ; as well as around Interior salines, at 
 Onondaga towards Lake Ontario, and in Lat. 49° on Red river of Lake Winnipeg (Long's exp., Schw., 
 and Nutt.). The plant according to Prior is called in Britain glasswort " from furnishing the kali for 
 glass-making " called according to Guibourt " soda of Narbonne," and containing fourteen or fifteen 
 per cent of the carbonate of soda (Lindl.). 
 
 Kochia scoparia of Central and Eastern Asia. Called in the gardens of Europe " belvedere " 
 (Forsk.), by the Greeks "axuris " (Anguill.) : the SCOPIA- REGIAof Pliny xxi. 15 and xxv. 19 hav- 
 ing strong-scented leaves, — is referred here by Sprengel : K. scoparia is described by Anguillara 
 p. 290, and Dodoens pempt. pi. 101 ; is termed " ch. lini folio villoso " by Tournefort inst. 506; is 
 known to occur in Carniolia (Pers.), and around Constantinople (Sibth.), was observed in gardens there 
 by Forskal ; and by Bieberstein, in the Tauro-Caucasian countries. Farther East, is known to grow 
 in Songarian Tartary (Sievers, and Pall.) ; and in China (Pers.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and 
 Thunberg, in Japan, employed medicinally and called " tsisu " or usually "fawa kingi " or " niwa gusa " 
 or "fooki gusa." 
 
 Atriplex hastata of maritime and subsaline situations in Northern climates. The ALIMON- 
 SILVESTRI of Pliny xxii. 33 having T E N V I R A thinner leaves and more powerful medicinal prop- 
 erties, — may be compared: A. hastata is described by Morison v. pi 32; was observed by Delile on 
 the Mediterr.inean shore of Egypt near Damietta ; by Sibthorp, on the shore of the Greek islands ; by 
 Gmelin, and Pallas, from the Caspian to the salt lakes of the Yenisei ; and is known to grow from the 
 Mediterranean along the Atlantic as far as Britain and Iceland (Sm. in Engl, bot., Pers., Hook., Dec, 
 and Wats.). Farther West, is known to grow along the Atlantic shore of North America from at least 
 44° to 34 , extending inland sometimes to situations hardly saline (Walt., Pursh, A. Gray, and myself). 
 "A. rosea," termed "a. sylvestris fructu roseo compresso " by C. Bauhin pin. 119, and known to grow 
 in Southern" Europe (Pers ), was observed by Bory frequent in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Amaranthus tricolor of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Britain florimer or _floramor, in 
 France "fleur d'amour" (Prior): the GROMPHAENA having leaves according to Pliny xxvi. 23 
 ALTERNIS-VIRIDIBVS-ROSEISQVE, and used against spitting blood, — may be compared : 
 the "gelisia" of Hildegarde ii. 153 is referred here by Sprengel : A. tricolor is described by Lobel 
 pi. ; was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; and the " bustan abruz " of Elmadshusi, 
 and Soliman Ben Hassan, identified by Ebn Baitar with the " dadschdsch elemir " of the Persians, is 
 also referred here by Sontheimer. Eastward, A. tricolor was observed by Graham "in gardens " at 
 Bombay; by Roxburgh iii. 60S, in Bengal; by Thunberg, in Japan: by myself, on the Feejee 
 Islands, aboriginally introduced. " A. melancholicus," received by Linnaeus from " India orientili " 
 (Willd.pl. 9. f. 18, and Pers.), and cultivated in the gardens of Europe (Moench) and Northeast 
 America (A. Gray), is regarded as a variety only (A. Dec). 
 
 Polygonum bistorta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bistort 
 (Prior) ; and the DRACVNCVLVS having according to Pliny xxiv. 91 a root after the manner of a 
 convoluted dragon, — may be compared: the "serpentaria viperina" of Apuleius Barbarus 5, is 
 referred here conjecturally by Fraas : P. bistorta is described by Brunfels, Gesner hort. germ. 265, 
 and Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is termed " twice- writhen " by Turner, '• bistqrta major " by Tournefort 
 inst. 511 ; is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Denmark (fi. Dan. pi. 
 421, and Curt. lond. i. pi. 22). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus and 
 in the Peloponnesus ; " bistorta " root is enumerated by Forskal as used medicinally in Egypt ; and 
 the living plant according to Clot-Bey has been recently introduced there. According to Lindley, the 
 plant is " a powerful astringent." 
 
 Rumex (Acetosa) tuberosus of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of sorrel called in 
 Greece "xinitra" (Sibth.) ; andtheALIVD'HIPPOLAPATHVMof Pliny xx. 85, larger than the 
 S A T I V O kind CANDIDIVSQVE'AC-SPISSIVSand having R A D I C E S, — may be compared : R. 
 tuberosus is described by Dodoens 649 ; is termed " acetosatuberosaradice " by Tournebrt inst. 503; 
 is known to grow in Italy (Pers., and Pollini) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the 
 Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Asia Minor. 
 
 Urtica dioica of Northern Asia or America. Called in Britain nettle, in Anglo-Saxon and Dutch 
 "netel,"in Denmark "naelde,"in Sweden "naetla," in Germany " nessel," from supplying "the 
 
512 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 thread used in former times by the Germanic and Scandinavian nations " and till a late period in 
 Scotland and Friesland (Prior), in France "ortie " (A. Dec), in Italy " ortica " (Lenz), in Greece 
 " tziouknitha " (Forsk.) or " tziknitha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the VRTICASILVESTRI 
 called CAN I A described by Pliny xxi. 55 as more virulent with fringed leaves and even the stem 
 stinging : — U. dioica is described by Brunfels, Fuchsius pi. 107, Tragus, Gesner, Turner, Matthioli, 
 Lobel, Thalius, and Bauhin ; is termed " u. urens maxima " by Tournefort inst. 534 ; was observed by 
 Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur about dwellings throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 746, Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was 
 observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, about dwellings and along roadsides from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna ; by Hasselquist, and Clot-Bey, in Lower Egypt; is known 
 to occur also along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; was observed by Thunberg here and there in 
 Japan, called " hatji kusa," and sought by bees ; by Gmelin, throughout Siberia ; but in Kamtschatka 
 is regarded by Chamisso as exotic and introduced. Farther East, was known to Gmelin before 1743 
 as occurring on the neighbouring continent of America; but at Norfolk Sound was observed by 
 Mertens only around trading establishments, has however an American aspect. By European colo- 
 nists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in waste places in our Atlantic States and 
 as far South as Kentucky (Short); to Brazil, observed by A. Saint-Hilaire in the outskirts of towns 
 in the Interior (A. Dec). 
 
 Aristolochia sempcrvircns of the East Mediterranean countries. The PLISTOLOCHIA or 
 fourth kind ofARISTOLOCHIAE known to the Romans, having according to Pliny xxv. 54 numer- 
 ous radical fibrils, and by some termed P LY R R H I Z N (known therefore to the Greeks), — may 
 be compared : A. sempervirens is termed " pistolochia altera" by Clusius hist, ii 260, "a. pistolochia 
 altera" by Tournefort inst. 162 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus 
 to Crete and the Greek islands. Westward, is described by Sabbati hort. ii. pi. 82 (Pers.); and is 
 enumerated among the officinal species by Lindley. 
 
 Pintis pinaster oi the West .Mediterranean countries. The PINASTER or PI N V S ■ S Y LV ES- 
 TR I S growing according to Pliny xvi. 17 I NPLAN I S, and MIRA'ALTITVDINE exceedingly lofty, 
 branching from the middle upwards, — is referred here by writers : P. pinaster is termed "p. mari- 
 tima major" by Duhamel (Steud.); is described also in Lam. encycl. v. p. 337, and by Santi, and 
 Lambert ix. pi. 4 and 5 ; is known to grow in Italy as far South as Genoa, also in Southern France 
 and in Spain and Portugal (Tenore, Lenz, and Daub.). The tree according to Lindley yields "Bor- 
 deaux turpentine, which has the property of solidifying with magnesia." 
 
 Luzula maxima of Western Europe. The COAABRETVM described by Pliny xxi. 16 to 77 as 
 resembling the B A C C H A R and employed medicinally, its leaves attenuated into threads, — is referred 
 here by Anguillara 179. L. maxima is termed "j. nemorosus Iatifolius major" by Tournefort inst 
 246, " j. sylvaticus " by Hudson, Curtis, and Smith brit. p. 3N5 ; and is known to grow throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Denmark (Retz fl. dan. 441, Roth germ. i. 157, Wulfen, Yillars, and Pers.). 
 
 Crocus odorus of Italy and Sicily. The C R C VM- S I L V EST R E of Pliny xxi. 17, the best 
 kind but its cultivation hardly succeeding in Italy, — may be compared . C. odorus was observed by 
 Bivona iii. pi. 2 in Sicily, is known to grow wild there, and according to Gussone i. pi. 11 yields 
 saffron (Lindl.). 
 
 Orchis (Habenaria) bifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain but- 
 terfly orc/ii.i {?r\ox), and the OPHRYS herb, according to Pliny xxvi. 93 like D E N T I C V L'ATO- 
 LE R I and having two leaves, — maybe compared: H. bifolia is termed " o. bifolia minor calcari 
 oblongo " by Tournefort inst. 433 ; and is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 235, Vaill. pi. 30, Hall, helv., and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Allium wsinum of middle and Western Europe. The allium S I LV E S TR E- Q V D- V R S I 
 NVM-VOCANT-ODORE-MOLLI-CAPITE-PRAETENVI-FOLIIS-GRANDIBVSof Pliny xix. 
 34, — is referred here by Linnaeus; and the " greata crauleac " of an Anglo-Saxon leechdom, is 
 referred here by Cockawie i. p. 377: A. ursinum is described also by Bernhardi ; is a vernal species 
 known to grow in woods and moist grassy situations in Britain, France, and Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 
 757, Lam., and Pers ) 
 
 Dactyloclenium mucronatum of Equatorial Africa. Called in Egypt " na'ym el-salyb " or " ri<d 
 el herbayeh " (Del.): the DACTYLON:ALTERO of Pliny xxiv. 119, a prickly grass resembling 
 AIZOO and employed to cure whitlow and maladies around the nails, — may be compared: D. mu- 
 cronatum is termed "granien dactylon oegyptiacum " by Tournefort inst. 521 ; is known to grow in 
 Barbary (Pers.); was observed by Sibthorp not rare in Greece; by Alpinus, Forskai, and Delile, 
 in Egypt; by Forskal, farther South in Tropical Arabia; and is known to grow along the Atlantic 
 in Equatorial Africa (Benin, fl. nigr. p. 566). Eastward, in the absence of Sanscrit names, one in 
 Hindustanee is given by Roxburgh (A. Dec); D. mucronatum is described by Rumphius vi. pi. 4; 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 513 
 
 was .observed in Hindustan by Rheede xii.pl. 69; by Graham, " a very common grass on pasture 
 grounds ; " by myself, frequent in waste ground around Bombay : farther East, was observed by Ma- 
 son in Burmah, but no native name is given. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it continues around dwellings and in cultivated ground in our Southern States as far 
 as Virginia and Illinois (Walt., Mx., A. Gray, and Chapm.). 
 
 Eriophorum polystachium of Northern climates. The wool or Orchomenian flax procured 
 according to Pliny xix. 2 from the panicle DVNTAXAT-PANICVLAof a reed-like plant growing in 
 marshes — is referred here bySprengel: E. polystachium is described by Tragus, and C. Bauhin 
 (Spreng.) ; is known to grow from Lapland to Switzerland (engl. bot. pi. 563, and Wats.) ; was ob- 
 served by Brotero in Portugal, by Bieberstein on Caucasus, and by Gmelin throughout Siberia. 
 Westward, by Hooker on Iceland; by myself, along the Atlantic as far South as 42°; by A. Gray, 
 in Central New York; by Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania; by Chapman, "in the upper districts, 
 Georgia.'' 
 
 Secale cereale of Northeastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Anglo- 
 Saxon " ryge " and in current English rye, in Welsh "rhyg," in Ancient Danish " rugr," in Lithua- 
 nian " ruggei," in Esthonian "rukki," in Russian "rosh," in Polish "rez'," in old high German 
 " roggo " (Prior) and in current German "roggen" (Grieb), in. Celtic "secal" (Reynier) or " segal " 
 (Theis) and in current French "seigle" (Nugent), in Italy "segala" or " segale " (Lenz), in Greece 
 " sikali " or " vriza " (Fraas), in which we recognize the SECALE of Pliny xviii. 39, atTAVRINI 
 Turin under the Alps called ASI AM — (a seeming indication of its origin): S. cereale is a Northern 
 grain, cultivated as far as " Lat. 67 " (A. Dec.). Eastward, occurs along roadsides and in waste 
 ground in Hungary and Transylvania (Sadler, and Baumg.) ; the "vriza" is mentioned by Galen 
 alim. fac. i. 13 as a kind of grain known in Thrace; and S. cereale was observed by Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, under cultivation in Greece. Farther South, is known to occur in Syria; and was observed 
 by Alpinus in Egypt. Farther East, is called in Hindustanee " deogandum " in Bengalee " shasya 
 bishesh " (D'roz.), but has not been met with in Hindustan by European observers. By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues extensively cultivated in our Northern 
 States ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed under cultivation by Bojer. 
 
 Setaiia glauca of Tropical and Subtropical Asia. A millet-like species called in Egypt 
 " sana " or " sar afar" mouse-tail (Forsk.), and the M I LI A R I A-H E R B A according to Pliny xxii. 78 
 destroying millet, — may be compared (see Spreng.) : S. glauca is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 190 ; 
 was observed by Forskal on Malta ; and is known to occur throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Sweden, in cultivated ground and especially after harvest (Schreb. pi. 25, Pers., Beauv., and A. Dec). 
 Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from Zante to Smyrna; by Forskal, and Delile, 
 from Damietta to Cairo ; by Roxburgh, and Graham, in Hindustan ; is known to occur also on Cey- 
 lon (Linn fl. zeyl). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 in waste and cultivated ground extending along roadsides as far as Kentucky (Short), Arkansas 
 (Nutt ), and the Saskatchewan (Hook.). 
 
 Setaria viridis of Tropical and Subtropical Asia ? Also closely allied, and possibly included with 
 the preceding: — described in Johnson's Gerarde 17, observed also by Parkinson, and Ray, in 
 waste ground in Britain (A. Dec); termed "p. vulgare spica simplici et molliori " by Tournefort 
 inst. 515; observed by Forskal near Marseilles; and known to occur with the preceding species 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 852, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 5, and Pers.). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in pastures and cultivated ground around Constantinople ; and 
 by Delile, at Rosetta in Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues " common in cultivated grounds " (A. Gray). 
 
 Ophioglossum Lusitanicum of the Mediterranean countries. The CERATIA of Pliny xxvi. 34 
 having a single leaf, a large nodose root, and used medicinally, — is referred to this genus by Biller- 
 beck : O. Lusitanicum is described by Linnaeus ; is known to grow near Rome, also in Corsica, 
 Tripoli, Algeria, Spain, and as far North as Brest and the outlying Glenan islets (Bory) ; was 
 observed by Link near Lisbon; by Webb, on the Canaries and Madeira; and by Bory, in the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Ophioglossum vv.lgatum of Northern climates. Called in Britain adder's tongue, in Old manu- 
 scripts " nedderis-tonge " or " nedderis gres," in medieval Latin " serpentaria," in Holland " adders- 
 tong" (Prior), in Germany "natter zunglin" (Trag.), in Italy "herba senza costa " (Dod.), and the 
 LINGVA-HERBAor LINGVLACAof Pliny xxiv. 108 and xxv. 84. growing about springs and its 
 root used against baldness, — is referred here by some writers: O. vulgatum from early times em- 
 ployed medicinally, was observed by Tragus i. pi. 106 in Germany ; is described also by Baptista 
 Sardus, and Dodoens pempt. i. 5. 21 ; and is known to grow throughout Northern Europe. West- 
 ward, was seen in New England 1669 by Josselyn, who doubted its being indigenous; by J. H. 
 Emerton in 1872, in one locality near Salem (J. Robinson); by Conrad, in the environs of Philadel- 
 
 65 
 
514 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 phia ; by A. Gray in Central New York, in " bogs and meadows, not common ; " by Chapman, 
 " Tennessee, and northward ; " and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. O. bulbosum, seen by Walter in 
 South Carolina, by Michaux, and Chapman, from Georgia and Florida to Louisiana, may prove 
 distinct. 
 
 Marchantia polymorpha of Northern climates. Called in Britain liverwort (Prior) : the 
 LICHEN of Pliny xxvi. 10, an herb growing in stony places and having a single broad leaf at the 
 root, one small stem with long pendent leaves, and used against the cutaneous disease bearing the 
 same name, — is referred here by Sprengel and others : M.- polymorpha is described by Brunschwygk 
 ii. ir (Prior); is termed "lichen fontanus major stellatus seque ac umbellatus et cyathophorus " by 
 Dillenias 523 pi. 76; was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constanti- 
 nople ; and is known to grow throughout Europe. Westward, is also frequent in North America 
 (Sullivant, and myself). 
 
 Ramalina fastigiata of Europe and Northern Asia. The BRYON-HERBA-CORALLINA- 
 ET-M VSC VS-I N - A R BO R I BVS of Pliny xxvii. 8 — (Billerb.), maybe compared: R. fastigiata 
 is termed "lichen cinereus latifolius ramosus " by Tournefort inst. 550, "lichenoides coralliforme 
 rostratum et canaliculatum" by Dillenius pi. 23. f. 62; was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, on 
 rocks and trees in Greece and on the Greek islands ; and is known to grow throughout Europe 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 890). 
 
 Sticta puhnonacea of Northern climates. Called in Britain tree lungwort (Prior), and the 
 PVLMONARIA-HERBA-LICHEN of Pliny xxvi. 4, —is referred here by Billerbeck, and others: 
 S. puhnonacea is described by Matthioh p. 733 (Spreng.) ; is termed "1. arboreus sive pulmonaria 
 arborea" by Tournefort inst. 549; is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe (Dill, 
 pi. 29, Engl. bot. pi. 572, and Achar.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, from the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; and is known to grow in Siberia. According to Lindley, besides 
 being "employed in pulmonary affections, its nutritious properties resemble those of Cetraria islan- 
 dica; in Siberia it is used for giving a bitter to beer." 
 
 Evernia prunastri of Northern Europe and Asia.- The LIMVS-AR BORVM called L I C H E N A 
 by the Greeks growing according to Pliny xxiii. 69 on the garden plum tree and employed medicinally 
 against RHAGADIIS and C N D Y LOM AT I S, — maybe compared: E. prunastri is termed "1. 
 cinereus cornua damae referens " by Tournefort inst. 549; was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, on 
 the branches of plums and other trees throughout Greece and around Constantinople ; and is known 
 to be frequent also on trees throughout Europe (Ach. syn. 245, and Engl. bot. pi. 859). According 
 to Forskal p. 193, is imported in ship-loads from Greece into Egypt, and mixed in bread : and accord- 
 ing to Lindley, "has a peculiar power of imbibing and retaining odours." 
 
 Agariats integer of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy " rossola," and 
 the poisonous mushroom described by Pliny xxii. 46 as D I L V TO - R V B R E, — is'referred here by 
 Lenz: A. integer was observed by him in Italy; is termed "a. emeticus" by Schaeffer i. pi. 15 and 
 16; and is known to grow in middle Europe (Sowerb.pl. 201). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 
 thorp on mount Parnassus and in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Agariats alutaceus of Europe. The kind of F V N G R VM commended as safest by Pliny xxii. 
 47, Ml N VS-DI LVTO-RV BORE. — is referred here by Lenz: A. alutaceus was observed by him 
 in Italy, where it is called "rossola buona di gambo lungo " or "rossola mezzara" or at Verona 
 "fungo rossetto." 
 
 Conferva rivularis of Northern climates. Called in North Italy " lino acquatico " or " conferva " 
 (Lenz), in which we recognize the CONFERVA according to Pliny xxvii 45 mostly peculiar to the 
 rivers of the Alps, and in an instance under his own observation employed successfully, wound 
 around the body and kept moist, to cure fractured bones : — C. rivularis is termed "c. fl'uviatilis 
 sericea vulgaris et fiuitans" by Dillenius xii. pi. 2; was observed in Greece by Sibthorp; and 
 is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Dillw. pi. 39 and EnM bot 
 pi. 1654). & 
 
 Amyris heptaphylla of Eastern Hindustan. A shrub called in the environs of Bombay "karun- 
 phul" (Graham); in which we recognize the GARYOPHYLLONof Pliny xii. 15, produced in India 
 and resembling grains of pepper, but larger and more fragile and imported for the sake of their 
 odour: — A. heptaphylla was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and Colebrooke (linn, trans, 
 xv. p. 365) ; by Graham, in a garden at Bombay, '• probably introduced from Bengal," the " leaves 
 when bruised have the fragrance of fresh anise seed." 
 
 Calamus draco of the Malayan archipelago. Ascertained by Royle to yield the best " d'jurnan^ '' 
 or dragon's blood: theSANIEM-DRACONIS used according to Pliny xxxiii. 38 as a pigment and 
 also medicinally, but sometimes confounded with and called' C I N N A B A R I a decided poison '— is 
 referred here by writers : " kinnabari inthikon" is mentioned in the Erythraean periplus, and as the 
 product of trees on Socotra ; and the resinous astringent substance called dragon's blood is men- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 515 
 
 tioned also by Paulus Aegineta, Constantinus, and Arab medical writers (Royle fibr. ind.). C. draco 
 was observed by Rumphius v. pi. 58 in the Malayan archipelago; and the red ralan of Burmah called 
 "kyeing-nee," producing according to Mason v. 4S5 "a red exudation like dragon's blood," is regarded 
 by him as probably identical. (See Dracaena draco). 
 
 Borassus flabelliformis of Tropical Eastern Asia. The fan palm is called in Hindustan " tarh " 
 or "tar" (Graham, and Royle fibr.), and the TAR VM brought according to Pliny xii. 44 by the 
 Nabathean Arabs, — may be compared with the sweet and edible juice of its fruit; inspissated into 
 solid plates after the manner of bdellium, at least on the Moluccas (Herbertus de Jager, Rumph. i. 
 pi. 10, and Spreng.) : the "taur " is mentioned in the Mahabharat conclud. sect (D. Price in Orient, 
 transl. lond.) : B. flabelliformis was observed in Hindustan by Rheede i. pi. 9, and Roxburgh cor. 
 i. pi. 71; by Graham, overshading cottages "in elevated and hilly situations;" by myself, under 
 cultivation ; and according to Royle fibr., yields toddy, its young seeds are eaten, its leaves are made 
 into fans called "vissaries," and are almost universally used for writing on with an iron style. 
 Farther East, was observed by Mason v. p. 425 and 522 "exotic" in Burmah and called "htan," 
 more "generally diffused than any other " palm, and by an exception "the orders that are issued 
 from the Burmese courts are written on " its leaves ; was observed by myself aboriginally introduced 
 and cultivated and made into fans on the Feejean, Tongan, and Samoan Islands. 
 
 "78, midsummer" (Tacit., and Clint.), Julius Frontinus succeeded by Agricola, as Roman 
 governor in Britain. 
 
 "The same year" (Elphinst. iii. 3 and iv.. 2), the Salivahana era; named after the Hindu king 
 reigning at Paitan on the Godaveri, — and continuing in use in the surrounding district " the Deccan" 
 (compare also the Prome era). 
 
 "The division of India into four empires happened in the first century A. D." — (Wilford as. 
 res. ix. p. 182). 
 
 Dowlutabad (not far from Paitan) may have been the real attraction : that the rocky sides of 
 this mountain were already cut away to a perpendicular wall all around, — may be inferred from the 
 name "Tagara" in the periplus of the Erythraean Sea, corresponding as remarked by writers with 
 Deogiri or Dowlutabad (see Elphinstone). Dowlutabad was visited by Ebn Batuta. 
 
 Of the neighbouring cave-temples at Ellora, some may have been already constructed. The 
 series is Braminical, distinguished by many-handed and many-headed personages and other evidence 
 of Polytheism : including as if by an attempt at union a few cave-temples of the Budhist pattern,* 
 devoid however of signs of acknowledgment by Budhists and of inscriptions in the " cave character." 
 — The Kailas temple hewn there out of the solid rock, the "splendid masterpiece of Brahminrsm " 
 (according to Lubke and Ltttrow) "is said to have been excavated and built during the earliest half 
 of the ninth century." 
 
 "79 A. D." (Mason iii. 38), the Prome era: — used by the Burmese "about seven hundred 
 years " (compare Salivahana era). 
 
 " June 23d " (Sueton., and Clint.), Vespasian succeeded by his son Titus, tenth Roman emperor. 
 The hieroglyphic ovals of Titus occur on temples at Esneh and in the Oasis of Dakkeh ; and his 
 name, on coins issued in Egypt during each year of his reign. 
 
 " In the summer " (Tacit., and Clint), Second campaign of Agricola in Britain. 
 
 "Aug. 24th" (Plin. Secund. vi. 16, Sueton., Dio, and Clint), eruption of Vesuvius, overwhelm- 
 ing the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. (A striking chronological landmark ; the brief reign of 
 Titus, leaving slight room for error in date ; the attendant death of Pliny, limiting his Encyclopedic 
 summary of the state of human knowledge ; while coeval illustration of the whole condition of 
 society is accessible in the vast variety of objects disinterred. Seeds and fruits are included, 
 which have been deposited in the museum of Naples, but 1 have not met with any published account 
 of them). 
 
 Among the surgical instruments: the catheter — is figured by Vulpes pi. 3; relief afforded by 
 using the catheter, is expressly mentioned by Aretaeus acut. ii. 9 (Cockayne) : 
 
 An instrument for tying arteries, — very similar to the forceps used by the French surgeon who 
 towards the end of the Sixteenth century revived the art (Vulp.) : the practice of tying arteries during 
 surgical operations, is mentioned by Archigenes (Cockayne). 
 
 * Ficiis tsiela of Hindustan. A species differing from the Banian tree in the fruit having no 
 involucre, figured in the cave-temples at Ellora, — as observed by myself; also seen near Ahmed- 
 nugger, growing around and overshadowing a temple of Krishna, evidently planted and regarded as 
 sacred. F. tsiela was observed in Hindustan by Rheede iii. pi. 63, and Roxburgh ; is described by 
 Graham as " a large tree " called " datira," growing " on the Ghauts," and one " near Kennery caves ; " 
 and was observed by Rumphius iii. pi. 89. 
 
516 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 VIII. THE EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD. 
 
 Two Heathen cities thus by extraordinary means have been preserved, and from about the latest 
 moment possible : there are no traces of Christian relics, but perhaps at this very time Josephus was 
 announcing the continued existence of the new religion. 
 
 Anastaticd Hierochuntica of the North African and Syrian Desert. The BAAPAC herb 
 described by Josephus bell. jud. vii. 23 as running away from him who tries to gather it, — may be 
 compared : A. Hierochuntica being easily uprooted, and contracting in the form of a ball, is said to be 
 sometimes driven by the wind over the sands of the Desert ; in this state also, is imported as a curi- 
 osity under the name rose of Jericho. In Egypt, A. Hierochuntica is called " kaf maryam " (Mary's 
 hand) ; in which we recognize the " kaff marjam" identified by Ebn Baitar with the " schadscharat 
 elkaff " of S. E. Hasan (Ebn Joljol) : the plant was seen by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in the Desert 
 of Lower and Middle Egypt; and according to Forskal p. 117, in the dry contracted state is used 
 superstitiously in parturition, facility being prognosticated according to quickness in unfolding when 
 moistened. Farther West, A. Hierochuntica is known to grow in Barbary (Pers). As transported 
 to Europe, is described by Euricius Cordus, Valerius Cordus (Spreng.), Jacquin hort. pi. 58, and 
 Lamarck ill. pi. 555 ; and by European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it was 
 seen under cultivation by Bojer. 
 
 "80 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), at Rome, the Great amphitheatre or the " Colosseum " 
 completed and dedicated by Titus. Baths also built by him. 
 
 "The same year" (Tacit., and Clint.), in Britain, Third campaign of Agricola ; making known 
 " new " tribes and nations. — Solinus' account of Britain, not earlier therefore than this date. 
 
 "81, Sept. 13th" (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), Titus succeeded by his brother Domitian, eleventh 
 Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Domitian occur on temples at Philae, Esneh, and Den- 
 dera, on a propylon at Thebes, and on obelisks (now in Rome and at Benevento in Italy) : and his 
 name, on coins issued in Egypt during each year of his reign. 
 
 Tamarindus Indicus of Tropical Africa and Arabia. The tamarind tree is called in Tagalo 
 Pampango and Camarines " sampaloc " or " macasampaloc," in Bisaya " sampaloc '' or " sambac " or 
 " sumalagui " or " sampalagui " or " camalagui " (Blanco), in Burmah "mag-gee" (Mason), in Ben- 
 galee " tentool " or " tintil " or " tintiree," in Sanscrit " tintiree " or " tintri," in Hindustanee " amli " 
 or " umli," in Telinga " chinta-chittoo " (Lindl.), in Tamil "poolie,"in Malabar " balam poolie," in 
 Canara " hoonise " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " umlee " (Graham), in Yemen "homar" 
 (Forsk.), on Madagascar " monte " (Flac.) or " voua-matouri " (Boj.), in Equatorial Africa "loo- 
 quajoo" (Grant) ; a hieroglyphic character ^ (Leps. ausw. 14, Buns, and Birch) resembling a three- 
 jointed pod, may be compared with the Egyptian " phoinianko," — translated " dactyli Indici " by 
 Edwards : the " oxuphoinikon " is mentioned by Porphyrius, Oribasius, Nicolaus Myreps. i. 24, 
 Actuarius, and Maximus Planudes ; tamarinds by Mohammed kor. xxxiv. 15; the " tamr Hindi" 
 by Abu Hanifa, A. Hassam, and Ebn Baitar; and " tamarendi " were seen by Marco Polo 184 in 
 ''Gozurat:" T. Indicus'was seen by Belon, Alpinus, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultiva- 
 tion in Egypt; by Forskal, everywhere wild among the mountains of Yemen ; by Bruce, and Salt, on 
 the Taranta Mountains of Abyssinia (Grev.) ; by Cailliaud iv. 323, quantities of the pods brought 
 by the Darfour caravans ; by Grant, growing in Equatorial Africa from "6° 46' S. Rumuma to 4 N." 
 on the Nile ; by Flacourt, and Bojer, long known on Madagascar. Eastward, by Rheede i. pi. 23 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, "common about villages" in the Bombay district ; by myself to the end of 
 my journey in the Deccan, frequent, but only planted and naturalized ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, 
 and Drury, as far as Ceylon and Bengal ; by Mason v. 457, in Tenasserim and Pegu, " exotic " and 
 cultivated extensively by the natives for its leaves and fruit ; by Blanco, well known on the Philip- 
 pines ; is described also by Rumphius ii. pi. 23. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands (Boj.); and to Tropical America (Jacq. am. pi. 13). 
 
 Anthemis nobilis of Western Europe. Called in Britain chamomile, in France " camomille " 
 (Nugent), at Smyrna "hamomilla" (Forsk.); and its flower seems to form a hieroglyphic charac- 
 ter s||. : powdered "hamomilla" flowers mixed with oil were applied as a medicinal ointment 
 by Nechepson the Egyptian— (Aet., and Ruel iii. 68): the " hamaimelon " called by Archi- 
 
 genes "anthemitha" is mentioned as good for the headache by Galen comp. med. ii. 2: the 
 "anthemision " of Alexander Trallianus viii. 2. 20, may also be compared ; " A. chamomilla " having 
 a paleaceous receptacle was observed by Forskal at Smyrna ; the " babunaj " is mentioned by Ebn 
 Baitar; dried flowers of A. nobilis were found by Alpinus employed medicinally in Egypt; and the 
 living plant according to Clot-Bey has recently been introduced. Westward, the " anthemin " is iden- 
 tified by Macer Floridus 14 with our " chamaemelum " or " chamomillam : " A. nobilis is described 
 by Lobel obs. 455 (Spreng.), and Blackwell pi. 526 ; and is known to grow. wild in France and middle 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 517 
 
 Europe as far as Britain (All. ped. 673, Lam. fl. fr., Engl. bot. pi. 980, and Pers.). Chamomile flow- 
 ers according to Lindley " contain a volatile oil, resin, and bitter extractive," and are stimulant and 
 tonic. 
 
 "82 A. D." (Sueton., Plut., and Clint.), at Rome, the capital which had been destroyed by fire, 
 restored with increased splendour by Domitian. 
 
 " In the reign of Domitian " (Sm. b. d.), Plutarch lecturing on philosophy in Rome. 
 
 Lnnaria rediviva of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain satin-flower or honesty 
 (Prior): the CCAHNH plant with which shepherds in the days of Plutarch inach. anointed their 
 feet for protection against reptiles, — may be compared : L. rediviva is termed "1. graeca perennis " 
 by Besler hort. Eyst. pi. 21, and was observed in the Peloponnesus by Sibthorp, and Chaubard. 
 Westward, is described by Clusius hist. pi. 297 ; is termed " 1. major siliqua longiore " by Tournefort 
 inst. 218 ; is known to grow as far as the border of Germany, central France, and the Pyrenees 
 (Pers., and A. Dec), and is besides cultivated throughout Europe. By European colonists, was car- 
 ried prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation in gardens 
 (A. Gray). 
 
 "83 A. D." (Sueton., and Clint.), Domitian's expedition into Germany and Dacia, against the 
 Catti and Sarmati. 
 
 "The same year" (Tacit., and Clint.), Sixth campaign of Agricola in Britain; among the towns 
 beyond " Bodotria " with an accompanying fleet examining the harbors ; and a victory gained by him 
 over the Caledonians. 
 
 "The same year" (Philostrat., Euseb., and Clint.), three delinquent Vestal virgins put to death. 
 The making of eunuchs, also prohibited by Domitian. 
 
 "The same year" (Mason iii. 41), Adetya succeeded by Nagarisingna as king at Prome. 
 Nagarisingna was the first conqueror; he carried on wars; and in his reign " Burmah " is first 
 mentioned. 
 
 The first balhara or king of Guzerat may have been at this time reigning: — he is called Di- 
 Saca or Deva-Saca in the Vansavali, and Dabshelim by the Muslims. His capital on the Narmada 
 is called Minnagara in the Erythraean periplus as well as by Ptolemy, Mankir by Masudi, and at the 
 present day Manhawer. 
 
 By his direction, Pilpai his prime minister wrote the Javidan-khird or the " will of Hushenk : " a 
 work — that continues extant in Persian (Wilf. I. c). 
 
 " 86 A. D. " (Euseb., and Clint.), beginning of the Dacian war. — In the course of four years, 
 the Romans were worsted ; Domitian at length consenting to pay an annual tribute to the Dacian 
 king Decebalus (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Hardly later than this year ("80 to 89 A. D., " C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), the Erythraean 
 periplus written. Axum and its king Zoskales are mentioned ; also a Hindu king Pandion. 
 
 The TT6TPOC of the Erythraean periplus, regarded by writers as the nut of Are:a catechu, 
 implies the use ot betel : a Malayan invention, — to the present day chiefly confined to men of the 
 Malayan Race, well known however throughout Hindustan even among Muslims, but farther West 
 making no progress among the Arabs and African tribes. 
 
 "87 A. D." (Alst. p. 142), the evangelist John writing his Third epistle ; as shown by his naming 
 Diotrephes. 
 
 " 89 A. D. = 'young-youan,' 1st year of Hiao-ho-ti " or Ho-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " In this year " (Abyss, chron., and C Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Hakale succeeded by Za- 
 Demahe", now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " ten " years. 
 
 "90 A. D." (Gell., Euseb., and Clint), the mathematicians and philosophers, including Dion 
 Chrysostomus, expelled from Rome and Italy by Domitian. The exiles assisted by Plinius Secundus 
 iii. n, in this year praetor. 
 
 "91 A. D." (Plin. Secund. iv. 11, Sueton., Euseb., and Clint.), the principal Vestal virgin Corne- 
 lia after having once received pardon, found delinquent a second time, and now buried alive. 
 
 "92, Nov. 29th, five hours before midnight" (Blair), occultation of the Pleiades by the moon, 
 observed in Bithynia by Agrippa. 
 
 Clematis erecta of the Mediterranean countries. The A6YKOY: XeAlAONIOlO: TTeTHAA 
 of Pancrates, — and Athenaeus xv. 6. p. 469, may be compared: C. erecta is identified with the 
 "fiammula" of Platearius by Matthioli coram, iv. pi. 7, observed in Italy; is termed "c. sive flam- 
 mula surrecta alba " by Tournefort inst. 294 ; is known to grow from Spain to Austria (All. 1078, 
 Jacq. austr. pi. 291, Mill., and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelopon- 
 nesus to mount Haemus : and its "powdered leaves '' according to Lindley have been "used as an 
 escharotic " (see C. flammea). 
 
 "93 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), edict of Domitian prohibiting the planting of grape-vines in 
 
518 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 cities. A revocation of the edict was procured soon afterwards by Scopelianus of Clazomenae, am- 
 bassador from the Greek cities of Asia. , 
 
 « May " (Martial, and Clint), the Sarmatian war, and departure of Domitian from Kome. _ 
 "94, January" (Martial, and Clint.), after "eight months" absence, return of Domitian to 
 
 Ferula glauca of the West Mediterranean countries. The FERVLAEQVE-TRISTES-SCEP 
 TRA PAEDAGOGORVMof Martial a.— is referred here by Tournefort voy. vi. p. 292: F. glauca 
 was observed by Tournefort in Italy and Southern France; is termed "f. communis" by Gouan 
 (Steud ); is known to grow also in Sicily (Pers.). „,._.. 
 
 Bartsia alpina of the mountains of middle and Western Europe. An herb called in Britain 
 Poly-mountain, in medieval Latin "polium montanum " (Prior), and the " Martiahs polmm"— of 
 Apuleius Barbaras 57, may be compared . B. alpina is known to grow on mountains from Switzerland 
 and mount Baldo to Lapland (Crantz, Engl. bot. pi. 361, fl. Dan. pi. 43, and Pers.). 
 
 "95 A. D." (Iren., Euseb., and Clint), the evangelist John living on the island of Patmos, not 
 far from Ephesus. 
 
 Erodium ciconium of the Mediterranean countries. The name stork 1 s-bill having extended to 
 allied species in Britain (Prior), the neA A P l~ I T I C herb prescribed by Asclepiades the younger — 
 (Gal. comp. med. ix. 2) may be compared: E. ciconium was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, 
 from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal near Cairo in Egypt. Westward, is 
 described by Boccone mus. ii. pi. 83 ; is termed " g. cicuta; folio acu longissima" by Tournefort inst. 
 268; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary (Steud.) ; and is known to grow also in Italy, Spain, 
 and Southern France (Cav. iv. pi. 95, and Pers.). " E. gruinum " regarded as perhaps not distinct, 
 is termed " g. latifolium longissima acu" by Tournefort inst. 269, was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Bory, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus, by Delile near Alexandria in Egypt, is known to grow 
 also in Crete, Italy, North Africa, and Spain (Cav. iv. pi. 88, and Pers.). 
 
 "The same year" (Sueton., Dio, Euseb., and Clint), by Domitian, T. Flavius Clemens consul 
 for this year compelled to abdicate and put to death ; and his niece Flavia Domitilla exiled for being 
 a Christian. T. Flavius Clemens is regarded as the author of the " First epistle of Clemens Ro- 
 manus," and as the bishop of Rome who succeeded Anegkletus and was succeeded by Euarestus. 
 — In the continuation of the series by Irenaeus (Clint, iv. p. 177), Alexander is named as the fifth 
 bishop of Rome, Xystus as " sixth," and Telesphorus as seventh. 
 
 "96 A. D." (Sueton., Dio, and Clint.), Domitian succeeded by Nerva, twelfth Roman emperor. 
 The hieroglyphic ovals of Nerva have been found only on a small temple at Assuan or Syene. 
 
 "97 A. D." (Philostrat, and Clint.), the rhetor Nicetes of Smyrna sent into Gaul. At Rome, 
 Frontinus (aquaed. 102) appointed "curator aquarum." 
 
 "98, Jan. nth, five hours after midnight " (Blair), occultation of the star Spica Virginis by the 
 moon, observed at Rome by Menelaus. 
 
 "Jan. 25th" (Chron. Pasch , and Clint), Nerva succeeded by Trajan, absent at Agrippina 
 (Cologne), as thirteenth Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Trajan occur on temples at 
 Dendera, Ombos, and Philas. 
 
 '■ In the reign of Trajan '' (Sm. b. d.), the Greek physician Archigenes practising in Rome. He 
 is mentioned by Juvenal vi. 236 to xiv. 252. 
 
 Valeriana officinalis of middle Europe. Called in Britain valerian, in France "valeriane" 
 (Nugent), in Germany "baldrian" (Grieb) : the OTTUU-. K A PT1 A CO Y prescribed for curling the hair 
 by Archigenes — (Gal. comp. med. i. 3), inducing sleep and strangulation according to the treatise 
 Pharm. delet. 13, or "karpesiou" of Quintus, and Galen fac. simpl. vii. 14 and antid. i. p. 71, growing 
 on the mountains of Pamphylia and brought from Pontus and in great quantities from Syria, resem- 
 bling " phou " in taste and effects but the odour more pi merful, or the " karpesian " of Paulus Aegineta, 
 may be compared : valerian root is enumerated by Alpinus as employed medicinally in Egypt. West- 
 ward, V. officinalis is described by Brunfels append., and Columna (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow 
 in situations more or less moist throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. 570, 
 Pers., and A. Dec). The "fetid roots " according to Lindley bring on " as is well known a kind of 
 intoxication in cats, and in large doses occasioning in man scintillations, agitation, and even 
 convulsions." 
 
 Salicornia Indica of the seashore of Western Hindustan. Called in the environs of Bombay 
 " muchoor " (Graham) ; and the A A A : I N A I K N of Archigenes — (Barton, and Spreng. comm. Diosc. 
 p. 453) may be compared with the barilla or Carbonate of soda effloresced on the soil of Northwestern 
 Hindustan (Royle) as well as procured from the ashes of this and other Salsolaceous plants : S. Indica 
 was received by Willdenow act. berol. ii. pi. 4 from Tranquebar (Pers.) ; was observed by Graham 
 "common on salt marshes" in the environs of Bombay, pickled by the natives, and furnishing 
 " alkali used in the manufacture of soap and glass." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 519 
 
 Salicornia brachiala of the seashore of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Telinga " quoiloo " (Drur.) ; 
 and its ashes possibly included in the " ala inthikon " of Archigenes : — S. brachiata was observed by 
 Roxburgh, and Wight pi. 738, abounding in ground overflowed by the spring-tides from Coromandel 
 to the mouths of the Ganges, and according to Drury "yields a barilla for soap and glass." 
 
 Salsola Indica of the seashore of Hindustan. A species of saltwort called in Telinga "yella- 
 kura " (Drur.) ; and its ashes possibly included in the " ala inthikon '' of Archigenes : — S. Indica was 
 observed by Graham "in salt marshes" in the environs of Bombay, its leaves eaten by the natives ; 
 by Roxburgh, and Wight pi. 1797, along the coast as far as Coromandel and the mouths of the Ganges ; 
 and according to Irvine, and Drury, yields the impure soda called "kharsuji," imported from Scinde 
 and employed in the manufacture of soap and glass; the name "k'har" or "k'hari,"in Bengalee 
 "khyar," in Hindustanee "khar," is regarded by Royle antiq. 41 as the probable origin of the term 
 "alkali." 
 
 Salsola nudiflora of the seashore of Hindustan. Called in Telinga "rawa-kada" (Drur.) ; and 
 its ashes possibly included in the "ala inthikon" of Archigenes: — S. nudiflora was observed by 
 Graham in salt marshes in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Drury, from Travancore to 
 Coromandel and the mouths of the Ganges, yielding " a kind of barilla used for making soap and 
 glass." 
 
 "99 A. D.'' (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Demahe' succeeded by Za- 
 Awtet, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " two " years. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-second generation. A. D. 101, Jan. 1st, mostly beyond youth : the phil- 
 osophers, Valerius Pollio, Epictetus, Favorinus, and Oenomaus ; the astronomer Theon of Smyrna 
 (Blair) ; the historians Philon Byblius, and Cephalion ; the grammarians, Hermippus of Berytus, and 
 Nicanor ; the rhetors, Dionysius of Miletus, and Lollianus ; other Greek writers, Aelianus Tacticus ; 
 the editors, Dioscorides the younger, and Artemidorus Capito ; the musician Dionysius : the Latin 
 writers, the satirist Juvenalis ; the historians Suetonius, and Tacitus ; and the grammarian Terentius 
 Scaurus. 
 
 "In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull. p. xcvii) ; Za-Awtet succeeded by Za-Elawda, now 
 king of Abyssinia. — He reigned "thirty" years. 
 
 "The same year" (Dio, and Clint.), expedition of Trajan into Dacia. 
 
 " 103 A. D." (Dio, Vict., and Clint.), after subduing many nations beyond the Danube, peace 
 granted by Trajan to Decebalus and the Dacians. 
 
 " 104 A. D." (Clint.), letter of Plinius Secundus x. 97 respecting the Christians of his Province 
 in Asia Minor. The reply of Trajan is also extant, and is much celebrated. 
 
 The Andra mentioned by Pliny " in the second century " as a powerful dynasty ; — and " the name 
 of Andre Indi, on the Ganges, in the Peutengerian tables" (Elphinst. iii. 3). 
 
 "The same year" (Mason iii. p. 42), in Burmah, destruction of the city of Prome. 
 
 " 105 A. D." (Dio, and Clint.), by Trajan, a stone bridge built over the Danube, under the super- 
 vision of the architect Apollodorus of Damascus. 
 
 " October " (Dio. Chron. Pasch., and Clint.), the Era of Petra and Basra. The Roman governor 
 of Syria Cornelius Palma extending his conquests over Petra the chief city of Arabia Petraea. 
 
 Posidonius the younger about this time writing. He quotes Archigenes, and describes the 
 glandular or true plague; a disease mentioned also about this time — or a little later by Rufus Ephesius 
 (Greenhill in Sm. biog. diet.). 
 
 Curcuma zeruntbet of Tropical Hindustan and Java. The imported product is called in Euro- 
 pean drug-shops zedoaria longa, in Persian "zerumbad" (Lindl.), in Arabic " zarnab ; " and the 
 APNABUJ of Posidonius the younger, — Aetius, and Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Haller : 
 the "zarnab" is mentioned by Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar. Farther East, C. zerumbet is called in 
 Sanscrit " pulasha " or " gundha-moolee " or " shudgrunthhika " or " shutee " or " kurvoora " or " kur- 
 choora,"in Bengalee "shuthee" or "kuchoora," in Telinga and Hindustanee "kuchoora" (Lindl.), in 
 the environs of Bombay "sotee" or "satee" or "kutchoora" (Graham) ; is described by Rumphius 
 v. pi. 68; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede xi. pi. 7; by Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 206, "the pow- 
 dered root" composing in part "the red stuff" called 'abeer,' thrown about during the license of the 
 Hooly ; " by Graham, " distinguished by the purple mark down the centre of the leaves," and produc- 
 ing " the real zedoaria of the " shops ; is known to grow also in Chittagong, and in the nearest portion 
 of Java (Blume, and Lindl.). 
 
 " 106 A. D. = ' yen-ping,' 1st year of Hiao-chang-ti " or Chang-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 107 A. D. = ' young-tsou,' 1st year of Hiao-ngan-ti " or Ngan-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty 
 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year" (Mason ii. 20, and iii. 42), establishment of the Burman empire at Pugan : and 
 the city founded or rebuilt by king Thamugdareet. 
 
520 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT' 
 
 "109 A. D."(= 114 — "6th year of reign" in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), in Ceylon, death of queen 
 Seehewallie, and escape from bondage of her successor king Ellowena. 
 
 " 112 A. D."(= 109 + "3 years" in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Ellowena, returning "with great 
 forces" from "the coast Malaya," recovered his kingdom of Ceylon. 
 
 "113 A. D." (Dio, and Clint. j, in Rome, Trajan's column erected. —To the present day, remaining 
 almost entirely uninjured. 
 
 " In the reign of Trajan " fSuid.), Rufus Ephesius writing. He quotes Zeuxis, Dioscorides, and 
 Posidonius the physician, divides the nerves into two classes, those of sensibility and those of motion, 
 — and is himself quoted bv Galen (Greenhill in Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Spergularia rubra of Northern climates. Called in Greece " medegonon " (Sibth.) : the " mouron 
 rouge " first mentioned by Rufus Ephesius as a remedy in hydrophobia — (Spreng. hist. med. ii. p. 48) : 
 S. rubra was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constanti- 
 nople ; is known to grow also around Caucasus and throughout Siberia as far as lake Baikal (Ledeb.). 
 Farther South, was observed by Delile in Lower Egypt as far as Cairo ; by myself, in Upper Egypt ; 
 is known to occur also in Abyssinia (A. Rich.). Westward, is termed " alsine spergulae facie minor" 
 by Tournefort inst. 244 ; was observed by Desfontaines, and Munby, in Barbary ; and is known to 
 grow in middle and Northern Europe as far as Archangel (Engl. bot. pi. 852, Wahl., and A. Dec ). 
 Farther West, is known to grow on the Azores (Wats.) ; in Northeast America, seems most abundant 
 within a few miles of the sea, in roadways and waste ground often by human means transported from 
 place to place, and I have met with it more than forty miles inland ; is known to occur also on the 
 Western coast of America at Sitcha (Ledeb.). 
 
 Spergularia media, erect and larger in all its parts, but regarded as probably not distinct. Clearly 
 indigenous in salt marshes along our Atlantic coast as observed by myself from Lat. 43° to 38 ; ob- 
 served by Elliot in "brackish marshes " in South Carolina ; and by Chapman, in Florida. Eastward, 
 is termed "alsine spergulae facie media" by Tournefort inst. 244, " ar. maritima" by Linnaeus lap. 
 (Steud.) ; is known to grow on the European seashore from Sweden to- Portugal and Italy (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 740, Wats., Brot, and Savi) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the shore of the 
 Peloponnesus ; by Granger, and Olivier, on the Mediterranean shore of Egvpt (Del.); and by Bieber- 
 stein, in Tauria. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to occur at Valparaiso in Chili, and on the 
 island of Juan Fernandez (C Gay, and Hook.). 
 
 Ervum monanthos of the Mediterranean countries. An annual weed : the * A K06 I A£C pre- 
 scribed by Rufus Ephesius — may be compared : E. monanthos was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated 
 ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, is termed "vicia sylvestris cum lentis siliqua" 
 by Bauhin hist. ii. 316, "lens monanthos " by Tournefort inst. 390 ; is known to grow in various parts 
 of Southern Europe (Pers.) ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. 165 in Barbary ; but is not known to 
 be employed medicinally. 
 
 1 14 A. D. (= 116 — " 3d year of his reign " of the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Ellowena succeeded by his 
 son Sandigamonal, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " In this year" (Dio, and Clint.), departure of Trajan on his Eastern expedition. 
 
 The practice of sheathing ships well known. Trajan's galley being covered with a sheet of lead 
 fastened on with little copper nails : — as ascertained after " more than thirteen hundred years " when 
 it was raised from the bottom of the Lake of Riccia (Alberti arch. v. 12, in Churchill coll.). 
 
 "115 A. D." (Act. martyr., and Clint.), Ignatius a disciple of the evangelist John, brought before 
 Trajan at Antioch at the time of a severe caithquake there ; and in accordance with his own request, 
 sent to Rome to perish by wild beasts in the amphitheatre. 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., and Clint.), sedition of the Jews in Egypt and Cyrene. —After con- 
 tinuing two years, suppressed by Trajan. 
 
 Fresh oysters, " ostrea," preserved by Apicius after a method of his own, sent by him to Trajan 
 in Parthia, many days distant from the sea (Allien, i. p. 7, and Suid.). 
 
 Pcuecdaiium palustre of Northern and middle Europe. Called in Britain milky parsley (Prior), 
 in Germany "olsenich" (Dod.) ; and the SI L-MONTANVM of Apicius — may be compared: rem- 
 nants of P. palustre have been found in the lake-villages of Switzerland (Heer) : the plant is described 
 by Dodoens, and Bauhin hist. ; is termed "selinum palustre" by Linnaeus, " s. lactescens " by Lamarck 
 fl. fr. ; and is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 257, and Crantz 
 austr. 170), its root used for ginger by the Russians, and " a famous remedy in Courland in epilepsy " 
 (Rust, and Lindl.). r 1 J 
 
 Calamintha nepeta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The NEPETA-MONTANA 
 used in cookery by Apicius — is referred here by Dierbach, and others: C. nepeta is described by 
 Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. pulegii odore sive nepeta" by Tournefort inst. 194 ; was observed 
 by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Britain (Scop., Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Curt. lond. vi. pi. 40, and Wats.'). Eastward, was observed by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 521 
 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, recurring 
 in " waste places and road-sides" (Chapm.) from Virginia to Georgia, and found by Nuttall already 
 in Arkansas. 
 
 Cantharellus cibarius of Europe. The FV N G I - FAG I N E I of Apicius, — are referred by Dier- 
 bach to this edible mushroom. 
 
 116 A. D. (= 137 — " 22d year of reign" in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Sandigamonal succeeded 
 by his son Gayabahoo, now king of Ceylon.* 
 
 * Cocculus (Tiliacord) acuminatus of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Woody and twining 
 to a great extent, called in Bengalee " tiliakora," in Telinga " tiga-mushadee," in Hindustanee " baga- 
 mushada" (Lindl.) or "baga-luta" (Drur.) ; and from early times rubbed between two stones and 
 mixed with water as an antidote to snake-bites: — observed by Rheede vii pi. 3 in Malabar ; by 
 Nimmo, in " the Concans " as far as Bombay (Graham) ; by Colebrooke, and Roxburgh, among 
 hedges and bushes from Coromandel to Bengal ; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Menispermum (Cosciniuiii) fenestratum of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. A stout woody 
 climber called in Cingalese "womivol" or "venivel" or " bangwelgetta " (Lindl.), in Tamil "mara 
 munjel," in Telinga " mani-pussupoo " (Drur.) ; and from early times in Ceylon, the water in which 
 the sliced root has been steeped drank as a stomachic: — observed by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, as 
 far as the Aurungole Pass and Courtallum, its root brought from the mountains and sold in the 
 bazaars, and according to Drury its bitter deep yellow wood has given rise to the name of tree tur- 
 meric. From transported specimens, described by Gaertner i pi. 46. 
 
 Menispermum (Cfypea) Burmanni of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing herbaceous plant called 
 in the environs of Bombay "pakur" (Graham); and from early times its extremely bitter root 
 employed medicinally in dysentery, intermittent fevers, and liver complaints : — observed by Rheede 
 vii. pi. 49 in Malabar; by Graham, on "the Ghauts" and "hilly parts of the Concan, not very 
 common;" by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Coromandel (Lindl.) ; and by Burmann pi. 101, on Ceylon. 
 From transported specimens, is described by Lamarck, and Gaertner ii. pi. 180. 
 
 Kydia calycina of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Sterculioid tree called in Telinga "pan- 
 dikee," in Hindustanee "choupultea" (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay " waning " or " warungud " 
 (Graham) ; and its mucilaginous bark used from early times as sudorific and in cutaneous diseases : 
 — observed by Graham in the " Kennery forests" and "along the Ghauts, pretty common;" by 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, from Mysore and the slopes of the Neilgherries to the Circar mountains 
 and Nepal (Lindl., and Drur.), the bark in the Northern provinces according to Royle used to 
 clarify sugar. Farther East according to Mason v. 537 growing in Burmah and called "boke-may- 
 za," the saplings found by McClelland "used for their great strength and elasticity for making 
 banghy sticks." 
 
 Bergera Koenigii of Tropical Hindustan. A small Aurantiaceous tree called in Bengalee "bur- 
 sunga," in Telinga "kari-vepa," in Tamil " kamwepila " (Lindl.) or "carroova-pillay," in Hindustanee 
 "karay-paak" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " koodia neem" (Graham) ; and from early times, 
 its hard and durable wood used for implements of husbandry, limbolee oil procured from its seeds, 
 and its dried aromatic leaves sold in the bazaars to be put in curries : — observed by Rheede iv. pi. 
 S3 in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, on the Circar mountains ; by Ainslie, and Wight, in other parts of 
 Hindustan ; by Graham, in "gardens Bombay," but " B. integerrima" common " on the Ghauts " and 
 also called " koodia neem," perhaps the same species " in its wild state." 
 
 Calophyllum calaba of Western Hindustan. A handsome tree with cuneate obovate leaves 
 called in Tamil " cheroo-pinnay," in Malabar " tsirou-panna " (Drur.); and from early times its 
 fruit eaten, and pootunjee oil for lamps expressed from it : — observed by Rheede iv. pi. 39 in Mala- 
 bar ; by Nimmo, in " S. Concan " (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay ; by Wight, and Drury, as far 
 as Travancore ; and by Burmann pi. 60 (Pers.), on Ceylon. 
 
 Schmidelia serrata of Tropical Hindustan. A large straggling Sapindaceous shrub called in 
 Telinga "taualikce," in Hindustanee "rakhal-phul" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "teepin " 
 or " mendrie " (Graham) ; and from early times, its ripe berries eaten and its astringent root employed 
 medicinally in diarrhoea : — observed by Rheede v. pi. 25 in Malabar ; by Graham, " on the Ghauts " 
 as far as Bombay, and found by Murray " very common at Mahableshwur ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 as far as Coromandel and Bengal (Lindl., and Drur.) ; and is termed "rhus cobbe " by Linnaeus as 
 received from Ceylon (Pers.). 
 
 Schleichera tnjuga of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A pinnate-leaved Sapindaceous tree 
 fifty feet high and called in Telinga "may" or "koatangha," in Tamil "zolim-buriki " (Lindl.) or 
 "poo-marum," in Malabar "poovum" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "koosimb" or "koosum" 
 
 66 
 
522 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Cissus setosa of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing herbaceous vine called in Telinga " barubut- 
 sali " (Lindl.) ; and from early times its leaves toasted and oiled to bring indolent tumours to sup- 
 puration : — observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, from Mysore to Rajahmundry and Bengal, in forests 
 
 (Graham) ; and from early times, its bark used to cure itch, its fruit eaten, and lamp oil expressed 
 from the seeds: — is termed '■ cussambium spinosum" by Rumphius i. pi. 57; was observed by 
 Graham in the " Kennery forests" near Bombay, and "on the Ghauts pretty common;" by Bu- 
 chanan, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from Malabar and Travancore to Coromandel. Farther 
 East, by Berdmore, and Mason v. 35, in Burmah, called "kyo" and abounding "in Shwaygyen," 
 used "for pestles of mortars and axles of wheels," and considered by McClelland "a most valuable 
 timber." 
 
 Xanthoxylon rhetsa of Southern Hindustan. A large tree armed with prickles and called in 
 the environs of Bombay " teesul " or "cochlee" (Graham), in Malabar '• moolleela," in Telinga 
 "rhetsa maun " (Drur.) from the hill people being accustomed to assemble in the shade in "rhetsa" 
 committee to examine and determine public affairs : — X. rhetsa was observed by Rheede v. pi. 34 
 under cultivation in Malabar and the seeds used as a condiment ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, 
 "Parr village" and other localities near dwellings enumerated; by Roxburgh, and Wight, on the 
 Coromandel mountains, its aromatic bark put in food as a condiment, and its seeds used as a. sub- 
 stitute for pepper (Drur.). 
 
 Gomphia angustifolia of Tropical Hindustan. An Ochnaceous shrub, its bitter root and leaves 
 from early times in Malabar employed as tonic stomachic and anti-emetic : — observed in Malabar by 
 Rheede v. pi. 48 and 52 ; by Nimmo, in " S. Concan " (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by 
 Wight, in other parts of the peninsula. 
 
 Elaeodendron Roxburghii of Tropical Hindustan. A Celastroid shrub or small tree called in 
 Telinga "neerija" (Lindl.) ; and from early times its fresh astringent bark applied by the natives to 
 almost every sort of swelling: — observed by Gibson, and Graham, in the Bombay district, on the 
 " Sattara and Kamatkee ghauts " and " about Hurrychunderjee ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, from the 
 mountains of Coromandel to Courtallum (Drur ). 
 
 Bridelia spinosa of Tropical Hindustan. A Euphorbiaceous tree of thirty to forty feet high, 
 called in Telinga " kora man " (Lindl.), in Tamil " moolloo-vengay," in Malabar " mooloo-vangay " 
 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "asanna " (Graham) ; and known from early times, cattle being 
 fond of the leaves, said to free them from intestinal worms : — was observed by Nimmo, and Gra- 
 ham, " common on Elephanta and the Ghauts," the " trunk and larger branches armed with strong 
 thorns ; " by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore, the Circar mountains, Bengal, and 
 Assam, its dark-coloured wood hard and durable, and the bark strongly astringent. " B. montana," 
 growing "on the Ghauts" and also called "asanna," a "tree exactly like the last but without 
 thorns," having "red coloured and very hard wood," is regarded by Graham as probably "a mere 
 variety." 
 
 Cluytiii {Lebidieropsis) collina of Tropical Hindustan. A Euphorbiaceous tree called in Te- 
 linga "kadishen" (Lindl.) or "wodisha," in Tamil " wodagu marum" (Drur.) ; and from earlv times 
 the rind of its capsules reputed to be exceedingly poisonous : — observed by Roxburgh, Walli'ch, and 
 Drury, from the Concans to the Circar mountains and Orissa, its wood " very hard and durable, 
 much used in Rajahmandry and the Northern Circars. 
 
 Croton (Baliospermum) polyandntm of Tropical Hindustan. A bushy undershrub called in 
 Telinga " konda-amadum," in Hindustanee "hakoon" (Lindl.); and its seeds taken from early times 
 as a good purgative : — observed by Roxburgh, Wight, Stewart, and Drury, from the Punjaub to 
 Malabar, the Circar mountains and Bengal, its seeds probably furnishing " the greater part of the 
 jumalgota of the drug-sellers," " East of the Sutlej its leaves are in high repute for wounds, and its 
 sap is believed to corrode iron." Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 492 " exotic" in Burmah 
 and called " tha-dee-wa," cultivated by the natives, its seeds " a strong purgative." 
 
 Holigarna longifolia of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large Terebinthoid tree called 
 in Malabar "cattu tsjeru " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " biboo " (Graham); and from early 
 times a varnish extracted from the trunk, and small boats made of the timber: —observed by Rheede 
 iv. pi. 9 on the mountains of Malabar ; by Graham, on " the hilly wooded parts of the Concan as far 
 as Bombay ; by Roxburgh cor., and Wight, from Travancore to Chittagong, the juice of the fruit 
 according to Don used by painters, also for fixing indelible colours figured on linen cloths (Drur.). 
 Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 514 in Burmah, "another black varnish tree in the forests," 
 and "on the other coast, where the tree grows, its exudation is used by the natives to varnish shields, 
 and for other purposes." 
 
 Semcccupus cuncifolium of Tropical Hindustan. An allied tree also called " biboo " in the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 523 
 
 and hedges, "every part of the plant exceedingly acrid " (Lindl., and Drur.). Westward, fragments 
 of a caustic herbaceous Cissus were observed by myself in a hedge on Zanzibar. 
 
 Toddalia aculeata of Tropical Hindustan. A thorny Xanthoxyloid shrub called in Telinga 
 
 environs of Bombay, being indistinguishable from the last except by the fruit, — observed by Gra- 
 ham at '' Kandalla " and in " jungles about Parr ; " by Roxburgh fl. ii. 86, in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
 Ormocarpum sennoides of Tropical Hindustan. A Leguminous plant called in Telinga "nail 
 kashina" (Lindl.); and from early times its tonic and stimulant root employed medicinally: — 
 observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in peninsular Hindustan, in forests hedges and uncultivated 
 lands. 
 
 Acacia leucophloea of Southern Hindustan. A thorny tree called in Telinga " tella-tooma " 
 (Lindl.), in Tamil "vel-vel" or " vel-veylam," in Malabar " vel-veylam," in Bengalee " suphaid-babul," 
 in Hindustanee " sufed-kikar " (Drur.) ; and from early times, the tough and strong fibres of its bark 
 made into large fishing-nets and coarse cordage : — observed by Law, and Graham, " common in 
 some parts of the Southern Mahratta country, and in the Sholapore districts between the Bheema 
 and Krishna, a spirituous liquor is distilled from the bark, and in some places the trees are farmed on 
 account of government ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in woods and on hills on the Coromandel coast, 
 its timber "hard and dark-coloured," the natives mixing the bark "with palm-wine and sugar" to 
 obtain the ardent spirit (Drur.). 
 
 Ammania vesicatoria of Hindustan and Burmah. An erect annual having a strong muriatic 
 smell and called in Telinga "aghun drapakoo," in Bengalee "daud-maree" (Lindl.), in Hindustanee 
 "dad-mari," in Tamil "miumel-neruppa " or "kallurivi," in Malabar " kallar-vanchi " (Drur.); and 
 from early times, its exceedingly acrid leaves used by the natives for raising blisters : — observed by 
 Graham "common in moist places " around Bombay "towards the close of the rains;" by Ainslie, 
 Roxburgh, Fleming, and Wight, as far as Bengal, common in cultivated ground (Lindl.). Farther 
 East, by Mason in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Plukenet aim. pi. 136. 
 
 Luffa amara of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing Cucurbitaceous vine called in Telinga " sheti 
 beera " (Lindl.) or " sendu-beer-kai," in Hindustanee " kerula," in Bengalee " tito-dhoondhool " 
 (Drur.) ; and from early times, juice of the roasted young fruit applied to the temples to cure head- 
 ache, and the seeds taken as emeto-cathartic : — observed by Nimmo, and Graham, "wild about 
 Bombay in the rains, and throughout the Concans ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal, in 
 dry uncultivated places (Lindl.). Transported to Europe, is termed " cucumis indicus " by Plu- 
 kenet pi. 172. 
 
 Bryonia rostrata of Southern Hindustan. A slender climbing Cucurbitaceous vine called in 
 Tamil " appakovay " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its leaves eaten as greens, and its sweet mucila- 
 ginous root employed medicinally :— observed by Rottler act. berol. iv. 212 in Tranquebar; by 
 Nimmo, in "S. Concan " (Graham suppl), nearly as far as Bombay; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and 
 Wight, in other parts of Southern Hindustan. 
 
 Trichosanthes palmata of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A "Cucurbitaceous vine running 
 over the highest trees and called in Bengalee " mukhal," in Telinga " kadi-danda " (Lindl.) or 
 "abuva." in Tamil "ancoruthay" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "mukal" (Graham) ; and from 
 early times, its fruit regarded as poisonous but employed medicinally to cleanse offensive sores inside 
 the ears, and the stem and root much esteemed in diseases of cattle : — observed by Gibson, and 
 Graham, "in jungles in the Concans and on the Ghauts pretty common," and by Murray "at Maha- 
 bleshwu'r ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal ; by Mason, in Burmah. By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Austral Africa, where its fruit by pickling is rendered edible ; and to 
 the West Indies, used there for killing rats (Drur.). From transported specimens, is termed "mo- 
 decca bracteata " by Lamarck enc. meth. 
 
 Bassia longifolia of Southern Hindustan and Burmah. A Sapotaceous tree called in Burmah 
 "kan-zau" (Mason), in Tamil " elloopa," in Malabar "elloopie," in Telinga "ippa," in Hindustanee 
 "mohe" (Drur.); and from early times, its flowers roasted and eaten, oil from its ripe fruit substi- 
 tuted for butter, used also for lamps and for making country soap, and the gummy juice of its bark 
 employed medicinally by the Vytians : — observed by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Hunter, and Drury, from 
 Malabar to the Circars and Coromandel, its timber " nearly as durable as teak ; " by Mason, " indige- 
 nous "in Southern Burmah, its oil mixed by the natives "with their food," employed besides for 
 various purposes, and its timber valued. From transported specimens, described by Linnaeus, and 
 Lamarck pi. 398. lllupie oil according to Drury is now imported into England for the manufacture 
 
 of candles. 
 
 Hoya viridiflora of Tropical Hindustan. A woody Asclepioid climber called in Bengalee "tita- 
 
524 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "conda cashinda'' (LindL), in Tamil "raoolacarnay-marum,'' in Malabar " kaka-toddali " (Drur.), 
 pungent in all its parts and from early times employed as febrifugal : — observed by Rheede v. pi. 
 41 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in " S. Concan " (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Roxburgh, 
 
 kunga," in Telinga " doodee-palla " (Lindl.), at Mahableshwur " dooree " (Graham) ; and from early 
 times employed medicinally by the natives, and the brown mealy substance on the follicles given by 
 cow-keepers as medicine to their cattle: — observed by Rheede ix. pi. 15 in Malabar; by Graham, 
 "common" around Bombay and on "the Ghauts, on the table land Mahableshwur" and its flexile 
 stems " used as ropes ; " by Rumphius, Ainslie, Roxburgh, Sonnerat, and Wight, from the Neilgherry 
 hills to Coromandel and Sylhet (Lindl., and Drur.). 
 
 Secamone emetica of Southern Hindustan. An Asclepioid plant, its acrid and emetic root known 
 from early times: — observed by Retz obs. ii. 14, and Wight, common in thickets at the foot of 
 mountains in the Southern part of the peninsula (Lindl.). 
 
 Tylophora asthmatica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A twining Asclepioid plant called 
 in Bengalee "unta-mool," in Telinga "kaka-palla" (Lindl.), in Tamil " codegam " or "coorinja" 
 (Drur.) ; and from early times its root employed as an emetic : — observed by Roxburgh, J. Ander- 
 son, Wight, and Drury, from Mysore to Coromandel and Bengal, " very abundant," to " be met with 
 in nearly all situations and in flower at all seasons ; " is known to grow on Ceylon (Pers.) ; and was 
 observed by Mason indigenous in Burmah. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and cultivated there (Pers., and Boj.). 
 
 Convolvulus (Argyreia) bracteatus of Southern Hindustan. A branching woody twiner, filled 
 with milky juice ; and from early times, its boiled leaves applied to scrofulous enlargements of the 
 joints, using the water as fomentations : — observed by Wallich cat. 1419, and Wight, common "near 
 Madras" (Lindl.), and known to grow as far as Coromandel (Drur.). 
 
 Anisomeles Malabarica of Tropical Hindustan. A Labiate shrub, two to five feet high with 
 white woolly branches, and called in Tamil " retti pemeretti " (Lindl.) or " peyameratti," in Telinga 
 " moga-bira,' ; in Malabar "karintoomba" (Drur.); from early times, employed medicinally: — ob- 
 served by Rheede x. pi. 93 in Malabar; by Graham, on "the Katruj and Kamatkee ghauts," and by 
 Law " at Nalutwar ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula as far as 
 Travancore (Drur.) ; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. By European colonists, was carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands (Drur.). 
 
 Aristolochia bracteata of Hindustan. Trailing, and called in Telinga " gardi gavapoo " (Lindl.) 
 or " gadida-guda-pa," in Tamil " addatinapalay " (Drur.), on the Deccan " gundatee " or " keeramar " 
 worm-killer (Graham), its juice from early times squeezed into wounds to kill worms, all parts of the 
 bitter and nauseous plant used also medicinally: — observed by Buchanan on the banks of the Jumna 
 in Northern Hindustan (Wall. rar. ii. 3); by Newton, its dried root used in Scinde "to increase uter- 
 ine contractions ; " by Gibson, and Graham, growing abundantly in " dark red or black soil " on the 
 Deccan; by Retz obs. v. 29, Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury, in cultivated ground on the Coromandel 
 coast and as far as Travancore, its fresh bruised leaves applied in " that kind of psora called in Tamil 
 carpang." 
 
 Ficus damonum of Southern Hindustan and Burmah. Its fruit on the trunk and branches, but 
 usually in long radical racemes at the apex penetrating the earth, or often entirely under ground 
 (Lindl.); from early times, the juice known as extremely poisonous: — growing on the seacoast 
 of Tanjore (Vahl., and Roxb.). Farther East, observed by Mason in Burmah, called there "yae- 
 kha-ung." 
 
 Arum (Typlionium) trilobatum of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. Stem- 
 less, and called in Telinga " surei-kund," in Bengalee " ghekool " (Lindl.) ; and from early times, its 
 
 fresh tubers employed medicinally in scirrhous tumours and the bites of venomous snakes : observed 
 
 by Nimmo in "the Concans " as far as Bombay (Graham) ; by Roxburgh fl. iii. 505, in other parts of 
 Hindustan ; and is known to grow on Ceylon (Pers.). Farther East, was observed by Loureiro ii. 
 534 in Anam ; by Blume rum ph. i. 132, as far as Java; and is termed " arisarum amboinicum" 
 by Rumphius v. pi. no. " T ( irixense," termed in Bengalee " ghet-kuchoo " (Drur.), and observed 
 by Roxburgh iii. 503, and Wight pi. 801, in the peninsula and Bengal, by Mason in Burmah, may be 
 compared. 
 
 Gracihiria lichenoides of the coast of Ceylon and the opposing portion of the Malayan archi- 
 pelago. A fucus or seaweed, in colour between olive and purple (Mason), and from early times 
 highly valued for food on Ceylon and other islands of the East — (Lindl.) : by O'Shaughnessy first 
 brought into notice : observed by Mason v. 507 in Burmah, abounding and of superior quality on 
 the Tenasserim coast, and called " kyouk-pwen." From transported specimens, described by Turner 
 pi. H3- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 525 
 
 and Wight, very common on the Coromandel coast, used for various medicinal purposes and its 
 ripe berries making excellent pickles (Drur.) ; by Burmann pi. 24, on Ceylon. Imported into 
 Europe, under the name of Lopez root, attained formerly some celebrity ; and according to Bidie, 
 is remarkable for a happy combination of three qualities, being stimulant, carminative, and tonic. 
 
 " In this year'' (Dio, and Clint.), voyage of Trajan from Ctesiphon down the Euphrates to the 
 Persian Gulf. 
 
 Before the close of the reign of Trajan (Suid., Ermerins, and Sor. Eph. 38), Soranus Ephesius 
 leaving Alexandria and arriving in Rome, where he practised medicine. He quotes Archigenes, 
 Moschion, and Rufus, and' — with his pupil Attalus is mentioned by Galen. Some of the writings of 
 Soranus Ephesius were translated into Latin by Caelius Aurelianus. 
 
 Ruta linifolia of the Mediterranean countries. A species of rue called in Greece " pSgani " 
 (Sibth.) ; and theIIHrANON:AeiON prescribed as an application by Soranus Ephesius mul. aff., 
 48 — may be compared : R. linifolia was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from Greece to Cyprus 
 and Constantinople. Westward, is described by Barrelier pi. 1186; is termed " r. sylvestris linifolia 
 hispanica " by Tournefort inst. 257 ; and is known to grow in waste places from Tunis to Spain, the 
 leaves smooth (Pers.). 
 
 Erigeron acre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain blue flea-bane 
 (Prior); and the KONYZA: A€nTO*rAAOC prescribed as an application by Soranus Ephesius 
 m. a 48, — may be compared : E. acre was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian 
 Olympus. Westward, is termed "aster arvensis casruleus acris " by Tournefort inst. 481; was 
 observed by Linnaeus in Lapland ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. i. pi. 
 60, and Pers.). 
 
 Asparagus verlicillatus of the East Mediterranean countries. The ACIIAPArON:ArPION 
 enumerated among potherbs by Soranus Ephesius mul. aff. 15 — may be compared : A. verticillatus 
 is termed " a. orientalis foliis galii " by Tournefort cor. 21 ; was also observed in the East by Bux- 
 baum v. pi. 37 ; by Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna ; and young shoots of all the species 
 were found by Chaubard eaten in the Peloponnesus. (Compare also A. officinalis of the West). 
 
 "117, August" (Dio, and Clint.), Trajan succeeded by Hadrian, fourteenth Roman emperor. 
 The hieroglyphic ovals of Hadrian occur at the " Oasis of Khargeh, on a ruin near Esneh, at 
 Ermend" or Hermonthis, "on the little temple of Isis above Medinet-abu, on the Typhonium at 
 Dendera, and on an obelisk" (now in Rome, Glid. analect). 
 
 All pretension to territory beyond the Euphrates and Tigris, at once relinquished by Hadrian. 
 Who in private life was fond of the society of "philosophers, grammarians, rhetors, musicians, paint- 
 ers, geometers, and astronomers " (Spartian. 5 to 16, and Eutrop. viii. 6). 
 
 "118 A. D." (Spartian., and Clint.), in consequence of difficulties with the Sarmatas and Roxo- 
 lani, Hadrian visiting Moesia ; where peace was concluded with the king of the Roxolani. 
 
 " 120 A. D." (Spartian. 10, and Clint.), visit of Hadrian to Gaul, and afterwards to Germany, 
 and Britain. Across this island he built a wall, "separating the Romans from the barbarians : " — 
 the remains traceable to the present day "from Carlisle to Newcastle" (Blair). 
 
 " In this year" (Perceval i. 85), bursting of a reservoir at Mareb near San'aa, causing destruc- 
 tion among the descendants of Saba : — an event alluded to in the Surat-Saba chapter of the Koran, 
 and giving rise to an Arab proverb. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Percev. ii. 411), birth of Temin, founder of " one of the most consid- 
 erable tribes of Arabia." 
 
 " 122 A. D." (Euseb., Spartian. 10, and Clint.), after spending a winter at Tarracon in Spain, 
 Hadrian by the way of Asia visiting Athens. — He next sailed for Sicily, and ascended mount Etna. 
 
 " 123 A. D." (Yuan kian loui han, and Klapr. mem. ii. 343), Pan young sent Westward estab- 
 lished the military post of Lieou tchhin in Lat. 42" 45' Long. 25° 18' (W. of Peking), attacked and 
 defeated the Kiu szu or Ouigour, and took possession of their country. —Under the Thang, peace 
 having been concluded with the Ouigour, a city of the third order was built here, called at present 
 
 Louktchak. 
 
 " 124 A. D. = 3d year of the 'yen-kouang' of Ngan-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the 
 
 Forty-seventh cycle. 
 
 "125 A. D." (Euseb., Hieronym., and Clint.), at Athens, Hadrian addressed on behalf of the 
 Christians by the philosopher Aristides, and Ouadratus a disciple of the apostles : and a decree 
 obtained, That no one should be put to death without trial in due form. 
 
 About this time, "no to 134 A. D." (Clint, iv. p. 123), the Gnostic Sect founded by Saturnmus. 
 Who continued preaching in Antioch and Syria, while his colleague Basilides proceeded to Alex- 
 i n c\ n i 
 
 "126 A. D. = 'young-kien,' 1st year of Hiao-chun-ti " or Chun-ti, of the Han or Seventh 
 dynasty— (Chinese chron. table). 
 
526 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 128 A. D. (Ptol. obs. on equinox), end of the third Great Year of the Egyptians. 
 
 " 129, Jupiter being in the sign Leo " (Aristid. i. p. 519, Masson, and Clint.), birth of the rhetor 
 Aelius Aristides. 
 
 " In the reign of Hadrianus " (Lubke and Lutrow), the temple to the Olympian Jupiter at Athens 
 completed under the Roman architect Cossutius. 
 
 " 130, autumn " (coins, inscript. on Vocal Memnon, and Clint.), after passing the winter at 
 Athens, arrival of Hadrian in Egypt : where he found Christians numerous, as appears from one of 
 his letters ; and in the course of his voyage on the Nile, founded the new city of Antinoe : — to the 
 present day marked by ruins in the Roman style of art. 
 
 The Second era of Gaza begins from this visit of Hadrian. 
 
 " 131 A. D." (Dio, Clint., and Kitt. cycl. bibl.), on reaching Jerusalem, Hadrian changed the 
 name of the city to Aelia Capitolina ; and on the site of Solomon's temple, founded a temple to Jupi- 
 ter. The building operations were shortly afterwards interrupted by the Jews ; who, led by Cochebas, 
 commenced war against the Romans, and were at first successful. 
 
 " In this year " (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Elawda succeeded by Za- 
 Zigen and Rema as kings of Abyssinia. — They ruled " forty " years. 
 
 " In this year " (Jap. centen. comm. 88), in Japan, end of the reign of . . . the son of Keiko. 
 
 Cloth made of hemp " is very old " in Japan, and " was the only textile fabric " in the country 
 "prior — to the introduction of silk weaving" (Jap. centen. comm. 77). 
 
 Among dye stuffs used in Japan, "gall-nuts, turmeric" (Curcuma longa), " madder " (Rubia 
 cordifolia), " safflower" (Carthamus tinctorius), and " brazil wood" (Caesalpinia sappan), * — are 
 enumerated in Jap. centen. comm. 75. 
 
 " 132 A. D." (Hieron., Eutrop., Blair, and Clint), the " Perpetual Edict," a body of laws for 
 praetors, compiled by Salvius Julianus. 
 
 " 133, May 6th, 11 hours 15 minutes P. M." (Blair), eclipse of the moon. Observed at Alexandria 
 by Claudius Ptolemy. 
 
 Coronilla emerus of the Mediterranean countries and as far as middle Europe. A small shrub 
 called in France "faux baguenaudier " (A. Dec), in Greece " agriopeganos " (Sibth.), in which we 
 recognize the ATPION TTHTANON placed under the wing protecting birds from cats according to 
 Sotion, — and Florentinus (geopon. xii. 25 and xiii) : C. emerus was observed by Sibthorp, and Chau- 
 bard, frequent on the mountains of the Peloponnesus and Crete ; is known to grow also in Asia 
 Minor and the Crimea (Tchih., and Bieb.). Westward, is termed " emerus " by Tournefort inst. pi. 
 418; and is known to grow in Italy, and as far as " Lat. 47 45'" from Vienna to the Jura (Pers., 
 and A. Dec). The leaves called scorpion senna are according to Lindley "cathartic like those of 
 senna, but less active." 
 
 One hundred and thirty-third generation. May 1st, 134, mostly beyond youth : Iamblichus of 
 Babylon : the Greek poet Mesomedes of Crete ; the philosophers, Sextus the stoic, Crescens, Vale- 
 rius Diodorus, Taurus of Berytus, Maximus of Tyre, and Apollonius of Chalcis ; the historians, 
 Appianus, and Phlegon of Tralles ; the grammarians, Telephus, Alexander of Cotiaeum, and He- 
 phaestion ; the rhetors, Antonius Polemo, Marcus of Byzantium, Aristocles of Pergamus, Nicostratus, 
 Varus of Perga, and Philager ; other Greek writers, Polyaenus of Macedonia: the Christian Greek 
 writers, Papias, Justinus Martyr, and Hegesippus. 
 
 " The same year " (Just. Mart., Euseb., and Clint.), by Cochebas leader of the Jewish revolt, 
 many Christians persecuted for not taking part in the war against the Romans. Basilides the 
 Gnostic at this time in Alexandria, and his doctrines opposed in writing by Agrippa Castor. 
 
 * Gardenia fiorida of Subtropical China and Japan. An ornamental shrub called in Anam "cay 
 deanh tau," in China " chy tsu " (Lour.), in Japan "si" or "kutsjinas" (Thunb.) ; and from early 
 times planted for hedges in Japan, and its flowers used for dyeing vellow — (Jap. c. c. 75) : observed 
 in Japan by Clever ii. 7. f. 21, and Kaempfer, by Thunberg, everywhere. Southward and Westward, 
 was observed by Loureiro in China and Anam ; by Rumphius vii. pi. 14, on Amboyna ; by Mason v. 
 414 to 785, " exotic " in Burmah and called " thung-hsen-pan," cultivated by the natives for ornament 
 and its fragrant flowers ; by Roxburgh, and Graham, in gardens in Hindustan, called '' gundha raja," 
 and "probably introduced from China." By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa 
 (Pers.); to the Hawaiian Islands, verified by myself; and to North America, where it has become a 
 favourite in greenhouses. 
 
 Evodia glauca of Japan. Called there " kiwada," and from early times its bast used in the 
 process of dyeing — -(see Jap. c. c. 31 and 80) : E. glauca is described by Miq. 
 
 Lithosperinum erythrorhizon of Japan as far as Yeso. Called in Japan " murasaki " (Sieb.), 
 and from early times used for dyeing purple — (see Jap. c. c. 80) : known to grow as far as Yeso 
 (Sieb.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 527 
 
 " 135 A. D." (Euseb., Clint, and Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the Jewish war brought to a close ; and all 
 obstacles to the original design of Hadrian removed. Jerusalem was now made the site of an exclu- 
 sive Roman colony, the Jews being prohibited from residing there or in the vicinity. From this edict, 
 the "final dispersion of the Jews" is often dated ; it having exerted a powerful influence on their 
 destiny. 
 
 Until the siege of Jerusalem by Hadrian, its bishops had all been circumcised ; Judas being the 
 "fifteenth." , 
 
 "The same year " (Dio, and Clint), the historian Arrianus governor of Cappadocia. 
 
 Cape Comori in Hindustan named according to Arrianus from a temple dedicated to a goddess 
 
 — (" Kumari, a name of Parvati or Uma, the virgin bride of Siva," H. H. Wils. note to the 
 Mrich. vi.). 
 
 136 A. D. ("in the twentieth year of Hadrian and two thousand one hundred and fifty third ann. 
 Abr.," Euseb.), the first Gentile bishop at Jerusalem, Marcus. 
 
 "The same year" (Franz 126), a Greek inscription relating to Sabina wife of Hadrian, pre- 
 senting the following form of the letter A. 
 
 " In the reign of Hadrianus " (Sm. b. d.), Claudius Aelianus, Italian by birth, teaching rhetoric 
 at Rome. He wrote in the Greek language, especially admired Herodes Atticus, and mentions visit- 
 ing Alexandria in Egypt (anim. xi. 11 and 40). 
 
 The .... of Aelianus — ■ is referred by Cuvier to the yak or mountain bullock of Thibet, Bos 
 grunniens : the Indian " agriavous " furnishing the " toupha " ornament on the banner of military 
 prefects, is mentioned by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 335 ; the yak is also mentioned by Rubruquis 
 (Voyag. Belg.), and Marco Polo 72 ; and Nicolo Conti in Ava heard of "long-haired cattle " in the 
 country beyond " towards Cathay." 
 
 Conferva? rupestris of the European and Mediterranean coasts. The TPIXEC seaweed of 
 Aelianus xiii — (Dod. pempt. iii. 5. 19), may be compared: C. rupestris is termed "c. marina tri- 
 chodes ramosior " by Dillenius muse, xxviii. pi. 5. f. 29; was observed by Sibthorp in the Propontis 
 and among the Greek islands ; and is known to grow in the Atlantic as far as Britain (Dillwyn pi. 
 23, and En^l. bot. pi. 1699). 
 
 137 A. D. (= 143 — "6 years reign " in the Mahavamsa xxxv.), Gayabahoo succeeded by Mahalo- 
 mana, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " 138, before July 20th" (Ptol. can., and Clint.), Hadrian succeeded by Antoninus Pius, fifteenth 
 Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Antoninus Pius occur in the Oasis El-Kargeh, and at 
 Medamot, Dakleh, Philae, Esneh, Medinet-Abu, and Dendera (Glid. analect). His name occurs also 
 in Greek inscriptions in Egypt. 
 
 " 139, Sept. 26th" = "ninth of Athyr" (Ptol. meg. synt., and Clint.), the Autumnal equinox 
 observed at Alexandria by Claudius Ptolemy. 
 
 " 140 A. D." (Euseb., Hieronym., and Clint), Hyginus being bishop in Rome, arrival there of 
 Cerdo preceptor of Marcion, and of Valentinus the Gnostic. Valentinus had known and conversed 
 with one of Paul's disciples. 
 
 "March 22d " = " seventh of Pachon" (Ptol. meg. synt, and Clint.), the Vernal equinox observed 
 at Alexandria by Claudius Ptolemy. 
 
 Deflection or refraction of the rays of light, giving a false position to the stars, mentioned by 
 Claudius Ptolemy opt. v. (The treatise is extant in an Arabic version by Sahl et Thaberi ; see also 
 Roger Bacon spec. math. p. 37, and Steinschneid. ii. 21). —The phenomenon of refraction, is also 
 mentioned by Alhazen. 
 
 The "krupton limSna" on the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf, mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy, 
 
 — is referred by C. Muller (geogr. min. p. lxxii) to the port of Muscat. To the appropriateness of 
 the name " concealed harbour," in approaching from the sea, I can myself bear witness. 
 
 The Z I T T I C promontory of East Africa, described by Claudius Ptolemy i. 17 and iv. 7 as con- 
 spicuous from its forked head and its elevation above a level shore of nearly four hundred miles, — 
 may be compared with mount Kilmungaro, situated some four degrees South of the Equator, and visi- 
 ble from the sea, as witnessed by myself. Cosmas Indicopleustes i. p. 132 on his voyage to the Per- 
 sian Gulf went nearly as far as " Varvarian" (Berbera), "beyond which Ziggion is situated, this name 
 being given to the mouth of the ocean." 
 
 The country South of the Equator, known to Claudius Ptolemy i. 7 to 12, iv. 8 and vii. 5, as 
 ATACYMBA, — may be compared with Kissimbany on the island of Zanzibar. 
 
 "Baithana" on the Godaveri (Ptol. geogr., and Wilford as. res. ix. p. 199), or Paitan, the 
 metropolis of king " Siri-Polemaios " or Sri-Pulimana. 
 
 143 A. D. (= 127 " 24 years reign " of the Mahavamsa xxxvi), Mahalo-mana succeeded by his 
 
 son Bhatia-tissa, now king of Ceylon. 
 
528 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (Clint.), after governing for some years the cities of Asia, the rhetor Herodes 
 Atticus consul at Rome ; Fronto being " consul suffectus " during two months. 
 
 " 144 A. D." (Wathen soc. calcutt. iv. 480, Tod, and Elph. iv. 1), accession of Kanak Sena as king 
 at Ballabi in Guzerat. He came from Oud, and founded a new dynasty. 
 
 Phvllanthus niruri of Tropical Asia. An erect branching small-leaved annual having a Sanscrit 
 name (Pidd.), and called in Malabar " kirganelli " (Rheede) or " kirjaneilie," in Tamil " kilanelly," in 
 Telingarf'neela-ooshireker" (Drur.) or " nella userekee," in Bengalee and Hindustanee " sada-hazur 
 munee " (Lindl.) ; and from early times used as diuretic, and for other medicinal purposes : * — observed 
 by Rheede x. pi. 15 in Malabar; by Graham, "a common weed in gardens and cultivated lands " 
 around Bombay ; by Burmann pi. 93, on Ceylon ; by Ainslie, aud Roxburgh, as far as Bengal ; by 
 Loureiro, in Anam (Steud.) ; and is described by Rumphius vi. pi. 17. Westward, was observed by 
 Grant " by dwellings 2° N." on the Upper Nile ; and is known to occur in Equatorial Africa as far as 
 the Atlantic (Benth. fl. nigr.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj. 
 i. 280) ; to Brazil, regarded there as a specific against diabetes (Mart.) ; to the West Indies, not 
 mentioned by the older writers (A. Dec), but at present occurring as far as the Pacific (Maycock, 
 Schlecht., and Benth. bot. Sulph.) ; to the environs of Marseilles, where it has been found growing 
 spontaneously (Castagne). 
 
 " 145 A. D. = 'young-kia,' 1st year of Hiao-tchoung-ti " or Tchoung-ti, of the Han or Seventh 
 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 146 A. D. = ' pen-tsou,' 1st year of Hiao-tchi-ti " or Tchi-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (inscript, Blair, and Clint.), introduction by Antoninus Pius of the worship of 
 Serapis into Rome ; and on " May 6th," the mysteries celebrated. The great sun-temple at Balbeck 
 in Syria was also built by Antoninus Pius (Lubke and Lutrow). 
 
 In the "sandstone" quarry at Gertassee in Nubia, where stone was cut for the temple on Phils, 
 " about fifty-one " Greek inscriptions, " exvotos " in honour of Isis ; belonging to the reigns of Anto- 
 ninus Pius, — Marcus Aurelius, Severus, and Philippus (Wilk. theb. and eg. 478). 
 
 About this time, " 136 to 150 A. D." (Clint.), the Christian treatise termed "Pastor" written in 
 Rome, by Hermas brother of Pius the bishop. 
 
 " 147 A. D. = 'kien-ho,' 1st year of Hiao-hiouan-ti," or Hiouan-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). " In his reign " (Pauth. 267), beginning of commercial intercourse with for- 
 eigners, through the port of Canton. 
 
 " The same year " (Vict., and Clint.), celebration of the Nine hundredth anniversary of the building 
 of Rome. 
 
 " T50 A. D." (Iren., and Clint.), Pius succeeded by Anicetus, tenth bishop of Rome. 
 
 "The same year" (Tertull., and Clint.), the teaching of Marcion, founder of the Marcionite 
 sect. 
 
 " 152 A. D." (Blair), persecution of Christians stopped by Antoninus Pius. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 3S1, and Nicol.), the earliest ecclesiastical Council on record. Held 
 at Pergamus in Asia Minor, and the opinions of Colarbas condemned. 
 
 * Phyllanthus urinaria of Tropical Hindustan. Distinguished from the last by its sessile flowers 
 and rough capsules, and called in Bengalee and Hindustanee •' hazar munee," in Telinga " yerra usere- 
 kee " (Lindl.); from early times, known as a powerful diuretic: — observed by Rheede x. pi. 16 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, "common in Bombay during the rains ; " by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, in other 
 parts of Hindustan ; and is termed "herba masroris rubra" by Rumphius vi. pi. 17. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 1X3. 
 
 Phyllanthus simplex of Southern Hindustan. Called in Telinga " uchi userekee " (Lindl), and 
 from early times its fresli leaves bruised with buttermilk as a wash to the itch in children : — observed 
 by Retz v. 29 in Tranquebar ; described also by Roxburgh ; and according to Lindley, growing in 
 "dry cultivated ground in the East Indies." 
 
 Oxystelma esculenta of Tropical Hindustan. The most beautiful of the Asclepias tribe, twining, 
 and called in Sanscrit "dooghdka," in Bengalee " doodhee " or "doodh-luta" or "kirui," in Telinga 
 " doodee-palla " (Lindl.) ; and from early times, used in decoction as a gargle in aphthous affections : — 
 known to grow in Malabar and on Ceylon (Pers.) ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, generally on certain 
 " almost leafless shrubs, where it shows " its " elegant blossoms to the best advantage," its own " leaves 
 deciduous in the cold season ; " by W. Jones, and Roxburgh, as far as Bengal ; by Wight, in other 
 parts of Hindustan, but he could not find that the natives eat it. Transported to Europe, is described 
 by Plukenet aim. pi. 359. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 529 
 
 " 156 A. D." (Blair), Attilius Titianus for aspiring to the empire, put to death by the Senate ; the 
 only instance of proscription in the reign of Antoninus Pius. 
 
 '' About this time " (Lucian, and Clint.), in Paphlagonia, an oracle of Aesculapius and Apollo 
 founded by Alexander, a native of the country. 
 
 Arbutus uva-ursi of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain bearberry or bear's bilberry (Prior) : 
 the Pontic medicine APKOY:CTA*yAHC employed by Arrhabianus, — growing according to 
 Galen comp. med. vii. 4 in Pontus, a depressed shrub with leaves like those of " m£maikul6 " and 
 round red fruit, is referred here by writers : A. uva-ursi has not been observed in Greece, but is known 
 to grow throughout Siberia to Kamtchatka. Westward, is known to grow on the Appenines, Alps, 
 and Pyrenees (Savi, and Dec), and from Britain and Ireland throughout Northern Europe as far as 
 Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 33, fl. Lapp. pi. 6, Pers , and Hook.). Farther West, is known to' 
 grow from Arctic America throughout New England to Lat. 40 along the Atlantic (Pursh, and Con- 
 rad), on the Saskatchewan in Lat. 54° (Drumm.), the Rocky mountains (James), and Unalascha in the 
 Pacific (Cham.). The leaves "in the form of decoction and powder," according to Pereira, and 
 Lindley, are "used in nephritic" complaints. 
 
 " 161, March 7th" (Dio, and Clint), Antoninus Pius succeeded by Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, 
 sixteenth Roman emperor. Who at once associated Lucius Verus in the government. Separate 
 hieroglyphic ovals of the associate emperors, occur at Philee — (Glid. analect.). 
 
 "The same year" (coins, and Clint.), in Rome, dedication of the column of Antoninus Pius. — 
 This column continues almost uninjured to the present day. 
 
 " 162 A. D." (Capitolin., and Clint.), the Roman territories in Asia invaded by the Parthians 
 under Vologesus, and Verus sent against him. — The war continued four years. 
 
 "The same year" (Iren., and Clint, iv. p. 177), Anicetus succeeded by Soter, eleventh bishop of 
 Rome. 
 
 " 165 A. D." (Amm. Marc, Hieronym., and Clint ) at the Olympic Games, self-immolation by 
 burning of the philosopher Pe.regrinus. The satirist Lucian being among the spectators. 
 
 " 166 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), persecution of Christians ; and Polycarp, who had seen 
 John and others of the apostles, put to death. 
 
 Celtis Tourneforlii of Asia Minor. A tree, said to have been raised from the staff of Polycarp, 
 — and planted before his tomb at Smyrna, appeared to Tournefort trav. iii. 292 to 380 the same 
 seen by himself farther East on the route to Tocat, little larger than a plum, and having yel- 
 low styptic drupes. C. Tournefortii, transferred to the gardens of Europe, is described by Miller 
 (Pers.). 
 
 " 167 A. D." (Galen xix. p. 15, Euseb., and Clint.), pestilence at Rome ; said to have originated 
 in Babylonia, and to have accompanied Verus and his companions throughout their return home. 
 
 Trees in Hyrcania whose leaves are sprinkled with honey, which unless collected at sunrise dis- 
 appears, are mentioned by Quintus Curtius, — obviously honey-dew : Galen also speaks of a substance 
 like dew, foreign to but occasionally found on the leaves of plants (Ruel iii. 21). 
 
 One hundred and thirty-fourth generation. Sept. 1st, 167, onward mostly beyond youth : Phry- 
 nichus of Arabia (compare Hippocratic sentences) : the Greek poet Oppianus of Cilicia ; the phil- 
 osophers, Alexander of Damascus, and Atticus ; the geographer Dionysius Periegetes ; the historians, 
 Amyntianus, Chryseros, and Pausanias ; the rhetors, Proclus of Naucratis, Demostratus, Theodotus, 
 Alexander of Cilicia, Hermogenes, Chrestus, Athenodorus, Heracleides, Ptolemaeus of Naucratis, 
 Apollonius of Athens, and Onomarchus ; the Christian Greek writers, Athenagoras, Apollinaris of 
 Hierapolis, Meliton of Sardis, Musanus, Modestus, Miltiades, Heraclitus, Candidus, Dionysius of 
 Corinth, and Pinytus of Crete. 
 
 In this year (= 185 — " 18 years reign" in the Mahavamsa xxxvi.), Bhatia-tissa succeeded by 
 his brother Mula-tissa, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " 168 A. D. = 'kan-ning,' 1st year of Hiao-ling-ti " or Ling-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). He caused the five "king" or canonical books to be engraved on marble. 
 Which transcript remained at the entrance to the Academy building " seven hundred years " (Pauth. 
 
 p. 267). 
 
 " 169, December" (Capitolin., Clint., and Sm. biog. diet.), death of the associate emperor Verus. 
 Galen, who had just joined the two emperors at Aquileia, accompanied M. Aurelius to Rome, and 
 was appointed physician to Commodus now "nine " years old. 
 
 Drosera rotundifolia of Northern climates. With other species called in Britain sundew, by 
 Lyte "sonnedewe," in Germany " sindau " (Prior), and the "epatica" growing according to Galen 
 " in moist stony places and dew or a drop of water falling upon it " — (Serapion, and Ort. san. 159), 
 mentioned also by Platearius, may be compared: D. rotundifolia is known to grow from the Alps 
 and Pyrenees throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 
 1028, Pers., Brot., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, species of Drosera have not been observed in 
 
 67 
 
530- CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Greece nor on Caucasus (Bieb., C. A. Mey., Ledeb., and A. Dec), but D. rotundifolia is known 
 to grow on Lebanon (Schlecht ), on the Altaian mountains and throughout Siberia (Gmel., and 
 Ledeb.). Farther East, is known to grow on Unalascha and at Norfolk Sound on the Pacific coast 
 of America (Cham., and Mert.), also on the Rocky mountains in Lat. 54° (Drumm.) and from the 
 Arctic Circle to Newfoundland (Hook.), Kentucky (Short), and throughout our Atlantic States to 
 Lat. 31 in Florida (Baldw., and Chapm). 
 
 Thlaspi saxatile of the East Mediterranean countries. The -e-AACTThKPHTIKON of Galen 
 
 — is identified by Caesalpinus viii. 77 with a species growing in scraggy places on mount St Julian, 
 and having " subrubentes " flowers : T. saxatile is termed " t. parvum saxatile flore rubente " by 
 Tournefort inst. 212 ; was observed by Siblhorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus and on mount 
 Hymettus ; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 236, and Pers.). 
 
 Ligusticum levisticam of the Appenines. Called in Britain lovage, by Galfridus pr. pm. "love- 
 ache," in Germany ''liebstockel," in France " levesche " (Prior), in Italy "ligustico" or "levistico" 
 (Lenz), in which we recognize theAlBYCTIKON of Galen top. vii. 6, — "levisticum " of the capi- 
 tularia of Charlemagne, and "lybisiicum " hurtful to the eyes according to Walafridus Strabus: L. 
 levisticum is described by Brunfels, Tragus, and Morison ix. pi. 3 ; is known to grow on the Appen- 
 ines (Pers., and Lenz), and is well known in gardens throughout Europe. Eastward, seems known 
 in Greece, being translated "ligustikon" in Koromelas lex. . farther South, the " kaschim rumi " of 
 Tiaduk, Ebn Masawia, Eljuz, I. E. Amran, Ebn Masah, and Rhazes, identified by Ebn Baitar with 
 the "ligustikon," is referred here by Sontheimer ; and L. levisticum was observed by Pococke in 
 Palestine. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under 
 cultivation in gardens. (See L. nodiflorum). 
 
 Caitaurca (Rhuponticum) rhapont.ca of Switzerland. The P HOY of Galen fac. simpl. viii. 106, 
 
 — is referred here by Dodoens p. 389: C. rhapontica is described by Manardus v. 5, Lobel pi. 288, 
 Pona p. 65, and Bellardi ; and is known to grow on the Alps (Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Ceiitaurc.i armoracifolia of the Mediterranean countries. The KPOKOAelAlAAOC:THC: 
 MeriCTHC growing near water, and its root presc'ribed by Galen comp. med. ii. 2 against head- 
 ache, — may be compared : C. armoracifolia was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the moun- 
 tains of the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by Clusius hist. ii. pi. 11 ; is termed "centaurium. 
 majus folio non dissecto " by Tournefort inst. 449 ; and " C. Tagana " found by Brotero pi. 3 in 
 Portugal (i'ers.) is regarded by Bory as not distinct. 
 
 Slachys palustris of Northern climates. Termed by Gerarde p. S52 clonviCs allheal or clown's 
 woundwort from being successfully employed by a rustic to heal a wound (Prior) : the C T A X Y C : 
 C KY-S-I KOY of Galen ther. 19 — may be compared : S. palustris was observed by Sibthorp in moist 
 shady places around Smyrna and Constantinople ; is known to grow also around Caucasus and in 
 Northern China (Bieb., and Benth.). Westward, is termed "galeopsis palustris betonicse folio flore 
 variegato " by Tournefort inst. 1S5 ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe 
 as far as Petersburg and Sweden (Fries, and Benth.), occurring sometimes in cultivated ground 
 (Pers.). Farther West, was observed by Drummond throughout Canada, and by Douglas alone 
 the Columbia river. "S. aspera" regarded by A. Gray as identical, was observed by Reeves at 
 Tokeen in China (Benth.), by Pitcher in Arkansas, and is known to grow from Canada to the Yadkin 
 river and South Carolina (Frazer, Schweinitz, Muhl , Benth., and myself). 
 
 Solatium coagulans of Nubia and Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen "beikaman" (Forsk.), at 
 Syene " kaderanbes " (Del.) ; and the Ay KOTT6PCION fruit received from Egypt by Galen fac. 
 simpl. iv, — may be compared: S. coagulans was observed by Delile on the border of cultivated 
 ground at Elephantine and Syene, its fruit nearly an inch and a half in diameter ; by Forskal. p. 47, 
 frequent in Yemen, and its seeds with the adhering pulp used to coagulate milk. 
 
 " 171 A. D." (Iren., and Clint, iv. p. 177;, Soter succeeded by Eleutherus, "twelfth" bishop of 
 Rome. 
 
 "In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Zigen and Rema suc- 
 ceeded by Za-Gafale, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " one " year. 
 
 " In this year (or 173 " of Euseb., and Syncell., and in the reign of " Marcus Antoninus," Suid.), 
 Oppianus of Cilicia writing. He mentions Antoninus and his son (Commodus). 
 
 Solarium dulcamara of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bitter-sweet 
 in medieval Latin "amara-dulcis," in Germany " je lenger je lieber " (Prior) or "bittersuss" (Grieb) : 
 the AeA*INIOY plant used according to Oppianus for stupifying fish — (geopon. xx. 2), "a»rio- 
 meltzana" of Scarlatus, may be compared: S dulcamara was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard and 
 Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands and along roadsides near Smyrna; by 
 Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; and by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. Westward, is figured 
 in manuscript v of the Anglo-Saxon herb. Apul. 76 (Harl , and Cockayne), and under the name of 
 "cardamomum " in Ortus Sanitatis pi. 92 ; is described by Tragus.pl. . . , Turner iii. 2, Matthioli and 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 531 
 
 Lobel adv. p. 102 ; is termed "3. scandens seu dulcamara" by Tournefort inst. 149 ; and is known to 
 grow in moist situations in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (fi. Dan. pi. 365, 
 Pers., and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America (later perhaps than 
 1670, for it is not mentioned by Josselyn), has become completely naturalized, occurring not only 
 along roadsides but in wild marshy situations, and as far inland as Kentucky where it was observed 
 by Short. The root and young branches according to Smith, and Lindley, "have been recommended 
 in scrophulous or glandular obstructions." 
 
 " 172 A. D." (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Gafale succeeded by Za- 
 Bsesiserk, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned "four" years. 
 
 "173 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), the "pseudo-prophecy termed Cataphrygas " originated by 
 Montanus, Priscilla, and Maximilla, the beginning of the Montanist sect. Also about this time, the 
 Encratite sect founded by Tatianus ; another heretical sect, by Bardesanes the Syrian ; and splendid 
 buildings erected in 'Greece by Herodes Atticus. 
 
 174 A. D. == " 14th year of Aurelius Antoninus," in an inscription at Shekh Abadeh in Egypt 
 (Glid. analect.). 
 
 " The same year " (Clint.), in Germany, during the battle of the Romans with the Ouadi, 
 remarkable rain, regarded as miraculous (mentioned by Dio, Capitolinus, Claudian, Themistius, and 
 by the Christian writers Apollinaris of Hierapolis, Tertullian, Eusebius, Orosius, Gregorius of Nyssa, 
 and Xiphilinus). 
 
 This defeat of the Quadi seems the latest historical event mentioned by Pausanias (Sm. biogr. 
 diet.). 
 
 The Celtic name for horse is given by Pausanias asMAPKAN: — hence the Welsh or British 
 " march," Danish " mar," Low German " mare," Anglo-Saxon " myre " or " mere " or " maere," and 
 current English mare (Prior). 
 
 Ranunculus aquatilis of Northern climates. Called in Britain water crowfoot (Prior), and the 
 BATPAXIA:TA:€N:TAIC:AlMNAIC of Pausanias ix. 21. 1, — may be compared : R. aqua- 
 tilis was observed in Greece by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas : and farther South, is known to 
 grow in Abyssinia (Rich.). Westward, occurs in relics in the debris of lake-villages in Switzerland 
 (Heer) ; is termed " r. aquaticus folio rotundo et capillaceo " by Tournefort inst. 291 ; and is known 
 to grow in Sicily, Sardinia, Algeria, the Canary Islands (Guss., Moris, Desf., Munby, and Webb), 
 and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and A. Dec), 
 Eastward from Greece, is known to grow about Caucasus and throughout Siberia (Bieb., and GmeL), 
 also on Unalaschka (Chem.), in Oregon and California (Torr. and Gr., and Beechey voy.), from near 
 the Arctic Sea throughout Canada to Lat. 38 on the Mississippi and along the Athntic (Hook., Beck, 
 and Conr.), and farther South among the Alleghanies (Chapm.). 
 
 " 175 A. D." (Dio, a-nd Clint.), in Syria, revolt of Avidius Cassius ; who, after "three months 
 and six days," was put to death. Aurelius Antoninus and his son Commodus now proceeded to 
 Egypt, as far at least as Alexandria ; — and in the following spring, to Antioch and Smyrna. 
 
 The Peschito Syriac translation of the New Testament in the "second century," does not con- 
 tain the " Second Epistle of Peter, the Second and Third of John, that of Jude," nor "the Apoca- 
 lypse. Nor are these books received to this day by either Jacobite or Nestorian Christians." — John 
 the Elder (according to Eusebius Pamphilus eccles. hist.) had a separate monument at Ephesus from 
 John the Evangelist. — The Vatican and Medicean manuscripts of the above translation were "writ- 
 ten in the years 548 and 5S6 ; " the beautiful one in the Estrangelo character, now in the British 
 museum, was finished in 768 at the monastery of Bethkoki (W. Wright in Kitt. bibl. cycl.). 
 
 "176 A. D." (Clint.), the " Onomastikon" Greek lexicon of Julius Pollux published and dedi- 
 cated to the youthful Commodus. 
 
 "In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Baesiserk succeeded by 
 Za-Elasguaga, now king of Abyssinia. —He reigned "seventy-six" years. 
 
 " 177 A. D." (Sulpic. Sev., and Clint.), "beyond the Alps," Christians for the first time perse- 
 cuted, and Pothinus bishop of Lugdunum (Lyons) and a disciple of Polycarp, put to death. He 
 was succeded by Irenaeus, a disciple of Papias. At this time, there was also a church not far from 
 Lugdunum at "Vienne" (epist. eccl. Lugd. et Vienn., in Euseb.). 
 
 " 178 A. D." (Beda, and Clint.), Eleutherus in Rome having received the application of Lucius 
 kino- of South Britain to be made a Christian, missionaries sent there. The fact has been ascer- 
 tained, that the missionaries taught in Britain the Oriental or original mode of observing Easter. 
 
 " In this year (= 1st of the kouang-ho," hist. Sian-pi, and San-kokf transl. Klapr.), Thsieou- 
 thsiuan (in the Chinese province of Kan-sou) invaded by the Ainos under their first king Than-chy- 
 houai, following in winter the river Thsin-choui. 
 
 " 180, March" (Dio, and Clint.), Marcus Aurelius Antoninus succeeded by his son Commodus, 
 seventeenth Roman emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Commodus occur at Phils, Esneh, and on 
 a small temple at Contra- Latopolis. 
 
532 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 181 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), at Alexandria, the temple of Serapis injured by fire. 
 
 " 183 A. D. About this time " (Niceph., and Clint, iv. p. 181), Theophilus succeeded by Maxi- 
 mus or Maximinus, " seventh " bishop of Antioch. 
 
 " 1S4 A. D. = 1st year of the ' tchoung-ping ' of Ling-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of 
 the Forty-eighth cycle. 
 
 " The same year" (Dio, and Clint.), in Britain, an outbreak of the tribes beyond the Wall sup- 
 pressed by the Romms under Ulpius Marcellus. 
 
 " 185 A. D." (Clint, iv. p. 177), death of Eleutherus, unlike all his predecessors, not through 
 violence (Alst.) . He was succeeded by Victor of North Africa, " thirteenth " bishop of Rome. 
 
 " In this year" (append, agni-purana, and Wilf. as. res. ix. i83, = 326 B. G — "140— 130 — 
 
 120 120":= 56 B.C. — "120 — 120 yrs" of Masudi), accession at Ujayin of Aditya or Sudraka of 
 
 the Pomara tribe.*— After a long reign, Sudraka immolated himself by burning, leaving his kingdom 
 to his son (prol. Mrichchh. transl. Wils.). Sudraka is mentioned also by Kalidasa sakont. 
 
 In this year (= 187 — " 2 years reign " of the Mahavamsa xxxvi.), Mula-tissa succeeded by his 
 son Rohunna, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " 186 A. D." (Lamprid., and Clint.), by Commodus, a fleet prepared to bring corn from Mauri- 
 tania, should the supply from Egypt fail. 
 
 " 187 A. D." (Lamprid., Chron. Pasch., and Clint, iv. p. 182), at Rome, the "baths of Commodus " 
 built by Cleander. 
 
 In this year (= 18S — " 1 year reign " of the Mahavamsa xxxvi.), Rohunna succeeded by his 
 brother Cudananga, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " 188 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint.), at Rome, the Library contained in the capital burned by 
 lightning. 
 
 In this year (=210 — "21 years reign" of the Mahavamsa xxxvi.), Cudananga succeeded by 
 Sirinaga, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " 189 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint ), at Rome, the head of the colossus removed by Commodus, 
 and one in his own likeness substituted. Victor at this time bishop. 
 
 " 190 A. D.= ' tsou-ping,' 1st year of Hiao-hien-ti " or Hien-ti, of the Han or Seventh dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). During the ensuing civil wars, he was sustained by the Chinese general 
 Thsao-thsao. 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., and Clint.), Maximus succeeded by Serapion, " eighth " bishop of 
 Antioch. Julianus succeeded by Demetrius, "eleventh" bishop of Alexandria. On application 
 through legates to Demetrius, the stoic philosopher Pantaenus sent as a missionary into India. 
 Pantaenus had conversed with persons who had seen the apostles. 
 
 " 191 A. D." (Galen, Dio, Euseb., and Clint.), at Rome, the temple of the Vestals, regarded as 
 the finest building in the city, destroyed by fire ; together with the Libraries in the palace, the store- 
 houses of the Egyptians and Arabians, and many private dwellings. 
 
 About this time (Steinschneid. i. 4), death of Rabbi Jehuda, the redactor or compiler of the 
 Mishna ; a body of collective Hebrew literature. — The work was retouched by his pupils, one of 
 whom, Abba Aricha distinguished by the name of Rab, at the end of thirty-five years transplanted to 
 Babylon the " last amended recension." The " External Mishna," a separate collection, was com- 
 piled "about a generation later" by R. Oschaja. 
 
 Indigofe7-a argentea of Tropical Arabia and Abyssinia. Called in Yemen and Egypt " nile " or 
 "nyleh" (Forsk., and Del.); and clearly the species of indigo cultivated "under the Roman domin- 
 ion " by the Jews, as appears from the .Mishna, — and in instances on record as far North as Malta 
 (Niederstedt, Reynier 439, and A. Dec); its cultivation in Egypt not antedating the middle ages 
 (Reyn. 354), but mentioned by Abd-allatif, and Abulfeda : I. argentea was observed by Forskal, and 
 Delile, in gardens at Cairo ; by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen, and everywhere wild ; is known 
 to grow wild also in Abyssinia (Rich.). 
 
 Mexico inhabited as early as this date; and the art of making indigo carried there, possibly by 
 newly-arrived colonists. f — This art is among those attributed to the Toltecs (Humb. atl. pict). 
 
 * Agaricus sp. of Hindustan. Called in Hindustan "bhauma" or " ch'hatraca," in Sanscrit 
 " caraca; " and W. Jones further states, That mushrooms were held in detestation by the ancient 
 Hindus, the legislator Yama declaring the eating them, "whether springing from the ground or grow- 
 ing on a tree, fully equal in guilt to the slayers of Brahmens." — The above Agaricus and a species 
 of Phallus, the only fungi seen by W. Jones as. res. iv. p. 31 1 in Hindustan. 
 
 f hidigojcra, three species of Tropical America. In the absence of the accustomed Asiatic 
 species, plants equally suitable for making indigo were discovered in the new country. It is true the 
 Asiatic process differs from the Mexican — described by Hernandez 108, and the plant figured by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 533 
 
 " 192 A. D." ( . . . . Clint.), exhibition in Rome of the marvels of different countries, including 
 animals previously unknown from India, Ethiopia, the South, and the extreme North, witnessed by 
 the historian Herodian. The rhetor Adrianus of Tyre appointed in this year secretary to Com- 
 modus. 
 
 Cucumis utilissimus of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The winter melon is called in the 
 Taleef Shereef "kukrie," in Hindustanee "kukree" or "kakrie" (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga " doskai," 
 in Bengalee "kankoor kurktee " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " kunkarai " or "kakri" (Gra- 
 ham), by Muslims "kissa" and regarded by Royle as possibly the " kshaym " of Num. xi. 5 (Kitt. 
 bibl. cycl): the T6T PA TKOYP A of Herodian epim. 124, —or " tStraggouron " of Suidas, Constan- 
 tinus Porphyrogenitus, Moscopulus, and the Greek translation of Rhazes, may be compared : the 
 " tStraggoura " or " laggoura " is described by Symeon Sethus as a large edible kind (Turn.) ; the 
 " cucumis turcicus " is described by Fuchsius pi. 698 ; the " himoniko " was seen by Forskal " in gar- 
 dens at Constantinople ; " and fruit of the winter melon, by myself on Malta, regarded there as a 
 variety only of C. melo. Eastward, the " ervaru " of Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 18 is referred by Hessler 
 to C. utilissimus, observed by Graham extensively cultivated in the environs of Bombay ; by Rox- 
 burgh, and Wight, under cultivation as far as Bengal and by far the most useful species, its fruit 
 having "much the flavour of the melon, and will keep for several months," the seeds are ground into 
 a meal eaten by the natives, yield besides a bland oil used in food and in lamps, and in the Guntoor 
 Circar form a considerable branch of commerce (Drur.) ; was observed by Mason indigenous in Bur- 
 mah, and one of the cucumbers "consumed in immense quantities " by the natives. 
 
 "Dec. 31st" (Dio, and Clint.), Commodus succeeded by Pertinax, eighteenth Roman emperor. 
 The name of Pertinax occurs on coins issued in Egypt during his three months' reign. 
 
 " 193. March 28th " (Dio, and Clint.), Didius Julianus by purchase, now nineteenth Roman 
 emperor. His name has not been found in Egypt. 
 
 The historian Dion Cassius one of the Roman senators who voted the death of Didius Julianus. 
 
 "June 1st" (Dio, Herodian, and Clint), accession of Septimius Severus, twentieth Roman 
 emperor. His hieroglyphic ovals occur at Esneh (Glid. analect). 
 
 " 194 A. D." (Dio, and Clint.), civil war ; Byzantium besieged by Severus ; Aemilianus defeated 
 and slain ; and shortly afterwards, Pescennius Niger himself defeated at Issus, and put to death at 
 Antioch. The hieroglyphic ovals, once supposed to be those of Pescennius Niger, are referred by 
 Lepsius k. pi. 67 to an "undetermined Caesar." 
 
 The archaeologist Athenaeus at this time writing. Also Clemens of Alexandria, a Christian 
 presbyter (Clint.). 
 
 Clemens of Alexandria mentions a pyramid in India erected over relics of a god (Budha), and 
 worshipped by " semnoi " venerable persons — (arhats according to Burnouf introd. 295. Compare 
 "samanaioi "). 
 
 " 195, summer" (Dio, Eutrop., and Clint.), crossing the Euphrates, Severus carried on war and 
 partially subdued the Parthians and Arabs. 
 
 "196, A. D." (Dio, and Clint.), after three years siege, Byzantium captured: and Severus, at 
 the time in Mesopotamia, returned to Rome. 
 
 " 197, Feb. 19th" (Spartian., and Clint.), another aspirant Clodius Albinus defeated and slain 
 near Lugdunum (Lyons), and the civil war brought to a close. Soon afterwards, Severus again pro- 
 ceeded into Asia. 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., "Hieronym., and Clint.), the question in regard to Easter. And the 
 churches of Asia, persisting in celebrating the day after the Jewish Passover, " as taught by the 
 apostles and their immediate successors," put out of communion by Victor bishop of Rome. To this 
 measure, the other churches refused their assent; as appears by letters from Narcissus "thirtieth" 
 bishop of Jerusalem, Polycrates bishop of Ephesus, Irenaeus bishop of Lugdunum, Bacchylus bishop 
 of Corinth, Palmas bishop of Pontus, Theophilus bishop of Caesarea, Cassius bishop of Tyre, and 
 Clarus bishop of Ptolemais : — the original mode of observing Easter continued among the so-called 
 " Quartadecimans " until the meeting of the Council of Nice. 
 
 This interference by Victor is regarded as the beginning of Catholicism, of deciding theological 
 
 him is not an Indigofera (A. Dec). Indigo is one of the pigments employed in ancient Mexican 
 paintings (Humb. nouv. Esp. iv. 10) ; is enumerated by F. Columbus among the productions of Aiti 
 or Hayti (Humb.) ; was found by J. Acosta 175 largely exported from Mexico; and farther South, 
 among specimens of ancient Peruvian cloth exhumed at Pachacamac, I remarked some that appeared 
 to be dyed with indigo. Indigofera sp., found by Sloane ii. pi. 176 growing spontaneously in the 
 West Indies, is regarded as an ancient plant by Hughes 203, and Maycock 304 ; and two or even 
 three apparently indigenous species are according to A. Decandolle cultivated in America. 
 
534 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 questions by authority. A further innovation by Victor, was the first issuing of Christian writings 
 in the Latin language (according to Hieronymus). 
 
 "198 A. D." (Spartian., and Clint.), arrival at Ctesiphon of Severus, warring against the 
 Parthians. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-fifth generation. Jan. 1st, 201, onward mostly beyond youth : the Greek 
 poets, Oppianus of Apamea, and Peisander of Laranda; the philosopher Ammonius Saccas ; the 
 biographer Diogenes Laertius (Blair) ; the rhetors, Hippodromus, Antipater of Hierapolis, Hermo- 
 crates, Philiscus, Heliodorus, Antiochus of Aegae, Aspasius of Ravenna, Apsines of Gadara, and 
 Damianus of Ephesus ; the commentator Alexander of Aphrodisias ; the Christian Greek writers, 
 Apion, Sextus, Arabianus, Rhodon, Judas, Musianus, Caius, and Carpocrates the Gnostic (Alst. 
 
 P- 379)- 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., and Clint.), Victor succeeded by Zephyrinus, "fourteenth" bishop 
 
 of Rome ; and (according to Alsted) a Montanist. 
 
 "The same year" (Cassiodor., and Clint.), at Rome, building of the "baths of Severus and the 
 Septizonium." 
 
 " 202 A. D." (Spartian., and Clint.), from Syria by the way of Palestine, Severus and his son 
 Caracalla arriving in Egypt. Proceeding up the Nile, they "carefully inspected the Pyramids, 
 Memphis, the Labyrinth, and Memnon," maintaining throughout the worship of Serapis and pro- 
 hibiting conversions to Judaism and Christianity ; and before the close of the year, returned to 
 Rome. 
 
 The Vocal Memnon, as already stated (see Strabo's visit), was repaired by order of Severus ; 
 and ceased uttering sounds. 
 
 From about this reign also (according to Letronne, Leps. eg. and sin. p. 443), the porphyry 
 quarries at Gebel Dochan . . appear to have been neglected. — This porphyry is further described 
 by Lepsius p. 370 as "bluish-red." 
 
 " Not before the Third century" (according to Zoega), Greek letters employed in writing the 
 Egyptian language: additional ones being invented for the additional sounds. — The inscriptions 
 and manuscripts in this so-called " Coptic alphabet," have with a single exception proved to be Chris- 
 tian ; and few are older than the "Seventh" century (Champ.-Fig. p. 228) : the series continuing 
 thence downward to the extinction of the Literature and Language in the " Sixteenth." 
 
 Hyoscyamus muticus of the Egyptian and Arabian Desert. Called in Egypt " datora : ' or 
 " tatourah " or " sem el-far" or " sekaran " inebriating, and possibly the seed N A # P I of the Coptic 
 translation of Matthew xiii. 31 : — H. muticus was observed by Forskal p. 45, and Delile, growing 
 in the Desert from Cairo to Upper Egypt, the powder maliciously thrown rendering persons insane 
 for several days : is known to grow also in the Arabian Desert (Linn. mant. 45, Lam., and Persoon. 
 See Datura metel). 
 
 "203 A. D." (Clint.), Serapion succeeded by Asclepiades, "ninth" bishop of Antioch. 
 "The same year" (inscript., and Clint.), the "arch of Severus," commemorating his victories, 
 erected in Rome. The latest Phoenician inscription known, is on this arch (Gesen.). 
 
 " 204 A. D." (Censorin., and Clint.), at Rome, the games of Severus. Witnessed by the histo- 
 rian Herodian. 
 
 "207 A. D." (Clint.), the Treatise "adv. Marcion" by Tertullianus of Carthage, "the first after 
 Victor of Latin" Christian writers (Hieronym. catal. 53). Apollonius, however, hardly more recent 
 than Tertullian. 
 
 Greek inscriptions in the reign of Severus (Franz 107 to 13S), presenting the following forms 
 of the letters, E, 9, U. Also in this reign (Franz 137 to 152), the earliest Greek inscriptions with the 
 words spaced ; intervening dots being omitted. 
 
 " 20S A. D." (Dio, and Clint.), war in Britain, and arrival there of Severus. 
 "209 A. D." (Dio, and Clint.), invasion of Caledonia (Scotland) by Severus. 
 
 "210 A. D." (coins, Spartian., Vict., Oros., and Clint.), North of Hadrian's Wall, another wall 
 across Britain built by Severus. — Traces are extant, extending from " the Frith of Forth '' West- 
 ward (Blair). 
 
 In this year (= B. C. 543 — "752 y. 4 m. 10 d. of the Mahavamsa xxxvi.), Sirinaga succeeded 
 by his son Tissa, called Vyewahara-tissa and now king of Ceylon. — He burned the heretical books 
 of Vytullya, a Leathin brahmin. 
 
 "211, Feb. 4th" (Dio, and Clint.), death of Severus in Britain, at Eboracum (York). He was 
 succeeded by his son Caracalla, twenty-first Roman emperor. The separate hieroglyphic ovals of 
 Caracalla and his brother Geta, occur at Esneh. The name also of Caracalla, occurs in a Greek 
 inscription in the quarries at Philas. 
 
 "In or about this year" (vit. Opp. and Sm. b. d., see also Sozom.), the Cynegetica brought by 
 Oppianus to Rome and dedicated to Caracalla. In this poem, Oppianus i. 490 speaks of the inhabi- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 535 
 
 tants of Britain as painting their bodies, and possessing a peculiar breed of dogs "agasseos." He 
 had also seen a living giraffe, as appears from the details of his description. 
 
 "212, February" (Dio, and Clint), Geta put to death by his brother Caracalla. Also many 
 others, including the jurist Papinianus who had been prefect of Britain, and Serenus Sammonicus 
 (Sm. biog. diet). 
 
 "The same year" = "40th after the rise of the Montanists" (Euseb., and Clint.), Apollonius 
 writing against Montanus and his Sect. 
 
 "214 A. D." (Spartian., and Clint.), from Gaul, invasion of the Alamanni by Caracalla; who next 
 proceeded to Dacia, and Thrace, and wintered in Nicomedia. 
 
 " The same year " (Euseb., and Clint.) Narcissus succeeded by the bishop of Cappadocia Alex- 
 ander, now thirty-first bishop of Jerusalem. 
 
 Jasminum officinale of the mountains of Yemen. Called in Britain jasmine (Cowper) or jessamine 
 or jessamy or jesse, in Spain and France " jasmin," in Italy "gesmino," in Armenia "jasamun," in 
 Persia "jasemin" (Prior), in Yemen " sass " or "kcejan," in Egypt " kajan " or "jasmin" (Forsk.), in 
 which we recognize the Egyptian or Coptic A CM I — (referred here by Kircher p. 179), and the 
 "iasme " of the Persians, according to Aetius i. a fragrant ointment made of flowers : the "yasmin " 
 is mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, I. ben Masah, Rhazes, Mosih ben Elhakam, S. E. Hasan, and Ebn 
 Baitar : J. officinale was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; and by Forskal, 
 wild among the mountains of Yemen. Farther North, was observed by Forskal much cultivated at 
 Constantinople for its flowers and the ointment prepared from them ; is described by Blackwell pi. 13 ; 
 is well known in the gardens of Western Europe as far as Britain, and escaping from cultivation has 
 been sometimes found growing spontaneously (Pers., and A. Dec). Eastward from Arabia, is called 
 in Hindustanee "yasmin," in Bengalee "mallika" or " beli pushpa"(D'roz ) ; and was observed by 
 Graham "in gardens" at'Bombay. 
 
 Jasminum grandifloritm, regarded by Graham as perhaps not distinct, and in the environs of 
 Bombay called " chumbelly " and " jatee jai : " the fragrant " djatika " or " djatya " is mentioned in the 
 Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 218 to 415), and the "jati " or "sumana" or "sukumara" of Susrutas 
 i. 25 to iv. 20, is referred here by Hessler : J. grandiflorum was observed in Hindustan by Rheede vi. 
 pi. 52, and Roxburgh ; by Graham, "in gardens everywhere," its flowers "peculiarly sweet-scented," 
 and distinguished by residents as the Catalouian or Spanish jasmine. Farther East, is enumerated 
 by Mason as "exotic " in Burmah and called "myat-las." Westward, was observed by Delile in the 
 gardens of Egypt; is described by Miller diet. 4, and Aiton kew. i. p. 10. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Tropical America, where it was observed in Surinam by Merian pi. 46 (Pers.). 
 
 "215 A. D." (coins,*Dio, and Clint.), leaving Nicomedia, Caracalla proceeded to Antioch, and 
 for the second time to Alexandria in Egypt. At Rome, building of the "baths of Caracalla." 
 
 As early possibly as this date, cutting through the air-tube of the throat, tracheotomy, in extreme 
 cases of difficult respiration practised by Asclepiades : — directions for even a timid operator, are 
 given by Antyllus (Paul. Aegin. vi. 33, and Cockayne). 
 
 "217, April 8th" (Dio, and Clint.), Caracalla slain near Edessa. And "on the fourth day" after- 
 wards, accession of Macrinus, twenty-second Roman emperor. The name of Macrinus occurs on 
 coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 " The same year" (Dio, and Clint.), invasion of Mesopotamia by the Parthians under Artabanus, 
 and peace purchased by Macrinus. Who concealed some of the facts from the Senate. 
 
 " In the third century and under the Han" (Humb. cosm. ii), the Chinese writer Hiu-chin com- 
 posing his dictionary. 
 
 "218, June 8th" (Dio, and Clint.), Macrinus succeeded by Elagabalus, twenty-third Roman 
 emperor. The name of Elagabalus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 Ranunculus muricatus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " sphourthSkokula " 
 (Sibth.) or " sphourthakla " (Fraas) ; and the A I MN H C T HN or AlMNHCION enumerated by 
 Anthyllus among acrid plants mixed in acrid liniments — (Oribas. vi. 6 and x. 13) may be compared.: 
 R. muricatus is described by Alpinus exot. pi. 262 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 
 frequent about gardens and in moist and watery places from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece. 
 Westward, is termed " r. palustris echinatus " by Tournefort inst. 286 ; was observed by Desfontaines 
 in Barbary ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). By European col- 
 onists, was carried to Madeira (herb. A. N. S.) ; to Northeast America, where it continues in culti- 
 vated ground from Virginia to Charleston (Mx., Pursh, and Ell.) and New Orleans (H. Little, and 
 Drumm.) ; also to Buenos Ayres, Tucuman, and Valparaiso (Dec, and Hook.). 
 
 "219 A. D." (Lamprid., and Clint.), arrival of Elagabalus from Nicomedia; and a temple with 
 an imao-e erected by him in Rome, where he wished to be worshipped as the principal deity. 
 
 " 220 A. D. = epoch of the San-koue," or of the Three kingdoms, Han of Chou, Wei, and Ou, 
 having its seat of government at Khian-khang : — the city afterwards called Nan-king (Pauth ). 
 
536 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "221 A. D. — ' tchang-wou,' ist year of Tchao-lie-ti, of the Heou han " or Eighth dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Clint.), end of the chronicle of Julius Africanus. Through whose care and 
 intercession — (Euseb.) Emmaus in the following year was rebuilt under the new name of Nicopolis. 
 
 " 222, March nth " (Dio, and Clint.), Elagahalus succeeded by Alexander Severus, twenty-fourth 
 Roman emperor. The name of Alexander Severus occurs in a Greek inscription at Antinoe in 
 
 E S>' pt - , , - . 
 
 "The same. year" (Euseb., and Clint.), end of the chronicle of Hippolytus : and beginning of 
 
 "his Paschal Cycle of sixteen years." 
 
 At this time (Blair), annual tribute received by the Goths, not to invade the Roman Empire. 
 
 "223 A. D. = 'kian-king,' ist year of Heou-tchou" or Heou-ti, of the Heou han or Eighth 
 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Lamprid , and Clint ), the jurists Ulpianus and Florentinus among the coun- 
 sellors of Alexander Severus. 
 
 " 226 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint.), at Rome, building of the "baths of Alexander Severus." 
 
 "The same year" (Clint., and Plate in Sm. b. d.), the Parthian king Artabanus defeated in the 
 plain of Hormuz by Artaxerxes or Ardishir; who thus became the head of a new dynasty, the 
 Sasanidae. Greek inscriptions now disappear from the Persian coins, and are replaced by a different 
 alphabet. 
 
 The capture of Jericho by Artaxerxes or Ardishir is the latest historical event mentioned by Soli- 
 nus 35 : — supposed to be the senator Julius Solinus or Solonis, who was put to death by Alexander 
 Severus (J. Masson, H. Valesius, and J. A. Fabric, edit. Ernest). 
 
 According to Solinus 22, " Finis erat orbis ora Gallici litoris, nisi Britannia insula non qualibet 
 amplitudine nomen paene orbis alterius mereretur " the seashore of France would be the end of the 
 world but for the isle of Britain, expanding so widely in all directions as almost to deserve the name 
 of another world: among other islands around, "Siluram" (Scilly Islands, or Isle of Man) inhabited 
 by people who " custodiunt morem vetustum, nummum refutant, dant res et accipiunt, mutationibus 
 necessaria potius quam pretiis parant " retain their ancient customs, disapprove of money, give articles 
 and receive, procure what is needful by exchanges rather than by a fixed price. The strait between 
 Britain and another large island Hibernia navigated in boats of wicker-work covered with ox-hide, and 
 during the voyage no food is eaten. 
 
 In Hibernia "nullus anguis, avis rara, gens inhospita et bellicosa" there are no snakes, birds are 
 rare, and the people inhospitable and warlike : "sanguine interemtorum hausto prius victores vultus 
 suos oblinunt " smearing their faces with and drinking the blood of slain enemfes : "fas et nefas eodem 
 loco ducunt " they make no distinction between right and wrong : when a male child is born, the 
 mother offers vows, hoping that it may be killed in battle : "qui student cultui dentibus mari nantium 
 belluarum insigniunt ensium capulos, candicant enim ad eburnam claritatem, nam prascipua viris 
 gloria est in armorum nitela" those who affect gentility ornament the hilt of their swords with the 
 teeth of great sea-beasts (Physeter or sperm-whale), shining like ivory, for the principal glory of the 
 man is in the brightness of his armour. 
 
 Among the productions of Britain, Solinus enumerates great abundance of various metals, 
 "gagates" abates abundant and of the best quality, and " nigro gemmeus " jet. 
 
 "About this time" (Clint.), return of Origen from Antioch to Alexandria, where he commenced 
 his "hexapla" of the Scriptures. 
 
 " 227 A. D." (Chinese chron. table), Wen-ti king of Wei succeeded by Ming-ti ; who named the 
 years of his reign "tai-hao." 
 
 "The same year" (Hieronym., and Clint.), Beryllus bishop of Bostra in Arabia, and Geminianus 
 a presbyter of Antioch, prominent as Christian writers. 
 
 " 228 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), Urbanus after " eight years " service succeeded by Pontianus, 
 sixteenth bishop of Rome. In this year also, Philetus succeeded by Zebinus, "eleventh " bishop of 
 Antioch. 
 
 "230 A. D." (Alst. p. 367), the growing pretensions and arrogance of the bishops of Rome, 
 denounced by Tertullianus de pudicit. 
 
 "231 A. D." (Clint.), removal of Origen from Alexandria to Caesarea in Palestine ; on invitation 
 of Firmilianus bishop of Cappadocia. 
 
 232 A. D. (= 210 -)- " 22 years reign " in the Mahavamsa xxxvi), Tissa succeeded by his brother 
 Abha-tissa, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 "233 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), Demetrius succeeded by Herachs, "twelfth" bishop of Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 "In or about this year" (Percev. i. 230), commencement of the Coraysh tribe of Arabs, Fihr- 
 Coraysh, eleventh progenitor of Mohammed, having numerous children. — One of his sons, Ghalib, 
 married a daughter of Cab, son of Amr the Khozaite. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 537 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Devaban reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 The Saddharma pundarika, lotos of the law of good men, written as early perhaps as this date. 
 Siva is mentioned, and king Virudhaka — (Burn. ii. 240 and 258). It was first translated into Chinese 
 " in 280 A. D. : " a second translation was made between " 397 and 402," and a third between " 601 
 and 605 " (Stan-Jul., and Burn. i. 9). 
 
 Jasminum {Mogoiium) sambac of Tropical Hindustan. The Arabian jasmine is called in Egypt 
 "fell" (Del.), in Yemen "full" or "fyll" (Forsk.), in Sanscrit "malli" or " mallica " (W. Jones), in 
 Bengalee "but-moogra" or the double variety " bela," in Tamil "kody-mulli," in Telinga "boondoo- 
 mallie" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " bhutt mogra" (Graham), in Burmah "ma-lee" or 
 "sa-bay" (Mason), in Malay "kambang malatti" malatti flower (Thunb.), in Bisaya " manul " or 
 " capopot bisaya," in Pampango " campopot " or " culatai " or " sampagang pongso," in Tagalo " sam- 
 paga" (Blanco) ; in which we recognize the "mallika" of the Saddharma pundarika* — (Burn. ii. 2r8 
 to 415), forming bowers according to Valmiki ram. i. 25, cultivated in gardens according to the Mrich- 
 chhakati iv., having fragrant flowers and growing in the woods according to Kalidasa rhag. xvi. 47, 
 and prescribed medicinally by Susrutas (Hessl.) : M. sambac is described by Rumphius v. pi. 30; 
 was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 50 to 55 in Malabar, its flowers sacred to Vishnu; by Graham, "com- 
 mon in every garden" around Bombay; by Drury, "common in every forest in the peninsula" and 
 "generally cultivated in gardens," its leaves root and flowers employed medicinally; by Burmann pi. 
 58, on Ceylon ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. 245. " wild in the forests " of Bengal ; by Mason, "exotic " in 
 Burmah ; by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Blanco, known to all the natives of the Philippines; by Thun- 
 berg, in the Malayan archipelago, and from the warmer portion of India introduced into the gardens 
 of Southern Japan. Westward, the "full" is mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Rhazes, Avicenna, 
 Serapion, and as an Indian medicine by Ebn Baitar : M. sambac was observed by Forskal under cul- 
 tivation in Yemen ; by him, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; is described by Parkinson pi. . , 
 and from having been brought from Goa to Pisa is sometimes called Tuscan jasmine (Graham). By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-sixth generation. May 1st, 234, onward mostly beyond youth : Scythia- 
 nus : the Greek historians, Asinius Quadratus, and Callinicus ; the grammarian Lupercus of Berytus; 
 the rhetors, Nicagoras, Minucianus, Paulus, .... Andromachus of Syria, Dioplianes, and Philos- 
 tratus the younger; the Christian Greek writers, Tryphon, and Gregorius Thaumaturgus : the Latin 
 writer Censorinus ; the Christian Latin writer Pontius. 
 
 "235, Feb. loth" (Clint.), Alexander Severus succeeded by Maximinus, twenty-fifth Roman 
 emperor. The name of Maximinus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 " 236 A. D." (lib. pontif. Damas., and Clint.), after serving " one month and ten days," Anteros 
 succeeded by Fabianus, eighteenth bishop of Rome. 
 
 "237 A. D., probably in or about" (Sm. b. d.), Philostratus writing his Lives of the sophists. — 
 The work however is continued until the reign of Philippus A. D. 244-9. 
 
 Sedum eriocarpum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " amaranto " (Sibth.), and 
 the A MA PA N TOC of Philostratus — may be compared : S eriocarpum was observed by Sibthorp 
 pi. 449, and Bory, in arid situations in the Peloponnesus. " S. pallidum" received from the Tauro- 
 Caspian countries by Pallas, and Bieberstein (Steud.), is regarded by Bory as not distinct; " Cras- 
 sula rubens," observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, by Magnol pi. 237 at Montpellier, and 
 known to grow as far as Germany (Hoffm. fl. Germ, and Pers.), is also considered identical by 
 Bory. 
 
 Sedum confcrtum of middle Asia ? — Called in Egypt " hay a'lem " (Del.) ; and possibly the 
 "amaranton " recommended in Geopon. iii. 6 to be placed in gardens : S. confertum was observed by 
 Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and is not known to occur elsewhere. 
 
 * Jasminum revolutum of Subtropical Hindustan. From early times, an essential oil distilled 
 from it and used as a perfume, and its root employed medicinally in ringworm : the fragrant oil of the 
 "navamalika" or "vanamalika" mentioned in the Saddharma pundarika — (Burn. ii. 250 to 424) may 
 be compared : J. revolutum was observed by Powell in the Punjaub (Drur.). Transported to Europe, 
 is described by Sims (Steud ). 
 
 Phrvnium capitatum of Tropical Eastern Asia. A Scitamineous plant called in the environs of 
 Bombay" kudali " (Graham) ; and the " kadali " having an unsubstantial stem according to the Sadd- 
 harma pundarika — (Burn. ii. 241 and 420), may be compared: P. capitatum was observed by 
 Rheede xi. pi. 34 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay. Farther East, by Loureiro in 
 moist shady places in Anam and Tropical China, its leaves wrapped around articles of food previous 
 to boiling to impart colour and grateful flavour (Pers., and Graham). 
 
538 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 238 A. D. = 1st year of the 'yen-hi ' of Heou-tcheou " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "In the spring" (Clint.), Maximinus succeeded by Pupienus Maximus, twenty-sixth Roman 
 emperor. He reigned only about three months ; but his name occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 "June" (Clint.), Pupienus Maximus and his colleague Balbinus put to death; and succeeded 
 by Gordianus Pius, at the age of "thirteen" the twenty-seventh Roman emperor. The name of 
 Gordianus Pius occurs on coins issued in Egypt : and (according to Champollion-Figeac), in inscrip- 
 tions addressed to the ancient deities, acts of adoration by Egyptian families. 
 
 His preceptor, Serenus Sammonicus, presented the extensive library of his own father bearing 
 the same name. 
 
 " 239 A. D." (Chinese chron. table), Ming-ti king of Wei succeeded by Tsao-fang ; and the years 
 of his reign named " tcheng-chi." 
 
 "In this year" (=1209 — " 970 years " of Tchao yuan phing, Klapr. mem. ii. 335), Bouka- 
 khan made chief of the Ouigours, a Turkish tribe on the Selenga. 
 
 "240 A. D." (J. R. Hind, and Humb. cosm. i. 1), the Chinese from beyond "B. C. ;oo " having 
 recorded the apparent paths of comets through the constellations, the first comet whose orbit is known ; 
 calculated from these observations. 
 
 In this year (=232 -(-"8 years reign" in the Mahavamsa xxxvi), Abha-tissa succeeded by his 
 brother Sirinaga II. now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " 241 A. D." (Eutrop., Zosim., and Clint.), marriage of Gordianus Pius ; the temple of Janus 
 opened by him, and his departure for the seat of war in Persia. 
 
 "The same year" (Agath., and Clint.), Artaxerxes succeeded by Sapor (Shahpoor), second 
 Sasanid king of Persia. 
 
 242 A. D. (=240-)- " 2 years reign " in the Mahavamsa xxxvi.), Sirinaga II. succeeded by his 
 son Wijava, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 243 A. D. (=242-)-'' 1 year reign" in the Mahavamsa xxxvi.), Wijaya succeeded by Saugha- 
 tissa, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " After the Corean invasion in the earlier part of the third century, certain Coreans were brought" 
 by the empress Jingo-Kogu "to introduce the cultivation of mulberry and of the silk-worm 1 ' 1 into 
 Japan — (Jap. centen. comm. 77). 
 
 " 244 A. D. = 7th year of the ' yen-hi ' of Heou-tcheou " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the 
 Forty-ninth cycle. 
 
 " In the spring " (Clint.), Gordianus Pius succeeded by Philippus, twenty-eighth Roman empe- 
 ror ; an Arab by birth, and nominally a Christian. The name of Philippus occurs on coins issued in 
 Egypt: and (according to Champollion-Figeac), in the above mentioned series of inscriptions 
 dedicated to ancient deities of Egypt. 
 
 In the quarry at Gertassee in Nubia, some of the Greek inscriptions, " exvotos " in honour of 
 Isis, are in the reign of Philippus. A "considerable number of Greek exvotos .inscribed to Hermes 
 .Trismegistos," occur at Pselcis (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 478). But in ascending the Nile, the "last 
 harvest of Greek inscriptions " occurs at Hierasykaminos (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 125). 
 
 " 245 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Ephesus. Against Noetus, who denied distinction of persons 
 in the Trinity. 
 
 247 A. D. (=243 -)-" 4 years reign" in the Mahavamsa xxxvi.), Saughatissa succeeded by Siri- 
 sanghabo, now king of Ceylon. — He reigned "two years." 
 
 " 247 or 248 A. D." (Nicol., see Alst.), a synod in Arabia, Origen presiding. Against those 
 who asserted the death and resurrection of the soul with the body. 
 
 "248 A. D." = " third consulship of Philippus" (coins, Eutrop., Capitolin., Vict., Clint., and 
 Ramsay in Sm. b. d.), celebration of the Thousandth anniversary of the founding of Rome. (The 
 exact month not ascertained, but the computation of Varro is evidently the one followed). 
 
 " The same year " (Clint.), the rhetor Cyprianus, who after conversion had given up his property 
 to the poor, appointed bishop of Carthage. His writings are in Latin. <• 
 
 "249, after Aug. 29th" (coins, and Clint.), Philippus succeeded by Decius, twenty-ninth Roman 
 emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Decius conclude the series on the Egyptian monuments. 
 
 "The same year" (Vict., Syncell., and Clint.), the Goths, a "Scythian" tribe, crossing the 
 Danube ravage Thrace, and capture the city of Philippopolis. 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., and Clint.), Heraclas succeeded by Dionysius, "thirteenth" bishop 
 of Alexandria. 
 
 About this time, Democritus the Platonic philosopher writing. He was seen by Lon^inus, — and 
 is mentioned by Porphyrins vit. Plot. 20, and Syrianus (Ruhnken, and Sm. h. d.). 
 
 Cnicus benedictus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany " cardo benedict " (Trag.), 
 in Greece "kalaggatho" (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the KAAAKAN-e-OU of Democritus, — 
 Anatolius Berytius, and Paxamus : C. benedictus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 539 
 
 from the Peloponnesus and Crete to Cyprus and the Dardanelles ; by Hasselquist, at Damietta in 
 Egypt ; and is known to grow in Persia (Lindl.). Westward, said to have been sent from " India " to 
 the German emperor Frederick (Trag.) : is described by Fuchsius p. 121, Gesner hort. f. 249, and 
 Dalechamp 1450 (Spreng.) ; is termed " cnicus sylvestris hirsutior sive carduus benedictus " by 
 Tournefort inst. 450 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in other parts 
 of Southern Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it has been found along " roadsides, scarcely naturalized " (A. Gray) ; and to Chili 
 (Lindl.). The plant according to Lindley was "once much used as a febrifuge." 
 
 "250 A. D." (Dionys. Alex., Greg. Tur., and Clint), severe persecution against Christians. 
 Fabianus bishop of Rome put to death, and succeeded by Cornelius ; Babylas twelfth bishop of Anti- 
 och put to death, and succeeded by Fabius (Euseb., and Clint, iv. p 269 to 287) ; and Alexander 
 bishop of Jerusalem also put to death. Seven "ordained bishops" sent as missionaries into Gaul: 
 Gatianus to " Turonicis '.' (Tours), Trophimus to " Aretalensibus " (. . . .), Paulus bishop of 
 " Narbonae," Saturninus bishop of "Tolosas," Dionysius to " Parisiacis," Stremonius to " Arvernis," 
 and Martialis to " Lemovicinis " (Limoux?). 
 
 " The same year " (Alst. p. 399), retirement into the Egyptian Desert of Paulus of Thebes; 
 regarded as the first hermit. — His example was followed some forty years later by Antonius, after- 
 wards by others, and eventually led to monachism. 
 
 " 251 A. D." (Pont., and Clint.), the schism of Novatian ; his ordination at Rome outside of the 
 church; by Novatus a presbyter of Cyprianus. 
 
 " Before the close of the year " (Clint.), Decius succeeded by Trebonianus Gallus, thirtieth 
 Roman emperor. The name of Trebonianus Gallus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 "252, Sept. 14th'' (Hieronym., and Clint.), Cornelius nineteenth bishop of Rome put to death. 
 Lucius is next in order (on the Lists of Alsted and Nicolas). 
 
 " The same year " (Hieronym., and Clint.), a great pestilence throughout the Roman empire; 
 especially severe in Egypt and Alexandria. — The pestilence continued "fifteen years." 
 
 " In this year " (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), Za-Elasguaga succeeded by 
 El-Herka, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " twenty-one " years. 
 
 "253 A. D." (Porphyr., and Clint.), Plotinus founder of the Neo-PIatonist school of philosophy, 
 beginning to write. Amelius of Tuscany, and Origen the younger, among his disciples. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), a. synod at Carthage, under Cyprianus. On the baptism of heretics, 
 and declaring that infants may be baptized. 
 
 In this year (= 543 B. C. — " 795 yrs " of the Mahavamsa xxxvi), the revived Vytullya-wada 
 books burned by king Ghota-abaya, and the brahminical priests, sixty in number banished from 
 Ceylon. 
 
 " 254, about February " (Clint.), Trebonianus Gallus and his son and colleague Volusianus, put 
 to death; and the accession of Aemilianus, thirty-first Roman emperor. Who reigned "three 
 months " only ; but his name occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 "The same year = 1st year of Koung-tcheng, a descendant of Tsao-tsao " or Thao-thsao — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "May" (Clint.), Aemilianus succeeded by Valerianus, thirty-second Roman emperor. The 
 name of Valerianus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 About this time (Vopisc. 7), the Franci from Germany wandering over Gaul ; and a body of 
 them defeated at Moguntiacum (Mayence on the Rhine) by Aurelianus, " tribune of the sixth Gallic 
 legion." 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Upadeva reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "256 A. D." (Eutrop., Oros., and Clint.), irruption of the "Franci" or " Germani ulteriores " 
 through Gaul into Spain. Dacia beyond the Danube, lost to the Romans. And Pannonia ravaged 
 by the Sarmati and Quadi. 
 
 "257 A. D." (Vopisc., Eutrop., and Clint.), the Goths after ravaging Pontus in Asia, Macedonia, 
 and Greece, repelled by the Roman general Aurelianus. 
 
 " The same year " (Euseb., Hieronym., and Clint.), letter from Dionysius to Xystus "successor 
 to Stephanus " and now twenty-second bishop of Rome. 
 
 "258 A. D." (Clint.), Xystus bishop of Rome, and Cyprianus, put to death. 
 
 "The same year" (Vict., Eutrop., and Clint.), Postumus, of obscure origin, having established 
 himself over the Gauls as king, claiming the Empire and issuing coins. — He governed Gaul with 
 great firmness and moderation " ten " years. 
 
 "The same year" (Zosim., and Clint.), after the arrival of Valerianus at Antioch, the populous 
 city of Trapezus (Trebizond) captured by the Scythian Borani, a Gothic tribe. — In the following 
 year, Bithynia ravaged by them. 
 
54-0 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "259, July 22d" (Pont., and Clint.), Dionysius ordained twenty-third bishop of Rome. 
 
 "260 A. D." (coins, Zosim., and Clint.), in the East, Valerianus defeated by the Persian king 
 Sapor, and taken prisoner. His son and colleague Gallienus remaining at home, thus became sole 
 Roman emperor. The name of Gallienus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 The physician Philumenus possibly at this time writing : — he is mentioned by Oribasius, Aetius, 
 and Alexander Trallianus (Sm. b. d. ). 
 
 Lepidium spiiwsum of the East Mediterranean countries. The MlAHCIAC herb of Philu- 
 menus, whose chopped or bruised leaves applied fresh redden tumours, to be restored by emollient- 
 cataplasms — (Orib. xlv. 29), is referred to some species of pepper-wort by Cornarius (Daremb.) : 
 L. spinosum, its stem and branches somewhat rigid, was received from the East by Arduini ii. pi. 16 
 (Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in Greece, by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 "The same year" (Hieronym., Vict., Ores., and Clint.), irruption across the Alps and Rhaetia 
 of Alamanni and Germani into Italy, "as far as Ravenna." 
 
 " 261 A. D." (Hieronym., Vict., and Clint.), in Spain, the city of Tarraco captured by invading 
 Franci. — Who after a while obtaining ships, sailed along the coast, and even passed into Africa. 
 
 "262 A. D." (Clint, iv. p. 285), Demetrianus succeeded by Paulus of Samosata, "fifteenth" 
 bishop of Antioch. Hymenaeus at this time "thirty-seventh" bishop of Jerusalem. 
 
 "The same year" (Armnian., and Clint), Antioch captured unexpectedly and plundered by the 
 Persians. At Ephesus, the temple of Diana plundered and burned by the Scythians or Goths. And 
 on account of the pestilence, earthquake, the claiming of the empire by Odenatus at Palmyra, occu- 
 pying of Illyricum by Aureolus, and of Egypt by Aemilianus, the Sibylline books at Rome consulted 
 and a sacrifice offered to Jupiter (Trebell.). 
 
 Formosa,* forming part of what was anciently called Houang fou, was included under the Han 
 dynasty among the Man ty countries of Southern barbarians, — and under the Youan the inhabitants 
 were called Toung fan Eastern foreigners. Under the Ming the island received the name of Ky 
 loung, from a mountain at its Northern extreme, the neighbouring harbour being anciently called Pc 
 kiang North Bay (Ming szu 323 p. 16, and Klapr. mem. i. 323). 
 
 " 263 A. D. = 1st year of the ' yen-hing ' and 41st of Heou-tchou," the entire extinction of the 
 Han dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 264 A. D. = ' hien-hi,' 1st year of Youan-ti II., of the Wei " and a descendant of Thsao-thsao 
 — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 265 A. D. = ' tai-chi,' 1st year of Wou-ti II.," head of the new dynasty of the Tcin — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 Thea bohea of China. The use of tea traced in Chinese writings as far back as this year — 
 (geogr. plant, lond. tract soc. p. 123) ; is mentioned also in Chinese history in the " Fourth " century, 
 again in the " Sixth " (Schouw 21) ; was first taxed " in 763 ; " and from China, the living shrub was 
 introduced into Japan " prior to the Tenth century," as appears from Japanese accounts. " Sah" or 
 tea is mentioned by the early Arab travellers in China, Wahab and Abuzeid ; also by Mehemet Arabs 
 (as quoted by Ramusio). The beverage has never been much used among the Arab tribes; which 
 may in part account for its having so long remained unknown to Europeans. T. bohea was observed 
 by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, everywhere in Japan, both cultivated and springing up spontaneously. 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., and Clint.), Dionysius succeeded by Maximus, fourteenth bishop of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 " The same year " (Clint), letter of Longinus naming several living philosophers; and among 
 them, Eubulus of Athens, and his own pupil Porphyrins. 
 
 Porphyrias at this time thirty-two years old by his own account (= 2 -\- " 30 in tenth Gallien.," 
 vit. Plot. iv. p. <)<)), and for the last two years a pupil of Plotinus. — In the same treatise, Porphyrius 
 mentions the " sixty-eighth year " of his own age. 
 
 Britain is mentioned by Porphyrius, and termed " fertilis provincia tyrannorum " having many 
 kings, — as translated by Gildas hist. 4. 
 
 * Olea fragrans of Tropical and Subtropical Eastern Asia. Called in Japan " mokusei " (Jap. 
 c. c. 35) ; and the " san yeou houa " flowers of "jasmin sauvage " exported from Formosa to China 
 for scenting tea — (Klapr. mem. i. 327) may be compared : O. fragrans was observed by Loureiro in 
 Anam and Tropical China: by Thunberg pi. 2, in Japan, where it is cultivated in gardens (Jap. c. a). 
 
 Colocasia ? maxima of Formosa and the Philippines. Called in Tagalo, Pampango, and Bisaya 
 " biga" (Blanco) ; and the " arum majus " growing in the Southern portion of Formosa and having 
 leaves as large as a house, — much used by the natives (Klapr. mem. i. 331), may be compared: C. 
 maxima was observed by Blanco in shallow water on the Philippines, the leaves five feet lon°-, and 
 the decaying petioles triturated and applied externally in toothache. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 541 
 
 The Hindus are described by Porphyrius abst. iv. 17 as divided into two factions : the Brahmans, 
 hereditary throughout ; and the CAMANAIOI (Budhists), indiscriminately selected and who prac- 
 tise celibacy, have no possessions, and pray at the sound of bells. 
 
 266 A. D. (=276 — " 10 years reign" in the Mahavamsa xxxvi.), Ghota-abaya succeeded by 
 his son Dette-tissa, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 "267 A. D." (Trebell., Zosim , and Clint.), at Palmyra, Odenatus put to death, and succeeded 
 by Zenobia. In Greece, the Heruli (a Gothic tribe) after pillaging Athens, repulsed by a band of 
 " two thousand " men under the historian Dexippus. 
 
 "The same year" in Gaul (Vict., Hieronym., and Clint.), Postumus succeeded by Victorinus 
 as king ; next by Marius ; and at the close of the year, by Tetricus. Coins of all these princes are 
 extant. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-seventh generation. Sept. 1st, 267, onward mostly beyond youth : 
 Rabbi Jochanan : the Greek poet Aurelius Apollinaris; the historian Callicrates of Tyre; the 
 Christian Greek writers, Malchion of Antioch, Pierius of Alexandria, and Theognostus : the Latin 
 writer, the poet Nemesianus ; the Latin Christian writer Arnobius. 
 
 About this time (Gesen., and others), the modern Hebrew letters make their appearance for the 
 first time ; in inscriptions at Palmyra. — The " vowel-points," were introduced more than two centuries 
 later, and after the time of Hieronymus. 
 
 Ceasing of the Great pestilence, after continuing its ravages "fifteen years " (Hieronym., and 
 Clint.). The pestilence (according to Sharp) is described by the physician Aretaeus : — who is 
 mentioned by Aetius xi. i. 
 
 Menispermum (Anamirta) cocculus of Tropical Hindustan and the neighbouring portion of the 
 Malayan archipelago. The imported seeds are called in commerce cocculus indicus (Lindl.) : the 
 KO K AAO U seeds prescribed by Aretaeus, — may be compared ; and the "mahizehrah " of Hobaisch, 
 Elmansuri, and the Persians, identified by Ebn Baitar with the " samm elsamak," is referred here by 
 Sontheimer. Farther East, A. cocculus was observed in Hindustan by Rheede vii. pi. 1 and xi. pi. 
 62, Colebrooke, and Wight ; by Graham, '' a twining shrub " growing " throughout the Concans " and 
 called " kakmari-ka-beenje ; " by Heifer, " indigenous " in Tenasserim (Mason v. p. 490) ; and by 
 Rumphiusv.pl 22, on Java. The seeds according to Lindley "are a well-known poisonous drug, 
 used occasionally in the form of powder or ointment for destroying pediculi, and in some skin dis- 
 eases," but chiefly "to render malt liquor intoxicating;" a practice "said to be persevered in, 
 although prohibited by severe enactments." 
 
 Menispermum {Cocculus) leceba of middle and upper Egypt. — Called in Egypt " lebakh el- 
 gebel ; '' and the account of the drug " lehibach " by Rhazes, and Avicenna, may be compared with 
 this and the preceding plant : C. leaeba was observed by Forskal not far from Cairo growing in the 
 Desert, and by Delile in upper Egypt. 
 
 Listera ovata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A small orchid called in Britain 
 tway-blade or b If oil, in medieval Latin " bifolium " (Prior) ; and the A I FT A I N of Aretaeus, — and 
 Aetius (Ruel ii. 147), may be compared: L. ovata is termed "o. bifolia " by Tournefort inst. 437 ; 
 and is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 137, Lam. fl. fr., and 
 Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in woods in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " 268, March " (coins, Vict., and Clint.), Gallienus succeeded by Aurelius Claudius, thirty-fourth 
 Roman emperor. The name of Aurelius Claudius occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 "In autumn, in the seventh lunation" (Pauth. 270). display of meteorites witnessed in China: 
 a multitude of shooting stars, like a shower, falling or following each other Westward. 
 
 The sun-temple and principal structures at Tadmor or Palmyra, erected under the government 
 of queen Zenobia (Lubke and Lutrow). 
 
 " 269 A. D." (Clint.), invasion of Egypt by queen Zenobia of Palmyra ; and with partial success. 
 Her name, with that of her colleague Vabalathus, occurs on coins issued at Alexandria. 
 
 "Dec. 26th" (Clint.), death of Dionysius ; and after a few days, Felix ordained twenty-fourth 
 bishop of Rome. 
 
 " 270 A. D." (Trebell., and Clint.), the Goths overwhelmingly defeated, and quieted by Aurelius 
 Claudius. For which service, his " statue in gold " was placed in the capitol at Rome. 
 
 Genista candicans of the Mediterranean countries. The H I R S VTA- G EN I STA under which 
 cows are reposing in Titus Calphurnius eel. ii. — (Dod. pempt. vi. 2. 2), may be compared: G can- 
 dicans was observed by Dodoens in Spain ; is termed "cytisus monspessulanus medics folio siliquis 
 dense congestis et villosis " by Tournefort inst. 648, " c. pubescens " by Moench ; is known to grow 
 in Italy and Southern France (Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus 
 and on the mountains of Euboea. " G. Canariensis," known to grow in Spain and on the Canary 
 Islands, the flowers fragrant (Pers.), is regarded by Chaubard as not distinct. 
 
 "Before summer" (coins, and Clint.), Aurelius Claudius succeeded by Aurelianus, now thirty- 
 
542 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 fifth Roman emperor. The name of Aurelianus occurs on coins issued in Egypt, as also the name 
 of an unsuccessful aspirant Domitianus. — From this time (Zoega, Tochon, and Sharpe), the precious 
 metals disappear from the Egyptian coinage : except that in one or more instances, the Roman 
 Legion in Egypt coined silver into money for their own pay_. 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., and Clint., see also Nicolas), Paulus of Samosata deposed by a 
 synod, for denying the divinity of Christ ; and after an order for his removal procured from Aureli- 
 anus, the ordination of Domnus as " sixteenth " bishop of Antioch. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), compilation of the " Codex Gregorianus." Containing laws enacted 
 from " 117 to 261," under the reign of Hadrian to that of Gallienus. 
 
 " 271, January " (Vopiso, and Clint.), the Marcomanni entering Italy and laying waste the coun- 
 try around Mediolanum (Milan), letter from Aurelianus directing the consultation of the Sibylline 
 books. Soon afterwards, the Marcomanni defeated in three battles, and expelled by Aurelianus. 
 Peace was also granted by him to the Vandals (Dexipp. p. 17) ; and returning to Rome, he com- 
 menced rebuilding the city wall. 
 
 "272 A. D " (Japanese chron. transl. Nicholai, and Bickmore), the Ainos bringing presents for 
 the first time acknowledge the Japanese authorities as their rulers. 
 
 " The same year" (Vopisc, and Clint.), Aurelianus leading an army, by the way of the Danube 
 and Byzantium, against Palmyra and queen Zenobia. A letter from Zenobia " in the Syrian language, 
 translated into Greek" by the historian Nicomachus (Vopisc, and Clint). 
 
 " The same year " (Agath., and Clint.), Sapor succeeded by Hormisdas (Hoormuz), third Sasanid 
 king of Persia. 
 
 " In the reign of Aurelianus" (Sharpe), the church of St. Mary built at Alexandria; and the 
 first public seri'ice of Christianity in Egypt probably held within its walls. 
 
 "273 A. D." (Agath., and Clint.), Hormisdas succeeded by Varararn, fourth Sasanid king of 
 Persia. 
 
 "The same year" (Hieronym., and Clint.), Domnus succeeded by Timaeus, "seventeenth" 
 bishop of Antioch. 
 
 "The same year" (Vopisc, and Clint), Zenobia defeated, and while fleeing from Palmyra on 
 " dromadas " {camels) taken prisoner by Aurelianus. 
 
 "In or about this year" (I'ercev. i. 107), Abdhaa succeeded by Abd-Kelal, now tobba of Yemen. 
 — He was converted to Christianity by a Syrian stranger, but kept his change of religion secret ; 
 until at length his subjects discovering the fact put both him and the Syrian to death "about 297." 
 He was the first Christian convert known in Yemen, according to the concurrent testimony of Ori- 
 ental writers. 
 
 " In this year" (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull, geogr. min. p. xcvii), El-Herka succeeded by Za- 
 Beesi Tsawesa, now king of Abyssinia. — He reigned " one " year 
 
 "274 A. D." (Vopisc, and Clint.), Tetricus of Gaul vanquished by Aurelianus; and afterwards 
 led at Rome in a triumphal procession in company with Zenobia and " Axomitae " (Sm. geogr. diet.), 
 captive " Gotthi, Alani, Roxolani, Sarmati, Franci, Suevi, Vandali," and " Germani." Dacia how- 
 ever was abandoned as part of the Roman Empire by Aurelianus : who next commenced a temple 
 to the sun. 
 
 About this time, "273 to 275 A. D." (Sharistan, and Clint, iv. p. 307), Manes, a Persian teacher 
 of religious dogmas and the founder of the Manichaean sect, put to death by king Varararn. Manes 
 denied the death on the cross: — an opinion afterwards adopted by Mohammed, and maintained by 
 his followers to the present day. 
 
 "275, Jan. 5th" (Pont., and Clint.), next after Felix, Eutychianus ordained twenty-fifth bishop 
 of Rome. 
 
 "Before March 25th" (Clint.), Aurelianus succeeded by Tacitus, thirty-sixth Roman emperor. 
 The name of Tacitus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 "276, April nth" (Clint.), Tacitus succeeded by Florianus, thirty-seventh Roman emperor. 
 In the East, Florianus was not acknowledged ; and his name has not been found in Egypt. 
 
 " Beginning of July" (Euseb., Zosim., and Clint.), Florianus succeeded by Probus, thirty-eighth 
 Roman emperor. The name of Probus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 "The same year" (Agath., and Clint.), Varararn succeeded by Varararn II., fifth Sasanid king 
 of Persia. 
 
 In this year (= 543 B. C. — "818 y. 9 m. 20 days" in the Mahavamsa xxxvii.), Dette-tissa 
 succeeded by Mahasana, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 "277 A. D." (Vopisc, Zosim., and Clint.), in Gaul, campaign of Probus against the " Logiones, 
 Franci, Burgundi, Vandili," and other tribes to the number of "nine : " as many vanquished kings 
 being enumerated by Probus in his letter to the Senate. 
 
 Campanula hybrida of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Venus' 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 543 
 
 lookingg'ass (Prior) ; and the " specularis " cooked and finely powdered in the " emplastri " attrib- 
 uted to king Ptolemy — by Marcellus of Bordeaux 36, may be compared : C. hybrida is described 
 by Monson v. pi. 2; is termed "c. arvensis minor siliqua ampliori » by Tournefort inst. 112 ; and 
 is known to occur in fallow ground in limestone districts in France and Britain (Pers., and Engl. 
 bot. pi. 375). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " 278 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint., see also Nicolas), in Mesopotamia, Archelaus bishop of 
 " Caschar " writing in Syriac against the Manichaeans. A translation in Greek, is mentioned by 
 Hieronymus. 
 
 " 279 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint ), Anatolius, successor to Eusebius bishop of Laodicea, at 
 this time writing. 
 
 "The same year " (Vopisc., and Clint.), campaign of Probus in the East, and against the 
 " Blemyas " in Upper Egypt : where he added the cities of Ptolemais and Coptos to the Roman 
 dominions. 
 
 "280 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint.), Timaeus succeeded by Cyrillus, "eighteenth" bishop of 
 Antioch. 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Devasreshtha reign- 
 ing in Hindustan. 
 
 " 281 A. D. About this time " (Eutrop., and Clint.), by Probus, permission granted to the Gauls 
 and Pannonians to plant vineyards. 
 
 " 282, . October " (coins, Euseb., and Clint), Probus succeeded by Cams, thirty-ninth Roman 
 emperor. The name of Carus occurs on coins issued in Egypt. 
 
 "283 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), Maximus succeeded by Theonas, "fifteenth" bishop of Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 "End of November" (Cod. Justin., Vopisc, and Clint.), death of Carus near Ctesiphon, war- 
 ring against the Persians. He was succeeded by Carinus, fortieth Roman emperor. The name of 
 Carinus occurs on coins issued in Egypt; as also the name of his brother and colleague, the poet 
 Numerianus. 
 
 " Dec. 7th " (Clint.), death of Eutychianus ; and " before the close of the year," Caius ordained 
 twenty-sixth bishop of Rome. 
 
 "284, Sept. 17th" (Clint), notwithstanding that Carinus outlived his brother, the accession of 
 Diocletian always computed from this date (see p. xvi). 
 
 "6th day of eighth lunat." (ann. Jap., and Klaproth), by O-zin, an embassy sent to Corea to pro- 
 cure men capable of teaching Chinese literature and civilization. 
 
 "285 A. D." (ann. Jap , and Kiapr.), returning from Corea, Wo-nin (Wang-jin) brought the Lun 
 yu of Confucius and other books, and introduced the art of reading and writing into Japan. 
 
 The art of spinning and weaving was at the same time introduced (ann. Jap., and Klapr.) : or 
 (according to the Nihon-gi, the most ancient book on Japanese history, centen. comm. 77), four girls 
 were brought back to teach the art of weaving plain and figured silk-goods. In other words, the 
 Silk manufacture. 
 
 "In this year" (Idat., and Clint ), Carinus defeated and slain, and his name erased from the 
 Fasti by Diocletian ; who substituted his own. 
 
 The great syenite column so conspicuous at Alexandria, erected (according to a Greek inscrip- 
 tion on its base) in the reign of Diocletian. 
 
 "286 A. D." (Vict, and Clint.), campaign of Maximian colleague of Diocletian, against the' 
 Bagaudic faction in Gaul. In successive skirmishes, the insurgents were subdued and quieted. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date, a colony from Kling (Southeastern Hindustan) led by Tritresta or 
 Aji Saka to Java; where he found the inhabitants rude and subsisting principally on "the grain called 
 "jawa-wut" (Setaria Itatica). After several combats, he formed a settlement at Giling Wesi and 
 introduced the religion and arts of Hindustan. — On his return to Guj'rat. he delivered to his sover- 
 eign Prabu Jaya Baya "a written account of all he had seen and done" (Nata Kasuma, Adi Mang'- 
 gala, and Raffles x.). 
 
 The Javan alphabet formed perhaps shortly after the arrival of Aji Saka, — to whom it is attributed.* 
 
 "287 A. D." (Vict., Eutrop., and Clint), death-sentence against Carausius, a Menapian from 
 the mouths of the Rhine employed by the Romans to keep order on the sea, infested at the time by 
 Franci and Saxones. Hearing of the sentence, Carausius escaped with the fleet to Britain, and 
 established himself there as king. 
 
 * Pandanus sp. of Burmah and the neighbouring countries. An upland screw-pine ; and the 
 "godong'i pandan " Pandanus leaf or mystical meaning of the letter "rang kang," — may be com- 
 pared : observed by Mason v. 521 in Burmah, growing "above tide -waters," the leaves furnishing the 
 "smaller and finer mats in common use." Farther East, the Pandanus found by Loureiro ii. p. 603 
 employed in Anam for hedges and for feeding tame elephants, may also be compared. 
 
544 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "289, April 21st" (Clint.), oration of Mamertinus, to Maximian on the point of sailing with a 
 new fleet against Carausius. By whom he was defeated in naval warfare. 
 
 "290 A. D. = 'tai-hi and young-hi,' death of Wou-ti II. and accession of Hiao-hoei-ti " (Chi- 
 nese chron. table). The year however is referred to the reign of Wou-ti II.* 
 
 " The same year" (coins, Eutrop., and Clint.), peace granted to Carausius. Coins issued by him 
 in this, — and the following year, are extant. 
 
 " The same year " (Afst., and Blair), compilation of the " Codex Hermogenianus." Containing 
 laws enacted under the reign of Aurelius Claudius to that of Diocletian. 
 
 Manuscripts of the " Third " century (Sylvestre), presenting the following forms of the letters, 
 u,m, q, 6, b. 
 
 " 291 A. D. Not later than this date " (see Clint, iv. p. 437), retirement of Antonius at the age 
 of " thirty-five " into the Egyptian Desert ; the earliest example of the life of a hermit. In his writings, 
 pilgrimages and the superstitious veneration of relics are denounced (Alst. p. 368). 
 
 "293 A. D. (Vict., Eumen., and Clint.), the " archipirata " Carausius, succeeded by Allectus, as 
 king in Britain. 
 
 "The same year" (Agath., Abulpharag., and Clint.), Vararam II. succeeded by Vararam III. ; 
 and after "four months,'' by Narses, seventh Sasanid king of Persia. 
 
 "At this time " (Vopisc, and Clint.). Claudius Eusthenius writing the lives of Diocletian and his 
 three colleagues, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius ; all of whom were living. 
 
 "296, April 2zd " (Pont., and Clint.), death of Caius, twenty-sixth bishop of Rome. Marcellinus 
 is next in order (on the Lists of Alsted, and Nicolas) : — and after him, Marcellus, and Eusebius. 
 
 "The same year" (Eumen., Vict., and Clint.), near London, Allectus defeated by Constantius, 
 and Britain recovered by the Romans. • Maximian at the time, stationed on the Rhine. 
 
 " 297 A. D." (Eutrop., Hieronym., and Clint.'), in Egypt, Achilleus defeated and Alexandria 
 captured by Diocletian. The event is noticed in the oration of Eumenius, addressed in this year to 
 Constantius. 
 
 As early probably as this date. Hermetic writings translated from Egyptian into Greek — (Iambi, 
 myst. viii. I to 7). One of them is quoted by Lactantius div. inst. vii. 18. 
 
 Daphne sericea of Crete. The KOKKOC NHCIUJTIKOCofthe Hermetic iatromathem. — may 
 be compared : D. sericea is termed " thymelaea cretica olea? folio subtus villosa " by Tournefort cor. 41 ; 
 and was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on the subalpine portion of the mountains of Crete and 
 Southern Greece. " D. buxifolia" observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of Crete, is regarded by 
 Fraas as identical, and notwithstanding the pubescent leaves hardly distinct from D. jasminea. (See 
 D. alpina and D. tartonraira).. 
 
 " 29S A. D." (Ammian., and Clint ), in Armenia, the Persians under Narses defeated by Galerius : 
 and after the cession of five provinces beyond the Tigris to the Romans, peace concluded. 
 
 " The same year " (Euseb., and Clint.), Hymenaeus succeeded by Zabdas, " thirty-eighth " bishop 
 of Jerusalem. 
 
 "299 A. D." (Clint.), end of the independent Egyptian coinage : — the coins issued at Alexandria, 
 instead of Greek, bearing Latin inscriptions, and are similar in every respect to those of the rest of 
 the Empire. 
 
 " 300 A. D." (Euseb., and Clint.), Zabdas succeeded by Hermon, " thirty-ninth " bishop of Jeru- 
 salem. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-eighth generation. Jan. 1st, 301, onward mostly beyond youth : Metro- 
 dorus of Persia: the Greek philosophers, the Neo-Platonists Iamblichus of Chalcis in Syria, and 
 Sopater of Apamea ; the grammarian Helladius Ik-santinus ; the rhetors, Julianus, and < )nasimus ; the 
 Christian Greek writers, Euslathius of Antioch, Meletius of Lycopolis, and I'amphilus : the Latin 
 writers, the poet Optatianus Porphyrius ; the historians Yopiscus, and Trebellius Pollio ; the rhetor 
 Nazarius ; the Christian Latin writers Lactantius, Rheticius, and the poet Juvencus of Spain. 
 
 "In the beginning of the year" (Hieronym., and Clint.), Theonas succeeded by Petrus, "six- 
 teenth " bishop of Alexandria. 
 
 "The same year" (Agath., and Clint ), Narses succeeded by Hormisdas II., eighth Sasanid king 
 of Persia. 
 
 * Paeonia moutan of China. The arborescent piony or "mou-tan," according to Chinese author- 
 ities, has been known and cultivated only about "fourteen hundred years" — (mem. Chin. iii. 461), 
 is further described by Cibot as woody-stemmed, eight to ten and it is said even twenty-five feet 
 high : the " meu-tan " or "queen of flowers" was also seen in China by Navarrete i. 16; P. moutan, 
 by Thunberg in Japan ; and by Loureiro in Anam. Transported to Europe, is described by Sims, 
 is termed " p. arborea " by Donn (Steud.) ; was also carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 in greenhouses. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. caz 
 
 " 302 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint.), at Rome, triumphal procession of Diocletian and Maximian ■ 
 their car preceded by statues of the wife and sisters of Narses. 
 
 "The same year" (Hieronym., and Clint.), Cyrillus succeeded by Tyrannus, "nineteenth" bishop 
 of Antioch. 
 
 " In this year " (Max Mull. p. xi), death of Mahasena king of Ceylon. The last reign mentioned 
 in the Dipavansa, a historical work manuscripts of which are said to be extant. 
 
 Azadirachta Indica of Tropical Hindustan. A large tree called in Tamil "vaypum," in Telin^a 
 " vepa," in Malabar " aria-bepou," in Bengalee and Hindustanee " nim " (Drur.), in the environs of 
 Bombay "neem" (Graham) ; and the "nimba" fruit of a Hindu proverb — quoted in the Ramayana 
 ii. 29, and of Harivansa 96, is referred here by Carey and Marshman : the " malaka " or " pichumanda " 
 of Susrutas . . . , is referred here by Hessler: A. Indica was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 52 in Mala- 
 bar; by Burmannpl. 15, on Ceylon; by Graham, "common about villages " in the environs of Bombay ; 
 by myself, around villages on the Deccan ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Bengal, its bit- 
 ter bark used as a febrifuge, and with the leaves seeds and oil for various medicinal purposes, and its 
 beautifully mottled mahogany-like wood used for ship-building and made into chests that will exclude 
 insects ; was observed by Mason v. 493 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated by the natives "for its medic- 
 inal properties for which it is famous all over India." Westward, the "azadiracht" of E. Masah, 
 Maserjawia, Rhazes, Ebn Samhun, Avicenna, A. B. A. dialed, Madschul, Ebn Baitar, mentioned as 
 an Indian tree by Caboudi, and Ebn Joljol, is referred here by writers. According to A. Richard, 
 this and the olive are the only known instances of the pericarp around the nut yielding oil. 
 
 "303, February ' (Clint.), the celebrated edict of Diocletian against Christians. Supposed to 
 have been in part extorted from him through the intrigues of Galerius. Even in Britain, Alban, 
 Aaron, Julius, and many persons of both sexes, were put to death (Gildas hist. 10). 
 
 In this year (= 276 -f- " 27 yrs. reign" in the Mahavamsa xxxvii), Mahasana succeeded by his 
 son Kiertissry-magawarna, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Tapaswi reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "304 A. D. = 1st year of the 'young-hing' of Hiao-hoei-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning 
 of the Fiftieth cycle. 
 
 " In the reign of Hiao-hoei-ti " (Pauth.), the new religious Sect of the Wou-wei-kiao, a stoical 
 offshoot from the doctrines of Lao-tseu. 
 
 "305 A. D." (inscript, and Clint.), at Rome, dedication of the "thermae" or "baths" of Dio- 
 cletian. 
 
 "The same year" (Lactant., Vict., and Clint.), abdication of Diocletian : who retired to Salone 
 or Spalatro in Dalmatia, where ruins of his palace or castle are extant. He was succeeded by Con- 
 stantius, forty-second Roman emperor. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), by a synod at Cirtes in Numidia, "the bishops who during the 
 persecution had read the Scriptures to the Pagans" absolved. 
 
 Cocculus bakis of Senegambia. Twining; and from early times, its root used in decoction by the 
 Negroes in intermittents, and to stop urethral discharges : — observed by Perrotet fl. i. pi. 4 in hedges 
 and on the sides of woods in Senegal. The root according to Lindley diuretic and very bitter. 
 
 Swietenia (Khaya) Senegalensis of Senegambia. A mahogany-like tree eighty to a hundred feet 
 high, called " karson khayi " and its bark "cail-cedra" (Lindl.) ; the latter very bitter, and from early 
 times used in infusion and decoction against fevers by the Blacks : — observed by Leprieur common 
 in the forests along the borders of the Gambia (Forsten p. 12, and Lindl.). 
 
 Heudelotia Africana of Senegambia. A spiny Amyroid bush eight to ten feet high, called 
 "niouttout" (Lindl.), and known from early times: — observed by Adanson, and Perrotet, in the 
 sandy wastes of Interior Senegal, and tears of bdellium collected. These proving hardly bigger than 
 peas, the "African bdellium " of commerce is regarded by Guibourt ii. 498 as possibly the product of 
 a different species (see Balsamodendron Africanum). 
 
 Ocymum viride of Western Equatorial Africa. A Labiate plant from early times employed as a 
 febrifuge, — as to the present day in Sierra Leone (Lindl.) : received and described by Willdenow. 
 
 " 306, July 24th" (Eumen., and Clint.), after his victory in Caledonia over the Picts, death 
 of Constantius at York in Britain. He was succeeded by Constantine, forty-third Roman emperor. 
 
 " 307 A. D. ='young-kia,' 1st year of Hiao-hoai-ti, of the Tcin " or ninth dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 " 309 A. D." (Agath., and Clint.), birth and accession of Sapor II., ninth Sasanid king of Persia. 
 
 '■ About this time " (T. Wright mediasv. engl. vii), by a few missionaries, Christianity introduced 
 among the Teutonic tribes on the Rhine. 
 
 "311, April 30th" (Lactant., and Clint.), in Nicomedia, an edict issued by Galerius to stay the 
 persecution against Christians. Dying soon afterwards, Asia was seized by Maximinus, who with- 
 drew the protection granted to Christians. 69 
 
546 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "312, Sept. 1st" (Clint), beginning of the Indictions. A cycle of "fifteen years," substituted 
 by Constantine for the Olympiads. 
 
 "The same year, at the close of the persecution against Christians " (Clint.), Methodius bishop 
 of Tyre put to death. Also " in this year " (Hieronym., and Clint), Petrus succeeded by Achillas, 
 " seventeenth " bishop of Alexandria. 
 
 "313 A. D. = 'kien-hing,' 1st year of Ming-ti II., of the Tcin " or Ninth dynasty— (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Lactant, and Clint.), edict by Constantine and Licinius in favour of the 
 Christians. Death of Diocletian. Maximinus defeated by Licinius near Byzantium, and, fleeing 
 Southward, died near Tarsus. From this time, persecutions against Christians ceased. 
 
 " The same year" (Augustin., and Clint.), Caecilianus bishop of Carthage accused before Con- 
 stantine by Donatus ; tried and acquitted by an ecclesiastical court, Melciades thirtieth bishop of 
 Rome presiding. 
 
 "315 A. D." (cod. Justin, i. 9. 3, and Clint), edict of Constantine against the Jews. Prohibiting 
 the persecution of persons leaving the Sect ; and prohibiting joining the Sect. 
 
 In this year (=" 240 an. jav." of Nata Kasuma, Raffles x.), death of Watu Gunung from Kling 
 (Southeastern Hindustan), successor of Agi Saka as chief of the Hindu colony at Giling Wesi on 
 Java. Gutaka was sent from Kling to be the third governor.* 
 
 "317 A. D. ='kien-wou,' 1st year of Youan-ti III., of the Tcin" or Ninth dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table). The seat of government now removed from Ho-nan-fou to Nan-king; and hence the 
 name " Eastern Tcin " for the remainder of the dynasty. 
 
 "318 A. D. = ist year of the ' tai'-hing ' of Youan-ti III." — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "319 A. D." (= 56 B. C. — " 375th " year of Tod, Prinsep i. p. 36), era of Valabhi Samvat, or of 
 the Balhara dynasty of Hindu kings of Guzerat. — Ruling in the time of the early Arabian travellers 
 whose narrative is translated by Renaudot p. 15. 
 
 "320 A. D." (Nazar., and Clint.), in Gaul, the Franci defeated by Crispus son of Constantine. 
 
 "321 A. D." (Hieronym., Prosp., and Clint.), Alexander ordained "eighteenth" bishop of 
 Alexandria : and the expulsion by him of Arius a presbyter, from communion with the church. Sil- 
 vester at this time thirty-first bishop of Rome ; Philogonus, bishop of Antioch ; Macarius, bishop of 
 Jerusalem; and Alexander, bishop of Byzantium. 
 
 " 322 A. D." (Zosim., and Clint.), the Sarmatae defeated and pursued beyond the Danube by 
 Constantine. 
 
 Apsyrtus, the veterinary physician, rendering important services in this war — (Spreng. comm. 
 D. iv. 8). 
 
 " 323 A. D. =' tai-ning,' 1st year of Ming-ti III., of the Tcin" or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 " September " (Vict, and Clint.), surrender of Licinius, defeated near Byzantium by sea and 
 land. 
 
 "In this year" (palm- leaf ann. Jagan., and \Y. \V. Hunter), invasion and conquest of Orissa by 
 Yavanas under Rakta Bahu (Red-arm) ; king Sobhan Deva taking with him in his flight a wooden 
 imi^e of Vishnu entitled "jagannath " (Lord of the YVoild). — Ch.indra-deva was placed on the 
 throne by the Yavanas ; who in 328 put him to death, and held the country "one hundred and forty- 
 six years." 
 
 "324 A. D." (cod. Theodos., and Clint), Licinius put to death, and on " .Vay 16th" his laws 
 abrogated : Constantine being now sole emperor. 
 
 Christianity appears to have made more iapid progress in Egypt than in any other country : and 
 after the central conversion, temples were no longer reared by princes.' Architectural taste however 
 continued, as shown by ramtius of churches in the Thebaid : where also is abundant evidence, that 
 the early Christians did not destroy antiquities ; while their deserted villages present more refinement, 
 — than prevails in that district at the present day. 
 
 * Spinifex sqnarrosus of the Tropical seashore from Hindustan throughout the Malayan archi- 
 pelago. A singular sand-binding gramineous plant called in Malabar " illy mulu " (Rheede) ; and 
 the superstitious belief that its light globular heads driven along the sands by the wind " are pro- 
 pelled by the devil" (Rumph.), as eaily probably as this date : — S. squarrosus was observed by 
 Rheede xii. pi. 75 in Malabar ; by Graham, "common in the beach near Bandora," in the vicinity of 
 Bombay; by Tennent, and Drury, on sandy shores of the peninsula and Ceylon ; by Mason 47S, "on 
 all the sandy beaches " of Burmah ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, but having no' native name : by 
 myself, on the beaches of islands around the Sulu Sea, its globular heads floating away from the 
 land. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 547 
 
 " 3 2 5> J un e 19th " (Clint), the first general Council among Christians, convened at Nice in Asia 
 Minor. Attended by an Indian bishop, Ioannes (Coqueb.-Montbret in rec. voy. et mem. iv. p. 27), 
 and by " nearly one hundred " Egyptian and Lybian bishops, the total number being "three hundred 
 and eighteen." Hosius of Spain taking the lead : the Western mode of celebrating Easter was 
 established. The celibacy of the clergy was strenuously and successfully opposed by Paphnutius. 
 Metropolitan bishoprics were constituted (Alst. p. 368 and 392). The Arian question was discussed, 
 the Greek word "omoousion " adopted ; and the " Nicene creed " formed. Towards the close of the 
 session, Constantine entered and pronounced an address in Latin ; which was replied to by Eusebius ; 
 and on the " 2.5th of August," the session terminated. — The authority of this Council continues to 
 be recognized by the Greek Church (E. A. Soph.). 
 
 " The same year " (Clint.), end of the. chronicle of Eusebius. Who on other subjects continued 
 writing. 
 
 "The same year" (cod. Theodos., and Clint.), law of Constantine prohibiting gladiators. — 
 Exhibitions continued notwithstanding at Rome, and at Antioch. 
 
 The Roman lexicographer Sext. Pompeius Festus may have been at this time writing, his 
 remarks on the word " supparus " implying familiarity on the part of readers generally with the cere- 
 monies of the Christian religion. — He is mentioned by Macrobius (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Polygonum (Helxine) convolvulus of Eastern Europe and Siberia. Called in Britain black bind- 
 weed (Pr\or): the S C^N 6 U L2lC& herb of Pompeius Festus, killing growing grain — by twining 
 around (Migne edit. Paul. Diac), may be compared : P. convolvulus is described by Bauhin hist. ii. 
 p. 158 ; is termed "fagopyrum vulgare scandens " by Tournefort inst. 511 ; and is known to occur as 
 a weed in cultivated ground in Italy and Sicily (Bertol., and Guss.) and throughout middle Europe as 
 far as Denmark (Ray, fl. Dan. pi. 744, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in culti- 
 vated ground in Greece ; by Bieberstein, and Ledebour, in the Tauro-Caspian countries. In its wild 
 state, was observed by Pallas trav. i. 58 in wooded tracts on the Upper Volga ; by Gmelin, frequent 
 throughout Siberia (A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues a weed in cultivated ground, and was observed in Carolina as early as 1793 by Michaux. 
 
 " 326, January " (Clint.), Alexander succeeded by Athanasius, " nineteenth " bishop of Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 "The same year = 'hien-ho,' 1st year of Tching-ti II. of the Tcin "or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (cod. Theodos., and Clint.), law of Constantine respecting heretical and 
 schismatic Christians. 
 
 " The same year" (Kitt. cycl. bibl.), arrival in Palestine of Helena mother of Constantine, now 
 in her "80th " year. She "built churches on the alleged site of the Nativity at Bethlehem, and of 
 the Resurrection on the Mount of Olives." — Of extant churches and monasteries in Egypt, the 
 earliest are by the Coptic inmates attributed to donations from Helena. 
 
 "327 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint.), in Bithynia, the city of Drepanum rebuilt by Constantine, 
 and the name changed to Helenopolis ; in honour of his mother Helena. 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Sutapa reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "330, May nth " (Idat., Clint., and Plate in Sm. b. d.), dedication of a new city on the site of 
 Byzantium, and the removal there by Constantine of the Roman seat of government. He also trans- 
 ported an obelisk from Egypt to the new city ; which received the name of " Constantinopolis," city 
 of Constantine. 
 
 " As early as this date " (M. Russel p. 1 10 and 250, and Sm. geogr. diet.), Christianity preached 
 in Abyssinia by the Abba Salama or Frumentius. 
 
 331 A. D. (= 303 -|- " 38 years reign " in Mahavamsa xxxvii), Kiertissry-magawarna succeeded 
 by his brother Dattatissa, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 333 A. D. = " Dalmatio et Dalmaticei Zenophilo cons." (T. Wright early trav. in Palest.), 
 arrival in Jerusalem of the author of the "Itinerarium a Burdigala " (Bordeaux) : after journeying 
 by land, across France to Turin, Pavia, Milan, Brescia, Verona, Aquileia ; and thence across Nori- 
 cum, Pannonia, Illyria, Dacia, Thrace to Constantinople, and across Asia Minor. 
 
 Greek inscriptions of about this time (Franz), presenting the following forms of the letters, h, a. 
 One hundred and thirty-ninth generation. May 1st, 334, onward mostly beyond youth : Ephraem 
 of Edessa : the Greek philosophers, Maximus of Ephesus, and the Neo-Platonist Aedesius ; the 
 medical writer Philagrius ; the historian Eustochius ; the rhetors, Proaeresius, Epiphanius of Petra, 
 Tuscianus, and Diophantus ; the Christian Greek writers, the elder Gregorius of Nazianzus, Aste- 
 rius, Auda'eus of Syria, Theodoras of Heraclea, Triphyllius of Cyprus, Eusebius of Emisa, Serapion 
 of Thmuis, Didymus of Alexandria, and Hilarion : the Latin writers, the orator Gennadius ; the his- 
 torians Eu'tropius, and Festus Rufus ; the grammarian Evanthius ; the rhetors Exsuperius, Patera, 
 
548 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Minervius Burdigalensis, Victorinus, Donatus, Alcimus, Delphidius, and Mamertinus the younger; 
 the Christian Latin writer Gregorius Boeticus. 
 
 "The same year " (Clint.), date of an inscription on the "thermae" or "baths" of Constantine 
 at Rome : where also, the temple of Concordia was rebuilt with increased costliness and endowments. 
 The Sarmatae, expelled by servile insurrection, received by Constantine, and " more than three hun- 
 dred thousand" distributed throughout "Thrace, Scythia, Macedonia, and Italy." 
 
 "335 A. D." (Clint), of the provinces, Gaul governed by Constantine the younger; the East, 
 by Constantius ; Pontus, by Hannibalianus ; Illyria, Italy, and Africa, by Constans ; while the Gothic 
 frontier was guarded by Dalmatius. Coins of Dalmatius, and of Hannibalianus, are extant. 
 
 "The same year" (Euseb., Clint., and T. Wright), by Constantine, a church dedicated at Jeru- 
 salem ; in the Chronicon Paschale called " tou agiou staurou" of the holy Cross. A synod of Arians 
 also held in this year at Jerusalem (Theodoret., and Clint.). By Constantine also, the edict against 
 the Jews modified ; so as to permit them to enter the city " once a-year, to wail over the desolation 
 of the 'holy and beautiful house' in which their fathers worshipped God" (Kitt. cycl. bibl.). 
 
 " May 8th " (cod. Theodos., and Clint.), at Carthage, a law issued to protect Jews from mal- 
 treatment. 
 
 "336 A. D." (Socrat, and Clint), Marcellus deposed, and succeeded as bishop of Ancyra by 
 Basilius. 
 
 The "eight months " of Marcus, thirty-second bishop of Rome — referred to this year by Alsted, 
 and Nicolas. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. pp. 341 and 368), by a synod at Carthage, the clergy prohibited from 
 holding office or taking part in the administration of government. 
 
 Embalmed bodies or mummies of "the time of Constantine," — and some perhaps "a century 
 later," are mentioned by Birch. So late even as the visit of Baumgarten i. 16 (Churchill coll.), the 
 Egyptians are described as not burying their dead ; "but having anointed and embalmed them with a 
 great deal of art, they lay them either in houses or in the open air ; " usually " in vaults built on pur- 
 pose on the tops of their houses ; and value themselves mightily, if they can shew that they have 
 accommodated their dead friends within their houses." 
 
 "337 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint), at Nicomedia, Constantine, in daily expectation of death, 
 declaring his intention of becoming a Christian and receiving baptism from the Arian bishop Euse- 
 bius. Christianity thus becoming the religion of the State. 
 
 "May 22d" (chron. Pasch., and Clint.), Constantine succeeded by his three sons : Constantine 
 the Younger, Constantius II., and Constans. 
 
 "338 A. D." (Hieronym., and Clint), in Mesopotamia, Nisibis besieged by the Persians under 
 Sapor II., and saved through the intercession of Jacobus, bishop of the city. 
 
 "340 A. D." (Socrat, and Clint), Eusebius the chronologer succeeded as bishop of Caesarea in 
 Palestine by Acacius. 
 
 "The same year" (cod. Theodos., and Clint), death of Constantine the younger at Aquileia; 
 warring against his brother Constans. 
 
 In this year (=331 + "9 years reign" in Mahavams. xxxvii.), Dattatissa succeeded by his 
 son Buddaduwsa, now king of Ceylon. — In his reign, the "Scripture in Palee was translated into 
 Cingalese." 
 
 "341, Feb. 12th" (cod. Theodos., Athanas., and Clint), Constantius II. attending an Arian 
 synod at Antioch. By this synod, Athanasius was deposed and Gregorius appointed bishop of Alex- 
 andria. Withdrawing to Rome, Athanasius was received by Julius, thirty-third bishop : — who in the 
 following year issued a letter, claiming that the diocese of Alexandria was by itself insufficient, and 
 that the bishop of Rome ought to have been consulted. 
 
 Letter of Constantius II. to Aeizanas and Sazanas, kings of Axum, requiring them to send Fru- 
 mentius to Alexandria for re-consecration (Athanas. apol.). In a Greek inscription at Axum (M. 
 Russel p. 248), Aeizanas enumerates as under his dominion the Axomites, Homerites, Raeidan, Ethi- 
 opians, Sabeans, Zeyla, Tiamo, Boja, and Taquie, and mentions his brother Saiazana. 
 
 "The same year" (cod. Theodos., and Clint.), a law promulgated, abolishing the ancient relig- 
 ious rite of sacrifices. 
 
 "342 A. D." (Idat., and Clint), at Constantinople, sedition on account of the bishop, Paulus ; 
 whose expulsion had been ordered by the Arians and Constantius II. In Gaul, the Franci defeated 
 by Constans, and reduced to sueing for peace. 
 
 "343, Jan- 25th" (cod. Theodos., and Clint.), Constans at Boulogne, on his way to Britain; a 
 journey as yet untried in the winter season. Pie returned in June. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 549 
 
 "In or about this year" (Philostorg. iii., and Percev. i. m), the Indian bishop The'ophilus sent 
 by Constans to Marthad, tobba of Yemen^ with the request that churches might be erected for 
 the Christian traders. Leave being granted, a church was built at Zhafar, the seat of government: 
 another at Aden, and a third in the principal seaport city on the Persian Gulf. Circumcision at this 
 time generally practised among the Arabs — according* to Philostorgius. 
 
 "The same year= ' kien-youan,' 1st year of Kang-ti, of the Tcin " or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 "344 A. D." (in the opinion of Ideler, see Leps.), the Jewish reckoning in years of the World 
 established by rabbi Hillel Hanassi. Whose computation (according to Alsted) was reduced from a 
 more ancient one of R. Adae. — The reckoning continues to be followed by the Jews to the present 
 day (see Menes). 
 
 "345 A. D. = ' young-ho,' 1st year of Mou-ti, of the Tcin " or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 " April " (chron. Pasch., and Clint.), at Constantinople, building of the " thermae " or " baths " of 
 Constantius II. 
 
 About this time, "343 to 347 A. D." (Clint), the treatise by Firmicus Maternus, addressed to 
 Constans and Constantius II. against the temples. 
 
 " 346, June 6th " (Clint.), eclipse of the sun. Immediately following the Second siege of Nisibis, 
 by the Persians under Sapor II. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), by a synod at Agrippina (Cologne), the bishop there, Euphrates, con- 
 demned for denying the divinity of Christ. 
 
 "348 A. D." (Clint.), remark of the historian Victor, suggested by the name " Philippus " of one 
 of the consuls, that this was the Eleven hundredth anniversary of the founding of Rome, and that 
 there was no celebration. At Singara, Constantius II. foiled by his troops attacking the Persians in 
 the night. 
 
 "The same year" (Socrat., and Clint.), Maximus deposed by the Arians, and Cyrillus appointed 
 bishop of Jerusalem. 
 
 Damogeron may have been at this time writing. — He is mentioned by Palladius, and Apuleius 
 Barbarus. 
 
 Balsamita vulgaris of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt "belsamae" or 
 " melsane," at Constantinople "kosta" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the garden KOCTOU of 
 Damogeron — (geopon. vii. 13, and xi. 27) and the "ahlal kostha " of Gafeki, and Ebn Baiter- B. 
 vulgaris was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, its leaves strewn on lettuce for 
 ornament; by him, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the cultivation of " costum " is 
 enjoined in the capitularia of Charlemagne : B. vulgaris is termed " tanacetum balsamita " by Linnaeus ; 
 and is known to grow in Italy, Switzerland, and Southern France to the base of the Pyrenees (Pers.). 
 
 "349, about January" (Athanas., and Clint.), by the Alexandrians, Gregorius the Arian bishop 
 slain. And after some months, Athanasius sent back to Alexandria by Constantius II. 
 
 "350 A. D." (Idat, and Clint.), at Helena in the Pyrenees, death of Constans. Constantius II. 
 now sole emperor. 
 
 "351 A. D." (Jul. ep. 51, and Clint.), secret determination of Julian at the age of "twenty," to 
 abandon the Christian faith in which he had been brought up. 
 
 " In this year" (Socrat., Clint., and Nicol.), a synod assembled at Sirmich by Constantius II., 
 and Photinus bishop of the city condemned for denying the Trinity. He was answered by Basilius 
 of Ancyra. 
 
 "352 A. D." (Vict., and Clint.), the Jews revolting; several cities in Judea burned, and the 
 revolt suppressed by Gallus Caesar. 
 
 "353 A. D." (Jul., and Clint), in Gaul, death of Magnentius, defeated for the third time by 
 Constantius II. Coins of Magnentius are extant. 
 
 Ajuga chamcepithys of Caucasus and the Talysch mountains. Called in Britain yellow bugle or 
 ground pine ox field cypress or till the beginning of the present century forget-me-not (Prior); in 
 which we recognize the " chamae cypri " of the Cosmian Antidote — mentioned by Marcellus 29 : 
 A. chamaepthys is described by Tragus f. 30 (Spreng.), Lobel, Dalechamp, and was already in 
 Britain in the days of Lyte, and Gerarde (Prior) ; is termed " c. lutea vulgaris sive folio trifido " by 
 Tournefort inst. 208 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.) ; and is known to occur in stony 
 cultivated and fallow ground in Italy, Spain, France, and as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 738, Pers., 
 and A. Dec). Eastward, is known to grow on Caucasus and the Talysch mountains both in culti- 
 vated ground and wild situations (Bieb., and C. A. Mey.) ; .but notwithstanding Sibthorp's statement 
 seems unknown in Greece, as well as in European Turkey, Sicily, and Algeria (Griseb., Reut. and 
 Marg. Guss., Munby, and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Virginia, observed there 
 by Clayton, but has since disappeared (A. Gray. See A. Chia, and Veronica chamaedrys). 
 
550 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "355 A. D." (Sulpic. Sev., and Clint.), by a synod at Milan, Constantius II. being present, 
 Liberius thirty-fourth bishop of Rome exiled and Felix appointed in his place : at the same time, 
 Eusebius bishop of Vercelli in Italy also exiled, together with Lucifer bishop of Sardinia, and Hila- 
 rius Pictavensis. — At the end of two years, by advice of Fortunatianus, Liberius returned and sub- 
 scribed to the Arian faith (Hieronym. cat. 97)." 
 
 "In this year" (Bartol. Borghesi, and Sm. b. d.), Pasiphilus praefect of the city: probably the 
 person to whom Palladius dedicates his fourteenth book on agriculture. — Palladius is mentioned by 
 Isidorus Hispalensis, and Cassiodorus. 
 
 Cratagus monogyna of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "trikokkia" or "tzap- 
 ournia" (Sibth.) ; and the S p I N U S of Palladius iii. 25 op which pears and apples can be grafted, 
 — may be compared : C. monogyna is termed " m. apii folio sylvestris spinosa sive oxyacantha " by 
 Tournefort inst. 642; is known~to grow in middle Europe (J acq. austr., fl. Dan. pi. 1161, and Sibth. 
 oxon. 156) but chiefly in the South (Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Pelopon- 
 nesus and on Zacynthus, often with pears or plums grafted on the stem ; is known to grow also 
 towards Caucasus (Pall. fl. ross. i. pi. 12) ; but is regarded by Bory as not distinct from C. 
 oxyacantha. 
 
 "356 A. D." (Athan., and Clint.), by Constantius II., Athanasius exiled and Georgius of Cap- 
 padocia appointed bishop of Alexandria. Athanasius now retired into the Desert. 
 
 "357, April 30th" (Ammian., and Clint.), arrival in Rome of Constantius II. And by his direc- 
 tion, an obelisk (now called " the Lateran obelisk ") brought there in the same year from Egypt. 
 
 " 358, August " (Ammian., Idat, and Clint.), by a severe earthquake, Nicomeclia overthrown, and 
 "one hundred and fifty" other cities, in Macedonia. Asia Minor, and Pontus, more or less injured. 
 
 "359 A. D." (Ammian., and Clint.), the historian Ammianus Marcellinus at Samosata in Meso- 
 potamia ; and his mission to the satrap of Corduene. 
 
 Rlieum palmatum of Eastern Thibet and its mountainous prolongation into China. The rhu- 
 barb of commerce is called in Bengalee "reuchini," in Hindustanee " rewand " or " rewand chini " 
 (D'roz.), and is mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus — (according to voyag. Belg.) : the " rheum 
 barbarum" of Isidorus Hispalensis viii. 3 and xvii. 9, and Nicolaus Myrepsus i. 21. 155, is referred 
 here by Sprengel ; the "rheum indicum " or " chinense " is mentioned by Matthaeus Sylvaticus 
 pand. 589, and other medieval writers (Spreng.); the "rawand," by Rhazes, Mesue simpl., Aver- 
 rhoes, and Ebn Baitar • rhubarb was seen by Rubruquis in Central Asia, brought by caravans 
 (Pouchet) ; by Marco Polo, procured from Succur in Tanguth (Royle) ; by Vertoman or Barthema, 
 sold in Korasan ; and according to Rehman, the trade is in the hands of one Bucharian family, who 
 farm the monopoly from the Chinese government and reside at Si-ning. The living plant is known 
 to grow in clefts of rocks on the high and arid mountains around lake Kokonor, and the Sue-chan 
 or snowy mountains in the Chinese provinces of Kansu and Letchuen (Royle ill. Him.). Of all the 
 kinds seen by Guibourt under cultivation, R. palmatum alone resembled exactly in odour and smell 
 the rhubarb of China; is even according to Stevenson and Churchill " extensively cultivated near 
 Banbury for the supply of the London market " (Lindl.). 
 
 "360 A. D." (Ammian., and Clint.), Julian passing the winter in Paris ; and Lupicinus sent into 
 Britain to repel an invasion of the Scots and Picts. Death of Helena wife of Julian. 
 
 Calendula officinalis of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain marigold, by Treveris " mary gowles," 
 by old English poets "golde" (Prior), in Anglo-Saxon glossaries " solsequa " (Cockayne), in France 
 " souci " (Nugent), in Germany •' ringelblume " (Grieb), at Constantinople " hamouvuor£ta," in 
 Yemen " zobejde " (Forsk.), in Hindustanee " gul-i-mariyam " or " pbirkj " or " genda," in Bengalee 
 "genda phul" (D'roz.), in Burmah " htat-ta-ya " (Mason), at Lahore " adsrioon " (Honigb. 379, and 
 J. F. Wats.), by the Ainos " urajenekina," by the Japanese " kin-sen-kwa " (Sieb.) ; and the C H R U 
 S^NTHUS of the Culex 404 — (attributed to Virgil), maybe compared: "winking marybuds " 
 with "golden eyes " and the "marigold " are mentioned by Shakespeare cymb. ii. 3 and w. t. iv. 3, 
 and the garden flower according to Persoon, and Lindley, springs up spontaneously in cultivated 
 ground in Southern Europe. Eastward, the " adsriun " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar • C. officinalis 
 was observed by Forskal under cultivation at Constantinople and on the mountains of Yemen ; by 
 Delile, in the gardens of Egypt; by Graham, "in gardens" at Bombay; by Mason, "exotic" in 
 Burmah ; and by Siebold, on Yeso. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America 
 before 1670 (Joss.), where it continues in gardens. Formerly according to Lindley "much employed 
 as a carminative, it is chiefly used now to adulterate saffron." 
 
 " At this lime " (Hieronym., and Clint.), " in the name of peace and the king," the Arians in 
 communion with all Christian churches. 
 
 "361, November" (Hieronym., and Clint.), Constantius II. succeeded by Julian, now forty-fifth 
 Roman emperor. Ancient Heathenism once more and for the last time becoming the religion of the 
 State. Julian however tolerated all religions. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 55 1 
 
 "362 A. D. = 'loung-ho,' 1st year of Ngai-ti, of the Tcin" or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 The four great festivals of Greece, the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games, con- 
 tinued to be celebrated. " About midsummer," arrival of Julian at Antioch : where a temple of 
 Apollo was soon afterwards destroyed by fire. 
 
 Aetius recalled, under a general remission of exile to all Sects of Christians. Titus bishop of 
 Bostra, was however banished ; and at Alexandria, Georgius was slain by the populace, and Athana- 
 sius returning was driven back by order of Julian. 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Tapovati reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "363 A. D." (Ammian., and Clint.), edict of Julian on his way to the Euphrates, providing for 
 rebuilding the temple at Jerusalem. Building operations were soon arrested by the emperor's death ; 
 in battle "June 26th," his physician Oribasius being present (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Myostirus minimus of Northern climates. A diminutive herb called in Britain mouse-tail 
 (Prior) : the fnUOUPON prescribed against dropsy by Oribasius excerpt. 52 — (Daremb.), may be 
 compared: M. minimus was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground around Constantinople. 
 Westward, is described by Lonicer (Spreng.) ; is termed "ranunculus gramineo folio flore caudato 
 seminibus in capitulum spicatum congestis " by Tournefort inst. 293 ; and is known to grow through- 
 out middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 406). Farther West, was observed by Elliott at 
 Augusta in Georgia (Chapm.) ; by Short in Kentucky (there and in Illinois in "alluvial ground" 
 according to A. Gray) ; by Nuttall, "around towns " in Arkansas ; and by myself, frequent and to 
 all appearance indigenous along the shores of Puget Sound. " M. aristatus " has been observed on 
 the high hills of California and Chili, and in New Zealand (J. D. Hook, and A. Dec). 
 
 Lobelia tenella of the East Mediterranean countries. The dTTOION by some called XQm a I- 
 P£*aNON prescribed against dropsy by Oribasius excerpt. 52 — (Daremb.), may be compared : L. 
 tenella is termed "rapuntium creticum minimum bellidis folio flore maculato " by Tournefort inst. 9; 
 and was observed by Sibthorp in " uliginosis " on Crete and Cyprus. Westward, was observed by 
 Bivona as far perhaps as Sieily (Steud. . Compare also Campanula rapunculus). 
 
 Styrax benzoin of the Siamese countries and neighbouring Malayan archipelago. A tree whose 
 imported product is called in commerce benzoin, in Egypt "djaui" (Forsk ) ; and the I N Ah adhesive 
 plaster of Oribasius exc. 143, — maybe compared: benzoin is mentioned by Susrutas sutr. 36 to 
 chik. 15 (according to Hessler); and "in former years" constituted "a considerable article of export" 
 from "the province of Mergui " in Burmah, "produced by a tree" not seen by Mason v. 486 : S. 
 benzoin is described by Houttuyn act. harl. xxi. 257 ; is known to grow in Siam, Sumatra, Java, and 
 Borneo (Dryand. phil. trans, lxxvii. pi. 12, and Hayne). Westward, "benzoae" was found by Fors- 
 kal mat. med. imported from India into Egypt; was an ingredient in the "bachur" ointment of the 
 Muslim population of Portugal and Spain (Jao de Sousa) ; and is mentioned by Amatus Lusitanus : 
 is according to Lindley resinous and acrid, "a local irritant," employed in Europe in certain popular 
 medicines and "in coating over the adhesive plaster called court plaster." According however to 
 Bontius, benzoin of the best quality is procured from an arborescent vine growing on Java. (See 
 Terminalia angustifolia). 
 
 Iris tuberosa of the East Mediterranean countries. The root called in Egypt "chamire" or 
 " surendjan ; " in which we recognize the " surandschan " identified by Serapion, and Mesue, with the 
 EPmoAa KTUAOC of Oribasius, — Alexander Trallianus, Paulus Aegineta, and Nicolaus Myrep- 
 sus: the "surandschan" is also mentioned by Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar; the root, according to 
 Alpinus, and Rouyer drog., is esteemed indispensable and eaten by the women of Egypt ; and accord- 
 ing to Forskal mat. med., is besides made into pills, is brought from "Alexandria and Barbary and 
 exported to Constantinople," but according to Rouyer is imported "from Syria." Farther North, I. 
 tuberosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in Southern Greece. Westward, is described by 
 Matthioli p. 778, Dodoens p. 249, and Caesalpinus x. 45 ; is termed " hermodactylus folio quad- 
 rangulo " by Tournefort cor. 50 ; was once cultivated as a medicinal plant throughout Europe as far 
 North as Britain, and in various localities remains growing spontaneously to the present day (Rob., 
 
 Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 Scolopendrium hemionitis of Western Europe ? The h m I N I T I N called TT P I N 1 T I N pre- 
 scribed in nephritic complaints by Oribasius excerpt. 63 — (Daremb.), may be compared with this 
 fern : S. hemionitis is described by Dodoens p. 467, and Clusius hist. ii. p. 214 (Spreng.) ; is known 
 to grow in various parts of Europe, but has not been observed in Greece. (Compare also Ceterach 
 
 officinarum). . 
 
 Aspidium fontanum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A diminutive fern: the 
 BPUOTTTEPIC prescribed by Oribasius xi — (Dod. pempt. iii. 5. 4), maybe compared: A. fonta- 
 num is termed "filicula saxatilis omnium minima elegantissima" by Tournefort inst. 542; was 
 
552 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 observed by Sibthorp in Greece, in shaded springy places ; and is known to grow throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 2024). 
 
 "June" (Eutrop , and Clint.), Julian succeeded by Jovian, forty-sixth Roman emperor. Who, 
 ceding five provinces, concluded peace with the Persians and retreated from the Euphrates. Jovian, 
 while protecting the followers of the ancient religion, declared himself a Christian, and issued an 
 edict placing Christianity upon a legal basis. 
 
 "364, Feb. 17th" (Idat., and Clint.), Jovian succeeded by Valentinian, forty-seventh Roman 
 emperor. Who, taking up his residence in Italy, gave the Eastern portion of the Empire to his 
 brother Valens. Valentinian appointed Vettius Praetextatus, proconsul of Achaia under Julian and a 
 heathen priest, "praefectus urbi ; " whose house is the scene of the imaginary conversation between 
 Aurelius Symmachus, Flavianus, Servius the grammarian, and Caesina Albinus, in the work of 
 Macrobius. 
 
 "The same year = 2d year of the 'hing-ning' of Ngai-ti " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of 
 the Fifty-first cycle. 
 
 36,- A. D. (= "290 an. jav. = 240 -f- 50 years " of Nata Kasuma, Raffles x.), death of Gutaka. 
 After governing for "fifty" years the Hindu colony at Giling Wesi on Java, he succeeded in trans- 
 ferring his authority to his son Raden Sawela. 
 
 " In this year" (Ammian., and Clint.), inroads of Alamanni across the frontier of "Germaniae" 
 into " Gallias Raetiasque ; " of " Picti Saxonesque et Scotti et Atacotti " into Britain ; and of preda- 
 tory bands of Goths into Thrace. 
 
 ''About this time" (Clint, iv. p. 455), a party of " Scotos gentem Britannicam humanis vesci 
 carnibus " Scots a people of Britain who eat human flesh, seen by Hieronymus during his visit 
 to Gaul. 
 
 '• 366 A. D. = ' tai-ho,' 1st year of Ti-y II., of the Tcin," or Ninth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year'' (Japanese chron. transl. Nicholai, and Bickmore), the Japanese after several 
 years fighting defeated and their general killed by the Ainos. 
 
 "The same year" (Hieronym., Prosp., and Clint.), death of Liberius, and Damasus ordained 
 " thirty-fifth " bishop of Rome (the Arian appointment of Felix not counted). Shortly afterwards, 
 Ursinus ordained in opposition. 
 
 One hundred and fortieth generation. Sept. 1st, 367, mostly beyond youth : Nicolaus of Lao- 
 dicea : the Greek philosophers, Pappus, and Theon the younger; the rhetors, Himerius, Themistius, 
 and Libanius : the Christian Greek writers, Aquilius Severus of Spain, Eunomius bishop of Cyzicus, 
 Agelius, Ambrosius of Alexandria, Theotimus, Severianus, Sophronius, and Apollinarius of Laodi- 
 cea : the Latin writers, the rhetor Drepanius Pacatus ; the Christian Latin writers, Phoebadius, 
 Optatus of Carthage, Pacianus, and Tichonius. 
 
 "The same year" (Ammian., and Clint.). Theodosius sent into Britain, where " Dicalidonas et 
 Vecturiones " the two tribes of the Picti, together with Attacotti and Scotti, were laving waste the 
 country. In Gaul also, inroads made by Franci and their neighbours the Saxones. 
 
 Euzoius, successor of Acacius as bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, at this time writing; engaged 
 besides in restoring the injured portions of the Library of Origen and Pamphilus. 
 
 "368 A. D." (Ammian. xxvii. 8. 6, and Clint ), arrival of Theodosius at " Lundinium vetus oppi- 
 dum, quod Augustamposteritas adpellavit " London an ancient town to be called by posterity Augusta. 
 On reaching the seat of war, he soon routed the predatory bands. In this year also, Moguntiacum 
 (Mayence on the Rhine) during a Christian solemnity, surprised and plundered by a German grince 
 named Rando. 
 
 " In this year" (Max Mull p. xviii), death of Budhadasa, in whose reign the Sutras were trans- 
 lated by a priest into the Singhalese language (Mahanam. mahav. p. 247). 
 
 "369 A. D." (Ammian., and Clint.), the Rhine fortified by Valentinian, by building castles in 
 elevated and suitable situations all the way from the Raetian Alps to the Ocean. 
 
 In this year (= 340-)- " 29 years reign of Mahavamsa xxxvii.), Budhadasa succeeded by his 
 son Upatissa, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 "370 A. D." (Ammian., and Clint.), Saxones invading Roman territory bv sea, the Burgundii 
 induced by Valentinian to advance an army to the Rhine ; when Theodosius from Rhaetia attacked and 
 defeated the Alamanni. 
 
 "371 A. D. ='hien-gan,' 1st year of Kian-wen-ti, of the Tcin" or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Amphiloc, and Clint, iv. p. 475), Basilius ordained bishop of Caesarea in 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 "373 A. D. = 'ning-kang,' 1st year of Hiao-wou-ti, of the Tcin" or Ninth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (Proter., and Clint.), death of Athanasius, and Petrus ordained twentieth bishop 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 553 
 
 of Alexandria (not counting the Arian appointments). Petrus was however immediately expelled by 
 the Arian bishop Lucius. Faustinus succeeded as bishop of Iconium by Amphilochius. 
 
 About this time, " 369 to 381 A. D." (Alst. pp. 191 and 324), the scriptures translated into the 
 Gothic language by Ulfilas, an Arian bishop. A portion of this version is extant. 
 
 "374 A. D." (Klapr. note to San kokf), independent of the Chinese characters long known, an 
 alphabet invented by the Coreans : — which continues in use to the present day.* 
 
 "In this year" (Ammian., and Clint.), Illyricum ravaged by the Quadi. Who complained, that 
 Valentinian had built fortresses beyond the Danube upon their territory ; and that their king Gabinius, 
 while modestly expostulating, had been murdered. 
 
 "375 - A -- D." (Hieronym , and Clint.), at Milan on the death of Auxentius, sedition among the' 
 people; Ambrosius ordained bishop, and return of all Italy from Arianism. 
 
 " November " (Idat, and Clint.), death of Valentinian ; his colleague Gratian now becoming forty- 
 eighth Roman emperor. Religious liberty now no longer permitted ; the Christians having gained 
 the ascendancy, beginning to extend persecutions towards the followers of the ancient religion, and 
 certain Sects among themselves. 
 
 About this time, "370 to 380 A. D." (Steinschneid. i. 4), "at Tiberias" in Palestine, the Talmud 
 Yerushlami compiled ; a body of collective Hebrew literature. 
 
 Luffa Arabitm of Equatorial Africa. A Cucurbitaceous vine bearing quadrangular fruit and 
 called in Egypt " luff " (Forsk.) : the t)^b lwph of the Talmud 5.2 — is referred here by Sprengel : — 
 the "luffah" is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : L. Arabum was observed in Egypt by Vesling pi., For- 
 skal, Delile, and Clot-Bey, cultivated for ornament, and the sponge-like interior of its fruit employed in 
 bathing : the towel gourd -was observed by Grant growing "wild over the garden fences, UnyanyemM 
 5 S. to Nile banks 9 North." Eastward, L. Arabum was observed by Rumphius v. pi. 148 on 
 Ceylon (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is termed " momordica luffa " by Linnaeus, " luffa Arabum " 
 by Miller (Steud.). 
 
 "376 A. D." (Ammian., and Clint.), Goths expelled by the Huns, "gens monumentis veteribus 
 leviter nota ultra paludes Maeoticas glacialem Oceanum accolens, a people little known in the records 
 of antiquity, dwelling beyond the Sea of Azof along the Icy Ocean." The expelled Goths were 
 allowed by the Romans to cross the Danube and settle in Thrace. 
 
 "378, August " (Ammian., and Clint.), rebellion among the harboured Goths, caused by famine, 
 and Valens defeated by them and slain. Afterwards, with associated Hunni and Alani, the Goths 
 advanced laying waste the country to the very gates of Constantinople. 
 
 "The same year" (Clint.), end of the chronicle of Hieronymus. On other subjects, he con- 
 tinued writing. 
 
 "Between 378 and 383" (Gildas hist. 12, and Usher), Arianism introduced into Britain by 
 Agricola, a disciple of Arius. 
 
 "379 A. D." (Clint.), the poet Ausonius, prefect of Gaul and now in old age, one of the consuls 
 for this year : which he calls the " eleven hundred and nineteenth " of the city, placing therefore " the 
 foundation at B. C. 740." 
 
 "January" (Idat., and Clint.), by Gratian, Theodosius appointed over the Eastern portion of the 
 Empire. Who in successive battles defeated the Goths and their allies, and expelled them from 
 Thrace. 
 
 " The same year " (Prosp., and Clint.), " Longobardi ab extremis Germaniae finibus Oceanique 
 protinus litore Scandiaque insula," Lombards from the farther frontier of Germany, from the shore of 
 the Ocean and Scandinavia, make their first appearance, seeking new homes : and under " Iborea" 
 (Ivor) and " Aione," conquer the Vandals. 
 
 "The same year" (Agath., and Clint.), death of Sapor II., and accession of his brother Artax- 
 erxes V., now ninth Sasanid king of Persia. 
 
 * Hibiscus mutabilis of Corea. The name of the mountain Fou-young-chan in Corea sometimes 
 written with characters signifying mountain of this shrub — (geogr. chin, transl. Klapr. in San-kokf 
 p. 100) : H. mutabilis is called "fujoo" in Japan (Kaempf., and Thunb.) ; and is figured in Chinese 
 paintings. Farther South, is common in gardens at Manila, and regarded by Blanco as indigenous 
 in the Philippines, though devoid of a native name ; is also described by Rumphius iv. pi. 9. West- 
 ward, enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah ; observed in Hindustan by Rheede vi. pi. 38, 
 Roxburgh, Royle, Wight, and according to Graham called changeable rose, or by the Portuguese " in- 
 constant 'amante " inconstant lover, " a common shrub in gardens," the flowers "large, white in the 
 mornina changing to red in the course of the day." Eastward from the Philippines, H. mutabilis was 
 observed in the West Indies by Descourtilz, who further states, that it was carried by Bentinck in 
 1690 to England; the shrub however is described by Morison ii. 5. pi. 18. 
 
554 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The Avadana Asoka written hardly later than this date. The end of the Maufya dynasty is 
 mentioned, and it contains legends ? — quoted by Fa-hian (Burn i. 358 to 423). 
 
 "380 A. D." (Marcellin., and Clint.), by Theodosius, the Arians expelled from the Churches, 
 held by them nearly " forty" years. " Nov. 26th," he appointed the younger Gregorius of Nazianzus 
 bishop of Constantinople : and in " December," he restored Cyrillus as bishop of Jerusalem, after 
 having been four times expelled. 
 
 "381 A. D." (Idat., and Clint.), death of Athanaric king of the Goths. 
 
 " May " (Socrat. and Clint ), Second general Council of ecclesiastics. Convened by Theodosius 
 at Constantinople: and consisting of "one hundred and fifty" bishops, including Timotheus of 
 Alexandria, Gregorius of Nyssa (a "married bishop," Alst. p. 368), Amphilochius, Pelagius of Lao- 
 dicea, Diodorus of Tarsus, and Gelasius of Caesarea in Palestine. The doctrine of the Council of 
 Nice was confirmed : and a Creed formed (the so-called " Nicene Creed" of the English Articles, 
 except that " a single expression is omitted, which in the English Liturgy is added ") Maximus the 
 cynic was adjudged not to be a bishop. Patriarchal bishops were instituted, each confined to his own 
 diocese : and after declaring Constantinople next in dignity to the diocese of Rome, " as being New 
 Rome," the younger Gregorius of Nazianzus resigned, and in his place Nectarius of Tarsus was 
 elected '"bishop of Constantinople." — The authority of this Council continues to be recognized by 
 the Greek church (E. A. Soph.). 
 
 Meletius dying while attending the Council was succeeded under the approval of the Asiatic 
 churches by Flavianus, now bishop of Antioch. Flavianus changed the words of the doxology from 
 " thoxa patri thi' uiou en agio pngumati " glory to the father by means of the son in holy spirit, and 
 "thoxa pitri Sn uio kai agi6 pneumiti " glory to the father in the son and holy spirit, to " thoxa patri 
 kai ui6 kai agi6 pneumati " glory to the father and son and holy spirit (Philostorg., and E. A. Soph, 
 lex.). Acting in conjunction with Diodorus, he also -'first introduced the practice of the alternate 
 singing or chanting of the psalms, and the division of the choir into parts" — "which afterwards 
 became universal in the church " (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 " 382 A. D." (Idat., and Clint.), dissatisfied with their treaty of peace with the Romans, the Goths 
 elect Alaric as their king. 
 
 " 383, August " (Marcellin., and Clint.), death of Gratian ; and through the support of Theodosius, 
 Valentinian II. acknowledged forty-ninth Roman emperor. Maximus however maintaining himself 
 in Britain and Gaul. 
 
 "The same year" (Agath., and Clint.), Artaxerxes V. succeeded by Sapor III., tenth Sasanid 
 king of Persia. 
 
 " 384 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint.), Damasus succeeded by Siricius, "thirty-sixth" bishop of 
 Rome. 
 
 In this year (as appears from Libanius), the Destruction of temples not yet commenced. — Soon 
 however, orders from Theodosius were directed against particular temples ; and these were demol- 
 ished by soldiers, aided by bands of fanatics. 
 
 385 A.D. (= "310 an. jav. = 290-)- 20 years " of Nata Kasuma, Raffles ix. and x), at Giling Wesi 
 in Java, Raden Sawela succeeded bv Gutama. Who removed the seat of government to Astina, his 
 successor Dasa Bahu of Hindu descent being " ten years of age." — A temple or mosque at Kediri is 
 called " Astana Gedong," and "great expense and labour has been bestowed to demolish " and muti- 
 late the surrounding antiquities. 
 
 " In this year" (cod. Justin., and Clint.), edict against augury, and the practice of examining the 
 liver of victims to learn futurity. 
 
 "August" (Hieronym., Clint., and T. Wright), sailing of Hieronymus from Italy. Landing on 
 Cyprus, he with his companions was received by Epiphanius. Proceeding next to Antioch, he 
 enjoyed the society of " pontificis confessorisque Paulini ; " — and reached Jerusalem in mid winter, 
 
 * Nauclea cadamba of the Siamese countries. A large tree called in Sanscrit "kadamba," in 
 Telinga "kadapa-chettu" (J. F. Wats.) or " rudrashakamba," in Tamil " vella cadamba,'' in Hindus- 
 tanee "cuddum," in Bengalee " kudum " (Drur ), in the environs of Bombay "nhew" or "cadamba" 
 or " cuddam " (Graham), in Assam "kadam" (Robinson), in Burmah " ma-00 " (Mason) ; in which we 
 recognize the "kadamba," the "holiest of Indian trees" and third "shadow-giving" tree on the 
 mythological mount Meru, mentioned besides in the Avadana Asoka — (Burn. i. 397) and by Val- 
 miki v. 74 (transl. Gorr.), Bhavabhuti 7, Jayadeva, Kalidasa kum. iii. 6S, Susrutas, and in the Vishnu 
 purana ii. 2: N. cadamba was observed by Rheede iii. pi. 33 in Malabar; by Graham, "common 
 about villages in the Southern Concan," its fruit "about the size of a small orange" eaten by the 
 natives; by Roxburgh, and Robinson, as far as Bengal and Assam, but is regarded by Wight as not 
 a native of the peninsula; was observed by Mason "sometimes cultivated" among the Burmese. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 555 
 
 where he saw Christian pilgrims from India (Coq.-Montbret in rec. voy. et mem. 27). He next 
 proceeded to Egypt, and visited " the hermits of the Thebaid ; " at this time regarded in the regular 
 routine of "the Pilgrimage." 
 
 The perfume M V S C V S musk mentioned by Hieronymus — (Ainsw.), by the Armenian writer 
 Moses Chorinensis 365 (Spreng.), and by Aetius (Greenhill). Moschus moschiferus, the deer-like 
 animal yielding this perfume, is described by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 101, Abu Hanifa (in 
 Serapion) ; and by Benjamin de Tudela as inhabiting Thibet, its well-known native home. The 
 imported perfume is mentioned by Ebn Masawia, Honain, and Symeon Sethus ; and its sale in Egypt, 
 by Leo Africanus. 
 
 Soon after the departure of Hieronymus (Clint., and T. Wright), Paula followed : and landing at 
 Sidon, " visited the tower of Elijah." Approaching Jerusalem, she passed the tomb of " Helena 
 queen of Adiabene ; " and after reaching the city, went to the church of the Holy Sepulchre. On 
 her way to Bethlehem, she visited the " sepulchre of Rachel ; " at Sichem, " entered the church built 
 over the well of Jacob, where our Saviour spoke to the Samaritan woman ; " and in Sebaste or 
 Samaria, saw the sepulchre of John the baptist. 
 
 "386 A. D." (Greg. Turon., and Clint.), Maximus in a personal interview, forbidden by Martinus 
 bishop of Tours to carry the sword into Spain to slay heretics. He had already killed Priscillianus. 
 
 Manuscripts of the " Fourth century" (De Wailly pi. ii. 1), presenting the following form of the 
 letter L. 
 
 " 387 A. D." (Liban., and Clint.), at Antioch, sedition, and the statues of Theodosius, his sons, 
 wife, and father, thrown down by the populace. The "second year" of the preaching of Joannes 
 Chrysostomus. 
 
 " The same year " (Mason ii. 20), two copies of the sacred Budhist books brought from Ceylon 
 to Thatung in Burmah. 
 
 The Sutta sagitti written as early perhaps as this year. Mention is made of various-coloured 
 Benares stuffs* — (Burn. ii. 486 to 825). • 
 
 "388 A. D." (Idat, and Clint.), Maximus having entered Italy, slain near Aquileia ; and the 
 Western division of the Empire restored entire to Valentinian II. by Theodosius. 
 
 England deprived of its young men and military resources in the wars of Maximus, invaded from 
 the North by the Picts and Scots: — whose depredations continued many years (Gildas hist. 14 
 to 24). 
 
 The same year (inscript. at Kermanshah, Agath., and Clint.), Sapor III. succeeded by Vararam 
 IV., eleventh Sasanid king of Persia. 
 
 "389 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint), on account of the death of Priscillianus, his accusers Ithacius 
 and Ursacius deprived of the communion of the church. 
 
 " 390 A. D." (Sozom., and Clint.), massacre at Thessalonica : and at Milan, Theodosius excluded 
 by Ambrosius from the church, for " eight months '' until Christmas. 
 
 " At the close of the year " (Clint ), the great temple of Serapis at Alexandria demolished. The 
 building contained the Alexandrian Library (see Tertull. apol. 18, Aphthon. 12, Oros. vi. 15, Ammon. 
 Hermead., and Joann. Philopon.). Among those who on this occasion fled from Alexandria, were 
 the two grammarians, Helladius " priest of Jupiter," and Ammonius "priest of the ape" (Socrat. 
 v. 15). 
 
 " 391 A. D." (Clint), the orator Symmachus one of the consuls for this year. 
 
 " 392, May 15th " (Epiphan , and Clint), death of Valentinian II. ; Theodosius now becoming in 
 regular. order the fiftieth Roman emperor. Marcellus of Bourdeaux, sometimes termed "archiater," 
 holding the office of " magister officiorum " under Theodosius (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 * Pentapetes ph<rnicea of Tropical Eastern Asia. Herbaceous with shewy flowers, and called in 
 Sanscrit "bandhukamu " or " bandhujivamu " or " bandhujivakamu " (J. F. Wats.); in which we rec- 
 ognize the "bandhudjiva" of the Sutta sagitti — (Burn. ii. 826), Valmiki ram. iv. 29 (transl. Gorr.), 
 Jayadeva, lips like its ruddy flowers, and Susrutas sutr. 6 to kalp. 1: P. phcenicea was observed 
 by Rheede x. pi. 56 in Malabar ; by Graham, "in gardens Bombay," flowers axillary, " of a beautiful 
 bright red colour ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, indigenous in 
 Burmah ; by Blanco, once at Manila ; and is termed by Rumphius v. pi. 100 " flos impius " from the 
 flowers never looking upward. 
 
 Pontederia hastata of Tropical Hindustan. The "umma" having blue flowers according to the 
 Sutta sagitti — is referred here by Burnouf ii. 826 : P. hastata was observed by Nimmo in the envi- 
 rons of Bombay, " rice fields and margins of tanks, Concans " (Graham) ; by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 1 1 1 
 in other parts of Hindustan. Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 220, and 
 Morison iii. 15. pi. 4. 
 
556 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Acotiitum anthora of the Pyrenees and mountains of middle Europe as far as Siberia. The 
 knTuRk of Marcellus — (Dod. pempt. iii. 4. 14), or "anthora" growing according to Matthaeus 
 Sylvalicus in the same situations with the " tora " and an antidote to its poison, its flowers " subrubei " 
 (Caesalp. xiv. 8), mentioned also by Simon Januensis, and Arnoldus Villanova, is referred here by 
 writers: A. anthora is described also by Clusius hist. ii. pi. 98; is known to grow on the Pyrenees 
 (Pall, it., and Steud.) and mountains of Switzerland (Jacq. austr. pi. 382, Pers., and Hausman fl. 
 Tyrol i. 31) confined apparently to calcareous soil (Mohl, and A. Dec). "A. Pallasii " is regarded 
 by Lindley as a variety only. 
 
 Ranunculus aconitifolii/s of the mountains of middle Europe. One or more species is called 
 in Britain bolt (Prior) ; and the heRbi.m called in Gaul bLU TT h \G G I 0, growing according to 
 Marcellus 9 LOCIS humldlS, its juice instilled in the ear, — may be compared: the "bolte"is 
 translated "petilum, tnbulum" by Galfridus pr. pra. . R. aconitifolius is termed "pie di cornacchia " 
 by Matthioli ; is known to grow along streams on the mountains of Switzerland, the flowers white 
 (Willd. p. 1316, Curt. mag. pi. 204), the double-flowered variety is called in France "bouton d'argent " 
 (Pers.). 
 
 Impaliens balsamina of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. Called in Britain balsam, in 
 France "balsamine" (Nugent), in Germany "balsamine" (Griebj.by the Turks " knatziziiJk" (Forsk.), 
 in Egypt "areteneh " (Clot-Bey) ; in which we recognize the b&. LS i.m I whose seeds are prescribed 
 by Marcellus 20, — and one of the ornamental flowers whose culture is enjoined by Charlemagne: 
 I. balsamina is described by Fuchsius pi. 190, Matthioli, and Caesalpinus vi. G'S ; is well known in 
 the gardens of Europe (Blackw., and Pers.) ; was observed by Forskal in the gardens of Constanti- 
 nople ; by Clot-Bey, in those of Egypt ; and by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen. Farther East, 
 was observed by Rheede ix. pi. 52 in Malabar; by Graham, "everywhere" around Bombay "towards 
 the close of the rains" and called " teerda ; " by Mason v. 433 and 764, "exotic'' in Burmah but 
 abounding both cultivated and springing up spontaneously. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower. 
 
 A/alva althaoides of the Mediterranean countries. Annual: yet possibly the bruised or ground 
 root of the mi. LV A. € GR^eCke &.Lbd,e prescribed against colic by Marcellus 27 : — M. alths- 
 oides was observed by Cavamlles ii. pi. 135 in Spain, the flowers white (Pers.) ; by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus and Attica. 
 
 Urasiica arvensis of the Mediterranean countries The bR^SSICke e R R \T I C 2.6 of Mar- 
 cellus 10, the juice of its bruised root to be inserted in the nose, — may be compared : also the "per- 
 forata sive herba umbilicorum" of the Ortus sanitatis pi. 350 : B. arvensis is termed " b. campestris 
 perfoliata flore purpureo " by Tournefort inst. 220; is known to occur in moist cultivated ground in 
 Southern Europe (Pers.); was observed by Boccone pi. 25 in Sicily; by Sibthorp, in tjie moist 
 cultivated fields of Greece. 
 
 Malcolmia maritime/, of the shores of the Mediterranean. Called in France " girofle"e de Mahon " 
 (Pers.) : the KeRMITldOS, an heRbkm that we call VIO lAm m 2. R I N \P0, prescribed by 
 Marcellus 27, — may be compared: M. maritima is termed " hesperis maritima supina exigua " by 
 Tournefort inst. 223 ; is known to grow wild on the seashore of France, and is besides cultivated to 
 ornament lawns. Eastward, by Forskal, and Sibthorp, on the seashore of Greece and the Greek 
 islands as far as the Dardanelles ; by Chaubard, inland in the Peloponnesus colouring the ground 
 in patches with its rose-violet flowers; by Forskal, the "cheiranthus Chius ? foliis dentatis siliquis 
 subulatis" in the gardens of Egypt. " C. lyratus" with pods " erectiusculis rigidis pungentibus," 
 observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus, is regarded by Chaubard as probably not distinct. 
 
 Draba ven/a of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain whitlow grass or nailwort 
 (Prior); and the UNGUINZlLIS of Marcellus — may be compared: D. verna was observed by 
 Sibthorp in sunny situations from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; is known to grow also about Cau- 
 casus (Bieb.). Westward, is described by Brunfels ii. 34, Lobel adv. p. u,6 and obs. p. 249, Thalius 
 pi. 7 (Spreng.), and Parkinson th. p. 556; is termed "alysson vulgare polygoni folio caule nudo " 
 by Tournefort inst. 2T7; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far 
 as Denmark and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 9S3, Hook., and Pers.). By European colonists, was car- 
 ried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized from upper Carolina (Chapm.) through- 
 out our middle and Northern States, but according to A. Gray is "not found north of Lower 
 Canada." 
 
 Saxifraga tridactylites of Europe and Northern Asia. Also called in Britain ■whitlow grass 
 and nailwort (Prior); and possibly included in the "unguinalis" of Marcellus :— S. tridactylites 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, frequent in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is described by 
 Lobel pi. 469 (Bory) ; is termed "s. verna annua humilior" by Tournefort inst. 252; and is known 
 to grow in Italy and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Pers 
 Hook., Dec, and Wats.). ' 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 557 
 
 Trifolium repens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "triphulli" 
 (Sibth.), in Britain white clover or Dutch clover, in Ireland shamrock or "seamr-og" holy trefoil; 
 in which we recognize the Celtic name of clover VISum&RUS sheep-sumar in Marcellus 3 — (Prior) : 
 T. repens was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in grassy situations from Crete and the Pelo- 
 ponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople ; is known to grow also about Caucasus (Bieb.) and the 
 Talusch mountains, and throughout Siberia as far as Lake Baikal (Gmel., and Ledeb.). Westward, 
 the "hwite claefran" is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Leechbook i. 20. 21 (Cockayne); is termed 
 "t pratense album" by Tournefort inst. 404; is known to grow in Barbary (Boiss. i. p. 170) and 
 throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 990, Hook., and 
 Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira and the Azores (Lem., and Wats.) ; to 
 Jamaica (Dec.) ; to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, multiplying especially 
 in grassy clearings ; to Austral Africa (Meyer, and A. Dec.) ; and to New Zealand, as verified by 
 myself. 
 
 Ervum hirsutum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain tine-tare from 
 enclosing and imprisoning other plants, in Anglo-Saxon " tynan " (Prior); and the heR b\ Tl N I 
 &.TIC2l of Marcellus 17 — may be compared: E. hirsutum is termed " vicia minima " by Tragus 
 (Spreng.), " v. segetum cum siliquis plurimis hirsutis " by Tournefort inst. 397 ; and is known to 
 occur as a weed in grain-fields in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 639, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to occur sparingly in 
 waste and cultivated ground from Massachusetts to Virginia and Carolina (Raf., A. Gray, Chapm., 
 and myself). 
 
 Potentilla comarum of Northern climates. Called in Britain purple-wort or purple marshwort 
 or purple marshlock (Prior) ; and the I k N T H I 6 I S h 6 R b ^ e growing inhlimidlS LOCIS pre- 
 scribed by Marcellus 17 — may be compared: P. comarum is described by Plukenet phyt. pi. 212; 
 was observed by Scopoli in North Italy ; and is known to grow in marshy ground throughout middle 
 and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Crantz, Gilibert, Lamarck fl. fr., fl. Dan. pi. 636, and Wats.) ; 
 was observed by Pallas between the Yenisei and Baikal ; and by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. West- 
 ward, by Hooker on Iceland ; is known to grow on Greenland; was observed by Lapylaie from Lat. 
 52 on Newfoundland; by Michaux, from Hudson Bay to Quebec; by myself, along the Atlantic 
 as far as 42° ; by Torrey to 41 ; by Nuttall, as far West as the Missouri ; by Mertens, at Norfolk 
 Sound on the Pacific; and is known to grow from Bear Lake to Bering's Straits (Hook.). Has been 
 used medicinally, according to W. Coles simpl. 27 as " an excellent remedy against the purples " 
 (Prior). 
 
 Cirshun lanceolatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The juice of the h £R b&.m 
 C&Rdlll &.GR6STIS expressed in a mortar, prescribed by Marcellus 6, — may be compared: also 
 the "scearpe thistel " of the Anglo-Saxon Leechbook iii. 12: C. lanceolatus is termed " c. lanceatus 
 latifolius " by Tournefort inst. 440 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia, by Forskal on Malta ; and 
 is known to occur in North Africa (Wats.), and in waste and fallow ground throughout middle and 
 Northern Europe as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 1173, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 
 thorp around Constantinople ; and is known to occur in cultivated ground in the Tauro-Caspian coun- 
 tries (Bieb.). By European colonists, was carried to Iceland (Hook.) ; and to Northeast America, 
 where it has become naturalized, though chiefly occurring along roadsides and in fallow ground as far 
 South according to Chapman as Augusta on the Savannah. 
 
 Artemisia valksiaca of Western Europe. The kbSINTHIl G&.LLICI prescribed by Mar- 
 cellus 15 — may be compared : A. vallesiaca is termed "absinthium vallesiacum tenuifolium candi- 
 dum sive herba alba" by Bauhin hist. 179 ; is known to grow in sandy situations in Italy, Switzerland, 
 France, and Spain (All., Lam., and Pers.) : and is enumerated by Lindley among medicinal plants. 
 
 Primula auricula of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain French cowslip or from 
 the shape of its leaves eear's-ears, in medieval Latin "ursi auricula" (Prior); and the heRbkm 
 called in Gaul VeRNeTuS according to Marcellus 9, its juice to be instilled in the ear, — may be 
 compared : P. auricula is described by Gesner, and Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is known to grow wild in 
 alpine situations in Switzerland and France (Jacq. austr. pi. 405, Villars ii. 469, Pers., and Beckm.). 
 Transferred to wardens, it has become a favourite flower, cultivated under numerous varieties through- 
 out Europe, and has been carried to Northeast America. 
 
 Lathrcea squamaria of middle Europe. From the tooth-like scales at the base of the stem called 
 in Britain tooth-wort (Prior) ; andtheheRbke peduNCUlARI^e S I C Cke prescribed by Mar- 
 cellus 8 may be compared. L. squamaria is termed "squamaria orobanche " by Scopoli, " clan- 
 
 destina penduliflora " by Lamarck fl. fr. (Steud.) ; and is known to grow in deep shade as far as 
 Britain and Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 136, and Pers.). 
 
 Convallaria majalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wood lily 
 
558 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 or lily of the valley or mu ? get, in France " muguet," in Old French " musquet " from " muscatus " 
 scented with musk (Prior), in Greece " krinos " (Sibth.) or at Constantinople " margaritaria" (Forsk.) ; 
 and the LlLlI SyLVkTICI S U C C U S prescribed by Marcellus 1 6 — may be compared : the "hamai- 
 kgrasos " of Euporist. i. 154, a small herb with fragrant flowers having the odour of musk succeeded by 
 cherry-like fruit, is referred here by Gesner, and Sprengel : C. majalis was observed by Sibthorp in 
 the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; is known to grow wild on Caucasus 
 and in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.). and in Siberia as far as but not beyond the Ural and 
 Irtisch (Gmel., and Pall.)- Westward, the "lilium convallium" is mentioned by Platearfus, and in 
 the Vulgate translation of Cant. ii. 1 : C. majalis is figured in Ortus sanitatis 256; is described also 
 by Joannes Manardus (Spreng.), Brunfels i. 211, Fuchsius, Dodoens, and Lobel ; is termed "1. con- 
 vallium album " by Tournefort inst. 77 ; was observed by Brotero only under cultivation in Portugal ; 
 but is known to grow wild in wooded mountainous situations in middle Europe, and throughout 
 Northern Europe as far as Russia and Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. S54, Pers., Dec, and Wats.). By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower, and 
 has become naturalized along the Sassafras river in the Delaware peninsula (Baldw.), at the Sweet 
 Springs among the mountains of Virginia (B. S. Bart.), and on the tops of the Alleghanies in Caro- 
 lina (Mx.). 
 
 Stratiotes aloides of the Malayan archipelago ? From its sword-like leaves called in Britain 
 knight's wort or knighfs woundwort or knight's pondwort or water soldier or water sengreen 
 (Prior); and the juice of the heRb^e G L i.6 I ^TO R I C I k€ prescribed by Marcellus 16— may 
 be compared : 3. aloides is described by Dodoens p. 588; is known to occur in slow-moving waters 
 in Britain and Denmark (fl. Dan. pi 337, and Pers.) ; and recently introduced into France, has 
 extended itself in certain localities, although not producing seeds from the presence of one sex only 
 (A. de Juss., and A. Dec). Eastward, according to Kunth en. iii. 8, grows wild from Malabar to 
 Java and the Moluccas. 
 
 Eriophorum raginatitin of Northern climates. The lANUGINem from VIRldl pkpyRO, 
 on the summit q U \S I pkNICULke emiNeNTIS, prescribed by Marcellus 34 — may be com- 
 pared : E. vaginatum is known to grow from Lapland and Russia to France and Switzerland (fl Dan. 
 pi. 236, Dec. fl. fr., and Wats ) ; was observed by Gmelin throughout Siberia. Westward, by Hooker 
 on Iceland; by Lapylaie, on Newfoundland; by myself, as far as Lat. 42 near Boston; by Baldwin, 
 as far as 39° 30' in Delaware ; and by Pursh, from " Canada to Virginia.'' 
 
 Polypodium phegopteris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The roots of the Fl Ll 
 CLlLi.6 called in Gaul R ^T I S and growing often IN F&.G 0, prescribed by Marcellus 25 — maybe 
 compared: P. phegopteris is known to grow in Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 2224) ; and was observed by 
 Sibthorp as far as the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " 394 A. D." (Philostorg., and Clint.), in Gaul, Eugenius defeated by Theodosius, and put to 
 death. Coins of Eugenius are extant. 
 
 "395, Jan. 17th" (Socrat., and Clint.), death of Theodosius; after dividing the Empire between 
 his two young sons, Arcadius and Honorius. — The partition proved final; the community of interest 
 hitherto felt in regard to foreign invasions, soon becoming greatly weakened. 
 
 Arcadius thus became head of the Byzantine branch of the Roman empire. Through the intrigues 
 of Rufinus, the Huns and Goths under Alaric at once commenced their ravages : and Stilicho guardian 
 of Honorius, crossing the mountains, found Thessaly already plundered by them. 
 
 " 396 A. D." (Zosim., and Clint.), Second expedition of Stilicho. From Sicily sailing direct to 
 the Peloponnesus, he encountered the Goths in Arcadia. Priscus and other priests of the ancient 
 religion had been put to death by them. 
 
 The art of painting on glass (according to Pouchet) began in the " Fourth " century, with the 
 first churches erected by Christians. 
 
 The basilica S. Paolo fuori le mura, a church "four hundred and four" feet long, built at Rome 
 "at the end of the Fourth century" (Lubke and Lutrow). — It was burned in "1823." 
 
 •'Apparently in the fourth century" (Weber, and Ermerius ed. Sor. p. xvii), Caelius Aurelianus 
 writing on medicine, and especially translating from Soranus Ephesius. 
 
 "397 A. D. = ' loung-ngan,' 1st year of Ngan-ti II., of the Tcin" or Ninth dynasty * — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 * Panax quinquefolium of Northeast America. The ginseng is called by the Mohawks " kalon- 
 daggough " (Hawley), also in aboriginal American " garent-oguen " (Forst. cat. 47, but Osbeck found 
 the name " garentouges " human-thighs in use in China), by the Tartars Northeast of China " orhota " 
 captain of the pi ints (Jartona) : " from the dynasties of the Tsin and Song down to that of the Tang 
 there was no physician of reputation who did not constantly make use of " jin-seng — (receipts in chin. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 559 
 
 "The same year" (Zosim., and Clint.), revolt of Gildo at Carthage ;• cutting off the supply of 
 corn from Rome ; as at this time (according to Claudian), Constantinople received all the corn of 
 Egypt. 
 
 " In this year" (Idat., and Clint.), general destruction of temples. A Christian, Synesius, at this 
 time ambassador from Cyrene to Arcadius. 
 
 "The same year" (Abulpharag., and Clint.), Vararam IV. succeeded by Yesdejerd or Isdejerd, 
 twelfth Sasanid king of Persia. Christians at this time numerous in Persia. 
 
 "400; Jan. 1st" (Clint.), homily of Asterius, against the festive observance of the Calends. 
 
 "In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Nin-tok succeeded by Ri-tsiou, eighteenth dairo of 
 Japan. Flowers of " sakoura " * fell into the drinking-cup of Ri-tsiou while once sailing on an artificial 
 lake. 
 
 "In this year" (Burm. ann., Bigandet, and Max Mull. p. xvi), Budhaghosha of Thaton visiting 
 Ceylon, where he transcribed the Budhist scriptures, making use of "Burmese or rather Taking 
 characters." In this form these scriptures were now first communicated to the people living on the 
 shores of the Gulf of Martaban. — The visit of Budhaghosha is placed at least eleven years later by 
 the Ceylon historian Mahanama (Mahavams. xxxvii). 
 
 Excavating a "stone temple" or "stone cave," is mentioned by Budhaghosha parab. xviii. 
 
 Diospyros hirsuta of Ceylon. Affording the most valuable cabinet-wood of the island, surpassing 
 rosewood in beauty and durability, and from early times in the greatest repute : "ebony forests" are 
 mentioned by -Budhaghosha parab. iii : f — D. hirsuta was received from Ceylon by the younger Lin- 
 na;us ; and according to Drury, grows " chiefly in the southern provinces and especially in the forests 
 at the foot of Adam's Peak," but having been prodigally felled "has become exceedingly rare." 
 
 herbal, Du Halde 217; doubtless from the root occasionally resembling the human form) : according 
 to the emperor Kang-hi, from the frontier of China to Hei-tong-kiang and from the eastern sea a good 
 distance westward are forests so dense that they hide the sun, some of pine and some of cedar, and in 
 these dark woods grows the "gin-cheng" (mem. Chin. iv. 465) ; or according to Kaempfer i. 4, "in 
 the provinces of Corea and Fakusai, as also in Siansai, a province of the neighbouring Tartary : " 
 ginseng is described by P. Jartona in making his map of Tartary, and "in 1709" the emperor ordered 
 ten thousand Tartars to go in quest of the root, and so procured twenty thousand katye or Chinese 
 pounds, Osbeck further found the Chinese in their " apothecary shops always selling ginseng : " among 
 the productions of Yeso, " ninzin " or " ginsen '' is enumerated in the San-kokf, and by Siebold ; the 
 Ainos of Yeso are known to have long held communication with the Aleutian Islands, and though the 
 plant has not been seen growing in Alaska (Rothr. in Smith's report for 1867), ginseng has been enu- 
 merated among Alaskan articles of commerce ; I have in fact met with no direct evidence that the 
 plant has been seen growing in Asia, and the law of geographical distribution requires either two 
 species, or else China has always been supplied with ginseng from North America. P. quinquefolium 
 was discovered in Northeast America in" 1715 " by the Jesuit P. Lasitan(Hardie's tablet, and Holmes); 
 " in 1752," its root was extensively collected by the Mohawks and brought to the colonists on the Hud- 
 son for exportation to China (G. Hawley hist. coll. iv. 53) ; "in 1775," Thunberg in Japan found gin- 
 seng root "imported unadulterated only >y the Chinese,"' and that "brought by the Dutch, said to 
 come from America," strictly prohibited : P. quinquefolium seems to grow chiefly on and around the 
 Alleghanies, as far according to Kalm as a little North of Montreal ; was observed also in Canada by 
 Michaux, and Cleghorn (Hook.) ; by Pursh, from Canada to Tennessee ; by A. Gray, in " rich moun- 
 tain woods, becoming rare ; " by Conrad, as far East as the vicinity of Philadelphia, and by Darlington 
 near West Chester; by Eliot, on the Alleghany mountains of Carolina; and by Chapman, in "rich 
 woods along the mountains, Georgia and northward." 
 
 * Cerasus kariuka of Japan and Yeso. A cherry tree called by the Ainos "karinka," in Japan 
 " sakura " (Sieb.), and clearly the " sakoura " in question : — enumerated by Siebold among the edible 
 and useful plants of Yeso. 
 
 f Diospyros chloroxylon of Eastern Hindustan. A thorny species yielding a kind of ebony, very 
 hard and durable timber, known from early times : —observed by Roxburgh cor. pi. 49 (Pers., and 
 
 Drur.). 
 
 Diospyros cordifolia of Eastern Hindustan. A tree armed with branching thorns and yielding a 
 kind of ebony, timber from early times used for many economical purposes : —observed by Roxburgh 
 cor. pi. 50 (Pers., and Drur.). 
 
 Diospyros tomentosa of the Northern parts of Bengal. A tall and elegant tree, deciduous-leaved 
 and shaped somewhat like the cypress; its black hard heavy timber known from early times: — 
 observed by Roxburgh (Drur.). From transported specimens, described by Poiret (Steud.). 
 
 Jasmhmm angustifolium of Southern Hindustan. A woody twiner called in Tamil " caat- 
 
560 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Capsicum frutescens of Tropical America. The red pepper or chilly is called in Aitian "axi" 
 (Ovied.), in Peruvian " uchu," in Mexican "chilli" (Humb. iv. 9), in Tagalo "pasitis," but in ancient 
 times "lara," a name extant among the Pampangos (Blanco), in Burmah "gna-yoke" (Mason), in 
 Telinga " merapu-kai," in Tamil "mollaghai," in Malabar "capoo mologoo," in Bengalee "gacb- 
 murich" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "lal mirchee " (Graham), in Yemen " dar felfel," in 
 Greece "piperies" (Forsk.), in Egypt "felfel ahmar" (Del.); and "red pepper" is mentioned by 
 Budhaghosha parab. 21 as inducing violent sneezing when powdered; — is prescribed by Susrutas 
 sutr. 46 : C. frutescens was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 56 in Malabar, is described also by Rumphius 
 v. pi. 83 ; was observed by Gibson, and Graham, " in every garden " in the environs of Bombay, 
 "also all over the Deccan and Kandesh," and "extensively cultivated about Poosasowlee " and 
 "sent to the Concan markets;" by Roxburgh, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan as far as 
 Nepaul; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah; by Blanco, seemingly indigenous on the Philippines: 
 by myself, on the Feejeean and Tongan, by other members of our Expedition on the Samoan Tahei- 
 tian and Hawaiian Islands, brought by Polynesian voyagers from America. A brother of Manco 
 Capac was named Agar Uchu (G. de la Veg. i. iS) : Columbus on his first voyage found "axis " the 
 pepper used by the inhabitants of Aiti or Hayti " very hot, some of it long and some round " (F. Columb. 
 34 to 36) ; the "axi" is described by Oviedo gen. hist. vii. 7 as a substitute for pepper; by Gomara, 
 as "especia que les quemo la lengua ; " but in the wild state C. frutescens seems unknown (A. Dec ). 
 Westward from Hindustan, although observed by Forskal under cultivation in Yemen, and by myself 
 on Zanzibar, by Schweinfurth in Central Africa, C. frutescens appears to have remained unknown in 
 the, Mediterranean countries and Europe until the discovery of America ; is described by Tragus, 
 Cordus, Fuchsius, Matthioli, Lobel, and Clusius exot. pi. 340; was observed by Forskal, and Delile, 
 in Egypt; by Hasselquist, near Jerusalem; by Forskal, and Chaubard, in Asia Minor and Greece. 
 By European colonists, was however introduced into Northeast America. 
 
 One hundred and forty-first generation. Jan. 1st, 401, onward mostly beyond youth : Rab 
 Ashe: the Greek philosopher Plutarchus of Athens; the historians, Eunapius, and Olympiodorus ; 
 the grammarian Orion; the rhetor Troilus ; the Christian Greek writers, Arsacius, Atticus, the 
 chronologers Annianus and Panodorus, Chrysanthus, Evagrius of Antioch, the ecclesiastical histo- 
 rian Sisinnius, Philippus of Side, Maximianus, and Theodoras of Mopseusta : the Latin writers, the 
 poets Claudianus and Rutilianus Numatianus ; the Christian Latin writers, the ecclesiastical historian 
 Sulpicius Severus, Dexter, Cassianus, Marius Mercator, Petronius, Prudentius, Coelestius, Julianus, 
 and Orosius. 
 
 " In the very beginning of the fifth century" (journ. Asiat. v. p. 103 to 138, and Elphinstone iii. 
 3 to 10), the Chinese traveller Fa-hian entering Hindustan visited Behar, at this time the capital; 
 describes also an extensive Budhist cave. "He found Budhism flourishing in the tract between 
 China and India, but declining in the Panjab, and languishing in the last stage of decay in the 
 countries on the Ganges and Jamna. Capila, the birthplace of Budha, was 'a wilderness untenanted 
 by man.' His religion was in full vigour in Ceylon, but had not yet been introduced into Java : " — 
 which island Fa-hian visited on his way back to China, "in ships manned by crews professing the 
 Braminii al religion" (see below 428). 
 
 The impression attributed to Guatama's foot on a mountain in Ceylon is mentioned by Fa-hian, 
 — also in the Mahavamsa i. 1. 7, but by Arab travellers from the Ninth to the Fourteenth century 
 is attributed to Adam (Marco Polo 215, and Burn. ii. 622). 
 
 "402 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint.), Anastasius succeeded by Innocentius, "thirty-eighth " bishop 
 of Rome. 
 
 On the " third of the ides of November " ( Idat. ), eclipse of the sun. " Towards the close of the 
 year" (Clint.), the Goths under Alaric enter Italy. 
 
 "404 A. D." (Gothofred., and Clint, iv. p. 379), gladiatorial exhibitions finally suppressed by 
 Honorius. In Asia Minor, ravages by Isaurians ; from beyond the Taurus chain of mountains. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), the kingdom of Scotland "revived by Fergus." 
 
 "405 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint.), in Italy, more than "two hundred thousand" Goths under 
 Radagaisus, shut in among the mountains at Fesulae and defeated by Stilicho. 
 
 "406 A. D." (Zosim., and Clint.), Vandali, Alani, and Suevi, crossing the Rhine enter Gaul. 
 
 mallica," in Hindustanee "ban-mallica," in Telinga " adevie-mallie " (Drur.), in the environs of Bom- 
 bay "reoutee" (Graham); and from early times, its bitter root used medicinally in rino-worm : the 
 
 wrapped up relics of a Budhist saint are compared by Budhaghosha xxviii to a jasmine-bud: 
 
 J. angustifolium was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 53 in Malabar ; by N. L. Burmann pi. 2, Ainslie, 
 Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from Travancore to the Coromandel forests, constantly covered with 
 bright shining green foliage and well-adapted for arbours ; by Graham at Bombay, only " in wardens." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 56 1 
 
 At this time (as appears from Vigilantius, Hieronymus, Alsted, and Clint.), image-symbols, 
 lighting of candles, relics of saints, and invocation of saints, already used in Christian worship. 
 Vigilantius writing also against prayers for the dead, vigils, and the celibacy of the clergy. 
 
 "In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Ri-tsiou succeeded by his brother Fan-sio, now nine- 
 teenth dairo of Japan * 
 
 " The same year = beginning of the Thirteenth manwantara '" among the Hindus — (Graha Mun- 
 jari tables, and Benth.) 
 
 "407 A. D." (Idat., and Clint.), Hieronymus, Joannes bishop of Jerusalem, Eulogius bishop of 
 Caesarea, Epiphanius of Cyprus, and Theophilns of Alexandria, all seen by Idatius, now in early 
 youth. 
 
 "The same year" (Prosp., and Clint.), in Britain, revolt of Constantine a Roman soldier; who 
 taking advantage of his name, extended his authority over the people and crossed into Gaul. Coins 
 of Constantine are extant. 
 
 "May 1st" (Prosp., and Clint.), Arcadius succeeded by Theodosius II., at the age of "eight 
 years " second Byzantine emperor. The work of demolishing the temples of the ancient religion 
 continued to be zealously prosecuted (Sm. biogr. diet.) ; for Monumental history, a disastrous 
 measure. 
 
 "The same year " (Zosim., and Clint ), Stilicho put to death at Ravenna. When "thirty thou- 
 sand "of his troops joining the Goths, Alaric marched and laid siege to Rome. Terms however 
 were offered, and Alaric withdrew. 
 
 "409 A. D." (Zosim., and Clint.), second siege of Rome by the Goths. Spain invaded and 
 overrun by the Vandali. Alani, and Suevi : the Vandali continuing beyond into Africa. 
 
 "410 A. D. (=418" of Sam. Aniens., J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the Armenian alphabet 
 invented by Miesrob ; who at the same time commenced a version of the Bible — More than twenty- 
 one years elapsed before the version was completed; Moses of Chorene being part of the time 
 employed on it. This version is the earliest known example of the Armenian language. 
 
 "Aug. 24th" (Cedren., and Clint.), after a third siege, Rome captured and plundered by the 
 Goths under Alaric. Who, dying shortly afterwards, was succeeded as king by Ataulfus. 
 
 411 A. D. (=36o.-j-"42 years reign" of the Mahavams. xxxvii.), Upatissa succeeded by his 
 brother Maha-nawma, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 Bauhinia acuminata of Tropical Africa ? The white Bauhinia, a shrub six to ten feet high, 
 called in Burmah " ma-ha-hlae-ga-phyoo " (Mason); and from early times, cultivated for its large 
 blue-white fragrant flowers : the " mahanel " flower exhaling fragrance according to the Mahavamsa 
 i. p. 8, — may be compared : B. acuminata was observed by Mason v. 405 to 771 "exotic" in Bur- 
 mah. Westward, by Rheede i. pi. 34 in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindu- 
 stan ; by Graham, " in gardens common " around Bombay, and notwithstanding the opinion of 
 Desvaux, he regards the " farek " seen by Bruce vii. pi. 18 in Abyssinia as possibly identical. 
 
 Morinda citrifolia of Tropical shores from the Seychelles and Hindustan throughout the Malayan 
 archipelago and neighbouring Polynesian islands. A small tree called in Hindustanee " al " or 
 " atchy," in Telinga "molagha" or " maddichettoo," in Tamil " manja-pavattay " or "noona" 
 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " aal " (Graham), in Martaban and Pegu " nie-pa-hsae," in Tenas- 
 serim " nyau " (Mason), in Ylocano " apatot," in Pampango " taliantar," in Tagalo and Bisaya 
 " bancudo " or " pancudo " or " bangcoro " or " mambog " or " tumbong aso " or " tacpus " or " culit " 
 or "lino" or " nino " (Blanco), on the Tarawan coral-islands "non," on the Otafuan coral-islands 
 and the Tongan, Samoan, and Taheitian rocky groups " nono," on the Marquesas and Hawaiian 
 
 * Tilia cordata of Japan. Its bark from early times used for bast and making musquito-nets 
 
 — (see Jap. centen. comm. 77). 
 
 Pueraria Tkunbergiana of Japan. From early times used for making cordage and coarse cloth 
 
 — (see Jap. c. c. 76). 
 
 IVistaria Chinensis of Eastern Asia. A shrubby twiner called in Japan "too" or "fudsi" 
 (Thunb.), and from early times used there for making cordage and coarse cloth, also for braiding 
 hats and other articles, and planted for arbours in gardens — (see Jap. c. c. 76 to 81) : observed in 
 Japan by Kaempfer v. 856, and Thunberg, described also by Houttuyn viii. pi. 64. 
 
 Salix- Buergeriana of Japan. A willow from early times used for making bast — (see Jap. 
 c. c. 76). 
 
 Musabasho of the Philippines. Called in Tagalo "abaca" (Blanco), yielding Manila hemp, 
 and from early times used in Japan for making cordage and coarse cloth— (see Jap. c. c. 76). 
 Farther South, observed by Dampier only on Mindanao; by Blanco, a most useful plant carefully 
 cultivated in Camarines and o;her parts of the Philippines. 
 
 7' 
 
562 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Islands "noni" (Hale) ; the " hal-trees " of the Mahavamsa ii. p. 30— may be compared: M. citri- 
 foliawasobservedbyRheedei.pl. 52 in Malabar; by Graham, "common in Bombay, extensively 
 cultivated in Kandesh, Berar, Surat, and about Punderpore," its roots "used in dying; " by Drury, 
 the scarlet dye "exported in large quantities from Malabar to Guzerat and the northern part of Hin- 
 doostan;" by Roxburgh, and Wight, the tree occurring as far as Coromandel ; by Mason v. 112, 
 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated for the red dye obtained from the roots ; is known to occur in Anam, 
 its fruit used medicinally ; was observed by Bontius 97, and Rumphius iii. pi. 99, in the Malayan 
 archipelago, by myself to all appearance indigenous there ; by Blanco, on the Philippines. 
 Farther East, by myself seemingly indigenous on the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, and Taheitian 
 islands, occurring also throughout the Paumotuan coral-archipelago, but on the Hawaiian Islands 
 only cultivated and naturalized, its root further ascertained by Rich to be used for dyeing by Poly- 
 nesians. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by Bojer on the Seychelles and Gallega, but by 
 European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated. 
 
 "In this year" (Augustin., and Clint.), at Carthage, conferences with the Donatists : "two 
 hundred and seventy nine " Donatist bishops being present ; and " two hundred and sixty-six Catho- 
 licae partis," including Augustinus. 
 
 "412 A. D." (Socrat, and Clint.), Theophilus bishop of Alexandria succeeded by Cyrillus. 
 
 " 23d day of 1st lunat." (ann. Jap., and Klapr.), Fan-sio succeeded by his brother In-kio, now 
 twentieth dairo of Japan. 
 
 "Nov. 21st" (Percev. i. 244 to 415), commencement of the Naci era of the Arabs. 
 
 "413 A. D." (Prosp., Blair, and Clint), commencement under Gundicar of the Burgundian king- 
 dom : Westward of the Upper Rhine. 
 
 At this time, lake-temples dedicated to local deities in various parts of Northern and middle 
 Europe; one being mentioned in the following inscription found at Aulun in Burgundy, " licnos 
 contextos ieuru Anvalonnacu canecosedlon," — the last word translated " domain lacustrem" "lake- 
 house" by A. Pictet (Troyon p. 198). Gregorius of Tours glor. confes. ii. speaks of a lake on 
 Mount Helanus in Ge"vaudan having been an object of worship ; furious storms arising on the occa- 
 sion of offerings, the phenomenon ceasing only after a church had been built near by and the people 
 converted to Christianity: again in miracul. ii., he speaks of a sacred fountain and lake at Brioude 
 sur l'Allier, into which the people cast the ido!s after their conversion to Christianity. A pit filled 
 with water and consecrated to demons at Vierzon among the Bituriges, is mentioned in the life of 
 St. Sulpicede Bourges (act. Benedict, ii p. 172) : and Gervasius Tilberiensis (Leibniz i. 982) speaks 
 of an invisible palace of demons on Mount Cna^tim in Catalogue, in a lake, into which if a stone be 
 thrown a storm at once arises : the superstition of storms arising from throwing a stone into a lake, 
 also occurs in the traditions of Germany and Finland (Grimm mythol. Deutsche 388). 
 
 "414 A. D." (Theodoret., Sozom. ix. 4, Plate, and Clint.), at Suza, a fire-temple destroyed by 
 the Christian bishop Abd is. Who, when ordered by king Yesdejerd to rebuild it, refused, and was 
 put to death. Some persecutions against Christians ensued in Persia. 
 
 "415 A. D." (Socrat., and Clint.), at Alexandria, Hypatia daughter of the philosopher Theon, 
 murdered. 
 
 Cidrelt toona of Tropical Hindustan, Burmah, and the Malayan Archipelago. An Egyptian 
 harp made of East Indian mahogany, — was seen by Rosseline in Florence (athenaeum July 22d 1S37, 
 and Royle antiq. hind. med. p. 130). Eastward, C. toona is called in Bengalee "toon" or "lood" 
 (Lindl.) ; is described by Rumphius iii. pi. 39; was observed by Graham in "ravines at Kandalla, 
 the beautiful timber is not inferior to mahogany, the flowers are used in Mysore in dying cotton a 
 beautiful red colour, while the bark is considered equal " to that of the Soymida " as an antiperiotlical 
 in fevers ;" and according to Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 238, Wight, and Lindley, the trunk is "erect, of a 
 great size and height," the "bark a powerful astringent, and though not bitter, a tolerably good sub- 
 stitute for Peruvian bark'' in "remitting and intermitting fevers." Farther East, enumerated by 
 Mason v. p. 539 as found by Nuthall " in Aracan," by McClelland " in Pegu," and furnishing the 
 toon timber of commerce : observed also by Blume bydr. 199, and Horsfield, in Java. 
 
 "The same year" (Prosp., and Clint.), death of Ataulphus in Spain, and Sigericus elected king 
 of the Goths. After " seven days," he was succeeded by Vallia or Wallia. 
 
 "417 A. D." (Olympiodor., and Clint.), marriage of the Roman general Constantius with Pla- 
 cidia, daughter of Theodosius and widow of the Gothic king Ataulphus. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol), Innocentius succeeded by Zosimus, thirty-ninth bishop of 
 Rome. 
 
 "418 A. D." (Idat., and Clint), in Spain, the Vanclali and Alani defeated and nearly exterminated 
 by the Goths ; who returning into Gaul, received through Constantius the province of Aquitania, from 
 " Tolosa to the ocean." Their king Wallia dying in this year, succeeded by Theodores. 
 
 On the " fourteenth of the Calends of August " (Marcellin., and Clint.), eclipse of the sun. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 563 
 
 "The same year" (Prosp., and Clint), the decree of a synod at Carthage against Pelagius sub- 
 mitted to the bishop of Rome ; approved by Zosimus, and everywhere accepted by the churches. A 
 synod at Carthage afterwards assembled, Augustinus and Prosper being present (Alst. pp. 344 and 
 368), and a decree issued, That no appeal, nor any authority over the African bishops should hence- 
 forward be conceded to the bishops of Rome. 
 
 Appuleius Barbarus possibly identical with L. Appuleius M. Mago mentioned by Augustinus — 
 (Gesen. inscript. phoen. 383). 
 
 Thalictrum agiii'egi/olium of middle and Eastern Europe. A species of meadow-rue ; and the 
 eRVphlON called by the Italians RuTMYl a^ReSTem, having according to Apuleius Bar- 
 barus 126 the form of &. p I I and the flower puRDURe SlmlLem, — mentioned also by Serapion 
 (Trag. 335), may be compared: T. aquilegifolium is described by Dodoens (Spreng.) ; is termed 
 "t. alpinum aquilegiae foliis florum staminibus purpurascentibus " by Tournefort inst. 270 ; " t. atro- 
 purpureum " by Jacquin austr. pi. 348 : is known to grow on the mountains of Austria and Switzer- 
 land (Pers.) ; and was observed by Sib thorp in woods from the Peloponnesus to mount Haemus. 
 
 Potentilla tormentilla of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain septfoil 
 (Prior) ; in which we recognize the " seofenleafe " identified in the Anglo-Saxon version with the 
 hepTkphyLLON or SepTIFOLlumof Apuleius Barbarus 118 : —the "tormentilla" is men- 
 tioned in the Liber Saladini, and the Ortus Sanitatis pi. 481 : P. tormentilla is termed " t. sylves- 
 tris " by Tournefort inst. 298 ; is known to grow in Britain, Denmark, and throughout middle Europe 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 589, Engl. bot. pi. 863, Vill. delph., and Pers.). The root according to Lindley is "very 
 astringent," and "produces its astringent effects without causing excitement." 
 
 Trichodesma Africana of the Egyptian portion of the Desert. An herb called in Egypt "lus- 
 seq" or " horreyq " (Forsk., and Del.) ; in which we recognize the CORR&.QO given as the original 
 name of borage by Apuleius Barbarus, — also the "horraik" identified by Ebn Baitar with the " banat 
 elnar" of Elbasri, and others: T. Africana was observed by Forskal, and Delile, as far North as 
 Cairo, growing in the Desert. 
 
 Scorzonera resedifolia of Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "lago- 
 ps6mi " (Sibth.), in Egypt " jamrur " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the L^CTUC^ LepORINk 
 of Apuleius Barbarus 113: — S. resedifolia was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in Southern 
 Greece ; by Forskal p 144, and Delile, growing in the Egyptian Desert. Westward, by Boccone 
 xiii. pi. 7 in Sicily, by Desfontaines ii. p. 226 in Barbary, is known to grow also in Spain and France 
 (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Picridium vulgare of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " tou lagou t5 psSmi " 
 (Sibth.), and possibly included in the " lactuca leporina" of Apuleius : — P. vulgare was observed by 
 Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Asia Minor and Cyprus to the Greek islands and the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Westward, is described by Lobel pi. 236; is termed sonchus "laevis angustifolius " by 
 Tournefort inst. 475 ; and is known to grow in Barbary and Southern France (Allioni ped. pi. 16, 
 Lam. fl. fir., Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Nepeta cataria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain nep or cat-mint 
 (Ainsw., and Prior), in Italy " cataria " or " erba gattaria " (Lenz), in which we recognize the " nepte " 
 identified in the Anglo-Saxon translation with the NepiT^mON of Apuleius Barbarus 95 : — the 
 "nepeta" of the capitularia of Charlemagne is referred here by Antony, and Sprengel ; is mentioned 
 also by Walafridus Strabus p. 225; and the " nepite," by Nicolaus Praepositus 126: N. cataria is 
 described by Brunfels pi. (Spreng. praef.), Dodoens i. 4. 14, and Gerarde p. 544 ; is termed "cataria 
 major vulgaris by Tournefort inst. 202; is known to occur in waste places in Italy and throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 580, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by 
 Sibthorp around Constantinople. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Joss.) to North- 
 east America, where it has become frequent around dwellings and along roadsides, and is called cat- 
 nip. In conformity with the statement of Dodoens I have found it perhaps the only plant noticed by 
 cats, and have seen them smell and rub against it: according to Lindley, "it is said to have been 
 advantageously exhibited in amenorhcea." 
 
 Digitaria sanguinalis of the Malayan archipelago. A grass called in Germany " hahnenbein " 
 (cocksleg), in which we recognize the CRUS Q^LLl of Apuleius Barbarus 45, — identified in the 
 An^lo-Saxon version with the " attorlathe," mentioned also in the Leechbook, and from figures in 
 manuscripts G. T. A. referred here by Cockayne : the " venich " of Hildegarde, is also referred here 
 by Sprengel : D. sanguinalis was once regularly cultivated in Europe (Beckm.) ; but was growing 
 spontaneously in Britain in the time of Gerarde p. 25, Parkinson, and Ray, as after occasional intro- 
 duction to the present day (Wats.) ; is described by Lobel pi., and Camerarius pi. . . ; is termed "gra- 
 men dactylon folio latiore " by Tournefort inst. 520 ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary ; and 
 is known to occur in waste ground in various parts of Europe, as in Northwestern France and the 
 outlying Jersey isles (Schreb. pi. 16, Leers pi. 2, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 7, Pers., Piquet, and A. Dec). 
 
564 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground in Greece, the 
 Greek islands, and around Constantinople and Smyrna ; and by Hasselquist, Forskal, and Delile, in 
 Lower Egypt. Farther East, was observed by myself in the Malayan archipelago ; by Polynesian 
 colonists, carried to New Zealand, and if not indigenous to Tongatabu, the Samoan, Taheitian, and 
 Hawaiian groups, but seemed absent from the Feejeean. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Madeira (...); to St. Helena, ascertained by myself; and to Northeast America, where it h:,s 
 become an abundant weed, observed even in Arkansas by Nuttall. " D. humifusa," by many writers 
 regarded as a distinct species, was observed around Paris by Richard (Pers.) ; in Sweden by Fries 
 p. 80; in Southern Russia by Bieberstein (Steud.) ; in Japan by Thunberg, but no native name is 
 given ; in Northeast America, has been observed by myself in waste and cultivated ground and in the 
 sand of the seashore, and is described by A. Gray as " in some places appearing as if indigenous, but 
 probably an introduced plant." 
 
 Aspidium obovatum of the Mediterranean countries. The h 6 R b ^ m RiVdlOLumby others 
 called Fel_€ CI n km, resembling FeLlCI according to Apuleius Barbarus 84 and having two rows 
 of gold dots on each leaf, — may be compared : A. obovatum is described by Viviani, as observed by 
 him in Lybia or Cyrene ; was observed by Bory in the Peloponnesus ; and was received by him from 
 Calabria, Corsica, and the Hieres Isles. 
 
 "419 A. D. = 'youan-hi,' 1st year of Koung-ti, of the Tcin." Which dynasty was replaced in 
 this year by the Soung, the seat of government remaining at Nan-king — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Socrat. and Clint.), a schism among the Arians of "thirty-five" or perhaps 
 " twenty-five " years standing, brought to a close. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., compare Nicol.), Zosimus succeeded by Bonifacius, fortieth bishop of 
 Rome. 
 
 "420 A. D. = 'young-tsou,' 1st year of Wou-ti III." or Lieou-yu, head of the new dynasty of the 
 Northern Soung — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 
 
 "The same year" (Agath., and Clint), Yesdejerd succeeded by Vararam V., thirteenth Sasanid 
 king of Persia. The persecution against Christians was continued by Vararam V. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), beginning, on the Lower Rhine under Pharamond, of the kingdom of 
 the French. 
 
 "423 A. D. = 'king-ping,' 1st year of Ying-yagg-wang " or Chao-ti, of the Northern Soung or 
 Tenth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. p. 274). 
 
 "The same year" (Cedren., and Clint), death of Honorius ; leaving Theodosius II. sole emperor. 
 Joannes notwithstanding established himself at Rome over the West. 
 
 "424 A. D. = 'youan-kia,' 1st year of Wen-ti II.," of the Northern Soung or Tenth dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Fifty-second cycle. 
 
 "425 A. D."(Prosp., and Clint), Joannes slain ; and Valentinian III. established over the Western 
 Empire through Theodosius II. Incursions of the Vandali in Mauritania. 
 
 The TaUPeA£*aCof Abyssinia mentioned by Philostorgius iii. n p. 4S2, — and Nicephorus ix. 
 19, and described by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 334 as wild and untameable unlike the Indian 
 species, the accompanying figure also corresponding, is clearly the African buffalo, Bos Caffer. 
 
 " The same year " (Sm. b d.), end of the Ecclesiastical history of Philostorgius. 
 
 "The same year" (cod. Theodos., and Clint.), efforts of Theodosius II. to restore learning: his 
 edict at Constantinople making honorable mention of the Greek grammarians Helladius and Syrianus, 
 the Latin grammarian Theofilus, the rhetors Martinus and Maximus, and the jurist Leontius. 
 
 "426 A. D." (Blair), Britain abandoned by the Romans. 
 
 "428 A. D." (Pauth. 274), embassy from Hindustan, from the "king of Kapila," bringing to 
 Wen-ti II. " diamonds, precious rings, bracelets, and other ornaments of chased gold, and two parrots, 
 one red and the other white." (The event is placed in 408 by Elphinstone iii. 3, who further remarks', 
 that Capili is "the birthplace and capital of Budha, which the Chinese have put for all Magada," and 
 that the Hindu king " Yue-gnai" is perhaps Yajna). 
 
 The "red" parrot was doubtless a lory; brought originally from the extreme Southeastern 
 portion of the Malayan archipelago, or from the neighboring Australian coast. 
 
 The "white" parrot was of course a cockatoo; derived originally from the same quarter:* — 
 
 * Doryanth.es excc'sa of Southern Australia. A liliaceous plant twenty-four feet high, the stem 
 roasted and eaten by the Australians — (geogr. plant, lond. tract soc). Transported to Europe is 
 described by Correa (Steud.). 
 
 Xanthorrhcea hastilis of Southern Australia. The tender inner leaves esculent, and far from dis- 
 agreeable, having a milky taste with a slight balsamic flavour — (lond. tract soc.) : called grass-tree by 
 the colonists ; and observed by myself in Australia, the trunk two to five feet high, crowned with a 
 tuft of grass-like leaves from which the true stem arises. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 565 
 
 "bianchi pappagalli " are mentioned by Valmiki ramayan. vi. 11 (transl. Gorres.) ; cockatoos, "papa- 
 gaus tous blance come nois et ont les pies et le bee vermoil," were seen in Hindustan by Marco 
 Polo 180. 
 
 "The same year" (Prosp., and Clint), the Franci or the French along the Rhine, defeated by the 
 Roman general Aetius ; sent by Valentinian III. 
 
 "429 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint.), the churches of Britain recalled from the Pelagian opinions of 
 Agricola, by Germanus ; sent there for this purpose by Celestinus, forty-first bishop of Rome. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.) Vichitrasena reigning 
 in Hindustan. 
 
 "430 A. D." (Socrat., and Clint.), death of Barb as, Arian bishop of Constantinople. About this 
 time, the Burgundians receiving Christianity. 
 
 "To this year" (Steinschneid. i. 5), in Palestine, Hillel being Jewish patriarch, the new moons 
 "determined by testimony" (officially witnessed and announced). — A practice continuing among the 
 Muslims at the present day. 
 
 "431 A. D." (Idat, Prosp., and Clint.), on account of the depredations of the Suevi, the mission 
 of Idatius to Aetius in Gaul. Palladius ordained, and sent by Celestinus as first bishop of the Scots. 
 
 " The same year " (Clint.), Third general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at Ephesus ; "two 
 hundred" bishops being present, and Cyrillus of Alexandria presiding. Nestorius bishop of Con- 
 stantinople was deposed, and his opinions condemned. — The authority of this council continues to be 
 recognized by the Greek church (E. A. Soph.). 
 
 Hardly later than this year (= 410 -\- " 21 yrs.," Kitt. cycl. bibl ), Moses of Chorene employed on 
 the Armenian Version of the Bible. 
 
 Scleranthits nnnuus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain knawel 
 (Prior), in Sweden '' tandgras " (Linn.); and the worm dyeing red, found according to Moses of 
 Chorene about the root of a grass that grows on Ararat, — is referred by Sprengel to Coccus 
 radicis, occurring within certain geographical limits on S. annuus : a plant mentioned by Lobel adv. 
 183 (Spreng.), termed "knafwel" by Dodoens pempt. 115, "polygonum minus alterum " by Tabernae- 
 montanus 121 7, "vermiculata nova planta" by Columna ecphr i. pi 294, "k. folio et flore viridi " by 
 Ruppius 85, and known to occur from Sweden and Russia throughout middle Europe (C. Bauh , 
 Tourn., fi. dan. pi. 504, engl. bot. pi. 351, and Wats.): was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, every- 
 where in cultivated and fallow ground, the vapour of its decoction among the Swedes and Germans 
 drawn into the mouth to cure toothache ; was observed by Persoon in France, in cultivated and espe- 
 cially calcareous soil ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithynian 01) mpus ; by Bieberstein, in fallow ground about 
 Caucasus. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; clearly by European colonists was carried to North- 
 east America, where it seems naturalized in sunny situations and on rocks, observed by myself from 
 the environs of Salem to Philadelphia; by A. Gray, in "sandy waste places" in the State of New 
 York. 
 
 Nonnus of Panopolis in Egypt may have been at this time writing. — He is mentioned among 
 recent poets and is quoted by Agathias (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Dipterocarpus lavis of Burmah. The A C N A p N aehNhC distilling, oil from the ends of its 
 branches in the forest beyond the Hydaspes, according to Nonnus dion. xxii. 27, — seems to imply 
 knowledge of the oil tree. D. laevis is described by Buchanan ; and according to Mason v. p. 493 and 
 516, is " one of the most widely diffused trees " in the forests of Burmah, yielding a gum " used by the 
 natives to make torches," also oil in large quantities similarly employed and emitting "a brilliant and 
 durable li^ht," the timber besides much used ; the exported product is one of the wood oils of com- 
 merce, "used for house varnish," and as "a good substitute for fish oil in currying leather," dissolves 
 caoutchouc, but is properly a balsam identical in chemical composition with copaiva. 
 
 About this time, "422 to 451 A D." (tab. hist, de l'Asie, and Pauth. 283), the art of making col- 
 oured "lass brought into China by a merchant from Youe tchi or Scythia. Previously, specimens had 
 been imported "from the West," and sold at high prices. 
 
 433 A. D. (= 411 4- " 22 yrs reign '' of the Mahavams. xxxvii.), Maha-nawma succeeded by his 
 son Sangot, and soon afterwards by Samatissa, now king of Ceylon. — He reigned "one year." 
 
 One hundred and forty-second generation. May 1st, 434, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Syriac ecclesiastical writer Isaac of Antioch : the Armenian writer Moses of Chorene : the Greek 
 poets, Ammonius, and Cyrus of Panopolis ; the philosopher Hierocles; the medical writer Jacobus; 
 the grammarian Hyperechius ; the rhetors, Lachares, and Nicolaus ; the Greek ecclesiastical writers, 
 Paufus the Novatian, the three ecclesiastical historians Socrates and Sozomenus and Theodoretus ; 
 Euthalius, and Thalassius : the Latin ecclesiastical writers, Possidius, Eucherius, Vincentius Liri- 
 nensis, Philippus presbyter, and Musaeus of Massilia. 
 
 "The same yeaj" (Marcellin., and Clint.), Honoria excluded from the palace by her brother 
 Valentinian III. ; and her message, inviting Attila king of the Huns into Italy. 
 
566 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 About this time (see Alst ), the Irish converted to Christianity by Patricius. 
 
 "435 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint.), the Burgundians under Gundicar, defeated by Aetius. 
 
 Aghastier or Agastya, translator of Sanscrit medical writings into Tamil (the language of South- 
 ern Hindustan) as early possibly as this date. — He is mentioned in the Ramayana (Wils., and 
 Royle antiq. hind. med. p. 4S). 
 
 "436 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint.), Narbo in Gaul besieged by the Goths: who were in other 
 directions exceeding their limits. 
 
 "The same year" (Elphinst. iii. 3), in Hindustan, end of the reign of Pulimat or Pulomarchish, 
 and of the Andra dynasty. 
 
 "437 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint.), in North Africa, bishops maintaining the " catholicam fidem" 
 persecuted by Genseric king of the Vandals ; who sided with the Arians. 
 
 "438 A. D." (Clint.), the Theodosian codex of laws published; having been accepted in Rome 
 by the Senate. 
 
 '• 439 A. D.'' (Prosp., and Clint ), Carthage captured by Genseric king of the Vandals. 
 
 Datisca caunabina of the mountains of Asia Minor and Crete. The XUlTlENION of Zosimus 
 — is referred here by Stapel 721 : D. cannabina is termed "cannabina cretica ftorifera etiam fructi- 
 fera" by Tournefort cor. 52 ; and was observed by Sibthorp pi. 960 on mount Sipylus in Phrygia. 
 Farther South, the imported seeds are enumerated by Forskal mat. med., and Delile, as used in Egypt 
 for an emetic and called " djabal hendi." 
 
 "440 A. D." (Prosp., and Clint.), invasion of Sicily by Genseric. Death of Xistus ; and after 
 some days, Leo Magnus ordained "forty-third bishop" of Rome. Many writings of Leo Magnus 
 are extant. 
 
 "The same year" (Agath., and Clint.), Vararam V. succeeded by Yesdejerd II., fourteenth 
 Sasanid king of Persia. 
 
 "441 A. D." (Marcellin , and Clint.), irruption of the Huns into Illyricum. 
 
 "443 A. D." (Idat., and Clint.), mission of the poet Merobaudes into Spain. 
 
 " In or about 445 A. D." (Percev. i. 236), the Coraysh under Cossay, having obtained the charge 
 of the Caba or temple at Mecca, building dwellings around it : the founding of the city of Mecca. 
 
 "446 A. D." (Gildas, and Clint.), letter to Aetius from the people of Britain, complaining of the 
 Picts and Scots : "repellunt nos barbari ad mare, repellit nos mare ad barbaros : inter haec oriunlur 
 duo genera funerum, aut jugulamur aut mergimur," the barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea drives 
 us back on the barbarians, and we have two kinds of funerals, we either have our throats cut, or are 
 drowned. Aetius warring against Attila was unable to extend aid. 
 
 "447 A. D." (Beda, Clint., see also Blair), invited by king Vortigern, the "gens Anglorum sive 
 Saxonum" in "three long ships" first come into Britain. — Instead of aiding, they turned against 
 their employers (Gildas hist. 23). 
 
 On the " ninth of the calends of January " (Idat., and Clint.), eclipse of the sun. 
 
 "44S A. D." (Prise, and Clint.), plot of Theodosius II. to assassinate Attila. — To whom Maxi- 
 minus and the historian Priscus" were afterwards sent as ambassadors. 
 
 " 449, October " (Clint, iv. p. 675), Flavianus bishop of Constantinople deposed, and succeeded by 
 Anatolius. 
 
 Manuscripts of the " Fourth or Fifth " century (De Wailly pi. ii. 2) presenting the following 
 forms of the letters, h, p. The form p also in Coptic inscriptions of the "Fifth" century (Silvest. 
 i. pi. 4). 
 
 "45°. July" (Marcellin., and Clint.), Theodosius II. succeeded by Marcian, third Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 "451 A. D." (Neumann transl. Elis.), Yesdejerd II. attempting to force fire-worship or the 
 Magian religion throughout his dominions, opposed by the Armenians, a Christian nation. "June 
 2d," the Armenians finally defeated on the river Dekhmund, and their leader Vartan slain. The 
 account is given by Elisaeus, a cotemporary historian, eye-witness of many of the events he relates. 
 
 In the Armenian language "bun" signifies ground or nature, and is therefore the equivalent of 
 the Chinese "pun" signifying basis or nature (Neum. note 33 p. 6). 
 
 "Fourteenth of the calends of July" (Idat., and Clint.), a cjmet beginning to appear : was in 
 the West on the "calends of August." 
 
 "After Sept. 27th" (Idat., Isidor., and Clint), Attila defeated at Chalons by the Romans under 
 Aetius aided by the Goths. The Gothic king Theodores or Theodoric, slain in the battle, succeeded 
 by his son Tliorismus or Torismond. 
 
 "In autumn" (Marcellin., and Clint.), Fourth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at 
 Chalcedon ; consisting of " six hundred and thirty" bishops ; and attended " Oct. 25th" by the emperor 
 Marcian. Jerusalem was declared a patriarchate (Kitt. bibl. cycl.), and the opinions' of Eutyches 
 were condemned : a measure equivalent to excommunication of Egypt, where these opinions were 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 567 
 
 general, — and where they prevail among the Christian population to the present day. About a 
 century after the condemnation, the proscribed Sect received the name of " Jacobites " (from Jacobus 
 of Edessa, pronounced Yacobus) ; and hence apparently the term " Copts," employed by Europeans 
 but unknown in Egypt. The authority of this Council continues to be recognized by the Greek 
 church (E. A. Soph.). 
 
 Pulmonaria officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An herb called in Britain 
 lungwort, in medieval Latin " pulmonaria," and from its spotted leaves supposed to be a remedy 
 for diseased lungs (Prior) : possibly the p U L m N ~&. X I & of the Italians, notwithstanding the state- 
 ment of Vegetius : — P. officinalis is described by Ruel ii. 116 to 145; is termed "p. italorum ad 
 buglossum accedens " by Tournefort inst. 136 ; is known to grow in woods in middle Europe (Pers.) ; 
 but in Britain is regarded by Borrer, and Watson, as perhaps exotic and only naturalized. Eastward, 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cool shaded situations in the Peloponnesus and other 
 parts of Greece. (See Helleborus foetidus.) 
 
 "452 A. D." (Jornand., and Clint.), Venetia and the country North of the Po ravaged by Attila. 
 Who on the Mincius was met by Leo bishop of Rome, and persuaded to retire to his own country 
 beyond the Danube. The founding of Venice is referred here by some writers, the location affording 
 protection against ravages by land (Blair). 
 
 " The same year " (Idat., and Clint.), Torismond succeeded as king of the Goths, by his brother 
 Theodoric II. 
 
 "The same year" (cod. Justin., and Clint.), Proterius ordained bishop of Alexandria. 
 
 "453 A. D." (Cassiod., and Clint), death of Attila. Followed by wars for the succession among 
 his sons. 
 
 "454 A. D. =: ' hiao-kien,' 1st year of Hiao-wou-ti II., of the Northern Soung" or Tenth dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), In-kio succeeded by his son An-ko, now twenty-first 
 dairo of Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), a Saxon kingdom established in South Britain. 
 
 Cardiospermum helicacabum of Subtropical North America. The balloon-vine or heart-pea is 
 called in Tagalo "bangcoton" (Blanco), in Burmah " malamai " (Mason), has a Sanscrit name 
 (Pidd.), is called in Bengalee "shibjool" or '• nuphutkee," in Telinga " budda-kanka-rakoo " or 
 " nellagoolisienda," in Tamil " moodacottan, in Malabar "palloolavum ulinja" (Drur.), in Yemen 
 " hadk " or " dharu aesuasd " (Forsk.) ; has a native name in Dongola (Caill. ) ; and the a N a K a p A U 
 of the antidote of Theodoretus — (Theoph Nonn. 35), also mentioned by Aetius (Royle antiq. hind.), 
 Paulus Aegineta, Nicolaus Praepositus, and Nicolaus Myrepsus, may be compared : C. helicacabum 
 is described by Valerius Cordus, Tragus, Fuchsius, and Matthioli, continues under cultivation in 
 gardens, and in Southern Spain springing up spontaneously in cultivated ground (Boissier, and A. 
 Dec.) ; was observed by Delile in gardens at Cairo ; by Cailliaud, in Dongola; by Grant, in Equa- 
 torial Africa, "common, 7° S. to 2° N., leaves are made into spinage by the Wahiyou ; " is known as 
 far as Guinea and Cape Verd (Benth. fl. nigr.) ; was observed by myself seemingly wild on Zanzibar ; 
 by Forskal, in moist places near the base of the mountains of Yemen ; by Graham, in the environs of 
 Bombay, " common in hedges etc. during the rains," but appeared to me only naturalized ; by Rheede 
 viii. pi. 28, in Malabar, rubbed up with water and applied in rheumatism and stiffness of the limbs ; 
 by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, " common everywhere " in Hindustan, and used for various 
 medicinal purposes. Eastward, by Mason v., " exotic " in Burmah, " raised in great quantities by 
 the natives, but more as a vegetable than a medecine ; " by Blanco, on the Philippines, employed by 
 the natives medicinally; by Rumphius vi. pi. 24, on the Moluccas, its leaves cooked as a vegetable; 
 by myself, occurring a weed on the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Islands. 
 Farther East, by E. James, "native" on the Canadian branch of the Arkansas and on the Missouri 
 (Torr.) ; was received by Pursh from " Kaskaskias " (below the mouth of the Missouri) ; was observed 
 by Chapman in "South Florida, apparently native, and not uncommon in cultivation ; " by Maycock, 
 on Barbadoes. By European colonists, was carried to our Middle and Northern Atlantic States, 
 where it continues in gardens ; and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). 
 
 "455, March 16th " (Prosp., and Clint.), Valentinian III. slain; succeeded by Maximus as 
 Western emperor. At the end of about two months, Maximus was slain, and by invitation of the 
 widow of Valentinian III., the Vandals under Genseric entered and pillaged Rome. Through the 
 intercession of the Roman bishop Leo, Genseric was afterwards persuaded to retire. 
 
 " The same year" (Clint.), end of the chronicle of Prosper Aquitanus. Chiefly a continuation 
 of that of Hieronymus. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentl.), Yichitra reigning m Hindu- 
 stan. 
 
 "456" (Idat., and Clint.), by Marcian, Avitus acknowledged Western emperor: and a poem 
 
568 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 addressed to him by Sidonius Apollinaris. But before the close of the year, Avitus was deposed and 
 ordained bishop of Placentia. 
 
 " The same year" (Idat , and Clint.): expedition of the Gothic king Theodoric II. into Spain, 
 and the king of the Suevi captured by him at a place called "Portucale." In this year also, the 
 Heruli, "about four hundred men in seven ships," make their appearance on the Northern coast of 
 Spain, plundering. 
 
 "457, Jan. 26th to Feb. 7th" (Marcellin., and Clint.), Marcian succeeded by Leo, fourth Byzan- 
 tine emperor. Who was crowned by a priest: — an innovation adopted by Christian potentates 
 generally, and from which in the words of Gibbon, the clergy eventually " deduced the most formidable 
 consequences." 
 
 "April 1st" (incert. Chron., and Clint.), at Rome, accession of Majorianus as Western emperor. 
 
 " The same year" (Clint.), the Paschal cycle of "five hundred and thirty-two" years, invented 
 by Victorius of Aquitain. 
 
 " In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), An-ko succeeded by his brother You-riak, now twenty- 
 second dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 45S A. D." (Agath., and Clint.), Yesdejerd II. succeeded by Firoze, fifteenth Sasanid king of 
 Persia. 
 
 " In this year = 4th of the ' ta-ming' of Hiao-wou-ti " (Hoei-chin trav., and Klapr.), Buddhism 
 introduced into Fou-sang (Yeso ?) by five priests from Ki-pin (Bokhara according to Leland and 
 lond. sat. rev. 1875). 
 
 "459 A. D." (Max Mull. p. xi) accession of Dhatusena or Dasen Kelliya through the influence 
 of his uncle the historian Mahanama, author of the Mahavamsa. — Dhatusena ruled Ceylon until 
 
 "477-" 
 
 " 461 A. D." (Marcellin., and Clint), Majorianus succeeded by Severus as Western emperor. 
 Also in this year, Leo Magnus succeeded by Hilarus or Hilarius, "forty-fourth" bishop of Rome. 
 
 "462 A. D." (Idat.. and Clint), Eudoxia widow of Yalenlinian III., returned by Genseric to 
 Constantinople. The Vandals under him ravaging Italy in this, — and the spring of the two suc- 
 ceeding years. 
 
 '■464, July 20th, Monday " (Idat., and Clint.), eclipse. — Determined to this date by Petavius. 
 
 "465 A. D. = ' tai-chi,' 1st year of Ming-ti IV., of the Northern Soung" or Tenth dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table.). 
 
 "The same year" (Marcellin., and Clint.), at Rome, Severus succeeded by Anthemius as 
 Western emperor. 
 
 "466 A. D." (Idat., and Clint.), Theodoric II. king of the Goths, succeeded by Euric. 
 
 One hundred and forty-third generation. Sept. 1st, 467, mostly beyond youth : the Syriac 
 ecclesiastical writer Samuel of Edessa : the Creek philosophers, Pamprepius, and Marinus ; the 
 historians, Malchus, and Candidus ; the grammarian and naturalist Timotheus of Gaza; the chro- 
 nologer Eustathius ; the Greek ecclesiastical writers, Gelasius of Cyzicus, and Theodulus of Coele- 
 Syria : the Latin ecclesiastical writers, Fulgentius, and Yietor Vitensis. 
 
 The use of sympathetic ink (according to Jost iv. p. 35, note in Steinschneid. i. 4), mentioned 
 in the Talmud Jer. sabb. ii. 
 
 "Sept. 25th" (Steinschneid. i. 4), death of Mar, son of Rab Ashe, and regarded as the last 
 Talmudical authority. — Within "eight" years, the redaction of the Talmud Babeli (Babylonian) 
 was completed by R. Jose. A gap follows in JeuiJi litoature (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 456); until 
 the "Eighth" century and the Seder Olam kab.ih, " one of the first writings of the Rabbis" next 
 succeeding. 
 
 "46S A. D." (Idat., and Clint), Hilarus succeeded by Simplicius, "forty-fifth" bishop of Rome. 
 End of the chronicle of Idatius. 
 
 " 470 A. D." (Jornand., and Clint.), " twelve thousand Britons " under king Riothimus landing at 
 Biturigas to assist the Romans, intercepted and defeated by the Goths under Euric. 
 
 " In this year " (Elph. iv. 1), accession of the Rathor dynasty of Hindu kings at Canouj. 
 
 -471 A. D." (Vict. Tun., and Clint), Anatolius bishop of Constantinople succeeded by Genna- 
 dius ; and before the close of the year, by Acacius. 
 
 "472 A. D." (Vict Tun., and Clint), at Rome, Anthemius succeeded by Olybrius as Western 
 emperor ; and before the close of the year, by Glycerius. 
 
 "November" (Marcellin., and Clint), eruption of Mount Vesuvius, covering all Europe with 
 minute dust. — An event commemorated afterwards at Constantinople annually. 
 
 In this year(="i6th of You-riak," Klaproth note to ann. Jap.), "muriers " (Moms alba?) 
 planted in all the provinces of Japan by order of the dairo You-riak. 
 
 "473 A - D - = ' Youan-hoe'i,' 1st year of Tchou-yu " or Tsang-wou-wang, of the Northern Soung 
 or Tenth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 569 
 
 "474 A. D." (Marcellin., and Clint.), the emperor Glycerius expelled from Rome by Julius 
 Nepos, and ordained a bishop. Julius Nepos had been recognized by Leo ; and coins issued by him 
 are extant. 
 
 " Feb. 3d " (Clint), Leo succeeded by Leo II., fifth Byzantine emperor. Coins issued by Leo II. 
 are extant : but he reigned a few months only, and before the close of the year was succeeded by Zeno. 
 
 "The same year" (Clint.), end of the chronicle of Nestorianus. 
 
 "In this year" (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 473), the Yavanas 
 expelled from Orissa by Yayati Kesari, founder of the Kesari dynasty. — Yayati brought back the 
 image of Jagannath to Puri, and commenced the Siva temple-city at Bhuvaneswar. 
 
 "475 A. D." (Marcellin., and Clint), flight of Julius Nepos from Rome ; Orestes having entered 
 Ravenna with an army, and further declaring his own son Romulus Augustus (called " Augustulus ") 
 emperor. Coins of Romulus Augustus are extant. 
 
 "The same year" (Marcellin , and Clint.), the emperor Zeno driven from Constantinople by 
 Basiliscus. Coins of Basiliscus are extant. 
 
 "476 A. D." (Jornand., and Clint), capture of Rome by Odoacer king of the Turcilingi, aided 
 by Sciri, Heruli, and other tribes, and the Western empire brought to a close. Odoacer remaining, 
 established himself as king ; but did not wear the " purple and royal insignia." 
 
 About this time (Beda 16, Geoff. Mourn, viii. 12 to 24, and Nenn. 48), Aurelius Ambrosius the 
 "great king among the kings of Britain" warring against the Saxon invaders. He brought great 
 stones to the cemetery on Salisbury plain, and built Stonehenge for a royal burial place : — was him- 
 self buried there "within the Giants' Dance ; " as were afterwards his successors, Uther, and Con- 
 stantine. 
 
 "477, January" (Clint.), death of Genseric king of the Vandals. In "July" after "twenty 
 months" absence, return of Zeno to Constantinople and his negotiations with Julius Nepos and 
 Odoacer. 
 
 "The same year = ' ching-ming,' 1st year of Chun-ti II., of the Northern Soung" or Tenth 
 dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "479 A. D. = ' kien-youan,' 1st year of Kao-ti " or Siao-tao-tching, head of the new dynasty of 
 the Thsi (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). He had murdered the last two emperors. 
 
 "480 A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), accession of Sei'-nei', son of You-riak and now twenty-third 
 dairo of Japan. He was born with white hair (albino), and is called the white-haired dairo. 
 
 "Sept. 24th" (Marcellin., and Clint.), severe earthquakes, beginning at Constantinople. They 
 continued "forty days." 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Nirmoha reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "482, in the beginning of the year" (Greg. Tur., and Clint), Childeric succeeded by his son 
 Chlodovechus (Clovis) as king of France. 
 
 "The same year" (Agath., and Clint.), Firoze succeeded by Balas or Palasch, sixteenth Sasanid 
 king of Persia. 
 
 "The same year" ( . . . ) the edict "Henoticon" issued by Zeno : allowing the Egyptians 
 some liberty in choosing their creed, and proposing a general union, including Eutychians and 
 Catholics. 
 
 "483 A. D. = 'young-ming,' 1st year of Wou-ti IV., of the Thsi" or Eleventh dynasty— (Chi- 
 nese chron. table). 
 
 " March 1st " (Clint.), Simplicius succeeded by Felix, " forty-sixth " bishop of Rome. 
 
 "484 A. D." (Clint.), Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths) one of the consuls for 
 this year. 
 
 " Jan. 13th " (Fabric, and Clint.), eclipse of the sun, preceding the death of Proclus. 
 
 "The same year = 2d year of the 'young-ming' of Wou-ti IV." (Chinese chron. table), begin- 
 ning of the Fifty-third cycle. 
 
 "485 A. D." (Jornand., and Clint.), Euric succeeded by his son Alaric II., as king of the Visi- 
 goths (Western Goths) ; whose kingdom now included all Spain, Gaul, and Burgundy. 
 
 "In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Sei'-nei' succeeded by Ghen-so, now twenty-fourth 
 
 dairo of Japan. 
 
 "486 A. D." (Clint), Balas succeeded by Cabades (Kobad), seventeenth Sasanid king of Persia. 
 "487 A. D." (Marcellin., and Clint.), by Theodoric, Constantinople threatened and the country 
 
 around laid waste. 
 
 "488 A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Ghen-so succeeded by his brother Nm-ken, now twenty- 
 fifth dairo of Japan. 
 
 "Four or five centuries A. D." (Jap. centen. comm. 45), beginning of stone-foundations for 
 dwellings in Japan : until now all houses "built upon wooden piles driven into the ground." 
 
 72 
 
570 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "489 A. D." (Marcellin., and Clint.), entrance of Theodoric with an army into Italy: Odoacer 
 retiring; into the city of Ravenna. 
 
 490 A D. (= "415 an. jav." of Nata Kasuma, Raffles x), at Astina in Java, Suantana of Hindu 
 descent succeeded by Abiasa, sixth lineal descendant from Tritresta or Aji Saka, and now chief of 
 the Hindu colony. Abiasa and his father Pula Sara are mentioned in the Madura traditions. 
 
 « In or about this year" (Percev. i. 121), Dhou-Chenatir succeeded by Dhou-Nowas, now tobba 
 of Yemen. He declared in favour of Judaism, — which under his reign made great progress in 
 Yemen. He is called Dimion or Dimnus or Dunaan by Syrian and Greek historians. 
 
 "491, April 9th" (Clint), Zeno succeeded by Anastasius, seventh Byzantine emperor. 
 
 ••492 A. D." (Vict. Tun., and Clint.), Felix succeeded by Gelasius, "forty-seventh" bishop of 
 
 Rome. 
 
 "493 A. D." (Clint), Gennadius of Massilia writing, mentions Salvianus, Eugenms bishop of 
 Carthage, Julianus Pomerius, and Joannes Antiochenus, as all living. 
 
 " The same year " (Cassiodor., and Clint.), capture of Ravenna, and Odoacer slain; Theodoric 
 now becoming second Gothic king of Italy. 
 
 Petrus archiater, physician to Theodoric, —is mentioned by Aetius (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Alpinia galanga of Tropical Eastern Asia. The imported root is called in Britain galangal 
 (Johns.), in Germany " galgant " (Grieb),' in Old Spanish "garingal," in current Spanish and Italian 
 " galanga " (Prior), in Egypt " chaulendjan aqarbi," in which we recognize the " galangae " of Aetius 
 — (Royle antiq. hind. med. p. 77), Nicolaus Myrepsus, Macer Floridus 70; and the " chawlandschan " 
 of Ebn Masawia, Ebn Amran, I. B. Amran, Raizes, Avicenna, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar : "galanga" 
 from " India" was observed by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med.. in the drug-shops of Egypt. Farther 
 East, was met with by Marco Polo 126; is called in Sanscrit "koolunjuna" or " koolunyoga " or 
 "dhumoola"' or "soogundha" (Lindl ), in Bengalee " chandramul " or "bhumichanpa," in Hindu- 
 stanee " kulenjin " or " khulinjan " (D'roz.) ; the living plant is described by Rumphius v. pi. 63 ; was 
 observed by Nimmo in the Southern Concan (Graham) ; is known to grow wild on Sumatra and is 
 cultivated on other islands of the Malayan archipelago (Lindl.); was observed by Loureiro wild as 
 well as cultivated in Cochinchina, the fresh roots used to season fish and for other economical pur- 
 poses. The "galanga major " of commerce is enumerated by Lindley as " a pungent acrid aromatic, 
 forming a kind of substitute for ginger." 
 
 "494 A. D. = 'kien-wou,' 1st year of Ming-ti V., of the Thsi " or Eleventh dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 "496 A. D." (Vict Tun., and Clint ), by a synod assembled by the emperor Anastasius, Euphe- 
 mius, defender of the Council of Chalcedon and bishop of Constantinople, deposed. In the West, 
 Gelasius succeeded by Anastasius, forty-eighth bishop of Rome : who (according to Alsted) "was a 
 patron of Eutychians and Nestorians." 
 
 " The same year " (Avit. Vienn., Greg. Tur„ and Clint.), vow of Clovis, engaged in battle against 
 the Alamanni : gaining the victory, he was baptised shortly afterwards on Christmas day. Christian- 
 ity now adopted by the French. 
 
 "497 A. D." (Alst. p. 369), letter of the bishops of Germany and Gaul, affirming. That the 
 authority of the Councils was superior to the single authority of the bishop of Rome, Anastasius. 
 
 "498 A. D." (Clint.), Anastasius succeeded by Symmachus, "forty-ninth" bishop .of Rome. 
 
 Manuscripts of the "end of the Fifth century" (De Waillypl. ii. 3), presenting the following form 
 of the letter d. 
 
 "499 A. D. = ' young-youan,' 1st year of Tchou-pao-kiouan " or Thoung-bouen-heou, of the 
 Thsi or Eleventh dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "In this year = 1st year of the 'young-yuan' of Fi-ti of the Thsi dvnasty" (Li-yan-tcheou hist., 
 and Klapr.), Hoei-chin, a Buddhist priest, arriving in China from Fou-sang ; * a country far Eastward 
 
 * Morns Indica of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. The Aino mulberry is called in the 
 environs of Bombay "toot" (Graham), in Hindustanee and Bengalee "tut" (D'roz.), in Burmah 
 "po-sa" (Mason), by the Japanese "kwa," and by the Ainos "tesimani" (Sieb.) ; and the "fou- 
 sang" tree, whose sprouts and red pear-shaped fruit according to Hoei-chin are eaten, and its bark 
 made into paper and cloth, — may be compared: M. Indica is enumerated by Siebold among the 
 edible and useful plants of Yeso ; and was observed by Thunberg in Japan. Southward and West- 
 ward, by Loureiro in Anam, preferred to all other species for feeding silkworms ; by Mason v. 455, 
 "exotic" in Burmah, cultivated "extensively where the silk worm is raised," and in Tenasserim pro- 
 ducing its " very agreeable black berry in great quantities." Farther West, the " kramuka " of Susrutas 
 chik. 28, is referred here by Hessler ; M. Indica according to Roxburgh is the species cultivated in 
 Bengal for feeding silkworms ; was observed by Rheede i. pi. 49 (Pers ) in Malabar ; by Graham, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 571 
 
 where there are no wars and the people go unarmed, are however acquainted with writing, employ long- 
 horned cattle for carrying burdens, have besides horses and domesticated deer (Cervus rangiferinus) ; 
 and (according to a more extended extract in lond. sat. rev. 1875) were acquainted with iron, copper, 
 silver, and gold. (Fou-sang, as appears from Klaproth, is one of the nanjes of Japan). 
 
 Hoei-chin had heard of country to the Eastward of Fou-sang, where the women were said to be 
 entirely covered over with long hair — (a possible reference to the Kurile Islands.) 
 
 "In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Nin-ken succeeded by his son Bou-rets, now twenty- 
 sixth dairo of Japan.* 
 
 "The same year = 421 ajin. Saca,'' the Vernal equinox at the beginning of Aswini — according to 
 the rule for precession given by the Hindu astronomer Varaha-Mihira (Bentley as. res. viii. 195 to 
 243). Varaha-Mihira was born at Ujen in 530, and died 587 (Hunter oriss. i. 225). 
 
 "The same year" (Clint, iv. p. 718), first appearance of the Bulgarians. — After "three" years, 
 they entered and ravaged Thrace. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), a synod assembled in Persia: in favour of the marriage of priests and 
 monks. 
 
 The emperor Anastasius continuing the policy of his predecessor in refusing to enforce the decrees 
 of the Council of Chalcedon, and the Western empire having ceased to exist, anathematized by Sym- 
 machus bishop of Rome (perhaps the earliest instance of ecclesiastical influence exerted against royal 
 authority). 
 
 Christianity (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 158 to 230), penetrated "from Abyssinia" to the 
 Nubians "as early as the Sixth century." Remains of a Coptic Christian monastery occur however 
 at Gebel Barkal; with inscriptions on the tomb-stones "partly Greek, partly Coptic ; " also at or near 
 Meroe, a marble slab with the letters Greek or Coptic, but not the language, except the proper names 
 T € UU D T I 0, and on another piece I A K U/ B. — At a later date, a Geez inscription occurs in one of the 
 pyramids at Meroe : of the mounds of brick near Soba, " some are perhaps the remains of Christian 
 churches described by Selim of Assuan in the Tenth century " (Macrizi) : and " throughout the whole 
 province of Dongola," remains of Christian churches are "numerous." 
 
 One hundred and forty-fourth generation. Jan. 1st, 501, onward mostly beyond youth : the Arab 
 poets, El-Azdee, and Zuheyr (see Fresnel, and Lane diet ) : the Greek poet Christodorus ; the phi- 
 losopher Agapius ; other Greek writers, Agapetus ; the Greek ecclesiastical writers, Basilius of Cilicia, 
 Flavianus the younger of Antioch, Severus of Antioch, Paulus of Antioch, Euphrasius, Epiphanius of 
 Constantinople: the Latin ecclesiastical writers, Avitus Viennensis, Ennodius ; the traveller Aculfe 
 (Voyag. Belg.). 
 
 " The same year = ' tchoung-hing,' 1st year of Ho-ti, of the Thsi " or Eleventh dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table). The last year of the Thsi dynasty. 
 
 "The same year" (Pagius, Blair, and Clint), by Aredius, counsellor to king Gundobagaud or 
 Gundebald, publication of the "Laws of the Burgundians." 
 
 "About this time" (Assemani iv, and Percev. i. 12S), the inhabitants of Nadjran in Yemen con- 
 verted to Christianity by a Syrian named Faymiyoun. 
 
 " 502 A. D. = 'thian-kian,' 1st year of Wou-ti V." or Kao-tsou wou-ti, head of the new dynasty 
 of the Liang — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 In this year (= "415 fan. jav. -|- I2 years " of Nata Kasuma, Raffles *.), at Astina, abdication of 
 Abiasa in favour of his son Pandu Dewa Nata, now " at the age of fourteen " chief of the Hindu 
 colony on Java. Pandu Dewa Nata is mentioned in the Madura traditions. 
 
 around Bombay, its "dark red" fruit sold in the bazars for making tarts etc. (See Broussonetia 
 papyrifera, and Hibiscus rosa-Sinensis). 
 
 Bipionia tomentosa of Japan. The "thoung" tree whose leaves are compared by Hoei-chin to 
 those of the "fou-sino-," — is referred here by Klaproth : B. tomentosa is mentioned by Ma-touan-lin 
 (Remus, mel. iii. 225) ; was observed by Kaempfer amoen. pi. 860 in Japan, and according to Thunberg 
 trav. is one of the plants yielding oil for burning and eating. 
 
 Dryandra cordata of Japan. The "thoung" tree in question — according to other authorities 
 (lond. sat. rev. 1875) : D. cordata was observed by Kaempfer pi. 23, and Thunberg pi. 27, in Japan. 
 Westward, oil of the tree called "thoung" was found by a Chinese official in 1296 imported from 
 China into Cambodia. From transported specimens, D. cordata is termed " d. oleifera " by Lamarck, 
 " aleurites cordata " by R. Brown. 
 
 * Dioscorea Japonica of Japan. Bou-rets compelled persons to dig with their fingers the root 
 "yama-no imo," — referred here by Klaproth : D. Japonica was observed in Japan by Thunberg, the 
 root esculent and sometimes three feet long ; and according to Klaproth, called by the Chinese 
 " chu-yu." 
 
572 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "506 A. D." (Blair), by Anien, chancellor of Alaric II. king of the Western Goths, the Theodo- 
 sian codex of Laws reformed and published. 
 
 "The same year" (Cassiodor., and Clint), letter of Theodoric, endeavouring to mediate between 
 Alaric II. and Clovis ; calling upon the Burgundian king Gundebald to interpose ; also upon the kings 
 of the Heruli, Guarni, and Thoringi, and threatening Clovis with combined forces should he persist 
 in war. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Dhntiman reigning in 
 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "507 A. D." (Greg. Tur., and Clint.), by Clovis, Alaric II. defeated, Tolosa occupied, and the 
 
 Goths driven from Spain. 
 
 "The same year" (Chron. Pasch., and Clint.), the Long Wall in Thrace built by Anastasius. 
 
 " In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Bou-rets succeeded by KYi-tai, now twenty-seventh dairo 
 of Japan. 
 
 " In this year under the dynasty of Learn" (Nansu, Yen-hien-tum-kao, and lond. sat. rev. 1875), 
 a Chinese vessel blown by a tempest on an unknown island where the people ate small beans, wore 
 dresses made of a kind of cloth,* and the walls of their houses were built of earth raised in a circle : 
 the women resembled those of China, but the men had faces and voices like dogs, and the Chinese 
 could not understand them. (The term "dog" being applied in China to all savages, the above 
 account is regarded by Leland as referring to America: and indeed there seems some correspondence 
 with the Northern extreme of California, provided the "small beans" can be identified with small 
 seeds collected for food by the Sacramento tribes). 
 
 "510 A. D." (Blair), Paris made the capital of the French dominions. 
 
 "511, July 10th '' (Act. Concil., and Clint.), a synod convened by Clovis at Aurelianum (Orleans). 
 In " November," death of Clovis at Paris, and accession of his son Theoderic as king of the French. 
 
 "The same year" (Theophan., and Clint.), Macedonius bishop of Constantinople, the successor 
 of Euphemius, deposed and banished. 
 
 ;n A. D. (523 -j- "25 — 35 years " of Cosm. Ind. ii. and xi. = 513). As early probably as this date, 
 the voyage of Sopater to C I 8 A t A I B CI, Ceylon, an island according to the inhabitants three hundred 
 TO U A I a (the Tamil " naliguai ") in length and breadth : a small vessel from Persia arriving at the 
 same time, both parties were summoned before the king of the maritime district, and being asked 
 Which of their rulers was the most powerful ? Sopater by exhibiting gold coins obtained a decision 
 in favour of Puum £ U (Constantinople). He was treated with high honours, and conducted on an 
 elephant throughout the city. — The above particulars were obtained from Sopater and some of his 
 companions by Cosmas lndicopleusr.es at Adule. 
 
 " 514 A. D." (Marcellin., Blair, and Clint.), revolt of the Scythian or Goth Vitalianus ; and his 
 fleet before Constantinople burned by a brazen speculum invented by Proclus. 
 
 "The same year" (Lib. pontif., and Clint.),- Symmachus succeeded by Hormisdas, fiftieth 
 bishop of Rome. 
 
 515 A. D. (Theophan., and Clint.), irruption of Huns through the "Caspian Pylae," and Arme- 
 nia, Cappadocia, Galatia, and Pontus, laid waste by them. 
 
 '516 A. D. (= "491 an. jav. — 50 years " of Nata Kasuma, Raffles x.), at Astina in J,ava, acces- 
 sion of Suyudana as ruler of the Hindu colony. The children of Pandu Dewa Nata being excluded, 
 were sent by their grandfather Abiasa " with a thousand families to establish a new country," which 
 they called Amerta. 
 
 "518, July gth " (Clint.), Anastasius succeeded by Justin, eighth Byzantine emperor. Unlike 
 
 * Apocynum sp. of California. — Closely resembling but appeared to me distinct from our A. canna- 
 binum or " Indian hemp," and said to furnish fishing-lines and the fringe-cincture worn by the women 
 along the Sacramento. The plant observed by myself frequent on the river-flat. 
 
 Linutu pereime of Siberia and Northwest America. — The perennial flax observed by R. Brown 
 jun. near Klamath lake, and used by the natives for making nets, twine, and ropes (bot. soc. Edin. 
 1868) "flax growing wild" was seen by Cornado in 1540 in the buffalo country Northeast of Culi- 
 acan ; " L. Lewisii," by E. James at the sources of the Arkansas ; by Nuttall, as far East as Fort Man- 
 dan on the Missouri ; by Lewis and Clark, in the untimbered valleys of the Rocky mountains ; and 
 according to Hooker, grows along the Pacific as far as the Arctic Sea. Westward, L. perenne or 
 " L. Sibericum " was observed by Gmelin from Kamtchatka throughout Siberia, growing according to 
 Pallas from C9 on the Yenisei. Transported to Europe, was naturalized in Britain before the days of 
 Ray angl. iii. 362 (I'ers.), and Miller (Steud.), and according to Watson occurs also in Switzerland: 
 clearly by European colonists was carried to Southeast Australia, where it has become naturalized 
 even in the Interior (Th. Corder in phytol. 1845, and A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 573 
 
 his predecessor, he carried out the decree of the Council of Chalcedon, and adopted energetic meas- 
 ures against the Eutychians. — And after his reign, this continued the settled policy. 
 
 "The same year" (Procop., and Clint.), treaty with Vitalianus. — Who in the following year 
 was recalled by Justin to Constantinople. Coins of Vitalianus are extant. 
 
 "519 A. D." (Alst., and Clint.), end of the chronicle of Cassiodorus. On other subjects, he 
 continued writing. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), king Arthur defeated by the Saxons under Cerdic. Giving rise to 
 the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), by a synod in Wales, David (St- David) "elected archbishop of 
 that country." 
 
 "520 A. D." (Malalas, and Clint.), at Antioch, the Olympic games discontinued. 
 
 "The same year" (Gildas hist. 26, Matth. of Westm., and anonym.), the Saxons defeated by 
 king Arthur at the siege of Kair Badon, near the mouth of the Severn. 
 
 " In or about this year" (scholiast, aim. ulst, and Cockayne iii. 397), a hymn in the Irish lan- 
 guage written by Brogan in honour of Brigita or St. Brigit ; who founded the abbey of Kildare about 
 twenty miles from Dublin, — and who died five years later. The hymn is published by Colgan iii. 515. 
 
 "522 A. D." (Theophan., and Clint.), Tzathus vassal of Kobad and king of the Lazi in Colchis, 
 on visiting Constantinople, converted to Christianity and marries a Christian wife. 
 
 " 523 A. D." (Clint.), Boethius in prison writing "-De consolatione philosophia." — In the follow- 
 ing year, he was put to death by Theodoric. Boethius has been termed "the last Roman." 
 
 "August" (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Hormisdas succeeded by Joannes "fifty-first" bishop of 
 Rome. 
 
 "End of October" (Percev. i. 12S), the Christian inhabitants of Nadjran in Yemen massacred 
 by the tobba Dhou-Nowas. 
 
 "The same year" (Cosm., Theophan., and Clint, iv. p. 787), Cosmas Indicopleustes at Adule, 
 and the Abyssinian king Elesbas warring against the Homerites (Himyarites of Yemen). — Parts 
 of the work of Cosmas were written "in 535," and other parts at least twelve years later (Montfaucon, 
 and Yule cath. i. p. xlvii). 
 
 At this time, there were Christians throughout Arabia and among the Homerites (Himyarites) ; 
 in Ethiopia, Axum and the whole region around; on the island of Dioscoridis (Socotra), speaking 
 Greek; among the Persarmenians, Medes, Elamites, Bactrians, "Ounnois," and other Indians, 
 churches and bishops being very numerous throughout all Persia; a church in "Mal£" (I have 
 heard Malabar people termed "Malay" at Mocha), a bishop in "Kalliana" (Calicut) ordained in 
 Persia (Nestorian), and a church under a presbyter on Ceylon ; but Whether there are Christians 
 beyond? not known to Cosmas Indicopleustes iii. p. 178 and xi. p. 336. 
 
 Pterolobitun lacerans of Abyssinia. A shrub six or eiyht feet high called "kantuffa" (Bruce), 
 and the thorns composing the hedge on which the Axumites after passing through the Agau country 
 traded for gold in Sas, mentioned by Cosmas ii. 138, — may be compared : P. lacerans was observed 
 by Bruce in Abyssinia; in some parts of the country growing so thickly as to impede the march of 
 armies (R. Brown, and Grev.). 
 
 In sailing from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, Cosmas Indicopleustes i. p. 132 and xi. p. 337 
 met with great numbers of the bird called COUCta (Sulaf) a little more than twice as large 
 as kites, when the crew afraid of being driven into the main ocean and lost turned to the left and 
 kept along the Arabian coast. He describes " Sinthou " as the beginning of India, separated from 
 Persia by the Indus; the "Ounnoi" (Moguls), white people occupying the Northern portion of 
 India under their king Gollas, who has two thousand elephants and a large force of cavalry an^l rules 
 all India, Cm a pa TAON being in great request, and imported by " AithiopSs " who obtain them 
 through the " Vlemmuon" (from the e?nerald mines of Upper Egypt) ; other people of India whose 
 kings have elephants, are "Sinthou, Orrotha" (Mahratta?), "Kalliana" (Calicut) producing copper 
 and ChCamlNQ HUAa (Dalbergia), " Sivor," and " Malfi " (Malabar) having five emporia from 
 which pepper is exported, " Parti, Maggarouth, Salopatana, Nalopatana, Pouthapatana ; " commerce 
 with all this part of India being carried on from Persia, the Homerites, and Adule. He further 
 describes India as producing gold, nEZEpUlTa or a N6 pa KO {rubies), and laCTTINorAieON 
 IT p a C I N O N {aquamarine ?). 
 
 The island of " Si£l£thiva " (Ceylon) however, the principal emporium, and ruled by two hostile 
 kings : one holding the district producing U a Kl N 6 N (sapphires ?), of which one of extraordinary 
 size is said to be kept in a temple ; and the other king holding the remainder of the island, including 
 the seaports frequented by ships from all India, Persia, and Ethiopia. Among the exports, are 
 a A h N and TCONAaNaN; KOXAlOUC (pearl oysters) from " Marall6 " on the main land 
 (a pearl-fishery at the mouth of the river near Tinnevelly is mentioned in the Raghu-vansa iv. p. 50, 
 res. Asiat. viii. p. 330) ; ClAciBaNAhNON (compare nutmegs produced principally on Banda) from 
 
574 • CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "Kavgr" (Nicobar Islands?); KdpUO*UAAON from the next region ; and at last m&TdllN 
 {silk) from "Tsinista" (China), beyond which there is nothing but ocean Eastward. 
 
 Pterocarpus sanlalinus of Southern Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " rutka-chundun " or 
 "chundana," in Sanscrit " chandana ; " in which we recognize the TZaNAaNON exported from 
 Ceylon in the days of Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 337 : — red sandalwood 'was found by Hieronymo 
 de Santo Stephano so abundant in Coromandel that houses were built of it (R. H. Major in soc. 
 Hakl.) ; and is known to be the product of P. santalinus, a lofty tree growing on the Palicat mountains 
 (Pers.). The imported timber is described as heavy and of a deep red colour, marked with blackish 
 veins ; but according to Lindley, is " chiefly used by the dyers and colour manufacturers of the 
 present day." 
 
 Caryophyllus aromaliais of the Moluccas. The KapUOOllAAON brought from the far East 
 to Ceylon in the days of Cosmas Indicopleustes, — and known in the Mediterranean countries to 
 Paulus Aegineta vii. 3, and Symeon Sethus, is admitted to be cloves : among the Arabs, cloves are 
 mentioned by Rhazes, and Avicenna; I met with a quantity imported by the way of Mecca into the 
 Thebaid ; and the medicinal use in Egypt of ''qurumfil abjad " is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. 
 Even in the Moluccas, C. aromaticus is perhaps unknown in the wild state (A Dec.) ; an indigenous 
 tree producing buds that are not aromatic being regarded by Rumphius ii. pi. 1 to 3 as the origin: 
 the cultivation of the aromatic kind, unknown elsewhere until recently, has been successfully intro- 
 duced by the Arabs into Zanzibar, the climate in both instances being strictly Equatorial. Besides 
 the use as a spice, cloves are " stimulant and carminative," and the oil " is a common remedy for 
 toothach" (Lindl.). 
 
 "524 A. D." (Wathen soc. calcutt. iv. 480, and Elph. iv. 1), in Guzerat, the Ballabi dynasty of 
 kings terminated by an invading army of barbarians (supposed by Tod to be Parthians). It was 
 succeeded by the Chauras, another Rajput tribe. 
 
 '• 525 A. D." (Alst. p. 404, Holmes from Beda hist. p. 28 places in " 567 "). the earliest instance 
 of the use of the Christian Era. In the writings of Dionysius Exiguus, a Scythian monk. — This 
 substitution for the Diocletian Era was by degrees adopted throughout Europe : but the original 
 computation has continued uninterrupted among the Christian population of Egypt to the present 
 day (Lane). 
 
 " In this year" (Percev. i. 130), through the cooperation of Justin and the patriarch of Alexandria, 
 Dhou-Nowas defeated and slain by the forces of the Abyssinian king Elesbas or Caleb : the victorious 
 general Aryat becoming governor or viceroy of Yemen. 
 
 Manuscripts of about this date, '• 523 to 526 A. D." (De Wailly pi. iii. 1 and 2), presenting the 
 following forms of the letters r, m, n. 
 
 " 526 A. D." (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Joannes bishop of Rome returning from Constantinople, 
 imprisoned at Ravenna by Theodoric ; and dying '' May 25th," his body transported to Rome, and 
 Felix ordained his successor. — Theodoric is called " Dietrich of Bern " (Verona) in the Niebeluno-en- 
 Lied (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 "Aug. 30th" (Paul. Diac, Lib. pontif., and Clint.), death of Theodoric, and accession at 
 Ravenna of his grandson Athalaric, third Gothic king of Italy. 
 
 " In the Sixth century under the Eastern Gothic government" (Lubke and Lutrow), the basilica 
 S. Apollinare built near Ravenna. — " This wonderful church is still well preserved." 
 
 Aetius about this time writing. — He is mentioned by Alexander Trallianus (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 F.ryugiiiHif laterifloruni of the East Mediterranean countries. A singular plant, dividing above 
 into numerous branches (Pers.): the " eryngium montanum " of Aetius, having small narrower leaves, 
 and yellow flowers in the form of an eye, — may be compared : an " eryngium " having " aureum vel 
 galbineum " flowers is mentioned also by Vegetius i. 17 to iii. 2 (Dod. iv. 4. 13): E. lateriflorum was 
 mistaken for a grass by Tournefort cor. p. 39 and termed "gramen orientale spicatum ; " is known to 
 grow " in Oriente " (Pers.) ; but according to Delaroche is not an Eryngium (Steud.). 
 
 Thymus ifiavevlcHs of Greece. The black GUmOC called SAASBOpOC, to be avoided 
 according to Aetius — (Caesalp. xi 47), may be compared: T. graveo.'ens is described by Sibthorp 
 pi. 576, as observed on mount Parnassus. 
 
 Serapias rubra of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An orchid called in Germany 
 "ragwurtz" (Fuchs.) ; and the T p I p X I C of Aetius, — and Paulus Aegineta, may be compared : 
 S. rubra, triple-rooted, is termed "triorchis serapias mas " by Fuchsias pi. 5^9, "helleborine montana 
 angustilblia purpurascens " by Tournefort inst. 436 ; was observed by Crantz in Austria, by Haller pi. 
 42 in Switzerland ; and is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fi. Dan. pi. 345, 
 Engl. bot. pi. 437, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in woods on mount Parnassus. 
 
 '•527, April to July 31st" (coins, Cedren., and Clint.), Justin succeeded by Justinian, ninth 
 Byzantine emperor. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Bentl. as. res. viii. 233), the positions of the colures found by Brahma 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 575 
 
 Gupta to differ " 23° 20' from the time of Parasara. Brahma Gupta founded a new System with a 
 period of millions of years, and no Sanscrit writing following the new System earlier therefore than 
 this date.* 
 
 " Under Justinian " (Sharpe), traces of an independent Egyptian coinage again make their appear- 
 ance : the inscriptions continuing in Latin ; but the abbreviated name of Alexandria is in Greek 
 letters, and the system of weights differs from that of Constantinople. 
 
 " At this time " (Leontius act. Sanct. Jan. xxiii.), corn carried in Alexandrian ships to Cornwall 
 in Britain, and exchanged for tin. 
 
 528 A. D. (Pauth. 277), after reigning "twenty-six" years, Wou-ti V. abdicating, became a con- 
 vert to Budhism, and made himself a bonze or priest. He was however brought back to the palace 
 by the chief men, and reinstated. — From this time Budhists and Budhist temples became numerous 
 in China. 
 
 The teocallies or pyramids or Teotihuacan, the most ancient Mexican monuments, built before 
 the arrival of the Toltecs — (Humb. atl. pict. ; see A. D. 648). 
 
 Phaseolus vulgaris of Tropical America. The kidney-bean, called in the bay of St. Lawrence 
 " sahe " (J. Cart.), on the Roanoak " okindgier " and a smaller kind " wikozowa " (Har.), in the Oui- 
 chua language of Peru "purutu," in Mexican " ayacotli ; " and cultivated by American tribes from 
 the earliest times — (Humb. . . . iv. 9) : "a sort of beans " was found by Columbus under cultivation 
 on Cuba, and " red and white beans " were afterwards seen by him in Honduras (F. Columb. 28 to 
 90) : beans were found by De Soto cultivated by the aboriginals in Florida . " febues " were seen by 
 J. Cartier in the bay of St. Lawrence : beans of various colours, by Hariot on the Roanoak, also a 
 smaller kind little differing in form but more like pease (De Bry i.) : " beanes " were seen by New- 
 port in 1607 in ascending the James river: "beans of various collours," by the English colonists in 
 1620 on first landing on Cape Cod ; and " Indian beans falsely called French beans " are enumerated 
 by Josselyn rar. 56 : P. vulgaris is known to be cultivated in Northeast America from Florida nearly 
 to 48 . By European colonists, may have been carried from Canada by the way of France to Eng- 
 land ; was already in Europe in the days of Fuchsius 708, Matthioli, and Dodoens ; was observed by 
 Chaubard in Greece ; by Forskal, "lubia Frandji " in Egypt; by Royle, under cultivation at Cash- 
 mere (A. Dec); by Graham, " commonly cultivated " in the environs of Bombay, but not seen by 
 myself; by Wight, in other portions of peninsular Hindustan ; by Thunberg, in Japan ; also by Euro- 
 pean colonists was carried to the Hawaiian Islands, verified by myself. 
 
 Phaseolus coccineus, by some considered a variety only, probably also known to the tribes of 
 Northeast America: — it is called scarlet runner, and continues to be planted with the preceding, as 
 though by borrowed custom. Transported to Europe, is termed " faseolus puniceo flore " by Cornuti 
 pi. 185, as cultivated for ornament at Paris; is described also by Linnaeus, and Kniphof cent. xii. 75 
 (Steud., and Pers.) ; and was observed by Chaubard on the Greek islands. 
 
 Manihot utilissima of Eastern Equatorial America. The cassava or tapioca shrub, called in the 
 West Indies " yuca " (Ovied.), and cultivated by American tribes from the most remote antiquity — ■ 
 (Humb. iv. 9) : " cazabi " seasoned with " axis " was found by Columbus the principal diet of the 
 natives of Aiti or Hayti (F. Columb. 34 to 36 ; and a kind of bread called " cagabi," made of roots 
 of the "yuca," is mentioned by Oviedo nat. hyst. f. 6 ; is known to have also been cultivated by the 
 native tribes throughout Brazil (Pohl) : M. utilissima was observed also in and around the West 
 Indies by J. Acosta, Plumier, and Sloane. By European colonists, was carried to Equatorial Africa 
 (Thonn. guin., and Benth. fl. nigr.), observed by Grant in Interior Africa South of the Equator, 
 ascertained by myself to be cultivated by the Unyamuezi, observed also on Zanzibar ; was carried 
 also to the Mauritius Islands (Thomas stat. Bourb. ii. 18, and A. Dec); "by the Portuguese" to 
 Hindustan, observed by Ainslie, and Graham, in gardens as " an ornamental shrub," but now accord- 
 ing to Drury extensively cultivated in the Southern districts and called in Malabar " maracheenie," 
 in Tamil " maravallie," the poorer classes living on the root during three months of the year ; to 
 Burmah, where it is called "pu-lau-pe-nang-myouk," and its root boiled and eaten by Karens and 
 Burmese (Mason v. 507) ; and to the Philippines, where it is called in Tagalo " camoting cahoi," 
 and many varieties are cultivated (Blanco). 
 
 * Hiptao-e madablota of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large woody climbing plant called 
 in Hindustan " madhavilata " (W. Jones), in the environs of Bombay "bokhee" or "utimookta" 
 (Graham); a favourite with Sakuntala, who terms it "delight of the woods," — mentioned also by 
 Jayadeva, and Kalidasa (W. Jones as. res. iv. 282), and the "atimukta" by Susrutas chikits. 19 to 
 kalp. 7 : H. madablota was observed in Hindustan by Rheede vi. pi. 59, Roxburgh, and Wight ; by 
 Graham, " in great abundance on the Ghauts," the flowers fringed and very beautiful, one of the 
 petals yellow and the other four white ; the bark according to Lush " a very good sub-aromatic bitter." 
 Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah. 
 
576 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Manilwt aipioi Eastern Equatorial America. The second species of cassava, differing in the 
 leaves and its crude sap not poisonous, also cultivated by American tribes from remote antiquity — 
 (Humb. iv. 9) ; with the preceding throughout Brazil, Guayana, and the warmer parts of Mexico (A. 
 Dec.) ; and the " aipim " by the Purus of the Upper Amazon (Spruce in Markh. edit. p. 347) ; the 
 "aipimakaxera " roasted according to Nieuhoff can be eaten without danger; the "wild mandi- 
 hoca" figured in- Piso and Marcgraf 55, is referred here by Pohl ; but M. aipi has not been found 
 in the indigenous state. By European colonists, was carried to Equatorial Africa, for " mahogo " is 
 mentioned by Grant as the staple food of the Zanzibar people, where some kinds are " eaten raw ; " 
 to Hindustan, where besides instances of poisoning, Drury states that the natives " cook the raw root 
 for curries ; " to the Philippines, where according to Blanco the " digitata " variety is the most 
 abundant, and its roots are cooked and eaten without further preparation. 
 
 "529, April 1 6th" = " 16th of the calends of May" (cod. Justin., Blair, and Clint.), publication 
 of the Justinian codex of Laws. 
 
 "After Sept. 1st" (Malal., and Clint.), edict transmitted to Athens by Justinian, prohibiting the 
 teaching of " philosophy and astronomy."' Damascius of Syria, Simplicius of Cilicia, Eulamius of 
 Phrygia, Priscianus of Lydia, Ermeias and Diogenes of Phoenicia., and Isidorus of Gaza, withdrew 
 in consequence into Persia. 
 
 "530 A. D." (Lib. pontif., and Clint), Felix succeeded by Bonifacius, fifty-third bishop of Rome. 
 
 "531 A. D." (Procop , and Clint.), treaty of alliance between Justinian and the Abyssinians and 
 Homerites (Himyarites or emirs of Arabia) ; the latter engaging to invade the Persian territory. 
 
 In connexion apparently with this opening of intercourse with Abyssinia, the fortified monastery 
 on Mount Sinai built by Justinian. — But according to Lepsius (eg. and sin. p. 558), the earliest 
 bishop of Mount Sinai, Jorius, died in " 1033." 
 
 " Sept.. 13th " (Agath., Malal , and Clint.), Cabades succeeded by Chosroes (Khoosroo surnamed 
 Xushirwan), eighteenth Sasanid king of Persia. 
 
 The TZarra, boots of Persian kings and Byzantine emperors, of red leather: none of their 
 subjects were allowed to wear red leather (Procop. iii. 247. 14, and Cedren. ii. 47. 14.) — The Greek 
 word is regarded by E. A. Sophocles as the origin of the German " schenkel," Anglo-Saxon " scanc," 
 and English and Swedish "shank." 
 
 In " the reign of the Persian king Nooshirwan," 531 to 579 A. D., the Fables of Pilpay trans- 
 lated from Sanscrit into Pehlevi by the physician Barzouyeh, who brought the original with other 
 books from Hindustan (De Sacy, and Royle antiq. hind. med. 6S). 
 
 "532 A. D." (Lib pontif., and Clint.), Bonifacius succeeded by Joannes Mercurius. fifty-fourth 
 bishop of Rome. 
 
 "533 A. D." (Marcellin., and Clint.), ratification by Justinian of the treaty of peace with Chos- 
 roes ; and return from Persia of Damascius, Simplicius, and the other philosophers. 
 
 " 534 A. D." (Procop., and Clint), by Belisarius, Carthage captured, Gelimer taken prisoner, and 
 the rule of the Vandals in North Africa closed. 
 
 " In the spring" (Paul. Diac, and Clint.), death of Theoderic king of the French. At Ravenna, 
 the accession of Theodahad, fourth Gothic king of Italy ■ coins of whom, are extant. 
 
 One hundred and forty-fifth generation. May 1st, 534, onward mostly beyond youth : the Arab 
 poets El-Muhelhil, Ebn-El-Abras, Ebn-Kamee-ah, El-Akbar, Aboo-Du-ad, Ebn-Damreh, and Ebn- 
 Kureya (see Lane diet.) : the Greek historians, Joannes Rhetor, Petrus Patricius, Hesychius of 
 Miletus, and Joannes Lydus ; the grammarian Hermolaus ; the jurist Tribonianus ; the architect 
 Anthemius ; the Greek ecclesiastical writers, Ephraimius of Antioch, Menas, Eutychius of Amasia, 
 and Theodosius of Alexandria : the Latin writer Corippus ; the Latin ecclesiastical writers, Aprigius, 
 Justinianus of Spain, Liberatus Justus, Facundus and Martinus Dumiensis. 
 
 "The same year" (Clint), end of the chronicle of Marcellinus Comes. 
 
 " In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), accession of An kan, twenty-eighth dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 535 A. D." (Procop., and Clint.), war against the Italian Goths ; Belisarius, consul for this year 
 entering and occupying Sicily. 
 
 "May" (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Joannes Mercurius succeeded by Agapetus, fifty-fifth bishop of 
 Rome. 
 
 "536 A. D." (Act. concil., and Clint.), death of Agapetus at Constantinople; and Silverius 
 appointed fifty-sixth bishop of Rome by Theodahad, and afterwards regularly ordained. Silverius 
 was a "son of Hormisdas " the fiftieth bishop ( Alst). 
 
 "August" (Clint.), death of Theodahad, and accession of Witiges, fifth Gothic king of Italy. 
 Coins of Witiges are extant. 
 
 " Dec. 9th " (Procop., and Clint.), after capturing Naples, entrance of Belisarius into Rome. 
 
 " In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), An-kan succeeded by his brother Zin-kwa, now twenty- 
 ninth dairo of Japan. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 577 
 
 "537 A. D." (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Silverius deposed by Belisarius, and Vigilius ordained 
 fifty-seventh bishop of Rome. Before the close of the year, Belisarius, besieged in Rome by an 
 army of Goths under Witiges, sent the historian Procopius on a mission to Naples. 
 
 "In or about this year" (Percev. i. 141), Aryat slain and succeeded by Abraha, now second 
 Abyssinian governor of Yemen. — Under his rule, Gregentius sent by the patriarch of Alexandria 
 to Zhafar as bishop. 
 
 "538 A. D." (Procop., and Clint.), after a siege of "a year and nine days," withdrawal of the 
 Goths from Rome. Although followed by Belisarius, Witiges reached, and aided by the Burgundians 
 laid siege to Milan. 
 
 In this year (== 543 B. C. — " 1080 years" in Mahavams. xli ), accession of Ambaharanasala 
 as king of Ceylon. — He " destroyed all the wicked priests and burned their books " (Braminical), 
 and reigned " thirteen years." 
 
 Sida stipulata of Tropical Africa and Asia as far as Burmah. Called in Burmah "pyen-dan- 
 gna-len" (Mason), and probably from early times known there and in Hindustan: — observed by 
 Mason v. 519 indigenous in Burmah, growing in company with S. acuta * from which it is "not 
 
 * Sida acuta of Tropical Eastern Asia. Branching and shrubby, four to six feet high, called 
 in Tagalo and Bisaya and Pampango "mamalis" or " pamalis " or "vavalisin" or "higot balato," in 
 Ylocano " taquing baca " (Blanco), in Tamil " malay-taynghie " or "arrooa-manopondoo," in Telinga 
 "vishaboddee," in Bengalee " kureta" (Drur.) ; and from early times, its intensely bitter root valued 
 as stomachic : — observed by Rheede x. pi. 53 in Malabar ; by Graham, immediately around " Bom- 
 bay, not common;" by Burmann, Retz, Ainslie, Roxburgh, as far as Bengal. Farther East, by 
 Mason v. 479 to 519 indigenous, and "the most troublesome weed in Tavoy," affording "a very fine 
 hemp" and its "bitter" root "deemed cordial and stomachic; " by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Rum- 
 phius vi. pi. 18, on Java (Pers.) ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, its stamens moving on being touched 
 with a needle. Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet mant. x. pi. 334. 
 
 Hydnocarpus odoratus of Eastern Hindustan. A large Pangioid tree called in Silhet "chaul- 
 moogra " or " petarkura " (Lindl.) ; and from early times, its seeds employed extensively in Hindustan 
 to cure cutaneous disorders, especially leprosy: — known to grow in Silhet and Assam (Roxb. cor. 
 pi. 299, Wight, and Drur.). 
 
 Chickrassia tabularis of Burmah and the mountainous country East of Bengal. A mahogany- 
 like tree, its timber called in Bengalee " chikrassee," in Tamil " aglay mnrum " (Drur.), and known 
 from early times : — growing on the Dindigul hills and in Chittagong, its close-grained elegantly- 
 veined wood much employed by cabinet-makers, and one of the kinds called in commerce Chittagong 
 wood (Roxb., and Drur.) ; observed by McClelland growing "with teak" in Pegu (Mason v. 539). 
 The bark according to Lindley is powerfully astringent without bitterness. 
 
 Celastms paniculatus of Hindustan. A woody climber called in Tamil " valuluvy," in Telinga 
 "bavungie," in Hindustanee " malkunganee " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " kangoonee " or 
 " karung-kangoonee " (Graham) ; and from early times, a black or deep-scarlet oil procured from 
 its seeds, used medicinally, but principally for horses: — observed by Graham "common on the 
 Ghauts and throughout the hilly parts of the Concan," and found by Murray "at Mahableshwur ; by 
 Roxburgh, Royle, Wight, and Powell, from the Punjaub and Dheyra Dhoon to the Neilgherries, 
 Mysore, and the Circar mountains. The oil, according to Royle ill. 167 and antiq. hind, med., and 
 Malcolmson, is " a stimulant and useful medicine," has been found a successful remedy in " beriberi " 
 (Lindl., and Drur.). 
 
 Phyllanthus virosus of Eastern Hindustan. Erect, woody, with numerous ascending branches ; 
 and from early times, its strong astringent bark thrown into water to intoxicate fish: — observed 
 by Roxburgh on mountains and in the forest (Lindl.). From transported specimens, described by 
 Willdenow (Pers.). 
 
 Catums spicijlorus of Southern Hindustan. A Euphorbiaceous shrub called in Malabar "watta- 
 tali " (Drur.) ; and from early times employed medicinally : — observed by Rheede, Rumphius iv. 
 pi. 37 (Pers.), Burmann pi 61, from Malabar to Travancore ; the flowers according to Lindley "said 
 to be a specific in diarrhoea and similar disorders." 
 
 Sapiuiu Indicum of Tropical Hindustan. A small Euphorbiaceous tree with pendulous branches 
 sometimes ending in thorns ; called in Bengalee "hoorooa" (Lindl.), and from early times, its seeds 
 used for intoxicating fish : — observed by Rheede iv. pi. 51 in Malabar: by Nimmo, in "various parts 
 in the S. Concan" (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Buchanan, and Roxburgh, as far as the 
 "delta of the Ganges," its "juice highly poisonous" (Lindl.). 
 
 Tiaoia invohtcrata of Tropical Hindustan. A twining Euphorbiaceous annual having stinging 
 hairs on' the leaves, called in Bengalee "bichitee" (Lindl.), in Telinga " doolaghondi," in Tamil 
 " canchoorie " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " kooltee " (Graham) ; and from early times, its 
 
 73 
 
578 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 usually distinguished;" by Wight prodr. 57, in Southern Hindustan. Westward, by Bojer, "truly 
 spontaneous " on the Mauritius Islands ; and is known to grow in Western Equatnri il Africa (Benth. 
 fl. nigr.). Clearly by European colonists, was carried to the West Indies (A. Dec). 
 
 root used medicinally : — observed by Rheede ii. pi. 39 in Malabar ; by Graham, " on bushes above 
 Kandalla tank," in the environs of Bombay; by Burmann pi. 92, on Ceylon; by Ainslie, and Rox- 
 burgh, in hedges and shady places as far as Bengal. 
 
 Tcphrosia purpurea of Tropical Hindustan. A branching Leguminous plant, its bitter root 
 from early times used medicinally: — observed by Rheede i. pi. 55 in Malabar; by Brown, and 
 Graham, "common both in the Concan and Deccan " as far as Bombay, "appearing with the rains 
 and flowering towards the close of them, when it dies away ; " by Burmann pi. 32, on Ceylon ; by 
 Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the Coromandel coast, its root in decoction prescribed by 
 native physicians in " dyspepsia, lientery, and tympanitis " (Lindl.) ; was observed by Mason indigenous 
 in Burmah. 
 
 Acacia (. Mbizsia) odoratissima of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. An unarmed tree thirty 
 to forty feet high, called in Tamil " kurroo-vaga," in Telinga "shinduga" (Drur.) ; and its particu- 
 larly hard and strong durable timber valued from early times : — observed by Rheede vi. pi. 5 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, in "the Concans " as far as Bombay; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as 
 far as the Carnatic and Coromandel, " common everywhere " and "one of the most valuable jungle 
 timbers ;" by Mason v. 529, indigenous in Burmah. Transported to Europe, is described by Plu- 
 kenet pi. 351. 
 
 Kauden'a Rlieedii of the tide-waters of Hindustan and Burmah. A mangrove shrub or small tree 
 called in Mahbar " tsjeron-kandel " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its bark employed medicinally : — 
 observed by Rheede vi. pi. 35 in Malabar ; by ( iraham, as far as Bombay ; bv Drury, common in " the 
 back-waters in Travancore," its bark "used for tanning purposes at Cochin;" by Roxburgh, and 
 Might, in the deltas of the Ganges and Curomandel coast; by Mason v. 512 to 515, in the "mangrove 
 swamps" of Burmah, its bark 'used by the Tavoy women in dying red," probably "as a mordant." 
 
 Triclnuanthes lordata of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing Cucurbitaceous vine called in Hin- 
 dustanee " boomee-koomura" (Lindl.); and from early times, its tuberous root employed medicinally: 
 
 — growing on the banks of the river Mejjna near its mouth, and described by Rheede, Ainslie, and 
 Roxburgh, its root as large as " a man's head " used by the natives " as a substitute for calumba root '" 
 (Lindl., and Drur.). 
 
 Hymcnodyctitm excehum of Western Hindustan. A Cinchonaceous tree fifty feet high called in 
 Bengalee " bundaroo " (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay " kurwah " or " kurdwah " or " koodyee " 
 (Graham) ; and from early times, its fine close-grained wood used for various purposes : — observed 
 by Graham "common along the Ghauts " as far as Bombay ; by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 106, and Wight, 
 as far as the Circars, the two inner layers «.f the bark possessing all "the bitterness and astringency 
 of Peruvian bark, and when fresh in a stronger decree" (Lindl., and Drur.). 
 
 Gardenia campanulata of the forests of Chittagong. A low Cinchonaceous tree, its fruit from 
 early times used in Hindustan as cathartic and anthelmintic : — observed by Roxburgh, its straight 
 trunk "soon dividing and subdividing into numerous stiff erect and spreading branches " (Lindl., and 
 Drur.). 
 
 Willughbeia edulis of Eastern Hindustan. A very lar-e Apocynous climber called in Bengalee 
 "luti-am " (Drur.); and from early times, its fruit eaten : —growing in the forests of Sylhet and Chit- 
 tagong, and when wounded, yielding copiously juice that changes "into an indifferent kind of caout- 
 chouc" (Koxb., and Lindl). 
 
 Cicendia hyssopifolia of Hindustan. An herbaceous annual called in Tamil " vallarugu," in Telinga 
 " nella-gullie " or '■ golimidi " or " chevukurti," in Bengali " kirota," in Hindustance " cbota chiretta " 
 (Drur.); the whole plant bitter, and with other Gentianace<e, employed in Hindustan from early times 
 as a stomachic : — C. hyssopifolia was observed by Burmann afr. pi. 74, Retz ii. 15, Roxburgh, and 
 Wight, from the banks of the Jumna to Coromandel, in " moist uncultivated grounds " (Pers., Lindl.. 
 and Drur.). 
 
 Ocymum suave of Tropical Hindustan. A Labiate plant from early times used there medicinally : 
 
 — probably as at the present day, for "a stomachic, and a cure for infantile catarrh " (Lindl.). From 
 transported specimens, the plant is described by Willdenow (Steud.). 
 
 Geniosporum prostratum of Western Hindustan. A Labiate herb, prostrate and much branched, 
 and from early times used as a febrifuge, —as at the present day at Pondicherry (Pers., Burnett, and 
 Lindl.) : observed by Rheede x. pi. 92 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in "S. Concan" (Graham), nearly as 
 far as Bombay ; by Burmann pi. 70, on Ceylon. 
 
 Metiandra Beugalensis of Eastern Hindustan. A straggling Labiate shrub, cultivated from early 
 times : — observed by Graham " in gardens " at Bombay, the " taste and odour of the leaves stronger 
 than that of sage ; " by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, as far as Coromandel and Bengal, its " trunk sometimes 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 579 
 
 Curcuma angustifolia of Southern Hindustan. A steraless Scitamineous plant called in Malabar 
 "kooghei" or ''kooa," in Tamil "kooa," in Hindustanee "tikhur" (Drur ) ; and from early times, 
 arrowroot prepared from its tubers eaten by the natives: — observed by Roxburgh in "forests from 
 the banks of the Sona to Nagpore," the product "sold in the markets of Benares " (Lindl.) ; by Drury, 
 abounding especially in Travancore, its product "a favourite article of diet among the natives," and 
 largely exported under the name of East Indian arrowroot. 
 
 " 539 A. D. " (Procop., and Clint.), Milan captured by the Goths and Burgundians : and entrance 
 into Italy of "a hundred thousand" French under Theudibert. Who after laying waste the country, 
 form a treaty with Belisarius and retire. 
 
 as thick as a man's arm," the " leaves similar in smell and taste to those of" garden sage and " applied 
 to the same uses" (Lindl.); but Wallich remarked "an odour like camphor" when the plant is 
 rubbed. Indian sage, "Salvia Indica," described by Morison iii. pi. 13, and called "seotee" in the 
 environs of Bombay where it is also "cultivated" (Graham), is regarded by Nimmo as perhaps not 
 distinct. 
 
 Congea irillosa of Eastern Hindustan. A Verbenaceous plant, its leaves from early times used in 
 fomentations, — and according to Roxburgh having "a strong heavy disagreeable smell" (Lindl.). 
 
 Preinna inte^rifolLi of Tropical shores, from Hindustan throughout the Malayan archipelago 
 and Polynesian islands to Taheiti and beyond. An elliptic-leaved Verbenaceous shrub, from early 
 times occasionally used in medicine (Lindl.) : — observed by Rheede i. pi. 53 in Malabar ; by Graham, 
 "by the sea shores Bombay," the bruized leaves having " a very peculiar and rather unpleasant smell ; " 
 by N. L. Burmann pi 41, Ainslie, and Roxburgh, as far as the Eastern coast; is termed "folium 
 hirci " by Rumphius iii. p. 134; and was observed by myself facing the sea along the Feejeean, 
 Samoan, and Taheitian islands as far as Metia. 
 
 Callicarpa lanata of Tropical Eastern Asia. A Verbenaceous shrub or small tree called in 
 Tagalo " palis " or "tubang dalag " from being used to intoxicate fish (Blanco), in Tamil " caat 
 comul," in Bengalee " massandarie," in Hindustanee "bastra" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 
 "eisur" (Graham) ; and from early times employed medicinally: — observed by Rheede iv. pi. 60 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay, and on "the Parr and Rotunda ghauts " as far as 
 " Mahableshwur ; " by Ainslie, Buchanan, Roxburgh, and Royle, as far as Travancore and Coroman- 
 del, its root employed in Upper Hindustan "in cutaneous complaints," and in Chittagong a fibre pro- 
 cured from the inner bark, called aroosha fibre but not much valued (Drur.) ; is known to grow also 
 on Ceylon (fl. Zeyl.), where its sub-aromatic slightly bitter bark "is chewed by the Cingalese instead 
 of betel-leaves." Farther East, was observed by Loureiro i. 70 common in the hedges of Anam ; by 
 Blanco, well known on the Philippines. 
 
 Urtica crenulata of Eastern Bengal. Known doubtless from early times, — and according to 
 Leschenault de la Tour one of the most venomous of the tribe, but Roxburgh iii. 591 is silent on this 
 point (Drur.). 
 
 Piper sylvaticum of the mountainous Northern border of Bengal. Perennial-rooted, with branches 
 creeping on the ground or rooting ivy-like on trees ; called " pahari peepul" mountain long-pepper, 
 and known from early times : — observed by Roxburgh, the spikes "used in Bengal both green and 
 ripe as long pepper " (Lindl.). 
 
 Homalomena aromatica of Chittagong. A caulescent Araceous plant, with sub-sagittate leaves ; 
 called " cuchoo-gundubee " (Lindl.), and from early times, the medicinal virtues of its root in high 
 estimation in Hindustan : — observed by Roxburgh, the root when cut diffusing "a pleasant aromatic 
 scent something like that of Zingiberaceae " (Lindl.). 
 
 Amomum aromaticum of valleys on the Eastern frontier of Bengal. A Scitamineous herb called 
 in Bengalee " morung elachi " (Lindl.) ; and its spicy seeds known from early times : — observed by 
 Roxburgh, its "fruit similar in quality to cardamoms for which it is sold" in the drug-shops of Hin- 
 dustan, "the seeds are similar in their shape and spicy flavour" (Lindl.). 
 
 Elettaria medium of Eastern Hindustan. Called there " do-keswa " (Lindl.) ; and its spicy seeds 
 known from early times : —growing in the hilly country in the neighbourhood of Sylhet, and "from the 
 form of the capsule and the acrid aromatic taste of the seeds " suspected by Roxburgh to be the " car- 
 damomum medium " of European writers on materia medica. The " semina cardamomi majora " or 
 "wild cardamoms from Calcutta" examined by Pereira in the drug-shops of Europe, are considered 
 by him belonging perhaps to this species (Lindl.). 
 
 Curcuma leucorhiza of Eastern Hindustan. Called "tikor" (Lindl.), and known from early- 
 times : —observed by Roxburgh in the forests of Bahar, its tubers yielding a kind of arrowroot 
 
 (Lindl , and Drur.). 
 
 Curcuma rubescens of Eastern Hindustan. Known from early times : —observed by Roxburgh 
 in Bengal, its "pendulous tubers" yielding "a very beautiful pure starch like arrow-root," which the 
 natives "prepare and eat" (Lindl.). 
 
580 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " In this year " (Humb. cosm. L), a comet; the second one whose orbit is known from Chinese 
 observations. 
 
 " 540 A. D." (Clint.), by Belisarius, Ravenna captured, and Witiges taken prisoner, and conveyed 
 to Constantinople. Ildibad was now elected sixth Gothic king of Italy. 
 
 "In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Zin-qua succeeded by his brother Kin-me'i, now thirtieth 
 dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 541 A. D." (Procop., and Clint.), accession of Eraric, seventh Gothic king of Italy. He reigned 
 "five months ;" and in "autumn" was succeeded by Totilas. Coins of Totilas are extant. 
 
 " The same year " (Clint.), end of the annual consulships ; Fl. Basilius being appointed sole consul. 
 — The next "twenty-four" years were numbered in his consulship. 
 
 "542 A. D." (Malal.and Clint.), pestilence; beginning in Egypt at Alexandria, and gradually 
 extending, — Eastward in the following year to Persia, and Westward to Italy; spreading over and 
 desolating all parts of the known world. 
 
 "The same year" (Usher) in Britain, king Arthur slain in battle at Camelon in Cornwall. He is 
 said to have been succeeded by Constantine : — who was buried close by Uther within the structure 
 of stones called Stonehcnge (Geoff. Monm. xi. 4). 
 
 "543 A. D." (Procop., and Clint.), capture of Naples by the Goths under Totilas; who next 
 besieged Dryus, and marched towards Rome. 
 
 In the most ancient times, according to Peruvian tradition (Salcam. edit. Markh. 70), "all the 
 nations of Ttahuantin-suyu came from beyond Potosi in four or five armies arrayed for war," and 
 " settled in the different districts as they advanced." After the country became peopled, the land 
 proved " insufficient, there were wars and quarrels, and all the nations occupied themselves in making 
 fortresses, and every day there were encounters and battles." At length there arrived "a bearded 
 man " called Tonapa or Tarapaca, having " long hair," dressed " in a rather long shirt," and travelling 
 with a staff . He "spoke all languages," performed miracles, healing by touch, and taught -'the 
 natives with much love." His teachings were in general not much regarded, by some of them were 
 recorded by '' marking and scoring sticks." 
 
 On visiting the town of Tiyahuanacu, Tonapa found the inhabitants drinking and dancing, and as 
 they would not listen to him, denounced them : on his departure, " all the people who were dancing 
 were turned into stones, and they may be seen to this day" (S.ilcam. 73, see also C. de Molina). 
 The great unfinished buildings at Tiahuanaco, regarded as the most ancient in Peru, are composed of 
 huge blocks of stone, some of them "thirty-eight feet by eighteen and six deep" (Acost. vi. 14. 419), 
 and brought from a distance. — The district was conquered by Mayta Capac, the fourth inca (Mark, 
 edit. Ciez. p. 378). 
 
 On the Vinaque river not far from Guamanga on the Peruvian Andes remains of "great and very 
 ancient edifices," built (according to the natives) by " bearded and white people" who "many ages 
 before " the incas came to these parts "and formed a settlement here." — They resembled the Euro- 
 pean strangers, and the buildings together with some others seen by Cieza de Leon lxxxvii "were 
 square," and not " long and narrow " like those of the incas. 
 
 Further (according to tradition among the inhabitants of the Collao), before their country was 
 conquered by the incas, one of their two great lords Sapana and Cari found upon the large island in 
 Lake Titicaca " a white people who had beards," fought with and exterminated them — (Ciez. C). 
 
 In the anterior ages,* — or perhaps " in the time of the Toltec monarchy" (Humb.), .Mexico 
 visited by Quetzalcohuatl, a bearded white man, accompanied by other strangers wearing black gar- 
 ments in the form of cassocks (compare the black dress of the Anamese, and Terminalia catappa used 
 for dyeing black on the Philippines). 
 
 * Aquilegia formosa of Northwest America. A species of columbine, its root from early times 
 eaten by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Mertens on Norfolk Sound; and received 
 from Northwest America by Fischer ; but regarded as possibly not distinct from A. Canadensis. 
 
 Acfi/vs triphylla of Western Oregon. From early times used medicinally by the natives, in 
 decoction for pain in the breast — (R. Brown jun.) : growing according to Hooker at the mouth of 
 the Columbia. 
 
 Acer macrophyllum of Western Oregon. A maple called by the Cowichans " kammalelep " (R. 
 Brown jun.), and from early times used for making paddles, gambling disks and polished sticks : — 
 observed by Lewis and Clark on the Columbia river (Pursh) ; and according to Hooker, confined to 
 the mountains along the coast from 50° to 40 . 
 
 Acer circinatitm of Western Oregon. The vine maple, from early times used by the natives for 
 making bowls — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark at the rapids of the Columbia ; by 
 myself, tangling swamps between the mount Rainier ridge and the Pacific ; and according to Hooker, 
 grows along the coast from 49° to 43 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 581 
 
 "544 A. D. = 10th year of the 'ta-thoung' of Wou-ti V." (Chinese chron. table), beginning of 
 the Fifty-fourth cycle. 
 
 The Tchouds or Tchoudaki, ancient gold miners whose diggings are scattered over the Ural 
 
 Cupressus Nutkanus of Alaska. A cypress, from early times used for making bowls and boxes 
 by the Tsimpsheans — (R. Brown jun.) : received from Northwest America by Fischer, and termed 
 " thuiopsis borealis." 
 
 Vicia gigantea of the Columbia. A species of vetch, its seeds from early times eaten by the 
 natives — (R. Brown jun.) : received by Hooker from the Columbia river. 
 
 Rosa fraxinifolia of Western Oregon. From early times, its young shoots eaten by the natives 
 — (R. Brown jun.) : growing according to Hooker only along the Pacific. 
 
 Rubus Nutkanus of Alaska and Oregon. From early times, its tender shoots eaten by the 
 natives, and its berries collected and dried — (R. Brown jun.): observed by Mertens at 57 on 
 Norfolk Sound ; and according to Hooker, grows along the Pacific from 43 to 50 , also at the sources 
 of the Columbia. 
 
 Rubus spectabilis of Alaska and Western Oregon. The salmon-berry, its fruit from early times 
 collected and dried by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) • observed by Lewis and Clark on the Columbia 
 (Pursh) ; by Menzies, along the Pacific ; by Mertens, at 57 on Norfolk Sound ; and according to 
 Hooker, grows on Unalaska. 
 
 Pyrulus rivularis of Alaska and Western Oregon. The Alaska crab apple, its fruit from early 
 times collected by the natives and preserved in bags — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas, and 
 according to Hooker, growing from the Columbia to Nootka and Northward. 
 
 Cerasus mollis of Northwest America. The Oregon cherry, its fruit from early times eaten by 
 the natives — ■ (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas, and according to Hooker, growing at the 
 mouth of the Columbia and at its source. 
 
 Megarhiza Oregana of Western Oregon. A prostrate bryony-like Cucurbitaceous plant, its huge 
 root from early times placed in ponds by the natives to stupefy deer coming to drink — (R. Brown 
 jun.) : observed by myself in the flowery prairies around Fort Nisqually, its root sometimes a yard in 
 diameter. 
 
 Ribes divaricatum of Alaska. From early times, its berries collected and dried by the natives — 
 (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas common along the Pacific from 48° to 52 (Hook.). 
 
 Heuchera cylindrica of Oregon. From early times among the Nisqually tribe, bruised and 
 applied to boils — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas west of the Rocky mountains (Hook.). 
 
 Eulophus leiocarpus of Western Oregon. Perhaps the " peucedanumleucocarpum" whose stem 
 has been eaten from early times by the natives — (see R. Brown jun.). E. leiocarpus was received 
 by Hooker from Fort Vancouver, near the mouth of the Columbia. 
 
 Eulophus triternatus of the Columbia river. Its "fusiform root " from early times eaten by the 
 natives, "baked or roasted" — (Pursh); observed by Lewis and Clark on the Columbia. 
 
 Ferula nudicaulis of the Columbia river. Its tops from early times boiled by the natives " in 
 their soups " — (Pursh) ; observed by Lewis and Clark on the Columbia. 
 
 Ligusticum Scoticum of the Subarctic seashore. The sea, lovage known from early times to the 
 natives of Northwest America, and its green stem eaten — (R. Brown jun.) : known to grow from the 
 mouth of the Columbia along the Pacific to Bhering's Straits, also in Labrador (Hook.) and from 67° 
 in Greenland (Wats.); was observed by Hooker in Iceland; by Lapylaie, in Newfoundland; by 
 Michaux, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence ; by myself, along the seashore of New England as far as 
 41 30' at the mouth of Narraj^ansett Bay. Eastward, across the Atlantic, was observed by Sibbald in 
 Scotland (Spreng.) ; is described also by Plukenet aim. pi. 96 (Pers.) ; and is known to grow on the 
 Hebrides, and on the seashore of Norway, Lapland, and Northern Siberia (fl. Dan. pi. 207, Dec, 
 and Wats.). 
 
 Gaultheria shallon of Western Oregon. Called "salal" (R. Brown jun.), and its berries from 
 early times collected and dried by the natives : —observed by Menzies along the Pacific ; by Lewis 
 and Clark, at the falls of the Columbia ; by myself, a shrub two to three feet high, forming patches 
 around Puget Sound. 
 
 Vaccinium ovalifolium of Oregon. The le brou plant, its berries from early times made into 
 a cake, considered a dainty by the natives— (R. Brown jun.) : V. ovalifolium was observed by Menzies 
 along the Pacific ; by Lewis and Clark, on the Columbia (Pursh). 
 
 Vaccinium salicinum of Alaska. The berries of various species of Vaccinium, from early times 
 collected and dried by the natives of Northwest America— (R. Brown jun.). V. salicinum was 
 observed by Chamisso on Unalaska. 
 
 Finns monticola of Oregon. From early times its bark used for weaving blankets, and its wood 
 for the long wooden spoons with which the le brou cake is supped— (R. Brown jun.). 
 
532 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 mountains and the Altaian, were unacquainted with iron, and appear to have had their chief dwelling- 
 place among the mountains on the Upper Yenisei : where are magnificent tombs containing finely- 
 worked gold ornaments and other precious articles, but their picks and other mining utensils as well 
 as their knives daggers and arrow-points are all of copper. They used however an oval stone mallet 
 grooved around to receive a thong, and were acquainted with the manufacture of leather. On the 
 contrary, the Mongols and Tartars have always possessed the art of smelting iron, but to the pres- 
 ent day know nothing of copper. The tombs were found by Pallas iii. 333 to 421 much resembling 
 some he had seen in Brandebourg and other parts of Germany. 
 
 Allium fistulosum of the Altaian mountains. Distinguished by its ventricose leaves and called 
 in Britain welsh onion from the German " walsch " foreign (Prior), in Germany "schnittzwiebel" 
 (Lenz), in Greece " pikra kr'ommuthia " (Fraas), by the Russians among the Altaian mountains 
 " boutoun " (Pall.) and known there from early times ; — termed " cepa rupestri radice turbinata 
 dulci Stelleri " by Gmelin i. 64; observed by Pallas iii. 204 to 4S4 abounding on all the higher parts 
 of the Altaian mountains, pleasant to the taste, suitable for culinary purposes, and succeeding in 
 gardens. Westward, was observed by Fraas under cultivation in Greece, besides springing up spon- 
 taneously ; and from Germany was introduced into Britain (Prior). 
 
 Ribes (Grossttlaria) saxatile of the Altaian mountains. Called there "krasnaia smorodina" or 
 '•kislitza," its acid red fruit, large as raisins, mixed with water from early times as a refreshing drink; 
 — observed by Pallas iii. 220 near Golzofka. 
 
 Spiraea laevigata of the Altaian mountains. Called by the Russians '• irga " or " kizilnik," known 
 from early times, — and its stems used for ramrods (Pall.) ; observed by Laxmann near Kolivan 
 (Steud ) ; by Pallas iii. 264, also among the Altaian mountains. 
 
 Rhod ' •lieiiaran Daiiricitm of Fast Siberia. Called on the Upper Yenisei "bagoulnik" and 
 known from early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 129 in all the pine woods from Oudinsk to beyond 
 Lake Baical. From transported specimens, is described by Linnaeus and Andrews repos. pi. 4. 
 
 '■The same year" (Humboldt atl. pict., Clavigero i. 84 gives "596"), commencement of the 
 migration of the Toltecs :* who were now leaving their own country, Huehuetlapallan or Tlapallan. 
 
 Abionia armaria of the seashore of Oregon and California. Herbaceous and decumbent, its 
 roots from early times eaten by the Chinnooks — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Menzies in Califor- 
 nia (Hook.). 
 
 .-ll/ies Meiiziesii of Alaska and Western Oregon. A spruce, from early times furnishing hats for 
 the sea-going tribes — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas. 
 
 Abies Mertensiana of Oregon. A spruce, its liber or inner bark from early times used by the 
 natives medicinally, for sticking-plaster — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
 Endosmia Gardneri of Western Oregon. Called by the Nisqually " s'hah-gok " (R. Brown jun.), 
 and from early times its root eaten by the natives. — From transported specimens, described by 
 Hooker and Arnott. 
 
 Calochortus elegaus of the Columbia. Its root from early times "eaten by the natives;" — 
 observed by Lewis and Clark " on the head-waters of the Kooskoosky " (Ph). 
 
 Xcrophylliun tenax of the Rocky mountains. Its " very tenacious leaves " from early times woven 
 by the natives into "water-tight baskets, which they use for cooking their victuals in ;" — observed 
 by Lewis and Clark " on high lands near the Rocky mountains " (Ph). 
 
 Rhodymenia sp. of shallow water of the ocean-margin of Northwest America. An esculent sea- 
 weed, from early times compressed by the natives into cakes for winter use — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
 Phyllophora Mcuziaii of the ocean-margin of Northwest America. A seaweed, its long stipes 
 from early times furnishing the natives with excellent fishing-lines — (R. Brown jun.). Transported 
 to Europe, described by Agardh. 
 
 * Aesculus Ca/iforuica of California. The California horse-chestnut, its nuts from early times 
 ground into a gruel or soup by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall. 
 
 Trifolium involiicratuni of Nevada and California. From early times, clover as well as grass 
 eaten by the Digger tribe — (R. Brown jun.). T. involucratum according to Hooker grows in Cali- 
 fornia, from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific. By Spanish colonists, was carried to Cuba (Ortega, 
 and Pers.) ; and to Valparaiso in Chili (Hook.). 
 
 Arctostaphylos glauca of California. The iiianzanitta, its berries eaten by grizzly bears, and 
 from early times by the natives — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
 (literals sp. of the Sacramento. Its acorns from early times pounded and ground into gruel, 
 cooked in water-tight baskets by the natives : — observed by myself growing in a scattered manner 
 to a short distance on either side of the Sacramento, the only tree throughout its middle course. 
 
 Quercus sp. of Northwest America. The acorns of several species of oak from early times eaten 
 by the natives — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 583 
 
 Of the arts attributed to the Toltecs, smelting metals, cutting the hardest stones, weaving cloth, 
 and dyeing with indigo, do not appear to have originated in America ; but were brought from Asia, 
 though certainly not by Polynesians. 
 
 One of the traditional Toltec leaders was Wotan or Wodan, — and at the time of the Spanish 
 conquest, a family in the village of Teopixa boasted of being descended from Wotan (Humb. cosm. 
 iv). A mythical connexion traceable perhaps through the Ainos of the Kurile Islands and Northern 
 Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Procop., and Clint.), by Justinian, Belisarius recalled from the East, and 
 sent with insufficient forces into Italy. 
 
 "545 A. D." (Alst. p. 369), on the authority of the before-mentioned synod at Carthage, the 
 pretensions of the bishop of Rome opposed by the Ligurian, Venetian, and Istrian bishops. 
 
 "546, Dec. 17th" (Procop., and Clint.), Rome betrayed to Totilas ; who entering in the night, 
 pillaged the city, set it on fire, and destroyed a third of the city wall. He was however soon repelled 
 by Belisarius ; who rebuilt the wall and fortifications. 
 
 " 547, February " (Malal., and Clint.), arrival in Constantinople of Vigilius bishop of Rome ; 
 invited by Justinian. 
 
 "The same year" fProcop., and Clint.), irruption of Slavonians into Illyricum. Slavonian 
 Czekhes (according to Talvi iii. 1) displacing the Celtic Boii from Bohemia, —which country they 
 occupy to the present day. 
 
 "548 A. D." (Marius, and Clint.), death of Theudebert ; and accession of his son Theudebald 
 as king of the French. 
 
 "549 A. D." (Procop , and Clint.), Belisarius having left for Constantinople, Rome again cap- 
 tured by Totilas; who thence proceeded South to Tarentum and Rhegium, and invaded'Sicily. 
 
 "550 A. D. = ' ta-pao,' 1st year of Kian-wen-ti " or Kian-wen II., of the Liang or Twelfth 
 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (= 9th of Sridharasena, Jacquet, and Gildem. 43), date of a Hindu poem 
 composed at Valabhi in Guzerat (Bhattik. xxii. 35). 
 
 As early as this date (see Percev. i. 292), the " Djazm " or Arabic alphabet invented at Anbar 
 in Irak by Moramir of the Yemen tribe of Tay. — The invention was carried to the Coraysh tribe 
 at Mecca by Harb "in or about 560" (De Sacy). The diacritic points were added under the first 
 Ommiad khalifs. 
 
 "551 A. D." (Theoph., and Clint.), the Roman bishop Vigilius remaining in Constantinople, 
 ordered by Justinian to be seized ; and taking refuge at the altar, assaulted there. 
 
 " The same year " (Theophan. Byzant. in Phot. bibl. cod. 64), living silkworms, Bombyx mori, 
 brought from Eastern Asia to the Mediterranean countries ; and the manufacture of silk now intro- 
 
 Pinus ponderosa of Southern Oregon. From early times, dug-out canoes made of its trunk by 
 the natives — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
 Pinus Lambcrtiana of Southwestern Oregon and the adjoining portion of California. From 
 early times, a kind of manna or purgative sugar obtained by the natives by scorching its trunk — 
 (Brack., and.R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas in California between 40 and 43 ; by Bracken- 
 ridge, on our land-expedition from the Lower Columbia to the Sacramento. 
 
 Taxus brevifolia of Western Oregon and the adjoining portion of California. A species of yew, 
 called among the native tribes by names signifying "fighting wood," and from early times used for 
 bows ; the arrows being of cedar, or various species of reeds, tipped with poison obtained from the 
 rattle-snake — (R. Brown jun.): T. brevifolia was observed by Nuttall ; by myself on the mount 
 Rainier ridge, a slender spruce-like tree sometimes fifty feet high ; by R. Brown jun., abundant about 
 Shasta mountain. 
 
 Chlorogalum pomeridianum of California. The amole plant, its bulbous root from early times 
 used by the natives as a substitute for soap, — also by their successors, the Spanish settlers (R. Brown 
 jun.) : detached roots were shown me at the Bay of San Francisco. The plant from transported 
 specimens is described by Kunth. 
 
 Hordeitm jnbatum of the seashore and Interior salines of North America. A tasseled grass, 
 its seeds from early times especially held in request among the Shoshones of Southern Oregon — 
 (R. Brown jun ) : observed by myself in salt-marshes along the Atlantic from 45 to 42 ; by Nuttall, 
 in Massachusetts and on the Missouri ; by E. James, along the Missouri and Platte ; by Lewis and 
 Clark, on the Missouri ; by Drummond, as far as 54° near Fort Cumberland; and according to A. 
 Gray, grows on the shore of the Great Lakes ; according to Hooker, as far as Mackenzie river and 
 the confluence of the Columbia with the sea. In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by J. D. 
 Hooker at Port Famine in the Straits of Magellan ; and he thinks a species found by Hanke in 
 Chili will prove identical (A. Dec). From transported specimens, described by Linnxus (Steud.). 
 
584 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 duced. — Silkworms are mentioned soon afterwards by Georgius Pisides (Pouchet). But for some 
 centuries continued to be fed on leaves of the black mulberry, Morus nigra (Crescenzio, Targioni, and 
 A. Dec). 
 
 "552 A. D. = ' tcliing-ching,' 1st year of Hiao-youan-ti " or Youan-ti IV., of the Liang or 
 Twelfth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Paul. Diac, and Clint.), Totilas defeated by Narses, and slain. He was 
 succeeded by Teias, ninth Gothic king of Italy. 
 
 "At this time" (Clint.), Jornandes finishing his history of the Goths. 
 
 " In this year (= 13th of Kin-mei," ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), by the king of FiaksaT (in Corea), 
 an ambassador bearing an image of Budha and the classic books of his religion sent to Kin-mei'. 
 The introduction of Budhism into Japan. 
 
 "553 A. D." (Procop., and Clint.), Teias defeated by Narses, slain, and Gothic rule in Italy 
 terminated. The Goths agreeing to quit the country. 
 
 " May 4th " (Clint., and Nicol.), Fifth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened by Justinian at 
 Constantinople. The proceedings of the four previous Councils were confirmed ; and the opinions 
 of Anthemius, Theodorus, and Origen, condemned (Alst.). — The authority of this Council continues 
 to be recognized by the Greek church (E. A. Soph.). 
 
 The worship of Isis and Osiris continuing at Philas in the latter half of the "Sixth" century 
 (Champ.-Fig. p. 22S). 
 
 "554, August" (Malal., Clint., and others), notwithstanding the immunity attributed by ancient 
 writers to Egypt, a severe earthquake felt at Alexandria by Agathias. — Earthquakes have also been 
 experienced in Egypt by modern travellers. 
 
 "The same year " (Marius, and Clint.), Theudebald king of the French succeeded by his father's 
 uncle Clothacarius (Chlothaire) ; who had reigned already "forty-four " years. 
 
 "555 A. D. = ' tchao-tai',' 1st year of King-ti II., of the Liang" or Twelfth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (Anonym., Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Yigilius succeeded by Pelagius, fifty-eighth 
 bishop of Rome. 
 
 "556 A. D. = 1st year of the 'tai'-pi'ng' of King-ti II.," end of the Liang dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 " 557 A. D. = ' young-ting,' 1st year of Wou-ti VI.," now head of the new dynasty of the Tchin 
 — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Procop., Agath., and Clint.), under the superintendence of Isidorus of Mile- 
 tus, the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople restored. 
 
 Rosa .ipiiiosissima of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The STT I l~£ I roses described 
 in the addition to Diosc. i. 130 as a r p I a, simple-flowered, smaller and for many purposes more effi- 
 cacious than the garden kinds, — may be compared : R. spinosissima was observed by Sibthorp in 
 the open portions of Southern Greece. Westward, is termed "r. campestris spinosissima flore albo 
 odoro" by Tournefort inst. 638 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 187). 
 
 Rosa arvensis of Western Europe. The " gpigeia " roses in question — are however referred 
 here by Sprengel : R. arvensis is termed " r. serpens " by Ehrhart, " r. prostrata" by De-candolle, "r. 
 procumbens " by Seringe (Steud.), and is known to grow from Denmark to France (Oeder fl. dan., 
 engl. bot. pi. 188, Dec. fl fr., and Pers.) ; was observed by Pollich in Germany; by Scopoli, in 
 Carniolia ; but has not been found in Greece. 
 
 Mathiola iricuspidata of the East Mediterranean countries. The A £ U K I N eaAaCCION 
 or ION GaAaCCION identified in the cod. Cantacuz addition to Diosc. iii. 12S with the BIO Ad 
 ma pi NO of the Romans, — is referred here by Sibthorp: M. tricuspidata was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, frequent in the maritime sands of Greece : and farther South, by Forskal, and 
 Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is termed "hesperis maritima latifolia 
 siliqua tricuspidi " by Tournefort inst. 223, and is known to grow as far as Tripoli (Pers). 
 
 Linum hirsntum of the Mediterranean and Tauro- Caspian countries. The ICCITIC dfplCl 
 described in the addition to Diosc. ii. 216 as having blue or purple flowers, CTa UpO£l Ah and rough 
 fruit, with the contained seed as if separated by five equal leaflets, — may be compared : L. hirsutum 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and the'Bithy- 
 nian Olympus, the flower " caeruleo et rubro ; " is known to grow also in Tartary'(l»ers.) ; and farther 
 South, was observed by Savigny in Syria, and as far as the border of Egypt (Del.). Westward, is 
 described by Morison v. pi. 26; is termed " 1. sylvestre latifolium hirsutum oeruleum" by Tournefort 
 inst. 339; was observed by Scopoli pi. n in Carniolia; and by Lapeyrouse, as far as the Pyrenees 
 (Steud.). 3 
 
 Inula Britauuica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The TplTON KONUZhC 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 585 
 
 growing in watery places according to the addition to Diosc. iii. 126, its stem thicker and softer, 
 leaves intermediate, and odour stronger and less agreeable, — is referred here by writers : I. Britan- 
 nica was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent in watery situations in Greece as far as Con- 
 stantinople, and according to Fraas corresponds in the leaves and odour. Westward, is described 
 by Lobel adv. p. 121, and Dalechamp p. 1082 (Spreng.) ; is termed "aster palustris luteus folio longi- 
 ori lanuginoso" by Tournefort inst. 483 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (All., Lam. fl. fr., fl. Dan. pi. 413, Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 "558 A. D." (Malal., and Clint.), pestilence ; continuing "six months'' at Constantinople, and 
 apparently, from the description, fixe, plague. 
 
 "560 A. D." (inscript., Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Pelagius succeeded by Joannes the third, fifty- 
 ninth bishop of Rome. 
 
 "561 A. D." (Marius, and Clint.), death of Chlothaire, and accession of Sigibert as king of the 
 French. 
 
 "564 A. D." (Gild. hist. 26, and pref. by J. Stevenson), in Britain, Gildas writing. He speaks 
 of the two rivers " Thamesis ac Sabrinae " Thames and Severn, formerly ascended by boats bringing 
 foreign luxuries : of idols "portenta ipsa diabolica " remaining on the site of deserted towns : gives 
 a sad account of the morals of the Christian clergy, official station from the bishop downwards being 
 for sale by princes : is equally severe and particular in enumerating the misdeeds of the judiciary and 
 princes : and thinks, that the national historical records, if any, have either been burned in the wars, 
 or carried abroad by exiled citizens. 
 
 The Arab poet Imra-el-Keys as early as this date — (Lane diet.). He is the author of one of the 
 seven Moailakats preserved at Mecca. 
 
 Dianthus caryophyllus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain carnation, by Lyte, 
 and Spenser coronation, in mediaeval Latin "vettonica coronaria," by Chaucer '-clove girofle " (Prior), 
 in Greece " karuophullon " (Sibth.), in Egypt "gurumfil" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the scented 
 "karanfoli" of Imra-el-Keys, — referred here by W. Jones iv. p.: D. caryophyllus was observed 
 by Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation in Egypt ; and by myself, often kept in vases by the Arabs. 
 Farther North, was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, and wild on Imros ; by Sib- 
 thorp, wild in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the "tunici " of Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, growing 
 according to Jacobus de Manliis wild in Lombardy, is referred here by Sprengel ; D. caryophyllus is 
 described by Ruellius, Dodoens ii. 18, and Tabernaemontanus ii. I ; is termed "caryophyllus simplex 
 flore minore pallide rubente " by Tournefort inst. 332 ; is known to grow wild in Italy and along the 
 Pyrenees, and has become naturalized in Britain and Northern France (Noulet, and A. Dec). East- 
 ward from Egypt, was observed by Roxburgh, and Graham, in the gardens of Hindustan ; by 
 Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, and called "mondo" or usually "iammasuje" or "sogaif." By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation as a 
 garden flower. 
 
 Cadaba farinosa of Tropical Africa and Arabia. A shrub called in Yemen " korrah " or •' saerah " 
 or "asal" (Forsk.): the "dentifrices of esel-wood" of Imra-el-Keys — (transl. W. Jones iv. p.) 
 may be compared: C. farinosa was observed by Forskal p. 68 along the mountains of Yemen, the 
 fresh branchlets masticated or pulverized and eaten as an antidote against poison. Westward, was 
 observed by Grant "at Madi 3* N." on the Nile, called "kana" and spinage "made from the 
 leaves." 
 
 "565, Nov. 13th" (Theophan., and Clint.), Justinian succeeded by Justin II., tenth Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 "In the beginning of the reign of Justin II." (Agath. hist. v. p. 149, and Sm. b. d.), Agathias 
 commencing his history. In which he names Alexander Trallianus as a contemporary. 
 
 Sedum album of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain worm-grass (Prior), 
 in Anglo-Saxon "wyrmwyrt" (Cockayne), and the S Am I N 9 BOTO N N of Alexander Trallianus 
 verm & 6 — may be compared: S. album was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the 
 rocks of the Greek islands and mountains, Taygetus, Parnassus, and Athos. Westward, is termed 
 "s. minus teretifolium album" by Tournefort inst. 262 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; is 
 known to grow on rocks as far as the Northern coast of France (fl. Dan. pi. 66, and Pers.) ; but in 
 Britain, where it occurs on old walls, is regarded by Watson, and A. Decandolle, as probably exotic 
 and introduced at an early period. 
 
 Slum bnlbocastanum of middle Europe. The BO A BO KCI CTa N CI of Alexander Trallianus 
 vii. 2.8 — (changed to " valanokastana " by Goupyl and Guinter) is referred here by Dodoens p. 333, 
 and Sprengel : S. bulbocastanum has not been observed in Greece. Westward, is described by 
 Dalechamp°p. 774, and Morison ix. pi. 2; is known to grow in France and middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark, and has a tuberous edible root (fl. Dan. pi. 220, Gouan ill. 10, and Pers.). 
 
 Scabiosa Africana of the Mediterranean countries. An evergreen shrub three or four feet high 
 
 74 
 
586 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 called in Greece " iva artJteka " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the d p T U T I K h of Alexander Tral- 
 lianus : — S. Africana was observed by Sibthorp on the island of Zacynthus. Westward, " seme arte- 
 tice " are prescribed medicinally by Franciscus Pedemontium ff. iS6and20i; S. Africana is described 
 by Hermann parad. pi. 219; is termed "s. africana arborescens maxima foliis rugosis et crenatis inte- 
 gris major " by Tournefort inst. 465 ; and is attributed by Persoon to Africa as well as the East. By 
 European colonists, has recently been introduced by the way of Austral Africa into Hindustan 
 (Graham). 
 
 Daphne mezereum of middle Europe? A shrub called in Greece "m£zair£6n" (Sibth.), and 
 the imported drug at Patna on the Ganges "mameera" (Irvine 256); in which we recognize the 
 mamsipaC of Alexander Trallianus ii. 5, — " mamera " of Paulus Aegineta, " mezereum " of Apu- 
 leius Barbarus ill, and " mazariun " of Elhur, Hobaisch, Elthabari, and Ebn Baitar : D. mezereum 
 was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus; is described by old English writers as growing in 
 Germany and cultivated in gardens in Britain, where it has since become completely naturalized (Mill., 
 and Wats.); is termed "thymelaea lauri folio deciduo " by Tournefort inst. 595 ; and is regarded as 
 indigenous in Germany and France (fl. Dan. pi. 268, Pers., and A. Dec). The bark according to 
 Lindley is " excessively acrid," is collected in Germany " and dried for medicinal use," is employed in 
 France "under the name of 'garou' to produce vesication," and in Britain "is frequently employed as 
 a topical remedy for toothach." 
 
 "In this year" (. . . . Humb. cosm. i.), a comet; the third one whose orbit is known from 
 Chinese observations. 
 
 " In this year" (Cockayne note to Leechb. i. 40), the small pox in France, — and "in 572 " ap- 
 peared in Arabia. The disease is described also by Ahrun (Spreng. hist. med. vi. 5), Maserjawia 
 (Steinschn. ii. 22), Abu Zeid, and " in 923 " by Rhazes. 
 
 "566 A. D." (Coripp., and Clint.), consulship of Justin II. — The years in which, were again 
 numbered consecutively. 
 
 "The same year" (Clint.), end of the chronicle of Victor Tununensis. Also, of the chronicle of 
 the anonymous continuator of Marcellinus. 
 
 In this year (= "491 an. jav." of Nata Kasuma, Raffles x.), after the conclusion of the Brata 
 Yudha or war of the Pandus, death of Suyudana. Punta Dewa, son of Pandu Dewa Nata, now became 
 ruler at Astina over the united Hindu colonies on Java. 
 
 "567 A. D." (Joann. Abbas, and Clint, iv. p. 824), at Narbo, Athanagild succeeded by Liuva, as 
 Gothic king of Spain. 
 
 "The same year " = ' kouang-ta,' 1st year of Tchou-pe-tsoung, of the Tchin " or Thirteenth 
 dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 One hundred and forty-sixth generation. Sept. 1st, 567, onward mostly beyond youth : Jacobus 
 of Edessa (Alst. p. 3S9) : the Greek historians, Menander Protector, Joannes of Epiphaneia, Joannes 
 Malalas, and Theophanes of Byzantium ; the Greek ecclesiastical writers, Eulogius of Alexandria, 
 and the ecclesiastical historian Evagrius : the Latin ecclesiastical writers, Joannes Biclariensis, Yenan- 
 tius Fortunatus. 
 
 "568, April" (Paul. Diac, Blair, and Clint.), by invitation of Narses who had been deprived of 
 his command, the Lombards under their king Alboin leaving Pannonia establish themselves in Italy. 
 — From Constantinople, exarchs were sent to Ravenna against the Lombards. 
 
 "The same year" (Isidor., and Clint.), Liuva Gothic king of Spain, succeeded by his brother 
 Leuvigild. 
 
 "The same year" (Menand. Protect., Theophan. Byzant., Joann. Epiphan., and Clint.), arrival in 
 Constantinople of an embassy from a distant people called " Tourkoi " (Turks) ; now first mentioned 
 in history. 
 
 " In this year " (Humb. cosm. i.), a comets the fourth one whose orbit is known from Chinese 
 observations. 
 
 "569 A. D. = 'tai-kien,' 1st year of Hiouan-ti II." or Siouan-ti, of the Tchin or Thirteenth 
 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 279). 
 
 " In this year" (Menand, 3S0, and Klapr. mem. ii. 389), Zemarkh sent by Justin II. to Dizaboul 
 khan of the Turks, encamped among the Alt.1i.1n mountains. Dizaboul, bv the Chinese called Ti theou 
 pou li, received the ambassador Zemarchus, and presented a XEDX I C 'female slave. According to 
 Humboldt cosm. 1, the Kirghis, originally a Finnish tribe, — are called "kirkiz " by Abulgazi hist, 
 mong.; life on the Steppes inducing among them, the Baschkirs (Fins), the Turks (Ti Tukiu) the 
 Torgodi and Dsungari (Mongolians), the same nomadic habits, including felt tents carried on wagons 
 and pitched among herds of cattle. ° 
 
 Artemisia paucijlora of the Uralian plains. Called by the Kirghis "juschann," and from early 
 times supplying leed for sheep in the winter— (Pall.) : observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 5 > alon<r the Volo-a 
 (Pers.) ; by Pallas trav. i. 367 and 770, abounding in arid subsaline soil on theYaik, exceedingly 
 fragrant, and its bitterness not unpleasant. ° 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 587 
 
 Ceratospermum papposum of the plains of middle Asia from the Caspian to Tropical Arabia. 
 Called in Yemen "sasnaam" or "saelaam" (Forsk.), by the Cossacks on the Yaik "vetlovnik," and 
 known from early times, —observed on the Yaik by Pallas trav. i. 435 ; by Forskal p. 48, on the basal 
 portion of the mountains of Yemen, the clustered flowers lanate and pappus-like. C. lanatum, observed 
 by Lewis, and Nuttall, on the Upper Missouri, may prove distinct. 
 
 Scorzonera caricifolia of the Uralian plains. Called by the Kirghis " idschelik," and eaten as greens 
 from early times, — observed by Pallas iii and v. 512 beyond Omsk, and frequent in the sandy plains 
 of the Kirghis Desert. 
 
 Cram.be Orientalis of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks on the Lower Volga " white 
 katran." and from early times its stem and root eaten crude, — observed by Pallas v. 170 ; received 
 by Bieberstein from the country around the Taurian mountains and termed " c. aspera." In Britain 
 has recently escaped from a garden near Fochabers, but is not as yet completely naturalized (Wats, 
 cyb. i. 115, and A. Dec). 
 
 Cytisus Wolgaricus of the Uralian plains. A beautiful many-stemmed bush called " tamahnes- 
 chil-ebessyn " camel-sinew, and from early times valued as feed for horses and sheep, but not eaten 
 by camels, — observed by Pallas v. 203 to 510 from the Lower Volga to tributaries of the Don. 
 
 Astragalus cicer of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Volga " chlopounzi," and from 
 early times its seeds eaten crude, — observed there by Pallas v. 329; by Sestini, near Constantinople 
 (Sibth.) ; is termed "glaux" by Rivinus tetrap. pi. 108, "a. luteus perennis siliqua gemella rotunda 
 vesicam referente " by Tournefort inst. 416 ; and is known to grow as far West as Austria, Germany, 
 Switzerland, and Italy (Jacq. austr. pi. 251, Moench, and Pers.). 
 
 Astragalus arenarius of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks of the Upper Irtich 
 " tchiltchasnaia-trava," and from early times given to horses afflicted with the strangles— (Pall.) : 
 observed by Gmelin iv. pi. 21 in Siberia; by Pallas iii. 143, on the Irtich beyond Omsk. 
 
 Chrysocoma villosa of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks on the Yaik "stepnaia polin " 
 (Pall.), and known from early times : — observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 52 in Siberia and Tartary ; by 
 Pallas i. in to 435, from 55 on the Volga to the Yaik. 
 
 Saussurea amara ot the Uralian plains. Called by Cossacks of the Yaik "gorkaia trava" 
 (Pall), strongly but agreeably bitter, and from early times employed medicinally in intermittent 
 fevers, and applied to animals suffering from poisonous bites: — termed "jacea erecta minor lati- 
 oribus foliis " by Buxbaum cent. i. pi. 15 ; observed by Pallas i. 593 on the Lower Yaik ; and known 
 to grow in Siberia (Pers.). 
 
 Euphorbia agraria of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Yaik " koura," and known from 
 early times, chickens losing their eyesight by feeding on it, — observed by Pallas i. 224 to 600 on the 
 Lower Volga and Yaik ; described also by Bieberstein (Steud.). 
 
 Nitraria Shoberi of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Yaik "samanicha," and known 
 from early times, — observed by Pallas trav. i. 606 frequent there. 
 
 Anabasis cretacea of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks of the Yaik "joujovnik" also 
 "kislaia trava," and known from early times, — observed by Pallas trav. i. 691 on chalky hills within 
 the Calmuck district. 
 
 Calligonum Pallasii of the Uralian plains. A shrub three or four feet high, called by the 
 Kirghis and Calmuks " torlok " (Pall.), and known from early times : — observed by Pallas ii. 548 
 frequent throughout the sandy plains from the Lower Volga to the Yaik and along the Caspian, said 
 to grow also in the Kirghis district. 
 
 Sophora orientalis of the Uralian plains. Called by the Cossacks on the Upper Irtich "prounez," 
 and from early times used medicinally, — observed there by Pallas iii. 187. 
 
 Ephedra monostachya of the Uralian plains. Called by the Kirghis " kisiltscha," by the Russians 
 " stepnaia-malina " (Pall.), and its berries eaten from early times: — observed by Pallas iii. 189 on 
 the Upper Irtich ; and known to grow as far West as Hungary (Pers.). 
 
 Artemisia santonica of the Uralian plains. Its seeds from early times brought under the name 
 of "semen sanctum" from Tartary and Persia — (Pers.) : the plant observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 51 in 
 Siberia; by Pallas i. to iii. 290, from the Yaik to the Altaian mountains. From transported speci- 
 mens described by Lobel icon. 756 (Pers.). 
 
 Crypsis aculeata of the Uralian plains. A grass known from early times : — observed by Pallas 
 iii. 186 to 482 in arid saline situations from the Upper Irtich to the Yaik; by Forskal p. 18, Delile, 
 and myself, from Alexandria to Cairo, no native name" given ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from 
 the base of the Bithynian Olympus to the Peloponnesus ; is described also by Matthioli pi. 709; 
 and is known to occur in Italy, Southern France, Spain, and Barbary. By European colonists was 
 carried to North America, observed by myself in the streets of Philadelphia. " C. schoenoides," 
 differing only from growing in more sheltered and fertile situations, was observed by Delile, and 
 myself, in Egypt. 
 
5 88 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Hemerocallis flava of the Uralian plains. Called on the Upper Obi " tepaia-trava," and from 
 early times made into small mats by the peasants and Tartars to place under saddles, — observed 
 by Pallas iii. 391 on the Upper Obi, becoming frequent towards the Yenisei. Westward, is known 
 to occur seemingly wild on the plains of Hungary and as far as Switzerland (Pers.) ; is termed 
 "lilium non bulbosum " by Dodoens 204 (Spreng.) ; and has become a well known garden flower 
 (Linn., and Jacq. hort. pi. 137). By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where 
 it continues in gardens. 
 
 "570 B. C." (Percev. i. 143 to 269, and Badger edit. Varthem. 32), Abraha, having failed to 
 divert the pilgrimage to his church at Sana, and the building having been defiled by a native of 
 Mecca, at the head of an army invading Mecca; riding on an elephant, an animal never before seen 
 there. The Abyssinians were defeated, — and about five years later, with the aid of Persian forces 
 arriving by sea, were expelled from Yemen. 
 
 "572 A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Kin-mei succeeded by his son Bin-dats, now thirty-first 
 dairo of Japan. 
 
 '•573 A. D. (= 1 1 16th year after Gaudama's death," Mason ii. 21), at the mouths of the Ira- 
 waddy in Burmah, founding of the city and state of Pegu. 
 
 "574 A. D." (Shan annals, Richardson, and Mason iv. 72), on the upper Meinan, the city of 
 Labong founded by the Siamese or Shans. The Karen tribes at this time entering Burmah.* 
 
 * Dipierocarpus .... sp. of the mountains of Burmah. Called by the Karens " ka-nyeen-phu " 
 lard tree from the consistence of its oil (Mason) ; known from early times, — and according to Mason 
 v. 528 to 757 growing on mountains in the Interior. 
 
 Agyneia iinpubes of the Siamese countries. A curious-flowered Euphorbiaceous herb called 
 in Burmah " hta-hmen-ksoke-gyee " (Mason); and from early times, its roots used medicinally by 
 the Karens : — described by Buchanan (Steud ) ; observed in Burmah by Mason v. 503 ; and known 
 to grow as far as China (Linn., and Pers.). 
 
 Syndesmis Tavoyana of Burmah. A Terebinthoid tree called in Burmah "khyae" (Mason); 
 its wood from early times made into handsome furniture, by steeping in ferruginous mud rendered 
 jet black like ebony, — as the cylinder knobs one or two inches in diameter worn in the ears of Karen 
 women at Tavoy: observed by Wallich,. and Mason v. 514 to 540. The valuable dye-wood called in 
 commerce Mcrgui red-wood, is regarded by Mason as probably identical. 
 
 Erythrina toung-ka-theet of Burmah. A fine-looking Leguminous tree called " toung-ka-theet " 
 (Mason); and from early times, selected by the Karens in preference to all others on which to train 
 their betel vines : — observed by Mafon v. 523 to 531 not uncommon in the Interior, affording "red- 
 dish " timber. The wood of two species of Erythrina was found by McClelland to furnish the char- 
 coal .for making gunpowder ; and according to Mason, ''a very tolerable " gunpowder is made by the 
 tribes in Northeastern Toungoo, substituting for sulphur "juice of the orange, lime, and some other 
 fruits," which " it is said increases its inflammability.'' 
 
 Dalbergia theet-hsouk-yo of Burmah. A Leguminous tree termed egg trie by the Karens (Mason) ; 
 its hard fine-grained wood known from early times, — "much used for chisel handles :" observed by 
 Mason v. 530 common in the forests. 
 
 Paratropia digitata of Southern Hindustan and Burmah. A small Araliaceous digitate-leaved 
 tree called in Malabar " unjala," in Hindustanee "dain" (Drur.), in Burmah " ba-loo-let-wa " 
 '(Mason); and from early times, an infusion of the leaves used for many internal diseases bv the 
 Karens : — observed by Mason v. 503 indigenous in liurmah. Westward, by Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 on the Circars and Courtallum hills ; by Rheede vii pi. 2$, in Malabar, but by Graham in a "garden '' 
 at Pombay : according to Drury, "a valuable oil is procured from sections in the trunk.'' 
 
 Marsden a tinttona of Silhet and Burmah. An Asclepiaceous plant, from early times known to 
 the Karens, — cultivated by them " and sometimes the Burmese " as affording " quite a good " indigo- 
 blue dye j observed by Masmi v. 510 indigenous in Burmah. Westward, by Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 indigenous in Silhet, and cultivated in Northern Hindustan for its "superior indigo" (Drur.). 
 
 Crawfurdia ? sp. of the mountains of Burmah. A small herb having the taste and properties of 
 Gentian ; and from early times, used in decoction in fevers by the Karens : — frequent according to 
 Mason v. 494 "on the mountains of Toungoo." 
 
 Gmelina sp. of Burmah. A Verbenaceous tree, apparently called "yamamee" (Mason); and 
 from early times, its light white wood made into canoes by the Karens in some districts, and by the 
 Burmese into clogs : — observed by Mason v. 526 in the forests. 
 
 Laurus {Sassafras) ka-rwae of Burmah. A very large tree called " ka-rwae," and by the Karens 
 from its fragrance lice galanga (Mason); known from early times : —according to Mason v. ^42, 
 scattered sparsely throughout Tenasserim. 
 
 Piper ribesioides of Burmah. A kind of wild betel called " tau-kwon " (Mason) ; and from early 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 589 
 
 " The same year " (Clint), Joannes the third, after an interval of " more than ten months," suc- 
 ceeded by Benedictus, sixtieth bishop of Rome. Who founded the earliest monastic Order, that of 
 the Benedictines. — To the monks of this order, the preservation of many ancient writings is attrib- 
 uted. 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. i.), a comet; the fifth one whose orbit is known from Chinese 
 observations. 
 
 "575 A- D-" (Marius, and Clint.), Sigibert king of the French succeeded by his son Childe- 
 bert II. 
 
 "578, Sept. 26th" (chron. Pasch., and Clint.), Justin II. succeeded by Tiberius Constantinus, 
 eleventh Byzantine emperor. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), by a synod in Egypt, Paulus Beth-Ucham Jacobite patriarch of 
 Antioch deposed. 
 
 The "katas " of ashy plumage described by Schanfara as flying all night long to reach a pool of 
 water, — doubtless a species of Pterocles or long-winged grouse. Flocks of Pterocles flying high 
 overhead constitute a marked feature of the Desert, as witnessed by myself in Upper Egypt. 
 
 Grewia tenax of Tropical Arabia. Called there " chadar " or " nabba," in which we recognize 
 the long yellow bow of Schanfara, — or the " naba " of which both bows and arrows are made accord- 
 ing to a poet quoted by Djewhari, Ebn-Doreid, and the Kamous (De Sacy chrest.) : G. tenax was 
 observed by Forskal p. cxiv among the mountains of Yemen. 
 
 "The same year" (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Benedictus succeeded by Pelagius the younger, 
 sixty-first bishop of Rome. 
 
 "579 A. D." (Theophylact, and Clint.), Second campaign of Mauricius in Persia: and in 
 " March," death of Chosroes, and accession of his son Hormisdas III., nineteenth Sasanid king of 
 Persia. 
 
 BarUria noctifloi'a of Tropical Arabia and the neighbouring Desert portion of Hindustan. 
 Called in Yemen "sokaejt;" the " Dhou-schatth " or " Dhou-tobbak " where gazelles drop their 
 young, mentioned by Taabbata-scharran, — may be compared ; '• schatth " and " tobbak " being plants 
 giving name to these places, according to Djewhari (De Sacy chrest.) : B. noctiflora was bbserved 
 among the mountains of Yemen by Forskal. Farther East, was received from the vicinity of Tan- 
 schaur " in aridis " by Linnaeus suppl. 290 (Pers.). 
 
 " 580 A. D." (Nicol.), by a synod at Braine, Gregorius of Tours justified. 
 
 " The same year" (Chinese chron. table), end of the Tchin dynasty. 
 
 "581 A. D. = ' kai'-hoang,' 1st year of Wen-ti III.," head of the new dynasty of the Soui (Chinese 
 chron. table). He promulgated a new code of laws ; and among other innovations, wished to intro- 
 duce the division of the people into four castes — (Pauth. 280). 
 
 " The same year" (Clint, iv. p. ix), end of the chronicle of Marius Aventicensis. 
 
 " 582, Aug. 13th " (Clint, iv. p. 827), Tiberius Constantinus succeeded by Mauricius, now 
 twelfth Byzantine emperor. Learning and the arts were protected and encouraged by Mauricius. 
 
 times, its leaves used as a substitute for those of the true betel : — observed by Wallich ; and accord- 
 ing to Mason v. 495 indigenous in " the Karen forests." 
 
 Dioscorea sp. of Burmah. From the size and shape of the root called elephant-foot yam (M ason) ; 
 and from early times, cultivated by the Karens : — observed by Mason v. 464 abundant "in Karen 
 gardens, but is rarely seen among the Burmese or in market," the root white internally. 
 
 Dioscorea fasciculata of Tropical Eastern Asia. The potato yam is called in the environs of 
 Calcutta " soosnialoo " (Drur.), in Burmah " ka-d\vas-oo " (Mason) ; and from early times, extensively 
 cultivated by the Karens: — observed by Mason v. 464 "exotic" in Burmah, the root "not much 
 larger than a kidney potato which it much resembles both in appearance and taste." Westward, 
 by Roxburgh, in the vicinity of Calcutta, largely cultivated and a starch made from its tubers 
 (Drur.). 
 
 Dioscorea atropurpurea of the Siamese countries. The dark-purple yam is called in Burmah 
 " myouk-nee " (Mason) ; and from early times, cultivated extensively both by Karens and Burmese : 
 — described by Roxburgh ; observed in Burmah by Mason, enumerated as indigenous. 
 
 Dioscorea dczmona of Burmah. Called " kywa? " (Mason) ; and from early times, its root though 
 very acrid eaten with that of other indigenous species by the Karens in times of scarcity : — described 
 by Roxburgh ; and observed in Burmah by Mason v. 465. (See D. pentaphylla). 
 
 Bolbophyllum sunipia of the Siamese countries. An epidendric Orchid called in Burmah " ta- 
 zeen-ban " (Mason) ; and from early times, its sweet-scented straw-coloured flowers worn by Karen 
 youths in the lobe of the ear, and by maidens in their hair : —observed by Mason abounding in the 
 jungles. Transported to Europe, is described by Lindley. 
 
590 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "586 A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Bin-dais succeeded by his brother You-mei - , now thirty- 
 second dairo of Japan. 
 
 " In this year" (Isidor., and Clint, iv. p. 824), at Narbo, Leuvigild Gothic king of Spain suc- 
 ceeded by Recared. 
 
 " 587 A. D." (Cockayne iii. 447), TEscwine succeeded by his son Sledda ; one of the two being 
 the first king of Essex or of the East Saxons. 
 
 "58S A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.). You-mei succeeded by his brother Siou-zioun, now thirty- 
 third dairo of Japan. 
 
 " The same year (=15 yrs. after Pegu," Mason 21), in Burmah, the city of Sitang founded.* 
 
 * Murrava . . . . sp. of Burmah. The fragrant bark from early times used generally for a cos- 
 metic by the Burmese, — is attributed according to Mason v. 500 to an "indigenous" species (see 
 M. exotica). 
 
 Xanthoxylum budrunga of Assam and Burmah. A woody creeper called in Burmah "ka-theet- 
 hsoo " (Mason), and known from early times : — observed in Burmah by McClelland ; and suspected by 
 Mason v. 500 to furnish the woody tubercles sold in market as "an inferior cosmetic." Farther 
 North, growing in Assam, its warm spicy seeds having the fragrance of lemon-peel and used medi- 
 cinally by the natives (Drur.). From transported specimens, described by Decandolle. 
 
 Elczodendrou Orientate of Burmah. A Celastroid tree called "let-pet-ben," its leaves from early 
 times used by the natives for tea, — was observed by McClelland indigenous, and is referred by him 
 to this species (Mason v. 505). E. Orientale from transported specimens is described by Jacq. rar. 
 i. pi. 32, and Jussieu gen. (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Pongamia tctrapctala of Pegu. A Leguminous tree, known from early times : — observed in 
 Pegu by McClelland, its seeds yielding karutij oil, like those of P. glabra (Mason v. 504). 
 
 Amherstia nobilis of Siam or Tropical China. Leguminous and the most ornamental flowering 
 tree known, called in Burmah " a-thau-ka," and probably by some Budhist pilgrim — introduced from 
 the Shan States or China (Berdmore) • discovered by Wallich on the Salwen and first made known 
 to Europeans, but observed by Morton seemingly wild " in the neighbourhood of Belin " (Mason v. 400 
 to 770). 
 
 Indigofera sp. o£ Burmah. An indigo shrub, from early times occasionally used in forming a blue 
 dye : — observed by Mason v. 511 indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Desmodium triquetrum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Branching and shrubby, called in 
 Burmah '■ moke-hso-hlan-ma" (Mason) ; and from early times, the root valued for its medicinal prop- 
 erties : — observed by Mason v. 503 indigenous in Burmah. Westward, by N. L. Burmann pi. 52, 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan; by Burmann pi. 81, on Ceylon ; by Graham, "common" around 
 Bombay. 
 
 Cerbera manghas of Tropical shores from Ceylon throughout the Malayan archipelago. An orna- 
 mental Apocynous tree called in Tagalo " toctoc calo " (Blanco), in Burmah "ka-lwa" (Mason) ; and 
 from early times, oil obtained from the fruit by the Burmese for burning and to anoint their heads : — 
 observed by Burmann pi. 70 on Ceylon; by Mason v. 515, abounding in Tenasserim as far as tide- 
 water extends ; by Waiz on Java, its leaves and bark similar in action and substituted for senna 
 ( Lindl ) ; by Blanco on the Philippines, not common and hardly known to the natives ; and is de- 
 scribed by Rumphius ii. pi. 81. A Cerbera with white bracts or floral leaves, a medium-sized tree, 
 was observed by myself to all appearance indigenous on the Feejeean Islands, but on the Samoan 
 perhaps introduced, and under cultivation on Taheiti. (See C. tanghin). 
 
 Wrightia coccinea of Tropical Eastern Asia. An Apocynous timber tree (Roxb.), the most 
 beautiful of its tribe, and its light fine wood known perhaps from early times : — observed by Mason 
 v. 417 to 525 "exotic" in Burmah, planted especially by Europeans, its orange-red flowers exhaling the 
 grateful fragrance of the pine-apple. Westward, by Roxburgh in Hindustan ; and from Bengalf was 
 introduced by Nimmo into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 Con-volvulus {Lettsomia) setosus of Burmah. A large red-flowered twiner, known from early 
 times:— described by Roxburgh; observed in Burmah by Mason v. 438 to 7S4, indigenous, and 
 "during the rainy season on almost every hedge." 
 
 Clerodendrum fragrans of Tropical Eastern Asia. A Yerbenaceous plant, indigenous in the 
 most arid parts of the forests of Burmah (Mason); and the "hnen-eik," apparently only a fragrant 
 double variety, cultivated from early times: — observed by Mason v. 413 to 792. Westward^ the 
 "double variety" is enumerated by Graham as "now pretty common in Bombay gardens." Trans- 
 ported to Europe, is described by Ventenat malm. pi. 70, and Jacquin schoenbr. pi. 33S (Pers., and 
 Steud.) ; and from Europe has been carried to Northeast America, where it continues in green- 
 houses. 
 
 Curcuma elata of Burmah. Having a coma of a deep rosy or crimson colour, and known from 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 591 
 
 San/alum ka-ra-mai of the Siamese countries. An inferior kind of sandal wood known in com- 
 merce as early perhaps as this date ; — produced according to Mason v. 500 " by a tree in the southern 
 part of Mergui." 
 
 "589 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Alexandria. On a dispute between the Jews and Samaritans 
 respecting Deut. xviii. 15. 
 
 "The same year" (Steinschneid. i. 4), Chanan, head of a leading Jewish school in Babylonia and 
 the " first to bear the title of Gaon " (meaning excellence). 
 
 "590, Sept. 3d" (Clint, iv. p. 841), Pelagius the younger succeeded by Gregorius Magnus, sixty- 
 second bishop of Rome. Who disputed precedence with the bishop of Constantinople. 
 
 "Also in September" (Eutych., and Clint, iv. p. 842), death of Hormisdas III., nineteenth 
 Sasanid king of Persia. 
 • "The same year" (art de verif.), Japan divided into seven districts. 
 
 "The same year (= 4th year of Recared," Clint.), end of the chronicle of Joannes Biclariensis. 
 
 "591, summer" (chron. Pasch., Theophylact., and Clint, iv. p. 830), Bahram or Vararam defeated 
 by the forces of Mauricius, and Chosroes II. restored as Sasanid king of Persia. 
 
 "592 A. D." (Mason ii. 21), in Burmah, Wemala succeeded by his son Katha as king of Pegu. 
 Katha was devoted to Budhism; — built monasteries and zayats, excavated tanks, made offerings to 
 the priests, and reigned "seven" years. 
 
 Diospyros tau-boke and D. pen-lay-boke, "two species of ebony in Tavoy," — the one growing near 
 the sea and called sea-"boke," the other in the Interior and called jungle-" boke^' (Mason v 542). 
 In seeming connexion with " Bookin," the name of Madagascar among the Soahili of Zanzibar (see 
 D. reticulata). 
 
 " March 19th " (Theophylact, Zonar., Theophan., and Clint.), Mauricius on his way to Thrace, 
 and a great eclipse of the sun. 
 
 " The same year" (M. Russell p. ill), possession of the Arabian and Abyssinian ports acquired 
 by a Persian armament. 
 
 Pennisetum dicholomum of the Egyptian and Arabian Desert. A grass called there "tummam " 
 or " thummam " (Forsk ), in which we recognize the " thumam " identified with the " djelit " of Nabega 
 Dhobyani, — alluded to by Lobid as marking an abandoned encampment, mentioned also by Djewhari, 
 and A. A. Elhafits, and by Ebn Baitar as growing in Egypt and the Hedjaz : P. dichotomum was 
 observed by Forskal p. 20 frequent in the Arabian Desert, eaten by camels and donkeys, and em- 
 ployed besides for filling in and thatching the walls and roof of dwellings ; was observed by Dehle in 
 Desert-ravines near Suez ; and farther West, the " Cenchrus rufescens " of Barbary is regarded by 
 him as perhaps identical. 
 
 "593 A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Siou-zioun succeeded by his sister Soui-ko, widow of his 
 brother Bin-dats and now thirty-fourth dairo of Japan ; the first woman who attained that position. 
 
 "In the reign of Suiko " (Jap. centen. comm. 60), "the pagoda of the temple of Koriuji, province 
 of Yamato, was built of bricks." 
 
 " In the reign of Suiko" (Jap. centen. comm. 83), "the manufacture of paper, together with the 
 tree* yielding the best raw material," introduced by the Corean priest Donchio into Japan. 
 
 early times : — received from Burmah by Roxburgh fi. 25 ; and enumerated by Mason as indigenous 
 there. " From Bengal" was introduced by Nimmo into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 Curcuma petiolata of Burmah. Having small yellow flowers, and known from early times : — ■ 
 received by Roxburgh fl i. 37 from Pegu ; and enumerated by Mason as indigenous. " From Bengal" 
 was introduced by Nimmo into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 * Broussoneiia papyri/era of Tropical Eastern Asia. The paper ?nulberry is called on Celebes 
 "kaili" (Royle fibr.), in Japan "kodzu," is cultivated as far as central Nippon, and furnishes material 
 so tough that it is sometimes cut into strips and woven like cloth — (Jap. c. c. 77 to 84): B. papyrifera 
 was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, frequent in Southern Japan. Farther East, by myself 
 under cultivation by the natives of the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Groups, 
 though the bark of other woody Urticaceae was sometimes substituted for beating "tapa" ox paper- 
 cloth. Even on Celebes, Navarrete in 1658 met with people wearing cloth made "from bark beaten 
 with a stone." Westward from Japan, paper is said to be sometimes made from the bark by the 
 Chinese ; and the " coarse paper " of the peculiarly-folded Burmese books is often furnished by this 
 tree, which is at hand indigenous "in the forest" (Mason v. 522; see Morus Indica). 
 
 Hibiscus 'Abelmoschus) manihot of Subtropical Eastern Asia. Herbaceous, called in Japan 
 "tororo," and "the gummy infusion of" its root used in making paper — (Jap. c. ... 85). Eastward, 
 was carried to Feejeean Islands, and clearly by Polynesian colonists to the Tongan, Samoan, and 
 Taheitian Islands, as verified by myself; was received by Cavanilles iii. pi. 63 from the " Indiis " 
 
592 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 596 A. D." (Clint, iv. p. 829), end of the reign of Childebert II., king of the French. 
 
 "At this time" (Cockayne iii. p. 450) Bercta, daughter of Chariberht king of the Franks, already 
 married to yEthelbryht king of Kent on condition that she have liberty to celebrate Christian worship. 
 
 "597 A. D." (Blair), Augustinus with "forty monks" sent by Gregorius Magnus, to Britain, to 
 revive Christianity. Landing at Thanet, he held an interview with ^Ethelbryht king of Kent; per- 
 formed service in an old church of Roman times called Berctas ; obtained leave to build and restore 
 churches ; and recovered an old Roman church for the cathedral at Canterbury (Beda h. e. i. 33, and 
 Cockayne iii. 450). 
 
 As early perhaps as this year, Valmiki writing the Ramayana, regarded as probably the oldest 
 work in secular Braminical literature (Wils., and Royle antiq. hind. med. 48). Vrihaspati, Agastya, 
 Kasyapa, Bhrigu, and the priest Vasistha, are mentioned. 
 
 Sethia ludica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small Erythroxyloid tree called in Telinga 
 "adevi gerenta," in Tamil "semmanatty " or " tevadarum," on the Deccan "dewadar" (Drur.) ; in 
 which we recognize the " deva-daroo '' of Valmiki ram. i. 12,' — and the " dibdair " described by Ebn 
 Baitar as an Indian herb: S. Indica is termed " erythroxylon monogynum " by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 
 SS ; was observed by him, Wight, and Drury, from Malabar and Travancore to the Circars ; the 
 young leaves and tender shoots according to Ainslie mixed with gingely-oil and applied as a liniment, 
 and the bark occasionally administered in infusion ; the wood excellent and fragrant, substituted 
 in Mysore for sandal-wood (Madr. exh. rep.). Farther East, was observed by Mason indigenous in 
 Burmah. 
 
 (Pers.) ; and from the beginning of the present century has been found along the banks of the Missis- 
 sippi (A. Dec). Transported to Europe, is described by Dillenius pi. 156. 
 
 Hydrangea paniculata of Japan. Called there " nori-no-ki," and ''the gummy infusion of " its 
 root used in making paper — (Jap. c. c. S5) : H. paniculata was observed and described by Siebold. 
 
 * Dillcnia spccw ,a of Tropical Asia, from Hindustan throughout the Malayan archipelago. A 
 large and beautiful tree called in Tamil " uva-maram," in Telinga " uva-chitta," in Malabar " syalita," 
 in Bengalee "chalita" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " moota kurmul " (Graham), and affording 
 sustenance to man in its fruit and thick fleshy calyx-leaflets : the '' shleshmatuka" of Valmiki ram. i. 
 12 — is referred here by Carey and Marshman : D. speciosa was observed by Nimmo in "the South- 
 ern Concan ; " by Rheede iii. pi. 38, in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Assam and 
 Chittagong ; by Mc Clelland, in Pegu ; by Thunberg, on Java ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, called 
 in Tagalo "catmon," the acid juice of the fruit serving among the natives for vinegar; and "D. 
 elliptica" regarded as not distinct, was observed by Rumphius ii. pi. 45 on Celebes and Amboyna 
 (Pers.). 
 
 iXyuiphaa edulis of Eastern Hindustan. White-flowered with entire leaves, and called in 
 Telinga " koteka," in Bengalee " chhota-sundhi" (Drur.) ; and from early times, its tubers eaten and 
 employed medicinally, its capsule and seeds also eaten ; and the while-flowered lotus having an edible 
 root according to Valmiki iii. 76, — may be compared: N. edulis was observed by Roxburgh, and 
 Wight, from the Circars to Bengal (Drur.). 
 
 Crata-va religiosa of Tropical Eastern Asia ? A small tree called in Sanscrit " varana " or 
 "varuna" or "tapia" or " tikta-shaka," in Bengalee " tikto-shak," in Tamil "narv.ila" (J. F. Wats.) 
 or "mavilinghum," in Telinga " maredoo," in Hindustanee " birmi " or •' tapia " (Drur.), in the envi- 
 rons of Bombay "varvunna" (Graham), in Burmah " ka-dat " (Mason), in Ylocano " balai namoc " 
 (Blanco); in which we recognize the " tapie " flowers of Valmiki iii. 79— (transl. Gorr.), and the 
 "varuna" or "tikta" prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 3S to chik. 16, mentioned also by Harivansa 126: 
 C. religiosa was observed by Rheede iii. pi. 42 in Malabar; by Graham, "generally to be met with 
 about temples and Muselmen tombs ; " by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as Mysore and 
 Eastern Hindustan, sometimes employed medicinally by the natives (Drur.) ; by Mason, " exotic " in 
 Burmah ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, called "tapia" around Santa Cruz in the Ilocos district, but 
 known besides to the natives ; by Forster prodr , on the Society Islands, planted near the abodes of 
 the dead, the same as in India (Graham). 
 
 Flacourtia cataphracta of Tropical Hindustan. A thorny tree called in Bengalee " paniyala," in 
 Hindustanee " talisputrie," in Telinga and Malabar " talishaputrie " (Drur.), in Tamil " thalisapu'the- 
 ree," in Sanscrit "talisha" or " vidara" (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize " talisi " on the moun- 
 tains mentioned by Valmiki iv. 44— (transl. Gorr.), and the "talisa" or "vidara" prescribed by 
 Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 17 : F. cataphracta was observed by Rheede v. pi. 38 in Malabar; by Rox- 
 burgh, and Ainslie, as far as the Warree country, Behar, Assam and Nepal, the fruit edible, the 
 leaves and young shoots bitter and astringent, and employed medicinally (Drur.). 
 
 lUeiaipcrmitm suberifolium of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit " mucha-koonda " 
 (Picld.), in the environs of Bombay "muchucunda" (Graham) : flowering " pterospermi " are men- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 593 
 
 W,rightia antidysenterica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Its bark is called in commerce 
 conessi, its imported seeds in Arabic " lissamul asafir," in Persian " ahir," and the living shrub in 
 Sanscrit " cheeree " or " kutaja," in Tamil " veppalei," in Telinga "pala codija " or " manoopala " 
 
 tioned by Valmiki ram. iii. 76 to 79 — (transl. Gorr.), and the " muchucunda " is prescribed by Susrutas 
 
 chik. 18: P. suberifolium was observed by Nimmo in "the Concans," its flowers fragrant. 
 
 Shorca tumbugaia of Southern Hindustan. A large Dipterocarpous tree called in Malabar 
 
 " tembagum," in Tamil " tumbugai " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its valuable timber used in 
 
 house-building: possibly the " shoree " distinguished from the "sale" by Valmiki v. 54 — (transl. 
 
 Gorr.) : S. tumbugaia was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome, in the " Palghaut forests, 
 
 Cuddapah, North Arcot," a dammer exuding from the trunk (Drur.). 
 
 Xanthochymus pictorius of Western Hindustan. A Calophylloid tree called in Telinga "iwara- 
 
 memadee," in Hindustanee " dampel " (Drur.) ; and " xanthocymi " are mentioned by Valmiki ram. 
 
 iii. 79 — (transl. Gorresio) : X. pictorius according to Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 196, Wight, and Drury, 
 
 grows in the Concan, its yellow orange-like fruit eaten, and before ripening yielding a gamboge-like 
 
 resinous gum that " makes a pretty good water-colour." 
 
 Dalbergia frondosa of Western Hindustan. A pinnate-leaved tree thirty feet high, its,bark and 
 
 leaves from early times employed medicinally, and an oil obtained from its seeds : possibly included 
 
 in the "dalbergie " trees of Ceylon mentioned by Valmiki v. 16 — (transl. Gorr.) : D. frondosa was 
 
 observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from Travancore to Courtallum. 
 
 Pueraria tuberosa of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah., A woody Leguminous climber called in 
 Telinga "daree" or "goomodee" (Lindl.); and the "hedysaro " enumerated among woody plants by 
 Valmiki vi. 96 — (transl. Gorr.), may be compared: P. tuberosa was observed by Kaempfer pi. 25, 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan, its roots made by the natives into cataplasms to reduce swell- 
 ings in the joints (Drur.) ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, having the habit of Desmodium but "run- 
 ning over high trees ; " by Mc Clelland, in Burmah, its root esculent and termed by him Batraj yam 
 (Mason v. 465). 
 
 Bauhinia racemosa of Tropical Hindustan. A small crooked tree with rigid branches called 
 in Bengalee "bun-raj," in Telinga "arree" (Drur.); and from early times, the bark of its green 
 branches made into ropes : the " bauhinie " is mentioned by Valmiki iv. 29 — (transl. Gorr.) : B. 
 racemosa was observed by Graham "common on the Ghauts and hilly parts of the Concan" from 
 beyond Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Mysore and Bengal, its thick bark used by 
 matchlock-men for their matches, which as prepared burn "long and slowly" (Drur.). 
 
 Bauhuiia Vahlii of Tropical Hindustan. An immense woody climber, its branches one hundred 
 to three hundred feet long running over the highest trees, called in Telinga " adda," in Hindustanee 
 "mahwal" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "chambaour" or "chamboolee" (Graham) ; and 
 from early times, its large leaves a foot in diameter sold for dishes, its seeds eaten, and ropes made 
 from its bark : included perhaps in the " bauhinie " of Valmiki iv. 29 : — B. Vahlii was observed by 
 Graham .on " the Tull ghaut" and in "ravines at Kandalla" near Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 in mountainous districts of the Circars and Bengal, its ropes occasionally used for suspension bridges 
 over the Himalayan mountain-torrents (Royle, and Drur.). 
 
 Barringtonia racemosa of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A Gustavioid 
 tree having large flowers in pendulous racemes and called in Tagalo " potat " (Blanco), in Tamil 
 "samutra-pullum," in Malabar " samudra-poo " or " sam-stravadi " (Drur.) ; from early times, its 
 slightly bitter root prescribed by Hindu physicians : " barringtonie " are mentioned among flowering 
 tre*es by Valmiki iii. 79— (transl. Gorr.) : B. racemosa was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 6 in Malabar ; 
 by Graham, and Nimmo, in " the Concans '' as far as Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 as far as Coromandel, the root " not unpleasant," and considered by the natives "aperient, deobstru- 
 ent, and cooling" (Lindl., and Drur ) ; was observed by Blanco frequent in places inundated by the 
 sea' or by fresh water on the Philippines ; the " white-flowered " species called " kyai-gyee," observed 
 by Mason in Burmah, may also be compared. 
 
 Barringtonia acutangula of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. A large tree called 
 in Telinga " karpa," in Malabar " sjeria-samstravadi " (Drur.), in Burmah "kyai-tha" (Mason); and 
 perhaps included in the "barringtonie " of Valmik. iii. 79 :~ the " nichula " of Susrutas chik. 16 to 
 19 is referred here by Hessler : B. acutangula was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 7 >n Malabar; by Gib- 
 son, Law, and Graham, " thinly scattered throughout the Ataveesy," but around Bombay " in gar- 
 dens ■ " by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Travancore and Bengal, its root and seeds employed 
 medicinally (Powell punj., and Drur.), and according to M'Clelland its wood is hard and of a fine 
 grain and equivalent to mahogany ; was observed by Mason indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Ixora bandhuka of Tropical Hindustan. A spreading shrub called in Sanscrit "bandhuka or 
 
 75 
 
594 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 (Ainsl.), or " kutajamu " (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay " koora " or "inderjot" (Graham) ; 
 in which we recognize the "kutaja" of Valmiki ram. i. 18, — Bhavabhuti mal. 9, furnishing according 
 to Kalidasa ragh. xix. 37 wreaths of flowers, and prescribed medicinally by Susrutas : W. antidysen- 
 
 "bandhujivamu " or "bandhujivakamu " (J. F.Wats ), in the environs of Bombay " buckoolee " (Gra- 
 ham): mentioned by Valmiki v. 74 — (transl. Gorr.); and the " nipa " freshly blooming of the 
 Mrichchhakati 5, having flame-coloured flowers according Harivansa 66, staining with their pollen 
 according to Kalidasa ragh. xix. 37, prescribed medicinally by Susrutas, is referred here by Hessler: 
 I. banhuka was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 13 in Malabar; by Graham, in the Southern Concan as 
 far as Bombay, common but "generally under the shade of other bushes;" by Roxburgh, in other 
 parts of Hindustan. 
 
 Verbesina calendulacea of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. A creeping yellow-flowered triennial 
 called in Bengalee " keshoorya," in Tamil "postaley-kaiantagerei," in Telinga "patsoo-poola-goonta- 
 galijeroo," on the Deccan "peelabhungra " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its leaves seeds and flowers 
 employed medicinally: possibly the " verbesine " of Valmiki iii. 79 — (transl. Gorr.): V. calendu- 
 lacea was observed by Rheede x. pi. 42 in Malabar; by Graham, in "moist places throughout the 
 Concans," to and beyond Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel and Bengal 
 (Drur.) ; by Burmann pi. 22, on Ceylon. 
 
 Syinpluios ferruginca of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit "lodhra" (J. F. Wats.) ; 
 and the " symplochi " of the Himalaya mentioned by Valmiki iv. 44 — (transl. Gorr.) may be com- 
 pared; also the "lodhra" of Bhavabhuti mal. 9: S. ferruginea is described in the hort. Ben^alensis • 
 and was observed by Honii;berger, probably in the vicinity of the Northern Tropic. 
 
 Symplocos rau-mosa of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Bengalee " lodh," in Telino-a "lod- 
 duga" (J. F. Wats.) ; and possibly the "symplochi" of Valmiki iv. 44 : — the "lodhra" of°Bhava- 
 bhuti mal. 9, Susrutas sutr. 6 to chik. 1 and kalp. 4, furnishing according to Kalidasa kum. vii. 9 a 
 powder mixed in oil, mentioned also by Harivansa 126, is referred here by H. H. Wilson and others : 
 S. racemosa was observed by Roxburgh, and Fleming, from the Western Ghauts and Kotah jungles 
 to Bengal, its bark used to dye red, and exported (Don fl. nepal., and Drur.). A very beautiful tree, 
 called "hoora" and perhaps not distinct, was observed by Murray "on the table land' of Mahablesh- 
 wur " (Graham). 
 
 Echites (Chonemorpa) macrophylla of Tropical Eastern Asia. A splendid woody climber with 
 large white flowers (Graham); and the " echite " of Valmiki iv. 29— (transl. Gorr), may be com- 
 pared : C. macrophylla was seen by Rheede ix. pi. 5 and 6 in Malabar ; was " introduced by Nimmo 
 in 1833" into the environs of Bombay (Graham) ; and is enumerated among the plants of Hindu- 
 stan by Roxburgh fl. ii. 13. Farther East, "an indigenous creeper" yielding caoutchouc of excellent 
 quality, was seen by Parish in Tenasserim, and is regarded by him as probably " E. macrophylla" 
 (Mason v. 523). 
 
 Convolvulus (Calonyction) bona-nox of Eastern Hindustan and Burmah. The moon flower is 
 called in the environs of Bombay "gool" or " chandnee " or "soma deva " (Graham), in Burmah 
 " nway-ka-zwon-a-phyoo " (Mason): the moon enlivening the nocturnal flowers, is mentioned by 
 Valmiki 11. 1; — the rising moon dear to the night-flower, by Bhavabhuti uttar. 5; the ni^ht-flower 
 whose fragrance is stifled by the day-star, and the " oskadhi " whose flowers are kindled by the moon 
 by Kalidasa sacont. : C. bona-nox was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 50 in Malabar ; by Graham " in 
 gardens Bombay," the flowers "three to six inches in diameter" and pure white, "open at sun-set 
 and close up the following morning ; " by Roxburgh, Long, and Drury, common everywhere in other 
 parts of Hindustan, the bark of the root used by the natives as a purgative ; by Mason v 417 to 78^ 
 indigenous ; in Burmah, and cultivated besides for its snowy blossoms. By European colonists, was 
 earned to Western Equatorial Alnca (Benth. fl. nigr. 465) : and to Tropical America (Sloane pi. 96 
 Pers., and A. Dec.) Transported to Europe, is termed " buenas noches " by Clusius exot 44 
 (Spreng.), "ipomaea bona-nox" by Linnaeus. ' 
 
 Justkia (RJnnacanthus) nasuta of Western Hindustan. A poor looking shrub four to five feet 
 high, called in Sanscrit " yoothica-purnee," in Bengalee " jooi pana" (Lindl); in Hindustanee " palek- 
 joohiein Tamil "nagamully," m Tel, nga " nargamollay " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its leaves 
 root and seeds employed to cure ringworm: the "pluksha" wood on which sacrifices were made, also 
 M 6 , ,T r 7 J? f y^ 1 ."- ".-^y be compared: R. nasuta observed by Rheede ix. pi. 69 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, ",n gardens "and wild on "the rocky part of the Rotunda ghaut, Mahablesh- 
 wur ; ' by Ainshe, Roxburgh, Walhch, Royle, and Wight, as far as Travancore (Drur.) ■ by Mason 
 '• exotic " in Burmah. v y ' J ' 
 
 Cordiaangust.foliart Western Hindustan. A tree with slender drooping branches and sub- 
 oppos.te leaves called .n > Tamil " narroovalli," in Telinga " nukkeru," in Hindustanee "goond" 
 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "goond " or "goondnee " (Graham) ; and from early times its 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 595 
 
 terica was observed by Rheede i. pi. 47 in Malabar ; by Graham, " very common on the Ghauts and 
 hilly parts of the Concan ; " by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight pi. 439, in other parts of the peninsula 
 as far as Chittagong, its seeds highly valued by the natives in dysenteric affections (Drur. 245); by 
 
 fruit eaten, its tough wood used for carriage-poles, and strong ropes made from its bark : included 
 perhaps in the '' cordie " trees of Ceylon by Valmiki v. 17 — (transl. Gorr.) : C. angustifolia was 
 observed by Gibson, and Graham, at Bombay and " about villages in the Deccan and Guzerat '; " by 
 Buchanan, in Mysore. 
 
 Cordia Macleodii of the Godavery forests. A tree called in Telinga " botka,'' in the Jubbulpoor 
 forests " deyngan" (Drur.) ; and its very beautiful wood known from early times : included perhaps 
 in the "cordie" trees of Ceylon by Valmiki v. 17 — (transl. Gorr.) : C. Macleodii according to Bed- 
 dome, and Drury, " is abundant in the forests near Mahadeopur but does not extend to the Circars," 
 is " supposed " to be the " Hemigymnia Macleodii " of Griffith. 
 
 Vitex altissima of the mountains of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. A large ternate-leaved 
 tree, its timber valued from early times : "vitici" are mentioned among flowering trees by Valmiki 
 iii. 79 — (transl. Gorr.) : V. altissima was observed by Roxburgh, and Drury, "somewhat common 
 in subalpine forests ; " was received by the younger Linnaeus from Ceylon ; and apparently the same 
 species was seen by Graham in the Bombay district, in a ravine near Nagotnah. 
 
 Vitex alata of Western Hindustan. A small ternate-leaved tree called in Malabar " maileloa " 
 (Rheede) ; and from early times, its timber valued : included perhaps in the " vitici " of Valmiki iii. 
 79: — V. alata was observed by Rheede v. pi. 1 in Malabar; by Law, at Duddi in the Southern 
 Mahratta country, and by Graham on hills near Bombay ; by Rottler, Roxburgh, and Drury, as far 
 as Tranquebar. 
 
 Myristica Malabarica of Western Hindustan. A species of wild nutmeg tree called in Malabar 
 "panampalea" (Rheede), its fruit hardly aromatic, but an oil obtained from it from early times 
 applied medicinally : " myristiche " are mentioned among the trees of Hindustan by Valmiki v. 74 — 
 (transl. Gorr.): M. Malabarica observed by Rheede iv. pi. 5 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in " S. 
 Concan" (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Waring pharm. ind., and Drury, in the forests of 
 Travancore. 
 
 Amaranthus frumentaceus of Southern Hindustan. Called in Tamil " poong-kirai " (Drur.); 
 and from early times, cultivated for the flour of its seeds as an article of diet; and possibly the " ama- 
 ranti" of Valmiki iii. 79 — (transl. Gorr) : A. frumentaceus was observed by Buchanan, Roxburgh, 
 and Wight, from Mysore to the Coimbatore district, where it is extensively cultivated (Drur.). 
 
 Curcuma aromatica of Hindustan. Called by English residents wild turmeric, in Hindustanee 
 "junglee-huldee," in Bengalee "bun-huldee" (Drur), in the environs of Bombay "bun-huldi" or 
 "apavisha" or "vishabs" or "nirbishi" or "ca-nirvisha" (Graham); and "wild turmeric" is enu- 
 merated by Carey and Marshman among the ten drugs in the " survoushudhee " of Valmiki ii. 1 : — 
 C. aromatica was observed by Graham " in moist shady places throughout the Concans," its roots 
 "sold in the bazars and used as a perfume ; " by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in the Travancore 
 .forests and from Malabar to Bengal. 
 
 Sauharum spontaneum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A reed called in Hindustanee 
 "kagara," in Bengalee " kash," in Telinga " relloogaddy " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 
 "kerpa" (Graham), in Burmah "thek-kay-gyee " (Mason); and seems the species pointed out to 
 W. Jones as. res. iv., in a clump of which according to the Puranas the Hindu god of war was born : 
 the "kasha" is mentioned by Valmiki ram. ii. 24 — S. spontaneum was observed by Rheede xii. pi. 
 46 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay, " ten or twelve feet " high, having " a very 
 graceful appearance with its large feather-like panicle ; " by Roxburgh, in Bengal, the bright silvery 
 wool around the base of the flowers making " a most conspicuous and gaudy appearance," its leaves 
 eaten by buffaloes, used also for mats and for thatching houses (Drur.). Farther East, is very abun- 
 dant alono- the banks of the Irrawady forming "a striking object in the landscape" (Roxb.) ; was 
 observed also by Mason v. 524 in Burmah, one of the two grasses employed in the Interior for 
 thatching native dwellings. (See S. sara). 
 
 Arundo (Ttichoon) karka of Tropical Hindustan. A reed called in Sanscnt dhumuna or 
 " nuda " or " nula " or " potugula," in Hindustanee " nal " or " nul " (J F. Wats ), in Bengalee " nar 
 nul " in Telinga " naga sara " or " maitantos " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " null " (Graham) : 
 mentioned by Valmiki v. 74 -(transl. Gorr.) ; the " d'hamana " or " nada » or " nala " or " potagala," 
 by SusAtas sutr. 29 to chik. 35 i and the third Gangetic monarch of Orissa measured his kingdom 
 with "nal" reeds (Hunt, oriss. i. 318) : A. karka was observed by Royle in Scinde, the stems made 
 into chairs, and flower-stalks beaten to fibres called "moonyah " used for strings and ropes ; by Gra- 
 ham, on "the banks of rivers and tanks" in the environs of Bombay; by Retz obs. iv. 21, and 
 Roxburgh as far as Bengal, the common "durma" mats at Calcutta made of the split stems (Drur.) 
 
596 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Burmann pi. 77, on Ceylon ; by Mason v. 479, indigenous in Burmah, and its bark used medicinally. 
 By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Lindl., not mentioned by Bojer). Its 
 bark called in commerce cotiessi, "has been introduced into European practice on account of its 
 astringent febrifugal qualities" (Lindl.). 
 
 Aschpias (Calotropis) gigantea of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " akund," in Telinga 
 "nella-jilledoo," in Tamil "yercum," in Malabar "yerica," in Hindustanee " mudar" or " ark " (Drur.), 
 in the environs of Bombay " arka " or " akaree " or " rowee " (Graham), in Burmah " ma-yo " (Mason), 
 in Tagalo "capal capal " (Blanco) ; in which we recognize "searching for the herb 'acun' but only 
 desire its milk" of the Ramayana— (transl. W. Jones), honey in the "arkka" flower of a Sanscrit 
 proverb (Wils. edit. Sankh. karik. 11), and the "arka" yielding milk prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 
 36 to chik. 1 to 25 : C. gigantea is termed "madorius" by Rumphius vii. pi. 14 auct. 24; was 
 observed by Rheede ii. pi. 31 in Malabar; by Graham, "common everywhere" as far as Bombay, 
 its powdered root " given to horses," and according to Twemlovv an intoxicating liquor called " bar " 
 obtained from the plant by " the hill people about Mahableshwur ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 throughout the peninsula, employed for various medicinal and economic purposes, and according to 
 Royle yielding a kind of manna called mudar-sugar (Drur.) ; was observed by Mason "exotic" in 
 Burmah; by Blanco, on the Philippines, white-flowered. The plant according to Lindley furnishes 
 the singular substance by Duncan called mudariiu, "possessing the property of coagulating by heat 
 and becoming again fluid by exposure to cold." (See C. procera.) 
 
 Datura mctel of Tropical, and subtropical Asia. A species of thorn-apple called in Egypt 
 "el-nefyr" the trumpet (Del.), in Yemen "mandj" or "bendj" (Forsk.), in Sanscrit " datoura " 
 (A. Dec), in Bengalee "dhootoora," in Hindustanee " sada-dhatoora," in Telinga " tella-oomatie," 
 in Tamil " vellay-oomatay " (Drur.), in Burmah "pa-daing-phoo," in Tagalo and Patnpango " talam- 
 ponai," in Bisaya "tacbibung" (Blanco) ; and the " dature " of- Yalmiki ram. iv. 29 — (transl. Gorr.) 
 maybe compared: D. mete] is termed " stramonia indica" by Rumphius v. pi. 87 (Buchan linn, 
 trans, xiv. 232); was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 28 in Malabar; by myself, around Bombay; by 
 Graham, " among rubbish about villages all over the country " and " fatally used by Bombay thieves " 
 " to deprive their victims of the power of resistance ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, 
 throughout Hindustan, employed also medicinally; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah and frequent 
 "around native dwellings;" by Loureiro i. no, in Anam; by Blanco, on the Philippines, its leaves 
 "algo vellosas." Westward from Hindustan, the "jawz methil " of Gafeki grows according to Ebn 
 Baitar in Africa and Spain and has "a large white flower: " D. metel was observed by myself in 
 waste places on Zanzibar ; by Forskal, among the mountains of Tropical Arabia ; by him, and myself, 
 frequent in waste places in Egypt ; by Belon, and Chaubard, on Crete and the Peloponnesus ; by 
 Matthioli pi., Gussone, Moris, and Boissonade, naturalized on Sicily, Sardinia, the Canary Islands 
 (Pers.), and in Southern Spain. By European colonists, was carried to America where it has become 
 naturalized in Mexico, around Guyaquil, and in Southern Brazil (Cham., Dunal, Sellow, and A. Dec). 
 D. fastuosa, with "frequently double flowers," the " krishnad'hattura '' or " krurad'hurttaraka" of 
 Susrutas according to Hessler, and " zamr el-sultan" sultan's trumpet of Egypt (Del.), observed by 
 Rheede ii. pi. 29 in Malabar, by Graham as far as Bombay, by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Buchanan, in 
 other parts of Hindustan, by Mason "exotic" in Burmah, and by Blanco on the Philippines, is* 
 regarded as probably not distinct. (See Hyoscyamus muticus.) 
 
 Vitt-x negundo of Tropical Hindustan. A large shrub called in Arabic " fenjengisht " (J. F. 
 Wats.), in Sanscrit " sindoowara " or " sindooka " or " indrasoorusa " or '■ indranika " or " nirgoondi," 
 in Bengalee and Plindustanee "nisinda" (Lindl.), in Telinga " wayala," in Tamil " vellay noochie " 
 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " neergoonda " (Graham): "vitici negundi ". are mentioned by 
 Valmiki v. 74 — (transl. Gorr.); the " phenegsenkeset," by Avicenna ; the " sinduvara " by Kalidasa 
 kum. iii. 53, its flowers substituted for pearls, is mentioned also by Susrutas : V. negundo was 
 observedbyRheedeii.pl. 12 in Malabar; by Graham, "in lar-e patches both in the Concan and 
 Deccan," as also by myself ; by Buchanan, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Deyra Dhoon and Bengal, 
 its root fruit and leaves employed medicinally by the natives, the dried leaves smoked by the Moham- 
 medans in cases of headache and catarrh (Drur.). 
 
 Vitcx trifolia by some writers regarded distinct, its leaves hoary beneath, is called in Telinga 
 " neela vayalie," in Tamil " neer-noochie " (Drur.), in Burmah " kyoung-ban " (Mason) ; was observed 
 by Rheede ii. pi. 11 in Malabar; by Roxburgh, and Ainslie, as far as Coromandel, its root fruit and 
 leaves also employed by the natives medicinally .(Drur.) ; by Burmann pi 109 on Ceylon; by Mason 
 v. 413 to 479 "exotic" in Burmah and "much cultivated" by the natives, the leaves applied in 
 "diseases of the spleen." Farther East, was observed by Blanco common along the seashore of 
 the Philippines, ealled in Bisaya " gap.asgapas," in Ylocano " dangla," in Tagalo "lagundi," its leaves 
 used by the natives medicinally ; is termed " lagondium vulgare " by Rumphius iv. pi. 18 as observed 
 on the Moluccas. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 597 ' 
 
 "The same year" (. . . . Cockayne iii. 453), Sledda succeeded by his son Sseberht as king of 
 Essex. — He was converted and baptized in "604." 
 
 " From the Sixth century" (Julien, and Pouchet), wood-engravings in use among the Chinese : — 
 and "from the end of the Fourteenth century,'' in Holland. 
 
 Manuscripts of the "end of the Sixth century" (De Wailly pi. ii. 5), presenting the following form 
 of the letter y. 
 
 600 A. U. = " 525 an. jav." (of Adi Mang'gala = omitting the two kings of Guj'rat "491 — j— 3 — |— 
 2 7 + 5 years " of Nata Kasuma, Raffles ix. and x.), death of Jaya Misana, and founding of Brambanan 
 the " first capital of Java " by Sawela Chala. Who came with a fleet of vessels from Guj'rat and made 
 an alliance with Aru Bandan "recently arrived from the Moluccas," to whom he confirmed the "east- 
 ern provinces including Balambangan." — The temples at Brambanan "are stated to have been con- 
 structed during" the first three reigns "by artists invited from" Hindustan, and (as appears from the 
 very extensive ruins) are exclusively Braminical. 
 
 One hundred and forty-seventh generation. Jan. 1st, 601, onward mostly beyond youth : the 
 Chinese historian Li-yan-tcheou (Klapr.) : the Arab poets Tarafa, Lebid, Antar, Zohair, Amru, and 
 Hareth (six of the seven authors of the Moallakat preserved at Mecca), Ascha d. 628-9: the Greek 
 grammarian Joannes Philoponus ; Secundus historian of the Lombards ; the Greek writers, Joannes 
 of the Climax, Anastasius «5inaites, Joannes Moschus: the Latin ecclesiastical writer Jonas Hybernas 
 of England (Alst. p. 404). 
 
 "The same year = 'jin-cheou,' 1st year of Wou-ti VII., of the Soui" or Fourteenth dynasty — ■ 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (Alst. p. 369), Hesychius or Isychius bishop of Jerusalem enumerating various 
 evidence of the truth of Christianity in his " Commentary on Leviticus." 
 
 Pterocarpus dalbergioides of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in commerce Andaman redwood, in 
 Telinga " erra-vegisa " (J. F. Watson); and the crimson "andami" wood of Zohair — may be com- 
 pared: P. dalbergioides is described by Balfour for. ind. 196. 
 
 "The same year" = "20th year of Mauricius" (Clint, iii. p. 574), the last year marked in the 
 Alexandrian chronicle : — the chronicle ending " Nov. 22d " in the following year. 
 
 " 602, Nov. 23d " (Clint, iii. p. 574), Mauricius succeeded- by Phocas, thirteenth Byzantine emperor. 
 Who issued an edict for the "baptism of all the Jews in his dominions " (. .). 
 
 "603 A. D." (Bed. hist. eccl. i. 34), by Aedilfrid king of Northumbria, the Scots defeated at 
 "Degsastan" i. e. " Degsa lapis," and compelled to quit English territory. The name of the battle- 
 field includes an early example of an English word. 
 
 " 604 A. D. = 4th year of the 'jin-cheou' of Wou-ti VII." (Chinese chron. table), beginning of 
 the Fifty-fifth cycle. 
 
 " In the time of the Soui" (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 473), Chinese ambassadors sent to the sur- 
 rounding nations. "Mention is also made of a tribe Mozin" (Ainos) "living in the mountains 
 Northwest of" Japan (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 122). 
 
 "In the reign of Suiko " (Jap. centen. comm. 116), "the first notions concerning gardening" 
 introduced by a Corean into Japan. 
 
 "March 12th" (Clint.), death of Gregorius Magnus, sixty-second bishop of Rome. He was 
 succeeded by Sabinianus. 
 
 "605 A. D. = 'ta-ye,' 1st year of Yang-ti, of the Soui " or Fourteenth dynasty (Chinese chron. 
 table). He constructed the Southern and earliest portion of the Great canal; from Hang-tcheou 
 North, as far as Hoai-ho in Kiang-nan (Pauth. 280 and 365). 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), a synod at Canterbury; "to confirm the foundation of the abbey of 
 St. Peter and Paul, the first" one built in England. 
 
 "606 A. D." (Alst., Blair, and Nicol.), precedence granted by Phocas to the bishop of Rome. 
 And Sabinianus succeeded by Bonifacius the third, now made head-bishop of the Christians, or arch- 
 bishop. A column standing in the Roman forum, has recently been ascertained to be dedicated to the 
 emperor Phocas (Hillard trav. in Ital. x. 3). 
 
 "607 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Bonifacius the third succeeded by Bonifacius the 
 fourth, second archbishop. 
 
 "610 A. D." (Pauth. 282), by the emperor Yang-ti, an expedition sent against the Lieou-khieou 
 (Loo-choo) Islands : and " more than five thousand " of the islanders of both sexes transported into 
 China. A treaty of peace also concluded with the Coreans, recognizing their independence. 
 
 " The same year" (Alst. pp. 346 and 392), in a synod at Rome, the institution by the fourth Boni- 
 facius of " All the saints " festival ; after, by leave of the emperor, removing from the Pantheon the 
 statue of Cybele, and substituting the Virgin Mary. 
 
 " Oct. 5th, Monday " (Clint, iv. p. 827), Phocas slain. He was-succeeded by Herachus, fourteenth 
 Byzantine emperor. 
 
598 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "Dec. 23d" (Percev. i. 409), Mohammed commencing his mission. 
 
 Cissus glandulosa of Tropical Arabia. Sometimes but improperly called in Yemen "haluaek " or 
 "hselvaek" (Forsk.): the plant with juice resembling honey in taste and consistence but of. a very 
 strong savour, supposed to have given rise to a passage in kor. 66 — (Al Zamakh, and Al Beidawi), 
 may be compared : C. glandulosa is described by Forskal p. 34 as observed by him in Yemen, its 
 tuberous roots called " mimiae " sweet to the taste, but leaving behind a burning sensation on the 
 tongue. 
 
 Inga sassa of Abyssinia. The account by Mohammed kor. 56 of " talh " trees loaded from top 
 to bottom with their produce — may include the "sassa" of Abyssinia; observed by Bruce trav. v. 
 pi. 4 and 5 exuding gum in such quantity as to appear deformed by the size of the concretions. This 
 gum examined by Guibourt is classed by him among the false tragacanths (Lindl.). The " samgh 
 arabi" brought according to Forskal mat. med. from the Hedjas, and from Nigritia by the way of 
 Sennar, may be compared. (See Acacia gummifera.) 
 
 Laurus {Camptwra") officinarum of Formosa and Japan. Knowledge of the drug camphor is 
 implied by the " cafur " fountain of Mohammed kor. 74 — (Al Beidawi, and others) : "cafur" is men- 
 tioned also by Meseab, Mesarguil, Ebn Masawia, Maserjawia, Isaac Ebn Amran, Rhazes, Elbasri, 
 Mosih, Avicenna, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar; "kamphora," by Leo Medicus iii. 1, and Matthaeus Syl- 
 vaticus (Hase) ; " kaphoura," by Symeon Sethus, and Michael Psellus ; oil of camphor by Symeon 
 Sethus (Alpin. bals. 5) ; and according to Clot-Bey the living tree has been recently introduced into 
 Egypt. Eastward, the drug camphor is mentioned by the Sanscrit writer Bhavabhuti malat. vi. 3 ; was 
 met with by Marco Polo 157 ; was known to Masudi as the product of a tree growing in the Indian 
 seas and China (Ebn Wand) ; and according to Reeves (med. bot. trans. 1828), is chiefly produced on 
 the island of Formosa, and brought in very large quantities to Canton to be distributed. C. officina- 
 rum was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, growing abundantly in Japan, and called " sjo " or 
 usually "kus-no-ki" or "damo" or "surno-fa." By European colonists, was carried in 1833 to the 
 environs of Bombay (Graham) ; and at different times to other " warm parts of the world," where it 
 continues under cultivation (Lindl ). 
 
 "611, May" (Theophan., and Clint.), Syria invaded by the Persians. 
 
 Coix lachryma of Tropical Eastern Asia. A reedy grass called in Britain Job's tears (Prior p. 
 127), in France " larme de Job" (Fe'e), translations of "dima Ayoub " the current name in Egypt 
 (Forsk., and Del.), in Egyptian T€ Am tears — (ms. Par. 44. p. 381): the current name containing 
 a Scriptural allusion, seems to imply the Early Christian period of Egypt : C. lachryma was observed 
 by Forskal growing spontaneously around Cairo. Northward and Westward, the " xulomakaros 
 koekois " is mentioned by Leo medicus v. 10 (Erm. p. 220) : C. lachryma is described by Dodoens, 
 Lobel, Clusius, and Bauhin hist. ii. 450; is cultivated in Italy, France, and Spain, especially in con- 
 vent gardens (A. Dec), and has become naturalized on Sicily and the Canary Islands (Guss. ii. 568, 
 and Webb). Eastward from Egypt, has a Sanscrit name (Pidd.) ; was observed by Rheede xii. pi. 
 70 in Malabar, and called " caffe " infidel ; by Graham, "in rice fields, margins of tanks etc , both 
 Concans, Deccan, and Guzerat ; " and is termed "lachryma Jobi indica " by Rumphius v. pi. 75. 
 Farther East, was observed by Mason "exotic " in Burmah and called " ka-le-thee," by Blanco, well 
 known to the natives on the Philippines, and called in Tagalo " tigbi ; " by Kaempfer, and Thun- 
 berg, frequent in Southern Japan and called " iokui " or " iokui nin," or usually " dsud-sudama ; " by 
 myself, carried by natives to the Feejeean, Tongan, and as far as the Samoan Islands. By European 
 colonists, was carried to Madeira, where it has become naturalized (Webb); to Northeast America, 
 where it continues in gardens. 
 
 Coix, possibly a distinct species. — The " ka-le : pouk-pouk " or coix millet, according to Mason 
 v. 476 to 522 is "cultivated very extensively by the Red Karens" of Burmah, and its large seeds are 
 "parched "and "often for sale in the bazars:" other varieties or species are also cultivated, and 
 their seeds used for embroidering and ornamenting dresses. 
 
 "612 A. D." (Royle antiq. hind. med. p. 74), death of Warka son of Naefal, who is mentioned 
 in the Koran, and who first translated the Old Testament into Arabic. 
 
 "613 A. D." (Blair), by Clotaire II., "mayres du palais " instituted as regents of the French 
 kingdoms united by him. 
 
 "614 A. D." (Alst. p. 346), a synod of Bavarians, French, and Ilurgundians. Against the new 
 ceremonies through which Columbanus and Gallus were beginning to oppress the people, contrary 
 to the institutions of their forefathers. 
 
 "June" (Chron. Pasch., and Clint.), the forces of Heraclius defeated, and Jerusalem captured 
 by the Persians. — " A year afterwards " (Kitt. bibl. cycl.), " peace was concluded," and " Heraclius 
 entered Jerusalem in solemn state." 
 
 "615 A. D." (Alst., and Clint), at Rome, Bonifacius the fourth succeeded by Deodatus, third 
 archbishop. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 599 
 
 In this year (= " 5th year of Heraclius and 4th year of Sisibut," Isid.), in Spain, the Jews bap- 
 tized by order of the Gothic king Sisibut. The latest event mentioned in the Chronicle of Isidorus 
 Hispalensis, — who died "April" 4th, 636" (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 Alchemilla arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A small annual called in 
 Britain breakstone or parsley-breakstone from being administered against calculus, or parsley-piert, 
 in France " percepierre " (Coles, and Prior); and the S&.XI f R AGk of Isidorus breaking up stone 
 in the bladder — (Braunsw. transl. Ort. San.), may be compared: the "percepier" was seen by 
 Lobel n. stirp. 324 near Bristol in England : A. arvensis is termed "a. montana minima" by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 508 ; is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 973, and 
 Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus 
 to Constantinople. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by 
 myself naturalized in the Delaware peninsula, by Chapman in "waste places North Carolina and 
 Virginia." 
 
 Cneorum tricoccon of the West Mediterranean countries. The CITOCkTIkof Isidorus xvii. 
 9. 65, — and Hildegarde ii. 141, is referred here by Dodoens p. 363: C. tricoccon is described also 
 by Matthioli p. 871 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Southern France, Barbary, and Spain (Lam. ill. 
 pi. 27, Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Utriatlaria vulgaris of Northern climates. Called in Britain bladder-wort (Prior) : the 
 Typhus heRbk inflating itself out of the water, of Isidorus xvii. 9. 101, — may be compared : 
 U. vulgaris is described by Lobel pi. 791 (Spreng.); is termed "millefolium aquaticum lenticulatum" 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 141 ; was observed by Gussone in Sicily, by Savi in Italy, by Brotero in Portugal, 
 and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain and Ireland (Pers., and Engl. bot. 
 pi. 253). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow in mid- 
 dle Asia (A. Dec). Farther East, was observed by Drummond at Cumberland House Lat. 54 in 
 central North America ; by E. James, along the Platte (Torr.) ; by Nuttall, along the Arkansas ; 
 and is known to grow throughout our Atlantic States as far as North Carolina (Pursh, A. Gray, and 
 Chapm.). . 
 
 "About November" (Percev. i. 388), by advice of Mohammed, sixteen of his partisans, "twelve 
 men and four women," to avoid persecution escaping to Abyssinia. They were soon joined by others, 
 making in all "eighty-three men and eighteen women ; '' and the Abyssinian king, on hearing extracts 
 from the Koran, protected the refugees and refused to deliver them up to the Coraysh envoys. 
 
 "616 A. D. (= 12th year ' tai-nie ' of Yang-ti," Remus.), Tchin-la or Cambodia beginning to send 
 tribute and ambassadors to China. 
 
 " In this year" (Theophan., and Clint.), Egypt once more invaded by the Persians. Who cap- 
 turing Alexandria and establishing themselves there, — held possession of the country ten years. 
 
 About this time (Sharpe), arrival in Alexandria of the Syrian bishop Thomas, to correct the 
 Syriac version of the New Testament made a century before by Philoxenus. He compared the 
 gospels with three Greek manuscripts in the monastery of St. Anthony : and his corrected Edition, 
 is the last effort in sacred criticism attempted at Alexandria or in any part of the East. 
 
 "Black ambergris'''' of "the purest fragrance" is mentioned by a poet — quoted in the Arab 
 romance of Antar (Hamilton's vers. i.). The "ambar" of Haly Abbas, Temimi, Avicenna, Sera- 
 pion, Symeon Sethus, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar, is referred by F. Adams to ambergris : and according 
 to Marco Polo 189 to 192, "labalenne fait l'anbre," abounding at "Scotra," some islands between 
 there and Hindustan, also at "Zanghibar," and " Madeigascar." The perfume is further noticed by 
 Paludanus ; is known to be chiefly brought from the shores of the Indian Ocean ; and according to 
 Beale and others, is derived from the' sperm whale, Physeter. 
 
 "617 A. D. (=r 13th year tai-nie," Remus, mel. i. 77), ambassadors bearing tribute sent from 
 Cambodia to China. They were received with honour by Yang-ti. 
 
 " In this year " (Blair), refusal of peace by Chosroes II. of Persia; unless Heraclius "would 
 abandon Christianity and adore the sun." 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), at Rome, Deodatus succeeded by Bonifacius the fifth, fourth arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 "The same year" (Cockayne iii. p. 449), ./Ethelbryht succeeded as king of Kent by his son 
 Eadbald. — Who followed the ancient custom of marrying his father's second wife: but on being 
 converted by Laurentius, abandoned the connexion (Bed. ii. 6). 
 
 " In this year = 'y-ning,' 1st year of Koung-ti II., of the Soui " or Fourteenth dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table) : the last ruler of the Soui dynasty. 
 
 " Under the Soui dynasty and in the time of Dagobert king of the Franks " (Humb. cosm. iv.), 
 Chinese maps of the country between the Yellow river and Caspian, on which the Kuen-lun and 
 Thian-shan mountain-chains are delineated (but according to the Biograph. univers., Dagobert began 
 to reign "in 622"). 
 
600 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "618 A. D. = 'wou-te,' 1st year of Kao-tsou II., head of the new dynasty of the Thang" — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "622, July 16th, Friday" (Blair, and Nicol.), the Hejira, or Mohammedan Era. The flight of 
 Mohammed from Mecca to Medina on the "68th day" afterward, is fixed to "Sept. 21st, fourteen 
 days before the 12th year of Heraclius was ended" (Clint.). At this time, Oman under the rule of 
 Habkar and Abd, descendants of Julanda (Abulfed., and Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. 7). 
 
 "The same year" (Theophan., and Clint.) ; successful campaign of Heraclius, as far as Armenia, 
 where his army wintered. Georgius Pisides accompanying this expedition. 
 
 "623, April 20th " (Theophan., and Clint.), Heraclius and his army entering Persia. At the end 
 of the campaign he wintered in Albania. 
 
 The poet Ascha on his way to join Mohammed induced by the Koreisch tribe to change his 
 purpose — (De Sacy chrest.). 
 
 Plumierece gen of Burmah. The "lances of Alkhatt " mentioned by Ascha, — Djewhari, 
 
 and in the Kamous, and the letter of the Karmatians to the Egyptian sultan, made according to De 
 Sacy at Alkhatt on the coast of Bahrein from wood imported from India. The " myet-hna-ban " tree 
 was observed by Mason p. 543 not uncommon at Tavoy, the " timber possessing the properties of 
 lancewood " and called in commerce Tenasscrim lancewood. A kind of wood called "myet-hna-ban" 
 was found by Berdmore "used in making furniture, bows, etc." 
 
 "624 A. D." (Theophan., Cedren., and Clint.), after a victory, Heraclius and his army winter in 
 the enemy's country. 
 
 "In this year" (Sm. b. d. ii. p. 404), the remaining portion of the Greek dominions in Spain and 
 on the opposite coast of Africa appropriated by the Gothic king Suinthila. 
 
 "625, March" (Theophan., and Clint.), Heraclius and his army crossing the Euphrates. After 
 this campaign, he wintered near the Halys. 
 
 "626 A D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Bonifacius the fifth succeeded by Honorius, fifth arch- 
 bishop. Who is "accused by the Greeks of favouring the Monothelites." 
 
 "July 29th" (Geo. Pisid., Xheophan., and Clint), Constantinople assaulted by Slaves, Huns, 
 Scythians, Bulgarians, and Medes, all in alliance with the Persian king; the assault continued "ten" 
 days, the enemy retiring on " Friday, Aug. Sth." Heraclius absent for three years, had planned the 
 defence by letter ; and invited the Chazars or Eastern Turks, who passing the Caspian Gates now 
 enter Persia. 
 
 "627 A. D. = ' tching- kouan,' 1st year of Tai-tsoung, of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table). A treatise by this emperor, on the art of government, is extant.* 
 
 " in or about this year (= beginning of the years tching-kouan," Remus, i. 84), Fou-nan annexed 
 by Cha-li-yi-kin-na, king of Cambodia. 
 
 "628, Feb. 28th" (Chron. Pasch., and Clint.), Chosroes II. slain-. Succeeded by Siroes as Per- 
 sian king. The war with Persia having now terminated, Heraclius and his army returned in the " 7th 
 year" to Constantinople. 
 
 Death of Chosroes, the latest historical fact recorded by Theophylactus Simocattaf — (Yule 
 cathay i. p. Ii). 
 
 " May 15th, in the eighteenth year of Heraclius " (Clint, iii. p. 594), end of the Paschal Chronicle. 
 
 "629 A. D." (Clint.), Siroes succeeded by Adeser as Persian king; and before the close of the 
 year, by Toorandokht. 
 
 "The same year" (Theophan., Eutych., Clint, and Plate in Sm. b d.), Heraclius on his way to 
 Jerusalem met by an ambassador from Mohammed, and summoned to embrace the new religion. As 
 a matter of condescension, Heraclius entered into a treaty of friendship : — which was soon broken by 
 the Arabs. 
 
 " In this year " (ann Jap., transl. Tits.), Soui-ko succeeded by Zio-me'i, grandson of Bin-dats and 
 now thirty- fifth dairo of Japan. 
 
 Other plants suitable for making paper discovered in Japan as early perhaps as this year, as the 
 
 * Magnolia yulan of China. The yu-lan began to be cultivated under the Thang dynasty, —is 
 mentioned by Han-pao-tcheng, and Li-chi, and under the Ming dynasty was brought from the South 
 to Pekin ; its buds are preserved, and are used medicinally, also to season rice (Cibot in mem. 
 Chin. iii. 443). Transported to Europe, is described by Desfontaines, Correa, and Salisbury: and 
 from Europe, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens in our Middle States. 
 
 f Cupressus patula of Japan. The " nodding cypresses " lining the banks of the two <reat rivers 
 flowing through Khubdan (Singanfu in the Chinese province of Shensi), described to Theophylac- 
 tus vii. 9, —may be compared: C. patula is described by Thunberg 265 as observed by him in Japan 
 (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 6oi 
 
 "kaji" (Brous sonetia kaji-no-ki, S.) "but seldom used now;" the "gampi Wickstroemia canescens 
 Meisn., or Passerina gampi, S. and Z.) " yielding "a fibre of particular beauty and fineness, used 
 mostly for the best writing and printing paper ; " the " mitsumata (Edgeworthia papyrifera, S. and Z.); " 
 the "karasz-sugi, a kind of Crypto meria;" "a sort of wild cherry (Pseudo-cerasus) ;" the " kawa- 
 yanagi (Salix Japonicd) ; " the "hanzi (Lespedeza cyrtobotria, Miq.) ; " and the "niga-ki (Picrasma 
 ailanthoides, Planch.); the bark of all these trees and shrubs" used — (Jap center,, comm. 84). 
 
 "630 A. D." (Theophan., Cedren., Zonar., and Clint.), Heraclius at Hierapolis, conferring with 
 Athanasjus the Jacobite patriarch. 
 
 "631, Apr. 9th (= 219 years of the Naci = 73 series of 3 years," Percev. i. 413), commencement 
 of the 10th year of the Hejra, in which the Naci Era was abolished by Mohammed. 
 
 "632 A. D." (R. H. Major in soc. Hakl., and Gildem. p. 43), three years after leaving home, 
 the Chinese traveller Hiouen-thsang entering Guzerat ; where Dhruvasena or Dhruvabhatta was 
 reigning, the successor of Sridharasena II. — and predecessor of Sridharasena III. He returned 
 to China in "645" after an absence of "seventeen years" in the Western countries, principally in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 Smilax china of China, Corea, and Japan. Called in commerce china-root (Lindl.), in Japan 
 " sankira" or "bakats" or usually "kuakuara" (Thunb.) ; and the "fo-Iing" known to Hiouen-Thsang 
 10* — is referred here by Stanislas Julien : S. china was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in 
 Japan, growing about Papenberg and Kosido, and employed medicinally ; is known to grow also in 
 Corea (chin, geogr. transl. Klapr.) ; and in " wild places in China among fern and brambles," its root 
 eaten by the Chinese as invigorating (Lindl.). Westward, the imported root first became known in 
 Europe "in 1535" (C. Bauhin pin. ) ; is mentioned by Vesalius, Amatus Lusitanus, Garcias, Mo- 
 nardes, and Linschoten ; continues to be sold in the drug-shops of Europe (Lindl.) ; and was observed 
 by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., employed medicinally in Egypt: 
 
 "June 8th " (Abulf., and Clint.), death of Mohammed. He was succeeded on the same day by 
 Abubekr; and the proposed expedition into Syria was delayed a month. 
 
 Nageia Arabica of the mountains of Yemen. Called there "katam," in which we recognize the 
 "katam " employed with henne" for staining himself by Abubekr — (Desverg. arab.) : the " katam " is 
 mentioned also by Abu Hanifa, Gafeki, and Ebn Baitar ; and N. Arabica was observed on the moun- 
 tains of Yemen by Forskal p. 159. 
 
 "June 16th" (Blair, and Clint. Hi. p. 368 and iv. p. 240), Era of Yazdejerd, "3624 days after the 
 Hejira ; " commemorating the accession of Yazdejerd III. as Persian king. 
 
 "633, Aug. 12th " (letter of Khaled to Abubekr, and Clint.), battle at Ajnadin in Syria, gained by 
 the Muslims under Khaled. 
 
 One hundred and forty-eighth generation. May 1st, 634, onward mostly beyond youth : the 
 Jewish writer, Abu Hafsa Jezid of Yemen: the Greek mathematician Stephanus ; the ecclesiastical 
 writers Maximus Confessor, and Eligius ; the poet and historian Georgius Pisides (Blair) ; the Greek 
 writer Theophilus Protospatharius ; Hadrianus bishop in Scotland ; Esaias the abbot ; Dado or 
 Audoenus. 
 
 "Aug. 23d" (Blair, and Clint.), Damascus captured by the Muslims, and on the same day, death 
 of Abu-bekr. He was succeeded as khalif by Omar ; who is supposed (Wilkinson theb. and eg. 
 P- 533) t° have used the Persian Sasanid dies for his coins, adding his own name. 
 
 635 A. D. = "9th year of the ' tching-kouan ' of Tai-tsoung" (inscript. at Si-ngan-fou, Pauth. 
 297, and Yule cath.), Christianity brought into China by a Nestorian named O-lo-pen — (compare 
 Ulpianus). The sacred books were translated into Chinese ; and a decree in favour of the new 
 religion obtained from Tai-tsoung three years later is preserved in the same Inscription. 
 
 "November" (Clint.), in Syria, Hems or Emesa besieged by the Muslims under Abu Obeidah, 
 and a truce granted to Heraclius for a year. 
 
 "In this (= 14 A. H. comm. Feb. 24th) or the following year " (Gildem. p. 36), Basra on the 
 Euphrates near its entrance into the Persian Gulf, founded by khalif Omar. 
 
 * Smilax lancecefolia of the Eastern frontier of Bengal. Called in Hindustanee " gootea-shook- 
 china" (Lindl.) ; and probably the species seen by Hiouen-Thsang, — for the root according to Rox- 
 burgh is not to be distinguished from china-root, and is much used by the natives, the juice of the 
 fresh tuber taken inwardly and the refuse applied externally in rheumatism (Lindl., and Drur.). 
 
 Smilax glabra of Sylhet and the Garrow country on the frontier of Bengal. Called in Hindus- 
 tanee " hurina " or " hurina-shook-china " (Lindl.) ; and possibly also seen by Hiouen-Thsang: — its 
 root according to Roxburgh is not to be distinguished by the eye from china-root, and at the present 
 day is used in decoction by the natives of Sylhet and the Garrow country in sores and venereal com- 
 plaints (Lindl., and Drur.). 
 
 76 
 
602 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The Mahabharata, a Sanscrit epic poem on the wars of the Pandus, hardly earlier than this date. 
 
 Solatium melongena of Equatorial Africa. The brinjal or egg-plant is called in France "auber- 
 gine " (A. Dec), at Constantinople " melisana " or by the Turks "patlisana" (Forsk.), at Aleppo 
 "melanzana" (Rauw.), in Egypt and Yemen " badindjan " (Forsk.), in Hindustanee " badanjan " or 
 "baingan" (Pidd.), in Sanscrit "bhuntakee" (Wall ), in Telinga "wankai," in Tamil " valoothalay " 
 (Drur.), in Burmah " kha-yan " (Mason), in Tagalo " talong " (Blanco) : the "melongene" is men- 
 tioned in the Mahabharata i. 1020 to 2197 — (transl. Pavie 91): S. melongena was observed by 
 Rheede x. pi. 74 in Malabar ; by Graham, around Bombay " extensively cultivated for the sake of its 
 fruit," and " next to the potatoe perhaps" the "most useful of Indian vegetables;" by Roxburgh, 
 and Drury, cultivated "all over India; " by Mason, "exotic " in Burmah ; by Loureiro, in Anam ; by 
 Blanco, universally known to the natives on the Philippines; is termed "trongum hortense " by Rum- 
 phius v. pi. S5. Westward from Hindustan, the " badinschan " is mentioned by Ebn Masawia, 
 Rhazes, Avicenna, Serapion, Edrisi, Ebn Baitar, and Makrizi : S. melongena was observed by myself 
 cultivated and naturalized on Zanzibar ; is known to be also cultivated in Western Equatorial Africa 
 (Benth. fl. nigr. 473) ; was observed by myself in Yemen, the fruit in market at Mocha ; by Forskal, 
 under cultivation in Yemen and Egypt ; by Rauwolf in 1574 in gardens at Aleppo; by Forskal, and 
 Chaubard, cultivated at Constantinople and in Southern Greece ; is described also by Dodoens pempt. 
 458, and C. Bauhin pin. 167. By European colonists, was carried to the^Mauritius Islands (Boj.); to 
 the West Indies (Hughes), and our Southern and Middle States, where it continues abundantly 
 cultivated. 
 
 "636, November" (Clint.), battles on the river Yermouk, continuing several days and deciding 
 the fate of Syria in favour of the Muslims. 
 
 "637 A. D." (Blair, and Clint.), Jerusalem captured by the Muslims ; and death of Sophronius, 
 the last bishop there. 
 
 " The same year " (Clint.), the Muslims under Saed ravaging Persia, and the Persians defeated 
 by them in a great battle near Jaloulah ; Yazdejerd III. retiring to the Persian city of Ferganah. 
 
 " 638, before July 4th " (Clint.), flight of Heraclius from Antioch, followed some weeks later by 
 the surrender of the city to the Muslims. Other cities surrendering, the conquest of Syria was com- 
 pleted " six years " after the death of Mohammed. 
 
 " Not before September " (Clint., and Nicol.), edict of Heraclius in favour of the Monothelites. 
 It was confirmed by a synod at Constantinople. 
 
 "In this year" (Biograph. univers.), end of the reign of Dagobert, king of the Franks. 
 
 "638 or 639 A. D." (Mason iii. 43), the Burman era established by king Poukpasau : — in use 
 among the Burmese to. the present day. 
 
 "639 A. D." (Clint.), pestilence in Syria, the Muslims losing "twenty-five thousand" men, 
 including Abu Obeidah ; who was succeeded by Moawiyah as lieutenant in Syria. "June 6th," a 
 Muslim army under Amrou entering Egypt. 
 
 "640 A. D." (Elphinst. iii. 3), a Chinese traveller writing in this year, that Pataliputra on the 
 Ganges "was a mass of ruins," when visited by him. 
 
 "In this year" (Klapr. mem. ii. 360), the Chinese attacking the Kao tchhang or Ouigour, and 
 meeting with success, built there the city of Thing tcheou, — from " 702 " called Pe thing tou hou fou, 
 and identified by Klaproth with Ouroumtsi and Bich-balik. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol., and Clint.), at Rome, Honorius succeeded by Severinus ; and before 
 the close of the year, by Joannes the fourth, seventh archbishop. 
 
 Cassia acutifolia of Nubia and Tropical Arabia. Among articles deposited in ancient Egyptian 
 tombs as early probably as this date, leaves and fragments of senna — have been met with (Wilk.) : 
 the drug senna is mentioned by Abix, Abu Ziad Elarbi, Serapion the elder, Abi Solt, Abu Hanifa, 
 Honain, Hobaisch, Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Ebn Amran, Edrisi, and Mesue : '< zinophullou " or " zeno- 
 phullou " is mentioned by Theophanes Nonnus 173, " seng " by Demetrius Pepagomenus podagr. 34, 
 and Actuarius (Bernard), and "senna alexandrina sive foliis acutis " by C. Bauhin pin. 397. The 
 proper Alexandrian senna, called in the drug-shops of Egypt " sena lesan el-a'sfour" or " sena 
 sa'ydy," was found by Delile to consist of leaves of C. acutifolia, and the living plant was observed 
 by him near Syene on the border of Nubia: was observed by Forskal p. cxi and 85 in Tropical Ara- 
 bia, collected in large quantities in the district of Abu arish ; and the stored senna in the warehouses 
 of Mocha and Muscat was found by myself to consist exclusively of this species. Farther East, 
 "C. elongata" according to Graham "indigenous in Goozerat," and observed in Interior Hindustan 
 by Roxburgh, and Royle ill. pi. 37, is regarded by Wight as perhaps not distinct and only naturalized 
 (Lindl.). 
 
 Acacia heterocarpa of Nubia. Also pods of this tree — (Cliampoll.-Figeac 157), called at pres- 
 ent "faraeh:" the fruit of " fara ufarfara " is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as frequently 
 employed in sickness as a fumigatory, and he was informed that the tree occurred in wardens at 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 603 
 
 Cairo : pods of A. heterocarpa were found by Delile in the drug-shops of Egypt, and he met with 
 the living tree near Kosser on the Red Sea. 
 
 " Dec. 22d, Friday" (Eutych., Elmak., Clint., and Marcel.), Alexandria captured by Amrou ; 
 the Muslims now obtaining possession of Egypt. They appear to have been hailed as deliverers 
 from a foreign yoke. 
 
 IX. THE EARLY MUSLIM PERIOD. 
 
 The disposal of the collective agricultural produce of Egypt, throws light on many historical 
 events. The corn of Egypt, fed armies : and in the days of Xerxes, was indispensable to his move- 
 ment against Greece (compare Herodot. vii. 25). At a later period (see Jos. bell. Jud. iv. 10. 5), it 
 formed an elemenrt in making and unmaking Roman emperors. But from the time when the Muslims 
 entered Alexandria, European rulers ceased to control the corn of Egypt. 
 
 The further establishment of the pilgrimage to Mecca tended to increase the intercourse between 
 India and Europe ; now altogether in the hands of the Muslims. There remained indeed some choice 
 of routes, between the Euphrates and the Persian Gulf : but living Tropical plants, perhaps without 
 exception, reached the Mediterranean by the way of Egypt. 
 
 In monumental history, there is now a striking change, in the exclusion from Muslim countries 
 of representations of external objects : the moon and stars only excepted. — In Egypt, this ceasing 
 of "image-making," marks an epoch in the annals of mankind. 
 
 In regard to Europeans, Egypt seems withdrawn from their knowledge ; — and for more than 
 eight hundred years During which interval indeed, Europe supplies very little light on her own 
 condition : the records of European nations, the Greeks and Italians excepted, hardly extending as 
 far back as the Muslim conquest; and in general, the popular mind is everywhere limited to the 
 national Literature. 
 
 "In or about this year" (Cockayne iii. 447), the abbey of Folkstone founded by Eanswith, 
 daughter of Eadbald king of Kent : — She was buried in this abbey. 
 
 "641, Feb. nth, Sunday" (Niceph., and Clint.), death of Heraclius. He was succeeded by his 
 son Constantinus III. ; " May 24th," by another son Heracleonas ; and before the close of the year, 
 by a third son Constans. 
 
 A Japanese coin, "said to be 1135 years old," —presented in 1776 to Thunberg iv. p. 123. With 
 others respectively " 758, 748, 718, 651, 596, and 566 >' ears ° ld >" {t was " o£ copper, with a square hole 
 in the middle." 
 
 " The same year " (Chinese annals translat. by De Guignes, Elphinst. iii. 3), arrival in China of 
 ambassadors " from Ho-lo-mien, of the family of Kie-li-tie, a great king in" Hindustan:* (neither 
 the king's name, nor that of the dynasty, has been identified). 
 
 " 642 A. D." (Clint.), Joannes the fourth at Rome succeeded by Theodorus, eighth archbishop. 
 
 " In this year" (ann. Jap , transl. Tits.), Zio-mei succeeded by his widow Kwo-gok, now thirty- 
 sixth dairo of Japan. 
 
 "643 A. D." (Clot-Bey), at Fostat, near the site of Cairo, a mosque built by Amru : of which, 
 from frequent repairs, "a very small portion of the original" remains. Another mosque built by 
 Amru at Assuan, is in better preservation ; and presents the usual round arches at that time in vogue 
 in the Mediterranean countries (Wilk. Theb. and Eg. p. 310 and 455). 
 
 Myristica moschata of the Moluccas. Called in Persian " jouz-bewa " (Lindl.) ; in which we 
 recognize the " jawz buwwa" of Ahrun, — Ebn Masawia, Miseaben, Albasari, Rhazes, Isaac ben 
 Amrtn Serapion (F. Adams), Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar: nutmegs are known to have been at first 
 imported overland into Europe, and are mentioned under the name of " karua aromatika" in the 
 addition to Aetius, also by Symeon Sethus (Spreng.). Eastward, were seen by Marco Polo 163 ; are 
 called in Sanscrit "jiy-phalu," in Bengalee "jati phal" or "jayphal,"in Hindustanee "jaephal" 
 (D'rozar ) and the living tree introduced was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh cor. in. pi. 274, 
 and Graham. Farther East, M. moschata is enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah and 
 called "za-te-pho;" but is known to be indigenous in the Moluccas, growing especially on Banda 
 (Rumph ii pi 4) The nutmeg has not as yet been successfully cultivated beyond its natural 
 limits ; one sex only occurring among the trees introduced by the Arabs into Zanzibar up to the time 
 of my visit. 
 
 * Bassia butyracea of Nepal and Eastern Hindustan. The Indian butter-tree called in Bengalee 
 "Dhulwara" (Drur.), and known from early times : -growing on the Almora hills and in Nepal 
 CRoxb res asiat viii. 477, Don fl. nep. 146, and Royle) ; and according to Drury, its fruit is eaten, 
 the kernels yield a pure vegetable butter called " choorie " sold at a cheap rate, and sugar made from 
 the flowers is also sold in the Calcutta bazaar. 
 
604 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 In this year ("22 A. H., comm. Nov. 29th 642," Gildem.), Khorasan subdued by the Muslim 
 general Ahnaf ben Kais. Ubaidalla is said to have advanced as far as the Indus, but could not obtain 
 permission from Omar to cross the river. 
 
 ''644 A. D." (art de verifier des dates, and Blair), Omar slain in the temple at Jerusalem, which 
 he had converted into a mosque. He was succeeded by Othman, third khalif. 
 
 " 645 A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Kwo-gok abdicating (the first instance in Japanese history), 
 succeeded by her brother Ko-tok, now thirty-seventh dairo of Japan. 
 
 "648 A. D." (Blair), conquest of Cyprus by the Muslims under Mu'awiyah. 
 
 "The same year" (Clavig., and Humboldt), entrance of the Toltecs upon Anahuac or the Mexi- 
 can table-land. The Toltecs were acquainted with word-painting, communicating intelligence by 
 paintings : — they built roads, cities, and the Great teocalli or pyramid at Cholula, after the model of 
 the more ancient teocallis at Teotihuacan. , 
 
 Among the tribes of Northwest America, the " medecine men " always mere sorcerers,* the heal- 
 ing art proper being in the hands of old women — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
 * Clematis Douglasii of the sources of the Columbia. Known to the natives from early times, 
 — its root placed by them in the nostrils of exhausted horses (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas 
 at the sources of the Columbia (Hook.). 
 
 Geranium sp. of Interior Oregon. Its root from early times used among the Lilloets of British 
 Columbia to prevent women bearing children — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
 Psoralca pliysoides of Interior Oregon. Leguminous, and from early times employed by the 
 natives medicinally, as a poultice — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas from the Rocky mountains 
 to the Great falls' of the Columbia (Hook.). 
 
 Rubus leucodermis of Northwest America. Its berries from early times collected and dried by 
 the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglas. 
 
 Philadelf/hus Leivisii of Oregon. A species of mod-orange, a shrub, its leaves from early times 
 used by the natives as a substitute for soap— (R. Brown jun.): observed by Clark on the North 
 branch of the Columbia; and according to Hooker, growing in pine woods. 
 
 Philadelphus Gordouianus of Oregon. Its leaves also used by the natives from early times as a 
 substitute for soap — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
 Lewisia ndiviva of the unwooded portion of Interior Oregon. Called " petlum-ard-ilse-ne- 
 mare," and from early times its root boiled and eaten "by the Kootanie, Colville, and other tribes — 
 (R. Brown jun.): observed by Clark on the North branch of the Columbia (Pursh) ; by Nuttall on 
 the Flat-head river; by myself, towards the Spokane conspicuous in the distance, its large flower 
 rising out of the bare ground at intervals, like a land Nymphasa. 
 
 Kibes niveum of Northwest America. Its berries from early times collected and dried by the 
 natives— (R. Brown jun.). From transported specimens, described by Lindley. 
 
 Eulophus ambiguus of Interior Oregon. An Umbelliferous plant, its root called white biscuit 
 root, from early times collected and dried by the natives — (R. Brown jun.): on the hills of the 
 Upper Yakima, our party fell in with a body of natives engaged in digging biscuit root, and procuring 
 a supply, found advantage from it before reaching our destination : described by Nuttall, as observed 
 on the Flat-head river. 
 
 Peucedanum fceniculaceum of Interior Oregon. An Umbelliferous plant, its root also from early 
 times eaten by the natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall. 
 
 I alcriana sp. of British Columbia. Called " kunko," and from early times used by the M'Leod 
 Lake and other Takali tribes in rheumatism — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
 Sympiwncarpus racemosus of Interior North America. The snowberry, a shrub from earlv times 
 m British Columbia used medicinally about Lilloet in colds — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Michaux 
 at Lake Mistassins ; by Short, in Kentucky; by Nuttall, from Niagara to Lake Huron and the Mis- 
 souri ; according to A. Gray, grows "from Western Vermont to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin;" 
 according to Hooker, as lar as the Saskatchewan and Columbia ; and was received by Decandolle 
 from Nootka. Has become a favourite ornamental plant in gardens. 
 
 Salix Sconleriana of Oregon. The cottonwood willow, canoes from early times sometimes made 
 from it — ( R. Brown jun.). From transported specimens, described by Hooker. 
 
 ■Ihuyag.ganlea of the Rocky mountains. The Oregon a>bor-vitce, canoes made from it its baric 
 textile, and its twigs smoked as a substitute for tobacco- (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall 
 among the Rocky mountains. 
 
 Finns contort, of Interior Oregon. From early times used by the natives for torches, and its 
 liber or inner bark in times of scarcity eaten in the passes of the Rocky mountains — (R Brown 
 jun.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 605 
 
 "649 A. D." (Alst., Clint., and Nicol.), at Rome, Theodorus succeeded by Martinus, ninth arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 "650 A. D. = *young-hoeY,' 1st year of Kao-tsoung, of the Thang " or Fifteenth dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). He continued to patronize Olopen and the new religion (Christianity). 
 
 Polygonum tinctorium of China. The large fiat stone and large round mallets, used in procuring 
 the blue dye of the " nimi-lan," and celebrated by ancient poets, — are referred here by Cibot (mem. 
 chin v. 499) : P. tinctorium was observed by Loureiro in China ; and " P. Chinense " called " ai " or 
 "itadori," and yielding a blue dye like indigo, was observed by Thunberg around Nagasaki in Japan. 
 By J. Blake "in 1776," P. tinctorium was carried to England (Ait. ii. 51); and from France, accord- 
 ing to Clot-Bey and Figari, has recently been introduced into Egypt. 
 
 " In this year" (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Ko-tok dying, the government resumed by the empress 
 Kwo-gok, now under the name of Zai-mei' as thirty-eighth dairo of Japan. The first instance in Japan- 
 ese history of the same person reigning twice. 
 
 "651 A. D." (Plate in Sm. b. d.), naval expedition by the Muslims against Sicily. Rhodes cap- 
 tured by them, and the celebrated colossus sold and broken up. 
 
 "In this year" (Bed. hist. eccl. iii. 25 and chron.), Aidan succeeded by Finan as bishop. of the 
 Scots. On the island of Lindisfarne, Finan built a church suitable for the episcopal see, but after 
 the Scottish fashion of hewn oak timber roofed or thatched with " harundine " (Pkragmites com- 
 munis). 
 
 Psamma arenaria of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Called in Britain 
 bent or sea-reed or mat-weed 'from its use in making mats, or mar am from the Gaelic "muram" or 
 Frisian and Danish " marhalm " sea-straw (Prior) : the "foeno" used in the thatching — is referred 
 here by James Raine, the same material being used on Lindisfarne to the present day ; "bent" is 
 mentioned in Account Rolls of 1344-5 and 1346-7 (G. Johnston east, bord.) : P. arenaria is termed a 
 "grassie or rather rushie reede " by Gerarde p. 39, " gramen spicatum secalinum maritimum maxi- 
 mum spica longiore " by Tournefort inst. 518 ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary, by Brotero 
 in Portugal, and is known to grow on the Atlantic seashore as far as Lapland and Iceland (Moris, viii. 
 pi. 4, Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the mari- 
 time sand of the Peloponnesus ; and by Delile, on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. Westward 
 from Iceland, is known to grow in Greenland (Wats.), Newfoundland (Lapyl.), on the shores of 
 Lakes Michigan and Superior (A. Gray), and on our Atlantic sea-beaches, ceasing as observed by 
 myself in about Lat. 39°. 
 
 "653 A. D." (Cockayne iii. p. 447), Sigeberht succeeded by Sigeberht II. the Good, as king of 
 Essex of the East Saxons ; a dependent on Oswin king of Northymbria. 
 
 "About this time, 650 to 655 A. D." (Pauth. 301), war carried by the Muslims into the region 
 of the Oxus; and an ambassador sent by them to the Chinese emperor. 
 
 "654 A. D." (Alst, and Clint.), at Rome, Martinus succeeded by Eugenius, tenth archbishop. 
 
 About this time ("650 to 660 A. D.," Assem. iii. 1. 127, and Gildem. 59), letter in Syriac from 
 the Nestorian Yeshuyabus Adiebenus, complaining of interruption of communion with the Persian 
 and Indian churches. 
 
 The Mrichchhakati, the earliest Sanscrit drama, written before self-immolation by burning, and 
 intermarriage of Bramins with Sudra females, were prohibited ; Buddhist mendicants and convents 
 continuing throughout Hindustan. 
 
 Pinus Sabiniana of Oregon. Its seeds from early times eaten by the natives — (R. Brown jun.): 
 observed by Douglas. 
 
 Allium reticulatum of Oregon. A wild onion, its root from early times eaten by the natives — 
 (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Nuttall. 
 
 Gamassia esculenta of Northwest America. Called "gamass,'' and from early times'its onion- 
 like bulb eaten by nearly all the tribes from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific — (R. Brown jun.) : 
 observed by Lewis and Clark on the Upper Missouri near the Rocky mountains (Pursh). 
 
 Brodiaa grandiflora of Oregon. From early times its root eaten by the natives — (R. Brown 
 jun.). Transported to Europe, described by Smith (Steud.). 
 
 Erythronium grandiflorum of Interior Oregon. From early times, its root eaten by the natives, 
 regarded also as a love-philtre — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark on the Kooskoosky 
 river (Pursh), now called Clearwater; and by N. Wyeth, on his first journey to the Pacific (Nutt.). 
 
 Fritillaria lanceolata of the Rocky mountains. From early- times, its root eaten by the natives 
 — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark at the sources of the Missouri and Columbia 
 (Pursh). 
 
 Trillium ovalym of Interior Oregon. Its root from early times used by the natives for a poul- 
 tice — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Lewis and Clark at the rapids of the Columbia (Pursh) ; by 
 Nuttall, on the Rocky mountains and Flat-head river. 
 
606 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Siva and the unwieldy Mahadeva emblem are mentioned in the Mrichchhati i and iv. : the 
 deghop or dome-like stone emblem of the Braminical cave-temples appeared to me unprovided for in 
 the original construction of those temples, and inserted at a subsequent period. Some approxima- 
 tion to the date may be inferred from one of the Elephanta cave-temples, filled with earth and thus 
 concealed until shortly before my visit, but found on clearing to contain a deghop. 
 
 Garcinia pictoria of the mountains of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tall tree called in 
 Sanscrit " tumala," in Telinga " tamala-chettu " or " tamalamu " (J. F. Wats ), in Tamil " mukki " 
 (Drur.), in Burmah " tha-nat-dau " (Mason); in which we recognize the " tamala " tree of the 
 Mrichchhakati 5, — and of Jayadeva, termed lofty by Kalidasa ragh. xiii. 15 to 49, and prescribed 
 medicinally by Susrutas : G. pictoria was observed by Cleghorn, in Mysore along the Western 
 Ghauts at the elevation of from two to three thousand feet ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the 
 high mountain-lands of Wynaad ; by Mason v. 48t and journ. as. 1847, in Burmah, abounding on the 
 hi lis bordering "the valley of the Tavoy river," and one of the two trees yielding the gamboge of 
 commerce. (See G. elliptica.) 
 
 Cli/fliia Tematea of the mountains of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. A twining herba- 
 ceous plant having Sanscrit names (Roxb., and Pidd ), and called in Malabar "shlongo kuspi " or 
 " shunkoo-pushpa," in Telinga " nulla-ghentana," in Tamil " karka kartun," in Bengalee " upara-jita," 
 in Hindustanee "khagin" (Drur.), in Burmah " oung-mai-phyoo " (Mason), in Tagalo " colocantang '' 
 (Blanco) ; and the '' blue clitoria " is mentioned as a garden flower in the Mrichchhakati 4 * — (transl. 
 H. H. Wils.): the " kumari " or "gavakshi " or "girikarni" or -'sveta" or "hansapada" prescribed 
 by Susrutas chik. 8 to 30, is referred here by Hessler : C. Ternatea was observed by Rheede viii. 
 pi. 38 in Malabar; by Graham, in gardens "hedges and jungles everywhere" in the environs of 
 Bombay; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, common in other parts of the peninsula; by Mason 413 
 to 479, "exotic" in Burmah and only naturalized, its root "emetic;" by myself, in the Malayan 
 archipelago ; by Blanco, frequent throughout the Philippines, the pods sometimes eaten and the 
 flowers used for dyeing blue ; the flowers on Amboyna according to Rumphius v. pi. 31 used to tinge 
 boiled rice a cerulean color. Westward, is known to occur in Tropical Arabia (A. Dec.) ; was 
 observed by Bojer on the mountains of Madagascar, Mauritius, and Bourbon. By European colo- 
 nists, was carried to the West Indies, where it continues in cultivated ground, observed on Cuba, 
 Barbadoes, and St. Thomas (Humb., Maycock, Schlecht., and A. Dec). 
 
 Jas minum fruticans of the Southern border of the Caspian. The yell 010 jasmine is called by 
 the Turks "sari-jassemin " (Sibth.), in Sanscrit Hindustanee and Bengalee " hema-pooshpika " (J. F. 
 Wats.) ; and according to H. H. Wilson is enumerated among garden plants in the Mrichchhakati 4 : 
 — the "yut'hica"' called "hemapushpica " golden-flowered, not seen by W. Jones as. res. iv. 246, 
 appears to be J. fruticans, the "elegant looking shrub" observed by Graham "in gardens and flower 
 pots" at Bombay. Westward, the yellow-flowered "iasmin" is distinguished by Ebn Alasawia 
 (Rhaz. contin., and Spreng.), Isa Ebn Masah, Ishak Ebn Amran, Ebn Joljol, Avicenna, Serapion 
 176, Ebn Alwam, and Ebn Baitar : J. fruticans is described by Gesner f. 278, Dodoens pempt. 571, 
 and C. Bauhin pin. 298; is termed "j. luteum vulgo dictum bacciferum" by Tournefort inst. 597; 
 is known to occur seemingly wild at the base of the Talusch mountains and Caucasus, and along 
 
 * Butea superba of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A woody climbing species called in 
 Telinga "tiga-muduga" (Lindl.) : the " kimsuka " as distinguished from the " dhak " in the Mrich- 
 chhakati viii, — maybe compared: the "kinsuka" is mentioned by Kalidasa ragh. ix. 27, and Sus- 
 rutas (Hessl.) : B. superba was observed by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 22, and Wight, among the Circar 
 mountains, its stem "as thick or thicker than a man's leg" and "very long, running over large 
 trees : " its sensible properties according to Lindley are "altogether the same as in B. frondosa." 
 Farther East, was observed by Mason in Burmah, and called " pouk-nway." 
 
 Benincasa cerifera of Tropical Eastern Asia. The -white pumpkin is called in Guzerati and 
 in the environs of Bombay " pandree-chickee " (J. F. Wats., and Graham), in Burmah " kyouk-pha- 
 yung" (Mason); and the "preserved pumpkin" of the Mrichchhakati 1., that if kept too long smells 
 badly — (transl. H. H. Wils.), maybe compared: also the " pushpap'hala," enumerated among pot- 
 herbs by Susrutas sutr. 46 : B. cerifera was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 3 in Malabar ; by Graham, 
 " commonly cultivated in Bombay and the Deccan," its " fruit sub-rotund, twelve or fifteen inches 
 in diameter, hairy when young, smooth with a whitish bloom when ripe;" is termed "cucurbita 
 pepo" by Roxburgh iii. 718, and was observed by him, Wight, and Drury 167, common throughout 
 Hindustan; by Mason v. 470, "exotic" in Burmah and cultivated by both Burmese and Karens 
 as "a valuable addition to their curries," but "never eaten by Europeans ; " the "cucurbita pepo 
 aspera," observed by Blanco on the Philippines and called in Tagalo " condol," may also be com- 
 pared. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 607 
 
 the Black Sea (Thirke, Bieb., Ledeb., and C. A. Meyer) ; was observed by Sibthorp in woods 
 throughout Phrygia and as far as Smyrna ; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; by Bove", fre- 
 quent in Algeria ; is known to occur seemingly wild in Portugal, Spain, and as far even as France 
 (A. Dec.)- "J- humile" observed by Bory in Southern Greece, also "J. odoratissimum " from 
 Madeira, are regarded as not distinct. 
 
 "655 A. D." (Plate in Sm. b. d.), the Greeks defeated by the Muslims in naval combat. 
 
 " 656 A. D." (art de verif.), Othman succeeded by Ali, fourth khalif . Copper coins supposed 
 to have been issued by him or preceding khalifs, are figured by Marcel p. 26. 
 
 "657 A. D." (Clint), in Rome, Eugenius succeeded by Vitalianus, eleventh archbishop. 
 
 " In this year" (Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. 374), first serious dispute among the Muslims 
 respecting the Imamate : revolt of the Khawarij, of "twelve thousand men " taking offence at Ali's 
 submitting his right to the Khalifate to arbitration. 
 
 "658 A. D." (Blair), peace obtained from the Byzantine emperor Constans, the Muslims "agree- 
 ing to pay him one hundred thousand crowns annually." 
 
 " As late as the Seventh century," Aino tribes spread over the Northern portion of Nippon as 
 far as " Lat. 38 " (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 97) : but "in this year" (Klapr. in transl. San-kokf 215), 
 by the dairo-empress Zai-mei in her "fourth " year, a fleet sent under the command of Abe-no Omi 
 against the Ainos.* With the aid of Aino tribes of Southern Yeso, certain districts were con- 
 quered, — others were added in the following year, and a government over Yeso established at 
 Siri-besa. 
 
 "659, in the autumn" (Nipponki, Klapr., and Jap. mann. 377), an embassy from Japan to the 
 Chinese emperor taking two natives of Yeso (Ainos) as curiosities. The emperor expressed great 
 astonishment at their, strange appearance, and was informed that their country does not produce 
 corn, the people living on animal food, have no houses, but dwell under the trees in the mountains. 
 They presented a white deer- skin, with a bow \ and eighty arrows to the emperor. The narrative 
 written by a Corean named Yukino Murazi. 
 
 "660 A. D." (Beda h. e. iii. 22, Cockayne iii. 453), Sigeberht II. assassinated by relatives who 
 thought him deficient in rigour. He was succeeded as king of Essex by Swithhelm. 
 
 "661 A. D." (art de verif.), assassination of Ali. He was succeeded by Hasan ; and at the end 
 of six months, by the Muslim general Mu'awiyah of the Ommiah family. Who removed the seat of 
 government from Medina to Damascus. 
 
 Paulus Aegineta writing in the latter half of the Seventh century — according to Abu-1-faraj 
 (Sm. b. d.). 
 
 * Pedicularis verticillata of Arctic and Subarctic climates. The leaves of " P. lanata " employed 
 as a substitute for tea by the inhabitants of the Kurile Islands — (Ainsl. mat. ind. i. 1. 228). P. 
 verticillata is known to grow in Siberia, on the Oby in "Lat. 67 " (Pall.), on the mountains of 
 Daouria : and farther East, on the islands of Alaska generally as far as Sitka and Kotzebue Sound 
 (Rothr. in Smiths, report for 1867) ; at Igloolik in Arctic America (Hook.) ; and in the alpine dis- 
 tricts of Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 206, and Pers.). 
 
 f Taxus cuspidata of Japan, as far as Yeso. A species of yew called by the Ainos " tarumani," 
 in Japan "araraki" (Sieb.) or " ichii " (Jap. c. c. 30); and from early times bows made from its 
 wood by the Ainos — (Sieb.). 
 
 Wistaria Japonica of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " kutsuts," or by the Japan- 
 ese "ko-fudsi " (Sieb.) ; in which we recognize the " fousi " whose fine interior bark is used by the 
 Ainos for bow-strings — (according to the San-kokf transl. Klapr.); the use for bow-strings is noted 
 by Siebold ; and farther South, W. Japonica was observed by him in Japan. 
 
 Gen. ignot. of Yeso. Bow-strings also made by the Ainos of the " ayi ; " a creeping plant unknown 
 in Japan — (San-kokf transl. Klapr.). 
 
 Aconitum Kamtschaticum of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called " sjosinosjurk," and 
 wild beasts killed by the Ainos with arrows poisoned with juice of the root (Sieb. ; or according to 
 the San-kokf transl. Klapr.), with bruised seeds of the Aconitum called "bou-si (fou-tsu)," mixed 
 with " araignees a longues pattes " (regarded as probably " Phalangium araneoides)." From trans- 
 ported specimens, A. Kamtschaticum is described by Pallas. 
 
 Sinapis Chinensis of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "kurasuf " or by the Japanese 
 " karasi " (Sieb.); in which we recognize the "to-karasi" whose bruised seeds are mixed in the 
 above poison — (San-kokf transl. Klapr.), so rapid in its action that the blood of the wounded bear, 
 wolf, or other animal putrefies in a few minutes (Langsdorff ii. 287). Westward, S. Chinensis was 
 received from China by Linnajus (Dec. prodr.) ; and in Hindustan (according to Lindley), the "seeds 
 considered by Mahometan and Hindoo practitioners stimulant, stomachic, and laxative." 
 
608 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 1 Wonka serpyllifolia of Europe and Northern Asia. The KECTpON AETTTOKAuJNONof 
 Paiilus Aegineta — is referred here by Turner, who further contributed an English name Paul's betony 
 (Prior) : V. serpyllifolia was observed by Sibthorp, around Constantinople and among grass on the 
 Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow also on Caucasus and the Himalaya mountains and throughout 
 Siberia (Ledeb., Wats., and Benth.)- Westward from Greece, is termed "exfragia nobilis" by 
 Brunfelsii. 20 (Spreng.), "v. pratensis serpyllifolia" by Tournefort inst. 144; was observed by 
 Desfontaines in Algeria; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as 
 Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and Fries). From Asia, may have been carried by colonists, Ainos or 
 Russian, to the Pacific shore of America, where it was observed by Mertens at Norton Sound : by 
 European colonists was carried to Madeira (Lemann) ; to Northeast America, where it has become 
 extensively multiplied along roadsides and in grass-grown clearings ; to the mountains of Jamaica, 
 where it was observed by Bertero ; to the environs of cities on the Andes, Santa-Fe-de-Bogota, 
 Quito, and Cmindiu (Kunth) ; to the Falkland Islands (Gaud., and J. D. Hook.) ; and to Austral 
 Africa (Benth., and A. Dec). 
 
 " In this year (= 1st of the 'louug-so' of Kao-tsoung," hist. Thang, and Klapr. note to geogr. 
 Chin ), arrival in China of an embassy from Tan-lo (Quelpaerts Island) : where the inhabitants wear 
 only skins of a kind of swine, live in huts of leather, and in winter in caves, have no cattle, but culti- 
 vate grain by means of an instrument with iron points for harrowing the soil. — A second embassy 
 arrived in " 665 = 2d year of the ' lin-te' ' of Kao tsoung." 
 
 " In the reign of Saimei " (Jap. centen. comm. 59), the art of manufacturing tiles brought by a 
 Corean to Japan. 
 
 "662 A. D." (ann. Jap., transl. Tits.), Kwo-gok or Zai-meT succeeded by her son Ten-tsi, now 
 thirty-ninth dairo of Japan. 
 
 "In the reign of the emperor Tenji " (Jap. centen. comm. S2), folding fans invented by a native of 
 Tamba in Japan; the material at first employed being thin boards of Chamaecypiris obtusa. — 
 The invention was afterwards introduced from Japan into China, as admitted in Chinese books. 
 
 " 664 A. D. = 1st year of the ' lin-te ' of Kio-tsoung" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the 
 Fifty-sixth cycle.* 
 
 * Uvaria odorata of Tropical China and the Philippines. A tree called in Burmah " ka-dat- 
 gnan " (Mason), and from early times known in China — (Rumph. ii. pi. 65). Westward, is known to 
 occur on Java (Pers.); was observed by Mason v. 407 to 740 "exotic" in Burmah, planted around 
 native dwellings along the coast for ornament. The " U. Sinensis" and " Unona odoratissima " 
 called in Tagalo "alangilan," observed by Blanco on the Philippines, may be compared. 
 
 Triphasia trifoliate of Tropical China. An Aurantiaceous shrub called in the environs of 
 Bombay " China limboo " (Graham); and from early times known in China, — bearing the "berry 
 like an orange in miniature often found in Chinese preserves " (Mason) : T. trifoliata was observed 
 by Kaempfer v. 801, and Thunberg in Japan, growing spontaneously near villages, also planted for 
 hedges, and employed medicinally. Westward, was observed by Mason v. 453 ".exotic" in Burmah, 
 in gardens of European residents ; by N. L. Burmann 35 (Spreng.), in Hindustan ; by Graham, com- 
 mon " in gardens" around Bombay, probably introduced from China, but found by Nimmo seemingly 
 "wild in S. Concan." From transported specimens, is described by Linnaeus. 
 
 Mitrraya exotica of the Tropical base of the Himalayas as far as Anam and China. An Auran- 
 tiaceous tree called in the environs of Bombay " koontee " (Graham), in Burmah " tha-nat-kha " 
 (.Mason) ; in Anam "cay nguyet qui," in China "cao li yong" (Lour.) and from early times culti- 
 vated for its fragrant flowers ; — termed " camunium sinense" by Rumphius v. pi. 18; and observed 
 by Loureiro 331 seemingly wild " agrestis " in China and Anam. Southward and Westward, occurs 
 as a shrub only under cultivation in Amboyna and Java (Lour.); was observed by Mason v. 760 
 " exotic " in Burmah ; by N. L. Burmann 104, and Wight, in Hindustan ; by Graham, an ornamental 
 shrub " in gardens " at Bombay, " probably introduced from China." but found by Royle wild " all along 
 the jungly tract at the foot of the Himalayas." From transported specimens, described by Linnsus. 
 
 Ncphelium longan ol Tropical Eastern Asia. The wild rainboiitan of the Malays is a latye 
 pinnate-leaved tree called in the environs of Bombay "wumb" (Graham), in Burmah "kyet-mouk" 
 (Mason), in Anam " cay nhon " or " laong nhan," in China " lum yen " (Lour.), and from early times 
 cultivated for its fruit ; — N. longan was seen in China by Navarrete ; grows according to Osbeck on 
 the summit of the highest mountains, its fruit eaten with tea ; but was observed by Loureiro 288 
 under cultivation in Anam and China. Westward, by Mason v. 454, indigenous in Burmah, bearing 
 an agreeable fruit; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan; by Graham, principally constituting "a 
 forest" in "a ravine near Parr" in the environs of Bombay. 
 
 Qui'qualis Indica of Tropical Eastern Asia. A woody climber called in Burmah "da-way- 
 hmaing" (Mason), in Tagalo "niogniogan" or " tagarao," in Ylocano "tartarao," in Bisaya "tango- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 609 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), a synod at Pharein England. On the mode of observing Easter, 
 shaving among the clergy, and other Catholic ceremonies as yet unknown to the English and Scotch. 
 
 " In this year (= 44 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), first appearance of the Mahometans in India, 
 proceeding from Merv Cabul, where they made "twelve thousand" converts. A detachment under 
 Mohalib penetrated as far as Multan, and brought back prisoners. 
 
 "666 A. D." (Alst.), order of the archbishop of Rome, Vitalianus, for the use of the Latin language 
 in church services. 
 
 One hundred and forty-ninth generation. Sept. 1st, 667, onward mostly beyond youth : Khaled 
 ben-Yezid : Anastasius of Nice; the poet Aegidius ; the theologians, Caesarius abbas Lirinensis 
 (Alst.), Kilianus of Scotland, Julianus of Toledo: the Welsh bard Myrdhyn or "enchanter Merlin" 
 (Thierry in Pouchet). 
 
 "The same year" (Clavig. ii.), accession of Chalchiutlanetzin, first Toltec king of Mexico. 
 
 Eugenia pimento, of the West Indies and neighbouring warm portion of Mexico. Known to grow 
 in the Vera Cruz district, and the use of its product, ftimenlo or allspice, introduced by the Toltecs * — 
 
 Ion," in Pampango " bavebave " (Blanco), in Anam " cay tlun " or " su cuon tu," in China " xi kiun 
 tsu" (Lour.), and from early times its nuts employed as a vermifuge : — observed by Loureiro 336 
 along hedges and the banks of rivers in Anam and near Canton in China ; also by James Reed near 
 Canton, and specimens shown me ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, its fruit eaten by boys ; by Rum- 
 phius v. pi. 38, on the Moluccas, its seeds long in repute as anthelmintic (Drur.). Westward, by 
 Mason 421, " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated for its " sweet-scented flowers " that change "from white 
 to rose, and with the clouds at sunset, deepen into the richest crimson ;" by N. L. Burmann pi. 35, 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, in the gardens of Hindustan ; by Graham, " common in Bombay gardens, but 
 no where wild." By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it is called 
 " liane vermifuge " (Drur.). 
 
 Jxora coccinea of Anam and Tropical China. A flowering shrub called in Burmah " pan-sa-yeik " 
 (Mason), in Anam "boung tlang do" (Lour.), in China " kan-long-fa " (Osb.), and doubtless from 
 early times familiarly known : — observed by Osbeck "everywhere on hills " around Canton ; by Lou- 
 reiro 95, in shrubby places in Anam; by Blanco, on the Philippines, planted for ornament by the 
 natives around their dwellings ; is termed "flamma sUvarum" by Rumphius vi. pi. 47. Westward, 
 was observed by Mason v. 415 to 786 "exotic" in Burmah, cultivated for ornament; by Burmann 
 pi. 57, on Ceylon ; by Rheede ii. pi. 12, in Malabar ; by Wight, in peninsular Hindustan ; by Graham, 
 only "in gardens about Bombay," but found by Law seemingly "wild " in the Southern Mahratta 
 country. Transported to Europe and North America, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 59, and has 
 become frequent in greenhouses. 
 
 Clerodcndrum squamatum of Tropical China. Known there from early times ; — and observed 
 by Kaempfer pi. 58 in Japan (Pers , and Steud.). Westward, was observed by Mason v. 413 to 793 
 "exotic " in Burmah, cultivated for ornament, also to all appearance "naturalized." Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Vahl, and Jacquin rar. iii. pi. 300. 
 
 Amaranthus Iris/is of Tropical Eastern Asia. An esculent herb from early times known in 
 
 China (Pers.). Westward, was observed by Mason v. 779 " exotic " in Burmah ; is termed " blitum 
 
 indicum secundum " by Rumphius v. pi. 82 ; was observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan ; by Graham, 
 in the environs of Bombay, "cultivated in almost every garden," but he gives no native name. By 
 European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, and to the West Indies (Moq„ and A. Dec). 
 
 Aponogeton monoslachyum of Tropical Eastern Asia. An aquatic plant called in Hindustanee 
 "ghechoo,"in Malabar "parua-kalanga," in Tamil "kotee-kalangoo," in Telinga "nama " (Drur.) ; 
 and from early times known in China : —observed there and in Anam by Loureiro i. 173. Westward, 
 by Voight, along the Irrawaddy in Burmah (Mason v. 474); by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, in Hindustan, 
 its tuberous roots eaten by the natives and nearly as good as potatoes; by Rheede xi. pi. 15, in 
 Malabar; by Nimmo, and Graham, "margins of tanks" in the Concans as far as Bombay. 
 
 Gracila'ria tenax of the China Seas. A somewhat gelatinous, slippery, filiform, dichotomous 
 fucus, from early times used very extensively by the Chinese for the same purposes as glue or gum 
 arabic'— (Turner fuc. pi. 125, Agdh , Lindl., and Mason v. 508). 
 
 * Eugenia acris of the West Indies. — The -Mid clove is a small tree " supposed to have been 
 confounded with E. pimenta, in whose aromatic qualities it altogether participates " (Lindl.) ; is known 
 to grow on Antigua, Barbados, and Jamaica (Jacq. obs., Swartz fl. ii. 909, and Pers.), and according 
 to Lunan its berries and sweetly aromatic leaves are used for culinary purposes. By European colo- 
 nists was carried "from America" to Hindustan, observed by Graham at Bombay, in gardens not 
 common and called "lung ; " by Wight, and Drury, at Courtallum, Travancore, and Madras, its timber 
 hard and heavy. Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 1 55 f. 3, and is distinguished 
 as " caryophyllus racemosus " by Miller (Steud.). 
 
 77 
 
6lO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 (Humb. iv. 9) : E. pimenta was observed by Swartz obs. 202 in the West Indies. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 155. f 4, Blackwell pi. 355, and Miller; and its imported 
 product has become a well-known condiment, used also medicinally (Lindl.) ; was observed by Rouyer 
 in the drug shops of Egypt. 
 
 Zea mays of Tropical America. The cultivation of maize or Indian com introduced into Mexico 
 by the Toltecs — (Humb.) : the grain was used in the religious rites of both Mexicans and Peruvians 
 (A. Dec. 951), and sugar procured by them from it, also a vinous liquor called "chicha," drunkenness 
 having already become frequent under the Aztec dynasty (Ovied., and Humb. iv. 9) : spikes of maize 
 were observed by myself in the ancient Peruvian cemetery at Pachacamac : bread made of "maiz" or 
 "mahiz" was seen by Columbus in the West Indies (F. Columb. 28), also by Oviedo nat. hyst. f. 5. 
 Farther North, Thorwald in 1003 found in Vinland a wooden "kornhjalmr" corn-shed, and Z. mays is 
 known to have been cultivated by the native tribes of Northeast America as far as the Bay of St. Law- 
 rence. Transported to Europe, was seen by Oviedo before 1525 under cultivation in Spain; accord- 
 ing to Rhamnusis, "was first seen in Italy in his own time;" and according to tradition and the 
 current names, from Turkey and Syria reached Egypt and the mountains of Yemen (Forsk., and Del.) ; 
 also directly or indirectly by European colonists was carried to Hindustan, observed by Roxburgh, and 
 Graham, "commonly cultivated" and called " muk jowaree-boota," and according to Drury "next to 
 rice it forms the most important crop in the east " especially " in Behar and Upper India ; " to Ceylon, 
 called there "muwa" (Moon); to Burmah, called there '• pyoung-boo " (Mason); to the Malayan 
 archipelago, called throughout ''jagung" (Crawf ), observed by myself under cultivation on Mindanao, 
 by Blanco, valued and well known on the other Philippine Islands ; to China, mentioned by Li-chi- 
 tchin in 1552 to 157S (A. Dec.) ; to Japan, brought perhaps from China, cultivated near Nagasaki and 
 called " sjo kuso" or usually "too kibbi " (Kaempf. v. S34. and Thunb.) ; and to most parts of the 
 world having a suitable climate, the Tropical islands of the Pacific forming at present the only consid- 
 erable exception. 
 
 "668, May 18th " (Pauth. 301), a comet. Regarded with much alarm by the Chinese emperor 
 Kao-tsoung. " Oct. 22d," submission of the king of Corea, after the capture of his chief city by the 
 Chinese.* 
 
 "The same year" (Sm. b. d.), Constans succeeded by Constantinus IV. Pogonatus, eighteenth 
 Byzantine emperor. 
 
 "669 A. D." (Pauth. 302), in the region of Lake Kokonoor, the Chinese army defeated by the 
 Thibetians. Ioulun-Tieghin chief of the Ouigours is known to have warred against the Chinese under 
 the Thang (see Klapr. mem. ii. 333). 
 
 "670 A. D." (Cockayne iii. 45 1), the abbey in Thanet founded by Eormenburh, daughter of 
 Eormenred king of Kent, with the wergild she had exacted for her murdered brothers. 
 
 "672 A. D." (Plate in Sm. b. d.), after the capture of Smyrna and most of the Greek islands, the 
 blockade of Constantinople begun by the Muslim fleet. In the defence, Greek fire, newly invented by 
 Callinicus, employed with success: — A "kind of fire" was seen by Brocquiere at Baruth, that was 
 "launched into the air very high and to a great distance " (evidently after the manner of rockets). 
 
 "The same year" (Clint.), in Rome, Yitalianus succeeded by Adeodatus, twelfth archbishop. 
 
 " The same year" (Beda. h. e. iv. 18, and Cockayne iii. 449), ^Etheldrith, daughter of Anna king 
 of the East Angles, appointed abbess of Ely ; the monastery containing both men and women, as was 
 the way in Ireland. 
 
 "The same year" (ann. Jap., and art deverif.), Tent-sii succeeded by his brother Tenmu or Ten- 
 bou, now "fortieth" dairo of Japan. 
 
 Gelidium cormum of Japan. A seaweed] called "tengusa;" affording " kanten or vegetable 
 
 * Urlica Japonica of Japan. White cloth made by the Coreans of the fibres of the "tchu " as 
 early probably as this date : — this kind of cloth is enumerated among the articles sent as tribute to the 
 Chinese emperor (geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. 167). U. Japonica was observed in Japan by Thunberg, 
 its fibres used for cords. 
 
 Malus baeeata of Eastern Asia. Called " men-tsu-fou " by the Coreans, and "lin-khin" by the 
 Chinese — (vocab. Klapr.). Known to grow also in Daouria along the river Schilka, and in Siberia 
 (Pall. i. pi. 10, and Pers.). 
 
 f Chondrui sp. nf Japan. A seaweed called "fu," resembling carrageen, and from early times 
 "much used for industrial purposes," as "for instance, the sizing of the warp of silk goods " — (Jap. 
 c. c. 109). 
 
 Querents serrata of Japan. An oak known from early times, its branches placed in the sea to pro- 
 mote the growth of seaweed, by furnishing a basis for attachment — (Jap. c. c. 109) : Q. serrata was 
 observed in Japan by Thunberg. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 6ll 
 
 isinglass, employed from early times for cooking purposes, making moulds, and "as a substitute for 
 all kinds of gelatines." — Imported into Europe, it is sold under the name of agar-agar (Jap. centen. 
 comm. 1 08). 
 
 673 A. D. (= "2d year of Tenmu," art de verif.), in Japan, building of the celebrated temple of 
 Midera. 
 
 674 A. D. (= "3d year of Tenmu,'' art de verif.), silver mines opened by the Coreans on the 
 island of Tsussima, and the metal brought to Japan. 
 
 675 A. D. (="4th year of Tenmu," art de verif.), celebration of the first Matsuri ; a noted 
 religious festival of the Japanese. 
 
 "676 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Adeodatus succeeded by Donus or Domnus, thirteenth 
 archbishop. 
 
 "678 A. D." (Pauth. 302), near Lake Kokonoor, a Chinese army of "one hundred and eighty 
 thousand" men defeated by the Thibetians. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.). at Rome, Domnus succeeded by Agatho, fourteenth archbishop. 
 
 "679 A. D." (Beda, and Cockayne p. xxvi.), in Britain, a surgical operation performed by the 
 leech Cynifrid or Cyneferth ; who opened a tumour for Aetheldryth queen and abbess, without saving 
 her life. 
 
 " In this year" (Sm. b. d.), after the destruction of many ships by Greek fire, the fleet of the 
 Muslims compelled to retire from Constantinople, and wrecked in a storm : their retreating land army 
 also overtaken and defeated by the Greeks, and a treaty of peace signed by khalif Mu'awiyah. The 
 Bulgarians however obtained from the Greek emperor a cession of that country South of the Danube 
 which is still called Bulgaria. 
 
 The treatise De aliment, is dedicated to Constantinus IV. Pogonatus. 
 
 Portulaca oleracea of Tropical or Subtropical America. Called in Britain purslane, by Turner 
 " purcellaine," by Treveris "porcelayne," in Germany " portzel kraut" from "porcellus" according 
 to Fuchsius p. in, in France " porcellaine " (Prior), in Italy "porcellana" (Lenz), in Greece "glu- 
 stritha" (Sibth.), in Egypt " baqlaa " or " ridjle " (Forsk.), and the XOipOBOTaNON of the trea- 
 tise De aliment., — and Psellus 296, is referred here by E. A. Sophocles : P. oleracea is termed "p. 
 angustifolia sive sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 236 ; was observed by Munby in Algeria ; is known 
 to occur in Italy and throughout middle Europe, cultivated and growing as a weed (A. Dec, and 
 Lenz) ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in waste and cultivated ground from 
 the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands and Asia Minor, and eaten crude ; is known to occur also in 
 the Tauro- Caspian countries (Ledeb.). Farther South, the " baklat elhamaka" of Ebn Masawia, 
 Maserjawia, Hobaisch, Rhazes, Mosih, and Avicenna, is identified by Ebn Baitar with the " ridjl.it ; " 
 the " ridjlet " is mentioned also by Rabbinical writers (Schvvarz) ; mingling its seeds in medicines, 
 by Mesue trocisc, and Abd-allatif i. 6; seeds of P. oleracea were found by Forskal mat. med. sold 
 for this purpose in Egypt, and the living plant was observed by him, and Delile, in gardens as well as 
 growing spontaneously: is called " segettemam" in Nubia (Del.) ; is known to occur also in Abys- 
 sinia (A. Rich.) ; was observed by Forskal under cultivation on the plains and mountains of Yemen, 
 and called " ridjlet el farras " or " da^nneb el farras " or " brabra " or '■ chamile ; " by myself, soid in 
 bundles at Mocha, and growing in the streets of Muscat. Eastward from Arabia, was observed by 
 Rheede a. pi. 36, Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan, according to Graham " common in moist 
 places ; " by Mason v. p. 473, a common weed in Burmah, " used by the natives for a pot-herb " and 
 called " mya?-byet ; " by Zoll., and Blume, on Java; by Blanco, on the Philippines and called in 
 Tagalo "colasiman" or "olasiman," in Camarines " ausiman ; " by Bunge, in Northern China; by 
 Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in waste and cultivated ground everywhere in Japan, and called "bakin," 
 or usually "uma biju " or "siberi fiju ; " by myself, among the islands of the Pacific only on Tonga- 
 taboo, Taheiti, and the Hawaiian Islands, clearly introduced (though perhaps not aboriginally by- 
 Polynesians). Farther East, was observed by E. James at the sources of the Arkansas and Platte 
 along the Rocky mountains, by Nuttall on the Upper Missouri, and may have thence accompanied 
 aboriginal agriculture to the Atlantic, for "purselin " was found by Strachey along James river in 
 1610, "purselane" by W. Wood in New England in 1629, and "wild purcelane " by Josselyn before 
 1670: P. oleracea having no flowering-season seems essentially a Tropical plant, and "verdolagas o 
 portulaca" is enumerated by Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 and gen. xi. 2 as one of three plants common 
 to Spain and the West Indies, the "portulaca" by Lerius in 1556 among the three plants common to 
 Europe and Brazil, and "purslane" was observed by Richard Hawkins in 1593 on the St. Anne's 
 Islands in S. Lat. 22 30' off the Brazilian coast. By European colonists, P. oleracea may have been 
 carried to the Azores (Wats.) ; to Austral Africa (fhunb.) ; to the Mauritius Islands (Boj., and A. 
 Dec ) ; and as intimated above, to the Polynesian islands. 
 
 Ribes uva-crispa of Northern Europe and mountains farther South. Called in Britain gooseberry, 
 in the Eastern counties thape or fape or feabe or fea-berry, in Germany " kriiusel-beere " or by 
 
6l2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Matthioli " creutzbeer," in France " groseille " (Prior) or by Dodoens " groisseletz " (A. Dec), in 
 Brittany " spezad " (Legonid.), in Greece " lagokgrasia " (Sibth.) : the BaTZhNa A£ ThC 
 AariNlAOC KaprTOC of De alim. 13 — may be compared : also the "ribes " growing according 
 to Serapion on the cold snowy mountains of Syria and bearing berries sweet to the taste with some 
 acidity (Isaac, and Ort. San. 392) : R. uva-crispa was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the 
 mountains of the Peloponnesus ; and by Forskal, in its cultivated form in the gardens of Constanti- 
 nople. Westward, is described by Ruellius p. 283, and Dodoens p. 748; is termed "grossularia 
 simplici acino vel spinosa sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 639; is known to grow wild in France and 
 throughout Northern Europe (Schmidel pi. 1, Pers., Dec. fl. fr., and Ledeb. fl. ross.) ; and was already 
 cultivated in the days of Matthioli p. 135. By European colonists, its cultivated form " R. grossula- 
 ria" was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens, lingering and producing only 
 inferior fruit. 
 
 "680 A. D." (art de verif.), Mu'awiyah succeeded by Yezid, second Ommiad khalif. 
 "Oct. loth'' (Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. 311), Husein, son of Ali, slain in battle at Kerbela 
 in Babylonian Irak. 
 
 "Nov. 7th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Sixth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at Constanti- 
 nople, against the Monothelites. Marriage among the clergy was sanctioned. — The authority of 
 this Council continues to be recognized by the Greek church (E. A. Soph ). 
 
 "6S1, Jan. 9th" (Nicol.), in a synod at Toledo, king Wamba's renunciation of the throne 
 confirmed. 
 
 The same year (=" tenth year of Tenmu,'' art de verif., see also Jap. centen. comm. 49), copper 
 discovered in Japan ; silver money prohibited, and putjes of copper and bronze substituted. The 
 empire about the same time divided into sixty-six provinces.* 
 
 "6S3 A. D." (art de verif.), Yezid succeeded by Mu'awiyah II., third Ommiad khalif. 
 "The same year" (Alst.), at Rome, Agatho succeeded by Leo the younger, fifteenth arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 '• Towards the close of the Seventh century" (quart, rev. for 1870), Anglo-Saxon version of 
 Scriptural narratives by Caedmon, a monk residing "in the convent of Streaneshalch (Whitby)," and, 
 regarded as the "father of English poetry." 
 
 "684 A. D. = ' sse-tching,' 1st year of Tchoung-tsoung ; " his mother Wou-heou being the real 
 ruler — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif), Mu'awiyah II. succeeded by Merwan, fourth Ommiad khalif. 
 "The same year " (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo the younger succeeded by Benedict the 
 younger, sixteenth archbishop. 
 
 "685 A. D." (art de verif.), Merwan succeeded by Abd-el-Melek, fifth Ommiad khalif. In the 
 reign of Abd-el-Melek (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 541), a niioimtcr constructed at Helwan (near the 
 present city of Cairo). 
 
 Oman, hitherto nominally under the authority of the khalifs, its subjection undertaken by Hajjaj 
 governor of Irak. — After various futile attempts by his generals, he succeeded ; the defeated brothers 
 Suleiman and Said, descendants of the Azdite Julanda, taking refuge in Zanj. The earliest emigra- 
 tion on record of Oman Arabs to the East coast of Africa (Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. xiii 
 and 5). 
 
 The Greek physician Theodocus or Tiaduk in the service of Hajaj Ibn Yusuf — (Ebn Osaibi'ah 
 vii. 5, Abu-1-Faraj, and Sm. b. d.). 
 
 The " burak " considered Armenian by Tiaduk (Theodocus), — mentioned also by Ishak Ben 
 Amran, Mahmed Ben Hasan, Jisch Ben Hasan, Mosih, Avicenna, Edrisi, Ebn Wand, Serapion, 
 Madschul, and Ebn Baitar, or " borad " of the Persians, is referred by J. de Sousa to borax or borate 
 of soda. Farther East, this salt is mentioned by the Sanscrit medical writer Susrutas (F. Adams) ; 
 and was ascertained by Saunders and Turner to be procured from a lake in Thibet. More recently^ 
 borax is said to be artificially manufactured in the Mediterranean countries ; and has been procured 
 in large quantities from a lake in California. 
 
 Gnaphatium leontopodium of Switzerland and the Pyrenees. The "koines elbahri " of Tiaduk 
 — and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : G. leontopodium is described by Matthioli p! 
 828 (Spreng.) ; is termed " filago stellata " by Lamarck fl. fr. ; and is known to grow on the alpine 
 portion of Switzerland and the Pyrenees (Pers., and Steud.) 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus the younger succeeded by Joannes 
 the fifth, seventeenth archbishop. 
 
 * Eiythronium " grandiflortim " of Japan. From early times, a kind of starch called " kata-kuri " 
 made there " of the root of a kind of dog's-tooth violet " — (see Jap. centen. comm. 34 and 1 10). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 613 
 
 " In this year (= 10th year of the Gothic king Ricisvintus " of the addit. to chron. Isidor., see 
 Clint, v. p. 399), Ildefonsus appointed bishop of Toledo. 
 
 " September" (Alst., and Sm. b. d.), Constantinus IV. succeeded by Justinianus II., nineteenth 
 Byzantine emperor. 
 
 Arculf visiting Jerusalem, found on the site of the temple a square Muslim house of prayer; of 
 beams and planks erected in a rough manner upon some remains of old ruins : while at Damascus, a 
 large mosque had been built by the Muslims (said to be a Christian church on the foundations of a 
 Roman temple to Juno, Leps. eg. and sin. p. 343). Proceeding to Egypt, Arculf speaks of Alex- 
 andria as a very large city, in a manner the emporium of the whole world ; the pharos being a large 
 tower lighted up at night with torches, lest mariners might mistake their way and be dashed against 
 the rocks in seeking the entrance to the harbour. Arculf also visited Constantinople, and the church 
 of St. Sophia there, of which he gives a detailed description (T. Wright early trav. in Palest.). 
 
 "687 A. D." (Alst.), at Rome, Joannes the fifth succeeded by Conon, eighteenth archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (ann. Jap. transl., and art de verif.), Tenmu succeeded by his widow and 
 niece Dsito or Si-to, now forty-first dairo of Japan. — Under her reign, sakki or rice-beer was first 
 brewed. 
 
 "688 A. D." (Alst.), at Rome, Conon succeeded by Sergius, nineteenth archbishop. 
 
 "692 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod convened in Britain by king Ina. " For the union of the Britons 
 with the Saxons." 
 
 About this time (quart, rev 1870), the " Psalms " translated into Anglo-Saxon by Guthlac or 
 Gurthlake, the first Saxon anchorite. 
 
 "693, May 2d" (Nicol.), in a synod at Toledo, the book of " Gothic law, or the code of Alaric," 
 confirmed. 
 
 "694 A. D." (Nicol ), in a synod at Beaconsfield in England, promise of Vitred king of Kent, 
 " to preserve the liberties and immunities of the churches and monasteries." 
 
 "695 A. D." (Elph. iv. 1), Manik Rai, eighth Hindu king of Ajmir, reigning. 
 
 "In this year" (Sm. b. d.), revolt at Constantinople and Justinianus II. dethroned, his nose cut 
 off but his life spared by Leontius. — Nine years later "in 704," he recovered his authority. 
 
 "697 A. D." (= 1357th of Synmu," art de verif.), Dsito succeeded by Monmu, grandson of 
 Tenmu, and now "forty-second" dairo of Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), a synod at Berkhampsted, the king and clergy being present. 
 Twenty-eight canons were made, awarding temporal as well as spiritual punishment. 
 
 Manuscripts of the "Seventh or Eighth century" (De Wailly pi. iv. 4) presenting the following 
 form of the letter P. 
 
 "698 A. D." = " 79th year of the Hejra," inscribed on a coin issued by Abd-el-Melek, and 
 figured by Marcel p. 34. By some writers, this is regarded as the earliest Muslim coin : but 
 according to Marcel, copper only had been coined by the Muslims until the reign of Abd-el-Melek; 
 who first coined silver, to the exclusion of Greek and Persian money. 
 
 Owing to the persecutions of khalif Abd-el-Melek, Hashimid Arabs emigrated to Ceylon, and 
 found a refuge there in eight different cities * — (trans. Asiat. i. 538, and Gildem. p. 53). 
 
 " From this year " in Britain, Eadfrith bishop of Lindisfarne — twenty-three years. A piece 
 of ornamental writing by Eadfrith, continues extant in the Durham book (Cockayne anglo-sax. ii. 
 p. xxi). 
 
 "698 or 700 A. D." (Gildemeist. 6, and Wilson note to Vishnu purana iv. 24), the Muslims 
 engaged in hostilities against Ratbal or Ratibal prince of Cabul ; — the Hindu Ratanpal or Ratnapal. 
 
 " At the end of the Seventh century " (Pouchet. moyen age), Iceland discovered. — In " 795 " 
 (according to Dicuilus) some Irish devotees retired into this island. Relics of hermits, as "books 
 and staffs," were found by the first Scandinavian visitors (see Rafn). 
 
 One hundred and fiftieth generation. Jan. 1st, 701, onward mostly beyond youth: Marcellinus 
 presbyter, Andreas of Crete ; Anthelmus, Bonifacius or Venofridus of Mayence, the monk Othmarus. 
 
 '• 702 A. D." (Alst.), at Rome, Sergius succeeded by Joannes the sixth, twentieth archbishop. 
 
 " 704 A. D." (Beda, and Cockayne iii. p. 452), accession of Offa as king of Essex. 
 
 * TaberncEinontana dichotoma of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. Regarded as the forbidden 
 fruit by the natives of Ceylon ; who allege the fragrance of the flower, and that the beautiful tempt- 
 in^ fruit changed from delicious to poisonous on the occasion of the transgression, and continues 
 to bear the marks of Eve's teeth — (geogr. plant, lond. tract soc). A small tree called " titul " or 
 "doodee-ka-jhar" in the environs of Bombay, is regarded by Graham as probably identical, growing 
 on the Parr Ghaut and the hills'at Jooner, the flowers white and fragrant, and a decoction of the leaves 
 found by Twemlow " used for curing sores on cattle ; " described also by Roxburgh ii. p. 21. 
 
6 14 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The same year (= "8th year of Monmu," art de verif.), a coat of arms, toiaps, assigned by 
 Monmu to each province of Japan. 
 
 705 A. D. (= "9th year of Monmu," art de verif.), a square wooden measure called " sio " and 
 " maas," sent as a standard by Monmu to the different provinces throughout Japan. 
 
 "The same year = ' chin-loung,' the real commencement of the reign of Tchoung-tsoung," on 
 the death of his mother Wou-heou — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 306). 
 
 ''The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Joannes the sixth succeeded by Joannes the 
 seventh, twenty-first archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (art. de verif.), Abd-el-Melek succeeded by Walid, sixth Ommiad khalif. 
 Coins were issued by Walid (see Marcel 34) : and during his reign, the mosque El-Djame el-Atyk 
 commenced (near the present city of Cairo). 
 
 The "man" of Chuz or Alkanzi, — Maserjawia, Hobaisch, Ebn Masah, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar, 
 is referred by Ehrenberg, and Royle (Kitt. cycl. bibl.) to the manna produced by Coccus mauniparus ; 
 an insect chiefly or altogether confined to the Sinai Peninsula, and feeding on Tamarix Gallica : the 
 substance is also described by Seetzen, as seen by him on the spot. 
 
 Convolvulus (Ipomoea) turpcilium of Tropical shores, from Hindustan throughout the East 
 Indies and islands of the Pacific to the Taheitian Group. The " turbud " of Chuz, — Ebn Masawia, 
 Maserjawia, Hobaisch, Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Mesue, Avicenna, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar, is referred 
 by writers to this plant, and its imported product: the medicinal use in Egypt of "turbetum from 
 India" or (urbith is mentioned by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med. ; and I. turpethum is termed 
 "turpethum repens fol. althaeae vel indicum " by C. Bauhin pin. 149. Eastward from. Egypt, the 
 "torbit" of "Melibar" is mentioned by Marco Polo 1S3 ; and I. turpethum is called in Bengalee 
 " teoree " or " dood-kulmi," in Telinga " tellatagada ; " was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, 
 and Wight ; by Graham, and Gibson, growing from Goozerat to beyond Bombay in the Concans or 
 low country, and " the bark of the roots " used " by native doctors as a cathartic ; " was observed on 
 Ceylon by Hermann cat. lugd. 178. Farther East, was o! 'Served by Mason in Burmah ; is known to 
 grow throughout the East Indies as far as Timor and the neighbouring portion of Australia, also on 
 the Marianne, Tongan, and Taheitian Islands (Lindl.) ; and was observed by myself throughout the 
 Tropical Polynesian groups, from the Feejee Islands to Metia. 
 
 Lablab vulgaris of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Egypt "leblab,"in which we recognize 
 the "lebleb" of Alkanzi, — Ebn Masawia, Ebn Amran, Haly Abbas, Elgafaki, Serapion, and Ebn 
 Baitar: L. vulgaris was observed by Alpinus pi. 75, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bev, in the gardens 
 of Egypt, cultivated to form arbours, and in Nubia called " ougoudky.' - Eastward, has a Sanscrit 
 name (Roxb., Pidd., and A. Dec.) ; was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, Wight, Drury, and 
 according to Graham, is called " saim ka puttee " and " several varieties " are " commonly cultivated : " 
 is enumerated by Mason v. p. 466 among esculents, " exotic " in Burmah, called " pai," and " several 
 varieties of one or two species " cultivated by the Karens and Burmese. Farther East, an unobtrusive 
 white flowered variety was observed by myself aboriginally introduced around dwellings on the Fee- 
 jeean Islands, and on the Hawaiian Islands decidedly naturalized. By European colonists, the orna- 
 mental purple-flowered variety was carried to the Hawaiian Islands ; also to Northeast America, 
 where it continues to be cultivated in gardens. 
 
 Rhododendron lepidotuin of the Himalaya mountains. The "thalisfar" of Elmadschusi, — 
 Honain, Elhuri, Ebn Amran, Ebn Joljol, Avicenna, Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar, is referred by Royle 
 to the imported leaves, described as "highly aromatic." The living shrub was observed by him on 
 the Iiimalaya mountains. 
 
 "In or about 706 A. D." (quart, rev. for 1870), the "Psalter" translated into Anglo-Saxon by 
 Aldhelm or Ealdhelm, bishop of Sherborn, and "among the first of the Saxon ecclesiastics who was 
 distinguished for learning." 
 
 " 708 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), in Japan, and Monmu succeeded as dairo by Genonei or 
 Ghenmio, daughter of the " thirty-ninth " emperor Tent-sii. In the first year of her reign, Genonei 
 coined gold and silver money : — but the latter was prohibited in the following year. 
 
 "In this year" (Humb.atl.pict.), and "in the reign of Ixtlicuechahuac," second Toltec king 
 of Mexico, the Teo-amoxtli containing the history, mythology, laws, and the remarkable and singu° 
 larly exact calendar of the Mexicans, composed by the astrologer Huematzin. (The accession°of 
 Ixtlicuechahuac is placed "667 -f cycle of 52 yrs " = u years later by Clavigero ii). 
 
 The tuikiy, Meleagris gallipavo, domesticated in Central America as early possibly as this date. 
 The bird was brought, perhaps by the way of Mexico from Northeast America ; where it is indige- 
 nous, — but in no instance on record has been tamed by the aboriginal tribes. Honduras was first 
 visited by Europeans in 1502, when " hens of that country which are better than ours " were brought 
 by the natives to Columbus (F. Columb. 90 ; or in the words of Gomara) "gallipauos que son mejores 
 que pauos y gallinas." In New Spain, according to Oviedo nat. hyst. 37, there are " otros pauos 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 615 
 
 mayores y mijores de sabor y mas hermosas," many of which birds have been imported into the 
 islands and into Spain. Some years later, the turkey became generally known in Europe ; and after 
 the visit of Alpinus, was introduced into Egypt, where one of its names " Maltese fowl" indicates the 
 route of transmission. 
 
 The musk duck, Anas moschata, domesticated in Central America as early possibly as this date : 
 — " geese like ours " were observed by Columbus in 1493 in the houses of the natives on Guadalupe ; 
 and were afterwards met with in Honduras (F. Columb. 47 and 90). A. moschata is known to occur 
 in the wild state in Guayana (Schomburgk edit. Ralegh), and I have seen specimens from Surinam. 
 As transported to Europe, the domesticated bird is figured by Belon, and has since become well 
 known ; its presence in Egypt, may be inferred from a remark of Clot-Bey. The bird is kept with 
 other poultry in our Middle and Southern States, straying in some instances and reverting to 
 secondary wildness. By European colonists also, the bird was carried to the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 Lycofiersicum esculentum of Central America or the neighbouring portion of South America. 
 The tomato was called " tomatl " and sown among maize by the ancient Mexicans — (Humb. iv. 9). 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Gesner, termed " tumatle americanorum " by Guil '.ndinus, 
 "mala peruviana" by Eyst. (Bauhin hist. iii. 621) ; is also described by Anguillara, Lobel, and 
 Camerarius ; was observed by Chaubard under cultivation in Greece; by Delile, and Clot-Bey, 
 abundantly cultivated in Egypt and called "bydingan toumaten." Also by Europeans was carried 
 Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it has become a favourite with the natives 
 and is called in Tagalo " tomates " or " camatis " (Blanco); to the neighbouring islands, called by 
 the Malays "tomatte" (Rumph. v. 416) ; to Anam (Loureir.) ; to Burmah, called there "kha-yan- 
 myae-phung" (Mason); to Hindustan, observed there by Roxburgh, by Nimmo thriving luxuriantly 
 at Surat, by Gibson, and Graham, naturalized "in many parts of the Deccan," and called "wall 
 wangee ; " to the Mauritius Islands (A. Dec). In Northern climates, its cultivation is increasing 
 in importance, was introduced into Barbadoes only in the middle of the Eighteenth century (Hughes 
 148), was unknown within my memory in Eastern New England, but I found it extended in 1841 to 
 the Kooskoosky mission-station in Oregon. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Joannes the seventh succeeded by Sisinnius 
 or Zosimus ; and before the close of the year, by Constantinus, twenty-third archbishop. 
 
 "709 A. D. About this time" (Blair), the " Laws of the Saxons " published by Ina king of Wessex. 
 
 "The same year" (Beda, and Cockayne iii. 452), Offa having abandoned his wife and country 
 to become a monk in Rome, succeeded as king of Essex by Selred. 
 
 710 A. D. (= "3d year of Genonei," art de verif.), in Japan, building of the temple of Koobo- 
 kusi, to contain the idol of Xaco, made of gold and bronze by the celebrated sculptor Taisoquan. 
 
 " The same year = 'king-yan,' 1st year of Joui-tsoung, of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif.), by permission of khalif Walid, entrance of the Muslims into 
 Spain. — After three years (Blair), they obtained possession. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst.), a synod at London. Confirming the use of image-symbols and the 
 celibacy of the priesthood. 
 
 "711 A. D." (Biogr. Univ.), accession of Dagobert II., king of the Franks. 
 
 "In this year" (Alst.j, Justinian II. succeeded by Philippicus, twentieth Byzantine emperor. 
 
 " In this year (= 4th of Ghen-mio," ann. Jap. transl. Tits.), Foudo-no Yasou maro (Tai Ngan 
 ma liu) publishing the Ko-si-ki or history of Japan, from the earliest times down to " 597 A. D." 
 
 "In this year (= 92 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Second Muslim invasion of Hindustan. Leaving 
 Shiraz, Mohammed Casim with "six thousand" men reached Dewal or Dival, the seaport of Sind 
 (near or within the delta of the Indus), captured the temple and town and circumcised the bramins. 
 Next proceeding to the head of the delta and up the Indus, he defeated the Hindu king Dahir, and 
 obtained possession of his capital Alor (near Bakkar on the Indus) and of all Sind. 
 
 " 713 A. D. = ' kai-youan,' 1st year of Ming-hoang-ti " or Hiouan-tsoung, of the Thang or Fif- 
 teenth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). Arrival in this year (Gaubil, and Pauth. 311) of an embassy 
 from the king of Kia-che-mi-lo (Cashmere), a country inimical to Thibet, surrounded by very high 
 mountains, and not easily invaded : from king Chin-tho-lo-pi-li, in Sanscrit Chandrapida, for aid 
 against the Arabs (Gildemeist. 13, and Wilson note to Vishnu purana iv. 24). 
 
 "The same )ear" (Alst.), Philippicus succeeded by Anastasius II., twenty-first Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 " In this year (= 6th of Ghen-mio," ann. Jap. transl. Tits.), the Foo-to-ki (Fung-thou-ki) com- 
 pleted, containing a description of all the provinces, cities, mountains, plants, birds, and quadrupeds 
 of Japan. 
 
 "714 A. D. (=96 A. H. comm. Sept. 15th," Ebn Khallikan, and Gildem. 12), expedition of 
 the Muslim general Kutaiba ben Muslim against Kasligar; and a treaty made with Chinese legates, 
 the first ever sent to the Arabs. 
 
6l6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "715 A. D. (= 1375th of Synmu,'' art de verif.), Genonei succeeded by Gensioo, granddaughter 
 of Tenmu, and now at the age of fourteen dairo of Japan. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst.), Anastasius II. succeeded by Theodosius III., twenty-second Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 " In this year" (Biograph. univers.), end of the reign of Dagobert II., king of the Franks. 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Constantinus succeeded by Gregorius the 
 younger, twenty-fourth archbishop. At this time (= "720" of Beda), the practice in England 
 among nobles and others, men and women, to make visits or pilgrimages to Rome. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Walid succeeded by Soliman, seventh Ommiad khalif. "In 
 the reign of Soliman," building of the nilomiler on Rhoda islet (not far from the present city of 
 Cairo) ; round arches continuing in vogue. 
 
 " 716 A. D. (= 94 A. H.," Elph. v. 1), date of an inscription in Persian in the country between 
 the Oxus and Jaxartes, — seen by Burnes ii. 269 to 356. 
 
 "In this year" (Alst.), Theodosius III. succeeded by Leo III. Isaurus, twenty-third Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Abulfeda in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the city of Ramleh, " twenty-four " miles 
 Northwestward from Jerusalem, founded by khalif Soliman. The great caravan-road from Constan- 
 tinople, Smyrna, and Damascus, passes through Ramleh to Egypt. — ■ The city is mentioned about 
 154 years after its foundation, by the monk Bernard; and in the time of Edrisi, was next after Jeru- 
 salem the principal city of Palestine. 
 
 "In this year" (Jap. mann. 3S3), two Japanese students visiting China: one of whom returning 
 became under the designation of Kibino Daisi the most celebrated learned man produced in Japan: 
 the other remaining behind, was so honoured in China that he held the appointment of Archive 
 keeper "sixty-one years." 
 
 " 717 A D." (art de verif.), Soliman succeeded by Omar II., eighth Ommiad khalif. 
 "718 A. D." (Gaubil, and Pauth. 314), a Sanscrit treatise on Astronomy translated into Chinese 
 by Y-hang. Who further constructed instruments, and sent mathematicians North and South a long 
 distance, to triangulate and ascertain the length of the degrees of Latitude, and the position of places 
 on the Earth's surface. Y-hang maintained, That the planet Jupiter completes its revolutions in less 
 than twelve years ; having in "eighty-four years" made "seven revolutions and traversed in addition 
 one twelfth part of the zodiac." 
 
 The Vetala panchavinsati, a series of twenty-five Sanscrit Tales, written as early perhaps as this 
 date.* ' 
 
 "720 A. D." (art de verif.), Omar II. succeeded by Yezid II., ninth Ommiad khalif. 
 " In or about this year" (hist. Cashm., and H. PI. Wils. hind. dram. ii. 4), Yasovarman reigning 
 at Kanoj. He patronized the Sanscrit dramatist Bhavabhuti. Bhrigu, YKwamitra, Jamadignva 
 (Parasurama son of Jamad.igni), also the sage Agastya, Vasishtha, the poetess Sakuntala, and Yalmiki 
 author of the Ramayana, are mentioned by Bhavabhuti. \ 
 
 * Erythrina Indira of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A species of coral tree called in Mala- 
 bar "moolloo-moorikah," in Tamil " muruka-marum," in Telinga " bad'de-chettu," in Bengalee "palita- 
 mandar," in Hindustanee "furrud" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "pangara" (Graham), in Burmah 
 "ka-theet" (Mason); in which we recognize the "muruca" tree of the Vetala panchavinsati, — re- 
 ferred here by B. < ; li.ibington (lond. Or. transl.) : E. Indica was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 7 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, "common throughout the Concans," a "middle sized tree, trunk and branches 
 armed with black prickles," in the Deccan "generally used as a prop for vines ; " by Roxburgh and 
 Wight, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Coromandel and Bengal, yielding the mootchic wood, 
 light and easily worked, much used for boxes, sword-scabbards, toys, idols, and even rafts and canoes 
 (B. G. Bab., and Drur.) ; by Mason v. 531, indigenous in Burmah, furnishing soft white wood "as 
 easily worked as the pine." 
 
 t Elceocarpu . ganitms of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in the environs of Bombay "oodrach " 
 (Graham) ; and the sacred rosary around the wrist of the military student mentioned by Bhavabhuti 
 uttar. iv. — (transl. H. H. Wils ), the circlet of grains of "aksha" of Kalidasa ragh. xi. 5(1, and the 
 "aksha" prescribed by Susrutas, are referred here by writers: E. ganitrus is described by Rum- 
 phius iii. pi. 101 ; was observed by Nimmo in the Southern Concan, the nuts "worn as necklaces by 
 Brahmins and Faqueers " (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan; and by 
 Burmann pi. 20, on Ceylon. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it 
 continues in gardens (Boj.). 
 
 Cedrela {Soymida) febrifuga of Tropical Hindustan. A large tree called in Sanscrit " rohuna," 
 in Mahratti "rohuni" (J. F. Wats.), in Hindustanee "rohana," in Bengalee "rohun" in Telinga 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 617 
 
 Mimusops elcn^i of Tropical Hindustan. An ornamental tree called in Sanscrit "bakula" or 
 "vukoola" (J. F. Wats.), in Bengalee "bukul," in Hindustanee "mulsari," in Malabar "elengee," in 
 Telinga '•poghada," in Tamil "maghadam" (Drur.), in Mahratta "bugool" or ''buckoolee," in the 
 environs of Bombay "vowlee" (Graham); in which we recognize the "bakula" flowers of Bhavabhuti 
 mal. ii , — Jayadeva, and the " vakula " tree and flowers of Kalidasa ragh. viii. 63 to ix. 33, Susrutas, 
 and the Avadana purna : M. elengi was observed by Rheede i. pi. 20 in Malabar ; by Graham, "in 
 gardens Bombay," and "wild in the ravines at Kandalla," the " Mussulmen had the good taste to 
 plant it round their mausoleums ; " by Roxburgh, wild only " on the mountains of the Rajahmundry 
 
 " soimida," in Tamil " shem-marum " or " woond-marum " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " rouen " 
 or "ruhim" (Graham) ; in which we recognize the " rohin " of Bhavabhuti mal. 9, against whose hol- 
 low trunk an elephant is leaning : — S. febrlfuga was observed by Gibson, Auld, and Nimmo, "in con- 
 siderable abundance in various parts of Goozerat, also in the Adjunta jungles," at " the Sindwah 
 ghaut," and the " Jowar jungles " (Graham) ; by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 17, and Wight, in other parts of 
 the peninsula, its wood remarkably hard and heavy, greatly used by the natives for wood-work in their 
 temples (Drur.). The bark according to Duncan, Ainslie, and others, is a good tonic in intermittent 
 fevers (Lindl ). 
 
 Da'bergia Oujeincnsis of Eastern Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit "tinisha" (Pidd.) ; and 
 the " tinisa" of Bhavabhuti mal. 9, — prescribed medicinally by Susrutas chik. 19 to kalp. 7, is referred 
 here by Hessler ■ B. Oujeinensis was observed by Roxburgh, Wight pi. 391, and Beddome, from the 
 Godavery forests and Nagpore to Oude and Dheyra Dhoon, its timber useful and valuable, employed 
 for making furniture and for house-building, and a kino extracted from the bark (Drur.). 
 
 Pcntaptera arjuna of Tropical Hindustan. A tree called in Sanscrit "arjuna" (J. F. Wats.), in 
 Bengalee "arjoon," in Hindustanee "cahua" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "arjuna" or "urjoon 
 sadra" (Graham) ; in which we recognize the "arjuna" of Bhavabhuti 9, — Kalidasa ragh. xvi. 51, 
 and Susrutas : P. arjuna was observed by Law " common in the jungles to the southeast of Surat," 
 and Gibson found its bark " in great repute among the natives as a tonic internally, and a vulnerary 
 applied externally " (Graham) ; was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Powell, as far as the Punjaub 
 and Bengal (Drur.). A species possessing similar medicinal properties and possibly not distinct, is 
 known to grow in Burmah (.Mason v. 533). 
 
 Jasminum auricula/urn of Tropical Hindustan ? A shrub called in Sanscrit "yoothika" (Pidd.), 
 in the environs of Bombay "jai" (Graham); in which we recognize the "yuthika" of Bhavabhuti 
 nia l. 9, — and Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 8 and 17: J. auriculatum from the gardens of the Hindus of 
 Malabar is described by Vahl symb. iii. 1 ; was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, "in 
 gardens scarce ; " by Roxburgh, and others, as far as Bengal. 
 
 Convolvulus (Argyreia) cuneata of Tropical Hindustan. A shrub, twining when near support 
 (Graham) ; and the cloud spreading over the peak of the mountain, dark as the "tapincha" blossom 
 when full grown and opening at top, mentioned by Bhavabhuti rmh. 5, — may be compared: A. cune- 
 ata was observed by Graham " common in the Mawul districts above the Ghauts," the flowers "pretty 
 large" and "exceedingly beautiful," of a "deep bright purple colour;" by Roxburgh, in other parts 
 of Hindustan. Transported to Europe, is termed " iporrfea atrosanguinea " in the Botanical magazine 
 pi. 2170. 
 
 Salix letraspenna of Hindustan. The Indian willow is a small elegant looking tree (Graham) ; 
 and willows overhanging Godaveri river are mentioned in Bagabhuti uttar. 2— (transl. H. H. Wils.) : 
 S. tetrasperma was observed by Law, and Graham, in "the vale of the Yena and other moist places, 
 Mahableshwur," and " various parts of the Southern Mahratta country ; " by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 97, 
 and Wight, as far as the Khasia hills and Oude (Drur.) 
 
 Gloriosa superba of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A gaudy and beautiful climber called in 
 Malabar " mendoni," in Tamil " caateejan," in Hindustanee " cariari " (Drur.), in the environs of Bom- 
 bay "karianag" or " indoii " or "kalawee" or "buchnag" (Graham), in Hindustanee "ulatchandul" 
 (J F. Wats.£ in Burmah " hsee-mee-touk " (Mason) ; and the lily winding on its slender stalk, men- 
 tioned by Bhavabhuti — (transl. H. H. Wils.), may be compared : G. superba was observed by 
 Rheede vii. pi. 57 in Malabar; by Murray, and Graham, "common in Guzerat and Concans, Maha- 
 bleshwur," springing up "only during the rains," its root tuberous ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, 
 as far as Travancore and Bengal, its root said by the natives to possess nearly the same properties as 
 that ot 4conitum firox and hence termed "wild aconite," applied in paste to the hands and feet in diffi- 
 cult parturition, and a salt procured from it by repeated washing and grinding; by Mason, indigenous 
 in Burmah Westward, was observed by Bojer on Mombas island, near the African coast; but by 
 European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). As transported to Europe, is described 
 by Hermann lugd. pi. 689 Plukenet aim. pi. 116, and Darwin loves of plants. 
 
 7 8 
 
618 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 district ; " by him, and Wight, planted in other parts of Hindustan as far as Bengal and Silhet, its 
 fruit edible, seeds yielding oil, and an odoriferous water distilled by the natives from the flowers ; by 
 Mason, "exotic" in Burmah, its "small delicate sweet-scented blossoms " strung by maidens for gar- 
 lands. Westward, its dried fruit has been found in ancient tombs in Egypt (Champoll.-Fig. 157). 
 By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues in gardens (Boj.). 
 
 "722 A. D." (T. Wright early trav. Palest.)- on reaching Palestine, Willebald found the inhab- 
 itants of Cyprus "not in arms, for there was great peace and friendship between the Greeks and " 
 Muslims. A lion was seen by him on the farthest border of Samaria ; illustrating the description in 
 Jerem. xlix. 19, and 1. 44. 
 
 " As early as this year " (according to the chronicle, Talvi iii. 1), a clerk or writer employed by 
 Libussa, traditionary princess of Bohemia. Bohemian poems are extant that seem earlier than the 
 conversion to Christianity. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 315), by a census in China, the number of persons found to be 
 "45.431,265 ; not'including princes, nobles, mandarins, persons attached to their service, the army, 
 literati, bonzes, nor slaves." 
 
 Ilhcium anisatum of Southwestern China. The fruit used as a spice in cookery by the Chinese 
 as early probably as this date : — the living shrub seen and described by Loureiro p. 353 ; the whole 
 plant, especially the fruit having a pleasant aromatic flavour of anise (Lindl.). Westward, the fruit 
 brought from China and called •' habb eloud," was found by Rouyer in the drug-shops of Egypt : 
 farther West, the imported fruit is described by Gartner i. pi. 69 ; and according to Lindley, is called 
 star anise, "by distillation yields an oil which has most of the properties of oil of anise, for which it 
 is often substituted ; it is chiefly used in the fabrication of liqueurs." * 
 
 " Under the Thang dynasty " (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 473), a regular market opened at Canton, 
 attended by an officer to receive the tax or duties belonging to government. 
 
 "723 A. D. (= 1st of the nengo ten-pe-foo-zi = cyclique kiatzu," inscript., and Klapr.). the city 
 of Ta-ka-seki in Oziou, opposite to the island of Yeso. founded by O-no-no Assa-yemi, general in 
 charge of the forts. 
 
 " 724 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Gensioo succeeded by her nephew Sioomu, now forty- 
 fifth dairo of Japan. 
 
 " In this year" (Jap. centen. comm. 60 to 90), the potter's wheel introduced into Japan by the 
 priest Giyoki ; and " samples of earthenware made at that time " are extant. Giyoki proposed the 
 erection of a colossal bronze statue of Budha : and the plan was carried out by Shomu. 
 
 "The same year = 12th year of the 'kai-youan' of Ming-hoang-ti " (Chinese chron. table), begin- 
 ning of the Fiftv-seventh cycle. 
 
 "During the khai-youan of Youan-tsoung or Ming-houng-ti (= 713 to 741," Rem. mel. iii. S5), 
 Cambodia divided into two States, the Northern mountainous portion, and the Southern lowland. 
 
 '• The same \ ear " (T. Wright), by Yezid II. " instigated by the Jews,'' an edict issued " at the 
 end of his reign" against the paintings in Christian churches within his dominions. The measure 
 led to the re-commencement of hostilities between the Greeks and Muslims. 
 
 " Before the close of the year" (art de verif.), Yezid II. succeeded by Hescham, tenth Ommiad 
 khalif. Coins issued by Hescham, are figured by Marcel p. 38. 
 
 "726 A. D." (Sm. b. d ), edict by Leo III. Isaurus abolishing image-symbols in Christian wor- 
 ship. — Followed by the refusal of Rome and Western Europe to acknowledge any longer the author- 
 ity of the Byzantine emperors, in taxes or otherwise. 
 
 Rtimex scutatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy "acetosa romana" 
 or "tonda" (Lenz) ; and the TTeTpOAarTaSOU whose root is prescribed in the treatise Euporist. 
 ii. 47 — (Spreng.), may be compared: R. scutatus was observed by D'Urville on the island of Milo 
 (Bory). Westward, is described bv Miller (Steud.) ; is known to grow wild in Switzerland "inter 
 acervos lapidum " (Pers.) and as far North as Hesse Lat. 51° in Germany (Koch, and A. Dec.) ; 
 occurs also "on walls" in Holland and the neighbouring portion of France (fl. Bat., and Breb.), and 
 naturalized in Britain (Wats.) ; was once cultivated as far North as Sweden (Fries). 
 
 " 727 A. D." (Blair), the tax called '• Peter pence," instituted by Ina king of Wessex ; to sup- 
 port a college in Rome. 
 
 "730 A. D." (Sm. b. d.), the revolt at Constantinople quelled bv Leo III. Isaurus, who deposed 
 and banished the patriarch Germanus, and appointed in his place the iconoclast Anastasius. In the 
 course of the disturbances, the library of "thirty-six thousand" volumes in the church of St. Sophia 
 was destroyed by fire. 
 
 * Ihicium reHgiosum of China and Japan. Called " skimi " in Japan, and chiefly employed as a 
 perfume by the priests of Japan and China — (Kaempf., Siebold, and Lindl.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 619 
 
 The nlQrOQemmeUS of Britain, described by Beda hist, eccles. i. 1 as when rubbed 
 detaining light substances like amber, also inflammable, — is doubtless jet. 
 
 The milSCuLke of Britain, described by Beda as of various colours, reddish, purple, violet, 
 greenish, but especially white, sometimes containing pearls, — are clearly fresh-water mussels, Unio 
 margaritaceus. 
 
 The &. u C & for cooking hanging against the wall, mentioned by Beda vit. Cuthb. 36, — may be 
 compared with the great auk, Alca impennis. This bird formerly frequent along the Northern shores 
 of the Atlantic from Denmark to Newfoundland and Massachusetts Bay on the American side, is at 
 the present day nearly extinct. 
 
 "73'> June roth " (Bed. hist. eccl. v. 23), end of the chronicle of Beda ; who (according to his 
 own statement) was now "fifty-nine " years old. — He died in " 735 " (chron. contin. anon., Smith, 
 and Pouchet). 
 
 " In this year " (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Gregorius the younger succeeded by Gregorius the 
 third, twenty-fifth archbishop. 
 
 "732 A. D." (art de verif.), the Muslims after overrunning a large portion of France, as far as 
 the Loire, finally defeated at Tours by Charles Martel. Soon afterwards, they were compelled to 
 retire into Spain. 
 
 One hundred and fifty-first generation. May 1st, 734, onward mostly beyond youth : the Chi- 
 nese poets Thou-fou, and Li-tai-pe : the Arab writers, the traveller and botanist Abu Saher, Madain 
 (dead 768, Gildem.), Ebn El-Ala the grammarian (Lane diet.) : Isidorus Pacensis, Clemens Antisio- 
 dorensis, Joannes Mailrosius, the monk Antonius Melissa, Fredegaire (Blair) ; Joannes Damascenus 
 who first composed a system of Divinity from the Greek fathers (Blair), Cosmas of Jerusalem, Joannes 
 patriarch of Jerusalem ; Rupertus bishop of Worms. 
 
 " In this year " (Sm. b. d.), unsuccessful attempt by Leo III. Isaurus to recover his authority at 
 Ravenna. His expedition failed, and the city was captured by Lombards. Leo now detached lllyria, 
 Greece, and Macedonia from the spiritual authority of Rome to that of the patriarchs of Constanti- 
 nople, completing the separation of the Greek and Latin churches. 
 
 "736 A. D." (Mason ii. 21), in Burmah, Pungnareka anointed king of Pegu. He governed in 
 accordance with the divine law, studied the Budhist scriptures, and attended constantly with his 
 queens, concubines, and courtiers on the preaching of learned teachers and holy priests. 
 
 "741 A. D." (Alst), Leo III. Isaurus succeeded by Constantinus VI. Copronymus, twenty- 
 fourth Byzantine emperor. 
 
 " 742 A. D." (Alst.), at Rome, Gregorius the third succeeded by Zacharias, twenty-sixth arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst., and Nicol.), the first synod dated by the Christian era : a computation 
 now beginning to be used in history. 
 
 "743 A. D." (art de verif.), Hescham succeeded by Walid II., eleventh Ommiad khalif. 
 
 "In this year" (Jap. centen. comm. 90), commencement of a second bronze statue of Budha 
 "about fifty feet in height." — The statue has been " greatly damaged by an earthquake " and by 
 fire, but " still exists in Nara." 
 
 "744 A. D." (art de verif.), Walid II. succeeded by Yezid III. ; shortly afterwards, by Ibrahim ; 
 and before the close of the year, by Merwan II., fourteenth Ommiad khalif. 
 
 "In this year " (Gildem. p. 1 1), Bukhara captured by the Muslims. — Held by them six years. 
 
 "745 A. D." (Mar Gabriel, Wisscher, and Coq.-Montbret in rec. voy. et mem. 33), the number 
 of Christians in Southern Hindustan having been reduced to '' sixty-four " families, a large accession 
 from Jerusalem and the Euphrates sent out by the patriarch of Babylon under the charge of a mer- 
 chant named Thomas. The new colonists of both sexes and all ages obtained permission of the king 
 of Cranganor to settle there, and built several churches, their houses numbering " four hundred and 
 seventy-two." 
 
 "In this year" (Pauth. auth. 79, and Yule cath. i. p. xcii), decree of the emperor Hiouan-tsoung 
 statino- That as the religion of the sacred books known as "Persian" (Christianity) originally came 
 from Tathsin (the Byzantine Empire), the name " Persian temples " should be changed to " Tathsin 
 
 temples." 
 
 "746 A. D." (Blair), pestilence desolating Europe and Asia. — It continued three years. 
 
 "The same year" (Chron. and Cockayne iii. p 453), Selred king of Essex slain. 
 
 " In this year (=802 Vicram.," Vansav., and Wilf. as. res. ix. 185), Narwaleh built by Vana-raja,. 
 now " fifty years " old and head of the last dynasty of balharas or kings of Guzerat : or according to 
 Elphinstone iv. 1, the Chauras dynasty of kings of Guzerat establishing their capital at Anhalwara, — 
 now called Pattan. 
 
 "749 A. D. (in the seventh month of 1409th year of Synmu," art de verif.), Sioomu succeeded by 
 his daughter Kooken, now dairo of Japan. In the first year of her reign, gold, hitherto imported from 
 
620 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Corea or China, discovered in the province of Osio in Japan (the event is placed two years earlier in 
 Jap. centen. coram. 96). 
 
 "750 A. D." (art de verif.), Merwan II. succeeded by Abu'l Abbas, of the Abbas family and now 
 khalif. The seat of government was removed from Damascus to a town on the Euphrates : a change 
 accompanied with the loss of Spain, which became an independent Muslim kingdom. 
 
 " In this year also (= 132 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), the Muslims expelled from Sind, — which 
 remained in the possession of the Hindus nearly "five hundred" years. 
 
 Janah-bin-Abbada, appointed by Abu'l Abbas governor of Oman, building the mosque of Janah or 
 Jamah. He secretly countenanced the doctrines of the el-Ibadhiyah, — and this sect, taking the gov- 
 ernment into their own hands, established Julanda-bin-Mas'ud as the first rightful imam of Oman. 
 He was slain in battle after maintaining a successful opposition against Abu'l Abbas "two years and 
 one month." 
 
 " About this year " (Steinsch. ii. 8), origin of the Karaite sect among the Jews, and Karaite litera- 
 ture commenced by Anan ben David. 
 
 "751 A. D." (Alst., and Blair), through the influence of Zacharias archbishop of Rome, Chil- 
 deric III. of France forced into a monastery; and succeeded by Pepin son of Charles Martel. The 
 Merovingian or First French dynasty, giving place to the Carlovingian. In return, Pepin ceded the 
 Exarchate of Ravenna with other territory to the archbishop of Rome. 
 
 Papyri of this date (= " 133 hej.," De Sacy chrest. ii. p. 531) written in a character nearly identical 
 with the Neskhi Arabic, have been discovered in Egypt. 
 
 "753 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Zacharias succeeded by Stephanus the younger; and 
 before the close of the year, by Stephanus the third, twenty-eighth archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (Talvi iii. 1 ), the Czekhs or Bohemians under duke Nezamysl, "said to have 
 first distributed the lands in fee, and to have given to the whole community a constitutional form." 
 
 "7^4 A. D." (art de verif.), Abu'l Abbas succeeded by El-Mansur, second Abbassid khalif. Coins 
 issued by El-Mansur, are figured by Marcel p. 44. 
 
 " The same year " (Pauth. 315). by a census, the population of China found to consist of " 52.8S4,- 
 818 persons, not including princes, nobles, mandarins, nor those in their service, nor the military, 
 literati, bonzes, nor sltves."* 
 
 " 755 A. D." (Remusat, and Pauth. 382), end of the Thoung-tian ; an encyclopedic statistical work 
 by the Chinese archaeologist Thou-yeou. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst ) a synod at Constantinople (by some ranked as a general Council), con- 
 sisting of " three hundred and thirty-eight " bishops. The exclusion of images of saints from churches 
 was sanctioned. 
 
 " 756 A. D. = 'tchi-te,' 1st year of Sou-tsoung, of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty (Chinese 
 chron. table). He continued to favour Christianity (inscript. Singanfu). 
 
 Not later than this year (= 701 an. jav. -\- "20 years" of Nata Kasuma, Raffles x ), Kasuma 
 Wichitra succeeded by his son Ra '.en Aji Nirmala, fifth lineal descendant from Jaya Misana and now 
 king of Java. 
 
 "In this year" (Sm. b. d.), the Lombard king Aistulph compelled by Pepin of France to cede 
 the city and district of Ravenna to the Roman archbishop Stephanus the third. The beginning of 
 the "temporal power" of the church of Rome. 
 
 Humulus lupulus of Northern climates. Called in Britain hop, in Anglo-Saxon " lrvmele," in 
 mediaeval Latin "hupa," in German "hopfe," in Dutch " hoppen," in Tartar "kumalak,"in Hungarian 
 " comlo," in Slavonian " chmel," in Esthonian and Finnish " humala," in Swedish " humle," in Danish 
 "homle," and in French "houblon" (A. Dec, and Prior), and mentioned by king Pepin in a letter 
 of dotation, — and by Adelard (Beckm.) : H. lupulus is termed "lupulus mas et fcemina" by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 535, and is known to grow wild throughout middle Europe (Pers., and A. Dec). East- 
 ward, was observed by Belon, Forskal, and Sibthorp, in hedges around Constantinople and in Asia 
 Minor; and according to Clot-Bey, was introduced by Delile into Egypt; is known to grow wild 
 around Caucasus, throughout Siberia to the Aldan branch of the Lena and Lat. 62 (Gmel.) ; and was 
 seen by Thunberg on the mountains of Southern Japan, indigenous and nowhere cultivated. Farther 
 East, was observed by E. James along the Rocky Mountains at the head waters of the Arkansas ; 
 lower down along the Arkansas, and along the Mississippi and Missouri, by Nuttall ; at Lat. 49 on 
 
 * Begonia sp. of China. The autumnal "hai-tang" from sea rocks, celebrated by poets under 
 the Thang dynasty, from its flowers having "two large and two small petals" — (Cibot in mem. Chin. iii. 
 p. 443), would seem to be a species of Begonia. The "hai-tang" is further described by Cibot as of 
 a fine red, fragrant, bearing peach-coloured flowers, and perennial in the South and more flourishing 
 than at Pekin ; not noticed by medical writers, but for the last two centuries planted in the grounds 
 around the palace. B. grandis was seen in Japan by Kasmpfer pi. 20. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 62 1 
 
 Red river of Lake Winnipeg, by Say; is known to grow wild along the Ohio and its tributaries ; and 
 along our Atlantic streams, appeared to me wild on tributaries of the Delaware. The cultivated hop 
 was however brought from Europe by colonists. 
 
 "757 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Stephanus III. succeeded by his brother Paulus, 
 twenty-ninth archbishop. 
 
 " 7S 8 A. D." (Pauth 316), disturbances excited at Canton by the Arab and Persian traders ; who 
 after plundering the warehouses, retired by sea. 
 
 " 759 A. D. (= 1419th of Synmu," art de verif.), Kooken succeeded by Fai-tai, great grandson of 
 Tenmu, and now dairo of Japan. 
 
 "760 A. D." (Jap. c. c. 96), "a more elaborate money system" established in Japan, "consisting 
 of gold, silver, and copper coins" (attributed however to "the emperor Sunnin"). 
 
 " 762 A. D." (Marcel), Bagdad, near ancient Babylon, founded by khalif El-Mansur for the new 
 seat of government. — Also, Mansura on the west bank of the Indus for the seat of government of his 
 prefect (Kaswini, and Gildem.). 
 
 "The same year = 6th of the nengo zin-ki = cyclique jin-yn," date of an inscription by Fousi- 
 wara-no Ye-mi-no, general in charge of the forts, placed by him before the gate of the city of Ta-ka- 
 seki, not far from the island of Yeso. — A copy of the inscription is given in the San-kokf (transl. 
 Klapr. p. 216). 
 
 "763 A. D. = 'kouang-te,' 1st year of Tai-tsoung II., of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). He continued to favour Christianity (inscript. Singanfu). 
 
 "The same year = beginning of the Fourteenth manwantara" among the Hindus — (Graha 
 Munjari tables, and Bentl.). 
 
 In ascending the Nile, the "barns of Joseph " (pyramids) described by Fidelis as looking in the 
 "distance like mountains." On landing, he found near " the group of three " a lion and eight men 
 and women all lying dead ; " the lion had slain them by its strength," and they had slain the lion with 
 their spears and swords. Fidelis afterwards sailed through the canal to the Red Sea, on his way to 
 Palestine (T. Wright early trav. Palest.). 
 
 "765 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Fai-tai deposed, and the government resumed by 
 Ko-ken, now under the name of Sio-tok as forty-eighth dairo of Japan. 
 
 "766 or 767 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Jerusalem. In favour of image-symbols in Christian 
 worship. 
 
 One hundred and fifty-second generation. Sept. 1st, 767, onward mostly beyond youth : the 
 Jewish writers, Ishak ben-Jaakub el Isfahani : the Arab writers, Sibawaih, El-Khaleel, Ebn Seiyar 
 El-Khurasanee, Yoonus, El-Kisa-ee (Lane diet.) : Paulinus Aquileiensis : the Greek writers, Tarasius, 
 and Theognostus. 
 
 " In this year " (Dionys. of Telmahre, and Gildem.), the Byzantine territories invaded by Muslims, 
 including Sindian troops. 
 
 " The same year " (T. Wright), Mohammed ben Abdallah having revolted at Medina (Leps.) the 
 canal leading from the Nile to the Red Sea blocked up by khalif El-Mansur (see Ramessu II.). 
 
 "768 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Paulus succeeded by Stephanus IV., thirtieth arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Pepin succeeded by his son Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne) as king 
 of France. Where his preceptor Alcuinus of England, became the "restorer of learning" (Blair). 
 
 "770 A. D." (Blair), by the Byzantine emperor Constantinus VI., the monasteries in the East 
 dissolved, and the monks and nuns compelled to marry. 
 
 " The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Ko-ken or Sio-tok succeeded by Koonin or Kwo- 
 nin, grandson of Tent-sii, and now forty-ninth dairo of Japan. 
 
 Of woods from early times used in Japan, specimens of " hiba " (T/iuyopsis dolabratd)* nedzuko 
 (Thuyopsis laetevirens), " wabyakudan (Tftuya" ....), "larch tree" (Larix ....), " inugaya 
 (Cephalotaxus dmpacea)," " tsuga {Abies Ihuga)," "tohi {Abies alkokiana), shirabe (Abies Veitchii)" 
 "walnut tree" (Juglans ....), " sawa-kurumi {Pterocarya sorb/folia)," "evergreen oak in two 
 
 * Abies bifida of Japan, as far as Yeso. A spruce called by the Ainos "sunk," in Japan " momi " 
 (Sieb., and Jap. c. c. 30) : known from early times, — and its wood enumerated by Siebold among the 
 kinds especially fit for shipbuilding and supplying masts. 
 
 Quercus dentata of Japan, as far as Yeso. Called by the Ainos "gomuni" (Sieb.), in Japan 
 "kashiwa" (Jap. c. c.) ; and its wood from early times used'by the Ainos "for oars and other instru- 
 ments " — (Sieb. 41 and 170). 
 
 Sophora Japonica of Japan, as far as Yeso. A tall tree called by the Ainos "tokbeni" or 
 "tsikbe," in Japan "jendsju" (Sieb ) or "yenji" (Jap. c. c. 31) ; and its wood used from early times. 
 — From transported specimens, described by Linnaeus (Pers.). 
 
622 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 kinds," "ubamegashi (Quercus phillyroides)," " nara (Qztercus crispula)," "chestnut tree" (Cas/a- 
 nea ....), "minebari (Alnus firma), alder" (Alnus ....), " midzume (Detula ulmifolia), 
 shirakanba (Betula alba)," "kurokaba (Rhamnece" ■■■■), "beech" {Fagus ....)> " keyaki 
 (P Itinera Japonica)," " mukuno-ki (CV/tfj aspera), yenoki (C«/ftJ Sinensis), harunire (Ulmus campes- 
 tris), yamagiri (Elaeococca cordata)," "box tree" (Buxus . . . ), " inu-tsuge (//«r crenata)," 
 "katsura (Cercidiphyllum Japonieum)," " nurude, (/Maj semialatd), utsugi (Deutzia seabra)," 
 " sumomo, (kind of plum tree), pear tree" (/>;-«.r ....), "kwarin (/Vrwy Chinensis)," "horse 
 chestnut " (Aesculus . . ), " mukurogi, (Sapiudus mukurosi), momiji, (. /«r polymorphttm)," 
 "shirakuchi (Actinidia arguta), kenponashi (Hovenia duleis)," " toneriko (Fraxinus longicusis)" 
 "chan-chin" (....). " sendan (J Mia Japonica)," " yego (5//rar .... )," "saru-suberi {Lagers 
 troemia . . )," " isu (Distylium racemosum)," " mayumi (Euonymus Sieboldianus)," " soro 
 (Carpinus sp. . . )," "aodako" (....), "shio-ji (Kaloponax ricin (folia)," " koyosan (Ca«- 
 ninghamia Sinensis), yamanashi " ( . . ), " midzuki (Cornus brachypoda)," "shirotsuga" 
 ( . . . ), "sogeki (Myrsine neriifolia)," "midsukusa" ( . . . ), " zumi (Pyrus sp." . . . ), 
 and " kuromoji (Lindera sericea)" — -were exhibited at our Centennial exposition (Jap. c. c. 30). 
 Also, wood of 
 
 Camellia Japonica of Japan. A large and lofty tree called " tsubaki " (Jap c. c. 31), and known 
 from early times : — observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, abounding in the forest, frequent also in 
 gardens. Transported to Europe and North America is called Camelia, and has become a favourite 
 in greenhouses, where numerous and much admired variations have been produced in the flower. 
 
 "771 A. D." (= 719 -j- cycle of 52 yrs., Clavig. ii.), accession of Huetzin, third Toltec king of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Datura stramonium of Eastern Asia. The thomapple called in Mexico " tlapatl " (Hernand. 
 278), and known there from early times ; * — attributed to Mexico by Columna phytob. pi. 12: in 
 Northeast America is sometimes called* Jamestown-weed from being found by the first English 
 colonists on James river; is known to occur in waste places throughout our Atlantic States from 
 Florida to Canada; was observed by Nuttall along the Missouri to its source; by Sloane i. 159, in 
 the West Indies ; by Humboldt, near Caraccas (Kunth) ; by Martius, and myself, in Brazil ; bv C. 
 Gav, and myself, in Chili ; by myself, in Peru, and perhaps aboriginally introduced on the Hawaiian 
 Islands. Farther West, was observed by Thunberg near Nagasaki in Japan; is known to occur 
 in Tartary and Southern Siberia from the Altaian to the Talysch mountains (Gmel., and Georgi), 
 also in waste places along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; is termed " tatula Turcorum " by Bauhin 
 hist. iii. 624, and at this time was regularly cultivated in Europe (Zannichelli 253), but soon became 
 a weed, as appears from Gerarde, Ray, and Zanoni ; is termed "stramonium" by Alpinus 42, 
 "stramonium fructu spinoso oblongo flore albo " by Tournefort inst. 119; was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, from Smyrna to the Peloponnesus, and called " tatoula ;" but in Italy accord- 
 ing to A. Decandolle "slramonio" or "strimonio." Clearly by European colonists, was carried to 
 Madeira (Lemann) ; and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). 
 
 Datura ferox, — used in China by thieves to deprive their victims of the power of resistance 
 (Crau'f. ind. arch, i, and Graham), is regarded by A. Decandolle as possibly not distinct. 
 
 '•772 A D." (Alst., Blair, and Nicol), at Rome, Stephanus IV. succeeded by Hadrianus, thirty- 
 first archbishop. 
 
 "774 A. IV (Leo Marsic. i. 15, and Fabric, bibl.), the kingdom of the Longobardi or Lombards 
 overthrown by Charlemagne, and Paulus Diaconus, secretary to the last king Desiderius, taken pris- 
 oner. — After being exiled, Paulus Diaconus was received into favour and honoured by Charlemagne. 
 
 "775 A. D." (Alst.), Constantinus VI. succeeded by his son Leo IV., twenty-fifth Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), El-Mansur succeeded by El-Mahadi, third Abbassid khalif. 
 Coins issued by El-Mahadi, are figured by Marcel p. 45. 
 
 776 A. D. = " 701 an. jav." (Nata Kasuma, and Raffles ix. and x.), the Javan poem of the Brata 
 Yudha or war of the Pandus composed by the Pandita Puseda, or " by order of Dewa Batata Guru." 
 
 * Rhizophora mangle of muddy Tropical shores, in the Atlantic and throughout the islands of the 
 Pacific. A mangrove known from early times ;— observed byCatesbyii.pl. 63 in the Bahamas; 
 by Jacquin pi. 89 in the West Indies ; and known to grow from Lat. 29 (twenty miles below St. 
 Augustine according to N. A. Ware), and from the mouths of the Mississippi, throughout the islands 
 and along the shore of the continent as far as Brazil (Kunth, and Dec.) : also along the opposing 
 shore of Equatorial Africa (fl. Nigr. p. 341). Westward, is known to grow from *" Lat. 24 38' " 
 along the Pacific shore of America to the border of Peru (A. Dec.) ; also at the Galapagos Islands 
 (J. D. Hook.) ; was observed by myself at the Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean islands* by Rich, 
 at the Tarawan coral-islands ; and is known to grow as far as the New Hebrides and New Caledonia 
 (End!.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 623 
 
 Bisura Champaca (son of king Raden Aji Nirmala and father of Ang'ling Derma) leaving Milawa 
 Pati proceeded to Mendang Kamulan possibly not earlier than this date. Mendang Kamulan became 
 the new seat of government, — and its ruins continue to be pointed out, consisting of "heaps of 
 stones and bricks" and "walls and excavations of an extensive tank" in an extensive forest in the 
 district of Wirasaba. 
 
 "779 A. D. (= 14th year ta-li of Sou-tsoung," Remus, mel. iii. 86), Pho-mi viceroy of Cam- 
 bodia, accompanied by his wife, visiting the court of China. 
 
 "780 A. D. = ' kien-tchoung,' 1st year of Te-tsoung, of the Thang " or Fifteenth dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). He continued to favour Christianity (inscript. Singanfu). 
 
 At this time (= "980 — about two hundred years " of Velasco, Markh. edit. G. de la Vega ii. 
 347), the Caras tribe under the rule of a scyri dwelling on coast of the Pacific opposite Quito. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), Leo IV. succeeded by Constantinus VII., twenty-sixth Byzantine 
 emperor. Ruling jointly with his mother Irene, — the succeeding " ten " years. 
 
 " 781 A. D." (= " 2d year Kienchung = 1092 of the Greeks "), date of the Singanfu inscription, 
 "Hanan Ishu'a" being Nestorian patriarch (news of his death "in 778" not having reached this 
 remote station). 
 
 " 781 to 782 A. D." (De Wailly pi. iv. 10), a manuscript of this date, presenting the following 
 form of the letter $. 
 
 " 782 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif ), Koonin succeeded by his son Kouan-mu, now fiftieth 
 dairo of Japan. 
 
 ''784 A. D. = 1st year of the 'hing-youan' of Te-tsoung" (Chinese chron. table), beginning 
 of the Fifty-eighth cycle. 
 
 A Tibetan work on medicine, derived like the whole of Tibetan Literature from Sanscrit in the 
 Eightli century (Csoma de Koros, and Royle antiq. hind. med. 48). 
 
 " The same year" (art de verif.), El-Mahadi succeeded by El-Hadi, fourth Abbassid khalif. 
 
 " 786 A. D." (art de verif.), El-Hadi succeeded by Harun-el-Rashid, fifth Abbassid khalif. 
 Literature and science were protected and encouraged by Harun-el-Rashid; and his memory has 
 also been cherished for benevolent acts. Coins issued by him are figured by Marcel p. 48. 
 
 A Sanscrit treatise on poisons translated into Persian by Manka, a Hindu at the court of Harun- 
 el-Rashid (Royle antiq. hind. med. p. 184). 
 
 Sindbad after according to his own account visiting Kela (the river Calung in Malacca) where 
 were "mines of tin, plantations of sugar-cane and excellent camphor," sent on his seventh and last 
 voyage by Harun-el-Rashid as ambassador to Ceylon. 
 
 Dryobalanops? camphora of the Equatorial portion of Sumatra and Borneo. A large tree 
 affording precious camphor; clearly the " excellent camphor " seen by Sindbad at Kela, — and 
 "excellent sort of camphor " from the island of Ramni seen by Ebn Wahab: precious camphor is 
 mentioned also by Ebn Amran, Edrisi, Abulfeda, and Bakui (see Spreng.) ; " canfara sold for its 
 weight in gold " was seen by Marco Polo 169 on Java ; and camphor, by Nicolo Conti on Sumatra : 
 D. camphora is known to be rare and confined to a narrow belt of territory along the Equator only 
 on Sumatra and Borneo (Houttuyn xxi pi. 8, Colebr. as. res. xii. pi. . . , and Jack comp. bot. mag. 
 i. 264) ; the drug according to Blume is procured from fissures in the bark and wood, also by incisions, 
 is much firmer than common camphor and is not volatilised by exposure to the air, does not find its 
 way to Europe, but is chiefly exported to China and Japan where it is highly valued for its stimulant 
 tonic properties (Lindl.). 
 
 787 A. D. (= "6th year of Kouan-mu," art de verif., see also San-kokf transl. Klapr. p. 218), 
 Japan invaded by the Ainos, — who continued their ravages " nine " years until defeated by the 
 Japanese general Tamamar or Tamoura-maro near the city of Ta-ka-seki. Tamoura-maro now 
 pushed Northward, and extended the frontier beyond Oma and the districts of Nambou and Tsou- 
 gar; being the " Second " establishment of a boundary between the Ainos and Japanese. 
 
 " Sept. 24th " (Nicol., see also Alst.), Seventh general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at 
 Nice. In favour of image-symbols, and the intercession of saints. — The authority of this and the 
 Six anterior general Councils, continues to be recognized by the Greek church (E. A. Soph.). 
 
 Under the direction of Charlemagne, a volume written against image-symbols and errors of the 
 Romish church — (Alst. p. 370). 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.). Uru reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "790 A. D." (Talvi i.). The Slavonian tribes subdued by Charlemagne, enumerated by his 
 secretary and annalist Eginhard as the Veletaba;, Sorabae, Obotrites, and Bohemians, all speaking 
 not the same, but very similar languages. 
 
 Cariina vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain carlim thistle, 
 in medieval Latin "Carolina" (Prior), and named after Charlemagne — (according to a legend in 
 
624 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Tabernasmontan ii. p. 391) : C. vulgaris is described by Fuchsius p. 127, and Tragus f. 322 (Spreng.) ; 
 is termed "c. sylvestris vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 50°; and is known to grow in woods and 
 mountainous situations throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 11 74, Engl. bot. 
 pi. 1 144, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and around Constanti- 
 nople ; and is described by Pallas (Steud.). Its dried calyx according to Persoon is hygrometric, 
 expanding in fine weather, and closing when the atmosphere becomes moist.* 
 
 "796 A. D." (Alst.), at Rome, Hadrianus succeeded by Leo III., thirty-second archbishop. 
 
 "797 A. D." (Alst.), Irene now sole ruler of the Byzantine empire. 
 
 " 798 A. D." (Gaubil, and Paulh. p. 322), arrival in China of " three ambassadors " from Harun- 
 el-Rashid to the emperor Te-tsoung. And the. ceremony of " ko-teou " or prostration, regarded as a 
 mere form, after some scruples complied with. 
 
 ■• At this time " (Talvi i.), the Slavonian inhabitants of Pannonia already converted to Christian- 
 ity, through " German priests. '' 
 
 "At the end of the Eighth century" (Mem. de l'lnstit. v. p. 430), an embassy from Harun-el- 
 Rashid to Charlemagne, bearing the keys of Jerusalem. Charlemagne proceeded to erect in that city 
 a large building for the use of pilgrims from his dominions. 
 
 "800, Dec. 25th " (Alst.), in opposition to the Byzantine Empire, Charlemagne declared "Em- 
 peror of the West "by archbishop Leo III. In return, Charlemagne confirmed the grant of his 
 father Pepin, and added more territory to the church of Rome, conveying political authority or 
 "temporal power." 
 
 At this time, " 796 to 804 A. D." (Lubke and Lutrow), building by Charlemagne of the Kaiser 
 kapelle at Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 One hundred and fifty-third generation. Jan. 1st, 801, onward mostly beyond youth: the Jewish 
 writers, Isaac of France, Mashalla el-Andrusger, and Sahl et Thaberi : the Arab writers, El-Kindi, 
 Asmai or Ben Coraib, El-Yezeedee, Ebn Shumeyl, Kutrub, El-Farra, Abu Obeydeh. Esch-Sheybanee, 
 Abu Zeyd(Lane diet.), Jahia-Ebn-Serapion (Spreng. hist, med.) : the Greek writers, Theodorus Studites, 
 Joseph Studites, Isaacius Theophanes ; the chronologer Georgius Syncellus, Dionysius.of Telmahre : 
 the theologians, the monk Usuardus, Ludgerus the first monastic bishop, Paschasius Ratbertus, 
 Ansgariu.s, Claudius Scotus, Jonas Aurelianensis, and Halitgarius ; Theodulphus, Leidrade : the 
 Irish geographer Dicuil, the traveller Hetton (Yoyag. Belg.). 
 
 "802 A. D." (Alst.), Irene dethroned; and the accession of Nicephorus, twenty-eighth Byzan- 
 tine emperor. 
 
 " In the beginning of the Ninth century" (R. H. Major in soc. Hakl., see Ebn Wahab), arrival 
 of Soliman the merchant at " Canfu " or Canton. He found there a Muslim judge, presiding over 
 those of his own religion, under appointment from the Chinese emperor. 
 
 Ocymum basiliLum of Tropical Asia. Called in Britain basil (Prior), in Yemen " haebak " or 
 usually as in Egypt "rihan ; " in which we recognize the "rihan Soliman" — known "at Ispahan" 
 according to Ebn Masawia, and Avicenna mentioned also by Ebn Baitar (the name in common with 
 the Greek " origanon " is derived from the Hebrew " ryh " meaning odour): O. basilicum is known 
 to be cultivated in Persia (Pers.) ; was observed by Forskal under cultivation in Yemen ; by him, 
 and Belon, in the gardens of Egypt; again by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople; and is well 
 known in the gardens of Europe (Bauh., and Blackwell pi. 104). Eastward, has been long cultivated 
 in Hindustan, is called in Bengalee " babooitulsee," in Hindustanee " kala-tulsee " or " pashana 
 
 * Gosypium religiosum of Tropical America? A shrub, small-flowered, and called in the 
 environs of Bombay "deo kapoos " or " ek shengkapoos" (Graham), on the Feejee Islands "ngal- 
 ingali" (Hale); and possibly the "plant yielding fibre resembling cotton '' that was "introduced by 
 a native of India" in "799 A. D.," — and cultivated for "some thirty years" in Southern Japan 
 (Jap. c. c. 74): cotton according to Schouw 149 has been cultivated in China only from the Ninth 
 century (A. Dec), referring perhaps to nankin cotton, yielded according to Royle. by this species ; 
 a variety bearing nankin-coloured wool was observed by Forster on Taheiti (Royle him. 99), and 
 cotton-wool of this colour was seen by Peale on the Feejee Islands : cotton was seen on the Marque- 
 sas in 1793 by capt. J. Roberts (hist. coll. Mass. iv. 245) : G. religiosum, frequent about the dwellings 
 of the natives on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, so far as observed 
 by myself had uniformly white wool, and the only use made of it was for kmp-wicks among the 
 Taheitians. Westward, G. religiosum according to Roxburgh has only recently been introduced 
 into Hindustan; was observed by Graham "at a temple in Giergaum road Bombay," and by Elphin- 
 stone at Rutnagiree. Transported to Europe, is described by Linnajus, and Cavanilles v'i pi. 164. 
 " G. Barbadense," by some writers regarded as not distinct, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 188 
 (Pers.), and was observed by Swartz under cultivation in the West Indies (A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 625 
 
 cheddee," in Tamil " tirnoot-patchie," in Telinga " vepoodipatsa " (Drur.) ; was observed by Rheede 
 x. pi. 87 in Malabar, and called " soladi tirtava ; " by Graham, "in gardens " at Bombay, " used in 
 seasoning dishes ; " by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from Travancore to Oude and Bengal ; and 
 according to Ainslee, the pilose variety is employed to assuage the pains of childbirth. Farther East, 
 is enumerated by Mason as "exotic" in Burmah. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it continues to be abundantly cultivated. 
 
 "804 A. D." (mel. Remusat iii. 278), arrival in China of a Japanese ambassador accompanied 
 by Kobou-daisi. Who now made the acquaintance of Hindu priests, and obtained from them books 
 on religious subjects, especially one that had been translated from the Sanscrit. — Returning " in 
 806," and having invented the Dosia powder, Kobou-daisi contributed largely to the extension of 
 Budhism in Japan. 
 
 "805 A. D. = ' young-tching,' 1st year of Chun-tsoung, of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty — ■ 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 One of the capitularia by Charlemagne respecting villas or country-seats is dated in this year 
 (Spreng. p. 223). 
 
 Shim angustifolium of Northern climates. Called in Greece " ngroselinon " (Sibth.) : the 
 S I L U m of the capitularia of Charlemagne — is referred here by Antony, and Sprengel : S. angusti- 
 folium is known to make good fodder for cattle : is termed "s. sive apium palustre foliis oblongis " 
 by Tournefort inst. 308 ; and is known to grow in watery places throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 247, Gouan, Jacq. austr. pi. 67, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 
 thorp in watery places in the Peloponnesus ; is known to be widely extended (A. Dec.) ; as far East 
 according to A. Gray as " Michigan " in America. 
 
 Tragopogon porrifolius of the Uralian plains. Called in English gardens salsify, in France 
 "salsifis," in medieval Latin " solsequium " (Prior), in Germany " haberwurzel " (Grieb), in Greece 
 " triboura " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the S LS 6 q U I &. of the capitularia of Charlemagne : — 
 T. porrifolius is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced into Britain after the departure of the 
 Romans, but escaping from cultivation had become naturalized before the days of Gerarde ; is natu- 
 ralized also on the neighbouring portion of the continent (Koch, Wats., and Lecl.) ; was observed by 
 Forskal in cultivated ground near Marseilles ; and is termed "t. purpuro-caeruleum porri folio quod 
 arlifi vulgo" by Tournefort inst. 477. Eastward, was observed by Sestini (Sibth.), Chau bard, and 
 Fraas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; is regarded as indigenous in Dalmatia (Vis. fl. ii. 
 108, and A. Dec.) ; and was seen by Soujef clearly indigenous on the Lower Yaik (Pall. trav. iv.). By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cultivated. (See 
 T. crocifolius.) 
 
 Arctium tomenlosnm of Western Europe. The p^rdunk of the capitularia of Charlemagne 
 
 — may be compared with the medieval "bardana," referred here by Willdenow : A. tomentosum was 
 observed by Allioni in Southern France (Steud.), and is known to grow as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 642, and Pers.). 
 
 Rumex acutus of Western Europe. The "parduna" of the capitularia of Charlemagne — is 
 however referred here by Antony, and Sprengel : R. acutus is described by Linnaeus ; and is known 
 to grow in Italy and France (Pollin. veron., Lenz, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 "806 A. D. (= 1466th of Synmu," art de verif.), Kouan-mu succeeded by his son Fei-dsio, now 
 "fifty-first" dairo of Japan. 
 
 "This year= 'youan-ho,' istyear of Hien-tsoung, of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table)*- 
 
 " During the youan-ho of Hien-tsoung (== 806 to 820," Remus, mel. iii. 86), tribute sent by the 
 Lower or watery portion of Cambodia to China. 
 
 "807, Jan. 31st, three hours after midnight" (Blair), occupation of Jupiter by the moon "in 2° 27' 
 of Libra." Observed in France by the monk Aimoin. 
 
 Oxalis acetosella of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain gomk-7neat or wood-sowr or 
 wood-sorrel, also in English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian alleluia (from flowering between 
 Easter and Whitsuntide when Psalms 113 to 117 ending with this word are sung, Prior) : the i.lle- 
 L U I a. is enumerated among the ingredients of a compound medicine used in the time of Charlemagne 
 
 — (Eckhard, and Spreng.) : the " geaces sure " is mentioned in the Anglo Saxon Leechbook i. 2. 13, 
 and the " panis cuculi " in the Ortus Sanitatis 16 : O. acetosella is termed " oxys flore albo " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 88 ; was observed by Desfontaines on mount Atlas ; by Savi, in Etruria ; and is known to 
 grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 980, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). East- 
 ward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, also near Constantinople; by Bieberstein, on 
 Caucasus ; by Thunberg, on mount Fakon in Japan, and called "katabami." The plant according to 
 Pereira is "refrigerant," a "good scorbutic," and infused in milk or water "forms a" grateful drink in 
 fevers and inflammatory cases " (Lindl.). 
 
 79 
 
626 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Geum rivale of Northern climates. Called in Britain water-avens (Prior) : thebenedlCTum 
 of the same compound medicine — is referred here by Sprengel : G. rivale is described by . • . ; 
 is termed " caryophyllata aquatica nutante flore " by Tournefort inst. 295 : was observed on the Appe- 
 nines by Savi ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and 
 Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 722, Hook , and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 in wet places in the Peloponnesus and Asia Minor; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus; and by Gmelin, 
 throughout Siberia. Farther East, is known to grow on the Rocky mountains and throughout Canada 
 and Newfoundland (Mx, and Hook.) ; and along the Atlantic, as observed by myself, to about Lat. 41 . 
 The plant according to Lindley is " stomachic, and said to be useful " in diarrhoea. 
 
 Pimpinella saxifra^a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain pimpinell 
 (Lyte) or bur?iet saxifrage, in mediaeval Latin "bipenella" (Prior), in France " bpucage saxifrage" 
 (Fie), in Germany "bibernell," in Greece with seven other potherbs "kaukalithra " (Fraas) ; in which 
 we recognize the plplneLL^ID of a medical formula of the time of Charlemagne, — '-pimpinella" 
 of a proverb quoted by Matthaeus Sylvaticus panel. 573, and of Ortus Sanitatis 364 : P. saxifraga is 
 described by Brunfels i. 188, Tragus f. 177, Dodoens, and Caesalpinus (Spreng.) : was observed by 
 Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow along roadsides in rocky places as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 
 669, Lam. fl. Ir., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Fraas frequent on the hills of Attica and 
 Bceotia, the young leaves eaten as greens ; is known to grow also in the Crimea and Persia (Lindl.) ; 
 and "pimpinella" is enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as sold in the drug-shops of Egypt. Its root 
 is "astringent," used according to Burnett as a masticatory to release toothache, and in decoction to 
 remove freckles (Lindl.) 
 
 "809 A. D." (art de verif ), Harun-el-Raschid succeeded by El-Amin, sixth Abbassid khalif. 
 
 "810 A. I)." (Alst. p. 370), Claudius bishop of Turin writing against image-symbols, relics, invo- 
 cation of saints, and precedence of the archbishop of Rome. 
 
 The same year = " 735 an. jav." (Raffles ix.), date of an inscription in the Kawi or ancient Javan 
 character " very beautifully executed " on copper. 
 
 "The same year " (art de verif.), Fei-dsio succeeded bv his brother Sa-ga, now "fifty-second" 
 dairo ot Japan. — In his reign, magnificent temples were erected in various parts of Japan. 
 
 "Si 1 A. D." (Alst.), Nicephorus succeeded by Michael Curopalata, twenty-ninth Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 "In this year" (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter), Kamal Kesari succeeded by Kundal 
 Kesari, now king of Orissa. — He built the temple of Markandesuar in I'uri, and reigned "eighteen 
 years " 
 
 "812 A. D." = "2d year of .Michael" (Clint, iv. p. 327), end of the chronicle of Theophanes. 
 
 "Nov. 1st" (Nicol), a synod at Constantinople. " Concerning overtures of peace made by the 
 Bulgarians to the emperor Michael." 
 
 "S13 A. D." (Alst.), Michael Curopalata succeeded by Leo V. Armenius, thirtieth Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), El-Amin succeeded by El-Mamun, seventh Abbassid khalif. 
 El-Mamun was an astronomer ; and protected and encouraged literature and science. Coins issued 
 by him are figured by Marcel p. 51. 
 
 "814 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.). Charlemagne succeeded by his son Louis (Ludovicus Pius) as 
 emperor of France and Germany. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Gambhira reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "816 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol ), at Rome, Leo III. succeeded, by Stephanus V., thirty-third arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 '.' In or about this year" (Blair), the sun's greatest declination observed bv khalif El-Mamun to 
 be"2 3 °34'." 
 
 "817 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol ), at Rome, Stephanus V. succeeded by Paschalis, thirty-fourth 
 archbishop. 
 
 " In the reign of Hien-tsoung" ( . . ), a map of China and the countries around constructed 
 by the geographer Kia-tan. 
 
 "K19 A. D." (Blair), under the direction of khalif El-Mamun, a degree of Latitude measured in 
 the district around Babylon ; and found to be " 565 Arabian miles." 
 
 Trniiilia emetic* of Tropical Africa and Arabia. A large tree called in Yemen " roka " in which 
 we recognize the "jawz elruka" of Ebn Elhaitham, — Abd Elrahman, Abu Hanifa, RhazesEbn Sam- 
 hun, and Ebn Baitar : T. emetica was observed by Forskal p. 127 frequent on the mountains of Yemen 
 the fruit sold in market and mixed with odoriferous substances by women for washing the head the 
 ripe seeds with Jesamum oil made into an ointment against psora. Westward, is known to <ww in 
 Senegal (A. de Juss., and Lindl.). The " djouz elkai " of the Scharh elmoudjiz is referred here by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 627 
 
 Forskal ; and the " jawz elkai " of Ebn Elhatm, Hobaish, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar, described by Edrisi 
 as a tree growing throughout middle Yemen, may therefore be compared. 
 
 " 820 A. D." (Alst. p. 370), the haughtiness of the clergy opposed by the emperor Ludovicus Pius ; 
 and by his direction, the Scriptures translated into German. 
 
 Erica (Callund) vulgaris of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain 
 ling or heath or heather or hatJier, in Anglo-Saxon "haeth," in German "heide" in Danish "lyng" 
 (Prior), in French "bruyere" (Nugent), by the Turks "funda" (Sibth.), and mentioned in the Nie- 
 belungen- Lied, —also by Braunsweig distill, f. 68 (Spreng.), and termed "e. vulgaris glabra" by Tour- 
 nefort inst. 602 : known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. dan. pi. 627, and Pers.) ; 
 was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. By European colonists was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it has been found in certain limited spots, in Newfoundland, and in Tewksbury on the 
 Merrimac. 
 
 In this year (= 543 B. C. — "year 1362" in Mahavams. liv.), accession of Matwalesen, a poet, 
 and now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " 821 A. D. = ' tchang-tsing ' 1st year of Mou-tsoung, of the Thang " or Fifteenth dynasty (Chi- 
 nese chron. table). A treaty of peace between Mou-tsoung and the king of Thibet is extant, 
 inscribed on marble at Lassa — (Pauth. p. 325). 
 
 " The same year" (Alst.), Leo V. succeeded by Michael II. Balbus, thirty-first Byzantine emperor. 
 
 "822 A. D." (rec. voy. et mem. iv. 15), founding of the city of Colam or Coylang on the coast 
 of Southern Hindustan ; marking an Era which continues in use among the inhabitants of Malabar. 
 
 " 823 A. D." (Blair), Crete captured by the Muslims of Spain, and by them called " Candia." 
 
 " The same year" (= 771 -f cycle of 52 yrs., Clavig. ii.), accession of Totepeub, fourth Toltec 
 king of Mexico. 
 
 Psidium guayava of Mexico and Central America. The guava tree indigenous in Mexico — 
 according to Hernandez thes 85 ; was observed by Cieza de Leon xxvii to Ixvi from the Cauca to 
 Lower Peru; by myself, exotic in Peru. The "guayaba" is mentioned by Oviedo nat. hyst. 64, and 
 according to J. Acosta was introduced into Hayti " after the arrival of the Spaniards," and became 
 naturalized there ; according to Monardes iii. 5, was " brought from Tierra Firme ; " and is regarded 
 by Marcgraf 104 as introduced by Europeans into Brazil, a point confirmed by my own observation. 
 By European colonists also, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it has 
 become abundant throughout, and is called in Tagalo "guyabas" or " bayabas " (Blanco); to the 
 Moluccas, termed "cujavus" and "gujavus agrestis " by Rumphius i. pi. 40, observed both cultivated 
 and springing up spontaneously; to China before 1636, observed by Boymius fl. sin. (Spreng.) ; to 
 Anam (Lour.) ; to Java (Blume) ; to Burmah (Mason) ; to Hindustan, observed by Rheede iii. pi. 35 
 in Malabar, according to Drury called there " malacka pela," in Bengalee " lal-peyara," in Hindus- 
 tanee " lal sufrian," and var. pyriferum, in Malabar " pela," in Bengalee " peyara," in Hindustanee 
 "soopaeriam ; " by Graham, " in gardens every where " in the environs of Bombay, by myself under 
 cultivation there, and naturalized on Zanzibar ; to the Mauritius Islands, cultivated and nearly nat- 
 uralized (Boj., and A. Dec.) ; to Western Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. nigr.) ; and subsequent 
 to the visit of Forster to Taheiti, where it has overrun the more fertile portion of the island, to the 
 Hawaiian and Feejeean Islands, found under cultivation by our Expedition. According to Clot-Bey, 
 P. guayava has been recently introduced and successfully cultivated in Egypt. 
 
 In this year (= 820 -)- " 3 years reign" of the Mahavams. liv.), Matwalesen succeeded by 
 Mahayensan, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 " 824 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol ), at Rome, Paschalis succeeded by Eugenius II., thirty-fifth 
 archbishop. 
 
 " The same year (= 1484th of Synmu," art de verif.), Sa-ga succeeded by his younger brother 
 Siunwa, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 "825 A. D. = ' pao-li,' 1st year of King-tsoung, of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chi- 
 nese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Paul, a St. Barthol , Vischer, and Gildem.), eras of Calicut and "Kaulam" 
 (Coolau). Said to mark the date of privileges granted to those cities by Charuman Perumal, the last 
 of the Keralian kings and a convert to Mohammedanism. 
 
 Citcumis chafe of Equatorial Africa. " In or about this year" the " abdallawi " introduced into 
 Egypt — (Abu'lkasem Magrebi, quoted by Ebn Khilcan, and Ebn Ayyas), and a well-known fact: 
 the unripe fruit is called " adjur ; " in which we recognize the 'aggouria" of Simeon Sethus, and 
 Agap. Cretensis ; but the cultivation seems chiefly confined to Egypt, and is mentioned by Abd-allatif, 
 Alpinus pi. 1 16, Forskal p. 168, Delile, and Lane. The fruit is like a cucumber, but is pointed at each 
 end, and might be termed cucumber-melon. 
 
 "826, June 1st" (Nicol.), a synod at Ingelheim. Ambassadors were received from the arch- 
 bishop of Rome, " announcing the conversion of Harold prince of Denmark." 
 
628 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "827 A. D. = 'tai-ho,' 1st year of Wen-tsoung, of the Thang " or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Eugenius II. succeeded by Valentinus, thirty- 
 sixth archbishop. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), the Heptarchy or seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united and con- 
 quered by the king of Wessex, Ecgbryht or Egbert ; now sole monarch of England. 
 
 "828 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Valentinus succeeded by Gregorius IV., thirty- 
 seventh archbishop. 
 
 "829 A. D." (Alst), Michael Balbus succeeded by his son Theophilus, thirty-second Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Lyons. Against the Jews 
 
 " In or about 830 A. D. (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the convent church at S. Gallen in 
 France ; the plan furnished "by an architect at the court of Louis the Pious." 
 
 831 A. D. = "756 an. jav." (Nata Kasuma, and Raffles x.), Aji Jaya Baya after a reign cele- 
 brated for its prosperity succeeded by his son Salapar Wata, now king of Java. 
 
 Iahia Ben Masawia physician to khalif El-Mamun. — He died 857-S (Greenh.). 
 
 Cassia tora of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Yemen " didjer el akbar " or " kolkol," in 
 which we recognize the "kilkil" of Ebn Masawia, — Maserjawia, Abu Hanifa, Abu Nasr, Rhazes, 
 Avicenna, Mosih, and Ebn Baitar : C. tora was observed in Yemen by Forskal. Eastward, is called 
 in Sanscrit "prusni-purni," in Bengalee " chakunda," in Telinga " tantim " (Lindl.) ; was observed 
 in Hindustan by Rheede ii. pi. 53, Roxburgh, Graham, and by myself, naturalized in the environs of 
 Bombay; the seeds are described by Ainslie as used medicinally by the natives, and according to 
 Lindley, the leaves are intermingled to adulterate the blunt-leaved senna. Farther East, C. tora is 
 described by Mason v. 490 as "one of the most abundant weeds" in Burmah, called "dan-kywai," 
 and the leaves "used to adulterate " senna; according to Blanco, is common in the Philippines, and 
 called " manimanihan '' or " mongomongolian " in Tagalo ; and was observed by Thunberg around 
 Nagasaki in Southern Japan. By European colonists, was unintentionally carried to Tropical Amer- 
 ica (Plum, xviii. pi. 72, Lam , and Pers.) ; and to Taheiti, as observed by myself. 
 
 Crotalaria relitsa of Equatorial Africa. Called in Yemen "kalakel " or "kolkol" (Forsk.), and 
 possibly the plant in question : — C. retusa was observed by Forskal p. 134 at Mor and Hadie, along 
 the base and on the lower portion of the mountains of Yemen ; and by Bojer p. 86, seemingly indig- 
 enous on the mountains of the Mauritius Islands. Eastward, was observed by Rheede ix. pi. 25 
 in Malabar; by ('.raham, common on the " Bombay esplanade during the cold season ; " by Rox- 
 burgh, in other parts of Hindustan, but having no Sanscrit name ; by Mason, in Burmah ; and by 
 Rumphius v. pi. 96, in the Malayan archipelago. By European colonists, was carried to the West 
 Indies, where it has become naturalized on Dominica, Jamaica, Barbadoes, and Saint-Thomas 
 (A. Dec). 
 
 Craltzgns azarolus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy " azzarolo " or 'Tazzerolo " 
 (Lenz), in Greece " mfimStzulfia" (Fraas): the " zurur " of Ebn Masawia, — I. Ben Amran, Avi- 
 cenna, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sprengel, and Sontheimer : bushes of a species 
 of "hawthorn" were seen by Pococke, Shaw, and Bovd (Km. bibl. cycl.) on the Sinai mountains, 
 and the "zarur" was observed there by Robinson. Farther North, C. azarolus was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Fraas, from Crete to Constantinople. Westward, is described by Matthioli i. pi. 229, and 
 Ca:salpinus iii. 14 ; is termed " m. apii folio laciniato " by Tournefort inst 641 ; and is known to <row 
 in Carniolia, Italy, and Southern France (Scop., Pers., and Spreng.). 
 
 Ipomoea (Pharbilis) nil of Hindustan and Burmah. The blue-flowered morning-glory is called 
 in Italy " campana azurea" (Graham), in Egypt " senbak " (Forsk.), in Bengalee " nee'l kalmee " 
 (Drur.) ; and the " habb-el-nil" of Ebn Masawia, — Hobaisch, Ishak ben Amran, Ebn Baitar, or 
 "granum indicum," is referred here by Royle antiq. hind. med. 9, seeds being sold at Calcutta as 
 purgative under the name of " kala dana" black seed (Lindl., and Drur.) : P. nil was observed by 
 Graham " common in Bombay and throughout the Concans, flowers towards the close of the rains ; " 
 by myself, to all appearance wild on the Deccan ; by Roxburgh, in Bengal ; and is given by Mason 
 with a mark of doubt as growing in Burmah Transported to the Mediterranean countries, w.is 
 observed by Forskal in gardens at Cairo; is described by Gesner hort f. 255 (Spreng.), Lobel'hist. 
 340, and Jacquin rar. pi. 36. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to the Philippines, observed 
 by Blanco in Manila ; to the " South Sea Islands " (Lindl.) ; to Australia (Choisy) ; to the Mauri- 
 tius Islands where it has become naturalized, and to Austral Africa (Boj.) ; to Western Equatorial 
 Africa (fl. nigr. 445); to Northeast America, planted for ornament and occurs besides on "banks 
 and near dwellings from Maryland southward" (A. Gray), in "cultivated ground Florida" (Chapm ) 
 was observed by Nuttall even on the Arkansas. " P. hederacea" observed in Tropical America is 
 regarded as not distinct. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 629 
 
 Piper cubeba of Java and Prince of Wales Island. The " kababat " of Ebn Masawia — (Haller) 
 Honain, Elbathrik, I. E. Amran, Rhazes, Gafeki, M. E. Elkakam, and Ebn Baitar, and the « hhobeba » 
 of Avicenna, and Serapion, are referred here by writers : "cubeba" is enumerated by Forskal mat 
 med. as used medicinally in Egypt; and farther North, cubebs is mentioned by Leonicenus, Fo'esius 
 Stapel, Caesalpinus, and dried specimens of the plant are described by the younger Linnsus suppl 00' 
 Eastward, cubebs is imported into Hindustan, and is called in both Bengalee and Hindustanee " kabab 
 chim or "sital chini " (D'rozar.). Farther East, " cubebe " of the Greater Java is mentioned by 
 Marco Polo 163, and cubebs was seen by Jordanus on Sumatra; but is regarded by Crawfurd as 
 exotic there, and according to H. Yule, is the " only one of the spices " produced in Java. The speci- 
 mens sent by Wallich 6646 from Singapur and Penang, were therefore probably cultivated : Lindley 
 was unable to distinguish the dried fruit from the cubebs of druggists ; but according to Blume, the 
 fruit of P. cubeba although of good quality is not sent to Europe. 
 
 Piper caninum of Java and Prince of Wales Island. — Observed in the East Indies by Rum- 
 phius v. pi. 28 ; and (from transported specimens) described by Roxburgh i. 161 (Lindl.). According 
 to Blume act. bat. xi. pi. 26, the cubebs of commerce is probably furnished chiefly by this species, hav* 
 ing the fruit smaller and shorter stalked, wilh a distinct anise flavour and less pungent than in the 
 preceding. 
 
 "832 A. D." (Blair), by the emperor Theophilus, painters and sculptors banished from the 
 Byzantine Empire, "from his hatred against images." He however built the Hebdomon ; a saloon 
 or palace extant at Constantinople (Salzenberg, and Lubke and Lutrow). 
 
 " The same year " (Marcel), arrival in Egypt of khalif El-Mamun. He opened the Great pyramid 
 (according to Alhokm, see Greaves pyramidogr.). 
 
 By his order, the nilometer at Rhoda repaired, and k'ufic inscriptions sculptured on the walls ; — 
 noticed by Marcel. Among the Kufic inscriptions at Assuan, some (according to Wilkinson theb. 
 and eg. 455) are very nearly as ancient. 
 
 "833 A. D." (art de verif.), El-Mamun succeeded by Motassem, eighth Abbassid khalif. Coins 
 issued by Motassem are figured in Marcel 53. 
 
 "In or about this year" ( . 1, Sicily conquered by the Muslims. — Who held possession 
 
 more than two centuries. 
 
 "834 A. D." (ann. Jap. transl. Tits., and art de verif.), Siunwa or Zioun-wa succeeded by his 
 nephew Nin-mio, son of Sa-ga and now fifty-fourth dairo of Japan.* 
 
 One hundred and fifty-fourth generation. May 1st, 834, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish 
 writers, the Karaites Ismael el Okbari, and Al-Tiflisi : the Arab writers, Abraham ben Aun, Thaleba 
 the grammarian, Thabet, the astronomer Albumasar (Blair) : the Greek writers, Theophanes 6 grap- 
 tos d. 842, Joannes of Sicily, Antonius Rhetor ; the biographer Anastasius : Strabus Fuldensis, Bertra- 
 mus, Eulogius, Angelomus, Christianus Druthmarus, Nithardus, Freculphus, Hilduinus : the botanists, 
 Plinius Valerianus, and Placidus Actor. 
 
 "836 A. D." (Nicol.), Egbert succeeded by Ethelwulf, second Anglo-Saxon king of England. 
 "837 A. D." (J. R. Hind, and Humb. cosm. i. 1), a comet whose orbit is known from Chinese 
 observations. Passing within " two millions of miles " of the Earth, and terrifying Louis emperor of 
 France and Germany into building churches and founding monastic establishments. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl ), Bradhna reignino- in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 " Towards the middle of the Ninth century " (Pouchet), weight substituted for the action of water 
 and clocks first made with wheels by Pacificus. — " Clocks with weights " were found by Ebn Wahab 
 in use in China. 
 
 "838 A. D." (Blair), the Picts defeated and extirpated by Kenneth II. king of Scotland. 
 " Sept. 6th '' (Nicol.), a synod at Quiercy on Oise. The liturgical writings of Amalarius were 
 condemned. 
 
 "839 A. D." (Sm. b. d.). Amorium in Phrygia captured and destroyed by khalif Motassem. From 
 a Greek captive Motassem heard of the varied acquirements of Leo of Thessalonica, and by letter 
 invited him to Bagdad. The invitation was not accepted, but proved the means of making Leo known 
 to the Greek emperor Theophilus. — Leo was living "in 869," and is generally designated as "phi- 
 losophus " by Byzantine writers. 
 
 The medical compendium by "Leo philosophus " is dedicated to Georgius (compare "Georgius 
 praefectus militarium tabularum " under Theophilus). 
 
 * Volkameria Japonica of Corea. A large and lofty tree introduced thence into Japan, where it 
 is called "fi giri " or "go too" (Thunb.) ; in which we recognize the "go to" or tree of the phoenix, 
 representations of which were visited by Nin-mio at the commencement of his reign : — V. Japonica 
 was also seen in Japan by Kasmpfer v. p. 861. 
 
630 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Senecio jacobcea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The I d K U) B I a commended as a 
 cooling application by Leo philosophus med. v. 1 and vii. I, — is referred here by writers : S. jacobaea 
 was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, on mounts Athos and Sipylus, and around Constantinople. 
 Westward, is termed "jacobcea vulgaris laciniata" by Tournefort inst. 4S5 ; and is known to grow in 
 moist places in France and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. ri3o, Pers., fl. Wett.. and Steud.). 
 
 In this year (=823+ "16 years reign" of the Mahavams. liv.), Mahayensan succeeded by 
 Salamewan, now king of Ceylon. — He collected an army of Malabars. 
 
 "841 A. D. = 'hoei-tchang,' 1st year of Wou-tsoung, of the Thang '' or Fifteenth dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "842 A. D." (Alst.), Theophilus succeeded by his son Michael III., thirty-third Byzantine 
 emperor. Ruling jointly with his mother Theodora — for thirteen years. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Motassem succeeded by Wathek, ninth Abbassid khalif. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Nicephorus of Constantinople. 
 
 "843, March i6th" (Blair, and Nicol.), by the French peers assembled at Thionville, "a new 
 partition of the French dominions among the three brothers : " France being assigned to Charles II. 
 le Chauve, and Germany to Louis II. 
 
 In or about this year (see Renaudot), arrival of Ebn Wahab at Canfu (Canton), " the port for all 
 ships and goods of Arabs who trade to China." A duty of "thirty per cent" was exacted on mer- 
 chandise imported by sea. The houses were "built of nothing but wood and split cane" (bamboo). 
 He found the Chinese "fond of gaming and all manner of diversions," dressing in silk j possessing 
 gold, silver, pearls, and " rich stuffs in great abundance ; " receiving from foreign parts ivory, frank- 
 incense, copper in pigs, tortoise-shell, unicorn's {rhinoceros') horns; making "ware of equal fineness 
 with glass" (porcelain) ; knowing no other kind of wine except that "made of rice" (arrack) ; sub- 
 ject to a poll tax onlv, there being "no impost on lands; " and in times of dearth, the emperor's store- 
 houses were opened. Theft, as in India, was always punished with death ; and "both poor and rich 
 learn to re.ul and write." Proceeding a long distance inland to the seat of government, he found the 
 emperor Regarding himself as one of the " four " great kings : the others being, the king of the Arabs, 
 the king of the Greeks, and the balhara (Indian king). The emperor also held, "That principalities 
 cannot subsist but by lorce, and that the people know not what justice is." 
 
 Sagns laevis of the Eastern portion of the Malayan Archipelago. Frequent in Sumatra and 
 Malacca, and called in Malay "rambiya" (Lindl.) : Ebn Wahab found the Chinese acquainted with 
 'trees which bear meal ; " — large trees full of meal beneath the bark, were found by Marco Polo 170 
 on Java; and Mandeville 18 learned th it on a large isle near "grow trees that bear meal, of which men 
 make good bread: " according to Jack, and Lindley, some of the finest sago of Malacca is prepared 
 from the soft cellular substance of the trunk of S. laevis, and it forms the principal part of the food 
 of the natives of the Poggy Islands, along the West coast of Sumatra. A lofty sago palm, the trunk 
 smooth, was observed by myself planted near Singapore.* 
 
 "844 A. D. = 4th year of the ' hoei-tchang' of Wou-tsoung" (Chinese chron. table), beginning 
 of the Fifty-ninth cycle. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.). at Rome, Gregorius IV. succeeded by Sergius II., thirty- 
 eighth archbishop. Against whom, bmgo son of Charlemagne and bishop of Metz was sent by 
 Louis II. with an army, to recall him to obeying the empire. 
 
 "S45 A. D." (Pauth. 327), in China, the number of priests and priestesses of Fo (Budha) ascer- 
 tained to be "260,000;" and those of the Ta-thsin (Christian and Magian religions) to be about 
 " three thousand." The destruction of the temples of all foreign religions and dispersion of the 
 priesthood among the people, now ordered by the emperor Wou-tsoung. 
 
 "The same >ear" (Talvi iii. 1), at Ratisbon on the Danube, baptism of fourteen Bohemian 
 princes. — Forty-nine je.irs afterwards, the head of the nation duke Borzivog received baptism : but 
 Christianity did not become "firmly established in these regions until the second half of the Tenth 
 century." 
 
 Walafridus Strabo at this time writing. — He died in 849 (Spreng.). 
 
 Salvia pratensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain meadow clary 
 (Prior), in Germany "wild salbey" or by some "ambrosiam" (Trag.) ; in which we recognize the 
 "wild salbeyen" &.mbrOSIMTI of Walafridus Strabo, — and " salvia agrestis " of Hieronymus 
 apodix. (Braunsweig): S. pratensis was observed by Tragus i. pi. 4 and litt. Brunf. in Germany, 
 fragrant and used medicinally ; is termed "sclarea pratensis foliis serratis fiore creruleo " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 179; is known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe (Engl.bot.pl. 153, Bull. 
 
 * Sagus farinifera of the Malayan Archipelago. — Also found to yield sago, but of a very indif- 
 ferent quality (Roxb , and Lindl ). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 6?[ 
 
 \j 
 
 herb. pi. 357, and Vill.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus through- 
 out the Greek islands to Smyrna in Asia Minor. 
 
 " In this year (= 231 A. H. comm. Sept. 6th,'' Gildem. p. 124), the Arab traveller Salam journey- 
 ing in Northern Asia (Ebn Khordabah). 
 
 "847 A. D. = 'ta-tchoung,' 1st year of Hiouan-tsoung" or Siouan-tsoung, of the Thang or 
 Fifteenth dynasty (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). He permitted the rebuilding of temples and 
 monasteries. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Sergius II. succeeded by Leo IV., thirty-ninth 
 archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Wathek succeeded by Motawakkel, tenth Abbassid khalif. 
 Coins issued by Motawakkel, are figured in Marcel p. 56. 
 
 Honain-ebn-Izhak, a pupil of Ebn Masawia, received the appointment of physician to Motawak- 
 kel — (Abulfarag., Spreng. hist, med., and Greenh.). He died in 873 (Ebn Kallikan). 
 
 Croton tiglium of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. The "dend"of Honain, — A. C. Elrahib, 
 Hobaisch, Rhazes, Serapion, I. B. Ali, and Ebn Baitar, is referred by Sontheimer, and Royle, to its 
 imported seeds: "abelmeluk" or "hab el-molouk '" Molucca seeds, are enumerated by Alpinus i. p. 
 178 to 181, and Uelile, as used medicinally in Egypt ; and according to Lindley, much of the croton 
 oil sold in Europe is made from seeds of C. tiglium. Eastward, this plant is called in Sanscrit 
 "jayapala," in Hindustanee "jamalgata" (Lindl.) ; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede ii. pi. 33, 
 Roxburgh iii. p. 6S2, and is described by Graham as "a small tree " growing in the Southern Concan 
 "not common," but "in abundance in Travancore ; " was observed in Ceylon by Burmann pi. 90, 
 and specimens were received from Ceylon by Lindley. Farther East, is described by Mason v. p. 
 492 as "exotic" in Burmah, called "khan-na-kho," and "frequently seen under cultivation," the 
 seeds being used medicinally by the natives. 
 
 Crotm pavaiia of Ava and the Eastern border of Hindustan. An allied species, — regarded 
 by Hamilton linn, trans, xiv. 259 as having probably furnished the original "grana tilli " or "grana 
 dilla." According to Lindley, " in all probability others equally allied to it will yield an oil of similar 
 quality." 
 
 "848 A. D." (Blair), the Venetian fleet in the Bay of Crotona totally defeated by the Muslims. 
 "October" (Alst., and Nicol.), a synod at Mayence. The opinions of Godescalcus (Gothes- 
 chalc) on predestination and free-will, opposed by Rabanus Maurus and condemned. 
 
 "The same year" (Irish annals, quoted by Wilde journ. Ulst. 27 for July 1S59, Troyon p. 219), 
 the crannoge of Lagore in Meath county sacked and burned by mercenaries under Cinaedh : — and 
 "in 933," the islet demolished by Aulaiv O'Hivair during the incursions of the Scandinavians. " In 
 1246, Turlough escaped from the crannoge of Lough-Leisi. "In 1368," Teige was made prisoner 
 by treachery in his crannoge of Ard-an-cheillin. " In 1436," the crannoge of Loch-Laoghaire was 
 captured by the sons of Brian O'Neill: and similar notices occur from 1455 to 1560. In Monaghan 
 county "in 1 591," as shown by a map made by Francis Jobson, the dwellings of the chiefs are all on 
 islets. " In 1603," mention is made of the crannoge of Nan-Duini. The last notice of a crannoge 
 is "in 1610," of one in Galway county. 
 
 Greek inscriptions of about this date (Sylvestre), present the following form of the letter p. 
 "851 A. D. (= 1511th of Synmu," art de verif.), Ninmio succeeded by his eldest son Montoku 
 or Bontoku, now dairo of Japan. The gardens of his imperial palace were laid out by his prime min- 
 ister — (hist., and Jap. c. c. 116). 
 
 The following plants cultivated in Japanese gardens as early perhaps as this year: of "ever- 
 green trees and shrubs," * the " sawara '' (Chamaecyparis pisifera), "ibuki (Juniperus Japonica), 
 
 * Citrus Japonica of Japan. A shrub called in Japan " kinkan," and from early times culti- 
 vated in gardens— (Jap. c. c. 35) : observed in Japan by Thunberg 292, its fruit not larger than a 
 
 cherry (Pers.). 
 
 Pittosporum tobira of Southern Japan. An ornamental shrub called "tobera," from early times 
 planted in gardens — (Jap. c. c. 35): observed in Japan by Cleyer ii. 9. f. 22 (Spreng.), Kaempfer, 
 and Thunberg. Transported to Europe and to North America, has become a favorite in our green- 
 houses. 
 
 Ilex Integra of Japan. Called there " moji-no-ki," and from early times planted in gardens — 
 (Jap. c. c. 35): observed in Japan by Thunberg (Pers.). 
 
 Ilex latifolia of Japan. Called there " tarayo," and from early times planted in gardens — (Jap. 
 c c 35): observed in Japan by Thunberg (Pers.). 
 
 Podocarpus maki of Japan, as far as Yeso. Called by the Ainos "tsikum," m Japan " maki " 
 (Sieb.), and from early times planted there in gardens — (Jap. c. c. 35) : known to grow on Yeso 
 (Sieb.). 
 
632 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 koyamatsu {Sciadopitys verlicillata)," "nagi {Podocarpus nageia), species of sugi (Cryptomeria 
 Japonica);' " yudzurira {Daphniphvllum Roxburgii), kaya (Torreya nucifera)," " saka-ki (Cleyera 
 Japonica)," " hiragi (O/ra aguijolia), masaki (Euonymus Japonica), yatzude (^zo: Japonic a) 
 "shuro-chiku (Rhamnis Jlabelliformis) various species of." " shuro (Chamaerops exceba)" " mok- 
 koku {Ternstroemia Japonica):' " zuiko {Daphne odorala)," "sazanka (Camelia sasanqua), mube 
 (Stauntonia hexaphylla), binan-kadzura (Kadsura Japonica), nanten (A'andina aoviestica) two 
 species of, hiraginanten {Berberis Japonica), shiromoji (Lindera triloba);' and " teikakadzura (P«r«- 
 chites Thunbergii)." 
 
 Of plants with "ornamental foliage," the " kiri (Paulownia imperialis), aogiri {Firmiana 
 platanifolia), mokuran {Talauma Sieboldii), oyama-renge {Magnolia pariflora)," "ajisai (Hydran- 
 gea ajisai), momiji (.4^v J/J.), mansaku (Hamamelis Japonica), ro-bai (Chimonanthus fragrans), 
 raume (Prunus mume), nishiki-gi (Euonymus alalus)," and " tzuru-mume-modoki (Celastrus articu- 
 lata) : 
 
 Of "herbaceous perennial plants," the "hana-shobu (Iris tectorum)* shaku-yaku (Paeonia 
 officinalis):' And of ferns, shinobu (Davallia sp.) : —all enumerated in Jap. centen. comm. 35. 
 
 "The same year (= 237 Hej." of Abu Zaid, Yule cath. i. p. cii.), date of the first part of the 
 compilation of Arab Voyages to Hindustan, Ceylon, and China. 
 
 " 852 A. D." (Nicol), a synod at Cordova. Against voluntary martyrs, and worshipping them. 
 "853 A. D." (Blair), some cities in France acquired by the Normans. 
 
 "855 A. D." (Alst. p. 2S2 and 450), at Rome, Leo IV succeeded by Joannes VIII. (Joanna). 
 — Mention is made of Joanna by Marianus Scotus, Sigebertus, and Martinus Polus. 
 
 "November" (Nicol.), a synod at Winchester, three of the provincial kings being present. A 
 tenth part of the kingdom of Wessex was granted to the church as " compensation for the ravages 
 of the Normans." 
 
 "The same year" (Assem. iii. 2. 440, and Gildem. 51 to 53), era of the Christians of Malabar. 
 Who also had received privileges from king Charuman Perumal. 
 
 "About the Ninth century" (John as. res. vii. p. 345), the Tamil female philosopher Aviyar 
 living in the time of three famous kings, Sholen, Sheron, and Pandien. 
 
 Poinciana pulcherrima of Tropical Eastern Asia. A flowering shrub called in the environs of 
 Bombay " gool mohur " (Graham), in Bengalee and Sanscrit " krishna-choora," in Tamul " komri '' 
 (Lindl.) : the " konnei " flower of Aviyar — is referred here by John : P. pulcherrima is described by 
 Rumphius iv. pi. 20; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede vi. pi. 1, sometimes growing sponta- 
 neously (A. Dec), but by Roxburgh, Graham, and myself, only under cultivation ; was observed by 
 Moon cat. p. 34, on Ceylon. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. 412 as "exotic" in Burmah, 
 "much cultivated" by the natives, and called "doung-souk ;" was observed by Zoll. verz. p. 2 on 
 Java; is called " hoa phung " in Cochinchina (Taberd diet.); is known to occur in China (Hook., 
 and Arn.) ; was observed by Blanco frequent throughout the Philippines, called by the natives 
 "rosas caballero " or "flores," the flowers inducing abortion; was not met with by myself on the 
 Feejeean Islands, but introduced by Polynesian tribes throughout the Tongan, Samoan, and Tahei- 
 tian groups By European colonists, was carried to the Hawaiian Islands, where I found it only 
 in the gardens of resident Whites ; to the Mauritius Islands (Aublet) ; to the Cape Verd Islands, 
 and thence according to Ligon to the West Indies, where it was found by Sloane ii. p. 49 seemingly 
 naturalized, by Browne, and Descourtilz, clearly exotic ; to Brazil, where it was observed under 
 cultivation by myself; and recently to Egypt, where according to Clot-Bey it is now successfully 
 cultivated. 
 
 Bauhinia tomenlosa of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Called in Malabar " chanscheha," in 
 Tamil " triviat-putrum" or " caat-attie " (Drur. ) ; and the " ati " flower of Aviyar — is referred here 
 by John : B. tomentosa was observed in Hindustan by Rheede i pi. 35, Roxburgh, Wight; by Gra- 
 ham, " a shrub " in " gardens," and found by Nimmo " wild in the Concans ; " is known to grow on 
 the " Coromandel mountains," the " dried buds and young flowers, prescribed in dysentery " (Lindl.) ; 
 and was observed by Burman pi. iS on Ceylon. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as " exotic " 
 in Burmah and cultivated for its "large sulphur-coloured flowers ; " was observed by Blanco on the 
 Philippines, called in Tagalo and Pampango " alibanban," in Bisaya " alibanban " or " balibanban " 
 or " alibihil " or " alambihor " or " ahihiro " or " diis " or " livas," and the leaves eaten by the natives 
 as a substitute for vinegar. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by Forskal p. 85 frequent 
 near mount Melhan in Yemen and called " athbir " or " turn mar " or " henn el bagar " or"henn 
 embas." 
 
 * Azalea Indica of Eastern Asia. Possibly the "azaleas " cultivated in Japan for its flowers, — 
 mentioned in Jap. c. c. 115 : A. Indica is described by Kaempfer reliq. pi. 55. And as transported 
 to Europe, by Hermann lugd. pi. 163 (Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 633 
 
 "857 A. D." (Alst), at Rome, Benedictus III. elected fortieth archbishop. 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Ethelwulf succeeded by Ethelbald II., third Anglo-Saxon king of 
 England. 
 
 Oxa and Dun, whose prescriptions are quoted in the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 47 and ii. 65 
 (Cockayne), as early possibly as this date. 
 
 "858 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus III. succeeded by Nicolaus, forty-first 
 archbishop. 
 
 Coniitm maculatum of Northern Asia. Called in Britain hemlock, by Gerarde " homlock " 
 (Prior), in France "cigue" (Nugent), in Germany "gefleckter schierling," in Italy "cicuta" (Lenz), 
 in Albanian "kirkouta," in Wallachian "maggoutha" (Fraas), in Greece " vromohorton " (Sibth.) ; 
 and probably the C I C U T\€ of Macer Floridus 65, — and " hemlice " or " hymlican " of the Anglo- 
 Saxon leechbook i. 1 to 58, and Lacnunga : C. maculatum is termed " conium maculatum" by Hilde- 
 garde ii. 85, " cicuta major " by Tournefort inst. 306 ; was observed by Gussone near Naples, by 
 Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur in waste places throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 156, Curt. lond. i. pi. 17, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent among rubbish from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Pallas 
 trav. . . . , wild in East Siberia. Farther East, possibly carried from Asia to America, as it was found 
 by R. Brown the younger used medicinally by the tribes of Northwest America, the infusion in diar- 
 rhoea : continues springing up around dwellings, in Northeast America, and in Austral America was 
 observed by A. Saint-Hilaire in the streets of Porto Alegre (A. Dec). Clearly by European col- 
 onists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed under cultivation by Bojer. The plant seems 
 to have been retained in medicinal use partly on account of its supposed identity with the Greek 
 " kfinSion." (See Oenanthe prolifera.) 
 
 Sediim acre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain stone-crop or mall- 
 pepper (Prior), in Germany " mauerpfeffer," in Italy "borracino " or " semprevivo minimo " (Lenz) ; 
 and the lesser kCldll L&.ITI called SemperVIVMTI of Macer Floridus 18 — may be compared : S. 
 acre is termed ''s. parvum acre flore luteo " by Tournefort inst. 263 ; was observed by Sibthorp on 
 rocks in Crete ; by Lenz, frequent in Italy ; is known to grow also in France and throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Britain (Pers., Lam. fl. fr., and Curt. lond. i. pi. 32). By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where it is "cultivated for edgings," and "has become spontaneous in 
 a few places near Boston" (A. Gray). Is enumerated by Lindley among plants in medicinal use, the 
 "leaves acrid." 
 
 Veronica chamcedrys of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain speed-well 
 from its blossoms flying away as soon as it is gathered, or originally forget-me-not, in Denmark 
 "foro-lemn-mig-icke," mentioned by Macer . . . , — and in the Ortus Sanitatis . . . , and a flower called 
 "soveio-ne vous de moy " woven in collars of knights was the subject of a famous joust between 
 France and England "in 1465 " (Prior) : V. chamaedrys is described also by Brunfels i. 125, Gesner, 
 and C. Bauhin pin. . . . (Spreng.) ; is termed "v. minor foliis imis rotundioribus " by Tournefort 
 inst. 144 ; is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. 448, and Pers.) ; and 
 was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Hyssopus officinalis of middle Asia. Called in Britain hyssop (Lindl.), in Italy "isopo " (Lenz), 
 in which we recognize the hySSOpum of Macer Floridus 45, — referred here by Baudet, and the 
 "ysopum" whose leaves and flowers are prescribed in the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 1. 17: H. offici- 
 nalis is described by Tragus pi. 18, Cssalpinus xi. 50 (Spreng.), Stapel pi. 727, and Tournefort; is 
 known to occur under cultivation in Italy (Lenz), also cultivated and naturalized throughout middle 
 Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 254, and Pers.), and naturalized in a single long-known locality in Britain 
 (Bromf., and A. Dec). Eastward, is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.), and as 
 far as Central Asia (Lindl.) ; but according to Clot-Bey, has only recently been introduced into 
 Egypt- By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultiva- 
 tion, and according to A. Gray has " escaped from gardens " to " roadsides, Michigan etc. ; " was also 
 carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it rarely flowers (Boj.). The plant according to Lindley is 
 "a stimulating stomachic." 
 
 Costus speciosus of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A very elegant Scitamineous plant with 
 velvety leaves and large pure-white flowers, in Hindustanee and Bengalee called " keeo," in Telinga 
 "bomma kachica" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " keoo " or "koot" or "kemooka" or " vang- 
 chowrah" (Graham) ; and one of the two kinds of imported COSTUS enumerated by Macer Flori- 
 dus 74 — is referred here by Baudet. Eastward, the - kemuka " or " kusht'ha " is prescribed medicinally 
 by Susrutas sutr. 46 and nid. 13 to chik. 25 ; and the conspicuous "bhasouras " of Harivansa 220 is 
 referred here by Langlois : C. speciosus is termed "herba spiralis hirsuta " by Rumphius vi. pi. 64; 
 was observed by Rheede xi. pi 8 in Malabar; by Graham, common "throughout the hilly wooded 
 parts of the Concan;" by Ainslie, Retz, Roxburgh, and Drury, as far as Coromandel and Bengal, the 
 
 80 
 
634 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 roots " insipid," but a kind of preserve made from them deemed by the natives " very wholesome ; " 
 was observed by Mason indigenous in Burmah. Transported to Europe, is termed " costus arabicus " 
 by Linnasus, "amomum hirsutum " by Lamarck. (See Aucklandia costus ) 
 
 "859 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Montoku or Bon-toku succeeded by his fourth son 
 Seiwa, now fifty-sixth dairo of Japan. 
 
 Rhus vernicif era of Japan. The lacquer tree: "the art of lacquering is already more than a 
 thousand years old, and pieces made in those ancient times — are still extant : " "very fine specimens 
 of lacquer over two hundred years old may be seen in the temple " in Tokio, " also in the Philadelphia 
 Exhibition" (Jap. centen. comm. 72) : R. vernicifera is known to grow in Japan (Pers ). 
 
 " 860 A. D. = ' hian-thoung,' 1st year of Y-tsoung, of the Thang " or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Ethelbald II. succeeded by Ethelbryht II. or Ethelbert II., fourth 
 Anglo-Saxon king of England. 
 
 Lcpidium rudcrah- of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Bowyer's mus- 
 tard, and cultivated species town-cress (Prior) ; the TVnCe PS&.n growing of itself and not sown 
 of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 1. 14 — may be compared : L. ruderale is described by Linnaeus ; was 
 observed by Scopoli in Carniolia; and is known to occur in waste places in France and throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 184, Crantz, Lam. fl. fr., Engl. bot. pi. 1595, and Pers ). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where in our Northern and Middle States, according to A. Gray, it continues 
 along "roadsides, near towns, sparingly." 
 
 Erysimum alliaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sauce-alone, 
 by Turner "garlic-wort," being eaten with meat and having a strong odour of garlic, in Germany 
 "sasskraut" (W. Coles, and Prior) : the Le2>.C CerSe of the Anglo-Saxonleechbook iii. 15 — is 
 referred here by Cockayne : E. alliaria is described by Gerarde ; is termed '• hesperis allium redolens " 
 by Tournefort inst. 222; was observed by Brotero 57S in Portugal; and is known to grow in France 
 and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 435, and Pers.). Eastward, was 
 observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos* 
 
 * Cardami/ie pratensis of Arctic and Subarctic climates. Called in Britain cuckoo floioer or 
 lady's smock (Prior) : and the L VS"Fm 0C6 of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 30 to 38 — is referred 
 here by Cockayne: the "lady-smocke " is mentioned by Drayton eel. 4, and "lady-smocks all silver 
 white" by Shakspeare 1. 1. 1. 2 (Prior p. 103) : C. pratensis is described by Gerarde p. 203; was ob- 
 served by Brotero in Portugal ; by Savi, in Italy ; and is known to grow in wet grassy meads through- 
 out middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 1039, Pers., Hook , and 
 Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Gmelin throughout Siberia ; by Chamisso, on St. Lawrence 
 Island towards Behring Straits ; is known to grow throughout Arctic America (Hook.), as far even as 
 Igloolik (Parry), and Southward from Hudson's Bay (Pursh) to Wisconsin and Vermont (A. Gray). 
 The flowers according to Lindley are "pale lilac or almost white," and when dried "have been a 
 popular remedy for epilepsy in children." 
 
 Drosera longifolia of Northern climates. With other species called in Britain sundew, in Ger- 
 many "sindau" (Prior): the SmMkn ITIOPVVyPT of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 5S. 1 — 
 may be compared : D. longifolia is described by Morison xv. pi. 4 f. 2 ; was observed bv Brotero in 
 Portugal ; by Allioni, in Piedmont ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as 
 far as Lapland and Iceland (Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Gmelin through- 
 out Siberia; is known to grow in Kamtschatka (Ledeb., and A. Dec). Farther East, in Canada (Torr. 
 and Gray) ; was observed by Short in Kentucky ; by myself, along the Atlantic from Lat. 45 to 3S in 
 the Delaware Peninsula; and by Elliott, and Chapman, as far as Florida. 
 
 Drosera A iigliea of Northern climates. The Anglo-Saxon ITIOPVVyPT — is referred here by 
 Gerard, Somner, and Cotgrave (Cockayne) : D. Anglica is described by Morison xv. pi. 4, f. 1 ; and 
 is known to grow throughout middle Europe from Switzerland to Sweden and Russia (Hayne, Pers., 
 and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Menzies along the Pacific in North America, and is known 
 to grow in the central portion of the Continent at Cumberland House in Lat. 54° (Hook., and A. Dec. 
 geogr. b. p. 566). 
 
 Ruliits corylifolius of Northern Europe. Possibly the Thefkn T h P n of the Anglo-Saxon 
 leechbook iii. 8, — or " thefe-thorn " of W\cliffe's translation of Judg. ix. 14, the context implying a 
 humble and worthless brier (see Prior): R. corylifolius is described by Villars, and Smith b'rit ii. 
 p. 542; and is known to grow in woods and hedges throughout Northern Europe (Pers., Hayne, and 
 Steud.). 
 
 Spirtza ulmaria of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain medewort or meadwort or 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 635 
 
 Ulex Europccus of middle Europe. Called in Britain furze or gorse (Prior), in which we recog- 
 nize the gOrST of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 31. 3, — and transl. Diosc. 142: "gorassorum non 
 portantium fructus comestibiles " are mentioned in Stat. Montis reg. p. 236 (Prior) : U. Europaeus, 
 occurring at Gibraltar (Boj.) and rare in Italy (Daub.), is known to grow throughout middle Europe, 
 
 mead-sweet or meadow-sweet, in Denmark " miod-urt," in Sweden "mibd-ort" (Prior), in Germany 
 "wiesenkonigen" giving rise to the mediaeval " regina prati " (Cockayne) ; in all which we recognize 
 the meoOVVyPTof the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 30 and 38. 10, — or " regina medwurt " of gloss. 
 Harl. in 1240: the older names according to Hill p. 23 derived from mixing the flowers "with mead 
 to give it the flavour of the Greek wines," an account confirmed by Nemnith (Prior) : S. ulmaria is 
 described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow on the Pyren.es (Brot. ) and mountains of Switzerland, 
 and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 547, Pers., 
 and Hook.). Eastward, is known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.), and in Siberia (Wats.). By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens. According to 
 Lindley, " a fragrant water, forming an agreeable aromatic beverage, may be distilled from the 
 flowers." 
 
 Sedum villosum of middle and Northern Europe. Included in the VVVPITlVVyrT of the 
 Anglo-Saxonleechbook i. 39 and 57 — according to Lyte, and Cockayne : S. villosum is described by 
 C. Bauhin pin. p. 283 ; and is known to grow in marshy meads throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 24, Engl. bot. pi. 394, and Pers ). 
 
 Hieracium pulmonarium of Britain. Called there golden lungwort, and the Lvngen VVyPT 
 yellow upwards of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 3S. 4 — is referred here by Cockayne : H. pulmo- 
 narium is described by Smith (Steud.). 
 
 Gentiana pneumonanthe of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Germany " lungen blume" 
 (Val. Cord.), in Britain lung-flower or calathian violet (Prior) having been mistaken by Ruel ii. 129 
 for the "calathiana" of Pliny (Dod.) : the merSC melr g e IX L Ml of the Anglo-Saxon leech- 
 book i. 39. 2 and ii. 50. 2, — and Lacnunga, is referred here by Cockayne : G. pneumonanthe is 
 termed "pneumonanthe" by Valerius Cordus (Dod. pempt. ii. 1. pi. 12); is described by Linnaeus; 
 and is known to grow from Switzerland and France as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 209, Lam. fl. fr., 
 and Wats.). Eastward, is known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.) ; and in Siberia as far as the Yenisei 
 (Pall.). 
 
 Primula elatior of middle and Northern Europe. Called in Britain oxlip (Prior), in which we 
 recognize the OX Ml S Ly ppMl of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 2. 15 : — P. elatior is termed "p. 
 Columnae " by Tenore ; is described by Miller, and Linnaeus ; is known to grow in France and 
 throughout middle and Northern Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 434, and Pers.), its leaves according to Lindley 
 not so "finely downy and soft" as in P. veris. 
 
 Lamium album of middle Europe. Called in Britain blind nettle or white dead-nettle (Prior), 
 in which we recognize the bLinde n 6 T Le of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 23 : — L. album is 
 described by Linnaeus ; and is known as a weed in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe 
 (Crantz, and Pers.). 
 
 Melampyrum vulgatum of Northern Europe. Called in Britain horse flower, in Flemish " peerts- 
 bloem" (Prior); and' the perd VVyrTof the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 87 — may be compared: 
 M. vulgatum is mentioned by Lyte ii. 14; is described by Lobel adv. p. 11, Dalechamp, and Gerard 
 (Spreng.) ; and is known to abound in woods in France and Britain (Ray, Engl. bot. pi. 113, and 
 
 Pers.). 
 
 Rumex palustris of Northern Europe. Included in the "fealwan doccan" of the Anglo-Saxon 
 leechbook — by Cockayne: R. palustris is described by Petiver pi. 2. f. 7, and Boccone mus.pl. 
 104 ; and is known to grow in wet places in France and Britain (Thuil., Dec. fl. fr., Curt. lond. iii. 
 pi. 23, Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Myrica gale of Northern climates. A shrub called in Britain bog my rt'.e or gale or sweet gale, 
 by Turner "gall " and in his time in Somersetshire "goul" or "golle," by Galfridus pr. pm. " gawl " 
 or " cravl " or " gawyl," in Dutch " gagel " (Prior) ; in which we recognize the g &. g e L of the Anglo- 
 Saxon leechbook i. 36, — and Lacnunga, referred here by Cockayne: M. gale is described by 
 Gerarde ; was observed by Brotero at S. Martinho in Portugal; is known to grow from Switzer- 
 land throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 327, Lam. fl. fr., Dec, 
 and Wats.). Eastward, is known to grow in Northern Asia (Wats.). Westward from Europe, was 
 observed by Lapilaye in Newfoundland ; by Michaux, in northern Canada ; by myself, throughout 
 New England, ceasing at about Lat. 41° (Eat.) except on the mountains of Pennsylvania and 
 Virginia "and continuing inland as far as Wisconsin (Pursh, and A. Gray). An infusion according to 
 Lindley has been employed medicinally, and "the leaves are used in Sweden as a substitute for hops 
 in brewing." 
 
636 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEJVTENT 
 
 abounding especially in Britain (Linn., fl. Dan. pi. 608, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 
 Chaubard around Calamata in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was carried to St. Helena 
 and the Mauritius Islands, and in both localities has become naturalized (A. Dec, and Boj.). 
 
 Potentilla argentea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. One or more species is called 
 in Iceland " mara" (Olaf Olafsens urtag.) ; and the mJ,re of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 31. 7 — 
 is referred here in part by Cockayne : P. argentea is termed " pentaphyllum exiguum " by Tragus 
 (Spreng.), "quinquefolium folio argenteo " by Tournefort inst. 297 ; and is known to occur in waste 
 places throughout middle and Northern Europe (Crantz, Pers., Genersich, and Wahl.). Eastward, 
 was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus. By European colo- 
 nists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, occurring not only in waste 
 ground but in wild sunny situations. 
 
 Potentilla auscrina of cool Climates. Called in Britain goose-grass or goose-tansy or silver- 
 weed, in mediaeval Latin "argentina " (Prior), in France "argentine" (Nugent): the ge L 00 VVy TT 
 of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 32. 3, and the " mare '' in part, — are referred here by Cockayne : 
 P. anserina is described by Brunfels (Spreng.) ; was observed by Bertoloni in Italy ; is known to 
 grow on the Azores (Wats.), and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and 
 Iceland (Lam. fl. fr., fl. Dan. pi. 544, Fries, and Hook.). Eastward, is known to grow throughout 
 Northern Asia as far as Armenia, Talusch, Cashmere (Thomson, and A. Dec), Pekin (Bunge), 
 Daouria, and Kamtschatka (Ledeb.). Farther East, on the seashore of Unalascha and at Norfolk 
 Sound and Kotzebue Sound (Mert., and Hook.) ; was observed by myself around the interior salines 
 of Oregon ; is known to grow as far as Cumberland house in Lat. 54 (Drumm.), lake Huron (Hook.), 
 lake Champlain (Mx.), Pennsylvania (A. Gray), Labrador (Pursh), Greenland (Dec), Newfound- 
 land (LapiL), along the Atlantic so far as observed by myself, exclusively maritime and ceasing at 
 about Lat. 42 D . In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by R. Brown p. 60 in Australia ; by J. 
 D. Hooker p. 54, in New Zealand; and by C. Gay ii. p. 303, in Chili. 
 
 Ciicaa lutetiana of Northern Climates. Called in Britain enchanter's nightshade (Prior), in Old 
 Dutch " alfrancke,'' and the ieL fThOne of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 32. 4 — is referred here 
 conjecturally by Cockayne : C. lutetiana is described by Lobel obs. p. 137, F. Columna ecphr. ii. 
 p. So (Spreng), and Tournefort inst. 301 ; was observed by Savi on the Appenines ; and is known to 
 grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Finland (Ledeb., Wats., and 
 A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in cultivated ground around Constanti- 
 nople and in woods on the Bithynian Olympus, rarely in Greece ; is known to grow on Caucasus 
 (Bieb.), and throughout Siberia as far as the Yenisei (Pall.). Farther East, was observed by Beck 
 on the Mississippi at St. Louis ; and is known to grow from lake Huron and Montreal (Hook.) 
 throughout our Northern and middle States, and along the Alleghanies as far as Georgia (Ell., and 
 Chapm.) ; observed by myself, sometimes in waste ground, but more frequently in the forest and to 
 all appearance indigenous. 
 
 Callitriche aquatica of Temperate Climates. Called in Britain water-starzuort (Prior) : the 
 6 &.L If er of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 22. 2 and ii. 24 — is referred here in gloss. Dun., and 
 the " uaeterwyrt" of transl. Apul. 48, is referred here by Lyte and Nemnich (Cockayne) : C. aquatica 
 is described by Vaillant pi. 32, Linnaeus, and Smith ; was observed by Gussone in Sicily ; by Desfon- 
 taines, in Algeria ; and is known to grow on the Azores and throughout middle and Northern Europe 
 as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in pools on 
 the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow on Caucasus (Ledeb.), in Abyssinia (Rich.), in Hindu- 
 stan even to within the Tropic (J. D. Hook.), throughout Siberia to the Yenisei (Pall.), Daouria 
 (Ledeb.), and Japan (Thunberg). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso on L T nalascha ; and is 
 known to grow from the mouth of the Columbia and Eschscholtz Bay to Bear Lake and Lat. 66°, and 
 throughout Canada (Wats., and Hook.) to Arkansas (Nutt), Kentucky (Short), and our Atlantic 
 States as far as Carolina and Florida (Ell., and Chapm.). In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to 
 grow in Chili (C. Gay), on the Falkland Islands (D'urv.), Terra del Fuego, New Zealand, Campbell's 
 Isle, Auckland's Isle, Tasmannia, and Kerguelen (J. D. Hook., and A. Dec). 
 
 Sanieula Europaa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain selfheal or 
 sanicle (Prior), in France "sanicle" (Nugent), in Germany "sanikel" (Grieb) ; the VWdv merce 
 of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 15 and 39. 2 — is identified with the "sanieula" in a gloss in Lac- 
 nunga (Cockayne) : the "sanicle" is mentioned as curative in old proverbs, French and Eno-lish ; 
 and the "diapensiam" of (Jrtus Sanitatis (edit. Lubec) is referred here by Sprengel : S. Europasa is 
 described by F. Columna phyt. pi. 16; is termed " s. officinarum " by Tournefort" inst. 326, " astran- 
 tia diapensia " by Scopoli ; is known to grow in woods in Carniolia, France, and throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 283, Crantz, Lam. fl fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed 
 by Sibthorp on mount Athos. 
 
 Galium mollugo of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain whip-tongue, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 637 
 
 and an allied species in Cotgrave harrewort (Prior) ; the little h&rre VVVPT that according to 
 the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 61 oftenest groweth in gardens and hath white flowers, — may be com- 
 pared : G. mollugo is described by Brunfels (Spreng.) ; is termed "g. album vulgare" by Tournefort 
 inst. 115 ; is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 455, Schrad , Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Galium cruciatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain cross-wort 
 (Prior) ; the VVPkeTe of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook iii. I. 8, — and " crosswort " of ms. Bodl. 
 536, are referred here by Cockayne : G. cruciatum is termed " crucialis " by Hermolaus Barbaras 
 (Spreng.), " cruciata hirsuta " by Tournefort inst. 115 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia ; and is 
 known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe (fl. Wett, Engl. bot. pi. 143, and Pers.). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Campanula trachelium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain throat- 
 wort (Prior), in Holland " halskruid," in Germany '■halskraut" or " halswurz," in Denmark ''hals- 
 urt" (Cockayne), in which we recognize the h^LSVVyPT of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook: — C. 
 trachelium is termed " uvularia major" by Tragus (Spreng.), " c. vulgatior foliis urticae vel major 
 et asperior " by Tournefort inst. 109 ; is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 1026, Engl. bot. pi. 12, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount 
 Athos. 
 
 Primula %>eris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain cowslip or cows- 
 lop, in Old English " petty mullein" in medieval Latin " verbasculum" (Prior), in Turkish " taus- 
 chian kulaghe " (Sibth.), in which we recognize the CVSLypp&.n of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook 
 iii. 30, — Lacnunga, and the " cusloppe " of yElfric's glossary : the " herbam paralysis " is mentioned 
 by Hermolaus Barbarus, Brunschwygk ii. 8, and Brunfels p. 190 ; P. veris is described by Matthioli 
 p. 883, and Gerarde ; is termed "p. veris odorata flore luteo simplici " by Tournefort inst. 124 ; is 
 known to grow in France and throughout middle and Northern Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 433, Jacq., and 
 Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus. 
 Its flowers according to Lindley "make a pleasant soporific wine." 
 
 Scrophularia nodosa of Northern Climates. Called in Britain jigwori or brownwort, in Germany 
 "braunwurz," but by Brunfels and old writers "brunnwurz" apparently from growing around "brun- 
 nen" or public fountains (Prior), in which we recognize the brVne VVyrT of the Anglo-Saxon 
 leechbook i. 38. 4, — and transl. Apul. 57: S. nodosa is described by Gesner hort. germ, f 254 
 (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. nodosa foetida" by Tournefort inst. 166 ; is known to grow in moist situa- 
 tions from Italy and Spain throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Colm., 
 Bertol., and Fries). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; and is known to 
 grow about Caucasus and in Siberia (A. Dec). Farther East, is known to grow in Oregon (Dougl., 
 Scouler, and Hook, fl.), and California (A. Dec.) ; was 'observed by E. James at the sources of the 
 Platte in the Rocky mountains ; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, along the Arkansas ; by Short, in Ken- 
 tucky ; by Percival, in Canada ; by Clayton 71 in Virginia (Linn. sp. pi.); is known to occur through- 
 out our Atlantic States (Pursh, Ell., and A. Gray) and "from Florida to Mississippi" (Chapm.), 
 but so far as observed by myself having the aspect of an introduced plant, chiefly met with where 
 roads cross streams. According to Burnett, and Lindley, the leaves and roots are " said to be 
 purgative and emetic," and "a decoction of the leaves is used by farmers to cure the scab in 
 swine." " S. Marylandica" observed by Banister in Virginia (Ray suppl. 396), is regarded as not 
 
 distinct. 
 
 Scrophularia aquatica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Included in Britain under 
 the name brownwort, called besides water-betony or bishop's leaves, in France "herbe du siege" 
 understood as of a bishop's see (Prior), but according to Burnett, from its roots eaten by the garri- 
 son of Rochelle during the siege in 1628 by cardinal Richelieu: possibly included in the above 
 Anolo-Saxon "brune wyrt : " — S. aquatica is termed "s. aquatica major" by Tournefort inst. 166; 
 and°is known to grow in watery places from Switzerland throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 
 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 507, and Pers.). Farther East, was observed by Sibthorp at the lake of Nicaa 
 in Greece. Its properties according to Lindley " much as in the last species." 
 
 Euphrasia officinalis of Northern Climates. Called in Britain eyebright (Prior), in France 
 "eufraise" (Nugent) : the e^gVVyPTof the Anglo-Saxon leechbook iii. 30 — is referred here by 
 Cockayne : E. officinalis is mentioned by Brunschwygk, and \V. Coles (Prior) ; is termed "e. offici- 
 narum" by Tournefort inst. 174; is known to grow on the mountains of the Azores and Southern 
 Spain and from France throughout Northern Europe as far as North Cape in Lapland, the Feroe 
 Islands and Iceland (Hook., Wats., Wahl, Boiss., and Trevel.). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 
 thorp on the mountains of the Peloponnesus and the Bithynian Olympus : is known to grow also on 
 Taurus (Bieb.), in Cabul, Cashmere, and on the Himalaya mountains (A. Dec, and Lindl.), and in 
 
638 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Siberia (Gmel.). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha ; is known to grow on the 
 Rocky mountains (Drummond), in Canada from " Lat. 64 " (Hook.), at York factory (Rich.), in 
 Labrador from Lat. 57 (E. Meyer), in Greenland (Gieseck), Newfoundland (Lapil.) ; was observed by 
 Michaux, and myself, on the Lower St. Lawrence ; and ceases at about Lat. 45 in New England 
 (Muhl., and A. Gray). The plant according to Lindley is " slightly bitter and aromatic," and "has 
 had much reputation in diseases of the eye." 
 
 Rumex sanguineus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain blood-wort 
 or bloody dock (Prior), and the re \ 6 &. n d C C \ n of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 49 — is referred 
 here by Cockayne: R. sanguineus is described by Valerius Cordus (Spreng. prsf.); is termed " lapa- 
 thum folio acuto rubente " by Tournefort inst. 504 ; was observed by Schrader in Germany ; and is 
 known to occur in other parts of middle" Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi. 492, Engl. bot. pi. 
 1533, and Kit.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in Virginia and around 
 Newbern and Charleston (Pers., Ell., Croom, and Chapm.). 
 
 Rumex maritimus of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. The f e \ Lpkn 
 doCCkn fallow dock of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 49 — is referred here in part by Cockayne : 
 R. maritimus is described by Petiver brit. pi. 2. f. 8; was observed by Pollini veron. (Lenz) along 
 the Adriatic ; and is known to grow along the Atlantic in the salt marshes of France and Britain 
 (Smith brit. i. 253, Lam. fi. fr., and Pers.). Farther West, across the Atlantic, is enumerated by 
 A. Gray as growing on the " sea-shore, Virginia to Massachusetts, and in saline soil in the interior ; " 
 by Chapman, on the seashore of North Carolina. " R. persicarioides " regarded as not distinct, was 
 observed by Pursh, and Elliott, from Virginia to Carolina; by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall, 
 on the Arkansas. 
 
 Cynosurus cristatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dog's-tail 
 grass from its spike fringed on one side only, or windle-straw from its stem used for platting (Prior) ; 
 and the ITIICLe $re&.Te VVindeL STrejitVV two-edged and growing in highways according to 
 the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 4. 3, — is referred here by Cockayne : C. cristatus is described by Bar- 
 relier pi. 27; is termed "gramen spicatum glumis cristatis " by Tournefort inst. 519; and is known 
 to grow in grassy places throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 316, and Pers.). Eastward, the 
 "kunosoura" of Eustathius may be compared: C. cristatus was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, 
 from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Agrostis spica-venti of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Britain windle- 
 straw (Prior, Mylne, and Cockayne), and agreeing with the implied smaller " windel streaw : " — A. 
 spica-venti is described by Lobel pi. 1. 3 (Spreng.), and Parkinson ; is known to occur in cultivated 
 ground throughout middle Europe (Leers pi. 4, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Chaubard 
 in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Aira ccsspitosa of Northern Climates. A grass growing in tufts that in Britain are called has- 
 socks (Nemnich, and Prior); the C&.SS VC of the Anglo-Saxon leechbook i. 63 and iii. 62 — is referred 
 here by Cockayne, confirmation being found in Lacnunga : A. ca^spitosa is termed "gramen pratense 
 paniculatum altissimum locustis parvis splendentibus non aristatis " by Tournefort inst. 524 ; and is 
 known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Pers., 
 and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp frequent in grassy tracts on the Greek islands ; is 
 known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.), and in Siberia (Wats., and Kunth). Farther East, across the 
 Pacific, is known to grow on Unalascha (Kunth) ; in Canada, and as far South as Lat. 40 in central 
 Pennsylvania (Muhl., Darl., Wats., and A. Gray). 
 
 Avena pratensis of middle and Northern Europe. The Se Lp\e T6 of the Anglo-Saxon leech- 
 book iii. 8, referred by Cockayne to the wild oat, may be compared: A. pratensis is termed "gramen 
 avenaceum panicula purpuro-argentea splendente " by Tournefort inst. 525 ; and is known to grow in 
 meads throughout middle Europe as far as Scotland (Engl. bot. pi. 1204, Pers., and A. Dec). East- 
 ward, was observed by Sibthorp near Constantinople. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 371), Otfridus Wissenburgensis writing on religious subjects in the 
 vernacular language of Franconia. 
 
 "860 to S63 A. D." (Rafn), rediscovery of Iceland by the Scandinavian navigator Gardar. 
 
 The nilometer at Rhoda having been accidentally injured, was rebuilt by khalif Motawakkel 
 (Kufic inscript., Marcel, and Wilk. Theb. and eg. p. 312). Its "pointed arches" may therefore 
 prove the earliest instances of this style of art (see below, Tooloon). 
 
 "861 A. D." (art de verif.), Motawakkel succeeded by Montaser, eleventh Abbassid khalif. 
 
 Strychnos nux-vomica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The imported seeds are mentioned 
 by Abram— (Serap. 164, F. Adams), and Haly Abbas. The tree is called in Telinga " musadi," in 
 Bengalee " kuchila " (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay " kajra " (Graham) ; is mentioned by a com- 
 mentator on the Amara-cosha (W. Jones in as. res. iv. p. 128) ; was observed in Hindustan by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 639 
 
 Rheede i. pi. 37, Roxburgh, and Royle ; by Graham, in the " hilly parts of the Concans," the bitter 
 wood of the roots " used by the natives in the cure of intermittent fevers ; " is known to grow also 
 on Ceylon (Linn. fl. zeyl. 91). Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. 488 as indigenous in Bur- 
 mah and called " kha-boung," growing "as far South as Maulmain," the pulp of the fruit "a favourite 
 repast with native children," and the bark " used by the Karens in fevers ; " the lignum cohtbrinum 
 of commerce is regarded by Blume as consisting in great part of wood of this species, more than of 
 any other (Lindl.). Westward from Hindustan, the imported seeds are called in Egypt " kydjle " or 
 "chobz el ghorab" or "aejsch el ghorab " (Forsk. mat. med., and Del.), and according to Clot-Bey 
 the living tree has recently been introduced ; " nucis vomice " is mentioned by Nicolaus Proposi- 
 tus 122, and continues well known in Europe as exceedingly poisonous seeds affording as in other 
 species the principle called strychnia; the bark is besides imported under the name of false 
 Angustura (Lindl.). 
 
 " 862 A. D." (art de verif .), Montaser succeeded by Mostain, twelfth Abbassid khalif. 
 
 " The same year " (Talvi, and others), at Novogorod, dissensions among the Slavonians in 
 electing their " posadnik " (mayor), the choice falling upon Rurik chief of the Varegians ; an 
 encroaching Scandinavian tribe (by the Finns called " Ruotzi " or " strangers " ). The election lead- 
 ing to a more warlike policy, is regarded as the beginning of the Russian empire. The encroaching 
 Scandinavians being comparatively few, soon becoming amalgamated and merged in the general 
 Slavonian population. 
 
 "863 A. D." (Talvi). Some Slavonian tribes (according to Kopitar) already in possession of the 
 Glagolitic alphabet. But "about this time," the Greek alphabet with some additional letters applied 
 to the Slavonic language by Constantine usually called Cyril ; sent to Moravia with his brother 
 Methodius as missionaries; and the Gospels translated by them into Slavonic. 
 
 The same year (= " 5th year of Seiwa," art de verif.), the writings of Confucius brought to the 
 court of Japan, and read with approval. 
 
 "865 A. D." (Alst. p. 371), Huldericus bishop of Augsburg writing against the celibacy of the 
 clergy : and against encroachment on the religious liberty enjoyed by the German priesthood. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Ethelbert II. succeeded by Ethelred or Ethered, fifth Anglo-Saxon 
 king of England. 
 
 " 866 A. D." (art de verif.), Mostain succeeded by Motaz, thirteenth Abbassid khalif. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bent!.), Agnivahu reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "867 A. D." (Blair), the Danes under Ivar brought into England by Earl Bruern, and Northum- 
 berland conquered by them. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Michael III. succeeded by Basilius Macedo, thirty-fourth Byzantine 
 emperor. Writings by the emperor Basilius are extant; and in his reign, Christianity was finally 
 adopted by the Greeks of Maina in the Peloponnesus (Porphyrog. adm. 224, and E. A. Soph.). 
 
 One hundred and fifty-fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 867, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish 
 writer Nachshon : the Arab writers, Ebn Kotaiba, Alfrag^nus, Kostha ben Luca, Beladsor d. 892 
 (Gildem.) : Nicetas Paphlago, Joannes diaconus and rhetor, Simeon Metaphrastes, Joseph the hym- 
 nographer d. 883, Metrophanes of Smyrna : Hincmarus ; John Scotus ; Ambrosius Ansbertus, Remlgius 
 Antisiodorensis. 
 
 "The same year" (T. Wright early trav. Palest.), sailing of Bernard from Tarentum, provided 
 with letters of safe conduct from the Muslim prince of Southern Italy, and in company with three 
 thousand Christian captives in two ships. Landing at Alexandria and proceeding up the Nile, Bernard 
 describes "such a peace" between Christians and Muslims that a traveller's baggage might be safely 
 left on the road : but any one found journeying " without a letter or some mark of a king or prince of 
 that land" is imprisoned, until he can give an account of himself, "whether he be a spy or not." 
 After reaching the village of Babylon, Bernard returned Northward, proceeding to Damietta, thence 
 to Faramea and across the Desert by the nearest route to Palestine. 
 
 "868 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Nicolaus succeeded by Hadrianus II., forty-second 
 archbishop. 
 
 "869 A. D." (art de verif), Motaz succeeded by Mohtadi, fourteenth Abbassid khalif. 
 
 Hobaisch, a nephew of Honain (Spreng. hist. med. vi. 5), may have been at this time writing. 
 
 Liquidambar altingia of mountainous districts in the East Indies. The "miat" described by 
 Hobaisch as flowing from the bark of a lofty tree in the East Indies, — mentioned also by Ishak Ebn 
 Amran Rhazes, Serapion 46, Avicenna, Abu Khoraij, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sprengel: 
 the "storacis liquide" is mentioned by Franciscus de Pedemontium f. 133 ; and liquid storax con- 
 tinues to be largely imported into Europe. Eastward, L. altingia growing at the elevation of from two 
 to three thousand feet on Java, was ascertained by Noronha, and Blume fl. jav. pi., to yield the " ras-sa- 
 ma-la" of the Malays or true liquid storax: and farther North, according to Mason v. p. 486 (and 
 
64O CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 journ. asiat. for 1848), the tree is "indigenous on the Tenasserim coast, and in some sections is quite 
 abundant." According to Lindley, liquid storax is "a fragrant honey-like balsam," a "stimulating 
 expectorant substance acting in the same way as solid storax, that is to say influencing the mucous 
 membranes, especially that which lines the air passages." 
 
 Acouitum ferox of the Himalaya mountains. The acrid root of an Aconitum found by Belon 
 imported into Egypt and called "bish ; " in which we recognize the " bish " of Hobaisch, — Rhazes, 
 Ebn Samhum, Avicenna, I. ben- AH, and Ebn Baitar, referred by Royle (in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) to A. ferox, 
 the name derived from the Sanscrit "visha" signifying poison, and the drug long celebrated among 
 the Hindus : the plant is also attributed to Hindustan by Kaswini (De Sacy chrest., and Gildem.), and 
 may prove the source of genuine aconite. 
 
 Ciicumis sativus of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Egypt "khyar," in which we recognize the 
 "khiar" of — Hobaisch, I. ben Masah, Amineddulat, I. ben Soliman, Rhazes, Avicenna, Elgafaki, 
 Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar : C. sativus was observed in Egypt by Forskal, Delile, and myself ; and 
 farther North, is called in Persian "kyar" (Roxb. iii. p. 720) ; wis observed by Forskal in gardens at 
 Constantinople ; and according to Chaubard, is abundantly cultivated in Greece. Westward, is called 
 in Esthonian "ukkuritz" or "uritz" in Polish "ogorek," in Bohemian "agurka," in German "gurke" 
 or "kukummer" (A. Dec), in Italian " cocomero," in Spanish " cogombro," in French " concombre,'' 
 and in English cucumber ox the young fruit for pickling gherkin; is described by Matthioli p. 367, 
 Dalechamp p. 620, and Lobel pi. 638, and is cultivated throughout Middle Europe. Southward from 
 Egypt, is known to be cultivated in Abyssinia (A. Rich.) ; and was observed by myself at Muscat. 
 Eastward, is called in Sanscrit "sookasa" (Pidd.), in Bengalee "sasha" or "khyira" or '•kankur,'' in 
 Hindustanee "khira" or " kakri " (D'rozar); was observed in Hindustan by Rheede viii. pi. 6, Rox- 
 burgh, Wight, myself, and according to Graham is "cultivated to a considerable extent as an article 
 of food among the natives." Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 471 as " exotic " in Burmah, 
 the Burmans and Karens seeming to prefer the fruit " when large and yellow ; " was observed by Blume 
 p. 930 under cultivation in Java; in Cochinchina and China, by Loureiro p. 726; and by Kaempfer, 
 and Thunberg, cultivated in Japan and called "akwa," or usually "karas uri " or "ki uri." From 
 Europe, was carried by Columbus to the West Indies (F. Columb. 53) ; and at the present day, is 
 abundantly cultivated throughout Northeast America. 
 
 "Oct. 5th" (Nicol., see also Alst.), "Eighth" general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at Con- 
 stantinople by the emperor Basilius : who "for parricide " had been excluded from the church. The 
 patriarch Photius was deposed, and Ignatius reinstated; and on an appeal being made to Rome, some 
 writings of Photius against the encroachments of the Roman archbishop, subscribed by many provin- 
 cial bishops, were publicly burned by Hadrianus II. 
 
 "870 A. D." (art de verif.), Mohtadi succeeded by Motamed, fifteenth Abbassid khalif. 
 
 The authority of Motamed was acknowledged by Tooloon ; who, under the appointment of gov- 
 ernor of Eg\pt, had rendered himself really independent. Coins issued in Egypt by Tooloon, are 
 figured in Marcel p. 66. 
 
 Fagara Avicenna: of China. CallecLin Arabic " faghara " (Mowafik ) ; and the " fagirat " of Ebn 
 Masah, — Ishak ben Amran, Mesue, Serapion 200, Ebn Baitar, supposed by Avicenna to come "from 
 Sofala," is referred here by Jussieu : F. Avicennae is described from imported specimens by Lobel 
 ic. ii. pi. 133. Eastward, was observed in China by Incarville (who sent specimens to Jussieu, Spreng.); 
 and according to Lindley, is " used in China as an antidote against all poisons ; undoubtedly a powerful 
 stimulant." 
 
 " In or about this year" (Nicol), by a synod at Spalatro, the use of the Slavonian language in 
 religious services prohibited. 
 
 " 872 A. D." (Nicol.), Ethelred succeeded by Alfred, sixth Anglo-Saxon king of England. Alfred's 
 coins are of inferior workmanship : his jewel, "a beautiful work of art " bearing an inscription in Anglo- 
 Saxon capital letters, — is now in the museum at Oxford (Pauli vi ). 
 
 "873 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Hadrianus II. succeeded by Joannes IX., forty-third 
 archbishop. 
 
 "N74 A. D. = 'kian-fou,' 1st year of Hi-tsoung, of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty— (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 Hardly later than this date (Yule cath. i. p. cvii), Ebn Wahab, an acquaintance of Abu Zaid, 
 visiting Khumdan (Singanfu) in China. 
 
 "The same year" (Rafn), colonization of Iceland by Scandinavians under Ingolf. 
 
 "875 A. D." (Pauth. 329), in China, beginning of the revolt led by Hoang-tchao (called " Ban- 
 choa " by Abu Zaid). 
 
 "The same year" (= 823 -f cycle of 52 yrs., Clavig. ii), accession of Nacaxoc, fifth Toltec king 
 of Mexico. 
 
 Acer {.Ycgundo) Amcricanum of the Mississippi and its tributaries. A pinnate-leaved maple 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 64 1 
 
 called ash-leaved maple or box-elder, and sugar procured from it by the Crees * perhaps from early 
 times — (R. Brown jun.) : grows according to A. Gray on "river-banks, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, 
 and southward," a "small but handsome tree ; " was observed by F. A. Michaux in the Southern and 
 Western States ; by Elliot, in the upper district of Carolina and Georgia ; by Chapman, " Florida and 
 northward ; " by Darby, near New Orleans ; by E. James, from the Missouri to within the Rocky moun- 
 tains ; by Nuttall, along the Missouri to the mountains ; and by Richardson, as far as 53 on the 
 Saskatchewan (see also Hook.). Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet pi. 123 (Spreng.), 
 Linnseus, and Duhamel i. pi. 11; was observed by Clot- Bey in the gardens of Egypt. 
 
 "876 to 877 A. D." (Rafn), beyond Iceland, "islands" discovered by Gunbjorn : the coast of 
 Greenland, — as subsequently ascertained. 
 
 "877 A. D." (Abu Zeid, see also Pauth.), the city of Kan-fou (Canton) captured by Hoang-tchao, 
 and all the inhabitants put to death ; including " twenty-six thousand Muslims, Jews, Christians, and 
 Parsees, residing there for the purposes of commerce." 
 
 "The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), abdication of Seiwa, in favour of his eldest son 
 Josei or Yo-zei, now fifty-seventh dairo of Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Charles II. le Chauve succeeded by his son Louis II., as king of 
 France. 
 
 "878, Aug. nth" (Nicol.), a synod at Troyes. An ordinance was adopted, that the bodies of 
 excommunicated persons, instead of being buried, "should be exposed to beasts of prey." 
 
 " Under the administration of Tooloon " (Marcel p. 61 and 68), construction of the subterranean 
 aqueducts that supply the city of Alexandria with water. Tradition. among the Copts ascribes the 
 work to Sanutious or Shenouda, at this time Coptic patriarch. 
 
 "S79 A. D." (according to two Kufic inscriptions), and on the site selected ninety years after- 
 wards for the city of Cairo, the mosque of Tooloon completed. With the possible exception of the 
 nilometer of Motawakkel, it presents the earliest pointed arches (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 302 and 
 457, and Marcel p. 75, see also Lepsreg. and sin. p. 73). — The new style soon became universal 
 in Egypt ; and very little change has since taken place in Muslim architecture ; recognized through- 
 out the East by the dome and pointed arch. In the West also, the origin and extension of the 
 so-called " Gothic " architecture, is clearly connected with the Muslim occupancy of Sicily and 
 Spain. 
 
 Serratula behen of Syria and Cyprus. The "bahman" of Ishak ben Amran, — Rhazes, Avi- 
 cenna 141, Mosih, Serapion, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by writers: "bahman" roots from 
 Greece, are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as used medicinally in Egypt. Farther North, S. 
 
 * Phaca aboriginorum of the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie river. From early times, eaten by 
 the Crees and Stone indians East of the Rocky mountains — (R. Brown jun.) : described by Hooker, 
 and as growing from Lake Winnipeg to the Rocky mountains, and Bear Lake at 66°. 
 
 Herackum lanatum of Subarctic America. The American cow-parsnip, from early times used 
 as a potherb by the Crees, and its roots and young stems eaten by the tribes along the Pacific — 
 (R. Brown jun.): observed by Michaux in Canada; by Lapilaye, in Newfoundland; by myself, 
 from the Subalpine portion of the White mountains to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Muhlenberg, and 
 Chapman, "mountains of North Carolina;" by Short, in Kentucky; and according to Hooker, grows 
 throughout Canada to 58° on the Mackenzie river, also in Northwest America as far as Unalascha. 
 
 Urtica gracilis of North America. A tall nettle, very slightly stinging ; and from early times, 
 fibre obtained from its stem by the Northwestern tribes — (R. Brown jun.) : received from Hudson 
 Bay by Aiton (Pers.) ; termed " u. procera " by Muhlenberg (Steud.) ; observed by Pursh from Canada 
 to Pennsylvania ; by A. Gray, " common, especially northward " from Central New York ; by myself, 
 from 43 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in the Upper 
 district of Carolina and Georgia ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and by Long's 
 Expedition ii., on the Upper Mississippi. 
 
 Lilium Canadense of Northeast America. The Canadian yellow lily, its root from early times 
 eaten by the natives of Northwest America — (R. Brown jun.): "mountain-lilies bearing many yellow 
 flowers, turning up their leaves like the martigon, or Turk's-cap, spotted with small spots as deep as 
 safiforn," were seen by Josselyn rav. 54 in New England : L. Canadense was observed by Michaux in 
 Canada and on the Alleghanies of Virginia and Carolina ; by myself, on the border of marshes from 
 47 30' on the Lower St Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic; by Torrey, to 41° on the Hudson ; by 
 Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina; by Catesby pi. 11 (Pers.), and Elliot, on the Alleghanies of 
 Carolina; by Chapman, in "mountain-meadows, Georgia, and northward;" by Beck, as far as the 
 Mississippi near St Louis. Transported to Europe, is described by Io Robin (Spreng.), Morison iv. 
 pi. 20, and Barrelier. 
 
 81 
 
642 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 behen was observed by Rauwolf pi. 288 in Syria ; is termed " jacea orientalis patula carthami facie 
 flore luteo magno " by Tournefort cor. 32 ; and was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. 
 
 Rheum ribes of the mountains of Syria and Persia. The " ribas " of Ishak ben Amran,— 
 Elbasri, Avicenna, Edrisi, Sandhasar, Mesue electuar., and Abd-allatif, mentioned by Ebn Baitar as 
 growing in Syria, is referred lure by Sontheimer, and Royle : "rob ribas from Greece and Syria," 
 is enumerated by Forskal mat med. as imported into Egypt. R. ribes is described from imported 
 specimens by Gronovius, Dillenius elth. pi. 15S, and Desfontaines ann. mus. i. pi. 49 5 but according 
 to Lindley, is not medicinal (see Ribes uva-crispa). 
 
 iXauclea ovalifolia of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " shal " or " shala ; " in which we 
 recognize the "schal" of Ishak ben Amran, — Elminhadsch, Ebn Dschezla, and Avicenna, described 
 as an Indian quince by Ebn Baitar : N. ovalifolia is described in the Hortus Bengalensis 14, and by 
 Roxburgh ii. 125, and Piddington 206 (J. F. Wats, index). 
 
 Garcinia mangostana of the Equatorial portion of the Malayan archipelago. The "jawz jan- 
 dum " of Ishak ben Amran, — Rhazes, Ebn Joljol, Avicenna, Ali ben Razn, and Ebn Baitar, is 
 referred here by Sontheimer. Eastward, G. mangostana is enumerated by Mason v. p. 447 as 
 " exotic " in Burmah, called " men-gu," and " cultivated to a considerable extent in Mergui " or to 
 N. Lat. 13 : mangosteen fruit was seen by myself only under the Equator at Singapore. G. man- 
 gostana was observed in the wild state by Rumphius i. p. 133 on Saleya. By European colonists, 
 was carried to Hindustan, where Roxburgh was unable to obtain fruit beyond N. Lat. 23° 30' ; to 
 the environs of Bombay more recently (Graham, and Nimmo) ; and to Jamaica, where the fruit is 
 decidedly inferior (Macfacl., and A. Dec). 
 
 "The same'year" (Nicol.), Louis II. succeeded by his two sons, Louis III. and Carloman, as 
 kings of France. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Ado Viennensis. 
 
 " 880 A. D." (Pauth. 329, see also Abu Zeid), the title of " emperor " assumed by Hoang-tchao, 
 now in possession of the greater portion of China. He was'soon afterwards defeated, through the 
 " aid of the king of Tag.ugaz," and put himself to death. 
 
 About this time ("a little after 264 A. H. comm. Sept. 12th 877," Gildem. 75), compilation of 
 Arab voyages to India and China by Abu Zaid Alhakim of Siraf. He speaks of a "great multitude 
 of Jews" in Sarandib (Ceylon), and many other sects, even Tanwis or Manichees, the king permit- 
 ting the free exercise of every religion. Gaming was the most usual occupation of the inhabitants, 
 as draughts, and the fighting of cocks, whose spurs they armed with iron. The favourite drink was 
 " of palm-honey boiled and prepared with the ' tari ' or juice which runs from the tree " (clearly toddy, 
 the crude sap procured from different kinds of palms). — " Vin" obtained in Java from growing trees, 
 is mentioned by Marco Polo 167. 
 
 The island of Socotra chiefly inhabited by Christians : derived (according to Abu Zeid) from a 
 Greek colony founded " by Alexander," and subsequently converted to Christianity ; in which faith 
 they have persevered, "as well as all the inhabitants of other isles." — Marco Polo 189 describes 
 the population of " Scotra" and some islands halfway between it and Hindustan, as Christian, recog- 
 nizing as their head the "arcevesqe" of Bagdad. On the arrival of the Portuguese, the Socotrans 
 exhibited crosses, but according to Barbosa, there was nothing left but the name. By other Portu- 
 guese, they are termed "Jacobites subject to Alexandria." 
 
 The " lead called al-qala'i " (tin of Banca) is enumerated by Abu Zaid as sold at Kalah — in or 
 near the Malay Peninsula (Yule cath. i. p. exci). 
 
 Ccesa/pinia sappan of the Siamese countries. An arborescent shrub furnishing the sappan wood 
 of commerce, called in Tagalo " sapang " or " sibucao " (Blanco), in Burmah " teing-nyet " (Mason), 
 in Tamil " patungha," in Telinga " bukkapu," in Bengali and Hindustanee " bukkum," in Malabar 
 " tsiapangum " (Drury), and enumerated by Abu Zaid as sold at Kalah ; —by Musir ben Muhalhil, 
 as growing at Kulam (on the Indian Sea) ; mentioned also by Abu'fadli (Cels. i. 176), Edrisi, Abul- 
 feda, and according to Bakui imported "from the Malayan archipelago and from Zingitana : " the 
 wood called "presillum" was known in Europe to Matthaeus Sylvaticus ; " brazilium " is men- 
 tioned by Rabbinical writers of the Twelfth century (Spreng.) ; and the "berzi" shrub was seen 
 by Marco Polo \(») under cultivation on Java. C. sappan was observed by Blanco abundant on 
 the Philippines ; by myself, naturalized there and on Zanzibar, and under cultivation at Bombay ; 
 by Mason v. 511, indigenous and confined to Tavoy, but according to the Karens having "a much 
 wider range" on "the Meinan side of the mountains in Siam ;" by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, 
 cultivated and growing freely without care from Bengal to Ceylon, its wood used by Telinga elvers 
 for a cheap red ; was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 2 in Malabar ; by Graham, "in gardens Fsombay 
 and the Deccan." 
 
 "882, Sept. 19th, one hour and fifteen minutes after midnight" (Blair, and Clint, iii. p. 369), the 
 Autumnal equinox observed by Albategni at Aractus. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 643 
 
 " The same year" (F. Mason ii. 23), in Burmah, offerings made by the governor of Thatung 
 to the pagoda at Rangoon. — One of the largest in the country, as appears from the ruins. 
 
 "883 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Joannes IX. succeeded by Marinus or Martinus, 
 forty-fourth archbishop. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Blair), the first star of Aries observed by Albategni to be " 18 2' from 
 the Equinoctial point." 
 
 "884 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Marinus succeeded by Hadrianus III, forty-fifth 
 archbishop. 
 
 " Under khalif Motamed " (Yule cath. i. p. cix), the Arab geographer Ebn Khordadbah director 
 of the posts in Jibal or ancient Media. — He died about 912 (= "300 Hej," comm. Aug. 17th, 
 Gildem. 75). 
 
 " Ghorraib" (a kind of plant) enumerated by Ebn Khordadbah among the exports of China — 
 (Yule). 
 
 Pterocarpus marsupium of Tropical Hindustan, as far as Assam. The red Sanders is a very 
 large Leguminous tree called in Bengalee "peet-sal," in Telinga "yeanga-sha" (Lindl.) or "yegi," 
 in Hindustanee " peet-shola," in Tamil " vengay " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "bia" or 
 " bewba " or " beebla " (Graham) ; its timber used from early times, and its gum-resin kino men- 
 tioned by Ebn Khordadbah — (Yule) : P. marsupium was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 25 in Malabar, 
 whence according to Gibson kino continues to be exported in considerable quantities ; by Graham, 
 " common in some parts of Concans " as far as Bombay, and found by Lush in the " Rajpeepla jun- 
 gles;" by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Cleghorn, from the Neilgherries and Travancore to the 
 Eastern ghauts and Circar mountains, but plentiful only in the forests of Cuddapah and North Arcot 
 (Drur.) ; is known to grow also in Assam (Mason v. 485). Kino according to Roxburgh is strongly 
 but simply astringent. (See P. erinaceus, and Butea frondosa). 
 
 Pterocarpus li'allicliii of Burmah. Possibly affording the kino enumerated by Ebn Khordadbah 
 among the exports of China. Its wood has been long valued in Burmah, — being according to Rox- 
 burgh "not unlike mahogany, but more heavy, red, coarse in grain ; " only within a few years, has 
 its gum-resin kino been exported (Mason v. 485, and Journ. as. 1848). 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Charles le Simple being a minor, the government of France assumed 
 by the German emperor Charles le Gros. 
 
 " In this year," the Welsh monk Asser, according to his own account, guided by some of the 
 Saxon nation through many wide-intervening ways in the country of " Suthseaxum " (Sussex) to the 
 royal vill called Dene (Dean), to meet by invitation king Alfred. 
 
 "885 A. D. (= 1545th of Synmu," art de verif.), Josei succeeded by Kooko, younger son of 
 Ninmio and brother of Montoku, and now dairo of Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol), at Rome, Hadrianus III. succeeded by Stephanus VI., 
 forty-sixth archbishop. 
 
 '• Nov. I ith (= St. Martin's day " of Asser), king Alfred commencing his literary pursuits, assisted 
 by the monk Asser. 
 
 As early perhaps as this year, voyage of Ohthere around the Northern cape and thence "four 
 days " eastward into the White Sea, up which he sailed " five days " due south, meeting with the 
 inhabitants: " Finnas " who were all fishermen, fowlers, and hunters, and " Beormas " speaking 
 nearly the same language but who had well cultivated their country. Ohthere further informed king 
 Alfred that he dwelt in " Halgoland " northmost of all the Northmen, had not more than twenty horned 
 cattle, twenty sheep, and twenty swine, and the little that he ploughed he ploughed with horses ; had 
 however six hundred " hranas " rein-deer, including six " stasl-hranas " decoy deer, highly valued 
 among the Finns for catching wild rein-deer ; but wealth in that country consists chiefly of rent paid 
 by the Finns in skins of animals, birds' feathers, whalebone, and ship-ropes of whale or seal hide. 
 
 He with five assistants had killed whales fifty ells long ; but his voyage North, besides seeing 
 the country, was chiefly on account of "hors-hwaalum " walrus, a kind of whale not more than seven 
 ells lono- having noble tusks or teeth and a hide good for ship-ropes ; some of the tusks were brought 
 to the king. (Walrus tusks from their costliness were at this time employed for the handle of the 
 sword of the kings of Norway, Schoning p. 37, Noel, and Pouchet p. 289). 
 
 Wulfstan, another navigator, had sailed to the mouth of the Vistula among the " Estum" Esto- 
 nians : who have many towns and in every town a king ; drink mares' milk, or the poor and slaves 
 " medo " mead ? burn their dead, after keeping the corpse a month or more, feasting and expending 
 all the property (Alfr. transl. oros.). 
 
 "886 A. D." (Alst.), Basilius Macedo succeeded by his son Leo VI. Sapiens, thirty-fifth Byzan- 
 tine emperor. Orations and a letter on the truth of Christianity, were written by Leo VI. 
 
 " 887 A. D." (Blair), Paris besieged by the Normans. 
 
 "888 Jan. 13th" (Blair), death of the emperor Charles le Gros. As guardian of Charles le 
 
644 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Simple and regent of France, he was succeeded by count Odo. The Charlemagne dominions now 
 forming five kingdoms, France, Burgundy, Germany, Italy, and ... _ 
 
 Hardly eariier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Suchi reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 " The same year " (ann. Jap. and art de verif.), Kooko succeeded by his third son Uda or Ouda, 
 now fifty-ninth dairo of Japan. In whose reign, the princess Isse distinguished herself for her knowl- 
 edge, and composed a book which continues to be highly esteemed in Japan. 
 
 "SS'i A. D. = 'loung-ki,' 1st year of Tchao-tsoung, of the Thang" or Fifteenth dynasty— (Chi- 
 nese chron. table). 
 
 " In or about 890 A. D." (Blair), a " Body of Laws " composed by king Alfred of England. 
 
 "891 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Stephanus VI. succeeded by Formosus, forty-seventh 
 archbishop. 
 
 "892 A. D." (art de verif.), Motamed succeeded by Motadhed, sixteenth Abbassid khalif. 
 
 894 A. D,the Arab botanist Abu Hanifah writing. — He died in the following year (=" 2S2 
 Hej." of Abulfed., Casiri giving " 290 " ). 
 
 Oralis corniculata of Subtropical Eastern Asia. Called in Yemen " homadmad " or '-haemaem- 
 dah " or " hssmda," in which we recognize the " hamdhidh " mentioned as a sour vegetable by Abu 
 Hanifa— (Ebn Bait.) : O. corniculata was observed by Forskal among the mountains of Yemen ; is 
 known to grow in Abyssinia (A. Rich.) ; and was observed by Forskal, and Delile, occurring as a 
 weed at Cairo. Farther North, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in shaded situa- 
 tions in Crete and the Peloponnesus and in cultivated ground around Constantinople and called 
 "moshophilo ; " is known to occur also around Caucasus and in the adjoining portion of Siberia 
 (Ledeb., and Bieb.). Westward, is described by Ruel ii. 144, Matthioli, and Lobel ; was observed 
 in 1:76 by Clusius pi. 476 in Spain and in a garden at Montpellier ; is termed " oxys lutea " by 
 Tournefort inst. 88 ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground in Algeria and through- 
 out middle Europe as far as Britain (Munby, Wats., Bromf., and A. Dec). Eastward from Arabia, 
 has Sanscrit names (Pidd.) ; was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay "in gardens and 
 pasture grounds during the rains;" by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan; by Mason, in 
 Burmah ; by Zoll. p. 14, in Java ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, called there " sunsjo " or 
 " sasjo," or usually " sikambo " or " katabami " or " simmoguso ; " and is known to occur on the Loo 
 Choo Islands (Hook., and Arm). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira, the Azores, West 
 Indies, Chili, and Austral Africa (Dec, C. Gay, Wats., and Wight and Arn.). 
 
 Mclilotus coerulea of Central or Eastern Asia ? The '• dsark elthair " of Abu Hanifa, — grow- 
 ing in Irak and identified by Ebn Baitar with the " handakuka " of the Nabatheans, or the "handa- 
 kuka'' of Serapion, is referred here by Sontheimer and others : M. coerulea or blue melilot is said 
 to grow in Lybia (Pers.), but according to Clot-Bey has only recently been introduced into Egypt. 
 Farther North, was observed by Forskal at Smyrna : and Westward, has been long cultivated in 
 middle Europe ; is described in the Ortus Sanitatis ? by Cordus, Gesner, Fuchsius Si 5, Turner, 
 Anguillara, Matthioli, Dodoens, and C. Bauhin ; and according to Sprengel, an oil prepared from it 
 is used in Belgium and Spain for removing spots on the face. 
 
 Citrus acida of Hindustan. Called in Britain lemon, in Egypt and Yemen "lim" or ; ' limun " 
 (Forsk.), in Hindustanee " limu " or "nibu," in Bengalee "lebu" or "jamir" or "jambir'' (D'roz.), 
 in Sanscrit "nimbooka" (Royle), in which we recognize the "limun" frequent in Arabia according 
 to Abu Hanifa but only in the cultivated state — (Ebn Bait., and De Sacy). mentioned also by Ebn 
 Djami, and Ebn Ayas : C. acida in the da\s of Forskal had become sparingly naturalized in Yemen, 
 fruit was seen there by Barthema in 1503, by myself in market at Mocha, and by Alvarez in 1520 in 
 Abyssinia ; C. acida was observed by Makrizi under cultivation in Nubia ; by Abd-allatif, Forskal. 
 and Delile, in Egypt; by Jacques de Vitry in the "thirteenth century" in Palestine; is mentioned 
 by Persian medical writers; was observed by Bory cultivated abundantly on the Greek islands, espe- 
 cially on Naxos ; is known also under cultivation throughout the Mediterranean countries. East- 
 ward from Arabia, the " jambiru " is mentioned by the Sanscrit writer Susrutas (Hessl.) ; C. acida 
 seems known under cultivation in Hindustan (Royle, and D'roz.), and a tree called "biharee" 
 observed by Royle apparently wild along the base of the Himalayas may prove its original state. 
 Farther East, the "large lime" is enumerated by Mason v. p. 453 and 760 as "exotic" in Burmah 
 and in different varieties " diffused all over the country ; " and C. acida was observed by Loureiro 
 p. 568 in Cochinchina. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, where it has become 
 naturalized (Macfad., and A. Dec.) ; to the Taheitian and Samoan groups in the Pacific, verified by 
 myself; and to the Feejeean group, its introduction claimed by Capt. Yanderford of our Expedition, 
 in accordance with the absence of a native name (" moli " including the shaddock, Hale). 
 
 Santolina fra^rantissima of the Egyptian and Syrian Desert. Called in Egypt "keisum gebeli" 
 or "babouneg" or " ba'yteran," in which we recognize the "abitheran" of Abu Hanifa, — Avicenna, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 645 
 
 A. H. Ellahabali, Elkara, and Ebn Baitar : S. fragrantissima was observed by Lippi, Forskal, and 
 Delile pi. 42, in the Desert from Cairo to Suez, the juice applied in affections of the eyes, and the 
 dried flowers also used medicinally, having the odour of chamomile but much more powerful. Accord- 
 ing to Lindley, the plant occurs also in Palestine and between Aleppo and Bagdad. 
 
 Lavandula vera of the West Mediterranean countries. The flowers imported from Venice into 
 Egypt and called " chozame " (Forsk.), in which we recognize the "chuzama" of Abu Hanifa, — 
 Elzaharawi, Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar : " spiritus lavandulae " is also enumerated by Forskal mat. 
 med. as well known in Egypt. Northward and Westward, L. vera is called in medieval Latin " laven- 
 dula," in Italian " lavandola," in Dutch and German " lavendel," and in English lavender, names 
 derived from " being used to scent newly washed linen, or according to Diez, in washing the body " 
 (Prior); is known to grow wild in Southern France (Villars, and A. Dec.) and across the Mediter- 
 ranean (Lindl.), and is besides cultivated in gardens throughout middle Europe. By European colo- 
 nists, was carried prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where it continues frequent in 
 gardens. According to Lindley, the flowers are chiefly employed in perfumery, but with the leaves 
 and oil are sometimes administered medicinally. (See L. spica.) 
 
 Rumex nervosus of the mountains of Yemen. A shrubby species called there "dthrob," in which 
 we recognize the "uthrub" of Abu Hanifa, — Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar: R. nervosus was observed 
 by Forskal p. 76 on the mountains around Hadie. 
 
 Suada monoica of the seashore and inland salines of Egypt and Arabia. A shrub called in 
 Yemen " asal " (Forsk.); and the "asal" of Abu Hanifa, — and Ebn Baitar, may be compared: 
 S. monoica was observed by Forskal p 70 at Alexandria, also on the plains inland and along the sea 
 in Yemen, where " hotam " or "doluk " (barilla) is obtained from its ashes and used in washing clothes. 
 S. fruticosa, observed by Forskal at Djidda, by Delile near Rosetta, by Sibthorp, and Bory, on the 
 seashore of Greece, and known to grow from Persia to the shores of Spain and Portugal (Brot. 403, 
 and Pers.), is by some writers regarded as not distinct. 
 
 Commelyna communis of Tropical Africa and Asia. Called in Yemen " djalif " (Forsk.), in which 
 we recognize the "jalifof Abu Hanifa, — and Ebn Baitar: C. communis was observed by Forskal 
 among the mountains of Yemen: and Westward, is known to grow in Guinea (A. Dec). Eastward 
 from Arabia, was observed by Roxburgh, and Graham, in Hindustan ; and by Kaempfer v. pi. 889, in 
 Japan. 
 
 "895 A. D." (Alst), at Rome, Formosus succeeded by Bonifacius VI.; soon afterwards by 
 Stephanus VII. ; and before the close of the year, by Theodorus II., fiftieth archbishop. 
 
 "898 A. D." (Nicol.), in France, the government assumed by Charles III. le Simple. 
 
 "The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Uda succeeded by his eldest son Dai-go, now 
 sixtieth dairo of Japan. 
 
 "899 A. D." (Csomadekeros, and F. Mason ii. 23), the Budhist religion abolished in Thibet. 
 
 "900 A. D." (Pauth. 330), in China, the emperor Tchao-tsoung confined to prison limits by the 
 eunuchs ; who were now numerous, and during a long series of years had acquired official positions 
 and great political influence. 
 
 One hundred and fifty-sixth generation. Jan. 1st, 901, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish 
 writers, Chiwi al Balki, Joseph ben Jacob (abu J.) el Kirkissani el Bassir, Saadja, Salman ben Jeru- 
 cham, Menahem, Jehudah Ibn Koreish, and Eldad Hadani : the Arab writers, Ebn-al djezzar, Ebn 
 Wahshiyyeh, Ebn el Batrik, Ishak ebn Honain d. 910: the Greek writers, Arethas of Cassarea, Joan- 
 nes Cameniates d. 904: the theologians, Marcus eremita, and Radulphus Flaviacensis : the optician 
 Vitello. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), at Rome, Theodorus II. succeeded by Joannes X., fifty-first arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 " Oct. 28th " (Nicol. p. 355), Alfred succeeded by Edward, seventh Anglo-Saxon king of England. 
 
 Leucanthemum vuloare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain great 
 daisy or moon daisy or maud.in wort (Prior), in ms. Laud. 553 f. 9 "bow wort" or "bris wort ; •*' in 
 which we recognize the bry S6 VVy rT€ of an Anglo-Saxon leechdom, — referred here by Cock- 
 ayne i. 37s : the "white bothen " is also identified with the "great daisie " by Gerarde : L. vulgare is 
 described by Fuchsius 148 (Spreng.), and Matthioli p. 653 ; is termed " 1. vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 
 492 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia; and is known to grow in woods and cultivated ground in 
 France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi 994, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers ). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in mountain pastures on the Greek islands ; but is unknown in 
 Eastern Asia (Ledeb., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it has become naturalized throughout our Northern, Middle, and even in our Southern States 
 (Chapm.), multiplying in old clearings, and in New England termed white-weed, in the distance 
 whitening fields with its flowers. 
 
 "902 A. D." (art de verif.), Motadhed succeeded by Moktafi, seventeenth Abbassid khalif. 
 
646 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 As early perhaps as this date ( . . . ), Geber writing on Chemistry, mentioning among other 
 preparations corrosive sublimate — (Pouchet). 
 
 Salsola sativa of the seashore of Southern Spain. Carbonate of soda, effloresced on the soil of 
 Northwestern Hindustan and procured besides from ashes of Salsolaceous plants, is called in Sanscrit 
 "sajika," in Hindee "sajji muttee " or "sajji loon;" in which we recognize the "sagimen vitri" of 
 Geber, — so named from its use in glass-making (Royle ant. hind. 41), the barilla in question being 
 possibly manufactured in the Mediterranean countries : S. sativa, annual and herbaceous, was observed 
 by Loflingtrav. 132, and Cavanilles iii. pi. 291, in Spain, and is enumerated by Guibourt among the 
 four species yielding the best barilla or soda of commerce, containing twenty-five to forty per cent of 
 Carbonate of soda (Lindl.). The plant from transported specimens is described by Linnajus. 
 
 Salsola soda of the shores of the Mediterranean as far as the Crimea. Annual and herbaceous : 
 — enumerated by Guibourt among the four species furnishing the best soda of commerce. S. soda is 
 known to grow on the seashore of Southern Europe (Linn., and Jacq. hort. pi. 68) ; was observed by 
 Forskal near Marseilles; by Desfontaines i. 216, in Barbary ; by Bory, in the Peloponnesus; by 
 Forskal, near Smyrna; and is known to grow on the "salt-plains" of the Crimea (Lindl.). 
 
 Salsola tragus of the shores of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas. Annual and herba- 
 ceous, with spinescent leaves : — enumerated by Guibourt among the four species furnishing the best 
 soda of commerce. Described by Matthioli p. 731, and Lobel pi. 797; termed "kali spinosum foliis 
 Iongioribus et angustioribus " by Tournefort inst. 247 ; and known to grow on the seashore of South- 
 ern Europe (Linn., and Pers.). Eastward, observed by Sibthorp frequent in the maritime sands of 
 the Greek, islands ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; and known to grow on the 
 shores of the Black Sea and Caspian (Pall. ii. pi. 29, and Lindl.). 
 
 Salsola kali of the shores of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, as far as the Caspian and 
 salines of Selenga. Annual with rigid spinescent leaves: — enumerated by Guibourt as the fourth 
 species furnishing the best soda of commerce (Lindl.). S. kali is called in Britain priiklv glasswort 
 (Prior) ; is described by Morison v. pi. 33 ; is termed '■ kali spinosum foliis crassioribus et brevioribus " 
 by Tournefort inst. 247 ; is known to grow on the sandy portions of the seashore from Sweden to the 
 Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pi. 313, and Wats.) ; and was observed by Desfontaines in Parbary. East- 
 ward, observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent on the seashore of Greece and Asia Minor ; by 
 Forskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; by Bieberstein, on salines around Taurus 
 and Caucasus; and by Pallas, along the Volga, the Caspian, and as far as the salines of Selenga. 
 Westward from Europe, known to grow along the Atlantic shore of North America from Lat. 43 to 
 31° in Florida (Pursh, Walt., Ell., Balclw., and myself). 
 
 As early probably as this year, by Abulkasim of Balkh and Hasan ben Musa of Naubakht, accounts 
 of the Hindu sects and ordinances, and of the tortures self-imposed by devotees (extract Masudi edit. 
 Gildem.). 
 
 ''903 A. D." (Pauth. 331), decree of the emperor Tchao-tsoung depriving the eunuchs of official 
 position; followed by a general massacre of them throughout China. 
 
 "904 A. D. = 1st year of the ' thian-yeou ' of Tchao-tsoung" (Chinese chron. table), beginning 
 of the Sixtieth cycle. 
 
 '• The same year " (Marcel), Egypt recovered from the descendants of Tooloon, by the army of 
 khalif Moktafi. 
 
 Corchorus olitorius of the Southern border of the Sahara. Called in Yemen and Egypt " melo- 
 chia " or " meloukhyeh," in which we recognize the " meloukhia " of the Blacks seen in Egypt by Ishak 
 Israeli, and identified by him with the "schouschandibe " of Irak — (Abd-allat. i. 2), mentioned also 
 in the treatise Elrudschlat, and by Ebn Baitar : C. olitorius is enumerated by Alpinus, Forskal, and 
 Clot-Bey, as a favourite esculent in Egypt ; was observed by Forskal in Yemen both wild and culti- 
 vated ; and is known to be cultivated by the Negro tribes of West Africa (J. D. Hook, and Benth. fl. 
 nigr.). Eastward from Arabia and Persia, is called in Sanscrit "putta," in Bengalee "put" (Royle 
 fibr. plant.) ; was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, Wight, and by Graham " common in Bombay, 
 springing up in gardens and cultivated ground ; " is described by Royle as i potherb, and one of the 
 species yielding/*//* fibre ; and by Mason v. p. 521, as manufactured by the Bengalees into " coarse 
 paper," occurring also as a weed throughout Burmah "though not very abundant." As transported 
 to European gardens, is termed by old writers " olus judaicum" (Royle) equivalent to the English 
 Jew's mallow; and is described by Commelyn hort. pi. 12, and Plukenet v. pi. 127. By European 
 colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it occurs only in the cultivated state (Boj.) • and 
 to the West Indies (Macfad., and A. Dec). 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), Italy ravaged by the Hungarians. 
 
 "905 A. D. = 2d year of the 'thian-yeou,' accession of Tchao-hiouan-ti " or Tchao-siouan-ti, of 
 the Thang or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. p. 331). 
 
 "In this year" (ann. Jap., and Klapr.), the Ko-kin, a Japanese poem, composed : —followed by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 647 
 
 the Go-sen in 950, Sif-i in 986, Go-sif-i in 1086, Kin-yo in 1128, Zi-kwa in 1144, Zin-zai in 1187, Sin- 
 ko-kin in 1205, all ancient; and after these, the §in-tsokf-sen in 1223, Zokf-go-sen in 1250, Zokf-ko-kin 
 in 1267, Zokf-sif-i in 1280, Sin-go-sen in 1304, Giokf-ye-ziou in 1313, Zokf-zen-zai in 1318, Zokf-go-sif-i 
 in 1327, Fo-ga-ziou in 1346, Sin-zen-zai in 1360, Sin-sif-i in J364, Sin-go-sif-i in 1382, and Sin-zokf-ko- 
 kin in 1438 ; in all "twenty-one" collections. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), at Rome, Joannes X. succeeded by Benedictus IV., fifty-second arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Rhegino Abbas. 
 
 Aspidium (Cibotiuui) baromez of the country between Caucasus and the Volga. A fern from its 
 mode of growth called lamb-plant or Tartar lamb; and in the annals of the Thang dynasty "vegeta- 
 tive lambs " are mentioned as growing in the country formerly called Tathsin but in later days Fulin — 
 ("polin" or Constantinople, Yule i. p. lvii) : The Tartar lamb is also mentioned by Odoric 43, and 
 J. C. Scaliger exot. 1537 f. 248; and is identified with C. baromez in the English cycl. nat. hist. 
 
 "907 A. D. = 'kai-ping,' 1st year of Tai-tsou " or Tchou-san, head of the new dynasty of the 
 "later Liang" (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). The beginning of the Ou-tai or Five short 
 dynasties. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst ), at Rome, Benedictus IV. succeeded by Leo V., fifty-third archbishop. 
 
 "908 A. D." (Alst.), at Rome, Leo V. succeeded by Christophorus ; and before the close of the 
 year, by Sergius III., fifty-fifth archbishop. 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif ), Moktafi succeeded by Moktader, eighteenth Abbassid khalif. A 
 coin issued by Moktader, is figured in Marcel p. 90. 
 
 "910 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome,'Sergius III. succeeded by Anastasius III., fifty-sixth 
 archbishop. 
 
 " 911 A. D. = 1st year of the 'kian-hoa' of Tai-tsou " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Leo VI. succeeded by his son Constantinus VIII. or Alexander Con- 
 stantinus, thirty-sixth Byzantine emperor. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Sucra reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 "912 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol-), at Rome, Anastasius III. succeeded by Lando ; and before the 
 close of the year, by Joannes XL, fifty-eighth archbishop. 
 
 "913 A. D. = 'kian-hoa,' 1st year of Tchou-tching, of the later Liang" or Sixteenth dynasty — ■ 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 About this time ("900 to 925," Gildem. p. 76), Isthakhri writing his geographical work. He 
 mentions Moultan (situated near the confluence of the five branches of the Indus) and an idol there 
 venerated by the Hindus and receiving costly gifts from pilgrims (suffered to remain, notwithstand- 
 ing that the city had been long held by Muslims). He describes the " Rous " or Russians as burn- 
 ing their dead, and having a rule not to shave one another's beards. 
 
 Abutilon Indicum of Tropical Africa and Arabia. Called in Yemen " ren," and the crude 
 flowers eaten (Forsk. p. xciii) : a flower in Persia, eaten green like leaves of '■ chukender" beet, is 
 mentioned by Isthakhri : — A. Indicum was observed by Forskal p. 124 in moist places in Tropical 
 Arabia ; and is known to occur in Tropical Africa as far as the Atlantic (Benth. fl. Nigr., and A. 
 Dec). Eastward, is described by Rumphius iv. pi. n ; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede vi. 
 pi. 45, Roxburo-h, Wight ; by Graham, " a tall herbaceous plant three or four feet " high, " common in 
 waste places about villages ; " and according to Lindley, with " other allied species " is substituted 
 for " marsh-mallow as an emollient." Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 503 as called in 
 Burmah " tha-ma-khyoke," cultivated by the natives, and " considered all over India a very good sub- 
 stitute for marsh-mallows : " was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, used by the natives medici- 
 nally, and called in Tagalo " cuacuacohan " or " guilig-guiligan," in Bisaya " malis " or " palis " or 
 "tabino-" or "dalupang." As transported to Europe, is termed "abutilon" by Camerarius hort. pi. 1 
 (Linn., and Spreng.). 
 
 Pancratium Jllyricum of Southern Persia. Called in Egypt "susann," in which we recognize the 
 "susen nero-us" lily-narcissus growing in the territory around Shiraz, according to Isthakhri : — P. 
 Illyricum was observed by Forskal in gardens at Alexandria, the flower in whiteness surpassing the 
 lily and all artificial dyes. 
 
 "QIC A. D. = ' tchinc-ming,' 1st year of Tching, of the later Liang" or Sixteenth dynasty — 
 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " In or about this year " (Gildem. p. 73), China visited by Abu Yazid Muhammed ben Yazid of 
 Siraf . — Masudi obtained information from him at Basra. 
 
 As early at least as this date (Colebrooke as. res. viii. p. 467), Suca expounding the Vedas. — 
 He is described in the Sancara vijeya as the instructor of Gaudapada. 
 
 020 A. D. = "845 an. jav." (Raffles ix. and x.), date of an inscription in the Kawi or ancient 
 
648 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Javan character on a stone discovered near the site of Jang'gala. The founding of Jang'gala on the 
 accession of king Dewa Kasuma son of Kandiawan, is assigned (by Adi Mang'gala) to "about 846 
 an. jav." — The country around the site in the division of Surabaya "is strewed with antiquities." 
 
 "923 A. D. = ' thoung-kouang,' 1st year of Tchouang-tsoung, of the later Thang " (Chinese 
 chron. table) : the new name arising from the desire of this emperor to continue the Thang dynasty 
 (Pauth.). 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), in France, fiefs or manor-jurisdictions begin to be established. 
 
 "The same year" (Cockayne note to Leechb. i. 40), date of the treatise by Rhazes on the 
 small pox. 
 
 Cleome pcntaphylla of Equatorial Africa. Called in Nubia " arareg " (Del.), in Dongola " tama- 
 lak " (Cailliaud), in" which we recognize the " tumluk " or " kunnabari " of Rhazes, — and Avicenna, 
 described by Ebn Elawam as a sort of wild greens growing in gardens and on the strand of rivers, 
 and identified by Ebn Baitar with the " elbargascht ",of the Persians : C. pentaphylla was observed 
 by Alpinus, and Delile, as far North as Cairo ; is enumerated by Clot-Bey among the plants employed 
 in Egypt for feeding cattle ; and is a well-known esculent on the Upper Nile and throughout Equa- 
 torial Africa as far as Congo (Oudney, R. Brown, and A. Dec). Eastward, the " karavella " or 
 " suryyavalli " of Susrutas sutr. 19 to 46 is referred here by Hessler ; C. pentaphylla has Sanscrit 
 names (Pidd.) ; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede ix. pi. 24, and Wight; by Graham, in the 
 environs of Bombay " common in gardens and cultivated grounds." Farther East, is enumerated by 
 Blanco as called "arafia" at Manila. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1707 (Sloane i. 94) 
 to Tropical America, where the names "sambo" at Jamaica, "mosambe" or "acaia" at Cayenne, 
 and "coyers" at Barbadoes, imply African origin; was also carried to Taheiti, as verified by myself. 
 
 Ghuicitim citrintim of Northern Hindustan. Called at Lahore "mameeran " (Honigb. 2S0), in 
 which we recognize the "mamiran " of Rhazes. The " ma-mee-ran " is however defined in the Ulfaz 
 Udwiyeh 1351 as a species of yellow wood (J. F. Wats, index). 
 
 Snada vera of Arabia and Egypt. Called in Egypt " suaed " or "soud," in which we recognize 
 the "suad" of Rhazes, — Ebn Kedhwan, Mosih ben Elhakam, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar: S. vera 
 was observed by Forskal, and Delile. on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria: and 
 farther South, by Forskal in the maritime portion of Yemen. 
 
 Spinacia olcracea of Central Asia. Called in Egypt "esbanach," in which we recognize the 
 "isfanaj" of Rhazes, — Avicenna, Serapion, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar: S. oleracea was observed in 
 E^vpt by Alpinus, Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey. Farther North, is called in Persian "ispanaj" 
 or "ispanj " (Roxb.) ; seeds were collected in the plains of Persia by Olivier (Bosc. diet, agr.) ; and 
 the plant was found by C. Koch apparently indigenous around Caucasus (A. Dec). Westward, is 
 described by Brunfels p. 16, Fuchs p. fif^s. Tragus, Matthioli, Cotgrave, Dodoens v. 1, and C. Bauhin ; 
 continues to be cultivated throughout Europe, and is called in Italian "spinace," in English spinach 
 (Prior). Eastward from Persia, has no Sanscrit name (A. Dec.) ; but is called in Hindustanee 
 "isfanaj" or " palak " or " bathua " (D'rozar ), was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and by 
 Graham "cultivated in gardens." Farther East, was observed by Loureiro cultivated around Canton. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be abundantly culti- 
 vated. 
 
 Zygophyllum fabago of the Northern portion of the Desert, from Barbary to Syria and the border 
 of Siberia. The "andarian " of Rhazes 24 — is referred here by Sprengel : Z. fabago was observed 
 by Rauwolf p. 113 in Syria; and according to Lindley, is esteemed there "as a vermifuge:" is 
 known to grow also on the border of Siberia, in the Crimea, and in Barbary (Lam. ill. pi. 345, Pers., 
 and Lindl.). 
 
 Acacia tortilis of Yemen. Called there " hares : " the " yellow and red vars " described by 
 Rhazes as "brought from Yemen and collected upon trees like pounded saffron," — may be com- 
 pared : Forskal is silent respecting any use made of A. tortilis ; but the tree is enumerated by Lind- 
 ley among the species of Acacia "yielding a gum like gum arabic." 
 
 Guilandina Inmduc of Tropical shores, from the West Indies and Brazil to the Eastward to the 
 Malayan Archipelago and the Samoan and Hawaiian islands. The " bunduk hindi " of Rhazes, — 
 Masudi, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar, maybe compared: G. bonduc was observed by Forskal p. 135 
 in the interior towns of Yemen, brought from Hindustan and planted by the Banians under the name 
 of "sirs,'' but unknown to the Arabs around. Eastward, has Sanscrit names (Pidd.) ; is called in 
 Bengalee " nata," in Hindustanee " katkarunja " or " katkulija " (Lindl.); was observed by Rheede 
 ii. pi. 22 in Malabar; by Graham, "a scandent well armed shrub" called " sagur-gota," common "in 
 hedges and jungly tracts;" was observed by nnself near Bombay; and according to Roxburgh, 
 Wight, and Lindley p. 156 and 2G3, the seeds in powder are a powerful bitter and tonic, and an excel- 
 lent febrifuge. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah and called " ka-leino- ; " 
 was observed by Wallich 5806 on Penang ; is known to grow on Timor (Decsnefl. p. 134); was observed 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 649 
 
 by Rumphius v. pi. 48 on Amboyna and called "sebit;" by Blanco, on the Philippines, called in 
 Tagalo "bayag cambing" or "calambibit," in Bisaya "dalugdug," and the seeds used medicinally by 
 the natives ; observed by myself on Mindanao, and on the Feejeean and Samoan Islands ; and by 
 Beechey (Hook.), and Mann, on the Hawaiian Islands. Westward from Ceylon, was carried accord- 
 ing to Bojer p. 116 to the Comoro Islands and to Madagascar, where it has become naturalized; was 
 observed by Drege at the Cape of Good Hope (E. Mey.) ; is known to grow along the West African 
 coast in Congo, Guinea, and Senegambia (R. Brown, Thoning, and Perr.) ; was observed by myself 
 in Southern Brazil; by Aublet, in Guyana; by Sloane, Plumier, and others, in the West Indies as 
 far as the point of Florida, and seeds drifted by the Gulf stream have preserved their vitality after 
 reaching the Irish coast (J. Banks, and A. Dec). 
 
 Cucumis djyzar hendi of Sdnd and the adjoining portion of Hindustan. Called in Yemen 
 |' djyzar hendi" Indian carrot, and the "bathikh elhindi " of Rhazes, — Eltamimi, and Ebn. Baitar, 
 is referred here by Sontheimer : C. djyzar hendi was observed by Forskal in a few gardens in Yemen, 
 brought from India and called by the Indians (Banians) "gadjer" or " schekarkand," the root edible. 
 (See C. pseudo-colocynthis). 
 
 "925 A. D." (Nicol.), Edward succeeded by Athelstan or Ethestan, eighth Anglo-Saxon king 
 of England. 
 
 In this year (= 839 -f " 10th + 48 -f 12th + 3 -|-i-f-4-|-2d-f6 = 86 years " of Malabar 
 domination, Mahavams. liv to lix), the Malabars defeated by Mahaloo Wijayaba, who now became 
 king of Ceylon. — He reinstated the Budhist religion by sending to his friend king Anoorudda, and 
 importing "twenty priests" together with "several books" (from Aramaradeese on the coast of 
 Coromandel, note by transl.). 
 
 " 926 A. D. = ' thian-tching,' 1st year of Ming-tsoung, of the later Thang " or Seventeenth dynasty 
 — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " In the reign of Ming-tsoung" (Pauth. 333), the art of printing from wooden blocks, invented 
 in China. The printing of the first four books of Confucius is referred by Humboldt cosm. ii. to 
 "890-925." 
 
 Toltecs under their "fifth '' chief Nimaquiche" retiring to Guatemala, founded the city of Quiche" 
 on lake Atitan ; and Nimaquiche' dying on the route, his son Acxopil became in effect the first king 
 of Guatemala (art de verif. contin.). 
 
 A&ave Americana of the Western slope of the Peruvian Andes. The century plant, called in 
 Peru "chuchau," and its fibre "chahuar," and this fibre twisted into mantles by the wild tribes of 
 the cold portion of the Andes — (G. de la Vega i. 14 to viii. 13) ; also gave the name " Chahuarhuay " 
 (June) to the second month established by Yupanqui ; and furnished the slings given to youths of 
 Inca descent in the seventh month Ccapac Raymi (C. de Molin. 38). Numerous uses of the plant 
 are mentioned by G. de la Vega, and Ruiz and Pavon iii. 66; and the plant itself was observed by 
 myself clearly indigenous and a striking feature in the vegetation on the basal portion of the Peru- 
 vian Andes. In Mexico, the " maguey " or " metl " was cultivated as far South as the Aztec language 
 extended for making cordage and the kind of paper on which hieroglyphics were painted, and its 
 sap fermented into "pulke";" a beverage not used by the Otomite, Totonac, nor Mistec tribes 
 (Humb. iv. 9) : A. Americana is described by Lopez de Gomara (Spreng.). By European colonists 
 was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it is used by the natives medici- 
 nally and for making fine cloth, and is called "magui" (Blanco); to the neighbouring islands, 
 termed "aloe americana " by Rumphius v. pi. 94; to Hindustan, called in Bengalee "bilatipat" or 
 "jungli-ananash," in Tamil " anaik-katrazhai," in Telinga "rakashi-mattalu," in Hindustanee "bakas- 
 pattah " or "halhi-sengar " or " bara-kanvar '' or " jungli-kanvar " (Drur.), and "now common" 
 throughout (Royle, Wight, and Drur.). Transported to Europe "in 1586" (Camer. hort. 11, and 
 Clus. hisp. 444), continues to be cultivated, especially for hedges, in Southern Spain, Algeria, Sicily, 
 Italy, and Dalmatia, has become seemingly naturalized but does not ripen seed (A. Dec.) ; was 
 observed by Siebold, and Chaubard, in Greece, a few stocks derived apparently from former cul- 
 tivation : by European colonists also, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in 
 greenhouses. Its roots according to Lindley are diuretic, and are brought to Europe mixed with 
 sarsaparilla. 
 
 "927 A. D." (= 875 -j- cycle of 52 years, Clavig. ii.), accession of Mitl, sixth Toltec king of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Ipomaea jalapa of the Mexican table-land. Called by the Spanish colonists "jalapa macho" 
 or " puro-a macho " (Schiede), and the " mechoacan " of the ancient Mexicans * — (Humb. iv. 10) may 
 
 * In^a unguiscati of Mexico and the West Indies. A large shrub called in Mexico "quamo- 
 chitl" (Hernand. 94), and known from early times: — observed by Plumier pi. 4, Descourtilz i. pi. 
 11 and Macfadyen, frequent in the West Indies. By European colonists, was carried Westward 
 
 82 
 
650 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 be compared: I. jalapa is attributed to Mexico by Linnaeus (Pers., and Steud.) ; was observed by 
 Orbegozo in the temperate parts of Oaxaca, its root considered by the traders extremely similar in 
 quality to jalap, and being " the more abundant and larger of the two, at least in some districts," is 
 regarded by Lindley as probably furnishing a portion of the imported drug. 
 
 Ipomaea purga of the mountains of Eastern Mexico. Called at Jalapa "purga," but in Mexican 
 "laschachne" or " tetonpactle " — (Lindl.), and furnishing the true jalap of commerce: observed 
 by Schiede, and Orbegozo, on the mountains near Orizaba, on Coffre de Perote at the elevation of 
 "six thousand" feet, and on the Eastern declivity of the mountains near Chiconquiaco. "Sufsub 
 jalaba " was found by Forskal mat med. imported by the way of Greece into Egypt. 
 
 "928 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Joannes XL succeeded by Leo VI., fifty-ninth arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 '■929 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo VI. succeeded by Stephanus VIII., sixtieth 
 archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (Munk), the pilgrimage to Mecca interrupted by the sect of Karmatians. 
 Lines of impending partition now beginning in the Khalifate or Muslim Empire. 
 
 "931 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Stephanus VIII. succeeded by Joannes XII., sixty- 
 first archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Dai-go succeeded by his son Siusaku or Zu- 
 siak, now sixty-first dairo of Japan. 
 
 " In this year" (Elph. iv. 1), the king of Guzerat, dying without male issue, succeeded by his 
 son-in-law as head of a new dynasty, the Salonka or Chalukya dynasty. 
 
 "932 A. DA (art de verif.), Moktader succeeded by Kaher, nineteenth Abbassid khalif. 
 
 "034 A. D. = 'yng-chun,' 1st year of Min-ti ; and after a brief interval, ' tching-tai,' istyear of 
 Lou-wang:" emperors "of the later Thang " or Seventeenth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and 
 Pauth.). 
 
 One hundred and fifty-seventh generation. May 1st, 934, onward mostly beyond youth : the 
 Jewish writers, Japhet (Abu Ali Hassan el Basri) Halevi, Sabbatai Donolo ben Abraham : the Syrian 
 bishop Moses Barkepha : the Arab writers, the astronomers Azophi and Alfarabi d. 950 (Pouchet), the 
 grammarian Faresi, Ebn Said, Said ben Batrik (Eutychius) wr. 932 to 953 (Leps.) : the Greek writers, 
 Georgius Monachus d. 948, Theodosius acroaseis d. 961, Pollux the chronographer : Oecumenius d. 
 about 950, Genesius d. about 95 ; the theologians, Hadamarius, and Giselbertus : Luitprand, Witichind, 
 Frodoard, Eudes de Cluni. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Kaher deposed, and the accession of Radi, twentieth Abbassid 
 khalif. A coin issued by Radi, is figured in Marcel p. 93. 
 
 " 936 A. D. = ' thian-fou,' 1st year of Kao-tsou III.," head of the new dynasty of the later Tsin — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Joannes XII. succeeded by Leo VII., sixty-second 
 archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol, see .list.), Henricus Auceps succeeded by his son Otto or Otho, as 
 
 across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it is called in Tagalo " camochiles " or "camachiles" or 
 " camonsiles," and the pulp around its seeds eaten by the natives (Blanco). Its bark in decoction is 
 "very astringent," and is employed medicinally (Lindl). 
 
 Inga soman of Central America. An immense tree, the "genisaro" of Mexico (Drur.), and 
 probably long known there: — described by Jacquin (Steud.); and observed by Squier in Central 
 America, " ninety feet high," with branches " five feet in diameter " extending quite horizontal " ninety- 
 two feet." By European colonists was recently introduced into Ceylon, and thence to the Cuddapah 
 and Codoor plantations in Hindustan, supposed " to be a tree of great value for railway fuel " (Bed- 
 dome, and Drur.). 
 
 Inga dulcis of Mexico. A large tree probably known to the natives of Mexico and Central 
 America as early as this date. — By European colonists, was carried across the Pacific to the 
 Philippines (Pers.); and thence reached Hindustan, where it is called in Telugu "sima cliinta," 
 in Tamul " coorookoo-pally " (Drury); was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh cor. pi. 99 ; by 
 Graham, "common about Bombay," its "pods curiously twisted, filled with a sweet firm pulp which 
 forms a very nourishing food." 
 
 Tigridia pavonia of Mexico. The tiger-flower called "cacomile" and its farinaceous root 
 eaten by the ancient Mexicans — (Humb. iv. 9) : observed by Hernandez viii. 23 in Mexico: and a 
 drawing of " flos tygridis " sent by Brancion to Dodoens (Lobel hist. 59, and Dalech.). By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite flower in wardens • 
 and by Nimmo to the environs of Bombay. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 65 1 
 
 • 
 
 li king " of Germany. An impression of the seal of Otto, — attached to a parchment written " in 956," 
 is extant. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Abhijit reigning in 
 Hindustan. 
 
 938 A. D. = "863 an. jav." (Raffles x.), date of an inscription in the Kawi in ancient Javan 
 character on a stone discovered near Jang'gala. 
 
 940 A. D. == "865 an. jav." (Raffles x.), date of an inscription in the ancient Javan character 
 "very beautifully executed" on copper. Also of an inscription in the same character on a stone dis- 
 covered on the Kedang hills. 
 
 " In this year" (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo VII. succeeded by Stephanus IX., sixty-third 
 archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Radi succeeded by Motaki, twenty-first Abbassid khalif. 
 
 Motaki was acknowledged by Ikhschid ; who, from being appointed governor of Egypt, had ren- 
 dered himself really independent, and had even extended his authority over Palestine and Syria. 
 Coins issued by Ikhschid, are figured in Marcel p. 95. 
 
 About this time (tradit, and Colebrooke as. res. viii. 25S to 467), Gaudapada, "stated to have 
 been " the instructor of Govindanat'ha, expounding the Vedas. Some of his writings — are extant. 
 
 "941 A. D." (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter), Jana Kesari succeeded by Nripa Kesari, 
 now king of Orissa ; a warlike and ambitious prince, — who founded the city of Cattack at the com- 
 mencement of the delta of the Mahanadi, and reigned "twelve years." 
 
 " The same year (= 331 A. H. coram. Sept. 14th," Gildem. 77), Musir ben Muhalhil accom- 
 panying the Chinese ambassadors back to their own country. 
 
 " Oct. 27th " (Nicol.), Athelstan succeeded by Edmund, ninth Anglo-Saxon king of England. 
 
 "In this year" (Sm. b. d.), sudden appearance of a Russian fleet of "ten thousand boats" under 
 Ingor, ravaging the country around the entrance of the Bosphorus. The Russians were repelled, and 
 most of their boats destroyed, — and "in 945," Olga widow of Ingor came to Constantinople and 
 received baptism under the name of " Helena." 
 
 "942 A. D." (J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), death of Rabbi Saadjah Haggaon or Saadja Gaon, 
 born in the Faijum, rector of the academy at Sora, and author of an Arabic version of the Pentateuch, 
 Isaiah, Job, and a portion of Hosea. The version "often follows the Septuagint ; " — and was pub- 
 lished in the Hebrew character in the Tetraglott of " Constantinople in the year 1546." 
 
 "The same year (= 331 A. H. coram. Sept. r4th," Ebn Batut, and Gildem. p. 54), death of Abu 
 Abdallah ben khalif; who first opened to Muslims the pilgrimage to the mountain in Ceylon containing 
 the alleged imprint of Budha's foot. 
 
 Returning from Sindabil in China part of the way by sea, Musir ben Muhahil visited the "pepper 
 country" (Malabar?), and mount Kafur on which among other great cities Kamrun is situated, that 
 exports "the green wood called mandal kamruni " ( . • • )• "There is also the city called Sanf, 
 which gives its name to the Sanfi aloes-wood" (....). "At another foot of the mountain towards 
 the north is the city of Saimur" (not far from Sind) containing mosques, churches for Christians, 
 synagogues, and even a temple for fire-worshippers (Parsees) ; the Hindu population not slaying ani- 
 mals, nor eating fish, eggs nor meat, except that some among them would eat animals beaten to death 
 or thrown from a precipice, but not animals dying naturally. The " saimuri wood " is named from this 
 city though it is only brought thither for sale. — Much of the narrative of Musir ben Muhahil has 
 been preserved by Yakuti, and Kazwini (Gildem., and Yule). 
 
 "943 A. D. = 8th year of the 'thian-fou,' accession of Tchou-tchoung-kouei, of the later Tsin " 
 or Seventeenth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Stephanus IX. succeeded by Marinus II. or 
 Martinus II., sixty-fourth archbishop. 
 
 In this year (= "332 A. H., comm. Sept. 3d," Gildem.), Masudi, according to his own account, 
 writino- his "Meadows of gold." He speaks of the burning of widows with their deceased husbands 
 in Hindustan (Wilford as. res. ix. 181), having visited Sind "in 912" while quite a youth, and after- 
 wards Zanzibar and the Island of Kanbalu (Comoro?), Champa, China, and the country of Zabaj 
 (Java ?), besides travelling in Turkestan— (Yule cath. i. p. ex.). He died "in 957 " (Pouchet). 
 
 Hernandia sonora of wooded Tropical shores from the Malayan archipelago to the Samoan 
 Islands. The jack-in-a-box is a large tree called in Tagalo " colongcolong" (Blanco); and the tree 
 bearino- men and women on the island of Wak-wak in the Southern Ocean, mentioned by Masudi, — 
 and Bakui (Yule 79), maybe compared : Al Biruni denies that the island is named from a fruit shaped 
 like a human head which cries " wak wak : " H. sonora was observed by myself frequent along the 
 seashore of the Samoan Tongan and Feejeean Islands ; by Rich, under cultivation at Otafu coral-island 
 from a drifted seed ; by Blanco, frequent along the seashore of the Philippines ; by Rumphius ii. pi. 85, 
 on the Moluccas, its fibrous roots chewed and applied to wounds caused by the Macassar poison form 
 
652 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 « 
 
 an effectual cure (Lindl.) ; is known to grow also on Timor (Decsne) and as far as Java (Hassk.,and 
 A. Dec). Eastward, was observed in the West Indies by Plumier, Browne, Jacquin amer. 245 and 
 Descourtilz, but no Carib name is given, and from what is above stated, may have been carried there 
 by Polynesians. From transported specimens, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 208. The juice of 
 the leaves according to Lindley "is a powerful depilatory," destroying "hair wherever it is applied, 
 without pain." 
 
 "944 A. D." (art de verif.), Motaki deposed; and the accession of Mostakfi, twenty-second 
 
 Abbassid khalif. 
 
 " Dec. 20th " (Sm. b. d.), at Constantinople, the throne recovered from his usurping guardian and 
 colleague Romanus Lecapinus by Constantinus VII. I'orphyrogenitus. By whose direction, Theo- 
 phanes Nonnus compiled his medical compendium. 
 
 The earliest notice of distilled rose-water poAOCTarmaTOC is by Theophanes Nonnus 97 
 • — (Spreng., and Sm. b. d.). 
 
 "945 A. D." A Coptic inscription dated in the "six hundred and sixty-second year of the Dio- 
 cletian era, and three hundred and thirty-fourth of the Hejra" (the two reckonings agreeing with each 
 other and with the above year) —is mentioned by Champollion-Figeac eg. anc. p. 228. 
 
 " In this year (= 2d of the khai-yun," geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. p. 35), Kian succeeded by his 
 son Wou, now king of Corea. 
 
 "In this year (= 8th year of the ' ten-kei ' of Zu-siak," ann. Jap. transl. Tits.), Fousiwara-no 
 Naka fira dying, received the posthumous title of Biwa-no Sadaisin.* 
 
 "946 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Martinus II. succeeded by Agapetus II., sixty-fifth 
 archbishop. 
 
 " May 26th " (Nicol.), Edmund succeeded by Edred, tenth Anglo-Saxon king of England. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Mostakfi deposed, and the accession of Mothi, twenty-third 
 Abbassid khalif. A coin issued by Mothi, is figured in Marcel p. 94. 
 
 Mothi was acknowledged by the eunuch Kafur, who governed Egypt in the name of the children 
 of Ikhschid— (Marcel p. 97). 
 
 "947 A. D. = 1 2th year of the ' tching-tsin-thian-fou ' of Kao-tsou IV.," now head of the new 
 dynasty of the later Han — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Siusaki succeeded by his brother Murakami, four- 
 teenth son of Dai-go, and now sixty-second dairo of Japan. 
 
 Greek manuscripts of about this date (Sylvestre) presenting the following forms of letters, S, y, A, 
 fl, o-, v. 
 
 Under Constantinus VII. Porphyrogenitus (....), the Geoponica, Greek agricultural writings, 
 collected by Cassianus Bassus. 
 
 Finns cembra of Europe and Northern Asia. Its cones called in France " ceinbrots," in Italy 
 "zermi," in Germany "zirbelnusse," and the orpofiiXov of the Geoponica xi. 1. 11 — is referred here by 
 Sprengel : P. cembra is described also by Avicenna 179 (Spreng.), and is known to grow on the moun- 
 tains of Switzerland (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, is known to be frequent throughout North- 
 ern Asia as far as the Kurile Islands (Endl., and A. Dec). Is "said to yield Carpathian balsam" 
 (Lindl.). 
 
 "948 A. D. = 'kien-you,' 1st year of Yn-ti, of the later Han " or Nineteenth dynasty — (Chinese 
 chron. table). 
 
 "The same year (= 337 A. H. comm. July 10th," Gildem. p. 54), date of an Arabic sepulchral 
 inscription in the city of Colombo in Ceylon (trans. Asiat. i. 540). 
 
 The same year = " 5th year of Mostakfi," in an inscription at the gold mines of Gebel Ellaka in 
 the Ababdeh Desert. The earliest inscription in the current Arabic letters hitherto discovered (Wilk. 
 theb. and eg. p. 416 and 545). 
 
 About this time ("909 to 951 " Krapf trav.), Mukdishu on the coast of East Africa founded by 
 Arabs. 
 
 " 950 A. D." (Munk), the pilgrimage to Mecca again opened. 
 
 * Eriobotrya Japonica of Japan. The first part of the above title is derived from this tree — ■ 
 (Klapr.), called "biwa" to the present day : E. Japonica was seen in Japan by Kaempfer v. p. 800 ; 
 and is described by Thunberg as large and lofty, bearing esculent fruit. Westward, was observed by 
 Loureiro in China or Cochinchina. But by European colonists may have been carried to Burmah, 
 where it is enumerated by Mason as "exotic" and called loquat; and to Hindustan, where it was ob- 
 served by Roxburgh, and Graham in gardens, and called loquat or ivhampee. Clearly by European 
 colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it is cultivated in elevated situations, and called 
 " bibassier" (Boj.) ; to Europe, in the days of Plukenet aim. pi. 371 ; and to Northeast America, where 
 it has become frequent in greenhouses. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 653 
 
 Haly Abbas about this time writing. 
 
 "951 A. D. = 'kouang-chun,' 1st year of Tai-tsou II." or Ko-wei, head of the new dynasty of 
 the later Tcheou (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 
 
 "954 A. D. = ' hien-te,' 1st year of Chi-tsoung, of the later Tcheou" or Twentieth dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "955; Nov. 23d" (Nicol.), Edred succeeded by Edwy or Edwyn, eleventh Anglo-Saxon king of 
 England. 
 
 Nigella damascena of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain fennel-flower or devil-in- 
 the-bush or bishop' s-wort (Prior), in Greece "mavrokoko" or "porthohorton " (Sibth.) ; in which we 
 recognize the b I SCO p wy PT of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 1,* — and a glossary at Epinal: 
 N. damascena has been long cultivated in Britain (Curt, mag pi. 22) ; is termed " n. angustifolia flore 
 majore simplici cceruleo " by Tournefort inst. 258 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is 
 known to occur in cultivated ground in Southern France and Spain (Pers., and Boj.). Eastward, was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard frequent in cultivated ground in Greece and on the Greek 
 islands ; and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt. By European colo- 
 nists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation, and has been observed 
 by A. Gray " nearly spontaneously around gardens ; " to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed 
 by Bojer under cultivation as a garden flower. (Compare bishop' s-weed, Ammi majus.) 
 
 * Ranunculus acris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain with other species butter- 
 cup or king-cup or king-cob (Prior), its many-petaled form in France " bouton d'or " (Pers.) : the 
 CLVfVVyTT of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 10 — is referred here by Cockayne: R. acris is 
 termed "r. hortensis " by Fuchsius 157 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow abundantly throughout 
 middle and Northern Europe (Thuil , Dec fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, is known to grow on Cau- 
 casus (Bieb.), and in Northern Asia (Wats ) : and thence may have been carried by Russian colo- 
 nists across the Pacific to Norfolk Sound, where it was observed by Mertens. Clearly by European 
 colonists, was carried to Iceland and Greenland (Hook., and Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where 
 it has become naturalized, multiplying especially in clearings that have become grass-grown in our 
 Northern States and Canada, as far even as the central portion of the continent in " Lat. 58° " 
 (Drumm., and Hook.). From its superior height over two allied species, is termed tall butter-cup 
 by A. Gray. 
 
 Ranunculus gramineus of middle Europe. The refn€S fOT raven's foot of the Anglo- 
 Saxon transl. Apul. 28 — is referred here by Cockayne : R. gramineus is described by Linnaeus ; and 
 is known to grow in mountain meads in France and Britain (Gouan, Smith brit. ii. p. 588, Pers., and 
 Steud.). 
 
 Saxifraga granulata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Germany "weiss steinbrech " 
 (Trao\), and the Sund COPn of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 99 — from the figure in manuscript 
 V, is referred here by Cockayne : S. granulata is described by Platearius, Brunfels 1S5, Tragus i. 
 pi. 180, and Dodoens 316 (Spreng.) ; is termed " s. rotundifolia alba" by Tournefort inst. 252 ; and 
 is known to grow throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 514, Curt. lond. i. pi. 30, and Pers.). East- 
 ward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grassy places in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Eupatorium cannabinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hemp- 
 agrimonv (Prior); the henep of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 116 — may be compared, the 
 fio-ure in manuscript V agreeing according to Harley and Cockayne : E. cannabinum is classed under 
 " hepatorium " by Gerarde ; is known to grow in marshy ground throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (Tourn. inst. 456, fl. Dan. pi. 745, Engl. bot. pi. 428, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed 
 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in shady wet situations from the Peloponnesus to Con- 
 stantinople. , 
 
 Cirsium acaule of middle and Northern Europe. The VVVOV TnlSTeL of the Anglo- 
 Saxon transl. Apul. 111 — may be compared with its caulescent form when growing in woods, the 
 fio-ure in manuscript V resembling according to Cockayne C. lanceolatum : C. acaule is described by 
 Linnaeus • and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 1 1 14, Vill., and Pers.). 
 
 Gentiana amarella of Northern Europe, and farther South on mountains. One or more species 
 called in Britain felwort (Prior) ; the fe LdpVVPT of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 17,— -may be 
 compared: G. amarella is termed '• g. pratensis flore lanuginoso " by Tournefort inst. 81 ; and is 
 known to be frequent in Britain, France, and Northern Europe (flor. Dan. pi. 328, Engl. bot. pi. 236, 
 and Pers.) ; Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in grassy situations on the Bithynian Olympus. 
 The plant according to Lindley is "one of the British substitutes for the gentian of the shops." 
 
 Pinguicula vulgaris of Northern Climates. Called in Britain butiervjorl (Prior) : the 
 
654 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Mctficago maculata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain heart-clover 
 (Prior p. 50). in Greece " triphullommaten " (Ang.), in which we recognize the h 6 TT C L ke f re 
 of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 25, — and gloss. Laud. 567, referred here by Cockayne : M. macu- 
 lata is described by Anguillara p. 2N5 (Spreng.), and Morison ii pi. 15 ; is termed " medica echinata 
 glabra cum maculis nigricantibus " by Tournefort inst. 410 ; and is known to grow from the Mediter- 
 ranean to Britain (All., Curt. lond. iii. pi. 47. and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to mount Athos ; and is 
 described by Pallas (Steud.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 was observed by A. Gray "introduced with wool into waste grounds in some places.'' 
 
 Tii/oltiim procumbent of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A yellow-flowered species 
 called in Britain hop-clover ■ and the hymeLe of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 52, — figured with 
 trefoil leaves in manuscript G, is referred here by Cockayne: T. procumbens is termed " t. lupuli- 
 num " by Rivinus tetrapt. pi. 10, " t. pratense luteum capitulo lupuli vel agrarium " by Tournefort 
 inst. 404; and is known to grow in grassy situations throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 (Vaill. par. pi. 22, fl. Dan. pi. 1)45, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 frequent in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor and Cyprus ; by Hasselquist, 
 around Damietta on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues in waste and cultivated ground as far inland as Kentucky (A. 
 Gray) ; also to Austral Africa (Drege, and A. Dec). 
 
 Aspentla odorata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain ivood-rofe or 
 wood-ruff or wood-row or wood-rowel from its whorled leaves resembling rowels of ancient spurs 
 (Prioi ). in which we recognize the VVVdv POfeof the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 33 and 53, — and 
 the "woderoue" termed " herba muscata herba citrina" in gloss. Harl. 3388 (an instance according 
 to Prior of the adoption of a French word into Anglo-Saxon) : A. odorata is figured in manuscript V 
 of the Anglo-Saxon transl Diosc. 174 ( Harlev and Cockayne) ; is termed ''aparine latifolia humilior 
 montana " by Tournefort inst. 114; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.) ; and is known to 
 grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 15, and Pers.). Eastward, was 
 observed by Sibthorp in shady situations on the Bithynian Olympus and around Constantinople. 
 According to Smith, and Lindley, "the herb while drying has the scent of new hay," and "passes for 
 a diuretic."' 
 
 Digitalis purpurea of middle Europe. Called in Britain foxglove, in Norway "rev-bielde" 
 fox-bell, in France " gantes de notre dame," in Germany "fingerhut" (Prior), in which we recog- 
 nize the fOXeS $ L f &. of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 144, — and a manuscript glossary of 
 JElinc : D. purpurea is termed "digitalis" by Fuchsius, who remarked the absence of Greek and 
 Latin names; is described also by Tragus 339 (Spreng.), and F. Columna (Mentzel.) ; and is 
 known to grow wild throughout middle Europe as far as Norway (fl. Dan. pi. 74, Ehrard, and A. 
 Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultiva- 
 tion ; to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it seldom flowers. The leaves and seeds 
 according to Lindley " afford one of the most valuable of known medicines, for the purpose of reducing 
 the action of the heart, promoting the action of the absorbents, as a diuretic, and for producing a 
 specific action over the cerebro-spinal system." 
 
 Calanuntha acinos of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain basil-thyme 
 (Prior), and the mlSTe L of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 119, —identified by Cockayne with the 
 basil, maybe compared: C. acinos is described by Fuchsius p. 896, Anguillara p. 21.S, Lobel, and 
 Clusius (Spreng.), and Parkinson th. p. 19; is termed " clinopodium arvense ocymi facie" by 
 Tournefort inst. 195; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles; is known to grow wild in Italy 
 (Lenz), and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., and Curt. lond. i. pi. 43). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the Peloponnesus; and is described 
 by J 'all as. 
 
 Lalaiuintha clinopodium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in North America 
 
 SmerOVVyrT of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Apul. 20 — is referred here by Cockayne p. lvi : P. 
 vulgaris is described by W. Coles (Prior); is known to grow in wet situations in Switzerland and 
 throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Oecl. clan. pi. 93, Pers., 
 Hook , and Wats.). Eastward, is known to grow in Siberia (Wats.). Farther East, a Pin<niicula 
 was observed by Chamisso on St. Lawrence Island; and P. vulgaris is known to grow on wet rocks 
 from Lake Superior to Western New York (A. Cray). 
 
 Satyrium viride of middle Europe. The hrkefnes LekC raven's leek of the Anglo-Saxon 
 transl. Apul. 16 — may be compared (the figure according to Cockayne being that of Satyrium of 
 Linnaeus and not a Habenari.i; : S. viride is known to grow in mountain meads from Britain through- 
 out middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 94, and Pers.) ; was observed by Haller pi. zT) in Switzerland. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 655 
 
 basil (A. Gray), in Greece " kopsohorton" (Sibth.), and the "mistel" in question, — although the 
 figure does not well agree, is referred here by Cockayne : C. clinopodium is described by Valerius 
 Cordus, Gesner, Matthioli, and Clusius (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. origano simile elatius majore folio " 
 by Tournefort inst. 195 ; is known to grow in Algeria (Benth.), Italy (Lenz), and throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Sweden and Kasan (fl. Dan. pi. 933, Fries, and Ledeb.). Eastward, was observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in mountainous stony places in the Peloponnesus and Crete; is known 
 to grow on Caucasus, and throughout middle Asia as far as Cashmere and Lake Baikal (Ledeb., and 
 Benth.). By European colonists, was carried to the Azores (Wats.) ; to Northeast America, where 
 it has become naturalized in open situations from Newfoundland and Canada to South Carolina and 
 Missouri (Hook., Beck, and A. Dec). 
 
 Lysimachia nummularia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain money- 
 wort (Prior) : the CenTimOrblk of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 162 — is referred here by 
 Lovell, Lyte, and Nemnich (Cockayne): L. nummularia is termed "1. humifusa folio rotundiore flore 
 luteo" by Tournefort inst. 141 ; and is known to grow in wet soil throughout middle Europe as far 
 as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 493, Curtis lond. iii. pi. 14, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, 
 and Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Holcus lanatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The C VV I C€ of the Anglo-Saxon 
 transl. Apul. 79 — may be compared with the " weich " of Hildegarde ii. 165, referred here by Sprengel : 
 H. lanatus is termed " gramen pratense paniculatum molle " by Tournefort inst. 522 ; and is known 
 to grow in meads in France and throughout middle Europe (Vill., Curt. lond. iv. pi. 11, and Pers.). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. By European colonists (according to 
 Josselyn) couch-grass was carried to New England, and H. lanatus has been observed by myself 
 sparingly naturalized in the environs of Salem. 
 
 "956 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Agapetus II. succeeded by Joannes XIII., sixty- 
 sixth archbishop. 
 
 "957, Oct. 1st" (Nicol. p. 356), Edwyn succeeded by Edgar, twelfth Anglo-Saxon king of Eng- 
 land. Dunstan in this year made bishop of Worcester (Cockayne iii. 435). 
 
 "959 A. D." (Blair), in England, the power of the monks very high. Dunstan and Ethelwold, 
 with king Edgar, expelling the secular and married clergy from the great ecclesiastical foundations 
 and substituting Benedictines (Cockayne iii. p. 406). 
 
 "Nov. 15" (Sm. b. d.), Constantinus VII. Porphyrogenitus succeeded by his son Romanus, 
 thirty-seventh Byzantine emperor. 
 
 "960 A. D. = ' kian-loung,' 1st year of Tai-tsou III.," head of the new dynasty of the Soung 
 (Chinese chron. table). A decree was issued or renewed by Tai-tsou III., making the emperor's 
 signature indispensable to the execution of death-sentences — (Pauth. p. 337). 
 
 Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.), Siva Swasa reigning 
 in Hindustan. 
 
 "961 A. D." (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), Crete recaptured from the Muslims by Nicephorus Phocas. 
 " In this year (= 350 A. H.," Elph. v. 2), Abdulmelek succeeded by Mansur, now sixth Samani 
 king of Bactria. Alptegin, having given his vote against Mansur, deprived of the government of 
 Khorasan, but with a body of adherents found safety at Ghazni in the heart of the mountains of Soli- 
 man. The position, near the Indus, is important, as — subsequently the point of departure of Mus- 
 lim invasions of Hindustan. 
 
 "963 A. D." (Alst., and Sm. b. d.), Romanus succeeded by Nicephorus Phocas, now Nicephorus 
 II., thirty-eighth Byzantine emperor. Writings by the emperor Nicephorus Phocas are extant. 
 
 About this time (tradit., and Colebrooke as. res. viii. 467), Govindanat'ha, " instructor of Sancara," 
 expounding the Vedas. 
 
 "964 A. D. = 2d year of the 'kian-te' of Tai-tsou III." (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the 
 Sixty-first cycle. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), Italy conquered and united with Germany by king Otto or Otho ; 
 who now assumed the title of "emperor." And deposing Joannes XIII., Leo VIII. was elected 
 sixty-seventh archbishop. 
 
 "965 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo VIII. succeeded by Benedictus V., sixty-eighth 
 
 archbishop. 
 
 "966 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus V. succeeded by Joannes XIV., sixty- 
 ninth archbishop. 
 
 "967 A. D." (Blair), the city of Antioch recovered from the Muslims by Nicephorus II. Phocas. 
 
 One hundred and fifty-eighth generation. Sept. 1st, 967, onward mostly beyond youth : the 
 Jewish writers, Joseph Ibn Santas : the Arab writers, Ebn Samhun, Caboudi, Harib, Ibn al-Gezzar, 
 Temimi, S aim an a : the Greek writers Suidas d. about 974, Symeon Magister d. after 975, Leo diaco- 
 nus d. about 987 : Abbo, the historian Armoin : the naturalist Alfredus. 
 
656 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Solarium insanum of Equatorial Africa. Mentioned by Abu'lfadli — (Celsius hierobot., and 
 Spreng.) : and as transported to Europe, figured in manuscript V of the Anglo-Saxon herb. Uiosc. 
 144 (Harley and Cockayne) ; described by Morison xiii. pi. 2, and l'lukenetalra. pi. 226, and in English 
 greenhouses called egg-plant (Prior) from seeming to bear hen's eggs. Eastward, has been observed 
 under cultivation in' Ceylon (Rumph. v. pi. 85, and Scop, insubr. i. pi. 1). By European colonists, 
 was carried across the Atlantic to the West Indies (Pers.) ; and to Northeast America, where it 
 continues to be occasionally seen in greenhouses. " S. ovigerum " of Tournefort inst. 151, and Lam. 
 enc. p. 294, differing in the absence of prickles, is regarded by Persoon as perhaps only a variety. 
 
 lliywbra spicata of the East Mediterranean countries. — Termed " t. Abulfali " by Adanson, 
 and known to grow in Macedonia and on Lebanon (Pers.) ; observed by Sibthorp pi. 546 on dry hills 
 from Crete and the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor. From transported specimens, described by Plu- 
 kenet aim. pi. 1 16. 
 
 "968 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Murakami succeeded by his second son Ren-sei or 
 Rei-zen, now sixty-third dairo of Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Marcel p. 97), death of the eunuch Kafur ; Abul Fawaris, a grandson of 
 Ikhschid aged '• eleven years," becoming governor of Egypt. 
 
 " Dec. 22d, about ten a. m." (Blair), eclipse of the sun. Observed at Constantinople. 
 
 The Khali fate or United Muslim Empire now virtually at an end : though the spiritual authority 
 of Mothi continued to be very extensively acknowledged. 
 
 " 969 A. D." (art de verif.), entrance into Egypt of an army from the West ; sent by Moez hered- 
 itary ruler of Barbary, claiming by his descent from Fatimah to be the real khalif. He obtained pos- 
 session of the government; and his authority was soon acknowledged in Palestine, Syria, and even 
 in Arabia. A coin issued by Moez, is figured in Marcel p. 102. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), Nicephorus II. Phocas succeeded by Joannes Zemisces, thirty-ninth 
 Byzantine emperor. 
 
 •• The same year " (Nicol.), a Conference at Constantinople between the Catholics and Jacobites. 
 
 "970 A. D." (Marcel), El-Kahira or Cairo founded by Djauhar Kaid, the general of Moez, for 
 the new seat of government. He also founded the mosque and college of El Ezher — (YVilk. theb. 
 and eg.). 
 
 "The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Rai-zen succeeded by Jen-wo or Jin-jo or Yen- 
 wou, fifth son of Murakami, and now sixty-fourth dairo of Japan. 
 
 "971 A. D." (Blair), the Bulgarians "three hundred thousand" in number defeated in battle and 
 subjugated by Bardas, minister of Joannes Zemisces. This emperor also recovered "the whole of 
 Judea " from the Muslims — (T. Wright early trav. Palest.). 
 
 "972 A. D." (Marcel p. 102), the great mosque and colh-ge of El-Azhar commenced by Djauhar 
 Kaid in the Northeast quarter of Cairo. — This continues to be the principal Arab university ; and 
 students from Morocco, Astrakan, and Hindustan, were found there by Marcel. 
 
 "The same year" (Munk, and Marcel), removal of Moez into Egypt. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), at Rome, Joannes XIV. succeeded by Donus or Domnus II., seven- 
 tieth archbishop. 
 
 "973 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), Otto succeeded by Otto II. or Otho II., second emperor of 
 Germany and Italy. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Domnus II. succeeded by Benedictus VI., 
 seventy-first archbishop. 
 
 "974 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus VI. succeeded by Benedictus VII., 
 seventy-second archbishop. 
 
 975 A. D. (== " 973 complete years '' of text), end of the chronicle of Ethelwerd, with the reign 
 of Edgar. 
 
 "July 18th " (Nicol.), Edgar succeeded by Edward II. the Martyr, thirteenth Anglo-Saxon king 
 of England. The fleet of Edward II. was commanded by Brithric — (Blair). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), death of Joannes Zemisces; leading to the loss of Palestine, which 
 returned to the dominion of Egypt. He was succeeded by the brothers Basilius II. and Constan- 
 tinus IX., joint rulers of the Byzantine empire. 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif.), Moez succeeded by Aziz, of the Fatimite dynasty, second sultan 
 of Egypt. A coin issued by Aziz — is figured in Marcel 103. 
 
 Citrus aurantium of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Britain orange, in Egypt " narindj," in 
 Yemen "chommaesch" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the " narunj " whose bitter juice has been 
 prescribed "from the tenth century" by Arab physicians — (Gallesio p. 122 and 247), and " naranj " 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 657 
 
 of Edrisi, Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar: the bitter variety was already cultivated "in Sicily in 100- " 
 and was observed by the Crusaders in Palestine (A. Dec.) ; both the sweet and bitter varieties were 
 observed by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt ; by Chaubard, in Greece; and are known to be abun- 
 dantly cultivated throughout the Mediterranean countries. Farther South, C. aurantium was observed 
 by Forskal under cultivation among the mountains of Yemen ; but the fruit seen by Barthema in 
 Yemen may have been imported from Egypt, as at the present day at Mocha : the oranges seen by 
 Vasco de Gama in 1498 in Eastern Equatorial Africa were probably the same cultivated at present 
 on Zanzibar, lemon-coloured and more acid than usual. Banians here being prohibited from eating 
 oranges, the fact may help to explain the non-cultivation of C. aurantium in Hindustan, where I found 
 only the imported fruit from Zanzibar. Farther East, C. aurantium is enumerated by Mason v. p. 452 
 as " exotic " in Burmah and called " lieng-mau," its fruit " quite abundant " but of inferior quality ; is 
 probably the species with petioles almost always winged and fruit " acido-dulcis " observed by Lou- 
 reiro " culta incultaque" in Cochinchina and China, for C. aurantium I was assured by Mr. Williams 
 grows wild in Southern China : throughout the Malayan archipelago, was observed by myself only 
 at Manila, a small quantity of the fruit in market, clearly the species described by Blanco as having 
 the flesh adhering to the rind and pleasantly acid. By European colonists, was carried to Madeira, 
 where it was observed by Cadamosto in 1454 ; to the West Indies, where it became naturalized in the 
 lifetime of Oviedo, and has extended throughout Florida; to Brazil, where I met with both the bitter 
 and sweet varieties ; and to the Taheitian, Hawaiian, Samoan, and Feejeean groups, the sweet variety 
 only as verified by myself. (See C. Sinensis.) 
 
 In this year (= 925 -f " 50 years reign " of the Mahavams. LX.), Mahaloo Wijayaba succeeded 
 by Wickramabahoo, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 11 In this year (= 365 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Alptegin succeeded by his son Isakh ; who, pro- 
 ceeding with Sebektegin to Bokhara, was appointed by Mansur governor of Ghazni, and Sebektegin 
 his deputy. 
 
 "976 A. D. = ' tai-ping-hing-koue,' 1st year of Tai-tsoung III., of the Soung" or Twenty-first 
 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 Hunahpu, third king of Guatemala, may have been at this time reigning — (art de verif. contin.). 
 
 Tfieobroma cacao of Eastern Equatorial America. The chocolate tree wild in the forest along the 
 Oronoco and Amazons, and the use of its nuts discovered in the reign of Hunahpu* — (art de verif. 
 contin.) : under the Mexican emperors the " cacari " was much cultivated and " chocolatl " made from 
 its nuts, which were used besides for money (Hernand. iii. 46, and Humb. iv. 10) : on the coast of 
 Honduras, nuts in the hands of natives in a canoe were found by Columbus to be highly prized 
 (F. Columb. 89). The living tree, described by Lopez de Gomara (Spreng ), was quickly introduced 
 by the colonists into the West Indies, where it was observed by Sloane ii. pi. 160, and Catesby iii. 
 pi. 6 : by Pedro Bravo de Lagunas, was carried in 1670 from Acapulco to the Philippines, a single 
 stock from which most of the trees now so abundant have been derived (Blanco) ; thence to Burmah 
 (Mason) ; to Hindustan (Wight, and Graham), where according to Drury it " has been long intro- 
 duced." 
 
 Vanilla aromatica of Central America. A climbing Orchideous epiphyte called in Mexican 
 " tlilxochitl " ( ), and its product vanilla used perhaps from the beginning in making choco- 
 
 late : — "vinelloes" with which chocolate is perfumed, were seen by Dampier on the coast of Hon- 
 duras. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, observed there by Catesby iii pi. 7, 
 and Swartz ; to Burmah (Mason) ; to Egypt, where according to Clot-Bey it is successfully cultivated. 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet, and is termed "v. mexicana" by Miller (Steud.). 
 
 " The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), at Venice, the church of San Marco injured or destroyed 
 by fire. — The walls of the present edifice were completed " in 1043;" and the building consecrated 
 "in 1085 ; " but '-the decorations of the round hills, with Gothic flowers," and "the finials of the taber- 
 nacle," were added in the " Fourteenth century." 
 
 "In or about this year (= 366 A. H. comm. Aug. 29th," Gildem.), Ebn Haukal writing his 
 geographical work. He mentions Heathen tribes continuing in Sind ; Bodhites, the Mund a pastoral 
 
 * Gossyfiium Jatnaicense, G. pnrptirascens, and G. oligospermum of the West Indies and neigh- 
 bouring portion of Tropical America. The use of cotton for spinning and weaving also discovered in 
 the reign of Hunahpu — (art de verif. contin.) : Columbus landing on Cuba found cotton spun and 
 woven by the natives, from plants that " are not set, but grow naturally about the fields like roses " 
 (F. Columb. 28 to 47) ; the wild cotton of Hayti is described by Oviedo as very abundant, forming an 
 article of export to Spain ; cotton growing wild in Northern Mexico is mentioned by Vasquez (Sloane ii. 
 69) ; and the above three species were observed by Macfadyen i. 72 wild on Jamaica and not culti- 
 vated (A. Dec). 
 
 83 
 
658 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 tribe, and the Hindu people called Zuth. The Muslims now having mosques throughout Guzerat as 
 far as Cambay ; a Muslim prefect, appointed over them by Balhara ; and at Cambay, Camuhul, Sindan 
 and Saimur, Muslim courts of justice. 
 
 "977 A. D." (Blair), the Bohemians subdued by the emperor Otho II. 
 
 " In this year (= 367 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Isakh succeeded by Sebektegin, now third sultan 
 of Ghazni. He was attacked by Jeipal Hindu king of Lahore, —who was twice defeated at Laghman, 
 and the Ghazni dominions were extended to the main river Indus at Peshawer. Hamid Khan Lodi, 
 Muslim ruler of Laghman and Multan, tending his submission (Elph. v. 3). 
 
 "978, March 18th " (Nicol ), Edward II. succeeded by Ethelred II., fourteenth Anglo-Saxon king 
 of England. 
 
 About this time (" 960 to 1000 " Krapf trav ), Keelwah on the coast of East Africa founded by 
 Arabs. 
 
 Eltamimi at this time writing. — He died in 9S0 (= "370 Hej " of Ebn Abi Osaib., Soyout, and 
 Sonth.). 
 
 Cheiranthus cluiri of the cliffs of the Mediterranean. The " khiri " of Eltamimi i. p. 443, — Elga- 
 faki, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Stapel and others : C. cheiri was observed by Sibthorp, 
 Chaubard, and Fraas, on rocks and walls in Southern Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward, 
 is known to grow on walls in Spain (Pers.) ; and according to Prior, was "introduced from Spain" 
 into England "as a ' wall stock-gillofer,' which became successively wall gillijloiver and wall-flozverj" 
 is described by Brunswyck (Spreng. ), Dodoens, and Gerarde ; is termed "leucoium luteum vulgare " 
 by Tournefort inst. 221 ; and in journeying through Europe, was observed by myself chiefly abound- 
 ing in England, and clearly a genuine cliff plant that originated in some country containing mural 
 precipices. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be cul- 
 tivated for ornament; and to Hindustan, where it was observed by Graham "in gardens." around 
 Bombay. 
 
 balanites Aegyptiaca of the Southern border of the Sahara from the Atlantic to Hindustan. The 
 "zakkum el achar" described by Eltamimi as a tree growing in ravines of the mountains of Persia 
 and supposed there to be the myrobalanus chebula, transported into Syria and cultivated, the nuts 
 yielding an oil of wonderful properties, — and by Ebn Baitar as a thorny tree, may be compared: 
 B. Aegyptiaca was observed by Alpinus p. 20 and 205 in a garden at Cairo, a single tree described by 
 Vesling as " myrobalanus el-chabul," named to Delile " sagar el-kably," but which according to Figari, 
 and Lloyd, has since disappeared. Farther up the Nile, was observed by Delile at Siout ; by Vansleb 
 at Esneh ; by Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 217, in Upper Nubia; by Cailliaud, from Sennaar to Fazoglo ; 
 and Westward, by Lippi in the < i.isis El-wah, and bv Adanson fam. plant, ii. p. 508 in Senegal. East- 
 ward, the trees seen by Browne within the city of Cobbe in Dar Fur came from Arabia, and the 
 "haledj" of Southern Arabia is described by Forskal p. xcvi. and 197 as having sweet edible fruit, the 
 wood tough and hard, much used for household utensils : B. Aegyptiaca is known to grow also in 
 the more arid portion of Hindustan, in Goozerat, the " Deccan plains and Candesh,'' being "one of 
 the few trees which flourishes on black soil," and is called "hingenbet" (Rnxb., Royle, Gibs., and 
 Graham). By European colonists, probably through the medium of transported negroes, was carried 
 to the West Indies, where trees were seen by Poiteau on Hayli. 
 
 Colchicum Illyricum of . . Called in Persian " us-abai-hoormuz" (Irvine mat. med. patn., and 
 
 J. F. Wats, index), in which we recognize the "asabia Hermes" identified by Ebn Baitar with the 
 " schanbalid " of the Persians and Eltamimi : — C. Illyricum is . . . 
 
 "979 A. D." (= 927 -\- cycle of 52 years, Clavig. ii.), accession of Xiutzatlzin, Toltec queen of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Opuntia ficus-Indica of the West Indies. The large prickly-pear or "tunas" known there from 
 early times,* — mentioned by Uviedo nat. hist. 80 and gen. hist. viii. pi. 25, together with the peculiar 
 
 * Comocladia dentata of the West Indies. A Terebinthoid tree called on Cuba and Hayti 
 "guao" (Lindl.) ; and from early times, death believed to be the penalty for sleeping in its shade : — 
 observed by Jacquin am. xiii. pi. 173 in the West Indies, its milky juice on exposure turning black, and 
 indelibly staining linen or the skin (Lindl). 
 
 Chrysobalainis icaco of the wooded shores of Tropical America. The coco-plum or " hicacos " 
 long known in the West Indies ; — observed there by Oviedo gen. hist. viii. 9, Plumier pi. 158, 
 P. Browne, Catesby, and Jacquin am. pi. 94, by Marcgraf as far as Brazil ; known to grow also along 
 the seashore on the Pacific side of the Isthmus (Benth. bot. Sulph.). From being maritime may have 
 reached the African shore without human intervention, but was probably carried there on account of 
 its edible fruit, and occurs naturalized only from Senegal to the mouth of the Congo, is called by the 
 French "prune d'AmeYique " (Perrottet fl. Sen., and A. Dec). By European colonists has recently 
 been introduced into Hindustan (Graham). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 659 
 
 effect produced by its edible fruit; was observed also in the West Indies by Sloane, by Jacquin, used 
 to fortify a town (Pers.). Transported to Europe, was seen by Oviedo in a garden in Italy, and 
 according to Matthioli was brought within his own recollection from the West Indies ; was known to 
 Dodoens, Lobel, and Bauhin, only under cultivation (A. Dec), but has since become naturalized on 
 the Canaries and throughout the Mediterranean countries, and in Egypt the Aitian name is retained 
 in "tin Franj " fig of Europeans (Forsk., and Del.). Possibly by Polynesians, was carried Westward 
 to the Hawaiian Islands, where it has been established long enough to be regarded by the natives as 
 indigenous. Clearly by European colonists, was carried farther across the Pacific to the Philippines, 
 where it is called in Tagalo " sandocsandoc " or "dilang baca " (Blanco) ; to Burmah, called there 
 " ka-la-zoung " (Mason) ; to Hindustan, observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, by Graham "commonly 
 U3ed as a hedge plant" on the Deccan, by myself forming thickets there and completely naturalized. 
 
 Cephaelis iprcacuanha of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of South America. Coffea- 
 ceous and suffruticose, yielding the drug ipecacuanha (Lindl.) : the "gioia" mingled by the Aitians 
 with another herb as an emetic* — (Columb. and F. Roman Pane 16) may be compared: C. ipecacu- 
 anha was observed by Martius in the woods of Brazil, is known to grow on the mountains of New 
 Granada (Lindl.), and was observed by Tussac in the West Indies (Steud.). The drug ipecacuanha, 
 known in Europe from nearly the middle of the Seventeenth century (Spreng.), was found by Forskal 
 mat. med. imported by the way of Europe into Egypt. (See Ionidium ipecacuanha.) 
 
 "980 A. D." (Blair), Apulia and Calabria recovered by the Byzantine emperors. 
 
 " In this year " (Velasco, and Markh. edit. G. de la Vega ii. p. 347), the Caras, ascending the 
 river Esmaraldas in balsas,f defeat the Quitus and take possession of their country. Their religion 
 was that of the Sun and Moon, — and "they built a temple of the Sun on a height near Quito, now 
 called Panecillo." 
 
 981, "June (= 372 Hej.," Sylv. de Sacy, and Sonth.), Soliman Ben Hassam Ebn Joljol writing 
 at Cordova. 
 
 Senecio sqtialidus of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Egypt " korraejr " or " korreis," in which 
 
 * Geophila reniformis of Tropical America. A small creeping Coffeaceous herb, possibly one of 
 the plants in question : — observed by P. Browne 161, and Jacquin am. pi. 46, in moist shady places in 
 the West Indies (Pers.) ; by Humboldt and Bonpland on the Oronoco, and known to grow in Brazil, 
 "its root emetic, used as a substitute for ipecacuanha" (Lindl.). By Polynesians, was carried West- 
 ward to the islands of the Pacific, observed by myself completely naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands, 
 seemingly wild in deep woods on Taheiti, naturalized on the Samoan Islands occurring on Savaii only 
 in pathways leading to the Interior forest, naturalized also on the Feejeean Islands, and on the Philip- 
 pines on mount Banajao. Farther West, was observed by Rheede pi. 21 in Malabar; by Roxburgh, 
 and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; and by Nimmo in the " S. Concan," nearly as far as Bombay 
 (Graham). 
 
 Lucuma mammosa of the Upper Oronoco. Called by French and English colonists mammei- 
 sapotc, by Spanish " sapote " (A. Dec), and its edible fruit known from early times : — observed by 
 Sloane ii. 125 on Jamaica, apparently only under cultivation ; by Jacquin am. 57 on other West India 
 Islands and at Carthagena, and termed by him "a sapota major ; " by Maycock 146, on Barbadoes ; 
 but by Humboldt and Bonpland Hi. 240, wild in the forest at the missions on the Oronoco. By 
 European colonists, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it is called in 
 Tagalo "mamei " (Blanco 238). 
 
 Sapota achras of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The sapo- 
 dilla, called by French colonists " sapotier " or " sapodiller," by Spanish " zapota " or "zapotilla" 
 (A. Dec), lon°- known in the West Indies : —observed by Sloane ii. f72 to all appearance wild on an 
 island near Campeachy and on Jamaica ; by P. Browne ii. pi. 19, also on Jamaica ; by Jacquin am. 
 59, and Humboldt and Bonpland iii. 239, wild in the forests of Venezuela. By European colonists, 
 was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; to Hindustan (Roxb., and Wall. 4148), called at Bombay 
 " kowut " (Graham) ; to Burmah (Mason) ; and to Java (Hassk. 463). 
 
 Coccoloba uvifera of the shores of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical Amer- 
 ica. A small tree called seaside-grape, and its fruit known from early times : the "guiabara " — is 
 described by Oviedo °- e n. hi st - v ' u - P^- '3 • *-. uv ' tera was observed by Sloane ii. pi. 220, Catesby ii. 
 pi 96 and Jacquin am. pi. 73, in the West Indies, its fruit eatable and commonly sold in market, but 
 not much esteemed (Lindl.). From transported specimens, described by Lobel ii. 195. 
 
 t Arundinaria sp. of Tropical America. These balsas were of course made of the "cafia 
 de Guayaquil," a bamboo — afterwards sent by order of the Incas to all the rivers and lakes of Peru 
 for the purpose of making balsas, the best kind always coming " from the province of Quitu " (G. de 
 la Veg. iii. 16). 
 
660 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 we recognize the " kurras " or " anjurat " of Ebn Joljol, — and the " korrais " or " anjurat " of Ebn 
 Baitar • S. squalidus was observed by Forskal, and Delile, frequent in the Desert bordering Lower 
 Egypt. Westward, is known to occur as a weed in Sicily and Southern Europe (Boccon. sic. pi. 41, 
 Barrel, pi. 262, and Pers.) ; and though unknown in the intervening country, was already in Britain 
 in the days of Dillenius, and has become naturalized there (A. Dec ). 
 
 "983 A. D." (Nicol., see also Alst), Otto II. succeeded by his son Otto or Otho III., at the age 
 of "ten " years third emperor of Germany and Italy. 
 
 " The same year " (Rafn), from Iceland sailing in search of the land seen a century previously 
 by Gunnbjorn, Erikus Rufus found an extensive coast, which he named Greenland. After examining 
 it, — and passing two winters there, in the third summer he returned to Iceland. 
 
 Chilian civilization as early probably as this date. 
 
 Acacia (Vachellia) Farnesianaoi Chili. Arborescent and called in Chilian "caven "* — (Molina) ; 
 observed by myself clearly indigenous, dotting the open country along and upon the basal portion of 
 the Andes. Raised in Europe "in 161 1 " from seeds received from Hayti (Tob. Aldin. hort. fames. 3), 
 described also by Hyacinthus Ambrosinius, Parkinson, and Plukenet pi. 73 ; observed by Forskal, 
 and Chaubard, in the gardens of the Peloponnesus and Rhodes, and by the Turks called " mis- 
 setsjae ; " by Hasselquist, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt and called " fetneh ; " was 
 carried also to Western Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. nigr.) ; and from Buenos Ayres to Louisiana 
 (A. Dec), continuing planted as far North as Charleston. By European colonists also, was carried 
 to Taheiti (observed there by myself), and Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it 
 has become frequent and is called in Tagalo "aroma" (Blanco); to Timor (Decsne) ; to Java 
 (Hassk., and Zoll. ) ; to Burmah, observed by Mason " exotic " and called '• nan-lung-kyeing ; " to 
 Hindustan, called in Sanscrit " urimeda " or " vitkhira," in Bengalee "gooya-babula," in Telinga 
 "kustoori" or " piktoome " (Roxb. and Lindl.) or "piyi-tumma" or " kampu-tumma " or " naga- 
 tumma," in Tamil " piy-velam," in Malabar " pivelam " (Drur.), observed by Graham "very common 
 in the Eastern parts of the Deccan," by myself both under cultivation and naturalized ; yielding 
 according to Wight, and Drury, "a considerable quantity of useful gum," and the flowers distilled 
 "a delicious perfume." 
 
 Solatium tuberosum of Southern Chili. The potato, called in Peru "papas" (Ciez., Carate, 
 Gomara, Barcia, and myself), growing wild in Southern Chili and collected for food by the natives 
 (CI. Gay) : carried thence, becoming an object of cultivation! in Northern Chili — and Peru "in the 
 
 * Dolichos funarius of Chili. Climbing, called in Chilian " cogul " (Molin.), and doubtless from 
 early times used for cordage, — as witnessed by Molina among the colonists. 
 
 Quillaia sinegmadermos of Chili. A Rosaceous tree called in Chilian " quillai " from " quillcan " 
 to wash (Molin.), its bark therefore from early times used as a substitute for soap : — observed by 
 Frezier i. 206, and Molina ; by myself, frequent from the coast throughout the basal portion of the 
 Andes, and its bark exported in large quantities. 
 
 Cestrum parqui of Chili. A large many-stemmed shrub called in Chilian ''parqui" or "palqui" 
 (Molin.), and from early times its wood considered the best for procuring fire by turning a rod rap- 
 idly ; also employed medicinally: — observed by FeuilMe, and Molina; by myself, frequent at the 
 outlet of valleys near the sea-level ; described also by Ruiz and Pavon ii. pi. 32. 
 
 Ocy'mum ? salinum of Chili. Its round articulate stem covered every morning with saline globules, 
 doubtless from early times collected and used for salt, — as witnessed by Molina among the colonists. 
 
 Aristotelia macqui of Chili. A large shrub called in Chilian "maqui," its berries eaten and a 
 drink prepared from them (Molin.) doubtless from early times: — observed by Molina; by myself, 
 frequent in Lower Chili; described also in fl. peruv. 125 (Pers.). 
 
 t Solatium cart of Chili. A distinct species of potato from early times cultivated in Chili, — 
 described by Molina, but according to Humboldt iv. 9 remaining unknown as far North as Quito, as 
 well as in Mexico and Europe. 
 
 Heracleum tuberosum of Chili. Known from early times, — and enumerated by Molina among 
 useful plants. 
 
 Luma sp. of Chili. Large Myrtaceous shrubs, one or more species called in Chilian " luma " 
 (Molin.), and from early times a sort of wine made of the berries : — observed by Molina ; by myself, 
 several species some of them arborescent frequent in Lower Chili. 
 
 J.uiuma Valparadisica of Chili. One of the three wild species called in Chilian "lucuma" 
 (Molin.), and probably from early times: — observed by Molina (Steud.) ; by myself in a steep 
 mountain-ravine facing the sea about three miles South of Valparaiso. 
 
 Lucuma bifera, turbinata, and spitiosa, all of Chili. Also called in Chilian "lucuma" (Molin), 
 known from early times and one of them cultivated : — observed by Molina (Steud.). 
 
 Adeuostemum nitidum of Chili. A large Sapotaceous tree, its delicious fruit known from early 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 66l 
 
 time of the Incas " (Garc. de la Vega) : the " papa " is mentioned in a Quichua prayer (preserved by 
 C. de Molina edit. Markh. 30) ; and was cultivated as far North as the Bogotan Andes, but to the 
 time of the Montezumas had not reached Mexico (Hernand. iii. 15, and Humb. iv. 9). Transported 
 to Europe, S. tuberosum is described by Lobel nov. stirp. 317, Gerarde, Clusius, and C. Bauhin, its 
 
 times: — termed "lucuma keale " by Molina 202 as observed by him wild in groves, "gomortega 
 nitida" by Ruiz and Pavon 108 (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Peumus Dumbeyi of Chili. A Lauraceous tree called in Chilian "peumo" (Molin.), and its 
 fruit eaten from early times : — observed by Dombey (Steud.), and Molina ; by myself, frequent from 
 the coast to the Andes, and its fruit brought to market in large quantities. 
 
 Temus moschata of Chili. Called in Chilian " temo " (Mol.), and known from early times : — its 
 seeds according to Molina may be used for coffee. 
 
 Sisyrinchium bulbosum of Chili. Violet-flowered, called in Chilian " illmu '' (Molin.), and 
 from early times its bulbs cooked and eaten, — exquisite in taste according to Molina ; observed 
 also by Feuillee iv. 8. 
 
 Alstroemeria ligtu of Chili and the mountains of Peru. Called in Peru "Hutu" (Pers.), in 
 Chili "utata" (Mol.), and from early times farina obtained from its bulbous root, — suitable for 
 invalids according to Molina; observed also by Feuille'e, and known to grow from Conception to the 
 environs of Lima (Ruiz and Pav. 59, Tew obs. ii. pi. 4, and Pers.). 
 
 Alstroemeria haemantha of Chili or Peru. Known from early times and farina also obtained 
 from its root — (Ruiz and Pav. 60, and Pers.). 
 
 Alstroemeria revoluta of Chili. Growing in the Chilian province of Rere, and from early times 
 farina obtained from its root — (Ruiz and Pav. iii. 59, and Pers.). 
 
 Alstroemeria versicolor of Chili. Growing with the preceding, and from early times farina 
 obtained from its root — (Ruiz and Pav., and Pers.). 
 
 Rubia Chilensis of Chili. Dyeing with indigenous plants practised from time immemorial 
 in Chili, and this species of madder called " relbun " and used to dye red — (Molin.); observed 
 also by Feuille'e pi. 45 ; by myself, frequent in the environs of Valparaiso, its berries orange- 
 coloured. 
 
 Sassia tincloria of Chili. Called in Chilian "sassia" (Molin.), and from early times its flowers 
 used to dye purple : — observed by Molina (Steud.). 
 
 Eupatorium Chilense of Chili. Annual, used from early times to dye yellow, — and by colonists 
 called "contra yerba" (Molin.); observed also by Feuille'e. 
 
 Santolina tinctoria of Chili. Called in Chilian "poquel" (Molin.), and from early times used 
 to dye yellow : — observed also by Feuille'e pi. 45. 
 
 Coriaria ruscifolia of Chili. A shrub called in Chilian " deu " (Molin.), and from early times 
 its bark and leaves used to dye black : — observed by Molina ; by Brackenridge, in the " sands of the 
 seashore" within a few miles of Valparaiso ; by Feuille'e iii. pi. 12, as far as Peru (Pers.). 
 
 Lonicera? corymbosa of Chili. A shrub called in Chilian 'uthiu" (Molin.), and from early 
 times its bark and leaves used to dye black: — observed by Molina. From transported specimens, 
 termed "loranthus corymbosus " by Lamarck (Steud.). 
 
 Baccharis? sp. of Chili. Called in Chilian "thilco" (Molin.), being the third shrub with leaves 
 and bark used from early times to dye black : — observed by Molina. 
 
 Gunnera scabra of Chili. A large Rheum-leaved herb called in Chilian " panke " (Molin.), and 
 from early times its root used to dye black : — observed by Feuille'e ii. 742, and Molina ; by myself, 
 at the outlet of valleys near the sea-level. 
 
 Poinciana f spinosa of Chili. Called in Chilian " jaru," known from early times, — and its berries 
 furnishing ink (Molin.) ; observed also by Feuillee. 
 
 Pseudocacia fol. mucr. of Chili. Called in Chilian " mayu," known from early times, — and its 
 juice furnishing ink (Molin.) ; observed also by Feuille'e. 
 
 Lithraa Chilensis of Chili. A large shrub called in Chilian "lithi" (Molin.), allied to and 
 resembling Rhus cotinus and its contact causing pustules : — observed by Molina; by myself, fre- 
 quent on the basal portion of the Andes. 
 
 Maytenas Chilensis of Chili. A small and graceful Celastroid tree called in Chilian " mayten '' 
 (Molin.), and from early times a decoction of its young branches used to wash swellings produced 
 by the Li thrasa : —observed by Feuillee iii. pi. 27, and Molina; by myself, here and there in the 
 Interior. 
 
 Ionidium mavtcnsillo of Chili. Violoid, and from early times highly esteemed as a purgative: 
 — observed by Feuille'e fl. chil. iii. pi. 28. " I. parviflorum " of Linnaeus, and Ventenat 27, is referred 
 here by Hooker' (Lindl ). „,„,,. > Jr 
 
 Linum aquilinum of Chili. Yellow-flowered, called in Chilian " retamilla" (Molin.), and from 
 
662 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 cultivation extending so slowly as only recently to have reached Greece (Chaub.) and Egypt (Clot- 
 Bey) ; roots " imported from Hindustan '' were seen by myself at Muscat, Mocha, and Zanzibar, and 
 the plant under cultivation at the last-named locality ; observed also by myself cultivated on New 
 Zealand by the natives ; and in Northwest America, forming the Commencement of Agriculture 
 among the Chinnooks. 
 
 "984 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus VII. succeeded by Joannes XV., seventy- 
 third archbishop. 
 
 "985 A. D. (= 1645th of Synmu," art de verif.), Jen-wo succeeded by Quassan, eldest son of 
 Ren-sei, and now dairo of Japan. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Joannes XV. succeeded by Joannes XVI., seventy- 
 fourth archbishop. 
 
 "986 A. D." (Rafn), a colony from Iceland led into Greenland by Erikus Rufus, and a settlement 
 formed on the " Southwestern shore." Later in the summer, Bjarnius sailing for Greenland, was 
 driven by adverse winds far Westward, and saw land, covered with woods, and here and there low 
 hills (Newfoundland). Leaving this to the larboard, at the end of "a day and night" he saw an- 
 other land, " flat and covered with trees " (Labrador ?). . He continued thence " three " half days' sail 
 to a high and mountainous land covered with glaciers ; and " two days and two nights " afterwards, 
 reached his destination in Greenland. 
 
 A portion of the constructions at Pachacamac ("pacha" world and "camac" creator), and many 
 huacas or burial-mounds in Lower Peru, older according to "some old writers" than the time of the 
 Incas : * — the oracle and temple were captured by the inca Pachacutec, and a considerable portion of 
 the city was in ruins when visited by Hernando Pizarro (Ciez., and Markham edit. -p. 255). 
 
 early times used medicinally: — observed by Feuille'e ii. pi. 22, and Molina; by myself, frequent in 
 the open country. 
 
 Polygala clinclin of Chili. Called in Chilian " clinclin " (Molin.), and from early times used 
 medicinally : — termed "polygala coerulea ang." by Feuille'e (Molin.). 
 
 Mimosa balsamica of Chili. Called in Chilian "jarilla" (Molin.), and from early times used 
 medicinally : — observed by Molina. 
 
 Gnafihaliiiju viravira of Chili. Called in Chilian " viravira" (Molin.), and from early times used 
 medicinally: — observed by Frezier i. 205, and Molina. 
 
 Senccio nilgue of Chili. Called in Chilian " nilgue " (Molin.), and from early times used medi- 
 cinally : — termed "jacobaea leucanthemi vulg. fol." by Feuille'e (Molin.). 
 
 Solidago dinca of Chili. Called in Chilian " diuca-lahuen " (Molin.), and from early times used 
 medicinally : — termed " virga aurea leucoi. fol." by Feuille'e (. Molin.) ; and possibly the species observed 
 by myself from the coast to the middle mountain-region of the Andes. 
 
 Erythrcra Chilcnsis of Chili. Annual, called in Chilian " cachanlahuen " (Molin.), and from 
 early times used medicinally : — described in mem. Acad. 1707 ; observed also by Feuille'e ii. pi. 35, 
 and Molina. 
 
 Plegorhiza guajcuru of Chili. Called in Chilian "guaicuru" (Molin.), and from early times its 
 root used medicinally : — observed by Molina. 
 
 Verbena erinoides of Chili. Prostrate and multicaul, called in Chilian "sandia-lahuen " (Molin.), 
 and from early times used medicinally : — termed 'Tichnidea verbena: tenuifolia" by Feuille'e Hi. pi. 
 25 (Molin.) ; described also by Ruiz and Pavon i. pi. 33. From transported specimens, termed 
 " erinus laciniatus" by Linnaeus. 
 
 Qninchamalium Cliilcnsc of Chili. A small Thesioid plant called in Chilian " quinchamali " 
 (Molin.), and from early times used medicinally :— observed by Frezier i. 13 q, and Molina; by 
 myself, frequent throughout the open country to the middle mountain-region of the Andes. " Q. 
 procumbens " of Ruiz and Pavon ii. pi. 107, probably not distinct, was observed by myself on the 
 basal portion of the Peruvian Andes. 
 
 Hcrniaria payco of Chili. Called in Chilian " payco " (Molin. \ and from early times used medi- 
 cinally : — observed by Frezier i. 205, and Molina. 
 
 Colliguajaf of Chili. Called in Chilian "pichoa" (Molin.), and from early times used medic- 
 inally: — termed " tithymal. fol. trinerv." by Feuille'e (Molin.). 
 
 Bromus? cathartiais of Chili. Called in Chilian "guilno" (Molin.), and from early times used 
 medicinally: —termed "gramen bromoides cathart." by Feuille'e, as seen at Lima (Pers.) ; but was 
 observed by Molina in Chili ; by myself, a Bromus-like grass with compressed spikelets in the envi- 
 rons of Valparaiso. 
 
 * Lucitma obovala of Western Peru. A Sapotoid tree called in Peru " lucuma " (C. P.) ; in which 
 we recognize the luxurious " lucma " fruit of a legend of the Yuncas of the Lurin valley — (A vila 1 25) : 
 the " leucoma " is described in a letter to Monardes 3 ; was observed in Peru by J. Acosta, Feuille'e 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. C6x 
 
 _ "987, July 3d" (Blair, and Nicol.), Louis V. succeeded by Hugh Capet, head of the Capetian or 
 Third dynasty of French kings. 
 
 " The same year " (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), abdication of Quassan, who retired to the monas- 
 tery of Quamsi, adopted the costume of a bonze or priest, and took the name of Nigugakf. He was 
 succeeded by his cousin Itsi-dsio or Yets-sio, now sixty-sixth dairo of Japan:— and who patronized 
 literature, and attracted many learned men to his court. 
 
 988 A. D. (= 975 -f- 13 years of twelve lunations) = " 14th year of Aziz," in an Arabic inscrip- 
 tion at the gold mines of Gebel Ellaka in the Ababdeh Desert (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 416). 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Llandaff. Arthmail king of Wales was " condemned to do 
 penance for having slain his brother." 
 
 About this time (= "a little more than eight hundred years " before 1S04, tradit., and Colebrooke 
 as. res. viii. p. 467), Sancara or Sancar'acharya expounding the Vedas. 
 
 "990 A. D. = 1st year of the 'tchun-hoa' of Tai-tsoung III." (Chinese chron. table). " In the 
 time of Chun-hoa " (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 473), the foreign agent at Canton receiving from the 
 Chinese "metals, silk, gold, etc.," gave in return " rhinoceros, horns, elephants' teeth, coral, pearls, 
 precious stones, crystal, foreign stuffs or cloth, paper, red-wood, drugs, etc." At the capital, a tribunal 
 of revenues established. 
 
 " In the Tenth century" (Storch, and Pouchet), the Russians had extended their commerce as far 
 South as Constantinople. 
 
 "Towards the end of the century" (Talvi ii. 1), Christianity introduced into Russia through the 
 influence of king Vladimir ; who also founded the first schools there. 
 
 "993 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Latran in Rome. Udalric bishop of Augsburg declared a saint: 
 the first act of canonization on record. 
 
 " In this year (== 383 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Noah or Noh, seventh Samani king, driven from 
 Bokhara across the Oxus by the Tartars under Bogra Khan ; whose sickness retreat and death enabled 
 Noah to recover his throne. 
 
 "994 A. D." (see Samuel Aniens., and his editor), end of the chronicle of Stephanus Asolnichius 
 of Armenia. 
 
 "995 A. D. = 1st year of the 'tchi-tao' of Tai-tsoung III." — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), at Rome, Joannes XVI. succeeded by Joannes XVII., seventy-fifth 
 archbishop. 
 
 "996 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Joannes XVII. succeeded by Gregorius V., seventy- 
 sixth archbishop. 
 
 and Ruiz and Pavon iii. pi. 239; its fruit by myself in market at Lima, solid in consistence, and so 
 rich-flavoured and sweet that a small quantity suffices ; the tree I was assured by Mr. Matthews is 
 "native in ravines to the Northward." Is probably one of the two species cultivated according to 
 Molina by the natives of Chili. 
 
 Prosopis dulcis of Peru. A Leguminous tree called "pacai : " its pods exhumed in the cemetery 
 at Pachacamac, — great quantities observed also in the market at Lima, and the tree in gardens : the 
 "pacay " was observed in Peru by J. Acosta, Feuille'e ii. pi. 19, and is termed P. dulcis by Humboldt 
 and Bonpland. By European colonists, was carried to the Taheitian Islands, a single young stock 
 observed by myself on Aimeo. 
 
 Gossvpium Peruvianum of Western Peru. The art of weaving cotton cloth known in Peru as 
 early at least as this date : remnants of different degrees of fineness observed by myself in the ancient 
 cemetery at Pachacamac, together with accompanying tufts of the wool, belonging to a free-seeded 
 species: — a Gossypium was observed by myself about half-way to the Andes, a single small tree 
 about fifteen feet high, its five-lobed leaves pubescent beneath. G. Peruvianum is described by 
 Cavanilles vi. pi. 168 (Pers.). 
 
 Plumieria purpurea and P. incarnata of Lower Peru. Arborescent shrubs called "suchi" 
 (Markh.), from early times cultivated for their flowers and fragrance: — observed by Ruiz and 
 Pavon ii.pl. 137 and 138 in gardens in Peru; also by Markham p. xl. 
 
 Musa sapientum of Tropical America. The plantain called in Brazilian "paco" (Ler. 206), in 
 Tamanaque "paruru," in Maypure " arata " (Humb. ii. 397), in Peru " arton " and cultivated there in 
 the time of the Incas (Garcil. de la Vega i. 282) ; leaves also found in the huacas — (Stevenson, i. 320, 
 and A. Dec.) ; and fruit offered to Pizarro on his arrival at Tumbez (early ms. quoted by Prescott) : 
 "plantans " were seen by De Soto in 153S on Cuba : and the "plane " by J. Acosta in the neighbour- 
 ing countries as far as Peru : plantains have been observed by myself only in Peru, much longer and 
 of coarser substance than any varieties of the banana, but the plant producing them was not met 
 with. 
 
664 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), the succession to the German empire made elective by Otto III. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Aziz succeeded by Hakem of the Fatimite dynasty, third sultan 
 of Egypt. A gold coin issued by Hakem is figured in Marcel 104. 
 
 " In this year " (= 975 -f " 21 years reign " of Mahavams. lxiii.), Wicramabahoo succeeded by 
 his son Parackramabahoo, now king of Ceylon. 
 
 "997 A. D. (= 387 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Noah or Noh succeeded by Mansur II., eighth 
 Samani king of Bactria. 
 
 "Within a month" (Ferisht., and Elph.), death of Sebektegin, ally and friend of Noah. After 
 contests for " seven months," Mahmud obtained the government of Ghazni. 
 
 "998 A. D. = 'hian-ping,' 1st year of Tohin-tsoung, of the Soung " or Twenty-first dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). Reprinting of the ancient books for distribution throughout the Empire, was 
 ordered by the emperor Tchin-tsoung — (Pauth.). 
 
 "999 A. D." (Alst , and Nicol.), at Rome, Gregorius V. succeeded by Gerbert, under the name 
 of Sylvester II. seventy-seventh archbishop. Gerbert was one of the first among Europeans to direct 
 attention to the writings of the Arabs. 
 
 " In this year (= 389 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Mansur II. dethroned and blinded at Bokhara, 
 through intrigues at court. Mahmud of Ghazni now ordered the name Samani to be left out of the 
 public prayers, declared himself an independent sovereign, and receiving investiture from the khalif 
 assumed the title of " sultan " (an old Arabic word for king). 
 
 " 1000 A. D." (Alst. p. 216), in Hungary, Stephanus ruling as duke, made king. Regarded by 
 Hungarians as the beginning of the Third dynasty. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Garcia III. succeeded by Sancho III. the Great, as king of Spain. 
 
 "The same year" (Ram, Major gives " 1001 "), from Greenland sailing Westward in search of 
 the land seen by Bjarne fourteen years previously, Leif son of Erikus Rufus reached the described flat 
 land covered with trees, and named it " Markland" (i. e. Woodland). He thence continued on a day 
 and night with the wind Northeast, to an island near the coast (Anticosti ?). Here or in the neigh- 
 bourhood, he wintered and called the country Vinland;* finding abundance of salmon, and cutting 
 down trees to load his vessel. The days and nights were more equal than in Greenland, the shortest 
 day consisting of eight hours (as understood by Thormodus Torfsus, and Wormkiold, placing the 
 locality "in N. Lat. 49°")- 
 
 " In this year = 927 an. jav." (Madura trad., Nita Kasum., and Raffles x.), death of Panji, and 
 accession of Maisa Lalean as king of Java. Abandoning Jang'gala, Maisa Lalean established his seat 
 of government at Koripan. 
 
 His brother Chamara Gading sailing with a party established himself on Celebes ; and is sup- 
 posed to be identical with Sawira Gading, the first prince of whom the Bugis accounts make 
 mention. 
 
 One hundred and fifty-ninth generation. Jan. 1st, rooi, onward mostly beyond youth : the Per- 
 sian poet Ferdusi : the Arab writers, Ebn Jounis (Pauth. 313), Al Biruni (d. after 1038) : the Greek 
 writer Leo grammaticus d. about 1013: Fulbertus, Burchardus, Berno Augiensis; Aimoin of Fleurv. 
 
 " In this year (== 391 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph ), third Muslim invasion of Hindustan. " Nov. 
 27th," Jeipal of Lahore defeated near Peshawer and taken prisoner by Sultan Mahmud : who continued 
 his march across the Panjab to Batinda, which he captured and plundered, and returned with the spoils 
 to Ghazni. 
 
 " 1002 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol. ), Otto III., after an interregnum of "four months," succeeded by 
 Henricus II. Claudus, fourth emperor of Germany and Italy. 
 
 " Nov. 13th, Sunday" (Blair), general massacre of the Danes in England. 
 
 "The same year" (Rafn), sailing from Greenland Westward, Thorwald brother of Leif reached 
 the wintering-place in Vinland (mouth of the St Lawrence). — The following summer, in proceeding 
 " occidentale terrae latus circumire, around the West side of the land," Thorwald found the sea " valde 
 insulosum," full of islands (the Mingan Isles) ; and on an island far Westward, met with a "wooden 
 
 * litis cordifolia of Northeast America. The winter grape probably the species found in the 
 new country by Tyrker, a German companion of Leif ; — Adamus Bremensis some seventy years later 
 speaks of a country " by the Danes " called " Winland, eo quod ibi vites sponte nascantur " (grapes 
 growing spontaneously being unknown in Europe) : a large island below Quebec was named by Jacques 
 Cartier •' Bacchus Island" from abounding in wild grapes (Forst. discov North), fruit of V. cordifolia 
 was observed by myself in the Quebec market, but beyond this island I could not find any Vitis on the 
 Lower St. Lawrence, nor in New Brunswick, nor even in Nova Scotia. V. cordifolia was observed by- 
 Beck near Castleton, Vermont ; by myself, along the Pemigewasset as far South as 43° 40', and planted 
 near a dwelling on the Androscoggin ; was received by Hooker from Lake Winnipeg Lat. 52. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 665 
 
 kornhjalmr" (corn-shed ? for maize), but saw no other signs of inhabitants, nor of wild beasts. The 
 next summer, 1004 A. D., he followed the Eastern shore and passed over to the land in the North, 
 where, seeing three canoes, each containing three persons, he captured two of them and killed those 
 on board {Iroquois ?). He was attacked soon afterwards by the natives in a large number of canoes, 
 and mortally wounded with an arrow. 
 
 The civilization of the Aymaras,* around the Southern extreme of Lake Titicaca, more ancient 
 than the time of the Incas. They divided their year into " ten months " — (Ciez.) : and their language, 
 still in use, differs from the Ouichua though having the same grammatical construction. The gospel 
 of St. Luke was translated into Aymara and published by Pasoscanki, a native ; and an Aymara 
 grammar by P. Ludovico Bertonio "was published at Rome in 1608" (Markh. edit. p. xxxvi). 
 
 By the Peruvians, two quadrupeds reduced to the domestic state : the lama (Auchenia) for a 
 beast of burden, and the Guinea-pig (Cavia) ; also one bird, Anas moschata. 
 
 The rats called "ucucha" abounding from early times at Panama and in the coast towns of Peru — 
 (G. de la Vega ix. 22) doubtless the black rat, Mus rattus. This species, introduced by returning 
 ships, had become naturalized in Europe and is described by Gesner, but is regarded by Linnaeus, 
 and Pallas, as an American animal; and by Bartram, and Bachman, as indigenous in Northeast 
 America, occurring not only in the settlements, but among " the rocks of the Blue mountains remote 
 from all human dwellings" (Kalm trav. ii. 47). 
 
 "In this year" (Wilford as. res. ix. 157, and Elph.), suicide of Chaitra-pala or Gepal or Jeipal, 
 unsuccessful in battle against the Muslims under sultan Mahmud. He was succeeded by his son 
 Mahendra-pala or Anang Pal, now tributary Hindu king at Lahore. — The raja of Batia, on the 
 Southern side of Multan, refusing to pay his share of the tribute, was defeated by sultan Mahmud, 
 and also committed suicide. 
 
 " 1003 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Sylvester II. succeeded Joannes XVIII. ; and before 
 the close of the year, by a cardinal, now Joannes XIX. seventy-ninth archbishop. 
 
 " The same year " (Kufic inscript., and Wilk. theb. and eg. 299 and 547), building at Cairo of 
 the mosque of Hakem ; the arches all pointed. In a Kufic inscription over the door, Hakem is 
 "treated as a prophet: " besides persecuting Christians, he founded a new religion; — being the 
 Druse prophet of the sect so-named, now confined to Lebanon. 
 
 "1004 A. D. (— 395 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Abul Fatteh Lodi, Muslim ruler of Multan, 
 havino- revolted and in alliance with Anang Pal and mountain tribes raised an army, defeated near 
 Peshawer by sultan Mahmud. Multan was soon besieged, but after "seven days" its submission 
 was accepted by Mahmud, called away by news of a Tartar invasion. 
 
 " In this year " (quart, rev. for 1870), JEltric appointed abbot of Peterborough, — and in " 1023," 
 archbishop of York. 
 
 Scirpus maritimus of the seashore and Interior salines of Temperate Climates. Called in 
 Britain spurt-^rass, and made into Spy rT&.n baskets, employed as appears from ^Elfric coll. for 
 catchhif fish — (Prior) : S. maritimus is described by Bauhin hist. ii. 495 (Spreng.), and Tournefort 
 inst. 527 ; was observed by Desfontaines in Barbary ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; and is known to grow 
 alono- the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Sweden, also in wet places more or less saline in 
 the Interior (fl. Dan., Lam. fl. fr., Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople ; by Forskal, in Egypt and called 
 "depsice " (Del ) ; is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.) and in Siberia (Kunth). 
 Farther East, is known to grow along the Pacific shore of North America and throughout Canada 
 (Hook. fl. bor. ii. p. 230) ; was observed by Baldwin along the Lower Missouri (Torr.) ; is known to 
 grow at the Salina salt-springs in New York (A. Gray) ; and on the Atlantic seashore from Lat. 43 
 to Florida (Mx., Pursh, Muhl., Ell., and Chapm.). In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to grow 
 from Senegamb'ia (Kunth) to Austral Africa (E. Mey.), Australia (R. Brown), and New Zealand 
 (Raoul). By European colonists, may have been carried with the salt manufacture to the Hawaiian 
 Islands, where it was observed by Beechey voy. p. 98. 
 
 Potamo«eton lucens of Northern climates. With other species called in Britain pondweed or 
 greeds, and the Anglo-Saxon g r 2.6 6 translated U L Vk in ^lfric's glossary — is referred to this tribe 
 by Prior- P lucens is termed "p. foliis latis splendentibus " by Tournefort inst. 233 ; was observed 
 by Desfontaines in Barbary; and is known to grow on the Azores (Wats., and A. Dec), and 
 
 * Buddleia coriacea of the country around Lake Titicaca. A stunted crooked tree called " ccolli " 
 (Markh.), and known from early times : — observed by Markh am p. xxxv one of the two trees " few 
 and far between " on the bleak Collao table-land containing Lake Titicaca. 
 
 Baccharis sp. of the country around Lake Titicaca. A low shrub, from early times furnishing 
 f ue l : —observed by Markham "in some places on the Collao table-land." 
 
 84 
 
666 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Pers., Hook., and Wats.). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Farther East, was 
 observed by Drummond at Cumberland House Lat. 54° in central North America ;_ and by myself 
 along the Atlantic as far South as Lat. 42° _ 
 
 " 1005 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod in Brandeburg. Against "unlawful marriages, selling Chris- 
 tians to the Gentiles, and violating the laws of justice." 
 
 " In or about this year " (Blair), a new style of architecture in rebuilding old churches. 
 
 " 1006 A. D." (Blair), pestilence. Extending over all Europe, — and continuing "three" years. 
 
 " 1007 A. D." (Rafn ant. am.), from Greenland with three ships and carrying cattle, Thorfinn 
 Karlsefni reached the wintering-place in Vinland. Where were "hvalir reythr " (fin-back -whales. 
 Physalus, observed by myself in the Lower St. Lawrence, in deep places approaching the shore 
 regardless of spectators). — After the first winter, the natives came in numbers, though frightened 
 " by the voice of the bull," bringing for traffic skins of " martium " or sables, and various other kinds 
 of furs. A battle with the natives ensued in the second winter ; and at the end of "three" years, 
 finding the place constantly exposed to attacks, Karlsefni abandoned the country and returned to 
 Greenland. 
 
 Triticum (Agropyntm) repens of America ? Called in Britain quitch grass in Anglo-Saxon 
 "cwice" from "cwic" vivacious (Prior), by Lobel "quych gras " (....), in Greece "aira" (Sibth., 
 compare Lolium), in Mongol " kia " (Klapr.) : the " agros triticeos sponte satos " seen by Karlsefni 
 on an excursion Southward* — (Rafn), or "champs de hie" sauuiage " the spike like rye and seed 
 like oats seen by Jacques Cartier on Bryon Island and around Chaleur Bay, may be compared : 
 A. repens has been observed by myself abounding and to all appearance indigenous along the salt 
 marshes of Eastern New England, and clearly indigenous as found by Oakes on the Subalpine por- 
 tion of the White mountains in 1S26 ; but in general occurs as a troublesome weed throughout our 
 Northern and Middle States, sometimes regularly cultivated for feeding cattle. Westward, this or 
 an allied species was observed by myself filling much of the unwooded country of Interior Oregon : 
 A. repens according to Klaproth mem. i. 9 gave its name to the Siberian town and stream of Kiakhta 
 or Kiaktou, abounding there and affording excellent feed for cattle ; was observed by Forskal, Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus, frequent along roadsides and in 
 cultivated ground. Farther West, figures in Matthioli 999, and Dodoens 345, are referred by Lobel 
 to the "quych gras;" A. repens is distinctly described by C. Bauhin pin. 1 (Willd.) ; is termed 
 "gramen loliaceum radice repente sive gramen officinarum" by Tournefort hist. 516; is known to 
 occur in waste and cultivated ground from Algeria and the Canary Islands throughout middle and 
 Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Munby, Webb, and Wats ); and was observed by Hooker 
 on Iceland. In Austral America, was observed by myself at the mouth of the Rio Negro in Pata- 
 gonia, and clearly indigenous in Terra del Fuego ; is known to grow also on the Falkland Islands 
 (Brogn. 1st voy. Astrol. 56, and J. L>. Hook.) ; but seems unknown in other parts of the Southern 
 Hemisphere (A. Dec). 
 
 "In this year (= 4th of the 'king-t£' of the Soung dynasty," hist. Cor., and Klapr. note to 
 geogr. Chin.), near Tan-lo or Quelpaerts Island, by a submarine volcanic eruption a new mountain 
 raised out of the sea, more than a thousand feet in height. 
 
 * Elymus I'irgiiiicus of Northeast America. Sometimes called wild rye (A. Gray) ; and possi- 
 bly the grass in question : — " some eares of wheate," also " barly " (Hordeum jubatum) , and " rie 
 growing there wilde," were seen by vi.sitors to St. Luke's Bay in Nova Scotia in 1623 : E. Virginicus 
 has been observed by myself from Lat. 45 at Mount Desert to our Afiddle States, often in little beds 
 along the seashore ; by Elliott, at Sister's ferry on the Savannah river ; bv N. A. Ware, and Chap- 
 man, as far as Florida; by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall, along the Red river. From trans- 
 ported specimens, is described by Linnaus. 
 
 Betula papyracea of Northeast America. The canoe birch, a large tree, doubtless furnished the 
 brooms of " mausur ',' wood brought by Karlsefni from Vinland : — Jacques Cartier entering the Straits 
 of Belleisle met with natives in birch-bark canoes who had come from the Southward ; and in the 
 days of Gookin coll. 3, such canoes were occasionally seen as fir South as Massachusetts Bay, sewed 
 "with a kind of bark, and then smearing the places with turpentine ;" water-buckets were also "of 
 birch barks, artificially doubled up, that it hath four corners and a handle in the midst," and "several 
 sorts of baskets great and small . " B. papyracea was observed by Lapilaye from Lat. 51° in New- 
 foundland ; by myself, frequent on the Lower St. Lawrence and in New Brunswick and the neigh- 
 bouring portion of New England, but ceasing along the Atlantic in about 42 , and a little farther 
 South on the mountains ; westward, is known to grow as far as Wisconsin (A. Gray) and Lake Win- 
 nipeg (Long's exp. ii. 81), was observed by Drummond at Cumberland House Lat. 54°, and nearly to 
 the Rocky mountains. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 667 
 
 " 1008, in the spring (= 399 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), fourth Muslim invasion of Hindustan. 
 Anang Pal of Lahore and the assembled forces of Gwalior, Ujen, Ajmir, Calinjer, Canouj, and Delhi, 
 defeated near Peshawer by sultan Mahmud : who continued his march to the Eastern portion of the 
 Panjab, plundered the fortified temple of Nagarcot on the lower portion of the Himalayas, and with 
 immense booty returned to Ghazni. 
 
 " From this year" (G. de Tassy i. 519), Gwalior in the province of Agra — governed by rajas or 
 princes. 
 
 " In this year" (C. Mackenzie as. res. ix. 270), birth of Ramanuja, reformer of the Saiva doc- 
 trine and "the famous author of the Sri-bhashya." — He is invoked in a Jain inscription at Belligola 
 dated in ''A. D. 1367." 
 
 " 1009 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome Joannes XIX. succeeded by Sergius IV., eightieth 
 archbishop. 
 
 In manuscripts of this date (De Wailly vi. 3), capital letters used for beginning sentences. 
 
 " 101 1 A. D." (Elph.), fifth Muslim invasion of Hindustan. Crossing the Indus, Mahmud pro- 
 ceeded nearly as far as the waters of the Ganges, captured and plundered the temple and town of 
 Tanesar, and returned with a multitude of captives to Ghazni before the Hindu princes could assem- 
 ble to oppose him. 
 
 In this year (= 996 -\- " 16th year of his reign," Mahavams. Ixxv to Ixxvii), a commotion 
 in and about Matura subdued by king Parackramabahoo. — Pursuing the dhamila forces of king 
 Kulesekara Pandya he conquered Soly or Coromandel, and returning to Ceylon, assembled a Budhist 
 council under the great priest Causypa or Kaxapa. 
 
 " 1012 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Sergius IV. succeeded by Benedictus VIII., eighty- 
 first archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Itsi-dsio succeeded by Sandusio or San-zio, 
 second son of Ren-sei, and now sixty-seventh dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 1013 A. D." (Blair, and Nicol.), Ethelred II. abdicating, his brother Swegn or Sueno II. king 
 of Denmark proclaimed king of England. The Danes in this manner gaining possession of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 337), by census in China, the number of persons engaged in agri- 
 culture ascertained to be " 21,976,965 ; not including women, youths under twenty, magistrates, 
 literati, eunuchs, the military, bonzes, nor mariners." 
 
 " 1014, Feb. 3d" (Nicol.), death of Sueno II., and election by the fleet of his son Cnut or Canute 
 II. as king of England. The throne was however resumed by Ethelred II. 
 
 " 1016, April 23d" (Nicol.), Ethelred II. succeeded by Edmund II. Ironsides, fifteenth Anglo- 
 Saxon king of England ; and "Nov. 30th," by Canute II. ; who besides inherited and extended his 
 dominion over Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. 
 
 "1017 A. D. (=408 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), sixth Muslim invasion of Hindustan. With a 
 large army Mahmud of Ghazni kept near the mountains until he had crossed the Jamna affluent of 
 the Ganges, when turning South he reached the great city of Canouj so unexpectedly that the Hindu 
 king could make no resistance, and gave himself up. The city was spared, and the king restored ; 
 but on his way back, Mahmud plundered Mattra, Munj, and other places. 
 
 " In this year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Sandusio succeeded by Itsi-dsio II. or Go-itsi-dsio, 
 younger son of Itsi-dsio I., and now at the age of nine dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 1018 A. D." (Blair), first entrance of a body of Normans into Italy. 
 
 " 102 1 A. D." (art de verif.), Hakem succeeded by Daher of the Fatimite dynasty, fourth sultan 
 of Egypt. A gold coin issued at Cairo by Daher, is figured in Marcel 105. 
 
 The same year (= "5th year of Itsi-dsio II.," art de verif.), permission granted to Sai-sin, a 
 Japanese noble, to ride in a "khuruma" or covered chariot drawn by bullocks : the invention was 
 soon adopted by all the court. 
 
 "In or about this year" (= 1062 — "30 to 40 years reign," G. de la Vega, Girolamo Benzoni 
 f. 167 addit. art de verif., and Tschudi trav.), the city of Cuzco founded by the first Inca Manco 
 Capac, who came with his companions from an island in Lake Titicaca. Bringing "the arts of 
 government and society," Manco Capac peacefully acquired influence over the surrounding 
 population, for " eight leagues " West, " nine " South, and Eastward as far as the river Paucar- 
 tampu. The site of the city on the ridge of the Andes, and the plan, manifest ambition : a central 
 intersection of streets 'leading North, South, East, and West by continuous roads to the bounds of 
 
 the dominion. 
 
 At Cuzco on the hill Colcampata, Manco Capac built a palace. —subsequently occupied by 
 Paullu son of Huayna Capac, and "the ruins " of which according to Markham p. 224 "are still very 
 
 perfect." 
 
 The Inca policy, on conquering a country, was To extend the limits of cultivable soil by means 
 
668 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 of channels of irrigation ; so that larger crops of maize, "papas" {potatoes), and other esculents,* 
 could be raised — (G. de la Vega v. i). 
 
 "1022 A. D." (Nicol.), by a synod at Orleans, "thirteen Manichaeans " condemned to be 
 burned. 
 
 " The same year" (Blair), music of a new kind, "under six notes," invented by Aretinus (Guy 
 d'Arezzo). 
 
 "At the time the first Incas were founding the city of Cuzco " (Ciez. lxxiv), incursion of the 
 Yuncas of the Chincha valley Eastward into the mountains. They are said to have done "much 
 mischief in Soras and Lucanas " and to have advanced as far as the Collao table-land, returning with 
 " great spoils." — But were conquered in the time of Tupac Yupanqui. 
 
 The use of guano as manure in Lower Peru from Arequipa to Tarapaca known from early times. 
 The sea-birds producing it on islets along the coast — protected by laws issued by the Incas (Ciez. 
 lxxv, and Garc. de la Vega ii. 5. 3). Frezier 152 in 1713 found guano exported from Iquique and 
 other places along the coast to Arica and Ilo. 
 
 Gen. Cuairbitai. of Western Peru. The "pepino" cultivated in the Chincha valley as early 
 probably as this date : \ — described bv Cieza de Leon lxvi to lxxiv as " one of the most singular fruits 
 I ever saw," fragrant, "not like those of Spain although they bear some resemblance," "yellow when 
 the peel is taken off, and so delicious that it is necessary to eat many: " by Tschudi 192, as grown 
 in great abundance, creeping on the ground, its fruit cylindrical, four to five inches long and some- 
 what pointed at both ends, the husk yellowish-green with long rose-coloured stripes, the edible part 
 solid juicy and well-flavoured but very indigestible. " Momordica pedata" observed by Feuille'e i. pi. 
 41 in Peru, the fruit striate (Pers.), may be compared. Transported to the Mediterranean, " M. 
 pedata " was seen by Delile in gardens at Cairo. 
 
 '• In this year (= 413 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), on his way to assist the Hindu king of Canouj, 
 Mahmud opposed by Jeipal II. of Lahore. The city and territory were now annexed to Ghazni, and 
 a permanent Muslim garrison for the first time established East of the Indus. 
 
 "1023 A. D. = ' thian-ching,' 1st year of Jin-tsoung, of the Soung" or Twenty-first dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif.), the " jeki " or plague committing great ravages in Japan. 
 
 * Oxalis tnberosa of Chili. A species of wood-sorrel having potato-like roots, and called in 
 Chilian "oca" (Molin.), in the Collao "apilla" (Markh.) ; in which we recognize the "ocas," one 
 of the esculents in question — according to G. d'e la Vega v. 1 : O. tuberosa was observed also by 
 Markham edit. ii. p. 359 under cultivation in the cold region of the Collao. Farther South, is regarded 
 by Molina iii. 24 as properly a Chilian plant. 
 
 Oxalis crenata of the Peruvian Andes. An allied species, perhaps the "anus" in question, 
 having a root differing in taste and which can only be eaten cooked — (G. de la Vega v. 1) : O. 
 crenata was observed by Feuille'e iii. pi. 24, Molina 109, and Humboldt iv. 9, under cultivation on the 
 Peruvian Andes ; by myself, near the extreme limit on the Western slope, planted in small patches, 
 often alternating with those of the potato. 
 
 Ckenopodium quinoa of the Bogotan ? Andes. A species of goosefoot bearing esculent seeds, 
 one of the crops in question ; its seeds used also by the natives to make a beverage like that from 
 maize, its flower employed medicinally, and its tender and wholesome leaves eaten — (G. de la Yeg. 
 v. 1 to viii. 9) : C. quinoa was observed by Feuille'e med. pi. io, Molina 101 (A. Dec). Tschudi under 
 cultivation on the Andes, according to Humboldt iv. 9 from Chili to Bogota ; and seeds brought by 
 Couthouy from Quito have been shown me. Transported to Europe, has been successfully cultivated 
 in Germany (Markh. edit. ii. p. 357). 
 
 t Baccharis scandens of Lower Peru. Called there " chilca " (Markh.), and giving its name to 
 the village of Chilca — (South of Lima) : the Inca Huascar, when taken prisoner by the forces of 
 Atahualpa, was insulted by the offer of " chillca " leaves instead of coca (Salcam. edit. Markh. 118) : 
 the "chilca" shrub is mentioned also by G. de la Vega i. 187 : B. scandens was observed by Ruiz 
 and Pavon in the arid portion of Peru (Pers.) ; by Markham edit. p. 307, thickets on the battle-field 
 near Guamanga. 
 
 Prosopis horrida of the Western valleys facing the Pacific. A large tree called " guaranga " 
 (Markh.), and known from early times : — the " algaroba " was observed by 'Cieza de Leon xxxvi to 
 Ixvii in the mountain-valleys throughout Western Peru, its pods " somewhat long and narrow and 
 not so thick as " those of beans, used in some places, to make bread " and it is considered o od : " P. 
 horrida was observed in Peru by Humboldt and Bonpland (Steud.) ; by Markham p. 239, bearing 
 abundant " clusters of pods, which form excellent food for mules and cattle and for immense'herds of 
 goats," its timber " very hard." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 669 
 
 " 1024 A. D. = 2d year of the ' thian-ching ' of Jin-tsoung " (Chinese chron. table), beginning 
 of the Sixty-second cycle. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst, and Nicol.), Henricus II. succeeded by Conradus II. Salicus, fifth 
 emperor of Germany and Italy. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus VIII. succeeded by Joannes XX., 
 eighty-second archbishop. 
 
 " September (= 415 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), leaving Ghazni with an army Mahmud crossed 
 the Indus and reached Multan in October. With " twenty thousand " camels crossing the Desert, 
 he made his appearance before Anhalwara so unexpectedly that the king of Guzerat was constrained 
 to abandon the city. Continuing his march, Mahmud after a great battle captured and plundered the 
 great temple at Somnat, and destroyed the idol. — He remained more than a year in Guzerat, having 
 visions of a fleet, the gems of Ceylon, and gold mines of Pegu, and on leaving set up a new Hindu 
 king. 
 
 " 1025 A. D." (Alst.), Constantinus IX. now sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. 
 
 " 1026 A. D. (= 1083 ann. Vicram.,"Wi]ford as. res. viii. p. 289 and ix. p. 74), the latest of the 
 four mounds or " Meru-sringas " near Benares raised by two sons of Bhupala, king of Gaura.* 
 
 " 1027 A. D." (Kalhana hist. Cash., and H. H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 260), accession of Samgrama 
 as king of Cashmere. 
 
 Mesue living at Cairo. He had been physician to " Aihaken" or Hakem (Leo Afric. med. arab. 
 273), quotes Avicenna, — and died "in 1028" (Spreng.). 
 
 Zygophyllum coccinenm of the Desert, from Barbary to the border of Siberia. Called in Egypt 
 " rotrsejt " or " kamun karamani," in which we recognize the " cimini carmeni " of Mesue electuar. : — 
 Z. coccineum was observed by Forskal p. 87, and Delile, in the Desert between Cairo and Suez, fre- 
 quent but avoided by all cattle, even by the camel; the aromatic seeds however used medicinally, 
 against colic by the Egyptians. The plant was also observed by Shaw f. 237 in Barbary, and is 
 known to grow on the border of Siberia (Pers.). 
 
 Laserpitium glabrum of the mountains of middle and Eastern Europe. By the French called 
 "turbith des montagnes" (Fee) ; the "turbith'' of Mesue, — referred by Sprengel to a Thapsia, may 
 be compared: L. glabrum is described by Morison ix. pi. 19; and was observed by Crantz iii. 54, 
 and Jacquin pi. 146 in dry wooded situations on mountains within the Austrian dominions (Pers.). 
 According to Lindley, " the root is gorged with a gum resinous juice, which is acrid, bitter and even 
 somewhat caustic : it is reckoned a violent purgadve." 
 
 Achillea ageratum of Europe. Called in Britain mawdeleyn or maudeline from Magdalen 
 (Prior), in Languedoc " herba divas Maria; " (Lyte ii. 67) : the " eupatorion " of Mesue — is referred 
 here by Andr. Marinus ed. Mes. pi. 59; A. ageratum is described also by Tragus i. pi. 175, Mat- 
 thioli (Spreng.), and Lobel pi. 489; is termed "ageratum" by Bauhin ; is known to grow wild 
 in Southern France (Lam. A. fr., and Pers.); and was observed by Gittard in the Peloponnesus 
 (Chaub.). 
 
 "1028 A. D." (Alst.), Constantinus IX. succeeded by Romanus II., forty-first Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 "1029 A. D." (rudim. chron. Lond.), in England, the causeway connecting Peterborough with 
 Ramsey built by Canute II. 
 
 "The same year" (Talvi iii. 1), the Moravian kingdom dissolved; and Moravia proper, in- 
 habited by a Slavonian people, united with Bohemia. 
 
 In this year (996 -f- " after his 33d year," Mahavams. lxxviii.), Parackramabahoo succeeded 
 by his nephew Pandita-wijeya-Chako, now king of Ceylon. — He composed poems in the Pali lan- 
 guage. 
 
 "1030, Apr. 29th (= 421 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), death of Mahmud of Ghazni, the most 
 renowned monarch of his time. " Within five months," he was succeeded by his son Masaud. 
 
 " 1030-2 A. D." (Humb. cosm. ii.), Abul-Ryhan, or Albiruni of Byrun in the valley of the 
 Indus, corresponding with Avicenna — who died "in 1036." 
 
 * Zizyphus oenoplia of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A thorny shrub (Graham), called in 
 Bengal " s'ehacul," and brought to W. Jones as the " ghonta " or "gopaphonta" of an ancient San- 
 scrit poet, a tree shaped like the " vadari " (Z. jujuba), growing only in forests and having very small 
 f ru j tj and "ghonta" of the Amara-cosha (as. res. iv. 264): the "ghonta" or "gopaghonta" is men- 
 tioned by Susrutas (Hessl.) : Z. oenoplia was observed by Graham, in "the Concans ; " by Burmann 
 pi. 61 W. Jones, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Ceylon and Bengal, its fruit black and of the size of a 
 pea, eaten by the natives, and the bark of the fresh root in decoction "said to promote the healing 
 of fresh wounds ; " was observed by Mason in Burmah. 
 
670 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Abutilon Avicennae of China and Mongolia. Mentioned by Avicenna — (according to Gaertner) : 
 from seeds sent from Pekin, ascertained by Roxburgh to be the "king ma " of China, occurring from 
 " Lat. 32 to 39 " and cultivated for its fibre (Royle him. p. 116 and fibr. pi.) ; observed by Pallas 
 trav. i. 503 as far West as the Yaik. Farther West, is described by Gesner, Anguillara, Matthioli, 
 Dalechamp p. 592 (Spreng.), Dodoens, Camerarius, and C. Bauhin ; is known to occur in Siberia 
 and Switzerland (Pers.), and is regarded by A. Decandolle as "probably naturalized in Southern 
 Europe." Possibly by European colonists carried to Northeast America, where it continues in 
 Carolina and Georgia "in waste places chiefly in the middle and upper districts " (Ell., and Chapm.); 
 so far as observed by myself from Lat. 39 to 43° along the Atlantic, has more of the aspect of a weed 
 brought by our aboriginal tribes. 
 
 Reseda Meditcrranea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt "romeykh" (Forsk., 
 and Del.), and the " raamek " of Avicenna (Kirst.) may be compared : the " gselbehnak " of Avicenna 
 — (Kirst.), and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : R. Mediterranea is described by Linnasus ; 
 was observed by Sibthorp in grain-fields on the Greek islands ; by Forskal p. 92 at Alexandria; by 
 Delile, not far from Cairo growing in the Desert ; is known to grow also in Palestine (Pers.). 
 
 Melia azedarach of Subtropical Japan and China. Called in Egypt " zaenzalacht " (Forsk.), in 
 Northern Hindustan " dek " (Royle): the " azedarach '' of Avicenna — is referred here by writers, 
 
 probability favouring according to Royle him. p. i_ir : the " mahanimba " of Susrutas is referred 
 
 here by Hessler: M. azederach is known to occur on Ceylon (Pers.) ; was observed in Hindustan by 
 Roxburgh, Royle. and Wight ; by Graham, "a common tree, generally met with about villages both 
 in the Concan and Deccan," the name given me by the natives signifying "English tree," but accord- 
 ing to Royle var. sempervirens is distinguished in Hindustanee as "bukayun" or "bukain." 
 Farther East, M. azedarach is enumerated by Mason v. 411 and 479 as "exotic" in Burmah and 
 called "ka-ma-kha," cultivated for ornament and the root used as a vermifuge; was observed by 
 Blanco on the Philippines, in one or more localities and called in Tagalo "malongain ; " by Kaemp- 
 fer, and Thunberg, frequent in Japan from Nagasaki to Jeddo, having several native names and 
 furnishing oil for burning. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by Forskal under cultivation 
 in Yemen ; by him, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; by Rauwolf, and Hasselquist, in Palestine ; 
 by Chaubard, on the Greek islands; is termed " pseudo-sycamorus '' by Matthioli pi. 232; and is 
 known to occur under cultivation as far as Spain (Pers., and Blanco). By European colonists, was 
 carried to the West Indies (Comm. hort. pi. 176, Swartz ii. p. 737) ; to our Southern States, where it 
 is planted for ornament and called China tree (Chapm.) ; and as verified by myself, to Taheiti, and 
 the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 M. composita, enumerated as distinct, was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh ii. p. 397, and 
 Wight ; by Graham, "a middle sized tree " called "neembarra" or " limbarra," on the "hilly parts 
 of the Concan, Parr Ghaut, not common." 
 
 Canarium commune of the Malayan Archipelago. The 'Java almond or elemi tree, pinnate- 
 leaved and called in Hindustanee " junglee-badam " (Drur.), in Tagalo "palsahingin, 1 in Ylocano 
 "anten" (Blanco), was known to Avicenna as growing at Macassar — (Spreng.); was observed by 
 Blanco on the Philippines, the liquid resin procured from the trunk much used by the natives ; by 
 Rumphius ii. pi. 47 to 48, under cultivation on the Moluccas, where according to Ainslie its exuda- 
 tion is burned as a lamp ; by myself, under cultivation as far East as the Feejeean Islands. West- 
 ward, is known to occur on Java (Drur.) ; is termed "amyris Zeylanica" by Retz iv. 25, observed by 
 him on Ceylon ; was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in peninsular Hindustan, yielding according 
 to Lindley "abundance of limpid oil, with a pungent turpentine smell, congealing in a buttery cam- 
 phoraceous substance," the " raw fruit eatable but apt to bring on diarrhoea." By European colonists ? 
 was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it is called "bois de colophane." From transported 
 specimens, is termed "colophonia Mauritiana " and " balsamodendron Zeylanicum " by Decandolle 
 prodr. ii. 76 to 79, and "bursera paniculata " by Lamarck (Lindl.). 
 
 Mimosa abstergens of Hindustan. Called at Lahore "shekai" (Honigb.) ; and the "schekaaai" 
 of Avicenna, — may be compared: M. abstergens is described by Honigberger 403, as observed in 
 Hindustan (J. F. Wats.). 
 
 Lathyrus tuberosus of the Uralian plains. Called by the Calmucks " sohnok " (Pall.), in Gei- 
 many " efdnuss " or " sewbrot " (Trag.) ; and the " harthanita " of Avicenna — is referred hereby 
 some writers : L. tuberosus was observed by Pallas trav. i. 513, cooked and eaten by the Calmucks; 
 by Tragus ii. pi. 19 in cultivated ground in Germany, its tuberous roots sometimes eaten, and much 
 sought for by swine ; is known to occur also in France (Pers.). 
 
 Spiraa artaiais of Northern climates. Called in Germany " waldgeissbart " (Trag.), in Japan 
 " sjoma " or " torino asikusa '' (Sieb.) ; and the " barba hircina " described as astringent by Avi- 
 cenna, — and Serapion, may be compared : S. aruncus was observed by Tragus i. pi. 95 in Germany ; 
 is known to grow also on the Pyrenees and Jura (Dec), and on Caucasus (Bieb.) ; was observed by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 671 
 
 Thunberg on mount Fakon in Japan ; by Siebold, on the island of Yeso ; by Gmelin, throughout 
 Siberia to Kamtschatka. Farther East, is known to grow on Puget Sound and from the mouth of 
 the Columbia to its source (Hook.) ; was observed by E. James on the Missouri ; by Beck, near St. 
 Louis ; by Michaux, on the Alleghanies from Georgia to Virginia; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper 
 Carolina ; and by Eaton, as far as the Catskill mountains. 
 
 Manettia lanceolata of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen " laaeja " (Forsk.), and the "laija" 
 described by Avicenna as bitter and milky, or " Iaaijah " of Abu Khoraij, Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar, 
 may be compared: M. lanceolata was observed by Forskal p. 42 everywhere on the mountains of 
 Yemen, the bruised root applied to ulcers. 
 
 Memecylon tinctorium of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A highly ornamental shrub called 
 in Mahratta "anjun" or "anjuna" (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay "anjunee" (Graham), 
 in Telinga " alii chettu," in Tamil " kayampoovoocbeddi " or " casau-cheddy " or " casha-marum " 
 (Drur.), in Burmah " myen-khae-ta-nyet " (Mason); and the plant growing according to Avicenna 
 165 in Yemen and India, and dyeing yellow, — mentioned also by Serapion c 170, is referred here by 
 Sprengel: M. tinctorium was observed by Rheede v. pi. 19 in Malabar; by Murray, Law, and Gra- 
 ham, "common at Mahableshwur " and "along the Ghauts;" by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as 
 Travancore and Coromandel, cultivated besides in gardens, its fruit eaten and leaves "affording a 
 delicate yellow lake " (Drur.) : by Mason v. 419 to 512, indigenous in Burmah, its leaves affording 
 a bright yellow dye. Westward, if occurring in Yemen, doubtless only in gardens. 
 
 Strychnos ignatia of the Philippines. Imported Ignatius beans are called in Arabic " nar- 
 muschk" (Mowafik ii. 96), in Persian " fafita," in Hindustanee "papita" (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we 
 recognize the " naarmesk " of Avicenna: — these beans are "used successfully in India as a remedy 
 for cholera" (Lindl.). Farther East, the living tree is described by Loureiro i. 155 ; was observed 
 by Blanco in the Bisayan portion of the Philippines, especially in Catbalogan, and called in Bisaya 
 " pangaguason " or "aguason" or "canlara" or "mananaog" or "dancagai" or "igasud" or "cata- 
 longa," in Pampango "pepita sa Catbalogan," in Tagalo " pepita " or " fruta," used in fevers and 
 against the bite of poisonous reptiles Described also by Kamel phil. trans, xxi. 88 and act. erud. 
 1700, and termed "caniram de St. Ignaco " by Petit Thouars (Steud.). 
 
 Pergularia tomentosa of Nubia and Arabia. A woody Asclepiaceous vine called in middle 
 Egvpt 'Teben el-homarah " donkey's milk (Del.), in Yemen " daemia " (Forsk); the " lactuca asini " 
 of Avicenna — may be compared : P. tomentosa was observed by Forskal, and Delile, not far from 
 Cairo, growing in the Desert; by Forskal p cviii and 49, among the mountains of Yemen near Taaes. 
 Eastward, by Graham, "common in gardens Bombay," its "flowers yellow, very fragrant;" by 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; is described also by Rumphius \ii. pi. 26 ; was 
 observed by Mason v. 421 "exotic" in Burmah, cultivated for its fragrant flowers; is termed 
 " cynanchum odoratissimum " by Loureiro, as observed by him in Anam. 
 
 Hvoscyamus pusillus of Persia. The yellow-flowered " bnj " of Avicenna 145, — and Serapion 
 c. 340, is referred here by Sprengel: H. pusillus is known to grow in Persia (Pers.): transported 
 to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 37. f. 5. 
 
 Mentha piperita of Hindustan. Called in Egypt "lemmam" or "na'na" (Del., and Lindl.), in 
 which we recognize the "nana'' of Avicenna, — Edrisi, the treatise Erfahrungen, and Ebn Baitar: 
 the Coptic or Egyptian " soumanas " (Edw.) may also be compared: M. piperita was observed by 
 Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt. Farther North, has not been found in Greece, but is 
 described by Linnaeus, is well known in gardens throughout middle Europe, is called in Britain pep- 
 per 7iiint (Prior), and had become naturalized there before the days of Persoon. Eastward from 
 Eoypt, the "nana" is identified by Persian writers with the " podeena," a "species of mint culti- 
 vated in the gardens of Northwestern India" (Royle in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) ; M. piperita is called in 
 Bengalee and Hindustanee " pudina," also in Hindustanee "nana," and the liquor distilled from it 
 " araq-i-nana " (D'rozar.) ; was observed by Law "on the banks of the Yena at Mahableshwur," but 
 as occurring in gardens around Bombay is said by Nimmo to have been introduced from Europe 
 (Graham) : farther East, a species of mint "exotic" in Burmah and called "boo-dee-na" is enume- 
 rated by Mason ; and M. piperita was observed by Thunberg in Japan, around Nagasaki and called 
 "faki." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be culti- 
 vated, and to a limited extent has become naturalized (A. Gray, and Chapm.) ; also to South Amer- 
 ica (Lindl.). According to Pereira, is "an aromatic stimulant and the most pleasant of all the 
 mints." (See M. arvensis.) 
 
 Salicomia Arabica of the shores of the Red Sea. Called by Arabs in Hindustan "ushnan " 
 (I. F. Wats., U. U. 163, B. 69), in which we recognize the "aschnaanun" of Avicenna — (Kirst), or 
 " uschnan " of Ebn Baitar: S. Arabica was observed by Forskal p. 3 on the shore of the Red Sea 
 from Ghomfude to Djidda ; by Pallas trav. i. 745, on salines near the Caspian. From transported 
 specimens, is described by Morison ii. 5. pi. 33. 
 
672 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Sattx Babylonka of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain weeping -willow, in the gardens of Egypt 
 ''safsaf roumy " willow of Constantinople (Del.), by the Arabs of Syria "garb" (Rauw.), in the 
 gardens of Burmah "mo-ma-kha" (Mason) ; and the " ghrb " of Avicenna 279 — is referred here 
 by Sprengel : the willows planted for shade according to Raschid-eddin along roads in China (Yule 
 cath. 260) may also be compared : S. Babylonica was observed by Loureiro ii. 609 in Anam ; by- 
 Mason, "exotic" in Burmah ; by Graham, "in gardens" around Bombay (but no native name is 
 given). Farther West, was observed by Rauwolf pi. 1S3 during his visit to Palestine, and was now 
 first made known to Europeans (Spreng.) ; is termed "s. orientalis flagellis deorsum pulchre pendenti- 
 bus" by Tournefort cor. 41 ; was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in gardens from Cyprus and Con- 
 stantinople to Athens; and has become well known throughout Europe. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be planted for ornament ; to the island of St. 
 Helena, and thence in one instance to Hindustan (Graham). One sex only being known, the tree 
 has been kept in cultivation by cuttings only, and is therefore regarded by A. Decandolle as perhaps 
 a deviation from its undiscovered normal state. 
 
 Popnlus fastigiata of Central Asia. The "ghurb " of Arab writers — is referred here by Royle 
 himal. 344: P. fastigiata was observed by him on the Himalayan mountains. Westward, is known to 
 have been introduced in the Eighteenth century throughout Europe ; was observed by Chaubard in 
 Greece; is described by Aiton, Poiret, and Duroi ; and its French name "peuplier d'ltalie" and 
 English Lombardy poplar seem derived from resembling the artificially-trimmed poplars of Lombardy. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where trees planted for ornament were 
 frequent within my remembrance, but they did not continue thriving, and one sex only being in the 
 country, are rapidly disappearing ; was also carried to Chili, where I have seen trees in flourishing 
 condition. According to Lindley, the young leafbuds are used medicinally for the same purposes as 
 those of P. nigra. (See Salix Babylonica.) 
 
 Gviiinacienia conopsea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A palmate-rooted orchid 
 called in Germany " kreutzblum," in drug-shops " palma Christi," by the Arabs " bucheiden," and 
 the ■' digiti citrini" distinguished by Avicenna as altogether yellow — is referred here by Fuchsius 
 pi. 712: G. conopsea is described also by Brunfels i. 104, and Lobel obs. 90 (Spreng.) ; is termed 
 "o. palmata minor calcaribus oblongis " by Tournefort inst. 435 ; and is known to grow in meads 
 from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 224, Engl. bot. pi. 10, Vaill. pi. 30, Hall. helv. 
 pi. 29, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Orchis maciilatj of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Germany " kreutz- 
 blum," and the " digiti citrini " distinguished by Avicenna as yellow mixed with white — is referred 
 here by Fuchsius pi. 713 : O. maculata is described also by Lobel obs. 90 ; is termed " o. palmata 
 pratensis maculata" by Tournefort inst. 435 ; is known to grow in meads from Denmark throughout 
 middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 933, Engl. bot. pi. 632, Hall. helv. pi. 32, and Pers.) ; was observed by 
 Sibthorp in meads in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Naiciisns jonqttilta of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Spain " junquillo " from 
 its slender rush-like stem, in Britain janquill (Prior), in France "jonquille" (Nugent); and the 
 " nesryn " described by Avicenna as a kii^d of narcissus, — by Ebn Alwam i. 334 as growing in Spain 
 and yielding an oil, is referred here by Sprengel : N. jonquilla is known to grow wild in Spain (Pers.), 
 but has been long cultivated as a garden flower: is described by Dodoens ; and was observed by 
 Clot-Bey and Figari in the gardens of Egypt. 
 
 Fritillaria impcrialis of Central Asia. Called in Britain crowit-iwpcrial, in Persia " tusac : ' 
 the "corona regia " is mentioned by Avicenna — (according to Kirsten) : roots of F. imperialis 
 about the middle of the Sixteenth century were brought from Persia to Constantinople, thence some 
 to Vienna and distributed throughout Europe (Clus. rar. ii. r, and Beckm ) : the plant is described 
 also by Dodoens, Lobel, and Tournefort 372. By European colonists was carried to Northeast 
 America, where it continues a favourite garden flower. 
 
 Alectoria Arabian of Hindustan. The best and most fragrant kind of " oschnah," enumerated 
 by Avicenna p. 128 as brought from India, — is referred to this tree lichen by Dillenius pi. S4 f. 10, 
 and Acharius (Spreng.). 
 
 " 1031 A. D." (ISIair), Apulia in Southern Italy conquered from the Greeks by the Normans. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst., and Nicol.), Robert succeeded by his son Henri, as king of France. 
 
 " The same year " (=■ 979 -J- cycle of 52 years, Clavig. ii.), accession of Topiltzin, eighth Toltec 
 king of Mexico. 
 
 Bixa Orcllana of Tropical America. The arnotto tree called in the West Indies " bixa " 
 (Ovied.) or " urucu " (Sloane), in Carib by the men " cochehuc " (Desc.) ; and from early times, the 
 red pulp around its seeds used by the Caribs to p. tint themselves ; iu bark used also for cordage, 
 and its wood to procure lire by friction— (Drur.) : observed by Oviedo nat. hyst. f. 13 and c. 76, and 
 Sloane ii. pi. 181, in the West Indies, mixed in chocolate by the Spanish colonists ; by myself, under 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 673 
 
 cultivation in Peru and Southern Brazil. Possibly by Polynesians, was carried to the Hawaiian 
 Islands, observed there by myself; and to Tongatabu, observed by Rich. Clearly by European col- 
 onists, was carried across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it has become frequent and is called 
 "achote" (Blanco); to the neighbouring islands (Rumph. ii. pi. 19); to Burmah, observed by 
 Mason v. 511 abundantly cultivated by the natives ; to Hindustan, called in Telinga " jafra," in Tamil 
 '• kooragoomangjul," in Malabar " korungoomunga," in Hindustanee " gawpurgee " (Drur.), in the 
 environs of Bombay "kisree" (Graham), cultivated as a dye, which however is not very durable, 
 used also medicinally (Roxb., and Wight). Transported to Europe, is described by Clusius, and 
 Commelyn hort. i. 65 ; the imported drug is used to tinge butter, cheese, oils, and varnish (Drur.). 
 
 Swietenia mahagoni of the West Indies and Central America. The mahogany tree, called in 
 Carib "oubouheri" or by the women " liacaicachi " (Desc), and known from early times*: — 
 
 * Ochroma lagopus of the West Indies. A large-leaved Bombaceous tree called in Carib 
 "saamonna" or " zamacuna " or " comaka " (Desc), and known from early times : — observed by 
 Plumier, and Swartz fl. ii. 11 44, in the West Indies; by Descourtilz, frequent there in the forest. 
 (See Eriodendron anfractuosum.) 
 
 Humirium balsamiferum of Guayana. A lofty tree called in Carib "houmiri" or "touri" 
 (Lindl.), and known from early times : — observed by Aublet pi. 225 in the Guayana forest, and its 
 balsam compared to that of Peru ; mentioned also by Schomburgk (annotat. Ralegh). From trans- 
 ported specimens, is termed " myrodendron amplexicaule " by Schrebercjoi. 
 
 Humitium floribundum of Eastern Equatorial America. A tree thirty feet high, called at Para 
 "umiri" (Lindl.), known from early times, — and yielding the valuable umiri balsam j possessing 
 the same medicinal properties as copaiva balsam, but regarded by Martius as superior and rivalling 
 the Peruvian: the living tree observed by Martius ii. pi. 199 in various parts of Brazil. 
 
 Sauvagesia erecla of Tropical America. Suffruticose, called in Guayana "adima" or " yaoba " 
 (Lindl.), and from early times used medicinally: — in the West Indies, in slight inflammation of the 
 bladder (Jacq. am. pi. 51) ; in Brazil, in complaints of the eyes (A. Saint-Hil. rem. pi. 3); in Peru, 
 •in disorders of the bowels, and called " yerba de St. Martin" (Ruiz and Pav. iii. n) ; is known to 
 grow also in Mexico (A. Saint-Hil.). Probably by European colonists was carried across the Atlan- 
 tic to Senegal and Guinea (Willd., and fl. nigr.) ; to Madagascar (A. Saint-Hil., and A. Dec.) ; and 
 to Java (Perrott.). 
 
 Spondias mombin of the West Indies. A large Terebinthoid tree called there " hobos " (Ovied.), 
 in Carib " oubou " or by the women " monbea " (Desc), and its plum-like fruit eaten from early 
 times : — described by Petrus Martyr, and Oviedo nat. liyst. 72 and gen. hist. viii. 2 ; observed also 
 in the West Indies by Sloane ii. pi. 219, Jacquin am. pi. 88, and Descourtilz. Transported to Europe, 
 is termed "s. purpurea" by Miller (Steud.). 
 
 Spondias myrobalanus of Guayana. An allied species known also from early times: — observed 
 by Sloane ii. pi. 219, and Jacquin 138; by Merian pi. 13, in Surinam. Transported to Europe, is 
 termed "s. lutea " by Miller (Sleud.). 
 
 Hedivi«ia balsamifera of the mountains of Hayti. An Amyroid tree, known from early times : — 
 observed by Swartz fl. ii. 672. From transported specimens, is termed " burs era balsamifera" by 
 Persoon i. 414 and 524. 
 
 Icica heptaphylla of Guayana. An Amyroid tree called there " hyawa " or " haiawa" (Hancock) 
 or in Carib "arou aou " (Aubl.), and known from early times: — observed by Aublet pi. 130 in the 
 Guayana forest, its trunk exuding a fragrant liquid that hardens into a whitish resin, according to 
 Hancock a valuable remedy for coughs (Lindl). 
 
 Icica aracouchini of Guayana. A small tree yielding balsam of acouchi, an aromatic- terebinthi- 
 nous liquid highly esteemed by the Caribs from early times as a vulnerary: — observed by Aublet pi. 
 133 in the Guayana forest, near the source of the Courou river (Pers., and Lindl.) ; mentioned also 
 by Schomburgk (annotat. Ralegh). 
 
 Icica tacamahaca of the Oronoco. Known from early times, — and yielding one of the bitter 
 resins called iacamahaca : — observed by Humboldt and Bonpland common near Calabozo on the 
 plains of the Oronoco (Lindl.). 
 
 Icica carana of the Oronoco. Known from early times : — observed by Humboldt and Bonpland 
 at the missions on the Oronoco, and supposed by most writers to yield the fragrant balsamic sub- 
 stance called caranna, but this is disputed by Hancock (Lindl.). 
 
 Cedrota longifolia of Guayana. A lofty tree, known from early times : — observed by Aublet i. 
 pi. 126 in the depths of the Guayana forest, and termed by him "aniba guianensis ; " according to 
 Hancock yielding the balsamic substance called caranna (Lindl.). 
 
 Eiythrma corallodendron of the West Indies. A coral tree called in Carib " aiphi tuinanti-iba " 
 
 8 5 
 
674 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 observed by Catesby ii. pi. Sr, and Jacquin am. 127, in the West Indies ; known to grow also in 
 Honduras, whence its ornamental wood is largely exported. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Burmah, observed " exotic" there by Mason. 
 
 Ionidium ipecacuanha of Eastern Equatorial America. A Violoid plant called in Guayana 
 "itoubu" (Aubl.), and from early times its roots taken as emetic : —observed by Aublet ii. pi. 318 
 in Guayana ; by Vandelli, pi. r, and Martius med. pi. 8, in the Brazilian forest, called " poaya branca " 
 or "poaya da praja," and its roots collected as a substitute for true ipecacuanha (Lindl.). 
 
 Simarnha amara of Guayana. A large tree called in Carib " chipion " (Desc), and known from 
 early times: — "in 1713," the bark of its root was first imported into Europe (Desc), where it con- 
 tinues to be employed medicinally: the living tree was observed by Aublet pi. 331 and 332 in sandy 
 soil in Guayana . and a dioecious tree observed by Macfadyen on the mountains of Jamaica, is 
 regarded by him as not distinct (Lindl.). 
 
 Mucuna pruriens of the West Indies. The cowitch is a twining bean called in Carib "mantia 
 kaira" (Desc), and known from early times : — observed by P. Browne pi. 31, Jacquin am. pi. 122, 
 Macfadyen, and Descourtilz, in the West Indies, common in woods and along river courses, as well 
 as in waste places. The hairs on its pods, constituting the exported drug, are according to Lindley 
 "a mechanical anthelmintic." 
 
 Bromelia ananas of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The pine- 
 apple, called in Brazilian "nana" ( Marcgr.), in the West Indies " yayama " (Ovied.), in Carib 
 "yayonua" or "boniama " (Desc), in Mexican " matzatli " (Hernand.), and its fruit eaten from early 
 times : — - " a sort of fruit which looked like our green pine-apples '' (Pinus pinea cones) " hut much 
 bigger, and within full of solid meat like a melon, and much sweeter both in taste and smell, which 
 grow on long stalks like lilies or aloes, wild about the fields, and are 1 etter than those brought up by 
 art, as afterwards appeared," were seen by Columbus on Guadelupe in T493, and on a subsequent 
 voyage at Veragua (F. Columb. 47 to 96) : B. ananas was observed in Tropical America by Oviedo 
 hist. gen. pi. 13, three varieties cultivated bv the natives ; also by Thevet, J. Acosta, and Hughes ; 
 by Marcgraf 33, wild and bearing seeds in Brazil ; by Martius, wild in the catingas of Bahia (A. Dec.) ; 
 by Humboldt and Bonpland, wild with some seeds on the Upper Oronoco ; by Hernandez 311, wild 
 in the warm hilly region of Mexico By European colonists, was carried Westward across the 
 Pacific to the Philippines, where it continues abundantly cultivated and is called in Tagalo "pifia" 
 (Blanco) ; to China, cultivated according to Kirch er 253 and supposed to have come from Peru ; to 
 Java before 1599 (C. Acosta, and Clus ), and observed by Rumphius v. 22S seemingly wild on 
 Celebes; to Burmah, called there "na-nat" (Mason): to Bengal "in 1504111 the reign of Akbar " 
 (hind, hist., and Royle ill. 376), is called in Sanscrit " anarush " (Pidd.), in Bengalee "anaras," in 
 Hindustanee " anannas '" (D'rozar. ), was observed by Turner seemingly wild in jungles near Teshoo- 
 Loomboo, occurs also seemingly wild on Ceylon (Royle), was observed bv Rheede xi. 6 in Malabar 
 and called " kapa-tsjakka," by Graham " in gardens " at Bombay, but I was told does not succeed ; 
 to Eastern Equatorial Africa, observed by myself naturalized on Zanzibar. Transported to Europe, 
 fruit was shown to the emperor Charles V. (J. Acost.) ; the plant is described also by Monardes 
 
 (Desc ), and known from early times : — in the West Indies (Pers.) ; observed there by Descourtilz. 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Commelyn hort. i pi. 108, and is termed " e. spinosa " by 
 Miller (Steud.). If the species observed by myself planted on Zanzibar, a magnificent flowering tree, 
 probably the finest of its tribe. 
 
 Cczsalpinia coiiaria of the Northern shore of South America. An unarmed Leguminous tree 
 twenty-five or thirty feet high, its ripe pods called " libidibi " and used in preparing leather: — ob- 
 served by Jacquin am. pi. 175 on the seashore from Carthagena to Curacao (Pers.) ; and known to 
 grow as far as Hayti (Drur.). By " Wallich twenty-five years ago " introduced into Hindustan, 
 where according to Drury it has now become "extensively distributed," its pods being "considered 
 superior to any other material used in the " country for tannine. 
 
 Dicypellium caryophyllatum of Eastern Equatorial America. A Lauraceous tree called by 
 French colonists " bois de rose," in Carib " licari kanali " (Lindl.), and its hot peppery clove-like 
 bark known from early times, — having "powerful tonic properties :" observed by Aublet, pi. 121 in 
 the Guayana forest; by Martius, extending into the Brazilian forest (Nees handb. ii. 435). 
 
 Euphorbia hirta of Tropical America. A weed called in Carib " araouebara, caatia " or " alaou- 
 rou coulri " (Desc), and known from early times : — observed by Descourtilz troublesome in the 
 West Indies. Probably by European colonists carried across the Pacific to the Malayan archipelago, 
 termed " esula esculenta " by Rumphius vi. pi. 23; to Burmah, but enumerated as indigenous by 
 Mason; to Hindustan, observed by Ainslie ii. 99, and Roxburgh, by Graham as far as Bombay, "a 
 very common weed, springing up on garden walks etc.," by Burmann pi. 104 on Ceylon. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 675 
 
 iii. 4, and continues in greenhouses, not succeeding in the open air even as far South as Egypt 
 (Hasselq., and Clot-Bey). By European colonists also, was carried to Guinea (Clus., and R. Brown); 
 and subsequent to the visit of Forster, to the islands of the Pacific, observed by myself on Taheiti 
 naturalized, on the Samoan, and Feejeean Islands, and at Sydney in Australia. 
 
 " 1033 A. D." (Nicol.), in Spain, Sancho III. the Great succeeded as king of Castile by Ferdi- 
 nand. Who marrying Sanctia, daughter of the king of Asturias and Leon, added these provinces to 
 his dominions. 
 
 " June 29th, about mid-day " (Blair), great eclipse of the sun. Observed in France. 
 
 " 1034 A. D." (Alst.), Romanus II. succeeded by Michael IV. Paphlago, forty-second Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst.), at Rome, Joannes XX. succeeded by Benedictus IX., eighty-third 
 archbishop. 
 
 One hundred and sixtieth generation. May 1st, 1034, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish 
 writer Benjamin ben Serach : the Arab writers, Ebn Wand, Alhazen: the Greek writers, Eugesippus, 
 Georgius Cedrenus d. 1057, Symeon Sethus, Petrus Antiochenus d. after 1053, Michael Cerularius d. 
 1058, Nicon d. 1060 : Merboldus ; Campanus of Novarro ; Glaber Radulphus ; Franco; Humbertus 
 Cardinalis, Adelmannus, Haymo of Canterbury. 
 
 " In this .year " (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter), Kurma Kesari succeeded by Matsya 
 Kesari, now king of Orissa. — He built the great bridge over the Atharanala at Puri (existing to this 
 day), and reigned " sixteen years." (According to Stirling, the bridge was built by Kabir Narsinh 
 who reigned 1 282-1307.) 
 
 " The same year" (Nicol.), Malcolm II. succeeded by Duncan, as king of Scotland. 
 
 " 1035 A. D." (Blair, and Nicol.), in Spain, the kingdom of Arragon established by Ramirez. 
 
 " 1036 A. D." (Nicol.), Canute II. succeeded by his son Harold, seventeenth king of England. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Daher succeeded by Mostanser, of the Fatimite dynasty, fifth 
 sultan of Egypt. Gold coins issued by Mostanser, are figured in Marcel p. 118. 
 
 Amomum grana-paradisi of Equatorial Africa. " Fulful elsudan " a kind of pepper from Aethi- 
 opia, is mentioned by Ebn Wafid, — and "shushamir" is further given by Ebn Baitar as the Persian 
 name of grains of paradise (Sonth.) : called according to Delile in the drug-shops of Egypt "tyn 
 el-fyl." Farther North, " grana paradisi " are mentioned by Franciscus Pedemontium f. 133 ; but at 
 the present day are imported direct from Western Equatorial Africa under the name of malagueta 
 pepper or Guinea grains. According to Lindley, the plant grows near Sierra Leone, and the seeds 
 are hot and acrid, " powerfully aromatic, stimulant, and cordial." I found the seeds exported also 
 from Africa Eastward, across the Indian Ocean. 
 
 " 1037 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Itsi-dsio II. succeeded by his younger brother Go- 
 siu-saku or Go-ziu-ziak, sixty-ninth dairo of Japan.* 
 
 " 1039, March 17th" (Nicol.), Harold succeeded as king of England by the king of Denmark, 
 Hardicnut or Hardicanute. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), Conradus II. succeeded by his son Henricus III. Niger, 
 sixth emperor of Germany and Italy. 
 
 * Hibiscus rosa-Sinensis of the Philippines. The shoe flower or rose Hibiscus, a small orna- 
 mental tree, is called in Tamil "sapatoo cheddie," in Telinga " dasanie," in Bengalee "juva" (Drur.), 
 in Burmali"" khoung-yan " (Mason), in Tagalo and Pampango and Bisaya "cayanga" or "tarocanga" 
 or " tacorangan " or "arogangan" or " tapolanga " or " antolanga," and the double-petaled var. 
 "gomamila" (Blanco) : the "fou-sang" from which Japan is said to have been named on account of 
 its beauty, — described also by Li-chi-tchin, is referred here by Klaproth (introd. ann. Jap.): H. 
 rosa-Sinensis is known to grow also in China, where garlands and festoons of its flowers are employed 
 on festive occasions, and during funeral rites ; also in Anam, where its leaves are used medicinally 
 (Drur.) ; was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, in one locality producing simple flowers with 
 perfect fruit, elsewhere very generally planted for ornament around native dwellings, its flowers stain- 
 in<y leather black ; by myself, on the Feejeean, Samoan, and Taheitian Islands, planted by the natives 
 for ornament, remaining in abandoned clearings, and even met with in wild situations. Westward, 
 wreaths of " djava " flowers are mentioned by the Hindu poet Harivansa 122 : H. rosa-Sinensis was 
 seen on Java by Bontius in 1630 and termed " rosa batavico-indica " (Piso) ; by Mason v. 416 to 756 
 " exotic " in Burmah, several varieties cultivated, the flowers used for blacking shoes ; by Rheede ii. 
 pi. 17 and vi. pi. 43, in Malabar; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, Graham, and Drury, in gardens 
 throughout Hindustan; by myself, a planted tree in front of the lesser cave-temples at Karli, and 
 flowers among temple-offerings to the end of my journey. By European colonists, was carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands, where it has become frequent in gardens (Boj.); and to Northeast America, where 
 it continues in greenhouses. 
 
676 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " In this year (= 432 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), sultan Masaud defeated at Zendecan near Merv 
 by Toghral Beg and the Seljuks, the first horde of Tartars that acquired possessions South of the 
 Oxus. Masaud retreated to Ghazni, and across the Indus, — where in the following year he was 
 dethroned and put to death. His son Modud, having married a granddaughter of Togh.-Beg, was 
 enabled to recover Ghazni and maintain his authority. 
 
 " 1040 A. D." (Nicol.), Duncan succeeded by Macbeth, as king of Scotland. 
 
 " In the Eleventh century " (Pouchet), the whalebone procured along the Atlantic coast of Europe 
 appears to have been claimed and regarded as the special property of the feudal chiefs. — This is 
 expressed in charters of the time of Edward II. The " nordhval " of the Norwegians and Icelanders 
 of the Twelfth century is clearly the right -a'hale Balaena mysticetus ; the mystery as to its food, 
 being of course due to filtration through the bands of whalebone in the mouth. 
 
 "1041, June 8th" (Nicol.), accession of Edward III. the Confessor, son of Ethelred II., and 
 now nineteenth king of England. 
 
 11 The same year" (Alst.), Micha,el IV. succeeded by Michael V. Calaphata, forty-third Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), several synods in France. And in one, ordained that "from Wed- 
 nesday evening until Monday morning, no one should take anything by force, nor revenge an injury. 
 
 " 1041-S A. D." (Humb. cosm. ii), printing with moveable types practised in China. 
 
 " 1042 A. D." (Alst.), Michael V. succeeded by Constantinus X. Monomachus, forty-fourth 
 Byzantine emperor. 
 
 " 1043 A. D. (= 435 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), the Panjab overrun by the Hindu king of Delhi, 
 who captured Nagarcot and laid siege to Lahore. This last Muslim stronghold was saved by the 
 bravery of the garrison, and a false report of the approach of sultan Modud. 
 
 Carissa spinarmn of Tropical Eastern Asia. An allied species called in Japan " sonoki," or by 
 some persons "fira" or " virasi " (Thunb.) ; and (notwithstanding C. carandas was always brought 
 to \V. Jones) probably the " carcandhu " of the Amara-cosha, — and Jayadeva, lips compared with 
 the red lustre of its fruit by Kalidasa sacont. : C. spinarum is described by Rumphius vii. pi. 19 ; was 
 observed by Graham " in gardens" around Bombay, "very beautiful when covered with bright red 
 fruit," which '' makes good tarts." Farther East, was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, 
 cultivated in vases, and in rare instances springing up spontaneously. 
 
 " 1044 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus IX., the last archbishop who in his Bulls 
 used the years of the German emperors, succeeded by Gregorius VI. 
 
 " 1046 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Go-siu-saki succeeded by his eldest son Go-reisei or 
 Rei-sei 11., seventieth dairo of Japan. 
 
 " The same year " (Marcel 106), the mosque of Amru at Fostat near Cairo, repaired by order of 
 sultan Mostanser. 
 
 "About Christmas" (Alst. p. 352, and Nicol.), a synod at Sutri near Rome. Gregorius VI. was 
 deposed, Clemens II. elected his successor, and the law renewed, making the consent of the emperor 
 indispensable to elections of the archbishops of Rome. 
 
 " 1048 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Clemens II. succeeded by Damasus II., eighty-sixth 
 archbishop. 
 
 " In the middle of the Eleventh century" (E. A. Soph.), first appearance of the English at Con- 
 stantinople, as battle-axe men forming a part of the emperor's body-guard and called " Varaggoi : " 
 they are termed Kelts by Cedrenus ii. 613 ; " barbarians from Thule," by Anna Comnena i. 120 
 (compare Burray in the Shetland Islands) ; and according to Curopalates 57, spoke " igklinisti," 
 English. 
 
 " 1049 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Damasus II. succeeded by Leo IX., eighty-seventh 
 archbishop. 
 
 " In this year (= 441 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Modud succeeded by his brother Abul Hasan, 
 now sultan of Ghazni. 
 
 " 1050, May 2d " (Alst.. and Nicol.), a synod convened at Rome. The opinions of Berenger on 
 transubstantiation were opposed by Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury (regarded as the earliest scho- 
 lastic theologian). 
 
 " The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Hermannus Contractus. 
 
 " In this year " (= 1192 — " 142 years " of Abul-Fazil, Wilford as. res. ix. 170), the city of Delhi 
 on the Ganges founded by Raya-sena, head of the Tomara dynasty : or according to Elphinsione iv. 
 conquered by Visal, Hindu king of Ajmir, and ancestor of Prithui. 
 
 In this year (= "400 -\- 650 yrs." of Bigandet, Max Mull, p. xvi), the transcribed Budhist 
 scriptures and other writings of Budhaghosha carried from Cevlon to Pagan in Burmah. 
 
 " 1051 A. D." (Humb. atl. pict), pestilence and destruction among the Toltecs : who now push 
 their migrations farther South. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 677 
 
 Carica papaya of Panama. Called by Portuguese colonists, "papay" or "mamocira" (Marcgr.), 
 in Carib « abapaye " or "aleule" " or " al^le - " (Desc), and from early times cultivated for its fruit* — 
 (Humb. iv. 9) : the " bigos del mastuerzo " was known to Oviedo nat. hyst. 70 as growing on the 
 Panama Isthmus ; C. papaya was observed by Ximenes in Mexico (Marcgr. 104); by Beechey 425, 
 at Realejo in Mexico ; by Squier (as he informed me) to all appearance indigenous in Nicaragua; by 
 Hernandez 99, seemingly indigenous on Hayti ; by Sloane on Jamaica, according to Browne indige- 
 nous there ; by Marcgraf " in 1648 " in Brazil, the female plant chiefly in gardens and the male plant 
 in the woods, but so far as observed by myself in Southern Brazil a decidedly introduced plant. Pos- 
 sibly by Polynesians, was carried to the islands of the Pacific, where it seems' to have been distributed 
 after the visit of Foster; was observed by myself very generally cultivated by the natives on Metia, 
 Taheiti, the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, and according to Hale is called in 
 Feejeean, " walete." Clearly by European colonists, was carried across the Pacific to the Philippines, 
 where it is called in Tagalo " papaya " (Blanco) ; to the neighbouring islands, introduced by the Portu- 
 guese (Rumph. i. 147) ; to Anam and Tropical China (Boymius, and Lour.); to Burmah, called there 
 "them-bau-thee" (Mason); to Hindustan, called in Hindustanee and Bengalee "pepeya," in Tamil 
 "pappali-marum," in Malabar " pappoia-umbbalay-marum " (Drur.), observed in Malabar by Rheede i. 
 pi. 15, by Graham, as far as Bombay, and now cultivated throughout, its milky juice a powerful vermi- 
 fuge, possessing besides the peculiar property of rendering meat tender (Ainsl., Roxb., Drur., and 
 Lindl.) ; to Yemen, called there " amba bind!" Indian mango (Forsk.) ; to Eastern Equatorial 
 Africa, observed by myself on Zanzibar. From " Inde Orientale " brought to Europe by de Valle "in 
 1626," is described by Columna pi. (A. Dec.) ; and recently, according to Clot-Bey, has been suc- 
 cessfully cultivated in Egypt ; probably from America, was carried to Western Equatorial Africa (R. 
 Brown cong.), and the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). 
 
 " In this year (= 443 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Abul Hasan succeeded by Abul Rashid, now 
 sultan of Ghazni. He recovered the Panjab, which had been seized by a Muslim chief. 
 
 "1052 A. D. (= 444 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Abul Rashid succeeded by Farokhzad, now 
 sultan of Ghazni. He gained advantages over the Seljuk Tartars until checked by Alp Arslan. 
 
 In this year (= " 1027 -|- 25 yrs." of Kalhan. hist. Cash., H. H. Wils.), Samgrama succeeded by 
 Harir, and after " twenty-two days " by Ananta as king of Cashmere. 
 
 " 1053, June iSth " (Blair), archbishop Leo IX. defeated in the kingdom of Naples by the Nor- 
 mans, and taken prisoner. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Way pref. pr. pm.), the vocabulary called Elementarium compiled by 
 Papias. — It appears to be the ground-work of the dictionary of Uguitio or Hugo. 
 
 " 1055 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), at Rome, Leo IX. succeeded by Victor II., eighty-eighth arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Constantinus X. succeeded by his widow Theodora Porphyrogenita, 
 as ruler of the Byzantine Empire. 
 
 * Mammca A?nericana of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. A 
 Calophylloid tree called by Spanish and English colonists mammee or mamee, by French "abricotier 
 d'Amerique " (A. Dec), and its fruit eaten from early times: the " mamei " — was observed by 
 Columbus in 1502 on first visiting Veragua, growing upon very high trees, tasting "like a peach" 
 and " as big as a large lemon, and every one" having " two, three, and some nine stones," known 
 also in the West Indies (F. Columb. 96) : the "mamey '' is described and figured by Oviedo nat. 
 hyst. 62 and gen. hist. viii. 20 : M. Americana was observed by Sloane ii. pi. 217, and Macfadyen, 
 wild in the West Indies; by Jacquin am. pi. 182, wild on the neighbouring portion of South America; 
 is also cultivated, but does not appear to have been carried to other countries (A. Dec). According 
 to Lunan, and Lindley, its " bark abounds in a strong resinous gum, used by negroes for extracting 
 chigoes from their feet." 
 
 Cereus pitayaya of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. An upright 
 cactus bearing edible fruit, known from early times : the " pitahaya " — is described by Oviedo gen. 
 hist. viii. pi. 23, and its fruit pronounced wholesome ; was observed by Guzman on Puerto Rico 
 (soc. Hackl.) ; and is known to grow in maritime thickets at the Northern extreme of South America, 
 near Carthagena (Jacq., and Pers.). 
 
 Crescentia cujete of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The cala- 
 bash tree called in Mexico " tecomate " (Blanco), and known from early times : — the " higuero " is 
 described by Oviedo nat. hyst. 73 as a tree bearing " calabacas redondas " used for drinking-ves- 
 sels the natives on the greater part of Tierra firme having no other kind : C. cujete was observed 
 by Plumier 23, Swartz obs. 234, and Jacquin am. pi. in, on the West Indies and neighbouring main- 
 land. 
 
678 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Argania sideroxylon of Morocco. The " arjan " o£ Ebn Redwhan, — or " arjan of West Africa " 
 of Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheiroer and others : A. sideroxylon was observed by Schous- 
 boe p. 89, a small tree frequent in woods in Southern Barbary between the rivers Tansif and Suz, 
 and an oil-like olive oil obtained from the nuts (Pers.). From transported specimens, described by 
 Commelyn hort. i. pi. 83. 
 
 " 1056 A. D." (Alst.), Theodora succeeded by Michael VI. Strato, forty-sixth Byzantine emperor. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Henricus III. succeeded by his son Henricus IV., seventh emperor 
 of Germany and Italy. 
 
 "The same year" (Talvi i.), date of the manuscript Evangelium of Ostromir, posadnic or mayor 
 of Novogorod ; the earliest example known of Slavonic writing. Except that writings of about the 
 same age occur in the Glagolitic character. — The next oldest Slavonic manuscripts are : one written 
 " seventeen," and another " twenty " years later. 
 
 " The same year " (Pouchet), Greenland and Vinland (and of course North America) included in 
 a Bull from pope Victor II. 
 
 " 1057 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), Victor II. succeeded by Stephanus X., eighty-ninth arcbbishop 
 of Rome. 
 
 " The same year" (Alst.), Michael VI. succeeded by Isaacus Comnena, forty-seventh Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 " The same year" (Nicol.), Macbeth succeeded by Malcolm III., as king of Scotland. 
 
 " 1058 A. D. (=450 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Farokzad succeeded by his brother Ibrahim, a 
 religious devotee, and now sultan of Ghazni. He yielded to the Seljuks all their demands, — and 
 had a long and peaceful reign. 
 
 " Dec. 2.Sth " (Alst., and Nicol.), a synod at Sienna ; and through the influence of the emperor 
 Henricus IV., Nicolaus II. elected ninetieth archbishop. 
 
 " 1060 A. D." (Alst. p. 372), Petrus Damiani bishop of Ostia, writing against the abuses and 
 corrupt condition of the church. 
 
 " 1061 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Nicolaus II. succeeded by Anselin da Baggio of 
 Milan ; now Alexander II., ninety-first archbishop. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Isaacus Comnena succeeded by Constantinus XI. Ducas, forty-eighth 
 Byzantine emperor. 
 
 " In or about 1062 A D." (= 1091 — " supposed 30- years reign," G. de la Vega, and addit. art 
 de verif.), Manco Capac succeeded by his son Sinchi-Roca, now second Inca of Peru. Who con- 
 tinued his father's laws and peaceful policy ; * — and by these influences, added twenty leagues to his 
 dominions on the South. 
 
 " 1063 A. D." (Lubke and Lutrow), after a plan furnished by Rainaldus, the building of the 
 church at Pisa commenced. 
 
 " In this year " ( Grey transl. Angiolello 97), foundation of the city of Tiflis on the river Kur. — 
 It is the present capital of Russian Trans-Caucasia. 
 
 "1064 A. D. = 'tchi-ping,' 1st year of Yng-tsoung, of the Soung" or twenty-first dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 1065 A. D." (Marcel), while engaged in expelling the Muslims from Southern Italy, count Roger 
 
 * Tropaolum tuberosum of Peru. From early times cultivated on the Peruvian Andes for its 
 tuberous roots (Humb. iv. 9) : observed by Ruiz and Pavon pi. 314; by myself, planted in small 
 patches in company with the preceding. 
 
 Basella tuberosa of Peru. A fourth tuber cultivated from early times on the Peruvian Andes : — 
 observed by Humboldt and Bonpland ; by myself, with the others planted in small patches just below 
 the Paramera or cold pastoral region. 
 
 Monina polystachia of the Peruvian Ancles. A downy Polygaloid shrub growing in the cool 
 region and called in Peruvian " yallhoy masca " (Lindl.), and from early times the bark of its root used 
 as a substitute for soap, — and for cleansing and polishing wrought silver ; preferred also to quassia 
 as a remedy in dysentery and irritating diarrhoea (Ruiz and Pav. 171). 
 
 Monina salicifolia of the Peruvian Andes. An allied species growing in the middle mountain- 
 region of the Western slope, and possessing the same properties (Ruiz and Pav. 772, and Lindl.). 
 
 Calceolaria trijida of Peru. Suffruticose, called in Peruvian " tumpu " (Lindl.), and known 
 from early times, —regarded as antiseptic, tonic, and febrifugal ; observed by Ruiz and Pavon i. pi. 
 26 in the middle mountain-region, in shaded situations near water (Pers.). 
 
 Calceolaria atneiformis of the Western slope of the Peruvian Andes. Its chewed leaves show- 
 ing a yellow dye : — observed by Ruiz and Pavon pi. 27 near Canta and Tarma in the middle moun- 
 tain-region (Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 679 
 
 of Normandy hearing of civil war among the Muslim population of Sicily, crossed over and obtained 
 the government. — Coins issued by the Norman kings of Sicily, and bearing bi-lingual inscriptions, 
 Latin and Arabic, are figured in Marcel p. 120. 
 
 Serapion at this time writing. — He died "after 1068." 
 
 Geranium columbinum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dove's 
 foot (Prior), and probably the " pede columbino " supposed by Serapion to be identical with the 
 "amomum" — (G. robertianum ; see J. Jacobi de Manliis): G. columbinum is termed "g. c. dissectis 
 foliis pediculis florum longissimis " by Tournefort inst. 268 ; and is known to grow throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Denmark (Cav. iv. pi. 82, Vaill. paris. pi. 15, fl. Dan. pi. 1222, and Pers.). East- 
 ward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Chili, observed by Molina employed medicinally and called " corecore," by myself, seem- 
 ingly wild throughout from the coast to the Andes, subscandent with small purple flowers. 
 
 Centaurea (ylmberboa) moscliata of middle Asia. Called in the environs of Bombay " shah 
 pusund " sweet sultan (Graham), in Egypt " ambar " (Forsk.) or " a'nbar " (Del.) ; and the " mos- 
 cliata " of Serapion — (Trag. i. 24) may be compared : C. moschata was observed by Forskal p. liii, 
 and- Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, fragrant and coronary ; by Graham, " in gardens '' at Bombay, 
 flowering " chiefly during the cold season ; " by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Morison vii. pi. 25. 
 
 Rumex aipinus of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe as far as the Crimea and Cau- 
 casus. Called in Britain monks rhubaib (Lindl.), in Germany "munch rhabarbarum," and described 
 by Serapion — according to Fuchsius 460 : R. aipinus was mistaken by the commentators on Mesne 
 for a rhubarb, and hence according to Parkinson the European names, but a different reason is 
 assigned by Tabernaemontanus S24 (Prior) ; is termed " lapathum foliis amplis " by Clusius hist. ii. 
 69, " 1. folio rotundo alpinum " by Tournefort inst. 504 ; is known to grow wild on the Pyrenees and 
 the mountains of Switzerland and North Germany (Koch, and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp 
 on mountains from the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to grow also in the 
 Crimea and on Caucasus (Lindl.) ; was formerly cultivated in Britain and its root used medicinally, 
 and has recently been found springing up spontaneously in seven different localities (Wats ) ; in 
 Switzerland also, occasionally occurs around dwellings (A. Dec). The root according to Lindley is 
 "purgative like rhubarb, only in a much less degree." 
 
 Cakile mariiima of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. An annual called 
 in Britain sea-rocket (Prior), in Egypt " rechad el bahr " or " figl el-gemel " (Del.), and described by 
 Serapion — (Gaertner, and Steud.) : the "genus erucae " of Caesalpinus viii. 63 growing in maritime 
 sands, having thick fleshy leaves, and short angular pods used against renal calculus, clearly corre- 
 sponds : C. maritima was observed by Forskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt ; 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the seashore of Greece and the Greek islands ; by Scopoli, along the 
 Adriatic (Steud.) ; is termed "c. maritima" by Tournefort cor. 49 ; and is known to grow along the 
 Atlantic as far as Denmark and Lapland (fl. Dan. pi. 1168, and Wats.). Westward, was observed by 
 Hooker on Iceland ; by Baldwin, on Bermuda ; by myself, on our Atlantic seashore from 45 to 39 ; 
 by Pursh, as far as Virginia ; by Eliot, and Chapman, as far as South Carolina; by Humboldt, on 
 Cuba; and by Nuttall, on the shores of the Lakes of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), in a synod in London, full immunity granted to the Abbey of West- 
 minster by Edward III. 
 
 Delphinium consolida of middle Asia. Called in Britain larkspur, in Germany " feld-ritter- 
 sporn," in Italy "consolida regale " or "speronelle salvadeghe " or "fior capuccio selvatico " (Lenz), 
 and ficured in manuscript V of the Anglo-Saxon transl. Diosc. 160 — (according to Harley and Cock- 
 ayne) : D. consolida is described by Gesner hort. f. 265 (Spreng.) ; is termed " d. segetum flore 
 caruleo " by Tournefort inst. 426; and is known to occur as a weed in cultivated ground in Italy and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Ray, fl. Dan. pi. 683, and Lam. fl. fr.). Eastward, 
 was observed by Forskal at the Dardanelles ; but occurring in wilder situations towards Caucasus 
 (Griseb. and Bieb.), is regarded by A. Decandolle as probably derived originally from that quarter. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a garden flower, and 
 in Virginia and Carolina is becoming naturalized (A. Gray, and Chapm.) ; to the Mauritius Islands, 
 observed in o-ardens by Bojer. "A tincture of the seed" has "been recommended in asthma," and 
 " the leaves and stalks are said to enter into the composition of some cosmetics " found according to 
 Burnett to be destructive to the skin (Lindl.). 
 
 " 1066, Jan. 5th" (Blair, and Nicol.), death of Edward III., after naming Harold II. son of the 
 earl of Kent, as his successor. 
 
 "Oct. 14th" (Blair, and Nicol.), Harold II. defeated and slain in battle at Hastings by invading 
 Normans : their leader William becoming twenty-first king of England and the head of a new 
 dynasty. That the country was conquered, — appears from the freedom granted by a synod some 
 
68o CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ten years later to "such nuns as had assumed the veil as a security against the insults of the Nor- 
 
 a "' ; 1067 A. D." (Alst.), Constantinus XI. succeeded by Michael VII. Ducas, forty-ninth Byzan- 
 tine emperor. , , r , . 
 
 One hundred and sixty-first generation. Sept. 1st, 1067, onward mostly beyond youth : the Chi- 
 nese writers, the historians Sse-ma-kouang, and Lieou-yu : the Jewish writers, jehuda Ibn BaJam, K. 
 Ishak Cordubensis, Jacob ben Reuben, and Isaac Ibn Gajjat : the Arab writers, Ebn Ssaid Ebn 
 Jezla d. 1095 : the Greek writers, Joannes Scylitzes d. after 1031, and Joannes Micrologus : Adamus 
 Bremensis, Ado Trevirensis ; William of Spires ; Roscelinus the reviver of Nominalism ; Anselmus 
 of Lugo, Anselmus of Laon, Ingulphus ; Nestor of Russia ; Ivo Carnotiensis : the scholastic theo- 
 logians, Guitmundus, and Anselm afterwards archbishop of Canterbury : the translators of Arabic, 
 Hermannus comes Veringensis, Gerardus Cremonensis, and Daniel Morlajus. 
 
 " 1068 A. D. = 'hi-ning,' 1st year of Chin-tsoung. of the Soung" or Twenty-first dynasty (Chi- 
 nese chron. table). By his minister Wang-'an-chi, mints, coining and regulating the amount of money 
 in the provinces, and other innovations in government, introduced. 
 
 A new philosophy, the " Philosophy of Nature," also founded by Wang-'an-chi. 
 
 " 1069 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Go-reisei succeeded by his younger brother Go-san- 
 dsio, now seventy-first dairo of Japan. 
 
 By Karika, " a chief of an island to the westward called Manuka" (Manu'a in the Samoan Group), 
 the Rarotongan or Hervey Islands found uninhabited and colonized in the "twenty-ninth generation" 
 before — his lineal descendant Makea (the principal chief at the time of the visit of J. Williams miss, 
 ent. 169). " Again putting to sea," Karika encountered Tangiia a fugitive Taheitian chief, and allowed 
 him to settle on the East side of Rarotonga.* Communication with the Taheitian Group, from this 
 time continued "very frequent" (Hale ethnogr. expl. exp. 136). 
 
 " In or about this year " (Nicol.), by a synod at Spalatro, the Dalmatians prohibited from using 
 the Slavonic language in religious services. 
 
 " 1070 A. D." (Blair), by Arzachel of Toledo, the sun's declination observed to be " 29 34'-" — 
 Four hundred and two " observations on the apogee of the sun " were left by Arzachel. 
 
 " The same year " ( M. Russell pp. 150 and 250), the altars, fifty-five obelisks, with other ancient 
 structures at Axum, mostly broken and destroyed by Goudit or Judith, coming from Amhara. She 
 was of Hebrew lineage, and on the death of Dalnaad, usurped the government, and reigned "forty" 
 years. 
 
 " 1072 A. D." (Nicol.) in England by a synod, the primacy confirmed to Lanfranc archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 " 1073 A. D." (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Alexander II. succeeded by Hildebrand of Tuscany, 
 now Gregorius VII., ninety-second archbishop. 
 
 '• October" (Alst., and Nicol), a synod at Erford. Tythes were exacted from the Thuringians. 
 Also, a proposal was received from Hildebrand, That priests should either abjure matrimony, or give 
 up their office. 
 
 " The same year " (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Go-san-dsio succeeded by his eldest son Surakawa 
 or Ziro-kawa, now seventy-second dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 1074, or thereabouts " (Nicol), in a synod at Paris, the abbot of Pontoise abused and beaten, 
 for defending the decree of Hildebrand, forbidding the hearing of mass "said by incontinent priests." 
 
 " 1075 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod in London, of all England. " The ancient canons touching the 
 rank of bishops" were renewed, and "superstitions, divinations, etc.," forbidden. 
 
 "June 9th " (Blair), at Neustadt in Thuringia, the Saxons defeated by the emperor Henricus IV. 
 
 * Pachvrhizns a n»nla tits of the Malayan archipelago. — A common-looking bean under culti- 
 vation on Metia was said to produce a yam-like edible root, and I heard a similar account on Tonga- 
 tabu. P. angulatus was observed by Rumphius v. pi. 132 in the Malayan archipelago, producing a 
 large edible tuberous root ; and the " hicamas " or " sincamas " of the Philippines is described by 
 Blanco as well known there and its large root eaten crude by both natives and Europeans ; P. angu- 
 latus was seen by Parish in Burmah, and Mason v. 466 to SHy speaks of " a variety of the Goa bean 
 which produces esculent roots that are eaten like potatoes, and are a very tolerable vegetable." 
 Farther West, P. angulatus was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan ; by Graham, as 
 far as Bombay, but no native names are given. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, observed by Bojer under cultivation and growing spontaneously. Transported to Europe, is 
 described by Plukenet aim. pi. 52. " Dolichos tuberosus " received by Lamarck from Martinique 
 (Pers), but according to Descourtilz "introduced" there, no Carib name being given, may also be 
 coniDared. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 68 1 
 
 " 1076, Jan. 23d " (Alst., and Nicol.), a synod at Worms ; " twenty-six " bishops being present, 
 together with Henricus IV. The deposition of Hildebrand was declared ; a sentence approved soon 
 afterwards in the synod at Pavia by many French and Italian bishops. In return, Hildebrand in a 
 synod at Rome adopted the novel measure of excommunicating the emperor, absolving his subjects 
 from their allegiance. 
 
 Finding himself abandoned by both nobles and people and the succession being elective, Henri- 
 cus IV. in the end yielded, and made a journey to Rome. The beginning of the Papal Hierarchy 
 over the monarchs of Western Europe. 
 
 " October" (Nicol.), in a synod at Salona, Demetrius crowned king of Dalmatia. 
 
 " 1077, March 13th " (Nicol.), a synod at Forcheim in Franconia. Henricus IV. was declared 
 deposed, and Rodolph of Swabia elected emperor of Germany. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Lambertus Schafnaburgensis. By whom also, 
 many abuses in the church are enumerated. 
 
 "1078 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod in London. Ulstan or Wulstan bishop of Worcester was 
 deposed, for not understanding the French language ; and Bath, Lincoln, Exeter, and Chichester 
 were made episcopal cities. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Michael VII. succeeded by Nicephorus III. Botoniates, fiftieth Byzan- 
 tine emperor. 
 
 "November" (Nicol.), in a synod at Rome, the Byzantine emperor excommunicated. 
 
 About this time (= "1392 — more than 300 years" of Dallet p. xiii), Ouang-kien, king of 
 Kao-li, aided by China conquering the States of Pet-si and Sin-la, thus uniting all Corea under his 
 rule. He is called the founder of the Kaoli or Korie dynasty. 
 
 " 1080 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Rome. The investiture of laymen was forbidden ; Rodolp 
 of Swabia was declared emperor of Germany ; and the session closed " March 7th." 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), by a synod at Burgos in Old Castile, the Roman ritual substituted in 
 Spain for that of the Goths. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst., and others), the Carthusian Order of monks, founded by Bruno. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), beginning of the compilation of "Dooms-day book," from a survey 
 of all the estates in England. — The compilation was completed in " six " years. 
 
 "The same year" (Klapr. mem. i. 410), end of Armenian history. — The nation no longer hav- 
 ing a government and territorial home, but consisting of dispersed individuals engaged in commerce. 
 
 " 1081 A. D." (Alst.), Nicephorus III. succeeded by Alexius Comnenus, son of Isaacus, and now 
 fifty-first Byzantine emperor. Writings of the emperor Alexius Comnenus are extant. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), Rome captured by Henricus IV. And in a synod assembled there, 
 Guibertus or Clemens elected to the place of the escaped Hildebrand. 
 
 " 1082 A. D." (Puranas, Bentl. as. res. viii. 243, and H. H. Wils. dram. Hind.), Munja succeeded 
 by Raja Boja also called Vicrama as Hindu king. The last two names (according to Wilford as. res. 
 ix.) belonging to one king. 
 
 The astronomer Varaha Miliiri, author of the Surya Siddhanta, enumerated among the "nine 
 gems " in the council of king Vicrama; together with Cshapanaca, Sancu, Betalabhatta, Ghatacarpura, 
 and Bararuchi (Navaratna, and Bentl. p. 242). 
 
 " 1083 A. D." (Alst), end of the chronicle of Marianus Scotus. 
 
 Amera Sinha, ninth gem in the council of king Vicrama (Bentl. as. res. viii. p. 242, and Colebr. 
 p. 499) mentions in his dictionary relating to animals the " gavaya " (gayal ox), the spotted axis 
 (Cervus axis), the porcine deer (Cervus ....), the black antilope (Antilopa ....), and the painted 
 or white-footed antilope (Antilopa nilgau).* 
 
 * He7nidesmus Indicus of Tropical Hindustan. A shrubby twining Asclepiaceous plant called 
 in Sanscrit " shariva " or " ununta " (Pidd.), in Bengalee and Hindustanee " ununtamul " (J. F. Wats.), 
 in Telinga " soogundapala," in Tamil "nunnari" (Drur.); in which we recognize the " sariva " of the 
 Amara-cosha, — and "sariva" and "ananta" of Susrutas chik. 15 to 38: H. Indicus was observed 
 by Rheede x. pi. 34 in Malabar; by Graham, "very common" in the environs ot Bombay; by Bur- 
 mann zeyl. pi. 83, Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Travancore, Ceylon, and Bengal, its root 
 used among the natives particularly for the thrush in children, and by Tamil physicians in cases of 
 strangury and gravel (Drur.). According to Lindley, "a great deal of it is consumed in London now, 
 as a very fine kind of sarsaparilla." 
 
 Villarsia Indica of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. An aquatic plant "with large reniform 
 
 86 
 
682 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 1084 A. D. = 7th year of the ' youan-foung ' of Chin-tsoung " (Chinese chron. table), begin- 
 ning of the Sixty- third cycle. 
 
 The poet Damodara* among the many writers patronized by the Hindu king Bhoja or Vicrama — 
 (Bhoj.-Prab., and H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 373). 
 
 " 1085, January " (Nicol.), in a synod at Rome, the excommunication of Henricus IV. by Hilde- 
 brand declared null. " May 25th," death of Hildebrand. 
 
 Instructions for the use of oil in painting " accipe semen lini," given by the monk Teofilo, called 
 Ruggiero. — An oil-fainting by Filippo Tesauro dated " 1309," is extant; also another, somewhat 
 later, by Stefanone (Bryan diet, paint.). 
 
 "10S6 A. D. = 'youan-yeou,' 1st year of Tchi-tsoung, of the Soung " or Twenty-first dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). The "Ten precepts," each in two Chinese characters, were composed and 
 presented to him by his minister Liu-koung-tchu. 
 
 " In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii.), the Chinese statesman See-ma-kuang writing his poem "The 
 Garden." 
 
 "May 24th" (Alst, and Nicol.), cardinal Desiderio, under the name of Victor III., elected 
 second pope. 
 
 In this year (Pouchet), Constantinus Afer writing on Medicine. — He died "in 1087." 
 
 Goititina acaulis of the alpine portion of Switzerland. Called there " bitterwurz," by the Ital- 
 ians "gariofonaria," and the "cantabrica" of Constantinus, — and Zwinggerus, is referred here by 
 Gesner ii. fig. S6 : G. acaulis is termed by him " g. minima floribus maximis," and was observed by 
 him on the higher portion of the Alps ; by myself, on the crest of the St. Gothard Pass ; is termed 
 "g. alpina magno flore " by J. Bauhin iii. 523, "g. grandiflora " by Persoon. (See Convolvulus can- 
 tabrica). 
 
 Pastinaca secaail of the East Mediterranean countries. The OCuLCek of Constantinus 
 352 — is referred here by Sprengel : the "secacul" of the Arabs is mentioned by Christoph. de 
 Honestis comm. Mesul: P. sacacul was observed by Rauwolf, and Russel, in Syria. From trans- 
 ported specimens is described by Miller, and Ventenat hort. c. pi. 78. 
 
 " 1087 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Surakawa succeeded by his second son Foricawa, 
 now seventy-third dairo of Japan. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Leo Hostiensis. 
 
 " 1088, March 12th " (Nicol.), Victor III. succeeded by Otho of France or Urbanus II., third 
 pope. William II. Rufus ruling England; and Philip, France. 
 
 orbicular leaves " (Graham); and the " syadanantotpala," with which the " syama " is identified in 
 the Amara-cosha, — is according to the commentator a name arising from the flowers of the "syama" 
 (Ichnoearpus) resembling those of the "utpala,'' an aquatic plant : the " utpala " is mentioned also 
 by Susrutas. and is referred to this tribe by W. Jones as. res. iv. 263 : V. Indica was observed by 
 Rheede xi. pi. 28 in Malabar ; by Graham, in " tanks throughout the Concans ; " by Roxburgh, in 
 Eastern Hindustan ; is known to grow also on Ceylon (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried 
 to Austral Africa, and to Jamaica (Sloane pi. 252, and Pers.). 
 
 Hydrolea Zcvlanica of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. An annual herb called 
 in Sanscrit " languli " (Pidd.), in Bengalee " kauchra ishalangulya " (Drur.) or " isholangolya " (W. 
 Jones) ; in which we recognize the " langali " of the Amara-cosha, — and Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 8: 
 H. Zeylanica was observed by Rheede x. pi. 28 in Malabar ; by Graham, on " margins of tanks 
 throughout the Concans ; " by Burmann pi. 2, W. Jones as. res. iv. 270, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, 
 in marshy places as far as Ceylon and Bengal, the leaves beaten into a pulp applied to ulcers ; by 
 Mason, in Burmah ; and is known to grow as far as Java (Linn. mant. 54). 
 
 Piper chaba of the Malayan archipelago. Imported island long pepper is called in Sanscrit 
 "chuveya '' (Pidd.) or " chuvee " or " chuvyung" or "chuvika" or " chuvikung " (Roxb.), in Benga- 
 lee and Hindustanee "choee" (Pidd.) or " chayi " or " chava " (W. Jones), in the Taleef Shereef 
 " chaab " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the " chavya " or " chavica " of the Amara-cosha — 
 (W. Jones as. res. iv. 303), and Susrutas sutr. 44 to chik. 37 : P. chaba or its fruit was seen by Jor- 
 danus in "India the Greater," by Nicolo Conli on " Sciamuthera '' (Sumatra) ; the living plant is 
 described by Rumphius v. pi. 116, and was observed in the Malayan archipelago by Blume. Accord- 
 ing to Lindley, "its properties appear to be the same as those of Piper Ionium.'' 
 
 * Chonemorpha dickotonta ot Eastern Hindustan. A twining Apocvnous plant called in San- 
 scrit " vishulya-krit " (Pidd.); and the "visalya " of Damodara hanum.-nat. 13, a drug from the moun- 
 tains, — mentioned also by Susrutas sutr. 25 to chik. 15, may be compared : C. dichotoma is described 
 by Roxburgh ii \<> as observed by him in Bengal. " From Bengal," was introduced by Nimmo into 
 the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 683 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), the Northern division of Portugal wrested from the Muslims by 
 Alphonso VI. of Cast.le, and bestowed by him on his son-in-law Henricus. The ori-in of the inde- 
 pendent kingdom of Portugal. 
 
 ^ 1089 A. D. (= 481 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), end of the reign of Ibrahim, sultan of Ghazni. 
 _ 1090 A. D." (Alst.), Samuel Marochianus, a convert from Judaism to Christianity, writing 
 against the Jews. b 
 
 "Towards the close of the Eleventh century" (Hyde relat. vet. Pers. 209, and Pouchet), the 
 calendar not having been corrected in Persia for more than " four thousand " years, the astronomers 
 were assembled by Melek Shah ; and one of them, Omar Cheyam, found the length of the solar year 
 "365d. 5I1. 48m. 48s." y 
 
 " 1091 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Leon in Spain. Gaulish writing was "substituted for that 
 of the Goths in the books of the church ; " and the Liturgy of Isidorus, ordered to be " made con- 
 formable to that of Rome." 
 
 " In or about this year " (Garc. de la Vega, and addit. art de verif.), Sinchi-Roca succeeded by 
 his son Lloque Yupanqui, now third Inca of Peru. Who changed the policy hitherto pursued, raised 
 an army, and extended his dominion by military conquests.*— According to G. de la Vega i. 2. 18, 
 he conquered and annexed the district of Canas, South of Cuzco. 
 
 " T092 A. D.," as appears from Karmatic inscriptions on the building (copied by Marcel p. 116), 
 the nilometer at Rhoda repaired. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), by a synod at Szabolchs in Hungary, a code of laws, civil and eccle- 
 siastical, compiled. 
 
 " 1093 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Rheims. Robert, earl of Flanders, was " compelled to resign 
 the appointments of clerks ; " and a bishop was promised to the clergy of Arras by pope Urbanus II. 
 
 "The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the church at Laach on the Rhine com- 
 menced. — "After many interruptions," the edifice was completed "in 1156." 
 
 " 1094, March 1 ith and 12th " (Nicol.), decision by a synod at Rockingham castle, That " the 
 archbishop of Canterbury should not promise obedience to, or request the pall " (mantle of state) 
 "from pope Urbanus II. without the king's consent." 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Mostanser succeeded by Mostaali, of the Fatimite dynasty, 
 sixth sultan of Egypt. 
 
 " 1095, March 1st to 7th " (Nicol.), a synod at Plaisance in Lombardy. Aid against the Mus- 
 lims was requested by the Byzantine emperor : inaugurating the Crusades ; the first one now begin- 
 ning to be preached by Peter the hermit throughout Europe. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), a synod in England. Against Anselm archbishop of Canterbury, who 
 had received the " pall " from pope Urbanus II. "without the king's consent." 
 
 " 1096, February " (Nicol.), a synod at Rouen in France. Among other canons instituted, was one 
 prohibiting "the wearing of long hair." 
 
 " In this year " (Sm. b. d.), arrival before Constantinople of the first Crusaders ; an undisciplined 
 body of men under Peter the hermit ; they were allowed to pass into Asia, where they were massacred 
 by the inhabitants. 
 
 " 1097 A. D." (Sm. b. d.), a powerful army of Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon advanc- 
 ing into Asia, enabling the Greek emperor Alexius Comnenus to extend his authority over all Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Malva Tournefortiana of the Mediterranean seashore. Called in Greece "molloha," or by the 
 Turks " Eebedjumez " (Forsk.) the npaa-opnkoxa enumerated as esculent by Hierophilus the sophist 
 De alim., — mentioned also in anon. De mens., may be compared : M. Tournefortiana was observed 
 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Gittard, in calcareous soil along the seashore from the Peloponnesus and 
 Greek islands as far as the Dardanelles. Westward, is termed " alcea minor maritima tenuifolia pro- 
 cumbens " by Hermann par. pi. 2, " a. maritima galloprovincialis geranii folio " by Tournefort inst. 
 98; and is known to grow on the seashore of Southern France and Spain (Lam. fl. fr., Cav., and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Laserpitium aqiiihgifolium of the East Mediterranean countries. The TrenepoKvfiivov of Hieroph- 
 ilus the sophist De alim., — may be compared : L. aquilegifolium was observed by Sibthorp in shady 
 woods on the Bithynian Olympus ; and farther North and West, is known to grow on stony hills in 
 
 * Ilex Paragtiayensis of the Upper Paraguay. A shrub indigenous there, and its leaves called 
 " mate" " or Paraguay lea collected from early times and drank in infusion, cultivated besides for the 
 same purpose by the natives, — the cultivation continuing in the same district to the present day (A. 
 Saint-Hilaire, and A. Dec). Transported to Rio Janeiro", was seen under cultivation by A. Saint- 
 Hilaire, and is termed "cassine gongonha " by Martius (Lindl.). 
 
684 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 145, and Pers.). The seeds of at least some species of Laserpitium are 
 excessively bitter (see L. siler). 
 
 " Dec. 13th " (Nicol.), a synod at Gironne. " For the maintenance of ecclesiastical liberties." 
 
 " 1098 A. D. (= 492 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph ), accession of Masaud II. as sultan of Ghazni.— 
 His generals carried on war beyond the Ganges, and for some years he resided with his court at 
 Lahore. 
 
 " 1099, July 15th " (Blair, and Marcel), capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, after journeying 
 all the way by land; and their leader, Godfrey Baldwin, established in the city as king. 
 
 "Aug. 13th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Urbanus II. succeeded by cardinal Rainer or Paschalis II., 
 fourth pope. Paschalis II. first employed the " Years of his pontificate " in dating his Bulls. 
 
 " In this year" (Bentl. as. res. viii. 243), the Bhasvati composed by a pupil of the Hindu astrono- 
 mer Varaha Mihira. 
 
 "In this year" (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter), Sujan Kesari succeeded by Salini 
 Kesari, now king of Orissa. — His queen built the Nat Mandir or dancing-hall of the Siva temple at 
 Bhuvaneswar. 
 
 " 1 100 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Lambeth. Proof was given by Maud daughter of Malcolm III. 
 of Scotland, That she had not entered the religious life by her own choice, or by the vow of her parents. 
 
 About this time, "942 to 1227 A. D." (J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the Samaritan Arabic 
 version of the Bible, by Abu Sa'id : — the last named date, being that of the Barberini manuscript 
 copy. 
 
 " 1100 to noi A. D." (De Wailly pi xiv. 1), manuscripts of this date presenting the following 
 form of the letter t. 
 
 One hundred and sixty-second generation. Jan. 1st, not, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Jewish writers, Abraham ben Chijja, Solomon ben Isaac, Bechaji, Meir ben Isaac, and Peter 
 Alphonso : the Arab writers, Ghazali, Elzaharawi (Abulcasis) d. 1106 or "1122" (Casiri): the 
 Greek writers, Euthymius Zigabenus, d. after n 18, Theophylactus bishop of Bulgaria d. 1112, 
 Michael Glycas d. 11 18, Joannes Cinnamus d. 11 18, Joannes Zonaras d. after 111S, Poellus d. after 
 1 105: Hildebertus, Rupertus Tutiensis abbas, Theodoricus abbas Leodiensis, Bernhardus Clunia- 
 censis, Zacharias Chrysopolitanus, Godfridus Vindocinensis, Berengosius, Algerus : the scholastic 
 theologians, Petrus Cluniacensis : the Slavonic writers, Vladimir, V. Monomach, Sylvester of Pere- 
 jaslavl, and Hegumen Daniel : the Icelandic writer Thorlak Runolfson. 
 
 " The same year = ' kian-tchoung-king-koue,' 1st year of Hoei-tsoung, of the Soung " or Twenty- 
 first dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Bertholdus Constantiensis. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Mostaali succeeded by El-Amr of the Fatimite dynasty, seventh 
 sultan of Egypt. A coin issued at Alexandria by El-Amr, is figured in Marcel 126. 
 
 " H02 A. D." (T. Wright early trav. Pal., and D'Avez.ic). pilgrims now thronging to Palestine, 
 and on " Sunday Oct. 12th," the wreck of all but seven out of "thirty very large ships " in the unsafe 
 port of Jaffa, " more than a thousand " persons perishing, witnessed by Scewuif. 
 
 " 1 104 A. D." (Nicol ), a synod at Rome. Bruno archbishop of Treves was " reprimanded for 
 receiving investiture from the emperor" Henricus IV. 
 
 " [105, March 26th " (Nicol), a synod at Rome. The earl of Mellent and his associates were 
 excommunicated, for supporting the right of the king of England to invest bishops. 
 
 " May 29th " (Nicol.), in a synod at Quedlimbourg in Thuringia, prince Henricus rebelling against 
 his father "declared, That he had accepted the sceptre against his own will, and was willing to sur- 
 render it." The Diet assembling at Maycnce on " Christmas day," Henricus IV. was deposed, and 
 his son Henricus V. crowned emperor by the archbishop of Mayence. 
 
 " The same year" (Nicol.), a synod at Florence. " Against the bishop of that city, who averred, 
 That Antichrist was already born." 
 
 In this year (= " 1027 -f 25 -f- 53 yrs." of Kalhan. hist. Cashm., H. H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 260), 
 Ananta succeeded by his son Kalasa, now king of Cashmere. 
 
 " 1 106, October" (Nicol.), a synod assembled at Lisieux by king Henry of England. The regu- 
 lations made, "were rather civil than ecclesiastical, and the lay lords present were more numerous 
 than the bishops." 
 
 "The same year" (S. D. in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), date of the 1 lebrciv manuscript " 154 Kennicott; " 
 the oldest one extant, so far as ascertained; for those conjectured to be older are devoid of any accu- 
 rate register of their antiquity. — Of private manuscripts in the Rabbinical character, none are more 
 than "five hundred" years old. 
 
 '• 1 107 A. D. = 1st year of the ' ta-kouan ' of Hoei-tsoung" — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 1108 A. D. (= 1768th of Synmu," a.t de verif.), Foricawa succeeded by his eldest son To-ba, 
 now dairo of Japan. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 685 
 
 "The same year = 2d year ta-kouan" (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 473), the provinces of Tche- 
 kiang, Fo-kien, and Kouang-toung, assigned for the admission of foreign ships : a supplementary officer 
 was sent to Tchintcheou. — The following year, foreign merchants wished to visit other ports ; and 
 after giving assurance that they had no prohibited articles, were permitted, and were furnished with 
 arms for their defence. 
 
 As early as this date, Nicolaus Praepositus writing. He mentions Roger son of Robert Guis- 
 card — " who died in 1 1 1 1 " (Spreng.) . 
 
 The $2i.LI2l IDUSC^t^. of Nicolaus Praepositus, — and Franciscus Pedemontium, is perhaps 
 civet (a perfume procured from a weasel-like animal, Viverra zibefha) : the "zubbad " is mentioned 
 by Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar ; the " zapStion," by Actuarius : civet was seen by Cadamosto on the 
 Gambia; by Baumgarten i. 28 in Egypt; by Alpinus iii. 15, used there medicinally; and by myself, 
 a well-known article of commerce at Mocha. The civet animal was found by Browne kept in cages 
 in Darfour, and wild farther South. 
 
 Campanula rapunculus of middle Europe. Called in Britain rampion, in France " raiponce," 
 in medieval Latin " rapunculus " (Prior) : the r^pe SlLVeStrlS of Nicolaus Praepositus 106 — ■ 
 may be compared : C. rapunculus is described by Columna ecphr. i. p. 225 ; is termed " rapunculus 
 esculentus " by C. Bauhin pin. 92 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark and Gothland (Pers., and A. Dec). Was cultivated 
 in Europe for its esculent tubers prior to the introduction of the potato, had become spontaneous in 
 Britain before the days of Ray syn. p. 277, and is regarded by Watson as perhaps exotic there and 
 only naturalized.* 
 
 Leontodon taraxacum of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain swine's snout or dandelion, in 
 France "dent de lion" (Prior), in Germany " ldwenzahn," in Italy " tarassaco " (Lenz), in Greece 
 " agriomaroulia " (Sibth.) or "pikraphake" (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the t &.P 2lX I CO n of 
 Nicolaus Praepositus — (identified with the "aborsus porcinus " by Marco Gatinaria), and the "ros- 
 trum porcinum " of Matthaeus Sylvaticus pand. 610 ; — a name changed according to Ortus sanitatis 
 152 to 226 by surgeon Wilhelmus to "dens leonis," continued to the present day in "a similar name 
 in nearly every European language " (Prior) : L. taraxacum is termed " dens leonis latiore folio " by 
 Tournefort inst. 468 ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 228 in Barbary, by Moris in Sardinia, by 
 Lenz in Italy, and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland, 
 Spitzbergen, and Iceland (Hook., Wats., and Fries). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 
 bard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus and summit of Taygetus to Caria and Constantinople ; is 
 known to grow also along the Taurian mountains and throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Bieb., and 
 Ledeb.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, along roadsides in Japan and called " fosei," or 
 usually "fudsina" or " tsugumi gusa " or " tampopo." Farther East, is known to grow from Bering's 
 Island to the American continent, the Rocky mountains, Saskatchewan river, Melville Island, Lab- 
 rador, and Greenland (Hook., R. Brown, and Meyer), in our Northern States multiplying in grass- 
 grown clearings. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Madeira, and Mexico (A. Dec), and 
 to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). 
 
 Zacintha verrucosa of the Mediterranean countries. An annual called in Greece "ornithokoli " 
 or " karavithohorton," and the SyLVeStrlS € n d I V I \ prescribed in medicinal syrup by Nico- 
 laus Florentinus — is described by Caesalpinus xiii. 9 as springing in neglected gardens, more than 
 a cubit hio'h, branching and leafy with a yellow flower in the axils of the leaves : Z. verrucosa is 
 termed "z. sive cichorium verrucarium " by Tournefort inst. 476 ; and is known to occur in Italy and 
 Southern France (AH., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 from Crete and other Greek islands to the Peloponnesus and Mount Athos. 
 
 " 1 1 10 A. D." (Nicol.), in a synod at Constantinople, convened against the heresy of the Bogo- 
 miles, a constitution respecting the election and duties of bishops, was published by the emperor 
 Alexis Comnena. 
 
 " The same year " (Blair), learning revived at the University of Cambridge. 
 
 JEgopodium podagraria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A ferulaceous plant 
 called in Britain gout-wort or ^out-weed or ax-weed or ash-weed (Mylnes, and Prior), in which we 
 
 * Galeoisis tetrahit of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain bee-nettle or hemp-nettle or 
 hemp-deadnettle (Prior): the herbe tetrklt of Nicolaus Praepositus 125, — and Matthaeus 
 Platearius f. 251, is referred here by writers : G. tetrahit is known to occur from Switzerland to the 
 Northern extreme of Lapland in " Lat. 71 " (Martins, and A. Dec); also in Northern Asia (Wats.). 
 Possibly by European colonists carried to Iceland, where it was observed by Hooker ; clearly by 
 European colonists carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed by myself in cultivated 
 ground from Lat. 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence throughout New England. 
 
686 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 recognize the keSCthrOtu of Anglo-Saxon glossaries, — referred here by Cockayne : M. poda- 
 graria is described by Dodoens pempt. 320; is termed "angelica sylvestris minor sive erratica " by 
 Tournefort inst. 313 ; is known to grow along hedges throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 607, Engl. bot. pi. 940, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp and Chau- 
 bard, in the Peloponnesus.* 
 
 " Dec. 19th " (T. Wright early trav. Pal.), " Saet " or Sidon captured by Godfrey Baldwin and 
 the crusaders ; Sigurd, brother of the king of Norway, co-operating with a fleet. 
 
 "The same year" (Abul-Fazil, and Wilford as. res. ix. 168), Jidahana, king of Delhi, slain in 
 battle against Bala-deva of the legitimate Chauhana family. 
 
 " 1 1 1 1, Feb. 1 2th" (Nicol.), a synod at Latran, wherein Henricus V. "instead of resigning the 
 right of investiture as he had previously agreed to do," took the pope prisoner. He compelled a 
 treaty, signed "April nth," whereby the emperor resumed his right. 
 
 " The same year = 1st year of the ' tching-ho ' of Hoei-tsoung " — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (Clint, iv. p. 835, see also Alst.), end of the chronicle of Sigebertus Gembla- 
 censis. 
 
 Spircea filipendula of middle and Northern Europe. Called in Britain dropwort (Turn. iii. 31, 
 and Prior), in Anglo-Saxon " dropeworte " (gl. Laud. 553, and ms. Bodl. 536); described by Mat- 
 tha^us Platearius f. 237, — and termed " oenanthe " by Fuchsius 562 (Spreng.) : common according 
 to Lindley "in pastures in elevated situations" in Britain; known to grow also from Denmark to 
 middle France (fl. Dan. pi. 935, Pers., and A. Dec). Eastward, the " philipSnthoula " is mentioned 
 by Nicolaus Myrepsus 40. S. filipendula according to Lindley is accounted tonic on account of its 
 "bitter astringent qualities." 
 
 " 1 1 12, or thereabouts" (Nicol.), by a synod in Jerusalem, the emperor Henricus V. excommu- 
 nicated. 
 
 " 1 1 13 A. D. (= 1027 -f- 25 -j- 53 -\- 8 yrs " of Kalhan. hist. Cashm., H. H. Wils.), Kalasa suc- 
 ceeded by Utkarsha, and after " twenty-two days " by Harsha, now king of Cashmere. Harsha pat- 
 ronized literature, and was acquainted with various languages. 
 
 Somadeva, the author of the Vrihat-Katha, at this time writing — (H. H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 257). 
 
 "In this year" (Alst.), a military monastic Order founded, that of the Knights of St. John of 
 Jerusalem. — Some centuries later, this Order of monks, under the name " Knights of Malta," exer- 
 cised great influence throughout the Mediterranean : until the seizure of their island by Buonaparte. 
 
 " 1 1 14 A. D. (=: 508 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Masaud II. succeeded by his son Arslan, now 
 sultan of Ghazni. 
 
 "In this year (= 1036 an. Saca," Colebrooke as. res. ix. 351), birth of the Hindu astronomer 
 Bhascara. 
 
 In this year = " 4th year tching-ho " (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 473), tribute of precious stones, 
 rhinoceros horns, and elephants' teeth, sent by the ship-captains. • 
 
 About this time ("between tin and 1117," Humb. cosm. ii.), the manner of measuring the 
 Westerly variation of the magnetic needle mentioned in the Chinese Penthsaoyan as long understood. 
 
 " H15 A. D." (Chinese chron. table), the name Tai-tsou and the title "ti" or emperor, assumed 
 by the Tartar chief of the Kin ; now in possession of the Northern portion of China. 
 
 "After Christmas" (Nicol.), a synod in Syria. Arnulph, patriarch of Jerusalem, was deposed. 
 
 "n 16, March 20th" (Nicol.), a synod at Salisbury. Wherein, king Henry being present, an 
 attempt was made to compel Thurstan, archbishop of York, to promise obedience to the archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 "In this year (= 510 A. H.," Edrisi, and Jaub.), a palace built at Ghana in Soudan by the 
 Muslim ruler of the city and country. 
 
 Canavalia ensiformis of Tropical Africa. Seeds of the sword bean are called in Egypt "ful 
 djellabe " or "ful barabra" (Forsk.), and the plant in Hindustanee " suffaid " or " lal kudsumbal," in 
 Telinga "yerra" or " tellay tumbetten-kaya," in Tamil " segapoo " or " vellay thumbetten," in Benga- 
 lee "mekhun shim" (Drur.), in Burmah " pai-noung-nee " (Mason), on the Philippines "habas" or 
 on Leite " magtambocao " (Blanco) : known from early times : — C. ensiformis is known to occur in 
 Equatorial Africa (A. Dec.) ; a species regarded as probably identical was observed by Grant at 
 Chopeh in N. Lat. 2° on the Nile, the " Wanyamuezi spin its beans as an amusement; " and " dolichos 
 
 * Mentha citrata of middle Europe. Called in Britain bergamot mint (Prior) : the b^LSme- 
 thMI of didax. 15, — or "balsaminta" of gloss, m., is referred here by Cockayne: M. citrata is 
 termed "m. rubra" by Miller (Steud.) ; and is known to grow in Germany and Britain (Ehrh., Smith 
 brit. ii. p. 616, and Pers.). The plant according to Lindley "furnishes a fragrant oil, having very 
 much the odour of bergamot." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 687 
 
 faba nigrita" was observed by Forskal p. 133 a single stock under cultivation at Djidda, and beans 
 brought by caravans from Abyssinia worn by Egyptian women and children for ornament. Eastward, 
 C. ensiformis was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 44 in Malabar; by Graham, "commonly cultivated" 
 in the environs of Bombay, " varieties with red and white flowers, the half grown pods are eaten ; " 
 by Drury, "cultivated in the Peninsula" for "its esculent pods," also "a common plant in hedges 
 and thickets " (naturalized) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal ; by Mason v. 466 " exotic " 
 in Burmah, cultivated "to a small extent, and its young pods " eaten ; is described by Rumphius v. 
 pi. 135 ; was seen by Blanco at Batangas village on the Philippines, the flowers white, and young pods 
 eaten. By European colonists, was carried to Jamaica prior to the visit of Sloane i. pi. 114 (Pers.). 
 
 "In this year (= 6th year 'tching-ho' of Hoei-tsoung," Remus, iii. 86), arrival in China of 
 Seng-ka or Kieou-ma-seng-ka, ambassador from Cambodia bearing tribute. 
 
 " 1 1 17, April " (Nicol.), a synod at Benevento. Wherein the archbishop of Braga was excom- 
 municated, for crowning Henricus V. at Rome during the absence of the pope. 
 
 " In or about this year " (according to Klaproth) the mariner's compass brought from China by 
 the Arabs. — It is mentioned as long known in Europe in a poem by Guyot of Provence "in 1199" 
 (Whewell, Kobelliv., and Humb. cosm. v.); the "shipman's stone that draws the needle to it" is also 
 mentioned by Maundeville xiv. 
 
 " 1118, Jan. 25th " (Alst, and Nicol.), Paschalis II. succeeded by cardinal John Gaetano or Gela- 
 sius II., fifth pope. Louis VI. ruling France ; and Alexander, Scotland. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), Alexius Comnenus succeeded by his son Joannes II. or Calo-Joannes, 
 fifty-second Byzantine emperor. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), in a synod at Rouen, king Henry of England "treated with the lords 
 and the archbishop of Canterbury concerning the peace of the realm, whilst Geoffry bishop of Rouen 
 treated of the affairs of the church." 
 
 " In this year (= 512 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Arslan succeeded by his brother Behram, now 
 sultan of Ghazni. He patronized Literature, — and the Persian poet Nizami resided at his court. 
 
 " 1 1 19, Feb. 1st" (Alst., and Nicol.), Gelasius II. succeeded by Guy archbishop of Vienne, now 
 Calixtus II. sixth pope. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst.), founding of a second military monastic Order, the Knights Temp- 
 lars. — Nine years later (Nicol.), a synod was convened at Troyes, on " the rule and habit to be 
 given " to these military monks. 
 
 " 1 120 A. D. = end of the Fourteenth manwantara," and of the Graha Munjari tables. None 
 of the Puranas, "in the form they now stand, are older than" this date; — some "are the compila- 
 tions of still later times" (Bentl. as. res. viii. p. 241). 
 
 " In this year (;= second year siouan-ho of Hoei-tsoung," Remus, mel. iii. 88), arrival in China 
 of Ma-la-ma-thou-fang, ambassador from Cambodia bearing tribute.* 
 
 " 1121 A. D." (Pouchet,and Major), sailing of bishop Eric from Greenland for Vinland, "to con- 
 vert his countrymen." 
 
 " 1122 A. D." (Nicol.), by a synod at Soissons, Abelard "compelled to burn his book concern- 
 ing the Trinity." 
 
 "1123 A. D. = 1st year of the 'thian-hoei' of Tai-tsoung of the Kin;" ruling Northern China, 
 while in the South, the Soung dynasty continued— Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " March 18th to April 5th " (Nicol.), general Councils no longer held in the East, but the Ninth 
 o-eneral ecclesiastical Council assembled at the Lateran in Rome. Marriage among priests was con- 
 demned by pope Calixtus II., an additional fast-day instituted, and dissent from the Catholic church 
 prohibited (Alst.). 
 
 * Ocymmn sanctum of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Hindustan "tulsi" or "tulosi," in Sans- 
 crit "vrinda" or " cut'heraca '' or "cat'hinjara '' or "tulasi" (W. Jones), in the environs of Bombay 
 "kala toolsee" (Graham), in which we recognize the plant into which the nymph Tulasi is said in 
 the Puranas to have been metamorphosed :— the "tulasi" plant according to H. H. Wilson hind, 
 dram. i. p. 21 continues to be worshipped in some Bengal families as their tutelary divinity or house- 
 hold god : O. sanctum is described by Rumphius v. pi. 92 ; was observed in Hindustan by Rheede x. 
 pi. 86, and Roxburgh ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. p. 288, '■ one or two feet high," the whole plant hav- 
 ing "a dusky purplish hue " and " thence perhaps " held " sacred to Crishna ; " by Graham, "com- 
 mon in gardens and about Hindu temples everywhere." Farther East, is enumerated by Mason v. 
 p. 438 and 790 as " exotic " in Burmah and frequent around dwellings of the Karens : was observed 
 by Blanco on the Philippines, used by the natives, and called in Tagalo " balanoi." A species of 
 Ocymum observed by myself on the top of a column near a Hindu temple seemed the same aborigi- 
 nally introduced throughout the Feejeean, Samoan, and Taheitian Islands, met with around the native 
 dwellings, and in one instance at Taheiti planted on a grave. 
 
688 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 1 124 A. D. (= 1784th of Synmu," art de verif.), To-ba succeeded by his eldest son Sintoku, 
 now dairo of Japan.* 
 
 Acacia (A/bizcia) ncmu of Japan. Having native names (Thunb.), and clearly not a Tropical 
 tree : — observed in Japan by Kaempfer v. 840, and Thunberg. Westward, the " djul ibrzim " seen 
 by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, by Bory under cultivation in Greece, or the "A. julibris- 
 sin" of Scopoli delic. pi. 8, seems identical. Transported to North America, this tree continues 
 planted for ornament in our Southern States, and was observed by myself well-grown and in flourish- 
 ing condition as far as Philadelphia. 
 
 "After Dec. 12th " (Nicol.), Calixtus II. succeeded by Lambert bishop of Ostia, now Honorius 
 II. seventh pope. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Marcel), the Bathenians or Hassassins, a fanatical sect, founded by 
 Ismael: who, establishing himself in the mountains near Damascus, within the new Christian king- 
 dom, rendered himself formidable all around through his secret emissaries. — The Bathenians are 
 mentioned by Hedessi, and Benjamin de Tudela (Jost. p. 145, and note to Steinschneid. ii. 14) ; and 
 though said to have been exterminated by the Egyptian sultan Beybars, continued extant in the days 
 of Ebn Batuta ; and a remnant termed " Fedouis," was found in the environs of Laodicea by Van 
 Ghistele (Voyag. Belg.). 
 
 " 1 1 25 A. D." (Lassen, and Buns. iv. 7. 1), the Chronicle of Cashmere composed. Or (according 
 to Kalhana, and H. H. Wilson ind. dram. ii. 260) end of the reign of Harsha king of Cashmere. 
 
 '• 1 126 A. D. = ' king-kang,' 1st year of King-tsoung II., of the Soung " or Twenty-first dynasty 
 — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " In or about this year " (= 1156 — " about 30 years," G. de la Vega, and addit. art de verif.), 
 Lloque Yupanqui succeeded by his son Mayta Capac, now fourth Inca of Peru. Who continued his 
 father's policy, making military conquests,! — and enlarged the bounds of his dominion. 
 
 * Kerria Japonica of Japan. A weak-stemmed shrub whose flowers were dried and used 
 medicinally as early probably as this date : — observed by Kaempfer v. 344, and Thunberg, in South- 
 ern Japan, growing spontaneously and cultivated besides for its ornamental yellow flowers; described 
 also by Houttuyn vii. pi. 45. Transported to Europe and North America, has become frequent in 
 gardens. 
 
 Cydttuia Japonica of Japan. Usually a shrub but sometimes becoming a tree, its fruit edible : — 
 observed in Japan by Kaempfer v. 8S4, by Thunberg, wild on Mount Fakon. Transported to Europe 
 and North America, the scarlet-Jlowered quince has become frequent in gardens. 
 
 Saxifraga sarmentosa of Japan. Herbaceous and ornamental, with long creeping or pendent 
 stolons bearing propagated plants : — observed in Japan by Kaempfer v. S70, by Thunberg, among 
 the mountains of Niphon. Transported to Europe and North America, the plant has become a 
 favourite in parlours and greenhouses. 
 
 Amaryllis (Xcrinc) Sarniensis of Japan. A lily-like plant called in Anam " tuyen thao," in 
 China " hiuien tsao " (Lour.) ; in Japan " seki san " or " sibito banna " (Thunb.), and its root known 
 to the natives as poisonous as early probably as this date : — observed in Japan by Kaempfer, by 
 Thunberg, on the hills around Nagasaki ; by Loureiro, cultivated for ornament by the Chinese as 
 far as Anam. Transported to Europe, the "narcissus Japonicus " according to Cornuti pi. 158 first 
 flowered "in 1634" (see also Beckmann) : bulbs from a stranding vessel afterwards took root on the 
 seashore of Guernsey, where the plant maintained itself for many years (A. Dec). By European 
 colonists, was carried to Austral Africa (Pers). 
 
 I-'unkia Japonica of Japan. White-flowered and lily-like, cultivated there for ornament as early 
 probably as this date : —observed in Japan by Kaempfer v. 863, by Thunberg, both wild and culti- 
 vated. Transported to Europe, the plant has become frequent in greenhouses. 
 
 Hemerocallis fulva of China and Japan. The day-lily is called in Anam "rau hien," in China 
 "kirn cham hoa " (Lour.); in Japan "ken" or " kwanso " (Thunb.), and cultivated there as early 
 probably as this date :— observed in Japan by Kaempfer v. 872, by Thunberg, growing spontane- 
 ously here and there and often cultivated. Westward, was observed by Loureiro under 5 cultivation 
 in China and Anam ; by Mason, "exotic " in Burtnah, but no native name given ; by Roxburgh, and 
 Graham, "in gardens " in Hindustan "introduced," and no native name given ; the plant may 'have 
 reached Europe before the Voyage of Columbus, being termed "lilium obsoleto flore rubens " by 
 Dodoens 204 (Spreng.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 
 tinues frequent in gardens, and escaping according to A. Gray, has been sometimes found springing 
 up spontaneously. 
 
 f Ionidium microphyllum of the Equatorial Ancles. A Violoid plant called at the foot of 
 Chimborazo "cuichunchulli " (Lindl.), and from early times regarded as a specific in tubercular ele- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 689 
 
 " In this year" (Angrim. Jonas, and Relation du Groenl. 201), the Greenland bishop Arnaud, 
 on his way to Norway, shipwrecked on Iceland : and among the articles thrown on shore were 
 "dentes balenarum pretiosi " (Monoceros unicornu) inscribed by some sailor with Runic letters so 
 that he could reclaim them. Arnaud or Arnold (according to Major edit. Zen. p. lxv) set up the 
 episcopal seat at Gardar. 
 
 " 1127 A. D. = 'kien-yen,' 1st year of Kao-tsoung II., of the Soung " or Twenty-first dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). The seat of government was removed by Kao-tsoung II. to Nan-king; — 
 and afterwards, farther South to Hang-tcheou (Pauth. 346). 
 
 " November " (Nicol.), in a synod at Troie, the excommunication of Roger II. Norman king of 
 Sicily for assuming the title " duke of Pouille and Calabria," was confirmed. 
 
 The same year = " 1st year kien-yen " (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 346), a great scarcity of metals 
 having been produced by over-exportation, clandestinely carried on in spite of the severity of the 
 laws, an edict : That many useless things being imported, precious stones for rings etc. might be pur- 
 chased with silver, and if the foreigners were fraudulent the Chinese would be severely punished. 
 Officers of the government were however permitted to receive elephants' 1 teeth, and rhinoceros' horns. 
 
 Books in the Tagalo language written by the natives of the Philippine Islands as early probably 
 as this date.* 
 
 phantiasis — (Bancroft) : observed by Humboldt and Bonpland pi. 495 among rocks at Lactacunga in 
 Quito. 
 
 Arracacha esculenta of the Bogotan Andes. An Umbelliferous plant cultivated from early times 
 for its edible root: — described by Bancroft. 
 
 Cestrum Mutisii of the Bogotan Andes. Called there " uvilla " (Humb. iv. 10), its fruit furnish- 
 ing a dye known from early times, — and to the present day used for ink in the city of Bogota: 
 observed and described by Humboldt and Bonpland. 
 
 Festuca quadridsntata of the Equatorial Andes. A grass called "pigouil" by the natives of 
 Quito (Lindl.), and known from early times as very poisonous and fatal to animals : — observed by 
 Humboldt and Bonpland i. pi. 160 (Pereir. in med. gaz. xvii. pi. 6). 
 
 * Uvaria amuyon of the Philippines. A tree called in Tagalo " amuyon " (Blanco) ; its seeds 
 employed medicinally, and according to the books of the country a counter-poison: — observed by 
 Blanco. 
 
 Impatiens {Hydrocera) triflora of Ceylon. Called in Tagalo and Pampango " camantigui," in 
 Bisaya "Surafiga" or "solanga" (Blanco); and in ancient times according to history, its leaves 
 used by women to paint themselves : — observed by Blanco cultivated by the natives on the Philip- 
 pines ; by Blume, on Java ; by Mason in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous ; by Hermann par. pi. 
 105, and Burmann pi. 116, in the marshes of Ceylon (Pers.). 
 
 Mocancra tliiirifera of the Philippines. A large tree called in Tagalo " lavaan " or "sandana," 
 in Bisaya "lavaan" (Blanco) ; and in ancient times, used in ship-building — (P. Gaspar) : observed 
 by Blanco common in Bisayas, Tagalos, and elsewhere. 
 
 Mocanera verniciflua of the Philippines. A tree called in Tagalo "malapaho" or "balao" or 
 "panao" (Blanco), yielding the fluid resin mentioned in the books under the name of " malapajo " 
 and "balao," — and to the present day sold for varnish : growing according to Blanco in Bisayas 
 and various places of the Tagalos, common. 
 
 M ocaiiera grandiflora of the Philippines. A large tree called in Tagalo "apiton" or "hapiton " 
 (Blanco), yielding a very similar resin, furnishing besides large canoes and planks for house-build- 
 ino- : — observed by Blanco in Bisayas, Marinduque, Mindoro, and other places. 
 
 Nauclea lulej of the Philippines. A large Cinchonoid tree called in Tagalo " bangcal," in Pam- 
 pango "bancal," in Bisaya "bancal" or "gabag hanbabalos," in Ylocano " bulala " (Blanco) ; and 
 before the arrival of the Spaniards, used by the Bisaya for " ataudes " for their dead : — observed by 
 Blanco, the wood yellow. 
 
 Premna odorata of the Philippines. A Verbenaceous tree called "alagao," in Bisaya "adgao" 
 or " pamuhat," in Ylocano " anobran," in Pampango " tanglay maloto " (Blanco), and mentioned in 
 the books ; its dried flowers from early times employed medicinally: — growing on all the islands, 
 according to Blanco. 
 
 Clerodendron foitunatu/n of the Philippines. A Verbenaceous shrub called in Tagalo " caso- 
 paiigil gubat " (Blanco) ; and the superstitious belief giving rise to the name, as early probably as 
 thisdate : at the same time, cutting a flower of the unfortunate species was believed to cause the 
 breaking of some article in the house : — C. fortunatum was observed by Blanco on the Philippines ; 
 is described also by Osbeck trav. pi. 11. 
 
 Clerodendron inforlunatum of Tropical Hindustan and the Malayan archipelago. A shrub 
 called in Sanscrit " bhanti " or " bhantaca," in Bengalee "bhant" (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga " bock- 
 
 87 
 
690 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 112S A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Ravenna. "The patriarchs of Aquila and of Venice, or of 
 Grado," were deposed. 
 
 •' In this year (= 2d year kian-yan of Kao-tsoung," Remus, mel. iii. 88), the prince of Cambodia 
 raised to the dignity of king. 
 
 '■ 1130, Feb. 15th " (Nicol ), Honorius II. succeeded by cardinal Gregory now Innocentius II., 
 eighth pope. Lotharius II. ruling Germany and Italy; and David, Scotland. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif), El-Amr assassinated by emissaries of Ismael ; and the acces- 
 sion of El- Hafez of the Fatimite dynasty, eighth sultan of Egypt. A coin issued by El-Hafez at 
 Alexandria is figured in Marcel p. 127. 
 
 " 1 131, Oct. 19th " (Nicol.), a synod at Rheims. Wherein " seventeen canons were published : " 
 one of them, prohibiting "canons regular and monks" from acting either as "pleaders or physi- 
 cians ; " and another, prohibiting tournaments. 
 
 The '• Dhanvantari " enumerated as the " Seventh " gem in the council of king Vicrama (Nava- 
 ratna, and Bentl. as. res. viii. 243) is perhaps the Sanscrit medical writer Susrutas* (called a "pupil 
 
 ada " (Drur.) ; in Burmah " bu-gyee-phyoo " (Mason); and apparently the species regarded as 
 unlucky: — the " bhantaki " of Susrutas, may be compared: C. infortunatum was observed by 
 Rheede ii. pi. 25 in Malabar; by Law, Nimmo, and Graham, in the Southern Concan and the en\i- 
 rons of Bombay, common ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. 259, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal, the 
 juice of the leaves employed by the natives as a vermifuge, also as a bitter tonic and substitute for 
 chiretta (Drur.) ; was observed by Burmann z. pi. 29 on Ceylon ; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Cynomorium Philippcnse of the Philippines. Parasitic on the roots of trees, entirely red, called 
 in Tagalo and Bisaya " capulao " (Blanco) ; and enumerated by botanical writers as astringent and 
 medicinal: — brought from Cebu to Blanco. 
 
 Fiats laccifira of Cebu and Negros Island. A tree called in Bisaya " lagnob ; " and the <y/?« lac 
 produced on it by an insect, regarded by Blanco as probably known in early times : — the tree seems 
 confined to the two islands of Cebu and Negri is. 
 
 Fiats pseudo-patina of the Philippines. A tree called in Tagalo "niogniogan ;" and from iden- 
 tity in name, supposed to possess equal vermifuge powers with Quisqualis Indica, mentioned in the 
 native books : — observed by Blanco. 
 
 * Maiispirmiim {Tinospord) fontifolia of Tropical Hindustan. A woody twining plant called in 
 Sanscrit "amrita" or "guduchi," in Hindustanee "gurcha," in Bengalee "guluncha" (J. F. Wats.), 
 in Tamil " sheendie codie," in Telinga " tippatingay " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " goul- 
 wail" (Graham); in which we recognize the "amrita'' or "guduchi" prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 
 25 to chik. 15 : — T. cordifolia was observed by Rheede vii. pi. 21 in Malabar; by Graham, "com- 
 mon everywhere in hedges and jungles " in the en\ irons of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and 
 Wight, as far as Bengal and Assam, much used medicinally by the natives, and the guluncha extract 
 a well-known specific in the bites of poisonous insects il>iur.). 
 
 Capparis aphylla of Hindustan. An arborescent thorny shrub, with only a few small linear 
 leaves on the younger shoots (Graham) ; and the "karira" having edible flowers according to Sus- 
 rutas sutr. 46, — is referred here by Hessler : C. aphylla was observed by Klphinstone in the midst 
 of the Desert on the route to Cabul ; by Powell, and Stewart, in the Punj'.uib, employed medicinally 
 by the natives and the buds eaten as a potherb, also the fruit both green and ripe, prepared or pickled 
 (Drur.) ; by Law. and Graham, from Guzerat to Broach, and "common in the barren tracts of the 
 Deccan ;" by Wight, perhaps somewhat farther South. 
 
 Guatteria longifolia of Tropical Hindustan ? A tall and very handsome tree called in Sanscrit 
 "daru" or "devadaru" or "pitadaru," in Bengal " devadar " (W. Jones), in Tamil " deva-daru " or 
 "asokh," in Telinga "asoka" or " asoka-chcttu " or "asokam,"in Hindustanee " asog " (J. F. Wats.), 
 in the environs of Bombay "asoca" or " deodar" (Graham) ; and the "devadaru " tree of Susrutas', 
 — and Kalidasa ragh. ii. 36, may be compared : G. longifolia was observed bv Graham "in gardens 
 Bombay and the Deccan, the natives have an idea that it is the male of Jonesia asoca; " by Sonnerat 
 iv. pi. 131, planted by the road sides at Pondicherry ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. 2S8, and Wi°-ht, as far 
 as Bengal. 
 
 Ava-rlwa carambola of the Malayan archipelago. A small tree called in Sanscrit " kurmu- 
 runga," in Bengalee "kumurunga" (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay " kurmul " (Graham) 
 in Burmah "zoung-ya" (Mason) ; and the "b'havya" of Susrutas sutr. 46, — and H.irbansa 1-6 is 
 referred here by Hessler: A. carambola is planted in gardens according to the Canara inscription 
 (transl. Colebr.) ; is described by Rumphius i. pi. 35 ; was obsen ed by Rheede iii pi 43 in Malabar; 
 by Graham, common "in gardens," its leaves "very sensitive;" by Roxburgh, and WHit cultivated 
 in other parts of Hindustan; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah but "quite naturalized " the "sour 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 691 
 
 of Dhanvantari"). Susrutas — is mentioned in the Puranas (Wils., and Royle antiq. ind. raed. 63), 
 and a commentary on his writings by Ubhatta of Cashmere " may be as old as the twelfth century " 
 (Ainsl. ii. prasf.). 
 
 fruit" making "a good tart, and there is a variety which bears a sweet fruit ; " by Nieuhoff, in the 
 Malayan archipelago, and called " karembolas." Transported to Europe, is described by Parkinson, 
 and Cavanilles vii. pi. 220. 
 
 Hibiscus cannabinits of the Siamese countries ? An annual erect plant called in Bengalee and 
 Hindustanee "nalkee" (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay " ambaree " (Graham), in Telinga 
 "gongkura," at Muttra " wilaitee sunn" foreign sun-hemp (Royle); and the " nalica" of Susrutas 
 sutr. 46, — planted in gardens according to the Canara inscription, is referred here by Hessler : H. 
 cannabinus was observed in Hindustan by Royle fibr. ind., only in the cultivated state; by Graham, 
 " commonly cultivated " around Bombay, its leaves eaten " as greens by the natives," and hemp " made 
 of the fibres of the bark ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula; and by Mason, 
 in Burmah. Transported to Europe, is described by Miller, Linnaeus, and Cavanilles iii. pi. 52 (Pers., 
 and Steud.). 
 
 Hibiscus toriuosus of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit and Bengalee " bala " (Pidd.) ; 
 and the "bala" of Susrutas chik. 15 to kalp. 8, — maybe compared: H. tortuosus is described by 
 Roxburgh, as observed by him in Bengal, and is enumerated by Irvine among the medicinal plants of 
 Patna (J. F. Wats.). 
 
 Pavonia odorata of Southern Hindustan. A shrub called in Sanscrit " bala" (Pidd.), in Tamil 
 "peramootie," in Telinga " mootoo-polagum " (Drur.) ; and the "bala" of Susrutas sar. 10 to chik. 15, 
 ■ — is referred here by Hessler : P. odorata was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, from the Dindigul 
 hills to Coromandel, an infusion of the root used by the natives as a drink in fevers (Drur.). 
 
 Shorea laccifera of Southern Hindustan. A large Dipterocarpous tree called in Canara " jalin '' 
 or "jalari" (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga '-jallari," in Tamil " talura " (Drur.) ; and the " jalini " of Sus- 
 rutas chik. 2 — may be compared: S. laccifera was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome, 
 from Mysore and the Palghaut forests to Wynaad, the timber brought in large quantities to Madras, 
 and very useful for house-building and other purposes : a species of lac is also procured from the 
 tree (Drur.). 
 
 Amoora rohituka of Tropical Hindustan. A small Meliaceous tree called in Sanscrit " rohi- 
 tuka," in Telinga " rohitakah " (J. F. Wats.), in Malabar " chemmarum," in Hindustanee " hurin- 
 hura" or " khana," in Bengalee "tikhta-raj" (Drur.); in which we recognize the " rohitaka " of 
 Susrutas : — A rohituka was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from Travancore to Bengal, 
 an oil extracted from the seeds by the natives and used for many economical purposes. 
 
 Leea sambucina of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A shrub with elder-like foliage called in 
 the environs of Bombay " kurkunnie " (Graham), in Telinga "ancadoo" or "ankadosa" (J. F. Wats.), 
 in Bengal " kakajangha " (W. Jones), in Burmah "ka-let" (Mason); and the " kakajang'ha " pre- 
 scribed* by Susrutas chik. 19 to 37, — maybe compared: L. sambucina was observed by Rheede ii. 
 pi. 26 in Malabar ; by Graham, " in the densest parts of the jungle " in the environs of Bombay and 
 on the Ghauts, also by myself ; by Burmann ind. pi. 24, W. Jones as. res. iv. 260, and Wight, as far 
 as Bengal ; by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 Ailanthus excelsa of Tropical Hindustan. A large pinnate-leaved tree called in Sanscrit " aralu " 
 or "araloo" (Ainsl., and Pidd.), in Tamil " peroomarum," in Telinga "peddamanoo" (Drur.); in 
 which we recognize the " aralu " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 38 to chik. 17:— A. excelsa was 
 observed by Lush, and Gibson, from Broach "thinly scattered over the Deccan " (Graham); by 
 Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 28, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as the Circars, its bark aromatic and used medi- 
 cinally by the natives, its wood light but not durable, much used for sword-handles and sheaths for 
 spears, also for catamarans (Drur.). 
 
 Putranjiva Roxburghii of Tropical Hindustan. A very elegant tree with dark green foliage, 
 called in Sanscrit "pootrunjiva," in Telinga "putrajiva" or " putra-jivi-chettu " (J. F. Wats.) or 
 '• kuduru-juvee," in Malabar " pongolam " (Drur.); in which we recognize the "putranjiva" or 
 " putranjivaka " prescribed by Susrutas chik. 19: — P. Roxburghii was observed by Rheede vii. pi. 
 59 in Malabar ; by Law, Nimmo, and Graham, in the Concans and environs of Bombay ; by Royle, 
 common along the foot of the Himalayas ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, Wallich, and Wight, as far as 
 Coromandel, Oude, and Nepaul, its wood used for house-building and agricultural implements, its 
 leaves for fodder, and its fruit made into necklaces by the Bramins (Drur.). 
 
 Celastrus ir.ontamis of Tropical Hindustan. A thorny shrub called in Telinga "danti" or 
 " danti-chettu '' (J. F. Wats.) ; and the "danti" whose root is prescribed by Susrutas su'r. 36 to 
 chik ■> —may be compared : C. montana was observed by Graham "exceedingly common on hills 
 
692 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Flacourtia Ramontchi of Madagascar. The Madagascar plum is a small tree called in Sanscrit 
 " swadoo-kuntuka," in Bengalee "booinch" (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga "kanregu" (Drur.), in the 
 environs of Bombay "panawla" (Graham) ; in which we recognize the *' svadukantaka " of Susrutas 
 
 in the Deccan," also by myself ; by Roxburgh, Wight, Elliot, and Balfour, farther South in the 
 peninsula. 
 
 Uraria lagopodioides of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Called in Sanscrit "prishnipurnee" 
 (J. F. Wats.) '; in which we recognize the "prisniparni " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 16 to chik. 37 
 and kalp. 8:— the " nagabalas " of Harivansa 112 is referred here by Langlois : U. lagopodioides 
 was observed by N. L. Burmann pi. 53 in Hindustan; by others, as far as Bengal ; and by Mason, in 
 Burmah. 
 
 Desmodium Gangelicnm of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Shrubby, and called in Sanscrit 
 " shala-purnee," in the Taleef Shereef " saloom," in Hindustanee and Bengalee " shalpani " (J. F. 
 Wats.) ; in which we recognize the "salaparni " of Susrutas sutr. 38 to chik. 8 and kalp. 8 : — D. 
 Gangeticum is described by Rumphius vi. pi. 66 (Pers.) ; was observed by Graham in the environs 
 of Bombay, " common in the rains ; " by Wight, in other parts of the peninsula ; by Burmann z. pi. 
 49, on Ceylon ; is enumerated by Irvine among the medicinal plants of Patna ; and was observed by 
 Mason in Burmah. 
 
 Glycine labialis of Tropical Eastern Asia. Twining and bean-like, called in Sanscrit "masha- 
 purnee," in Bengalee and Hindustanee "mashanee" (Pidd.) ; in which we recognize the "masha- 
 parni " prescribed by Susrutas chik. 19 to 25 : — G labialis is known to occur in Bengal (hort. beng. 
 55, and Voight 214) ; was observed by Mason indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Mimosa rubiicaulis of Tropical Hindustan. A large straggling thorny shrub with prickly 
 legumes (Graham); and the " kavara " or " suvaha " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 36 to sar. 10, — 
 is referred here by Hessler : M. rubricaulis was observed by Graham "common" around Bom- 
 bay; by myself, on the Deccan; by Roxburgh cor. pi. 200, and Wight, in other parts of the 
 peninsula. 
 
 Indigofera enmaplnlla of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Perennial and procumbent, called 
 in Telinga " cherra-gaddaun," in Tamil " cheppoo-neringie " (Drur.) ; and possibly the second of its 
 tribe prescribed by Susrutas chik. 8 : — I. enneaphylla was observed in Hindustan by Burmann ind. 
 pi. 55 (Pers ) ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, on the Dindigul hills, the juice and an infusion of 
 the whole plant employed medicinally (_Drur. ) ; by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 Indigofera aspalathoides of Tropical Hindustan. Erect and shrubby, called in Malabar "man- 
 neli" (Rheede), in Tamil " shevenar-vaymboo " (Drur.); and possibly the second species in ques- 
 tion : — I. aspalathoides was observed, by Rheede ix. pi. 37 in Malabar; by Graham, in the environs 
 of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, Wight, and Drury, common on waste lands in other parts of the 
 peninsula, the leaves, flowers, root, and young shoots employed medicinally. 
 
 Lagerslroejiiia regince of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A large tree, when in flower one of 
 the most showy of the Indian forests, in Bengalee called "jarool,"in Tamil " kadali " (Drur.), in 
 Sanscrit "cacubha" or " nadisarja " or '• indradru " or ''arjuna" or "virataru" (W. Jones); and the 
 "virataru" of Susrutas, — may be compared : L. regiux- was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 20 in Mala- 
 bar; by Graham, "in gardens" around Bombay, but "wild in the vale of the Nagotnah river near 
 its source;" by W. Jones as. res. iv. 301, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Travancore and Bengal, 
 its timber tough and under water very durable, much used for boats (Drur.) ; by Mason v. 538, and 
 Brandis, in Burmah from Mergui to Toungoo, exceedingly "abundant on the low lands," valued "in 
 ship-building" and used besides for a vast variety of purposes ; is known to grow as far as Java 
 (Pers.). 
 
 Alangium hcxapclalum of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit "nieo-chaka" or " niko- 
 chuka " or " unkol.i-nieochaka " or " unkotha " (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga " wooduga," in Malabar 
 " kara-angolam " (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the " ankot'ha " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 36 to 
 chik. 17 and kalp. 1 : — A. hexapetalum is known to grow from Malabar to Bengal, its wood con- 
 sidered valuable (Wight, and Drur.), and according to Royle, its root is aromatic and " said by the 
 Malays to have a purgative hydragogue property." 
 
 Alangium decapetalum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. An allied species, a small tree 
 called in Sanscrit "ankola" or "ankolamu," in Telinga " ankolamu," in Mahratta "ankulo" (J. F. 
 Wats.), in Bengalee "bagh-ankra," in Tamil " alingie-marum," in Hindustanee " akola " or " akar- 
 kanta" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " ankool " (Graham) ; and the "ankot'ha" of Susrutas,— 
 is referred here by Hessler • A. decapetalum was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 17 on the stony moun- 
 tains of Malabar ; by Gibson, Law, and Graham, from Guzerat to the Elephanta caves, its fruit 
 " somewhat astringent " but " eaten by the natives ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 693 
 
 sutr. 36 to chik. 19 : — F. Ramontchi was observed by Graham " in gardens Bombay," its fruit eaten 
 but " by no means good ; " by Roxburgh cor. pi. 69, Wight, and Long, as far as Bengal, its thorns 
 used by the native inoculators to break the pustules of the small pox. Westward, by European 
 
 and Assam, its timber very beautiful and strong, its root employed medicinally and a reputed antidote 
 in snake-bites (Drur.) ; was observed by Mason in Burmah. 
 
 Atomordica myxa of Tropical Hindustan. The "ahinsra" or "kakarta" of Susrutas sutr. 36, — 
 is referred here by Hessler. 
 
 Ophiorhiza i/iungos of Tropical Asia, from Hindustan to Java. A Rubiaceous perennial called 
 in Sanscrit " sarpakshi " (Ell.); in which we recognize the "sarpakshim" of Susrutas kalp. 7: — 
 O. mungos was observed by Roxburgh,' Ainslie, Wallich, Wight, and Elliot, from Travancore to Din- 
 digul and the valleys of Nepal; is used against snake-bites on Ceylon (Drur.); was observed by 
 Kaempfer 573 to 577 as far as Sumatra and Java, called "earth gall" by the Malays, intensely bitter, 
 in taste resembling "gentian, but is more penetrating and less unpleasant" (Lindl). 
 
 Paederia foetida of Tropical Eastern Asia. A climbing shrub called in Sanscrit "prubhudra" 
 or " prusarinee " or " prutanika " or " prutaninee " or " pruvula " (Roxb.), in Hindustanee " gundalee " 
 or "gundha-bhudra," in Bengalee "gundha-badliulee " (J. F. Wats.), in Tagalo "cantotai," in Pam- 
 pango " cantotai " or " dicuta maboloc " or " matabang dicut," in Bisaya " lilitan " (Blanco) ; in which 
 we recognize the "prasarani" of Susrutas chik. 15: — P. foetida is planted in gardens according to 
 the Canara inscription (transl. Colebr.) ; is described by Rumphius v. pi. 160 ; was observed by Nimmo 
 in the Southern Concan (Graham) ; by Burmann ind. 71, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal, the 
 bruised plant having a fetid smell, and the root employed by the natives as an emetic ; by Mason, 
 indigenous in Burmah ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, universally known to the natives from its vile 
 odour and name. Probably carried to Japan, where it is called "pansa" or "panja and kusa" or 
 "fakubokon," or usually "fekuso kadsura" or " fekuri kadsura " or "feifuri kadsura," and was ob- 
 served by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, at Nagasaki. By European colonists, was carried to the 
 Hawaiian Islands, observed in gardens there by myself; to Northeast America, where it continues 
 in gardens. 
 
 Canthium parviflorum of Southern Hindustan. A thorny Coffeaceous shrub called in Sanscrit 
 "naga-bulla," in Tamil " caray-cheddie," in Canara "kirni" (J. F. Wats.), in the Southern Mahratta 
 country " keernee " (Marshal), in Malabar '' kanden-khara," in Telinga "ballusoo-kura " (Drur.) ; in 
 which we recognize the " nagabala " of Susrutas sutr. 16 to chik. 37 and kalp. 8 : — C. parviflorum was 
 observed by Rheede v. pi. 36 in Malabar; by Graham, " in hedges about Rosa near Ellora caves," 
 and found by Marshal common in the Southern Mahratta country ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, 
 as far as Travancore and Coromandel, employed medicinally by the natives (Drur.). 
 
 Oldenlandia biflora of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Rubiaceous annual called in Sanscrit 
 "kshetra-purputea" (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the " kshetraparpati " prescribed by Sus- 
 rutas sutr. 46 to chik. 37: — H. biflora was observed by Rheede x. pi. 35 in Malabar; by Graham, 
 " common " around Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Burmann z. 
 pi. 11, on Ceylon ; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Hedyotis scnndcns of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Silhet "gujee," in Bengalee " guji " (J. F. 
 Wats.) ; and the "goji " of Susrutas sutr. 8 to chik. 18 — may be compared: H. scandens was observed 
 by Roxburgh, hort. beng. 10, and Piddington 139, in Eastern Hindustan. 
 
 Loranthns longiflorus of Tropical Hindustan. A parasitic mistletoe-like plant called in Sanscrit 
 "vunda" or " vrikshurooka'' or " vrikshubhuksha" or " vrikshadunee " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we 
 recognize the "vrikshadani " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 38 to kalp. 8 : — L. longiflorus was observed 
 by Rheede x. pi. 4 in Malabar; by Graham, "common on mango trees" throughout the Concans, 
 "a pretty plant with honeysuckle-looking flowers ; " by Roxburgh cor. pi. 139, and Wight, in other 
 parts of Hindustan. 
 
 Acrides mulliflonim of Tropical Hindustan. Orchideous and with other epiphytes called in 
 Sanscrit "vanda" or "jivantica" or " vricsharura" or " vricshadani," in Bengal " banda " or "per- 
 sara" or "perasara" (W. Jones); and possibly the "vrikshadani " in question : — A. multiflorum was 
 observed by Graham " in the South Concan ; " by W. Jones as. res. iv. 302, and Roxburgh, as far as 
 Bengal, chiefly on " the highest Aegle and mango trees," its flowers •' exquisitely beautiful." 
 
 Diospyros (E/nbryopteris) glutinosa of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A shrub or small tree 
 called in Sanscrit "timbiri" or "tinduka" or "gab," in Cingalese " timberri " (J. F.Wats.), in Telinga 
 "tumika," in Tamil "panichekai toombika," in Bengalee "gab," in Hindustanee " gaub " (Drur.), in 
 the environs of Bombay "timbooree" (Graham) : the " paravata " of Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 21 — 
 is referred here by Hessler ; and the " tindouca " is mentioned in Harivansa 96 : D. glutinosa was ob- 
 served by Rheede iii. pi. 41 in Malabar, the pulp around the seeds "much employed by carpenters as 
 
694 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it is called " prunier de Madagascar," and is 
 planted near dwellings. 
 
 Mollugo cerviana o£ Tropical Africa and Hindustan. A small annual called in Sanscrit "par- 
 
 an excellent glue," and being also obnoxious to insects, used by Jews and Portuguese in book-binding 
 (Graham, and Drur.) ; by Graham, "pretty common on the hilly parts of Salsette " near Bombay; by 
 Roxburgh. Ainslie, and Wight, as far as Travancore and Bengal, the fruit eaten by the natives, used 
 also medicinally, the juice for paying the bottom of boats, and the infusion for steeping fishing-nets 
 (Drur.) : was observed by Parish near Maulmain in Burmah (Mason v. 542). 
 
 Wright ia tinctoria of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. A small Apocynous tree 
 called in Sanscrit " hayamaraka " (Ainsl.), in Tamil " chite-aricaloo " (Drur.), in the environs of Bom- 
 bay " bhoorcooree " or " kala-kooda " (Graham) ; in which we recognize the " hayamaraka " of Susru- 
 tas sutr. 36 to chik. 18 : — W. tinctoria was observed by Buchanan in the jungles South of Bangalore, 
 the leaves according to Graham '■ deciduous in the cold weather ; " by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, 
 as far as Coromandel, the fresh leaves chewed said to remove toothache, the close-grained wood re- 
 sembling ivory and much used for ornamental and useful purposes (Drur.) ; was observed by Burmann 
 z. pi. 77 on Ceylon ; by Loureiro i. 116, in Anam. 
 
 Monetia barkrioides of Tropical Hindustan ? A thorny furze-like Apocynous shrub called in San- 
 scrit "kundali" (Pidd ) ; and the "kundali" prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 16, — may be compared: 
 M. barlerioides was observed by Law " in abundance about Dharwar Fort " (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, 
 and Ainslie, in other parts of Hindustan. Possibly by European colonists was carried to Austral 
 Africa (see Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by Seba i. pi. 13, and L'Heritier. (See 
 Clerodendron inerme). 
 
 Opliiox.'lon scrpL-ntinum of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. An ornamental 
 Apocynous shrub called in Sanscrit "karuvee" or " vasoopooshpa " or "chundruka " or '' chundru- 
 shoora" or "bhudra" or " nundunee '' (J. F. Wats.), in Tamil " chivan-amelpodi," in Telinga "patal- 
 ganni," in Bengalee "chandra," in Hindustanee •' chotachand " (Drur.); in which we recognize the 
 " karavi " or " vishapushpa " prescribed by Susrutas kalp. 8: — O. serpentinum was observed by 
 Rheede vi. pi. 47 in Malabar ; by Lush in " Goa jungles," by Nimmo in " the Concans," and by Graham 
 "in gardens Bombay ;" by W. Jones as. res. iv. 30S, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal, the root 
 used against the bites of poisonous animals and for other medicinal purposes (Drur.) ; by Burmann z. 
 pi. 64. on CeUon ; by Mason, in Burmah ; and by Blume bydr. 1034. as far as the Malayan archipelago. 
 
 Gymnana sylvestre of Tropical Hindustan. A large twining Apocynous plant (Graham) : the 
 " vishanika " or " mesharingi " prescribed by Susrutas chik. 2 to kalp. 1, — is referred here by Hessler : 
 G. sylvestre was observed by Law on hills in the Southern Mahratta country (Graham) ; by Retz, 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula. 
 
 Agathotes chirayta of the Eastern Himalayas. The chiretta is a Gentianaceous annual, imported 
 in the dried state and called in Sanscrit '■ chirataka " or •• chirata-tikta " or " kirata-ticta " or •• kai- 
 rata," in Bengalee and Hindustanee " chirata " (J. F.Wats.); in which we recognize the " kirata- 
 tikta" or "kairata" prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 46: — A. chirayta is known to grow in Nepal, is 
 described by Roxburgh, W allien, and Royle, is imported Southward and much used medicinally, being 
 "an excellent tonic bitter" (Lindl.) ; is imported also into Burmah, and was found by Mason v. 494 
 "a common Burman medicine." 
 
 Bipionia (Calosantln-s) ludica of Tropical Hindustan. A tall tree with very large supra- 
 decompound leaves, called in Sanscrit "shyamaka" (Pidd.), in the environs of Bombay " taetoo " 
 (Graham): the " tuntuka " or " katvanga " or " kutannata '' or " g'hantapatali " or "mushkaka" 
 or "suka" or " syonaka " of Susrutas sutr. 33 to chik. 17, — is referred here by Hessler: C. 
 Indica was observed by Rheede i. pi. 43 in Malabir; by Auld in "jungles in Kandeish," and 
 by Graham on "hills throughout the Concans;" by Buchanan, and Roxburgh, in other parts of 
 Hindustan ; by Mason v. 41 1, around native dwellings in Burmah, planted for ornament ; by Loureiro 
 ii. 460, in Anam. 
 
 Tiariiiinm Indiana of Tropical Hindustan. A hairy annual called in Sanscrit " bhooroondee " 
 or "srihastini " (J. F.Wats.), in Tamil " tayl-kodukhoo," in Telinga " tayl-munnie," in Bengalee 
 " hatee-shooro" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " hatti soora " or " bhooroondie " (Graham); in 
 which we recognize the "b'hurundi " or "srihastini " prescribed by Susrutas chik. 17 : — T. Indicum 
 was observed by Rheede x. pi. 48 in Malabar ; by Graham, "common" in waste places " during the 
 rains ; " by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Chittagong, employed medicinally 
 by the natives. By European colonists, was carried to Tropical America, where also it is employed 
 for medicinal purposes (Pluk. aim. pi. 64, Browne jam., Pers., and Martins). 
 
 Solatium Jacquini of Tropical Hindustan. A prickly trailing species called in Sanscrit "kuntu- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 695 
 
 pata" or " parpataka " (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga " parpatakum," in Tamil " parpadagum," in Benga- 
 lee "ghimashak" (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the " parpata " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 46 to 
 chik 37: — M. cerviana was observed by Elliot among the Northern Circars ; by Ainslie, Pidding- 
 
 karee " or " kunthukarika " or " kunthalika " or " kunthakinee " or " kshoodra " or " vrihutee " or 
 " vyaghree," in Bengalee " kanta-karee '' (J. F. Wats.), in Tamil " cundunghatrie," in Telinga " van- 
 kuda" or " nella mollunga," in Hindustanee " kootaya " (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the "kanta- 
 kari " or " kantakarika " or " kshudra " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 44 to chik. 37 : — S. Jacquini 
 was observed by Nimmo, and Graham, "common" around Bombay and on the Deccan, "a native 
 officinal article of some importance ; " by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as Travancore and 
 Bengal, its fruit considered expectorant by the natives, also eaten by them in curries, and cultivated 
 for this purpose in the Circars (Drur.). 
 
 Solatium Indicum of Tropical Eastern Asia. A prickly-leaved branching shrub called in Sans- 
 crit "kakamachi " or " vributee " (J. F. Wats.), in Tamil " moollie," in Telinga "tella mulaka," in 
 Bengalee "byakoor" (Drur.); in which we recognize the "kakamachi " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 
 46 to chik. 1 : — S. Indicum was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 36 in Malabar ; by Graham, " common in 
 the Deccan," and around Bombay; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, "all over India," the root 
 employed medicinally; by Burmann z. pi. 102, on Ceylon; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as 
 indigenous ; by Loureiro i. 131, in Anam. 
 
 Ocymum villosum of Tropical Hindustan. A species of basil called in Telinga " arjakam," 
 in Bengalee and Hindustanee " toolusee " or " toolsi " (J. F. Wats.), and possibly the " ar- 
 jaka" in question : — O. villosum was observed by Powell in the Punjaub, by the author of hort. 
 beng., Piddington, and Long, in Bengal, the seeds and juice of the leaves employed medicinally 
 (Drur.). 
 
 Stemodia viscosa of Tropical Hindustan. A small hairy glutinous annual called at Patna 
 " nukachoonie " (Irv.) ; and the "nikochana" prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 17 and 
 
 kalp. 1. maybe compared: S. viscosa was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay; by 
 
 Roxburgh, cor. ii. pi. 163 as far as Coromandel (Pers.) ; and is enumerated by Irvine 279 among the 
 medicinal plants of Patna (J. F. Wats.). 
 
 ClerodendroH inerme of Tropical shores from Hindustan to the Samoan Islands. A flowering 
 shrub called in Sanscrit " kundali " (Pidd.) ; in Tagalo " casopangil " or " laroan anito " or " macala- 
 lauang " or " igifiga," in Bisaya " asuangai " or " pacapis " or " colocolog " or " alocasoc " (Blanco) ; 
 and the "kundali'"" prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 16, — may be compared : C. inerme was observed 
 by Rheede v. pi. 49 in Malabar ; by Graham, " common " on " the verge of high water mark " in the 
 vicinity of Bombay, and found by Law used for hedges at Madras ; by Roxburgh, and Ainslie, in 
 Eastern Hindustan, occasionally employed in medicine (Lindl.) ; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah •, 
 by Blanco, on the Philippines, employed medicinally by the natives; is termed "jasminum littoreum " 
 by Rumphius v. pi. 46 ; and was observed by myself, submaritime on the Feejeean, Tongan, and 
 Samoan Islands. (See Monetia barlerioides.) 
 
 Clerod-ndron siphonanthus of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Suffruticose and tall, called in 
 Sanscrit "brahmunje" or " brahmunayustica " (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay " barungee " 
 (Graham) : the "b'hargi" or "bahmi" or "p'hanjika" or " vajra " of Susrutas sutr. 16 to chik. 37,— 
 is referred here by Hessler: C. siphonanthus was observed by Gibson, and Graham, " common in 
 Bombay o-ardens, said to grow wild on the hills east of Ahmednuggur ; " by Burmann ind. pi. 43, and 
 Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous ; and is 
 known to grow as far as Java (Pers.). _ ,,,..,,„ 
 
 Clerodeudron phlomoides of Tropical Hindustan. A large shrub called in Telinga tilaka 
 (Ell) in the environs of Bombay " irun " (Graham); in which we recognize the "tilaka "tree of 
 Susrutas kalp 7 — Jay adevas ii. 6, its flower according to Kalidasa kum. iii. 30 to ragh. ix. 40 the 
 beautv of sprino- mentioned also in the Canara Inscription ; C. phlomoides was observed by Graham 
 very common "°in hedges and about villages in the Deccan," its "white fragrant flowers in terminal 
 panicles " appearing " in the cold weather ; " by Burmann ind. pi. 45, Ainslie, and Roxburgh, in other 
 
 parts of Hindustan. . 
 
 4steracantha longifolia of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Ruellioid annual called in 
 Sanscrit " vanasrnigata " or "gocshuraca" or "gocantaca" (W. Jones) or " gokantuka " or " ikshu- 
 gandha," in Hindustanee " gokshura " (J. F. Wats.), in Tamil " neer-moollie," in Telinga " neer- 
 goobbie" in Bengalee " kanta-koolika" (Drur.); in which we recognize the " ikshugand ha or 
 "crokslmra" prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 30 : -A. longifolia was observed by Rheede ,,. 
 ofac in Malabar ; by Gibson and Graham, in the environs of Bombay, " a very common herbaceous 
 plant" its seeds prescribed medicinally under the name of " tal-mugami ; " by W. Jones as. res. iv. 
 
696 chronological arrangement 
 
 ton, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, and in medicinal use (Drur.). Westward, is known to 
 occur in Guinea, but clearly through human intervention was carried to Spain (Pers.) and Rostock 
 in Russia (Gmel. sib. iii. pi. 20). 
 
 291, Buchanan, Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as Bengal, in damp situations and by the side of 
 rice-fields, its roots and leaves employed medicinally ; by Mason, indigenous 111 Burmah. 
 
 BarUria coerulea of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The " artagala " or " karbudara " of 
 Susrutas sutr. 6, — is referred here by Hessler ■ B. coerulea was observed by Roxburgh in Eastern 
 Hindustan; and by Mason, in Burmah : the " wahitee " of the environs of Bombay, "an unarmed 
 shrub " with large beautiful blue flowers, is regarded by Graham as perhaps identical. 
 
 Justicia (Gendarussa) vulgaris of Tropical Eastern Asia. A shrub called in Bengalee " jugut- 
 mudum," in Telinga " nulla vavali," in Tamil from the dark-purple bark of its young parts " caroo- 
 nochie" (Drur.), in Burmah "ba-wa-net" (Mason), in Tagalo "limang-sugat " or " silisilihan," in 
 Bisaya "mopio" or "panaptun" or " alyopyop " (Blanco); and the " rushaka " or "vasaka" or 
 "vrisha" prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 44 to chik. 37. — is referred here by Hessler: J. vulgaris was 
 observed by Rheede ix. pi. 42 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, and Graham, in the Northern Concan as far 
 as Bombay, strong scented, the leaves preserving clothing from insects, used also by the natives in 
 intermittent fevers ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as Travancore, the leaves employed for 
 various medicinal purposes (Drur.) ; by Mason v. 434, "indigenous" in Burmah, but " of ten planted for 
 borders in gardens ; " in Java is considered a good emetic (Drur.); is known to occur also on 
 Amboyna (Rumph. iv. pi. 28, and Lindl ) ; was observed by Blanco frequent on the Philippines, 
 employed in wounds and diseases of the throat, and on Zebu called " mandalusa " from being eaten 
 by the " usa," a species of deer. 
 
 Plumbago rosea of the Malayan archipelago. Perennial and shrubby, called in Sanscrit " lal- 
 chitra," in Hindustanee "lal-chita'' (J. F. Wats.), in Bengalee " rukto chita," in Telinga " yerra- 
 cithra moolum," in Tamil " shencodie vaylie " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "lal-chitra" 
 (Graham), in Burmah " ken-khyoke nee " (Mason) : and according to Hessler, one of the two kinds 
 of Plumbago mentioned bv Susrutas chik. 17 : — P. rosea was observed by Rheede xii. pi. 9 in Mala- 
 bar ; by Graham, "in gardens common, and in flower throughout the year;" by Roxburgh, Ainslie, 
 and Drurv, common in gardens, the root acrid and stimulating, sometimes employed in Bengal as an 
 acro-narcotic poison ; by Mason v. 432 to 789, " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated for the vesicatory 
 power of its root; by Horsfield, on Java, employed by the natives for blistering, also in ulcers, cuta- 
 neous diseases, and rheumatism, is termed "radix vesicatoria" by Rumphius v. pi. 168 as observed 
 on Amboyna 1 Lindl ). 
 
 Arhtolocltia Indica of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A twining shrubby 
 plant called in Bengalee " eeshwur-mool " (Lindl.), in Hindustanee " isharmul," in Telinga " ishvara- 
 veru " or " dula-govela," in Malabar " ishvaramuri," in Tamil " ich-churamuli " or " peru-marindu " 
 or " perum-kizhangu " (Drur.), in Tagalo " malaubi " or from its balance-shaped old capsules " tim- 
 bagan " (Blanco) ; in which we recognize the " isvara " prescribed by Susrutas chik. 8 to kalp. 8 : — 
 A. Indica was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 25 in Malabar; bv Graham, on "hills throughout the 
 Concan, not very common ; " by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as Travancore and Bengal, its 
 root nauseously bitter, employed medicinally and as an antidote in snake-bites (Drur.) ; by Loureiro 
 ii. 528, in Anam ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, employed medicinally ; and is termed "radix pulo- 
 norica" by Rumphius v. pi. 177. 
 
 Basclla alba of Tropical Eastern Asia. A twining herbaceous plant called in Sanscrit " poo- 
 tika" or '• oopodaki " (J. F. Wats.), in Hindustanee " pol," in Bengalee " rukhto-pooi," in Telinga 
 "alla-batsalla " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " doodee " or " wahlea " or " myal-ke-baj'ee " 
 (Graham), in Burmah "gyen-haing" (Mason), in Tagalo "libato," in Ylocano " vlaibaquir " (Blanco); 
 in which we recognize the " potika " or " upodika " enumerated among potherbs by Susrutas sutr. 
 46, — mentioned also by Harivansa 137 ■ B. alba was observed by Rheede vii. pi. 24 in Malabar ; by 
 Graham, "generally cultivated as spinage by the natives ; " by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far 
 as Bengal, "cultivated in almost every part of the country," and according to Faulkner sometimes 
 employed medicinally ; by Mason v. 472 to 780, " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated by the Burmese for 
 spinage; by Loureiro, in Anam; is known to occur in China (Pluk. aim. pi. 63, and Pers.) ; was 
 observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan, used for dyeing ; by Blanco, seemingly wild on the 
 Philippines and eaten by the natives; by Rumphius v. 417 and pi. 154, on Amboyna (Pers.). " B. 
 rubra, B. lucida," and '• B. cordifolia," are regarded as not distinct. 
 
 7 i-t ran lli era Koxbur^hii of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. A Lauraceous tree 
 called in Telinga " meda " (Ell.), in the environs of Bombay "chickna" or " warus " (Graham) : and 
 the " meda " of Susrutas chik. 1 7 to 37 — may be compared : T. Roxburghii was observed by Graham 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 697 
 
 Sida cordifolia of Tropical climates from the Atlantic to Burmah. Suffruticose, having a San- 
 scrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.), and called in Bengalee "baryala," in Hindustanee "bariala" (Pidd.) : 
 the "atibala" or "vatya" of Susrutas chik. 15 to kalp. 8, — is referred here by Hessler : S. cordifolia 
 
 in " Pareil garden " near Bombay, and " wild " on Parell hill ; by Retz obs. vi. 27, Roxburgh cor. ii. 
 pi. 147, Wallich, and Elliot 114, as far as the Circars, Sylhet, Goalpara. Monghir, Chittagong, and Java 
 (Lindl.) ; by Loureiro ii. 783, in Anam, the leaves and branches full of glutinous matter, the fruit 
 yielding a greasy exudation manufactured into candles of bad quality, and serving as the basis of 
 salves (Pers., and Lindl.). 
 
 Epicarpurus asper of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. A small Urticoid tree called 
 in Sanscrit " sakotuka " (Pidd.) or " sacotaca," in Bengal " syaura " or " syura " (W. Jones) or 
 "sheora,"in Hindustanee "seeura,"in Telinga "pukkie," in Tamil " peerahi " (Drur.) : the " sak'- 
 hota " yielding oil according to Susrutas chik. 18, — is referred here by Hessler: E. asper was 
 observed by Rheede i. pi. 48 in Malabar; by Graham, "generally throughout the Concans ; " by 
 Retz obs. v. 30, W. Jones, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, " common all over India," employed medici- 
 nally, a fibre procured from the stem, and the rough leaves used by the natives for polishing ivory ; 
 is termed "streblus aspera " by Loureiro, as observed by him in Anam. 
 
 Artocarpus lakoocha of Eastern Hindustan. A species of bread-fruit called in Sanscrit 
 "lacoocha," in Telinga "lakuchamu " or 'Taku-chamma " (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay 
 "lowi," in Burmah "myouk-loke" (Mason) ; in which we recognize the "lakucha" of Susrutas sutr. 
 16 to 46, — and Harivansa 126 : A. lakoocha was observed by Nimmo, and Graham, under cultiva- 
 tion only in the environs of Bombay, the leaves " deciduous in the cold weather," and the yellow edible 
 fruit of the " size of a large orange ; " by W. Jones, and Roxburgh, wild in Bengal, the male spadix 
 eaten by the natives in their curries, and the roots used for dyeing yellow (Drur.) ; by Mason, 
 "exotic" in Burmah, occasionally "raised near native" dwellings, and regarded by European resi- 
 dents as "a kind of fig." 
 
 Ficus (Covellid) oppositifolia of Tropical Eastern Asia. A small tree called in the environs of 
 Bombay "kurwut" (Graham), in Tagalo " as-is " or "is-is" or " issio " or " isioisio " (Blanco) : the 
 " p'halgu " or " malapu " or " vayasi " of Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 8 — is referred here by Hessler : 
 F. oppositifolia was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and 
 Drury, on the banks of rivulets as far as Bengal, the fruit having several equidistant ridges, and with 
 the seeds and bark employed medicinally ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, " F. hispida " being regarded 
 as not distinct (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Colocasia Indica of the Siamese countries. The " st'hulakanda " whose root is enumerated as 
 esculent by Susrutas sutr. 46, — is referred here by Hessler : C. Indica according to Drury "is culti- 
 vated in Bengal for its esculent stems and small pendulous tubers," one variety having "dark-coloured 
 petioles, but they seldom produce ripe seeds ; " is described by Loureiro, as observed in Anam 
 (Steud.) ; and the "seet-tung" of Burmah is regarded by Mason as perhaps identical. 
 
 Arum (Amorphophaltus) campanulatus of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit "kanda" or 
 "kunda" (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga "muncha kunda," in Malabar and Tamil " karuna," in Hindus- 
 tanee "ol" (Drur.), in Burmah "wa'' (Mason) ; in which we recognize the "kanda" having an escu- 
 lent root according to Susrutas sutr. 46, — and the " karuna " compared with laughing by Jayadevas 
 i. 31 : A. campanulatus was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 18 in Malabar; by Gibson, and Graham, 
 cultivated " to a considerable extent about Surat," also in the environs of Bombay, and " its large 
 tuberous roots " eaten by the natives ; by Powell, in the Punjaub ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, 
 as far as Bengal, the flowers small, sessile on the ground, exhaling a carrion-like odour, and appear- 
 ing when there are no leaves, roots very nutritious, and in the crude state employed medicinally ; by 
 Mason, " exotic " in Burmah, very generally cultivated by both Karens and Burmese for its '• much 
 esteemed " root which is "like a yam." The same figures of Rheede and Rumphius are quoted by 
 Graham 1624 for " a very common plant " throughout the Concans, " stemless " with leaves appear- 
 ing "in July," supra-decompound and on long petioles, the scape "at the commencement of the 
 rains, and has a most unpleasant smell." 
 
 Pothos {Scindapsus) officinalis of Eastern Hindustan and Burmah. A rooting epiphytic peren- 
 nial called in Sanscrit " vushira " or " shreyusee " or " kupi-vullee " or " kolu-vullee " or " kuri-pip- 
 pulee " or " guja-pippulee '' (Lindl), in Bengalee " guj-pippul," in Tamil " attie-tippilie," in Malabar 
 "auna tippilie " (Drur.); in which we recognize the "sreyasi" or "kapivalli " or " kolavalli " or "kari- 
 pippali " or "gajapippali " of Susrutas chik. 2 to 15 : — S. officinalis was observed by Roxburgh, and 
 Wicdit from Calicut to Bengal, and at Midnapore cultivated for its fruit, which is cut into transverse 
 pieces, dried, and used medicinally (Drur.); by Mason v. 505, wild in the forests of Burmah. 
 
 Maranta dichotoma of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A Scitamineous 
 
6g8 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 was observed by Rheede x. pi. 54 in Malabar ; by Graham, in "the Concans ; " by Fleming as. res. 
 xi. 178, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, its velvety leaves mixed with rice " to alleviate the 
 bloody flux" (Lindl.) ; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. Westward, is known to grow in Austral 
 Africa (Pers.) and in dry and sandy situations as far as Senegal (tent. fl. Seneg., and Benth. fl. nigr.); 
 was on the West Indian seashore before the visit of Sloane i. 218; was observed by Macl'adjen in 
 dry situations on the lower portion of Jamaica (A. Dec). 
 
 Euphorbia tirucalli of Tropical Hindustan. The Indian tree-spurge, a small tree with swollen 
 green branchlets in place of leaves, is called in Bengalee " lunka-sij " or " lunka-shij," in Tamil " tiru- 
 calli " (J. F. Wats.), in Tagalo " catuit " (Blanco) : the " amara " of Susrutas chik. 25 to 37, — is referred 
 here by Hessler : E. tirucalli was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 44 in Malabar ; by Graham, used for 
 hedges in Guzerat and " common about villages in the Deccan and Concan," also by myself ; by 
 Buchanan, Roxburgh, and Ainslie, as far as Bengal, employed medicinally, and on the Coromandel 
 coast for hedges (Drur.); by Blanco, on the Philippines, supposed to unite broken bones, but flowers 
 not met with, by myself in wild situations there ; is termed "ossifraga lactea " by Rumphius vii. pi. 
 29. Westward, was observed by Delile in a garden at Cairo. 
 
 plant called in Sanscrit " vula " or " vula-hwa " or " ghata " or " godunika " or " kulyaninee " (J. F. 
 Wats.), in Bengalee " mookto-patee " or " madarpatee " or " pattee patee " (Drur.), in Burmah "then" 
 (Mason), in Tagalo " ta<_;bactagbac " (Blanco) ; in which we recognize the " g'hata " or " godanika " 
 or " kalyanini " of Susrutas chik. 16 to kalp. u : — M. dichotoma was observed by Colebrpoke as. res., 
 and Roxburgh, from Coromandel to Bengal, the mats called " sital-pati " made of the split stems; by 
 Mason v. 521, indigenous in Burmah, and mats made of the split stems by the natives ; by Loureiro 
 i. 1 1, in An.im ; by Blanco, on the Philippines ; by Forster prodr. 3, as far as Mallicollo in the New- 
 Hebrides (Pers., and Steud.). By Nimmo, was brought from Bengal to the environs of Bombay 
 (Graham). 
 
 Asparagus racemosus of Tropical Hindustan. A straggling scandent shrub called in Sanscrit 
 " satavari " (Ell.), in Telinga " satavari " or " pilli-tega " or " pillipichara," in Tamil " shadavari " 
 or " tannir-muttan," in Malabar " shatavali," in Bengalee " sat-muli," in Hindustanee " shakakul " 
 (Drur.); in which we recognize the "satavari" whose root is prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 16 to 
 chik. 26: — A. racemosus was observed by Roxburgh. Ainslie, Wight, and Drury, from the Deccan 
 to Travancore, perfuming the air with its fragrant flowers, and the bark and leaves employed medi- 
 cinally. 
 
 Asparagus sarinentnsus of Southern Hindustan. A scandent armed shrub called in Bengalee 
 " sooti-mooli " (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay " satawree " (Graham) ; and possibly the 
 "satavari" in question: — A sarmentosus was observed by Rheede x. 10 in Malabar; bv Graham, 
 "in gardens as an ornamental plant, Deccan and Concans ; " by Burmann i. 124, on Ceylon ; its 
 roots according to Ainslie are pickled, also boiled in oil, and employed medicinally, and according to 
 Modeen Sheriff, when dried and split are the " sufed mush " of the bazaars of Southern India (Drur.) : 
 in the candied "state they are often brought from China" (Graham). 
 
 Scirpus kysoor of Hindustan. A rush called in Bengalee and Hindustanee " kesoor " or 
 " kesooree " or " kesooriya " (J. F. Wats.) ; and the " kaseru " whoso root is commended by Sus- 
 rutas sutr. 46 to chik. 22, — is referred here by Hessler : S. kysoor was observed by Graham ' in the 
 beds of rivers both Concans ; " by Roxburgh, hort. beng. 6, l'iddinglon, and Birdwood 78, as far as 
 Madras and Bengal. (Compare the " kuseeroo " Cyperus rotundus, J. F. Wats.) 
 
 Andrcpogon {Lipeocercis) serratus of Tropical Hindustan. A grass called in Sanscrit " uguree " 
 or " guree " or " guraguree " or " khuraguree " or '• khura " or " venee " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we 
 recognize the " agari " or "gari" or "garagari " or " k'haragari " or "k'hara" or " veni " of Susrutas 
 chik. 18: — A. serratus was observed by Law, Nimmo, and Graham, "near Dharwar," also in the 
 Concans ; by Retz obs. v. 21, and Roxburgh, as far as Bengal. 
 
 Afarsilea dentata of Tropical Hindustan. The " chuchu " of Susrutas sutr. 46, — is referred 
 here by Hessler. 
 
 Salvinia cucullata of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Cryptogamous leafy aquatic : the 
 " talapatri " or " putrasreni " or " mushika " or " mushikaparni " of Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 18, — is 
 referred here by Hessler : S. cucullata was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay ; by 
 Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan ; and by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 Lycopodium imbrication of Hindustan. The " grishti " or " mad'huparnika " of Susrutas sar. 10, 
 — is referred here by Hessler. 
 
 I-Janionitis cordifolia of Eastern Hindustan and Burmah. A fern : the " atiguha " or "kalasi" 
 or "prit'hakparni " of Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 21, — is referred here by Hessler ; H. cordifolia was 
 observed by Roxburgh in Eastern Hindustan; and by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 699 
 
 Spondias acuminata of Tropical Hindustan. A species of hog-plum, a middle-sized elegant tree 
 called in the environs of Bombay " ambut " or " ambada " (Graham), in Bengal " amra " or " amla," 
 in Sanscrit " amrataca " or "pitana" or " capitana " (W. Jones) ; and the " amrata " or "pitana" or 
 "kapitana"of Susrutas, — may be compared: S. acuminata is perhaps the tree bearing fruit of the 
 size of a large Damask prune seen by Ebn Batuta 9 in Hindustan; was observed by Graham "on 
 the hills near Kennery caves, not common," its fruit "about the size of a chicken's egg;" by Rox- 
 burgh, in Eastern Hindustan. 
 
 Sesbania grand/flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Called in Sanscrit "agastia" or "buka" or 
 "vuka," in the Taleef Shereef "agust" or " agusti," in Bengalee "augusta" or " buko," in Hindus- 
 tanee "agast," in Tamil " agathi " or " agati " (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga "anisay" (Drur.) or "tella- 
 avisi " (Ell.), in Burmah " pouk-ban " (Mason), in Tagalo " caturai " (Blanco) ; in which we recog- 
 ' nize the " agasti " or "vaka" of Susrutas sutr. 46 : — S. grandifiora was observed by Rheede i. pi. 51 
 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay, "generally found" about temples and villages, 
 cultivated for " its large flowers and pods, both of which are eaten by the natives ; " by Roxburgh, 
 and Wight, in gardens as far as Travancore and Bengal, employed medicinally by the natives (Drur.) ; 
 by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah, "seen in perhaps every town and village," its pods "a favourite 
 vegetable with the natives ; " by Blanco, on the Phillippines, cultivated by the natives and its flowers 
 cooked and eaten ; is described by Rumphius i. pi. 77 ; was observed by myself under cultivation in 
 Hindustan and throughout the Malayan archipelago, indigenous only on the Hawaiian Islands, where 
 I found it usually trailing, but sometimes a small tree like the cultivated form. By Polynesian colo- 
 nists, was carried to the Society and " Botanices " Islands (Pers.); and by European colonists has 
 been carried back to the Hawaiian Islands, observed by myself in the gardens of residents. West- 
 ward from Hindustan, the " dolichos arboreus " or " seseban " seen by Forskal p. 134 under cultiva- 
 tion in Yemen, is referred here by Steudel. 
 
 Mucuna prurita of Tropical Eastern Asia. The cowitch is an annual twining bean-like plant 
 called in Sanscrit " atmagupta " or "alkushee," in Bengalee "alkushee," in Tamil "poonaykali " or 
 "peelia-dooghoo-kaila," in Telinga " peeliadagoo-kaila," in Hindustanee " kiwach " (J. F. Wats.), in 
 Burmah " khwae-lae " (Mason), in Tagalo " lipai " or "buquitquit" (Blanco) ; in which we recognize 
 the " atmagupta " of Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 26 : — M. prurita was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 35 
 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay, " one of the commonest plants in hedges and 
 jungly tracts during the rains," the "pod shape of the letter S, clothed with stinging hairs;" by Rox- 
 burgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as Bengal and Dheyra Dhoon, employed medicinally by the natives, 
 sometimes as a mechanical anthelmintic (Drur.) ; by Mason v. 490, in Burmah, " very common in 
 the Karen jungles from Mergui to Toungo ; " by Blanco, on the Philippines. 
 
 Adenanlhera pavonina of Tropical Eastern Asia. A Leguminous tree called in Sanscrit 
 "kambhoji," in Bengalee "ranjuna," in Hindustanee "ranjana" (J.F.Wats.), in Telinga "bandi 
 gooroovinza," in Tamil " anai-kundamunie " (Drur.), in Burmah "rws-gyee" (Mason) ; in which we 
 recognize the "kamboji" prescribed by Susrutas chik. 19 to 25, — and the "rochana " pigment of 
 Kalidasa ragh. xvii. 24 : A. pavonina was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 44 in Malabar; by Gibson, and 
 Graham, in gardens around Bombay, but said to grow " wild in some parts of Guzerat and Kandesh," 
 its scarlet seeds " used as weights " and "worn by women as beads," its wood yielding a dye used by 
 " Bramins for marking their foreheads runjuna ; '' was observed by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as 
 far as Travancore and Bengal, the inner wood of the larger trees of a deep red colour (Drur.) ; by 
 Mason v. 511 to 522, indigenous in Burmah, its wood hard and valuable, and its seeds "in common 
 use by the Burmese " for weights. 
 
 Jambosa vulgaris of Tropical Eastern Asia. The rose apple has Arabic and Persian names 
 (A. Dec), is called in Sanscrit "jambu," in Tamil " jambu-nawel-marum" (J. F. Wats.), in the envi- 
 rons of Bombay "jamblee" or "gulab jamb" (Graham), in Hindustanee "gulab jamun" (Drur.) ; in 
 Tagalo "yambo" or "macupa" (Blanco) ; in which we recognize the "jambu" of Susrutas sutr. 16 
 and nid. 14 to chik. 18, — having according to Kalidasa vicram. 4 shady branches and luscious roseate 
 fruit: J. vulgaris was observed by Rheede i. pi. 17 in Malabar; by Graham, "commonly cultivated" 
 around Bombay; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Ouseley, as far as Bengal; and by Moon, on Ceylon. 
 Farther East, a " kind of apple very similar to a pomegranate full of juice and sweet " was seen in the 
 country around Ava by Nicolo Conti, but as known to Mason v. 450, J. vulgaris is enumerated as 
 "exotic" in Burmah and not cultivated by the natives; was observed by Wallich on Penang; by 
 Blume, under cultivation on Java; by Loureiro, in Anam and the adjoining countries ; by Navarrete 
 in 1653, the "xambos of Malacca having the taste and smell of a fragrant rose " at Manila, by Blanco 
 also on the Philippines, a tree nine to twelve feet high. Westward, was observed by myself under 
 cultivation on Zanzibar. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; to the 
 West Indies (Descourtilz), to Brazil, observed there by myself ; and to the opposite African coast 
 (Hook. p. 359). 
 
700 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Mukia scabrella of Equatorial Africa. A climbing Cucurbitaceous vine called in Burmah " tha- 
 bwot-kha " (Mason) ; and the " gavakshi " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 36 to kalp. 7, — is referred here 
 by Hessler: M. scabrella was observed by Rheede viii. pi. 13 in Malabar; by Graham, "common 
 about Bombay in the rains," the "fruit size of a pea, smooth;" by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Eastern 
 Hindustan ; and by Mason, in Burmah. Westward, was observed by Grant on the banks of the Nile 
 below Lat. 5 . Transported to Europe, is termed "cucumis maderaspatanus " by Linnaeus (Graham). 
 
 Focniculum panmorium of Northern Hindustan. A species of fennel called in Persian " badian," 
 in Hindustanee "sonf" (Royle), in Arabic "razeeanuj." in Sanscrit "mudhoorika" or "mudoorika," 
 in Bengalee " pan-muhoree " or "panmuhori" (J. F.Wats): the "misi" or "mishi " of Susrutas 
 chik. 3§, — is referred here by Hessler : F. panmorium was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh ii. 95, 
 Pidding'ton, and Royle him. 229, having fruit " exactly as in F. vulgare and with the same taste," and 
 employed medicinally " as a warm aromatic and carminative " (Lindl.). Westward, the " razianadsh " 
 is mentioned by Ebn Baitar, and other Arab writers. 
 
 Anethum sowa of Northern Hindustan. A species of dill called in Sanscrit "misreya" or 
 "missreya" or "shaleya," in Hindustanee " sowa " (J. F. Wats.) or " suva soyah," in Bengalee 
 "soolpha," in Telinga " sompa," in Tamil " satha-cooppa" (Drur.), in Burmah "sa-myeik" (Mason); 
 in which we recognize the " saleya " of Susrutas sutr. 38 to chik. 17: — A. sowa was observed by 
 Graham p. 248 at Bombay, " extensively used in native cookery and medicine ; " by Roxburgh ii. 96, 
 Ainslie, and Wight, under cultivation in the peninsula as far as Bengal, the seeds sold in every 
 bazaar, forming one of the chief ingredients in curry-powder, yielding besides a valuable oil ; by 
 Mason, "exotic" in Burmah, often cultivated by the natives, and "possessing similar aromatic and 
 carminative properties " with dill. 
 
 Hydrocotyle Asiatica of Tropical Africa and Asia. A species of penny-wort called in Sanscrit 
 "bheka-purni " or " manduka-parni " (Pidd.), in Telinga " babassa," in Tamil "vullarei,'' in Bengalee 
 " thulkuri " (Drur.), in Tagalo " taquip suso " or " taquip cohol " (Blanco) ; in which we recognize the 
 " b'hekaparni " or " mandukaparni " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 46 : — H. Asiatica was observed by 
 Rheede x. pi. 46 in Malabar; by Graham, "in moist shady places" in the environs of Bombay; by 
 Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore, the leaves employed medicinally by the natives; 
 by Horsfield, on Java and considered diuretic ; by Loureiro, in Anam (Spreng.) ; by Blanco, on the 
 Philippines and well known to the natives ; by Rumphius v. pi. 169, also in the Malayan archipelago; 
 is known to grow in Australia West and East, and as far as Tasmania and New Zealand (J. D. Hook., 
 and A. Dec). Westward from Hindustan, in Abyssinia (A. Rich.), the Mauritius Islands, Austral 
 Africa (herb. Dec), and as far as Guinea and Senegal (fl. Nigr.). Probably by European colonists, 
 was carried to Rio Janeiro and Chili (Schlecht.). 
 
 ]'angucria edulis of Madagascar. A small Coffeaceous tree called on Madagascar " voua-vanga" 
 (Boj.), in Sanscrit "kurahata" or "kurahatuka" or " grunthiphula" or " chhurduna " or "pindee- 
 tuka" or "shulya" or "shulvuka" (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay "aloo" (Graham) ; in 
 which we recognize the " karahata " or " grant 'hip nala " or "ch'hardana" or "pinditaka" or "salya" 
 or "salyaka" of Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 18: — Y. edulis was observed by Gibson, Law, Auld, and 
 Graham, seemingly wild and "very common"- on "the Ghauts and throughout the Concan," the 
 Southern Mahratta country, and Kandesh, its fruit size of an apple "eaten both raw and roasted, 
 but" far from palatable; is known to occur also in China (Rohr., and Steudel). Westward, was 
 observed by Bojer on Madagascar, and was carried to the Mauritius Islands where it has become 
 naturalized. 
 
 Eclipta prostrala of Tropical Africa? A weed called in Egypt " sa'deh " (Del.), in Yemen 
 "tolak " (Forsk.), in Sanscrit "brinraj," in Hindustanee "brinraj" or " bhringraj " (J. F. Wats.) or 
 "brinraj bungrah," in Bengalee " keshooryia," in Tamil " kaiantagarie " or " kursalenkunnie," in 
 Telinga "goontagelinjeroo " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "bungrah " or " maaka " (Graham), 
 in Japan "takasabro" or "kavatiso" (Thunb.); in which we recognize the "b'hringa" or "b'hringa- 
 raja" of Susrutas chik. 25 to kalp. 8, — and "bhringaras" of Harivansa 78: E. prostrata was 
 observed by Rheede x. pi. 41 in Malabar ; by Graham, " a common weed " in the environs of Bombay, 
 sometimes eaten by the natives " as a potherb ; " by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, in other parts of 
 Hindustan, and employed medicinally by the natives (Drur.) ; by Loureiro, in Anam, employed for 
 blackening the hair; by Beechey's Expedition, in China (Hook, and Am.) ; by Thunberg, in South- 
 ern Japan ; is known to occur on the Moluccas and the Ladrone Islands (Endl., and A. Dec.) ; was 
 observed by myself in the Malayan archipelago, and carried by the natives as far as the Feejeean 
 Islands. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by myself on Zanzibar ; by Dre^e, in Austral 
 Africa; by Forskal, in Yemen; by him, and Delile, in Egypt; and by Auclier, in Palestine. By 
 European colonists, as verified by myself, was carried to the Hawaiian Islands ; probably also to 
 Peru and Southern Brazil, seen by myself only in cultivated ground ; and to the West Indies (Pers.). 
 " E. erecta " is regarded by Roxburgh as not distinct. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 701 
 
 Convolvulus (Batatas) paniculata of Tropical shores from the Atlantic to the Malayan archipel- 
 ago. A twining perennial called in Sanscrit " vidaree " or " kroshtree " or " ksheeruvidaree " or 
 " ksheerushookla " (J. F. Wats.), in Telinga " matta-paltiga," in Bengalee " bhoomi-koomra " 
 (Lindl.), in Tagalo " puntaspuntas " (Blanco) ; in which we recognize the " vidari " or " kroshtri " 
 or " kshiravidari " or " kshirasukla " whose root is prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 30: 
 — B. paniculata was observed by Rheede xi.pl. 49 in Malabar; by Graham, around Bombay, 
 flowering " in the rains ; " by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan, its large turnip-shaped roots 
 eaten by cattle, and employed medicinally by the natives (Drur.) ; by Mason, indigenous in Bur- 
 mah ; is known to grow on Java and as far as Australia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Blanco frequent 
 on the Philippines, the root employed by the natives as a purgative. Westward from Hindustan, 
 was received by Jacquin from Mauritius (Steud.) ; is known to grow also in Tropical Africa and 
 America (Lindl ). 
 
 Solanum verbascifolium of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands ? A mullein-leaved shrub 
 called in Sanscrit " lavana-bhantaca " or " samasht'hila " or " gandira," in Bengal " lona-bhant " or 
 "sulatiya" (W. Jones) ; in which we recognize the "gandira" prescribe'd by Susrutas chik. 46 : — S. 
 verbascifolium was observed by Lush near Dharwar, and is probably the unarmed species seen by 
 Gibson " in Deccan gardens " (Graham) ; was observed in Bengal by W. Jones as. res. iv. 259, but 
 by Roxburgh in gardens (Pers.) ; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as though indigenous ; by Lou- 
 reiro i. 128, in Anam ; by Blanco, sparingly on the Philippines and not known to the natives, with 
 the slight exception that it is called " noog noog " on Zebu. Westward, is known to grow on Mada- 
 gascar and the Mauritius Islands (Scop., and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Tropical 
 America (Pluk. aim. pi. 316, and Pers.). 
 
 Ocymum gratissimuj/i of Tropical Arabia. The shrubby basil is called in Yemen " hobokbok " 
 (Forsk.), in Malabar " cattu tirtava " (Rheede), in Bengalee "ram-tulsee" (J. F. Wats.), in, the 
 environs of Bombay " ram-toolsee " (Graham) : the '' kut'heraka " or " k'harapushpa " prescribed by 
 Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 17, — is referred here by Hessler : O. gratissimum was observed by Rheede, 
 x. pi. 86 in Malabar; by Graham, "common in gardens" in the environs of Bombay, "flowering 
 chiefly in the rains, very fragrant ; " by Roxburgh, Piddington, and Voight, as far as Bengal ; and 
 by Burmann z. pi. 80, on Ceylon. Westward, was observed by Forskal wild among the mountains 
 of Yemen. 
 
 Ocymum canum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The hoary basil is annual and called in 
 Sanscrit " arjaca " (Ainsl., and Pidd.) ; and the " arjaka " prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 36 to chik. 
 17, — maybe compared: O. canum was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay; by Rox- 
 burgh iii. 15, in Eastern Hindustan; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. Westward, 
 was observed by Grant near cultivated ground in Lat. " 2° N." on the Nile. 
 
 Barleria prionitis of Tropical Asia, from Arabia to Burmah. Shrubby with stellate thorns and 
 large yellow flowers, called in Sanscrit " kuruntuka " (Pidd.), in Bengalee " kantha-jathi," in Tamil 
 "shem-muli," in Telinga " mullu-gounta," in Malabar " coletta-veetla " (Drur.), in the environs of 
 Bombay "kholeta" (Graham); in which we recognize the " kurantaka " or " kuruntaka " prescribed 
 by Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 25 : — B. prionitis was observed by Rheede ix. pi. 41 in Malabar; by 
 Graham, " every where '' in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Ainslie, and Wight, as far as 
 Bengal, employed medicinally by the natives (Drur ) ; by Mason, in Burmah ; and Westward, by 
 Forskal p. 6 among the mountains of Yemen. 
 
 Boerhaavia diffusa of Tropical America? A diffuse annual called in Tamil " mookaretti," in 
 Telinga " ataka-mamidi," in Bengalee " gada-poorna " or " swhet-poorna," in Malabar " tameerama " 
 or " taludama," in Hindustanee "tikri" (Drur.), in Tagalo " paan balivis," in Ylocano " tabtabocol ti 
 Nuano-" (Blanco) ; and according to Hessler, mentioned as a potherb by Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik. 
 38 : B. diffusa was observed by Rheede vii. pi. 46 in Malabar ; by myself, in the environs of Bom- 
 bay; by Graham " common every where but particularly abundant in the Deccan," sometimes eaten 
 by the natives as greens ; by Burmann ind. pi. 1, Roxburgh, Ainslie, Wight, and Drury, a weed 
 "common in all parts of India," its pulverized root employed medicinally; by Blanco, on the Philip- 
 pines, common around stone buildings in the province of Batangas, the dried root employed medici- 
 nally. Westward from Hindustan was observed by Forskal p. 3 in Tropical Arabia ; by Delile, in 
 Upper Eo-ypt ; by Baldwin, as far North as Anastatia Island Lat. 30 in Florida; is known to grow 
 also on famaica and as far as Peru (Pers.) ; was observed by myself, exotic and clearly carried by 
 the natives to Metia, Taheiti, the Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands. 
 
 Euxolus polygamus of Hindustan and Burmah. A diffuse herb called in Sanscrit "tundooleeya" 
 (Pidd.), and is the common bajee of Bombay called " choolae " (Graham) : the " tandula " of Susru- 
 tas sutr. 16 to chik. 27, — is referred here by Hessler : E. polygamus is termed " blitum indicum 
 album " by Rumphius v. pi. 82 ; was observed by Graham " much cultivated " in the environs of 
 Bombay; by Roxburgh, hort. beng. 67, and Piddington 218, as far as Bengal, according to Long 
 
702 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 sometimes employed medicinally (Drur.) ; by McClelland, in Burmah (Mason v. 472). Westward, 
 was received "from Africa" by Moquin and A. Decandolle. 
 
 Celosia cristata of Tropical Eastern Asia. The cock's-comb is called by the Greeks " sathori " 
 (Forsk.), in Sanscrit "deepya,"in Bengalee " deepuk " or "lal-moorga," in Hindustanee "lal-moorga" 
 (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of Bombay " lal-moorga " (Graham), in Burmah " kyet-mouk " (Mason), 
 in Tagalo " palongpalongan " (Blanco); in which we recognize the "dipya" of Susrutas sutr. 29 to 
 chik. 18 : — C. cristata is described by Rumphius v. pi. 84; was observed by Graham " cultivated in 
 gardens" in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan; by Mason v. 431 to 
 780, indigenous in Burmah, cultivated besides " by the natives," and the " kyet-yet" variety or spe- 
 cies, having a long drooping panicle either red or yellow, a highly " elegant plant when cultivated 
 by the Karens ; " by Blanco, in gardens on the Philippines ; is known to occur in China (Royle him. 
 116) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, attaining superior size and beauty in Japan, and 
 degenerating elsewhere. Westward, from Hindustan, by Forskal, in Yemen, and in gardens at Con- 
 stantinople ; and was cultivated in Europe before the days of Lobel, and Bauhin. By European col- 
 onists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become a frequent garden flower. 
 
 Alternanthera sessilis of Tropical Asia and Africa. A depressed annual called in Egypt 
 "hamel" (Forsk.) or " hamoul " (Del.), having a Sanscrit name (Pidd.), and called in Malabar 
 "coluppa" (Rheede) : the " pattura " prescribed by Susrutas chik. 19,— is referred here by Hess- 
 ler: A. sessilis was observed by Rheede x. pi. n in Malabar; by Graham, "a common weed" 
 around Bombay ; by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan ; by Burmann z. pi. 4, on Ceylon ; by Mason, 
 in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. Westward, the " kavar el abid " seen in Yemen by Forskal 
 p. ciii, may be compared : A. sessilis is known to occur as far North as the Caspian (A. Dec.) ; was 
 observed by Hasselquist at Jerusalem; by Forskal p. 2R, and Delile, in Lower Egypt; by Desfon- 
 taines, in Barbary (Steud.) ; and is known to occur in Western Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. nigr.). 
 By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, Brazil, and the West Indies (Pluk. aim. 
 pi. 133, and Moq.). 
 
 Marsilea quadiifolia of Tropical Eastern Asia? A Cryptogamous Oxalis-leaved annual called 
 in Egvpt " qourayeta " (Del.), in Sanscrit " chittoor-dulla " (J. F.Wats.), in Japan " ukingusa " 
 (Thunb.) : the " sunishannaka " of Susrutas sutr. 19 to 46, — is referred here by Hessler : M. quad- 
 rifolii was observed by Graham on the '• margins of tanks " in the environs of Bombay ; by Ainslie 
 252, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Thunberg, frequent in the rice-grounds of Japan ; by myself, 
 on the Feejeean, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Islands, introduced with taro-culture and by Polynesian 
 colonists. Westward from Hindustan, was observed by Delile in rice-grounds and moist situations 
 in Egypt: the "lens palustris altera" sent to Matthioli by Cortusi, and ''lemma'' of Dalechamp 
 1014, are referred here by Sprengel. 
 
 " 1 132 A. D." (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 1131), Suvarna Kesari 
 succeeded by Chorganga, now king of Orissa and head of the Ganga-Vansa or Gangetic dynasty. 
 
 Harivansa * is enumerated among the " five hundred " authors at the court of Sri Boja — (Langlois 
 introd. p. vii). 
 
 * Ehrctia serrata of Eastern Bengal and Nepaul. A Cordia-like tree called in Bengalee "kala- 
 oja," in Nepaul "nulshima" (Drur.); and from early times, its tough light durable wood used for 
 sword-handles: the "caliyaca" of Harivansa 126 — maybe compared: E. serrata was observed by 
 Roxburgh, and Wallich, from Eastern Bengal to Chittagong, Dheyrah Dhoon, Nepaul, and Bhootan, 
 growing '-both on mountains and in valleys," the flowers emitting "a powerful honey-like smell" 
 (Drur.). 
 
 Jasminum hirsutum of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing shrub called in Bengalee "koondo," in 
 Sanscrit "koonda" or " koondum " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the "cunda" of Harivansa 
 137, — teeth compared with its flowers by Jayadeva: J. hirsutum was observed by Nimmo, and Gra- 
 ham, in the "Southern Concan," and besides "in gardens," its flowers "in terminal umbels, large, 
 pure white ; " by Burmann pi. 3, Retz (Pers.), and Roxburgh, as far as Calcutta. 
 
 J'hoenix palndosa of Bengal and Burmah. The marsh dale-palm, slender-stemmed and elegant- 
 looking, is called in Burmah " then-boung" (Mason) : the "hintala"of Harivansa 96 — is referred 
 here by Langlois : P. paludosa was observed by Roxburgh " characteristic of the Sunderbunds " or 
 mouths of the Ganges, the smaller trunks used for walking-sticks, larger ones for rafters, and fronds 
 for thatch (Drur.) ; was observed by Mason, as far as Burmah. 
 
 Barleria buxifolia of Tropical Hindustan. A shrubby spreading plant with large beautiful pink 
 flowers : the " couravaca " rouge of Harivansa 126 — may be compared: B. buxifolia was observed by 
 Rheede ii. pi. 47 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in "the Concans " as far as Bombay; by Buchanan, and 
 Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
 Barleria ciliata of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit "kuruvuka" (Pidd.), and this or 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 703 
 
 Ipomoea reptans of Tropical Africa and Asia. The water convolvulus is called in Tagalo and Pam- 
 pango "cangcong," in Bisaya "tancong" (Blanco), in Malabar "ballel" (Rheede) ; and the " calam- 
 bica" of Harivansa 137 — is referred here by Langlois : I. reptans was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 52 
 in Malabar ; by Graham, " margins of tanks and other moist places throughout the Concans " to and 
 beyond Bombay, the "flowers rose-coloured; " by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan, and is 
 termed " olus vagum " by Rumphius v. pi. 155 ; was observed by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Blanco, on 
 the Philippines, slightly purgative but cooked and eaten by the natives, the flowers white. Westward 
 of Hindustan, by Forskal p. 44, in Yemen, " in rivulis repens " its flowers " violacei ; " by Grant, from 
 the "Equator and 2 N." to " Nile edges 18 N." 
 
 1 133 A. D. (= 1082 -|- "50 yrs. 5 mo. 3 days" of Deccan records, Mackenzie, and Wilford as. 
 res. ix. 157), end of the reign of raja Bhoja. 
 
 One hundred and sixty-third generation. May 1st, 1 134, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish 
 writers, Abraham ben David, R. Abraham Ibn Ezra, Moses Ibn Ezra, Jehuda Halevi, Jehuda ha-Abel 
 Hedessi, Menahem ben Solomon : the Arab writers, Ebn-altalmidh, Mohammed Kaisi, Humenus, 
 Abu'l Salt Omaya d. 1 151, Albucasis, Abul Abbas Elhafits, and Artefius : the Greek writers Anna 
 Comnena d. after 1137, Bryennius d. after 1137, Joannes Antiochenus, Manasses d. about 1150, Joan- 
 nes Tzetzes d. about 11 50, Aristenus d. 1 166 : William of Malmsbury ; Geoffrey of Monmouth ; Ar- 
 noldus Brixiensis, Elizabeth of Germany, Ekbertus Treverensis : the scholastic theologians, Hugo de 
 S. Victore, Richardus de S. Victore, and Petrus Lombardus. 
 
 " 1 135 A. D. = 13th year of the ' thian-hoei,' the name being continued by Hi-tsoung of the Kin," 
 ruler of Northern China — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "1 136, October " (Nicol.), a synod at Burgos in Spain. For the introduction of the Roman ritual : 
 and to reconcile the kings of Navarre and Castile. 
 
 " 1 138 A. D." (De Wailly pi. vi. 6), in manuscripts from this date, the full-stop or period (.) 
 placed at the end of sentences. 
 
 "1139, April 20th" (Alst., and Nicol.), tenth general ecclesiastical Council. Assembled at the 
 Lateran in Rome, " a thousand " bishops being present, " For the re-union of the church. Thirty 
 canons were made, similar to those '' adopted at Rheims : and excommunication decreed against who- 
 ever should strike a priest, removable only by the pope. Monks were forbidden to exercise the art of 
 medicine (Humb. cosm. ii. note). 
 
 "Aug. 29th " (Nicol.), a synod convened at Winchester by the bishop Henry of Blois. Against 
 his brother king Stephen, for requiring " the bishops of Ely, Lincoln, and Salisbury, to surrender their 
 castles." 
 
 Martita cotula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in the North of England 
 baldeyebrow (E. Gillet), in some parts of Sweden "baldersbra" (Mallet), and the Anglo-Saxon 
 b<!i.Ld&.P herbe* — is referred here by Cockayne: the "cotula" growing in towns and along 
 
 other species in Bengal '' curubaca" (W. Jones) ; the "kuravaka" trees of Harivansa 126, — Jayade- 
 vas vii. 23, with which according to Kalidasa ragh. ix. 32 to vikram. spring ornaments the woods with 
 beauty, may be compared : B. ciliata as observed in Eastern Hindustan is described in hort. beng. 45 
 (J. F. Wats.). 
 
 Strobilanthus ciliata, perhaps not distinct from the preceding, is called in the environs of Bombay 
 "karwee," is further described by Graham as an erect branchless shrub growing "in great abundance 
 on the Ghauts, frequently covering acres of ground," its bright blue flowers appearing in October, a 
 " most useful plant " to the natives, who employ the stems in " mud walls and for making fences," and 
 " have a tradition that it flowers only once in ten years." Possibly was carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, for " Barleria lupulina" is suspected by Graham to be identical. 
 
 * Centaurea nigra of middle Europe. Called in Britain knapweed or knob-weed or loggerheads, 
 in old manuscripts " clobbewed " (Prior) : the Anglo-Saxon bOLVV€S — is referred here by Cock- 
 ayne : C. ni°ra is described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow in meads in France and throughout 
 middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., Engl. bot. pi. 278, and Pers.), but according to Ledebour does not occur 
 in Siberia (A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 in waste ground from Newfoundland throughout Eastern New England (Torr., and A. Gray). 
 
 Hippophae rhainnoides of Northern Europe and Asia and mountains farther South. A shrub 
 called in Britain willow-thorn (Prior), in Norfolk (E. Gillet) by the Anglo-Saxon names VVI r V V I - 
 VVLe or VVVVVIVVLe — (Cockayne): H. rhamnoides is described by Linnaeus ; was observed by 
 Scopoli in Carniolia ; and is known to grow in stony mountainous situations in Central Europe, and 
 farther North, only along the seashore in Sweden (Pers., Wahl., and A. Dec). Eastward, is known 
 to grow in Siberia (Hort. Belv., and Steud.). 
 
 Fucus nodosus of the North Atlantic. Called in Britain tang, in Danish " tag," in Frisian " mar- 
 
704 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 roadsides, is mentioned by J. Jacobi de Manliis ; the " cotula fetida," in the Onus Samtatis 81 as one 
 of the two kinds of " butalmos " growing within cities ; the "cotula," by Hermolaus Barbaras, and 
 Matthioli : M. cotula is described by Brunfels i. 225, and Fuchsius 583 (Spreng.); is known to occur 
 in waste places in Italy, Sicily, Barbary, the Canaries, Portugal, and throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe nearly to Lapland (Ten, Boiss., Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Chaubard, 
 in the Peloponnesus ; is known to occur in Abyssinia (A. Rich.), Persia (Dec), around Caucasus and 
 in the neighbouring portion of Siberia (Ledeb.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira and 
 the Azores (Dec, and Wats. ) ; to Northeast America, where it has become frequent along roadsides ; 
 to Brazil and Buenos Ayres, occurring along the seashore (A. Dec.) ; to the Philippines, where it was 
 found by Blanco hardly known to the natives, but called in Tagalo "higuis manoc," in Ylocano "tin- 
 tatinta;" and to the Loo Choo, and the Bonin Islands (Hook, in Beech, voy. 265). Every part of the 
 plant according to Lindley "is foetid and acrid, blistering the skin when much handled." 
 
 Anthemis arvcnsis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain corn chamo- 
 mile (A. Gray), in Sweden " eckergras " or " balsebro " (Linn.), and probably the plant in question : — 
 termed " chamaemelum inodorum " by C. Bauhin pin. 135, and Tournefort inst. 494, and known to 
 occur in cultivated ground from Sweden throughout Europe (Gaertn. ii. pi. 166, engl. bot. pi. 602, and 
 Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, as far as Scania ; by Sibthorp, D'Urville, and Chaubard, in 
 v cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. By European colonists, was carried to North- 
 east America, occurring according to A. Gray in "fields, New England and New York, sparingly 
 introduced." 
 
 Bromus sterilis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " agriovromos " 
 (Sibth.), and included among the weeds called in Britain dravick or drake or drawk, in Welsh 
 "drewg," in Breton "draok," in Dutch "dravig," and perhaps the Anglo-Saxon e d r OC of the Epi- 
 nal glossary — (Prior p. 67 to 70) : B. sterilis is termed "gramen avenaceum panicula sparsa locustis 
 majoribus et aristatis " by Tournefort inst. 526; and is known to grow in Barbary and throughout 
 middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Glycerin aquatica of Northern Climates. Called in Cambridgeshire Iced or white Iced (E. Gillet), 
 and the Anglo-Saxon Lid, — described by Camden as a sort of rank hay abounding in fens, is referred 
 here by Cockayne : G. aquatica is described by Mori son viii. pi. 6. f. 25 ; is termed "gramen aquati- 
 cum paniculatum latifolium" by Tournefort inst. 523 ; was observed by Savi in Italy ; and is known 
 to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden (Pers, Dec, and Wats.). East- 
 ward, was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople ; is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian 
 countries (Bieb.), and throughout Siberia (Gmel. ?, and Kunth). Farther East, is known to grow 
 along the Saskatchewan to Lake Winnipeg (Hook.) ; and has been observed by myself in wet marshes 
 from Lat. \(P near St. John to about 42 30' in New England. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known 
 to occur in Australia (Kunth). 
 
 " The same year" (Blair), Lisbon captured from the Muslims by Alphonso earl of Portugal. Who 
 was now proclaimed king. 
 
 " 1 142 A. D (= i8o2d of Synmu," art de verif.), Sintoku succeeded by Konjei, eighth son of 
 To-ba, and now dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 1 143 A. D.'' (Alst), Joannes II. succeeded by his son Emanuel Comnena, fifty-third Byzantine 
 emperor. Verses addressed to the emperor by Theodoras Ptochoprodromus are regarded as the 
 earliest specimen of modern Greek (E. A. Soph.). 
 
 "Sept. 26th" (Nicol.), Innocentius II. succeeded by cardinal Guy de Castro of Tuscany, now 
 Celestinus II, ninth pope. Conradus III. ruling Germany and Italy ; and Louis VII, France. 
 
 " Oct. 1st " (Nicol. ), a synod at Constantinople. Against the monk Niphon : — as also a second 
 synod, on the ensuing "Feb. 22d." 
 
 "1 144 A. D. = 14th year of the ' chao-king ' of Kao-tsoung II, and 4th year of the ' hoang-tsoung' 
 of Hi-lsoung" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Sixty-fourth cycle. 
 
 The M.ingarevan or Gambier Islands colonized by Teatumoana, their first king, " twenty-five gen- 
 erations " before — the visit of Maigret (Hale ethnogr. expl. exp. 139). The first settlers are regarded 
 by Hale as Rarotongans ; — shown by examination of the language to this day spoken. The line of 
 
 tag," corresponding to the German "dach" roof, and Anglo-Saxon thkeCe thatch, from seaweed 
 having formerly been used to cover houses — (Prior). 
 
 Porphyra lacinurta of the sea-coast of Northern Europe. One of the seaweeds called in Britain 
 laver, in Anglo-Saxon L \6 f 6 P — (Prior). 
 
 Uivn latissima of Northern Europe. Included under the same names with the preceding sea- 
 weed — (Prior). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 705 
 
 successive kings has been interrupted, Koa, the thirteenth on the list, becoming the head of a new 
 dynasty : from him " the fourteenth in a direct line," Maputeva, was found reigning by Maigret. 
 
 Eleusine Iudica of Equatorial Africa. A coarse weedy grass, having no Sanscrit name (A. Dec), 
 but called in Japan " smootali kusa " (Thunb.) ; carried to the islands of the Pacific as early possibly 
 as this date: — observed by myself abundantly naturalized on Metia, Taheiti, the Samoan Islands, 
 and Tongatabu ; but on the Hawaiian Islands regarded by intelligent natives as introduced by the 
 Whites (and admitted by residents to have increased within a few years). Westward, was received by 
 Decaisne from Timor ; was observed by Rumphius v. pi. 76 on Amboyna, and is known to occur on 
 Luzon (Kunth) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan ; by Roxburgh, in Hindustan ; used while young 
 for feeding cattle; by Rheede xii. pi. 78, in Malabar; by Graham, as far as Bombay; by myself, at 
 Muscat and on Zanzibar ; by Forskal p. 18 (Steud.) among the mountains of Yemen ; was received 
 by Kunth from Egypt ; was observed by Grant in Equatorial Africa, " as grazing for cattle the natives 
 esteem it, though tough, more than any other species ; " is known to grow as far as Guinea and the 
 Cape Verd Islands (Benth. fl. nigr.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands 
 (Boj.) ; to Southern Brazil (Nees fl. br.) ; to Northeast America before the visit of Michaux (Pers.), 
 has become a frequent weed in our Middle and Southern States, was observed by Nuttall in gardens 
 on the Arkansas, and seemingly indigenous along the Mississippi. 
 
 The remote island of Rapa also ascertained by Hale through the language, to have been peopled from 
 Rarotonga: — and the intermediate islands, Raivaivai, Rurutu, and Rimatara, partly from Rarotonga 
 and partly from Taheiti : the peopling of Tupuai having taken place within two centuries (see also 
 Ellis res. Polynes. 281, and J. Williams miss. ent. 449). 
 
 The Pauniotuan coral-archipelago is regarded by Hale ethnogr. expl. exp. p. 143 as more recently 
 peopled than the surrounding high islands ; otherwise, the Paumotuans would have taken possession 
 of those high islands. Yet the language, though in part similar to the Taheitian, contains a peculiar 
 element, " unlike any that we find elsewhere ; " many of the words being " such as are usually original 
 in a language." In the Western portion, the coral-islands are all inhabited as far as Hau or Bow; 
 but on proceeding East, uninhabited ones are met with, increasing in number until the eight nearest 
 the Mangarevan Group are all in that condition. 
 
 "March 12th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Celestinus II. succeeded by Gerard Caccianimico, cardinal of 
 Santa Croce in Jerusalem and now Lucius II., tenth pope. 
 
 " In this year " (Neumann note to Vahram in Orient, transl. Iond.), Edessa captured by the Turks. 
 An elegy on the event composed by Nerses Clajensis, the Armenian patriarch. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Blair), the Aristotelian philosophy restored in Germany by Otho Frisin- 
 gensis. 
 
 "1145, Feb. 27th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Lucius II. succeeded by abbot Bernard of Rome, or 
 Eugenius III. eleventh pope. 
 
 As early possibly as this year (= 1225 + " 3 + 3 + several years reign," addit. art de verif.), a 
 suspension bridge six hundred feet long over the Apurimac, constructed of large woody vines by the 
 Inca Mayta Capac ; a novelty having great influence over the surrounding tribes.* 
 
 " 1 1 47, Feb. 26th" (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. The patriarch Comas was deposed. 
 
 " After Easter " (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. " On the errors of Gilbert bishop of Poitiers respect- 
 ing the Trinity." 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), through the preaching of Bernard of Clairvaux, the Second crusade 
 
 undertaken. 
 
 Carex paniculata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The natural tumps of this large 
 sedge are called in Britain hassocks (Prior), in which we recognize the h&SSOCU m of the founda- 
 tion-charter in the above year of Sawtrey abbey, — mentioned also in the attestation of Alex. Maufe, the 
 " hassok " identified with the " ulphus " by Galfridus pr. pm., and the " hassokes " recorded respecting 
 " the castle of Guysnes in 1465 " (Way) : C. paniculata is described by Linnasus ; was observed by 
 Savi in Italy; by Brotero, in Portugal; and is known to grow from Switzerland throughout middle 
 and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Pers., Dec, and Wats. ; see C. Virginiana). 
 
 " December, or early in 1 148 " (Nicol.), in a synod at Treves, the writings of the abbess Hilde- 
 garde examined.'— She died " in 1 180 " (Trithem., and Spreng.). 
 
 Poly«onu?n persicaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain peach- 
 wort ox' red-shanks (Prior), in Greece " agria pipouria " or by the Turks " pere oti " (Sibth.) : the 
 
 * Aristolochia fragrantissima of the Eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes. A woody vine climb- 
 in"- to the tops of trees, and from early times employed by the Peruvians medicinally, applied bruised 
 fresh to bites and stings of reptiles and insects, and its stems stripped of their bark used for ropes : — 
 observed by Ruiz mem. pi., by Spanish colonists called "bejuco de la estrella" (Pers., and Lindl ). 
 
 89 
 
706 chronological arrangement 
 
 r&.Z6Lk of Hildegarde ii. 174 — is referred here by Sprengel: the " cronesanke " of gloss. Hail. 
 978, is referred here by Cockayne ; and the " persicaria " with a fuscous spot in the middle of the 
 leaf is mentioned in Ortus Sanitalis 379 : V. persicaria is described by Ruellius, Fuchsius, Lacuna, 
 Dodoens, Lobel, and Gerarde ; is termed " persicaria mitis maculosa et non maculosa " by Tournefort 
 inst. 509; and is known to occur throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 702, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, frequent in moist 
 places in Crete and around Constantinople ; by Forskal, and Delile, at Alexandria and Rosetta on 
 the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; and is known to occur in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.). 
 By European colonists, was carried to Iceland (Hook.) ; and prior to 1547, the "persicaria" or "herba 
 maculata" to the West Indies (Ovied. gen. hist. xi. 2); thence perhaps to Florida (Chapm.) and 
 throughout our Atlantic States, where it has become naturalized; was observed by Short in Ken- 
 tucky; by Drummond, at Cumberland House in Central North America ; and by myself, accompany- 
 ing the introduction of cultivation at the Kooskoosky mission-station in Oregon ; was also carried to. 
 Southeast Australia (Corder, and A. Dec). 
 
 Cicuta virosa of Subarctic Climates. Called in Britain cowbane or water-hemlock (Prior) : the 
 C I C U L J. of Hildegarde ii. 159 — is referred here by Sprengel ; and the Anglo-Saxon " brocthung " 
 of gloss. Laud. 576, is referred here by Cockayne : C. virosa is termed " sium alteram" by Dodoens 
 589, is described also by Thalius 33 (Spreng.); and is known to grow in Switzerland, and from France 
 throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Blackw. pi. 574, Hall. fl. Dan. pi. 208, Pers., and 
 Wats.). Eastward, is known to grow in Siberia (Dec). And farther East, in North America, in 
 the wooded country from " Lat 64° to 54 " (Hook.). The plant is a dangerous poison, causing 
 according to Christison " true tetanic convulsions " and death (Lindl.). 
 
 Erodium cicutarium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A stork 's-bill called in 
 Germany "storcken schnabel " (Trag. ), in Greece " kaloge>6 " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the 
 StOrcKenSChnkbeL of Hildegarde ii. 160 : — E. cicutarium is described by Tragus i. pi. 113 ; 
 is termed "g. cicuta; folio minus et supinum " by Tournefort inst 269, "g. chaerophyllum " by Cava- 
 nilles iv. pi. 95 ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground from Sweden and Russia 
 throughout Western Europe (Curt. lond. i pi. 51, IV-rs., and Wats.) : was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Delile, seemingly wild near 
 Cairo. By European colonists, was carried to Chili, where it has become naturalized (Hook., and 
 myself) ; to California, where it is called pin-grass ox by the Spaniards " alfilerilla," and its stem 
 eaten (R. Brown jun.), has also become naturalized as far as the Great falls of the Columbia and the 
 Rocky mountains (Hook.) ; to Northeast America, observed'by Knieskern on the "shore of Oneida 
 Lake " (A. Gray). 
 
 In or about 1 14S A. D. (= 1648 — " 500 yrs." of Flacourt praef. and i. 16), Zaffe-Ramini or Zaffer- 
 Amini, from the region around Mecca, settling at the Southern extreme of Madagascar; — where 
 they continued to rule a province until conquered by the French. 
 
 Nymphaa iWadagasiarensis of Madagascar. A water-lily called '' tantamou,'' the root esculent 
 and well-flavoured, — and according to Flacourt' i. 3(1 the flower " violette " This is doubtless the 
 beautiful species with dentate leaves observed by myself in the pool or pond near the city of Zanzi- 
 bar. By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there (Boj., and Dec. 
 syst. p. 50. 
 
 I'oandzcia subterranea of Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. An annual Leguminous plant, 
 called " voua-hanzou " in Madagascar, and cultivated there as early probably as this date : — ob- 
 served there by Flacourt, and Bojer; and the exported pods containing esculent beans known in 
 commerce as African groundnuts. By European colonists, the living plant carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands (Boj.) ; "from Africa" to Brazil prior to 1658, under the name of " mandobi " and distin- 
 guished by Piso pi. 256 from the Brazilian kind (A. Dec. geogr. bot. p. 964) ; and thence to Surinam 
 (Linn. jun. dec. xxxvii. pi. 17, and Pers.). 
 
 Ccrhera tanghin of Madagascar. A tree called " voua-tanghine," the kernel of the fruit not 
 larger than an almond but sufficient to destroy twenty persons, used in .Madagascar as an ordeal — 
 but the practice is now discontinued (Lindl.) : the tree was observed by Bojer everywhere in the 
 forest, but on the Eastern side of the island only. Carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated 
 there. But according to Lindley, " it is very doubtful whether this is " a distinct species from C. 
 manghas. 
 
 Canariuiii Jtarami of Madagascar. A tree called " harami," —described by Flacourt i. 36. 07 
 as very large, yielding the fragrant balsamic resin called tncamahaca which is employed medicinally, 
 and may even form a substitute for pitch; the timber besides suitable tor ship-building. By European 
 colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 Hydrogeton fenestralis of Madagascar. An aquatic perennial called " ouvirandran,'' the root as 
 large as the thumb, esculent, — and commended by Flacourt i. 36. 4 . observed by Bojer in rivers 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 707 
 
 and marshes around Tamatave and Ivoundrou. By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands and cultivated there. 
 
 Strychnos spinosa of Madagascar. A bush called " voua-vountaka," — the fruit according to 
 Flacourt i. 36. 13 as large as a quince, with a gourd-like shell full of large flat seeds resembling those 
 of nux-vomica and smaller, the juice and watery pulp agreeable when ripe : observed by Bojer on the 
 margin of the forest throughout the Eastern coast and in the plain at Foulepointe. By European 
 colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there : and from transported specimens, 
 described by Lamarck. 
 
 Agathophyllum aromaticum of Madagascar. A tree called " ravinsara ; " — described by Fla- 
 court i. 36. 24 as taller than the European laurel, the fruit, leaves, and young bark having the taste 
 of cloves, and one of the best spices of the island, producing fruit only once in three years, when the 
 tree is cut down by the natives to save the trouble of climbing. By European colonists, carried to 
 the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there (Sonnerat, and Boj.) ; and from transported specimens, 
 described by Jussieu, and Gaertner. 
 
 Buddleia Madagascarensis of Madagascar. Called there " seva," — and described by Flacourt 
 i. 36. 98 as a shrub or small tree, the leaves brownish-green above, cottony and white beneath, 
 astringent and good to foment contusions and sprains, and boiled with " vin de miel " to stop diar- 
 rhoea. By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated in gardens (Boj.) ; to 
 Ceylon, observed by Gardner escaping from cultivation (A. Dec). From transported specimens, 
 described by Vahl (Lam. pi. 69, and bot. mag. pi. 2824). 
 
 Terminalia fatrcea of Madagascar. A small tree called " voua-fatrd," — described by Flacourt i. 
 36. 65 as yielding " la litemente ou le benjoin ; " observed by Bojer at Tamatave and Foulepointe. 
 By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there: and from transported 
 specimens, described by Decandolle prodr. 
 
 Terminalia badamia of Madagascar. A tree called "hatafang," — observed by Bojer along the 
 river Ivoundrou near Tamatave. By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and very 
 generally cultivated : and from transported specimens, described by Decandolle prodr. 
 
 Alafia Thouarsii of Madagascar. A shrubby Apocynaceous vine called " voua-laffi." — The 
 " laffa " is described by Flacourt i. 36. 120 as an " arbre " yielding very strong filaments, used by the 
 Negroes for making fishing-lines. By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and culti- 
 vated there (Boj.). 
 
 Intsia Madagascarensis of Madagascar, the Seychelles, and Galega Island. A Leguminous 
 tree called in Madagascar " intsi : " — the " marointsi " is described by Flacourt i. 36. 148 as good 
 for stanching blood and stopping diarrhoea. I. Madagascarensis is described also by Petit-Thouars ; 
 by European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; and from transported specimens, 
 is termed " tamarindus intsia" by Sprengel. 
 
 Mithridatea tambourissa of Madagascar and the Comoro and Mauritius Islands. An evergreen 
 tree called in Madagascar " ambora : " — the " tamboure cissa " is described by Flacourt i. 36. 69 as 
 bearino- apples that open in fours, the pulp full of seeds covered with a thick orange-coloured skin 
 that affords a dye like arnotto. M. tambourissa was observed also by Commerson ; by Bojer, through- 
 out Mauritius, in the dense and humid forest. From transported specimens, described by Jussieu 
 gen., and Lamarck ill. pi. 784 
 
 Ampalis Madagascarensis of Madagascar. An Urticaceous tree called "ampali," — observed by 
 Bojer in the forest around Tamatave : the " ampalatanghvari " or " fitourauen " described by Flacourt 
 i. 36. 129 as a'large tree with astringent leaves, may be compared. By European colonists, A. Mada- 
 gascarensis was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) : and from transported specimens, is described 
 by Jacquin rar. iii. pi. 617, and termed " morus mauritiana" by Poiret. 
 
 Alpinia? jnagnifica of Madagascar. Also perennial and called " longouze." — By European 
 colonists carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed by Bojer under cultivation, and 
 besides growing spontaneously. From transported specimens, described by Roscoe scit. 
 
 Nepenthes Madagascarensis of Madagascar. The " anramitaco " — is described by Flacourt i. 
 36. 43 as two cubits' high, having at the end of the leaves a sort of hollow flower covered with 
 a lid and containing water after rain, the plucking of this flower avoided by the natives and sup- 
 posed to induce rain. From transported specimens, N. Madagascarensis is described by Poiret 
 
 (Steud.). 
 
 .( II49 A. D. = 1st year of the ' thian-te ' of Tchou-liang, of the Kin," ruler of Northern China 
 
 — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " 1 140 to 1 150 A. D." (....), El-Hafez succeeded by Dhafer of the Fatimite dynasty, ninth 
 sultan of Egypt. A coin issued by Dhafer at Alexandria, is figured in Marcel p. 128. 
 
 " 1 150 A. D." (Blair), the Civil law, for the first time after Justinian, restored in Germany by 
 Irnerius Wernerus. 
 
708 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " In the Twelfth century " (Pouchet), Adelard of Bath visiting Greece and Egypt. 
 
 "1151 A. D." (Blair), "after twenty-four years labour," the composition of the Canon law by 
 Gratian of Tuscany. 
 
 " 1152 A. D. (= 547 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Behram having put to death his son-in-law, prince 
 of the dependent territory of Ghor, and afterwards a brother of the deceased, Ghazni, now perhaps 
 the greatest city in Asia, was captured and destroyed by a third brother Ala-u-din Ghori : Behram 
 was driven across the Indus, where dying, his son Khusru continued the retreat and established his 
 seat of government permanently at Lahore. 
 
 "In this year" (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 1151), Chorganga suc- 
 ceeded by Gangeswar, now king of Orissa. His territories are said to have extended from the 
 Ganges to the Godaveri. — He excavated a splendid tank between Pippli and Khurdha. 
 
 '''After September" (Nicol.), a synod at Mellifont in Ireland. The archbishoprics of Armagh, 
 Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam, were appointed. 
 
 " 1 1 53 A. D. (= 54S A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), after capturing and reinstating Ala-u-din Ghori, 
 the Sel^uks under Sanjar overwhelmed by the Uses, a hitherto unknown tribe of Tartars. 
 
 "July 9th" (Nicol.), Eugenius III. succeeded by Conrad cardinal-bishop of Sabino, now Ana- 
 stasius IV., twelfth pope. Fredericus Barbarossa ruling Germany and Italy ; and Malcolm IV., 
 Scotland. 
 
 "In this year, in the time of Fred. Barbarossa" (Galvan.), arrival at Lubec of a small barge 
 propelled by oars containing strangers whose language the Germans could not understand, nor could 
 they ascertain from what country — (probably aboriginal North Americans). 
 
 "The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), the Baptistery at Pisa built by Diotisalvi. 
 
 " 1154, Jan. (== 548 A. H. chewal," Jaubert), the geographical work of Edrisi completed. 
 
 Ficus salicifolia of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen "thaab" (Forsk.) ; the " talhat el-melik" 
 tree marking the boundary between Mecca and Yemen, and described by Edrisi ii. 5 as resembling 
 the willow but larger, — may be compared: F. salicifolia was observed by Forskal p. 179 frequent 
 among the mountains of Yemen, a very large tree with pendent branches, its bark furnishing igniting- 
 cords for matchlock muskets. 
 
 Cynosurus ? dums of Syria and Egypt. A grass called in Nubia " anbarfeh," in Egypt " halfeh " 
 (Del.), and the " halfa " growing according to Edrisi v. 7 on mountains on the East side of the Cas- 
 pian, collected and sold by the inhabitants and their principal resource, — may be compared : the 
 " halfa " is also mentioned by Ebn Baitar • C. durus is known to grow in Palestine (Linn. fl. pal.) ; 
 was observed by Forskal as far as Ghomfude in Arabia; by Lippi, Forskal p. 21, and Delile, in 
 Egypt, used to heat ovens and made besides into coarse cordage ; by myself, frequent throughout on 
 the river-flat, especially towards its margin. Eastward from the Caspian, is said to grow in Hindus- 
 tan (Roxb. i. p. 333, and Graham). 
 
 " In this year = ioth year of the seventy-sixth dairo Konjei " (Kaempf. ii. 5), birth of Joritomo 
 at the court of Japan. The dragon at this time infesting the palace, — in the accounts of Japanese 
 historians (art de verif.), seems an allusion to internal dissensions and the change in form of govern- 
 ment eventually effected by Joritomo. 
 
 "During Lent" (Nicol.), a synod in London. "The ancient customs contained in the charter 
 of king Edward, and the privileges of the clergy " were revived. 
 
 Beginning of " the party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines " (Blair) : the Guelfs siding with the 
 pope; and the Gibbelines, with the German emperor (Alst. p. 1S4). 
 
 "Dec. 3d" (Alst, and Nicol.), Anastasius IV. succeeded by cardinal Nicolas Breakspeare, now 
 Hadrianus IV., thirteenth pope: the only Englishman ever placed at the head of the Catholic church. 
 
 "1155 A. D." (Alst. p. 393), Ireland ceded by the English pope Hadrianus TV. to Henry II. of 
 England . on condition, That tithes should be exacted annually, and the ecclesiastical rights main- 
 tained intact. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Dhafer succeeded by Fayez of the Fatimite dynasty, tenth 
 sultan of Egypt. 
 
 Herberts aiistata of the mountains of Hindustan. Called in Arabic " aarghees " (J. F. Wats, 
 index) ; in which we recognize the '• aargis " of Gafeki, — and Ebn Baitar • B. aristata is mentioned 
 in the Ulfaz Udwiyeh 1, and by Birdwood cat. bomb. 5. 
 
 Geranium nodosum of Europe and Northern Asia as far as Cashmere. Called at Lahore "ibrat- 
 ut-rai " (Honigb. 393. and J. F. Wats, index), in which we recognize the " ibrat alrai " of Gafeki, — and 
 Ebn Baitar. G. nodosum was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of the Peloponnesus : and 
 farther West, is described by Tournefort inst. 267 ; and is known to grow in Southern France, 
 and even in England (Cav. iv. pi. 88, Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 1091). 
 
 " 1 1 56 A. D. (= 551 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Ala-u-din Ghori succeeded by his son Seif-u-din 
 Ghori, now sultan of Ghor and Ghazni. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 709 
 
 "In this year'' (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Konjei succeeded by Go-sijrakawa, fourth son of 
 To-ba, and now seventy-seventh dairo of Japan. In the first year of his reign, a revolt. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Garc. de la Vega), Mayta Capac succeeded by his son Capac Yupanqui, 
 fifth inca of Peru. — He built a floating bridge across the outlet of Lake Titicaca, vine-bridges across 
 rivers, also roads, extensive canals of irrigation, and extended the empire Northward, beyond its limit 
 of "seven leagues " from Cuzco. He commenced the fortress of Sacsahuaman near Cuzco (Salcam. 
 edit. Markh. 88). 
 
 Galipea officinalis of the Upper Oronoko. A Xanthoxyloid tree called there " orayuri " (Lindl.), 
 its bark from early times bruised and employed to intoxicate fishes ;* — being canny or true atigos- 
 Hira bark, one of the most valuable febrifuges known: observed by Hancock (med. bot. trans. 1829 
 pi. 2) on the higher lands "of Carony between 7° and 8° N.," well known also in "the Southern and 
 back missions of the Orinoko." 
 
 " 1 157, Jan. 26th" (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. "On the celebration of divine service.'' 
 "In this year (=552 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Seif-u-din Ghori succeeded by Gheias-u-din 
 Ghori, now sultan of Ghor and Ghazni. He associated his brother Shahab-u-din in the government, 
 and left to him the chief conduct of military operations. 
 
 1 159 A. D. = " 1084 an. jav." (Madura trad., Nata Kasum., and Raffles x.), Muda Sari succeeded 
 by his son Raden Pankas, now king of Java. Who removed the seat of government to Pajajaran. — 
 The site of Pajajaran, marked by a heap of stones, and lines of fortification, continues to be pointed 
 out. 
 
 "In this year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), the revolt and civil war continuing, abdication of 
 Go-sijrakawa or Go-ziro-kawa, who retired among the bonzes or priests. He was succeeded by his 
 eldest son Nidsioo, now at the age of sixteen years dairo of Japan. 
 
 "Sept. 7th" (Nicol.), Hadrianus IV. succeeded by cardinal Roland, now Alexander III., four- 
 teenth pope. 
 
 " 1 160 A. D." (Elph.), Khusru succeeded by his son Khusru Malik, now second sultan of Lahore, 
 — and as it proved the last. 
 
 " In this year" (Nicol.), in a synod at Oxford, thirty heretics condemned. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), at Lyons in France, the Waldenses, an association for moral and 
 religious reform, commenced by Waldus. 
 
 "The same year" (Crawfurd vii. 11), the city of Singhapura founded by a Malay colony under 
 Sri Turi Buwana, from the original country of that people by the way of Palembang in Sumatra. 
 (According to Malay annals, by Sang Nila Utama son of Sang Sapurba chief of Menangkabau, 
 Raffles x.). 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif.), Fayez succeeded by Adhed, of the Fatimite dynasty, eleventh 
 sultan of Egypt. 
 
 " In this year" (Clavig. i. 112, Holmes suppl., see also Humb. iii), commencement of the Aztec 
 migration : the Aztecs leaving Aztlan on their way South, — removing during several years from place 
 to place towards Mexico. 
 
 Cucurbita maxima of Tropical or Subtropical America. The pumpkin called in Brazilian " juru- 
 mu" (Marcgr. 44), in Carib "jujuru" or "babora" (Desc), and cultivated from early times: \ — 
 
 * Galipea cusparia of Eastern Equatorial America. An evergreen forest-tree sixty to eighty feet 
 
 high, and erroneously supposed to yield angostura bark : observed by Humboldt ii. pi. 57 and termed 
 
 "cusparia febrifuga ; " observed also by A. Saint-Hilaire (Dec. prodr. i. 731, and Lindl.). 
 
 Galipea? sp. of Columbia. A tree furnishing malambo bark, aromatic — " with very active bitter 
 astringent and febrifugal properties" (Lindl.) : supposed by Bonpland to be furnished by some tree 
 allied to Galipea; and described by Wm. Hamilton (med. bot. trans. 1S34). 
 
 Aydendron laurel of Venezuela. A Lauroid tree with olive-like fruit, and aromatic seeds — 
 erroneously supposed to be pichurim beans : observed by Humboldt and Bonpland ii. 126 in marshy 
 grounds by Calabozo (Lindl.). 
 
 \ Ambrosia artemisifolia of Northeast America. A weed called in Carib " atyonaragle " (Desc), 
 and known from early times : — observed by Descourtilz in the West Indies ; by Baldwin in Florida 
 in Lat. 31 , in "cultivated ground everywhere" according to Chapman; by Michaux, among the 
 Alleghany mountains of Carolina ; by Nuttall, in Arkansas. Probably accompanied the native tribes 
 beyond its natural limits, for it now occurs abundantly in cultivated ground as far as Lat. 45° 
 
 Aviaranthns spinosus of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of North America. An herb 
 called in Carib "coety " (Desc), and known from early times : — termed by Sloane in 1707 "blitum 
 americanum spinosum," and described as occurring along roadsides in the West Indies, and abound- 
 ing in Mexico and Louisiana ; observed also in the West Indies by Descourtilz ; by Chapman, in 
 
7IO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "pompions" were seen by Columbus in 1493 on Guadalupe (F. Columb. 47) : " melones "^ too large 
 for a man to lift, some of them internally yellow, by Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 in the West Indies ; and a 
 furrowed variety resembling a huge muskmelon, by myself in Peru : C. maxima was observed by 
 De Soto in 1542 in Florida ; and is known to have been cultivated by the North American tribes as 
 far as the St. Lawrence. By European colonists, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the 
 Philippines, called there in Tagalo " calabasang bilog," and termed " c. sulcata " by Blanco ; to the 
 neighbouring islands (Rumph. v. pi. 145) ; to Anam and China, widely cultivated (Lour.) ; to Burmah, 
 called there " shwae-pha-yung " (Mason); to Hindustan, observed by Rheede viii. pi. 2 in Malabar, by 
 Roxburgh, Wight, Graham, and Drury, cultivated throughout. Transported to Europe, is termed 
 "pepo rotundus major" hy Dodoens 666, "pepo maximus indicus compressus " by Lobel pi. 641 ; is 
 described also by Matthioli pi., and Bauhin hist. ii. 219; was observed by Chaubard in Greece; by 
 Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt, called there "kara estombouli " gourd of Constantinople ; is known to 
 be cultivated in Abyssinia under an Arabic name " doubba " (A. Rich., and A. Dec.) ; was observed 
 by Grant in central Africa, from " 5 S. to 2° N." on the Nile: and later perhaps than the visit of 
 Forster, was carried to the islands of the Pacific ; observed by myself, the Peruvian variety on Taheiti, 
 and the North American on the Feejeean Islands and New Zealand. 
 
 Chenopodium ambrosioides of our Southern and Gulf States. An herb called in Mexican " epazolt " 
 (Span, transl. Linn., and Blanco), and cultivated from early times : — a kind of " atriplex " four or five 
 feet high was found by Hariot in 1 584 cultivated on the Roanoke, and the only salt used by the natives 
 procured from its stem, its seeds besides making good pottage, and leaves cooked by his own party 
 for greens (De Bry i ) : C. ambrosioides was observed by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; but farther East 
 has the aspect of an introduced weed, occurring in waste places and around dwellings in our Southern 
 and Middle States as far as Philadelphia. By European colonists, was carried Westward across the 
 Pacific to the Philippines, its Mexican name becoming "apasotis " in Tagalo, Bisaya. and Pampango, 
 and the plant cooked and eaten by the natives and employed medicinally ; to Japan, observed by 
 Thunberg around Nagasaki, but no native name given ; to Hindustan, where it has acquired native 
 names (Pidd.). Transported to Europe "in 1619" from Mexican seed, is termed " botrys ambro- 
 sioides mexicana " by C. Bauhin pin. 138 ; was observed by Barrelier pi. 1 1S5. and Brotero, seemingly 
 wild in Portugal ; by Ray hist. i. 96, Bonamy 26, Koch, and others, naturalized from Algeria to middle 
 Europe (A. Dec.) ; was called at Verona in 1745 "the" allemand," because drank in infusion by the 
 Germans (Seguier fl. i. 90) ; was observed by Chaubard around Mistra in the Peloponnesus ; by 
 Forskal, around Constantinople : by European colonists also was carried to the Azores and Canaries ; 
 to St. Helena by Burchell (A. Dec); to Western Equatorial and Austral Africa (Benth. fl. nigr., and 
 Moq ) ; and to the Mauritius Islands, where it has become naturalized (Boj.). , " C. anthelminticum" 
 or American wormseed, regarded by A. Gray as not distinct, is known to occur also in waste places 
 from Florida to Philadelphia and Kentucky (Chapm., Pursh, and Short), and according to Elliot is 
 indigenous. 
 
 " 1 161 A. D. = 1st year of the 'ta-ting' of Chi-tsoung of the Kin,'' ruler of Northern China. 
 
 "The same year (= 557 Hej.," Pall. trav. i. 192), date of an .Irmcnian inscription in the ceme- 
 tery among the ruins of Bolgari on the Lower Volga, the ancient capital of Bulgaria. 
 
 " 1 162, May 26th " (Nicol.), election, in a synod at Westminster, of Thomas-a-Becket as archbishop 
 of Canterbury. ' 
 
 " The same year" (Blair), Milan destroyed by the German emperor Fredericus Barbarossa. The 
 churches only left standing. 
 
 " 1 163 A. D. = 'loung-king,' 1st year of Hiao-tsoung, of the Soung " or Twenty-first dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "fields and waste places, Florida and Northward ; " and known to occur in "waste places " as far as 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio (A. Gray). By European colonists was carried Westward across the Pacific 
 to the Philippines, where it has become abundant throughout, and is called in Tagalo " quilites " 
 (an American word according to Blanco), in Bisaya " calites " or " tilites " or " orayi " or " harum " or 
 " rayang bayang," in Pampango " ayantoto," in Ylocano " cuanton ; " to the neighbouring islands 
 (Rumph. v. pi. 83, and A. Dec.) ; to Burmah, called there "hen-ka-nway," a "common weed in some 
 parts," eaten as "a potherb" by the natives (Mason v. 472) ; to Hindustan, devoid of a Sanscrit name 
 (Roxb., and Pidd ), but called in Bengalee " kanta-mari," in Tamil " mulluk-kirai," in Malabar " mul- 
 lan-chira," in Telinga " mundla-tota-kura" or " nalla-doggali," and known to occur from Bengal to 
 Malabar (Drur.), observed by Graham as far as Bombay, "a common weed among rubbish during 
 the rainy season," by Moon, on Ceylon. Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann hort. 
 Lu g d - 33 (Spreng.) : by European colonists also, was carried to Western Equatorial Africa (Webb, 
 and Benth. fl. nigr. 173 to 492) ; to the Mauritius Islands, according to Bojer only naturalized; and 
 by French colonists, is called "brede de Malabar" (A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 711 
 
 "May 19th" (Nicol.), a synod at Tours. "Against the Manichaaans or Albigenses, and on dis- 
 cipline." Monks were forbidden to read writings on physical science (Humb. cosm. ii.). 
 
 "After six or seven years" (G. de la Vega iii. 18), the Inca Capac Yupanqui sending an army 
 Northward, under his son Rocca, and "eighteen leagues from Cuzco" they reached the valley of 
 Amancay.* 
 
 " 1 164, Jan. 25th" (Nicol.), a synod and "assembly of all the realm" at Clarendon. The arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury with the other bishops " promised to observe the royal customs, but subsequently 
 declined to subscribe to them." King Henry II. in consequence, delivered over the priests accused 
 of theft, homicide, and other crimes, to the secular power. 
 
 "The same year (= 1220 samvat," Colebrooke as. res. vii. p. 175), date of an inscription by raja 
 Vigraha on the column projecting above a stone building at Delhi, Lacshana Pala, a Rajaputra, being 
 prime minister. 
 
 The Sanscrit poet Jayadevas, born according to his own account at Cenduli, about this time writ- 
 ing f (see Lassen proleg. p. v) ; he mentions as cotemporary poets Umapatidharas, Caranas, Govard- 
 hana, and Dhoyin : and was earlier — than Kalidasa according to the Hindus (W. Jones). 
 
 " In or about this year " (T. Wright early trav. Palest.), arrival in Bagdad of Benjamin de Tudela ; 
 the first traveller from Western Europe known to have penetrated beyond Palestine and Syria. He 
 found in Bagdad extensive buildings and " medical warehouses " for the care of the sick poor, also a 
 hospital for the insane ; and obtained information respecting Tartary, Thibet, Hindustan, Ceylon, and 
 the passage by sea to China. Returning Westward, he found independent Jews at Aden, possessing 
 " cities and fortresses on the summits of the mountains " (the walls so conspicuous there at the present 
 day), and making incursions into " Maatum also called Nubia." — Continuing up the Red Sea,- he 
 reached Assuan on the Nile, and after an absence of three or four years descended the river. Next 
 proceeding to Constantinople, he describes the Greeks as luxurious and unwarlike, hiring " soldiers of 
 all nations whom they call ' barbarians ' for the purpose of carrying on their wars with the sultan of 
 the Thogarmin, who are called Turks." He further states, that the Slavonians and Russians " sell 
 their children to all nations." 
 
 " 1 165 A. D. (= the year 'yei'-man ' of the dairo Ni-sio,'' San-kokf transl. Klapr.), under investi- 
 ture from China, the Second or Tsiou-san dynasty ruling the Loo Choo Islands, arrival there of Tame- 
 tomo from Japan. He married the younger sister of the an-zi of Dai-ri (Ta-li) or king ; — and after 
 the birth of his son Soun-ten-o "in 1167," returned to Japan ; where he was followed by his wife and 
 child. 
 
 " 1 166 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod in London. An appeal was made to the pope by the bishops of 
 England, " Against the legation and the sentences of the archbishop of Canterbury, then a refugee in 
 France." 
 
 -'April nth" (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. "Concerning marriage.'' 
 "The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Nidsioo or Ni-sio succeeded by his son Roku- 
 dsioo, now seventy-ninth dairo of Japan. 
 
 One hundred and sixty-fourth generation. Sept. rst, 1167, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Jewish writers, Joseph Kimchi, Maimonides, and Petachja : the Arab writer Ebn Alwam : the Greek 
 writers, Eustathius of Thessalonica d. after 1200, Neophytus d. after 1190, Xiphilinus d. 1199, Joel d. 
 after 1200 : Theorianus, Hugo Etherianus, Arnoldus Carnotensis, Joachimus : the scholastic theologian 
 Petrus Comestor: the Icelandic poet and historian Saemund. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), " ■Indulgences' 1 '' remitting sin, mentioned as "pias fraudes " by Petrus 
 Cantor of France. (The beginning of the contest between the Bible and a visible church). 
 
 * Ismene amancaes of Western Peru. The amancaes lily ; from its abundance giving its name 
 to the valley in question, — and fully described by G. de la Vega iv. 15 : I. amancaes was observed by 
 myself in a well-known ravine near Lima. 
 
 f Gualteria Corinti of Tropical Hindustan. A climbing shrub allied to the species called in the 
 environs of Bombay " asoca " (Graham), and W. Jones as. res. iv. 275 was informed "that one species 
 of the asoca is a creeper;" the voluble "asoca" of Jayadevas, — maybe compared: G. Corinti was 
 observed by Rheede v. pi. 14 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, and Graham, in "the hilly parts of the Con- 
 cans ; " by Wight, in other parts of the peninsula. 
 
 Dalberria scandens of Tropical Hindustan. A beautiful scandent shrub (Graham) ; and the bower 
 of bloomy and elegant " vanjula" plants interweaving their branches, described by Jayadevas, — may 
 be compared (the "vanjula" of Susrutas chik. 19 to Kalp. 7 being referred by Hester to an allied 
 species): D. scandens was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 22 in Malabar; by Graham, having "long 
 drooping racemes of light rose-coloured flowers " and "well adapted for covering trellises," common 
 " throughout the jungly tracts of the Concan," and according to Gibson "in the Mawul districts ; " by 
 Roxburgh cor. pi. 19, and Wight, as far as Coromandel. 
 
;i2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 1168 A. D." (Munk, and Marcel), an army of crusaders, brought from Palestine into Egypt to 
 repel a Syrian invasion, assuming the offensive captured Bilbeis (Bubastis) and advanced as far as 
 Cairo ; but were finally compelled to retire. 
 
 Coccuhis cebatha of Tropical Arabia. A woody vine called in Yemen "kebath," in which we 
 recognize the " kabath " of Ebn Alawan landwirths., — and Ebn Baitar: C. cebatha was observed by 
 Forskal p. 171 among the mountains of Yemen, the ripe berries acrid but edible, and a spirituous 
 liquor procured from them. 
 
 "1169 A. D." (Caradoc of Llancarvan, and Major 2d edit. Columb. p. xxi), death of Owen 
 Gwynedd, prince of North Wales. Contention arising among his numerous sons, one of them named 
 Madawe or Madoc sailed with a small fleet "westward, and leaving Iceland on the north, came at 
 length to an unknown country where everything appeared new and uncommon and the manner of the 
 natives different from all that he had ever seen : " the fertility and beauty of the country inviting set- 
 tlement, he left behind most of his men; and returning "to Wales, persuaded "a considerable number" 
 of his countrymen to accompany him, and " with ten ships " bade " a final adieu to his native soil." — 
 The event is alluded to by Meredyth ab Rhys, a Welsh bard who died "in 1477." 
 
 " In this year " (art de verif.). Roku-dsioo, succeeded by Takakura, third son of Go-sijrakawa, and 
 now at the age of " nine " dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 1 170 A. D." (Nicol.). a synod at Constantinople. The propositions of the emperor Emanuel 
 Comnena for the union of the two churches, were rejected 
 
 " In this year" (= 1 192 — 142 -)- " 120th yr." of hist. Prithw., and Wilford as. res. ix. p. 171), 
 adoption or accession of Prithwi-raja or Pithaura as king of Delhi, uniting the Tomara and Chauhana 
 families. According to some authorities, he was a son of Vigraha-Deva (H. H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 
 p. 154). 
 
 The Sanscrit poet Kalidasa,* " eighth gem in the council of king Vicrama " (Navaratna, and 
 
 * Elczocarpus oblongus of Tropical Hindustan. A very beautiful tree when in full bloom called 
 in the environs of Bombay " khas " or " kassow " (Graham) ; and the " namerui " tree of Kalidasa 
 kum. i. 56 to iii. 45, its flowers and leaves gathered and worn, — is referred here by Stenzler : E. 
 oblongus was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 24 in Malabar; by Graham, at Mahableshwur and in the 
 vale of the Yena, its petals fringed and foliage "frequently tinged with red ; " by Wight pi. 46, in 
 other parts of the peninsula. 
 
 Cah'saccion Lmgifolium of Western Hindustan. A large Clusioid tree called in Canara 
 "taringee" or " woondee " (Bed.), in the environs of Bombay "suringee" or "gordeoondy" (Gra- 
 ham), or the female " poonag " (Bed., and Grab. mi) ; and possibly the " punnaga " trees the bees 
 abandoning in Kalidasa ragh. iv. 57 : — C. longifolium was observed by Graham " on the Ghauts and 
 throughout the Concans," its flowers " collected and exported to Bengal for dveing silk ; " by Wight 
 pi. 1999, Cleghorn, and Drury, as far as Mysore, its flowers emitting a fragrance not unlike that of 
 violets and used as a perfume, its fruit delicious to the taste. (See Rottlera tinctoria). 
 
 Alatrites laccifera of Southern Hindustan and Ceylon. Called in Sanscrit " laksha " (Ainsl.) ; 
 and the "lacsha" of Kalidasa sacont, its juice staining her feet exquisitely red, — may be com- 
 pared : A. laccifera was nbsened by Burmann pi. 91 on Ceylon ; and it or its product is mentioned 
 by Ainslie 23 (J. F. Wats.). 
 
 Jxora parviflora of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The torch tree is small and erect, called 
 in the environs of Bombay "whom" or " gooavee-luckree " or "raicoorah" (Graham); and the 
 slender " karnikara " of Kalidasa vikram. iii. 2, spreading its brilliant blossoms around the skirts of 
 the mountain, and elsewhere termed a flame of the woods — (W. Jones as. res. iv. 251), may be com- 
 pared : I. parviflora was observed by Graham " common on the Ghauts " and " in the jungles about 
 Nagpore, the dak runners make torches of it ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindus- 
 tan; and by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 Aganosma Roxburghii of Tropical Hindustan. Aver)' ornamental climbing Apocynous shrub 
 called in Sanscrit " malati " (Ell.); in which we recognize the fresh blossom of the "malati"of 
 Kalidasa sacont. : — A. Roxburgh was observed by Rheede vii. 55 to ix. 14 in Malabar; by Graham, 
 only in "gardens" in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh ii. 11, in Eastern Hindustan. 
 
 Convolvulus (Argyreia) speciosa of Tropical Hindustan. The elephant creeper is a twining 
 plant called in Sanscrit " samutra-putrum " (Ainsl.), in Tamil " samutra-pallum " or " samudra-chedi " 
 (J. F. Wats.) or " shamuddirap-pachchai " or " kadal-palai," in Telinga " samudra-pala " or " chandra- 
 poda" or "kokkita,"in Hindustanee "samundar" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " samudra 
 shoka " or " googulee " (Graham) ; and the " vratati " of Kalidasa sacont., its twining stems entang- 
 ling elephants, — may be compared : A. speciosa was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 61 in Malabar ; by 
 Graham, "common" in the environs of Bombay and "at the bottom of hills in the Deccan," the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 713 
 
 Bentl. as. res. viii. p. 242), mentions king Prithue, and " Siva's bull steep to climb as mount Kailasa's 
 side " (Dowlutabad). 
 
 Betula bhojputra of the mountains of Hindustan. A species of birch called in Sanscrit and 
 Telinga "bhurjamu " (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the "bhurja" tree of Kalidasa kum. i. 7 
 to ragh. and vikram. ii., its bark used for epistles by maidens on the mountains : — B. bhojputra was 
 Observed by Elliot, and Balfour, on the Northern Circars. 
 
 "The same year" (Clavig. ii., and Humb. ii. 6), the Che'che'me'cas making their appearance on 
 the Mexican table-land, speaking the Toltec language.* 
 
 '• 1 171 A. D." (art de verif ), death of Adhed and end of the Fatimite dynasty : the claim of the 
 Egyptian sultans to spiritual authority being abandoned, and that of the Abbassid khalifs acknowl- 
 edged. Saladin now became the real ruler of Egypt ; though to some extent acting under the orders 
 of Nooreddin of Damascus. 
 
 " The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), in England, a new cathedral commenced at York. — The 
 southern wing was finished " in 1227 ; " the northern cross-arm and tower, ■• in 1260 ; " the nave, in 
 1321 ; and the building completed in the "beginning of the Fifteenth century." 
 
 " In or about this year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), the woollen manufacture established in England, 
 at Worsted and Norwich. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Armagh. "All the English who were in bondage " in 
 Ireland, were released. 
 
 Euphorbia hyberna of Western Europe. A large-leaved species of spurge, from early times 
 "used by the peasants of Kerry " for capturing fish by poisoning the water — (Major edit. Bethenc. 
 p. 131) : E. hyberna is described by Dillenius elth. pi. 290 ; and is known to grow on the mountains 
 of Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 " 1 172 A. D." (Blair), invited by Dermot one of the local kings, Henry II. entered and took 
 possession of all Ireland : returning " about the beginning of February." Or (according to the Lon- 
 don rudimentary chronology) "the church in Ireland first becomes subject to the Roman see." 
 
 "The same year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), building of Dublin castle. 
 
 "upper side of the leaves " according to Gibson used by the natives "as a discutient, the under or 
 white side as a maturant ; " by Burmann pi. 20, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of the peninsula. 
 
 Convolvuhcs {Rivca) fragrans of Tropical Hindustan. The clove-scented creeper \s perennial 
 and twining, called in the environs of Bombay "kulmilata '' (Graham) ; and the " camalata " of Kali- 
 dasa sacont., — may be compared : R. fragrans was observed by Vaupell, Nimmo, and Graham, from 
 Guzerat to Bombay and the Concans, its flowers " expanding at sunset and perfuming the air with 
 the scent of cloves," leaves " used as a potherb ; " was observed by VV. Jones as. res. iv. 257 as far 
 as Bengal. 
 
 * Guazuma ulinifolia of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of South America. A 
 Theobromoid tree with yellow flowers, its mucilaginous fruit eaten from early times : the "guaguma" 
 — is described by Oviedo hist. gen. viii. 7; is known to grow on Martinique (Lindl.) ; and was 
 observed by A. Saint-Hilaire plant, us. pi. 14 in Brazil, its bark employed medicinally, and on account 
 of its abundant mucilage to clarify sugar (Lindl.). Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet 
 aim. pi. 77 : and by European colonists was carried to Hindustan, where it is called in Telinga "ood- 
 rick" (Drur.), and is now cultivated throughout, its light loose-grained wood used for furniture, and 
 its leaves for feeding cattle (Roxb., Royle, Wight, and Drur), was observed by Graham "planted" 
 as far as Bombay. 
 
 Plumiera rubra of Mexico and the West Indies. An Apocynous tree with large fragrant 
 flowers, called in Mexican " quauhlepatlis " (Hernand.), and known from early times: — observed 
 by Hernandez in Mexico ; by Catesby pi. 92, and Descourtilz, in the West Indies ; and known to 
 grow as far as Surinam (Ehret pi. 10, and Pers.), its milky juice according to Lindley "excessively 
 corrosive." 
 
 Plumiera alba of Mexico and the West Indies. Arborescent, called in Mexican " chupirena " 
 or " quauh-tlepatli " (Hernand.), and its delightfully fragrant flowers known from early times : — 
 observed by Hernandez in Mexico ; by Plumier pi. 231, Jacquin am. pi. 174, and Descourtilz, in the 
 West Indies, but no Carib name given. By European colonists was carried Westward across the 
 Pacific to the Philippines, where it has become well known though fruit is excessively rare, is called 
 in Tacalo "carachucha " or "calachuchi " or "calasasi," and its bark used in Ylocos as cathartic and 
 vermifuge (I. de Mercado, and Blanco) ; to the neighbouring islands (Rumph. iv. pi. 3S) ; to Anam 
 (Lour.) ; to Burmah, enumerated as "exotic " by Mason ; to Hindustan, observed by Roxburgh, and 
 Forbes or. mem., by Graham as far as Bombay, but "very rarely bears seeds perhaps from being 
 always propagated by cuttings," by myself only around villages. 
 
 90 
 
714 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "May 21st" (Nicol.), a synod at Avranches. Henry II. "was absolved from the murder of 
 Thomas-a-Becket, after swearing to abolish all the unlawful customs established during his reign." 
 
 " 1 173 A. D." (Nicol.), in a synod at Westminster, reading of the Bull for the canonization of 
 Thomas-a-Becket. Richard prior of Dover was elected archbishop of Canterbury ; and " twenty- 
 seven canons were made on discipline." 
 
 "The same year " (art de venf.), death of Nooreddin ; Saladin becoming the acknowledged sul- 
 tan of both Egypt and Syria. Gold and silver were coined by Saladin, to redeem the glass money in 
 circulation (Marcel 139 and 144). He replaced the brick wall around Cairo with stone ; built the cit- 
 adel, and cleared the deep well therein, — to the present day called from him "Joseph's" well (Wilk. 
 theb. and eg. p. 305). 
 
 The removal of the outer stone coating of the Great pyramid, is attributed to Saladin (Marcel 141). 
 
 " 1174 A. D." (rudim. chron. Lond.j, building of the leaning tower at Pisa. 
 
 " 1 1 75 A. D." (= 571 A. H." of Abu-Abdallah ben Ahmed Muhrim, Badjer edit. Varthem. p 59), 
 the walls and towers on the mountains around Aden chiefly built by Othman. ez-Zenjily, appointed 
 governor by Turan Shah, a brother of Saladin. 
 
 " In this year " (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 1 174), Madan Mahadeva 
 succeeded by Anang Bhim Deo, now king of Orissa. — He built the great temple of Jaganath, and 
 reigned " twenty-seven years." 
 
 " 1 176, Jan. 25th " (Nicol., see also Alst.), a synod at Northampton. Wherein an unsuccessful 
 attempt was made by the archbishop of York " to compel the Scotch bishops to acknowledge his 
 jurisdiction." 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), in England, the dispensing of justice by Circuits, first appointed. 
 
 "The same year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), London bridge commenced by Peter Coleman, a priest 
 of Colechurch. 
 
 " In this year (= 572 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Shahab-u-din, associate sultan of Ghor and 
 Ghazni, commencing operations against Hindustan by the capture of Uch, at the junction of the 
 rivers of the Panjab with the Indus. 
 
 " 1 1 77 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Tarsus. For the reunion of the Armenians and Greeks. 
 
 "117S A. D. (= 575 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), unsuccessful expedition against Guzerat by 
 Shahab-u-din ; who however overran Sind to the seashore. 
 
 "In this year" (Clavig. ii., and Humb. ii. 0), the Nahualtecs making their appearance on the 
 Mexican table-land : like the Chichimecs, speaking the Toltec language. 
 
 Dioscorea saliva of Tropical America. Cultivated by the Waraus of the delta of the Orinoko * — • 
 
 * Dioscorea alata of Tropical America? Cultivated by the Waraus (Schomb.), and called in 
 Carib "couchou " — (Descourt.). Westward, from an early period cultivated by the Polynesians, 
 and observed by myself on the Taheitian, Samoan, and Tongan groups, and on the Feejeean consti- 
 tuting the main support of the population : called in Taheitian and Tongan " ubi " (Forst., and A. 
 Dec), or according to Hale, " uhi '' or " uh' " on Rotuma, " uhi " or " ui " or " ufi " by Polynesians 
 generally, " uvi " by the Feejeeans, and according to Blanco, "ubi" by the Tagalo of the Philip- 
 pines, and "quinampai " on Zebu : was also observed under cultivation in the Malayan Archipelago 
 by Rumphius v. pi. \z\ ; is enumerated by Mason v. p. N13 as wild in Burmah ; in Hindustan, has 
 no Sanscrit name (Roxb. iii., and Pidd.), but was seen there under cultivation by Rheede vii. pi. 38, 
 and myself, and is given by Graham as " wild in both Concans." Farther West, the purple yam was, 
 observed by myself on Zanzibar, and was said to be also cultivated on the neighbouring main land 
 by African tribes. (See Colocasia antiquorum). 
 
 Colocasia saglttifolia of Tropical America. Cultivated by the Waraus (Schomb.), and called in 
 Carib "ouaheu " — (Descourt.) : the "agi's" cultivated by the natives on Hayti, are described by F. 
 Roman Pane 26 as "certain roots like turnips and some like radishes" (F. Columb.) ; according to 
 Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 and gen. hist. vii. 3, the " ajes " are distinct from batatas and resemble the great 
 turnips "nabos grandes " of Spain ; and C. sagittifolia was observed in the West Indies by Plumier 
 iv. pi. 35. Farther North, the "cocushaw" of the aboriginals on the Roanoke, growing in marshy 
 places and after expressing a poisonous juice used for making bread (Hariot, in be Dry i.), may be 
 compared; C. sagittifolia continues to be cultivated from Florida to Carolina, and is called tamer 
 (Pursh, Muhl., Ell., Baldvv., and Mc. Euen), the leaves very large. By European colonists, was 
 carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it is called " tongo " (Descourt.; see also C. antiquorum). 
 
 Cedrela odorata of Eastern Equatorial America. Employed by the Waraus of the delta of the 
 Orinoko for making canoes — (Schomb. edit. Ralegh) : observed in the West Indies by P. Browne pi. 
 10 ; and within the borders of Peru, by Ruiz and Pavon (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried 
 Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where "plenty of cedar " called "calanta" was found 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 715 
 
 (Schomb. edit. Ralegh) : the word " igname " was heard by Vespucci on the coast of Paria, and was 
 found by Cabral in 1500 applied in Brazil to a root from which bread was made (A. Dec.) ; very large 
 white-rooted yarns are imported from the West Indies, belonging to a species I have not seen grow- 
 ing. By European colonists, D. sativa was carried to the Malayan Archipelago, "injames" of the 
 Portuguese after the Brazilians, called " byra" by the Javanese and Malayans, and •' siatsini " by the 
 Chinese, a root on which thirty persons may dine but the taste not near so good as potatoes, were 
 seen in Java by Nieuhoff ; the 'cassab el darrir " figured by Alpinus as cultivated in Egypt, may 
 also be compared. " D. Cliffortiana '' regarded as a distinct species, was observed by Haenke wild 
 in Peru, by Martius wild in Brazil, and is not with certainty known to be cultivated. 
 
 "1179, March 5th to 19th" (Nicol.), Eleventh general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at the 
 Lateran in Rome ; "two hundred and eighty" bishops being present. Among other acts, Petrus was 
 sent as legate into France, to inquire into and suppress the " heresy of the Waldenses or Albigenses " 
 (Alst.). 
 
 The local princes of Japan now nearly independent, defeated by Joritomo, to whom the military 
 authority had been delegated by Takakura. Joritomo now assumed the title of " cubo " (correspond- 
 ing to "maire du palais " under the early French kings, or "sultan" under the califs, art de verif.). 
 
 "1180 A. D." (Alst.), Emanuel succeeded by Alexius II. Comnena, fifty-fourth Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 "June 24th to Oct. 18th" (Nicol.), a synod at Tarragona. The use of the Christian era was sub- 
 stituted for the " Era of Spain." 
 
 " 1 181 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Takakura succeeded by his eldest son Antoku, now 
 eighty-first dairo of Japan. • 
 
 "Sept. 1st" (Alst., and Nicol.), Alexander III. succeeded by cardinal Ubaldo Allocingoli, now 
 Lucius III., fifteenth pope. Philip II. ruling France; and William, Scotland. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Blair), compilation of a Digest of the Laws of England, by Ranulph de 
 Glanville. 
 
 "The same year (= 1103 Salivahan.," Colebrooke as. res. ix. p. 431), latest date in an inscription 
 chiefly in the Old Canara language — found among the ruins of Curogode in Southern Hindustan. 
 
 " 1182 A. D."(Alst.), Alexius II. succeeded by his son Andronicus, fifty-fifth Byzantine emperor. 
 
 " 1184 A. D." (Blair), massacre of all the Latins in Constantinople. Arranged by the emperor 
 Andronicus. 
 
 " In this year (= 1844th of Synmu," art de verif.), abdication of Antoku in favour of his fourth 
 brother Toba II. or Go-Toba, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 1 185 A. D." (Alst.), Andronicus succeeded by Isaacus II. Angel Comnena, fifty-sixth Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 "Nov. 25th" (Nicol.), Lucius III. succeeded by cardinal Hubert Crivelli, now Urbanus III., 
 sixteenth pope. Urbanus III-, "dated his pontificate from the day of his election." 
 
 by De Morga, and C. odorata according to Blanco is employed for canoes, and is called in Tagalo 
 and Pampango "calantas," and in Bisaya "lanigpa" or " lanigda ; " and Eastward across the Atlan- 
 tic to Senegal, where too it is employed for canoes (Desc). 
 
 Euterpe sp ? of Guayana. The " manica " or " manicole " palms, furnishing the laths of the 
 dwellings of the Waraus — (Schomb.). 
 
 Manicaria saccharifera of Guayana. The " trouli " palm, furnishing the thatch of the dwell- 
 ings of the Waraus — (Schomb.) : the palm described also by Jacquin (Steud.). And from trans- 
 ported specimens, by Gaertner ii. pi. 176. 
 
 Carapa Guayanensis of Guayana. Oil of the " carapa " nut employed by the Warau women to 
 anoint their hair — (Schomb. edit. Ralegh) : the tree observed also in Guayana by Aublet ii. pi. 387. 
 
 Bignonia chica of Guayana. Affording with some other species the " chico " or " caraweru " 
 pigment employed among the Waraus — (Schomb.) : observed also in this portion of South America 
 by Humboldt and Bonpland (Steud.). 
 
 Strychnos toxifera of Eastern Equatorial America. A climbing plant, the juice furnishing the 
 basis of the celebrated " vvoorari " poison employed by the Waraus to envenom their arrows — 
 (Schomburgk). The bark applied externally is regarded by Hancock med. gaz. xx. 281 as a good 
 remedy for foul ulcers (Lindl.). 
 
 Arundinaria Sclwmburgkii of Eastern Equatorial America. The arrows blown through a 
 " cur.ita" or internode of this reed, — and Schomburgk in travelling along the Paracaima mountains 
 witnessed the effect of the poison ; so nearly instantaneous, that a deer at the top of its speed was 
 scarcely able to " run forty yards." A. Schomburgkii is described as fifty to sixty feet high, the 
 weight of its numerous branchlets causing the upper part to droop and form an arch (geogr. plant, 
 lond. tract soc). 
 
716 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), end of the chronicle of Gothofridus Viterbiensis. 
 
 " 11S6 A. D. (= 582 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), after years of hostilities, Shahab-u-din partly by 
 stratagem captured Khusru Malik, and obtained possession of Lahore. 
 
 " Sept. 14th" (Blair), Great conjunction of the sun, moon, and all the planets in Libra. 
 
 "1187 A. D." (Klapr. note to San-kokf), Soun-teno having returned to the Loo Choo Islands, 
 now at the age of " twenty-two " made king ; the first of the Tame-tomo dynasty. He introduced the 
 " i-ro-fa " or Japanese alphabet. 
 
 " In this year" (Marco Polo 65), revolt of the Tartars against their legitimate ruler Unecan or 
 Ung-kan ; and Jenghiz elected khan. 
 
 "The same year" (Munk, and Marcel), the crusaders driven from Jerusalem and Palestine into a 
 few fortified posts along the coast:— which were held by them many years. 
 
 "Oct. 20th" (Nicol.), Urbanus III. succeeded by cardinal Albert di Morra or Gregorius VIII. ; 
 and " Dec. 19th," by cardinal Paul Scolaro or Clemens III., eighteenth pope. Clemens III. "added 
 the year of his pontificate to the dates of the place and day in his common Bulls ; which practice was 
 adopted by nearly all his successors." 
 
 The same year ("45th year of Manuel Comnena," editor), Gregorius Degha being Armenian 
 patriarch, end of the chronicle of Samuel of Ania. 
 
 "11SS A. D." (Blair), Third crusade. — King Richard of England and Philip II. of France, 
 departing in the following year with the crusaders. 
 
 " 1 189 A. D. (= 5th \e;ir of the nengo boun-zi," Klapr. transl. San-kokf p. 221), Yosi-tsoune 
 defeated by his brother Yori-tomo seeking refuge among the Ainos ; where he married a chief's 
 daughter, received the name of Oki-go.urou, and built a castle in the Eastern part of Yeso. — Remains 
 of this edifice were visible in the days of the narrator, and the memory of Yosi-tsoune continued to be 
 venerated by the Ainos, his history being celebrated in songs in their theatrical representations or 
 pantomimic dances. 
 
 " 1 190 A. D. = 'tchao-hi,' 1st year of Kouang-tsoung of the Soung, and 1st year of the ' ming- 
 tchang' of Tchang-tsoung of the Kin" — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " The same year " (Alst.), founding of a third military monastic Order ; the " Teutonic knights." 
 
 "The same year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), rise of heraldry. 
 
 "1191, March 30th" (Alst, and Nicol.), Clemens III. succeeded by cardinal Hyacinth Bubona, 
 now Celestinus III., nineteenth pope : and the first one who granted " absolution ad cautelam." Hen- 
 ricus VI. ruling Germany and Italy. 
 
 " In this year (= 587 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Shahab-u-din totally defeated on the great plain 
 beyond Tanesar by Prithwi, Hindu king of Delhi and Ajmir. Leaving the wreck of his army at Lahore, 
 he retired across the Indus. 
 
 " Towards the end of the Twelfth century '' (Lubke and Lutrow), the new cathedral at Strasburg 
 commenced. — The spire, "four hundred and ninety-one feet" his;h, was completed "in 1430." 
 
 " 1 193 A. D. (= 589 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph., Bentley giving •■ 5S8 A. H." = 1192), Shahab-u- 
 din with a new army entering Hindustan defeated Prithwi, put him to death on the battle-field, and 
 obtained possession of Delhi and Ajmir. The biography of Prithwi or Pithaura is included in a his- 
 tory of Rajputana by Chand, a Hindee or Hindustanee poet who had resided at his court (G. de Tassy 
 pref. and p. 138). 
 
 Kutb-u-din Eibak, left behind as the representative of Shahab-u-din, commenced near Delhi the 
 Kutab Minar, a round tower — " two hundred and sixty-five feet high " (Lubke and Lutrow). 
 
 "In this year "(art de verif.), Saladin succeeded by Melek-Aziz Othman, second Ayoubite sultan 
 of Egypt. A copper coin issued by Melek-Aziz Othman, is figured in Marcel p. 146. 
 
 " 1 194 A. D. (= 591 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph), returning to Hindustan and Delhi, Shahab-u- 
 din defeated the Hindu king Jeia Chandra farther clown the Jamna, and obtained possession of Canouj 
 and Benares. The greater part of the Rahtor clan abandoning Canouj founded a principality at 
 Marwar, — now in alliance with the British government. 
 
 The roof of Peterborough cathedral, "of the date of about 1194" (hist, viol.), contains as far as 
 known the earliest representation of the violin, the only musical "instrument that, like the human 
 voice, possesses the power of perfect intonation." Bows, perhaps a British invention, had been pre- 
 viously applied to other instruments for two or three centuries. — " Fiddlers " are said to be mentioned 
 by old English poets prior to Chaucer. But the Cremona manufacturers, whose violins have never 
 been equalled, were of the " Sixteenth " century. 
 
 " 1 195 A. D. = ' tsing-youan,' 1st year of Ning-tsoung, of the Soung" or Twenty-first dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 The same year (= " 12th year of Toba II.," art de verif.), Joritomo after new victories visiting 
 Toba II. at Meaco, was confirmed by him in the title of " cubo " or general in chief. — The title became 
 hereditary. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 717 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Isaacus II. succeeded by Alexis III. Angel, fifty-seventh Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 " In this year (= 592 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), after capturing Biana near Agra, and laying 
 siege to Gwalior, Shahab-u-din appears to have been called away by troubles in the West, and left 
 Kutb-u-din to complete his conquests in Hindustan. 
 
 " 1 196 A. D." (Blair), Henri Dandolo doge of Venice. 
 
 "The same year" (Azt. hierog. annals, Clavig., and Humb. ii. 6), the Acolhuans and Aztecs 
 making their appearance on the Mexican table-land : speaking, like their predecessors, the Toltec 
 language. 
 
 The cochineal insect, Coccus cacti, discovered at an early period by the Mexicans, and reared 
 extensively to procure its brilliant dye.* — When the Spaniards entered the country in 15 19, cochineal 
 first became known to Europeans (Pereir.) ; but to the present day Mexico continues the source of 
 commercial supply. 
 
 " 1 197 A. D." (G. de Tassy i. p. 519), Gwalior in the district of Agra captured by the Muslims. 
 — The city was retaken by the Hindus ; but was finally subjugated in " 1225 " by Altamsch sultan of 
 Delhi. A History of Gwalior is extant, written by the Hindee or Hindustanee poet Vargaraya. 
 
 "In or about this year"(G. de la Vega, = 1249 — "near 50 years reign," Bias Valera, and addit. 
 art de verif.), Capac Yupanqui succeeded by his son Roca, now sixth Inca of Peru. — He enlarged the 
 empire to "two hundred leagues from North to South, by one hundred from East to West; " and 
 afterwards added fifty leagues to its length and breadth. 
 
 Myrospermum Peritiferum of Eastern Peru. An Amyroid tree called there " quinquino " 
 (Lindl ), yielding the fragrant bitter aromatic balsam of Peru, known from early times f — (Hernand. 
 mex. pi. 51, and Ruiz) : growing in the Peruvian forest, in low warm sunny situations near the river 
 Maranon (Lindl.). 
 
 Cinchona sp. of the Eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes. Forest-trees affording Peruvian bark, 
 from early times employed to intoxicate fishes — (Saunders, and Lindl. fl. med. 211). 
 
 Phyteleplias macrocarpa of the Eastern side of the Peruvian Andes. A palm, its long fronds 
 employed from early times to cover dwellings, and the ivory-like kernel of its fruit for making imple- 
 ments : — observed by Ruiz and Pavon 301 in the forest in the warm region, its fruit very large and 
 called by colonists "caleza de negro" (Pers.). The imported kernels under the name of vegetable 
 ivory have become well known in the arts. 
 
 * Opuntia coccinellifera of Mexico and the West Indies. A species of prickly pear, said to be 
 that on which the cochineal insect feeds, — described by Lopez de Gomara (Spreng.) : O. coccinelli- 
 fera, red-flowered and nearly thornless, is known to grow on Jamaica (Pers.). Transported to Europe, 
 is described by Knorr del. ii. pi. O, and Dillenius elth. pi. 297 : and by European colonists was carried 
 to Hindustan, observed "in gardens Bombay" by Graham; to Burmah, called there " ka-la-soung- 
 let-wa" (Mason). 
 
 f Baccharis genistclloides and B. venosa of Peru. Allied species abounding in bitter extrac- 
 tive matter and from early times employed medicinally: — called in Brazil "carqueja dolce " and 
 "c. amarga" (Lindl.), or the first according to Marcgraf and Piso pi. 78 "canambaga" (Pers.): 
 "particularly serviceable in chronic diseases of horses, which are very fond of this herb" (Mart., 
 and Lindl.). 
 
 Cantia edulis of Peru. Called there "achiras" (Lindl.), its fleshy tubers containing a large 
 quantity of starch resembling arrowroot, and from early times eaten as potatoes : — described by Ker 
 (bot. reg. ix. 775). 
 
 Polypodium crassifoliwn of the Eastern side of the Peruvian Andes. A fern called " puntu- 
 puntu" (Lindl.), and from early times its root in infusion and decoction used as a sudorific : — observed 
 by Ruiz in the mountain-forest, in gravelly and rocky naked warm situations (Lindl.). From trans- 
 ported specimens, is termed " phyllitis maculata amplissimo folio " by Petiver fil. pi. 8. 
 
 Polypodium calaguala of the Peruvian Andes. A fern called "calaguala" or "ccallahuala " 
 (Lindl.), its dried root extremely bitter and from early times used medicinally, — having great deob- 
 struent, sudorific, antivenereal, and febrifuge virtues : observed by Ruiz in the elevated cold region, 
 in clefts and on the side of rocks (Lamb, cinch. 120 pi. 2). Seldom to be had genuine in Europe 
 (Lindl.). 
 
 Acrostichum huacsaro of Peru. A fern called by Spanish colonists " cordoncillo " or "calaguala 
 m diana," in Peruvian " huacsaro " (Lindl.), its root from early times used medicinally, — in cold infu- 
 sion and decoction yielding a red colour and slight astringent taste, but very inferior in action to true 
 calaguala: observed by Ruiz in elevated cold situations along the Andes (Lamb, cinch. 128, and 
 Lindl.). 
 
718 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 1198, Jan. 8th or 9th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Celestinus III. succeeded by cardinal Lothaire de' 
 Conti di Segni, now Innocentius III., twentieth pope. The writings of Innocentius III. are vol- 
 uminous. 
 
 " Towards the close of the twelfth century" (Way pref. pr. pm.), Uguitio or Hugo of Pisa hold- 
 ing the office of bishop of Ferrara. — He died "about 1212" (Ughelli). His dictionary is quoted by 
 Galfridus pr. pm. 
 
 Thymus vulgaris of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Britain thyme 
 or garden thyme, in France " thym" (Nugent), in which we recognize the timu m or 1 1 m k of 
 Uguitio — and the C. F. vocabulary, identified by Galfridus pr. pm. with the " tyme herbe : " T. vul- 
 garis is described by Brunfels, Tragus, Fuchsius (Spreng.), Dodoens, and Tournefort inst. 196 ; is 
 known to grow wild in Italy, Spain, and Southern France (Pers., and Lenz), and is besides cultivated 
 throughout middle Europe (Woodv. med. bot. pi. 109). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in moun- 
 tainous situations in Greece and on the Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Pers.). By 
 European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 to Northeast America, where it continues under cultiva- 
 tion as a seasoning herb. According to Lindley, " is fragrant and stimulating, its essential oil is 
 administered to remove flatulence." 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Melek-Aziz Othman succeeded by Melek-el-AIansur, third Ayou- 
 bite sultan of Egypt. A copper coin issued by Melek-el-Mansur, is figured in Marcel p. 147. 
 
 " The same year " (Stirling res. Asiat. xv. 315 to 327, and Elphinstone iii. 7), the pagoda of Jagan- 
 nat, on the Eastern shore of Hindustan, completed. 
 
 "At the end of the Twelfth century" (Pouchet), six different species of seals, Phoca, described 
 by the Norwegian author of the "Miroir Royal" — (transl. Einersen p. 176). 
 
 " 1 199 A. D. (= 1859th of Synmu," art de verif.), abdication of Toba II. in favour of his eldest 
 son Tsatsi or Tsutsi, surnamed Mikaddo, now at the age of three years dairo of Japan. In the first 
 year of his reign, death of Joritomo ; leaving his title of "twenty " years standing (Kaempf. ii. 5) to 
 his own son Jori-sje. — After two years, Jori-sje was slain. 
 
 "In the beginning, of the Thirteenth century" (Jap. centen. comm. 106), seeds of the tea plant 
 brought by the priest Miyoye from China to Japan, and its cultivation introduced. 
 
 "T20O A. D." (art de verif.), Melek-el-Mansur succeeded by Melek-Adel Seif-Eddin, fourth 
 Ayoubite sultan of Egypt. Silver and copper coins issued by Melek-Adel, are figured in Marcel 
 p. 149. 
 
 " In this year (= 6th year khing-youan of Ning-tsoung," Remus, mel. iii. 88), a letter and tribute 
 sent to China by the king of Cambodia on his accession. — He reigned "twenty" years. 
 
 " The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Dodechinus. 
 
 One hundred and sixty-fifth generation. Jan. 1st, 1201, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish 
 writers, Samuel ben Samson, Charisi, R. Isaac the blind, Sheshet ha-Nassi, and Samson of Germany : 
 the Arab writer Boha-eddin : the Greek writers, Nicetas Choniates d. 1216, and Balsamon d. 1204: 
 Conradus Urspergensis, Honorius Augustudunensis ; William of Newburgh ; Campanus of Lombardy ; 
 Gervase of Canterbury ; Ralph of Diceto ; Saxo Grammaticus ; Walter of Coventry ; Accursius ; 
 Antonius of Padua: the astronomer Jean de Sacrobosco (Pouchet). 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol), by a synod at Paris, Evrard of Nevers convicted of heresy and 
 burned. 
 
 "1202 A. D. (= S99 A - H." of Ferisht, Elph.), death of Gheias u-din. Shahab-u-din or Moham- 
 med Ghori now becoming sole sultan of Ghor and Ghazni. 
 
 " 1203 A. D. (= 600 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Shahab-u-din proceeding North against Kharizm, 
 defeated by the Khilan Tartars. 
 
 " In this year" (Blair), Fourth crusade. Sailing from Venice, the expedition arrived on the " 14th 
 of June " at Chalcedon. 
 
 Ibn Roshd or Averrhoes at this time writing. — He died "in 1217." 
 
 Geranium moth of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain culver foot 
 (Cockayne), and probably one of the four kinds of "pede columbino," little differing, known to Averr- 
 hoes— (J. Jacobi de Manljis) : the "pes columbae " of ms. Bodley 536, and " geran columbina" of 
 Lyte are referred here by Cockayne : G. molle is termed "g. columbinum minus majori flore et foliis 
 florum bifidis" by Tournefort inst. 268 ; is known to occur in waste and fallow ground from Denmark 
 throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan pi. 679, Vaill. paris pi. 15, Pers., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by 
 Forskal near Marseilles ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands. 
 (See G. columbinum). 
 
 Geranium dissectum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Probably one of the four kinds 
 of "pede columbino" known to Averrhoes— (J. J. de Manl.) : G. dissectum is termed "g. columbi- 
 num maximum foliis disseclis " by Tournefort inst. 268 ; is known as a weed in waste and" cultivated 
 ground from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 936, Curt. lond. vi. pi 45, Vaill. paris 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 719 
 
 pi. 15, Cavan. iv. pi. 78, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus 
 and other parts of Greece ; by Delile, in the cultivated fields of Lower Egypt. 
 
 Geranium Pyrenakum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Probably the fourth kind 
 of "pede columbino" known to Averrhoes — (J. J. de Manl.) : G. Pyrenaicum is termed "g. colum- 
 binum perenne pyrenaicum maximum" by Tournefort inst. 268; is known to grow wild in middle 
 Europe (Lorey and Dur.), and naturalized as far as Normandy, Paris, Britain, and Ireland (Cav. iv. 
 pi. 99, Curt. lond. iii. pi. 42, Wats., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp from mount Athos to 
 the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " 1204 A. D. = 4th year of the 'kia-tai ' of Ning-tsoung, and 4th year of the ' tai-ho ' of Tchang- 
 tsoung" of the Kin (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Sixty-fifth cycle. 
 
 "The same year" (. . . . F. Mason i. 6 and iii. 67), in Burmah, by Nara-padi-saethu, king of 
 Pugan, building of the great pagoda at Tavoy point. 
 
 "The same year " (Blair), after " about three hundred years " separation, Normandy conquered 
 and re-united with France. — Three years afterwards, towns in Normandy were elected into corpora- 
 tions, Rouen, and Falaise being the first. 
 
 " The same year " (Blair), the Inquisition instituted. Against the Albigenses. 
 
 "July 20th " (Alst, and Blair), Constantinople captured by the crusaders, and "a great number 
 of libraries'" there destroyed by the soldiers (Ramusius, Gibbon, Michaud, and Pouchet). Henri 
 Baldwin was now made king, under the spiritual dominion of the pope : the Venetians receiving as 
 their share the island of Crete. Alexis III. was however succeeded at Adrianople by Theodorus Las- 
 caris as the legitimate Byzantine emperor. 
 
 The " Chronicle of the conquest of Constantinople " by Geoffrey de Villehardouin, almost the 
 earliest literary production by a layman (rudim. chron. Lond.). 
 
 " 1205 A. D. (= 602 ann. H.," J. T. Blunt as. res. iv. p. 316), accession of Cuttub Shaw as sul- 
 tan of Delhi. — He reigned five years ; and his tomb is pointed out near the Cuttub Minar tower. 
 
 About this time (= " about six hundred years " before 1804, tradit., and Colebrooke as. res. viii. 
 467), the celebrated Sri Bhagavata composed by a grammarian. 
 
 " 1206, March 14th (=602 A. H., Shaban 2d " of Ferisht, Elph.), Shahab-u-din, during a second 
 expedition against Kharium, assassinated on the Indus by a band of Gakkars, who had lost relatives 
 in his wars. Kutb-u-din now became first sultan of Delhi, and received the insignia of royalty from 
 Mahmud Ghori, the successor of Shahab-u-din. 
 
 "In this year" (Yule p. cxvii, and Pauth. 348), the Western Tartars acquiring prominence in 
 History, Chinghiz elected khan and invited by Ning-tsoung to aid him against the Kin. 
 
 " 1208 A. D." (rudim. chron. Lond.), England laid under an interdict by the pope. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst., and Pouchet), a mendicant Order of monks founded by Franciscus ; 
 and named from him " Franciscans." — The Dominicans were founded eight years later. For the 
 next two or three centuries, nearly all the distinguished writers belong to the mendicant monastic 
 Orders (Pouchet). 
 
 " 1209 A. D. = 1st year of the ' ta-ngan ' of Tchou-young-ki, of the Kin," ruler of Northern 
 China — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "In this vear" (Tchao yuan phing, and Klapr. mem. ii. 331), the "fourth " of Jenghiz-khan, 
 voluntary submission of Barchu-Arte-Tieghin, chief of the Ouigours, a Turkish tribe on the Selenga. 
 
 " 1210 A. D." (Blair), the persecution against the Albigenses very severe. 
 
 " October " (Alst., and Nicol., see also Blair), a synod at Paris. " Fourteen disciples of Aumari" 
 or Almaric were condemned to be burned; together with the metaphysical writings of Aristotle, just 
 imported from Constantinople and translated into Latin. 
 
 "The same year (= 607 ann. H.," Elph., and J. T. Blunt as. res. iv. 316), Kutb-u-din Eibak 
 succeeded by his son Aram, — and within a twelvemonth by Altamsh, now sultan of Delhi. 
 
 " 121 1 A. D. (= 1871st of Synmu,'' art de verif.), abdication of Tsatsi-mikaddo in favour of his 
 younger brother Siuntoku, now dairo of Japan. Sonnetomo. second son of Joritomo, beinc, refused 
 the title of his father and brother, commenced war, — built the first ships of war seen in Japan, and 
 at length obtained confirmation of the title of cubo. 
 
 "The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the cathedral at Rheims. 
 
 •' 12 1 2 A. D." (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Robertus de Monte. 
 
 " 1213 A. D. = 1st year of the ' tchi-ning' of Tchou-young-ki of the Kin, who died in this year; 
 and 1st' year of the ' tchin-yeou ' of his successor Hiouan-tsoung" — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "July" (Nicol), a synod at St. Albans. King John, on swearing to observe the laws of Edward 
 III. the Confessor and of Henry, was reconciled to the prelates and barons* 
 
 * Aethnsa cynapium of middle and Northern Europe. Called in Britain fool's parsley, and 
 apparently the same plant by old writers "ass-parsley" (Prior) : the briddeS nest identified in 
 
720 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " Aug. 25th " (Nicol.), a synod in London. The pope having confirmed king John's absolution, 
 the interdict was removed and the clergy were permitted to read "divine service in public." 
 
 " 1214 to 1215 A. D." (Nicol), a synod at Bordeaux. All persons holding Jews were enjoined 
 "to compel them to remit usury to those who had taken the cross : " and a provision was adopted, 
 " That widows and others should not be compelled to marry against their inclinations." 
 
 " I215 A. D." (Way ed. pr. pm. pref.), Alexander Neccham appointed abbot of Cirencester. His 
 writings are voluminous, — and are quoted by Galfridus, pr. pm. 
 
 " June 10th " (Blair), Magna Cliarta signed by king John and the barons. 
 
 "Nov. nth to 30th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Twelfth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at 
 the Lateran in Rome. Among other acts, Auricular confession was sanctioned (a measure connected 
 with Indulgences and their prospective use). — Forty years later, Indulgences were for sale in Eng- 
 land (Alst. p. 395). 
 
 " 1216, July 18th" (Alst., and Nicol), Innocentius III. succeeded by cardinal Cencio Savelli, 
 now Honorius III., twenty-first pope. Fredericus II. who wrote on Falconry (Pouchet), ruling 
 Germany and Italy ; Alexander II. ruling Scotland ; and in England "Oct. 19th," king John suc- 
 ceeded by Henry III. 
 
 " The same year" (Clavig. ii.), arrival of the Aztecs at Tzompanco, a city in the vale of Mexico.* 
 
 '• 1218 A. D." (Munk), Melek-Adel Seif-Eddin succeeded by Melek-Kamel, fifth Ayoubite sultan 
 of Egypt. A gold coin issued at Cairo by Melek-Kamel — is figured by Marcel p. 151. 
 
 Astragalus glyciphyllus of Nonhern and middle Europe. Called in Britain milk-vetch or 
 liquorice-vetch (Prior); in which we recognize the " bathrat " or " schalin " seen by Abul Abbas 
 elnabati at Seville in Spain, and identified by a botanist there with the root of " glycirrhiza urbana " — 
 (Ebn Bait.) ; also the medieval Latin " liquiricia " (Prior), and the " licoris " plant of Chaucer c. t. 
 13690 : A. glyciphyllus is described by Morison ii. pi. 9 ; is termed " a. luteus perennis procumbens 
 vulgaris sive sylvestris " by Tournefort inst. 416 ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated 
 ground principally in Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 203, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by 
 Sibthorp on mount Athos. 
 
 Nan aJa procumbens of the Northern Sahara, from the Atlantic as far as Arabia. Called in 
 Egypt "saadan," in which we recognize the " sadan " growing in the sand of the treatise Elrujlat (by 
 A. A. Elnabati), — and Ebn Baitar: N. procumbens was observed by Forskal, Delile, and myself, in 
 the Egyptian portion of the Desert ; and is known to grow also in Barbary and Arabia (Linn., Lam. 
 ill. pi. 393, and Pers.). 
 
 A'erium obesum of the Southern border of the Sahara as far as Arabia. The "zakkum" 
 described in the treatise Elrujlat as a tree of extraordinary shape, like a root as large as a man rising 
 more or less, the flowers jessamine-like, — and by Ebn Baitar as purple-flowered with Sesamum- 
 like pods but longer and containing woolly seeds, may be compared : N obesum was observed by 
 Forskal p. 205 among the mountains of Yemen, and called " aden " or " oddayn ; " and by myself, 
 on the hills at Aden. 
 
 gloss. Laud. 553 with the d \ U C U S kS I n I n U S, — having according to Gerarde p 873 leaves like 
 hemlock, may be compared: Ae. cynapium is termed "petroselini vitium " by Tragus 100 (Spreng.) ; 
 is described also by Blackwell pi 517 ; and is known to grow in mountainous situations (Pers.), and 
 in cultivated ground from Austria to France and Britain (Crantz, and Engl bot. pi. 1192). Eastward, 
 is known to occur in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb., Trevir., and Steud.). By European colo- 
 nists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed by myself sparingly around 
 dwellings in New England. Its leaves according to Lindley " are poisonous, producing nausea, 
 vomiting, headache, giddiness, drowsiness, spasmodic pain, numbness, etc." 
 
 * Cassia alata of Tropical America. A shrub eight to twelve feet high, with showy yellow flow- 
 ers : —observed by Meriam in Surinam (Spreng.) ; by Swartz, and Descounilz, in the West Indies, 
 but no Carib name given; termed " c. herpetica" by Jacquin obs. ii. pi. 45. By European colonists 
 was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, called in Tagalo " acapulco " or " gamot 
 sa buni " remedy against herpes or " catanda " or " sonting," in Pampango " pacayungoon castifa," in 
 Bisaya "casitas" or"sunting" (Blanco), observed by myself naturalized in Interior Luzon ; to the 
 neighbouring islands (Rumph. vii. pi. 18) ; to Burmah, "exotic" although "often found apparently 
 growing wild," called " mai-za-lee-gyee," and " much cultivated by the natives for its medicinal prop- 
 erties in diseases of the skin" (Mason v. 490) ; to Hindustan, called in Sanscrit " dadrooghna," in 
 Bengalee "dad-murdun," in Telinga "mitta tamara," in Tamil "wandu rolle " (Lindl) or " wandu- 
 kolli " or " seemee aghatie," in Hindustanee " veleytie aghatie '' (Drur.), observed by Ainslie, Rox- 
 burgh, Wight, and Drury, under cultivation as far as Travancore, the juice of its leaves mixed with 
 lime-juice as a remedy for ringworm ; by Graham, and myself, in gardens at Bombay. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 72 I 
 
 Jatropha glandulosa of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen "obab" or "bocka," in which we 
 recognize the " baka " of Abul Abbas Elnabati, — and Ebn Baitar : J. glandulosa was observed by 
 Forskal p. 163 in Yemen, in stinging emitting a watery and somewhat milky juice, acrid enough to 
 corrode iron, the fresh stems applied to boils or felons to soften the tumour and soothe the pain. 
 Farther East, a shrub suspected by Graham to be "J. glandulifera " has been found in the Bombay 
 Presidency only ''near Punderpore in the Deccan, where a fabulous legend is connected with its first 
 springing up ; " but " J. glandulifera " was observed by Roxburgh in other parts of Hindustan, and 
 according to Lindley "the pale or whey-coloured thin juice which exudes from a fresh wound is em- 
 ployed by the Hindus as an escharotic to remove films from the eyes." 
 
 Jatroplia glaicca of Tropical Arabia. Possibly included with the preceding ; — found by Fors- 
 kal p. 162 sometimes substituted in Yemen though inferior in medicinal virtue, and called " obab " or 
 " medjersche." According to Ainslie, and Lindley, the " seeds yield stimulating oil recommended by 
 the Hindus as an external application in cases of chronic rheumatism and paralytic affections." As 
 transported to Europe, the plant is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 220, and Vahl. 
 
 Barleria bispinosa of Tropical Arabia. The Justicia tribe called in Yemen " uusar " (Forsk.), 
 and the " haischar" of the Elrujlat of A. A. Elnabati growing at Medina, spiny, the flowers between 
 white and blue, — may be compared with this species : B. bispinosa was observed by Forskal p. 6 
 along the base of the mountains of Yemen, and called "kulibe " or "schechad." 
 
 Gieivia vchitina of the mountains of Yemen. A shrub called in Yemen "nescham," in which 
 we recognize the white " nascham " of the treatise Elrujlat, — and of Ebn Baitar (art. " gabariyat ") : 
 G. velutina was observed by Forskal p. 106 on the mountains around Hadie. 
 
 littellia guttata of the mountains of Yemen. A shrubby species called in Yemen " kasr " or 
 " ghobeire," and the " gubaira " mistaken for a different plant according to the author of the Elrujlat 
 ■ — (Ebn. Bait. art. " gabariyat "), may be compared. R. guttata was observed on the mountains of 
 Yemen by Forskal p. 114. 
 
 Not earlier than this year (" 1218-30" Lubke and Lutrow, rudim. chron. Lond. giving " 1228 "), 
 building of the Franciscan cathedral at Assisi ; the earliest example in Italy of the pointed arch. 
 
 Eryngium alpinum of the mountains of middle Europe. The more simple-stemmed beautiful 
 kind called " spinam Sancti Francisci," growing on mount Auerno of the Appenines, — and further 
 described by Caesalpinus xiii. 28 as held sacred and having " cacuminibus caeruleis," seems to corre- 
 spond : E. alpinum is described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland 
 (Jacq. rar. pi. 94, and Pers.). 
 
 " 1219 A. D." (Munk, and Marcel), Sixth crusade. The Expedition landing in Egypt, and cap- 
 turing the city of Damietta. — After advancing in the course of two years as far as the head of the 
 Delta, the crusaders were compelled to capitulate and leave the country. 
 
 "In this year" (Yule cath. i. p. cxviii), the Tartars under Jenghis Khan extending their con- 
 quests Westward: his armies penetrating to Russia, Georgia, and Armenia. 
 
 " In this year (=l2th of the ' kia-ting ' of Ning-tsoung," geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. 36), submis- 
 sion of Tchhfi, king of Corea, to the Mongols. 
 
 " 1220 A. D." (rudim. chron. Lond.), in England, "rebuilding of the abbey church of Westmin- 
 ster ; " and commencement of Salisbury cathedral. 
 
 " 1221 A. D. (= 618 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph. vi. 1), the Sultan of Kharism having been defeated 
 and his country overrun by the Mogul Tartars under Jenghis Khan, bis son Jelal-u-din driven across 
 the Indus into Hindustan seeking refuge with sultan Altamsh of Delhi. 
 
 "In this year" (Lubke and Lutrow), Mary and the child; a painting by Guido of Siena — 
 extant to the present day. 
 
 " 1222 A. D." (Alst.), at Adrianople, Theodorus Lascares succeeded by Joannes III. Ducas as 
 the legitimate emperor. "At Constantinople in this year" (Nicol.), a synod, On the differences 
 between the Greek and Latin bishops of Cyprus. 
 
 "The same year (= 619 Hej.," Pall. trav. i. 192), date of Arabic inscriptions in the cemetery of 
 the ruined city of Bolgari, on the Lower Volga. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), abdication of Siuntoku in favour of Foricawa II. or Go-Fori- 
 kawa, grandson of Takakura, and now at the age of thirteen dairo of Japan. 
 
 " In the rei"n of Go-Horikawa " (Jap. centen. coram. 60), " Kato Shirozayemon went to China, 
 and after havin<* seen some of the Chinese potteries, returned and settled in the province of Owari," 
 but the pottery which he made was " a kind of stoneware." 
 
 " 1223 A. D." (Blair), in France, the slaves all franchised, set at liberty by Louis VIII. 
 
 " 1224 A. D. = 1st year of the ' tching-ta ' of Ngai-tsoung, of the Kin," ruler of Northern China 
 — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Remusat mel. iv. 169, and Pauth. 382), end of the historical encyclopedic 
 work " Wen-hian-thoung-khao," — written many years later by the Chinese archaeologist Ma-touan- 
 lin (see 1317 A. D.). 9' 
 
722 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "1225 A. D. = 'pao-tsing,' 1st year of Li-tsoung, of the Soung" or Twenty-first dynasty — (Chi- 
 nese chron. table). , , 
 
 " May 15th" (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. Louis VIII. treating with the pope s legate, ceded his 
 rights against the English, and prepared to march against the Albigenses or " heretics." 
 
 "The same year " (rudim. chron. Lond.), by the English parliament, a subsidy granted the king 
 on condition of the confirmation of Magna Charta : the earliest instance of combining " a grant of 
 supply with a redress of grievances," and thus establishing " a check on the king's prerogative." 
 
 "1226 A. D. ^623 Hej.," Pall. trav. i. 192), date of "twenty-two" Arabic inscriptions in the 
 cemetery of the ruined city of Bolgari, on the Lower Volga. 
 
 " 1227, March 19th " (Alst., and Nicol.), Honorius III. succeeded by cardinal Ugohno de' Conti 
 di Segni, now Gregorius IX., twenty-second pope. Louis IX. le Saint ruling France. 
 
 Veronica officinalis of Northern Climates. Called in Germany " erenbreiss " or "gruntheyl" 
 (Trag.) or " grundheil " from "grind" leprous diseases, in Britain groundheele, in France " herbe 
 aux ladres" from having cured a French king of leprosy (Prior) or " veronique " (Nugent) or "ve- 
 ronica" after the healed French king— (Braunsw.) : the " veranikes " is mentioned by Nicolaus 
 Myrepsus antid. 327 : V. officinalis is described by Tragus i. pi. 68, and Dodoens 40 ; is termed "v. 
 mas supina et vulgatissima " by Tournefort inst. 143 ; and is known to grow from Lapland thiough- 
 out middle Europe (fl. Suec. ii. 12, fl. Dan. pi. 248, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in North- 
 ern Greece ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Wats.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on 
 Iceland ; by Drummond, at 53° on the Rocky mountains; by A. Gray in central New York, "cer- 
 tainly indigenous in many places, especially in the Alleghanies ; " by m\self, to all aopearance wild 
 in the forest from the mountains of Western Massachusetts to the environs of Philadelphia. 
 
 " Nov. 18th " (Nicol.), a synod at Rome. The excommunication against the emperor Fredericus 
 II. ' for not proceeding to the Holy land," was repeated. 
 
 "The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), in Spain, the cathedral at Toledo commenced; — "two 
 hundred" years later the I uilding was finished. 
 
 "The same year" (Desvergers), death of the Tartar chief Jenghis Khan. Whose wars and 
 those of his immediate successors, though directed against Persians and Arabs, contributed to the 
 extension of Muslim power Eastward, in Central Asi.i and towards the frontier of China. He was 
 succeeded by his son Okkodai, now khan of the Tartars. 
 
 Sesbania Aegyptiaca of Equatorial Africa? Called in Burmah " yne-thoo-gyee " (Mason), in the 
 environs of Bombay " shewaree " (Graham), in Egypt " seiseban ; " in which we recognize the " sisa- 
 ban " of Madschul, — and Ebn Baitar : S. Aegyptiaca was observed in Egypt by Alpinus pi. 82, and 
 Delile, and according to Forskal, is planted for hedges on account of its rapid growth, is useful also 
 for firewood, but requires copious irrigation. Eastward, was observed in Hindustan by Rheede vi. 
 pi. 27, Roxburgh, Wight; under cultivation there, by myself; and according to Graham is "a small 
 tree of very quick growth," found by Gibson " cultivated and extensively used in the plain parts of 
 the Deccan as a substitute for the bamboo." Farther East, was observed by Mason "exotic" in 
 Burmah, cultivated by the natives and termed "water-chief," the leaves being applied " to promote 
 suppuration." 
 
 " 1228 A. D." (Elph. iv. 1), the Salonka dynasty succeeded by another dynasty of Hindu kings 
 of Guzerat. 
 
 Indigofera pauciflora of Scinde and the neighbouring portion of Hindustan. Its twigs from 
 early times used for teeth-scrubbers in Scinde and by the Flindus of India — (Badger edit. Varthem. 
 p. 64). 
 
 " 1229, Apr. 29th" (Nicol.), a synod at Westminster. The lay lords refused " to grant to the 
 pope a tenth of all the revenues of England and Ireland, to be employed in the war against the 
 emperor" Fredericus II. 
 
 " 1230 A. D." (Blair), in the University of Paris, several persons killed in the disputes about 
 Aristotle. 
 
 " In this year " (Hugh Davies, and A. Dec. geogr. bot. 627), by the Welsh prince Rhys Grug, 
 land and privileges granted to the physician Rhywallon, to relieve him and his descendants from 
 pecuniary cares in pursuing their medical investigations. — The family were established at Myddfai, 
 have left manuscripts relating to the properties of indigenous herbs, and continued extant until about 
 "1740." 
 
 The encyclopaedic work " De rerum natura" by Thomas Cantipratensis, in this year professor at 
 Louvain (Humb. cosm.). 
 
 " In or about this year" (Ramus., and Stanley edit. ]. Barbara p. 46), Seleucha in Cilicia taken 
 from the Turks by Rubino and Leone, brothers of Armenia. 
 
 '• [231 A. D." (Elph. iv. 1), Ujen captured by Altamsh, and the dynasty of Hindu kings of Malwa 
 terminated. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 723 
 
 Trichosanth.es anguina of Tropical Eastern Asia. Mentioned perhaps in the Nabathean land- 
 wirthschaft of Sagrit (Safarit) — of Ebn Bait. art. " kuthn ? " as well as by Abu Abdallah, for " schlan- 
 gengurke" occurs in the translations by Sontheimer anmerk. ii. 12 and 26: T. anguina was observed 
 by Graham "commonly cultivated about Bombay" and called "chiconda;" and by Rumphius v. 
 pi. 148, Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason 
 as '' exotic " in Burmah, called " pai-len-mwae," and in "very general demand for vegetable curries ; " 
 from its contorted long slender-striped fruit is called snake-gourd by the colonists. As transported to 
 Europe, is described by Miller pi. 32. 
 
 "1232 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Nice. " On the jurisdiction of the patriarch.'' 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), a synod in London. The authors of the ill-treatment of "Roman 
 clerks who had benefices in England," were excommunicated. 
 
 " In this year (= 5th of the tchao-ting," geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr.), a Mongol army under Ogo- 
 tai entering Corea, and " seventy-two " inspectors established in the principal cities, notwithstanding 
 the renewal of submission on the part of king TchhS. 
 
 " 1233 A. D." (art de verif.), Foricawa II. succeeded by his eldest son Sidsio, now at the age of 
 five dairo of Japan. 
 
 " From Apr. 24th to May 10th " (Nicol.), a synod at Nympha in Bithynia. " On the procession 
 of the Holy Ghost." 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), the Inquisition committed to the care of the Dominican Order of 
 monks. 
 
 "The same year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), discovery of coal at Newcastle in England. 
 
 " 1234 A. D. = 1st year of the 'touan-ping' of Li-tsoung " of the Soung, "end of the rule of the 
 Kin" (Chinese chron. table). The Tartar khan Okkodai having consolidated with his empire all the 
 provinces North of the Kiang (Yule i. p. cxviii). 
 
 One hundred and sixty-sixth generation. May 1st, 1234, onward mostly beyond youth : the Chi- 
 nese astronomer Ye-lou-thsou-tsai : the Persian writer Nasir-eddin Tousi : the Jewish writers, Meir 
 Abulafia, Abul Menni ben Abi Nassar ben Hafidh el-Atthar, David Kimchi, Jacob of France : the 
 Arab writer Abraham Ibn Sahl : the Greek writers, Germanus of Constantinople d. 1254, Nicephorus 
 Blemmides, d. after 1255, Arsenius of Corinth d. after 1264: Hugo de S. Caro, Jacobus a Vitriaco, 
 Matthasus Paris ; John of Halifax ; Peter de Vignes ; Grostest ; Bruno de Lungoburgo : the scholastic 
 theologians, Gulielmus Antisiodorensis, Gulielmus Parisiensis, and Alexander de Ales : the painter 
 Margaritone d. 1275 (Bryan). 
 
 " In or about this year" (Hillel ben Samuel, and Steinschneid. ii 11), a controversy among the 
 Jews respecting Maimonides, and the "Jewish creed" submitted by them "to the judgment of Chris- 
 tians." The result was, that the Talmud and other Hebrew writings "to the number of about twelve 
 thousand volumes " were publicly burned at Paris. 
 
 Verbal information received from Abd-allatif by Ebn Baitar (art. "jimjim"). 
 
 Malva verticillata of China. Called in Egypt " khobbeyzeh," in which we recognize the " melu- 
 kiyya" seen in Egypt by Abd-allatif, and identified by him with the "khobbeiza : " — a cultivated and 
 esculent mallow "resembling M. rotundifolia, was seen in Egypt by Forskal ; M. verticillata was ob- 
 served there by Delile, and its field-culture, mentioned by Clot-Bey, was witnessed by myself. As 
 transported Westward, M. verticillata is described by Linnaeus, Jacquin hort. pi. 40, and Cavanilles ii. 
 pi. 25 ; and since 1843, lias made its appearance in cultivated ground near Llanely in Wales (Engl, 
 bot. pi. 2953, Bab., and A. Dec). 
 
 Citrus limonum of Tropical Eastern Asia. The "limun de baume an inch long and of the shape 
 of an elongate egg," seen in Egypt by Abd-allatif, — may be compared : limes were seen in Egypt by 
 Belon ; and the "leymoun maleh" of Delile, may also be compared. Farther North, the "limon pusil- 
 lus" is described in 1638 by Ferrari pi 21 1 ; and C. limonum, recognized by the crenulate leaves, is 
 figured as a greenhouse plant by Parkinson. Eastward from Egypt, C. limonum was observed by 
 myself at Muscat ; the "lime tree" is enumerated by Graham as "common in gardens" in the envi- 
 rons of Bombay ; 'and the " small acid lime " is described by Mason v. p. 453 and 760 as " exotic" in 
 Burmah, but " seen almost everywhere in abundance." By European colonists, C. limonum was car- 
 ried to the islands of the Pacific, as ascertained by myself at the Hawaiian, Taheitian, and Tongan 
 Groups • and a single tree of unknown origin was said to exist on the Samoan Group. 
 
 Sorghum saccharatum of Abyssinia ? Called in Yemen and Egypt " dokhn," in which we recog- 
 nize the " dokhn," described by Abd-allatif as cultivated only at the Southern extreme of Egypt : — 
 S saccharatum was observed by Forskal in a garden at Rosetta, the seeds given to birds ; by Delile, 
 in a garden at Cairo ; and as transported Westward, is described by Linnaeus, and Mieg pi. \. South- 
 ward from E-ypt, was found by Forskal p. 174 extensively cultivated in Yemen as an esculent grain. 
 Eastward was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh ; according to Graham, was found by Sykes cul- 
 tivated in the Deccan and called "shaloo ; " and farther East, is mentioned by Mason v. p. 476 as 
 
724 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 occasionally met with in Burmah, and called "pyoung." By European colonists, was carried to North- 
 east America, where it is now cultivated for making brooms, and is called broom corn. 
 
 " 1235 A. D." (Lubke and Lutrow), in Germany, the Elizabeth church at Marburg commenced.— 
 The building was finished "in 1283.'' 
 
 " 1236, April (= 633 A. H. 20 Shaban" of Ferisht., Elph. vi. 1), Altamsh succeeded by his son 
 Rukn-u-din, and after " seven months " by his daughter Rezia, now sultana of Delhi. 
 
 "June roth " (Nicol.), a synod at Tours. " In favour of the Jews." 
 
 In this year (= "633 Hej." at Damascus, first meeting of Ebn Abi Osaibiah with Ebn Baitar. 
 Who on his way through Cairo received the title of vizir from Malek Kamel. also an honorary 
 degree from the Arab academy ; — and who died in " 1248 " (Ebn Abi Osaib., Abulfed., Spreng., and 
 Sonth.). 
 
 Beamnuria vermiculata of the Northern Sahara. Called in Egypt "a'dbeh" or " mulleyh," in 
 which we recognize the "mollah" or "kaschkah" of the Arabs identified by Ebn Baitar with the 
 "androthakos:" — R. vermiculata was observed by Forskal p. 101, and Delile, in the Egyptian portion 
 of the Desert, the plant bruised and applied externally against psora, or taken internally in decoction ; 
 is known to grow also on the seashore of Syria, Sicily, and Barbary (Desf. i. p. 431, and Pers.j. From 
 transported specimens, is described by Morison iii. pi. 9. 
 
 Dorema ammoniacum of Persia. An Umbelliferous plant called there "ooshak" or " oshac " 
 (Lindl.), in which we recognize the "osbak" of Ebn Baitar, — referred by Sontheimer to gum am- 
 moniac (probably from the evidence collected by Don linn, trans, xvi. 601) : D. ammoniacum is 
 described by Don as growing in Irak in " very dry plains and gravelly soil exposed to an ardent sun," 
 and he regards it as really furnishing "the ammoniacum of the shops " (Lindl. . see Ferula Tingi- 
 tana). 
 
 Valeriana Pyrenaica of the Pyrenees. The "sathwal" mentioned by Ebn Baitar as the name of 
 zerumbet among the people of the North and remaining Franks, — may be compared with the "sete- 
 wale " of Chaucer c. t. 13690, and " setwal " of L\ te iii. 17, referred by Prior to V. Pyrenaica ; formerly 
 "sold by ignorant or fraudulent apothecaries" for zeduar sometimes spelt "zedualle : " V. Pyrenaica 
 is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 232, and escaping from gardens has become naturalized in various 
 parts of Britain (Hook., Wats., and Bab.) : in its wild state, is known to be confined to the Pyrenees. 
 
 Cineraria maritima of the Mediterranean shores. Called in Egypt " achaouan abiat," and possi- 
 bly included in the "ukhuvan " of Ebn Baitar — and other Arab writers : observed by Alpinus pi. 28 
 used medicinally in Egypt ; and by myself growing as far inland as Cairo. Farther North, observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the Greek islands and the Peloponnesus : and Westward, described by 
 Lobel pi. 227, termed " jacobaea maritima" by Tournefort inst. 486, and known to grow on the seashore 
 of France (Pers.; see Anthemis nobilis). 
 
 Verbesina saliva, of Abyssinia. A sunflower-like plant called in Hindustanee "kalatill," in Ben- 
 galee "ramtil," in Telinga "valesuloo" (Drur.); and the "kurthum hindi" yielding oil according to 
 Ebn Baitar, — may be compared: V. sativa was observed by Graham "commonly cultivated" on the 
 Deccan for " the oil it affords ; " by Roxburgh, and Royle, under cultivation in Bengal ; is known to 
 be also cultivated in Mysore, and the oil "from the larger seeds" according to Drury "is the common 
 lamp-oil of Upper India." Westward, was observed by Bruce trav. in Abyssinia, yielding an oil 
 employed throughout the country for domestic purposes (Grev ) : is termed "polymnia Abyssinica" by 
 the younger Linnaeus suppl. 3S3, "guizotia oleifera" by Decandolle prodr. 
 
 Arnica montana of Subarctic climates. At Lahore called in Arabic "khanek-ul-zeib" (Honigb. 
 375. and J. F. Wats ) ; in which we recognize the " chanik eldsib " of Ebn Baitar : — A. montana is de- 
 scribed by Matthioli p. 51, Dalechamp p. 1169 (Spreng ), and Clusius hist. iv. pi. 18 ; is known to grow 
 from Lapland throughout Northern Europe (fl. Lapl. p. 305. and fl. Dan. pi. 63), and on mountains farther 
 South to the snow-limit on the Pyrenees and Swiss Alps (Brot, and Dec). Eastward, is known to grow 
 throughout Siberia, as far as the Yenisei river and Bering's Island (Gmel.). And farther East, was 
 observed by E. James along the Rocky mountains ; by Nuttall, on the Upper Missouri ; and is known 
 to grow on Melville Island in Arctic America, and in Greenland (Sab., and Hook.). According to 
 Lindley, "a virulent plant" that on the Continent has obtained the name of panacea lapsorum, its 
 activity " seems however to have been exaggerated." 
 
 Solatium Forskalii of Yemen. Called there "bokaeme," in which we recognize the "bokkam " of 
 Ebn Baitar : — observed by Forskal p. 47 along the base of the mountains of Yemen. 
 
 Solatium Arabicum of Yemen. Called there "bokaeme" or " bonkom," and possibly the "bok- 
 kam" of Ebn Baitar: — described by Forskal p. 47 as " horride armata," and observed by him along 
 the base of the mountains of Yemen. 
 
 Solatium incanum of Tropical Arabia. Called in Yemen "aersaen" or "ersan," in which we 
 recognize the "arsam" mentioned by Ebn Baitar as a wild melongena growing in Yemen : S. inca- 
 num was observed there by Forskal p. 46, the smoke of the seeds employed against toothache, the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 725 
 
 leaves applied to wounds, and boiled with those of Physalis somnifera in water for washing hypochon- 
 driacs, regarded as labouring under " dcemoniacismo." 
 
 Eulophia salep of Northern Hindustan. Called there " khusyat-ul-salib " or " khusyat-ul-kulb " 
 (ulfaz udwieh 860, Royle 369, and Birdw. 86), in which we recognize the " chusa elkalb " of Ebn 
 Baitar : — Royle's specimens of the Eulophia yielding salep at Cashmere, were found by Lindley 
 insufficient for ascertaining the species (see Orchis papilionacea). 
 
 Agrostis alia of Europe and Northern Asia. A grass called white bent (A. Gray), in Greece 
 "agriokalamia" (Sibth.), in Egypt '-naaejm" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the "najm" of Ebn 
 Baitar: — A. alba is termed "phalaris semiverticillata" by Forskal p. 17, and was observed by him, 
 and Delile, frequent about Rosetta and Cairo ; by Sibthorp, on Zacynthus and in marshy ground 
 around the Bithynian Olympus ; by Bieberstein, on the subalpine portion of Caucasus ; and is known 
 to grow in Siberia (Kuhth). Westward, is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden 
 (engl. bot. pi. 1 189, and Wats.) ; and was observed by Hooker on Iceland. Probably by European 
 colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it occurs around dwellings and along roadsides and 
 seemingly wild in the forest ; was received by Kunth from Nutka in Northwest America. A. stoloni- 
 fera, regarded as not distinct, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in grassy situations 
 in Greece ; by Bieberstein, in the Southern portion of Tauria ; is known to grow throughout middle 
 Europe (engl. bot. pi. 1532); is termed "the hindering knot-grass" by Shakspeare m. n. d. iii. 2 
 (Prior) ; and was observed by Hooker on Iceland. 
 
 " 1237 A. D." (Talvi ii. 1, and Pauth. 1), invasion of Europe by the Tartars under Batou, nephew 
 of Okkodai Khan : Moscow was captured and the Russians defeated and rendered tributary, — remain- 
 ing in bondage more than "two" centuries. 
 
 " In this year" (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 1236), Rajrajeswar Deva 
 succeeded by Languliva Narsinh, now king of Orissa. — He built the great Sun-temple at Kanarak by 
 the sea (the Black pagoda), and reigned "forty-five years." 
 
 "Nov. 19th to 22d" (Nicol.), a synod in London. One of the decrees proposed by the legate 
 Otto was, " That all acts should from thenceforth be dated on the day, year, and at the place, when 
 and where they were subscribed." 
 
 Manuscripts in this year (De Wailly pi. xv. 5), presenting the following form of the letter k. 
 
 " 1238, May 17th" (Nicol.), a synod in London. Satisfaction having been tendered, the inter- 
 dict suspending the exercises of the University at Oxford, laid by the legate Otto in consequence of 
 an insult, was removed. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif), Melek-Kamel succeeded by Melek-Adel II., sixth Ayoubite 
 sultan of Egypt. 
 
 The itch insect, Acari/s scabiei, described by Avenzoar. — He died '• in 1262 " (Pouchet). 
 
 1239 A. D. (= " 7th year of Sidsio," art de verif.), visit of the general in chief Joritzne to Sidsio 
 at Meaco. 
 
 " In this year (= 637 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Rezia succeeded by her brother Moizz-u-din 
 Behram, now sixth sultan of Delhi. 
 
 Limonia acidissima of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A pinnate-leaved Au- 
 rantiaceous shrub called in Malabar " tsjeru caat-naregam " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its leaves 
 root and fruit employed medicinally : * — observed in Malabar by Rheede iv. pi. 14, its dried fruit form- 
 
 * Gnatteria (Polyalthia) cerasoides of Western Hindustan. An Anonaceous tree called in Telinga 
 " dudugu " or " chilka dudugu " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its whitish close-grained timber used 
 in carpentry and for boats and small spars: — observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome, from 
 the Godavery "common in all the dry forests near the foot of all the mountains on the western side 
 of the Madras Presidency" (Drur.) ; by Graham, on the " Tull Ghaut, Jowar Forests," in the region 
 around Bombay. 
 
 Flacourtia sepiaria of Western Hindustan. A thorny shrub called in Tamil "sottacla,'' in 
 Telinga "conrew" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " tamboot " or " atroon " (Graham); and from 
 early times, its berries eaten, and leaves root and bark employed medicinally: — observed by Rheede 
 v. pi. 39 in Malabar ; by Graham, common " throughout the hilly parts of the Concan " as far as 
 Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, " common everywhere " in the peninsula. 
 
 lonidium suffraticosum of Western Hindustan. A nearly stemless Violaceous plant called in 
 Bengalee "noonbora," in Telinga " pooroosharatanum," in Tamil " orala-tamaray " (Drur.); and from 
 early times, its root and leaves employed medicinally : — observed by Rheede ix. pi. 60 in Malabar ; 
 by Nimmo, in " the Concans " (Graham), as far as Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, 
 in other parts of the peninsula as far as Travancore, flowering " nearly all the year.'' 
 
 Abittilon polyandrum of Western Hindustan. An erect annual, known from early times : — 
 
726 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ing according to Gibson an article of commerce with the Arabs ; by Law, " common on sandstone hills 
 at Padshapore, and at the falls of Gokauk " (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coroman- 
 del, Hurdwar, and Assam. Is described by Rumphius ii. pi. 43 (Pe".), and according to Drury, the 
 
 observed in Hindustan by N. L. Burmann pi. 47 ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, "on the Neilgher- 
 ries and about Nundigrood, yielding " a long silky fibre resembling hemp, also fit for making ropes ; " 
 by Graham, as far as " Kandalla" near Bombay. 
 
 Sida retusa of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. Shrubby, and from early- 
 times, its root employed medicinally by the Hindus : —observed by Rheede x. pi. 18 in Malabar; by 
 Graham, as far as " Kandalla '■ near Bombay ; by Wight, and Waring pharm. ind., in other parts of 
 the peninsula as far as Tranquebar (Pers., and Drur.). Farther East, is described by Rumphius vi. 
 pi. 19, and is known to occur on the Philippines and Amboyna (Pers.). Also on the Mauritius 
 Islands (Pers.), probably carried there either by European or prior navigators. 
 
 Hibiscus furcatus of Western Hindustan. Annual; its strong white fibre known from early 
 times : — observed by Law on "the Ghauts" (Graham), to and beyond Bombay; by Royle, in other 
 parts of Hindustan. From transported specimens, is described by Willdenow (Steud.). 
 
 Atalantia miniophvlta of Western Hindustan. An Aurantiaceous shrub or small tree called in 
 Tamil " cat-ilimicham," in Telinga " adivi-nimma " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " maker lim- 
 boo " or "ranlimboo '' (Graham) ; and known from early times : — observed by Rheede iv. pi. iz in . 
 Malabar; by Graham, "common on the Ghauts" as far as Bombay, and at " Mahableshwur ; " by 
 Roxburgh, in the forests of Coromandel, its hard heavy close-grained wood suitable for cabinet-work 
 (Drur.). 
 
 Cissus pcdata of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. Called in Tagalo "ayo" 
 (Blanco); and from early times, its root employed medicinally on the Philippines: — observed by 
 Rheede vii. pi. 10 in Malabar ; by Graham, to and beyond Bombay, in "the Concans, Mahableshwur 
 etc., common ; " by Roxburgh, Wallich, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, in Bur- 
 mah ; and by Blanco, on the Philippines. 
 
 Xanthoxylon triphylluin of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A small un- 
 armed tree, its aromatic berry-like capsules from early times used as a substitute for pepper: — 
 observed by Graham in " the ravines at Kandalla " near Bombay, " Parr Ghaut, and table land of 
 Mahableshwur, not very common; " by Wight pi. 14c; (Drur.), under cultivation in Hindustan. Farther 
 East, was received by Roxburgh i. 416 from Pulo Penang ; was observed by Rumphius ii. pi. 62 on 
 Amboyna, a cosmetic for the complexion prepared by women from its bark ; is known to giow also 
 on the Philippines (Pers.) ; and the " Evodia hortensis " seen by Forster on the New Hebrides and 
 Friendly Islands, is by some writers regarded as not distinct. 
 
 Ailanthus Malabar ua ol Western Hindustan. A very handsome pinnate-leaved tree called 
 in Telinga " perumarum," in Malabar ■' peroomarum " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "wood" 
 (Graham) ; its fragrant resin from early times employed medicinally : — observed by Rheede vi. pi. 15 
 in Malabar; by Graham, in "ravines at Nagotnah " and in other localities around Bombay; by 
 Buchanan, in the Annamullay forests, its resin called " muttee-pal ; " by Ainslie, Wight, and Drury, 
 as far as Tra van core. 
 
 Xaregamia alula of Western Hindustan. A small ornamental Meliaceous shrub called in Mala- 
 bar " nela-naregam " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its leaves root and juice employed medicinally : — 
 observed by Rheede x. pi. 25 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, in '■ the country east of " Bombay, " rare" (Gra- 
 ham); by Wight, and Drury, " wild in the Travancore forests," and flowering "freely when introduced 
 in gardens." 
 
 Chloroxylon swiclenia of Western Hindustan. The satin-wood tree is large and mahogany-like, 
 called in Tamil "moodooda" or " vum-maay " or "kodawah-porsh," in Telinga "billo billuda" 
 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "billoo" (Graham); and its close-grained box-like timber 
 valued from early times, and known to bear immersion in water: — observed by Gibson on "the 
 Alleh Belah hills,'' and by Law "about the falls of Gokauk" (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 in the mountainous districts of the peninsula as far as the Circars ; by Tennent, in size and durabil- 
 ity "by far the first of the timber-trees of Ceylon" (Drur.). 
 
 Samadera Indica of Western Hindustan. A Simarubous tree called in Malabar " karinghota " 
 (Drur.) ; and from early times, its bark used as febrifuge, and oil extracted irom its seeds : — ob- 
 served by Rheede vi. pi. 18 in Malabar; by Lush in the " Goa jungles," by Nimmo " throughout the 
 South Concan " (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Wallich, Wight, and Drury, at Balghotty 
 and abounding in Travancore and Cochin, its bruised leaves applied in erysipelas, and seeds "strung 
 together and tied round children's necks as a preventive " of affections of the chest. 
 
 Tragia chamaelea of Western Hindustan. Erect and linear-leaved, called in Malabar " codi 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 727 
 
 very acid pulp of its fruit " is used by the inhabitants of Java instead of soap." By Nimmo, the living 
 plant was introduced into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 Calophyllum elatum of Western Hindustan. A large tree called in Malabar " poon " or " poon- 
 
 avanacu '' (Rheede) ; and from early times beaten up with leaves of Argyreia Malabarica to promote 
 the maturation of abscesses : — observed by Rheede ii. pi. 34 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, in " S. Con- 
 can " (Graham) ; by Burmann pi. 25, on Ceylon ; mentioned also by Roxburgh, and Drury p. 52. 
 
 Zizyplius xylopyra of Western Hindustan. A small thorny tree called in Telinga "gotee" 
 (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "gootee" (Graham); and from early times, its fruit used by 
 Moochies for making blacking, and the kernels eaten : — observed by Law at Duddi, and by Gib- 
 son, and Graham, " common on the Ghauts ; " by Retz, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Cochin and 
 Courtallum and in " Southern India generally," its wood " very hard and durable and not heavy," and 
 its "young shoots and leaves " eaten by cattle (Drur.). 
 
 Casearia esculenta of Western Hindustan. A Samydaceous shrub, its leaves eaten from early 
 times and its roots employed medicinally: — observed by Rheede v. pi. 50 in Malabar; by Nimmo, 
 on "the hilly parts of S. Concan " (Graham) nearly as far as Bombay; by Roxburgh, on the Circar 
 mountains, its "bitter purgative roots much used by the mountaineers " (Drur.). 
 
 Acacia (A Ibizzii) amara of Western Hindustan. An unarmed tree thirty feet high called in 
 Tamil " woonja," in Telinga " nalla-eegoo " or " nalla-eenga " or " narlinjie " (Drur.) ; and from early 
 times, its leaves used for washing the hair, and its handsome hard and durable timber for building 
 and other purposes : — observed by Law " common on the banks of the Krishna, about Nalutwar " 
 (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome, as far as Mysore and the Madras Presidency, its wood 
 "superior to sal and teak in transverse strength and cohesive power" (Drur.). 
 
 Mimosa (Dichrostachys) chierea of Western Hindustan. A thorny shrub six to seven feet high 
 called in Tamil "vadatara" or " waratara," in Telinga "vellitooroo yeltoor," in Hindustanee " vur- 
 tuli " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its bruised young shoots applied in ophthalmia: — observed by 
 Graham " common on the sterile plains of the Deccan," also by myself ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and 
 Wight, as far as Coromandel, its wood "very hard " (Drur.); and by Burmann pi. 2, on Ceylon. 
 
 Cassia auriculata of Western Hindustan A shrub called in Tamil " averie,"' in Telinga " tang- 
 hedu," in Hindustanee " turwer " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " turwar " or " awul " (Graham) ; 
 and from early times, its seeds and bark employed medicinally, its bark also in tanning, its root in 
 tempering iron with steel, and its branches preferred for making "datuns" or tooth-scrubbers: — 
 observed by Gibson, Burn., and Graham, growing "abundantly in the sterile tracts of the Deccan 
 and Goozerat ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, common in other parts of the peninsula. 
 
 Afucuna gigantea of Western Hindustan. A large woody climber called in Malabar " kaka- 
 valli " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its bark employed in rheumatism : — observed by Rheede viii. 
 pi. 36 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, in " the Concans " (Graham), to and beyond Bombay ; by Roxburgh, 
 and Wight, as far as Coromandel (Drur.) ; is described also by Rumphius v pi. 6. 
 
 Hardwickia binata of Western Hindustan. A tree with binate leaflets called in Tamil "acha 
 karachi " or " kat-udugu," in Telinga " nar-yepi " (Drur.); and from early times, its timber highly 
 valued, a strong fibre procured from its bark, and its leaves eaten by cattle : — observed by Gibson, 
 and Auld, " common in the Lulling pass " in the Bombay district (Graham) ; by myself, in the region 
 around the Adjunta caves ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome, from Mysore and the Western slope 
 of the NeiKherries to the Salem and Coimbatore districts, growing as far as the elevation of " thirty- 
 five hundred feet" (Drur.). 
 
 Cynometra ramiflora of Western Hindustan. A Leguminous tree sixty feet high called in Mala- 
 bar "iripa" (Drur.)'; and from early times, its leaves and root employed medicinally, and an oil pro- 
 cured from its seeds : —observed by Rheede iv. pi. 31, and Wight, in Malabar (Drur.) ; by Nimmo, 
 in " S. Concan " (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay ; described also by Rumphius i. pi. 63. 
 
 Sonneratia acida of the seashore from the mouths of the Indus throughout the Malayan archi- 
 pelago. A flowering maritime tree called in Tagalo " pagatpat " or " palatpat " or " palapat " (Blanco), 
 in Burmah "tabu" or " tamu " (Mason), in Bengalee "orchaka," in Malabar "blatti," and its radical 
 excrescences in Ceylon " kirili-now " meaning kirili root (Drur.) ; from early times, its fruit eaten and 
 its timber and radical excrescences used for various purposes : — observed by Rheede iii. pi. 40 in 
 Malabar; by Graham, in a "salt marsh " near Bombay, and the supply of "tew.ir" wood according to 
 Heddle "inexhaustible in the delta of the Indus;" by Tennent, on Ceylon; by Roxburgh, as far as 
 the Sunderbunds or mouths of the Ganges ; by Mason v. 534, in Burmah, "in the mangrove swamps 
 and on the banks of almost every stream " as "far as tide-waters reach ; " by myself, within reach of 
 the tide on the Philippines, where according to Blanco its fruit is eaten, its radical excrescences used 
 medicinally and as a substitute for cork, and its strong timber for house and boat building ; by Son- 
 
728 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 goo " (Drur.), and known from early times : — growing according to Beddome, and Drury, in the 
 forests of the Western Ghauts and from Coorg and Mysore to Travancore, not in dry deciduous 
 woods, but only in the damp jungles of the Western coast, and furnishing the genuine poon spars of 
 commerce, so highly prized. 
 
 nerat, on the seashore of the Moluccas and New Guinea (Pers.). The excrescences according to 
 Drury are spindle-shaped, sometimes " two feet long and three and a half inches wide," and when 
 sawn into little boards are unequalled for lining insect-boxes. 
 
 Lagerstroemia iiiicrocarpa of Western Hindustan. A large Lythraceous tree called in Tamil 
 " ventek " or " veveyla '•' (Drur.) ; and from early times, its timber much used for building purposes : — 
 observed by Wight pi. 109, and Beddome pi. 30, "abundant in all the western forests of the Madras 
 Presidency," but "not on the eastern side" (Drur.). The "naneh," with flowers in terminal panicles 
 and fruit of the size of a pea, observed by Graham in the " Kennery forests " near Bombay and " com- 
 mon on the Ghauts," seems identical. 
 
 Conocarpus latifolius of Western Hindustan. A large Terminalioid tree called in Tamil " vecke- 
 lie " or " vallay-naga," in Telinga " yella-maddi " or "siri-maun" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 
 "daura" or "dabria" (Graham) ; and from early times, its timber considered almost equal to teak 
 for house and ship building, its leaves used for dyeing leather, and its ashes in demand in the diet of 
 certain wild tribes of the Neilgherry forests : — observed by Gibson, and Graham, from the " Kennery 
 forests " near Bombay to " the inland Deccan hills," common ; by Powell, in the Punjaub ; by Rox- 
 burgh, Wallich, and Wight, as far as the Circar mountains and Dheyra Dhoon (Drur.). 
 
 Notonia grandifiora of Western Hindustan. A shrubby yellow-flowered Composite plant, known 
 from early times : — said by Gibson " to be a remedy in hydrophobia," and observed in "high rocky 
 places in the Deccan ; " by Wight, and Drury, on the Neilgherries and as far South as Travancore. 
 
 Hoya pcmlula of Western Hindustan. A woody Asclepioid twiner, from early times much used 
 medicinally : — observed by Rheede ix. pi. 13 in Malabar ; by Dickinson, on "hills about Nagotna," 
 and by Nimmo in "S. Concan " (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, from the Neilgherries to the 
 Circar mountains (Drur.). 
 
 Holoslemma Rheeaii of Western Hindustan. A perennial twining Asclepioid called in Malabar 
 "ada-kodien," in Telinga "palla-gurgi " (Drur.); and from early times, employed medicinally, and its 
 flowers eaten: — observed by Rheede ix. pi. 7 in Malabar; by Nimmo, and Graham, "running up 
 trees and in hedges " in the environs of Bombay, "common in the rains ; " by Roxburgh, Wight, and 
 Drury, from the Covalum jungles near Trevandrum to Mysore and the Circars, or "from the southern- 
 most province to the base of the Himalaya " 
 
 Cryptostegia grandiflora of Western Hindustan. A woody Asclepioid twiner with showy rose- 
 coloured flowers, called in Malabar "palay" (Drur.); and known from early times : — observed by 
 Graham " in gardens Bombay ; " by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury. in Malabar and Coromandel, yield- 
 ing a fibre that "may be spun into the finest yarn," also caoutchouc in sufficient quantity to be "pre- 
 pared for rubbing out pencil-marks." 
 
 Exacum bicolor of Western Hindustan. A showy Gentianoid annual, one to two feet high, and 
 from early times used as a febrifuge: — observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, generally 
 "by the margins of rivulets;" by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from the Neilgherries and Malabar 
 to Cuttack, the dried stems "sold at Mangalore and elsewhere in the Southern Peninsula under the 
 name of country karivat," and "may be advantageously substituted for" gentian. 
 
 Schrebera swietenioides of Western Hindustan. A large pinnate-leaved Bignonioid tree, called 
 in Tamil "mogalinga marum," in Telinga " muccadi chettoo " (Drur.). in the environs of Bombay 
 '•mokha" or "mokadee" (Graham) ; and from early times, its hard close-grained wood, less liable to 
 
 warp than most kinds, used for a variety of purposes and especially for weaver's beams : observed 
 
 by Heddle, and Giberne, " on the Hala hills west of the Indus, also on the Tullghaut near Bhawndy," 
 by Nimmo at Jowaur (Graham) ; by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 101, on the Circar mountains (Drur.). 
 
 Bignonia (Spalhodea) Roxtntighii of Western Hindustan. A large pinnate-leaved tree called in 
 the environs of Bombay •• warms " (Graham) ; and from early times, its timber used for a variety of 
 purposes : — observed by Aulcl in Kandesh, by Lush, and Graham, from Bombay to the Ghauts, Maha- 
 bleshwar, and the Southern Mahratta country ; by Roxburgh, as far as Coromandel (Drur.). 
 
 Convolvulus (Argyreia) Malabarica of Western Hindustan. A woody twiner called in Tamil 
 "paymoostey," in Malabar " kattu kalangu " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its root and leaves em- 
 ployed medicinally: — observed by Rheede xi. pi. 51 in Malabar; by Graham, near Bombay and 
 "pretty common on the Ghauts ; " by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, as far as Mysore (Drur.). 
 
 Solatium trilobatum of Western Hindustan. A prickly woody climber called in Tamil " tooda- 
 vullay," in Telinga " moondla moosteh " or "oochinta kura " (Drur.); and from early times its leaves 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 729 
 
 Buchanania anguslifolia of Western Hindustan. A Terebinthoid tree called in Tamil "colah 
 mavuh " (Drur.) ; and from early times on the Western coast, its bark much used for its adhesive 
 properties and oil for lamps obtained from it: — observed by Graham in "the Adjunta jungles ; " by 
 Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as the Trichore forests where it "is common," the bark "fre- 
 quently mixed with chunam." 
 
 Poinciana data of Tropical Arabia and as far as Guzerat. A small unarmed tree with showy 
 yellow flowers, called in Yemen " ranf " or "mschillech" (Forsk.), in Tamil "pade rarayan," in 
 Canara " neerangi," in Telinga " sooncaishla " (Drur.) ; and known from early times : — observed by 
 Lush "in Goozerat," by Gibson "in the square of the great temple at Fultun," by Auld in "gardens 
 Kandesh" (Graham) ; by Best, its leaves much used at Cuddapah for manuring indigo-fields; by 
 Wight, and Drury, planted for its shade on roadsides, and for protecting " the footings of rivers and 
 channel banks," from Malabar to Coromandel. Westward, was observed by Forskal p. 86 among 
 the mountains of Yemen ; by myself, in mountain-ravines at Aden. 
 
 Portulaca quadrifida of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Annual, procumbent from a central 
 root, and called in Yemen " mortah '' or " koraat errai " (Forsk.), in Tamil " passelie keeray," in Mala- 
 bar "neelacheera," in Telinga "sun pail kura," on the Deccan "cholee" (Drur.); and from early 
 times, eaten and employed medicinally: — observed by Rheede x. pi. 31 in Malabar; by Graham, 
 "a common weed during the rains" in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other 
 parts of the peninsula (Drur.). Westward, by Forskal p. 92 in Yemen, eaten crude and the bruised 
 leaves applied in headache. P. meiidiana, with flowers opening for two hours only, is regarded by 
 Wight as probably not distinct. 
 
 Cassyta filifonnis of Tropical Asia, the Malayan archipelago, and islands of the Pacific. A green- 
 stemmed dodder-like epiphytic plant called in Yemen "djdha" or "hadeg modeq " (Forsk.), in Tagalo 
 "malabohoc" (Blanco), in Tamil "cottan," in Bengalee "akash-bulli," in Telinga "pauneh-tiga" 
 
 eaten, and together with the berries flowers root and tender shoots employed medicinally : — observed 
 by Gibson "in Guzerat and a few parts of the Deccan" (Graham) ; by N. L. Burmann pi. 22, Ainslie, 
 Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Cape Comorin (Drur.). 
 
 Justicia (Rungia) repens of Western Hindustan. A diffuse plant called in Tamil "kadaga saleh '' 
 (Drur.) ; and from early times, its leaves in appearance and taste resembling those of thyme employed 
 medicinally : — observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, "appearing in the rains;" by Ainslie, 
 Roxburgh, Wallich, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula ; and received by Burmann pi. 3 from 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Fiats nilida of Western Hindustan. A tree ; its root and leaves from early times boiled in oil 
 and applied to wounds and bruises: — observed by Rheede iii. pi. 55 in Malabar; by Graham, in "the 
 Concans," to and beyond Bombay ; is described also by Rumphius iii. pi. 90. 
 
 Dioscoica triphylla of Western Hindustan. Called in the environs of Bombay " mar-chaina " 
 (Graham) ; and from early times, its intoxicating intensely-bitter root put into toddy to increase its 
 
 potency: observed by Rheede vii. pi. 33 in Malabar; by Nimmo, "common in both Concans" 
 
 (Graham), to and beyond Bombay; and is termed "ubium sylvestre " by Rumphius v. pi. 128. 
 
 Phoenix farinifcra of Western Hindustan. A diminutive slender-stemmed palm, only two to 
 three feet high, called in Tamil "eethie," in Malabar "eentha," in Telinga " chiruta-ita " (Drur.); and 
 from early times, its fruit eaten together with the farinaceous substance from its stem, and the leaflets 
 and petioles of its fronds made into mats and baskets: — observed by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 74, and 
 Drury, in Travancore and in " sandy situations and plains in the Deccan ; " is termed " p. pusilla " by 
 Loureiro fSteud.). 
 
 Pontederia vaginalis of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Tagalo " calaboa " (Blanco), in Bur- 
 mah " lav-pa-douk " (Mason), in Malabar "carimgola" (Rheede) ; and known from early times : — 
 observed by Rheede xi. pi. 44 in Malabar; by Nimmo, and Graham, to and beyond Bombay, "rice- 
 fields and margins of tanks, Concans;" by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan; by Mason, in 
 Burmah ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, employed medicinally by the natives ; and is described by 
 
 .Rumphius vi. pi. 75. 
 
 Tradescantia cristata of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. Called in Tagalo 
 "alicbangon," and from early times used medicinally on the Philippines — (Blanco) : observed by 
 Graham in the environs of Bombay, "the most common of" its tribe, "during the rains ; " received 
 by Linnaeus, and Jacquin hort. pi. 137, from Ceylon; and observed by Blanco on the Philippines. 
 
 Aneihma tuberosum of Western Hindustan. A stemless Cyanotoid perennial, its tubers from 
 early times employed medicinally : — termed " commelyna scapiflora " by Roxburgh ; observed also by 
 Buchanan, Wallich, Royle, Dalzell, and Powell, from the Punjaub to the " Southern Concan " (Drur.) 
 
 beyond Bombay. 
 
 92 
 
730 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 (Drur.) ; and from early times, employed medicinally and put by Brahmins as a seasoning into butter- 
 milk : — observed by Rheede vii. pi. 44 in Malabar ; by Graham, on hedges and " trees throughout the 
 Concans ; " by Roxburgh, and Drury, as far as Cochin and Bengal ; by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Blanco, 
 on the Philippines, hardly known to the natives ; described by Rumphius v. pi. 184; and was observed 
 by myself from the Feejeean throughout the Southern Polynesian groups to the remotest coral-island. 
 Westward from Hindustan, by Forskal p. 84 in Yemen, its berries eaten by boys, and applied bruised 
 to the wound called "oruk." 
 
 " 1 240 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), a synod at Senlis. " A twentieth of the ecclesiastical revenues " 
 was granted to the pope. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Melek-Adel II. succeeded by Melek-Saleh, seventh Ayoubite 
 sultan of Egypt. The name of Melek-Saleh occurs at Cairo in an inscription over the door of his 
 tomb — (Wilk. theb. and eg. 297 and 551). 
 
 " Twenty generations ago " (Speke trav. ix. 9), a large party of pastoral Wahuma under Rohinda 
 sought protection of king Nono of Karagiie', inhabited by the Wanyambo people. Nono was treacher- 
 ously put to death, and Rohinda became the head of a new dynasty. — He "was succeeded by Ntare", 
 then Rohinda II., then Ntare" II., which order only changed with the eleventh reign, when Rusatira 
 ascended the throne, and was succeeded by Mehinga, then Kalime'ra, then Ntare' V 1 1., then Rohinda VI., 
 then Da^ara, and now Rflmanika" in 1861. 
 
 Hexalobus Seiic^atiiisis of Tropical Africa. An Anonaceous tree called by the Wanyamuesi 
 "imkooa" (Grant); and from early times, its drupes used to color the "gums and teeth : — observed 
 from "5 S. to 2° North " Westward, described by A. Decandolle, as received from Senegal. 
 
 Bosiiii sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A moderately-sized Capparideous tree called in Madi 
 " m'zazza " (Grant), and probably as early as this date. 
 
 Flacaurtia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A slender hazel-leaved tree with a few thorns, called 
 in the Kinyoro language " m'seengeerra " (Grant), and as early perhaps as this date: — observed in 
 Madi, on the Nile. 
 
 Lopliira alata of Equatorial Africa. A Dipterocarpous tree called " meeenzerrah " (Grant) ; and 
 from early times, a leaf used as a charm : — observed only at 3° 15' N. near the Nile, but " the handsomest 
 tree seen on the route," the leaves "two feet" long. Westward, is described by C. F. Gaertnerfr. iii. 
 pi. 1 88 as received from Western Equatorial Africa. 
 
 Harrisouia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A thorny Simaruboid tree called "m'ceenango" 
 (Grant), and as early probably as this date : — observed at Madi, the branches catching •■one's clothes 
 in the woods." 
 
 Gymnosporia coriacea of Equatorial Africa. A small Celastroid tree called "m'thoozeea" (Grant); 
 and from early times, its roots used medicinally by women, also as a purgative : — observed from " 5 S. 
 to 3 N.," very frequent. Westward, described by Guillemin and Perrotett, as observed in the coun- 
 tries on the Atlantic. 
 
 Rhus sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A shrub called "m'sangool'a" (Grant); a superstitious 
 belief continuing from early times, that plants for spinage can be found if its seeds are thrown about: 
 — observed in Madi, its wood made into tooth-scrubbers. 
 
 Odiua fruciicosa of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tall elegant tree called " m'sangar'.i " (Grant); 
 and from early times, its wood made into posts : — '• Madi heights, 3 North." Described by Hoch- 
 stetter. 
 
 Tephrosia Jo^eHioi Equatorial Africa. Bushy and seven feet high (Grant), hedging dwellings; 
 and from early times, a mash of its leaves used in destroying fish : — observed from '■ i° to 2° North." 
 Described by J. D. Hooker. 
 
 .■Esihyiiomene Schimperi? of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A bushy tree twenty feet high called 
 "kong'golo" (Grant) ; its wood light, and from early times used for shields, — as at present by the 
 Waganda : used " as trimmers and door-bolts " by the Wanyoro, and " as load-levers " by the Wanya- 
 muezi. 
 
 / 'i^ii'i luteola of Tropical Africa. A coarse bean called " koondf? " (Grant) ; and from early times, 
 cultivated by the natives : — observed in Karague. and from " 5 S. to 2° North." Westward, is described 
 by Linnaeus, and Jacquin hort. pi. 90, as received from Tropical America. 
 
 LimcluKarpus laxijJorus? of Tropical Africa. A small tree called " mowaleh " (Grant), and as 
 early perhaps as this date : — observed in " Madi, 3 N." 
 
 I'ilioUi^iiia T/ionitiiigii? of Equatorial Eastern Africa. A brushwood tree called in the Kinyoro 
 language " m'keendambogo," in Suahili "keeteembee" (Grant) ; and from early times, short lashings 
 stripped from its bark : — " found everywhere," the leaves " used to cover sores." 
 
 Cosu'a sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A bush six feet high called "mcsek<es'«e'' (Grant) ; and 
 from early times, used as fencing: — observed at "3° N.," common. 
 
 Cassia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A shrub six feet high (Grant) ; and from early times, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 731 
 
 its branches from their disagreeable odour used to drive away musquitoes : — observed at " 1° 42' S., 
 alt. 5000 feet. 
 
 Swartzia marginala of Eastern Equatorial Africa. An ordinary-sized tree called "m'nyembe " 
 (Grant), and from early times. — Described by Bentham. - 
 
 Nov. gen. near Copaifera of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree called "m'chenga" (Grant), and 
 from early times, its bark made into fibred kilts, band-boxes, and round stores for grain : —"covers 
 the Wanyamuezi forests." Farther South, the name " chenga" was found by Livingstone applied to 
 a similar tree. 
 
 Acacia sp. near A. seyal, of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Called " m'seekeezzee " (Grant): and 
 from early times, its inner bark used for lashings for temporary huts: — observed from '• 2 S. to 
 3 N." 
 
 Acacia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A small thornless tree called " m'footamvool'ah " 
 (Grant) ; and from early times, its roots boiled for steaming the eyes in ophthalmia, — as at the present 
 day by the Wanyamuezi : observed in Madi. 
 
 Acacia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large tree called " m'gongwah " (Grant) ; and its 
 wood, said to sink in water, used from early times for hatchet-handles and building purposes: — 
 observed in "5 S., plentiful." 
 
 Albizzia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A thornless tree called " m'sangal'a" (Grant) ; and 
 from early times, used in building : — growing on the " stream bank, 3° N." 
 
 Bryonia laciniosa of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A climber; its beautiful scarlet and white ber- 
 ries known from early times, — and beads like them according to Grant "would be vastly admired by 
 the natives:" observed in "2° N.," in Unyoro. Probably through Arab or Banyan traders carried 
 to Hindustan, observed by Rheede viii. pi. 19 in Malabar, by Graham "common in hedges" in the 
 environs of Bombay, by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, and received by Linnaeus 
 from Ceylon. 
 
 Steganotcenia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. An Umbelliferous forest-tree called " meonga 
 Pembe" (Grant) ; and from early times, a branch superstitiously believed to enable the bearer to steal 
 without discovery: — observed in " Madi, etc." 
 
 Crossopteryx febrifnga of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A Cinchonaceous bushy-growing tree 
 called " m'taeloambai " (Grant) ; and from early times, its roasted seeds used to fumigate bark-cloth, 
 or to form a scented pomade, — as at the present day by the Wanyamuezi : observed from " 5 S. to 
 3 North." Described by Afr. 
 
 Hymenodyction sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A Cinchonaceous shrub eight feet high called 
 "m'fo" (Grant), and as early perhaps as this date : — observed at " Madi-burn bank." 
 
 Gardenia littea of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Called "kolola" (Grant) ; and from early times, 
 its contorted branches used for fencing, and boiled roots medicinally against hematuria, — as by the 
 Wanyamuezi of the present day : observed from " 5 S. to 3° North." Described by Fries. 
 
 Psychotria sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A shrub called '' m'sweet'as " (Grant), and as early 
 perhaps as this date : — observed at " Faloro, 3^° N." 
 
 Vernonia stoechadifolia of Eastern Equatorial Africa. From early times mixed and burned with 
 Hygrophila spinosa and salt extracted from the ashes, — as at the present day on the Upper Nile; 
 observed by Grant growing in the forests and open woods " 2° to 3° North." Described by Sch. bip. 
 
 Pluchea sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A bush five feet high (Grant) ; and from early times, 
 salt extracted from its ashes : — growing around a saline at " Kanyenye', 6° 24' S." 
 
 Embelia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A small tree called " m'saekaer'a " (Grant), and as 
 early perhaps as this date : — observed in " 3 15' N." 
 
 Landolphia florida ? of Eastern Equatorial Africa. An Apocynous climber, covering lofty trees 
 (Grant) ; and from early times, playing-balls made of its rubber, — as by the Wahiyow of the present 
 day. 
 
 Gomphocarpus sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Four feet high (Grant) ; and from early times, 
 worn as a charm, and eaten medicinally, — as by the natives at the present day : observed in " 2° N ." 
 
 Brachystelma? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Nine inches high (Grant); and from early 
 times, its bulbous tasteless root eaten : — observed in " 1° 42' S." 
 
 Strychnos sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A scrubby-looking tree called "m'phoondoo" 
 (Grant), and as early perhaps as this date : — observed from " 6° 21' S." to " woods, 3 N." 
 
 Arpyreia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Three feet high with immense flowers, and called 
 "mohambo" (Grant) ; and from early times, skulls of wild animals placed by it. or with a branch in 
 hand the hunter certain of sport : —observed in " 2J N." 
 
 Torenia pumila of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Its roots from early times eaten with salt and 
 used as a gargle, — as by the natives at the present day : observed by Grant in " 5 45' alt. 4300 ft., 
 and i° 42' S. alt. 5500 ft.," abundant in swamps. Described by Bentham. 
 
732 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Cyauum sp. n. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Creeping on bare open sandy heights, and called 
 "m'sweera m'dogo " (Grant) ; and from early times, its fibrous roots used to cure the bite of a par- 
 ticular snake, — as by the Wanyamuezi of the present day : observed in " 3 15' N." 
 
 Sopubia ramosa of Eastern Equatorial Africa. An erect woody plant in grassy plateaux (Grant) ; 
 and from early times, salt water for cooking purposes obtained from its ashes, —as by the Wahiyow 
 of the present day : observed in " 2 N.," uncommon. 
 
 Stereospermum sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A Bignoniaceous tree called in the Kinyoro 
 language " mololo " (Grant), and as early perhaps as this date : — observed in " 3 15' N.," frequent 
 by water, its wood useless. 
 
 Hygropliila spinosa of Eastern Equatorial Africa. An Acanthaceous plant from early times culti- 
 vated for the salt procured from its ashes : —observed wild also by Grant from "4° 18' S. to 3 15' 
 North." Described by T. And. (See Vernonia stoechadifolia.) 
 
 Chrodendrum sp. n. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A shrub two feet high used for drinking- 
 tubes called "meereej'a" by the Wanyambo (Grant), and as early perhaps as this date : —observed 
 in " i° 43' S., alt. 5000 feet." 
 
 Vilex sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Bush-sized and called " m'thalassee " (Grant), and as 
 early perhaps as this date : — observed in " Madi, 3 15' N." 
 
 Coleus barbatus of Abyssinia and Yemen. From early times smoke of its burning leaves re- 
 garded an immediate cure for fever : — the plant observed by Grant " in Euphorbia hedges, 4 18' to 
 i c 42' South." Eastward, was observed by Forskal p. 109 on the higher mountains of Yemen and 
 called "medan." Probably by Arab or Banian traders carried to Hindustan, observed by Gibson in 
 the rice-fields of Guzerat; by Graham in the environs of Bombay, sold in market, and "commonly 
 cultivated in native gardens for the roots which are pickled;" by Roxburgh, and Wallich, in other 
 parts of Hindustan, as far even as Nepaul. 
 
 Hyptis spiiigcra of Tropical Africa. Called "neeno" (Grant) ; and from early times, cultivated 
 as a grain, and to extract oil, — as by the natives of Gani at the present day : observed by Grant in 
 " 3 North ; " known to occur also in Ethiopia, Madagascar, and Senegambia (Benth., and A. Dec); 
 on the Cape Verd Islands (Webb.). Farther West, in Brazil and other parts of Tropical America; 
 received also by Bentham from Manila (possibly by European colonists carried across the Pacific). 
 Described by Lamarck. 
 
 Docrhaavia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A foot high (Grant) ; and from early times, its 
 roots eaten in famines, — as by the Wahiyow of the present day : observed " in cleared ground, 2° N." 
 
 Acalypha sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Called "m'caetae" (Grant); and from early times, 
 its wands of great length made into strong trays and baskets, — as by the people of Unyoro at the 
 present day: observed " by rivulets 1° 42' S., to 2° N." 
 
 Croton sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree having immense leaves, called " m'pcefoo " 
 (Grant), and as early perhaps as this date : — observed "in shady moist ground, 3 15' N." 
 
 Hymenocardia Heudelotii of Equatorial Africa. An Euphorbiaceous tree called "m'palanyonga " 
 (Grant), and as early perhaps as this date : — observed in " 3 15' North." Described by Planch. 
 
 Euphorbia hypericifolia of Tropical Africa? Its juice already perhaps rubbed upon snares to 
 attract Guinea fowl? — as observed by Grant in "2° N." (on the Nile). Westward, was received by 
 Bentham p. 500 from Nigritia (A. Dec). Probably through European traders carried to the West 
 Indies, observed by Sloane i pi. 126 in cultivated ground on Jamaica ; and thence perhaps has 
 extended into Northeast America where it is now seemingly wild, observed by Baldwin in 31° in 
 Florida, by Pursh in cultivated ground as far as Canada, by Elliot in Upper Carolina and Georgia, by 
 Short in Kentucky, by Nuttall on the Arkansas, by E. James on the Missouri, and by myself along 
 the Atlantic as far as 42 30'. 
 
 Ccllis integrifolia of Tropical Africa. A large tree called " m'lseweh " (Grant) ; and from early 
 times, its seeds made into necklaces, — as by the natives of Fipa at the present day : observed in " 3 
 30' North." Westward, described by Lamarck as received from — 
 
 Angracum ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Epiphytic on a Kigelia (Grant) ; and from early 
 times considered a remedy for ophthalmia : — observed in " 3 1 5' N." 
 
 Ansellia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. In thick clusters upon lofty-stemmed trees, and called 
 by Uhiyovv men " mitoolo " (Grant) ; its jointed roots from early times used medicinally : — observed 
 at "M'bwiga, 7° 30' S." 
 
 Amumum sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Four feet high with scarlet underground fruit; the 
 pulp around the seeds sucked from early times: — observed by (".rant in Uganda, "2^° N.," frequent. 
 
 Dracaena sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Ten feet hi -L and called " mpopo m'weeto" wild 
 beetul (Grant) ; and rom early times, used as fences : — observed in " 2 N." 
 
 Smilax Krausstana of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Called " m'kolol'a " (Grant) ; and from early 
 times, its roots used medicinally, — as by the Wanyamuezi of the present day: observed, Sept. (i£° 
 to) "3 15' North." Described by Meisner. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 733 
 
 Dioscorea sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A yam called " veeazee-koo " (Grant), and as early 
 perhaps as this date : — "grown here and there on mounds," from " 5 S. to 2° N." 
 
 Anckomanes Hookeri? of Eastern Equatorial Africa. An Araceous plant three feet high with 
 curving-down thorns, and called "yal'wah " (Grant); its large bulb from early times boiled and eaten, 
 
 — as by the Wanyamuezi of the present day : observed in " 3 15' North." 
 
 Gymnandropojon sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Its millet from early times eaten in famines, 
 
 — as according to Grant at the present day : observed in " 5 5' S., alt. 3600 ft." 
 
 Anthistiria imberbis of Tropical Africa. Two to two and a half feet high, and known from early 
 times:— the grass that clothes and waves like corn on the treeless hills of Karague", "alt. 5000 
 to 5500 feet:" cattle according to Grant "are never grazed upon it." Described by Retz obs. iii. 
 p. II, and Thunberg (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Anthhtiria ciliata of Tropical Africa. Two and a half feet high ; and from early times, its 
 grain eaten in famines : — growing according to Grant " under trees in rich low ground with great 
 luxuriance, 5 5' S., alt. 3600 feet." Eastward, possibly by Arab or Banian traders carried to Hindus- 
 tan, where it was observed by Graham growing "most abundantly throughout the Concans, and is 
 commonly converted into hay for feeding horses ; " by Retz, and Roxburgh i. 247, in other parts of 
 Hindustan. Clearly through European traders, was carried to the West Indies (Pers.). 
 
 Setaria aurea of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Liable to small round fungi, their dust from early 
 times eaten by the natives : — observed by Grant in " 2° North." Described by Hochst. 
 
 Chloris Meccana of Abyssinia. Three to four feet high, and known from early times : — ob- 
 served by Grant in '• plantain-groves " under the Equator. Described by Hochst. 
 
 Kyllingia macrocephala f of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Eighteen inches high and called 
 " keelolo " (Grant) ; and from early times, its pounded roots rubbed on the skin as a perfume, — as 
 by the Wanyamuezi women of the present day : observed " by rocky burn, 3 15' N." 
 
 Fuirena umbellaia f of Tropical Africa. Three feet long, called " keekal'a " (Grant) ; and from 
 early times, salt extracted by the natives from its ashes : — observed by Grant "on sandy edges of 
 burn, Madi ; " known to grow in other parts of Tropical Africa as well as on Madagascar (Ad. Juss ), 
 and in Tropical Asia (R. Brown). Westward, occurring also in Tropical America (Vahl eel. amer. 2, 
 Pers., R. Brown, Kunth, and A. Dec), possibly brought by imported negroes. Described by Lin- 
 naeus the younger. 
 
 " 1241, April 12th " (Yule cath. i. p. exx), a Tartar army having entered Poland and destroyed 
 Cracow found Breslaw abandoned and in ashes, and near Lignitz defeated with great slaughter the 
 forces of Poland, Silesia, and Moravia. Batu with the main army ravaging Hungary, capturing and 
 destroying Pesth : but the Tartars were suddenly recalled by the death of Okkodai, who was suc- 
 ceeded by Kuyuk. 
 
 " Oct. 6th " (Greenhill in Sm. b. d.), eclipse of the sun. Witnessed at Nicaea, at the court of 
 the excluded Byzantine emperor Joannes III., by Nicolaus Myrepsus. 
 
 Ajjrostemma githago of middle Asia. Called in Britain cockle or corn cockle, in Anglo-Saxon 
 "coccel" (Prior), in Germany "kornrade," in Italy "gettone" or "gettajone" (Lenz), in Lithuania 
 " kukalei," in Poland " kakol," in Russia " kukael " (A. Dec ), in Greece " goggoli " or " kokkoli " 
 (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the KoxaXiSa t-ov o-itov of Nicolaus Myrepsus iv. 2: — A. githago 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the cultivated fields of Greece and the Greek islands ; is 
 known to grow in Armenia and around Caucasus, and in Siberia as far as Irkutzk (Koch, Bieb., and 
 Turcz.). Westward, is mentioned by Gerarde, and Ray, as known from time immemorial in Britain; 
 is termed "nigella" in the Ortus sanitatis pi. 310, and "lychnis segetum major" by Tournefort inst. 
 335; was observed by Desfontaines i. p. 363, and Munby, in Barbary ; and is known to grow in 
 Sicily, Sardinia, Southern Spain, Portugal, Italy, and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 and Courland (flor. Dan. pi. 576, Moris, and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to North- 
 east America, where it has become a weed in grain-fields. 
 
 Neslia paniculata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "koukoulia" 
 (Fraas), and possibly the " kokalitha tou sitou " in question : — N. paniculata was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Fraas, in cultivated and fallow ground from Attica to Constantinople. Westward, is 
 termed "rapistrum arvense folio auriculato acuto " by Tournefort inst. 211, " myagrum paniculatum " 
 by Linnaeus ; and is known to occur in fallow ground in Piedmont and throughout middle Europe as 
 far as Denmark (All., fl. Dan. pi. 204, and Pers.). 
 
 Artemisia camphorata of middle Europe. The ica<povpas poravrjs of Nicolaus Myrepsus, — is 
 referred here by Sprengel, and Hase : A. camphorata has not been observed by modern travellers in 
 Greece • but is described by Lobel pi. 769, and is known to grow on rocks in middle Europe (Wulff in 
 Jacq coll. iv. p. 295, Vill. delph. iii. p. 242, Dec. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Leonurus cardiaca of Eastern Asia. Called in Japan " sitsisu soo " or usually ' ! susu kaki " 
 (Thunb.), in Britain motherwort (Prior) : the Kaphiofimavov of Nicolaus Myrepsus iii. 60 — is referred 
 
734 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 here by Fuchsius : L. cardiaca was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to 
 Constantinople; is known to occur also about Caucasus and in Siberia (A. Dec.) ; and was observed 
 by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan. Westward, is described by Brunfels, and Gerarde ; is 
 termed "cardiaca" by Tournefort inst. r86 ; and is known to occur in waste places in Hungary and 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 727, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues frequent in waste places in our North- 
 ern and middle States ; to Brazil, where it was observed by A. St. Hilaire in the outskirts of Rio 
 Janeiro. Its " reputed tonic powers " and use in the " disease of the stomach called heart-burn, are 
 now little regarded," though according to Burnett "a stimulant which has been extolled by the Rus- 
 sians as a preservative against canine madness " (Lindl.). Its English name and alleged power in 
 female complaints mentioned by Linacre, and Parkinson, may have arisen from its outward resem- 
 blance to Artemisia vulgaris. 
 
 Bctonica Orient alis of middle Asia. The hpoviofioravov of Nicolaus Myrepsus i. 1— is referred 
 here by Sprengel : B. Orientalis is known to grow "in Oriente " (Pers.); and from transported 
 specimens, is described by Linnaeus, and Thuillier (Lam. ill. pi. 507, and Steud.). 
 
 Coni^iola littoralis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Diminutive, prostrate from a 
 central root, and called in Britain strap-wort, in medieval Latin "corrigiola" (Prior) : mentioned by 
 Nicolaus Myrepsus, — according to transl. med. art. princ. 520 a . C. littoralis was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, is described by Mori- 
 son v. pi. 29; and is known to grow in sandy situations in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as 
 far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi 334, and Pers.). 
 
 Phalaris Canariensis of the Canary Islands. Called in Britain Canary grass (Prior), in Greece 
 "koukoule" or " koukoulohorton '' (Sibth.) or "anemohorto" (Forsk.), in which we recognize the 
 av(fiox"t)Tov of Nicolaus Myrepsus : — P. Canariensis was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in 
 Greece and at Constantinople, frequent in cultivated ground; by Forskal, Hasselquist, and Delile 
 around Alexandria and Cairo. Westward, is enumerated by Stapel as frequent on Malta, and was 
 0! >served there by Forskal; is termed '■ gramen spicatum semine miliaceo albo " by Tournefort inst. 
 518 ; is known to occur in cultivated ground on the Canary Islands (Pers.) ; and since the domesti- 
 cation of Canary birds has been cultivated in Western Europe for feeding them with its seeds, in 
 Britain tending to become naturalized (Wats., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation and is occasionally met with growing spon- 
 taneously. 
 
 "Towards the end of October" (Alst., and Nicol.), Gregorius IX. succeeded by cardinal Geoffrey 
 de Castiglione, now Celestinus IV , twenty-third pope. Dying on the " 17th or iSth of November" 
 before being consecrated, the office continued vacant — more than eighteen months. 
 
 " Nov. 29th " (Nicol.), a synod at Oxford. It was resolved, to send a deputation, praying the 
 emperor Fredericus II. to leave the election of the pope to the cardinals. 
 
 "The same year" (Stirling res. Asiat. xv. 315 to 327, and Elphinstone iii. 8), the Black pagoda, 
 near that of Jagannat on the Eastern shore of Hindustan, completed.* 
 
 * Cocatlus viltasiis. of Eastern Hindustan and Burmah. A woody twiner called in Hindustanee 
 " dier " or " faridbuti," in Telinga " doosra-tiga," in Bengalee " huyer " (Drur.) ; and from early times, 
 its leaves and root employed medicinally : — observed by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, in the penin- 
 sula and as far as Bengal (Drur.) ; by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 Sida rliomboidca o f Assam? Called in Bengalee " swet-baryala," in Hindustanee "sufed-bari- 
 yala " (Drur.), and known perhaps from early times : — observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, " cultivated " 
 from Assam to Negapatam and Coromandel, its long silky fibres of great strength (Drur.) ; according 
 to Hannay hort. soc. beng. 18(12, growing "luxuriantly in Assam." 
 
 Buchauania lancifolia of Chittagong. A Terebinthoid tree, its tender unripe fruit from early 
 times eaten in curries: — observed by Roxburgh (Drur.). 
 
 Caiiariiuii Bengalensc of Silhet and the adjacent mountainous countries. A Terebinthoid tree, 
 its copal-like but brittle resin known from early times, — sold at a cheap rate in the Calcutta bazaar, 
 and not valued by the natives (Madras exhib. rep., and Drur.). 
 
 Iiiiri bidica of Assam and Chittagong. An Amyroid tree seventy feet high called in Bengalee 
 "nayor" (Drur.) ; and from early times, its hard close-grained wood used for furniture : — observed 
 by Wallich and termed "bursera serrata," its timber "tough as oak, and much heavier" (Drur.). 
 
 Bauliuua diphylla of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Burmah " pa-lan " (Mason), at Cuddapah 
 and Guntoor " authee nar " or " yepy " or " apa " ( Drur.) ; and its fibres known from early times : — 
 observed by Buchanan, and Roxburgh, "common about Cuddapah and Guntoor" (Drur.); bv Mason, 
 in Burmah. 
 
 Cassia (Cathartocarpus) Koxburghii of Eastern Hindustan. A beautiful tree resembling the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 735 
 
 " 1243 A. D." Cann. Jap., and art de verif.), Sidsio succeeded by Saga II. or Go-Saga, younger 
 son of Tsatsi-mikaddo and now eighty-seventh dairo of Japan. 
 
 " In the Thirteenth century" (Jap. c. c. 90), the third colossal statue of Budha, "the well-known 
 Daibutsu, of Kamakura," was built " with an alloy containing a small percentage of gold." 
 
 "June 24th or 25th" (Alst, and NicoL), cardinal Sinabaldo di Fiesco or Innocentius IV. elected 
 twenty-fourth pope. He introduced into his Bulls the celebrated clause, " Non obstantibus." 
 
 " 1244 A. D." (NicoL), a synod at Tarragona. "Against such as robbed, ill-treated, or defamed 
 priests." 
 
 "The same year" (Munk), the sultan of Damascus having made a treaty again admitting the 
 crusaders into Jerusalem, Melek-Saleh extended an invitation to the Kharesmians, already then in 
 Syria. In accordance therewith, the Kharesmians advanced upon and captured Jerusalem. — At the 
 end of three years, they were expelled by the combined forces of the Syrians and Egyptians. 
 
 The number of Memluks increased beyond precedent by Melek-Saleh ; who purchased some 
 thousands of young "Turks," to whom he gave a military education, and thus obtained a formidable 
 body of soldiers exclusively devoted to his interests. 
 
 " In this year (= 642 A. H." of Ferishta, Elphinst.), irruption of Mogul Tartars through Tibet* 
 
 weeping ash, its hard handsomely-marked timber known from early times : — observed by Roxburgh 
 on the Gingie hills, rare in the wild state (Drur.). 
 
 Dalbergia sissoides of Eastern Hindustan. Its timber valued from early times : — observed by 
 Roxburgh (Drur.). 
 
 Olea robusta of Silhet. Its hard and durable timber known from early times: — observed by 
 Roxburgh (Drur.). 
 
 Echaltium piscidium of Silhet. A perennial climbing Apocynoid called there "echalat" (Drur.); 
 and from early times, the fibres of its bark used as a substitute for hemp : — observed in Silhet by 
 Roxburgh (Wight pi. 472, Royle, and Drur.). 
 
 Wrightia mollissima of Cachar. Its timber known from early times, —being according to 
 Brownlow in a. h. s. 1864 "the nearest approach to boxwood there is in that part of the country" 
 (Drur.). 
 
 Premna esculenta of Chittagong. Its leaves from early times used there medicinally : — observed 
 by Roxburgh (Drur.). 
 
 Artocarpus chaplasha of the forests East of Bengal as far as Chittagong. An immense tree; 
 and from early times, river-canoes made of its trunk, its timber used besides for other purposes, 
 especially for anything under water: — enumerated by Drury. 
 
 Calamus erectus of Silhet. Its seeds from early times used there by the poorer classes as a sub- 
 stitute for betel-nut : —observed by Roxburgh (Drur.). 
 
 * Aconitum heterophyllum of the Himalayas. Shrubby, its imported root called in Hindustanee 
 " atis," on the Deccan " atvika " or " vajje-turki," in Telinga " ativasa," in Tamil " ativadayam " (Drur.), 
 and from early times sold in bazaars as aphrodisiac tonic and febrifuge : —observed by Wallich, and 
 Royle, on the Himalayan mountains, at the elevation of "nine to ten thousand feet" (Drur.). 
 
 Aconitum palmatum and A. luridum, two other species growing on the Himalayan mountains, 
 "and yielding similar properties" (Drur.). 
 
 Thalictrum foliolosum of the Khasia mountains. Called there " pila jari " yellow-root, exported 
 from the Kumaon mountains under the name of "momeeree" (Drur.), and from early times employed 
 medicinally : —observed by Buchanan (Steud.), and Royle ill. 51 (Drur.). 
 
 Greivia elastica of Hindustan. A Tiliaceous tree, its timber from early times highly esteemed 
 for its strength and elasticity, for making bows and the shafts of vehicles : —observed by Royle, its 
 berries having a pleasant acid taste and used for making sherbet (Drur.). 
 
 Pavia ludica of the Himalayan mountains. The Himalayan horse-chestnut is a lofty tree called 
 "kunour" or "pangla" (Drur.) ; and from early times, its seeds eaten, and its soft strong timber 
 used for building and cabinet purposes : —observed by Colebrooke, Wallich, Royle, and Jacquemont, 
 at the elevation "of from eight thousand to ten thousand feet in Kumaon Gurwhal" Sirmore and near 
 the sources of the Ganges to Kunawur. (Balfour, and Drur.). 
 
 Xanthoxylon hastili of the Himalayas. Prickly, and from early times its aromatic fruit used as 
 a condiment, its seeds and bark as an aromatic tonic, and its small branches for tooth-scrubbers : — 
 described by Wallich, and observed by Powell in the Punjaub, its larger branches used for triturating 
 the hemp-plant and its capsules and seeds " said to intoxicate fish " (Drur.). 
 
 Exacum tetra^onum of Subtropical Hindustan. A Gentianoid annual one to two feet high, 
 powerfully bitter and called " ooda chiretta" purple chiretta (Royle) ; from early times, employed as 
 a tonic and febrifuge ■— observed by Roxburgh, Wallich rar. pi. 276, and Royle, "common in the 
 
736 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 into Bengal, the only one by this route " during the period of authentic history." It was repelled by 
 the local authorities. 
 
 Asparagus ascendent of Rohilcund. Affording according to Modeen Sheriff the genuine " sufed 
 mush," called on the Deccan " shakakul-hindi," and from early times used medicinally as a substitute 
 for and better than salep : — known to grow in Rohilcund (Waring pharm. ind. suppl.J, enumerated 
 by Drury. (See A. sarmentosus.) 
 
 "1245, June 28th to July 17th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Thirteenth general ecclesiastical Council. 
 Assembled at Lyons. The emperor Fredericus II. was excommunicated, and his subjects absolved 
 from their allegiance. The " red cap " for cardinals, was at the same time instituted. 
 
 "The same year" (Clavig. ii. and Humb. iii. 8), arrival of the Aztecs at Chapoltepec on the 
 Western shore of lake Tezcuco. 
 
 Arachis hypogea of Eastern Equatorial America. The peanut called in Peru "anchic" (Monard.), 
 in Brazil " mandubi " (Marcgr.), in Mexico " cacauate " (Blanco), in the West Indies " mani " (J. Acost), 
 and cultivated from early times — (Humb. iv. 9) : the " mani " was seen in the West Indies or neigh- 
 bouring portion of Tropical America by Oviedo gen. hist. vii. 5, and J. Acosta; A. hypogea, by Lerius 
 215, and Marcgraf 37, in Brazil. By European colonists was carried Westward across the Pacific to 
 the Philippines, called in Tagalo "mani" (Blanco), and seen in 1693 by Kamel (Spreng.) ; to the 
 neighbouring islands and Japan (Rumph. v. 426) ; to China and Anam (A. Dec.) ; to Burmah, called 
 there " mya=-bai " (Mason) ; to Hindustan, having neither Sanscrit nor Bengalee names (Roxb., and 
 Pidd.) but called in Tamil " vayer or "nelay-cadalay," in Telinga "nela sanagalu," in Hindustanee 
 " moong-phullee," sometimes by colonists Manilla-nut (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " velaiti- 
 moong" or "boi-moong" (Graham), is now cultivated from Calcutta throughout the peninsula (Drur.), 
 was observed by myself abundantly cultivated on the Deccan; to Eastern Equatorial Africa (Lour. fl. 
 coch.j, observed by myself on Zanzibar, and according to some Unamuezi from N'yasa lake cultivated in 
 their own country, observed by Grant " cultivated to a small extent from 7 S. to 2° N." on the Nile ; 
 to Egypt, called there "foul sennar" Sennar bean (Clot-Bey). By European colonists also, was car- 
 ried before 1620 to Western Equatorial Africa (Purchas, Sloane i. 1M4. and Guillemin fl. seneg.) ; and 
 more recently to Northeast America, where in our Southern States it is now abundantly cultivated. 
 
 " 1246 A. D." (Roux in rec. soc. geogr. i., and mem. Chin. v. p 2), an embassy to the Tartars 
 first sent by pope Innocentius IV. : Plan Carpin and Benedict of Poland crossing the Volga "April 
 8th" and continuing Northward of the Caspian reached the court near Karakarom. "July 22d," and 
 received an audience from the newly proclaimed khan Kavu or Cuiuc, a grandson of Jenghiz. The 
 journey proved the Caspian to be an inland sea, as already stated by Herodotus : — a conclusion con- 
 firmed a few years later by Rubruquis. 
 
 "In this year (=^39 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Ala-u-din Masaud succeeded by Nasir-u-din 
 Mahmud, grandson of Altamsh and now eighth sultan of Delhi.* — -He reigned "twenty" years, 
 
 Himalaya and the mountains and plains of Bengal and Central India" (Drur.) ; by Giberne, as far 
 South as "Salsette" (Graham), near Bombay. 
 
 Rliazya strieia of Scinde. An excellent bitter tonic, from early times employed medicinally, 
 mixed with Withania berries: — observed- in Scinde by Stocks (Drur.). From transported speci- 
 mens, described by Decandolle. 
 
 Hyoscyamus insanus of Beluchistan. Called there " kohi bung" mountain hemp (Drur.), and its 
 powerfully poisonous properties known from early times : — common, "smoked in small quantities, 
 and also employed for criminal purposes " (Waring pharm. inch, Stocks, and Drur.). 
 
 Scopolia Inrida of Nepaul. Known from early times, — its bruised leaves emitting "a peculiar 
 tobacco-like odour, a tincture prepared from them " found to dilate the pupil (Braithwaite, and Drur.). 
 
 U'it/iania cougu/ans of Beluchistan, Scinde, and the mountains of Affghanistan. A densely 
 tomentose shrub called in Scinde "puneer" (Drur.) ; and from early times, its fresh ripe fruit used as 
 an emetic, dried and employed for other medicinal purposes, and universally throughout Beluchistan 
 for coagulating milk : — observed by Stocks bomb. soc. 1849 (Wight pi. 1616, and Drur.). 
 
 Salvia plebeia of Subtropical Hindustan. A purple-flowered sage ; its seeds from early times 
 used as mustard by the Hindus, employed also medicinally: — described by R. Brown prodr. 501 ; 
 observed by Roxburgh from Bengal to Silhet and Oude, by Dalzell 209 as far as Kandalla near 
 Bombay (Drur.). 
 
 Salvia latiata of Northern Hindustan. From early times, its stems peeled and eaten, and its 
 leaves root and seeds employed medicinally : —described by Roxburgh, and observed by Stewart 
 punj. at Lahore. 
 
 * Polanisia icosandra of Hindustan and Burmah. A Cleomaceous plant two or three feet high 
 called in Tamil "nayavaylie" or " nahi kuddaghoo," in Malabar " kat-kuddaghoo," in Hindustanee 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 737 
 
 patronised Persian Literature, and the " Tabakati Nasiri," a general history of Persia and India, was 
 written at his court. 
 
 Acalypha fruticosa of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. A birch-leaved shrub called in Tamil 
 
 "hoorhoorya" (Drur.) ; and from early times, eaten as salad, and its mustard-like leaves and seeds 
 used also medicinally : — described by Rumphius v. pi. 96; observed by Burmann pi. 99 on Ceylon ; 
 by Graham, "common in waste places during the rains " as far as Bombay; by Ainslie, and Wight, 
 as far as Bengal ; by Mason in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. " P. viscosa" seen by Rheede ix. 
 pi. 23 in Malabar, known to grow also on Ceylon (Pers.), is regarded by some writers as not distinct. 
 
 Polanisia chelidonii of Hindustan. A pretty annual with rose-coloured flowers (Graham) ; its 
 pungent seeds in like manner used for mustard from early times : — received by the younger Linnaeus 
 from "Transchaur" (Pers.) ; enumerated by Graham among the plants of the vicinity of Bombay; 
 and observed by Royle, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan (Drur.). 
 
 Drosera peltata of Hindustan and Burmah. A yellow-flowered sundew^ known from earlytimes : 
 
 — observed by Royle, and Wight, on the " Neilgherries, Bababoodens," avoided by cattle, the leaves 
 curdling milk, and "mixed with salt" said to blister the skin (Drur.) ; by Mason, as far as Burmah. 
 
 Polygala telephioides of Hindustan. From early times used medicinally in catarrhal affections : 
 
 — known to grow in Hindustan (Waring pharm. ind., and Drur.). From transported specimens, 
 described by Willdenow (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Mollue;o spergula of Hindustan and Burmah. A species of carpel-weed called in Burmah 
 "gyen-ga" (Mason), in Bengalee "ghimi shak," in Telinga "chatarashi," in Tamil "toora" (Drur.); 
 and from early times, its bitter leaves employed medicinally : — observed by Rheede x. pi. 24 in Mala- 
 bar ; by Graham, a " common " weed " in gardens " at Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as 
 far as Bengal ; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. 
 
 Melanthesa rhamnoides of Tropical Hindustan. A Phyllanthoid shrub called in Tamil " pavala- 
 poola," in Hindustanee "surasaruni " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its leaves and bark employed 
 medicinally : — observed by Rheede v. pi. 44 in' Malabar ; by Nimmo, in "the Concans " (Graham), 
 to and beyond Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the Coromandel coast, its bright 
 red fruit making a lively appearance, and in Behar the dried leaves smoked when the tonsils are 
 swollen (Drur.). 
 
 Tragia caunabina of Tropical Hindustan. An annual Euphorbiaceous twiner, covered with 
 stinging hairs, and called in Tamil " sirroo-canchorie," on the Deccan " kanch koorie," in Telinga 
 " trinuadoolagondie " (Drur.) ; its root from early times employed medicinally: —described by N. L. 
 Burmann pi. 63, and known to grow in Malabar (Pers.) ; observed by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury, 
 from Travancore to Coromandel and Bengal, its root in decoction prescribed "as an alterative," and 
 " in infusion in ardent fevers." Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 120. 
 
 Casearia anavinga of Tropical Hindustan. A Samydaceous shrub or tree called in Malabar 
 "anavinga" (Drur.), very bitter in all its parts, and from early times employed medicinally: — 
 observed by Rheede iv. pi. 49 in Malabar ; by GraTiam, "a very common shrub " in the environs of 
 Bombay (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, on the banks of the Hoogly and as far as Goalpara, a large tree, 
 its leaves "used in medicated baths, and the pulp of the fruit" diuretic (Lindl., and Drur.). 
 
 Acacia (Albizzia) slipulata of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. An unarmed tree forty to fifty 
 feet high called in Telinga " konda-chiragu," in Bengalee " amlooki " (Drur.) ; and from early times, 
 its close-grained strong timber valued for furniture and other purposes :— observed by Graham 
 "common on the Ghauts, about Kandalla, etc.," as far as Bombay; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, 
 from Travancore to Courtallum and the mountains North of Bengal ; by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 CcEsaipiuia sepiaria of Southern Hindustan and Burmah. The Mysore thorn is a woody twiner 
 armed with strong recurved prickles and called in Burmah " hsoo-kyan-bo " (Mason), in Hindus- 
 tanee " Hyder ka jhar " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " chillur " (Graham) ; known from early 
 times • —indigenous according to Drury in Mysore ; planted by Hyder Ali around his strongholds as 
 an additional means of defence, and forming an almost impenetrable hedge is generally used "in the 
 Ba<diayat lands of the Deccan," and has become well known throughout the country (Gibs., and 
 Drur.) ; observed also by Roxburgh, and Wight. Farther East, by Mason in Burmah, enumerated 
 
 as indigenous. . 
 
 Jussieua villosa of Hindustan and Burmah. A perennial-rooted herb called in Malabar ca- 
 rambu," in Bengalee " lal-bunlunga " (Drur); and from early times employed medicinally : - 
 observed by Rheede ii. pi. 50 in Malabar ; by Graham, " in moist places at Kandalla, and through- 
 out the Concans," to and beyond Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal ; by 
 
 U ™Tagl™Z7mla pa.vifljra of Tropical Hindustan. A large Lythraceous tree called in Telinga 
 
 93 
 
738 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "sinnie," in Telinga ''tsinnie," on the Deccan "chinnie" (Drur.), in Yemen "bortam'' or "schohat" 
 or "anschat" or " daefran " (Forsk.) ; and from early times, employed medicinally: — observed by 
 Forskal p. 161 among the mountains of Yemen, its leaves macerated in water to wash infants afflicted 
 
 "chinangee" (Drur.) ; and from early times, its excellent wood used for ploughs, axe-handles, build- 
 ing and boats : — observed by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 66, Wight pi. 69, and Beddome pi. 31, from the 
 Neilgherries to the Circars, Courtallum and Bengal (Drur.). 
 
 Cuatifus momoriiica of Tropical Hindustan. Cultivated from early times: — observed by 
 Graham in the environs of Bombay, " cultivated, much like the common cucumber but smoother 
 and larger ; " by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan, " a good substitute for the 
 common cucumber" (Drur.). 
 
 Trianthcma dccandra of Tropical Hindustan. A prostrate purslane-like annual called in Tamil 
 " vallay-sharunnay," in Telinga " tella ghalijeroo," in Bengalee " gada buni," on the Deccan "bhees 
 khupra " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its root employed medicinally : — was observed by Graham 
 in the environs of Bombay, " a common weed, particularly abundant in moist places ; " by N. L. 
 Burmann pi. 31, Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal. 
 
 Trianthcma cbcordata of Tropical Hindustan. Perennial and prostrate, called in Tamil "sha- 
 runnay," in Telinga "ghelijehroo," in Bengalee "sabuni,"on the Deccan " nasurjanghi " (Drur.); 
 and from early times, its leaves and tender tops eaten in times of scarcity, and its root employed 
 medicinally: — observed by Stewart in the Punjaub ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as 
 Coromandel and Bengal. 
 
 Xaitclca parvifolia of Tropical Hindustan. A Cinchonoid tree thirty to forty feet high called in 
 Tamil " neer-cadamba," in Telinga " bota-cadamie " (Drur), in the environs of Bombay " kuddum " 
 (Graham) ; and from early times, its timber used for flooring and other purposes : -r- observed by Gib- 
 son, and Graham, " common in the Mawul districts," and " about villages throughout the Concans ; " 
 by Roxburgh, and Wight, from Malabar to Coromandel and Bengal. 
 
 Gardenia guinmifcra of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. An unarmed Cinchonoid tree, known 
 from early times : — observed by Law in the Bombay district, "very common about Duddi on the 
 Gutpurba" (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, and is known to grow 
 on Ceylon, exuding from the buds and wounds in the bark a yellow resin similar to gum elemi (Pers., 
 and Drur.). From transported specimens, is described by the younger Linnaeus. 
 
 Pavetta Indica of Tropical Hindustan. A Cinchonoid shrub, three or four feet high and decidu- 
 ous-leaved, called in Bengalee " kookoora-choora," in Hindustanee " cancra," in Tamil " pavuttay," 
 in Telinga "paputta" or " nooni-papoota " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " paput " (Graham) ; 
 and from early times, its fruit made into pickles, its leaves used for manuring fields, and its root 
 employed medicinally : — observed by Rheede v. pi. 10 in Malabar ; by Graham, from hills near Bom- 
 bay "along the Ghauts," and "one of the commonest shrubs at Mahableshwur ; " by Ainslie, Rox- 
 burgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel, Bengal, Silhet, and Chittagong (Drur.). 
 
 Sperinacoce liispida of Tropical Hindustan a"nd Ceylon. A Cinchonoid annual called in Tamil 
 "nuttee choorie," in Telinga " madana " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its root employed med- 
 icinally :— observed by Rheede ix.pl. 76 in Malabar; by Graham, "common in the rains" in the 
 environs of Bombay; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Bengal; 
 and is known to grow on Ceylon (Pers.). 
 
 Vernonia cinerea of Tropical Hindustan. From early times, used in decoction to promote 
 perspiration in fevers : —observed by Rheede x. pi. (4 in Malabar; by Graham, in the environs of 
 Bombay "a common weed during the rains ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of 
 Hindustan; by Burmann pi. 96011 Ceylon; and is described by Rumphius vi. pi. 14. Transported 
 to Europe, is described by Plukenet pi. 177. 
 
 Dccmia extensa of Tropical Hindustan. A frutescent Asclepioid twiner, called in Bengalee 
 " chagul-bantee," in Tamil •■ vaylie-partie " or " ootamunnie," in Telinga "jutuga," in Hindustanee 
 "sagowama," on the Deccan " oobrun " (Drur.); and from early times, employed medicinally — 
 observed by Law, and Graham, in hedges and on bushes from Bombay to Ahmednuggur "and almost 
 everywhere," next to "the commonest" of its tribe; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wi-ht as far as 
 Bengal and the Himalaya, yielding a fibre "recommended as a fair substitute for flax" (Drur) 
 
 Erythraa Roxburgh™ of Hindustan. An herb, powerfully bitter, and from early times held in 
 great repute as a tonic : — observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in the peninsula and Bengal "com- 
 mon in cultivated fields after the rains." 
 
 Bignoma (Stereospermum) chelonoidcs of Tropical Hindustan. A large pinn.ite-leaved Bio-no- 
 nioid tree called in Tamil "pompadyra marum," in Telinga " tagada " or " kalighootroo," in Malabar 
 "padne-marum " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay " padree " or " purrul " (Graham) ; and from 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 739 
 
 with " tyfl " pustules. Eastward, was observed by Ainslie, Retz, and Roxburgh, in Mysore and 
 the peninsula, its leaves in infusion prescribed by Hindu physicians "as a stomachic in dyspeptic 
 affections and cholera" (Drur.). 
 
 early times, its beautiful flowers offered in temples, and its hard durable timber much used : — 
 observed by Rheede viii. pi. 24 in Malabar ; by Graham, near Bombay, and " on the Ghauts pretty 
 common ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Beddome, as far as Coromandel and Silhet. 
 
 Bignonia suberosa of Southern Hindustan and Burmah. An ornamental tree, its firm close- 
 grained wood known from early times, and its cracked spongy bark used as an inferior substitute 
 for cork: — growing from Tanjore to Madras and Courtallum (Roxb., and Drur.) ; but at Bombay, 
 observed by Graham only "in gardens" and planted for ornament, Eastward, was observed by 
 Mason in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. From transported specimens, is termed " millingtonia 
 hortensis " by the younger Linnaeus. 
 
 Bignonia xylocarpa of Tropical Hindustan. A large tree with bipinnate deciduous leaves, called 
 in Tamil "vadencarni" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "khursing" or "khursingee" (Graham), 
 at Daung in Kandesh " bairsingee " (Auld) ; its wood from early times used for cabinet purposes, 
 and its tender pods eaten : — observed by Auld, Graham, and others, in the " Concans," on the 
 Ghauts and in other parts of the district around Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Beddome, common "in 
 almost all the Madras forests " and from Mysore to Bengal (Drur.). 
 
 Evolvulus alsinoides of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A creeping prostrate herb called 
 "vishnugarandi" (Burm.), in Tamil " vistnoo-krandie," in Telinga " vistnoo-krandum," in Malabar 
 " vistna-clandi " (Drur.) ; and from early times, reputed a sovereign remedy in dysentery : — observed 
 by Rheede xi. pi. 64 in Malabar ; by Graham, near Bombay, and " very common on the plains of the 
 Deccan during the rains ; " by Burmann pi. 6, on Ceylon ; by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, as far as Ben- 
 gal ; and by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 Leucas aspera of Tropical Hindustan. A white-flowered Labiate annual, the juice of its leaves 
 from early times applied medicinally in cutaneous affections : — observed by Graham in the environs 
 of Bombay, its flowers "appear in the rains;" is termed "phlomis esculenta" by Roxburgh, was 
 also observed in other parts of Hindustan by Waring pharm. ind. (Drur.). 
 
 Anisochiius carnosum of Tropical Hindustan and Burmih. A small Lavandula-like perennial 
 called in Tamil " karpuravalli," in Telinga '• roga-chettu " or "omamu," in Malabar "chomara" or 
 " kattu-kurrka " or " patu-kurrka," in Hindustanee " panjiri " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 
 "vova" (Graham) ; and from early times, its leaves and stems much employed medicinally: — 
 observed by Rheede x. pi. 90 in Malabar ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury, in Mysore, and in 
 "clefts- of rocks among mountains in N. Circars ; " by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 Anisomaes ovata of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Labiate annual three or four feet high 
 called in Malabar " tsjadaen " (Rheede) ; and from early times, an oil distilled from it used medicinally: 
 — observed by Rheede x. pi. 88 in Malabar ; by Graham, as far as Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 in other parts of Hindustan ; by Burmann pi. 71, on Ceylon (Drur.) ; and by Mason, in Burmah. 
 
 Clerodendrum serratitm of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A flowering ornamental shrub 
 called in Tamil "chiru-dekku," in Malabar " tsjeru-teka" (Drur), in the environs of Bombay "barun- 
 cree" (Graham) ; and from early times, its flowers and leaves eaten, and its root and seeds employed 
 medicinally: — observed by Rheede iv. pi. 29 in Malabar; by Nimmo, and Graham, from "Kandalla" 
 near Bombay " throughout the Mahal districts above the Ghauts ; " by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, 
 at Courtallum and its"root under the name of " gunta-bharinjie " largely exported from the Northern 
 Circars for medicinal purposes; and according to Drury is "cultivated in Travancore." Farther 
 East by Mason in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. 
 
 Gisekia pharnaceoides of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Phytolaccoid herb ; from early 
 times employed as a powerful anthelmintic in cases of tapeworm : — observed by Nimmo in the 
 " Concans " (Graham), to and beyond Bombay ; by Roxburgh cor. pi. 183, Wight, Drury, and Low- 
 ther, " common in pasture-grounds all over the country ; " by Mason, in Burmah. From transported 
 specimens, described by Linnaeus. _ 
 
 Tetranthera monopetala of Tropical Hindustan. A middling-sized Lauraceous tree, flowering 
 from the branches below the leaves, called in Bengalee "buro kookoorchitta," in Telinga "narra 
 mamadv" (Drur ), in the environs of Bombay "peesah" or " kalla jhar" (Graham) ; and from early 
 times its leaves given to silk-worms, its bark used medicinally, and oil for candles and ointment pro- 
 cured' from its berries: -observed by Powell in the Punjaub ; by Graham, "on Kandalla Ghaut 
 and the hills about Parr" in the Bombay district, the leaves having the "smell of cinnamon when 
 bruised ■ " by Ainslie, Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. .48, and Wallich, as far as Bengal and Oude 
 
 Amaranthus camfiestris of Tropical Hindustan. From early times employed medicinally as demul- 
 
740 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Acacia concinna of Tropical Hindustan. A large woody climber full of recurved prickles and 
 called in Bengalee " kochai," in Tamil " shika," in Telinga " shikaya," in Malabar "chinik " (Drur.), 
 at Bombay " chicakai " (Graham) ; and from early times, its succulent pods used by the Hindus for 
 marking their foreheads, also for washing the head, and its acid leaves substituted for tamarinds in 
 cookery : —observed by Nimmo, and Graham, the pods " sold in the bazaar " at Bombay ; by Burmann 
 pi. I, growing on Ceylon ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, from Mysore to Bengal and Assam (Drur.). 
 
 Typlia elephantina of Hindustan. Called in Scinde " pauna "-grass (Heddle) in Bengalee "hogla " 
 (Drur.) ; and from early times, its stems cut for matting, tied also in bundles from their buoyancy 
 used to swim with : — observed by Heddle in Scinde, its long tortuous roots carefully guarded, being 
 of great importance in binding the soil along the Indus; by Powell, in the Punjaub ; by Nimmo, on 
 "margins of tanks and in the beds of rivers throughout the Concans " (Graham), to and beyond 
 Bombay ; by Roxburgh, as far as Bengal, and from elephants being fond of it termed elephant grass 
 (Drur.). 
 
 " Oct. 19th " (Nicol.), a synod at Lerida. James king of Arragon, under excommunication 
 "for having caused the tongue of the bishop of Gironne to be cut out, was reconciled to the church." 
 
 "Dec. 1st "(Nicol.), a synod in London. On the demand of the pope, of "a third of the revenues 
 of the clergy of England." 
 
 '•1247 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Tarragona. Muslims desiring baptism were required to 
 "abide for some days with the rectors of the church, to prove their conversion." 
 
 "The same year" (ami. Jap., and art de verif.), Saga II. succeeded by his second son Fikakusa 
 II. or Go-Fikakusa, now eighty-eighth dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 1248 A. D." (Nicol., see also Alst.), a synod at Breslau. A fifth of the revenues of the Polish 
 clergy granted for three years to the pope, to aid him against the emperor Fredericus II. 
 
 "The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), on the Rhine, the cathedral at Cologne commenced, 
 under the superintendence of Gerhardus. — To the present day, the work of completion is going on. 
 
 '• 1248 or 1249 A. D." (Nicol., see also Alst.), a synod at Shening. Against the marriage of the 
 clergy, a practice continuing in Sweden "after the example of the Greeks." 
 
 " 1240 A. D." (Blair), Seventh crusade. Led into Egypt by Louis IX. le Saint; and on "June 
 5th," Damietta again captured. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Garc. de la Vega), Roca succeeded by his son Yahuarhuacac, now 
 seventh Inca of Peru. 
 
 Scoparia dulcis of Peru and the neighbouring portion of Tropical America. A Rhinanthoid 
 annual called in Brazil "basourinha" or "vacourinha" (Lindl ), and from early times employed medi- 
 cinally as a cooling laxative (Mart.), in Spanish America in infusion to cure agues — (Humb.): 
 observed by myself, introduced in the environs of Rio Janeiro, but to all appearance indigenous in 
 Lower Peru ; by J. D. Hooker, on the Galapagos Islands ; by Descourtilz, in the West Indies, but 
 no Carib name given. By European colonists, was carried Westward to the Taheitian Islands 
 (Beechey voy.); to Australia, before the visit of R. Brown; to the Philippines, naturalized and 
 
 cent, — observed by Ainslie "given in decoction" in strangury (Drur.). Transported to Europe, 
 is described by Willdenow (Pers.). 
 
 Antidesma buuias of Tropical Hindustan. A small or middle-sized tree called in Tamil " nolai- 
 tali," in Malabar " nuli-tali " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "amtee" (Graham); and from 
 early times, regarded as a remedy in snake-biles, and ropes made of its bark : — observed by Rheede 
 iv. pi. 56 in Malabar ; by Graham, as far as Bombay, "on the Kandalla Ghaut, rare ; " by Roxburgh, 
 Wight, and Drury, from Travancore to Coromandel and Nepaul, its trunk in Assam sometimes " twelve 
 or fourteen inches in diameter," its wood by immersion in "water becoming heavy and black as 
 iron;" is termed "bunias sativus " by Rumphius iii. pi. 132. 
 
 Ficus heterophylla of Tropical Hindustan. A harsh-leaved shrub called in Bengalee "goori-shiori," 
 in Telinga "buroni," in Malabar " valli-teragam " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its root employed 
 medicinally : — observed by Rheede iii. pi. 62 in Malabar ; by Graham, from Bombay to the Ghauts ; 
 by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, " common in moist places in the Peninsula and Bengal." 
 
 Ficus cunia of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tree called in Malabar "perina teregam " 
 (Drur.) ; and from early times, its bark and fruit used medicinally, and its rough leaves for polishing 
 furniture : — observed by Rheede iii. pi. 61 in Malabar ; by Graham, in " the Concans " to and beyond 
 Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel and Oude ; is described also by Rumphius 
 iii. pi. 95 ; and was observed by Mason in Burmah. 
 
 Fh'iisine stiicta of Hindustan. Cultivated to a great extent, and perhaps from early times : — 
 differing according to Drury "in having the spikes straight, being of a larger size, and more produc- 
 tive, the seeds are also heavier, which cause the spike to bend down horizontally." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 741 
 
 sometimes used as a substitute for tea, and called in Tagalo " chachachachan " (Blanco) ; to Burmah 
 (Mason) ; to Hindustan, having no Sanscrit name (Pidd.), and confined to the Southern portion 
 (A. Dec); to Arabia, observed by Forskal p. 31 at Ghomfude on the Red Sea, and called "dfar" 
 (from Dhofar) ; to Eastern Equatorial Africa, observed by Grant " common in waste ground 5° i> S., 
 alt. 4000 ft." Also by European colonists was carried across the Atlantic to Western Equatorial 
 Africa (R. Brown cong. 58) ; to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer naturalized. 
 
 "1250 A. D." (Humb. cosm.), Vincentius Bellovacencis or Vincent of Beauvais writing his 
 " Speculum naturale," an encyclopedic work. He had charge of the earliest public library in France, 
 founded by Louis IX. — (Pouchet), and died "in 1256" (Spreng.). 
 
 The herring, Clupea, mentioned by Vincentius of Beauvais, and as salted for provision. — Salt- 
 ing of "alech " or herring, is also mentioned by Albertus Magnus. 
 
 "Apr 5th" (Blair, and Marcel), after advancing to the head of the Delta, the crusaders again 
 defeated, obliged to capitulate, and leave Egypt. 
 
 The death of Melek-Saleh (fixed to this year by an Arabic inscription on his tomb near Cairo, 
 Wilk. theb. and eg.) kept secret several months, was now declared ; his son Turan Schah becoming 
 the eighth Ayoubite sultan of Egypt. 
 
 At the end of two months (Clot-Bey, and Marcel), the Memluks or military slaves, perceiving, 
 that they held their master's power in their own hands, put him to death and made one of their own 
 number sultan. The Institution was at the same time rendered permanent by continual purchases 
 of recruits from abroad. Ibek thus became the head of the Bahrite Memluk dynasty. A copper 
 coin issued by him, is figured in Marcel p. 158. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Raffles ix. and x.), prince Haji Purwa returning from Hindustan, where 
 he had been converted to Mohammedanism. With an Arab companion he attempted to convert his 
 brother Munding Sari and others of the royal family of Java ; but proving unsuccessful and fearing a 
 tumult, he fled and "is believed to have found an asylum in Cheribon then an uninhabited wilder- 
 ness." The earliest mention of Mohammedanism in Javan history, the troubles leading to the removal 
 of the capital farther Westward where it retained the name Pajajaran. 
 
 "In this year" (Crawfurd vii. u), colonists from Gilolo in the Moluccas settling in the island 
 of Ternate. 
 
 "In this year" (Klapr. note to San-kokf), abdication of Ghi-fon in favour of Yei-so, of the 
 ancient royal family and now king of the Loo Choo Islands; the "fourth" of the Tame-tomo 
 dynasty. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Humb. atl. pict.), in the reign of Nopaltzin king of the Chichimecs, the 
 culture of cotton and maize and the art of making bread, long neglected and in danger of being lost, 
 revived by a Toltec named Xiuhtlato. 
 
 Nicotiana tabacum of Mexico. The most generally known species of tobacco called in Brazilian 
 "petume," in Carib "youly," in Mexican "quauhyeti" (Desc), and cultivated as early doubtless as 
 this date:* — following the coast of Honduras South, Columbus in 1502 observed natives on the 
 
 * Nicotiana quadrivalvis of Oregon. A species of tobacco — cultivated according to Nuttall by 
 the natives along the Missouri, but on the Columbia probably indigenous: communicated to and 
 described by Pursh. 
 
 Rhus copaliinum of North America. A species of sumach, its leaves from early times " used as 
 tobacco by the" tribes on "the Missouri and Mississippi" — (Pursh): "lentisci " were seen by Le 
 Moyne in 1564 in Florida : R. copallina, by Chapman from " Florida to Mississippi ; " by Baldwin at 
 31 ; by Michaux, in Carolina and Virginia; by Pursh, in New Jersey; by myself, from 38 to 43° 
 along the Atlantic; by Pitcher, on the Arkansas ; by Lewis and Clark ii. 136, on the Rocky mountains 
 and as far as the Pacific. 
 
 Liquidambar styraciflua of Northeast America. The sweet-gum is a forest-tree exuding a fra- 
 grant resinous fluid, mingled with tobacco in smoking at the court of the Mexican emperors — 
 (Humb. iv. 10) : "a gume which bleedeth from a kind of maple," "not much unlike a balsome both 
 in sent and vertue," was observed by Newport on James river ; L. styraciflua grows wild within or 
 near the border of Mexico, is at least described by Hernandez 56 (Spreng.) ; was observed by Cabeza 
 de Vaca in Texas ; by Darby, on the Sabine ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Chapman, " Florida 
 to Mississippi, and northward ; " by Baldwin, at Matanza in Florida; by Catesby ii. pi. 65, and Elliot, 
 in Carolina; by myself, as far as 41 , near New York city; by Eaton, more than a degree farther 
 North along the Hudson and Connecticut. According to F. A. Michaux, a very small quantity of 
 storax can be procured from the trunk by incision. 
 
 Prosopis sp. of the Rio del Norte. The mezquite tree called " mezquiquez ; " and from early 
 times its flour rendered sweet and wholesome by mixing earth eaten by the natives : — the tree, with 
 
742 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 shore making hostile demonstrations, "chewing herbs" and "spurting it towards" him (F. Columb. 
 88 to 108); " tabaco " and " fuente de betum " are described by Oviedo gen. hist. v. 2 to vi. 12; and 
 "petum" by Hieronymus Benzoni, who returned from the West Indies in 1556. Before the close 
 of the year, the living N. tabacum became known to Nicotius in Lisbon (Pers., and Spreng.) ; is 
 described somewhat later by Monardes, Lobel, and Camerarius ; was observed by Forskal, Delile, and 
 Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt; by Forskal, in Yemen; was introduced "in 1605" into Hin- 
 dustan (Royle him. 282), is cultivated abundantly in Guzerat and on the Deccan (Graham, and Drur.); 
 was observed by Mason in Burmah, called there "bsx- ; " by Blanco in various parts of the Philip- 
 pines ; and according to Thunberg, was introduced by the Portuguese into Japan. Directly or indi- 
 rectly through European colonists its cultivation has extended throughout the warmer parts of the 
 Globe, was witnessed by myself in Brazil, Peru, Australia, on a limited scale among the natives on 
 the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, and Tongan Islands, the manufactured article being in request even 
 among the Feejeeans. The custom that most prominently distinguishes modern society, was taught 
 by American tribes. 
 
 Xkotiand rustici of Northern Mexico. A species of tobacco called on the Saco " pooke " (Jossel.), 
 on James river "apooke" (Strach.), on the Roanoke " uppowoc " (Har.), and from early times culti- 
 vated in Mexico (Humb. iv. 9) and in Northeast America : —clearly the species observed by Jacques 
 Cartier under cultivation by the natives along the St. Lawrence ; by Josselyn rar. 54 (near the mouth 
 of the Saco), "a small kind with short round leaves;" by Strachey on James river, bearing a little 
 yellow flower like henbane; by Hariot. 16, springing up spontaneously along the Roanoke and culti- 
 vated besides by the natives (figured by John With, De Bry i. pi.) : N. rustica has been observed by 
 myself, a weed in fallow ground in New England ; by A. Gray, in "old fields, from New York west- 
 ward and southward, a relic of cultivation by the Indians." Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Matthioli, Lobel, Cassalpinus viii. 44, and Gerarde 356; has become naturalized in middle Europe, 
 occurring in waste places from Paris to the South of France and Venice ; was observed by Delile, and 
 Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; and the " Syrian and Turkish tobaccos " according to Lindley 
 "are prepared from this species, which is much " milder than N. tabacum. 
 
 Argemonc Mcxicana of Mexico. A prickly yellow-flowered Papaveraceous weed, widely diffused 
 among the American tribes as early perhaps as this date : — said to grow wild in unwooded moun- 
 tainous situations in Mexico (Pers., and Dec), observed in Northwestern Mexico by companions of 
 Beechey (A. Dec.) : in Northeast America, occurring in "waste places, not common" in our Middle 
 States (A. Gray), and "exotic" in South Carolina (Ell.) : probably an introduced weed only in Suri- 
 nam (Merian pi. 24), Brazil, Buenos Avres, Chili, and Peru (C. Gay, Hook, and myself). Spanish 
 colonists calling it "figo del inferno" (Grah., and Lindl.). Farther West, was carried by European 
 colonists across the Pacific to the Hawaiian Islands, observed there by myself ; to the Philippines, 
 called in Ylocano " casubhang aso" from resemblance to Cartlianms dcntatus (Blanco); to Java 
 (Blume) ; to the environs of Bombay, observed by Graham "common everywhere and in flower all 
 the year," by myself under cultivation on the Deccan, lamp-oil according to Gibson being extracted 
 by the natives from its seeds ; to Zanzibar, observed there by myself. Eastward from America, was 
 carried to Europe as early as 1593, when seeds were received from England by Camerarius (C. Bauhin 
 prodr.) ; is described by Ferrandus Imperatus S73 (Spreng.) ; was also carried across the Atlantic to 
 St. Helena, Senegal, Guinea, Austral Africa (Le Prieur, Thonning, Burch., and Sonn.), and to the 
 Mauritius Islands (Boj). 
 
 " 1253 A. D." (voyag. Belg.), journeying Eastward across the Volga, Rubruquis on " Dec. 27th" 
 reached Karacaroum, near the frontier of China, and the seat of government of Mangou. khan of the 
 Tartars. Rubruquis found here an embassy from Hindustan, another from a Turkish sultan; and 
 among the population of the city, Nestorian Christians, Sarrasins or Muslims, Cathayan or Chinese 
 
 fruit hanging like the carob, first seen by Cabeza de Yaca journeying Westward on approaching the 
 Rio del Norte. 
 
 Opuntia sp. of Texas. Its fruit eaten by the natives from early times : — West of the Missis- 
 sippi, Cabeza de Yaca found the natives removing to another part of the country to eat prickly pears, 
 of the size of a hen's egg, vermilion and black in colour and of agreeable flavour', and for three 'months 
 have nothing else : the species commencing according to Darby at Natchitoches on the Red river, 
 may be compared ; as well as that seen by E. James at the base of the Rocky mountains, and said to 
 grow as far as Monterey. 
 
 Gamassia Nuttaliii of the Upper Mississippi. Its onion-like bulb from early times eaten by the 
 native tribes — (A. Gray) : observed by Nuttall near the confluence of Huron river and Lake Erie, 
 also near St. Louis and on the Lower Ohio; by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky; by E. James, 
 and Pitcher, on the Arkansas ; and according to A. Gray grows in Wisconsin. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 743 
 
 artisans, and even Europeans, most of them captives. He also procured here information respecting 
 China (mem. Chin. v. p. 4). 
 
 Polygonum (Helxine) Tataricum of Central Asia. Called by the Tartars "dikusch," or by 
 Tartars and Russians " kyrlik " (Moritz.) : the \ L I U d g r 2l n U m sold according to Rubruquis at 
 Karacaroum, though rarely,* — may be compared: P. Tataricum was observed by Gmelin wild near 
 the Yenisei ; is known to occur throughout Siberia, and nearly naturalized in Russia (Ledeb.) ; and 
 according to Don fl. nep. p. 74 has been cultivated from time immemorial in Nepaul and on the con- 
 fines of China. Westward, has been carried to Britain, where it continues under cultivation and 
 sometimes springing up spontaneously, but not as yet naturalized (A. Dec). By European colo- 
 nists was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself under cultivation in Northern New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 As early probably as this date (Kaswini lex. geogr.), the island of " Ramana in the China Sea" 
 described by Muhammed ben Zakarya Alrazi as containing people four span high and covered with 
 red down, living on trees, and their language like the notes of birds unintelligible (the Borneo orang). 
 
 The great island of " Zanig " in the same vicinity described by Zakarya ben Muhammed ben 
 Khakan as containing white yellow and red parrots ; and a bird called " alhavari " talker, smaller 
 than a pigeon, white beneath with a black neck, red feet and yellow bill, and speaking more distinctly 
 than a parrot (the maina) . 
 
 " In or about this year " (Blair), under the direction of Alphonso IX. king of Castile and Leon, 
 the Alphonsian astronomical tables composed by R. Ishak Aben Sid. 
 
 1254 A. D. (= " 1 179 an. jav.," Raffles x.), Prabu Munding Sari succeeded by Munding Wangi, 
 now king of Java at New Pajajaran. 
 
 "Dec. 12th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Innocentius IV. succeeded by cardinal Reinaldo de' Conti di 
 Segni, now Alexander IV., twenty-fifth pope. Alexander III. ruling Scotland. 
 
 " 1255, Jan. 13th " (Nicol.), a synod in London. "Against the exactions of the Courts of Rome 
 and of England." — Two years afterwards, another synod was convened on the same subject. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), at Adrianople, Joannes III. succeeded by Joannes IV. Theodoras, as 
 the legitimate Byzantine emperor. 
 
 The " grotto-temple " at Mahamalaipur, on the Coromandel coast of Hindustan, said to have 
 been constructed in the "Thirteenth century" (Lubke and Lutrow).f 
 
 * Polygonum (Helxine) emarginatum of Central Asia, An allied species cultivated with the 
 preceding and from time immemorial in Nepaul and on the confines of China (Don, and A. Dec), 
 and possibly the plant in question: — P. emarginatum does not appear to have been met with farther 
 West; but is attributed to China (Pers.) ; and from transported specimens is described by Roth 
 cat. i. p. 48. 
 
 f Michelia Nilagirica of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. A Magnolioid tree, its hand- 
 some mottled timber from early times used in house-building: — observed by Wight (Drur.). 
 
 Flacotirtia crenata of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. Its white very hard and dense 
 timber valued from earlv times : — according to Beddome pi. 78, and Drury, "common on the Neil- 
 gherries and Shevaroys." The " F. montana" called "attuck ka jhar," a thorny " middle-sized tree " 
 observed by Graham "on the Ghauts rare," its "fruit size of a crab apple eaten by the natives," may 
 be compared. 
 
 Vateria Indica of Ceylon. Distinguished by its larger fruit and leaves (Drur.); and known from 
 early times. 
 
 Dipterocarpus Indicus of South Canara. Known probably to the natives from early times, — ■ 
 but only "in 1S65 " discovered by Europeans (Drur.). 
 
 Garcinia pedunculata of Southern Hindustan. A large Calophylloid tree called in Hindustanee 
 "tikul" or "tikoor" (Drur.); and its very large agreeably acid fruit known from early times : — 
 grouino- according to Roxburgh, and Wight, at Rungpore, the fleshy part of the fruit used by the 
 natives in curries and for acidulating water, dried slices retaining their quality for years (Drur.). 
 
 Pterospermum rubiginosum of Southern Hindustan- A large Sterculioid tree called in Tamil 
 " kara-toveray " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its excellent timber used for building and other pur- 
 poses . observed by Wight, and Beddome, 'common in Tinnevelly, Wynaad, the Annamullays and 
 
 western forests" (Drur.). 
 
 Kleinhovia hospita of Tropical Eastern Asia, the Malayan archipelago, and as far as the Samoan 
 Islands. A Sterculioid tree called in Tagalo " tan-ag," in Bisaya " tanag " or " hamitanag," in Pam- 
 pan^o "panampat," in Ylocano " bitnong " (Blanco) ; and from early times, its leaves cooked and 
 eate'n, employed also medicinally : —growing according to Persoon, and Blanco, on the Philippines ; 
 observed by Rumphius iii. pi. 113 on Java and Amboyna (Pers.) ; by myself, from the Feejeean to 
 
744 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Canarium strictiun of Southern Hindustan. A large Terebinthoid tree called in Tamil " con- 
 gilium-marum," in Malabar "thelly" (Drur.) ; its resin, distinguished as black dammer, known from 
 early times : — observed by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from the mountain "forests about Courtal- 
 
 the Samoan Islands. Westward, by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan ; by Nimmo, in "S. Con- 
 can" (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay. 
 
 Gordonia ebtusa of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. A beautiful Camellioid tree called 
 " nagetta " (Drur.) ; its beech-like timber much used from early times : — observed by Wallich, Wight, 
 and Beddome, "common on the Neilgherries, Wynaad, and Western Ghauts of Madras from twenty- 
 five hundred to seventy-five hundred feet" in elevation (Drur.). 
 
 Cleyera gymnantltera of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. A large Camellioid tree, its 
 timber from early times valued by the natives as strong and durable : — observed by Wight " common 
 about Ootacamund" on the Neilgherries (Drur.). 
 
 Hugonia mystax of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. A yellow-flowered shrub ten to fifteen 
 feet high called in Tamil "agoore," in Malabar " modera canni " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its 
 root employed in snake-bites and for other medicinal purposes: — observed by Rheede ii. pi. 19 in 
 Malabar ; by Drury, " commonly met with in Travancore ; " by Wight, as far as Coromandel ; and is 
 known to grow on Ceylon (Pers.). 
 
 Euonymus crenulatus of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. A small tree, its close-grained 
 box-like wood known from early times : —observed by Wallich, Wight, and Beddome, on the Neil- 
 gherries, Pulneys, and Western Ghauts, its wood may be used ''for wood-engraving" (Drur.). 
 
 Sarcostigma Kleinii of Southern Hindustan. A Hernandioid woody climber; its oil, called 
 "adul" or " odul " (Drur.), from early times much used on the Western coast for rheumatism : — 
 observed by Wight pi. 1854 in Travancore (madr. exh. rep., and Drur.). 
 
 Euphorbia cattimandoo of Southern Hindustan. A shrub or small tree called in Telinga "catti- 
 mandu " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its juice used as a vesicant, and when boiled as a cement : — 
 observed by VV. Elliot at Vizagapatam, the boiled juice "sold in the bazaar" (Wight pi. 1993). 
 
 Clcistaiithus patuais of Southern Hindustan. A large Euphorbiaceous tree called in Telinga 
 "jiguru" (Drur.) : and its hard durable timber known from early times : —observed by Roxburgh 
 cor. pi. 170, and Wight, at Courtallum and on the Circar mountains (Drur ). 
 
 Maairanga Jn.uca of Southern Hindustan. A peltate-leaved Euphorbiaceous tree called in 
 Tamil " vuttathamaray," in Malabar " putta-thamara " (Drur.); and known from early times: — 
 observed by Wight, and Drury, on the Neilgherries and in Travancore, its gum little known but 
 affording superior impressions of leaves coins and medallions. 
 
 Macaraii^a tomentosa, growing also in Travancore, exudes a similar gum (Drur.). 
 
 Zizypkus glabrata of Southern Hindustan. An unarmed tree twenty feet high called in Tamil 
 " carookoova," in Telinga " kakoopala " (Drur.) ; and from c-arlv times, its leaves used medicinally : — 
 growing in Mysore, and observed by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight pi. 2X2, a decoction of its leaves 
 given in cachexia (Drur.). 
 
 Gluta Travancorica of Southern Hindustan. A large Terebinthoid tree called in Tamil " shen- 
 kurani" (Drur.), its fine-grained timber known from early times : — observed by Beddome on the 
 Tinnevelly mountains and in Travancore, its wood taking a good polish and "well adapted for furni- 
 ture " (Drur.). 
 
 Acacia sundra of Southern Hindustan. A tree twenty to thirty feet high called in Tamil 
 '•karungali,"in Telinga "sundra" (Drur.); and from early times, its very hard°and durable timber 
 preferred by the natives for house-posts : — observed by Roxburgh cor. i'ii. pi. 225. Wight, and Bed- 
 dome, from the Bombay Presidency and Mysore to Travancore and the Northern'Circars, 'abundant, 
 a tree much resembling A. catechu, and yielding a similar resin. 
 
 Acrocarpus fraxinifolins of Southern Hindustan. A large Leguminous tree, deciduous-leaved, 
 and called in Tamil " mallay-kone," by the Burghers on the Neilgherries " kilingi " (Drur.); its' 
 flesh-coloured light timber from early times used for building and furniture: —observed by Wight, 
 Beddome, and Drury, on the Travancore mountains and Western Ghauts and in South Canara, a tree 
 of rapid growth, largely used for shingles in Coorg and hence called shingle tree. 
 
 Casalpinia digyna of Southern Hindustan. From early times, an oil for lamps expressed from 
 its seeds: — observed in Southern Hindustan by Rottler, and Wight (Steud , Graham, and Drur.). 
 
 Terminaliii conaa-aoi the Coromandel mountains. A large tree called in Tamil " kara-maradoo," 
 in Canara "mutti" (Drur.) ; and from early times, much used for the solid wheels of buffalo-carts, 
 its wood being heavy hard and strong : — observed on the Coromandel mountains b v Roxburgh and 
 Wight (Drur.). & 
 
 Lobelia nuotianifolia of the mountains of Southern Hindustan and Ceylon. A stout annual 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 745 
 
 lum in the Tinnevelly district " to Malabar, the Trichore forests, and Pulney hills, the resin sold along 
 the Canara coast. 
 
 Lumnitzera racemosa of the seashore from Madagascar to Hindustan and Burmah. A Termi- 
 
 called in Mahratta "boke-nul" or "deonul" (Drur.), and probably from its uses as a reed in incanta- 
 tions "dawul" (Gibson) ; from early times, its leaves used medicinally, and its dried hollow stalks 
 as koluri horns: — observed by Graham from Kandalla near Bombay to the Parr hills and Maha- 
 bleshwur ; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, on the Neilgherries and as far as Canara and the moun- 
 tains of Ceylon. 9 
 
 Conocarptis acurninatus of the Circar mountains. A large Terminalioid tree called in Telinga 
 "pachi-man" (Drur.); and from early times, its wood if kept dry almost equalling teak used for 
 house-building: — observed on the Circar mountains by Roxburgh, Wallich, and Wight. 
 
 Gyrocarpns Asiaticus of Southern Hindustan. A large Terminalioid tree called in Telinga 
 " tanukoo " (Drur.) ; and from early times, its light timber preferred above all others for catama- 
 rans, used also for cowrie-boxes and toys : — observed by Law " on the banks of the Krishna near 
 Nalutwar" (Graham), in the Bombay district ; by Roxburgh cor. i. pi. 1, and Wallich rar. ii. 68, on 
 the mountains of Coromandel. 
 
 Myrtus (Rhodomyrtus) tomentosa of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A 
 shrub or small tree, its fruit eaten from early times : — according to Wight, and Drury, " common on 
 every part of the Neilgherries," also on Ceylon and Malacca, its ripe fruit "very palatable," much 
 like the gooseberry ; was observed by myself as far as Singapore ; by Loureiro, in Anam (Steud.) ; 
 is known to grow in China, where also its fruit is eaten and preserved. Transported to Europe and 
 North America, has become frequent in greenhouses. 
 
 Zanonia Indica of Ceylon and Southern Hindustan. A Cucurbitaceous vine climbing over tall 
 trees and called in Malabar " penar-valli " (Drur.) ; its leaves from early times employed medici- 
 nally : — observed by Rheede viii. pi. 47 in Malabar ; by Wight, and Drury, at " Alwaye near Cochin," 
 and called bandolier fruit j and is known to grow on Ceylon (Pers.). 
 
 Bryonia callosa of Southern Hindustan. A woody Cucurbitaceous climber called in Tamil 
 '■ toomutti," in Telinga ''boddama" (Drur.); and from early times, its seeds used as a vermifuge, 
 employed also in diseases of horses, and yielding an oil for the lamps of the poorer classes : — 
 observed by Rottler in Coromandel (Ainsl., and Drur.). 
 
 Bryonia epigaea of Southern Hindustan. A woody Cucurbitaceous climber called in Tamil 
 "kolung kovay," in Telinga " akasa-gherooda," in Hindustanee " rakus " (Drur.); and from early 
 times, its root regarded as a remedy in snake-bites, used also for other medicinal purposes : — 
 observed by Rottler, Roxburgh, and Wight, in Coromandel, its root living in the air without water, 
 and well known in Mysore and on the Deccan (Ainsl., and Drur.). 
 
 Blumea balsamifera of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. Suffruticose and 
 yellow-flowered, called in Tagalo and Pampango "sambon," in Ylocano "sobosob," in Bisaya "lalac- 
 dan " or '' lacad bulan " or " guitinguitin " or " gabuen " or " ayoban '' or " alibun " (Blanco) ; and 
 from early times employed medicinally : — observed by Nimmo in " the Concans," the bruised plant 
 smelling of camphor (Graham) ; growing also on Ceylon and in Assam, its taste pungent (Drur.); 
 " is in very general use among the Javanese and Chinese as an expectorant " (Horsf.) ; is termed 
 "baccharis salvia" by Loureiro, as observed in Anam, used there as stomachic, antispasmodic, and 
 emmenao-oo-ue ; was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, much used medicinally by the natives, and 
 regarded at Manila as a substitute for " salvia ; " by Rumphius vi. pi. 24, on the Moluccas (Drur.). 
 
 Rhododendron arboreum of the mountains of the Punjaub and Southern Hindustan. A tree ; 
 from early times, a good subacid jelly made from its flowers : — observed by Stewart on the moun- 
 tains of the Punjaub ; by Wight, Hoffmeister, and Drury, on the " Neilgherries and other lofty 
 mountain-ranges," its young leaves according to Madden poisonous to cattle. 
 
 Gaultheria Leschenaultii of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. A glabrous shrub, flowering 
 all the year, its berries blue, and known from early times : — observed by Wight, Drury, and Brough- 
 ton abounding on the Neilgherries, an oil procured from it identical with that from the Canadian G. 
 pro'cumbens. From transported specimens, described by Decandolle prodr. vii. 593 to 606. 
 
 Isonandra acuminata of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. A Sapotoid tree eighty to 
 ninety feet high, rising to a great height before branching, called in Tamil " pali " or " pauley," in 
 Malabar " pashonti " or " pauchootee " (Drur); and known from early times :— observed by Las- 
 celles in 1850 in the Wynaad forests, by Cullen, and Cleghorn, from the Travancore forests to Coorg 
 and the Annamallay mountains and on the Eastern and Western Ghauts to the elevation of " three 
 thousand feet," its exudation bearing some resemblance to the gutta percha of commerce (Drur.) ; 
 by Dalzell fl- bom. as far as the Bombay district. 
 
 Diospyros calycina of Southern Hindustan. Called there " vellay toveray " (Drur.); and its 
 
 94 
 
746 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 nalioid shrub or tree called in Malabar " kada kandel " (Drur.) ; and its very strong durable wood 
 known from early times : — observed by Rheede vi. pi. 37 in Malabar; by Nimmo, on the " margins 
 of salt water creeks S. Concan " (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Drury, among the man- 
 valuable light-coloured timber much used from early times : — observed by Beddome pi. 68 '• in the 
 Tinnevelly district and southern provinces of Madura, being very abundant up to three thousand feet 
 of elevation " (Drur.). 
 
 Exacum peduigulatum of Southern Hindustan. A Gentianoid annual, known from early times 
 as a bitter tonic: — observed by Wi-ht, and Drury, "common in the Western districts of Mysore." 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet mant. pi. 343 (Pers.). 
 
 Ophelia elegans of the mountains of Southern Hindustan. A shrubby branching Gentianoid 
 called " salaras " or " salajit" (Drur.) ; and from early times, in great request as a bitter and febri- 
 fuge :— observed by W. Elliot, and Wight, on the Pulney hills and Northern Circars, the dried 
 stems sold in the bazaars, and exported in bundles (Drur.). 
 
 Ophelia multiflora of the Neilgherries. White-flowered; its dried root from early times used at 
 Bombay as a substitute for gentian and chiretta, — and apparently its stems and leaves also (Waring 
 pharm. ind.) : observed by Dalzell fl. bomb. 156 growing at Mahableshwar (Drur.). 
 
 Ipoinaea gemella of Southern Hindustan ? From early times, its mucilaginous leaves employed 
 medicinally : — observed by Koenig, and Ainslie, in waste places in Tranquebar, known to occur also 
 on Java (Pers., Steud., and Drur.). 
 
 Ehretia buxifolia of Southern Hindustan. A Cordia-like shrub or small tree called in Tamil 
 " cooruvingie," in Telinga " bapana boory," in Hindustanee " poluh " (Drur.) ; and from early times, 
 its root employed medicinally, and by Mohammedan physicians considered an antidote to vegetable 
 poisons : — observed by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, in Coromandel, by Drury " common on barren lands 
 and in forests." 
 
 Gmelina Asiatic* of Southern Hindustan. A thorny yellow-flowered shrub called in Tamil 
 " neelacoomil," in Telinga " nelagoomadi " (Drur.); and from early times, its mucilaginous demulcent 
 root employed medicinally : — described by Rumphius i. pi. 40 and ii. pi. 39 ; observed by Roxburgh 
 and Drury, from Travancore to Coromandel ; but by Graham, " common in Bombay gardens " a°nd 
 "forms an elegant and excellent hedge," its flowers " large." Transported to Europe, is described 
 by Plukenet aim. pi. 14. 
 
 Piouia latijoiia of Coromandel. A Verbenaceous tree called in Telinga '• pedda-nella-kura " 
 (Drur.); and from early times, its leaves eaten in curries, and its firm white wood used for many 
 economical purposes : — observed by Roxburgh, and Wight pi. S69. 
 
 Premna tomentosa of Southern Hindustan. A shrub or small tree, its hard close-drained orna- 
 mental wood known from early times : — observed by Wight, and Drury, common from Travancore 
 to the Circar mountains. From transported specimens, described by Wiildenow, and Lamarck. 
 
 Juitn-1,1 {Adhatoda) Trauqucbarcnsis <,f Southern Hindustan. Fruticulose, and called in Tamil 
 _ tavashu-moorungie " or " poonakoo-poondoo," in Telinga " pindi-konda " (Drur.) ; from earlv times, 
 its leaves employed medicinally :- received by the younger Linnajus from Tranquebar- and ob- 
 served by Ainslie, and Wight, along the Eastern coasts of the peninsula (Drur.). 
 _ _ Justicia {Rodcllaria) procumbent of Southern Hindustan and Burmah. A spreading shrub 
 jointed and often rooting at the jo.nts, called in Tamil « nereipoottie," in Telinga '■ nakapootta chit- 
 t«o (Drur.); and from early times, the juice of its leaves applied in ophthalmia :- observed by 
 Amshe, Roxburgh, and W ight, » very common on pasture-ground on the Coromandel coast" (Drur.); 
 » known to grow also on Ceylon (Pers ) ; and was observed by Mason in Burmah. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 56. 
 
 Antidcsma dmudnnu of the Circar mountains. Its timber from early times used for many pur- 
 poses : — observed by Roxburgh (Steud., and Drur.). 
 
 Antidcsma pubescens of Southern Hindustan.' A small tree called on the Circars " pollarie " 
 (Drur.), and from early times, its fruit eaten : - observed by Nimmo in » S. Concan" (Graham), 
 nearly as far as Bombay ; by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. ,67, on the Northern Circars (Drur ) 
 
 Arum monlanum of the Northern Circar mountains. Sten-.less and called in Telinga "konda- 
 rakis (Drur.) ; its root from early times employed by the mountaineers to poison tigers : - observed 
 by Roxburgh, and Wight pi. 796 (Drur.). ° 
 
 Aran, lyratum of the Circar mountains. Its root from early times cooked and eaten, - regarded 
 very nutntious when prepared •' in a particular manner ; " observed by Roxburgh (Drur ) 
 
 Areca Duksouu of Southern Hindustan. A palm, its nut from early time°s eaten bv the poorer 
 
 mountains of mT ^f^ : ~^^ -cording to Drur, wild in great abundance o'n the 
 mountains of Malabar and Travancore. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 747 
 
 groves " in the backwater in Cochin ; " by Rottler, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the Sunderbunds 
 or mouths of the Ganges, and used for fuel in Calcutta; by Mason, in Burmah. Westward, is 
 termed " bruguiera madagascariensis " by Decandolle. 
 
 Cyperus bulbosus of the shores of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Called in Tamil "shee- 
 landie," on the Coromandel coast " sheelandie arisee," in Telinga " pura-gaddi " and its root"puri 
 dumpa" (Drur.) ; and from early times, flour from this root eaten : — observed by Roxburgh, and 
 Wight, "in sandy situations near the sea on the Coromandel coast" (Drur.) ; is known to grow also 
 on Ceylon, and Westward in Southern Arabia (Retz, and Pers.). 
 
 "The same year" (Abyss, chron., and M. Russell 151), in Abyssinia, through the interposition 
 of the monk Tecla Haimanout founder of the monastery of Devra Libanos, the line of Solomon 
 restored: the reigning monarch abdicating in favour of Icon Amlac, on condition that one-third of 
 the kingdom should be ceded for the maintenance of the church ; and in place of an Abyssinian abuna, 
 that the head of the church should always be named by the patriarch of Egypt. 
 
 " 1256 A. D." (Danish Chronicle, and Relat. du Groenl. 190), Greenland revolting and refusing to 
 pay tribute to king Magnus of Norway, the Danish king Eric, who had married his daughter, sent a 
 fleet and enforced obedience : but would take no further advantage, — and the treaty of peace was 
 signed in Norway "in 1261 " by three leading Greenlanders, whose names are given by Angrimus 
 Jonas. 
 
 " 1257 A. D." (art de verif.), Ibek succeeded by Nooreddin Ali, second Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 "In this year" (Klapr. mem. ii. 365), the remnant of the Ouigour in the country of Cha tcheou 
 subjugated by the Mongols. 
 
 "The same year " (Crawf. ind. arch.), Chico, the first king or kolano of Ternate, reigning. 
 
 " 1258, June 6th " (Nicol.), a synod at Merton. To defend the liberties of the church of England 
 "against the grant of a tenth, made by the pope to king Henry III." 
 
 "The same year" (Desvergers, and Marcel), Bagdad captured by the Tartars under Hulagu, a 
 general of Mangu Khan, and the hereditary spiritual khalifate abolished. — At the end of three years 
 (Marcel), some members of the Abbassid family sought refuge in Egypt ; where one of them being 
 proclaimed khalif, the highest religious office among Muslims was continued. 
 
 "The same year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), proclamation of king Henry III. to the people of 
 Huntingdonshire, the earliest specimen of the English language bearing a precise date. 
 
 A tradition among the Senekas, that the fortifications " in their territory were raised by their 
 ancestors in their wars with the western Indians, three, four, or five hundred years ago. But their 
 uncertainty about the time," and "the total want of tradition respecting them " among other American 
 tribes, are circumstances tending to invalidate the testimony. 
 
 Cucurbita polymorpha of Tropical or Subtropical North America. The squash, called by the 
 New England tribes " askutasquash " (R. Will.), and cultivated from early times : * — observed under 
 
 * Mollugo vcrticillata of North America. A prostrate spreading weed, sometimes called carpet- 
 weed (A. Gray), known from early times to the natives : — observed by myself from about Lat. 44 
 frequent in waste and cultivated ground throughout our Middle States, but possibly indigenous in the 
 sands of the seashore ; by Chapman in our Southern States, in "cultivated ground common." West- 
 ward, was received by Hooker from the banks of the Columbia and the Northwest Coast; was 
 observed by Brackenridge, coming South with our land-party, on the Upper Sacramento near Shasty 
 mountain. Transported to Europe, is termed " planta mihi incognita Rauwolfii " by Jungermann 
 (Schmied. Geon. i. fig. cl), is described also by Plukenet mant. ix. pi. 332. 
 
 Primus Chicasa of Arkansas and Texas. The Chicasaw plum, a small tree, said by the natives 
 to have been brought from the country West of the Mississippi — (Ell.) ; was observed by Nuttall, 
 and E. James, clearly indigenous along the Arkansas. De Soto on his way to Apalache found plums 
 growing in the fields without planting and better than those of Spain, and after reaching the Missis- 
 sippi met with " red" plums : Strachey on James river found among the natives fruit much like a 
 " damoizin " but of the taste and colour of cherries : P. Chicasa was observed by Baldwin from Lat. 
 30° in Florida, by J. Read at St. Augustine, by Chapman in " old fields forming thickets ; " by Walter, 
 Michaux, Elliot, and Schweinitz, in the Carolinas ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by myself, along the 
 Atlantic planted as far as Lat. 39°, and its cultivation increasing. 
 
 Caulophyllum thalictroides of the Alleghanies and tributaries of the Ohio and St. Lawrence. 
 Called by the native tribes "co-hosh," and from early times "esteemed as a medicinal plant among 
 
 them" (Pursh) : observed by myself on the White mountains and Berkshire hills ; by Darlington, 
 
 and Conrad, not far from Philadelphia ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of Carolina ; by Short, in Ken- 
 tucky ; by Nuttall, in the States West of the Alleghanies ; and was received by Hooker from various 
 
 parts of Canada. 
 
 Actaea Americana of Northeast America. Called red and white " co-hosh," and from early times 
 
748 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 cultivation by the natives by W. Wood, R. Williams, and Josselyn ; is known to have been cultivated 
 throughout our Middle and Southern States ; and by the natives in the West Indies, as appears from 
 Dalechamp pi. 616, and was seen by Chanvalon on Martinique (Poiret diet. nat. xi. 234). Trans- 
 
 " considered by the natives as a valuable medicine" — (Pursh) : the red-fruited variety growing 
 according to Hooker from Hudson's Bay to 6o° on the Rocky mountains, according to A. Gray from 
 "New England to Penn. and Wisconsin;" observed by Lapylaie at 51 on Newfoundland; by 
 myself, as far South as 42 along the Atlantic; and by Mc Ewen, at Sacketts Harbor on Lake 
 Ontario. The white-fruited variety, by myself along the Atlantic as far North as 43 ; by Conrad at 
 40° ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of South Carolina (Chapm.) ; and according to A. Gray is " more 
 common southward, extending to Virginia and Kentucky ; " was received by Hooker from Lake 
 Huron. Transported to Europe, is described by Cornuti pi. 77. 
 
 Dentaria diphylla of the Alleghanies and affluents of the Ohio and St. Lawrence. Its pungent 
 roots from early times "used by the natives instead of mustard" — (Pursh) ; observed by Michaux 
 from the Alleghanies of Carolina to Tennessee ; by Pursh, "in shady beech-woods, on high moun- 
 tains, Pennsylvania to Carolina ; '' by Drummond, on the Alleghanies and at St. Louis, was received 
 by Hooker from Lake Huron ; and according to A. Gray, grows from " Maine to Kentucky." 
 
 Psoralen esculenta of the Upper Missouri. The bread-root of the native tribes, from early times 
 eaten either crude or cooked, and stored besides "for winter use " — (.Ph. and Nutt.) : observed by 
 Lewis and Clark " on the banks of the Missouri ; " by Bradbury and Nuttall, " a few miles from St. 
 Louis " on high hills near the Merimek, also "on the elevated plains of the Missouri," and called by 
 Canadian boatmen " pomme de prairie." 
 
 Galium tinctorium of Northeast America. From early times used by the native tribes to " dye 
 their feathers, porcupine quills, and other ornaments, of a beautiful red " — (Ph. and Nutt.) : the 
 plant does not seem well known to botanists, but is regarded as distinct from G. trifidum by Linnsus, 
 Decandolle, and Pursh ; was observed by Torrey as far North as 41 on the Hudson ; by Schweinitz, 
 at 36° in Upper Carolina ; and by Short, in Kentucky. 
 
 Bidens bipinnala of North America. A weed called Spanish needles (A. Grav), known to the 
 native tribes from early times : — observed by Torrey as far North as Lat. 41 ° ; by myself, multiplying 
 in clearings and cultivated ground in our Middle States; by Schweinitz, and Elliot, in Carolina; by 
 Chapman, in "cultivated grounds common;" by Baldwin, as far as 29" in Florida ; by Short, at Lex- 
 ington in Kentucky; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansas. By European colonists, was carried 
 Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, observed by Blanco in two localities, but remaining 
 unknown to the natives; is perhaps the "agrimonia moluccana" of Rumphius vi. pi. 15, and "b. Wal- 
 lichii" seen by Mason in Burmah, by Roxburgh in Hindustan, and by Graham "a very common 
 annual" in the outskirts of Bombay: was also carried across the Atlantic to Guinea (fl. Ni.gr). 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Zanoni 32 in 1675; somewhat later by Morison vi. pi. 7; 
 by Gouan, as growing in the open air ; and has since become a troublesome weed in the Tyrol 
 (A. Dec). 
 
 Solanum nigrum of North America and the West Indies. A low herb with black nauseous 
 inedible berries, known as a weed from early_ times : — was in New England before 1670, as appears 
 from Josselyn ; observed by myself along the Atlantic in waste and cultivated ground from Lat. 43 
 to 33 ; by Chapman, from "Florida to Mississippi;" by Nuttall, along the Arkansas and the Mis- 
 souri to its source ; was received by Hookerfrom the Saskatchewan and Hudson's Bay ; and observed 
 by myself on the banks of the Upper Sacramento prior to visits of settlers. In the West Indies, was 
 received by Torrey from Key West; and the "yerua mora'o solatrum " supposed by Oviedo to be 
 identical with that of Spain, may be compared. By European colonists, S. nigrum was carried to 
 Bermuda (Baldw.) ; to Britain, observed by Josselyn, and the garden nightshade ox petty morel (Prior) 
 having according to Lindley the berries "black;" also to Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 460, and Fries 16. 
 See S. miniatum). 
 
 Arislolochia serpentaria of Northeast America. The Urania snake-root, from early times "so 
 very highly" esteemed by the native tribes, — and subsequently by the colonists (Ph.) : observed by 
 Catesby 1. pi. 29 in Virginia; by Chapman, from "Florida to Mississippi;" bv Elliot, in South Caro- 
 lina; by Croom, near Newbern ; by Darlington, frequent at 40° on the Brandywine ; by Torrey, as 
 far as 41 on the Hudson ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall, in Arkansas ; and according to A Gray, 
 grows from " Connecticut to Indiana." Transported to Europe, is described by Gerarde S4S and 
 Plukenet phyt. pi. 223 f. 2 and aim. p. 53 ; and continues in medicinal use "as a stimulant, tonic, 
 diaphoretic, and in certain cases as an antispasmodic and anodyne " (Lindl.). 
 
 Panicum capillare of the Hawaiian Islands? A coarse annual grass, from early times known 
 as a weed in Northeast America :- observed by Michaux 48; by myself, frequent in waste and 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 749 
 
 ported to Europe, is termed "cucumis turcicus" by Fuchsius in 1542 (Dalech.) ; from 1561 was 
 cultivated by J. Bauhin hist. ii. 224 (A. Dec.) ; is described also by Dodoens, and Lobel, soon becom- 
 ing an agricultural product throughout middle and Southern Europe ; was observed by Chaubard 
 abundantly cultivated in the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, and Clot-Bey, in Egypt, called there " kara 
 mogrebi " Western gourd. By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa, and thence to 
 Hindustan, where vegetable marrow was found by Graham "in gardens Bombay, not very common ; " 
 and " C. verrucosa," regarded as a variety, to Japan (Thunb.). 
 
 Helianthus annuus of Northwest America. The sunflower called in Mexico " chimalatl " and 
 known there from early times (Humb. iv. 9) ; also from early times cultivated in our Atlantic 
 States, — as appears from the figures accompanying Hariot's account of the Roanoke (De Bry i. 14 
 and pi. 20) ; the custom of planting the sunflower among maize adopted by colonists as far as North- 
 ern New England. In Europe, H. annuus was first made known through a description sent by Cor- 
 tusi to Matthioli and published in 1568; is described somewhat later by Dodoens, Monardes, and 
 Gerarde, now becoming well known in gardens ; was observed by Forskal at Constantinople ; by him, 
 Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt ; and by Roxburgh, and Graham, in the gardens of 
 Hindustan. 
 
 Helianthus tuberostts of North America. The "girasole" or Jerusalem artichoke, called in 
 French "topinambour " (Nugent), in Spanish " pataca " (Herrera agr.), known in New England from 
 early times : — Gookin coll. 3 found the natives mixing "Jerusalem artichokes " in their pottage : its 
 cultivation, adopted by the colonists, has been observed by myself as far as the border of Canada, the 
 plant sometimes escaping and springing up spontaneously: H. tuberosus was observed by Chapman 
 "commonly cultivated" also in our Southern States; but was not met with by Humboldt ii. 473 in 
 Mexico, nor in any of the Spanish colonies, nor by Martius in Brazil (A. Dec). Transported to 
 Europe, was seen by Columna ecphr. ii. 11 in 1616 in the Farnese garden ; is termed "battatas cana- 
 densis" by Parkinson, becoming now an object of agriculture, sometimes escaping but hardly natu- 
 ralized (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Clot-Bey, recently introduced into Egypt; by Gerarde, about 
 Sabathoo on the Himalayas and called "kuchaloo" or -'pinaloo'' (Edin. journ. sc. ix. 235), by Lush, 
 "cultivated in Deccan gardens " and thriving "remarkably well" (Graham). 
 
 Catalpa bignonioides of our Gulf States. The catalpa or catawba tree, known from early times, 
 and supposed to have been brought Northward by the Creeks and Cherokees — ( . . . ) : observed 
 by Nuttall clearly indigenous in Alabama ; by Chapman, on '• river-banks, Georgia, Florida, and west- 
 ward." Farther North, by Catesby i. pi. 29, Walter, and Elliot, in Carolina; by myself, planted for 
 ornament as far as 43 along the Atlantic. Transported to Europe, was observed by A. Decandolle 
 flowering in the open air at Geneva in Switzerland ; is known to be planted in Italy (Lindl.) ; and 
 according to Clot-Bey has recently been introduced into Egypt. 
 
 Carya olivceformis of the Lower Mississippi and Texas. The pecan hickory known from early 
 times, and oil to season their " sagamitty " with, made from its nuts " pacannes " by the native tribes 
 of Louisiana — (Bossu trav. 349) : the walnuts West of the Mississippi were found by De Soto 23 to 
 24 soft shelled, like unto acorns, and stored by the natives (soc. Hackl.) : C. olivaeformis was known 
 to Walter (Pers ) ; was observed by Chapman on "river-bottoms, Mississippi, northward and west- 
 ward ; " by Darby, from Natchitoches to the Rio Colorado of Texas ; by Nuttall in Arkansas ; by 
 F. A. Michaux, from the St. Francis river in Arkansas to Illinois, and along the Mississippi to about 
 Lat. 42 : by Long's expedition, as far as 41° ; by myself, on the Lower Ohio; and by Short, in Ken- 
 tucky. Transported to Europe, is described by Aiton, and Gaertner; and pecan nuts have become a 
 well-known article of commerce. 
 
 Amaranthus retroflexus of Mexico and the unwooded central portion of North America. A 
 coarse weed known to the natives from early times : — received by Moquin from Mexico ; observed 
 by Nuttall along the Arkansas: by Chapman, in "cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward;" by 
 Short, in Kentucky ; by myself, frequent in waste and cultivated ground from Philadelphia to about 
 44 in New England. From New England, according to Ray, was carried to Europe ; is termed "a. 
 maximus Nova; AngHae totus viridis " by Zannichelli in 1735, "a. spicatus " by Lamarck in 1778, has 
 since become a weed throughout middle Europe from France to Silesia, the pest of the gardens accord- 
 ing to Bieberstein in Southern Russia as far as the Ukraine (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sestini at 
 Constantinople, by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. "A. hybridus" as well as "A. chlorostachys " 
 are regarded by A. Gray as perhaps not distinct. 
 
 cultivated ground in New England and our Middle States ; by Chapman, in "sandy fields, Florida, 
 and northward; " by Nuttall, on the Arkansas; is known to occur on Jamaica (Pers.); and was 
 received by Kunth from Montevideo. Transported to Europe, is described by Linnaeus, and Retz 
 obs. iii. 9; and was observed by Balbi springing up spontaneously near Nice (Dec). This or a 
 species much resembling it was observed by myself indigenous on the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
750 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Amaranthus albas of the unwooded central portion of North America. A weed known to the 
 natives from early times,- and probably the species seen by Nuttall on the Arkansas : was observed 
 by Chapman in "cultivated grounds, Florida, and northward;" was received trom Pennsylvania by 
 Linnanis, and observed near West Chester by Darlington ; by A. Gray m Central New York, in 
 " waste grounds, near towns, and road-sides, common." Transported to Europe, the " bhtum mariti- 
 mum minus calvculis aculeatis " found by Micheli naturalized in the sands near Viaregio in Tuscany, 
 is referred here by Tilli in 1723, also by Willdenow pi. I : A. albus was observed by Desfontaines 
 "in 1797" in Barbary, and has since become a weed in Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, Portugal, and France, 
 as far even as Paris (Loisel., Guss., Boiss., and A. Dec). 
 
 Phytolacca d.-candra of central North America. The poke, called by the natives of Virginia 
 " pocan " (Lindl.). and known from early times : — observed by E. James on the Upper Arkansas, 
 by Nuttall lower clown on the Arkansas, and by N. A. Ware in Opelousas ; but along the Atlantic, 
 observed by myself a weed in waste and cultivated ground from about Lat. 44 throughout our Middle 
 States; by" Chapman, '-mar-ins of fields and uncultivated ground, Florida, and northward," by 
 Croom'as'far as 30 30'. Transported to Europe, was seen in France about 1650 by Barrelier pi. 
 150, was at first cultivated for colouring Bordeaux wine with its berries, called "raisin d'Amerique," 
 is mentioned as a cultivated plant by Ray "in 1693," but subsequently became naturalized (A. Dec); 
 is termed "ph. americana majori fructu" by Tournefort inst. 299; is called in Italy " uva Turca o di 
 Spagna" (Poll.) ; is known to occur in Barbary (Pers.) ; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, naturalized from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus and called " agriostaphitha ; " by For- 
 skal, and Delile, in Egypt, in gardens and springing up spontaneously and called " sabaghah " dye-stuff. 
 
 1'oa annua of the Andes of South America ? A low annual grass, known as a weed from early 
 limes: — this or an allied species observed by myself near the snow on the Peruvian and Chilian 
 Andes : P. annua was received by Kunth from South America and the Falkland Islands ; was observed 
 by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Chapman, in "yards and gardens, Florida, 
 and northward introduced ; " bv myself, a weed around dwellings and in waste ground in our Middle 
 States and New England; by Hooker, in Iceland. In Europe, is described by T. Johnston (Ger. 
 emend. 3) in 1633, subsequently by Ray syn. 408; is termed "gramen pratense paniculatum minus 
 album" by Tournefort inst. 521 ; is known to occur along roadsides and in irrigated ground from 
 Lapland to the Mediterranean (Pers , and Wats.) ; was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian 
 Olympus, and along the shore of Asia Minor, also in the Peloponnesus ; by Hasselquist, at Damietta 
 in Egypt; is known to grow in waste ground along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), and in Siberia 
 (Kunth). Clearly by European colonists, was carried to the Interior towns of Southern Brazil 
 (A. Saint-Hil ) ; and to either Auckland or Campbell's Island, in the absence of inhabitants found 
 on the grave of a French sailor (A. Dec). 
 
 Ecliiiiochloa crns-galli of North America. A coarse grass known as a weed from early times: 
 — observed by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; by myself, to all appearance indigenous on mud-flats along 
 the Delaware, and within reach of brackish water along the New England shores, but multiplying as 
 a weed in cultivated ground ; by Chapman, in "wet places, Florida, and northward." Transported 
 to Europe, is described by M.itthioli, and Camerarius, had become frequent in the days of the 
 Bauhins, occurring in waste places around London in the days of Parkinson, and Ray (Wats., Bab., 
 and Bromf.) ; is termed "p. vul^are spica multiplici longis aristis circumvallata " by Tournefort inst. 
 515 ; is known to occur around Paris, and as far as Holland (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Bithynian Olympus to Smyrna and the 
 Peloponnesus, and called "kehri" or "kekri;" by Forskal, and Delile, in rice-fields near Rosetta 
 in Egypt. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa (E. Mey.), and Australia 
 (Kunth). E. crus-corvi regarded as distinct, was observed by Thunberg near Nagasaki in Japan, 
 called there " ko kibi " little sorghum; by Roxburgh i. 296, in Hindustan, and by Graham in the 
 environs of Bombay. 
 
 " 1259 A. D." (Yule cath. i. p. cxxi), Mangu succeeded by Khoubilai, now khan of the Tartars. 
 
 " fn this year" (art de verif.), Nooreddin Ali succeeded by Kotoz, third Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 Who, before the close of the year (Marcel 162) defeated the Tartar army of Hulagu-Khan in 
 Palestine. 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. v.), the ma^intic variation in Italy found by Petrus Peregrine 
 to be "5 east." 
 
 " In or about this year" (Gildem.), Ebn Alwardi writing. 
 
 As early possibly as this year (see Malay ann., and Raffles x.), the city of Malacca founded by 
 Sekander Shah, fourth ruler of Singa pura : from which place he had been driven out by the Javan 
 forces. 
 
 " 1260 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), abdication of Fikakusa II. in favour of his younger 
 brother Kame-jamma or Ki-zan, now eighty-ninth dairo of Japan. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 751 
 
 "The same year = 1st year of the 'king-ting' of Li-tsoung." Commencement of the reign in 
 Northern China of Khoubilai khan of the Tartars, under the name of " Chitsou of the Youan " (Chinese 
 chron. table, and Pauth. 349). Khoubilai introduced Lamaism or the Tartar religion ; but through 
 his minister the sage Hiu-heng, governed the Chinese according to their own usages. — He constructed 
 the Northern portion of the Great canal. 
 
 The event amounted to a dissolution of the Tartar Empire, the middle portion having a seat of 
 government at Almalik in Central Asia, and Kipchak or the Western portion at Sarai on the Wolga 
 
 — (Yule p. cxxi). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), at Adrianople, Joannes IV. succeeded by Michael VIII. Palaelogus, 
 as the legitimate Byzantine emperor. 
 
 " The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), by Nicola Pisano, his marble-reliefs on the pulpit of the 
 Baptistery at Pisa finished. — Those on the pulpit of the cathedral at Siena, were finished "in 1266." 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Kotoz succeeded by Beybars, fourth Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 Besides his mosque and tomb at Cairo, Beybars constructed various works of public utility, here, 
 and at Alexandria, Damietta, and Rosetta. His inscriptions and coins are remarkable for an accom- 
 panying figure of a lion ; in violation of the precepts of the Muslim religion. 
 
 The fanatical sect of Bathenians or Hassassins (according to Marcel) exterminated by Beybars : 
 
 — (evidence will however be given, that the sect continued to exist more than two centuries later). 
 
 " 1261, July" (Alst., and Blair), Constantinople recovered from the crusaders by the emperor 
 Michael VIII. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Paris, " To implore the aid of Heaven against the conquest 
 made by the Tartars over the Christians." Also synods at Lambeth, and Ravenna, on the same 
 subject. And at Mayence, " To make preparations for resisting the Tartars." 
 
 "Aug. 29th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Alexander IV. succeeded by James Panteleon patriarch of Jeru- 
 salem, now Urbanus IV., twenty-sixth pope. Richard of Cornwall ruling Germany and Italy, though 
 residing almost constantly in England ; being a brother of king Henry III. 
 
 " 1263, Nov. 1 8th" (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. A hundredth "of the revenues of the clergy of 
 France was granted for five years, in aid of the wars in the Holy Land." 
 
 " 1264 A. D. == 5th year of the 'king-ting' of Li-tsoung, and 1st year of the 'tchi-youan' of 
 Chi-tsou" or Khoubilai- Khan (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Sixty-sixth cycle. 
 
 "May 14th" (Blair), Henry III. defeated and taken prisoner by the barons under Montfort 
 earl of Leicester : and " according to some '' authorities, the Commons of England first summoned 
 to parliament. — The earl of Leicester was defeated in the following year by prince Edward. 
 
 "Aug. 26th" (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. A tenth of the revenues of the French clergy was 
 granted "for the conquest of Sicily" to Charles d'Anjou. To whom the pope had transferred the 
 throne from Manfred (Alst.). 
 
 " 1265 A. D. = ' hian-tchun,' 1st year of Tou-tsoung, of the Soung" or Twenty-first dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "Feb. 5th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Urbanus IV. succeeded by cardinal Guy Foulquois, now 
 Clemens IV., twenty-seventh pope. Who wrote besides on jurisprudence. 
 
 "The same year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), introduction of hereditary nobility into Sweden. 
 
 Robertus Sorbona, founder of the college of the Sorbonne at Paris, at this time writing— (Alst. 
 
 p. 407). 
 
 " In or about this year" (Way pr. pm.), the author of gloss. Harl. 978 writing. 
 
 Hieracium pilosella of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain mouse-car 
 (Prior), in which we recognize the " auricola muris " of gloss. Harl. 3388 and p I L S € L L &. of gloss. 
 Harl. 978, — the " muriciila " or " mowseer herbe " of Galfridus pr. pm., and the "pilosella" com- 
 mended by Montagnana (Spreng.) : H. pilosella is termed "dens leonis qui pilosella officinarum " by 
 Tournefort inst 469, "pilosella alpina" by Hoppe ; and is known to grow from France throughout 
 Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed 
 by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus ; is known to 
 .-row also in the Tauro-Caspian countries. 
 
 " 1266 Feb. (= 664 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Nasir-u-din Mali mud succeeded by Gheias-u-din 
 Bulbun now ninth sultan of Delhi. — His court was the resort of exiles, including the poet Amir 
 Khusru and other literary men, and at different times no less than " fifteen " sovereigns driven from 
 their dominions in the West by the Mogul Tartars. • t , v- 
 
 " May 10th " (Nicol.), a synod at Cologne. Against the injustice and violence " committed with 
 impunity for fifteen years during the vacancy of the imperial throne." — A synod in the following year 
 at Vienna, on the same subject. .,, , yc 
 
 Cologne bein* at this time the entrepot or general mart between the North and South, Albertus 
 Magnus was enabled to procure there much information respecting Northern regions : companies tor 
 
752 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 carrying on the whale-fishery SOCieUS wUmMinOPUm already in existence, and he de- 
 scribes the Phvseter and its ambergris and spermaceti; also the unlCOrnu m k P I P. U m, the sea- 
 unicorn or narwhal j the walrus (Trichecus rosmarus), and its skin cut into strips for cables ; the 
 white bear (Ursus maritimus), hunted in the water like the L U t 6 P otter and C kS t P beaver; and 
 the sable, Mustela zibellina (Pouchet). 
 
 Albertus Magnus further speaks of Ml I m 3, L I U m MinuLOSOTum annelids or worms : he 
 is regarded by Humboldt as the first person who constructed a hot-house for living plants (Pouchet). 
 
 Genu, montamim of the mountains of middle Europe. The g M"l f I L Ml k of Albertus Mag- 
 nus, called also SMI MTIU lid k and pes L € pO P I S — (Caesalp. xiv. 12), seems to correspond: 
 G. montana was observed by Dodoens i. 5. pi. 19 on the mountains of Bohemia, its root equally hav- 
 ing a '■ carvophyllo "-like odour; is described also by Barrelier rar. pi. 399; and is known to grow 
 on the mountains of Switzerland (Pers.). 
 
 Narcissus pseudo-na/rissus of middle and Northern Europe. Called in Britain lent-lily or daf- 
 fodil or daffadowndilly, by all the older writers " affodilly," in medieval Latin " asphodelus " (Prior) ; 
 in which we recognize the M^fOdlLLllS of Albertus Magnus, — and the"felde lvlye " having 
 leaves like " sapharoun " of ms. Sloane 1571 : N. pseudo-narcissus is described by Brunfels i. p. 129 
 (Spreng.), and Dodoens ; is termed " n. sylvestris " by Lamarck fl. fr. ; was observed by Scopoli in 
 Carniolia; and is known to grow wild in middle and Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 17, and Lindl.). 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation as a 
 garden-flower. Its properties according to Lindley are "similar to those of N. poeticus," and "the 
 flowers are said to be emetic." 
 
 " The same year" (Crawfurd vii. 11), in Java, building of the earliest of the temples of Bram- 
 banan. — The latest in " 1296." 
 
 " Not more perhaps than five or six centuries ago " (Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. 187 to 193), the 
 Tarawan coral-islands colonized by fugitives drifting in two canoes from Banabe. They "had just 
 commenced their settlement, when two other canoes arrived from a land to the southeast called 
 Amoi " (Samoa) ; and '• for some time "the two parties lived together in harmony." — Within a. com- 
 paratively recent period, a great change has taken place in the condition of the people : "the grand- 
 father of the present king of Apamama, more than a hundred years ago, visited every island of the 
 group, for the purpose of seeing what he considered the world. At present, from the hostility which 
 prevails between the different clusters, such an undertaking would be impossible." 
 
 Cassia Occidenlalis of Tropical and Subtropical America. Called in Brazil " gajamarioba " 
 (Lindl.), and possibly known to the Polynesians as earl)- as this date : — observed by myself seem- 
 ingly wild on the lava-covered portion of Hawaii, but usually occurring in waste places around dwell- 
 ings as on Taheiti and the Samoan Islands, and regularly cultivated on Tongatabu. Eastward, was 
 observed by E. James on the Upper Arkansas along the Rocky mountains, and therefore probably 
 indigenous ; by Nuttall, lower down on the Arkansas ; and is known to occur in waste places and cul- 
 tivated ground from Virginia to Florida (Ell, Chapm., and A. Gray) ; was observed by Sloane ii. pi. 
 176, Swartz, and Macfadyen, in the West Indies ; by Martius in Brazil, everywhere near dwellings, 
 and spreading rapidly (Lindl.). By European colonists was carried Westward across the Pacific to 
 the Philippines, called in Tagalo " balatongaso " or " tighiman,'' its seeds while tender eaten by boys 
 (Blanco) ; to Australia (R. Brown cong. 58 to 61) ; to Burmah, "occasionally noticed in native cul- 
 tivation for medicinal uses " and called '■ ka-lau " (Mason) ; to Hindustan, having no Sanscrit name 
 (Pidd.), but called in Tamil " payaverei," in Malabar " payavera," in Telinga " cashanda " (Drur.), 
 observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, and now according to Drury " common everywhere," by Graham 
 as far as Bombay abundant in the rains "among rubbish in the neighbourhood of villages," by myself 
 around villages in the dry season ; to Eastern Equatorial Africa, observed by Grant from " Gondo- 
 koro 5 N." along the Nile, by Delile in gardens at Cairo : also by European colonists was carried 
 across the Atlantic to Western Equatorial Africa, where it is cultivated by Negro tribes (Benth. fl. 
 nigr., and A. Dec), probably for baths and fomentations and the leaves smeared with grease for an 
 adhesive plaster, as among their descendants in the West Indies (Macfad.). Transported to Europe, 
 is described by Commelyn hoit. i. pi. 96; and is termed "c. americana foetida" by Tournefort inst. 
 
 One hundred and sixty-seventh generation. Sept. 1st, 1267, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Chinese astronomer Ko-cheou-king : the Hindustanee writer Khusrau of Delhi d. 1315: the Jewish 
 writers, Gerson ben Solomon, Nachmanides, Abraham Abulafia ben Samuel : the Arab writers, Ebn 
 Khallikan the biographer d. 1282, Saad ben Manssur Ibn Kemunat, Kaswyny d. 12S3 : the Armenian 
 writer Vahram : the Greek writers Acropolites d. 1282, Gregorius Cyprius d. after 12S0, Nicephorus 
 Chumnus d. 1300, and Ephraemius d. after 1300: Gulielmus de Baldensal, Jacobus de Yoragine, Wil- 
 liam of Piacenza, and Lanfranc : the jurist Durandus ; Henry of Ghent; Albertet ; John" de' Join- 
 ville ; Rutebeuf: the Russian theologian Cyril of Kief: the scholastic theologians, Udalricus 
 Argentinensis, Rupertus de Russia, Aegidius Romanus, Richardus de media Villa, Henricus a Gan- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 753 
 
 davo, Joannes Parisiensis, Thomas Aquinas, and Bonaventura : the last of the troubadours, Esteve 
 de Bezier : the zoologists, Conrad d'Halberstadt, Guillaume de Normandie, Richard de Furnival 
 (Pouch.) : the botanists, Alfredus d. 1268, and Henri Arviel (Pouchet): the painters, Andrea Taffi d. 
 1294, Tommaso de Stefani d. 1310, Giovanni Cimabue d. 1300. 
 
 "The same year" (J. Glen in Orient, transl. lond.) end of the history of Armenia by Vartan. 
 
 " The same year " (Marco Polo, and Pauth. 353), a new city near Canbalu completed by Khou- 
 bilai-Khan for his seat of government : in other words, founding of the city of Pekin. 
 
 In this year (= 543 B. C. — " 1809 years " in Mahavams. lxxxvii.), in Ceylon under king Para- 
 ckramabahoo II. parts of the Budhist Scriptures translated by high priests. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Blair), "the police of the city of Paris established" by the first regu- 
 lator Stephen Boileau. 
 
 The spherical form of the earth, " li monde est reont," maintained by Brunetto Latini tresor 
 (Pouchet). 
 
 " 1268, Apr. 16th " (Nicol.), a synod in London. A decree was " published, To remedy the dis- 
 orders occasioned by the civil war." 
 
 "1269 A. D." (F. Mason ii. 24), in Burmah, death of Narapadisaethu, king of Pugan ; after 
 founding in the latter part of his reign the city of Martaban, and leaving there thirty families "to take 
 care of the pagoda " He was succeeded by his son Nandaraza. 
 
 " 1270 A. D." (rudim. chron. Lond.), the " Establishments," a body of laws by Louis IX. sup- 
 pressing private wars and trials by wager of battle. 
 
 " 1271 A. D." (Chinese chron. table), by the Western Tartars or the Youan, names first given to 
 their empire. 
 
 Leaves of Tamarix Germanica called " balgou," Glycyrrhiza hirsuta called " nakhalsa,'' and 
 Sanguisorba sp. called " chudou," employed by the Mongols and Bouriates as substitutes for tea — 
 (Klaproth, and Ainsl. mat. ind. i. 1. 228). 
 
 The continuation of the Altaian mountains separating the waters of the Amour from those of the 
 Lena and Lake Baical, called by the Bouriates from remote antiquity* " Iableni-Daba" — (Pall. trav. 
 iv. 266). 
 
 Allium sphcerocephalon of Siberia. From early times eaten around Lake Baical, — observed on 
 its shores by Pallas iv. 418. Westward, is described by Micheli u. gen. pi. 24 ; and is known to 
 occur in Italy and Germany (Pers.). 
 
 Polypodium fragrans of East Siberia. A fern called by the Bouriates "serlik," and from early 
 times used as a substitute for tea, — observed by Pallas iv. 418 on rock around Lake Baical 
 
 "In this year" (Danish chron., and Relat. du Groenl. 207), by a strong Northwest wind ice 
 driven in great quantities to Iceland, laden with so many bears and so much wood that the existence 
 of land in that direction beyond Greenland was inferred: and an expedition was sent out, but with- 
 out result. 
 
 " Sept. 1st " (Alst., and Nicol.), Clemens IV. after an interval of " two years and nine months" 
 succeeded by archdeacon Thibaud Visdomini, now Gregorius X., twenty-eighth pope. The same 
 year in France (Alst.), Louis IX. succeeded by Philip III. 
 
 " 1272 A. D." (Way ed. pr. pm. pref.),' Robertus Kylwarbi nominated archbishop of Canterbury 
 by pope Gregorius X. His writings are voluminous, some of them grammatical, — and are quoted 
 by Galfridus pr. pm. 
 
 " 1273 A. D." (Alst., and Blair), Rodolph of Hapsburg made emperor of Germany and Italy, and 
 head of a new dynasty. — Continued in the Austrian emperors to the present day. 
 
 " In the Thirteenth century " (according to Mirbel, in Pouchet), herbaria or collections of dried 
 plants first formed. 
 
 As early perhaps as this century (native tradition, and Ciez. Hi), at Santa Elena point of the Gulf 
 of Guayaquil, arrival of reputed "giants " in "boats made of reeds, as big as large ships " (Japanese 
 junks?), men of large stature having large eyes, "hair reaching to the shoulders," and no beards; 
 they "were dressed in the skins of animals, others only in the dress which nature gave them, and 
 they had no women with them." Landing, they "made a sort of village," and in the absence of fresh 
 water duo- "very deep wells " in the living rock until they procured a supply, and then lined them with 
 endurino- " masonry from top to bottom." The wells — are regarded by Cieza de Leon as certainly 
 " executed by very strong men." 
 
 Convolvulus {Batatas) edulis of Tropical America. The sweet-potato from Easter Island and 
 Taheiti to Northern New Zealand is called " gumalla " or "gumarra" or " umara " (Forst. esc. 56), 
 on Taheiti "umara" (Bert), on the Hawaiian Islands " ouala " (Gaud.) or " uala " (Hale), in Bra- 
 
 * Cornus alba of East Siberia. A shrub that gave its name to the " Oulan-Bourgassen " river 
 of the Bouriates, a tributary of Lake Baical— (Pall. iv. 359). 
 
 95 
 
754 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 zilian "ietica" (Marcgr. pi. 16), in Peru " camote " (C. P.), a word according to Humboldt of Mexi- 
 can origin, in Ouichua "apichu," in the Quito dialect " cumar " (Markh. p. 234), and cultivated from 
 early times : *— "boiled roots to eat not unlike chestnuts in taste " were offered to Columbus by the 
 natives of Cuba (F. Columb. 28, or in the words of Gomara 16) "batatas que son ra)-zes dulces," and 
 some of these roots were carried by Columbus to Spain. Westward, B. edulis was observed by myself 
 under cultivation on Metia, Taheiti, the Hawaiian, Samoan, and Tongan Islands, not only the Ameri- 
 can variety, but other varieties unknown in America ; also on the Samoan Islands and New Zealand, 
 a slender-rooted kind that according to New Zealand tradition was brought from those islands at 
 an early period. B. edulis was said to be cultivated on one of the outer Feejeean islets ; and on 
 Taheiti, the Tongan, Samoan, and Feejeean Islands, I remarked seemingly the same species spring- 
 ing up spontaneously, usually as a weed in cultivated ground, but distinguished by the natives and 
 its" root not used. By Oviedo, B. edulis was introduced into Spain (A. Dec); roots were seen there 
 by Clusius hist ii. 77, and the living plant is described by Monardes, and Lobel ; was observed by 
 Hasselquist in Palestine; by Clot-Bey, recently introduced into Egypt; by Grant, under cultivation 
 from Egypt to Zanzibar: by myself, the American variety on Zanzibar, also in the markets of Mocha, 
 Muscat, and Bombay. By European colonists also, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the 
 Philippines, observed there by P. A. Mozo, Blanco, and myself, called " camoti " in Tagalo, and sev- 
 eral varieties distinguished by the natives ; to the Moluccas by the same route (Rumph. v 308) ; to 
 Japan, called there "imo " or "kara imo" (Thunb.) ; to China, called there '• hoan-xy," and to Anam 
 (Lour.): to Burmah, called there " ka-zwon '' (Mason): to Hindustan, observed by Rheede vii. pi. 
 50 in Malabar, called there "kappa-kalenga," and in Telinga " grasugada "or " chillagada " (Drury), 
 
 * Aitona mnricala of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The 
 sour-sop is a small tree, called in Carib "alacalyoua" (Desc), and known from early times : — the 
 "guanabano " was observed by Oviedo nat. hyst. 63 and hist. gen. viii. pi. 17 frequent on the islands 
 and in Tierra tirme, bearing fruit like pine-cones ; "guanavana" fruit, bv Cieza de Leon xxvii to 
 lxvi from the Cauca valley throughout Lower Peru ; bv myself, large and depressed as though by its 
 own weight in resting along a branch, in market at Lima: A. muricata was observed by P. Brown, 
 Swartz, and Macfadven, wild throughout the West Indies ; by Merian pi. 14 in Surinam, wild there 
 according to Splitgerber but growing around plantations. Bv European colonists, was carried to 
 Southern Brazil, where according to Martius it tends to escape from cultivation ; to the opposite 
 African coast, cultivated at Sierra Leone (fl. Nigr.) : to Ceylon (Burm., and R. Brown) ; to Hindus- 
 tan, "in gardens Bombay" (Graham), and sparingly cultivated in Madras (Drur.); to Burmah 
 (.Mason) ; to Java, where its fruit is held in estimation (Graham); and in French colonies is called 
 " corossol " or "cachiman" (A. Dec). 
 
 Pasiijlora quadran^ularis of the West Indies. The fruit called " grenadilles " known to the 
 ancient Mexicans, — according to Humboldt i v. 9: the "granadilla" delicious and fragrant seen bv 
 Cieza de Leon xxviii on the Upper Cauca, described in a letter from Peru to Monardes in 157S. is 
 clearly the highly-esteemed fruit sold under the same name at Lima, but I did not meet with the plant 
 producing it. P. quadrangularis was observed by Jacquin am. pi. 143 in the woods of Jamaica 
 (Pers.) ; is cultivated in certain French settlements for the sake of its root, which is "powerfully 
 narcotic," or according to Martius " emetic," and its fruit "is a common article in a Brazilian des- 
 sert " (Lindl.). By European colonists, was carried to Hindustan (ms. note to Graham); and to 
 Burmah (Mason). 
 
 Tacsonia sp of the South American Andes. — The "grenadilles " of Humboldt are however 
 described by him as the fruit of different species of Passiflora and Tacsonia. The species of Tacsonia 
 are I think confined to South America, to the Andes from Bogota throughout Peru. 
 
 Clirysopliyllum cainilo of Tropical America. The slar-,ipplc or " eaymito " cultivated from time 
 immemorial in the West Indies, — but nowhere found decidedly wild (A. Dec.) : "eaymito" fruit was 
 seen by Cieza de Leon xlvi to lxvi at Puerto Viejo and farther South in Lower Peru : C. cainito is 
 described by Oviedo gen. hist. viii. 3; is termed "cainito folio subtus aureo" by Plunder x. pi («); 
 was observed by Sloane ii. 170 on Jamaica, not indigenous, but sowing itself and extending bc\ond 
 cultivated ground ; by Jac quin am. 52, in other parts of the West Indies : is ki.ou n to occur Tn Carac- 
 cas and as far as Peru (Humb. and Kunth iii. 236). By French colonists, is called " caimitier " or 
 " cainitier," but from the slight value of its fruit has seldom been transported beyond the American 
 continent (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Mason "exotic" in Burmah. 
 
 Lvciima cauiiiio of the Eastern declivity of the Peruvian Andes. Another Sapotaceous tree 
 called "caimito" (A. Dec), its fruit of superior quality known from early times, and possibly the 
 " eaymito " in question : — L. caimito was observed by Ruiz and Pavon iii. pi. 240 on the Peruvian 
 Andes (Pers.) ; and according to A. Decandolle extending into Brazil. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 755 
 
 in the environs of Bombay " rattaloo " or " sukur-kund " or " sukurid-kind " (Graham), and known 
 to be very generally cultivated throughout Hindustan as far as Scinde (Roxb., and Burnes). The 
 white sweet-potato, its roots really tuberous and not fusiform nor pointed, may prove a distinct spe- 
 cies ; it is the kind generally cultivated on the Hawaiian Islands, was observed by Blanco on the 
 Philippines, and according to Mason is applied by the Burmese to wounds with poisoned arrows. 
 
 Physalis Peruviana of Tropical America. The cape gooseberry or cherry tomato, called in 
 Carib '■ sousourou-scurou " (Desc), in Tagalo " potocan " (Blanco) ; and carried to the islands of 
 the Pacific as early possibly as this date : — observed by myself on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, 
 Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, and New Zealand, occurring as a weed only and everywhere neglected 
 by the natives : by Blanco, on the Philippines ; by Mason v. 455, "exotic" in Burmah ; by Roxburgh, 
 in Hindustan ; by Graham, " cultivated in gardens " in the environs of Bombay, and " a plant very 
 much resembling this" seemingly "wild on the banks of the Yena and other moist places Maha- 
 bleshwur." Eastward, the '.■ cerezilla " fruit was seen by Cieza de Leon xlvi at Puerto Viejo, North 
 of Guayaquil; P. Peruviana by Feuillee iii. 51, and Ruiz and Pavon, in Peru; by myself, on dried- 
 up portions of the river-bed near Lima, and in a similar locality North of Valparaiso ; by Descour- 
 tilz, in the West Indies. By European colonists, was carried to Southeast Australia, observed by 
 myself already naturalized, and about 1830 to Southwest Australia by James Drummond (A. Dec.) ; 
 to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.) ; to St. Helena and Madeira, observed by myself ; to Northeast 
 America, where I found it cultivated in our Middle States. Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Morison xiii. pi. 3, has become naturalized in Southern Spain (Boiss. voy. ii. 436, and Dun.), and 
 apparently the same species in Sicily (Guss. i. 270, and A. Dec). 
 
 "1274, May 7th to July 17th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Fourteenth general ecclesiastical Council. 
 Assembled at Lyons ; the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII. and other Greeks being present. The 
 "Greek and Latin churches were re-united." Rodolph of Hapsburg was confirmed as emperor of 
 Germany and Italy. The mendicant Orders of monks were reduced to four; twenty-three being 
 abolished. Bowing or "bending the knee" at the name of Jesus, was instituted. And laws were 
 made on the future election of popes. 
 
 " 1275 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), abdication of Kame-jamma in favour of his eldest son 
 Gouda or Go-ou-da, now ninetieth dairo of Japan. 
 
 " The same year = ' te-yeou,' 1st year of Ti-hien '' or Koung-tsoung, of the Soung or Twenty-first 
 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " May 26th " (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. Joannes Veccus was elected patriarch of 
 Constantinople. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), a synod at Lunden. The interdict imposed on Denmark for nine 
 years, was removed. 
 
 " The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), in Germany, the cathedral at Regensburg commenced.— 
 The building was finished "in 1618." 
 
 '• In or about this year (= 674 A. H., coram. June 26th," Hadji-Khalfa, Gildem., and De Sacy 
 chrest.), Kaswini writing. He speaks of " Gava " (Java), and the Chinese exchanging their wares 
 there ; sailing no farther" West, on account as they allege of the diversity of religions and the dis- 
 tance. 
 
 Also of "Sarandib" (Ceylon) containing a footstep of "Adam the father of us all: " of many 
 Magians (Parsees) reading on the island and Muslims associated with them ; and of the burning of 
 the widow of the native king with the corpse of her dead husband. Of the island of " Salameth in the 
 Indian Sea," where there are fishes that ascend trees (Anabas scan-dens). 
 
 And of Mansura, a city on the Indus founded by the second Abbassid khalif for the seat of 
 government of the Muslim prefects. 
 
 " 1276 A. D. = 'king-yen,' 1st year of Touan-tsoung, of the Soung" or Twenty-first dynasty — 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 T/iea laxa? of Japan. "Some six centuries ago" (Jap. centen. coram. 106), the tea plant found 
 "o-rowin<r in the province of Suriga," to all appearance indigenous, — and its qualities "led to its cul- 
 tivation.''' T. laxa was observed in Japan by Kaempfer pi. 606, but is regarded as not distinct from 
 
 "The same year" (Malay ann., Raffles x, and Crawfurd vii. 11), Sekander Shah succeeded at 
 Malaca by Mahomed Shah. Who adopted the Mohammedan religion, and took possession of the 
 islands of Lingga and Bintan. 
 
 "Feb 21st" (Alst., and Nicol.), Gregorius X. succeeded by cardinal Peter de Tarentaise or 
 Innocentius V., a scholastic theologian. "July nth," by cardinal Ottobone di Fresco or Hadrianus V, 
 who died " Au°- 16th " without having been " consecrated pope or ordained a priest." And " Sept. 
 13th," by cardinal Joao Pedro of Portugal, now Joannes XXL, thirty-first pope. Edward ruling 
 England. 
 
756 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 1-77, about April" (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople, and a profession of faith "made, con- 
 formable to that of the church of Rome." Another synod "July i6th,"andthe opponents of the union 
 of the two churches excommunicated. . . 
 
 " Nov. 25th " (Alst, and Nicol.), Joannes XXI. succeeded by cardinal John Gaetan Orsim, thirty- 
 second pope. . . . 
 
 " Towards the end of the Thirteenth century " (Spreng.), Pier Crescenzio writing. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Beybars succeeded by Barakah-Khan, fifth Memluk sultan of 
 
 §> "The same year " ( Steinschneid. iii. 27 ), date of the Toledo manuscript of the Hebrew bible : — 
 now registered as " cod. Rossi 782." 
 
 "1278 A. D. = ' tsiang-hing,' 1st year of Tiping, of the Soung" or Twenty-first dynasty — 
 
 (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 •' April 9th " (Nicol.), a synod at Compiegne. " Against the chapters of cathedrals, who assumed 
 the right of imposing an interdict on towns for the preservation of their liberties." 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), Ottogar king of Bohemia defeated and slain in battle by the army of 
 Rodolph of Hapsburg. 
 
 "The same year" (Marc. Pol. 149), in China, two churches built at " Cinghianfu" by Marsarchis, 
 a Nestorian Christian appointed governor of that city. — A Nestorian church was seen by Marco Polo 
 in Ouinsai ; and another on his way there at " Cascar" (Cashgar) in Central Asia. 
 
 "in a tract published in this year (....), gunpowder described by Roger Bacon. But according 
 to Pouchet, the composition is "first mentioned" by Albertus Magnus mirab. mund. ; and is also 
 described by Marcus Gra^cus. Having been long known in China, the manufacture may have been 
 brought from that country:— but the application to casting projectiles in warfare, appears to have 
 been made in Europe. Cannon were used in 1346 in the battle at Crecy (Pouchet); and "harque- 
 buses " or portable fire-arms, are mentioned by the traveller Brocquiere. 
 
 The continuance of the deck language in certain parts of Italy, shown by the following words of 
 Roger Llacon comp. stud. phil. vi., " Nor would it be much, for the sake of the great advantage of 
 learning Greek, to go to Italy, where the clergy and the people in many places are purely Greek." — 
 I was informed at Naples, of a district at the Southeastern extreme of Italy, where Greek is to this 
 day spoken. 
 
 Magnifying lenses also described by Roger Bacon. — Jordanus de Rivalto in " 1305," speaks of 
 spectacles having been invented "twenty years" before: and a manuscript of "1298" mentions 
 "occhiali" (Pouchet). 
 
 Roger Bacon iurther speaks of the possibility of making an instrument for walking in safety at 
 the bottom of the water, the diving-bell : and mentions bismuth and mauganne; and an inextinguish- 
 able fire, regarded by Jourdan as phosphorus (Pouchet). 
 
 " 1279 A. D." (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 350), end of the Soung dynasty, Ti-ping being 
 the last native Chinese emperor. Khoubilai-Khan now ruler of all China.* 
 
 " May 4th" (Nicol), a synod at Beziers. The archbishop of Narbonne deputed to proceed "to 
 the next parliament in France, To complain of the encroachment of the secular over the ecclesiastical 
 power." Also, a synod at Avignon " May 1 7th," " Against the usurpation of ecclesiastical property, 
 violence committed against the clergy, and contempt of excommunications." 
 
 "November" (Blair), in England, the passage of Mortmain act ; making estates inalienable. 
 "The same vear " (art de verif.), Barakah-Khan succeeded by Salamesch ; and before the close 
 of the year, by Kalaoon, seventh Memluk sultan of Egypt. Kalaoon proved almost the only Muslim 
 ruler of Egypt who founded charitable institutions (Wilk. theb. and eg.) : and during his reign, a 
 great impulse was given to the erection of buildings of every description in Cairo (Clot-Bey x,v. 30). 
 A coin issued at Aleppo by Kalaoon, is figured in Marcel p. 168. 
 
 The Big mound, near New Madrid on the Mississippi, found to contain a chamber which "seems 
 
 * Lagers/roemia Indica of the mountains of Southeastern China. The "pe-ge-hong" that fol- 
 lowed the court to Pekin, — according to the description by Cibot (mem. Chin, iii.), is this flowering 
 shrub: — the "pe-ge-hong" is also mentioned by the author of the Fong-ouen-tsi-kouan, and came 
 "from the mountains of Fou-kien." In Japan, L. Indica was seen by Cleyer iii. 5. 6 (Spreng.). 
 Kaempfer v. p. 855 ; and by Thunberg, growing in the open air, and called " sibi " and "fakudsitkva" 
 and " fakusinda." The shrub occurs also in Cochinchina (Pers.) ; according to Mason, is "exotic ' 
 in Burmah ; and is admitted to be also exotic in . . . (Rumph. vii. pi. 2S), and Hindustan (Roxb., 
 Wight, and Graham). From Europe, was introduced into the greenhouses of North America, where 
 it has become frequent. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 757 
 
 to have been built by putting up poles, like rafters * in the roof of a house," with human bones on the 
 floor, also a pipe, and earthen jars, some surmounted by the figure of a human head, while others in 
 neighbouring mounds had a long narrow neck (G. C. Swallow in rep. Peabody mus. 1875). 
 
 " 1280 A. D." (Wilk. theb. and eg.), the "morostan" or hospital at Cairo, founded by Kalaoon. 
 The building is attached to his mosque and tomb. 
 
 "April" (Nicol.), a synod at Bourges. The clergy were forbidden "to exercise many trades 
 therein enumerated." 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 359, in 1281 according to Kaempfer, compare Marc. Pol. 159), unsuc- 
 cessful expedition of Khoubilai-Khan against " Zipungu " or Japan. — The abundance of gold in Japan, 
 is mentioned by Marco Polo ; who further describes both the Japanese and Chinese idols as many- 
 handed (and therefore Braminical, contrary to the general impression). 
 
 " 1281, Feb. 22d" (Alst, and Nicol.), Nicolaus III. succeeded by cardinal Simon de Brie, now 
 Martinus II., thirty-third pope. 
 
 " December " (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. Complaint made " of religious mendicants, who preached 
 and heard confessions." 
 
 " In this year" (Mason in beng. asiat. soc. xxxvii), the "red city of Toungoo founded by a Karen 
 jointly with two Burmans." 
 
 " 1282, A. D." (Pauth. 360), arrival in China of an ambassador from the "kingdom of Kulang ; " 
 bringing to Khoubilai-Khan "precious stones," and "black apes" ( . . . ). 
 
 " March 30th, Easter day" (Alst., and Blair), " Sicilian Vespers : " the massacre of all the French 
 residing in Sicily, "eight thousand" in number; Peter III. ruling Arragon and Naples. — The dis- 
 continuance in most parts of Europe of a beautiful religious rite may have some connexion; the 
 " Oraciones " witnessed by myself only in Peru. 
 
 " Dec. nth " (Blair), prince Lewellyn of Wales defeated and slain in battle by the army of king 
 Edward: — in the following year, Wales united to England. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Saintes. Complaint made by the bishop, " That the bodies 
 of excommunicated persons were interred in the churchyards." 
 
 "1283, January" (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. The patriarch Joannes Veccus "con- 
 demned by the schismatics." And in another synod "on the morrow of Easter," all the bishops 
 "concerned in the union of the two churches were condemned." 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Michael VIII. succeeded by his son Andronicus II. Palaeologus, 
 sixty-second Byzantine emperor. 
 
 Journeying Eastward, Marco Polo 21. describes Turkey carpets as "le souran tapis dou monde 
 e li pius biaus." — The pieces exported from Hindustan under the name of " Persian rugs," I was 
 assured by Arabs at Muscat, are "brought from Constantinople." 
 
 The " rat de faraon " mentioned by Marco Polo 69. and 216. as eaten in Tartary, is clearly the 
 brown rat, Mus decumanus : — well known to be eaten by the Chinese of the present day. Eastward 
 
 * Ulmus fulva of Northeast America. The slippery elm . some of the above rafters "probably 
 of. elm " — (G. C. Swall.) : the Narragansets informed R. Williams of a tribe " between three and four 
 hundred miles west" who lived on the bark of trees (hist. coll. iii. 209) : U. fulva has been observed 
 by myself from Lat. 47 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42 in Western New England ; by Pursh, from 
 Canada to Pennsylvania; according to A. Gray, is "common from Western New England to Wiscon- 
 sin and Kentucky," and has " tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark ; " was observed 
 by Michaux on the Alleghanies (Pers ), by F. A. Michaux in Canada and the United States, but not 
 in the maritime portion of Carolina and Georgia; by Chapman, in "rich woods, West Florida, and 
 northward;" by Darby 77, to 31 in Louisiana; by Beck, near the mouth of the Missouri; and by 
 Say on Long's Exp., as far as 49 on Red river of Lake Winnipeg. 
 
 Arundinaria macrosperma of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The North American reed 
 or catte, crowing in widely-extended beds or tracts called canebrakes, and from early times furnishing 
 arrows : a lathing of split cane was placed on the above rafters — (G. C. Swall.) : West of the mouths 
 of the Mississippi, Cabeza de Vaca found the arrows of the natives of hard cane (transl. B. Smith) ; 
 and those on the Roanoke according to Hariot were of " arundine " (De Bry i.) : A. macrosperma 
 is known to grow along the Atlantic as far as Lat. 37 (A. Gray) ; was observed by Schweinitz 
 in 36° ; by Chapman, from " Florida to North Carolina ; " by N. A. Ware, in Florida, and is known 
 to °tow as f ar as 2 9° ! D y Michaux, on the Mississippi (Pers.) ; by myself, on the Kentucky shore 
 of the Lower Ohio ; by Nuttall, from about Lat. 39°, from Sandy river in Ohio and Kaskaskias on 
 the Mississippi to the Arkansas above Verdigris, L'eau Bleu on Red river, and the Gulf; by E. 
 James, on the Canadian branch of the Upper Arkansas ; its absence from the Missouri was remarked 
 by Baldwin. 
 
758 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 from China, M. decumanus was aboriginally though perhaps unintentionally introduced throughout 
 the islands of the Pacific ; left behind in some instances after the disappearance of human inhabitants, 
 as on Gardner's and Enderby's coral-islands in the Phoenix Group. At a comparatively modern period, 
 M. decumanus was introduced into Greece and Europe ; was seen in Egypt by Baumgarten iii. 5, and 
 so far as I could judge without close examination, by myself. By European colonists, was uninten- 
 tionally carried across the Atlantic to Northeast America, where it has become frequent. 
 
 At"Cascar" (Cashgar) in Central Asia, Marco Polo 51 and 152 found " hermites, abaii et 
 monester asez de lor foi " (Lamaism, or perhaps pure Budhism) ; and though so far North, "banbaxe " 
 or cotton was cultivated: He also speaks of " Kesimur " (Cashmere); and of (the lofty table-land 
 of) " Pamier." 
 
 In the North, Marco Polo 213 and 71 mentions " Rosie " (Russia), and islands in that direction 
 where "jerfaus " or falcons are procured (Iceland). But the country North of the '-Altai " as far as 
 the ocean, is described as subject to the Great khan, and inhabited by " sauvaje jens " called " Mecri ; " 
 who " ne ont blef ne vin " have neither corn nor wine, live on animal food, "chavauchent les cerf " 
 use the reindeer for horses, and follow the usages and customs of the Tartars. He also mentions the 
 great traffic in furs in that region, the black fox j "gibellines" (Mustela zibellina) the sable; the 
 "crmi/i" (Mustela erminea) ; " orses toutes blances " the white or Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) ; 
 and even do^-sledges (hardly in use nearer than Kamtschatka). 
 
 On reaching China, Marco Polo 85 found at Canbalu (Peking) a great bell sounding at night to 
 confine the citizens to their houses. Black stones, "pieres noires qe se cavent des montaingnes " 
 (coat) used for fuel. From Canbalu, a great canal leading South. And in other Chinese cities, many 
 sagacious merchants, and men of all professions, philosophers, naturalists, " grant filosofe e grant mire 
 naturel qe mout stuent bien nature '' (1. c. 102, 14K, and 151). 
 
 By government, paper-money was issued, redeemable for special purposes in uncoined silver and 
 gold. While in other countries of Central and Southeastern Asia, Marco Polo 96 and 118 found 
 ''porcelaine blance celle qe se trovent en la mer" cowries (Cypraea monetas) used for money, in addi- 
 tion to silver and gold. — Cowries for money are mentioned also by Ebn-Arabschah in his history of 
 Timour (De Sacy chrest. note to Makriz.). 
 
 Calamus rudentum of Tropical Eastern Asia. The common rattan, and clearly the split 
 " canne " of which the rope for towing vessels on the river " Ouian" was made, according to Marco 
 Polo 147 : — Chinese near Macao making ropes of split rattan are mentioned by G. Bennet wand. 
 (Royle) ; " rattan cables," by Dampier; and the cable of Chinese junks was observed by myself to 
 consist of rattans twisted together: the living C. rudentum is termed " p.rlma juncus albens " by 
 Rumphius v. pi. 53 ; and was observed by Loureiro 260 in Anam. Westward, by Graham " in gar- 
 dens " only near Bombay : boxes and bales of merchandise secured with rattans may have been 
 brought at an early period to Egypt, but in Europe these stems continued so little known that one is 
 figured by C. Bauhin (ed. Matthiol. 5.S). 
 
 " 12S5, Apr. 2d" (Alst., and Nicul.j, Martinus II. succeeded by cardinal Giacomo Savelli, now 
 Honorius IV., thirty-fourth pope. 
 
 " The same year" (rudim. chron. Lond.), in England, the court of king's bench instituted. And 
 the abbey church of Westminster completed. 
 
 " The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Martinus Polus. 
 
 " 1286 A. D."(Nicol.), a synod at Naumburg. Against " those who imprisoned bishops and clerks." 
 
 " In this year" (Humb. cosm. v.), charts, astrolabes, and the compass mentioned by Raimundus 
 Lullius maravill. orb. as in use among the Barcelonians. — He died " in 13 15 " (Pouchet). 
 
 '• July 8th " (Nicol.), a s\ nod at Ravenna. The practice introduced by the laity of inviting jong- 
 leurs and buffoons at weddings or when knighted, was condemned. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth.), by the mandarins of Fou-kien, the ships visiting one of the ports of 
 Southern China stated to have come from ''more than ninety foreign kingdoms." 
 
 " In this year (=6S5 A. H." of Ferisht. Elph.), Bulbun succeeded by his grandson Kei Kobad, 
 now tenth sultan of Delhi. 
 
 The Persian poet Saadi writing. — He died " in 1291." 
 
 Tulipa Gesneriana of the Uralian plains. Called in Britain tulip, by old writers "tulipan" the 
 Turkish word for turban, in Persian "dulbend" (Prior), in Hindustanee " lala " or "shaqaik" 
 (D'roz.) : the "tulipe" of the gardens is mentioned by Saadi — (Babour-nameh, and Klapr. mem. ii. 
 155) : T. Gesneriana was observed by Pallas trav. i. 384 abounding on the Yaik ; was brought from 
 Constantinople in or about 1554 (Balbin., and Beckm.) probably by Busbecke, and became at once a fa- 
 vourite garden flower throughout Europe ; is described by Camerarius ; was observed by Rauwolf under 
 cultivation on Lebanon ; is known to occur seemingly wild in Thrace, Cappadocia, and Russia 
 (Pers., and Spreng.) ; and Hindustanee names indicate its presence in Northern Hindustan. By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in wardens. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 759 
 
 "In this year " (Way pref. pr. pm.), the most highly esteemed of medieval dictionaries, the catho- 
 hcon or summa of Johannes Januensis de Balbis completed. — The work is quoted by Galfridus pr. 
 pm., and was first printed "in 1460." 
 
 Teucrium scorodonia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wood-sage 
 (Prior), in which we recognize the S \ L gl \ S I L V e S t r I S of Johannes Januensis cath., — identified 
 by Galfridus pr. pm. with the "ambrosia," and translated " wylde sawge " in the Ortus vocab. : T. 
 scorodonia is termed "chamsedrys fruticosa sylvestris melissae folio" by Tournefort inst. 205, " t. syl- 
 vestre " by Lamarck fl. fr. ; and is known to grow in woods throughout middle Europe as far as Britain 
 (Pers., and Curt. lond. v. pi. 40). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 "About this time" (Klapr. direst, p. vii and 249), Aisin Gioro elected chief by Tungusi tribes 
 associating along the Sounggari above its confluence with the Amour. The new nation received the 
 name of " Mandchou." 
 
 Tombs covered at great expense with large stones, not uncommon in Daouria, are claimed by 
 the Tungusi* as those of their ancestors — (Pall. trav. iv. 342). The Tungusi are further described 
 by Pallas as having the face broader and more flattened than the Mongols, but their language manners 
 and costume much resembling those of the Bouriates Mongols ; their hair black and long, with very 
 little beard. 
 
 Rhododendron chrysanthum of (he mountains of East Siberia as far as Kamtchatka. A low 
 shrub called by the Tartars " schei " tea, by the Koibales " kaschkara," by the Cossacks on the 
 Upper Yenisei " sabyna-trawa," in Daouria by both natives and Russians " tchernogriff " or " kelarsk " 
 (Pall.), and from early times employed medicinally: — observed by Steller, its leaves intoxicating a 
 tame deer, and employed in consequence by his Russian servants to intoxicate themselves ; observed 
 also by Gmelin iv. pi. 54 in East Siberia ; by Sokolof, on the high mountains of Daouria ; by Pallas 
 iv. 532 and fl. i. pi. 30, on the mountains along the Upper Yenisei. Its medicinal properties are 
 commended by Koelpin (Lindl.). 
 
 " In this year " (mission to Ava p. 79), ten Chinese envoys_ murdered at the Burmese court for 
 insisting on wearing boots in the royal presence. 
 
 " 1287 A. D." (M.irco Polo, and Paulh. 360), Nayen commanding in Eastern Tartary, and who 
 had been baptized a Christian, conspiring against his relative Khoubilai-Khan, and defeated by him 
 in battle. 
 
 " March 18th " (Nicol.), a synod at Wurtzburg. " A levy of the tenth penny on all ecclesiastical 
 property " was obtained by the pope. 
 
 " The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), in Sweden, the cathedral at Upsal commenced ; under a 
 French architect, Estienne de Bonneuil. 
 
 " 1288 A. D." (art de verif), Gouda succeeded by Fusimi, cousin of " Fikakusa," and now dairo 
 of Japan. 
 
 "Feb. 15th" (Nicol.), Honorius IV. succeeded by cardinal Jeronimo, now Nicolaus IV., thirty- 
 fifth pope. Philip IV. le Bel ruling France; and Margaret?, Scotland. — Under the pontificate of 
 Nicolaus IV., " the commencement of the year at Rome was fixed at Easter." 
 
 Simeon de Cordo Januensis, physician to pope Nicolaus IV., at this time writing. He had visited 
 Sicily and the Greek islands — (Spreng., and Pouchet). 
 
 Pimpinella dissecta of Western Europe. The S&.X I f !"<!$ &. distinguished from the p I m pi- 
 ne L L&. by Simeon de Cordo, differing according to a proverb in having no hairs, — mentioned also by 
 Matthasus Sylvaticus pand. 573 f. 162 (Spreng.), may be compared: the "saxifraga" of the drug- 
 shops is described by Ruel iii. 85 as smoother than the "pampinule: " P. dissecta is described by 
 Dodoens p. 315 (Spreng.) ; is known to grow in woods from Paris to the Mediterranean (Retz obs. 
 iii. pi. 2, Thuill, and Thore), according to Lindley, the medicinal "effects as in P. saxifraga " 
 
 Pimpinella magna of Western Europe. Much resembling the preceding, — but regarded as 
 distinct : described by Miller, and Linnaeus : observed by Scopoli in Carniolia ; known to grow from 
 Denmark to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pi. 1155, Engl. bot. pi. 408, Jacq. austr. pi. 396), and 
 
 * Ribes procumbens of Daouria. Called there " mochovaia smorodina," known from early times, 
 — and observed by Pallas iv. 362. 
 
 Pyrus baccata of East Siberia. Called beyond Lake Baical " iablotchki," its fruit resembling a 
 little apple and known frjm early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 142 abounding on the Selenga ; 
 known to grow also on the Schilka river of Daouria (Pers.). 
 
 Ulmus microphylla of East Siberia. A small tree called beyond Lake Baical "ilimovnik," and 
 known from early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 143 abounding on the Selenga. 
 
760 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 according to Lindley as far as "the Levant," its medicinal properties "similar in effect to P. sax- 
 ifraga." 
 
 Potent ilia recta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The seven-leaved q U I n q U 6- 
 fOLlUITl of Simeon de Cordo of Genoa — is referred here by Sprengel: P. recta is termed " penta- 
 phyllum maius " by Brunfels ii. 33, "quinquefolium rectum luteum" by Tournefort inst. 297; was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard in Southern Greece ; and is known to occur along walls and on the 
 margin of cultivated ground in middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 383, Crantz, Lam. fl. fr., Lap., 
 and Pers). 
 
 Imperatoria ostruthium of Northern Europe, and about mountains farther South. Called in 
 Britain master-wort (Prior) : the OStrutlum of Simeon Januensis — is referred here by Rhodius 
 coram. Scrib. Larg. 10: I. ostruthium is described by Anguillara p. 211 ; was received from Ferrante 
 Imperato of Naples by C. Bauhin pin. iv. 1 ; is termed "i. major" by Tournefort inst. 317 ; and is 
 known to grow along the base of the Alps from France to Austria, and in " moist meadows and 
 woods" as far as the Baltic and Sweden (Pers., Koch, Fries, and Lindl.) ; but in Britain is regarded 
 as not certainly indigenous (Blackw. pi. 279, Engl. bot. pi. 1380, Wats., and A. Dec). Eastward, 
 the "kumenokarnavathin" of Maximus Planudes morb. may be compared: I. ostruthium was ob- 
 served by Sibthorp in waste places on Cyprus. By European colonists, was carried to Madeira 
 ( ); to Iceland (Wats.) ; and to Newfoundland, where it was observed by Pilaye (Dec). Accord- 
 ing to Burnett, and Lindley, the umbels are flattish " eight or ten inches wide," and the root " acrid 
 and bitter, it is used as a masticatory in toothache, and many writers speak well of it as a febrifuge." 
 (See Saponaria officinalis.) 
 
 Blcchnum boreale of Western Europe. Called in Britain hard fern from the rigid texture of the 
 frond (Prior) : the C 1 1 r I U m of Simeon Januensis — is referred here by Manardus : B. boreale is 
 termed ''waldt asplenon " by Tragus i. pi. 188, as observed by him in the woods of Germany; is 
 known to grow also as far as Britain. 
 
 "Nov. nth" (Nicol.), a synod at Saltzburg. " Forbidding the bishops to render homage to the 
 lay lord of the province." 
 
 " In this year (= 687 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Kei Kobad succeeded by Jelal-u-din, a Khilji 
 "seventy" years of age and now eleventh sultan of Delhi. 
 
 "1289 A. D." (Garc de la Vega), rebellion of the Chancas, the first in Peruvian history: the 
 Chancas defeated in battle at Yuhuar-Pampa near Cuzco, and abdication of the fleeing Yahuarhuacac 
 in favour of his son Ripac or Huira-cocha or Viracocha, now eighth Inca of Peru.* — Yiracocha added 
 a province to the empire ; and constructed a canal one hundred and twenty leagues long, to irrigate 
 the province of Chinchasuyu. The mummy of Viracocha, " that of a very old man " (Markham edit. 
 Ciez. p. Ii), and those of four other Incas were seen by G. de la Vega in 1 560 in an apartment at Cuzco. 
 
 " 1290 A. D." (art de verif.), Kalaobn succeeded by Khalyl, eighth Memhik sultan of Egypt. 
 
 "In this year" (Way ed. Pr. pm 267), the Jews totally expelled from England by Edward I. 
 In Italy (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the cathedral at Orvieto. 
 
 The same year = " 1216 an. jav.," date of a Javan inscription in which "the descendants of 
 Prabu " are mentioned — (according to the translation in Raffles append. 9). 
 
 "1291, May 19th" (Blair), the city of Ptolemais re-taken by sultan . . the finishing blow 
 
 to the crusades. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), a synod in London. A decree, That no one should give estates to the 
 priesthood, nor the priesthood be allowed to purchase without the king's consent. 
 
 " 1292, March 17th " (Nicol.), a synod at Bremen. "Against those who imprisoned bishops." 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.). a synod at Chichester. A statute, Forbidding "the depasturing 
 of cattle in churchyards." 
 
 "In this year (=691 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), invasion of the Punjab by Mogul Tartars 
 repelled by sultan Jelal-u-din. On this occasion, " three thousand " of the enemy joined his standard, 
 soon after embraced the Mahometan religion, and a place in the suburbs of Delhi was assigned for 
 their residence — to the present day called Moghulpura. 
 
 " 1293 A. D." (art de verif.), Khalyl succeeded by Beydarah ; and after a single day, by Naser, 
 tenth Memluk sultan of Egypt. Besides his mosque and tomb at Cairo, Naser built bridges, foun- 
 tains, academies, and other works of public utility. A copper coin issued by him, is figured in 
 Marcel p. 172. 
 
 * Porlicra hygvomctrica of Western Peru. A rigid Zygophylloid bush, closing its leaflets on 
 the approach of rain, and called in Peru " turucasa," employed medicinally from early times, — its 
 properties being similar to those of guaiacum (Lindl.) : observed by Ruiz and Pavon prodr. pi. 9 
 among rubbish in sunny situations in Peru (Pers.) ; and according to Lindley extending into Chili. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 76 1 
 
 " From this year " (Blair), " a regular succession of English parliaments." 
 
 About this time, or according to some writers, four centuries earlier (Blair), the " motion of trepi- 
 dation " or the variation of the sun's declination, discovered by the Arabian astronomer Thebit-ben- 
 Corah. 
 
 The following plants known from early times to the natives of Florida, Platanthera ciliaris their 
 "rattle snake's master," the root employed both internally and externally. 
 
 Of the fragments of pottery, arrow-heads, and other implements of stone and bone in the rubbish- 
 heaps of Florida, some as early probably as this date.* 
 
 Quercus virens of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The live oak, a large tree growing in 
 the vicinity of the sea, known to the natives from early times : — "evergreen oaks" were seen by 
 Cabeza de Vaca on the North shore of the Mexican Gulf: O. virens was observed by Catesby i. pi. 
 16, and Elliot, in Carolina ; by F. A. Michaux, from Lat. 37 to 30° and along the Gulf to and beyond 
 the mouths of the Mississippi ; by Darby, not North of 30 22' on the Lower Mississippi, nor West 
 of the Sabine ; by N. A. Ware, and Chapman, in Florida; and by Bartram, as far as 28°. Its timber 
 is highly valued fur ship-building. 
 
 Yucca aloifolia of the seashore from North Carolina to Florida and Vera Cruz. The generic 
 name aboriginal, — but the plant called by colonists Spanish bayonet (A. Gray) : Y. aloifolia is known 
 to grow near Vera Cruz and on Jamaica (Pers.) ; was observed by Baldwin at 29 in Florida; by 
 
 * Andromeda (Leucothoe) acuminata of Carolina and Florida. A shrub with a hollow stem, 
 from early times "used by the natives for making their pipe-stems" — (Pursh) : observed by Bar- 
 tram catal., and Michaux, in Florida; by Walter, and Elliot, in Carolina; by Schweinitz, and Curtis, 
 as far North as 36" 
 
 Zamia puinila of Florida. The coontie is a low palmetto-like plant, its trunk yielding the 
 '■ kun-ti hat-ki " white bread, prepared by the Seminoles from early times — (Fontaneda transl. B. 
 Smith, and Laudonn.) : Z. pumila was observed by Baldwin, and N. A. Ware, commencing at 
 Lat 30 ; by Chapman, in "low grounds South Florida," and Florida arrow 1 oot procured from its 
 trunk; is known to grow also in Domingo (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by the 
 younger Linnaeus, and Jacquin rar. iii. pi. 635. The Zamia of the Bahamas, furnishing according to 
 Lindley " one of the best kinds of arrow root," may be compared. 
 
 Stnilax pseudo-china of Carolina and Florida. Called on the Roanoke •' tsinaw " (Hariot), and 
 from early times bread made by the natives from its tuberous rootstock ; also in Florida, the "kun-ti 
 tsah-ti " red bread of the Seminoles — (B. Smith edit. Fontan): S. pseudo-china was observed by 
 Sloane i. pi. 143 on Jamaica (Pers.) ; by Chapman, in " woods and thickets, Florida, and Northward ; " 
 by Walter 245, and Elliot, as far as the Santee ; and the " tsinaw " of the Roanoke is described by 
 Hariot as the root of a briar similar to china-root used for making bread (De Bry i. 17). Trans- 
 ported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. no (Lindl.). 
 
 Pachyma cocos of the alluvial Atlantic border of North America. The tuckaho is a large hard- 
 crusted fungus growing underground in sandy pine-barrens ; and a root like the truffle and sweet, 
 eaten from early times by the Seminoles, — is mentioned by Fontaneda: the " okeepenauk," a round 
 root as large as a man's head, found by Hariot eaten crude by the natives on the Roanoke (De Bry i), 
 may also be compared : and the " tockowhough " of the natives on James river is enumerated by 
 Strachey: P. cocos is described by Schweinitz, as observed by him in Carolina; and is known to 
 grow as far North as 40° in peninsular New Jersey. 
 
 Pinus tceda of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The loblolly or old-field pine, a lofty tree, 
 known to the natives from early times, — and probably the "pines " seen by Cabeza de Vaca on the 
 North shore of the Mexican Gulf: "abietes " large and lo.ty for masts of ships, were seen by Hariot 
 on the Roanoke: P. taeda was observed by F. A. Michaux from Lat. 38° throughout the maritime 
 portion of North Carolina; by Pursh, from Virginia to Florida; by Elliot, in South Carolina and 
 Georgia; by Chapman, in Florida, having "valuable but sparingly resinous wood;" by Darby, on 
 Pearl river, and to Lat. 30 on the Mississippi. 
 
 Sabal Adausoni of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The dwarf palmetto, known to the 
 natives from early times; — clearly the "dwarf palmettos like those of Castile" seen by Cabeza 
 de Vaca on the North shore of the Mexican Gulf, and the "palmitoes upon low palm trees like those 
 of Andaluzia" seen by De Soto in Florida: S. Adansoni is termed "chamaerops acaulis " by Michaux 
 i. 207 ; was observed by Elliot on the sea-islands of Carolina and Georgia; by N. A. Ware, in Flo- 
 rida; by Chapman, ' in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina," its "stem short, buried in 
 the earth ; " by Nuttall, not North of 33 on the Mississippi ; and by Darby, in Opelousas. Trans- 
 ported to' Europe, is described by Guernsent soc. philom. lxvii. pi. 25, and Jacquin hort. iii. pi. 8 
 (Pers.). ^ 
 
762 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Chapman, in "sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina," its palm-like trunk « four to eight 
 feet hiijh." Transported to England, its introduction is recorded by < icrarde ; the plant is described 
 also by Parkinson, C. Commelyn, and Dillehius cltli. pi. 3^4; was observed by Clot-Bey in Egypt, 
 under cultivation by European residents; and has recently been introduced into Hindustan (Lush, 
 and Graham). 
 
 In this year (= "Jan. 8th, 1305 — 2d — 1 1 years " in litt, Yule cath. 197), arrival at Pekin of 
 the first Catholic missionary, John of Montecorvino. He was treated with great respect, — built 
 churches, and remained until his death in 1328 (= " 1336 — 8 years " in litt. emb. Chin , Yule 314). 
 
 "Towards the close of the Thirteenth century" (Pouchet), the earliest treatise on hunting 
 issued. — The " Livre du roi .Modus" followed, written in the first part of the Fourteenth century. 
 
 "1294, March 9th" (Nicol.), a synod at Saumur. A statute, Prohibiting "the imposition of 
 pecuniary penalties in confession." 
 
 "July 5th" (Alst, and Nicol.), Nicolaus IV. succeeded by Peter de Morone or Celestinus V. : 
 who, abdicating and retiring into a monastery, was succeeded " Dec. 24th " by cardinal Benedict 
 Gaetano, now Bonifacius VIII., thirty-seventh pope. Adolphus of Nassau ruling Germany and Italy; 
 and John Baliol, Scotland. 
 
 "In this year (=693 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Ala-u-din, nephew of sultan Jelal-u-din, pro- 
 ceeding Southward with an army "about seven hundred miles" unexpectedly fell upon Deogiri 
 (Dowlatabad), defeated the Mahratta king Ramdeo, and compelled a ransom and cession of terri- 
 tory. 
 
 From China returning by sea, .Marco Polo 160 visited " Cianba " (Tsiompa) ; and Java, where 
 the Muslims had introduced their religion. He also speaks of the Greater Java (Sumatra ?), regarded 
 by mariners as "the largest island" in the world ; of " Necuveran " (Nicobar Islands) where the 
 people go naked and have no king; of " Angaman " (Andaman Islands) ; and of the "Cariaines 
 which is spread over Ava " (the earliest historical notice of the Karens, according to Mason in beng. 
 as. soc. vii.). 
 
 On reaching " Sedan " (Ceylon), Marco Polo 17S found " Adam's Peak " of the Saracens called 
 " the monument of Sergamon Borcam " by the Idolaters. In Hindustan, he saw peacocks "d'autre 
 faison qe ne sunt les notres " (PaTO cristatus) : and ascertained, That ships from China came to 
 '• Melibar; " and merchandise was carried thence Westward to Alexandria (1. c. 157, 183). 
 
 On Aral) authority, the home of the legendary bird "rue" is placed by Marco Polo 191 on 
 " Madagascar " (evidence, that the fossil gigantic lurii-cggs occurring there were alreadv known). 
 This island and " Zanghibar " were the principal seat of the trade in elephants' tectli (brought of course 
 from Interior Africa). The people of the former island were Muslim, and of the latter, all Idolaters 
 (a statement which seems to imply, that the Arabs had not as yet occupied Zanzibar). — Continuing 
 his return Westward, Marco Polo reached Europe in " 121)5." 
 
 "The same year " (Yule cath. 1. 87), date of an inscription on Java by Uttungadewa, claiming to 
 be sovereign over the whole island, having subjected "five kings." About this time an envov from 
 Khoubilai demanding homage and tribute insulted and sent back : — an avenging expedition by the 
 Chinese was repelled (Yule, and Odoric 21). 
 
 " 1295 A. D. = ' youan-tching,' 1st year of " Timour-Khan or " Tching-tsoung, of the Youan " or 
 Twenty-second dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "July 19th (= 695, Ramzan 17" of Ferisht., Elph.), Jelal-u-din succeeded by his nephew Ala-u- 
 din, now twelfth sultan of Delhi. — One of his maxims was, That religion has no connection with 
 civil government. 
 
 " The same year "(.... rudim. chron. Lond.), letters of marque first granted to privateers. By 
 Edward king of England, against the Portuguese. 
 
 1296 A. D. (= " 1221 an. jav.," Raffles x.), in Java, Raden Tanduran son of Munding Wangi and 
 lawful heir finding himself excluded from the go\ eminent, left New 1'ajajaran and proceeding East- 
 ward founded Majapaliit. Here he was joined by adherents enough to establish a rival kingdom,— 
 and war ensued with his half-brother Chiong Wanara. 
 
 " In this year" (Lubke and Lutrow), the cathedral at Florence commenced. 
 
 "In this year" (transl. in mel. Remus, iii. 102), visit of a Chinese official to Tchin-la or Cam- 
 bodia.* He found there men versed in astronomy, who predicted eclipses both of the sun and moon, 
 
 * A'agcia Japonic* of Japan. Called there " yamamomo," and furnishing perhaps the wooden 
 combs enumerated by the Chinese official as imported into Cambodia from China: — its wood used 
 in Japan for making these implements (Thumb, trav.) ; and its bark, in the process of dyeing (Jap. 
 centen. comm. 31 and So) : N. Japonica is described also by Kaempfer amoen. v. pi. 874. 
 
 Cymbidium striatum of Japan. The " jonc appele" Ian" enumerated by the Chinese official as 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 763 
 
 but by a different method from the Chinese. Of three religions, Budhism was the most flourishing ; 
 the other two are described as peculiar. The natives did not bury their dead, but exposed them to 
 beasts and birds of prey ; the custom of burning the dead being confined to the descendants of Chi- 
 nese emigrants. 
 
 Soja hispida of Japan. Enumerated by the Chinese official 141 as unknown in Cambodia : — 
 "miso" beans are mentioned in 1444 in the annals of the Japanese emperors (transl. Tits, and Klap- 
 roth) ; were observed by Kaempfer v. 837, and Thunberg, under frequent cultivation near Nagasaki 
 and elsewhere ; are known to be made into the condiment called " soia " (Pers.) in English soy; 
 also into a white porridge in general use among the Chinese and called by them " teu hu " or " tauhu " 
 (Loureir.). Westward, S. hispida was observed by Mason in Burmah ; by Roxburgh, and Graham, 
 in the gardens of Hindustan. Transported to Europe, is described by Jacquin rar. pi. 145. 
 
 Garciuia elliptica of the Siamese countries. One of the two trees yielding gamboge and called 
 in Burmah " tha-nat-dau " (Mason) : the " kiang-hoang" resin found according to the Chinese official 
 among trees in Cambodia — is referred by Remusat to the " hoang-kiang " or gamboge: the "ossa- 
 reh-rewund " rhubarb juice of Persian medical writers, is also referred here by Royle : G. elliptica, 
 described by Wallich, is regarded by Mason as probably a species growing South of the Tavoy river 
 in Burmah and ascertained by him to yield gamboge. In Europe, gamboge was first made known by 
 Clusius, who " in 1603 " received specimens by the way of Amsierdam from China (Pereir.): its use 
 as a pigment and medicine has since become general, and specimens were seen by Rouyer in the 
 drug-shops of Egypt. 
 
 Urtica (Boehmeria) nivca of Subtropical China and Japan. China-grass or nettle-hemp is called 
 in Bengal '■ kunkhoora," in Assam " rheea " (Royle), in Burmah " gwon " (Mason), and in Malay 
 " ramee " ( . . . ) : the " tchu " was unknown in Cambodia when visited by the Chinese official ; 
 — the '■ tchou-ma " of the Imperial treatise on Agriculture Ixxviii. 3 is referred here by Stanislas 
 Julien, is mentioned also in the Nong-tching-tsiouen-chou general treatise on Agriculture : B. nivea 
 is described by Rumphius v. pi. 79; was observed by Loureiro in Anam and China, often cultivated ; 
 
 unknown in Cambodia, — is referred here by Remusat. C. striatum was observed by Thunberg pi. 9 
 in Japan. 
 
 Neplieliuni litchi of Cambodia and the Philippines. A tree called in Tagalo '■ alpai " or " alipai " 
 or "alupai " or " lechias " (Blanco) ; and the " li-tchi " fruit of Cambodia was found by the Chinese 
 official agreeing in shape with that of China but sour : — the " plums " met with on the Philippines by 
 Mendoza are referred to the li-tchi by Navarrete, who found trees wild on the Batam mountains near 
 Manila, the fruit inferior to that produced in China, where it is accounted "queen of fruits;" N. 
 litchi was observed by Blanco wild on the Philippines, and a variety resembling that of China grow- 
 ing on mountains ; by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Nieuhoff, Osbeck, and Sonnerat pi. 129, in these or the 
 neighbouring countries. By European colonists, was carried to Burmah, where according to Mason 
 v. 448 the trees -'bore their first fruit last year ; " to Bengal, where it has been successfully culti- 
 vated (Mason) ; to the environs of Bombay, observed " in gardens " by Graham ; to Zanzibar, 
 brought it was said in " an American ship from Sumatra," the trees at the time of my visit bearing 
 fruit. 
 
 Citrus toroia of the Philippines. The double-leaved citron is called in Burmah " shouk pouk " 
 (Mason), in Tagalo " suha " (Blanco) ; and the orange of Cambodia was found by the Chinese official 
 agreeing in shape with that of China (C. aurantium) but sour : — C. torosa was observed by Blanco 
 frequent in woods on the Philippines, the petiole wider than the leaf, the fruit exceedingly acid and 
 not eaten, one variety called " colobot " used by the natives in bathing; was observed also in the 
 environs of Manila by Mr. Rich ; by Mason v. 453 to 760 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated as far 
 North as Tavoy Lat. 14 , its fruit small, one variety "with a smooth, and another with a rough skin." 
 Eastward from the Philippines, a "wild orange suitable for making lemonade" was observed by 
 Labillardiere on Waygiou (near New Guinea) ; C. torosa was observed by myself on the Feejeean 
 and Samoan Islands, aboriginally introduced and now naturalized, a low tree with orange-like fruit, 
 but two-thirds of the diameter rind, the contained pulp intensely acid and found by Mr. Rich used 
 by the natives in "washing their hair," the leaves in drying separate from the stem and also become 
 disjointed. 
 
 Jasminum arborescens of Tropical Eastern Asia. A small tree with large white fragrant flowers 
 called in the environs of Bombay " koond " (Graham) ; and the " jasmin des Indes " enumerated by 
 the Chinese official among the fragrant flowers worn by the king of Cambodia, — may be compared: 
 J. arborescens is termed " nyctanthes grandiflora " by Loureiro, as observed by him in Anam. West- 
 ward, is described by Roxburgh i. 95 ; was observed by Lush in the vicinity of Bombay, at " Dapoo- 
 ree, introduced from China" (Graham). 
 
764 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 by Mac Gowan, around the "base of hills from Cochinchina to Yellow river" (Royle fihr.) ; by 
 Kaempfer, and Thunberg, growing abundantly in Southern Japan ; by Blanco, frequent in Northern 
 Luzon ; is known to occur on Celebes and Borneo, and its fibres are exported from Sumatra ; accord- 
 ing to Masoli v. 519, is " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated around Ava and recently in Tavoy ; was 
 observed by Roxburgh, Royle, and Wight, under cultivation in Hindustan, the fibres according to 
 Lankester " second to none in strength and beauty " are " used throughout the East for making tex- 
 tile fabrics " (Drur.). Transported to Europe, was thence according to Clot-Bey introduced by the 
 way of France into Egypt, where it is now successfully cultivated. 
 
 " 1297 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. Respecting an anathema pronounced by the 
 patriarch Athanasius against the emperor. 
 
 " In this year (= 697 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), by Sultan Ala-u-din of Delhi, Guzerat con- 
 quered, and-now placed under Muslim government. 
 
 " The same year " (rudim. chron. Lond.), in England, king Edward compelled to a solemn confir- 
 mation of Magna Charta ; with the addition, That no tax shall be levied without the consent of the 
 knights, citizens, and burgesses, assembled in parliament. Regarded as the origin of the present 
 constitution of parliament. 
 
 " 129S A. D." (Blair), on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus in Bithynia, the Greek armies de- 
 feated by Osman or Othman. Regarded as the beginning of the Turkish empire ; a new phase in 
 the progress of the Muslims. 
 
 " Before the close of the 13th century (= a patrum memoria " of Petrarch, Major edit. Bethenc), 
 Lancerote, one of the Canary Islands, visited by Lancelote Malocello, a Genoese. A castle said to 
 have been built bv him — continued extant in the days of Bethencourt 32. 
 
 Plocama paidula of the Canary Islands. A. Rubiaceous plant called in Guanche " balo " 
 (Webb), and known from early times. — Transported to Europe, described by Aiton i. 292, and 
 Gmelin syst. 390 (Pers.). 
 
 Buphtlialmum . . sp. of the Canary Islands. Called there "joriada" (Webb), and known 
 from early times. B. scriceum, with a tree-like trunk, — is known to grow on Teneriffe (Pers.) : and 
 from transported specimens is described by the younger Linnaeus. 
 
 Canarina campanula of the Canary Islands. A sort of bell-flower called in Guanche " bica- 
 caro " (Webb), and known from early times. — Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. 
 pi. 276, and Linnaeus. 
 
 I'isnca mocanera of the Canary Islands. Called in Guanche " mocan " (Webb), and known 
 from early times: — growing in mountain woods (Pers.). From transported specimens, described by 
 Linnaeus the younger, and Jussieu. . 
 
 Convolvulus floriilns of the Canary Islands. A shrubby prostrate species full of beautiful flow- 
 ers, called in Guanche " guaydil " (Webb), and known from early times : — growing on the rocks of 
 Teneriffe (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by Linnaeus the younger, and Jacquin pi. 34. 
 
 Digitalis Canariensis of the Canary Islands. Called there " nota (gnota)," and known from 
 early times — (Webb). Received from the Canaries (Pers.), is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 525, 
 Commelyn hort. ii. pi. 53, and Linnaeus. 
 
 Cnconim pulverulentum of the Canary Islands. Called in Guanche " orixama " (Webb), and 
 known from early times: — growing on Teneriffe (Pers.). Transported to Europe, described by 
 Linnaeus, and Ventenat hort. eels. pi. 77. 
 
 " 1299 A. D." (art de verif. ), Fusimi succeeded by his son Fusimi II. or Go-Fusimi, now at the 
 age of eleven dairo of Japan. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. Convened by the emperor Andronicus 
 II., To annul the marriage of his nephew. The marriage was notwithstanding declared valid. 
 
 Corchoius capsulars of Tropical Eastern Asia. An annual erect plant eaten as a potherb like 
 C. olitorius, and having the same Sanscrit name " putta," called in Bengalee "put" (Royle) or "ghi- 
 nalita pat " (Drur.), in Tagalo " pasao na bilog " (Blanco) ; and the ku^ikov, so called according to 
 Actuarius from its involved capsules, and employed by him medicinally — ( Ruel ii. 5), maybe com- 
 pared: C. capsularis was seen in Hindustan by Rumphius v. pi. 78 ; by Graham, "common in Bom- 
 bay, springing up in gardens and cultivated grounds," by Nimmo farther North and South "in both. 
 Concans;" by Wight, in other parts of the peninsula; and by Roxburgh, and Royle, extensively 
 cultivated especially in Bengal for its fibres called jute, of which gunny bags are made. Farther East, 
 by Mason v. 521 "a common weed " in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous ; is known to be cultivated 
 in China; and was observed by Blanco on the Philippines. Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Plukenet aim. pi. 255. 
 
 "1300 A. D." (Alst, and Nicol.), the "jubilaeum" instituted by pope Bonifacius VIII. 
 Commencing the year " at Christmas, which custom was followed by nearly all his successors in the 
 Fourteenth century " (see above). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 765 
 
 " As early as this date " (German archaeologists, and Bryan diet, paint.), playing-cards in use in 
 Europe. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Velasco, and Markh. edit. G. de la Vega ii. p. 348), Caran succeeded 
 by Duchicala now twelfth scyri of Quito. 
 
 One hundred and sixty-eighth generation. Jan. 1st, 1301, onward mostly beyond youth: the Per- 
 sian writer Munsur Mohammed wr. 1300 (Ainsl.) : the Jewish writers, Isaac Israeli ben Joseph, 
 Jacob ben Machir, Esthori Parchi, Isaac Lattas ben Jehuda, Kalonymos, Benjamin ben Jehuda: the 
 Greek writers, Manuel Philes, Nicephorus Callistus d. after 1327, Thomas Magister d. 1310, Pachy- 
 meses d. after 1310, Maximus Planudes d. after 1327: Marsilius Patavinus, Dante: Nicolaus Alex- 
 andrinus ; Bernard de Gordon ; Ermengaud Blasius : the scholastic theologians, J. Duns Scotus, 
 Augustinus de Ancona, Alanus, Petrus Aureolus, Antonius Andrea?, Durandus a. s. Portiano, Her- 
 vaeus Natalis, and Franciscus Mayronis : the botanists, Albertus de Saxonia, and Petrus Apono d. 
 13 14 (Pouch.) : the painter Giotto d. 1336. 
 
 " The same year " (Schouw. xii.), a lava-stream issuing on the isle of Ischia in the bay of Naples. 
 "In or about this year" (Steinschneid. ii. 12), short dissertations by various celebrated Chris- 
 tian writers, translated into Hebrew by Jehuda ben Moses of Rome ; to show his brethren, " That 
 the Christian nation is not destitute of all true science." 
 
 " In this year (= 5th of the ' ta-tS ' of the Yuan dynasty," geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr.), a military 
 government together with a naval station established on Tan-lo or Ouelpaerts Island. 
 
 " 1302 A. D." (art de verif.), abdication of Fusimi II. in favour of Nidsio II. or Go-Nidsio, 
 eldest son of Gouda, and now dairo of Japan. 
 
 "Apr. 10th" (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. Convened by Philip IV. le Bel, who had imprisoned the 
 bishop of Pamiers ; On a Bull "in favour of that prelate " sent by pope Bonifacius VIII. 
 
 " Oct. 30th " (Nicol.), a synod at Rome. Philip IV. le Bel was threatened by the pope. And 
 the decretal " Unam Sanctam " was composed ; tending to prove, " That the pope possesses the right 
 of appointing, correcting, and deposing sovereigns." 
 
 " 1303, March 12th " (Nicol.), a synod at Paris : and the pope "accused of heresy, simony, and 
 other crimes." In another synod "June 13th," the accusation was repeated; and "before Septem- 
 ber," upwards of " seven hundred acts of appeal, consent, and adhesion, from ecclesiastical bodies, 
 bishops, and others " were obtained by Philip IV. le Bel. 
 
 " In this year" (Markham edit, note p. 92), the city of Sultanieh in Persia founded by Mohammed 
 Khodah Bundah, of the house of Jenghiz and the first Persian ruler of the sect of Ali. 
 
 Periploca Graca of the Tauro-Caspian countries. A woody-stemmed climber called in Greece 
 " galaxitha " (Sibth.), by the Russians " svidina," and known from early times, — observed by Sokolof 
 along the Kouma within sight of Caucasus (Pall. trav. v. 218) ; by Sibthorp, in hedges in Bithynia 
 and on mount Athos ; is known to occur also in Syria (Pers.). Transported West, is described by 
 Gesner, Matthioli, Lobel, Camerarius, C. Bauhin, and Tournefort inst. 93. Was observed by Osbeck 
 on the seashore near Canton ; and clearly by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, 
 where escaping from cultivation it has been observed by myself seemingly wild near Salem, and 
 according to A. Gray also " near Rochester '' N. Y. 
 
 "Aug. 1 6th (=3d moharram A. H. 733" of Abul Fazl, Orient, transl. lond.), the fortress of 
 Chaitur captured by sultan Ala-ad-din of Delhi. "The non-military inhabitants having refrained 
 from taking any share in the defence, were permitted to remain secure from slaughter." Fenshta 
 places the event in " A. H. 703 " = 1303 (Elph.). 
 
 " Oct 22d " (Nicol.), Bonifacius VIII. succeeded by cardinal Nicolas Bocasi, now Benedictus X., 
 thirty-eighth pope. Albertus of Austria ruling Germany and Italy. The dispute with Philip IV. le 
 Bel was amicably terminated by pope Benedictus X. 
 
 " ' " 1304 A. D." (Crawfurd vii. 11), the island of Ternate visited by Javanese and Malays to pro- 
 cure cloves, and many of them setlle there. 
 
 " 1305 June 15th" (Alst., and Nicol.), after an interval of "eleven months," Benedictus X. suc- 
 ceeded by Bertrand de Goth archbishop of Bordeaux, now Clemens V., thirty-ninth pope. 
 
 " Sept. 15th to Oct. 5th " (Nicol.), a synod in London. Convened by king Edward, "To con- 
 sider the means of establishing a lasting peace between England and Scotland." 
 
 The writings of Arnoldus de Villanova condemned to be burned by the Inquisition at Tarragona, 
 but accepted and praised by pope Clemens V. - (Pouchet). Arnoldus died "in 1312." 
 
 Dianthtis carthusianorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A pink included in the 
 tunica he rb\ of Arnoldus, -and others (Fuchs., and Caesalpinus vi. 44) : D. carthusianorum 
 is described by Brunfels ii. 58, and Fuchsius pi. 35^ (Spreng ) ; is termed "caryophyllus sylvestns 
 vulgaris » by Tournefort inst. 333 i and is .known to grow from 5 5° in Russia as far as France, but 
 not in the more humid climate of Scandinavia and Britain (Vill., AIL Scop., and A De c.) ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople and on the Bithyman Olympus ; by D Urville, in the 
 
766 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Crimea; and is known to grow from Caucasus to the mouth of the Ural (C. A. Mey., Sokoloff, and 
 
 Ledeb.). 
 
 Diaut/tiis superbits of middle Europe. Called in Germany "wild ne.^ele," and included in the 
 "tunica herba" of Arnoldus, — and others (Fuchs. pi. 353, and Spreng. coram. D. iv. 1) : known to 
 grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 57S, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). 
 
 Solidago -uiigaurea of Northern climates. Called in Britain .^Mv/vW (Prior), and the VI rg A 
 ^ UPC A. of Arnoldus — is referred here by Dalechamp and others: S. virgaurea is termed " virga 
 aurea latifolia serrata " by Tournefort inst. 4H4 ; is known to grow throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe as far as Lapland (flor. Dan. pi. 61.3, Engl. bot. pi. 301, and Wats.). Eastward, was observed 
 by Sibthorp on the Bith\nian Olympus and in the environs of Smyrna; by Hasselquist, on the Medi- 
 terranean border of Egypt; is known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.) and throughout Siberia (Wats ) ; 
 was observed by Thunberg in Japan, called " tojakf " or " senbli " or " senbuli " and used medicinally. 
 Farther East, is known to"grow in Ilaska (Wats.) and throughout Canada; was observed by Colmeis- 
 ter in Labrador (Pursh), and by myself along the Lower St. Lawrence and on the White mountains. 
 
 " 1306 A. D. (= 706 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), by sultan Ala-u-din, Malik Cafur sent with an 
 army against Deogiri (Dowlatabad) and the Mahratta king Ram Deo, in the course which the Caves 
 of Ellora are first mentioned. Ram Deo came out of his fort/ ess. accompanied Calur to Delhi where 
 he was received with favour, and returned loaded with honours. 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. iv.), the triangular configuration of Southern Africa* represented 
 in the map of the world by Marino Sanuto Torsello, — also in the Genoese Portulano Mediceo " 1351," 
 the Planisferio de la Palatina " [417," and the Mappa-mondo of Fra Mauro Camalclolese " 1457-9," 
 known therefore in Europe "178" years before the actual circumnavigation by B. Diaz in "May 
 1487." (The information probably obtained from Arab navigators on the Indian Ocean). 
 
 " In this year "' (F. Mason ii. 26), in Burmah, Magadu or \Va\irau king of Martaban, assassi- 
 nated. He was succeeded by his brother Krunglau : — during whose reign of four years, the city of 
 Maulmain is first mentioned. 
 
 * L'cstruiii I'enenatiun of Austral Africa. A large woody bush ; — said to be employed by the 
 Hottentots to destroy wild beasts by impregnating baits of flesh with its juice; a decoction of the 
 bark reduced to the thickness of jelly, used by them to envenom their arrows (Thunb. fl. 193, and 
 Lindl.). 
 
 Brunsvigia toxica) ia of Austral Africa. An Amaryllis-like plant ; — the viscid juice of the bulbs 
 a dangerous poison, one of the ingredients used by the Bushmen to envenom their arrows, and sup- 
 posed to add most powerfully to the activity of the poison (Patters, trav. pi. 1, Thunb. trav., and 
 Lindl.). As transported to Europe, the plant is described by Ker bot reg. pi. 567, and Aiton i. 405. 
 
 Sidcroxvlunt toxiferum of Austral Africa. Besides the venom of serpents, a third plant whose 
 juice is used by the Hottentots for poisoning arrows — (Thunb. trav. iii. I). 
 
 Curtisia faginea of Austral Africa. Employed bv the Hottentots for the shaft of their javelins, 
 which are pointed with iron — (Thunb. iii. 4, and Soland.). 
 
 Cyperus lextilis of Austral Africa. Fine mats made of rushes, and principally of this plant, by 
 the Hottentots— (Thunb.). 
 
 Restio dichotomus of Austral Africa. Employed by the Hottentots for making brooms and thatch- 
 ing dwellings — (Thunb.). From transported specimens, described by Linnaeus, and Rottboell pi. 2. 
 
 Roritiula deulata of Austral Africa. Placed in dwellings for the purpose of catching flies — 
 (Thunb.) : described also by Burmann. And from transported specimens, by Linnaeus. 
 
 Among the woods suitable for making implements, Citnouia, I'riclulia Capeusis, Curtisia, Olea 
 ■ven-ucosa, 0. Cape/zsis, Gardenia T/twibeigia, G. Rotliinaiutia, Rovena viitosa, I 'ir-ji/ia Capensis, 
 J'rotea grandiflora, P. barbata, JSrabejmn stellitlifoliiuii, and J lex eroeea, — are enumerated by Thun- 
 berg. 
 
 Mimosa Capends of Austral Africa. Furnishing charcoal — (Thunb.). 
 
 Caroeylon sahola of Austral Africa. An irregular leafless shrub six feet high, growing through- 
 out the Karro, and used as a substitute for soap — (Thunb., and Pers.). From transported specimens, 
 described by the younger Linnaeus suppl. 173. 
 
 Carissa arditiiia of Austral Africa. A thorny shrub called " gatagay,'' the berries said to be 
 eaten by the Hottentots, — the root also eaten in Austral .Africa (Thunb.). Carried to Hindustan in 
 1S37 by A. N. Shaw (Giaham) : and as transported to Europe, described by Miller pi. 300, and 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Umbellif. incerl. of Austral Africa. An Umbelliferous plant called " gli " by the Hottentots, who 
 obtain from the root, mixing honey, a sort of mead that induces intoxication — (Thunb.). 
 
 Eitfihurbia genistoides of Austral Africa. When eaten, induces retention of urine — (Thunb.). 
 From transported specimens, the plant is described by Linnaeus. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 767 
 
 " 1307 A. D." (Blair), beginning of the association of the Swiss cantons. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol), a synod at Sis in Armenia. "To cement the union between the 
 churches of Armenia and Rome." 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), end of the chronicle of Siffridus Presbyter. 
 
 " 1308 A. D. (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Nidsio II. succeeded by Fannasono, younger brother 
 of Fusimi II., and now ninety-fourth dairo of Japan. 
 
 "The same year = 'tchi-ta,' 1st year of Wou-tsoung, of the Youan" or Twenty-second dynasty 
 (Chinese chron. table). By order of Wou-tsoung. the Hiao-king of Confucius, a treatise on filial piety, 
 was translated into the Mongul language — (Pauth.). 
 
 The power of the Lamas and Lamaism increasing in China : a religion "founded on the idea of 
 the continued incarnation of Budha in the person of the Grand lama"— (Remusat, and Pauth. p. 367 
 and 378). In regard to the forms of the religion, Hue and Gabet found the Budhists coinciding with 
 the Catholics in the "crosier, mitre, dalmatica, cope or pluvial, double-choired liturgy, psalmody, exor- 
 cisms, censer, benedictions, rosary, ecclesiastical celibate, spiritual retreats, worship of saints, fasts, 
 processions, holy water." (H. Yule in soc. Hakl.). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., Blair, and Nicol.), removal of the French pope Clement V. from Rome 
 to Avignon in France. And Albertus of Austria succeeded by Henricus VII., as emperor of Germany 
 and Italy. — Avignon continued the seat of the papacy "seventy" years 
 
 "In this year" (Danish chron., and Relat. du Groenl. 205), fearful thunder in Greenland and a 
 church called Skalholt burned by lightning, the storm accompanied with " broken rocks " and great 
 quantities of ashes (the result apparently of some volcanic eruption). 
 
 " 1309 A. D." (Wilford as. res. ix. 178), end of the Vansavali, a list of the kings of Guzerat. 
 
 The aboriginals of Virginia •' conceaved not to have inhabited" the low country below the falls 
 of James river "much more than three hundred years " (Strachey 33) : and some of the fragments of 
 pottery, as well as arrow-heads and other implements of stone or bone contained in rubbish-heaps on 
 tributaries of the Chesapeake and Delaware, as early probably as this date.* 
 
 * Liriodendron tulipifera of Northeast America. The tulip-tree, improperly called "poplar" or 
 "white poplar," known to the natives from early times: — the "white-poplar" was seen by Strachey 
 on James river • L. tulipifera is known to grow from the Connecticut river and 4 \° on Lake Champlain 
 (F. A. Mx., and Eat.). Westward and Southward ; has been observed by myself along the Atlantic 
 as far as 39° ; by Catesby i. pi. 4S, in South Carolina, and by Chapman in " low grounds Florida," 
 though according to F. A. Michaux rare in the maritime portion of Carolina, Georgia and Florida : by 
 myself, abounding on the Ohio and Wabash ; by Nuttall, not on the Arkansas nor lower down the 
 Mississippi than 35 ; but was seen by Darby on the Washita and at Baton Rouge. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Hermann lugd. 613 (Spreng), Trew, and Miller ; and by European colonists, 
 was carried to Madeira (A. Dec). 
 
 Podophyllum pel/alum of Northeast America. The may-apple is a vernal woodland herb, its 
 fruit eaten from eaYly times : — " certain e ground aples a pleasant fruite" were seen by Newport on 
 James river; and the "mandrake" is enumerated by Josselyn 2d voy. 77 as "very rare" and "found 
 in the woods about Pascataway : " P. peltatum is known to grow as iar as 44 along the Atlantic and 
 46 on the St Lawrence (Hook.) ; has been observed by myself from 43° to 38°; by Elliot, in 
 South Carolina ; by Chapman, in " Florida and northward ;" by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Beck, 
 near St. Louis ; and was received by Hooker from Lake Huron. Transported to Europe, is described 
 by Trew pi. 29. 
 
 Sangitinaria Canadensis of Northeast America. The bloodroot, another vernal woodland herb, 
 is sometimes called by the Virginia natives "puccoon" (Clayt.), but " musquaspenne " — as heard by 
 Strachey, who describes its root as of the bigness of a finger and red as blood, withering in drying to 
 almost nothino-, but used by the natives on James river to paint mats and other articles : S. Canadensis 
 is known to grow "throughout Canada" (Hook.), from at least 47° ; has been observed by myself 
 along the Atlantic from 43 to 38 ; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; by Catesby i. pi. 24, and Elliot, in South 
 Carolina; by Michaux, from Canada to Florida; by Chapman, in "Florida and northward," and by 
 Croom as far as 30° 30' ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas, and by E. James at the lead mines of Missouri. 
 Transported to Europe, is termed "chelidonium maximum Canadense " by Cornuti 212. 
 
 Batschia canesccus of the Ohio and its tributaries. The puccocn, called by the natives on James 
 river "pocones," "a small roote that groweth in the mountaines," dried and used medicinally as well 
 as to paint their heads and garments — (Strachey) : B. canescens is termed "anchusa floribus sparsis 
 caule o-labro" by Gronovius p. 24 as seen by Clayton in Virginia; was observed by Michaux on the 
 Tennessee ; by Elliot, in the upper district of Carolina; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansas ; 
 and according to A. Gray grows from Western New York to Kentucky and Wisconsin. 
 
 Batschia Carolinensis of Northeast America. An allied species — not known to be used for 
 
768 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Robinia pseudacacia of the tributaries of the Mississippi, from the Alleghanies Westward. The 
 American locust, a tree known to the natives from early times, and perhaps in some instances 
 planted by them : — Strachey on James river met with a " kind of low tree " bearing a " cod-like pease," 
 
 dyeing; observed by myself from Lat. 40 along the Atlantic, but full "thirty miles " from the sea, as 
 remarked by Elliot in Carolina; is known to grow in Virginia 'A. Gray) ; was observed by Walter, 
 and Michaux, in Carolina ; by Chapman, in "dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina ; " by Nut- 
 tall in Arkansas ; and according to A. Gray, grows in "dry woods, Michigan to Wisconsin." From 
 transported specimens, is described by Morison iii. 11. 28. 4, and J. F. Gmelin syst. ii. 315. 
 
 Carya amara of Northeast America. The bitter-nut hickory known to the natives from early 
 times: — a kind of "walnutt" with "fruit little, thin-shelled, and the kernel bitter," was seen by 
 Strachey on James river: C. amara, by myself from the Merrimack Westward; by F. A. Michaux 
 from 45° in Vermont throughout Ohio and Illinois ; by A. Gray, "common" (in central New York) ; 
 by Pursh, from New England to Maryland and the Alleghanies ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by 
 Chapman, in "Florida, and northward;" by Darby, on Pearl river in Louisiana; and by Nuttall, on 
 the Arkansas. 
 
 Carya tomentosa of Northeast America. The hickory, known to the natives from early times : 
 — "walnut" growing on the Hudson and "good for fuel," is enumerated by the remonstrants against 
 Stuyvesant: C. tomentosa was observed by F. A. Michaux from Lat. 43 on the Atlantic throughout 
 Kentucky and Tennessee to Upper Carolina and Georgia ; by myself, to 39° ; by Pursh, in Virginia ; 
 by Croom, near Newlx-rn ; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in " rich soil, Florida, and 
 northward ; " by Darby 17S, at 31° on Pearl river in Louisiana ; by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; and by 
 Baldwin, as far as 39 on the Missouri. 
 
 Carya alba of Northeast America. The shell-baik hickory, a tree with scaling bark, its nuts 
 eaten by the natives, and oil obtained from them to season their aliments — (F. A. Mx.) : "two kinds 
 of nuts that will yield oil," were seen by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) ; a kind of "walnutt" 
 with hard shell, meat sweet, of which the Indians make oil, was seen by Strachey on James river: 
 C. alba was observed by F. A. Michaux from 43 on the Atlantic throughout the Ohio States to South 
 Carolina; by myself, from 43 to 39°; by Michaux, in Lower Virginia; by Schweinitz, at 36° ; by 
 Elliot, in the upper country of Carolina; by Chapman, "in the upp"er districts, Georgia, and north- 
 ward ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. Notwithstanding the demand for 
 its nuts, its cultivation does not appear to have been attempted. 
 
 Carya sulcata of Northeast America. The hard-nut hickory, its bark also scaling, and its nuts 
 eaten by the natives from early times : — is perhaps one of the " two kinds " of oil-yielding nuts seen by 
 Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) : a third kind of " walnutt," as the last, exceeding hard shell and 
 passing sweet kernel, was seen by Strachey on James river • C sulcata, by F. A. Michaux from Lat 
 40 rare along the Atlantic, throughout the Ohio States ; by Pursh, on the Alleghanies ; by Croom 
 around Newbern ; by Elliot, rare in the low country of Carolina; and according to A Gray grows 
 in " rich woods, Pennsylvania to Illinois and Kentucky, nuts nearly as sweet as in the last " 
 
 Carya glabra of Northeast America. The pignut huk,„r, 'known to the natives from early 
 times: -included doubtless in the "walnut of different sizes in great abundance " on the Hudson 
 mentioned by the remonstrants against Stmvesant: "smalnuts " were seen by Higgeson near Salem \ 
 walnut the nuts "smooth "and "some three-cornered, all of them but thinly replenished with 
 kernels, by Josselyn m Eastern New England : C. glabra, by myself from the Saco and Lat. 46° 
 near Montreal Westward and Southward; by F. A. Michaux, from 43° on the Atlantic to Georgia 
 and throughout the Ohio States ; by Pursh, in Virginia ; by Croom, around Newbern ; by Elliot, in 
 South Carolina ; by Chapman, in "woods, Florida, and northward ;" by Darby, in Louisiana North 
 of 31 ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Baldwin, at 39 ° on the Missouri ; its wood according to 
 A. Gray very tough and valuable," and its "exceedingly tough sprouts used as hnkory withes." 
 
 lolygala senega of Northeast America. The seucca snakeroot, called by the natives •• senega," 
 and from early times the root used against the bite of the rattle-snake - (Kalm trav. iii. s, and Forst. 
 cat.) : P. senega rs known to grow from the border of New England (A. Gray) Westward and South- 
 ward ; was rece.ved by Hooker from the Saskatchewan Lat. 50° ; by A. Gray, from Wisconsin ; was 
 observed by Short in Kentucky; by Pursh, in Canada and on the Alleghanies ; by Conrad, at 40° on 
 the Delaware; by Schweinitz, at 36°; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of Carolina; and according to 
 Chapman, grows m Tennessee. From transported specimens, is described by Linnaeus 
 
 Apios tuberosa of Northeast America. A Leguminous vine called by the natives " hopnis » 
 (Forst. cat), and its tubers eaten from early times : -the " openawk," round roots strung together, 
 some as large or larger than a walnut, growing in marshy places and good for food when cooked, were 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 769 
 
 and supposed by his party to be the " locust : " R. pseudacacia is known to be indigenous among the 
 Alleghanies from Lat. 40° (F. A. Mx.) to Carolina (Ell ) ; was observed by F. A. Michaux, and 
 myself, indigenous along the Ohio ; by Darby, as far as Natchitoches on Red river ; by E. James, on 
 
 seen by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) ; "ground nutts," by Newport on James river ; "ground- 
 nuts," by Gosnold on Elizabeth Island, and according to a Latin poem and one in English attributed 
 to Bradford, proved a resource to the Plymouth colonists during the famine a year after their arrival : 
 A. tuberosa was received by Hooker from Lat. 47 on the Lower St. Lawrence ; was observed by 
 myself along the Atlantic from 43 to 39 ; by Michaux, from Virginia to Carolina and Illinois ; by 
 Croom, near Newbern ; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by N. A. Ware, in West Florida; by Bartram, 
 as far as 28 ; by Chapman, in " swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward ; " by Nuttall, on the 
 Arkansas ; by Long's Expedition, on the Platte. Transported to Europe, is described by Cornuti 
 pi. 76. 
 
 Cerasus serotina of Northeast America. The rum cherry or American black cherry is a large 
 tree known to the natives from early times, and its fruit eaten : — • " cherry-trees " were seen by New- 
 port on James river ; " wild cherries " are enumerated by the remonstrants against Stuyvesant as 
 growing on the Hudson ; and wild cherries " blackish red when ripe and of a harsh taste," by Josselyn 
 rar. 60 in New England, who further states that " transplanted and manured they grow exceeding 
 fair: " near the sea, C. serotina has been observed by myself only in the cultivated state; but was 
 found by F. A. Michaux in Maine, and is known to grow on the Mississippi as far as St. Peter's 
 river 45 (Long's Exp. ii. 222); was observed by A. Gray in "woods, common" (in central New 
 York) ; by F. A. Michaux, on the Genessee, and abounding in Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and Ten- 
 nessee ; by Chapman, in "woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward ;" by Darby, in Opelousas ; 
 and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is described by Miller, and Ehrhart 
 iii. 20. 
 
 Opuntia vulgaris of the alluvial Atlantic border of North America. The prickly pear, known 
 to the natives from early times, and its fruit eaten: the " metaquesunnauk " of the natives on the 
 Roanoke — is described by Hariot as an elegant fruit of the shape and almost as large as our "piro- 
 rum," red without and within, growing on a plant whose leaves are full of prickles (De Bry i.) : 
 " prickle peare," the same as seen on Bermuda, was found by Strachey on James river : and " Spanish 
 fiir S which o-row out of the leaves" are mentioned by the remonstrants against Stuyvesant: O. vul- 
 garis is known to grow from Nantucket (A. Gray) and 42 on the Hudson throughout peninsular 
 New Jersey (C. P.); was observed by Nuttall from New Jersey to Florida; by Elliot, in South 
 Carolina ; by Chapman, in " dry sandy soil, Florida and northward, near the coast." Transported 
 to Europe, is described by Io. Robin pi. 7. 
 
 Ayssa multiflora of Northeast America. The black gum or upland fupelo, a tree known to the 
 natives from early times : — known to grow from Lat. 41° along the Atlantic (Torr.) ; observed by 
 Marshall, F. A. Michaux, and myself, from Lat. 40 ; by F. A. Michaux, in Georgia, Tennessee, 
 and Kentucky; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "rich upland woods, Florida to Mis- 
 sissippi, and northward;" by Darby 117, to 31 in Louisiana. 
 
 Ayssa bijlora of Northeast America. The swamp titpelo, known to the natives from early 
 times: the " wenomesippaguash " of the Narragansets — is referred by R. Williams to the "vine 
 tree ■ '' and " the home bound tree that to be cloven scornes " was observed by W. Wood " growing 
 with'broad-spread arms, the vines twist their curling branches about them, which vines afford great 
 store of crapes" (V. labrusca) : N. biflora has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 43 
 30' to 41° • by F. A. Michaux, from the lower part of New Hampshire to Pennsylvania ; by Pursh, 
 in Virginia and Carolina ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, in "swamps, Florida to North 
 Carolina, and westward;" by Nuttall, in Lat. 3 4° ™ the Arkansas, and by E. James as far as the 
 
 Canadian branch. 
 
 Viburnum dentatum of Northeast America. The arrow-wood- is a large shrub, known from 
 earlv times- the " smale elderne " by the Indian fletchers sought, - observed near Plymouth by 
 W Wood i ? is referred here by Tuckerman : V. dentatum is known to grow from Lat. 4 7° on thi 
 Chaudiere (Hook ) ; has been observed by myself along the Atlantic as far as 39° ; by Schweinitz, 
 at .6° ■ bv Pursh from the mountains of New York to Carolina ; by Elliot, on the mountains of Caro- 
 lina ■ by Baldwin, as far as 3 1°; by Chapman, in " rich damp soil, West Florida to Mississippi, and 
 northward ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; and according to the fl. Mex. seen by Decandolle, grows within 
 
 ^Vattttm^amineum of Northeast America. The deerberry known ^ from early times: the 
 "rawcomenes" of the natives on James river, - described by Strachey as "like our goose-berries,' 
 and the "goosberyes" seen there by Newport, are referred here by Forster cat. : V. stamineum is 
 
 97 
 
770 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the Canadian branch of the Upper Arkansas. Beyond these limits, though known to Chapman only 
 from "the upper districts," was seen by Baldwin at St. Mary's, by Croom as far as 30 30', and is now 
 cultivated throughout our Atlantic States. Transported to Europe, is described by Duhamel ; was 
 seen by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt. 
 
 known to grow in Michigan, and along the Atlantic from Lat. 43 30' (A. Gray) ; was observed by 
 myself from 47° to 39° ; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Michaux, from Penn- 
 sylvania to Florida; by Chapman, in "Florida, and northward;" by Croom, as far as 30 30' ; and 
 by Baldwin to 30° ; by Short, in Kentucky; by Darby 153 in Louisiana; by Humboldt and Bon- 
 pland, at Real del monte, 1420, in Mexico (Steud., and Kunth). 
 
 J'accinium (Gaj lussacia) dumosa of Northeast America. The hairy huckleberry, having inferior 
 hairy fruit, eaten by the natives from early times: — known to grow along the coast from 43 30' 
 (A. Gray) ; observed by myself from 42 30', in bogs near Salem, throughout peninsular New Jersey 
 to 38° in the Delaware peninsula; by Michaux, from Virginia to Florida; by Elliot, in South Caro- 
 lina; by Baldwin, in Florida (Collins); by Chapman, "Florida to Mississippi, and northward." 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Andrews pi. 112, and Aiton. 
 
 Diospyros ]'ii giniaiia of Northeast America. The "piakmine" ox persimmon called by the 
 Louisiana natives " ougoufle " — (Bossu trav. 349) : loaves made of the substance of prunes "like 
 unto brickes, also plummes of the making and bigness of nuts and have three or four stones in them," 
 were seen bv De Soto on the Mississippi (soc. Hakl.) ; " mespilorum genus," by Le Moyne in Florida; 
 "mespila" unfit to eat until soft and tender " rutilo colore," by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) ; 
 " pessemmins," by Strachey on James river; and "medlars" on the Hudson, by the remonstrants 
 against the policy of Stuyvesant : D. Virginiana is known to grow from about 41 30' in New England 
 (F. A. Mx., and A. Gray) and on the Mississippi (Long's Exp.) ; was observed by F. A. Michaux 
 throughout the Southern and Western States; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Croom as far as 
 30 30'; by Bartram to 2S ; by Chapman, " Florida to Mississippi, and northward;" bv Nuttall, on 
 the Arkansas, and var. "pubescens ; '' by E. James, as far as the junction of the Canadian. 
 
 Ipomoea pandurata of Northeast America. Called by the natives "mechameck" (Lindl.), and 
 known from early times : — the "galbanum mechoacon otherwise called rubarbum album " was em- 
 ployed medicinally by Dr. Bohun on the James river in the time of Strachev 31 : I. pandurata was 
 observed by Torrey as far North as 41° on the Atlantic ; by Michaux, in Virginia (Pers.) ; by Elliot, 
 in South Carolina ; by Baldwin, as far as Matanzas in Florida ; by Chapman, " Florida to Mississippi ; " 
 by Nuttall, on the Arkansas; by Short, in Kentucky; and was received by A. Gray from Illinois. 
 The powdered root "requires to be given in larger doses than jalap" (Lindl.). 
 
 Colhnsonia Canadensis of Northeast Ameiica. The rich-weed or horse-balm, from early times 
 used by the natives against the bite of the rattle-snake — (Kalm trav. i 197, and Forst. cat.): C. 
 Canadensis has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 43^; by Bartram, at 40 ; bv 
 Schweinitz, at 36° ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina (Benth.) ; by Nuttall, on the summit of 
 Table mountain in North Carolina; by Elliot, on the mountains of Carolina; by Chapman, "Florida 
 to Mississippi, and northward ; " by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky ; by A. Gray, as far as Mich- 
 igan. From transported specimens, is described by Linnjeus. 
 
 Laiirus (Benzoin) oaoiijernm of Northeast America. The spice-bush or fever-bush, known to 
 the natives from early times : — "a precious gem called wine benjamin, that they say is excellent for 
 perfumes," procured according to Higueson from "trees" growing near Salem : B. odoriferum has 
 been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 43 to 38 ; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; by Elliot, in 
 South Carolina; by Michaux, from Canada to Florida; by Baldwin, as far as 31°; by Chapman, 
 " Florida, and northward," a " shrub six to ten feet high ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; by Long's Exp., 
 on the Mississippi as far as 41 ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is 
 described by Plukenet aim. pi. 139, and Commelyn hort. pi. 97. 
 
 Moms rubra of Northeast America. The red mulberry, known to the natives from early times: 
 — "mulberrie trees" were observed by De Soto frequent on the route to Apalache ; "mulberry- 
 trees," by Strachey on James river, planted around native dwellings, and said to grow naturally in 
 some parts of the country in groves; and "mulberries" on the Hudson, are enumerated by 'the 
 remonstrants against Stuyvesant: M. rubra was observed by F. A. Michaux from Lat. 45 on the 
 Connecticut river and Lake Champlain Westward and Southward throughout Ohio, Kentucky, and 
 Tennessee, but rare in the lower portion of our Southern States; bv Schweinitz, at 36° ; by Chap- 
 man, in "rich woods, Florida, and northward;" by N. A. Ware, in Florida and Ope'lousas ; by 
 Long's Expedition, on the Mississippi as far as 41 ; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansas, and 
 by E. James on the Lower Canadian. From transported specimens, is described by Linnjeus. 
 
 Castanea pitmila of Northeast America. The chinquapin, called " cheebniquamins " by the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 77 I 
 
 Fragaria Virginiana of Northeast America. A strawberry called by the New England natives 
 " wuttahimneash," and from early times bruised with meal in a mortar and made into bread, — further 
 described by R. Williams (hist. coll. iii. 221) as ''the wonder of all the fruits growing naturally" in 
 
 natives on James river, — growing according to Strachey on little trees and very like small acorns ; 
 according to Newport, "little sweete nutts like acorns, a verye good fruite," and again "certaine 
 sweet thynn-shelled nutts " (archaeol. am. iv. 42}: "castaneae '' were seen by Le Moyne in Florida: C. 
 pumila has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 40 30' ; by F. A. Michaux, from 40° to 
 Florida, West Tennessee, and Louisiana; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; by Catesby i. pi. 9, and Elliot, in 
 South Carolina ; by Chapman, " Florida, and northward ; " by Baldwin, as far as 31°, by Croom to 
 30" 30' ; by Darby, in Opelousas ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas, and by E. James on the Canadian 
 branch. 
 
 Castanea Americana of Northeast America. The American chestnut, called by the Narragan- 
 sets " wompimish," and canoes sometimes made of its trunk (R. Will. 18), its nuts also dried in a 
 peculiar manner so as to preserve them for a dainty all the year — (Gookin coll. 3) : "chesnuts " were 
 seen by De Soto among the mountains ; " castanearum quantitas," by Hariot on the Roanoke (De 
 Bry i.) ; and " chesnuts," by Higgeson near Salem in New England : C. Americana, by myself along 
 the Atlantic from 44 to 38° ; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; by Elliot, in the middle district of Carolina ; by 
 Chapman, in " West Florida, and northward ; " by F. A. Michaux, on the Alleghanies of Carolina 
 and Cumberland mountains of Tennessee ; and by Short, in Kentucky. 
 
 Corylus Americana of Northeast America. The American hazel used for bows from early 
 times: — "avellane" were seen by Verrazzanus on the coast towards the mouth of the Hudson; 
 "corylus" of which bows were made by the natives, by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) ; "fil- 
 berds," by Higgeson near Salem ; and " hazle-nuts " on the Hudson, by the remonstrants against 
 Stuyvesant : C. Americana, by Michaux from Canada to Florida ; by myself along the Atlantic from 
 43 to 40 ; by Schweinitz at 36 ; by Elliot, in the upper district of Carolina and Georgia ; by Chap- 
 man, in "West Florida, and northward," its branches "tough and flexible;" by Short, in Kentucky; 
 by myself, on the Wabash ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Myrica cerifera of Northeast America. The wax-myrtle or bayberry, perhaps one of the three 
 kinds of berries yielding oil to the natives on the Roanoke (Hariot) ; among the Nantucket natives, 
 the " medomhumar " punishment for boys consisted in filling their nostrils with water in which the 
 woody portion of its root had been steeped — (Z. Macy in hist. coll. iii. 159) = the "myrtle" was 
 seen by W. Wood i. 5 near Plymouth ; M. cerifera, by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by myself, along 
 the Atlantic from 45° to 42° ; and was received by A. Gray from Lake Erie. From transported speci- 
 mens, described by Linnaeus. 
 
 Myrica Carolincnsis of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. — Possibly the oil-yielding berry 
 seen by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) : observed by myself along the Atlantic from 39 in the 
 Delaware peninsula ; by Schweinitz, at 36° near Fayette; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, 
 " mostly near the coast, Florida, and northward ; " and by Nuttall, in Arkansas. 
 
 Orontium aqu.Uicum of Northeast America. An Araceous aquatic sometimes called golden club 
 (A. Gray) : clearly the " sacquenummener " of the Roanoke, growing in stagnant water, its berries 
 like capparis but a little larger and requiring eight or nine hours cooking (Har. in De Bry i. 19) ; 
 and "ocouo-htanamims" of James river, "growing in watry valleis and very much like unto capers," 
 and which tre poisonous unless boiled " nere halfe a daie " — (Strachey) : O. aquaticum is known 
 to <rrow from Lat. 42 in Massachusetts (A. Gray) and on the Hudson (Eat.) ; was observed by 
 myself to 39 ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by N. A. Ware in Florida, and by Croom on the Ock- 
 lockony; by Chapman, in "ponds and slow-flowing streams, Florida, and northward ; " but was not 
 seen by Nuttall West of the Alleghanies. From transported specimens, is described by Linnaeus. 
 
 Sagittaria variabilis of North America. The American arrow-head, called by the natives in 
 Northwest America " wappatoo " (R. Brown jun.), in Northeast America " katniss," and its root 
 extensively eaten — (Kalm trav. ii. 97, and Forst. cat.) : S. variabilis has been observed by myself 
 alon-r the Atlantic from 43 to 40 ; by Pursh, from Pennsylvania to Carolina; by Schweinitz, at 
 36 - & by Elliot in South Carolina ; by Chapman, " Florida, and northward ; " by Short, in Kentucky; 
 by Nuttall on 'the Arkansas ; by E. James, at the sources of the Platte ; by Drummond, to 54° on 
 the Saskatchewan; and in Northwest America, its name "wappatoo" was found by R. Brown jun. 
 transferred by the natives to the newly-introduced potato. 
 
 Zi-ania aquatica of Northeast America. The Indian rice is a subaquatic reedy grass, its seeds 
 from early times collected and eaten :-" genus arundinis " bearing grain that resembles rye or 
 wheat and is boiled and eaten, was seen by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i. 19) ; and " nattourne 
 growino- as our bents in meadows, its seed not unlike rye but much smaller, by Strachey on James 
 
772 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 New England, abounding especially "in some parts where the natives have planted " (abandoned 
 clearings exposed to the sun) : " strawberyes " were seen by Newport on James river ; and " fraga " 
 as large and sweet as in English gardens, by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) : F. Virgimana is 
 known to grow on Newfoundland and throughout Canada to Slave Lake Lat. 62° (Hook.) ; was 
 observed by myself along the Atlantic from 45° to 39° ; b y Pursh > from Canada to Carolina ; by 
 Elliot, in the Upper district of Carolina and Georgia ; by Chapman, in " rich woods, Florida to Mis- 
 sissippi, and northward ; " by Croom, as far as 30 30' ; and by Beck, near the mouth of the Missouri. 
 Transported to Europe before 1613, is described by Besler hort. 7 f . 8 (Spreng.), has since become 
 abundantly cultivated, furnishing the most approved garden varieties ; is probably the species enu- 
 merated by Clot-Bey as recently introduced and successfully cultivated in Egypt. 
 
 Sassafras officinale of Northeast America. The sassafras tree, called by the Narragansetts 
 " sasaunckapamuck " (R. Will. 16), and known from early times : — "sassafras " was seen by Ama- 
 das and Barlow on Roanoke island; "saxefras" wood was one of the earliest articles of commerce 
 with New England (J. Smith n. e. trials), and a voyage to procure some was made in 1603 by Pring: 
 S. officinale has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 43 to 38 ; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; 
 by Catesby i. pi. SS, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "Florida, and northward;" by 
 Croom, as far as 30° 30'; by F. A. Michaux, from 43 to Florida, and throughout the Ohio States 
 to the Missouri; by Long's Expedition, as far up the Mississippi as 43 ; by E. James, at the 
 junction of the Canadian and Arkansas; and was seen by Hernandez at Mechoacan Lat. 20 in 
 Mexico. Transported from Florida to Europe, became known "in 1571 " to Monardes pi. : the 
 imported bark and wood continue to be employed medicinally (Lindl.) ; and "sassal'ra" wood, im- 
 ported by the way of Greece, was found by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt. 
 
 Quercus alba of Northeast America. The white oak : dried acorns of the " mangummenauk " 
 macerated in water for food by the natives on the Roanoke (Har.) ; acorns dried and boiled for food 
 by the Narragansetts (R. Will, key 16) ; and "white-oak acorns" boiled for oil by the natives of 
 New England — (Joss, rar. 47) : <| alba was also seen in New England by W. Wood i. 5, and Hig- 
 geson ; by F. A. Michaux, from the Lower Kennebec and 46 in Canada to Illinois, and along the 
 Atlantic to 2S ; by myself, from 43 30' to 38°; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in 
 "damp woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward ; " by Darby, on the Washita river ; by Nuttall, 
 on the Arkansas ; by E. James on its Canadian branch ; and by Long's Expedition, as far as 4S on 
 Rainy Lake. (See Acer rubrum). 
 
 Juniperus lirginiaua of Northeast America. The red cedar or American savin, called by the 
 Narragansetts " mishquawtuck " — (R. Will, key 16) : "savins" were seen by Cabeza de Vaca on 
 the North shore of the Mexican Gulf; " cedrus," by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) ; the "cedar 
 tree " by W. Wood in New England, not " very high " and its wood " more desired for ornament than 
 substance, being of colour red and white, like eugh, smelling as sweet as juniper :" J. Yirginiana is 
 known to grow from Lat. 45 in New England (Kalm) and 50 on Lake Winnipeg (Long's Exp. ii. 
 81) ; has been observed by myself from 43 30' along the Atlantic to 38° ; by Elliot, in South Carolina 
 and Georgia ; by Chapman, " Florida, and northward ; " by Bartram, as far as 28° -, by F. A. Michaux, 
 from 44 in New England to Cape Florida, St. Bernard's Bay, and in the Western States ; by Darby, 
 near Natchitoches ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by E. James, at the sources of the Arkansas as far 
 as the Rocky mountains. 
 
 " 1310 A. D." (Blair), the island of Rhodes captured by the Knights of St. John ; and made the 
 residence of this monastic 1 >rder. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicoh), synods at Paris, Mavence, Senlis, Ravenna, and Salamanca. On 
 the accusations against knights Templars, some of whom were found guilty. 
 
 The same year = " 718 Hcj ," inscribed in Palestine on the great tower at Ramleh : completed 
 (according to Mejr-el-Din, Kitt. cycl. bibl.) in this year by sultan Naser. 
 
 "In this year" (Plumb, cosm. ii., Klaproth gives 12^4), the Persian writer Rashid-eddin corn- 
 river : Z. aquatica was observed in Fox river of Lake Huron by Marquette in 1 C73 ; and is known to 
 form beds in inundated situations from " Lat. 50 " on the Winnipeg River (Mackenz., and Long's 
 Exp. ii. m) along the Mississippi and its tributaries ; was observed by Nuttall along the Arkansas; 
 by Short in Kentucky ; by myself, from the St Lawrence near Quebec to 39° along the Atlantic ; by 
 Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, in " Florida, and northward ; " and was received from Florida 
 by Pursh. 
 
 Cypripedium acaule of Northeast America. The moccasin flower of the natives, from early 
 times in great esteem for decking their hair — (Catesby, and Cutl. p. 4S6) : C. acaule was observed by 
 myself from 48 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 38 in the Delaware peninsula; by Croom, near New- 
 bern ; by Elliot, only in the Upper district of Carolina ; and by Short, in Kentucky. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 773 
 
 posing his history of the rulers of Cathay. Japan is described under the name of " Djemen kou " 
 (Klapr. note to ann. Jap.). 
 
 Raschid-eddin speaks of "a kind of stone" in China "which is used instead of fire-wood" — 
 (Yule cath. 261), obviously mineral coal. 
 
 "In this year (= 710 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Cafur sent against the Belal raja of Carnata. 
 Marching by Deogiri (Dowlatabad) he captured Dwara Samudra the capital, put an end to the dynasty 
 of Belal, and reduced the territory as far as the seacoast, where he built a mosque at Adam's Bridge 
 opposite Ceylon. — The mosque continued standing in the days of Ferishta. 
 
 "131 1, Oct. 16th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Fifteenth general, ecclesiastical Council. Assembled at 
 Vienne in France. Among other acts, The oaths of princes were declared to be " non subjectionis 
 sed fidelitatis, not of subjection but of fidelity." — In a second session "Apr. 3d," the Order of 
 knights Templars was suppressed by the pope, " reserving to the church the disposal of their persons 
 and possessions." 
 
 Franciscus of Piedmont may have been at this time writing. He quotes Arnaldus, Asirnius, 
 Gualterius, and Egidius. 
 
 Scabiosa arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "kouphola- 
 hanon," in Britain with other species scabious, in medieval Latin "scabiosa" (Prior), in France 
 "scabieuse" (Nugent), in which we recognize the SC^blOSe of Franciscus Pedemontium f. 241, 
 — Urbanus (Trag.), and J. J. de Manliis, regarded as a remedy for all who are " raudig " or " grindig" 
 itchy or mangy (Brunswyck, and Prior) : S. arvensis is termed " s. pratensis hirsuta quae officinarum " 
 by Tournefort inst. 465 ;■ and is known to grow in meads and cultivated ground throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 13, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus. 
 
 "1312 A. D. = 'hoang-tsing,' 1st year of Jin-tsoung II., of the Youan " or Twenty-second 
 dynasty (Chinese chron. table). Among ether reforms in government, Jin-tsoung II. prohibited the 
 appointment of eunuchs to political station. He also re-established the "Tribunal of historians;" 
 taking great pains to collect and preserve historical documents. 
 
 " In this year" (Auger., and Spreng.), Vitalis de Furno, author of a treatise on Materia Medica, 
 appointed cardinal by pope Clemens V. 
 
 " 1313 A. D." (Skeat ed. Piers' Plowm. 118), by pope Clemens V., first public sale of Indul- 
 gences. 
 
 " In this year " (Blair), the Order of knights Templars having been suppressed, as above stated, 
 the Grand master Molay with several of the knights burned alive at Paris. 
 
 "The same year" (S. F. Haven in archaeol. Amer. iv. 259), in England, in competition with the 
 long-established " German " company called " Merchants of the Steelyard," a home company incor- 
 porated, under the name of " Merchants of the Staple." 
 
 " 1314, May 7th" (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. An article, Forbidding "ecclesiastical judges to 
 use vague and general citations." 
 
 " 1315, October" (Nicol.), a synod at Senlis. The bishop of Chalons, imprisoned by Louis X. 
 on suspicion of being accessory to the death of Philip IV. le Bel, was released and his possessions 
 restored. 
 
 Thlaspi bursa-pastoris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain shepherd 's-purse (Prior), 
 in Italy "borsa pastore " (Lenz), in which we recognize the burS^m pastor IS of the Liber 
 Saladini, — and J. Jacobi de Manliis : T. bursa-pastoris is termed " bursa-pastoris major folio sinuato " 
 by Tournefort inst. 216, and is known to occur as a weed in Italy and throughout middle and Northern 
 Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 729, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, seems figured 
 in the Vienna manuscript of Dioscorides 38 (Cockayne, and myself) ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 
 bard, and Fraas, frequent in Greece and on the Greek islands and called "tzourkas" or "tragia." 
 Farther South, was observed by Hasselquist in Palestine ; and is known to occur in Abyssinia (Rich.). 
 Farther East, is known to occur in Persia, Nepaul, and throughout Siberia to Daouria and Kam- 
 tchatka (Don, Dec, and Ledeb.) ; was observed by Wight in Tropical Hindustan ; and by Thun- 
 berf in Tapan frequent on the margin of fields and alojig roads and called " neko no samsin." By 
 European colonists, was carried across the Atlantic to Northeast America, where it has become nat- 
 uralized and a frequent weed throughout our Atlantic States as far as Florida (Chapm.), following the 
 fur traders Northward as far as Great Bear Lake (Hook), and Westward as observed by myself to 
 the trading-posts of Colville and Fort Nisqually in Oregon : also by European colonists was carried 
 to the Straits of Magellan and Chili (Dec, and Beechey) ; to Austral Africa, and to the Mauritius 
 Islands (Harv., and A. Dec). _ 
 
 •' 1316 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Adena in Armenia. The decrees of the synod of Sis, For the 
 re-union of the churches of Armenia and Rome, were confirmed. 
 
 " Aug. 7th " (Alst., and Nicol.), after an interval of " two years," Clemens V. succeeded by car- 
 
774 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 dinal James d'Euse, now Joannes XXI I., fortieth pope. Louis II. Bavarus ruling Germany and 
 
 Italy ; Edward II., England ; Robert, Scotland ; and in France, Louis X. succeeded by Phil.p V _ 
 
 "Dec. 19th (= 716 A. H., Shawal 6" of Ferisht., Elph.), death of sultan Ala-u-dm of Delhi. 
 
 He was succeeded „,,,,..,. j »,r u -m 
 
 "1317, March 22 (= 717 A. H. Moharrem 7" of Ferisht., Elph.) by his third son Mobank 
 
 Khilji, now thirteenth sultan of Delhi. 
 
 "June 1st" (according to an Arabic inscription on the walls, Leps. eg. and sin. p. 232;, alter a 
 victory of Naser over the infidels, opening of a mosque at Old Dongola. 
 
 "In this year" (Remus, iv. 172), the Wen-hian-thoung-khao, a historical encyclopedic work by 
 Ma-touan-lin,* offered to and approved by the emperor Jin-tsoung. — It was published "in 1321," 
 and the author died soon afterwards. . 
 
 " In this year," Matthseus Sylvaticus (according to his own statement) at Salerno writing his 
 Pandectre: dedicated by him to Robert king of Sicily. 
 
 Serratula imetaria "of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A saw-wort called in Ger- 
 many " sichelkraut " (Grieb) or " sichelmoren " (Trag.); and the CrlthMTlUS kgreStIS of 
 Matthajus Svlvaticus pand., — is referred here by Tragus ii. 32 : S. tinctoria is termed •• jacea nemo- 
 rensis qua; serratula vulgo " by Tournefort inst. 444 ; is known to grow from Denmark throughout 
 middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 281, and engl. bot. pi. 30), its juice affording a yellow dye (Pers.) ; was 
 observed by Sestini in the environs of Constantinople (Sibth.). 
 
 Lvsimadiia dubia of the East .Mediterranean countries. TheperSIC&.N&. m I n r of Mat- 
 thseus Sylvaticus, —described by Caesalpinus vi. 65 as having leaves like those of •• lysimachie pur- 
 purea; " and flowers purple and whitish, may be compared : L. dubia is termed '■ 1. spicata purpurea 
 minor" by Buxbaum i. pi. 33; was observed by Sibthorp on the marshy shores of the Nicasan Lake; 
 and according to Persoon the petals are connivent. 
 
 Theslum liuophyllum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bastard 
 toad-flax (Prior), and the L I n \r\ 2l of the Pandecta, — and Ortus Sanitatis 261, may be compared : 
 T. linophyllum is termed " anonymos lini folio" by Clusius hist. i. 324. "linaria montana flosculis 
 albicantibus " by C. Bauhin pin. 213, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Tourn. inst. 509, 
 engl. bot. pi. 247, and Hayne): observed by Linnaeus as far as Scania and Smoland; by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands. 
 
 " In this year" (Rawdon Brown, and Major edit. Zen. p. 4), the first name on the List of com- 
 manders on vo\ ages from Venice to Flanders, — continued "down to 1533," and preserved in the 
 Venetian archives. 
 
 " In this year" (Major edit. Bethenc. p. xii), by a treaty, Denis king of Portugal securing a 
 Genoese, Emmanuele Pezagno, as hereditary admiral of his fleet, he and his successors to make unfail- 
 in" provision of twenty experienced Genoese captains to command the king's galleys. 
 
 " 1318 A. D. (=718 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Harpal, the insurgent Mahratta chief, defeated 
 in the Deccan and captured by sultan Mobarik. Who also sending an army under Khusru, a in- 
 verted Hindu, conquered Malabar. f 
 
 " 1319 A. D. (= 1979th of Synnui," art de verif.), abdication of Fannasono in favour of Daigo II. 
 or Go-Daigo, younger brother of Nidsio II., and now dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 1320 A. D." (Alst.), at Frankfort, an assembly of the principal men of the Empire, Louis II. 
 Bavarus being present. "Against the insolence of the pope." 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 307), the Turks, crossing the Hellespont, first enter Europe. 
 
 " 1321 A D. = 'tchi-tchi,' 1st year of Yng-tsoung II., of the Youan" or Twenty-second dynasty 
 — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 * Aucuba Japonica of Central Asia. A spotted-leaved shrub called in China " ising-mou " or 
 " thsing-mou " green-wood (Rem.) ; but the " tsing-mou " found according to Ma-touan-lin in Ki-pin 
 (Cophene) and Po-sse — (Persia), is regarded by Remusat mel. iii. 21 r to 251 as not certainly belong- 
 ing here : A. Japonica was observed by Thunberg planted for ornament in Japan. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Lamarck ill. pi. 759 ; and from Europe was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues in greenhouses. 
 
 RIius sylvestris of Eastern Asia and Japan. The wild wax tree, perhaps the " arbres a cire '' 
 abounding according to Ma-touan-lin in the country of the An-thsai — (Asii or Asiani according to 
 Remusat mel. iii. 23')) : R. sylvestris is known to grow in Japan (Jap. centen. comm. $d). 
 
 f Bragantia U'allichii of Western Hindustan. An Aristolochioid shrub three to four feet high 
 called in Malabar " alpam " (Drur.) ; in which we recognize the " alpam " of the Malabar proverb 
 "As soon as alpam root enters the body poison leaves," — mentioned by Bartolomeo : B. Wallichii 
 was observed byRheedevi.pl. 28 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in "S. Concan, rare" (Graham 250) 
 nearly as far as Bombay; by Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Wjnaad. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 775 
 
 " In the time of Yng-tsoung and of Chun," 1321 to 1367 A. D. (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 473), 
 commerce was twice interrupted, and after a year, re-opened. A decision, That foreign nations 
 should bring a tribute every three years. The regulations at Canton were made extremely severe. 
 Ships bringing tribute, were compelled to discharge cargo and wait through the harvest. And " a 
 hundred and twenty-two houses were built for the accommodation of foreigners." 
 
 "March 24th (= 721 A. H. Rabi-ul-awal " of Ferisht., Elph.), sultan Mobarik and all the 
 Khilji family put to death. "Aug. 22d (= 721 A. H. Rejeb 30" of Ferisht.), the usurper Khusru 
 succeeded by Gheias-u-din Toghlak, now fourteenth sultan of Delhi. — He built at Delhi the fort of 
 Toghlakabad, remarkable for its massive grandeur. 
 
 "In this year (= 721 A. H.," Gildem.), the geographical work of Abulfada completed. He 
 speaks of Malabar, where according to a traveller's account, from the abundance of water and creep- 
 ing plants the whole face of the country is green (a circumstance that seemed extraordinary to one 
 brought up in the Desert) : of the city of Kandahar "built by Alexander:" and of " Lauhaur " (La- 
 hore) also called " Lahaver," described in the Allubab as a great city of India, and the birthplace of 
 many learned men. — He died " in 1331 " (Pouchet). 
 
 1322 A. D. = " 1247 an. jav." (Raffles x.), supposed date of the treaty of partition between Raden 
 Tanduran and his half-brother Chiong Wanara; dividing Java by a line running due South from a stone 
 column placed at Tugu. — After the death of the half-brother, the kingdom soon became united, with 
 the seat of government now at Majapahit. The stone column at Tugu, a few miles West of Sema- 
 rang, continued standing when Raffles was writing. 
 
 " April tst " (acta sanct., and rec. voy. et mem. p. 7), four Franciscan missionaries on their way 
 to Cathay (China) driven by a storm to Tana (near the site of Bombay), and put to death by the 
 Muslim ruler of the country. Their companion, a Dominican named Jordanus Catalani, absent on a 
 visit to Paroco (Baroach), returned and with the aid of a resident Genoese the bodies were trans- 
 ported to Supera (Sefer or Sefarah el Hend) and buried in a church. — In a letter dated "Jan. 1323," 
 Jordanus gives an account of the affair, having perhaps by this time reached his destination Colum- 
 bum or Palumbum (Palembang in Sumatra). He describes his residence as situated in India Major, 
 the pole star only two fingers breadth above the horizon, the sun for six months casting a shadow 
 South, and the days and nights not exceeding each other a full hour at any season. " April 9th 
 1330," he was appointed bishop of Columbum by pope Joannes XXII. 
 
 He describes the ships sailing to Cathay as very large (Chinese junks) ; while those built in 
 India Major were sown together with thread from a certain herb, and though of good size were not 
 decked. A portion of that India was called Champa, where elephants are used for all kinds of work, 
 supplying the place of horses, mules, donkeys, and camels. 
 
 He had heard of the existence on a very great island of homines p \ V V U L I n I pigmy men, 
 no larger than a boy three or four years old but all shaggy like a goat, living in the forest and rarely 
 met with : — clearly the Borneo orang, Pithecus satyrus. 
 
 The &. V I S A_d mOdum miLVI having according to Jordanus mirab. the head white and the 
 body above and beneath tot &. PU beA., snatching fish from the hands of the fishermen, — is clearly 
 the B ram in kite, Haliaetus Ponticerianus. 
 
 Jordanus had heard of a third India (Madagascar and Equatorial Africa), where the huge bird 
 called rOC is found, also animals 2^d modum Ckttl producing the finest of known perfumes 
 (civet), and others kd mod U m &.S I n I but with transverse stripes black and white and very beau- 
 tiful (BurcheWs Zebra, Equus Burchellii). 
 
 While passing through Babylonia, f U 1 1 VIS&.tOrtuC& carrying upon its back five men 
 (Galapagos tortoise, Testudo). 
 
 In&a xylocarpa of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The iron-wood is called in the environs of 
 Bombay "jamba" (Graham), in Telinga " conda-tangheroo " (Drur.) ; and the tree "harder than 
 all, which the strongest arrows can scarcely pierce " seen by Jordanus in Hindustan, — may be com- 
 pared : I. xylocarpa was observed by Graham on the Ghaut and the " hilly parts of the Concan ; " 
 by Roxburgh cor. pi. 100, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, its wood used by the natives for 
 plough-heads and for knees and crooked timbers in shipbuilding. Farther East, was observed by 
 Mason, v. 529, abounding in Burmah " from Mergui to Toungoo " and called " pyen-ka-do," its trunk 
 " thirty and forty feet without a branch " by "'eight and nine " in circumference, the wood extremely 
 durable but so hard that workmen " are reluctant to try their tools on it at any price." 
 
 Entada scandens of wooded Tropical shores from Hindustan to the Polynesian islands. A 
 woody vine called in the environs of Bombay " garbee " or " gardul " (Graham), in Burmah " kung- 
 nyen " (Mason), in which we recognize the C^rroblke of stupendous size seen by Jordanus mirab. 
 in India Minor: — E. scandens was observed in Hindustan byKheedeviii.pl. 32 and ix. pi. 77, 
 Roxburgh, Wight; by Graham, " along the range of Ghauts" running "over the highest trees," the 
 stem found by Gibson in one instance "full six feet in circumference," and the seeds employed by the 
 
776 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 natives as "antifebrile." Farther East, the seeds were found by Mason v. p. 503 employed for 
 the same purpose by the natives of Burmah ; but according to Rumphius v. pi. 4, are roasted and 
 eaten like chestnuts in Sumatra and Java. Eastward from the Malayan archipelago, its huge pods 
 dangling from tree-tops were occasionally observed by myself along the shore of the Feejeean and 
 Samoan groups of islands. By Polynesian or possibly European colonists, was carried to the West 
 Indies, no Carib name being given by Descourtilz notwithstanding that the pods furnish food " ser- 
 vent de nourriture." 
 
 Cijinamomum Loureirii of the mountains of Cochinchina. Called in China " kio kui," in Japan 
 " ni-kei " (Lindl.) : the cinnamon tree is enumerated by Jordanus mirab. as large, growing in India 
 Major and producing fruit and flowers after the manner of cloves $&.HOphyLLOPum: — cas- 
 sia-buds, said to be unexpanded flowers of a Cinnamomum, are further described by H. Yule as bearing 
 some resemblance to cloves ; and flowers of cassia according to Lindley are the product of C. Lou- 
 reirii ; described by Loureiro as growing on the lofty mountains Westward toward Laos, the old and 
 young branches equally worthless, but the middle-sized shoots furnishing bark about a line thick, 
 superior to that of Ceylon and sold at a much higher price. 
 
 "In this year" (Crawfurd vii. 11), Javanese and Arabs visiting Ternate in great numbers and 
 settling there. 
 
 " 1323 A. D." (De Wailly pi. ix. 2), inscriptions of this date piesenting the following form of 
 the letter J. 
 
 Hardly earlier than this year, Odoric of Friuli, a Franciscan, arriving at Tana (near the site of 
 Bombay). Taking the bones of the four murdered missionaries, he proceeded by sea to Coromandel, 
 Sumatra, Java, and deposited them at Zayton in China, where were two houses of friars minor. — 
 After spending "three years " in Northern China before " 132S," he returned to Venice, and died "in 
 January 133T " (Yule cath. i. 6). 
 
 He mentions the sumpit or tube for blowing poisoned darts, — used by the natives of Southern 
 Borneo, Celebes, and the Moluccas (Yule i. go). 
 
 The goose domesticated in China (Anser cygnoides ?) is described by Odoric 29 as having "a 
 bone on the top of its head about the size of an egg.'' Fishing with domesticated cormorants (Pha- 
 lacrocorax carbo) is also mentioned ; and the silk fowl (a variety covered with wool-like down). 
 
 Amomum lardai/ioiiiiiin of the mountainous parts of Java, Sumatra, and as far as Burmah. A. 
 Scitamineous plant producing the round cardanvns of commerce (Nees) or "amomum verum " of 
 the old apothecaries (J. E. Smith): the " melegetas " growing according to Odoric on Java — (Yule i. 
 88) may be compared : A. cardamomum is described by Rumphius v. pi. 65 ; and was observed by 
 Mason indigenous in Burmah. Westward, according to Lindley, is " commonly cultivated in gardens 
 in" Hindustan, its "seeds agreeably aromatic." Transported to Europe, is described by Blackwell 
 pi. 584 and 585. 
 
 Rhapis antndinacea of . The "cassan" canes of Odoric 22, growing on Panten or Thala- 
 
 masyn (Borneo) and " along the ground like what we call dog's grass " (Cynodon dactylon), " and at 
 each of their knots they send out roots, and in such wise extend themselves for a good mile in length, " 
 the stems in thickness "much about the same as the canes in our Frank countries," — may be com- 
 pared with the ground rattan (see Royle fibr. Ind.). From transported specimens, R. arundinacea 
 is described by Aiton (Steud.). 
 
 " 1324 A. D. = 'tai-ting,' istyearof Tai-ting-ti " or Tai-ting 1 1. (Chinese chron. table), beginning 
 of the Sixty-seventh cycle. 
 
 "Nov. 21st" (Nicol), a synod at Toulouse. A canon, Forbidding "clerks to shave oftener 
 than once a month." 
 
 "1325 A. D." (Clavig. i. 112 to 123, Humb. ; and Holmes suppl ), the Aztecs at a lake where they 
 settled, building a temple, and around it "huts of reeds and rushes;" the beginning of the city of 
 Mexico. 
 
 The following plants known to the Creeks from early times,* " toonau " Amaryllis atamasco, its 
 
 * Sisyriiichiuin anccps of Northeast America. The blue-eyed grass, considered by the Creeks 
 "an infallible emmenagogue " and " used by the Cherokees as an emetic "— (Baldw. reliq. 60). 
 Transported to Europe is described by Plukenet amalth. 61. 2 (Spreng.), received by Dillenius elth. 
 pi. 41 from Bermuda, termed " s. angustifolium " by Miller, " s. gramineum " by Curtis, has also 
 reached without human intervention the Western shore of Ireland, found wild at a single 'point (A. 
 Dec). At its home in North America, has been observed by myself from 45 to 40° alon°- the 
 Atlantic, in sunny situations, and especially in grass-grown clearings ; by Pursh, from Canada 
 to Carolina; by Schweinitz, as far as 36 in Upper Carolina; by N. A. Ware, and Chapman, in 
 Florida; by Nuttall, in Pennsylvania and on the Arkansas ; and by E. James, along the Missouri 
 and Platte. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 777 
 
 bulbous root eaten in times of scarcity ; "micco hoyenejau" dwarf willow Salix tristis, their "king 
 physic " or "great medecine," the root bruised in a watery infusion as a tonic, becoming emetic when 
 used freely; Agave Virginica, one of the two plants called "rattle-snake's master;" Aesculus 
 Paawiti, used to intoxicate fish ; " luchau loobe thlucco " large turtle liver, Asarum Virginicum. 
 
 Of fragments of pottery, arrow-heads, and other implements of stone or bone, found in rubbish- 
 heaps from the Roanoke to and beyond the Lower Mississippi, some as early probably as this date.* 
 
 * Nelumbium luteum of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The American water-lotus is 
 called from its hard smooth seeds water-chinquapin. Fruit like a bean, from early times of the high- 
 est value among the natives West of the mouths of the Mississippi and employed as a medicine, — as 
 on the visit of Cabeza de Vaca : N. luteum is regarded by A. Gray as perhaps introduced by the 
 natives into certain detached localities in our Atlantic States as far as Connecticut and Lake Ontario ; 
 but was observed by Elliot in South Carolina ; by N. A. Ware, in Florida ; by Chapman, " near Tal- 
 lahassee, and northward and westward, not common ; " by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by E. James, on 
 the Arkansas and Lower Missouri ; by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Michaux, in Illinois. 
 
 Nuphar advena of North America. The spatter-dock or yellow water-lily known from early 
 times to the natives, and its roots cooked and eaten : — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza 
 de Vaca found the natives obliged to get roots from below the water, and one or two other kinds of 
 roots eaten, but poor food, requiring two days roasting : in New England, Josselyn rar. 44 found 
 roots of the '■ water-lily with yellow flowers " after long boiling eaten by the natives : N. advena is 
 known to grow from Lat. 51 in Newfoundland (Lapylaie) and 56 in Central North America to the 
 Gulf ; was observed by myself along the Atlantic from about 44 to 38 ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; 
 by Chapman, " common ; " by Drummond, near Jacksonville in Lower Louisiana; by. Short in Ken- 
 tucky ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas; and by myself, not far from Puget Sound. In Northern New 
 England, moose-deer, while searching with head under water for these roots, were killed by the natives 
 (Jossel. rar. 44). 
 
 Gordonia lasianthus of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. A flowering Camellioid tree, thirty 
 to fifty feet high, called loblolly bay; and the "tree of peace" of the natives of Louisiana — is identi- 
 fied by Bossu 349 with the "white bays" bearing a "white flower like a tulip: " G. lasianthus was 
 observed by Catesby i. pi. 44 in Carolina ; by Chapman, " Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
 ward ; " and is known to grow in swamps in the alluvial district along the sea from Lat. 37 (Pursh) 
 to the Mississippi (A. F. Mx.). 
 
 Hypericum corymbosum of Northeast America. Among simples valued above gold by the natives 
 of Louisiana, "excellent oil for healing" — was made of "St. John's wort" (Bossu 353 to 355) : a 
 "St. John's wort" is enumerated by Josselyn 44 in 1670 as peculiar to North America: H. corym- 
 bosum was received by Hooker from Lake Huron at Lat. 47 on the Lower St. Lawrence ; was 
 observed by myself along the Atlantic from 45° to 38 ; by Walter, Michaux, and Elliot, as far as 33 
 in South Carolina; by Beck, near St. Louis on the Mississippi ; and by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the 
 Arkansas. (Compare H. prolificum). 
 
 Ilex cassine of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The yaupon is a large shrub, its leaves 
 from early times used as tea : — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza de Vaca found the 
 Cutalchiches drinking a tea from the leaves of a tree like an oak (transl. B. Smith) : in West Florida, 
 "a decoction of it" called "liquor of valour " drank by the natives (Bossu, and Forst. cat.) : and 
 amon°- the Creeks, a strong decoction termed "black drink" taken at the opening of their councils, 
 actin<? according to Lindley "as a mild emetic : " I. cassine is termed "cassine vera Floridanorum" 
 as seen by Catesby ii. pi. 57 in South Florida ; was observed by Baldwin in Lat. 30 ; by Chapman, 
 in "lio-lit sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina;" by Walter, and Elliot, in South 
 Carolina and is known to grow as far as Lat. 37 (Bart.) ; Westward, was observed by E. James on 
 the Washita river; by H. Little, in the delta of the Mississippi. Transported to Europe, is described 
 by Plukenet pi. 376, and Miller diet. pi. 83. _ _ _ 
 
 Rubus trtvia/is of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, 
 Cabeza de Vaca found the natives living on blackberries for a month in the spring — (transl. B. Smith) : 
 R trivialis is known to grow along the Atlantic as far as Lat. 3 7° (Pursh) ; was observed by myself 
 from the mouth of Cape Fear river to 33 ; by Walter, Michaux, and Elliot, to and beyond the Santee ; 
 bv Chapman in " dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward ; " by Croom, as far as 
 io° %o'- bv H Little in the delta of the Mississippi; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Passiflora incarnata of Carolina and Florida. A passion-flower known to the natives from early 
 times • the " maracock " vine bearing "a good sommer cooling fruiet " of "the bignes of a queen 
 aoole'and hath manie azurine or blew karnels, like as a pomegranet »- observed by S.rachey in 
 the cultivated fields of the natives on James river, is referred here by Bonnet : P. incarnata was 
 
77 8 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Jucrlans nigra of Northeast America. The black walnut is a large tree, known to the natives 
 from early times : — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza de Vaca found natives coming 
 to eat walnuts, of the size of those of Galicia (transl. B. Smith) : the "black walnutt" with which 
 ships are laden, was seen by Strachey in i6to on James river: J. nigra, though comparatively rare 
 along the Atlantic, has been observed by myself from nearly 41 to 38 : by Schwemitz, in 36 ; by 
 Elliot, in the Upper country of Carolina, rare along the seacoast ; by Chapman, in " Florida, and 
 northward ; " by N. A. Ware, from Indian river and Alachua to Opelousas ; is known to abound in 
 rich woods'from Lat. 43° on the Genessee Westward (F. A. Mx.) ; was observed on Long's Expedi- 
 tion i. 339 very little beyond 43 on the Mississippi ; by Nuttall, in 34° in Arkansas ; by E. James, 
 on the Canadian branch of the Upper Arkansas ; and a walnut was seen by Pike ap. 22 at Carracal 
 in Lat 30 . Black walnut timber is highly valued, much resembles mahogany, and has become a very 
 general substitute for cabinet furniture. 
 
 Celtis Occideiitahs of Northeast America. The hackberry or sugarberry is a tree, known to the 
 natives from early times and its fruit eaten : — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza de 
 Vaca found the natives seeking the fruit of certain trees which is like a pea * (transl. B. Smith) : 
 C. Occidentalis has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from Lat. 43 to 39 ; by Tradescant, 
 in Virginia; by Elliot, on the sea-islands of South Carolina; by Baldwin, as far as 31 , also on Ber- 
 muda ; by Chapman, in "rich soil, Georgia, and northward;" by F. A. Michaux, in our Middle, 
 Southern, and Western States ; by Long's Expedition ii. 36, on the Red river of the North as far as 
 49 . Transported to Europe in 1656 (Ait ), is described by .Miller diet. pi. 88, and Scopoli ii. 100 
 (Pers.) ; and was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt. 
 
 " In this year (= 725 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Gheias-u-din Toghlak succeeded by his son 
 Mohammed Toghlak, now fifteenth sultan of Delhi. — He patronized literature, founded hospitals 
 and almshouses, and acknowledged the Investiture of the caliph in Egypt. 
 
 " In this year (= 725 A. H." of Makrizi, De Sacy, and Gildem. p. 39), Ibrahim commanding a 
 ship from Calicut, weary of the impositions inflicted on merchants by a Yemen chief, entered the 
 Red Sea and proceeded direct to Djidda ; where he was honorably treated. — Others following his 
 example, Aden hitherto the stopping-place for vessels declined, and Djidda became the seat of com- 
 merce with India. 
 
 Euphorbia officinaritm of Tropical Arabia and Africa. A cactiform spurge called in Yemen 
 "schorur" (Forsk.), its stems congested in a tuft a foot high, and its milky juice from early times 
 employed by the Arabs as cathartic : — observed by Forskal p. 94 at Djobla among the mountains 
 of Yemen. Transported to Europe, is described by Commelyn hort. i. pi. 11, and Blackwell pi. 340 
 (Pers., and Lindl.). 
 
 observed by Nuttall in 38 in the Delaware peninsula ; by Pursh, in Virginia and Carolina ; by Elliot, 
 in South Carolina; by Chapman, "in open or cultivated ground, common;" by Croom, as far as 
 30° 30' in Florida; by Baldwin, on Bermuda: Westward, by Pitcher on the Arkansas; and was 
 received by Muhlenberg from Tennessee. Transported to Europe, is described bv I. Robin 3, and 
 Jacquin rar. pi. 187 (Pers.). 
 
 * Celtis Afissiiippjiiiis of the Lower Mississippi. Possibly the species in question, — and that 
 seen by Darby 119 at 31 in Louisiana : C. Missisippensis is described by Bosc ; was observed by 
 Nuttall on the Mississippi, Red river, and Arkansas, and termed " c. integrifolia ; " bv Chapman, as 
 far East as Apalachicola, but "perhaps introduced;" and was received by A. Grav from West Ken- 
 tucky. " C. crassifolia," its leaves serrate but also having a long tapering point, was observed by 
 F. A. Michaux on the Ohio and in Tennessee, and by Nuttall on the Arkansas. 
 
 Persea Carolina/sis of the alluvial Atlantic border of North America. The red bay is a tree 
 called by the natives on the Roanoke " ascopo, ' and known from early times, — described by Hariot 
 as like a bay tree and with the birk hot and acrid (De Bry i. 8) : "l.iuri " were observed by Yerraza- 
 nns on the coast in Lat. 34° ; by J. le Moyne, in East Florida; and by Cabeza de Vaca, on the North 
 shore of the Mexican gulf: P. Carolinensis is known to grow as far as 38 in the Delaware peninsula 
 (A. Gray) ; was observed by Catesby i. pi. 63. and Elliot, in South Carolina ; by F. A. Michaux, 
 from Lower Virginia to Florida and the Mississippi ; by Chapman, in "rich shady woods, Florida to 
 North Carolina," and a shrubby variety with larger flowers in "pine-barren swamps; " by Croom, as 
 far as 30 30' ; and by Darby, in Opelousas. 
 
 Zizania miliacea of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. An aquatic reed-like grass, known 
 from early times : — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza de Vaca found a kind of small 
 grain ground by the natives with walnuts: Z. miliacea is described by Michaux; was observed by 
 Elliot in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "deep marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward," the 
 "staminate and pistillate spikelets intermixed;" by H. Little, in the delta of the Mississippi; by 
 Nuttall, in Salt river of Arkansas and as far as 35°. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 779 
 
 " 1326 A. D." (Alst. p. 226), in Asia Minor, Oth man succeeded by his son Orchan, second 
 Turkish sultan. The captured city of Bursa became Orchan's seat of government. 
 
 Cufic and Arabic inscriptions on tombs around Oufa, of princes anterior to the Russian occupa- 
 tion : and not far from Verkoturia, ruins of an ancient Tchoud or Tartar fortress — (Pall. trav. ii. 
 II and 377). 
 
 Polygonum undulation of the Uralian plains. Called by the Russians "kizlez" or "kapousta," 
 by the Baschkirs " kamouslouk " and eaten by them from early times — (Pall. trav. ii. 33) ; observed 
 by Gmelin fl. iii. pi. 10 in Siberia ; by Pallas, beyond Oufa, the stems before flowering agreeably 
 acid. 
 
 Valeriana film of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in the Baschkir 
 country " zemliano'i ladan " ground-incense, and from early times employed medicinally — (Pall.): 
 described by Valerius Cordus f. 3, and Blackwell pi. 250 ; known to grow as far West as the Upper 
 Rhine and Silesia (Pers.) ; observed by Pallas ii. 136 on the East side of the Ural mountains. 
 
 Adonis Votgcnsis of the Uralian plains. Called by peasants " starodoubka," and used medicinally 
 from early times, — observed by Pallas i. to ii. 26 on the Lower Volga, and becoming more frequent 
 Eastward beyond the Yaik. 
 
 Lilium martagou of West Siberia. Called " sarana," and from early times its root collected and 
 eaten by the Baschkirs, — observed by Pallas ii. 185 to 239 on the route to and around Ekaterinbourg ; 
 by Jacquin pi. 351 as far West as Austria, and by Sibthorp on the mountains of Greece (but not found 
 by others, Fraas). Farther West, is described by Dodoens p. 201, and C. Bauhin pin. 87; is termed 
 "martagum" by Camerarius ep. 571 (Schmiedel ed. Gesn. i. p. 90), " 1. floribus reflexis montanum 
 flore rubente " by Tournefort inst. 370; has become naturalized in Italy, and on the mountains of 
 Sicily and France (Fe"e, and Lenz), in various parts of middle Europe as far as Sweden, and within 
 about three centuries in Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 2799, Pers., Fries, and A. Dec). 
 
 Allium nutans of the Uralian plains. Called in the Baschkir country "lisoun" (Pall.), and 
 known from early times : — observed by Gmelin i. pi. 12 in Siberia; by Pallas trav. ii. 408, in the 
 grassy country near Tcheliabinsk. 
 
 " Sept. 22d " (Blair), an army brought by queen Isabella into England, against her husband 
 Edward II. — Whu, in " January " following, was deposed by parliament, and was succeeded by his 
 son Edward III. 
 
 "1327, Jan. 20th" (Skeat ed. Piers PL), in England Edward II. deposed, and on the "25th" 
 succeeded by Edward III. 
 
 " In this year " (Ideler, and E. A. Soph.), Maximus Planudes writing. 
 
 Arledia squamata of the East Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous annual: the 
 se\r]voa"T]daiv prescribed by Maximus Planudes morb. mat. — may be compared: A. squamata is 
 termed " thapsia orientalis anethi folio semine eleganter crenato" by Tournefort cor. 22; was 
 observed by Rauwolf on Lebanon (Pers.) ; by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus and along the river 
 Limyrum in Lycia; and the scarious fruit-margin is described by Persoon as "lobatoalata magna." 
 
 "1328 A. D. = 1st year of the ' tchi-ho ' of Tai-ting-ti, and 1st year of the ' thian-li ' of his 
 successor Wen-tsoung II." (Chinese chron. table). The Grand lama on a visit from Tibet, was 
 received with the highest honours in the palace of Wen-tsoung II. . an act condemned by Chinese 
 historians. * 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Andronicus II. succeeded by Andronicus III., sixty-third Byzantine 
 emperor. 
 
 The sect of Bathenians not extinct : Ebn Batuta 5 and 9 finding in Syria " Ismailiah," who "act 
 as arrows " for sultan Naser. Farther South, he describes the inhabitants of Hali in Yemen as 
 aboriginal Arabs, "and their sultan of the tribe Beni Kenana." 
 
 From Aden continuing South, Ebn Batuta 9 reached Makdashu in Equatorial Eastern Africa ; 
 Mambasa, "abounding in bananas, lemons, and citrons ; " and Kulwa (Keelwa). But from a remark 
 on leaving, he does not appear to have seen cocoa palms on the African coast. 
 
 Chionanthus ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A wild olive called there " meesoo " (Grant) ; 
 and the "jammoon" having fruit "like an olive with a stone except that exceedingly sweet " observed 
 by Ebn Batuta at Mambasa on the East African coast, — may be compared: the "meesoo" was 
 observed by Grant "in low moist ground" from about 6° 30' S. to " 3 15' N." on the Nile, a "hand- 
 some lofty tall-trunked tree," with "edible, large pea-sized, one-stoned drupes in clusters." (See 
 
 Olea? dioica.) 
 
 "1329, December" (NicoL), a synod at Paris. "To determine the limits of the royal and 
 
 ecclesiastical jurisdictions." 
 
 " 1330 A. D." (NicoL), a synod at Lambeth. An article, Forbidding "the appointment of any 
 hermit without the permission of the bishop of the diocese." 
 
 As early as this year (see Pallas trav. iv. 88), the Samoyedes dwelling along the Arctic shore 
 
780 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 of Siberia from the vicinity of the White Sea to the Yenisei * having come according to their own 
 •account from the East. — Soujef found them resembling the Tungusi and having coarse black hair 
 with very little beard (Mongolians), keeping reindeer, but living by hunting, and sometimes fishing; 
 having " tadib " magicians, called in at funerals ; but any one pronouncing the name of a dead man 
 becomes the mortal enemy of the whole family, though the name is preserved and given to a child of 
 the second or third generation. Each Samoyede has an idol in his tent ; and the women bury the 
 placenta in some by-place, beyond the reach of beasts of prey. 
 
 Polygonum viviparum of the Arctic region and mountains farther South. Called in Sweden 
 " morto-r " or " swingras " ( Linn.), its root from early times collected in summer by the Samoyedes, 
 and eaten with the flesh of reindeer and wild game — (Gmelin) : the plant is mentioned by Matthioli 
 674 (Spreng.) ; is termed "bistorta minima" by Bauhin hist. iii. 539- " b - a, P ina media et ™'nor" by 
 C. Bauhin pin. 192, and Tournefort inst. 511, is known to grow from Lapland "to 56 " at or near the 
 sea-level and farther South on the mountains of middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 13, Engl. bot. pi. 669, Pers., 
 and Wats.), also in Russia and Siberia (Amm, and Pall.) : was observed by Rudbeck the younger, 
 and Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Haller, and Decandolle, on the mountains of Switzerland; 
 by Sibthorp, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus ; by Bieberstein, on mount Ahvar in Armenia; 
 by Pallas, at Lake Baical ; bv Gmelin, throughout Siberia to Kamtchatka. Westward, by Sabine 
 from Spitsbergen to Greenland (Hook.) ; is known to grow on Melville Island in Arctic America 
 (Wats.); was observed by .... in Labrador (Pursh) ; by Oakes and myself, on the alpine portion 
 of the White mountains ; by E. James, on the Rocky mountains ; by Mertens, at Norfolk Sound on 
 the Pacific ; and according to A. Gray, grows as far South as the "shore of Lake Superior." 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), in a synod at Kherna in Armenia, Obedience was promised by the 
 Armenian church to the pope. 
 
 The Piana affluent of the Volga (according to Pallas trav. i. 76) received its name at the time of 
 the wars between the Russians and the Mordouan princes; and a ruined intrenchment opposite Lopa- 
 tina probably belongs to the same period. — He found the Mordouans nearly all converted to Chris- 
 tianity, and differing from the Russians only in language and the dress of the women. 
 
 Adonis vernalis of the Uralian plains. Yellow-flowered, and from early times employed in dye- 
 ing by the Mordouans, Tchouvaches, and Tartars, — (Pall. trav. i. 94 to iii. 26) : observed by Pallas 
 i. 94 to iii. 26 on the Volga and in West Siberia; by Crantz in Austria, and known to grow as far 
 West as France (Mill. diet. pi. 14, Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 fiubus saxatilis of Northern climates. Called by the Mordouans " eidalopart," and from early 
 times used medicinally, — observed by Pallas i. no at 55° on the Volga and Ural; by Bieberstein, on 
 Caucasus. Westward, by Clusius 116; is known to grow from Switzerland to Britain (Smith fl. 545), 
 Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 134), and Lapland (Wats.); was observed by Hooker on Iceland; by JMi- 
 chaux, from Hudson's Bay to the seashore of Canada ; by Pursh, from Canada to the mountains of 
 New York and Virginia; by Bigelow, in the environs of Boston (Dec.) ; by Torrey as far as 41° on 
 the Hudson ; by myself, from 46° near Montreal to 40 along the Atlantic ; and was received by A. 
 Gray from Wisconsin. 
 
 Stellaria dichotoma of the Uralian plains. Called by the Mordouans "souti-aat," and from early 
 times employed medicinally in decoction — (Pall. trav. i. no): known to grow also in Siberia (Smith 
 ined. pi. 14). » 
 
 Acer tartaricum of the Uralian plains. A shrub called at Samara " neclenn," known from early 
 times, — and observed on the Lower Volga by Pallas trav. i. 234. 
 
 Anemone (Pulsatilla) patens of the Uralian plains. Called at Samara on the Volga "odnome- 
 setschnik" throughout Siberia "vetrenitza" wind-flower (Pall.), and from early times used in dyeing, 
 — observed by Pallas i. 225 to iii. 25 from the Volga to the Irtich, vernal and fugacious; known to 
 grow Westward as far as Silesia (Pers.). 
 
 Anemone sylvestris of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Volga "ovetschie' kounichko," 
 and known from early times, — observed by Pallas i 257 abundant and forming streaks on the plains. 
 
 * Arctostaphylos alpina of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. A dwarf 
 shr/jb called by the Russians at the mouth of the Obi "amprick," known from early times, — and 
 observed by Soujef (Pall. trav. iv. 34) ; observed by Gmelin on the mountains of Verchoturia, Olec- 
 mense, and at Ochotsk ; by Baumgarten i 365, on the mountains of Transylvania; and known to 
 grow in Lapland (Wats.), Finland and Sweden (Fries), Scotland (Lightf. pi. 11), on the Swiss Alps, 
 and on the Pyrenees (Clus. pann. 77, Dec, and A. Dec). Westward, was observed by Hooker on 
 Iceland ; by Parry, at Five-hawser Bay ; by Lapylaie, on Newfoundland ; by Oakes, on the White 
 mountains ; was received by A. Gray from mount Katahdin ; is known to grow on the Rocky moun- 
 tains (Wats.) ; and was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 78 1 
 
 Spircea crenata of the Uralian plains. A handsome shrub called at Samara " tavolga," known 
 from early times, — and observed on the Lower Volga by Pallas i. 235 : known to grow as far West 
 as Hungary (Pers.). 
 
 Bunias Orientalis of the Uralian plains. A tall Cruciferous plant called on the Lower Volga 
 "dikaia retka," and from early times its stem eaten crude, — observed by Pallas i. 276 frequent 
 throughout ; by Gmelin iii. pi. 57, in Siberia ; known to be frequent also about Caucasus and through 
 Southern Russia as far as Transylvania (A. Dec), Livonia and Lithuania (Ledeb.), Galicia (Zawad- 
 ski), and Northeastern Germany (Koch, and Kohl). Was received by Linnaeus from Russia, but 
 "in 1779" was found by Retz fl. scand. 128 springing up spontaneously in Scandinavia; "in 1819" 
 had become frequent in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. . .), and "in 1820" a pernicious 
 weed at Upsal that could not be extirpated (Wahlenb.) : in Belgium, after being cultivated became 
 naturalized "before 1827" (Lestib.); was observed by Lejeune "in 1824" in clefts of rocks near 
 Limbourg, Dison, and other places, "exotic and naturalized ; " and from at least " 1827," when men- 
 tioned by Chevalier as seemingly naturalized, has become clearly naturalized around Paris (Mut., and 
 Cosson). 
 
 Hieracium Sibericum of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Volga " skerda," by Basch- 
 kirs "chakd," and from early times its stem eaten crude, — observed by Pallas i. 276 to ii. 28 frequent 
 there as far as Oufa ; by Gmelin ii. pi. 10, in Siberia (Pers.). 
 
 Lychnis Chalcedonica of the Uralian plains. The scarlet lychnis is called on the Lower Volga 
 " dikoe" mouilo " or " koukouschkino," or simply " koukouts " soap, from foaming in water so as to be 
 used like soap, — observed there by Pallas trav. i. 282 to 299. Transported to Europe, is termed 
 "flos constantinopolitanus " by Dodoens . . . , and Lobel hist. 183 ; is described also by Dalechamp 
 pi. 820, Gerarde, and Parkinson ; has become a favourite garden flower, known even in Japan 
 (Thunb.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens. 
 Hedysarum grandiflorum of the Uralian plains. A beautiful species, known from early times, 
 — observed by Pallas iii. 490 abundant on the Lower Volga, becoming rare on the Irtich. Termed 
 "astragalus grandiflorus " by Linnaeus (Steud ). 
 
 Trifoliiun spadiceum of Sweden and Germany. Resembling T. agrarium, but the flowers ferru- 
 ginous ; employed medicinally by the Mordouans — (Pall. trav. i. no): termed " t. pratense fiore 
 rufescente " by Vaillant paris 196, but hardly known beyond the limits of Sweden and Germany 
 (Smith in Sibth.) : observed by Linnaeus in mountain meads as far as Upsal; by Schreber pi. (Pers.), 
 probably in Germany. 
 
 Centaurea jacea of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "knap- 
 par" or "hattar" or "gohlschjadra," and from early times used for dyeing wool yellow (Linn.), and 
 by the Mordouans medicinally — (Pall. i. no) : termed "jacea nigra pratensis latifolia" by C. Bauhin 
 pin. 271, and known to occur in meads and fallow ground throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 519, 
 Engl. b'ot. pi. 1678, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, frequent in fallow ground and 
 sunny meads as far as Scania ; by Sibthorp, on mount Athos. 
 
 " 1332 A. D. (= I992d of Synmu," art de verif.), civil war and resignation of the dairo Daigo II. 
 in favour of Kouo-gien ; who received a visit from the cubo Takaudsi ; — but at the end of two years, 
 re-established Daigo II. in office. 
 
 As early perhaps as this year (Pall. trav. iv. 51), a fortified city of the Ostiaks in existence at 
 Lan<nvach on the Lower Obi, — but Soujef found there only a single but inhabited " iourten." The 
 Ostiaks, one of the first people of Siberia with whom the Russians came in contact, are a nation of 
 fishermen along the Lower Volga, mostly having reddish or blond hair (White Race), dwelling in 
 villages along the river from three hundred versts below Tobolsk to the gulf, but having dog-sledges 
 for travel in winter herds also of reindeer belonging to the more wealthy. Soujef found the Ostiaks 
 simple-minded, timid, full of prejudices, and very uncleanly in their mode of living; they practise 
 tattooing and burn a dried fungus on the skin as a substitute for moxa; have hereditary chiefs, not 
 much regarded after the Russian conquest; also schamans or priest-sorcerers; perform religious 
 rites to the dead and to certain mountains and trees ; and the idol most venerated by them and the 
 Samoyedes near the Obi is in the Voksarskoi country "seventy versts" North of Obdorsk and 
 "67° " is composed of two persons, male and female, and is carefully concealed from the Russians. 
 
 Emfietrwn nigrum of Arctic and Subarctic climates. A diminutive spreading shrub having.the 
 alpine of Arctic aspect, though extending into lower latitudes, called in Britain crow berry or crake 
 berry horn the Danish " krake bar" (Prior), in Sweden " krak-ris " or " krakling " or " skraken » or 
 "lopperis" (Linn ) by the Russians at the mouth of the Obi " vodajniza " and by the Siberians 
 " schikscha " (Soujef) and known from early times': — termed " erica baccifera" by Clusius pan. 29, 
 "e b procumbens nigra" by C. Bauhin pin. 436, and known to grow in Arctic and Subarctic Europe 
 and Asia, and on the mountains of Switzerland (Petiv. 72, fl. dan. pi 975, Engl bot. pi. 526, and 
 Pers.) : observed by Scheffer, and Linnajus, frequent in cold sterile places in Lapland and Sweden ; 
 
782 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 grows according to Watson in perhaps every county in Scotland; according to A. Decandolle, at the 
 altitude of " 7500 feet " on the mountains of Switzerland ; was observed by Savi on the Appenines ; 
 by Bieberstein, on the upper portion of Caucasus ; by Soujef, at the mouth of the Obi (Pall. trav. 
 iv. 34)1 by Gmelin, from the Yenisei to Kamtchatka ; by Chamisso, in Kamtchatka, at Bering's 
 Straits, and on Unalaska. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; is known to grow in Greenland as far 
 as 71 (Wats.) ; was observed by Parry in Arctic America; by Michaux, on the seashore of Canada; 
 by myself, on the Lower St. Lawrence and near the sea-level along the Atlantic as far as 45° on 
 Mount Desert, also on the alpine portion of the White mountains ; and was brought by Long's Sec- 
 ond Expedition from the country around the sources of the Mississippi. 
 
 "1333 A. D. = 'youan-toung,' 1st year of Chun-ti III., of the Youan" or Twenty-second 
 dynasty — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " Sept. 12th " (Ebn B. 12 to 14, and Yule cath. 404), Ebn Batuta after returning to Egypt, cross- 
 ing the Mediterranean and Black Sea, journeying near the " mountains of the Russians, Christians 
 with red hair and blue eyes ugly and perfidious,'' and as far North as Bulgar on the Wolga, where he 
 heard of (fog-sk/f^s used in the "Land of darkness forty days" distant, accompanying sultan Mo- 
 hammed Uzbek to Astrachan. proceeding thence to Bokhara and the city of Balkh "since its destruc- 
 tion by Jenghiz Khan remaining in ruins," arriving at the Indus. He continued on to Kabul, the 
 Punjab Desert, and reached Delhi while the sultan was engaged in re-peopling it (his attempt to 
 transfer the inhabitants and seat of government to Dowlatabad having failed, according to Elphin- 
 stone). 
 
 One hundred and sixty-ninth generation. May 1st, 1334, onward mostly beyond youth : the Per- 
 sian writer Sultan Aly of Korassan wr. 1334 (Ainsl.) : the Jewish writers, Abraham de Kaslar, Bon- 
 godas Cohen, Emanuel ben Jacob, Aaron ben Elia, Levi ben Gerson, Moses Narboni, Joseph ben 
 David Jewani, Immanuel of Rome, Matatja ben Moses: the Arab writer Ebn Khaldun : the Greek 
 writers, Matthaeus Blastaris d. 1335, Armenopulus d. after 1350. Nicephorus Gregoras d. after 1359, 
 Nicolaus Cabasilas, Gregorius Palamas d. after 135 1, Barlaam, Nilus of Rhodes, Leontius Pilatus, 
 Petrus Bertrandus, Landulphus Carthusianus, Simon de Cassia, Richardus Radulphus, Astesanus 
 Astensis, John Cenobarba, Guy de Chauliac : the scholastic theologians, William Occam, Monaklus 
 Dalmata, Nicolaus de Lyra, Pelagius Alvarus, Petrus Paludanus, Guido Carmelita, Adamus Goddam, 
 Joannes de Bacone, Thomas Argentinensis, Richardus Armachanus, Nicolaus de Gorram, Alphonsus 
 Vargas, Robertus Holcot, and Gregorius Ariminensis ; Jean de Roquetaillade (Pouchet) : the bota- 
 nist Bartholomew Glanville : the painter Stefano il Fiorentino d. 1350. 
 
 " Dec. 20th " (Alst., and Nicol), Joannes XXII. succeeded by James Fournier, now Benedictus 
 XL, forty-first pope. 
 
 '•The same year" (Crawfurd vii. 11), the island of Machian conquered by the people of Ternate. 
 
 " In the first half of the Fourteenth century" (Pouchet), the composition of pottsrs varnish first 
 described by Pierre le bon de Lombardie. 
 
 "1337 A. D. (= 1997th of Synmu," art de verif.), Daigo II. succeeded by Quo-mio, younger 
 brother of Kouo-gien, and now dairo of Japan. — He reigned two years, or according to other accounts 
 "twelve." 
 
 " Beginning of June" (Blair), the first comet whose course is described with astronomical exact- 
 ness, Nicephorus Gregoras being the observer. (Enumerated by J. R. Hind, and Humboldt cosm. i. 1, 
 among those whose orbit is known from Chinese observations.) 
 
 " 133S A. D." (Crawf. vii. 11), in Java, building of the magnificent Buddhist temple of Boro 
 Budur. 
 
 " In this year " (Yule cath. 313), arrival of envoys bearing a letter from the Chinese emperor to 
 the pope, requesting his blessing and the frequent exchange of messengers. In his reply dated 
 Oct. 31st in the "fourth " year of his papacy, Benedict XI. commences, We although unworthy " locum 
 Dei tenemus in terris." He appointed legates in return, including John de' Marignolli, — who reached 
 the court of Uzbek on the Volga "in 1339," Armalec in Central Asia "in 1340," and Pekin in China 
 "in 1342" (an event noted also in the Chinese annals). After remaining "three years," John de' 
 Marignolli proceeded South through China, and embarking at Zayton not earlier than " Dec. 26th 
 1346," returned by sea, by the way of the island of Saba South of the Equator, and Ceylon. 
 
 " 1 33<; A. D." (Alst.), at Spires, an assembly of electors, dukes, bishops, counts, and the most 
 learned in divine and human affairs ; convened by the emperor Louis II. Bavarus. Against the tyranny 
 of the pope. 
 
 "In this year" (Yule cath. 2S1), through unprofitable dealings with Edward III. of England 
 failure of the Bardi of Florence, having extensive commercial relations with the Eastern countries. 
 Pegolotti, a factor in their employ, writing commercial directions, especially in regard to Constanti- 
 nople and the trade overland between the Black Sea and China. 
 
 Laurus caryophyllus of Anam. The imported flStuChl dl gherOfknl mentioned by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 783 
 
 Pegolotti — (Yule cath. 305) may be compared: clove twigs, such as are imported into the Arab coun- 
 tries, were seen by Ebn Batuta in the Malayan archipelago ; and L. caryophyllus, by Loureiro i. 308 
 growing in Anam. The " canelle girofMe," clove-cinnamon, is said in Trevoux diet, to be the inner 
 bark of the "noix giroflee," a tree of Madagascar (Yule 473). 
 
 " 1340 A. D. (= 741 A. H." of Ferisbt, Elph.), the Muslim Empire in Hindustan having reached 
 its farthest limits, Bengal about this time revolted under a Muslim officer, and was never again sub- 
 dued. Coromandel almost immediately followed, and with equal success;— and four years later, 
 Telingana and Carnata. 
 
 "About June 23d" (Blair), near Helvoetsluys, the French defeated in naval combaemth 
 Edward III. of England. 
 
 In this year (= " 14th of Edward III.," Fabyan, chron. lond. 57, and Skeat ed. P. Plowm.), 
 nobles coined, the beginning of "the series of English gold coins." — They "continued the only gold 
 coin till the angels of Edward IV., 1465." 
 
 " The same year " (NicoL), a. synod at Saltzburg. A priest was degraded. 
 
 " In this year" (Garc. de la Vega), Viracocha succeeded by Pachacutec, now ninth Inca of Peru. 
 — He reigned "fifty, or according to some sixty years" (addit. art de verif.). 
 
 Many sayings of the Inca Pachacutec have been preserved, and among them, that "He who 
 attempts to count the stars, not even knowing how to count the marks and knots of the quipus, ought 
 to be held in derision " — (Bias Valera, and G. de la Vega vi. 36). 
 
 Bombax (Eriodendro/i) anfmctuosum of Eastern Equatorial America. A large tree called in 
 Brazilian " zaamonna" (Piso), and known from early times : * — observed in Brazil by Piso ; by Jac- 
 quin am. pi. 176, and Descourtilz, in the West Indies, but no Carib name given, and according to 
 Macfadyen i. 93 is readily propagated by stakes placed in the ground. By European colonists was 
 carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it has become well known and is called 
 in Pampango " bulac castila," in Tagalo "boboi," in Bisaya "doldol ; " to the neighbouring islands 
 (Rumph. i. pi. So) ; to Burmah, "exotic" but "often planted, and the floss" on the seed preferred to 
 that of the indigenous cotton-trees (Salmalia) ; to Hindustan, called in Bengalee "shwet-shimool," in 
 Tamil "elavum," in Malabar "pania" or "paniala," in Telinga "poor," in Hindustanee "huttian " 
 (Drur.), observed by Rheede iii pi. 50 in Malabar, by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, in other 
 parts of the peninsula, by Graham "in gardens Bombay," but according to Auld seemingly "wild in 
 Kandesh " and called " shameula ; " to Eastern Equatorial Africa, observed by myself planted on 
 Zanzibar, by Grant in " y° 27' S. and 2° N." on the Nile, and called "meesoofee." 
 
 Copaifera "Jacquini of the West Indies. An Amyroid tree yielding copaiva balsam, known from 
 early times : — observed in the West Indies by Jacquin am. pi. S6, and Descourtilz, but no Carib name 
 given. The imported drug according to Lindley is "an acrid, bitter, nauseous liquid resin with stimu- 
 
 * Ionidium poaya of the unwooded portion of Interior Brazil. Suffruticose and very shaggy, its 
 root from early times taken as emetic : — observed by A. Saint-Hilaire rem. 308 in the Western parts 
 of Minas Geraes and elsewhere, its roots substituted for true ipecacuanha, and called "poaya do 
 .campo " (Lindl.). 
 
 Ionidium brcvicatile of Brazil. An allied species from early times used for an emetic; — the 
 powdered bark of the root is rubbed up with sugar and milk: observed by Martius med. pi. 8 
 (Lindl.). 
 
 Ionidium tirlicafolium of Brazil. Also from early times used for an emetic: — observed by 
 Martius med. pi 4 and 9 (Lindl.). 
 
 Cassia hirsuta of Brazil. Called there "fedegozo" (Lindl), and known from early times: — 
 observed by Martius. From transported specimens, described by the younger Linnaeus suppl. 231 
 (Pers.). 
 
 Cassia falcata of Brazil. Known there from early times : — observed by Martius (Lindl ). From 
 transported specimens, described by Linnaeus hort. cliff. 159 (Pers.). 
 
 Acacia mopo of Eastern Equatorial America. A tree called " niopo " by the Guahibos of the 
 Orinoko, "parica" by the Muras and other tribes on the Upper Amazon (Spruce) ; and from early 
 times its seeds roasted, pulverized, and used as stimulant narcotic snuff: — observed by R. Spruce 
 (Mark. edit. Ciez. p. 341). 
 
 Peheromia peltata of Tropical America. Called in Brazil "caa-peba" broad-leaf (Lindl.), and 
 from early times used medicinally, — its fruit in decoction as a powerful diuretic (Dietr., and Mart.). 
 
 Peperomia timbellata of Tropical America. Called in Minas Geraes " caapeba," in Southern 
 Brazil " periparaba " (Lindl.), and from early times its roots used medicinally : — observed in Brazil by 
 Martius trav. ii. 93 ; by Plumier pi. 73, and Swartz, in the West Indies (Pers ); described also by 
 Humboldt and Bonpland n. g. i. 59. 
 
7§4 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 lant, diuretic, and cathartic properties," and according to Hayne is furnished by various species : 
 "balsamum copaivee" was seen by Forskal mat. nied. in the drug-shops of Egypt. 
 
 Copaifera mul/ijuga of Eastern Equatorial America. A forest-tree, perhaps the " copan " of the 
 Brazilians — seen by Lerius 202, and referred to this tribe by Sprengel : the copaiva tree was observed 
 by Nieuhoff in Brazil, wild and very lofty ; and according to Schomburgk (note to Ralegh) grows also 
 in the Guayana forest. C. multijuga according to Hayne furnishes the copaiva balsam exported from 
 Para (Lindl.). 
 
 Copaifera coriacea of Interior Brazil along the Southern Tropic. Known from early times, — and 
 observed by Martius in the province of S. Paul (Lindl.). 
 
 Copaifera Langsdorfii of Interior Brazil along the Southern Tropic. Known from early times,— 
 growing in the same district (Oesf. in mem. mus. vii. 376) with the last species, and both according to 
 Martius furnishing the copaivee balsam of Brazil (Lindl.). . 
 
 Anacardium Occidental,: of Eastern Equatorial America. The cashew- nut is a large Terebin- 
 thoid tree called in Brazilian " aca-iou " — according to Lerius 205, who found difficulty in distinguish- 
 ing it amon« high trees ; grows wild according to Piso 57 in Northern Brazil, and much used by the 
 natives; wild also in Guayana (Aubl. 392): but South of Lat. 13 was found by A. Saint-Hilaire 
 nowhere indigenous, by myself, only under cultivation : in the West Indies was observed by Jacquin 
 am. 124, and Descourtilz, but no Carib name given, is probably only planted, as also in Nicaragua, 
 Panama, and Guyaquil, and was not seen wild in the portion of America traversed by Humboldt and 
 Bonpland (A. Dec). By European colonists was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philip- 
 pines, called in Tagalo "casoi," in Ylocano "ballogo,'' and its fruit sold in market (Blanco) ; to the 
 neighbouring islands, its Malay name derived from the American (A. Dec.) and the tree observed by 
 Rumphius i. 177 on Amboyna and Celebes ; to Java, cultivated there (Blume) ; to Burmah, ''exotic" 
 and called there " thee-ho-tha-yet " (Mason); to Hindustan, having no Sanscrit name (Roxb., and 
 Pidd.) but called in Bengalee '' hijli-badam," in Tamil '• mundiri-marum," in Malabar "paranki-mava" 
 or "kappa-mavakum," in Telinga " munta-mamidi " or " jidi-mamidi." in Hindustanee " kaju " (Drur.), 
 was observed by C. Acosta in 1578 in gardens at Cochin, by Rheede iii. pi. 54 in Malabar, by Rox- 
 burgh, Wight, and Drury, from Chittagong to Trichinopoly, by Graham as far as Bombay ; to Eastern 
 Equatorial Africa (Lour., and myself) : also by European colonists was carried across the Atlantic to 
 the islands of Fernando Po and S. Thomas (fl. nigr. 28S) ; and in French is called "pommier d'aca- 
 jou" (A. Dec). From transported specimens, is termed "anacardium indis familiaris" by Ruellius i. 
 37 ; is mentioned also by C. Stephanus ; nuts brought from Brazil to Lisbon were seen by Clusius ; 
 were found by Rouyer imported by the way of Europe into Egypt. 
 
 Ipovioea opereula/a of Brazil. Called there "jeticucu" (Piso), and from early times employed 
 medicinally : — observed in Brazil by Piso 93, and Martius. Said by Guibourt to furnish a part of the 
 nicchaacan of commerce (Lindl.). 
 
 " 1341 A. D." (Alst.), Andronicus III. succeeded by Joannes V. Palaeologus, sixty-fourth 
 Byzantine emperor. And in this year (Alst. p. 307), Mysia and Thrace devastated by the Turks. 
 
 "The same year (= 742 Hej.," Pall. trav. i. 192), date of the latest Arabic inscriptions in the 
 cemetery of the ruined city of Bolgari. on the Lower Volga. 
 
 Cirsium hcleropliyllum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A thistle called in Sweden, 
 "borstar" or - gullborste " or " brundborste " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed 
 "cirsium singulari capitulo magno ». incanum varie dissectum " by C. Bauhin pin. 377, "cirsium 
 singulari capitulo squamato vel incanum alterum '' by Tournefort inst. 447, and known to grow in 
 meads throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 675, Lapeyr. in act. toul. i. pi. 19, and 
 Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden, in depressed situations in meads ; by 
 Haller pi. 21, in Switzerland ; by Allioni pi. 34, in Piedmont ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Con- 
 stantinople * 
 
 * Cirsium oleraccum of Northern Europe and Asia. A thistle, its leaves from early times cooked 
 and eaten by the Russians— (St. Bielke, and Linn.) : termed " carduus pratensis " by Lobel ic. ii. 
 ir, "cnicus pratensis latifolius " by C. Bauhin pin. 376: observed by Linnasus in Sweden, in moist 
 places in the open ground of Scania. 
 
 Galium borcale of Subarctic climates. Called in Finland " mattara," and from early times its root 
 used there for dyeing wool — (Lin. fl. lapp.) : observed by Linnajus very rare in Lapland, but fre- 
 quent throughout Sweden; by Pallas trav. i. 45, on the Volga below Moscow, but not East of the 
 Ural; known to «row as far South as Germany (Poll), France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.), and Switzer- 
 land (Wats.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland, and received from Canada from 6S° 
 to Niagara Falls; was observed by Darlington as far as 40 near Westchester, Penn. ; by Pursh, 
 near Wilksbarre and along the Lakes ; by Drummond, at 54° on t'-.e Saskatchewan ; by Nuttall, at 
 the Southern sources of the Columbia ; and by Mertens, at Norfolk Sound on the Pacific. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 785 
 
 Cytisus supinus of the Uralian plains. Called on the Volga "raketnik " (Pall.), and from early 
 times valued there as excellent feed for sheep, — observed by Pallas i. 30 nearly as far West as 
 Moscow ; by Jacquin i. pi. 20, on the sunny hills of Pannonia and Austria; known to grow also in 
 Siberia (Pers.). 
 
 Silene Tartarica of the Uralian plains. Known from early times: — observed by Pallas along 
 the Volga nearly as far West as Moscow ; described also by Linnaeus, and known to grow as far as 
 Tartary (Pers.). 
 
 Cineraria palustris of Northern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called on the Volga 
 " vipadaschnaiatrava," and from early times bruised with oil and applied medicinally, — observed by 
 Pallas as far South as the forest of Mourom ; by Linnaeus, in Scania in Sweden; and is known to 
 grow as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 573). 
 
 Salix arenaria of Northern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Its bark from early times 
 used in tanning Russia leather, — as witnessed by Pallas i. 70 at Arsamas on the Volga : S. arenaria 
 was observed by Wahlenberg in Lapland ; by Lightfoot, in Scotland ; by Haller pi. 14, on the moun- 
 tains of Switzerland ; and is known to grow in Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 197). 
 
 Iris Siberica of the Uralian plains. Called in Russian " boubentschik " (Pall.), and known 
 from early times : — observed by Pallas trav. i. 52 along the Volga; known to grow also in Siberia, 
 and as far West as Austria and Germany (Jacq. fl. pi. 3, Roth, Moench, Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Bidens tripartita- of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain bur marigold (Prior), at 
 Constantinople "agrio katfiphithia " (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Russian " tckerjoda," and from early 
 times used on the Volga in dyeing — (Pall. trav. i. 95): the "verbena supina " of Tragus 211 is 
 referred here by Sprengel: B. tripartita is described also by Ray syn. 187, and Thuillier 422; is 
 termed " b. foliis tripartito divisis " by Tournefort inst. 462 ; is known to occur in Britain and through- 
 out middle Europe (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 57, Roth, and Pers.) ; was observed by Brotero in Northern 
 Portugal; by Forskal, and Sibthorp, around Constantinople and Smyrna; by Bieberstein, along the 
 Taurian mountains; by Gmelin, on the Tobol river in Siberia; and is known to grow in Dahuria : 
 the whole plant according to Lindley "acrid and when chewed excites salivation powerfully." Not- 
 withstanding its North American aspect, is given as distinct from B.frondosa. 
 
 Stipa pennata of the Uralian plains. A plumed grass called by Russians "rovouil-trava,'' and 
 known from early times, — observed by Pallas i. 262 frequent in barren soil on the Lower Volga. 
 Westward, is termed " gramen spicatum aristis pennatis" by Tournefort inst. 518 ; was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Gittard, from mount Athos to Cyprus and the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow as 
 far as Germany and Sweden (Pers.). 
 
 Lycopodium comflanatum of Northern Europe and America. Called in Sweden "joemna," and 
 from early times used to dye wool yellow (Linn.) ; on the Volga, in dyeing generally— (Pall. trav. i. 
 93): termed " muscus terrestris ramosus pulcher" by Bauhin hist. iii. 757, "sabina sylvestris " by 
 Tillands pi. 69, observed by him, and Linnaeus, abounding in Sweden, though seemingly unknown in 
 other parts of Europe. Westward, was received by Dillenius muse. pi. 59 from America (Linn ) ; was 
 observed by myself frequent in the forest from 45 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by A. Gray, " common " 
 in central New York, in one form extending "far northward ;" grows according to Chapman in our 
 Southern States, in " woods along the Alleghanies." 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif .), Naser succeeded by Abubekr ; and after " forty days," by 
 Koutchouk, twelfth Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 "July 1st " (Boccaccio, Webb, and Major edit. Bethenc), under instructions from Alphonso IV. 
 of Portugal, sailing of Angiolino del Tegghia for the Canary Islands, commonly called the " Redis- 
 covered." According to the Genoese pilot Nicoloso de Recco, in proceeding from island to island 
 the land was full of ""goats, sheep, and wild hogs," and " inhabited by naked men and women " dwell- 
 ing in cabins " made with much skill of square stones." On one island, the sailors found a chapel or 
 temple containing only the stone statue of "a man with a ball in his hand," naked with the exception 
 of "an apron of palm-leaves ; " but in general they were afraid to land, and on no island did they 
 venture far from the shore. The natives communicated from island to island only by swimming, and 
 of those swimming out to the boats, four " were taken on board and afterwards carried away." These 
 four were " courageous and very intelligent " beardless young men, with " handsome faces," and " long 
 lio-ht hair" veiling their bodies to the waist; they "were uncircumcised," and wore only "a sort of 
 apron" forming "an effectual covering," that of the chief consisting of palm-leaves hanging from a 
 cord that of the others of reed fibres " painted in yellow and red : " their language was unknown, 
 but " was soft and their pronunciation rapid and animated like Italian ; " they sang very sweetly, 
 and danced almost as well as Frenchmen; they were gay and merry, and "much more civilized than 
 manv Spaniards •" showed "remarkable faithfulness and honesty," knew nothing of " sabres," nor 
 of the use of " gold and silver money." " Marriage was observed among them, and the marned wore 
 aprons," but "the maidens went quite naked." 
 
 99 
 
786 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 1342, May 7th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Benedictus XL succeeded by cardinal Peter Roger, now 
 Clemens VI., forty-second pope. 
 
 " The same year" (Nicol.), a synod at Saumur. A canon, Forbidding " the holding of pleas in 
 churches or their vestibules." 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), in England, "knights and burgesses first sit together in the same 
 house of parliament." 
 
 Ranunculus bulbosus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain with 
 allied species king-cob or kingcup or gold-cup or butter-cup or crowfoot (Prior), in which we recog- 
 nize the pes COT VI identified in gloss. Sloane v. f. 45 with the rimyS fOte having a yellow 
 flower and "a knobe in the rote " — (Cockayne) : R. bulbosus is described by Valerius Cordus f. 121, 
 Fuchsius, Urzedowa (Spreng.), and Lobel pi. 667 ; is termed " r. pratensis radice verticilli modo 
 rotunda " by Tournelbrt inst. 289 ; and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as 
 far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 551. and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it has become naturalized, occurring in Newfoundland, Canada (Hook.), but as yet accord- 
 ing to A. Gray "very abundant only in E. New England, seldom found in the interior." The plant 
 according to Lindley is " exceedingly acrid, raising blisters and producing extensive inflammation" 
 but " not affecting all persons alike." 
 
 Osmunda regalis of Northern Climates. Called in Britain osmund or osmuini the -waterman or 
 flowering fei n, by Brunswyck "osmundi," in the Onus Sanitatis 294 "os mundi," and in a Vocabu- 
 lary in Mayer and Wright p. 139 "bon-wurt " (Prior) : the dichefern of gloss. Sloane v. f.' 40 
 — is referred here by Cockayne : O. regalis is termed " o. vulgaris et palustris " by Tournefort inst. 
 547 ; and is known to grow in wet ground throughout middle and Northern Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 
 209, and Lindl.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and around Constantinople. 
 Farther East, was observed by Nuttall along the Arkansas ; and by myself in our Atlantic States from 
 Lat. 43 to 38 . 
 
 "July 22d" from Delhi, Ebn Batuta 17 to 19 proceeded South to Kalyur, having a fortress on 
 the top of a high mountain (hill-fort at Gwalior) : Dawlatabad, "one of the greatest and strongest 
 forts in India : " Goa, and Malabar, where " no one travels on beasts of burden, but nobles are car- 
 ried by men " {palanquins) : Hili, the termination of the voyage of ships of China, after touching 
 only at " Kalicut and Kawlan," near the point of the peninsula.* — After waiting until Spring, Ebn 
 Batuta was left behind, and being unwilling to return to Delhi, proceeded aiter a while to the Maldive 
 Islands (Yule cath. 416;. 
 
 At the Maldive Islands, " wada " or coiui ics (Cypraea monetas) were used instead of coin; and 
 were exported to Bengal. The islanders had been converted (from Christianity, see Abu Zeid) to 
 Islamism by Abu'l Barakat, a Mo^nel.ine (or Barlurv Arab). 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif. ), Koutchouk succeeded by Schahabeddin ; and before the close 
 of the year, by Emadeddin, fourteenth Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 " 1344 A. D." (art de verif.), Emadeddin succeeded by Schaban-Kamel, fifteenth Memluk sultan 
 of Egypt. 
 
 "August" (Ebn B. 21, and Yule cath. 422), Ebn Batuta leaving the Maldive Islands for Ceylon. 
 He next proceeded to the neighbouring portion of Hindustan, — and sailing Eastward in a Chinese 
 "junk," some of which are large enough to contain "a thousand men," was captured by "infidel 
 Hindus " in " twelve war-vessels," and carried to Bengal. But at length, he reached Java and the 
 city of Shumutrah ; where the Muslim king "gave permission to go to China, a thing he is not always 
 prepared to grant, and put him on board a junk." 
 
 " 1344 or 1345 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod in Armenia. On the errors of the Armenian church. 
 " 1345 A. D." (Nicol. brit nav., and Humb. cosm. v.), at the outfit of the George, the royal ship 
 of king Edward III., "sixteen hour-glasses" were purchased in Flanders. 
 
 About the close of the year, Ebn Batuta arriving at Zaitun in China, where he re-joined the 
 Embassy. In all the provinces of China, Ebn Batuta i.S to 23 found a town for the Muslims, who 
 are made much of by the Tartar emperors ; and at El Khansa, he found Jews, Christians, and 
 " Turks who worship the sun" (Parsees). Paper- money was in use : and if anything was not entered 
 in the register of all the goods in a vessel, the vessel and freightage were forfeited. The Chinese 
 
 * Dolichos Sinensis of the Malayan Archipelago. In Hindustan called " choulee " or " hurrea 
 lobeh " or "suffeed lobeh ; " the " lubia " seen there by Ebn Batuta — may be compared: D. Sinen- 
 sis was observed in Hindustan by Rheede viii. pi. 41, Roxburgh, Wight, and is enumerated by Gra- 
 ham as "commonly cultivated" in the region around Bombay. Farther East, is described by Blanco 
 as well known in the Philippines, and called in Tagalo "quibal." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. ^J 
 
 were in general "the richest people in the world ; " and China was "the best and safest country for 
 travellers." At the city of Fanjanfur, he met a townsman from Tangiers, whose brother he after- 
 wards saw in Sudan. — Returning by sea to Sumatra and the West, Ebn Batuta arrived at Zafar 
 (Dhofar in Southern Arabia) in April or May 1347; and continuing on by the way of Maskit El 
 Torayat (Muscat), Hormuz, Saman, reached the city of Saba (in Interior Arabia) after an absence in 
 all of "twenty years." 
 
 " 1346 A. D." (art de verif.), Schaban-Kamel succeeded by Zeyneddin, sixteenth Memluk sultan 
 of Egypt. 
 
 " Aug." (Humb. cosm.), the West coast of Africa as far along the Desert as Rio de Ouro N. Lat. 
 23° 40', visited by the Catalan navigator Don Jaime Ferrer :— Cape " Bugeder " (Bojador) is laid 
 down in the Catalan map "of 1375" (Major pr. Henr. 47). 
 
 " In this year " (Ibn Batut., and Major pr. Henr. 48), death at Timbuctoo " of Abu-Ishac-es- 
 Sahili," a famous poet of Granada. — His tomb continued in after times " one of the curiosities of 
 Timbuctoo." The stone mosque and royal palace, "the only two remarkable buildings in the city," 
 were built by "an experienced architect of Granada" (Leo Afr.). 
 
 "Aug. 26th " (Blair), the French defeated by Edward III. at Cressy: "perhaps the first battle 
 in which cannon were used" (Pouchet moy. age). — In the following year, Calais was captured by 
 the English. 
 
 Maundeville on his journey found the king of Hungary very powerful, holding Slavonia, a great 
 part of Comania and Bulgaria, "and the realm of Russia a great part" to the border of Prussia. 
 
 Continuing Eastward, Maundeville 15 mentions the burning of widows in Hindustan ; devotees 
 wounding themselves with knives, and others prostrating themselves to be crushed under the car of 
 a huge idol. 
 
 In the Malayan Archipelago, Maundeville mentions cannibals, and an isle where the people 
 "make marks on their faces with a hot iron" (Papuans). Houses built of large reeds (bamboo) : 
 and people having " thin and long beards " seldom of more than " fifty hairs " (Malayans). He also 
 mentions in another country, men letting the nails of their fingers grow, as a sign of nobility, while 
 the women "bind their feet so tight that they may not grow half as nature would" (Chinese). 
 
 ■Maundeville 18 maintains, That the Earth is "of a round form ; " and "that if a man found pas- 
 sages by ships, he might go by ship all round the world above and beneath," and always "find men, 
 lands, and isles." 
 
 " 1347 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Constantinople. The patriarch Joannes of Apri was deposed. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Zeyneddin succeeded by Hassan seventeenth Memluk sultan of 
 Egypt. A gold coin issued by Hassan, is figured in Marcel p. 174. The large mosque and tomb 
 built by him, is " the finest edifice" in Cairo (Wilk. theb. and eg.). 
 
 "The same year" (Rafn, and Major), a voyage from Greenland to Markland: — the account, 
 written " nine " years afterwards, speaks of Markland as still known and visited ; the latest notice of 
 the country in the Icelandic records. 
 
 " In this year (= 74S A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), revolt in the Deccan and the insurgent chiefs 
 shut up in the fortress of Dowlatabad. Before reducing the place, Mohammed Toghlak was called 
 away by fighting in Guzerat ; when the people of the Deccan rose behind him, and their revolt in the 
 end proved successful, their leader Hasan Gangu becoming head of the new dynasty of Bahmani ; — 
 that reigned "one hundred and seventy-one years." 
 
 " 1348 A. D." (Alst., and Blair), pestilence throughout Europe, carrying off nearly "a fourth 
 part of its inhabitants : " extending to Denmark and Norway (Relat. du Groenl. 210) : beginning in 
 England " May 31st " — (Skeat ed. Piers PI.) and ending " Sept. 29th, 1349 ; " called the black death 
 and "occasioned" Boccaccio's Decamerone. 
 
 " 1349 A. D. (= 2009th of Synmu," art de verif.), accession of Siukouo, now dairo of Japan.* 
 
 The " Book of Nature," an encyclopaedic work of Conrad of Meygenberg, a priest in this year 
 at Regensburg (Humb. cosm.). 
 
 * Camellia diupifera of Anam. Apparently the "Camellia" from whose seeds "a very fine oil 
 is extracted," and " either flavored or unflavored is used " in Japan " for the hair or for pomades " — 
 Hap. centen. comm. 57). C. drupifera was observed by Loureiro in Anam, the oil from its seeds 
 fragrant, and used for various purposes by the natives (Pers.). 
 
 & Perilla ocymoides of Japan. A Labiate plant yielding an oil that, "chiefly on account of its 
 drying qualities, is used either alone or with other pigments, for painting, coating, or varnishing; 
 its applications are numerous and most important, — such as, for instance, for umbrellas, water-proof 
 cloth and coats, made of paper, for paper imitations of leather, for mixing with lacquer, and for many 
 other purposes" (Jap. centen. comm. 57). Transported to Europe, P. ocymoides is described by 
 Arduino ii. pi. 13, and Linnaeus (Pers.). 
 
788 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "Apr. 23d" (Blair), the "Order of the garter" instituted as a mark of distinction by Edward III. 
 of England. 
 
 "In this year" (Major edit. Zen. p. Ixv and 53), Ivar Bardsen, a Greenlander and procurator 
 of Garda, one of those sent by the governor to expel the Skrellings (Esquimaux) from the West 
 Bygd, separated from the Eastern portion of the colony by an uninhabited tract of "twelve nautical 
 miles." They "found no man either Christian or heathen, but only some cattle and sheep running 
 wild." 
 
 Fruits large as certain " eble " apples and of excellent flavour according to Ivar Bardsen grow 
 on the mountains and plains of Greenland — (Oxycoccus palustris). The other wild fruits known to 
 grow in Greenland are I'accinium nli\inosiim, V. vitis-Idaea, and Comas Suecica. 
 
 "Middle of the Fourteenth century" (Bataillard), Gypsies already in Wallachia, and held there 
 as slaves. — Spreading from Moldavia into Hungary, they received the protection of king Sigismund 
 "in 1417," and became known in Europe. In Wallachia (Paspati in Amer. Orient, soc. vii.), the 
 Gypsies continued in the state of slavery until 1837; and in Moldavia, until 1S44. 
 
 "1350 A. D." (Pallegoix, and Mason iii. 68), beginning of the chronicles of the Siamese; who 
 separating from Cambodia, now become an independent nation.* 
 
 " In this year" (Klapr. note to San-kokf), A-y succeeded by Zai-to, of the Sio or Chang family, 
 and now king of the Loo Choo Islands ; \ the " ninth " of the Tame-tomo dynasty. — His family con- 
 tinues reigning to the present day. 
 
 "The same year" (Crawfurd vii. 11), the king of Ternate instructed by an Arab adventurer in 
 the Arabic language and in ship-building. 
 
 From early times (De Morga 205, and 2S5 to 342), small vessels from Borneo in the Southwest 
 monsoon visiting Luzon, bringing among other articles "fine camphor which is produced in that 
 island" (Dryobalanops), "sago," and "' tibors and large and small jars, glazed black, very fine, of 
 much durability and use." " Amongst the natives" on Luzon are to be found "large jirs of very 
 ancient earthenware, of a dark colour" and unknown origin, but having "marks and seals;" these 
 jars are sold at a high price to the Japanese, who have found out that tea " does not keep or last 
 except in these jars:" "old earthen-ware, of unknown origin, imported from Manilla or Siam, etc., 
 was highly valued" in Japan — (Jap. centen. comm. 108). Boyle 93 found among the Dyaks of 
 Borneo the best quality of tibor jars called "gusih " valued at "fifteen hundred to three thousand 
 dollars, the second kind four hundred dollars" (note to Stanley edit. De Morga 285). 
 
 The city of Manila probably therefore in existence. J 
 
 As early possibly as this date (see addit. art de verif.), by the Inca Pachacutec, conquest of the 
 
 * Blumea grandis of the Siamese countries. "An impure camphor" made by the people of 
 Tavoy from the "pung-ma-theing" weed, as early perhaps as this date : — Mason v. p. 4.S3 further 
 states, that the weed "grows six to eight feet high," and abounds throughout Burmah, springing up 
 wherever the forest is removed; is described by Wallich ; but " O'Riley was the first" to refine the 
 product, and manufacture an article pronounced by competent judges identical in all its properties 
 with Chinese camphor. 
 
 f Rhus succedanea of the Loo Choo Islands. The wax tree, called in China "niu-tching" 
 (Camp.), originally imported from the Loo Choo Islands — (according to Jap. centen. comm. 56), 
 but at present cultivated all over Japan, as well as in China (Campion addit. Stan. Jul) : "the art 
 of candle-maki?ig is said to have been introduced from Loo Choo" into Japan "towards the end of 
 the Sixteenth century : " R. succedanea was observed in Japan by Thunberg. Transported to Europe, 
 is termed " toxicodendrum altissimum " by Miller. 
 
 The wnx insect (....) became known in China and was first placed on R. succedanea under 
 the Youen dynasty (Nong-tching-tsiouen-chou, Li-chi-tchin, Siu-kouang-ki, and Campion add. Stan. 
 Jul. industr. chin.). 
 
 Lignstrum ibota of Japan. A wax insect feeding on it " very much like or perhaps identical with 
 the Chinese pela," — secreting "lumps of a slightly transparent white wax of a crystalline construc- 
 tion, and a very high melting point," but "of little industrial importance, not being abundant" (Jap. 
 centen. comm. 57). 
 
 Cinnamomum peduncidatnm of Japan. A tree "yielding a kind of vegetable tallow," — but 
 at present "seldom cultivated," on account of its evergreen foliage casting "too much shadow" 
 on "plants cultivated underneath" (Jap. centen. comm. 56): observed in Japan by Thunberg 177 
 (Pers.). 
 
 X Ixora manila of the Philippines. A shrub or small tree, growing among the mangroves, and 
 called in Tagalo "nilar" or " nilad " (Blanco); and giving its name to the new city, "manilad" 
 signifying a place where this tree abounds : — observed by Blanco. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 789 
 
 valleys of Pachacamac, Rimac so named from a speaking statue, Chancay, and Huaman ; all under 
 the rule ot Cuysmancu, who submitted to the conditions of peace* 
 
 •♦ ., Am 5* er ° bj ' ects of worsh 'P was " the fox, which they respected for his cunning and sagac- 
 ity " — (G. de la Vega vi. 30). s & 
 
 " 1351 A. D." (Gaubil, and Pauth. p. 373), by Chun-ti III., extensive works undertaken to change 
 the course of Hoang-ho river. 
 
 " In this year " (Major pr. H. 34), the " Isola de la Legname " (Madeira), " Porto Santo," " Isole 
 deserte," and the Azores, on a map made by a Genoese, — and now in Florence. 
 
 "March 20th (= 752 A. H. Moharram 21 " of Ferishtah, as. res. vii. 175, and Elph.), Mohammed 
 loghlak succeeded by Firuz Toghlak now sixteenth sultan of Delhi. — In "1356," he received em- 
 bassies from Bengal and the Deccan, thus acknowledging their independence. 
 
 "About five hundred years ago " (Campbell, and Royle fibr.), the art of making paper introduced 
 from China into Nepal : t — " many of the books in Nepal written on this paper are of considerable 
 age" (Drur.). 
 
 " 1352 A. D. (= 2012th of Synmu," art de verif.), Siukouo succeeded by Kouo-gen II. or Go- 
 Kouo-gen, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 " The same year " (Pauth. 374), in China, remarkable earthquake at a city of Chen-si, continuing 
 a " hundred days : " discovery of "five hundred bows, nine to ten feet long," and of a pattern unknown 
 to antiquity. And in the same year, beginning of the rebellion of Tai-tsou against Chun-ti III. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst. p. 307, and Blair), the Turks entering Macedonia in numbers and dis- 
 turbing the country, first establish themselves in Europe. 
 
 "Dec. 18th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Clemens VI. succeeded bv cardinal Stephen Aubert, now 
 Innocentius VI., forty-third pope. Charles IV. ruling Germany and Italy ; and John II., France. 
 
 "The same year," Ebn Batuta journeying from Sigilmisa South across the Sahara. At Abu 
 Latin, the first district of Sudan, the sister's sou is the heir; a custom witnessed by him "only among 
 the infidel Hindus of Malabar." Thence, after "ten days," he reached the village of Zaghari, "large 
 and inhabited by black merchants" (Barabra), together with "a number of Whites of the Ibazia 
 sect of heretics ; " and next, the town of Karsanju on the " great river " (Niger). Thence the river 
 flows to Kabara ; Zaga (Sego), the inhabitants of which were the first to embrace Islamism ; Tam- 
 bactu, and Kawkaw, both of which places he visited ; Muli, " the extreme district of Mali ; and Yuwi, 
 "the greatest district of Sudan," where white persons are killed if they attempt to enter. At Mali 
 (Melli of Leo Africanus, and Denham), high trees and rain water were abundant. — Returning North- 
 ward, Ebn Batuta visited Bardama, Nakda, the copper mines, the territories of. Hakar where the 
 inhabitants are Berbers, and next reached Sigilmasa. 
 
 1354 A. D. (= "3d year of Kouo-gen II.," art de verif.), visit of the cubo Takaudsi to Kouo- 
 gen II. 
 
 1355 A D. (= "4th year of Kouo-gen II.," art de verif.), the cubo Takaudsi sent by Kouo- 
 gen II. to quiet disturbances. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 397), at Rome, Charles IV. crowned emperor by two legates from the 
 pope : after having promised to depart immediately afterwards from Rome and Italy. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Jacobus de Dondis, according to his own account, writing. 
 
 Cnidium apioides of central Europe. The S I L € r mOntknumof Jacobus de Dondis — is 
 referred here by Sprengel : C. apioides is described by Tilli hort. pis. pi. 39 ; is termed "laserpitium 
 silaifolium " by Murray (Steud.) ; was observed by Villars in Dauphine" ; and is known to grow in 
 rough stony places in Carniolia and Austria (Jacq. austr. app. pi. 44). 
 
 " 1356, May 16th to 24th " (Nicol.), a synod in London. " A tenth of the revenues of the clergy " 
 granted to the king for one year. 
 
 "Sept. 19th" (Blair), the French defeated at Poitiers and their king John taken prisoner, by 
 Edward the Black prince. 
 
 * Salix Humboldtiana of Western Peru. The Peruvian willow, a tree with ascending branches, 
 in the distance readily mistaken for Populus fastigiata : the great fortress built by the lncas in the 
 Guarco valley contains " willow beams " — according to Markham edit. Ciez. p. 259: S. Humbold- 
 tiana was observed by myself everywhere planted for ornament in Lower Peru. From transported 
 specimens, is described by Willdenow (Steud.). 
 
 f Daphne papyracea of the Himalayan mountains. The "setburosa" or Nepal paper-shrub may 
 have been at once used: — it is termed " d. cannabina" by Wallich, "d. odora" by Don fl. Nep. 68; 
 is known to grow in Khasia, Silhet, and Nepal, in oak forests and on the most exposed parts of the 
 most snow-covered mountains throughout the province of Kumaon, and the paper prepared from it is 
 in great request for records in the country around, being "almost as durable as leather" (Campb., 
 Murray in as. res., and Drur.). 
 
790 CHRONpLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Rosa multiflora of Japan and China. Climbing with diminutive flowers; and the "eglantine" 
 described by English writers of the Fourteenth century as a trellis shrub, — termed "eglatere" 
 by Chaucer fl. and 1. 3, and according to Gerarde and other early herbalists having white flowers 
 (Prior), maybe compared: R. multiflora is described by Duhamel, Poiret, and Curtis bot. mag. pi. 
 1059. Eastward, was observed by Lush under cultivation at Dapooree near Bombay (Graham) ; by 
 Thunberg, in Japan. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 in gardens. 
 
 " 1357 A. D." (Alst. p. 226), Orchan succeeded by his son Murad or Amurath, third Turkish 
 sultan. 
 
 1359 A. D. (= 1355 -\- "4 years," art de verif.), Takaudsi succeeded by his son Josisaki, now 
 cubo of Japan; to whom the title ofdai-seogun was confirmed by Kouo-gen II., — and subsequently, 
 to his successor Joosimitz. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Nicholaus Brigan coll., and Way appen. pr. pm.), the Campus Florum 
 vocabulary* compiled at Miram vallem ; a place much frequented by devout monks. 
 
 Carex arenaria of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain with other rigid species stare 
 or star/; in Denmark " star " or " star-gras " (Prior), in Iceland a rigid kind " stor " (Ihre, and Way), 
 in which we recognize the "stare" or " cegge " identified by Galfridus pr. pm. with the C^r IX of 
 the C. F. vocabulary — ( Way) : C. arenaria is described by Micheli pi. 33. f. 4 ; is known to grow in 
 drifting sand from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic shore of France as far as Sweden (Pers., and 
 Wats.) ; was observed on Iceland by Hooker. 
 
 Carcx paludosa of Northern Europe and Asia. — The " segge " or " star of the fen " of Galfridus 
 pr. pm., may be compared: C. paludosa is described by Goodenough ; is termed "c. rigens " by 
 Thuillier; and is known to grow in marshes throughout middle Europe (Curt lond. iv. pi. 61, and 
 Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in marshes around Constantinople. 
 
 Treiiiella nostoc of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain star-shot or star-jelly, and the 
 &.SSLlb of the C. F. vocabulary, — identified by Galfridus pr. pm. with "sterre slyme," is referred 
 here by Way : T. nostoc is termed " t. terrestris sinuosa pinguis et fugax " bv Dillenius muse. pi. 10 ; 
 and is known to make its appearance after rain throughout Western Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 460). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in Greece, on the island of Zacynthus 
 
 "The same year" (De Wailly pi. ix. 4), the colon (:) used in manuscripts of this date. 
 
 "1360 A. D." (Hakl., and Churchill coll.), Nicholas of Linn, a friar and astronomer, sailing to 
 "the most Northern islands of the world; where leaving his company he travelled alone, and made 
 draughts of all those northern parts, which at his return he presented to king Edward III." — Four 
 other voyages were made "into those parts" by Nicholas of Linn. 
 
 " 1361 A. D." (art de verif.), Hassan succeeded by Mohammed El-Mansur, eighteenth Memluk 
 sultan of Egypt. A gold coin issued at Cairo by Mohammed El-Mansur, is figured in Marcel p. 174. 
 
 " The same year " (Siguenz., Cavig. giving 1353), Acamapitzin elected king by the Aztecs : the 
 beginning of the Mexican empire, t 
 
 * Saxifraga aizoides of Arctic and Subarctic climates. With other species called in Britain .f<»7- 
 frage (Prior), and perhaps included in the S^XIfrkgl urn or S&.X I f r kg I a. of the C. F. vocabu- 
 lary, — identified by Galfridus pr. pm. with the " saxifrage herbe : " S. aizoides is described by Lin- 
 naeus ; is known to grow on the Pyrenees and mountains of Switzerland and middle Europe, and 
 from Scotland and Ireland throughout Northern Europe to Lapland, Spitzbergen, and Iceland (Smith 
 brit. i. p. 432, Pers., Hook., Dec , and Wats.). Farther West, was observed by Parry on Igloolik in 
 the Arctic Sea; is known to grow at Lat. 64° in central North America, and farther South on the 
 Rocky mountains (Hook.), in Labrador and Newfoundland (Pursh), in Northern Michigan and on 
 Willoughby mountain in Vermont, ceasing at about 43 30' "near Oneida Lake" (A. Cray). 
 
 Alu.ts incana of Subarctic climates. Called in 1,'ritain hoary alder or in the North eller (Way), 
 and the "oryelle tre" identified by Galfridus pr. pm. with the J.LnuS of the C. F. vocabulary,— 
 may be compared : A. incana is termed " a. folio incano " by Parkinson p. 1409 ; and is known to grow 
 from France throughout Northern Europe (Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Chamisso in Kam- 
 tchatka and on the opposite American coast at Kotzebue's Sound, by Mertens at Norfolk Sound; 
 farther East, is known to grow from Wisconsin to New England and on the Alleghanies in Pennsyl- 
 vania (Pursh, A. F. Mx, Nutt., and A. Cray) ; has been observed by myself from Lat. 48 on the 
 Lower St. Lawrence along the Atlantic ceasing at about Lat. 41° 30' beyond Boston. 
 
 f Piqneria trinervia of Mexico. A small Ageratum-like herb called in Mexican " xoxonitztal " 
 or "yoloxiltic" (Lindl.), and from early times used as a remedy in intermittent fevers : — observed 
 by Mocino and Sesse" on rocks near Santa Rosa de la Sierra, Xalapa, and many other parts ; and 
 according to Steudel was known to Ruiz in Peru. Transported to Europe, is described by Jacquin 
 eel. i. pi. 48, and Cavanilles iii. pi. 235 (Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 791 
 
 " 1362 A. D." (Blair), by Edward III. in his fiftieth year, as a favour to his people, law-pleadings 
 changed from French to English. 
 
 "September" (Alst, and Nicol.), Innocentius VI. succeeded by William de Grimoard de Beau- 
 voir abbot and lord, now Urbanus V., forty-fourth pope. 
 
 ''In or about this year" (Way ed. pr. pm. 318), the Vision of Piers Plowman composed. —A 
 revision was made by the author "in 1377," and a second revision "between 1380 and 1300," 
 (Skeat ed.). 
 
 " 1363 A. D." (Alst. p. 307), Joannes V. made tributary to the Turkish sultan; whose consent 
 from this time became indispensable to the inauguration of Byzantine emperors. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Mohammed El-Mansur succeeded by Schaban-Aschraf, nine- 
 teenth Memluk sultan of Egypt. A coin issued by Schaban-Aschraf, is figured in Marcel p. 175. 
 
 " 1364 A. D." (Alst. p. 234 and 375), in the presence of the cardinals and pope, an oration by 
 Nicolaus Orem, Against the corruptions of the priesthood. In France, John succeeded as king by 
 Charles V. : who wrote against the tyranny and rapacity of the popes, and caused the scriptures to be 
 translated into French. 
 
 One hundred and seventieth generation. Sept. 1st, 1367, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Persian writers, Aly Ben Hussen of Bokhara wr. 1368, Abd al Cuvvy Ben Shedad wr. 1376 (AinsL): 
 the Arab writer El-Demiri d. 1405 (Pouchet) : the Greek writer Catacuzenus d. 1375: Joannes Tau- 
 lerus, Joannes Rusbrochius ; Matthew of Westminster ; Froissart ; Nicholas Flamel : the scholastic 
 theologians, Henricus de Hassia, and Marsilius ab Ingen : the Italian poets, Petrarch, and Boccaccio : 
 the naturalists, Gaston Phoebus d. 1391, Corbichon (Pouch.): the botanists, Conradus de Megen- 
 berg, John Bray, John Ardern : the painter Stefanone d. 1390. 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii.), the Azores Islands, previously discovered by the Normans, rep- 
 resented on Picignano's map of the world. 
 
 "The same year (=ann. Saca 1290," C. Mackenzie as. res. ix. p. 270), date of a Jain inscription 
 at Belligola, under the reign of Bucca-raya. 
 
 " 1368 A. D. = 'houng-wou,' 1st year of" Tchou-youan-tchang, now " Tai-tsou IV., head of the 
 new dynasty of the Ming" (Chinese chron. table). Thepowerof the Lamas now disappeared from China. 
 
 " 1369 A. D." (Maunder), at Paris, the Bastile, a fortress and prison, commenced by Charles V. 
 — The structure was completed in " 1383." 
 
 " In this year (=2d of the houng-wou," geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. p. 37), tribute and his submis- 
 sion sent by Tchhang king of Corea to the Chinese emperor ; who confirmed him in his title of king. 
 
 "In the first years of his reign " (Pauth. 388, and 398), Tai-tsou IV. received ambassadors from 
 " forty " different foreign kingdoms; including besides Corea, Japan, the island of Formosa, "iles 
 de l'Australie," Sien-lo or Siang, bringing a letter written in golden characters; and from another 
 country, bringing a lion, said to be the first one seen in China. 
 
 " 1370 A. D." (Alst p. 375, and others), John Wiclef, translator of the bible into English, now 
 writing openly against the pope. The papal authority from this time began to be directed against 
 individual members of the church. 
 
 In this year (= " 3d year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, mel. iii. 89), arrival in China of Kouo- 
 tching, ambassador from Cambodia. 
 
 " In this year " (Velasco, and Markh.), Duchicala succeeded by Atauchi Duchicala, now thirteenth 
 scyri of Quito. 
 
 " Dec. 30th " (Nicol.), Urbanus V. succeeded by cardinal Peter Roger the younger or Gregorius 
 XL, forty -fifth pope. 
 
 Interments in the cave of Gruta das mumias, about twenty miles from Juiz de Fora in Southern 
 Brazil (Hartt in am. nat. 1875), as early perhaps as this date* 
 
 * Gossypium Brasiliense of Tropical America. One of the bodies wrapped in a hammock of 
 coarse cotton threads, united " at intervals of a foot or more by transverse threads : " — the hammocks 
 "ini" or " inni " seen by Lerius "in 1556" in Brazil were made of cotton thread, sometimes like a 
 net sometimes woven into a close cloth ; the same name for hammock is given by Stade, but could not 
 be found by Hartt in the Tupi, Maue"s, nor Mundrucu vocabularies : G. Brasiliense was observed by 
 Macfadyen i. 72 on Jamaica, both wild and cultivated (A. Dec). 
 
 Cecro-hia sft. of Southern Brazil. The burial urns covered outside with a sort of basket-work of 
 the bast of " embauba tinga " — (Glaziou and Hartt). 
 
 Astrocaryum tucuvi of Southern Brazil. A palm, and one of the bodies wrapped in a hammock 
 made of its fibres — (Glaziou, and Hartt), a material perhaps no longer used for this purpose. 
 
 Geonoma pinnatifrons of Eastern Equatorial America. A palm, and fragments of its pinnules 
 found around one of the bodies — (Glaziou, and Hartt) : G. pinnati.'rons is known to grow as far as 
 Caraccas (Pers.). From transported specimens, is described by Willdenow. 
 
79 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 1371 A. D. (= 4 th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, mel. iii. 89), a letter and tribute sent 
 to China by Hou-eul-na, king of Cambodia. 
 
 " In this year" (Vincent's eel. Haydn), David II. son of Robert Bruce succeeded by Robert II., 
 of the Stuart family, and now kins; of Scotland. 
 
 Carduus nutans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "gaitharagkatho 
 (Sibth.), in Britain musk thistle or Scotch thistle, and usually regarded as the badge of Scotland in 
 the national arms (Prior) ; the "thistle," the badge of the Stewart clan * — (Vincent's ed. Haydn), 
 is first mentioned as the badge of Scotland in a poem by Dunbar in 1503 (Pinkert.) : C. nutans is 
 described by Tournefort inst. 440 ; and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as 
 far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 675, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 in fallow ground in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it has been found bv Porter in "fields near Harrisburg, Penn." (A. Gray). 
 
 Onopordum acanthinm of Europe. Called in Germany " eselsdistel," in Italy " scardiccione " 
 (Lenz), in Britain on the Eastern Border Scotch thistle (G. Johnston, and Prior), and an allied species 
 in Greece " gaitharagkatho " (Sibth.) : possibly therefore the " thistle " in question : — O. acanthium 
 is described by Tragus f. 324, and Dodoens 721 (Spreng.) ; is termed "carduus tomentosus acanthi 
 folio vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 441 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.) ; and is known 
 to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (flor. Dan pi. 909, and Pers.). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in waste ground in Greece, but extremely rare. By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues along roadsides and to all appearance 
 naturalized on the seashore of New England. 
 
 " 1372 A. D." (Blair), the English defeated in naval combat by the Spanish admiral Boccanegra. 
 
 " The same year" (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Kouo-gen II. succeeded by his kinsman Jensu II. 
 or Go-Jensu or Go-yen-yo, now one hundredth dairo of Japan. 
 
 "1373 A. D." (Pauth. 39s), in China, edict of Tai-tsou IV., prohibiting women from becoming 
 "kou-tseu" or bonzesses before the age of "forty." 
 
 "In this year (= 6th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, mel. iii. 92), tribute sent to China 
 from Cambodia. 
 
 " 1374 A. D." (Humb. cosm. v.), the Catalonian map, containing the mountain lake of Issikul on 
 the Northern slope of the Thian-shan : — a lake lately for the first time visited by Russian travellers. 
 
 As early perhaps as this year, a fortified temple built by the Calmuk prince Ablai on the Upper 
 Irtich. — The ruins, situated South of the Russian frontier, were visited by Sokolof, who found among 
 them human figures with "ten faces and seven arms" (Braminical), and remnants of Mongol and 
 Tangout writings on paper and birch bark. 
 
 Calama^rostis arutidinacca of Northern Europe and Asia. A grass called in Sweden "pip-hwen" 
 (Linn.), and from early times woven by the Calmuks into mats for covering their dwellings — (Gmel.): 
 termed "gramen avenaceum montanum panicula angusta e dilutissimo fusco albicante et papposa " by 
 Scheuchzer hist. 507 (Linn.) ; observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Roth i. 33 in Ger- 
 many ; and by Gmelin in Siberia. 
 
 * Rubns chamamortis of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain knot-bcrrv or cloud-berry (Prior), 
 and the "cloud-berry bush " enumerated as the badge of the M'Farlane clan — (Vincent's ed. Haydn) 
 may be compared : R. chamaemorus is described by Gerarde p. 1368 ; is known to grow from the 
 mountains of Scotland, Bohemia, and Silesia, throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Ice- 
 land (Lightf. pi. 13, Pers., Hook., and W.Us.). Eastward, is known to grow on the Ural mountains 
 and throughout Siberia as far as Kamtchatka (Gmel., and Pall.). Farther East, on Unalascha and 
 from Bering's Straits along the shore of the Arctic Sea, and Southward to Lat. 52 at Lake Winnipeg 
 (Hook., and Drumm.), Hudson Bay (Six.), Newfoundland (Lapyl.), the Lower St. Lawrence (observed 
 by myself), the mountains of New England (Pursh, and A. Cray), and along the Atlantic ceasing at 
 about Lat. 44 (Josselvn). 
 
 Scirpus cirspitosus of Arctic climates. Called in Britain deer's hair (Prior) : the "deer-grass" 
 enumerated as the badge of the M'Kcnzic clan — (Vincent's ed. Haydn) may be compared : S. caespi- 
 tosus is described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow on the Pyrenees, Alps of Switzerland, and moun- 
 tains of Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (i'ers., and Dec). Eastward, is known 
 to grow in Northern Asia (Wats.). Farther East, in British America and Greenland (Wats.), also on 
 the alpine summits of the Adirondacks and mountains of Maine (A. Gray), and observed by myself on 
 the White mountains. 
 
 Lvcopoi/ium dendi aides of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Brhzinjir-moss (Prior), and the 
 "fir-clubmo.ss" enumerated as the badge of the M'Rae clan — (Vincent's ed. Haydn) : L. dendroides 
 is described by Linnaeus ; and is known to grow throughout Northern Europe. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 793 
 
 Glycyrrhiza asperrima of the Uralian plains. Growing in the most arid parts of the Desert 
 towards the South, and from early times its leaves used by Calmuks as a substitute for tea— (Pall, 
 trav. i. 513 to 767). 
 
 Phlomis tuberosa of the Uralian plains. Called by the Calmuks " bodmon sok " (Pall.), and from 
 early times its root cooked and eaten by the Calmuks ; — observed by Buxbaum cent. i. pi. 6, and 
 Pallas i. 235 to 513 as far West as the Lower Volga. Probably by European colonists carried to 
 Northeast America, observed by Hadley and Dewey on the "shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester" 
 (A. Gray). 
 
 Saxifraga crassifolia of the Altaian mountains. Called " badan," and from early times its leaves 
 used by the Mongols and Bouriates as a substitute for tea— (Klapr., and Ainsl. mat ind. i. 1. 228) ; 
 according ta Pallas iii. 271, used especially for this purpose when commerce with China was inter- 
 rupted for some years, and called throughout Siberia " Tschargirskoi'-tchai " from the source of com- 
 mercial supply : S. crassifolia was observed by Gmelin pi. 66, and Pallas, on the Altaian mountains. 
 
 Hedysarum f> itticosum of the Mongolian plains. A clustered shrub from early times valued as 
 affording feed for horses : — observed by Gmelin iv. pi. 22 in Siberia ; by Pallas iv. 367 to 717, fre- 
 quent on sandy hills on the Upper Selenga and at Chailassutu in Daouria. 
 
 Caragana pygmea of the Mongolian plains. Called on the Upper Selenga " zolotarnik," known 
 from early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 370. 
 
 Caragana spinosa of the Mongolian plains. A thorny bush called by the Mongols "altaganah" 
 (Pall.), and known from early times : — observed by Laxman on the Upper Yenisei ; by Pallas iv. 397 
 to 716, on the Selenga, said to abound around Pekin, and suitable for hedges. 
 
 Campanula lilifalia of the Mongolian plains. Called by the Saigak Tartars "sondjaelass " (Pall ), 
 and its root eaten from early times : — observed by Gmelin iii. pi. 26 in Tartary and Siberia ; by Pallas 
 iv. 502, on the Upper Yenisei. 
 
 Cirsium se<-raiuloides of Siberia. Called in Greece "agriozohos " (Forsk.), by the Saigak Tartars 
 "epschoek'' (Pall.), and its root eaten from early times : — observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 22 and 23 in 
 Siberia; by Pallas iv. pi. 502, on the Upper Yenisei. Westward, is termed "cirsium angustifolium 
 non laciniatum " by Tournefort inst. 447 ; was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, near Belgrad in the 
 environs of Constantinople ; and is known to occur as far as Switzerland and Montpellier (Jacq. austr. 
 pi. 127, and Pers.). 
 
 Potentilla rupestris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called by the Mongols and Bouriates "khal- 
 talsa," and from early times used as a substitute for tea — (Klapr., and Ainsl. mat. ind. i. 1. 228) ; 
 also in Siberia, where it is called " polevoi'-tcha'i " prairie tea, and was observed by Pallas iii. 395. 
 Westward, is termed " quinquefolium fragiferum" by C. Bauhin pin. 326, "fragaria rupestris" by 
 Scopoli, and is known to grow as far as France and Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 114, Lam. fl. fr., and 
 Smith fl. brit). 
 
 Artemisia tanacetifolia of the Uralian plains. Called by the Katschintzi Tartars "irven," and 
 from early times employed in perfuming and consecrating annually a black stallion to " Tous " or the. 
 Evil one, — observed by Pallas iii. 433 on barren mountains on the Upper Obi ; by Allioni pi. 10, and 
 Villars iii. 248, as far West as the mountains of Piedmont and Dauphiny (Pers.). 
 
 Leonurus lanatus of the Mongolian plains. Called on the Upper Yenisei '■ gremiiasscha " (Pall.), 
 and used medicinally from early times : —observed by Gmelin iii. pi. 54 in Siberia; by Pallas iii. 441, 
 near Abakansk on the Upper Yenisei. 
 
 Caragana arborescens of the Mongolian plains. A bush called by the Mongols "altaganah,'' and 
 known from early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 145 frequent on the Selenga. 
 
 Stipa capillata of the Mongolian and Uralian plains. A grass called by the Mongols "chilgona," 
 and from early times valued as feed for cattle, — observed by Pallas iv. 144 in a plain bearing its name 
 on the Selenga. Westward, by Sibthorp around Constantinople, and is known to occur as far as 
 Germany and France (Scheuchz. gram. pi. 3, and Lam. fl. fr.). 
 
 /„•, dichotoma of Daouria. Called by the Mongols "chaitschi," and its root used from early 
 times against toothache, — observed by Messerschmid (Amm. 103 n. 135), and Pallas iv. 333 to 685, in 
 
 Daouria. 
 
 Rhamnus erythroxyhim of East Siberia. Called by the Mongols " iaschihl," and from early times 
 its wood used for niches for their divinities, — observed by Palhs iv. 367 on the Selenga. 
 
 Lilium pomponium of Eastern Asia. Called by the Saigak Tartars " akschep," and the month 
 of June " aktschep-ai " by the Beltires from being the season when the root is chiefly collected for 
 food —observed by Pallas iii. 43' and iv. 274 to 501 from the Upper Yenisei to Daouria ; by Cleyer 
 ii. 9.' 76. f. 20, in China or Japan (Spreng.). Westward, is described by Clusius (Spreng), Miller pi. 
 
 65, and Knorr del. i. pi. 4- , , „.. . . _ 
 
 " 1375 A. D." (Nicol.), the Turkish sultan Murad menacing Italy; a synod at Winuwski, io 
 
 extend aid to the pope. 
 
 100 
 
794 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 As early as 1376 A. D. (= "twenty-six years ago" in lett. Anton. Zen.), four fishing-boats 
 driven by a storm " more than a thousand miles Westward from Frislanda " (the Faeroe Islands) 10 
 an island called Estotiland (Iceland?), the inhabitants very intelligent and "possess all the arts like 
 ourselves," derived it is believed from former intercourse with our people, for " he saw Latin books " 
 which they of the present generation do not understand, but " have their own language and letters : " 
 their "foreign intercourse is with Greenland, whence they import furs, brimstone, and pitch.'" — The 
 fisherman and his companions brought knowledge of the compass, and after a stay of " five years " 
 were sent " with twelve boats to the southwards to a country which they called Drogio : " here most 
 of the party were massacred, the remainder saving themselves through knowledge " of taking fish 
 with nets ; " * but the report spreading excited jealousy, and they were passed from tribe to tribe dur- 
 ing " thirteen years " through the hands of " more than five and twenty chiefs, for they were contin- 
 ually fighting amongst themselves " (compare the uniformity of stitch in the fish-nets of Europeans 
 and the American and Polynesian tribes). The fisherman describes the country as very great " and 
 as it were a new world ; the people are very rude and uncultivated, for they all go naked and suffer 
 cruelly from the cold, nor have they the sense to clothe themselves with the skins of the animals 
 which they take in hunting: they have no kind of metal : they live by hunting, and carry lances of 
 wood sharpened at the point: they have bows, the strings of which are made of beasts' skins: they 
 are very fierce, and have deadly fights amongst each other, and eat one another's flesh : they have 
 chieftains and certain laws among themselves, but differing in the different tribes : the farther you go 
 south-westwards, however, the more refinement you meet with, because the climate is more temper- 
 ate," and "in those parts they have some knowledge and use of gold and silver" (copper ?). Leaving 
 his companions, who were unwilling to make the attempt, the fisherman escaped "through the woods," 
 and "passing from one chief to another," his former acquaintances, "after a long time" reached 
 " Drogio, where he spent three \ ears." At length boats arrived from Esto'iland ; in which he took 
 passage, and trading in company became rich enough to fit " out a vessel of his own," and "returned 
 to Frislanda." 
 
 " In the reign of Edward III." (.Major pr. H. 55, and Galvan.). an Englishman named Robert 
 Machim having run away with a woman and embarked for Spain, the ship was driven by a storm to 
 an unknown island (Madeira) ; and Machim with others landing, were abandoned. The woman dying, 
 
 * Apocynum cannabinum of Northeast America. Called by the colonists Indian hemp, by the 
 natives on the Lower Mississippi " enequen '' (Alvarad.) : probably the material used by the fisher- 
 men in teaching the natives how to make fish-nets : — natives wearing a covering of Tillandsia moss 
 interwoven with cords of "canape silvestra " were seen by Verrazanus at 34° on the Atlantic: "can- 
 nabis " growing wild, by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Dry i. 8) : " hemp," by Newport on James river : 
 fishing-nets of " chanure " growing in their own country, by Jacques Cartier in the Bay of St. Law- 
 rence, in the possession of natives from the South : and fish-lines " of their owne hempe " and strong 
 sturgeon-nets, according to W. Wood ii. 16, were made by the natives near Plymouth : A. cannabinum 
 was observed by Oakes from Lat. 42 30' along the Atlantic; by myself, frequent in peninsular New 
 Jersey, upright, three feet or more high, and the flowers greenish ; by Baldwin, as far as Matanzas in 
 Florida; by Chapman, in " dry or damp soil, Florida, and northward;" by Beck, near the mouth of 
 the Missouri. Transported to Europe, is described by Morison xv. pi. 3 (Pers.). 
 
 Apocynum hypeiicifolium of Northeast America. An allied species with small pearly- white 
 flowers, — observed by myself at 44 on the Pemigewasset, in two forms, upright three feet hi°h, and 
 the other form depressed ; known to grow throughout Canada as far as 54 on the Saskatchewan 
 (Drumm., and Hook.). Transported to Europe, is described by Aiton, and Jacquin hort. iii pi 
 66 (Pers.). 
 
 Apocynum androsannifolium of Northeast America. The American dogbane, known to the 
 natives from early times :— of the "two kinds of herbes " growing around Salem and said to be 
 " good to make cordage," the " very sweet " flowers observed by Higgeson (hist. coll. i. 121) clearly 
 belong to this species: A. androsaemifolium is known to grow from Hudson's Bay and 54 on the 
 Saskatchewan throughout Canada (Hook., and Drumm.) ; has been observed by myself alono- the 
 Atlantic to 38 ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina (Ell.) ; by Chapman, in "rich soil, North Caro- 
 lina, and northward." 
 
 Asclepias incarnata of Northeast America. Also called by the colonists Indian hemp, and said 
 to have been used by the natives for bow-strings, — " the fibres of the bark are strong and capable of 
 being wrought into a fine soft thread, but it is very difficult to separate the bark " (Cutl. p. 424) : A. 
 incarnata was observed by myself frequent on the marshy borders of streams from 43 to 3S alono- 
 the Atlantic ; by Schvveinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina; by Chapman, in Upper Georgia; by Michaux^ 
 in Illinois ; by Beck, on the Mississippi at St. Louis ; and by E. James, on the Platte. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 795 
 
 a chapel was erected for her tomb, bearing an inscription ; — and Machim and his companions having 
 made " a boate all of a tree, the trees being there of a great compasse about," went to sea and were 
 drifted upon the African coast "without saile or oar.'' The Moors " tooke it for a miracle, and pre- 
 sented him" to their king; who in turn "sent him and his companie unto the king of Castile,'' 
 Henry III. of Spain reigning "in 1393." The news brought by Machim, and by "the ship wherein 
 he went" to the island, " moued many of France and of Castile to goe and discouer it." 
 
 Laurus Indica of Madeira. Probably the tree " of great compasse about " whose trunk was 
 made into a boat : — Cadamosto found fine timber on Madeira, and elegant tables exported by the 
 Portuguese : L. Indica was observed by myself, a large tree in the Madeira forest. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 304, and Seba ii. pi. 84. 
 
 " 1377, Jan. 17th" (Alst., and Blair), the Italians exhibiting signs of defection, the seat of the 
 papacy removed from Avignon back to Rome by Gregorius XI. 
 
 " Feb." (Skeat ed. Piers Plowm.), jubilee in England, Edward III. having "attained the fiftieth 
 year of his reign." He died "June 21st." and was succeeded by Richard II. 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif.), Schaban-Aschraf succeeded by Ali El-Mansur, twentieth 
 Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 "The same year" (Crawfurd vii. 11), among the kings of the Moluccas the first rank acquired 
 by the king of Ternate Kamala Pulu, — who after a long and prosperous reign established the suc- 
 cession in his own direct line.* 
 
 " 1378, Apr. 9th " (Nicol.),. Gregorius XI. succeeded by archbishop Bartholemew Prignano, now 
 Urbanus VI., forty-sixth pope. Richard II. ruling England ; Robert II., Scotland ; and in this year 
 (Alst.), Carolus IV. succeeded by his son Wenceslaus, as emperor of Germany and Italy. 
 
 " In this year" (Humb. cosm. i. 1), a comet recorded in the Chinese table. — (Halley's comet, 
 see A. D. 1456). 
 
 " 1379 A. D. (= [2th yeir houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, mel. iii. 92), an ambassador and 
 tribute sent to China by Thsan-tha-kan-wou-tche-the-tha-tchi, king of Cambodia. 
 
 " 1380 A. D." (Skeat ed. P. Plow., quart, rev. for 1870), the translation of the New Testament 
 into English by John de Wycliffe completed. Assisted by his friend Nicholas of Hereford, he con- 
 tinued the work, — and finished the translation of the Old Testament before his death "in 1384." 
 
 " In this year (= 13th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, iii. 92), tribute sent to China from 
 
 Cambodia. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Markham edit. Ciez. p. 269), after the conquest of the Huanca nation 
 by Capac Yupanqui, brother of the Inca Pachacutec, the inhabitants of the district of Caxamarca 
 induced partly by conquest and partly by conciliation to come under the rule of the Incas. 
 
 " 1 381, June " (Blair, and Skeat), insurrection in England, led by Watt Tyler. 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif.), Ali El-Mansur succeeded by Hadgi Saleh, twenty-first Memluk 
 
 sultan of Egypt. . 
 
 "1382, May" (Nicol.), a synod in London; and "Nov. i8th," one at Oxford. Against the 
 
 Wicleffites or Lollards. . ... , „ .„ 
 
 " In this year " (Bonder 40, and Major edit. Bethenc), Francisco Lopez in sailing from Seville 
 to Gallicia driven by a storm to the Great Canary Island, where he and twelve companions were ami- 
 cably received, — but at the end of "seven years," were put to death from mistrust of the information 
 they had sent to the Land of the Christians. 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif.), Hadgi Saleh deposed ; and succeeded by Barkook. — Some 
 years later, Hadgi Saleh was recalled to the throne, and soon afterwards put to death. In him, the 
 Bahrite dynasty became extinct. ^^^ 
 
 * Cmnnmomum culilawan of the Moluccas. A tree furnishing the genuine cuhlawan bark, from 
 early times employed medicinally by the natives - (the so-called "culilawan bark" of commerce 
 beinor a mixU ,re of Indian barks); C. culilawan is known to grow on Amboyna, but not beyond on 
 the Papuan islands, nor Westward as far as Java (Blume rum. pi. 9 and 10, and L.ndl.). From 
 transported specimens, is described by Linnaeus sp. 530. _ 
 
 Cinnamomum rubrum of the Moluccas. A middle-sized tree growing with the preceding, - and 
 its bark similar and hardly inferior (Blumerum.pl. 11, and Lindl.) „■,.,. , 
 
 Cinnamomum xanthoneuron of the Moluccas and Papuan islands. A tree furnishing clove- 
 scented baric -of great fragrance, extremely like and confounded with Massoy bark, but losing its 
 aualitv bv time (Blume rum. pi. 13, and Lindl.). 
 
 CinlaLmum sintoc of the mountains of Southern Hindustan and Java. A tree eighty feet 
 high its aromatic bark known from early times : - C. sintoc was observed by Blume rumph. xxx.pl 
 S the higher mountains ofjava, its bark according to Lindley very like " the true cuhlawan but 
 tess agreeable, having " a strong odour of nutmegs " and " not so purely that of cloves. 
 
796 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Barkook, head of the Borgite Memluk dynasty, introduced some changes in the administration 
 of government. Besides a college built by Barkook; the canal Bahr Scherkieh leading through the 
 middle of the Labyrinth, (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. 94) is also attributed to him. 
 
 A mosque and tomb were built by Barkook: from this date (Wilk. theb. and eg. 307), — the 
 tombs of the Borgite Memluk kings are outside and Eastward from Cairo, being the mosque-like 
 buildings so conspicuous in the Desert. 
 
 " 1383 A. D." (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Jensu II. succeeded by his eldest son Gokomatz, now 
 one hundred and first dairo of Japan. 
 
 "In this year (= 16th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, mel. iii. 92), officials sent to Cam- 
 bodia, authorized to confer titles on the king, and examine the passports of Chinese travellers. 
 
 "Not earlier than this date" (Tyrwhitt, and Way ed. pr. pm., Skeat gives "about 1387")! Chau- 
 cer writing his Canterbury Tales. 
 
 Dianthus plumarius of Switzerland and the region around. The piggesnie of Chaucer 
 c. t. 3268, — referred by Prior to one or more species of pink, may be compared : D. plumarius has 
 been long cultivated in Britain, and since the time of Ray, and Dillenius, has be-en found growing 
 spontaneously in the South (Wats., and Bab.). Except in die cultivated state, is unknown in France 
 and Westward, occurring however in Italy and Austria (Hall, helvet. 897, Koch, and A. Dec). 
 
 "1384 A. D. = 17th year of the 'houng-wou' of Tai-tsou IV " (Chinese chron. table), begin- 
 ning of the Sixty-eighth cycle. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Joannes V. succeeded by Andronicus.IV. ; by consent of the Turks, 
 sixty-fifth Byzantine emperor. 
 
 " 13S5 A. D." (Lubke and Lutrow), victory gained by king Juan of Portugal at Aljaruta. In 
 commemoration, he built the church of Batalha near Lisbon. 
 
 " In this year" (J. R. Hind, and Hurab. cosm. i. 1), a comet whose orbit is known from Chinese 
 observations. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng. hist. med. vii 7), Joannes de Dondis, a son of Jacobus, writing the 
 Herbolario, a botanical work. — He died in " 1395." 
 
 " 1386 A. D." (Lubke and Lutrow), the cathedral at Milan commenced : — finished " in 1807." 
 
 "In the time of the Inca Pachacutec " (Markham edit. Ciez. p. 242), Chimu-chanchu ruling the 
 Yuncas in the valley of Chimu. After a long war with the Inca's son Yupanqui, Chimu-chanchu con- 
 sented to abandon his own idols, "figures of fish and other animals," and "worship the sun." The 
 remains of the city of Chimu — between Truxillo and the sea, "cover a space of three quarters of a 
 league, exclusive of the great squares," and among the ruins is a palace built of stone and adobes 
 "fifty yards high" (Rivero antiq. Peruv.). 
 
 " In this year (= 19th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, mel. iii. 93), Lieou-min, Thang-king, 
 and other Chinese officials sent to Cambodia with porcelain vases for the king as a recompense. 
 
 " 1387 A. D." (Klapr. mem. i. 351), the Pheng hou Islands or Pescadores, between China and 
 Formosa, ravaged and their inhabitants removed by the Chinese. 
 
 "The same year (= 20th houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, mel. iii. 93), on the return of Thang- 
 king and his companions, an ambassador with tribute, consisting of " fifty-nine " elephants and " sixty 
 thousand pounds " of perfumes, sent to China by Thsan-liei-phao-pi-sie-kan-phou-tche, king of Cam- 
 bodia. 
 
 "Nov. 16th '' (Markham p. xxxvii), after the submission of Ispahan, a tumult excited by an 
 inconsiderate youth : Timour in consequence ordered a general massacre of the inhabitants. He 
 next marched to Shiraz, and had there a complimentary interview with the poet Hafiz, — who died 
 " two years afterwards." 
 
 " In this year" (Alst.), Andronicus IV. succeeded by Manuel II.; by consent of the Turks, sixty- 
 sixth Byzantine emperor. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 216), marriage of Sigismund son of the emperor Carolus IV., leading 
 to his becoming king of Hungary. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Mayence. Thirty-six heretics were condemned to be 
 burned. 
 
 " 1388 A. D." (Alst. p. 226), Murad succeeded by Bajazct, fourth Turkish sultan. 
 
 "Oct. 23d (= 790 A. H. Ramzan 3" of Ferishtah, as. res. vii. 175, and Elph.), Firuz Toghlak 
 succeeded by Gheias-u-din Toghlak II., now seventeenth sultan of Delhi. 
 
 "Nov. 10th " (Nicol.), a synod at Palermo. " For the reformation of the clergy." 
 
 In this year(= "1313 an. jav.," Raffles), Mulana Ibrahim an Arab missionary having established 
 himself with other Mohammedans at Leran in Java, arrival there of his cousin the raja of Chermen 
 in Sabrang bringing a daughter whom he proposed to present in marriage to king Angka Wijaya. 
 After founding a mosque the raja made a visit to Majapahit, and returning to Leran his daughter with 
 other relatives within a few days sickened and died and he hastily left the island. Mulana Ibrahim 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 797 
 
 remained in charge of the tombs, and the Mohammedans acquired foothold. — The tombs of the prin- 
 cess and three of her relatives continue to be pointed out. 
 
 In this year (= " 21st year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, iii. 94) tribute of perfumes and 
 "twenty-eight" elephants with their attendants sent to China from Cambodia. 
 
 " 1389, Feb. (= 792 A. H., Zi Haj " of Ferisht, Elph.), Gheias-u-din Toghlak II. succeeded by 
 Abubekr Toghlak, now eighteenth sultan of Delhi. 
 
 " In this year" (Relation du Groenl. 211), queen Margaret having united Norway and Denmark, 
 and Henry bishop of Garde assisting in the assembly of the states in Denmark : certain merchants, 
 accused of going to Greenland without leave and taking the queen's taxes, escaped punishment by 
 making oath that they were driven there by a storm and brought away only purchased merchandise. 
 
 — The affair however tended greatly to discourage intercourse with Greenland. Sweden was also 
 united with Norway and Denmark by queen Margaret. 
 
 "Nov. 2d" (Alst., and Nicol.), Urbanus VI. succeeded by cardinal Peter Tomacelli, now Boni- 
 facius IX., forty-seventh pope. Charles V. ruling France. 
 
 " In this year (= 22d year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, iii. 94), tribute thrice sent to China 
 from Cambodia. 
 
 ''The same year" (Clavig, and Humb. atl. pict.), Acamapitzin succeeded by Huitzilihuatl, second 
 Mexican emperor.* 
 
 Hibiscus sabdariffa of Mexico. The rnselle is a large annual, called in Mexican "quauhxocoit " 
 
 — (Hern.) : was observed by Descourtilz growing naturally in the West Indies, but by Swartz, and 
 Macfadyen, only under cultivation. Transported to Europe is termed "sabdariffa" (the Turkish 
 name according to Drury) by Lobel hist., "alcea americana" by Clusius rar. iv. 14. Said to grow 
 also naturally in Guinea (Desc ) : observed by Grant on the Upper Nile, cultivated in Unyoro 2° 
 N. and Ugani 3 for its seeds, bark, and leaves, its seeds roasted and eaten by the Wagani, its bark 
 making beautiful but short cordage, and its leaves eaten as " spinage in the Land of the Moon, called 
 there ' tocos'was.'" Farther East, is clearly an introduced plant in Hindustan, is called in Malabar 
 "polechee," in Bengalee "mesta" (Drur.) ; was observed by Wight, and Graham, under cultivation, 
 "jellies, tarts, etc. are made of the calyxes and capsules freed from the seeds," and according to 
 Drury is planted for its fibre in Rajahmundry ; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah but "very widely 
 diffused " and called " them-bau-khyen-boung," its " sour calyx '' making " a fine flavoured jelly, and 
 preserve, which is a good substitute for cranberries." 
 
 " In this year" (geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. 37), Tchhang king of Corea dethroned by one of his 
 guards Li-tchhing-kouei, and succeeded by Yao of the Wang family, f 
 
 "1390, August (= 793 A. H. Ramzan " of Ferisht, Elph.), Abubekr Toghlak succeeded by 
 Nasir-u-din Toghlak, now nineteenth sultan of Delhi. 
 
 " In this year (= 23d year houng-wou of Tai-tsou," Remus, iii. 94), tribute sent to China from 
 Cambodia. 
 
 " In or about this year (Tourn. trav. ii. 386), at the demand of Bajazet, cadis established at 
 Constantinople, to adjudicate in cases arising between the Greeks and Turks. 
 
 " 1391 A. D." (Giles six engl. chron.), a license to visit Rome obtained by Ricardus of Ciren- 
 cester, after forty-one years service as a monk in the Benedictine monastery of St. Peter, West- 
 minster. 
 
 " 1392 A. D." (geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr. p. 37), Yao dethroned by Li-tchhing-kouei, who under 
 the name of Tan now established himself king of Corea. He sent an embassy to the emperor of 
 China, who restored the title Tchao-sian, which Corea bore when ruled by the Wang dynasty. " At 
 this time" (Dallet p. xiii), the use of the Chinese calendar and Chronology was imposed on the 
 
 * Hoitzia coccinea of Mexico. With other species called " huitzitziltzin " (Pers.), and from early 
 times : — known to grow here and there in Mexico, and frequent near Guanajuato (Cav. vi. pi. 365, 
 and Lam. ill.). 
 
 Helonias frigida of the alpine summits of the mountains of Mexico. Called "savoeja," and from 
 early times known to be poisonous : — growing on the alpine portion of Orizaba ; "horses that eat it 
 become stupified" (Schlecht. in Linn. vi. 46, and Lindl.). 
 
 t Ginkgo biloba of Japan. In Corea, besides the grave of Khi-tsu, a grove according to the 
 traditionary account planted by Khi-tsu, consisting of trees having the trunk of the fir with elm-like 
 leaves that are eaten in times of scarcity. G. biloba was observed by Thunberg in Japan, and is 
 enumerated by him among the plants furnishing oil for eating and burning. Westward, a large tree, 
 referred to the Juan dynasty, was seen by Bunge near the temple of Tan-dshe-ssy in Northern China 
 (acad. petersb. 1S35). Transported to Northeast America, a tree has continued in flourishing con- 
 dition in Boston more than forty years. 
 
798 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Coreans : Tan or Li-tan removed the Seat of government to Han-iang or Seoul, — and his dynasty, 
 called Tsi-tsien, continues to the present day. 
 
 " In this year" (Moomin, and Royle antiq. hind, med.), the Ikhtiarat Buddee, the earliest Persian 
 work on medicines or Materia Medica, completed. 
 
 "June 17th" (Nicol.), a synod at Prague. Secular judges were "forbidden to hinder criminals 
 condemned to death from receiving the Eucharist, if they wished it.'' 
 
 " 1393 A. D." (Alst. p. 307, see also Talvi ii. 3), Macedonia, Thessaly, Thrace, and the princi- 
 pal part of Bulgaria and Mysia, conquered by the Turks under Bajazet. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Skeat ed. Piers Plowm.), Gower writing his Confessio Amantis. 
 
 Goitiona cavipestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Included perhaps in the 
 medicinal b^LdemOyn of Gower, — identified by Galfridus pr. pm. with the "genciana," and the 
 latter described as an "herbe" in Roy. ms. 18. a. vi (Way) : C. campestris is described by Linnaeus ; 
 is known to grow in Italy ("g. c. neapolitana " of Froel.), and throughout middle Europe as far as 
 Denmark (AIL, Roth fl. g., Pers., Engl. bot. pi. 237, and fl. Dan. pi. 367) ; and according to Lindley 
 is "a substitute for the officinal Gentian." 
 
 " 1394 A. D. (= 796 A. H. of Ferisht," Elph.), Nasir-u-din Toghlak succeeded by his son 
 Humayun, and after " forty-five days " by a younger son Mahmud, a minor now twenty-first sultan 
 of Delhi, — and as it proved the last 
 
 " In this year" (Pauth 398 and 405), a map of the Chinese empire completed and presented to 
 Tai-tsou IV. By a census, the population of China found to consist of " 60,545,000 persons." 
 
 In or about this year, and in "July" (Major edit. Zen. p. xliii and 12), voyage of Nicolo Zeno 
 from the Shetland Islands to Greenland. He describes the canoes of the Esquimaux, and the hot 
 spring utilized by the monks for heating and culinary purposes, and for watering small gardens cov- 
 ered over in winter wherein were raised the " flowers and fruits and herbs " of more southern climates. 
 
 — '• Xot being accustomed to such severe cold," Nicolo "fell ill, and a little while after returned to 
 Frislanda" (the Faeroe Islands), "where he died." His brother Antonio had been with him in 
 Frislanda "four years," remained there "ten years" longer, returned to Venice, and was dead "in 
 1406" (Marco Barbaro, and Zurla). 
 
 1395 A. D. = " 1320 an. jav." (Raffles x.) inscribed at Majapahit on the tomb of Dara Wati 
 princess of Champa, the date perhaps of her arrival in Java to become the wife of king Angka Wijaya. 
 
 — The site of her tomb proves that she died before the destruction of the city. 
 
 " Feb. 4th " (Nicol. ), assembling at Paris of the First national synod of France. " On the means 
 of ending the schism in the church." 
 
 " The same year" (Blair), Sigismund king of Hungary defeated at Nicopolis by the Turks under 
 Bajazet. 
 
 " In this year" (Klapr. mem. ii. 159), first embassy from the Loo Choo Islands to China. Sent 
 by king Tchoung-chan, who received in return hereditary titles. 
 
 " 1397 A. D. = 30th year of Tai-tsou IV." (Pauth. 399), publication of the Ta-ming-lin, a "gen- 
 eral code of the laws of the Chinese empire under the Ta-ming dynasty." 
 
 " When Pachacutec was very old " (Salcam. edit. Markh. 97), news came to Cuzco "that a ship 
 had been seen on the sea : " — and " after another year, a youth entered the city with a great book, 
 which he gave to the old Inca and then disappeared." 
 
 " 1398 A. D. = 1st year of Kian-wen-ti III., of the Ming" dynasty, "the restorer of the literati" 
 
 — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 " May 22d" (Nicol.), assembling at Paris of the Second national synod of France. And in a 
 •second session "July," those present resolved to withdraw their obedience from the anti-pope Bene- 
 dictus at Avignon. 
 
 "Dec. 17th" (Elph.), Delhi captured and destroyed by the Mogul Tartars under Timur or 
 Tamerlane, who was now publicly proclaimed emperor of India. — He quitted India "about the loth 
 of March 1399." 
 
 " 1399 A - D -" ( art de verif.), Barkook succeeded by Faradj, twenty-third Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 " The same year" (Desvergers, and Marcel), Egypt threatened by the Tartars under Tamerlane : 
 who proceeded to overrun Syria and Asia Minor, and defeated the Turks ; thus indirectly saving the 
 Greek or Byzantine empire. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 397), the pope rendering himself sole and absolute master of the city 
 of Rome and changing the form of administration. 
 
 " 1400 A. D." (Garc. de la Vega), Pachacutec succeeded by his son Yupanqui, tenth Inca of Peru. 
 Who commenced the great fortress at Cuzco, after a plan left by his father. 
 
 " In the time of the Incas " (G. de la Veg. ii. 24), herbalists very famous, and among the plants 
 employed by them were probably " chacasoconche " bark (....), " chenchelcoma" {Salvia oppo- 
 sitiftora), " chinapaya " (....), " chucumpa " {Justicia sericea), " huarituru " {Valeriana coarctata), 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 799 
 
 "llamap-fiaui" {Negretia inflexd), "masca" (....); "matecllu" a water plant with leaves used 
 for sore eyes, described by G. de la Vega ii. 25 as a foot long with one round leaf at the end, eaten 
 raw and having a pleasant taste ( . . . ); "chilca" for rheumatism Baccharis scandens, '• moho- 
 moho " seed ? of a plant ( . . . ), "parhataquia" (Molina prostraf a), " panqui " (Gunuera scabra). 
 and " tasta" the buds used for wounds (Stereoxy Ion patens), — all contained in the wallet of a modern 
 chirihuano or herb-doctor (Markh. note to ii. 24). 
 
 Krameria triandra of the Peruvian Andes. Called in Quichua "ractania" (Markh.), its astrin- 
 gent root from early times used to strengthen and clean the teeth — (G. de la Vega ii. 25), also con- 
 tained in the wallet of the above-mentioned chirihuano : K. triandra was observed by Ruiz and Pavon 
 i. pi. 93 in sandy situations on the declivities of the Andes. Its imported root, called ratanhy root, 
 is used for. medicinal purposes besides tooth-powder (Lindl.). 
 
 From the "taruca" (Cervus Antisiensis of high forests skirting the Andes) and other quad- 
 rupeds, bezoars obtained by the Peruvians in early times, — but not within the memory of G. de la 
 Vega viii. 17. 
 
 Yupanqui "established the twelve months of the year, giving a name to each, and ordaining the 
 ceremonies that were to be observed in each ; " the first month called " hauca " and " Llusque " com- 
 mencing " in the middle of May, a few days more or less, on the first day of the moon." He also 
 built "the houses and temple* of Quisuar-cancha" at Cuzco — (C. de Molina edit. Markh. p. 11). 
 
 Tumebamba, in about 2 20' S., became the favourite, residence of Yupanqui, the remarkable 
 temples f there were commenced by him, — and according to the natives were continued or completed 
 by his successors Tupac, and Huayna Capac. The last-named Inca was residing here when news came 
 of the arrival of Pizarro and his "thirteen companions " on the coast (Ciez. xliv). 
 
 Apparently as far back as the end of the Fourteenth century, " chinampas " or floating gardens 
 first constructed on the lake surrounding the city of Mexico (Humb. iii. 8). 
 
 One hundred and seventy-first generation. Jan. 1st, 1401, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Jewish writers, Rabbi Lipmann, Jacob Levi : the Arab writers, Khalil Dhaheri, Makrizi d. 1442, El- 
 Schebi (Pouchet) : the Greek writers, Manuel Chrysoloras d. 1415, Joannes Cananus d. 1422: Paulus 
 Bergensis ; John of Tornamira, Vincentius Ferrerius : the medical writers, Manfredus de Monte 
 Imperiali, Saladin d'Asculo : the scholastic theologians, Joannes Capreolus, Thomas Valdensis, 
 Joannes Gerson, and Augustinus de Roma: the botanist Christoph. de Honestis. 
 
 " The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), in Spain, the cathedral at Seville commenced. — It was 
 "finished within a century." 
 
 In the days of the Flemish painters Hubert and John van Eyck (Bryan diet, paint), Bruges the 
 most commercial and flourishing city of Europe. 
 
 " About the beginning of the fifteenth century " (Cogolludo, and Gayangos edit. 5th lett. Cortes 
 p. 50), Mayapan the capital city of Yucatan captured and destroyed, the reigning dynasty overthrown, 
 and the Itzaes from the South taking possession of the territories adjoining the lake. 
 
 * Buddleia incana of the Peruvian Andes. A small tree called " quisuar " (Markh.), furnishing 
 the name of the above-mentioned temple: — B. incana was observed by Ruiz and Pavon i. pi. 80 
 along the banks of streams in Peru (Pers.). 
 
 Erythroxylon coca of the Peruvian Andes. The coca shrub wild to all appearance " near Cuchero 
 and on the summit of Cerro de San Cristobal " (Poeppig), but cultivated from early times and its 
 leaves used as a masticatory : llamas young and old were sacrificed and baskets of " coca" offered in 
 the first month — (C. de Mol.) : coca leaves were found by Hieronymus Benzoni "1542 to 1556" 
 (Spreng.) constantly in the mouths of the Peruvians; also by J. Acosta ; "in 1583," a revenue of 
 " 500,000 pesos duros " was derived from them by the government of Potosi (Lindl ) ; " cachos grow- 
 in"- only on the mountains of Peru " was known to Monardes ; the abundant production of coca "in 
 the province of Jungas" is described by J. Jussieu (Lam., and A. Dec); its cultivation, by Wed- 
 dell ; and its use was witnessed by myself, principally in the mining districts on the Andes. 
 
 Cantua uniflora of the Western slope of the Peruvian Andes. Called " cantut," and a portion 
 of Cuzco called " Cantut pata" as early perhaps as this date ; the beautiful flowers also woven in the 
 garlands of novices or young knights — (G. de la Veg. vii. 1) : C. uniflora was observed by Ruiz and 
 Pavon in " sepibus " enclosures in Peru. 
 
 A second flower, the " chihuayhua," yellow and pink-like, intermingled in the garlands of the 
 young knights. 
 
 A leaf of the "uinay huayna" always young, also interwoven — (G. de la Veg. vi. 27). 
 
 t Stipaychu of the Peruvian Andes. A grass furnishing the remarkable enduring thatched roofs 
 of these temples (Ciez.), and that of the circular building called " sondor-liuasi " at Azangaro, — ex- 
 amined by Markham edit. p. 166 : S. ychu was observed by Humboldt and Bonpland on the Peruvian 
 Andes, and is described by Kunth. 
 
800 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 1402 A. D." (Abyss, chron., and M. Russel 250), Theodorus succeeded by Isaac, now king 
 of Abyssinia. — During his reign of fifteen years, the great reservoir supplying every house in Axum 
 with water, constructed by the abuna Samuel. 
 
 "May 1st" (Bont. I, and Major edit. Bethenc), Jean de Bethencour, a Norman knight, having 
 conceived the project of converting and conquering the Canary Islands, frequented for the purpose of 
 carrying away the inhabitants as slaves, and taking with him his two chaplains Jean le Verrier and 
 Pierre Bontier, sailing from Rochelle. After visiting Spain, where he was brought before the king's 
 Council on a charge of piracy but was released, he sailed from Cadiz ; and arriving at Lancerote " in 
 July," was allowed to build a fort, which he named Rubicon. Passing over to the neighbouring island 
 of Fuerteventura, he left his associate Gadifer de la Salle in general charge and returned to Spain. — 
 He here offered homage to Henry III. for the government of the Canary Islands ; the king, although 
 he had never heard of them, granted the desired supplies, and even the privilege of coining money. 
 Bethencourt returned to the islands in the autumn, and on " Thursday, Feb. 20th, 1404," the pagan king 
 of Lancerote begged and received baptism, together with the name of Louis. "June 25th," an unsuc- 
 cessful attack was made on the island of Grand Canary. "January, 1405," with the aid of converted 
 natives and after much fighting, the two kings of Fuerteventura at their own request received baptism. 
 Bethencourt now proceeded to France, and brought back a large number of emigrants ; was again 
 defeated on Grand Canary ; but removed the inhabitants of the island of Ferro, and settled French in 
 their place, and took final leave " Dec. 15th," Palma and the two largest and most populous islands, 
 Grand Canary and Teneriffe, remaining unsubdued. 
 
 Euphorbia Cauariensis of the Canary Islands and neighbouring portion of Africa, as far as the 
 mountains of Yemen. A large cactiform spurge called in Yemen '■ kassas '' or " kassar " (Forsk.) ; 
 and the beautiful tree observed by Bontier 70 frequent on Fuerteventura, having brandies as large as 
 a man's arm full of milk of great medicinal value "en maniere de baulme," — is referred here by 
 Major edit. p. 134 : E. Canadensis is known to grow on the Canary Islands (Linn., Pers., and Lindl.). 
 Eastward, was observed by Forskal from Djobla to Tases on the mountains of Yemen, its milky 
 juice taken as a purgative. Transported to Europe, the plant is described by Commelyn hort. ii. pi. 
 104, and Blackwell pi. 340. 
 
 Euphorbia piscaioria of the Canary Islands. A shrubby species of spurge called on Palma 
 "higerilla" (Von Bitch) ; used probably by the "fishermen" of Grand Canary; the brushwood use- 
 ful fur fuel and kind of wood called " hyguerres " seen by Bontier 69 to 71 on Lancerote, — may also 
 be compared. The juice of E. piscatoria is used on the Canaries for capturing fish, by poisoning the 
 water (Major edit. Bethenc. p. 131). The plant, transported to Europe, is described by Aiton ii. 137. 
 
 " 1403 A. D. = 'young-lo,' 1st year of Tching-tsou-wen-ti " or Tching-tsou, "of the Ming" or 
 Twenty-third dynasty — (Chinese chron. taUe, and Pauth ). 
 
 " In the 1st year young-lo " (topog. Cant.), the king <i the Si-yang-koue or Nation of the Western 
 Ocean (Orissa?) sent an ambassador ; —and three yens afterwards, another with tribute. In return, 
 the emperor wrote, appointing him king of Kou-li, and sen ling a seal of silver. In the fifth year, the 
 emperor ordered one of his eunuchs to send silk for his officers. 
 
 " In this year (= 1st year young-lo," Remus, iii. 94), Tsian-pinhing, \Yang-tchhou, and other 
 Chinese officials sent to Cambodia to publish the investiture granted to the prince of that country : 
 whose dominion extended over certain districts where the people were entirely naked and ridiculed 
 persons wearing clothes. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst p. 220), after an interval of "six years," Bajazet succeeded by his son 
 Suliman, fifth Turkish sultan. 
 
 " The same year" (Bias Yalera, in G. de la Vega ii. 6), the initial point from which "the rears 
 of the last sun were reckoned " by " the people of Mexico and Peru." " All the gods that were' wor- 
 shipped, when the Spaniards first arrived in that land, were made and set up after the renewing of 
 the sun in the last age : and according to Gomara, each sun of these people contains eight hundred 
 and sixty years, though according to the account of the Mexicans themselves it was much less." 
 
 Of musical instruments in use among the ancient Peruvians, the " pincullu " (flute), " chhilchiles '' 
 and chanares (timbrels and bells), huancar (a drum), tinya (a guitar of five or six chords), queppa (a 
 trumpet), ccuyvi (a whistle), huayllaca (a flageolet), and chayna (another kind of coarse flute) — are 
 enumerated by Rivero (Markh. edit. G. de la Vega i. p. 192). 
 
 " 1404, May 31st" (edit. Markham 82), Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, ambassador from Henry III. of 
 Spain, passing mount Ararat on his way to the court of Timour. He reached Samarcand on " Mon- 
 day Sept. 8th, "was received with honour, but Timour falling dangerously ill, was dismissed by the 
 attendants "Nov. 18th," and set out on his return on the "21st." On " Thursday, the 25th of Decem- 
 ber, being Christmas clay, which ended the year of our Lord 1405," he left the great city of Baubartel 
 in Khorassan, — on " Saturday Feb. 2 1 st " slept at Sanga, and on " Saturday the last day of February " 
 reached Tabreez. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8oi 
 
 Triticum villosum of the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Greece 
 "agriosSkali " (Sibth.), and the "great quantities of rye" seen by Clavijo among ruins at the base of 
 Ararat, growing " as if it had been sown by man, but it was useless and did not come to grain," — may 
 be compared : T. villosum is termed "gramen spicatum secalinum glumis villosis in aristas longissi- 
 mas desinentibus " by Tournefort inst. 518, " secale villosum" by Linnaeus ; is known to grow along the 
 Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on Crete and the Pelopon- 
 nesus ; by Schleicher, as far as Switzerland (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 "Oct. 17th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Bonifacius IX. succeeded by cardinal Cosmo de Migliori, now 
 Innocentius VII., forty-eighth pope. Rupertus Palatinus ruling Germany and Italy; Henry IV., 
 England; and Robert III., Scotland. 
 
 "Oct. 21st" (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. Eight articles were "made, For the conservation of the 
 privileges of the church during the Schism." 
 
 " In this year (= 2d year young-lo," Remus, iii. 95), An ambassador with tribute sent to China 
 by Thsan-liei-pho-pi-ya, king of Cambodia; also three of his own subjects, in exchange for three 
 Chinese deserters who could not be found. The men were sent back to Cambodia by the Chinese 
 emperor. 
 
 " T405 A D. (= 3d year young-lo," Remus, iii. 95), Chinese officials sent to Cambodia to attend 
 the obsequies of the king, and instal his eldest son Thsan-liei-tchao-phing-ya as successor. 
 
 "Feb. 17th" (Markham p. 1, and 187), death of Timour. His son Shah Rokh, governor of 
 Khorassan, — became sultan at Samarcand "in 1408," and continued to rule in peace and order until 
 his own death " in 1446." 
 
 " 1406, on the feast of St. Martin" (Nicol.). a synod at Paris of all the clergy of France, "For 
 the termination of the Schism." Obedience was withdrawn from the antipope Benedictus. 
 
 "Nov. 30th" (Nicol.), Innocentius VII. succeeded by cardinal Angelo Corrario, now Grego- 
 rius XII., unanimously elected forty-ninth pope. James ruling Scotland. 
 
 " In or about this' year" (Danish chron., and Relat. du Groenl. 212), bishop Andrew sent from 
 Drontheim to Greenland for tidings of bishop Henry, or to succeed him if he were not living: — but 
 neither of the two bishops were afterwards heard of. 
 
 The provinces of Caxas and Huancabamba, South of Loxa, conquered by the Inca Yuqanqui. 
 A fortress, temple, and other extensive buildings were erected, — remains of which were seen by Cieza 
 de Leon lviii. 
 
 "1408, Apr. 28th" (Nicol.), a synod at Rheims. "On the means of remedying the disorders 
 caused by the Schism, and on discipline." 
 
 "Aug. nth to Nov. 5th" (Nicol.), Third national synod of France: in session at Paris. The 
 bearers of a Bull from the antipope Benedictus were ignominiously punished, and deputies were named 
 for a general synod at Pisa. 
 
 " In this year (= 6th year young-lo," Remus, iii. 96), tribute sent to China from Cambodia. 
 
 1409 A. D. = " 1334 an. jav., Rabiulawal 12th, Monday" (Raffles x.), death of the Arab mis- 
 sionary Mulana Ibrahim. (The date probably taken from his tomb at Gresik in Java.) 
 
 "Jan. 14th " (Nicol.), a synod at Oxford. Rules were made "for the preachers and professors 
 of the universities, on account of the new opinions of" Wiclef. 
 
 " March 25th to Aug. 7th " (Alst., and Nicol.), a general synod at Pisa : convened by the cardi- 
 nals The two rival popes not making their appearance, were declared deposed ; and on the " 15th or 
 26th of June," cardinal Peter of Candia or Alexander V. was elected their successor by the cardinals 
 of both parties. The proceedings however were not recognized by the two popes in office, and before 
 the close of the session, Gregorius XII. in a synod near Udine pronounced the election "null and 
 
 sacrilegious." , , ,. 
 
 Translating the Scriptures into the languages of the people, condemned by pope Alexander V. ; 
 who farther in a special edict forbade explaining them in English (Alst. p. 397)- 
 
 "The same year" (Way pref. pr. pm. xxxv), among the books of Charles V. of France, his 
 prayer-book contains the dot over the letter i - (Silvestre), the latest important improvement in 
 Typography^^ ^^ Co , ebrooke as res _ jx 438)) date o£ an inscr i p tion on copper, 
 
 apparently a grant of land from Bucca Raja II., third in succession from the first king of that name. 
 
 "In this year" (Finn Magnussen, and Major edit. Zen. p. Ixv), Andreas, last bishop of Green- 
 land officiatin"- in the cathedral at Gardar. 
 * Cad " (Alst.) Suliman succeeded by his brother Muse Gilibi, sixth Turk 1S h sultan 
 
 " May 17th " (Alst., and Nicol.), Alexander V. succeeded by cardinal Balthasar Cossa or Joan- 
 nes XXIII fiftv-first pope. In opposition to Gregorius XII. 
 
 The "Imago mundi," an encyclopedic work by Petrus de Alliaco, in this year toshop of Cambray 
 
 (Humb. cosm.). 
 
8o2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "The same year" (Clavig., and Humb. atl. pict.), Huitzilihuitl succeeded by Chimalpopoca, third 
 Mexican emperor.* 
 
 " 141 1 A. D." (voyag. Belg.), from Riga journeying through Courland, Guillebert de Lannoy met 
 with Christians who retained the practice of burning the dead, with accompanying superstitious ob- 
 servances. At Novogorod, women were sold in the market. In Lithuania, through the efforts of the 
 Teutonic military Order of monks, the people had already adopted Christianity ; Witholt being duke. 
 
 — Returning after ten years absence, he found Witholt leagued with the followers of Huss, m opposi- 
 tion to the church of Rome. 
 
 " 1412 A. D. (= 815 A. H." of Ferisht, Elph.), Mozaffer Shah succeeded by Ahmed Shah, now 
 second Muslim king of Guzerat (remarkable among the States of Hindustan for being a naval 
 power). 
 
 " In this year" (art de verif.), Faradj succeeded by Shekh Mahmoudi ; who partly through the 
 interference of the spiritual khalif Moslain, now became twenty-fourth Memluk sultan. Shekh Mah- 
 moudi (according to Wilkinson theb. and eg. p. 555) coined the moaiudee as a substitute for the 
 para. 
 
 The mosque Moaiud, one of the principal ones in Cairo, was built by Shekh Mahmoudi (Wilk. 
 
 theb. and eg). 
 
 Melilotus Itidica of the plains of Hindustan. Brought to Egypt as early probably as this date : 
 
 — observed there by Forskal, and Delile, growing around Cairo, Alexandria, and Rosetta. and called 
 "rekrak" or "nafal." Farther North, observed by D'Urville, and Bory, on the Greek islands and in 
 the Peloponnesus ; and Westward, described by Plukenet aim. pi. 45 ; was observed by Sibthorp in 
 Sicily ; by Desibntaines, and Schousboe, in Algeria and Morocco ; and is known to grow spontane- 
 ously in Southern France, and even in Britain (All., Dec. fl. fr., Pers., and Wats.). Eastward from 
 Egypt, was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan, and according to Graham "on pasture 
 grounds etc. appears in the cold season." From Europe, was carried by colonists to Northeast 
 America, where it has been found growing spontaneously (Torr., and A. Dec). " M. parviflora, 
 sulcata," and " Mauritania," are regarded as probably not distinct. 
 
 Melilotus Ita/ica, regarded as distinct, — is described by Commelyn liort pi. 29; is termed 
 "m. italica folliculis rotundis" by Tournefort inst. 407; was observed in Italy by Tenore, and by 
 Desibntaines ii. 192 in Barbary. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the 
 Peloponnesus and the environs of Athens ; and by Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains. 
 
 "From the end of the year to June 18th" following (Nicol.), a synod in Rome. Against the 
 writings of Wiclef. 
 
 " 1413 A. D." (Alst ), Muse Gilibi succeeded by his brother Mohammed, seventh Turkish 
 sultan. 
 
 "The same year (= 2073d of Synmu," art de verif ), Gokomatz succeeded by his son Seokouo, 
 now dairo of Japan.t 
 
 " 1414, Nov. 16th '' (Alst., and Nicol.), "Seventeenth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened 
 at Constance. "Deputies and lay doctors" were allowed a deliberative voice : — and in a second 
 session, "March 3d" following, the pope solemnly published his act of cession; "May 29th," 
 Joannes XXIII. was deposed; and "July 4th," Gregorius XII. abdicated. "July 6th,'' a decree, 
 "That faith is not to be kept with heretics," and John Huss condemned to be burned. "July 26th, 
 141 7," Benedictus was declared deposed, but refused to submit to the authority of the Council ; and 
 "Nov. nth'' in the "forty-first" session, a new pope was elected; the Council ending "Apr. 
 22d, 1418." 
 
 In this year (= " 12th year young-lo," Remus iii. 96), tribute sent to China from Cambodia. 
 Complaint was made of invasions by the Anamese, repeatedly interrupting communication, and a 
 Chinese official returned with the envoys bearing an order to the king of An.tm to cease hostilities. 
 
 * Cissampelos pareira of "the West India Islands and Spanish Main." The " pareira brava " or 
 velvet-leaf is a twining Menispermoid plant ; its root from early times used medicinally, — being "a 
 well-known tonic, and diuretic" (Lindl.) ; C pareira was observed in the West Indies by Alcedo, 
 Plumier pi. 93, Swartz pi. 10, and Descourtilz. By European colonists was carried across the Pacific 
 to the Philippines, continues according to Blanco hardly known but is called in Ylocano "cuscusipa," 
 at Agoo " calaad," at Batangas " calacalamayan," and on Cebu "batangbatang; " to Hindustan, where 
 it is called in Hindustanee " dukh-nirbisee " (Drur.), and has become "common in hedges " from 
 Bombay to Rajmahal and Nepaul (Roxb., Royle, and Graham). 
 
 f Celasti us alatus of Japan. A shrub well-known there, and from early times offers of marriage 
 made by affixing a branch to the house of the damsel's parents — (Jap. matin. 179) ; C. alatus was 
 observed in Japan by Thunberg 98 (Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 803 
 
 1415 A. D. (Markham p. liii), Ibrahim Meerza, son of Shah Rokh, appointed governor of Shiraz 
 in Persia. He encouraged Literature, caused Ali of Yezd to write the life of Timour, — built a 
 famous " medrassa " or college, and after a reign of " twenty years " died " in 1435." 
 
 _ " In this year" (Bethune edit. Galvan.), Ceuta in Morocco captured by John, king of Portugal, 
 assisted (according to Walsingham) by the English — The captured city " was afterwards annexed 
 to Spain." 
 
 " 1416 A. D." (Alst. p. 375), archdeacon Nicolaus Clemangis writing, on the corrupt state of the 
 church. Jerome of Prague burned alive at Constance. 
 
 " 1417 A. D." (Alst.), Manuel succeeded by his brother Joannes VII., by consent of the Turks 
 sixty-seventh Byzantine emperor. 
 
 " The same year " (Churchill coll.), under instructions from prince Henry of Portugal, two small 
 vessels pass cape Nao, " N. Lat. 28° 15'," on the African coast. "Sixty leagues" beyond, at cape 
 Bojador, difficulties were experienced, and the vessels returned to Portugal. 
 
 " Nov. nth " (Alst., and Nicol.), Joannes XXIIf. succeeded by cardinal Otho Colonna or Mar- 
 tinus III., in the Council at Constance elected fifty-second pope. Sigismund ruling Hungary, Ger- 
 many, and Italy ; and Henry V., England. 
 
 " In this year (= 15th year young-Io," Remus, iii. 97), tribute sent to China from Cambodia. 
 
 " 1418 A. D." (Galvan., and Churchill coll.), John Gonzalez Zarco and Tristam Vaz Teixeyra in 
 a vessel sent by prince Henry of Portugal, driven out of their course Westward as far as a small 
 island previously unknown, which they called " Porto Santo." 
 
 " In or about this year (= about thirty years before 1448 " in lett. of pope Nicholas V., Major 
 edit. Zen. p. lxvi), "some heathens from the neighbouring coasts came upon" the Greenland settle- 
 ments " with a fleet, and laid waste the country and its holy buildings with fire and sword, sparing 
 nothing but the small distant parishes, which they were prevented from reaching by the intervening 
 mountains and precipices. The inhabitants of both sexes they carried away into slavery." 
 
 The Dighton inscription and other sculptures and stone relics of the aboriginals of New Eng- 
 land, as old or older than this date. — The earliest copy of this inscription, so far as known, is by 
 Rev. Samuel Danforth. 
 
 Acer rubrum of Northeast America. The red ina-ple in Eastern New England known from early 
 times to the natives,* — " the rottenest maple-wood " according to Josselyn rar. 47 "burnt to ashes," 
 
 * Vitis labrusca of Northeast America. The fox grape known to the natives from early times : 
 — of two kinds of "vitis" seen by Hariot on the Roanoke, one bore acerb grapes large as the Eng- 
 lish (De Bry i. 9): vines twisting " their curling branches about" the "broad-spread arms" of the 
 "home bound tree" (Nyssa biflora) and bearing "great store of grapes," were seen by W. Wood 
 in Eastern Massachusetts ; " vines," by Higgeson, growing •' up and downe in the woods " around 
 Salem ; and grapes growing "in swamps and low wet grounds " and having "a taste of gunpowder," 
 by Josselyn as far as 43 30' : V. labrusca is described by Plumier sp pi. 259 (Pers.) ; has been 
 observed by myself from 43° near Monadnock to 39 , often within the margin of swamps ; by A. 
 Gray, "common" in Central New York ; by Michaux, from Pennsylvania to Florida; by Elliot, in 
 South Carolina; by Baldwin, as far as 30 in Florida; by Chapman, in "river-swamps, Mississippi to 
 North Carolina; " and by Short, in Kentucky. According to A. Gray, "improved by cultivation it 
 has given rise to the Isabella grape." 
 
 Viola pubescent of Northeast America. A yellow violet, its bruised leaves from early times applied 
 by the natives "to boils and painful swellings for the purpose of easing the pain and producing sup- 
 puration" (Cutl. p. 485): V. pubescens was received by Hooker from the Rocky mountains 
 
 throughout Canada ; was observed by myself from 46° on the St. Lawrence to 40 on the Delaware ; 
 by Schweinitz at 36 in Upper Carolina ; by E. James at Council Bluffs on the Missouri ; by Nuttall, 
 on the Arkansas. 
 
 Vitis astivalis of Northeast America. The summer grape or chicken grape known to the natives 
 from early times : — a "smaller kinde of grape, which groweth on the islands, which is sooner ripe," 
 is enumerated by W. Wood i. 5 : V. aestivalis has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 
 42 30' to 39 ; by Eaton, at 42 on the Hudson; by A. Gray, "common" in Central New York, the 
 "berries pleasant;" bv Michaux, from Virginia to Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina; and by- 
 Beck, near St. Louis o'n the Mississippi. Under cultivation, clearly the origin of the Elsinborough 
 and other small delicately-flavoured varieties. 
 
 Impatiens biflora of Northeast America. The snap-weed or touch-me-not known to the natives 
 from early times : — used according to Josselyn pi. 43 by the New England natives "for aches, being 
 bruised between two stones, and laid to, cold : " was received by Hooker from Bear Lake Lat. 66°; 
 was observed by Lapylaie at 49° in Newfoundland ; by myself, along the Atlantic from 45° to 39 i 
 
804 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 making " a strong lye " wherein to "boyl their white-oak acorns until the oyl swim on the top : " the 
 "knottie maple" was seen around Massachusetts Bay by W. Wood i. 5 : A. rubrum, by F. A. 
 Michaux from 48° to 30 and throughout our Western States to the Lower Mississippi ; by myself, 
 
 by Walter, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "shady swamps, Florida and northward;" 
 by Short, in Kentucky. Transported to Europe before " 1822," has become naturalized along the 
 Thames (J. S. Mill, Newm., Wats., Eng. bot. suppl. pi. 2794, and A. Dec). 
 
 Rhus typhina of Northeast America. The staghorn sumach, so named from its stout velvety 
 twigs, is a large shrub known to the natives from early times : — " sumach " according to Josselyn 
 rar. 60 was boiled by the New England natives and the drink taken "for colds:" the " diars shu- 
 mach " was seen by W. Wood i. 5 in Plymouth colony ; "sumacke trees, they are good for dying and 
 tanning of leather," were found by Higgeson frequent around Salem (hist. coll. i. 119); and "rhus 
 coriaria" was seen by Hariot on the Roanol'e (De Bry i) : R. typhina was observed on Long's 
 Expedition at the Lake of the Woods Lat. 49 ; was received by Hooker from 47 on the Lower St. 
 Lawrence; was observed by Michaux from Canada to Pennsylvania; by myself, along the Atlantic 
 from 45 to 39 ; by Chapman, " Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward ; " by Riddel, in Ken- 
 tucky (Short) ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Rhus radicans of North America. A shrub climling by rootlets, called by the colonists poison 
 ivy, and its juice said to have been used in prior times by the natives "in staining the hardest sub- 
 stances a deep and permanent black," — in the days of Cutler p. 423-8 employed by " country people " 
 in making ink : R. radicans is known to grow throughout Canada to the Saskatchewan and Northwest 
 America (Hook.) ; has been observed by myself from 45 to 38 along the Atlantic ; by Elliot, in 
 South Carolina; by Baldwin, on Bermuda; by Croom, as far as 30° 30' in Florida; by Chapman, 
 "Florida to Mississippi, and northward;" by Nutlall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansas; and by E. 
 James, on the Rocky mountains at its source. Transported to Europe, is termed " edera trifolia 
 Canadensis " by Cornuti pi. 97, is described also by Barrelier pi. 22S, and has become naturalized in 
 two localities in France. 
 
 iXcmopanthes Canadensis of Northeast America. A Celastroid deciduous shrub, its berries from 
 early times eaten by the natives : " figues " called " absconda " — were seen by Cartier in the canoes 
 of natives who had come from a distance to Chaleur Bay to catch mackerel, subsequently also on his 
 voyage up the St. Lawrence: "a small shrub which is very common, growing sometimes to the height 
 of elder, bearing a berry like in shape to the fruit of the white thorn, of a pale yellow colour at first, 
 then red, when it is ripe of a deep purple, of a delicate aromatical tast, somewhat stiptick," was seen 
 by Josselyn 2d voy. 72 in New England : N. Canadensis was observed by Lapylaie from 51 in New- 
 foundland ; by Michaux, from Hudson Bay throughout Canada : by myself, from 4S on the Lower 
 St. Lawrence to 42 along the Atlantic; by Nuttall, to 40° in New Jersey ; and according to A. Gray, 
 grows on the Alleghanies of Virginia and as far as Wisconsin. 
 
 Amelanchier boiryapium of North America. The shad bush or June berry, its fruit called in 
 Canada "poires," in Maine sweet pears (C. P.), and from early times its berries dried and eaten by 
 the natives :— doubtless the "poires" seen by Cartier in Chaleur Bay, in the canoes of a distant 
 tribe of natives : " a small pleasant fruite called a peare," was seen by John Mason in Newfoundland : 
 A. botryapium is known to grow on Newfoundland, and throughout Canada to at least 6i° on the 
 Mackenzie river, also on the Rocky mountains and along the Columbia river (Hook.) : was observed 
 by myself from 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 38 along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to 
 Carolina ; by Elliot, rare in the Low country of South Carolina : by Chapman, " Florida to Missis- 
 sippi, and northward;" by Nuttall, along the Arkansas; by Drummond, to 54° on the Saskatchewan; 
 by myself, at Fort Okanagan on the Columbia, the berries highly prized by the inmates ; and accord- 
 ing to R. Brown jun., they are dried and stored by the natives of Northwest America. 
 
 A nnlanchier oligocarpa of Northeast America. Possibly distinct, having narrow leaves, broad 
 petals, and its two to four-flowered racemes often only axillary : — termed "mespilus canadensis 
 oligocarpa" by Michaux ; growing according to A. Gray in "cold and deep mountain swamps, north- 
 ward ; " observed by myself on the subalpine portion of the White mountains ; but found by Collins 
 in New Jersey. 
 
 Adenorachis arbutifolia of Northeast America. The choke-berrv : clearly the huckleberries "atti- 
 taash of a binding nature " of the New England natives. — mentioned by R. Williams : Strachey met 
 with a "small tree like mirtle at James Towne," its fruit having 'a taste with the mirtle but much more 
 bynding:" A. arbutifolia is known to grow on Newfoundland and throughout Canada to the Sas- 
 katchewan (Hook.) ; was observed by Michaux from Hudson Bay to Virginia and the mountains of 
 Carolina; by myself, from 47 to 41 along the Atlantic ; by Elliot, on the mountains of Carolina; 
 and by Short, in Kentucky. The variety or species with reddish and more austere fruit, seems more 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 805 
 
 along the Atlantic from 45 to 38 , growing on the moist upland as well as in swamps ; by Elliot, in 
 South Carolina; by Baldwin, Croom, and Chapman, as far as 30 in Florida; by Darby, on Pearl 
 river ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas and Upper Missouri ; by Long's Expedition, to 49° on Red river 
 
 Southern in its range, was observed by Michaux in Virginia and Carolina, by Schweinitz at 36 , by 
 Nuttall in Georgia, by N. A. Ware in Florida, by Baldwin as far as 31° ; and this or both by Chap- 
 man in "swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward." 
 
 Cerasus Virginiana of North America. The choke cherry, an arborescent shrub called by the 
 New England natives "quussuckomineanug " (R. Williams), and known from early times: — "red" 
 cherries "which grow on clusters like grapes," are "much smaller than our English cherry," and "so 
 furre the mouth that the tongue will cleave to the roof," were seen by W. Wood i. 5 near Plymouth : 
 C. Virginiana is known to grow on Newfoundland and throughout Canada to 62 , the Rocky moun- 
 tains, and beyond (Hook.) ; has been observed by myself from 46 on the St. Lawrence to nearly 41° 
 on the Atlantic ; by Elliot, on the mountains of South Carolina ; by Chapman, in " light sandy soil, 
 Georgia and northward." Transported " from Virginia " to Europe, is described by Linnaeus, and is 
 termed "p. rubra" by Aiton (Pers.). 
 
 Primus America.7ia of Northeast America. The Canada plum from early times planted by the 
 New England natives, and doubtless the dried " prunes " called " honesta " — seen by Cartier in 
 Chaleur Bay, in the canoes of a distant tribe of natives : " plumbs," " black and yellow, about the 
 bigness of damsons, of a reasonable good taste," were seen by W. Wood in Eastern Massachusetts : 
 P. Americana is termed " p. hyemalis " by Michaux, its fruit being edible in winter (Pers.) ; was 
 observed by Pursh along the Chaudiere and on the Alleghanies of Virginia and Carolina ; by myself, 
 only under cultivation in New England ; but by A. Gray, on " river-banks, common " in Central New 
 York, its fruit "yellow, orange, or red," and "pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin ; " by 
 Darlington, in Southern Pennsylvania ; by Elliot, in Carolina ; and by Chapman, in "woods, Florida 
 to Mississippi, and northward." 
 
 Prunus maritima of Northeast America. The beach plum, included perhaps in the dried 
 "prunes" — seen by Cartier in the canoes of a distant tribe of natives; probably the "prune" seen 
 by Varrazzanus in approaching the Latitude of "41° 40';" and clearly the "black" plums seen by 
 W.Wood in Eastern Massachusetts : P. maritima has been observed by myself on the seashore from 
 43 to 39 ; by Michaux, on the seashore from New England to Virginia (Pers.) ; by Pursh, on the 
 seashore from New Jersey to Carolina. 
 
 Rubus strigosus of North America. The American raspberry, its fruit from early times eaten by 
 the natives ; — clearly the " franboysses " seen by Cartier around Chaleur Bay, and the " aboundance of 
 rasberries " seen by John Mason on Newfoundland : R. strigosus was observed by Michaux in Can- 
 ada and on the mountains of Pennsylvania (Pers ) ; by Pursh, as far as the Alleghanies of Virginia; 
 by myself, from 47° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 39 along the Atlantic; by Nuttall, along the Lakes 
 of the St. Lawrence ; and according to Hooker, grows on Newfoundland and throughout Canada to 
 the Saskatchewan and the Columbia river. 
 
 Rubus Occidentalis of North America. The thimbleberry or black raspberry, its fruit from early 
 times eaten by the natives : — R. Occidentalis was observed by Michaux in Canada and on the Alle- 
 ghanies to Carolina ; by myself, from 45° to 40 along the Atlantic; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper 
 Carolina ; by Chapman, " along the mountains, Georgia and northward ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; by 
 Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and according to Hooker, grows from Quebec to the Rocky mountains and 
 the shores of the Pacific. Transported to Europe, is described by Dillenius elth. pi. 287, and Linnasus. 
 
 Hamamelis Viiginica of North America. A large shrub called by the colonists witch hazel, 
 and from early times its bark applied by the natives "to painful tumors and external inflammations" 
 
 . (Cutl. p. 412): H. Yirginica was received by Hooker from the river-isle of Orleans at 47 ; was 
 
 observed by myself from 43° to 38 along the Atlantic ; by Catesby app. 2, in Virginia ; by Elliot, in 
 South Carolina; by Baldwin, and N. A. Ware, in Florida; by Chapman, "Florida to Mississippi;" 
 by Short, in Kentucky; and was received from "Mississippi" by Muhlenberg. 
 
 Aralia racemosa of Northeast America. A large straggling woodland herb, aromatic and called 
 by the colonists spikenard (A." Gray), "said to have been much used" by the natives in former 
 times "for medical purposes" — (Cutl. p. 432): was observed by Michaux in Canada and on the 
 Alleghanies ; by myself, from 43 along the Atlantic ; by Conrad, and Darlington, at 40 ; by Elliot, 
 on the Alleghanies of Carolina; by Chapman, on those of Georgia; by Short, in Kentucky; by E. 
 James, alon°- the base of the Rocky mountains ; and was received by Hooker from the Saskatchewan. 
 Transported to Europe, is termed " racemosa Canadensis " by Cornuti pi. 75, is described also by 
 Morison i. pi. 2. f. 9. 
 
 Aralia nudicaulis of Northeast America. A woodland herb called by the colonists sarsaparilla, 
 
806 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 of Lake Winnipeg ; and according to Hooker, grows as far as the sources of the Columbia on the 
 Rocky mountains. Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann par. I (Spreng.), and Miller. 
 Its ornamental wood has become well known in commerce. 
 
 Oxy coccus macrocarpon of Northeast America. The American crafiberry called by the Nara- 
 gansetts " sasemineash," — known to R. Williams as "another sharp cooling fruit, growing in fresh 
 waters all the winter, excellent in conserve against fevers : " * O. macrocarpon is also distinctly 
 
 and on the roots it is said that in former times the natives would subsist "for a long time in their war 
 and hunting excursions'' — (Cutl. p. 432) : A. nudicaulis was received by Hooker from the Rocky 
 mountains and 64 throughout Canada ; was observed by E. James along the base of the Rocky moun- 
 tains ; by Lapylaie, on Newfoundland; by myself, as far as 42° along the Atlantic; by Darlington, 
 at 40 ; by Pursh, on the Alleghanies of North Carolina (El., and Chapm.). Transported to Europe, 
 is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 138. f. 5. 
 
 Vaccinium corvmbosuiji of Northeast America. The tall blueberry, its fruit doubtless included 
 among the " sky-coloured bill-berries " dried by the New England natives, — enumerated by Josselyn 
 rar. 60 : V. corymbosum has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 44 to 38 ; by Pursh, 
 from Canada to Virginia ; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, on "margins of ponds and 
 swamps, Florida, and northward ; " by Croom, as far as 30° 30'; by Baldwin to 30 ; and by Short, in 
 Kentucky. From transported specimens, described by Linnjeus. 
 
 / "acciiiiuiii fuscatum, possibly a distinct species, its leaves more pubescent and fruit black, though 
 similar in flavour, has been observed by myself accompanying the preceding as far at least as 39 
 
 Vaccinium vaeillans of Northeast America. The green-bark blueberry, only a foot or two high, 
 its fruit inferior, but doubtless included among the " sky-coloured bill-berries " dried bv the New 
 England natives — (Joss. rar. 60) : observed by myselt along the Atlantic from 44 to 38 ; by 
 Schweinitz, at 36 ; by Pursh, from Virginia to Carolina (Ell.). From transported specimens, 
 described by Solander (A. Gray). 
 
 Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum of Northeast America. The dwarf ox low blueberry, its fruit doubt- 
 less included among the dried " sky-coloured bill-berries " — (Joss. rar. 60) : V. Pennsylvanicum is 
 known to grow in Labrador (Pers.) ; was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by myself, along 
 the Atlantic to nearly 41 ; by Pursh, from New England to Virginia ; by Michaux, in Georgia (Ell.). 
 From transported specimens, described by Lamarck. 
 
 Vicciiiium (Gayhissacid) frotidosa of Northeast America. The dang/efei rv or blue huckleberry, 
 doubtless included among the "sky-coloured bill-berries " dried bv the New England natives — (Joss, 
 rar. 60) : G. frondosa has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from 43 to 3S ; bv Schweinitz, 
 at 31V ; by Pursh, from New Jersey to Carolina ; by Elliot, in South Carolina : bv Baldwin, as far as 
 31 ; by Chapman, in "low ground, Florida to Mississippi, and northward; " by Short, in Kentucky. 
 From transported specimens, described by Linna;us. 
 
 Vaccm/um (Oaylussacia) resinosa of Northeast America. The hucklebo rv, known from early 
 times : the "attitaash " of the Narragansetts consisted of " whortleberries " of "diverse sorts,'' some 
 "sweet like currants," and these when dried called "sautiash," beat to powder and mingled "with 
 their parched meal" made "a delicate dish'' (R. Will): the "sate "of the Abnaki on the Penob- 
 scot "frais sans etre sees, lorsq'ils s't sees, sikisa'tar," — are enumerated by Rasle diet.. " hurtle- 
 beryes" were seen by Newport on James river, and "hurts" by Strachey : G. resinosa has been 
 observed by myself along the Atlantic from Lat. 44 to 38°; by Schweinitz, at 3d"; bv Pursh, from 
 Canada to Carolina; by Elliot, on the mountains of Carolina and Georgia; and by Short, in Ken- 
 tucky. Transported to Europe, is described by Wangenheim amer. pi. 30, and Aiton ii. 12 (Pers.). 
 
 *■ Viburnum oxycoccus of Canada. The tree-cranberry brought from the Northward and planted, 
 may prove the " wuchipoquameneash " of the Narragansetts, — described by R. Williams as "a kind 
 of sharp fruit like a barberry in taste : " V. oxycoct us is termed " v. trilobum " by Marshall, " v. opulus 
 pimina" by Michaux (Steud.) ; was observed by Pursh from Canada to the mountains of New York 
 and New Jersey ; by myself, from 47 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to about 45 in Northern New 
 England; by Long's Expedition, from Lake Superior to Pembina j by Drummond, to Fort Cumber- 
 land, 54 ; and according to Hooker, grows as far as the Arctic Circle, Rocky mountains, and the 
 Columbia river. Continues to be sometimes cultivated for its acid edible fruit. Transported to 
 Europe, is termed "v. opulus Americanum " by Aiton (Steud.). 
 
 Spcciilaria perfoliate, of North America. Brought perhaps by the natives to New England, 
 — as it often occurs as a weed in cultivated ground : observed by myself from 43° to 40 along the 
 Atlantic, and introduced with cultivation at the mission-station on the Kooskoosky in Oregon; by 
 Beck, at St. Louis on the Mississippi ; by Michaux i. 10S, in cultivated ground (Pers.) ; by Elliot, in 
 " cultivated ground " in South Carolina ; by Baldwin, and Croom, as far as " Fort George " in Florida ; 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 807 
 
 described by Josselyn, its berries being much used both by natives and colonists : was observed by 
 Lapylaie in Newfoundland, ceasing at 49 ; by myself, in bogs and marshes from 47° on the Lower 
 St. Lawrence to beyond 42 ; by Pursh, from Canada to the mountains of Virginia; by Chapman, in 
 
 by Chapman, in " fields, Florida to Mississippi ; " was received by Kunth from Xalapa 750 and the 
 mountains of Mexico; and according to Nuttall has been found in Peru. Transported to Europe, 
 is described by Morison 5. pi. 2 f. 23 (Pers.). 
 
 Rumex altissimus of Northeast America. A species of water dock, its root from early times 
 used by the natives "with great success in cleansing foul ulcers," — further observed by Cutler p. 436 
 "in muddy bottom brooks, not common ; " by myself on the marshy borders of streams from 48° on 
 the Lower St Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic; by Mead, at Peekskill N. Y. ; and according to 
 A. Gray, grows as far as " Illinois and westward." 
 
 Cornus sericea of North America. A large shrub called by the natives in Maine by a name 
 signifying "squaw-bush" (Williamson i. 125), in Central New York " kinnikinnik " (A. Gray) ; and 
 from early times, fish-nets made of its twigs, and its inner bark approved as a substitute for tobacco, 
 as far even as the Columbia river — (R. Brown jun., and Tuckerm. in archseol. Am. iv. 191) : observed 
 by Pursh from Canada to Carolina; by myself, around Monadnock and on the margin of Wenham 
 swamp, the berries blue ; by A. Gray, in "wet places, common " in Central New York ; by Schwei- 
 nitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of South Carolina ; by Chapman, in 
 'Tow woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward ; " by Darby 205, in Opelousas ; by Pitcher, on 
 the Arkansas ; by Beck, at 40 in Illinois ; and by Douglas, on the Columbia river (Hook.). Medi- 
 cinal properties are attributed to this shrub in the American edition of Rees cycl. 
 
 Juglans cinerea of Northeast America. The butternut, called by the Narragansetts " wussoquat," 
 and from early times, " excellent oil, good for many uses but especially for the anointing of their 
 heads," procured from "these walnuts" (R. Will, key 16), for seasoning their aliments (according to 
 F. A. Michaux) : " noyers " called " quaheya " and "noix" called "daheya," — were seen by Cartier 
 around Chaleur Bay and along the St. Lawrence : J. cinerea, according to Kalm, ceases not far North 
 of Quebec ; has been observed by myself from 47 30' to 42 along the Atlantic ; by others, as far as 
 40 ; by A. Gray, " common" in Central New York ; by Pursh, as far as Virginia ; by Schweinitz at 
 36° in Upper Carolina; by F. A. Michaux, in Kentucky; by Long's Expedition ii. 114 to 235, not 
 North of 48 beyond Lake Superior; by Baldwin, at 39 on the Missouri; by Nuttall, along the 
 Arkansas ; by Darby, a single tree at 31 in Opelousas. Sometimes planted for ornament. " Of the 
 chips" according to R. Williams, "the bark taken off, some English in the country make excellent 
 beer, both for taste, strength, colour, and inoffensive opening operation." 
 
 A Inus glauca of Northeast America. The speckled alder : "alder-bark chewed fasting " applied 
 to wounds by the New England natives, — and by the first colonists to wounds, bruises, and burns 
 (Joss. 49) : A. glauca has been observed by myself from 47 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 41 30' ; 
 by Nuttall, at Cambridge near Boston ; by Pursh, in New England and on the mountains of Pennsyl- 
 vania ; by F. A. Michaux, not uncommon in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts, rare in 
 the Middle States, and wanting in the Southern; according to A. Gray, is "the common alder north- 
 ward from New England to Wisconsin." 
 
 A Inus undulata of Canada. A shrub somewhat lower than the preceding, possibly included in 
 the chewed " alder-bark " applied to wounds by the natives — (Joss. 49): observed by Lapylaie at 
 52" on Newfoundland; by Michaux, in Canada (Steud.) : by myself, from 47 30' on the Lower St. 
 Lawrence to 44° on the White mountains. Transported to Europe, is termed "b. crispa " by Aiton 
 (Pers.). 
 
 Abuts serrulata of Northeast America. The smooth alder, probably included in the "alder-bark 
 chewed fasting " applied to wounds by the New England natives — (Joss. 49) : " alnis " were seen by 
 W. Morell near Plymouth ; the " alder " on the Hudson, by the remonstrants against Stuyvesant ; A. 
 serrulata, by myself from 42 30' near Boston to 38° in the Delaware peninsula ; by Schweinitz, at 
 36°; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, on "banks of streams, Florida, and northward;" 
 by F. A. Michaux, in the Northern, Middle, and Western States ; and according to A. Gray, is "the 
 common alder from Southern New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward." 
 
 Betula lenta of Northeast America. "Birch white and black: the bark of birch" used by the 
 New England natives for bruises and wounds, "boyled very tender and stampt betwixt two stones to 
 a plaister, and the decoction thereof poured into the wound " — (Joss. rar. 5 : B - lenta . called black 
 birch or cherry birch, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland only in the South ; by F. A. Michaux, 
 from Nova Scotia and Maine to Maryland, and on the Alleghanies to Georgia, but not seen in Ken- 
 tucky nor Tennessee ; by myself along the Atlantic to 42 , and by others as far as 40° ; by Schweinitz 
 at 36 in Upper Carolina ; and according to A. Gray, grows from " New England to Ohio and north- 
 
808 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "cold mossy swamps, North Carolina, and northward ; " by Darby 153, on the Mermentou river in 
 Louisiana; and according to A. Gray, grows from "Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and northward." 
 Under cultivation, has extended beyond its natural limits, and has become a well-known article of 
 commerce ; is now cultivated to some extent in Britain (A. Dec. 674 and 730). 
 
 ward," its "twigs and foliage spicy-aromatic, timber rose-coloured, fine-grained, valuable for cabinet 
 work." Transported to Europe, is termed "b. nigra" by Duroi (Steud.). 
 
 Betula populifolia of Northeast America. The poplar-leaved birch, a small tapering tree with 
 tremulous foliage and white-skinned bark, possibly the "white" birch included with the preceding — 
 by Josselyn rar. 51 : B. populifolia \v;is observed by myself along the Atlantic from 45 to 40 ; by 
 Pursh, from Canada to Pennsylvania ; by F. A. Michaux, not South of Virginia ; by Nuttall, in 
 Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is described by Aiton, Duroi, Ehrhart, and Wangenheim pi. 29 
 (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Polyporus sp. of North America. A large and hard fungus projecting from the bark of trees : 
 " spunck, an excrescence growing out of black birch," used by the New England natives "for touch- 
 wood," and to " help the sciatica or gout of the hip, or any great ach, burning the patient with it in two 
 or three places upon the thigh and upon certain veins " — (Joss. rar. 52: compare the moxa of the 
 Chinese). The dried fungus continues to be employed in striking fire bv woodmen and hunters. 
 
 Asarum Canadeuse of Northeast America. The wild ginger (so named from similarity in 
 flavour) employed against toothache by the Narragansetts, — in the words of R. Williams key 7, "a 
 certain root dried, not much unlike our ginger : " A. Canadense was received by myself from Lat. 47 
 on the Lower St. Lawrence, and observed in 43 in the mountain woods of New England ; was ob- 
 served by Michaux in Canada (Pers.) ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina ; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; 
 by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, on the "mountains of North Carolina, and northward;" 
 by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is 
 described by Cornuti pi. 25. 
 
 Finns rigida of Northeast America. The pitch pine, its wood "cloven in two little slices some- 
 thing thin" the only "candles" used by the New England natives, — and Higgeson found them 
 adopted by the first colonists (hist. coll. 1. 122) : the account is confirmed by W. Wood, and Josselyn 
 voy. 66 and r,ir. 62, where the " firre-tree or pitch-tree " is also mentioned : P. rigida was observed by 
 F. A. Michaux from 44 in New England to the Alleghanies, but not in the Western States, nor in 
 the maritime portion of the Southern States; by A. Gray, as far as Western New York ; by myself, 
 along/the Atlantic from 44 to 39 ; by Pursh, 'to Virginia; by Schweinitz, at 36 ; by Elliot, on the 
 mountains of Carolina, rare in the low country 
 
 Arum (Arisczma) tripltyllum of Northeast America. A woodland plant called by the colonists 
 Indian turnip, and "the shreded roots and berries" said to have been boiled by the natives "with 
 their venison " — (Cutl p. 4S7) : "dragons, their leaves differ from all the kinds with -us, they come 
 up in June," were seen by Josselyn in New England: A. triphyllum according to Hooker 'is frequent 
 in Canada; by myself, from 47 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina ; by 
 Croom, near Newbern ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, in " Florida, and northward ; " by 
 Baldwin, as far as 29 ; by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Nuttall, along the Arkansas. Transported 
 to Europe, is described by the brothers Bauhin (Tuckerm. in arch. am. iv), and Plukenet aim 
 pi. 77. 
 
 Symplocarpus foetidus of Northeast America. From its large clustered leaves called by the 
 colonists skunk cabbage, and its dried root said to have been employed by the natives against asthma 
 — (Cutl. p. 209): S. foetidus is figured by Josselyn; is termed " pothos foetidus " by Michaux 
 (Chapm ); was observed by myself frequent in swamps from 43 to 40 along the Atlantic- by 
 Catesby, in Virginia; by Schweinitz, as far as 36 in Upper Carolina; by A. Gray, "common" in 
 Central New York ; but was not seen by Nuttall West of the Alleghanies. Transported to Europe 
 is termed "dracontium foetidum" by Linnasus (Steud.). ' 
 
 Mcdcola Virginica of Northeast America. Called by the colonists Indian cucumber and its roots 
 "esculent and of an agreeable taste" from early times eaten by the natives — (Cutl. p 4-7) • M Vir- 
 ginia was received by myself from Quebec, and observed as far as 40 alon<r the Atlantic ■ by Clay- 
 ton, in Virginia; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in SoutrTcarolina ; by Chapman 
 in "Middle Florida;" by Short, in Kentucky; by Nuttall, "near Morgantown " in North Carolina' 
 and on the Arkansas, and termed "gyromia." Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim' 
 pi. 328. f. 4. 
 
 Allium Canadense of North America. The American garlic, its root from early times eaten by 
 the natives in Northwest America (R. Brown jun.), probably the "wild leekes " much eaten by the 
 New England natives "with their fish "-(Joss. rar. 54) : "allia" little differing from the English 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 809 
 
 Strobus Americanus of North America. The white pine, the loftiest tree of New England, 
 known to the natives from early times : "the bark of board-pine, first boyled tender and beat to a 
 playster betwixt two stones," applied by them to burns and scalds (Joss. 61) ; and the " cowaw-esuck " 
 of the Narragansetts — is translated "pine, young pine" by R. Williams: "tall firre " were seen 
 by Capt. George Weymouth on the Kennebec in 1605 (and hence the name Weymouth pine given 
 in England to the imported deals) : " of these stately high-growne trees, ten miles together, close by 
 the river-side," were seen by W. Wood i. 5. in Eastern Massachusetts : S. Americanus was observed 
 by Lapylaie only on the Southern portion of Newfoundland; by F. A. Michaux, from 49° in Canada 
 to Nova Scotia and Lat. 43 , and on the Alleghanies to their termination; by myself, from 48 on the 
 Lower St. Lawrence to about 41 along the Atlantic; by Schweinitz, in Wilkes County in North 
 Carolina ; by Chapman, " on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina ; " by N. A. Ware, some- 
 what beyond the Southwestern termination of the Alleghanies; by Long's Expedition ii. 129, from 
 42 on Lake Michigan to 49 on Rainy Lake ; by Drummond, on the Saskatchewan (Hook.) and 
 as far as 53 on the West side of the Rocky mountains ; and by myself, on the mount Rainier ridge. 
 Its easily-worked timber and tall trunks for masts, are well known in commerce. 
 
 Abies nigra of Northeast America. The black spruce known to the natives from early times : 
 — " abeti " were seen by Verrazzanus at the Northern termination of his voyage ; " pruches," by 
 Cartier around Chaleur Bay and along the St. Lawrence ; "spruce," by Weymouth on the Kennebec ; 
 by Josselyn 63, farther South, " a goodly tree, of which they make masts for ships, and sail-yards : " 
 A. nigra, according to Hooker, ceases with Betula papyracea at Lat. 65 ; was observed by Drum- 
 mond at 54 near the Rocky mountains ; by E. James, on the Rocky mountains at the sources of the 
 Arkansas ; by F. A. Michaux, from Newfoundland and 53 in Canada to 44 , and scattered trees in 
 swamps near New York and Philadelphia; by myself, from 48 to 42 ; by Chapman, on "high 
 mountains of North Carolina, and northward." Spruce spars have become well known in commerce. 
 
 Abies Canadensis of Northeast America. The hemlock spruce from early times known in New 
 England; the natives after dropping " a strong decoction of alder-bark" on a burn, "playstered it 
 with " bark of the " hemlock-tree, boyled soft and stampt betwixt two stones till it was as thin as 
 brown paper " — (Joss. 62) : " iffs " or " yfs " were seen by Cartier around Chaleur Bay and along 
 
 were seen by Hariot on the Roanoke (De Bry i.) ; and "plotts of onions an acre or more in low 
 marshes " along James river, by Strachey : A. Canadense was observed by Kalm trav. iii. 79 in 
 Canada; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina; by myself along the Atlantic from 43 to 40 ; by 
 Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina ; by Baldwin, to 31° ; by Chapman, on " banks of rivers, Florida, 
 and northward; " by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Veratrum viride of North America. The American false-hellebore, clearly the "white hellibore" 
 whose powdered root was applied by the New England natives to wounds and " aches," — an example 
 followed by the colonists, and the plant further observed by Josselyn voy. 60 and rar. 43 growing "in 
 deep black mould and wet, in such abundance that you may in a small compass gather whole cart- 
 loads : " V viride was observed by myself from 47 30 7 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 40 along the 
 Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to the Alleghanies of Carolina; by Chapman, in "mountain mead- 
 ows, Georgia, and northward ; " by A. Gray, " common " in Central New York ; by Drummond, to 53 
 on the Rocky mountains ; and by Mertens, "v. album" around Norfolk Sound. 
 
 Eriophorum Virginicum of Northeast America. A tall cotton-rush with long grassy leaves, 
 probably the "kind of silk grass" of which the New England natives sometimes made baskets — • 
 (Gookin coll. 3): E. Virginicum was observed by Michaux from Canada to Carolina; by Pursh, to 
 Georgia; by myself, from 46 to 39 along the Atlantic ; by Elliot, in South Carolina, rare along the 
 seacoast ; by Chapman, in "bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward ; " by A. Gray, "common" in 
 Central New York. 
 
 Cyperus filiculmis of Northeast America. The " vimine gramineo nux subterranea suavis " eaten 
 by the New England natives — (Rev. Wm. Morrell), may be compared : C. filiculmis was received by 
 Vahl from Carolina ; by Muhlenberg, from New England and the upper district of Georgia ; was ob- 
 served by myself along the Atlantic from 43° to 38 ; by A. Gray, in " dry sterile soil, common, espe- 
 cially southward," culms "from hard tuberiferous rootstocks ; " by Elliot, as far as Beaufort; by 
 Chapman, in "dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward." The root is not known to be esculent. 
 
 Cyperus phymatodes of Northeast America. Possibly the plant in question : —observed by Muh- 
 lenberg in Pennsylvania ; by Baldwin, in Delaware and East Florida; by Schweinitz* near Salem in 
 North Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "sandy soil near the coast, Florida, 
 and northward ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; and according to A. Gray, grows from " Vermont to Michi- 
 gan, Illinois, and common southward," " tubers small, at the end of very slender rootstocks." These 
 tubers are not known to be edible. 
 
 102 
 
810 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the St. Lawrence ; and " ewe " trees, by Hudson in ascending the river that bears his name : A. 
 Canadensis was observed by F. A. M.chaux from Lat. 51 throughout New Brunswick and Nova 
 Scotia, and on the Alleghanie.s of our Southern States ; by myself, from 46° to 40 along the Atlantic ; 
 by Schweinitz, near Germanton in North Carolina ; by Chapman, on "high mountains of North Caro- 
 lina, and northward ;" by Short, in Kentucky; by Long's Expedition ii. 81, as far as 50 on Lake 
 Winnipeg ; by E. James, at the sources of the Arkansas on the Rocky mountains ; and by Drum- 
 mond, to°53° on the West side of these mountains. The bark for tanning has become well known in 
 commerce. 
 
 Larix Americana of Subarctic America. The hackmatack or American larch, its bark some- 
 times substituted in making plasters by the New England natives — (Joss. 62) : the '• lereckhout " is 
 enumerated by J. Mason among the trees of Newfoundland : L. Americana was observed by Herzberg 
 in Labrador as far as 57 (Meyer); by Richardson, at Point Lake: by F. A. Michaux, from Lake 
 Mistassins to the Alleghanies in Virginia ; by myself, from 47 to 42° along the Atlantic ; by Torrey as 
 far as 41 on the Hudson ; by Pursh, in Pennsylvania ; by Long's Expedition ii. Si, to 50° on Lake 
 Winnipeg ; by Drummond, to 54 near the Rocky mountains ; by myself on the mount Ranier ridge ; 
 and by Georgi, along the Pacific opposite Kamtchatka. The timber is highly valued for ship-building, 
 but is not plentiful. 
 
 Cupressus thnioides of Northeast America. The white cedar from early times known to the 
 natives around Massachusetts Bay, their light canoes " made of birch rindes and sowed together with 
 the rootes of white cedar-trees " — (Johns, wond. prov. S) : " cipressi " were seen by Varrazzanus after 
 leaving the opening and before reaching 4i°4o'; "cipres," by Higgeson near Salem (hist. coll. i. 117 
 to 125) ; and the "mournefull cypres tree" of Massachusetts Bay, is distinguished by W. Wood i. 5 
 from the " cedar " with red wood : C. thuioides has been observed by myself in bogs, forming " cedar- 
 swamps " along the Atlantic from 43° to 3S° ; by Croom, as far as Newbern ; by F. A. Michaux, not 
 South of the Santee ; by Chapman, in " swamps, Florida, and northward ; " by Sheppard, in Canada ; 
 and according to A. Gray grows from " Eastern Massachusetts to Ohio ; " according to Hooker, as 
 far as Fort Cumberland, Lat. 54°. Its "light durable wood" well known in commerce. 
 
 Erai*ro<tis capillaris of Northeast America. An annual autumnal grass, possibly introduced 
 into New England by the aboriginal tribes : * — observed by myself in sunny situations in the envi- 
 rons of Salem, chiefly about cultivated ground ; by Pursh, from Canada to Florida; by A. Gray, in 
 "sandy dry soil and fields, common, especially southward;" by Chapman, in "dry uncultivated 
 fields, Florida, and northward ; '' was received by Kunth from North America, Hayti, Jamaica, and 
 Chili. Transported to Europe, is described by Morison viii pi. (">, is termed " gramen paniculatum 
 vir^inianum locustis minimis" by Tournefort inst. 522, and observed by Sibthorp "in Bithynia " in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 " 1419 A. D. (= 17th year young-lo," Remus, iii. 07), an epistle in letters of gold accompanying 
 elephants and productions of the country sent to China by Thsan-liei-tchao-phing-ya, king of Cam- 
 bodia. 
 
 " 1420 A. D." (Alst.), Joannes VII. succeeded by Joannes VIII., by consent of the Turks, sixty- 
 eighth Byzantine emperor. 
 
 "June" (Major pr. H. 5S), returning to Porto Santo, Zarco discovered a dark line towards the 
 South-west, and supposing it to be fog resting on forests, sailed in that direction and re-discovered 
 the island of Madeira. He found the tomb and wooden cross left by Machin's party, but no signs of 
 inhabitants. Continuing along the coast, he entered with his sloops "a little creek sheltered by a 
 rock," and "disturbed the repose of a troop of sea wolves " (seats), "which fled into a cavern at the 
 
 * Eragrostis tenuis of Northeast America. An autumnal grass distinguished from the preced- 
 ing by more numerous florets and long hairs in the axils of branches of the panicle, but possibly also 
 introduced into New England by the aboriginal tribes ; — observed by myself in the same situations 
 with the preceding in the environs of Salem, and as far as Philadelphia : by Curtis, in North Caro- 
 lina; by Elliot, at Greenville in South Carolina; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas, and termed " poa 
 trichodes;" and according to A. Gray, grows in "sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and southward." 
 From transported specimens, is termed "e. Geyeri " by Steudel. 
 
 Juuciis tennis of Northeast America. A rush possibly also carried North of its natural limits 
 by the aboriginal tribes :— termed "j. bicornis" by Michaux, as observed in Carolina and Georgia ; 
 observed by myself from 43° to 3S along the Atlantic, frequent in grass-grown clearings and espe- 
 cially along roadsides ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, in " Florida, and northward ; " by 
 Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, in Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Rostk. pi. i, has been found on Clova mountain (Wats.), and according to Hooker in other parts of 
 Europe. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8ll 
 
 foot of the rock, which was their dwelling-place ; " and which received the name of " Camara dos 
 lobos : " — the Camara dos lobos visited by myself is clearly an artificial excavation, like a mill-sluice 
 tunneled along the base of a precipice with windows at intervals. 
 
 " 1421 A. D." (art de verif.), Shekh Mahmoudi succeeded by Ahmed El-Mozaffer ; after some 
 months, by Seifeddin Tattar ; and before the close of the year, by Mohammed Saleh, twenty-seventh 
 Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 "The same year" (voyag. Belg.), by the kings of England, France, and the duke of Burgundy, 
 Guillebert de Lannoy sent as "ambassador" for the purpose of ascertaining the condition of Syria 
 and Egypt. Journeying by land, the king of Poland added letters of recommendation to the Turkish 
 sultan, formerly an ally in warring against Hungary. Before reaching the frontier, the sultan's death 
 induced Lannoy to turn Eastward, and under the protection of the duke of Lithuania, travel among 
 the Tartars of the Lower Dnieper. He maintained throughout the character of "ambassador ; " and 
 from the Crimea, proceeded by sea. Ambassadors had previously been sent by European potentates 
 only to Christian and friendly nations ; and Lannoy's mission is therefore regarded as the beginning 
 of diplomacy. — The political relation of Lannoy is further illustrated, by the duke of Burgundy 
 sending him seven years afterwards to the king of Bohemia and the duke of Austria, To negotiate 
 respecting the followers of Huss in Hungary. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Mohammed succeeded by his son Murad II., eighth Turkish sultan. 
 Thlaspi arvense of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain Mithridate mustard, being 
 one of the seventy-two ingredients of a Mithridatic theriaca which gave rise to " the tales so popular 
 in the middle ages of sorcerers eating poisons," — and "was used as a vermifuge, and retained" till 
 about a hundred years ago in the London Pharmacopeia (Prior) : T. arvense is described by Gerarde 
 p. 206 ; is termed " t. arvense siliquis latis " by Tournefort inst. 212 ; is known to occur in Italy and 
 throughout middle Europe (Pers., and A. Dec), but is regarded by Watson as exotic in Britain and 
 introduced. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp at the base of mount Haemus and around Con- 
 stantinople ; and is known to occur in the Tauro-Caspian countries (A. Dec), and as far as Yeso in 
 Northern Japan (Siebold). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it was 
 observed by myself at Tadousac on the Lower St. Lawrence ; is known to occur also within the limits 
 of the United States (Beck., and Torrey). 
 
 Filago Gallica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. With other species called in Brit- 
 ain hoarwort, and the "horworte" of ms. Bodley, or "horwort" of gloss. Arundel 42, — is referred 
 here by Cockayne : F. Gallica is described by Morison vii. pi. 11 ; is termed "f. vulgaris tenuissimo 
 folio erecta " by Tournefort inst. 454 ; and is known to grow in gravelly soil throughout middle 
 Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.) ; but in Britain, where it was observed in cultivated ground by Ray 
 p. 181, and has since made its appearance in other localities, is regarded by Watson as exotic (A. 
 Dec). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to the 
 Greek islands. 
 
 " 1422 A. D." (art de verif.), Mohammed Saleh succeeded by Barsebay El-Aschraf, twenty- 
 eighth Memluk sultan of Egypt. The mosque bearing his name at Cairo, was built by Barsebay El- 
 Aschraf : who also carried on war in the Mediterranean against the Franks or Europeans. 
 
 Celastrus edulis of Tropical Arabia. Prior to the introduction of coffee, the use of " cafta '' or 
 "kat" established in Yemen by Ali Schadheli ben Omar — (Fakhr-eddin Mekki, Abd-alkader, and 
 De Sacy chrest.) : C. edulis, a tree called "gat" or "kat," was observed by Forskal in Yemen, culti- 
 vated in the same gardens with coffee, and various virtues attributed to the leaves which are eaten 
 with avidity by the Arabs : the use of " kat " as a masticatory was witnessed by myself at Mocha, 
 fresh branches being brought every morning from the mountains. 
 
 "The same year" (voyag. Belg.), in Egypt, Lannoy found circumcision practised among the 
 Jacobite Christians or the Copts. And at Cairo, met with merchants of Hindustan, and even a patri- 
 arch from that country. 
 
 "The same year (= 1460 of the era of Csesar," Major pr. H. 66), the Christian era for "all pub- 
 lic ordinances " adopted by king John of Portugal. 
 
 " The same year " (Clavig., and Humb. atl. pict.), end of the reign of Chimalpopoca. — He was 
 succeeded in the following year by Itzcoatl, fourth Mexican emperor. 
 
 " In this year (= 825 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Firuz succeeded by Ahmed, now ninth Bahmani 
 king of the Deccan. 
 
 " 1423 A. D." (Nicol.), a synod at Treves ; and another, at Sienna. Against heretics. 
 
 " 1425 A. D. = 'houng-hi,' 1st year of Jin-tsoung-tchang-ti " or Jin-tsoung III., "of the Ming" 
 or twenty-third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 
 
 As early perhaps as this date (G. de la Veg. vii), under the direction of the Inca Yupanqui, Chili 
 conquered by the Peruvian general Chinchiruca ; and the bounds of the empire extended Southward 
 from Atacama to Copayapu eighty leagues, thence to Cuquimpu eighty, thence to Chili fifty-five, 
 
8l2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 thence about fifty to the river Maulli in " S. Lat. 34 30'." According however to Molina, the limit 
 was somewhat farther North at the river Rapel ; where the remains of a Peruvian fortress are extant. 
 
 Wuitera Chilensis of Chili. Arborescent, called in Chilian "boighe," and from early times held 
 sacred by the Araucanians,* — who carry branches in religious ceremonies (Feuill., and Molin.) : 
 observed by myself in mountain-ravines back of Valparaiso, not exceeding the dimensions of a large 
 shrub, and clearly distinct from the Fuegian species ; may prove however the species known to grow 
 on the mountains of Peru and New Grenada (Linn. f. suppl. 269, and Humb. and Bonpl. i. pi. 58). 
 Doubtless furnishes a portion of the Winter's bark of druggists, imported into Brazil under the name 
 of " casca d'anta" and much used against colic, known also in Europe "as an aromatic tonic," warm 
 and pungent (Lindl.). 
 
 "1426 A. D. = 'hiouan-te,' 1st year of Hiouan-tsoung-tchang-ti," or Hiouan-tsoung II. or 
 Siouan-tsoung II., "of the Ming" or Twenty-third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 
 
 " In this year " (Burm. hist., and Mason 27), Mukka, son of Theha and king of Pegu, taking the 
 title of Dhamma-raza. He made munificent offerings to the pagoda at Rangoon. 
 
 1427 A. D. (= "six years " before the visit of Brocquiere), conquest of Servia by the Turks. 
 • — Brocquiere found the Servians belonging to '■ the Greek church." 
 
 " 1428 A. D." (Burm. hist., and Mason 65), the king of Toungoo, in alliance with the king of 
 Pegu and Talaing forces, warring against the Burmese. They captured Prome at this time the capital 
 of the Burman empire. 
 
 "Oct. 12th '' (Blair), beginning of the siege of Orleans; the first blow to English power in 
 France. Joan d'Arc having distinguished herself as a warrior in the defence of the city, — after two 
 years was taken prisoner by an officer of the duke of Burgundy, was sold to the English, and burned 
 (Brocq., and T. Wright). 
 
 " 1429 A. D." (ann. Jap., & art de verif.), Seokouo or Seo-kuo succeeded by Gofunnazo, now 
 " one hundred and third " (or omitting those who reigned twice, one hundred and first) dairo of Japan. \ 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), a synod at Riga. Deputies were " sent to the pope, To complain of 
 the oppression of that church." 
 
 The city of Sibir, at the junction of the Sibirka and Irtich, probably at this time in existence. — 
 Muller and Gmelin on visiting the site, "twenty-three versts " from Tobolsk, found only an old ruined 
 wall (Pall. trav. ii. 525). 
 
 Paeonia anomala of Siberia. Called on the Obi " mariin koren " (Pall.), and from early times 
 employed medicinally : — observed by Gmelin fl. iv. pi 72 in Siberia ; by Pallas trav. ii. 345 on the 
 Vagran tributary of the Obi. 
 
 Ferula Sibcrica of the Uralian plains. Called by the Russians on the Upper Irtich " oukrop " 
 (Pall.), and known from early times: — observed by Pallas ii. 545 near Jamyschewa, flowering in 
 June ; by Sokolof, in sands between the Volga and Yaik, ripe seeds on the dried stems in July. 
 
 Seditm spinosum of the Uralian plains. Called on the Irtich " repki," its leaves agreeably acid, 
 and from early times eaten crude — (Pall.) : observed by Gmelin iv. pi. 67 in Siberia ; by Pallas i. to 
 iii. 123 from the Lower Volga to and beyond Omsk. 
 
 Caragana halodendron of the Uralian plains. A thorny bush called by the Russians on the 
 Upper Irtich " ternevnik " (Pall.), and known from early times : — observed by Gmelin iv. 15 n. 19 in 
 Siberia ; by Pallas iii. 153 to 489 in arid saline plains from the Ural mountains to the Upper Irtich 
 near Jamyschewa 
 
 Populus balsamifera of Siberia. A "superb tree" called by the Russians on the Irtich "kai- 
 derevo " (Pall.), and known from early times: — observed by Pallas iii. 190 along the Irtich river- 
 bank to the Altaian mountains. The balm-of-Gilead, termed "p. latifolia" by Moench, "p. candicans" 
 by Aiton, known in America before Catesby i. pi. 34, and Marshall, and planted near dwellings from 
 "N. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky" (A. Gray), may be compared. 
 
 * Arancaria imbricata of Southern Chili and Araucania. A lofty Coniferous tree, its large 
 cones from early times supplying the natives with a great part of their food, a single tree sometimes 
 producing enough to maintain eighteen persons for a year — (geogr. plant, lond tract soc.) : observed 
 by Molina, and Pavon diss. bot. 9. Transported to Europe, is described by Lamarck pi. 328 ; and 
 from Europe was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses. 
 
 f Taxus verticitlata of Japan. The " make " of the mythological history of Japan, — is referred 
 here by Klaproth (introd ann. Jap.) : T. verticillata was observed in Japan by Thunberg. 
 
 Erianthus Japonicus of Japan. The " asi " of the mythological history of Japan, — is referred 
 here by Klaproth (introd. ann. Jap.) : E. Japonicus was observed by Thunberg, Houttuyn pi. 89, and 
 Siebold in Japan, abundant, covering the mountains from " fifteen hundred to five thousand feet " and 
 as far North as the island of Yeso. In Chinese, the grass is called " wei " (Klapr.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 813 
 
 Allium obliquum of Siberia. From early times cultivated on the Tobol as a substitute for 
 garlic, — observed wild there by Pallas iii. 55 ; also in Siberia by Gmelin i. pi. 9. 
 
 Allium angulosum of Siberia. Called on the Upper Yenisei " mischei-tschesnok '' mouse-gar- 
 lic, and from early times collected and salted for winter use, — observed by Pallas iv. 426 ; and in 
 Siberia by Gmelin i. pi. 14. Westward, is described by Bauhin hist. ii. pi. 564; and is known to 
 occur in Germany (Jacq. austr. v. pi. 423, and Pers.). 
 
 Potentilla fruticosa of Northern climates. A shrub three feet high called in Siberia " Kouril- 
 skoi-tchai " Kurile tea, and its leaves from early times used by the peasants and Tartars as a substi- 
 tute for tea,* — observed by Pallas iii. 394 to . . . around Lake Baical ; by Gmelin, throughout Siberia ; 
 by Bieberstein, on mount Alwar in Armenia ; and known to grow from Sweden to Ireland and Swit- 
 zerland (Engl. bot. pi. 88, and Wats.). Westward, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland; by 
 myself, along the Atlantic as far as 42 , abounding especially on the hills of Western Massachusetts ; 
 by Torrey, as far as 41° on the Hudson ; by Pursh, from Canada to the mountains of New York and 
 New Jersey ; by Lewis and Clark, and E. James, on the Rocky mountains; and was received by 
 Hooker from Bear Lake river and Kotzebue Sound. 
 
 " March 1st to April 23d" (Nicol.), a synod at Paris. Rules were made, On "the celebration of 
 Sunday ; " the expenses of banns of marriage ; and prohibiting the " Feast of fools," an absurd cere- 
 mony " established in the church of Paris about the end of the Twelfth century." 
 
 " In this year (= 833 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), by Ahmed Shah of Guzerat, expedition by sea 
 to recover the coast-islands of Bombay and Salsette, seized by the Bahmani king in attempting to 
 subdue the Concan. The Bahmani king was driven out, but remained hostile. 
 
 1430 A. D. (= " 1355 an. jav.," Raffles x.), birth of Raden Paku or Sunan Giri, son of the 
 daughter of the chief of Balambangan by the Arab missionary Mulana Ishak also called Mulana Alul 
 Islam. The child was conveyed to Gresik in Java and placed under the charge of Niai Gedi Pinateh, 
 a woman of rank banished from Kamboja to whom refuge had been granted by the Javan king. 
 
 "In this year" (Velasco, and Markh.), Atauchi Duchicala succeeded by Hualcopo Duchicala, 
 now fourteenth scyri of Quito. 
 
 " The same year " (Colebrooke as. res. vii. p. — ), Vrihaspati surnamed Mucuta commenting on the 
 Amera-cosha. 
 
 Strychnos colubrina of Southern Hindustan. Called in Telinga " naga musadi," in Bengalee 
 " koochila-luta " (Lindl ), and included perhaps by the commentator on the Amara-cosha — (see W. 
 Jones as. res. iv. p. 128) : S. colubrina is described by Rumphius ii. pi. 37 ; was observed in Hindus- 
 tan by Rheede viii. pi. 24, and Roxburgh; by Graham, "a large scandent shrub by means of tendrils" 
 found by Nimmo in the Southern Concan : the wood of its root is considered an infallible remedy for 
 the bite of the naga or cobra de capella and of every other venomous snake, is therefore the most 
 esteemed kind of lignum colubrinum, and brings such high prices among the natives as rarely to find 
 its way to Europe (Roxb., and Lindl.). 
 
 " 1431, March 3d to 6th " (Alst, and Nicol.), Martinus III. succeeded by cardinal Gabriel Condul- 
 mier, now Eugenius IV., fifty-third pope. Charles VII. . . ruling France ; and Henry VI., England. 
 
 " July 23d " (Nicol.), " Eighteenth general ecclesiastical Council." Convened at Basle. The 
 kinsmen of the pope and cardinals were excluded from the cardinalship. The festival of the Concep- 
 tion and Visitation was ordained. And the Council continued in session " eleven years, nine months, 
 and seventeen days " (Alst.). 
 
 "In this year" (see Galvan.), Spain and Portugal disputing the possession of the Canary Islands, 
 the controversy was decided by pope Eugenius IV. in favour of Spain. 
 
 "The same year" (Martin Behaim in voyag. Belg., and Major pr. H. 131), under instructions 
 from prince Henry of Portugal, Gonzalo Velho Cabral re-discovering Formigas, and as the birds there 
 made no attempts te escape, named it the " Hawks " or Azores — (a condition of things witnessed by 
 myself on uninhabited islands). In " 1432" a second island was re-discovered and named Santa 
 Maria : and " in 1449 " (Galvan.), Alfonso V. gave license to his uncle prince Henry to people the 
 Azores, "which were long before discouered." 
 
 * Pyrola uniflom of Northern climates. Called around Lake Baical " killereka," and from early 
 times used medicinally and as a substitute for tea- (Pall. iv. 409) : observed by Gmelin throughout 
 Siberia • by Pallas, in woods around Lake Baical ; by Chamisso, in East Siberia. Westward, is 
 described by C Bauhin pin. 191 ; is known to grow on the Pyrenees and mountains of Switzerland, 
 and from Flanders (Dec.) to Lapland (Engl. bot. pi. 146, fl. Dan. pi. 8, and Wats.) Farther West, in 
 Greenland (Wats ) ■ was observed by Lapylaie on Newfoundland ; by myself, in deep shade from 48 
 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to New York State ; 
 was received by A. Gray from Pennsylvania and Lake Superior ; and was observed by Mertens at 
 Norfolk Sound. 
 
8i 4 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 1432 A. D. (see T. Wright), near Damascus, Brocquiere fell in with a " Moor wlio had ridden a 
 camel from Cairo in eight clays," bringing an order for the arrest of all Catalonians and Genoese in 
 Damascus and throughout Syria ; a ship having been captured by the prince of Tarentum. At the 
 close of the year, returning through Asia Minor, — Brocquiere found the Byzantine dominions con- 
 fined to Constantinople, a castle three leagues North, and a small city in Greece called Salubria ; the 
 emperor paying tribute to the Turks, and under obligations to return fugitive slaves. While the 
 Turkish sultan drew from Greece " thirty thousand men " annually ; being " two fifths," or according 
 to other estimates " three fourths " of his whole army. 
 
 " 1433 A. D." (Brocq , and T. Wright), through a stratagem, Albania regained by Scanderbeg. 
 — Who for several years maintained himself, defeating the Turkish armies sent against him. 
 " August " (Galvan.), John succeeded by his son Duarte or Edward, now king of Portugal. 
 " 1434 A. D." (Blair), Cosmo de Medici duke of Florence, recalled from banishment. The 
 beginning of the rise of the Medici family. 
 
 One hundred and seventy-second generation. May 1st, 1434, onward mostly beyond youth : the 
 Greek writers, Michael Ducas nepos d. 1462, Gemistus d. about 1441, Georgius Codinus, Gennadius 
 Georgius Scholarius d. 1459 : Ouintus Aemilianus, Flavius Blondus, Johannes Aventinus, Laurentius 
 Valla, Laurentius Justinianus patriarcha Yenetum, Leonard Aretin ; Poggio ; Antonio Cermisone, 
 Bernhardus Senensis, Alphonsus Tonstatus, Antoninus Florentinus ; Anton. Guainerius (Spreng.) : 
 the scholastic theologians, Joannes de Capistrano, Joannes Bassolius, Joannes de Turrecremata, and 
 Nicolaus de Cusa : the botanist, Ortolfus de Bavaria Heydenberger : the painters, Fra. Giovanni 
 called Angelico d. 1445, Masaccio d. 1443. 
 
 " The same year " (Galvan., Churchill coll., and Major pr. H. 69), under instructions from prince 
 Henry of Portugal to disregard the statements of seamen who " have no knowledge of the needle or 
 the sailing chart," Gil Eannes doubled Cape Bojador ; and landing beyond, found no signs of inhab- 
 itants, but brought back "some plants that he had gathered, which were such as were called in Por- 
 tugal St. Mary's roses" {Rosmarinus officinalis). 
 
 "1435 A. D." (Galvan., and Major pr. H. 69), Gil Eannes again sent out "in his barque," 
 together with Affonso Gonsalves Baldaya in a " varinel, or vessel with oars : " fifty leagues beyond 
 Cape Bojador, they entered a bay which they called " Angra do Ruivos" bay of gurnards, from the 
 numbers of those fish ; and on landing, found " traces of men and camels." — On reporting to prince 
 Henry, Baldaya was sent back, taking two horses in his varinel, and "a hundred and twenty leagues " 
 beyond Cape Bojador entered an estuary (afterwards called "Rio d'Ouro"): two lads "of about 
 seventeen " were sent along the shore on the horses, and after " seven leagues " came " upon a group 
 of nineteen men " armed only with azagays, who retired to a heap of stones, and " fought till evening 
 warned the " lads to return to the vessel ; in the morning, Baldaya visited the spot, but the natives 
 " had decamped, leaving the greater portion of their poor property behind : " seals were seen to the 
 number of some "five thousand," and the vessel was loaded with their skins. Continuing " fifty 
 leagues " farther to a rocky galley-like headland, Baldaya was unable to capture a native, but procured 
 some fishing-nets " made of the bark of a tree of such a texture " that " it could be woven excellently 
 well" (Adansonia). 
 
 In or about 1435 A. D. (= " 1360 an. jav.," Raffles x), arrival at Majapahit of ambassadors from 
 Panjar Masin. In return, the king of Java sent one of his sons Chakra Nagara to be chief, accom- 
 panied by many vessels carrying followers and troops. Besides Burni (Borneo), other conquests 
 by the Javan admiral Ratu Peng'ging are enumerated, as Makasar, Goa, Banda, Sembawa, Ende", 
 Timor, Ternate', Sulu, Siram (Ceram), and Manila. He was now sent to subdue Palembano-. 
 
 In the Avadana Purana mention is made of the city of Surparaka (" Sippara" of Ptolemy or Sipeler 
 on one of the mouths of the Krichna) precious stones of the Deccan (Golconda), silks, Budhist assem- 
 blies, diligence in reading, and Kasyapu is named as having lived in old times. 
 
 Santalum . . . sp. of the Malayan archipelago. The " Gosircha tchandana," the grove held 
 in the name of king Tchakravartin and reached by a sea-voyage, — is regarded by Burnouf as possibly 
 from Sandalwood Island : santal of " Mekasiry " (Macassar) is mentioned by Abul Fazl (Gladw. 
 ayeen akbery i. 92, and Burnouf introd. 255 to 619). 
 
 "In the years siouan-tc and king-thai (= 1426 to 1435," Remus, iii. 97), ambassadors sent to 
 China from Cambodia, — but afterwards they did not come regularly. 
 
 1436 A. D., the Javan admiral having subdued Palembang in Sumatra, Aria Damar son of king 
 Angka Wijaya sent there as chief as early possibly as this date. He was accompanied by the Chi" 
 nese princess ; — and here in Palembang, her two sons Raden Patah and his half-brother Raden 
 Husen were born. 
 
 "The same year = ' tching-toung,' 1st year of Yng-tsoung-joui-ti " or Yng-tsoung III., "of the 
 Ming" or Twenty- third dynasty (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 
 
 "Apr. 13th, Friday" (Blair), Paris re-captured by the French from English possession. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 815 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii. and v.), map by Andrea Bianco, on which the magnetic varia- 
 tion is noted. 
 
 "The same year" (Clavig., and Humb. atl. pict), Itzcoatl succeeded by Motezuma-Ilhuicamina 
 or Montezuma, fifth Mexican emperor. 
 
 1437 A. D. = " 1362 an. jav." (Raffles ix.), date of an inscription on a deghop among the ruins at 
 Suku on Java. 
 
 "In this year" (Markham p. liii), Ulugh Beg, sultan of Samarcand, writing his Astronomical 
 Tables. Among other instruments in his observatory was a quadrant whose radius equalled " the 
 height of the dome of St. Sophia." 
 
 " H3 8 , J an - Iotn " (Nicol.), a synod at Ferrara. In concert with the Council of Basle, which 
 continued in session. Preliminary action was taken, For the re-union of the Greek and Latin churches 
 (see Alst.). 
 
 "During Lent" (Nicol.), by the electors assembled at Frankfort, Albert II. of Austria chosen 
 "king of the Romans ; " succeeding Sigismund as emperor of Germany and Italy. 
 
 "July 7th" (Nicol.), in a numerous assembly or synod at Bourges, Pragmatic sanction com- 
 posed. A celebrated rule, Making the authority of the general Councils "superior to that of the 
 pope." 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Barsebay El-Aschraf succeeded by Djemaleddin Yusuf ; and 
 before the close of the year, by Djakmak, thirtieth Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 "In this year" (Stanley edit. Barb. 9 and 23), Josafa Barbaro at Tana on the river Tana (Don) 
 witnessing the passage Westward of a horde or army of Tartars, led by Naurus and Chezimameth 
 or Little Mahomet against Vlumahumeth Can or the Great Mahomet, at this time " in the champaignes 
 towards Russia." On another occasion, Barbaro received a present of " eight sklaves of the nation 
 of Rossia." 
 
 Laserpitium trilobum of the Uralian plains. Called on the Lower Volga "gladich " (Pall.) ; and 
 the "baltracan" described by Barbaro 102 as having the smell of rather musty oranges, its stem 
 single hollow thicker than one's finger and more than a "braccio" high, leaf like rape, seed like 
 fennel but larger, pungent but pleasant taste and when in season broken as far as the soft part, can 
 be eaten without salt, the water also in which the leaves are boiled drank as wine and very refreshing, 
 the plant met with also between Albania and Croatia and at Terrarsa in Padovana, — may be com- 
 pared : L. trilobum was observed by Pallas trav. i. 276 frequent on the Lower Volga, the young stems 
 eaten crude ; was observed also by Baumgarten in Transylvania, by Waldstein and Kitaibel in Hun- 
 gary, and is termed " 1. carniolicum " by Bernhardi (Steud.). From transported specimens, is de- 
 scribed by Plukenet phyt. 223, and Linnaaus (Pers.). 
 
 "The same year" (Rosse), the art of printing, though practised in China for srme centuries, 
 independently invented in Europe by Laurence Koster; who issued a printed tract entitled "Specu- 
 lum humanae salvationis." — Six years afterwards, the improvement of movable types was effected by 
 Guttenberg and Faust. And after eight years more, a further improvement was made by Schceffer, 
 in the casting of types in metal. 
 
 The same year = " 1363 an. jav." (Raffles ix.), date of an inscription " in characters which appear 
 to have some connection with the modern Javan," discovered at Kwali on Java. 
 
 " 1439 A. D." (Garc. de la Vega), Yupanqui succeeded by his son Tupac Yupanqui, now 
 eleventh Inca of Peru. He continued the great fortress at Cuzco, commenced by his father. 
 
 Tupac Yupanqui did not believe that the sun lives and "is the maker of all things," for "many 
 things are made when the Sun is absent ; " it "is like a tethered beast that always makes the same 
 round," yet notwithstanding so many revolutions "is never tired ;" whereas were it living and free, 
 it "would visit other parts of the Heaven "— (Bias Valera, and G. de la Vega viii. 8). 
 
 He also said, That "ambition and avarice prevent a man from knowing how to moderate either 
 his own actions or those of others." 
 
 The same year, Aria Damar having resided "about three years" at Palembang, arrival there of 
 Raden Rachmat, son of an Arab priest and the elder sister of the princess of Champa. After " two 
 months " stay, Rachmat proceeded on his voyage to Java, and on reaching Majapahit was kindly 
 received by his relative the princess, and was permitted by king Angka Wijaya to form an establish- 
 ment at Ampel with the free exercise of his religion. 
 
 " Feb. 29th " (Nicol), a general synod or council convened at Florence ; being a continuation of 
 the synod of Ferrara. The re-union of the Greek and Latin churches consummated ; the patriarch 
 of Constantinople dying immediately after signing it. — But at the end of two years (Alst.), the Greeks 
 returned to their religious dogmas and ceremonies. 
 
 " Nov. 17th " (Alst., and Nicol.), by the Council of Basle, continuing in session, pope Eugemus 
 IV. declared deposed, and Felix elected his successor. Felix, being excluded from Rome, made 
 Lausanne his residence. 
 
8i6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "The same year" (Crawfurd vii. u), in Java, Hindu temples constructed at Sukuh in the moun- 
 tain of Lawuh. 
 
 Hardly later than this year ( . ), after residing while a young man in Damascus, and pro- 
 
 ceeding thence to Hindustan, Ceylon, and Sumatra, Nicolo Conti, leaving on his right Andamania 
 inhabited by cannibals, arriving at Ava. — He continued Eastward to Xeythona, and at a month's 
 distance from the continent reached the Greater Java (Borneo). He describes running a mink, the 
 prevalence of cock-fighting, and birds without feet whose skin and tail are "used as ornaments for the 
 head" (paradise birds from New Guinea) : fifteen days Eastward from the two Javas are two other 
 islands, Sandai on which nutmegs grow, and Bandan which alone produces cloves; parrots of three 
 kinds are also found on Bandan, " some with red feathers and a yellow beak, and some parti-coloured, 
 which are called 'nori,' that is brilliant" (lories), and "some white " which are called " cachi " (cocka- 
 toos). Reluming, he sailed " westward " to " Ciampa abounding in aloes wood,'" thence to Melibaria 
 and Calicut, and after spending two months on Sechutera, yielding Socotrine aloes and "for the most 
 part inhabited by Nestorian Christians," he proceeded up the Red Sea and reached Venice in 1444 
 after twenty-five years absence. 
 
 The Galeopilhecus or flying-cat is described by Nicolo Conti. 
 
 Ditrio ztbethinus of the Eastern Equatorial portion of the Malayan archipelago. The fetid but 
 much celebrated durien is called in Burmah " du-yeen " (.Mason) ; and is clearly the green fruit called 
 "duriano," having five fruits within and in taste varying like that of cheese, seen by Nicolo Conti on 
 Sumatra : * — D. zibethinus is described by Rumphius i. pi. 29 ; was observed by Navarrete growing 
 on Borneo and Celebes, but not as far as Manilla; by Dampier, on Mindanao ; by myself, on Sulu; 
 by Mason v. 447, a cultivated " exotic " in Burmah. Westward, by Roxburgh iii. 399, in Hindustan: 
 but has only recently been introduced into the environs of Bombay (Nimmo, and Graham), and into 
 Zanzibar, observed by myself on the imaum's plantation. Accounts of this fruit had reached Europe 
 as earlv as 1640, the "durion " being mentioned by Parkinson. 
 
 Santalum ka-ra-mai of Burmah. Probably included in the " white sandal wood" seen by Nicolo 
 Conti at Panconia : — S. ka-ra-mai was observed in Burmah by Mason. 
 
 "1440, Aug. 26th to Sept. nth" (Nicol.), another synod at Bourges. The bishops with 
 Charles VII. of France refused to recognize the Council of Ferrara, or to abolish '• Pragmatic sanc- 
 tion." 
 
 " In this year," Galfridus of Lynn, according to his own account, writing his Promptorium par- 
 vulorum, an English-Latin dictionary. 
 
 Galcobdolon luteum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain yellow dead- 
 nettle ox yellow archangel (Prior), and probably included in the "archangel" or " defe nettyle " of 
 Galfridus pr. pm., — and ■' archangelica" or "blind netele " of gloss. Hail. 3388 (Cockayne): G. 
 luteum is described by Caesalpinus xi. 31 (Spreng.) ; is termed "g. sive urtica iners flore luteo" by 
 Tournefort inst. 185, "cardiaca sylvatica"by Lamarck fl. fr. ; and is known to grow in wooded 
 mountainous situations throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Hoffm. ^erm , Pers., and Engl, 
 bot. pi. 787). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in woods on mount Haemus and around Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 " 1441 A. D."' (Galvan., Churchill coll., and Major pr. H. 89), under instructions from prince 
 Henry, Antam Gonsalves at the above-mentioned estuary procuring the " skins and oil of seacalves " 
 (seals). Having completed his cargo, "he took nine sailors inland and succeeded in capturing two 
 natives : " but on the following day as he was about leaving, he was joined by Nuno Tristan in an 
 armed caravel bringing a Moor to act as interpreter: a second incursion was planned, which resulted 
 in the capture of "ten natives;" of whom the chief only "was able to converse with the interpreter, 
 
 * Castanea Martabanica of the mountains of Burmah. A chestnut tree in common with the Jug- 
 lans called "theet-kya" (Mason), and probably the " chesnuts " seen by Nicolo Conti at the city of 
 Panconia: — C. Martabanica was observed in Burmah by YVallich ; by Mason v. 398 to 456, "indi- 
 genous," growing "on the uplands" and sometimes "nearly down to the sea shore," the fruit " sold 
 in bazar" but inferior in quality to the European chestnut. 
 
 Castanea tribuloides of the mountains of Burmah. Distinguished as the " wet-theet-khya " hog- 
 chestnut (Mason) ; and included perhaps in the "chesnuts" seen by Nicolo Conti at Panconia: — C. 
 tribuloides was observed by Mason v. 463 " indigenous " and undescribed. 
 
 Pandanus hsat-thwa-gyee of Burmah. A stemmed palm-like screw-pine, affording perhaps the 
 "pine-apples" seen by Nicolo Conti at Panconia: — P. hsat-th\va-g\ee was observed by Mason v. 
 521 in Burmah, "very abundant" and "usually growing near the sea," the sails of "many of the Bur- 
 mese boats " made of its "large narrow leaves sewed together," and its fruit " used by the Karens to 
 kackle their thread." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8l7 
 
 the rest spoke the language of the Azanegues or Tawny Moors" (Barabra Race) ; the interpreter 
 go.ng on shore "was detained prisoner, after having in vain tried to negotiate with he natives > and 
 Gonsalves sailed for Portugal. Tristam, after repairing his vessel, combined beyond the Gal lie rock 
 to a cape wh.ch from its whiteness he called Cape Branco, and returned 
 
 A concession was now obtained from the pope "in perpetuity to the crown of Portugal of what- 
 ever lands might be discovered beyond Cape Bojador to the Indies inclusive." The Bull issued- 
 was subsequently confirmed by the popes Nicholas V. and Sixtus IV. 
 
 _ ;' 1442 AD." (Churchill coll., Galvano giving " 1443," see Major pr. H. 91), the captive chief, 
 wishing to return and offering a ransom, was sent back under Gonsalves ; and " handsomely dressed 
 in clothes wh,ch the prince had given him," was set on shore : at the end of a week, "a Moor on a 
 white camel appeared with full a hundred slaves," out of which "ten negroes of both sexes were eiven 
 up m exchange for the two boys," besides "a great number of ostrich eggs," a leathern buckler, and 
 a small quantity of gold dust : " the estuary in consequence received the name of « Rio d'Ouro " 
 
 In this year, in Java, Raden Paku " twelve years of age " resigned by his nurse Niai Gedi Pinateh 
 to the charge of Raden Rachmet. Who brought him up in the Mohammedan religion 
 
 "The same year" (Webb in archsol. Brit, xxi, and R. H. Major in soc. Hakl.), Abd-er-Razzak 
 envoy from Shah Rokh, arriving at Ormuz ; a great commercial city, where " merchants from the seven 
 climates of the world " assemble, "from Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, etc.," men " of all religions, even infi- 
 dels, who traffic in perfect liberty, and to whom justice is equally administered." He was detained in 
 "May" at Kanat (near Muscat), and thence proceeded to Calicut, — and at the "end of April" in the 
 following year reached the city of Vijanagar in Southern Hindustan. Returning, he reached Ormuz 
 "April 22d, 1444," was sent on embassy into Ghilan "in 1446," and died at Herat "in 1482." 
 
 Rosa Indica of China. The China rose probably included among the "roses of all kinds " under 
 cultivation seen by Abd-er-Razzak on approaching Vijanagar, sold in the bazaar sweet-smelling and in 
 constant succession, and regarded by inhabitants "quite as necessary as food:" — R. Indica was 
 observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay " common in every garden and in flower all the year ; " 
 by Roxburgh, in Bengal; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah ; and is known to be indigenous in China 
 (Pers ). Transported to Europe, is termed "r. rubra Malabathrum" by Cornuti p. 121, who states 
 that it grows more fragrant with age ; is described also by Petiver pi. 35 ; and from Europe was carried 
 to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses. 
 
 Rosa microphylla of China. Small-leaved with pale-red flowers ; and possibly among the roses 
 seen by Abd-er-Razzak : — observed by Graham " common in gardens " at Bombay, and known to be a 
 " native of China." Transported to Europe, is described by Don ii. 581, and in bot. mag. pi. 3490 (Grah.). 
 
 Rosa Sinica of China. The Bengal rose, probably among those seen by Abd-er-Razzak : — ob- 
 served by Lush in the Bombay district at Dapooree ; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah; and known 
 to be indigenous in China (Linn.). Transported to Europe, is termed "r. Bengalensis" by Persoon, 
 "r. semperflorens " by Curtis mag. pi. 284, the flowers red (Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 Rosa glandulifera of Hindustan. White-flowered and called in the environs of Bombay " shewa- 
 tee goolab " (Graham) ; possibly among the roses seen by Abd-er-Razzak : — described by Roxburgh 
 ii. 515 ; and observed by Law near Bombay, "common in gardens at Belgaum, where it is in flower all 
 the year" (Graham). 
 
 " 1443 A. D." (Churchill coll., and Major pr. H. 93), under instructions from prince Henry, Nuflo 
 Tristan passing Cape Branco : "twenty-five miles beyond," in the Bay of Arguin, a small island was 
 discovered from which "twenty-five canoes put out," each containing three or four natives entirely 
 naked and paddling with their feet ; the canoes were pursued and "fifteen " of the natives captured, 
 and after visiting another islet, resorted to by multitudes of herons and other birds for breeding, 
 Tristan "returned the same year with his booty " to Portugal. — On the first-named islet, the fortress 
 of Arguin was built "in 1448." 
 
 " In this year (= 847 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Ahmed Shah succeeded by Mohammed Shah, 
 now third Muslim king of Guzerat. 
 
 " In this year" (San-kokf transl. Klapr.), the Southern portion of Yeso conquered by the Japanese 
 general Nobou-firo.* — His descendants have continued princes there to the present day, and the 
 district is called Matsmaye. 
 
 * Euphorbia Sieboldiana of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "ikatsuka," or by the 
 Japanese "kansui," — and enumerated by Siebold as medicinal. 
 
 Loiiicera brachypoda of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "sui kadsura " by the 
 Japanese, — and enumerated by Siebold as medicinal. 
 
 Lapathum sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called by the Japanese " ma daiwo," — 
 and enumerated by Siebold as medicinal. 
 
 Rheum sp. of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called "sjunaba," or by the Japanese 
 "stakamaro ; " — enumerated by Siebold as medicinal. 
 
 i°3 
 
8i8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 The year of the Ainos of Yeso beginning not in the Japanese manner, but apparently in that of 
 Europeans, — which according to Rinsi^e (author of the San-kokf) would be an astonishing fact. 
 
 Arnold useful plants growing on Yeso, Menyanthes trifoliata called " midsugasiba by the 
 Japanese, medicinal; Copis trifolia called "mitsuba woren" by the Japanese, medicinal; A corns 
 calamus called "sjob" by the Japanese, medicinal; and Stilus maritunus called " kasasuge by 
 the Japanese, for straw hats. • 
 
 " In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 51), the Chinese invading Ava repelled by king Bhuren- 
 
 Narapadi, also called Dupeyoundayaka. 
 
 1444 A. D. (= " 1 6th year of Gofunnazo," art de verif.), in Japan, the title "sei-seogun" con- 
 ferred on Josijmassa by the dairo Gofunnazo. 
 
 The shiogun Yoshi-masa instituted the Cha-no-yu, small parties of friends for tea-drinking, «' and 
 framed certain rules concerning the etiquette to be observed on such occasions, in order to avoid all 
 excitement, and to bring people into as intimate relations with one another as possible " — (Jap. c. c. 
 107). 
 
 "The same year = 9th year of the ' tching-toung' of Yng-tsoung III." (Chinese chron. table), 
 
 beginning of the Sixty-ninth cycle.* 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 216, and Blair), at Varna, Ladislaus king of Hungary defeated by the 
 Turks. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng. hist. med. vii. 8), Bartholom. Montagnana writing a portion of his Con- 
 sultations. — He died in " 1460." 
 
 "The same year " (Alst), Joannes VIII. succeeded by his brother Constantinus XII., by consent 
 of the Turks sixty-ninth Byzantine emperor; — and as it proved, the last. 
 
 In this year (Major ind. voy. p Ix), on the return of Nicolo de' Conti, an account of his travel 
 committed to writing by Poggio Bracciolini, secretary to pope Eugenius IV. "About the same time, 
 some men came to the pope from /Ethiopia upon matters regarding the faith" — (Major 34). 
 
 The wild animal hunted for food, described by the Abyssinian legates as having "horns three 
 cubits in length and spiral from the top,"— is regarded by Major as probably the koodoo antelope, 
 Strepsiceros kudu. 
 
 Luffa pentandra of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Called in Burmah " tha-bwot " (Mason), in the 
 environs of Bombay "gosalee toorai "(Graham); and the vegetable resembling cucumbers, mentioned 
 by the Abyssinian legates, — may be compared; L. pentandra is enumerated as seen by Grant in 
 Equatorial Africa. Eastward, was observed by Rheede viii. pi. S in Malabar; by Graham, '-culti- 
 vated" around Bombay, its fruit "one to three feet long ; " by Roxburgh, Wight, and Stewart punj., 
 in other parts of Hindustan (Drur.) ; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah and considered by the natives 
 "a delicious vegetable ; " is described also by Rumphius v. pi. 147. 
 
 Musat ensete of Abyssinia and Central Africa. A huge herbaceous plant called in Abyssinia 
 " ensete " (Bruce) ; and the tree described by the legates as " of the height of a man, and in girth as 
 much as a man can embrace with his arms, with many layers of bark" between which fruit like chest- 
 nuts is deposited, when pounded made into very sweet white bread, the leaves "one to two cubits in 
 length," — may be compared : M. ? ensete was observed by Bruce frequent in the moist warm parts 
 of Abyssinia, large plantations in Maitsha and Goutto "almost exclusive of anything else" forming 
 " the food of the Galla," its " stem " for " several feet in height " eaten " with milk and butter " is " the 
 best of all food, wholesome, nourishing, and easily digested " (Grev ). Apparently the same plant was 
 seen by Grant fruitless and wild outside a plantain-grove under the Equator, and smaller ones among 
 rocks at " 3 15' N." on the Nile, the leaves huge, and the seeds strung by the Waganda into neck- 
 laces, charms, and tiaras ; no other uses known to his companions. 
 
 Poa Abyssinica of Abyssinia. A kind of grain called there " teff " (Bruce) ; and the " corn and 
 wine" described by the legates as abundant, — maybe compared: P. Abyssinica was observed by 
 Bruce cultivated throughout and affording "the common bread of the country." from which fermented 
 with water " is 'prepared a kind of beer in general request by the Abyssinians " (Grev.). Transported 
 to Europe, P. Abyssinica is described by Aiton, and Jacquin rar. i. pi. 17. 
 
 * Scavola lobelia of the coral-strand of the Indian and Pacific oceans. A shrub called in Tagalo 
 and Bisaya "boto" or "bocaboc" or " panabolong " or " pangangtolon," in Zambales "linog," and its 
 pith cut into "rice-paper " by the Bisayas and Chinese (Blanco) as early probably as this date. — 
 Eastward, S lobelia was observed by myself throughout the Pacific, chiefly on coral-reefs and islands; 
 by J. D. Hooker, on the Galapagos Islands ; and is known to grow in the West Indies (Jacq. amer.) 
 as far as " South Florida" (Chapm.) and the Bahamas (Catesby i- pi. 79). Eastward from the Philip- 
 pines, is described by Rumphius iv. pi. 54 ; was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 59, and Roxburgh, in 
 Hindustan; by Graham, in "gardens Bombay;" and is known to grow on the seashore of Australia 
 and " Afrique intertropicale " (A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 819 
 
 " In this year" (Major pr. H. 131), the Azores Island seen by a runaway negro slave from the 
 highest mountain on Santa Maria visited by Cabral and named St. Michael: — Terceira was discov- 
 ered "before 1450," and from this island San Jorge and Graciosa are in sight: Fayal and Pica were 
 discovered " before 1466." 
 
 " In this year " (Galvan.. Churchill coll., and Major pr. H. 95), by permission of prince Henry, 
 Lancarote " having fitted out six caravels " sailed to the Arguin islets, and chiefly there procured 
 "about two hundred captives," of "every variety of colour from nearly white to the deepest black." 
 Returning to Portugal, the captives " very soon became Christians, and were treated with great kind- 
 ness by their" masters, and "some of the young girls were adopted by noble ladies." 
 
 " 1445 A. D." (Major pr. H. 95), under instructions from prince Henry, Antam Gonsalves revis- 
 iting the Rio d'Ouro: "an old Moor returned voluntarily,'' "wishing to see prince Henry," and Joao 
 Fernandes " by his own desire was left behind." 
 
 The people were found by Fernandes to be " shepherds, who wandered witli their cattle where- 
 ever they could find pasture : the fodder was scanty, the land desert and sandy, with no trees except 
 small ones, such as figueras do inferno" {cactiform Euphorbia), "thorn-trees" (Balanites A egyp- 
 tiaca), "and a few palms" (Hyphaene ?); "there were very few flowers: all the water was from wells, 
 except a very few running streams : the people were called Alarves, Azanegues, and Berbers ; they 
 were Mohammedans; their language, written and spoken, differed from those of other Moors ; they 
 waged war with the negroes, and took a great number prisoners ; " " their camels were very numerous, 
 and could travel fifty leagues in a day, and they had plenty of cattle in spite of the thinness of the 
 pasture." At the invitation of two horsemen, who " mounted him on a camel," he journeyed South- 
 ward several days to the chief, Ahude Maymon, who with his family and "retinue were about one 
 hundred and fifty in number," and was hospitably entertained : "their principal food was milk and 
 sometimes a. little meat with seeds of wild herbs gathered on the mountains; wheat was considered a 
 luxury; for many months they and their horses and dogs lived entirely on milk ; those on the sea- 
 shore ate nothing but fish, mostly raw or dried ; " their merchandise, besides slaves and "gold from 
 the negro country, consisted of wool, butter, cheese, dates which they imported, amber, civet, gum 
 anime, oil and skins of sea- wolves " {seals). At the end of " seven months,'' Fernandes was discov- 
 ered on the shore South of Arguin Island and taken off by Antam Gonsalves. 
 
 "In this year" (Major pr. H. 96), Diniz Dias, furnished by prince Henry with a caravel and 
 determined to sail farther than his predecessors, passing the mouth of the Senegal, " which separates 
 the Azanegues or Tawny Moors " (Barabra) " from the Jaloffs, the first real Blacks " (negroes) : 
 coasting along, " the caravel caused great astonishrrtent among the natives, till at length four " 
 approached '• in a canoe ; but when they found it contained men," fled with such speed that they 
 could not be overtaken : Dinis continued to (the termination of the Desert in) a remarkable headland 
 which he called Cape Verde, and landing, set up a wooden cross (Galvan.). 
 
 " Aug. roth " (Major pr. H. 102), sailing of a fleet of " six-and-twenty caravels," to punish a mas- 
 sacre by the natives of Tider (South of the Arguin islets) : the village, about which were "a few cot- 
 ton-trees " (Gossypium), was destroyed, the natives soon put to flight, and "fifty-seven" of them 
 captured The object of the Expedition accomplished, six caravels under Gomes Pires proceeded 
 Southward, passing the "two palm-trees "(....) "twenty leagues" before reaching the Senegal, 
 and continuing to Cape Verde ; where the natives proved numerous and hostile, using arrows of reeds 
 or charred wood, " with long iron heads " tipped " with vegetable poison." 
 
 Adansonia digitata of Equatorial Africa. On an island near were "many large baobab trees," 
 one of them measuring " a hundred and eight palms " around the trunk — (Major) ; and subsequently, 
 one was found by Cadamosto at the mouth of the Senegal " one hundred and twelve feet " around 
 the trunk (Drur.) : in ascending the Nile, the first baobab was found by Lepsius eg. and sin. 166 
 "beyond Kamlin " in about 15 ; the fruit brought down the river under the name of "habhab"is 
 described by Alpinus pi. 67, Forskal p. xlix, and Delile, as used medicinally : at Zanzibar, the tree 
 appeared to me introduced, the natives using the shell of the fruit for water-buckets, but young stocks 
 were springing up spontaneously. Eastward, has long been introduced into Hindustan, though so far 
 as observed by myself not attaining there unusual dimensions ; its fruit used by the fishermen of 
 Guzerat as floats for their nets, used also " medicinally by the natives, who like the Africans esteem 
 it cooling the leaves are eaten with their food, and are said to restrain excessive perspiration" (Bom- 
 bay mecf'trans. i. 18, and Graham) ; a few trees were generally found by Gibson "at places where the 
 Musselmen have been." The bark according to Drury "furnishes indestructible cordage, and a 
 coarse thread used for cloth and ropes." 
 
 Cape Verde had already been passed by Alvaro Fernandes ; five negroes came on board there, 
 and were kindly treated ; but when " they reached the shore they encouraged other natives to make 
 an attack and six boats put out with thirty-five or forty men in them prepared for fighting ; " two 
 negroes were captured. Alvaro Fernandes continued South to a cape where were many standing 
 
820 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 dead trunks of palms, and therefore received the name of Cape of Masts ; but he was again unable 
 to open friendly intercourse with the natives. 
 
 Elais Guineensis of Western Equatorial Africa. Possibly the palm in question ; — wine called 
 " mignol," from a palm like to but differing from that which produces the date, was found by Cada- 
 mosto South of the Senegal, also a saffron-coloured oil whose origin he was unable to ascertain: the 
 latter is referred by Major pr. H. 109-52 to palm-oil, which continues to be exported in large quan- 
 tities for lubricating and the manufacture of soap and candles (lond. tract soc). Through European 
 colonists, E. Guineensis was carried across the Atlantic (Pers.), observed by Aublet 975 in Cayenne ; 
 by Descourtilz, under cultivation in the West Indies though having a Carib name " aouara.'' Trans- 
 ported to Europe, is termed " palma spinosa " by Miller (Willd.). 
 
 "In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 51), the Chinese invading Ava, again demanding the 
 rendition of Thonganbua, Shan chief of Mogaung: the king was persuaded to surrender him. 
 
 " 1446 A. D." (Major pr. H. no), Nufio Tristan, passing the Cape of Masts as far as the mouth 
 of a very large river (Gambia), where he anchored: ascending the river in "boats with two-and- 
 twenty men," he with all but two of his party were killed by the poisoned arrows of the natives. 
 
 "In this year" (Major 112), Alvaro Fernandes on his Second voyage continuing beyond Cape 
 Verde " a hundred and ten leagues " to " a point of sand in front of a great bay ; " but from a previ- 
 ous wound in attempting to open communication with the natives, decided to return. 
 
 " In this year " (Major 114). nine caravels " sixty leagues beyond Cape Verde " entering the Rio 
 Grande: Stevam Affonso, one of the commanders, landing and following some tracks found "planta- 
 tions of cotton-trees" (Gossypiiim) "and 1 ice, and other trees of various kinds;" but entering a 
 wood, his party was attacked, "seven of the foremost" wounded, of whom "five fell dead," and 
 Affonso with the remainder escaped with difficulty. The caravels on their way back procured "eight- 
 and-forty natives " near Arguin. 
 J " To this year " (according to Azurara) " there had been fifty-one caravels to these parts," going 
 "four hundred and fifty leagues beyond the Cape" (Bojador) : the coast running " southward with 
 many points, which the prince caused to be added to the sailing chart." 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif. contin.), by the emperor Motezuma Ilhuicamina, building of a 
 dike nine miles long to protect the city of Mexico against inundation. 
 
 Tageles erecta of Mexico. A garden-flower improperly called African marigold, having a Mexi- 
 can name, — and observed in Mexico by Hernandez v. pi. 29. Transported to Europe, is termed 
 "tanacetum peruvianum" by Valerius Cordus (Ueckm.), is described also by Fuchsius pi. 57, Mat- 
 thioli, Dodoens, and Caesalpinus; was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople; by him, 
 and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, called there " qatyfeh ; " by Forskal, under cultivation in Yemen 
 and called " randjes " or " naufar," but growing spontaneously around Hadie ; by Roxburgh, and 
 Graham, in Hindustan, its flowers "sold in the bazars, and worn by women in their hair," met with 
 by myself among temple-offerings; by Blanco, in gardens on the Philippines, yellow-flowered, and 
 called in Tagalo "amarillo." T. patula or the French marigold, also known to have come from 
 Mexico (Pers, and Spreng.), is described by Tragus 923, is termed " t. flore fulvo maculato " by 
 Dillenius elth. pi. 279 ; has become frequent in the gardens of Europe and Northeast America ; was 
 observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan, by Graham "common in every garden " and called " gool 
 jafree," naturalized according to Law about Belgaum, its flowers sold for the same purposes in the 
 bazaars ; by Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called " korei kikf " or " tsjosen so " or " koo 
 woo soo " 
 
 Lantana camara of Tropical America. A yellow-flowered Verbenaceous shrub called in Mexi- 
 can " cayolizan " or " tepocan," — and observed in Mexico by Hernandez 66 ; by Descourtilz in the 
 West Indies, but no Carib name given ; and the " camara," by Marcgraf and Piso pi. 177 in Brazil. 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 1 14, Dillenius elth. pi. 56, and has become 
 well known in greenhouses; was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt; by Lush, and Gra- 
 ham, in the environs of Bombay " introduced from Bengal." 
 
 Mirabilis Jalapa of Mexico. The garden-flower called four o'clock, and falsely maivel of Peru, 
 long known in Mexico : * — is termed " mirabili mexican." by Hernandez v. 47, and was observed by 
 
 * Quamoclit pennaia of Mexico. The cypress-tuiie (resembling Taxodium distichum in its foli- 
 age) or the " quamochlit " — was observed on the Voyage of the Sulphur abounding and at least spon- 
 taneous in Mexico, along the Pacific (Benth. 133, and A. Dec.) ; is known to occur also seemingly 
 wild around Para, at the mouth of the Amazons (Chois.), but in the West Indies no Carib name is 
 given by Descourtilz : is cultivated for ornament in our Southern States, and was observed by Chap- 
 man "spontaneous near gardens." By European colonists, was carried Westward across the Pacific 
 to the Philippines, where according to Blanco it is called in Tagalo " agoho " (the name of the Casu- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8 2I 
 
 J!" DecV 6 TTe'SarftT^ ^ * 7 ^^ ^ MayC ° Ck ' Wild a ' S ° °" J amaica and B -badoes 
 (A. UecO The plant appears to have at once arrested the attention of Catholics • was observed hv 
 myself in ,84,, one of the few objects of cultivation at the Missions around the Bay oTLnFrZtcI 
 By European cobnuts, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, is called T„ 
 
 12 f, : r T° n '" itS fl0W6rS bdn = °P enat the tirae of Oracionand closing n the 
 
 rX V Bla ,? C ° ); *° Am ^°y na ( Rum P h - viii - 40, Timor (Span.), and Java (Blume) ; to Japan 
 called "keso" or < foosen " or "kinfokva," and a white cosmetic from its seeds used for thfcom 
 
 Cae n z u y "7 M ra a; n o Tl"?' ?* ^"V ' * ^ and A " am ^°^ ' t0 Burmah - called ^ 
 JZT'WlJ r } \ y \ naturahzed ( Moo «. and Gardn.); to Malabar, called there " andi 
 
 maleri (Rheede x pi. 75) ; to other parts of Hindustan (Ainsl., Pidd., and Wall.), observed by Gra- 
 ham as far as Bombay << common in every garden and in flower all the year," and called " gool baiee >' 
 a g ^ ^ J ,*? Yeme "' obsetved V For skal both cultivated and springing up spontaneously 
 and called " uard el laejl " or « zahr el laejl ; » to Egypt, observed by Hasse'quift, For'ska" and Del £ 
 its name : ■ y.man, indicating the route of introduction. Transported across the Atlantic to Europe 
 » termed magna, adm.rationis herba peruviana » by Lobel ; is described also by Tabernsemontanus 
 Uusius , and C. Bauhm ; soon became a favourite flower, and was observed by Forskal in gardens at 
 Constantinople : by European colonists also, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 in gardens ; and to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer becoming naturalized 
 
 Mirabihs dichotoma of Mexico. Known from early times, - cultivated with and often con- 
 founded with the preceding: received from America by Choisy (Dec. prodr. xiii. 2 p. 428) Trans- 
 ported to Europe, is described by Clusius hist. ii. 90 (Pers.) : and by European colonists was carried 
 to Pulo-Penang in the Malayan archipelago, and Taheiti. 
 
 "1447, March 6th " (Alst., and Nicol.), Felix abdicating, Eugenius IV. succeeded by cardinal 
 Thomas de Sarzana, now Nicolaus V., fifty-fourth pope. Fredericus III. ruling Germany and Italy • 
 and James II., Scotland. *' 
 
 "1448 A. D." (Relat. du Groenl. 212), accession of the Oldenbourg family and of Christian as 
 king of Denmark. He made a pilgrimage to Rome, and obtained permission to establish an Academy 
 at Copenhagen. 
 
 " In this year" (Major edit. Bethenc. p. xxvii), under instructions from prince Henry of Portu- 
 gal, Gomez Eannes de Azurara compiling an account of the conquest of Guinea. He describes four 
 of the Canary Islands as remaining unsubdued: the people of Grand Canary were intelligent, "very 
 active and powerful ; their only weapons were a short club," and stones ; " most of them went entirely 
 naked, but some wore petticoats of palm leaves ; they made no account of the precious metals, but 
 set a high value on iron, which they worked with stones and made into fishing-hooks ; they even used 
 stones for shaving;" "they kindled fire by rubbing one stick against another;" " held it an abom- 
 ination to kill animals, and employed Christian captives as butchers." The people of Gomera "had 
 no clothing, no houses ; " " spent their time chiefly in singing and dancing," and " made their sisters' 
 sons their heirs." The people of Teneriffe "passed their lives in huts and caves; their chief occu- 
 pation was war, and they fought with lances of pine-wood, made like great darts, very sharp, and hard- 
 ened in the fire ; there were eight or nine tribes, each " having a king, who when he died was kept 
 unburied until the death of his successor. The people of Palma fought with spears "pointed with 
 sharp horn," and "at the other end they also put another piece of horn, but not so sharp" (see 
 Levit ?) ; "they had no knowledge of God, nor any faith whatever." 
 
 "To the period of Azurara's completing his chronicle " (Major pr. H. 119), "nine hundred and 
 twenty-seven souls had been taken" from the West African coast "to Portugal." 
 
 In or about this year (== 1648 — " 200 yrs " of Flacourt praf. and i. 46), the art of writing brought 
 to Madagascar by Zafe-Casimanbou, Arabs from the Red Sea, sent (according to their own account) 
 by the "caliph of Mecca." These Arabs settled in the Southeastern portion of Madagascar, taught 
 Arabic and the Koran, intermarried with the natives, and at length obtained the government of one 
 or two provinces. The language of Madagascar is the same throughout the island; but in applying 
 the Arabic alphabet, some of the letters are pronounced differently. 
 
 Amomum angustifoliu?n of Madagascar. Called there " longouze " (Flac), and affording the 
 Madagascar ox great cardamoms — or the "meleghetta" praised by Andrea Corsali (Yule cath. i. 89): 
 
 arina) ; to other parts of the Malayan Archipelago (Rumph. v. pi. 155); to Burmah, observed by Mason 
 "exotic" and called " myat-lai-nee ; " to Hindustan, where it has acquired a Sanscrit name (Roxb., 
 and Pidd.), was observed by Rheede xi. pi. 60 in Malabar, by Graham " common in gardens " as far 
 as Bombay; and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). Transported to Europe, is termed " gelseminum 
 rubrum " by Cassalpinus 184; "quamoclit" or "quamochlit" or "jasminum americanum " by Clusius 
 post. pi. 8; is described also by Camerarius hort. 135, Columna aq. pi. 72, and C. Bauhin. 
 
822 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 observed by Flacourt i. 36. 26 extremely abundant' on the Northern portion of the island, and identi- 
 fied by him with the " cardamomum maius " of European drug-shops ; observed also on Madagascar 
 by Sonnerat ii. pi. 137 (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, ob- 
 served under cultivation there by Bojer. The seeds according to J. E. Smith have none of the vehe- 
 ment hot acrid taste of grains-of-paradise (Lindl.). 
 
 I'ahea gummifcra of Madagascar. A woody Apocynous vine called " voua-he"ne7' — observed 
 by Bojer around Tamatave in the extensive forest along Ivoundrou river, yielding caoutchouc abun- 
 dantly. By European colonists, the plant carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated there : and 
 from transported specimens, described by Poiret enc. suppl v. 409 (Boj , and Lindl.). 
 
 " 1449 A. D. (Churchill coll.), Gonsalo Velio visiting the Azores, found no inhabitants ; but dis- 
 covered the statue of a man on horseback, pointing with his right hand West, and some characters 
 not understood carved on the rock beneath. — Since ascertained to be one of the islands presenting 
 some general resemblance to such a statue (Humb.). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Matthjeus Palmerius. 
 
 " Towards the middle of the 15th century " (biogr. univ. and O. S. 148), Cuba at Salerno, where 
 he had a greenhouse, writing the Ortus Sanitatis. — The edition of 1485 is enumerated by Sprengel 
 as the "third." 
 
 Cassia sophera of Tropical Asia. Called in Egypt " soffeyr ; " in which we recognize the 
 "suffire" of the Ortus Sanitatis 334, — and "sophera" of Honorius Bellus (Spreng.) : C. sophera 
 was observed by A.pinus, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt ; and farther South, by 
 Browne in Darfour. Eastward, by Rheede ii. pi. 52 in Malabar ; by Graham "common in unculti- 
 vated places during the rains " as far as Bombay ; by Roxburgh, as far as Bengal ; by Burmann pi. 
 98, in Ceylon; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah. 
 
 Veronica hederafolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain henbit or 
 morgeliiieirova the French, in medieval Latin "mors gallinae " (Prior): the "morsus gallinas " is 
 mentioned in the Ortus Sanitatis 301: — V. hederifolia is termed "v. cymbalariae folio verna " by 
 Tournefort inst. 145 ; and is known to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle 
 Europe. Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in "shaded places, 
 Long Island to Pennsylvania, scarce" (A. Gray). 
 
 Lamium amplexicanle of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain dead-nettle (Prior), in 
 Japan "mogura" or "irakusa" (Thunb.), and the "urtica mortua " of the Ortus Sanitatis — may be 
 compared: L. amplexicaule is termed "1. folio caulem ambiente minus" by Tournefort inst. 1S4; 
 and is known to grow in Barbary, the Canaries, and throughout middle Europe as far as Moscow and 
 Sweden (Munby, Benth., and Fries). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in South- 
 ern Greece; by Delile, in cultivated ground at Damietta in Egypt; is known to grow around Cau- 
 casus, in Siberia as far as Lake Baikal, in Persia, Cabul, and throughout the whole range of the 
 Himalaya mountains (Ledeb., and Benth.) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan, frequent in culti- 
 vated ground. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to grow 
 in waste places, and (according to Hooker, and A. Decandolle) from Canada to Louisiana. 
 
 " In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 51), Bhuren-Narapadi still reigning in Ava, unsuccess- 
 ful attempt by the Chinese to capture Monhyin and Mogaung. 
 
 " 1450 A. D. = 1st year of King-ti," acting Chinese emperor; his brother Vng-tsoung III. having 
 been taken prisoner in Tartary. 
 
 "In this year" (Remus, trav. C. Zeno 5), Giausa or Jehan Shah, king of Persia, defeated 
 and dethroned by Hassan Beg; who from this time was called Uzun Hassan (the tall king, transl. 
 Grey). 
 
 "1451, Feb. 8th " (Nicol.), a synod at Saltzburg. On the reformation of the monasteries of 
 that province. 
 
 "In this year" (ann. Jap. transl. Tits., and San-kokf transl. Klapr.), first arrival in Japan of 
 people of the Loo Choo Islands. — They have continued to come to the present day for purposes of 
 traffic. 
 
 "In this year (= 855 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), Mohammed Shah succeeded by Kutb Shah, now 
 fourth Muslim king of Guzerat. 
 
 " 1452 A. D." (Alst. p. 226 and 307), Murad II. succeeded by his son Mohammed II., ninth 
 Turkish sultan. Who before the close of the year captured and laid waste Athens. 
 
 "On the clay of Pentecost" (Nicol.), a synod at Magdeburg. "For the reformation of the 
 canons regular." 
 
 "In this year (= 3d year king-thai," Remus, iii. 97 to 99), an ambassador with tribute sent to 
 China from Cambodia. 
 
 " 1453 A. D." (Blair), English power in France terminated by the battle at Castillon. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 823 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Djakmak succeeded by Othman El-Mansur; and before the 
 close of the year, by Ynal, thirty-second Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 " In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 27), Hattiraza with the title of Byanya reigning in Pegu. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 307), Constantinople captured by the Turks under Mohammed II. 
 End of the Greek or Byzantine empire. 
 
 1454 A. D. (="45 years after the death of Mulana Ibrahim," Raffles x.), in Java, death of 
 Niai Gedi Pinateh of Kamboja. (The date probably taken from her tomb at Gresik.) 
 
 "1455, March 28th" (Major pr. H. 139 and edit. Bethenc. p. xxxiii), in a galley fitted out by 
 prince Henry and Vicente Dias appointed sailing captain, Vicente Cadamosto arriving at Madeira: 
 there were now four settlements on the island, including one at Camara dos lobos, eight hundred 
 armed men, and sawmills at the mouths of the principal streams. 
 
 Continuing his voyage, Cadamosto touched at the Canary Islands and found Grand Canary, 
 Teneriffe, and Palma as yet unsubdued: there "were plenty of men of arms to defend them, and 
 the mountain heights were difficult of access." They " went naked, except some few who wore goats'- 
 skins," and "painted their bodies with the juice of herbs, green, red, and yellow, producing beautiful 
 devices;" "were wonderfully strong and active, could take enormous leaps, and throw with great 
 strength and skill ; " " had no fixed religion, but some worshipped the sun, some the moon, and 
 others the planets ; " and "when one of their chiefs came into possession of his estate," some self- 
 devoted victim would offer "to d;e in honour of the festival," and would throw "himself from a great 
 height into the valley." 
 
 After discovering the Cape Verde Islands and visiting the mouth of the Senegal, Cadamosto 
 proceeded South to the " Gambra ; " but the natives proving hostile, returned. — On a subsequent 
 voyage, leaving in the "beginning of May," he went ten miles up the " Gambra," and found some of 
 the natives professing the Mahommedan religion. 
 
 Psophocarpus telragonolobus of Equatorial Africa. Kidney beans of the finest quality observed 
 bv Cadamosto in Senegal, big as our long hazel nuts, speckled with variegated colours, in shape 
 broad low and of a lively red, some of them are white and beautiful (lond. coll. voy. 1789): the 
 "botor" — is also described by Adanson (Steud.). Eastward, P. tetragonolobus was observed by 
 Bojer naturalized along the margin of cultivated ground in the Mauritius Islands, and called "pois 
 Carre's:" by Graham, "commonly cultivated in gardens" at Bombay, and called "chandaree" or 
 "charputtee," or in English chevaux de frize bean; observed also by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other 
 parts of Hindustan. Farther East, enumerated by Mason v. p. 466 as "exotic" in Burmah, called 
 "pai-myeet," and the young pods "eaten like French beans: " described by Rumphius v. pi. 133: 
 observed by Blanco in the Philippines, called in Tagalo "calamismis," and the pods eaten both by 
 natives and Europeans. 
 
 "Apr. 8th" (Alst, and Nicol.), Nicolaus V. succeeded by cardinal Alphonso Borgia, now 
 Calixtus III , fifty-fifth pope. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), in England, civil war. Henry VI. defeated and taken prisoner at 
 St. Albans, in the first battle between the " Houses of York and Lancaster." 
 
 Helleborns viridis of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain green hellebore (Prior), 
 and introduced from the neighbouring continent as early perhaps as this date, — no instance of its 
 spontaneous growth being known to Gerarde p. 825 : a century later, localities are mentioned by Ray 
 p. 271, and the plant has since become naturalized (Bromf.. and Wats.) : H. viridis is known to 
 occur also in Normandy and Holland (Hard., and prodr. fl. Bat.), and wild on the mountains of 
 Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 106, and Pers.), as far according to A. Decandolle g. b. p. 759 as Greece. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has escaped from cultivation on 
 "Lone Island" near New York (A. Gray). "Said by Stevenson and Churchill to be the best sub- 
 stitute 5 ' for H. Orientalis, though less active," but according to Pereira "rarely or never employed" 
 
 " 141:6 A. D." (J. R. Hind, and Humb. cosm. i. 1), the first cornel whose orbit has been calculated 
 solely from European observations. It is called " Halley's comet," and through its period of revolu- 
 tion — « 74> 9[ to 77, 58 yrs " is found to be identical with the comet of 1378 in the Chinese table, — 
 makin°- "nine" known returns down to 1835. 
 
 "In this year" (H. H. Wils. dram. hind. i. p. xxii), accession of Praud'ha or Pratapa Deva as 
 king of Vijayanagar. — He reigned until " I477-" f c • ™ ♦ .• 
 
 By his desire, Kallinatha wrote a comment on the Sangita-Ratnakara of Sarngi-Deva, a treatise 
 on singing and dancing and dramatic literature - (H. H. Wils.). 
 
 "1457 A. D. = 'thian-chun,' the empire recovered by Yng-tsoung III," (Chinese chron. table). 
 
824 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 In or about this vear, arrival in Java of the two sons of the Chinese princess : Raden Patah 
 " twenty " years old, and his half-brother Husen " eighteen." Raden Patah did not proceed to the 
 court at Majapahit, but remained incognito at Ampel in communion with Raden Rachmat. 
 
 As early perhaps as this year (see addit. art de verif.), expedition of the Inca Tupac Yupanqui 
 Northward against the provinces of Chinchasuyu.* 
 
 " 1458 A. D." (Galvan.), the city of Alcacer in Africa captured by Alfonso V. of Portugal. 
 
 " In this year" (Alst. p. 217), books from the sacking of Athens and Constantinople, purchased 
 throughout the Turkish empire by the king of Hungary Matthias Hunniades Corvinus, and brought to 
 Buda. — Sixty-eight years later, when Buda was captured by the Turks, the Library disappeared, and 
 was said to have been " burned," but (according to the gazettes) has recently been discovered unin- 
 jured in Constantinople. 
 
 "About this time" (Spreng.), Joann. Jacob de Manliis writing. 
 
 Archangelica officinalis of Northern Europe. A large umbelliferous plant called in Britain arch- 
 angel, in medieval Latin "archangelica" (Park., Nemn., and Prior), in Germany " angelick " or 
 "brustwurtzel" (Tragus); described by J. J. de Manliis— (Spreng.), Tragus i. 140, and termed "a. 
 sativa " by Miller: known to grow in "watery places" from Lapland throughout Northern Europe as 
 far as France and Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. 206, Pers., and A. Dec.) : its large fleshy pungently aro- 
 matic root extolled by the Laplanders "not only as food but medicine," the stems "roasted in hot 
 ashes " eaten in coughs and pectoral disorders, and the flowers boiled in milk to the consistence of an 
 extract used also medicinally (Stev. and Church): its roots leaves and seeds "are certainly good 
 aromatic tonics " (Lindl.). 
 
 Asperula tinctoria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The "spargula" or " rubea 
 tinctorum minor" of J. J. de Manliis — may be compared : A. tinctoria is described by Tabernaemon- 
 tanus pi. 433 ; is termed "a. rubeola" by Lamarck fl. Fr. ; is known to grow from Sweden through- 
 out middle Europe and in Siberia, the root red (Pers. ) ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia ; by 
 Sibthorp, around Constantinople ; by Pallas trav. i. 93, used in dyeing on the Volga. 
 
 Galium Angliaim of middle and Western Europe. The "purpurea" kind of " lappago " men- 
 tioned by J. J. de Manliis — (Trag. i. 167) may be compared : G. Anglicum is termed "g. parisiense 
 tenuifolium flore atropurpureo ? " by Tournefort, " g. rubrum " by Pollich ; is described also by Ray 
 iii. pi. 9, and Hudson ; and is known to grow from Britain to Spain and Switzerland (Brot., Bertol., 
 Lam., and Pers.). 
 
 Scabiosa succisa of middle and Western Europe. Called in Britain devil's bit (Prior), in Saxon 
 "ffendis bitt " (gl. Bodl. 178, and Cockayne), in Germany " teufels abbiss." in the Ortus Sanitatis 
 261 and by Braunsweig "morsus diaboli " and " jacea nigra" (Tra^;.), and figured by J. J. de Manliis 
 p. 173 — (Spreng.) : described also bv Brunfels ; and known to grow in moist situations throughout 
 middle Europe as far as the Pyrenees (Curt. lond. pi. 10, Pers., Lapeyr., and A. Dec). 
 
 Inula ocuhis-C/iristi of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece " agrios- 
 karphe " (Sibth.) : and the " oculus Christi " of J. J. de Manliis — is referred here by Sprengel and 
 others : I. oculus Christi is described by Clusius hist. ii. 20, is termed " aster pannonicus lanu- 
 ginosa luteus " by Tournefort inst. 4S2, is known to grow in mountainous situations in France 
 and Germany (Jacq. austr. pi. 223, and Pers ) ; was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Me/ittis melisspphvllum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Germany 
 "hertzkraut" or " pf affenkraut " or " immenblatt " (Trag.); and the " ocymum citratmn " of J. J. de 
 Manliis — is referred here by Tragus i. pi. 3: M. melissophyllum is termed " melissa humilis latifolia 
 maximo flore purpurascente " by Tournefort inst. 193; is known to grow from Britain throughout 
 middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 557, Lam. fl. fr., and Jacq. austr. pi. 26); was observed by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, on mount Athos and the mountains of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Huracium auricula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Germany "gros 
 meiisor" or from the hairs "pilosella" (Trag.); and the plLOSeLL^ of J. J. de Manliis, eaten 
 
 * Persea graiissima of Eastern Equatorial America. The avocado called " palta " (Yelasq. 
 diet.), in Carib "aouaca" (Desc), in Mexican " ahuaca quavhitl " (Hern.); and Palta, one of the 
 provinces in question, produced the delicious fruit of the same name — (addit. art de verif.): the 
 "perales" is described by Oviedo nat. hyst. 72 as "a tree of Tierra Firme : " P. gratissima was 
 observed by Hernandez 89 both cultivated and wild in Mexico ; by Sloane ii. pi. 222, in the West 
 Indies, introduced according to Jacquin obs. i. 38 from the neighbouring continent ; and is known 
 as a forest-tree in the wilds of Caripe in Cumana, and on the Lower Amazons (Nees 129). Trans- 
 ported to Spain, is described in 1601 by Clusius rar. i. 3: also by European colonists was carried in 
 1758 (Aubl.) to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues much cultivated, to the Malayan archipelago 
 after the time of Rumphius (A. Dec.) ; and recently to the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 825 
 
 crude, — may be compared : H. auricula was observed by Tragus i. pi. 92 in Germany, its distilled 
 water employed medicinally; is termed " h. pilosellas folio erectum minus " by Tournefort inst. 471 ; 
 is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1044, Engl bot. pi. 2368, and 
 Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp near Constantinople and on the mountains of Greece. 
 
 Gratiola officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of water-hyssop 
 called in France "gratiole " (Nugent); described by J. J. de Manliis, — Baptista Sardus, and Anguil- 
 lara 268 (Spreng.) ; termed " gratiola quibusdam gratia dei " by Matthioli, " digitalis minima gratiola 
 dicta" by Tournefort inst. 165 ; seems unknown in Britain, though growing in moist situations from 
 Denmark and 58° in Russia to the Pyrenees (fl. Dan. pi. 363, Fries, and A. Dec.) Sardinia (Moris) 
 and Italy (Bertol.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor ; 
 by Grisebach, in Thrace ; and is known to grow as far as Turcomania and the Altaian mountains 
 (Ledeb.). 
 
 Equisetum hyemale of Northern climates. Called in Britain scouring rush or shave-grass, in 
 Holland "schaaf-stroo" (Prior), in Germany " schaffthew " (Trag.), in France " pnfle " (Nugent); 
 and the "cauda caballina" used by turners for polishing cups is mentioned by J. J. de Manliis : — 
 E. hyemale is described by Tragus ii. pi. 46, Ruel iii. 97, and W. Coles (Eng. bot. pi. 915) ; is termed 
 " e. foliis nudum non ramosum " by Tournefort inst. 533 ; is known to grow in watery places from 
 Britain throughout middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia; was observed by Sibthorp on 
 the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, has been observed by myself from 43 in New England ; by A. 
 Gray, "common" in Central New York and "especially northward;" by Nuttall, along the Ohio, 
 Missouri, and Arkansas rivers. 
 
 Equisetum palustre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Germany "klein 
 schaffthew" (Trag.), and another "tornatila aliquando asprella aliquando troxia " is mentioned by 
 J. J. de Manliis: — E. palustre was observed by Tragus ii. 47 in Germany, used also for scouring 
 cooking utensils ; is termed " e. palustre brevioribus setis " by Tournefort inst. 533 ; is known to 
 grow from Britain throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 2021) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Bory, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 "Aug. 19th or 27th" (Alst, and Nicol.), Calixtus III. succeeded by cardinal /Eneas Silvi 
 Piccolomini, now Pius II., fifty-sixth pope. He had written against the errors of the papacy, main- 
 taining the superiority of the general Councils ; but on being himself made pope, claimed the reverse. 
 Pius II. also wrote history. 
 
 "In this year" (Klapr. note to San Kokf), in Japan, the city of Yedo founded by Oo-da-do-kwan. 
 
 " 1459 A - D - (= 8(5 3 A - H -" of Ferisht., Elph ), Kutb Shah succeeded by Daud Shah, and after 
 "one week" by Mahmud Shah Begarra, — who proved one of the greatest of the kings of Guzerat 
 and reigned "fifty- two" years. 
 
 " 1460 A. D." (Churchill coll.), Peter de Cintra and Suero de Costa sailed along the African 
 coast as far as the place named by them " Serra Leona." 
 
 Pterocarpus erinaceus of Senegambia. A tree forty to fifty feet high in the woods of the Gambia 
 and in Senegal and called "wegne," the branches when wounded yielding "a red juice" that hardens 
 on exposure into " the real original gum kino of the shops " — (Lindl.). From transported specimens, 
 the tree is described by Lamarck pi. 602. 
 
 Sterculia {Southwellta) tragacantha of Western Equatorial Africa. Yielding the African gum 
 tragacanth ; — and according to Lindley (bot. reg. pi. 1353, and nor. med.), "known at Sierra Leone 
 as the tragacanth tree," from the similarity of the gum "copiously exuded by it when wounded." 
 Eastward^ other species of Southwellia occur in Burmah ; where also, according to Mason v. p. 487, 
 there are several trees of the Sterculia tribe that "produce an exudation similar to tragacanth" (see 
 
 " In this year" (Velasco, and Markh ), the forces of Quito defeated by the Inca Tupac Yupanqui : 
 who appointed new governors, and returned in triumph to Cuzco. 
 
 " 1461 A. D." (Galvan.), by order of Alfonso V. of Portugal, the castle of Arguin built, and the 
 government assigned to Soeiro Mendez. 
 
 " In this year" (art de verif), Ynal succeeded by Achmed Abu'l-Fetah, whose name occurs on a 
 coin figured in Marcel 185 ; and before the close of the year by Koschkadam, a Greek by birth, and 
 now thirty-fourth sultan of Egypt. 
 
 " In this year" (Grey trans]. C Zeno 9), Trebizond, under David, the last of the Comnem, cap- 
 tured by the Turks : his niece, a Christian, was the wife of Hassan Beg, king of Persia 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 307), the Peloponnesus invaded by the Turks under Mohammed II. 
 — Who returned three years afterwards, with a large army. _ 
 
 Dianthus oaroaJof Eastern Europe. Called in France « oe, let,'< and ea«^n.Wte 
 or William or from its fragrance sweet-william (Prior), in Greece "oussouvia (Forsk ) culuvated 
 as Tarhy probably as this date: -the "ocellum" from its odour called " garyophyllum ,s described 
 
 104 
 
826 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 by Ruel ii. 149: D. barbatus is termed " lychnis monachorum hort." by Gesner 266 (Spreng.) ; is a 
 well known garden-flower throughout Europe, and was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constanti- 
 nople ; is said to grow wild in Carniolia and Germany (Scop , and Pers.). By European colonists, 
 was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite in gardens. The " tol-me-neer " of 
 Lyte ii. 7, or "tolmeiner" or "colmenier'' of other English herbalists, is a variety (Prior). 
 
 Si/eiie armeria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An annual called in Greece " luh- 
 noeMtheV'. (Sibth ). and known from early times : —termed "lychnis viscosa purpurea latifolia laevis" 
 by Tournefort inst. 335, and known to grow in sunny situations from Denmark throughout middle 
 Europe (fl Dan. pi. 559, Engl. bot. pi. 139S, and Lam. fl. fr.) : observed by Sibthorp from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus to mount Athos. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by 
 A. Gray "escaped from gardens to waste places, rare." 
 
 Lathyrus aphaca of middle Asia. Called in Greece "pnigia" or "mpavoulia" (Fraas) or "agri- 
 ovavouli " or "agriolathouri " (Sibth.), and known there as early probably as this date : — observed by 
 Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in grain-fields from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek 
 islands ; by Delile, about Cairo ; by S. Th. Gmelin trav., around the Caspian ; and by Wallich, under 
 cultivation in Hindustan (Wight and Arn.). Westward from Greece, is described by Dodoens p. 545, 
 and Lobel ii. pi. 70; is termed "aphaca" by Tournefort inst. 399, "1. segetum " by Lamarck fl.fr.; 
 was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Brotero in Portugal, and has become a common "field-plant" as 
 far as Britain (Pers , and Lindl.). Its seeds according to Lindley " are served sometimes at table " 
 while "young and tender," but "if eaten abundantly in the ripe state" are "narcotic, producing 
 excessive headach." 
 
 Trifolium stellatum of the Mediterranean countries. Annual, called in Greece " alaphra " 
 (Sibth.), and known from early times: — observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete 
 and the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Constantinople. Westward, is described by Tournefort inst. 
 405 ; and is known to grow along fields and waysides in Carniolia, Italy, Sicily, and Southern France 
 (Sturm, and Pers.). In Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1545), is clearly exotic, but has established itself near 
 ballast-heaps at Shoreham (Wats. cyb. i. 297, and A. Dec). 
 
 Galium tricome of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Greece "kolugitha" (Sibth.), and 
 known from early times : — termed "aparine semine loevi " by Tournefort inst 1 14, "galium spurium " 
 by Hudson, " valantia triflora" by Lamarck fl. fr., "v. tricornis " by Roth, and Bieb. (Steud.) ; and 
 known to occur in cultivated ground throughout middle and Southern Europe (Pers., and A. Dec.) : 
 was already in Britain in the days of Ray (Engl. bot. pi. 1641) ; was observed by Vaillant pi. 4 near 
 Paris; by Gussone in Sicily; by Moris in Sardinia; but "in 1S47" continued unknown in Algeria 
 (Munby). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground on Zacynthus and in continental 
 Greece ; by Grisebach, in meads in Thrace ; and is to all appearance wild at Baku and on the Talysch 
 mountains (Hohen., and C. A. Mey.). 
 
 Valeriana (Centranthtis) rubra of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " analatos " 
 (Sibth.), and known from early times: — described by Morison vii. pi. 14, and Tournefort inst. 131, 
 and known to grow on the .Atlas mountains (Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the 
 mountains of the Peloponnesus. In Britain, has been long cultivated, and Ray's silence may be from 
 his considering it an outcast from gardens ; " in 1805 " the plant was found by J. E. Smith seemingly 
 wild in chalk-pits in Kent, and is at present more or less naturalized in twenty to twenty five counties 
 (Wats., Bromf., and A. Dec.) : probably naturalized also on the neighbouring portion of the continent, 
 where according to Persoon it occurs in waste places. 
 
 Sherardia arvcnsis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " sherard's 
 ort" (Linn.), in Greece " probatohorton " or " sperohorton " (Sibth.), and known from early times : — 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Pelopon- 
 nesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, is termed "rubia parva flore caeruleo se spargens " 
 by Bauhin hist. iii. 719, and is known to occur in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe 
 (C. Bauhin pin. 334, Tourn. inst. 114, fl. Dan. pi. 439, Curt. lond. v. pi. 13, and Pers.). 
 
 Leontodon hisfidum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "papathoula '' 
 (Sibth.), and known from early times : — termed "hieracium caule aplnllo hirsutum " by Bauhin hist. ii. 
 1037, "dens leonis foliis hirsutis et asperis " by Tournefort inst. 46S, and known to grow in meads 
 throughout middle Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 127, Vail act. 1721, Curt. lond. v. pi. 56, and Pers.): 
 observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, frequent as far as Scania; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the 
 Peloponnesus to mount Athos. 
 
 Conyza Candida of the Mediterranean countries. Called on Crete "psulloliorton " (Sibth.), and 
 known from early times : — described by Anguillara 2S6 (Spreng.), termed " c. verbasci foliis serratis " 
 by Tournefort inst. 455, and known to grow on Crete and the islands of the Adriatic (Barr. rar. pi. 217, 
 Wulfen, and Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in stony places from Crete to the Pelopon- 
 nesus ; by Boccone vi. pi. 31, in Sicily. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 827 
 
 Carduus tenuiflorus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A thistle called in Greece 
 "phithagkathos " (Fraas), and known from early times : — observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent 
 in Greece and on the Greek islands. Westward, is termed " c. acanthoides " by Tournefort inst. 440 ; 
 and is known to occur along roadsides and in waste ground as far as Britain (Curt. lond-. vi. pi. 55, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Specularia speculum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An annual called in Greece 
 "agria goulia" (Sibth.), and known from early times: — described by Dodoens pempt. 168 f., termed 
 " c. arvensis erecta" by Tournefort inst. 112, and known to occur in cultivated ground throughout 
 Europe (A. Dec. 523 and 759): observed by Forskal in meads near Marseilles ; by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands. 
 
 Euphorbia palustris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A spurge called in Greece 
 " phlomos " (Sibth.), in Sweden " wargmiolk " (Linn.), and from early times employed medicinally : — 
 termed "tithymalus palustris fruticosus " by C. Bauhin pin. 292, and Tournefort inst. 87, "t. maxi- 
 mus oelandicus " by Rudbeck hort. 109, and known to grow from Sweden to the Mediterranean (Bul- 
 liard fr. pi. 87, and Pers.) : observed by Rudbeck, and Linnaeus, in marshy meads in Sweden, its root 
 sold in the drug-shops under the name of " esulas rad." ; by Sibthorp, growing in the marshes of Greece 
 and the Greek islands. 
 
 Sternbergia lutea of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "agrio krino" or "agrio 
 lalSs " (Sibth.) as early probably as this date : — observed there and on the Greek islands by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, said to tint the mountains yellow late in the autumn: known to grow also in Thrace 
 (Pers.). Westward, termed "colchicum luteum majus " by C. Bauhin pin. 60; " lilio-narcissus luteus 
 autumnalis major'' by Tournefort inst. 386; and known to grow in Italy and Spain (Pers.). 
 
 Ophrys apifera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bee-flower or bee- 
 orchis (Prior), in Greece " sarkinovotani " (Sibth.), and known from early times : — - described by 
 Fuchsius 559 (Spreng.) ; termed '-orchis fucum referens major foliolis superioribus candidis et pur- 
 purascentibus " by Tournefort inst. 433, and known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 383, and Pers.) : was observed by Tenore in Italy ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent 
 in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Ophrys txuthredinifera of the Mediterranean countries. Called on Cyprus " koris " (Sibth.), and 
 known from early times : — termed "orchis orientalis calyptra purpurea petalo inferiori atro-purpura- 
 scente scuto ferri equini forma" by Tournefort cor. 30; and observed by Sibthorp and Chaubard, 
 from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, was observed by Tenore in Italy ; by Desfon- 
 taines ii. 320 in Barbary. 
 
 Allium rotunaum of the Mediterranean countries. A kind of wild leek called on Cyprus "agrio 
 prason" (Sibth.), and known from early times : — described by Clusius hist. i. pi. 195, termed "a. 
 montanum capite rotundo " by Tournefort inst. 384, and known to grow in Southern Europe (Pers ) : 
 observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. 
 
 Al.ium subhinmtum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "lukortha" or "agrio 
 prason" (Sibth.), and known from early times : —termed "moly" by Montigiano (Targ.), mentioned 
 also by Matthioli comm. 544 (Spreng.) ; observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in Greece 
 
 from the Peloponnesus to Crete and Cyprus ; by in Egypt. Westward, is termed " a. angusti- 
 
 folium umbellatum flore albo etiam flore carneo " by Tournefort inst. 385, and is known to grow in 
 Italy and Spain (Pers.). 
 
 Allium chamae-moly of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " kalamolSghe " (Sibth.), 
 and known from early times : — observed by Sibthorp on Zacynthus. Westward, described by Columna 
 ecphr. pi. 326, termed "a. humilius folio gramineo " by Tournefort inst. 385, and known to grow in 
 Spain (Pers )'• was observed by Desfontaines i. 288 in Algeria, by Cavanilles iii. pi. 207 in Spain. 
 
 Lycoperdon bovista of Northern climates. Called in Britain fuss-balls ox fist-balls or bull-fist, in 
 France " vesse," in medieval Latin " bovista" -(Prior), in Greece "alepopourthi " (Sibth.) : L. bovista 
 is termed "1 vulwe " by Tournefort inst. 563 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout mid- 
 dle and Northern Europe (Bulliard herb. fr. pi. 447, and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp 
 frequent in the Peloponnesus. . . 
 
 After continual eruptions for seven or eight years and "fourteen years before the invasion of 
 Huavna Capac son of the Inca Tupac Yupanqui " (tradition among the natives of the highlands of 
 Quito, Humb. cosm. v.), falling in of the dome of Capac-Urcu, a volcano previously higher than 
 
 lm « iToTa D." (G. de la Vega), the hill of Potosi examined for silver by the Inca Huayna Capac, 
 but the search interrupted by subterranean noises (interpreted as prohibitory words). 
 
 "In this year" (Talvi ii. 1), by Ivan Vasilievitch III. often called Ivan I., the Russians deliv- 
 ered from the bondage of the Tartars. He also "united Novogorod with his own princedom of 
 M'oscow." 
 
828 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Carex vesicaria of Europe and Northern Asia. A large and conspicuous sedge called in Sweden 
 "blase-starr" or " Lappsko-starr," in Lapland " kappmocksuini," and from early times the dried 
 leaves placed by the Laplanders in their shoes against cold in winter and perspiration in summer — 
 (Linn.) : is termed "gramen cyperoides angustifolium spicis longis erectis " by C. Bauhin pin. 6 and 
 theatr. 84, '• g, c. majus precox spicis turgidis teretibus flavescentibus " by Morison iii. 8. pi. 12 ; and 
 is known to grow from Lapland to Ireland, Switzerland, Russia, and Siberia (fl. Dan. pi. 647, Leere pi. 
 16, Pers., and Wats.), also on Caucasus (Bieb.) : was observed by Linnaeus frequent in moist places 
 in Lapland and Sweden ; by Decandolle, in France ; by Savi, in Etruria ; and by Desfontaines, in 
 Barbary. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland; and according to J. Carey, grows in "Northern New 
 England ? and northward." 
 
 Geranium sylvaticum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "Abrams- 
 rot," in Lapland " gibber-gras " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed " g. secunda batra- 
 choides " by Clusius pann. pi. 418, "g. batrachoides folio aconiti " by C. Bauhin pin. 317, and 
 Tournefort inst. 266, and known to grow from Lapland and Russia throughout middle Europe (Ray 
 hist. 1062, Engl. bot. pi. 121, and Pers.), also in North Africa (Wats.) : observed by Hooker in Ice- 
 land ; by Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople ; by 
 Bieberstein, on Caucasus.* 
 
 " The same year " (Alst. p. 450), end of the historical work on the Turks by Laonicus Chalcon- 
 dyles of Athens. — He died "about 1463." 
 
 " The same year " (Blair), a printed volume first issued in Europe ; the Vulgate Bible. 
 
 Angelica sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain as in medie- 
 val Latin angelica (Prior); and the Saxon " lingwort " — is referred here by Bailey (Cockayne) : A. 
 sylvestris is described by Brunswvck as a remedy against the plague ; is named according to Fuch- 
 sius 126 from the sweet odour of its root and its great power over poisons ; is described also by Ruel 
 iii. 52, Tragus, and Dodoens pempt. pi. 315 ; is termed " imperatoria pratensis major " by Tournefort 
 inst. 317; is known to grow in the environs of Naples (Guss., and A. Dec), and throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Britain (Crantz, Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 1128). Eastward, was observed by Sib- 
 thorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus ; by Pallas 
 trav. i. 276, on the Lower Volga, the young stem eaten crude by the natives. ' Angelica '' root was 
 observed by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt. 
 
 Lycopsis arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The Saxon " oxtongue " — is 
 referred here by Cockayne : L. arvensis is described by Parkinson, and Ray p. 224, and is regarded 
 as introduced into Britain (A. Dec.) ; is known to occur also in Italy (Bertol. ). and from the base of 
 the Pyrenees chiefly in cultivated ground throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland 
 (fl. Lapp. 77, fl. Dan. pi. 435, Pers., Noulet, and Laterr.). Eastward, was observed by Gittard in the 
 Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; and is known to occur throughout Russia, and as far as Caucasus (Bieb., 
 and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to 
 occur sparingly in waste and cultivated ground from New England to Virginia (A. Gray, and myself). 
 
 Hyacinthus (Agraphis) nutans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Scot- 
 land hare-bell, in Britain blue-bell (Prior), and the Saxon " bluebells " — is referred here by Cockayne : 
 A. nutans is described by Clusius hist. i. p. 177, and Parkinson par. ; is known to grow in Italy, Spain, 
 and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi. 61, Thuil., Engl. bot. pi. 377, and Pers.). 
 Eastward, is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb., and Steud.).f 
 
 * Mulgcdium ? alpinum of Subarctic Europe and Asia ami mountains farther South. Called in 
 Sweden " tota " or " tolta," in Lapland "jerja," and from early times its stems peeled and eaten crude 
 by the Laplanders — (Linn.) : termed " sonchus caeruleus " by Camerarius epit. 281, "s. laevis laci- 
 niatus casruleus vel s. alpinus caeruleus " by C. Bauhin pin. 124, and known to grow on the mountains 
 of Northern Europe and of Switzerland (Bauh. hist. ii. [006, fl. Dan. pi. 182, Smith brit. ii. 815, Pers., 
 and Wats.) : observed by Linnaeus on the flanks of the mountains of Lapland, frequent in shaded 
 situations and often as tall as a man ; by Pallas, on the Ural. 
 
 A/ulgcdium t Sibericum of Subarctic climates. From early times the weather prognosticated by 
 the closing of its flowers — (Linn.): termed " lactuca salicis folio flore caeruleo " by Amman 211; 
 received by Linnaeus from Northern Sweden, Lapland, and Finland ; and observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 3 
 in Siberia. Farther East, according to Hooker, grows from 66° to the mouth of the Columbia and 
 Lake Huron. 
 
 f Campanula rotundifolia of Subarctic climates. The blue-bell of Scotland (Prior) so-called 
 as early probably as this date : — C. rotundifolia is described by Lobel pi. 321 ; is termed "c minor 
 rotundifolia vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. in ; is known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland, 
 and from France throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (All., Lam. fl. fr., Pers. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. &2Q 
 
 • " \f 3 ^'- D " (S6e GaIvan ') death of P rince Henry of Portugal, through whose maritime enter- 
 prises the Atncan coast was made known from Cape Non to Sierra Leone " in 8° N " 
 
 "In this year" (Velasco, and Markh.), Hualcopo Duchicala succeeded by his son Cacha, now 
 fifteenth scyn of Quito. ' 
 
 "In this year" (Barrow, see Major 2d edit. Columb. p. xxvii), under orders from Alfonso V. of 
 Portugal John Vaz Costa Cortereal accompanied by Alvaro Martens Homem exploring the Northern 
 Seas. They discovered Newfoundland ; and on their return touching at Terceira found the captaincy 
 vacant, and solicited the appointment : — their commission is " dated in Evora, 2nd April, [464 " 
 
 H64 A. D-, in Java, Raden Patah after marrying the grand-daughter of Raden Rachmat and 
 before the birth of a chdd proceeded Westward from Ampel to establish himself where he should find 
 the sweet-scented grass called " bintara." This grass was observed growing on a few dry spots in an 
 extensive swamp, and the new city was accordingly called Bintara. 
 
 "Aug. 31st" (Alst., and Nicol.), Pius II. succeeded by cardinal Peter Barbo, now Paulus II 
 fifty-seventh pope. Louis XL ruling France ; Edward IV., England ; and James III., Scotland. 
 
 The tale of " The Wright's chaste wife " written in the reign of Edward IV. — (All. and Cock- 
 ayne). 
 
 Paris quadrifolia of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in ¥,n^m four-leaved grass or trulove 
 from the Danish " trolovet " betrothed, or herb Paris from the medieval Latin "herba paris " of a 
 pair (Prior), in which we recognize the herb "truelove" of the Wright's chaste wife — (Cockayne) : 
 P. quadrifolia is described by Fuchsius p. 87 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow from the Mediterra- 
 nean throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. '139, Pers., 
 Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, is known to grow throughout Siberia (Wats.), and as far as the 
 Japanese islands of Yeso and Niphon (Thunb., and Sieb.). 
 
 " In or about this year " (Rees cycl., and Pouchet), decimals (the invention of George Purbach, 
 "b. 1423"), substituted by Joannes Muller called Regiomontanus for the sexagesimal division of the 
 Circle in his Table of sines. Regiomontanus also according to Pouchet first used clocks in astronom- 
 ical observations. 
 
 "The same year" (Clavig., and Humb. atl. pict.), Motezuma-Ilhuicamina succeeded by Axaja- 
 catl, sixth Mexican emperor. 
 
 The disease syphilis among the Aitians and other American tribes from early times, as appears 
 from legends — collected by F. Roman Pane 6 (F. Columb. 62 and 74). In Europe, syphilis con- 
 tinued unknown in the days of Chaucer c. t, and was brought from America by companions of Colum- 
 bus, according to the direct testimony of Oviedo nat. hyst. 75 and gen. hist. ii. 14 : the " new disease " 
 according to Ruellius i. 45 made its first appearance in Spain; and according to Alsted 310, was 
 '• brought in 1495 into Germany " by soldiers returning from the war in France. 
 
 Guaiacum officinale of the West Indies. A Zygophylloid tree yielding the gum-resin guaicum, 
 called in Aitian " guayacan " (Ovied.), and from early times used as a remedy in syphilis : — the 
 "guayacan" tree was observed by Oviedo nat. hyst. 75 on Hayti and the other islands, but not on 
 the main land : G. officinale by Sloane ii. pi. 222, and Macfadyen, on Jamaica ; by Swartz obs. 168, 
 also in the West Indies, its "wood excessively hard and compact" (Lindl.). The drug guaiacum 
 was procured by Gonsalvo Ferrand from the natives of Hayti and brought to Europe "in 1508" 
 (Pereir. mat. med.) ; is mentioned also by Monardez, Ruellius i. 45, Valerius Cordus, and Dalechamp 
 annot. Diosc. ; is "stimulant and tonic," continues to be "employed as a diaphoretic and alterative" 
 (Lindl.) ; and was found by Forskal mat. med. well known in the drug-shops of Egypt. 
 
 Heimia salicifolia of Mexico. A Lythraceous herb called in Mexican " hanchinol" (Lindl.), and 
 from early times regarded as a specific in venereal disorders, — acting as "a powerful sudorific and 
 diuretic : " observed by Humboldt and Bonpland n. g. vi. 192 growing on the volcano of Jorullo. 
 
 Smilax sarsaparilla of the Eastern declivity of the Mexican table-land. Its root the orig- 
 inal sarsaparilla, a remedy derived from the American tribes and called in Mexico " zarzaparilla " 
 (Schiede), growing — according to Humboldt iii. 8 in the province of Vera Cruz : " S. medica " was 
 observed by Schiede on the Eastern slope of the mountains, and was told that its roots are gathered 
 all the year long, dried in the sun, tied in bundles, and carried to Vera Cruz for export : off the West- 
 ern or Pacific coast of Mexico, a ship laden with " salsaperilla" was captured by Drake (Nuno da 
 
 Hoffm. germ., fl. Dan. pi. 825, Linn, lap., and Hook.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the 
 Peloponnesus and on mount Athos ; and is known to grow throughout Siberia (Gmel., and Pall.). 
 Farther East, is known to grow in Alaska (Wats.), on the Rocky mountains (E. James), at Cumber- 
 land House Lat. 54° in central North America (Drumm.), on the shore of Lakes Superior and Huron 
 (A. Gray), in Greenland (Wats.) and Newfoundland (Lapyl.), ceasing along the Atlantic in about Lat. 
 42° (Pursh, and myself). 
 
830 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Silua in soc. Hackl.). " Sarsaparilla from Mexico " is mentioned by Monardez, the drug first becom- 
 ing known in Europe "in 1530" (Pereir.) ; is described by Matthioli 838 (Spreng.) ; was found by 
 Alpinus used medicinally in Egypt, and according to Forskal mat. med. is called there " sabarina " or 
 "oschbe," and is imported by way of Europe. (See S. syphilitica.) 
 
 Smilax officinalis of Colombia, from Guayaquil to the Magdalena. Called by the natives " sarza- 
 parilla" (Humb.) from " sarsa " bramble and " parilla " vine (Markh.), and doubtless used by the 
 natives around Guayaquil as early as this date : * — S. officinalis was observed growing there by Cieza 
 de Leon L\\, who regards it as better and more efficacious than any found in other "parts ot the 
 Indies ; " by Humboldt and Bonpland, collected by the natives on the Magdalena and sent in great 
 quantities to Mompox and Carthagena, thence to Jamaica and Cadiz ; suspected by Pereira to be 
 the so-called "-Jamaica sarsaparilla, the best and most valuable kind in market." South of the 
 Magdalena, " S. purhampuy " of the Eastern declivity of the Peruvian Andes, highly extolled by Ruiz, 
 is regarded by Lindley as perhaps not distinct. 
 
 1465 A. D. (= " 1390 an. jav.," Raffles x.V in Java, before the completion of a mosque with 
 eight columns at Bintara, death of Raden Rachmat after delivering into the hands of Raden Paku a 
 pusaka kris received from the prince of Majapahit. — The name of the new city was afterwards changed 
 to Demak, and the mosque continued standing when Raffles was writing in " 1816." 
 
 "The same year = ' tching-hoa,' 1st year of Tchun-ti, or Hien-tsoung-tchun-ti," or Hien-tsoung 
 II., "of the Ming" or Twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). He established an inquisitorial 
 tribunal of eunuchs, with orders to put to death all persons suspected of rebellion — (Pauth.). 
 
 "The same year (= 2125th of Synmu," art de verif.), Gofunnazo succeeded by his son Go- 
 Tsutsi-Mikaddo, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Crawfurd vii. n), Marhum reigning on Ternate.f — He partially adopted 
 the Mohammedan religion. 
 
 " 1466 A. IJ.'' (Blair), the second printed volume issued in Europe, Cicero de officiis. Books 
 now becoming more accessible, — a Rcinval of literature among European nations, and the languages 
 of the people coming more into use in writing. 
 
 "The same year" (Martin Behaim in voyag. Belg., and Major pr. H. 134), the uninhabited 
 Azores islands, Fayal and Pico, given by Alfonso V. to his sister the duchess of Burgundy, and 
 colonized by Belgians saved from famine. 
 
 * Aralia nudicaulis of Northeast America. Called wild sarsaparilla (A. Gray), its root said to 
 be used by the Crees in venereal, and its bruised bark from early times applied by them to recent 
 wounds — (Hook., and R. Brown jun.) : probably the kind of "sarsaparilla" gathered at Fort Pop- 
 ham on the Sachadehock : "two" kinds of "sarsaparilia '' are enumerated by Josselyn rar. 59 as 
 growing in New England, one " not above a foot in height, without thorns : " A. nudicaulis was ob- 
 served by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by Michaux, in Canada and on the Alleghany mountains ; by 
 myself, a frequent woodland plant throughout New England ; and mav grow along the Atlantic as 
 far as 40 N. (Barton), and on the mountains to Carolina (Pursh). Westward, was observed by 
 E. James along the base of the Rocky mountains ; and is known to grow from Lake Huron to 64 N. 
 (Hook.). Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 138. (See Smilax glauca.) 
 
 Slillingia sylvatica of Carolina and Florida. From early times employed by the natives against 
 syphilis — (Forst. note to Bossu p. 8). 
 
 Echinopanax horridum of Northwest America. From early times, employed in venereal by the 
 natives — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by myself, frequent between the mount Rainier ridge and the 
 Pacific ; by Mertens, around Norfolk Sound ; known to grow also at Nootka, Sitka, and on the island 
 of Kodiak (Dec.) ; and received by Hooker from the Rocky mountains and California. 
 
 Berberis aquijolitim of Northwest America. A pinnate-leaved barberry, from early times employed 
 by the natives in venereal — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by E. James on the Rocky mountains at the 
 sources of the Arkansas ; by Lewis and Clarke, at the rapids of the Columbia : by myself, frequent 
 on Puget Sound; according to Hooker, grows from 40° to 49 along the Pacific, and inland to the 
 sources of the Columbia in 52 ; was received by Decandolle from Nootka. 
 
 Belula sp. of Northwest America. A species of birch, from early times employed by the natives 
 in venereal — (R. Brown jun.). 
 
 Abies Douglassii of Northwest America. A tall spruce, its wood from early times used by the 
 natives for fuel, also the leaves in infusion in venereal — (R. Brown jun.) : observed by Douglass on 
 the Columbia ; by myself, frequent from the mount Rainier ridge to the Pacific. 
 
 f Capparis baducca of the Ladrones or Marian Islands. A rough-stemmed shrub, six feet or more 
 high, brought to the Philippines as early possibly as this date : — well known at Parafiaque, accord- 
 ing to Blanco, and substituted for the capers of commerce. Westward, was observed by Rheede vi. 
 pi. 57 in Malabar (Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 831 
 
 "At this time " (Stanley edit. C. Correa p. xxxvii), Negro slaves so abundant in Portugal that 
 Rosmithal and Blathner a Hungarian prince, having requested two of them, Alfonso V. replied, " Those 
 are trifles which do not require the asking." 
 
 "1467 A. D." (art de verif.), Koschkadam succeeded by Belbay ; and before the close of the 
 year, by Timar Bogha, thirty-sixth Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 Solatium Aethiopicum of Tropical Eastern Asia ? Called in Egypt " bydingan el-qoutah " cup 
 eggplant, or "tiffah dahaby" golden apple, or " tiffah el-heb " love apple (Del.) ; and the Egyptian 
 "p£hm6n," — translated " malus silvestris " by Kircher 177, may be compared: S. Aethiopicum was 
 received by Dodoens pempt. iii. 4. pi. 32 under the name of "malum Aethiopicum" from Spain, 
 supposed to have been brought there from Aethiopia ; is termed " lycopersicum athiopicum " by 
 Miller (Steud.). Eastward, was observed by Loureiro in Anam. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, observed by myself under cultivation in our middle States, mistaken 
 for a variety of S. melongena. (See S. miniatum.) 
 
 One hundred and seventy-third generation. Sept. 1st, 1467, onward mostly bevond youth : the 
 Persian writer Mahmud Ben Mohammed wr. 1496 (Ainsl.) : the Jewish writers, Elia Bashiatschi, the 
 astronomer R. Elias Misrachi, Abraham Zacuto ben Samuel: the Arab writers, Abu'lbaka Bedri, 
 Ebn Shohne: the Greek writers, Georgius Trapezuntius d. i486, Georgius Gemistus Pletho, Georgius 
 Protosincellus, Georgius Phrantzes d. 1477, Constantinus Lascaris d. about 1494, Emmanuel Georgilas 
 d. 1498, Stephanus Sachlekes, Constantinus d. 1500: Conradus Celtes, Angelus Politianus, Jacob 
 Wimpheling, Marsilius Ficinus, Baptista Platina, M. A. C. Sabellicus, Joannes Nauclerus, Philippus 
 Bergomensis, J. Picus Mirandola, Rudolphus Agricola, Nanni or Annius of Viterbo ; Francis Philel- 
 phus; John Wesselus ; Bessarion ; Thomas a Kerapis ; Joannes Argyropulus ; Georgius Merula ; 
 Antonius Rosellus, Ambrosius Camaldulensis, Pacificus, Angelus Clavasius, Baptista Trovamala : the 
 scholastic theologians, Dionysius Carthusianus, and Gabriel Biel : Bernard de Trevise d. 1490 
 (Pouchet) : the botanists, Johannes Tollat von Vochenberg, Georgius Valla Placentinus : the 
 painters, Andrea Mantegna d. 1505. 
 
 " T468 A. D." (art de verif.), Timar Bogha succeeded by Kayt-Bay, thirty-seventh Memluk sultan 
 of Egypt. Who built at Cairo the small but remarkable mosque that bears his name (Clot-Bey xv. 2). 
 
 Coffea Arabica of Equatorial Africa. Called in Abyssinia " boun " (A. Rich.), the berries long 
 known there as edible, and for making the beverage introduced into or established in Aden by the 
 mufti Mohammed Dhabhani, — who died in 1471 (="875 hej." of Abd-alkader, De Sacy chrest. 
 arab.) : drinking " kahwa " or coffee reached Egypt about the close of the century (" 901 to 910 hej.") 
 through Arabs from Yemen performing religious services in a mosque at Cairo, where Schehab-eddin 
 ben Abd-algaffar according to his own account partook of the new preparation : the first attempt to 
 suppress the use was made in 1511 (="917 hej.") under the authority of Khair-beg pasha and 
 mohtesib of Mecca ; and only in 1555 (="962 hej." of geogr. Turc) did coffee become known in 
 Constantinople and Greece : the berries and beverage were both seen in Syria by Rauwolf. The 
 shrub was doubtless soon introduced into Yemen, where its cultivation became of importance, and 
 was observed on the mountains by Forskal : living stocks were even seen in Egypt by Alpinus, and a 
 recent attempt there at cultivation is mentioned by Clot-Bey. C. Arabica is known to grow wild in 
 Abyssinia and throughout Equatorial Africa to Sierra Leone and Monrovia on the Western coast 
 (Ritter, Vogel, and Hook. fi. nigr.). By European colonists, was carried prior to 1690 from Arabia 
 to Batavia in the Malayan archipelago ; in 171 7, to the Mauritius Islands ; in 1718, to Surinam in 
 Tropical America ; and according to Meyen, has become naturalized on the Corcovado mountain near 
 Rio Janeiro (Schouw 18, and A. Dec). 
 
 " 1469 A. D." (Galvan.), by Alfonso V. of Portugal, the trade of " Guine " leased for five years 
 to Fernam Gomez for a sum of money, with the condition "that euery yeere he should discouer an 
 hundred leagues." 
 
 " In this year" (Dallet p. cxxvii), accession of Sieng-tsong, now king of Corea. 
 
 "1470 A. D." (Alst. p. 30S), invasion of Styria and Carinthia by the Turks under Mohammed 
 II. ; and some thousands of the inhabitants carried away captive. 
 
 " In this year" (Galvan.), Arzila and Tanger in Africa captured by Alfonso V. of Portugal. 
 
 " The same year " (art de verif. contin., see also Humb. atl. pict.), death of Nezahualcojotl, king 
 of Acolhuacan at Tezcuco. He had composed in Aztec an elegy on the destruction of the city of 
 Azcapozalco, also one on the instability of human greatness, and sixty hymns to the Supreme Being. 
 
 "In this year" (Talvi ii. 1, and Major p. lxxv), Athanasius Nikitin of Tver in Russia, after 
 passing his first Easter in Nain, his second in Mazanderan, his third at Ormuz, arriving in Western 
 Hindustan, — where he passed his fourth and fifth Easter. His sixth was passed at Muscat, and he 
 reached home "in 1474." 
 
 Hedyotis umbellata of Tropical Hindustan. The chay or Indian madder, a small suffruttcose 
 plant called in Telinga " cheri-velloo " (Lindl.), in Tamil " saya " or " emboorel cheddie " or " rami- 
 
832 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 seram vayr " from growing plentifully on that island (Drur.), is probably one of the " colour plants " 
 seen by Nikitin in the country around Calicut : * — H. umbellata was observed by Graham " common 
 in the Concans " as far as Bombay, its " root used in dyeing red, purple, and brown orange ; " by N. 
 L. Burmann ind. 37, Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, and Simmonds, as far as Coromandel, cultivated 
 besides extensively, but on Cevlon " the wild plant" considered preferable (Drur. J ; is known to 
 occur also on Java (Lindl.). By European colonists, was carried to Mexico (Lindl.). 
 
 Phascolus aconitifolius of Hindustan. Called in Yemen "gotn" (Forsk.), in the environs of 
 Bombay " mut " (Graham), in Hindustanee " dal " (Badg.) ; and the " dalon " produced according to 
 Nikitin in Cambay, — is referred here by Badger edit. Varthem. p. 107: P. aconitifolius was received 
 by Jacquin obs. pi. 52 from Tranquebar (Pers.) ; was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in peninsu- 
 lar Hindustan as far as Bengal ; by Graham, "cultivated in the Deccan and Goozerat ; " by Forskal 
 p. 214, cultivated in Yemen for cattle-feed. Transported to Europe, is described by the younger 
 Linnaeus, and is termed "dolichos dissectus " by Lamarck (Steud. : compare Cajanus flavus). 
 
 Curcuma amada of Tropical Hindustan. The mango ginger is called in Bengalee "amada" 
 (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay •' kajula gauree " (Graham), and is probably one of the " aromatic 
 roots " f seen by Nikitin in the country around Calicut : — C. amada is termed " tommon manga " by 
 
 * Morinda umbellata of Tropical Eastern Asia. A woody climber called in Tamil " noona- 
 marum," in Telinga " moolooghoodoo," on the Deccan " chota-alka " (Drur.) ; and probably one of 
 the " colour plants " in question, — a permanent yellow dye being obtained from its root: M. umbel- 
 lata was observed by Rheede vii. pi. 27 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in "S. Concan " (Graham), nearly 
 as far as Bombay; by Ainslie,*Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Courtallum. 
 Farther East, by Loureiro in Anam, a red dye obtained by the addition of sappan-wood, according to 
 Simmonds brilliant and very permanent. 
 
 Morinda tomentosa of Southern Hindustan. A shrub called in Malabar "munjenatie" (Drur.) ; 
 and probably among the "colour plants " in question, — its wood known to take an excellent polish, 
 and a dye procured from it : — M. tomentosa was observed by Gibson " at a village below Poorundher 
 Fort in the Deccan" (Graham) ; by Buchanan, and Wight, in other parts of the peninsula; and by 
 Drury, "common in Travancore." 
 
 Wrightia tomentosa of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A small Apocvnoid tree, abounding in 
 yellow milky juice, and probably among the "colour plants" in question: — W. tomentosa was 
 observed by Rheede ix. pi. 3 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, in " the hilly parts of the Concan " (Graham), 
 to and beyond Bombay; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the Circars, cloths dyed in its juice 
 preserving "their colour for two years as bright and as fresh as at first" (Drur.); by Mason, in 
 Burmah. 
 
 Cuscuta rejiexa of Hindustan. Called in the environs of Bombay " akas pawan " or " amurvel " 
 (Graham); and possibly among the "colour plants" in question, — being used medicinally, and 
 occasionally in dyeing : C. reflexa was observed by Powell in the Punjaub ; by Vaupell, " common in 
 Guzerat on hedges and bushes by the roadside," by Nimmo, and Graham, in " the Concans " and " on 
 trees at Mahableshwur ; " by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 104, as far as Silhet (Drur.). 
 
 Phytlanthus vittltijlorvs of Tropical Hindustan. A straggling shrub climbing where obtaining 
 the support of bushes, called in Tamil " poola vayr puttay," in Telinga " nella-pooroogoodoo," in Mala- 
 bar "katou niruri " (Drur.) ; and possibly among the " colour plants " in question, — its roots sold in 
 bazaars for medicinal use, and the bark for dyeing reddish brown : P. multiflorus was observed by 
 Rheede x. pi. 27 in Malabar; by Graham, "water courses and other shady moist places in the 
 Concans " to and beyond Bombay ; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel and 
 Bengal. 
 
 \Alpinia allughas of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A Scitamineous herb called in the 
 environs of Bombay "taraka" (Graham) : and probably one of the " aromatic roots " in question, — 
 being employed medicinally : —observed by Rheede xi. pi. 14 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in "S. Con- 
 can" (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Retz, Ainslie, and Simmonds, in other parts of Hindus- 
 tan, yielding "an inferior sort of galitigal" (Drur.) ; was received by Linnaeus fl. zeyl. from Ceylon 
 (Steud.) ; and was observed by Mason in Burmah. 
 
 Zingiber zerumbet of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A species of wild 
 ginger called in the environs of Bombay " booteh " or "mahaburree booteh " (Graham), in Bengalee 
 "butch" or " mahaburee-butch " (Lindl.), in Anam " ngai xanh " or " ngai mat tloi " (Lour.) ;°and 
 probably one of the "aromatic roots" in question:— Z. zerumbet was "observed by Loureiro 3 in 
 Anam, both wild and cultivated, not edible, but applied externally in contusions and pain in the limbs ; 
 is termed "lampujum" by Rumphius viii. pi. 64; was observed by Blume rare in moist situations on 
 Java; by Blanco, on the Philippines, employed medicinally by the natives ; by myself, in the Malayan 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 833 
 
 Rumphius v. p. 169 ; was observed by Roxburgh in Bengal (Lindl.), its root "used as a carminative 
 and stomachic" (Drury) ; by Nimmo, in "the Concans and Guzerat," the "fresh roots smelling like 
 green mangoes " (Graham). 
 
 Zingiber cassumanar of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. The cassumanar, 
 called in Sanscrit " vuna ardrukum," in Bengalee and Hindustanee "bun ada," in Telinga " karpush- 
 poo " (Lindl.), probably among the " aromatic roots " in question : — Z. cassumanar was observed by 
 Graham "in gardens Bombay," and found by Nimmo "wild in the Concans," by Koenig, and Rox- 
 burgh as. res. xi. pi. 7, as far as Bahar, Bengal, and Coromandel ; by Blume, on the opposing portion 
 of Java; and is described by Rumphius v. pi. 65. The imported root according to Lindley "once in 
 great repute " in " hysteric epileptic and paralytic disorders, but now out of use." 
 
 " 1471, Aug. 9th " (Alst, and Nicol.), Paulus II. succeeded by cardinal Francis d' Albescola della 
 Rovere, now Sixtus IV., fifty-eighth pope. — Sixtus IV. engaged in war, imposed on Naples the yearly 
 tribute of a white horse and trappings, and is supposed to be the first pope who " placed his effigy on 
 the coins struck in his states.'' 
 
 " In this year" (Galvan.), in fulfilment of the Fernam Gomez lease, John de Santarem and John 
 Descouar sailed along the coast as far as Mina in " 5 N." 
 
 " In this year" (Barbar. 37, and Remus, trav. C. Zeno 11), arrival at Venice of Azimamet, Morat, 
 Nicolo, and Chefarsa, four ambassadors sent by the Persian king Hassan Beg to induce the Venetians 
 to send a fleet against the Turks. Other European powers declining to co-operate, Caterino Zeno was 
 elected ambassador, and departed to reside at the Persian court. 
 
 " 1472 A. D." (Galvan.), Fernando da Poo discovered the outlying island, called after him Fer- 
 nando Po. 
 
 "About this time" (Galvan.), the neighbouring islands of St. Thomas and Principe, situated 
 under the Equator, and the main land of Benin as far as Cape St. Catharine "in 3° S." discovered by 
 Sequeira, a servant of the king. 
 
 archipelago naturalized, but seemingly wild in great abundance on the basal portion of the mountains 
 of the Feejeean, Samoan, and Hawaiian Islands, its presence on Tongatabu, a low coral-island, indi- 
 cating introduction by the natives. Westward from Anam, was observed by Mason indigenous in 
 Burmah ; by Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 201, wild in woods about Calcutta (Lindl.) ; by Rheede xi. pi. 13, 
 in Malabar ; by Graham, and Nimmo, "wild in the Concan " as far as Bombay. The imported roots 
 were formerly sold in the drug-shops of Europe under the name of ra'd. zerumbeth, but are no longer 
 used (Lindl.) ; the transported plant is described by Blackwell pi. 402, and Miller ii. pi. 25. 
 
 Kaempferia galanga of Tropical Eastern Asia. Stemless with leaves spreading fiat on the 
 ground, called in Sanscrit "chundra-moolika " (Lindl.), in the environs of Bombay "chundra mulika" 
 or "chanda mula" (Graham), in Tamil " katsjolum " (Drur.) ; and probably among the "aromatic 
 roots " in question, — its root used medicinally and as a perfume : K. galanga was observed by Rheede 
 xi. pi. 41 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in " S. Concan" (Graham) nearly as far as Bombay; by Burmann 
 pi. 13, on Ceylon ; by Kaempfer am. pi. 902, Retz, Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Bengal, and besides 
 " much cultivated in gardens " (Drur.) ; " said to be very common on the mountainous districts beyond 
 Chittagong," and brought by the mountaineers to the markets of Bengal ; observed by Mason indi- 
 genous m Burmah and called " kha-mung," the roots for their perfume worn by Karen females, also 
 put with clothes, and used " to a small extent medicinally ; " by Loureiro i. 12, in Anam. 
 
 Kaempferia rotunda of Tropical Eastern Asia. Flowering while the plant is leafless, and called 
 in Tao-alo " dusog " or " dusod " or "dusu " or "guisol," in Bisaya and Pampango "guisol" or "cusol" 
 or "dusul" (Blanco), in Burmah "myce-ban-touk" (Mason), in Bengalee and Hindustanee " bhoo- 
 champa" or " bhooi-champa," in Sanscrit " bhoo chumpuca" (Lindl.); and probably among the "aro- 
 matic roots " in question, — the root and whole plant being employed medicinally : K. rotunda was 
 observed by Rheede xi. pi. 9 in Malabar; by Graham, "in gardens" at Bombay ; by Ainslie, Rox- 
 burgh, Wio-ht, and Drury, cultivated all over Hindustan for the beauty and fragrance of its flowers, but 
 nowhere wild. Farther East, was observed by Mason in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous; by 
 Blanco, under cultivation on the Philippines and the root used medicinally by the natives. 
 
 Curculivo orchioidcs of Tropical Eastern Asia and the Malayan archipelago. A stemless grass- 
 leaved Hypoxic! plant called in Bengalee "tamoolie" or " telnoor moodol," in Tamil "nelapannay," in 
 Telino-a " nala-tatta-gudda," in Hindustanee " niahmooslie " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 
 "moo°slee kund " (Graham) ; and possibly among the "aromatic roots" in question, — its root being 
 employed medicinally: C. orchioides was observed by Rheede xii. pi. 59 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in 
 "the Concans" (Graham), to and beyond Bombay; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, and Drury, in the "penin- 
 sula everywhere " as far as Travancore ; by myself, as far as Singapore ; and by Rumphius vi. pi. 54, 
 
 on Amboyna (Pers.). 
 
 105 
 
834 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 As early as this year (see addit. art de verif.), the Quito district invaded by Huayna Capac, sent 
 by his father the Inca Tupac Yupanqui. — After "three years " resistance, the country was subdued : 
 great buildings were erected by the Inca and his son, which the natives called Quito, " whence the city 
 took its name" (Ciez. xl). 
 
 By means of a system of posts at intervals of half a league, verbal messages were transmitted by 
 runners in "eight days" from Quito to Cuzco, a distance of "six hundred leagues "— (Ciez. xli, 
 and xlii). 
 
 "1473 A. D." (Alst. p. 308, and C. Zeno if>), the Persian king having crossed the Euphrates, 
 finally defeated by the Turks under Mohammed II. ; and compelled to retire. 
 
 "The same year (Nicol.), a synod at Madrid. "To remedy the ignorance of the Spanish clergy, 
 scarcely one of whom understoofl Latin." 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), the study of the Greek language brought into France by Gregoras 
 Tiphernas. 
 
 " 1474 A. D." (Stanley edit. Barb. 50 and 69), returning with a Persian ambassador, Josafa Bar- 
 bara arriving at the court of the Persian king Assambei or Hassan Beg. — He remained in Persia 
 "five years." 
 
 " In this year " (Burm. hist., and Mason 27), Ooparaza with the title of Dhammawatie reigning in 
 Pegu. 
 
 " In or about 1475 A. D. (= 1400 an. jav.," Raffles ix to xi, Crawfurd gives 1478) in Java, capture 
 and destruction of Majapahit by Muslim converts under prince Raden Fatah. The seat of govern- 
 ment was now removed to Demak, Mohammedanism becoming the established religion. 
 
 "In or about 1475 A. D." (Garc. de la Vega, the addit. art de verif. giving "7523 — his 42d 
 year" = 14S2), Tupac Yupanqui succeeded by his son Huayna Capac, now twelfth Inca of Peru. 
 
 Huayna Capac went beyond his father, and declared, That the sun must have a "Lord more 
 powerful than himself, who orders him to make this journey, day by day, without resting." The new 
 saying of the Inca was regarded by the natives as " of evil omen, as well as his freedom in gazing at 
 the Sun " — (Acosta, and G. de la Vega ix 10). 
 
 " 1476 A. D." (Alst., and Blair), in Switzerland, the invading Burgundians under Charles the 
 Bold defeated. 
 
 "In this year" (Humb., and Major 2d edit. Columb. p. xxix), John Szkolny, a Polish pilot in 
 the service of Christian II. of Denmark, visiting Greenland. He is said to have seen a country 
 beyond. 
 
 Parnassia palustris of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain grass of Par7iassns (Prior), in 
 Sweden " slotter-blomster " or "harnacker" or "flenort" or "hwit-wisil " or " hiarteblad " (Linn.), 
 and from early times employed medicinally, and sold in drug-shops under the name of " hepaticas 
 albae : " — termed "gramen parnassium" by Dodoens pempt. 5(4, "p. palustris et vulgaris " by Tour- 
 nefort inst. 246, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 309, fl. 
 Dan. pi. 584, Engl. bot. pi. 84, and Pers.), and even in North Africa (Wats.) : was observed by Lin- 
 nasus in Sweden, abounding in moist meads ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithvnian Olympus ; by Bieberstein, 
 on the subalpine portion of Caucasus; by Pallas, between the Yenisei and Lake Baical. Westward, 
 by Hooker in Iceland ; by Drummond, at 54 near Fort Cumberland on the Saskatchewan ; grows 
 according to A. Gray on the "shore of Lake Superior, Upper Michigan, and northward ; " according 
 to Hooker, in Labrador, Newfoundland, and throughout Canada to the Arctic Circle and Rocky moun- 
 tains ; was observed by Chamisso from Escholtz Bay to Bering's Straits (Schlecht.). 
 
 Dianthus armeria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain maiden or 
 Deplford pink (Prior), in Gothland "sarons blomster" (Linn.), and known from early times: — 
 termed "armeria sylvestris altera" by Lobel pi. 448, "viola barbata angustifolia ' by Dalechamp 
 810, " cariophyllus barbatus sylvestris" by C. Bauhin pin. 208, and Tournefort inst. 333, and known 
 to grow in barren soil from Sweden throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 230, Engl. bot. pi. 317, and 
 Pers.),: observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, in cultivated as well as sterile soil as far as Scania ; by Sib- 
 thorp, in Greece. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast .America; observed by myself in 
 the environs of Salem, Mass., and according to A. Gray occurs also in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lepidium campestre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " konung 
 Salomons ljusstake " or by the Ostrogoths "stillfro" (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed 
 "t. latifolium" by Fuchsius 306, "t. arvense vaccarias incano folio majus " by C. Bauhin pin. 106, 
 " t. vulgatius " by Tournefort inst. 212, described also by Anguillara 171, and known to occur in culti- 
 vated and fallow ground throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. v. pi. 45, and Pers.) : observed by 
 Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, around Constantinople ; and by Bieberstein, 
 along the Taurian mountains. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 occurs in "fields, sparing from Massachusetts to Delaware" (A. Gray). 
 
 Geranium sanguineum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " orm- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 835 
 
 gras " (Linn.), and known from early times : —termed "g. septimum nematodes " by Clusius hist. 
 11. 202, "g. s. maximo flore " by C. Bauhin pin. 318, and Tourn. inst. 267, and known to grow through- 
 out middle Europe (fl. Dan. 1107, Engl. bot. pi. 272, and Pers.) : observed by Linnseus. in Sweden; 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Hajmus and Constantinople. 
 
 Orobus vermis of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden by the 
 Ostrogoths "krakarter," and from early times furnishing the "orobi farina" of the drug-shops — 
 (Linn.) : termed '• o. sylvaticus vernus " by Thalius here. pi. 6, "o. pannonicus primus " by Clusius 
 hist. li. 230, "o s. purpureus vernus " by C. Bauhin pin. 351, and Tournefort inst. 393, and known to 
 grow in woods throughout middle Europe (Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, 
 on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 Orobus Niger of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "wipp-arter" 
 (Linn.), and known from early times :— termed "astragaloides " by Dodoens pempt. 551, " o. panno- 
 nicus secunda " by Clusius hist. ii. 230, "o. sylvaticus viciae foliis " by C. Bauhin pin. 352, and 
 Tournefort inst. 393, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Rivin. tetr. pi. 60, fl. Dan. pi. 
 1 170, and Pers.) : observed by Linnajusjn Sweden, its root sweet and the plant turning black in dry- 
 ing ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Hsmus and Constantinople. 
 
 Vicia sepium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "tranarter" (Linn.), 
 and known from early times : — mentioned by Fuchsius 1 10, and Matthioli : termed "v. s. perennis " 
 by Bauhin hist. ii. 313, "v. s. folio rotundiore acuto semine nigro " by Tournefort inst. 397, and 
 known to occur in hedges throughout middle Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 345, Rivin. tetr. 56, fl. Dan. pi. 
 699, Engl. bot. pi. 1515, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, in hedges and shaded situa- 
 tions; by Sibthorp, in woods on Cyprus. 
 
 Viola hirta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A vernal species called in Sweden 
 " buske-fioler " (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "viola" by Brunfels pi. 137, "v. 
 martia major hirsuta inodora" by Morison ii. 5. pi. 35, and known to grow throughout middle Europe 
 (Ray hist. 1051, Curt. lond. i. pi. 64, fl. Dan. pi. 618, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; 
 by Sibthorp, on mount Athos. 
 
 Lithosper7iium arvense of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden 
 "hoorletta" or "sminckrot" (Linn.), and its root from early times used by Northern maidens to paint 
 their faces: — termed "anchusa arvensis minor facie milii solis" by Tabernaemontanus pi. 849, "litho- 
 spermum arvense radice rubra" by C. Bauhin pin. 258, "echioides flore albo " byJRivinus mon. 9; 
 was already in Britain in the Sixteenth century (Park, theatr. 433), but as in Italy, Sicily, and Alge- 
 ria, only in cultivated ground (Tourn. inst. 134, and A. Dec.) : was observed by Linnaeus in rye 
 fields as far as Lapland ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard, Fraas, Reut. and Margot, frequent in cultivated 
 ground in Greece, but no native name given ; by Grisebach, to all appearance wild in Thrace, as pro- 
 bably in the Crimea and on the Talysch mountains (Bieb., Mey., and Hohen) ; was observed by 
 Thunberg in Japan. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, occurring according 
 to A. Gray on ' sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsylvania and Michigan ; " according 
 to Chapman in "cultivated grounds and waste places, Florida, and northward." 
 
 Campanula glomerata of Europe and the adjoining poriion of Asia. Called in Sweden " mosis- 
 roser '' (Linn.), and known from early times: * — termed "cervicaria minor " by Dodoens pempt. 164, 
 
 * Linnaa borealis of Subarctic climates. Called in Sweden " windgras " or " benwarksgras " or 
 " torrwarksgras " or " klagras " or "hwita klacker," in Norway " norrislegrass," and from early times 
 used medicinally — (Linn.) : termed "obolaria" by Siegesbect prim. 79, "campanula serpyllifolia" by 
 Bauhin hist. ii. 816. "nummularia norwegica repens folio dentato floribus gemin s" by Petiver mus. 
 787, and known to »row from Lapland throughout Northern Europe and Siberia as far as the Altaian 
 mountains (fl. Dan. pi. 3, Pers., Dec, and Wats.), also on the mountains of Switzerland (Scheuch, 
 alp. 131 to 454, Hall. helv. 608, Seguier veron. i. 182, and A. Dec): was observed by Rudbeck, 
 Celsius, and Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden ; is known to grow in Scotland (Dec), and in Meck- 
 lembourf in Prussia (A. Dec). Westward, according to Decandolle, grows in Newfoundland, 
 Canada, and as far as Unalaska ; according to Hooker, from the Arctic Circle to the Columbia and 
 Kotzebue Sound ; according to Watson, on the Aleutian Islands ; was observed by Mertens at Nor- 
 folk Sound ; by Nuttall, along Lake Huron ; by Pursh, from Wiscasset in Maine to the mountains of 
 New York and Pennsylvania; by myself, from 45° to 42 along the Atlantic, but according to A. 
 Gray, grows in New Jersey and along the Alleghanies as far as Maryland. 
 
 Sparganium natans of Subarctic climates. Called in Smoland " flotagrses," and from early times 
 sought for by cattle and horses, and regarded as indicating the presence of fishes — (Linn.) : was 
 observed by Linnseus only in Smoland, Norland, and the woody portion of Lapland, growing outside 
 of other aquatic plants in water more than six feet deep; by Hudson, in Britain (Steud); and is 
 
836 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "trachelium minus " by Clusius hist. ii. 171, " c. pratensis flore conglomerato " by C. Bauhin pin. 94, 
 and Tournefort inst. no, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 90, and Pers.): 
 observed by Linnaeus as far as Scania in Sweden; by Allioni pi. 39, on mount Baldo in Piedmont; by 
 
 known to grow in Ireland, Russia, and Switzerland (Engl. bot. pi. 273, and Wats.). Westward, was 
 observed by Hooker on Iceland; by myself, in a weedy lake abounding in fish not far from 
 Monadnock mountain in Jaffrey, growing in deep water, the leaves half an inch or more in width ; 
 by Nuttall, in Massachusetts ; by A Gray, in Central New York; and is known to grow as far as 
 Alaska (Wats.). 
 
 Juncus bulbosus of Northern Europe and Asia. A rush called in Sweden " stubb-togh " (Linn ;, 
 and known from early times : — termed "gramen junceum junci sparsa panicula " by Morison iii. 8. pi. 9, 
 "j. compressus" by Jacquin, and known to grow from Sweden to Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. 431, Hall, 
 helv. 254, and Pers.), and as far as the Taurian mountains (Bieb.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, 
 forming patches in moist pasture-land and even near dwellings ; by Decandoile, in France. West- 
 ward, by Hooker in Iceland. (See J. Gerardi). 
 
 Carex panicea oi Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Sweden "hirss-starr " (Linn.\ and 
 known from early times : — termed "gramen cyperoides gracile alterum glomeratis torulis spatio di- 
 stantibus " by Morison iii. S. pi. 12; described also by Plukenet aim. pi. 91, Scheuchzer 431, Ray hist. 
 1293, and Micheli pi. 32 (Linn.) : known to grow from Iceland and Lapland to Switzerland, Russia, 
 and Northern Asia (Pers., and Wats.) ; and observed by Rudbeck i. pi. 31, and Linnaeus, in Lapland 
 and Sweden. Probably by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by H. 
 Little near Boston; but according to J. Carey, occurs from "New England to Wisconsin, and south- 
 westward." 
 
 Agrostis canina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden '■ brun-hwen " 
 (Linn.), and known from early times : —termed '-gramen supinum caninum paniculatum folio vari- 
 ans" by C. Bauhin pin. 1 and theatr. 12 (Linn.), and known to grow in meads throughout middle 
 Europe (Scheuch. hist. 141, Smith brit. 78, and Pers.), from Russia and Ireland to Switzerland 
 (Wats) ; observed by Linnaeus frequent in moist meads in Sweden. Westward, is known to grow 
 in Iceland (Wats.); and according to Watson, and A. Gray, has been introduced into Northeast 
 America. 
 
 Airopsis precox of Northern and middle Europe. A diminutive grass called in Sweden " war- 
 tatel" (Linn.), and known from early times : —termed "gramen parvum praecox panicula laxa cane- 
 scente " by Plukenet phyt. pi. 33, and Ray angl. iii. pi. 22, " g. minimum spica brevi habitiore nostrum " 
 by Scheuchzer hist. 219 (Linn.) ; known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 383, Smith angl. i. 87, and Pers.) as far as Switzerland (Wats.) ; observed by Linnaeus in Sweden 
 in depressed sandy situations subject to inundation in Scania. By European colonists, was carried 
 to Northeast America, observed by Pursh in the outskirts of Philadelphia, and according to A. Gray 
 occurs in "sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia, rare." 
 
 Airltenatiicni,,, avenaceum of Northern and middle Europe. An oat-like grass called in Swe- 
 den " knyl-hafre " (Linn.), and known from early times :— termed "gramen avenaceum elatius juba 
 longa splendente" by Morison iii. 8 pi. 7, and Scheuchzer hist. 239, and "avena elatior" by Linnaeus- 
 known to grow in meads throughout Northern and middle Europe (Schreb., Leers, and Pers ) ■ was 
 observed by Linnaeus in Sweden as far as Lapland, sometimes in gardens. By European colonists 
 was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself in cultivated and fallow around near S ilem' 
 Mass. ; by Torrey, in the environs of New York city ; by Curtis, in North Carolina (Chapm ) ■ bv 
 Baldwin, in the Western part of Georgia (Ell.) ; and according to A. Gray has become naturalized 
 
 Lycopodmm clavatum of Northern climates. A club-moss called in Sweden '• ralf-mossa " or 
 "wisp-mossa" or " kalfweref wor " or "mattcgras," and from early times used for makino- mats blis- 
 tering bread, and sold in the drug-shops under the name of " musci clavati," its seeds as* lycop'odii " 
 -(Linn): described by Valerius Cordus nr (Spreng.) ; termed "muscus terrestris clavatus " bv 
 C. Bauhin pin. 360, "lycopodmm vulgare pilosum anfragosum et repens " by Dillenius muse pi d, 
 and known to grow throughout Northern Europe ( . . . ) : observed by Tillands pi ixx 'and 
 Lmnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden. Westward, by myself in New England, as far as 4^° alon- the 
 Atlantic ; according to A. Gray, is " common northward " from central New York ; and according to 
 Chapman, grows on the "mountains of North Carolina." b 
 
 Lycopodmm annotinum of Northern climates. Called by the Westrogoths " ref-gras " fLinn ) 
 and known from early times :- termed "muscus terrestris repens clavis singularibus foliosis erectis " 
 by Plukenet aim. pi. 258, and known to grow in woods throughout Northern Europe (Moris iii 1 c 
 pi. S, Dill. muse. pi. 63) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden. Westward, by myself from 47° -io> on 
 the Lower St. Lawrence to the base of the White mountains and of Monadnock • by Oakes and 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 837 
 
 Sibthorp, on mount Athos. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it 
 seems naturalized in the immediate vicinity of Salem, Mass. 
 
 Sedum rupestre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "bergknoppar" 
 (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed " s. minus luteum folio acuto " by Tournefort inst. 
 263, "s. m. a rupe S. Vincentii " by Ray angl. iii. 270, and known to grow on rocks from Sweden to 
 the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pi. 170, and Pers.) : was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnaeus, 
 on calcareous rocks in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on rocks from Crete and the Peloponne- 
 sus to Parnassus. 
 
 Sedum sexangulare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "kant- 
 knoppar " (Linn ), and known from early times: — termed "s. minimum luteum non acre" by Bauhin 
 hist. iii. 695, "stenegrop" by Petiver 42. f. 9, and known to grow in arid situations and on walls from 
 Sweden to the Mediterranean (Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, intermingled with s. acre, 
 but the leaves not acrid. In Britain (Curt. lond. iv. pi. 33) is regarded by Watson, and Bromfield, as 
 probably not indigenous (A. Dec). 
 
 Ajuga pyramidalis of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden 
 " kiaringruka " or " miolkgubbar," and from early times used medicinally and sold in drug-shops 
 under the name of " consolidae mediae " — (Linn.) : termed " consolida media genevensis " by Bauhin 
 hist. iii. 432, "phyllochnos" by Renealmi 125, " bugula sylvestris villosa flore caeruleo " by Tournefort 
 inst. 20Q, and known to grow from Sweden to the Pyrenees and mountains of Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. 
 185, Engl. bot. pi. 1270, Pers., and Benth.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, on mount 
 Plaemus ; and by Meyer, on Caucasus. By European colonists, was carried to Greenland (Wats.). 
 
 Melampyrum cristatum of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden 
 "aenggubbar" or "korsort" (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "m. c. flore albo et pur- 
 pureo " by Bauhin hist. iii. 440, and Tourn. inst. 173, and known to grow from Sweden throughout 
 middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1104, Engl. bot. pi. 41, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, fre- 
 quent in meads in sterile soil ; by Sibthorp, around Constantinople. 
 
 Globularia vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " berg- 
 skrabba " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed " aphyllanthes Anguillarae " by Camerarius 
 hort. pi. 7, "globularia " by Clusius hist. ii. 6: was known to Lobel adv. no v. 200 as " rare " and 
 growing in Finland, Germany, and Italy ; but has since become more abundant in central Europe 
 (Pers., and A. Dec.) : was observed by Linnaeus in rocky situations exposed to the sun from Goth- 
 land to Oeland ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithynian Olympus and as far as Smyrna. 
 
 Myosotis arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " forgat mig 
 ei " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed " ecbium scorpioides arvense " by C. Bauhin pin. 
 254, " m. hirsuta arvensis major " by Linnaeus, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle 
 Europe (Dill. giss. 55, and Boerh. lugd. i. 190) : observed by Tillands, and Linnaeus, frequent in arid 
 meads in Lapland and Sweden ; by Chaubard, in cultivated ground in the Peloponnesus. By Euro- 
 pean colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by A. Gray in "fields etc., not very com- 
 mon," its flowers " small, blue, rarely white." 
 
 Ornilhogalum luteum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden by the 
 Ostrogoths " wafferdagslok," and from early times known as a weed in gardens, and its bulbs eaten 
 in times of scarcity — (Linn.) : termed " bulbus sylvestris " by Dodoens pempt. 222, "pyrrochiton " 
 by Renealmi pi. 90, "o. luteum" by C. Bauhin pin. 71, and known to grow in meads and woods 
 throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 612, and Pers.): observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Ornilhogalum minimum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. From early times inter- 
 min°led with the preceding: — termed " o. pannonicum luteo flore" by Clusius hist. i. 189, " o. 
 luteum minus " by C. Bauhin pin. 71, and known to occur throughout middle Europe : observed by 
 Linnaeus rarer than the preceding species, but occurring especially in the kitchen-gardens of Upland. 
 " O. minus " of Linnaeus was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Russell as far as 42 30' along the Atlantic (Robinson) ; by A. Gray, " common northward " from 
 
 central New York. 
 
 hoetes lacustri-s of Northern climates. An aquatic called in Britain quillwort (Prior), in Swe- 
 den " braksnaoras," uprooted by Cyprinus brama and hence omens drawn from early times — (Linn.): 
 termed " subularia lacustris sive calamistrum herba aquatico-alpina" by Ray angl. i. pi. 21%, and 
 known to grow in shallow water at the bottom of lakes and rivers throughout middle Europe (Dill, 
 muse. pi. 80) : observed by Celsius, P. Osbeck, and Linnaeus, in the lakes and rivers of Sweden. 
 Westward, was observed by Conrad near Philadelphia, and specimens shown me; according to A. 
 Gray, is "'not rare northward" of central New York, New England specimens agreeing well with 
 European ; was received by Hooker from the Saskatchewan. 
 
8 3 8 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Orchis militaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain military orchis 
 (Prior), in different parts of Sweden "gulltuppor '' or "Johannis nycklar " (Linn.), and known from 
 early times : — termed "o. maslatifolia" by Fuchsius 554, •' cynosorchis latifolia hiante cucullo major" 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 80, and known to grow in meads throughout middle Europe (Tourn. inst. 432, Jacq. 
 rar. pi. 598, Rudb. elys. ii. pi. 185, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Gothland and O eland ; by 
 Herbert, in England (A. Dec), by Yaillant pi. 31, in the environs of Paris; by Haller pi. 2S, in 
 Switzerland; and by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Orchis it/'^ra of Northern Europe and mountains farther South. Called in Switzerland "jalousie," 
 in Jemtia in Sweden "brunkulla," and its flowers used there from early times to colour ardent spirits 
 — (Linn.) : the plant is termed "o. palmata angustifolia alpina nigro flore " by C. Bauhin pin. 86, 
 and Tournefort inst. 436 "satyrium foliis linearibus" by Royer lugd. 14, "s. nigrum" by Linnaeus: 
 is known to grow in Denmark and on the mountains of middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 368, and 
 Pers.): was observed by Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 217, and Linnaeus, in Sweden; by Haller pi. 27, on 
 the Alps of Switzerland ; by Sibthorp, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Ophrvs muscifera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain fly orchis 
 (Prior), in Sweden "flugblomster" (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed "orchis myodes 
 prima floribus muscani exprimens " by Lobel pi. 381 : described also by Dodoens . 237 (Spreng.), 
 C. Bauhin pin. S3, and Tournefort inst. 434, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl, 
 bot. pi. 04, Vaill. pi. 31, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus as far as Oeland ; by Haller pi. 24, in 
 Switzerland ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Luzula piii»a of Northern climates. A leafy rush called in Sweden '• il-togh " (Linn.), and 
 known from early times : — termed "gramen nemorosum hirsutum latifolium majus " by C. Bauhin 
 pin. 7 and theatr. 101, "j. nemorosus latifolius major" by Tournefort inst. 246, and known to grow 
 from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 19, Hoffm germ. 16S, Pers., and Wats.) : 
 observed by Rudbeck elys. i. pi. 63, and Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Decandolle, in France ; 
 by Savi, in Etruria; by Desfontaines, on the Atlas mountains (A. Dec.) ; by Sibthorp, and Chau- 
 bard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Thunberg, in Japan. Westward, by Hooker in 
 Iceland ; is known to grow also in Greenland and Labrador (Wats), and as far as the Saskatchewan 
 (Hook.); according to A Gray, is " common northward;" is attributed by Muhlenberg to Pennsyl- 
 vania, and by Chapman to the "mountains of North Carolina." 
 
 'Juuciis sqiiiirroms of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A leafless rush called in Sweden 
 "borst-togh" (Linn), known there from early times as indicating turfy and sterile soil: — termed 
 "gramen junceum foliis et spica junci " by C. Bauhin pin. 5 and theatr. 78, " j. montanus palustris " 
 by Tournefort inst. 247, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 430, 
 Enyl. bot. pi. 933, and Pers.): was observed by Hooker in Iceland; bv Linnaeus, in Lapland and 
 Sweden ; by Loesel, in Prussia; by Sestini, in the environs of Constantinople (Sibth.). 
 
 Jhiichs arliculatus of Europe and Northern Asia. A rush called in Sweden " ryll-togh " (Linn.), 
 and known from early times: — termed "gramen junceum folio articulato aquaticum " bv C. Bauhin 
 pin. 5 and prodr. 12. "j. foliis articulosis floribus umbellatis" by Tournefort inst. 247, and known 
 to grow in watery places from Lapland throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 238, and Pers): 
 was observed by Linnaeus along the margin of rivers and lakes in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, 
 frequent in wet places along rills on the Creek islands ; by Cmelin, in Russia and throughout Siberia. 
 Westward, by Hooker in Iceland; but probably by European colonists carried to New England, 
 observed by myself along roadsides in Western Massachusetts ; and according to A. Gray, occurs 
 in "wet places, Rhode Island to Lake Huron, and northward, the genuine European form received 
 from " Olney and Sartwell. "J. lamprocarpus," described by Ehrhart, figured in Engl. bot. pi. 2143, 
 and observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, is by some writers regarded as not distinct. 
 
 Carex muricata of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Sweden " pigg-starr " (Linn.), and 
 known from early times: — termed "gramen nemorosum spicis parvis asperis " by C. Bauhin pin. 7 
 and theatr. 100, "carex spicis brevibus echinatis sessilibus distinctis " by Haller 245 ; and known 
 to grow throughout middle Europe (Ray hist. 1298, Scheuchz. 485 pi. 11, and Pers.), also along the 
 Taurian mountains (Bieb.), and in Siberia (Wats.) : was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden and 
 especially in Norland ; by Brotero, near Beira in Portugal ; by Desfontaines, in Barbary. West- 
 ward, by Hooker in Iceland ; but probably by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, 
 was observed by Pursh in the State of New York; and according to J. Care)-, occurs in "fields, 
 Masstchusetts (introduced?), Ohio, and Kentucky, rare." 
 
 Carex p.illcsccns of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "blek-starr" 
 (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "cyperoides polystachion flavicans spicis brevibus 
 prope summitatem caulis " by Plukenet aim. pi. 34, and Tournefort inst. 530 : known to grow from 
 Lapland throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1060, Engl. bot. pi. 2185, and Pers.), also in Russia 
 and Siberia (Wats.) ; was observed by Rudbeck elys. i. pi. 54, and Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden; 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8 "9 
 
 by Decandolle, in France ; by Savi, on the Appenines ; by Sibthorp, in a grove not far from Con- 
 stantinople. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; but clearly by European colonists was carried to 
 New England, observed by myself in both Eastern and Western Massachusetts, by Dewey in West- 
 ern Massachusetts, by Torrey on the highlands along the Hudson, occurs according to J. Carey in 
 " Pennsylvania, and northward " (A. Gray), and seems completely naturalized. 
 
 Carex hirta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " grus-starr " (Linn.), 
 and known from early times: — termed "gramen spicatum foliis et spicis hirsutis mollibus " by C. 
 Bauhin theatr. 48, "cyperoides polystachion lanuginosum " by Tournefort inst. 529; and known to 
 grow from Sweden and Russia throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 685, Pers., and Wats.), and 
 as far as the Taurian mountains (Bieb.) ; was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnaeus, in Swe- 
 den ; by Sibthorp and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Carex elongata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A sedge called in Sweden " rank- 
 starr" (Linn.), and known from early time's : — termed " cyperoides polystachion spicis laxis panicu- 
 lam veluti componentibus " by Scheuchzer agr. 487 pi. 11; and known to grow in marshy ground 
 from Russia and 63 in Sweden to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pi. 1920, Pers., and Wats.) : 
 observed by Hooker in Iceland; by Linnasus, as far as Upsal, rare; by Sibthorp, in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 Carex leporina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden " har-starr" 
 (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "gramen cyperoides palustre majus spica divisa" by 
 C. Bauhin pin. 6 and theatr. 88, "g. c. spica e pluribus spicis brevibus mollibus composita" by 
 Scheuchzer hist. 456 pi. 10 f. 15 (Linn ), " carex ovalis " by Willdenow ; and known to grow in moist 
 meads throughout Northern and middle Europe (Huds. 404, Engl. bot. pi. 306, Leers 195 pi. 14 f. 6, 
 and Pers.) : observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Linnaeus, in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in 
 moist meads in Greece. 
 
 Carex vulpina of Northern climates. Called in Sweden " raf-starr " (Linn.), and known from 
 early times: — termed "gramen cyperoides triquetrum spica integra" by Bauhin hist. ii. 479, " g. c. 
 palustre majus spica compacta " by C. Bauhin pin. 6 and theatr. 87 : known to grow in marshes 
 throughout Northern and middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 308, Engl. bot. pi. 307, and Pers.), also about 
 Caucasus and the Taurian mountains (Bieb), and as far as Japan (Wats.) : was observed by Lin- 
 naeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in watery places in the Peloponnesus. Westward, 
 by Hooker in Iceland ; and according to J. Carey gi'ows in " Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky" (A. Gray). 
 
 Carex digitata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woodland sedge called in Sweden 
 " hwisp-starr " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed "gramen caryophyllatum montanum 
 spica varia" by C. Bauhin pin. 4 and theatr. 48, and by Scheuchzer 448 pi. 10: known to grow 
 throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 615, and Pers.) ; was observed by Linnaeus 
 in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in woods in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Trisctiini flavesccns of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden 
 "golhafre" (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed "gramen avenaceum spica sparsa flave- 
 scente locustis parvis " by Morison iii. 8 pi. 7, " g. a. pratense elatius panicula flavescente locustis 
 parvis " by Tournefort inst. 525 and Scheuchzer hist. 223, " avena flavescens " by Linnaeus : known 
 to be frequent in meads throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 5, and Pers.) ; observed by 
 Bergius in meads in Gothland (Linn.) ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Phalaris arundiuacea of the marshes of Northern climates. A reedy grass called in different 
 parts of Sweden "flack" or "ror-flen," and from early times used for thatching roofs — (Linn.): 
 termed " gramen arundinaceum spicatum" by C. Bauhin pin. 6 and theatr. 94, " g. paniculatum 
 aquaticum phalaridis semine " by Tournefort inst. 523; and known to grow from Lapland and the 
 Feroe Islands to Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi, 259, Pers., and Wats.), also on Caucasus, and in Siberia and 
 Japan (Kunth) ; was observed by Linnaeus on the shores of lakes and rivers in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, 
 in watery places around Constantinople. Westward, by Michaux in Canada, New England, and 
 Pennsylvania; by Lapylaie, in Newfoundland, as far as 51° ; by myself, in marshes from 42 30' to 
 40° alono- the Atlantic; by Drummond at 54 on the Saskatchewan near Fort Cumberland; and 
 according to A. Gray is "very common northward" from central New York. The variety with 
 striped leaves, cultivated for ornament under the name of ribbon grass (Prior), was probably im- 
 ported from Europe. 
 
 Phalaris phleoides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden 
 "roll-flen" (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "gramen typhoides asperum primum" 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 4 and theatr. 51 (Linn.), "gramen spicatum spica cylindracea tenuiori longa" by 
 Tournefort inst. 520, and known to occur throughout middle Europe (Ray hist. 1267, Scheuch. 61, fl. 
 Dan. pi S3' an ^ Pers.) ; observed by Celsius, and Linnaeus, in Sweden, in meads as well as along 
 the margin of fields ; by Forskal on Imros, by Sibthorp around Constantinople and frequent in culti- 
 vated ground on the Greek islands. 
 
840 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Phlcum alpinum of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. A grass called in 
 Sweden " fiall-kampe " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed "gramen typhoides alpinum 
 spica nigra brevi " by Burser ( Mart. 498) and Rudbeck elys. i. pi. 8 (Linn.), " g. typhoides alpinum 
 spica brevi densa et veluti villosa" by Scheuchzer prodr. pi. 3 : known to grow in Britain (Engl, bot. 
 pi. 519), and on the Alps and Pyrenees (Dec.) ; observed by Linnaeus frequent on the mountains of 
 Lapland; by Haller 1529, on the Swiss Alps; by Savi, on the Appenines; by Sibthorp, on the Bithyn- 
 ian Olympus; is known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.), and in Siberia (Wats.). Westward, was 
 observed by Hooker in Iceland; by myself, on the summits of the White mountains of New Eng- 
 land ; is known to grow in Greenland and Labrador (Wats.), and in Unalaska (Kunth). 
 
 Alopecurus gcniculatus of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in some English works flote grass 
 (Prior), in Norland " stakra," in Sweden " kiarr-kafle " (Linn.), and known from early times: — 
 termed "gramen aquaticum geniculatum spicatum" by C. Bauhin pin. 3 and theatr. 41, "alopecurus 
 culmo infracto aristis gluma longioribus " by Royer lugcfb. 54 (Linn.) : known to occur in North 
 Africa, Ireland, Russia (Wats.), Siberia, and Japan (Kunth) ; observed by Linnaeus in wet meads in 
 Sweden, and floating on the lakes of Lapland. Westward, was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by 
 myself, in wet places in the outskirts of Salem, Mass., clearly introduced ; by Chapman, in " wet 
 cultivated grounds, Florida and northward ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; by Nuttall, and Pitcher, in 
 Arkansas ; and received by Hooker fl. bor. am. from Canada and the Northwest. 
 
 A I 'ilium effusum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A fragrant woodland grass called 
 in different parts of Sweden " myskegras " or " luktgras " or " haslebrodd " or " amur " (Linn.), and 
 known from early times : — termed " miliaceum gramen" by Lobel pi. 3, "gramen sylvaticum pani- 
 cula miliacea sparsa " by C. Bauhin pin. 8 and theatr. 141 (Linn.), and by Tournefort inst. 523; 
 known to grow from Lapland and Russia to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pi. 1143, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 
 12, and Wats.), also in Siberia (Kunth) ; observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Rudbeck, and Lin- 
 naeus, in Sweden ; by Decandolle, in France ; by Savi, in Etruria ; by Sibthorp, in woods on Cyprus ; 
 and by liieberstein, along the Taurian mountains. ("M. glaucum " of North America, observed by 
 Nuttall in West Pennsylvania, by myself on the White mountains, and according to A. Gray "com- 
 mon northward," is possibly not distinct.) 
 
 Agrostis spica-vcnti of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in different 
 parts of Sweden "kiosa" or "hwen" or "aker-when" (Linn.), and known from early times: — 
 termed "gramen capillatum " by Bauhin hist. ii. 462, described also by Royer lugd. 59 (Linn.); 
 known to occur about cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Scheuchz. hist. 144, and Pers.) ; 
 observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, a frequent weed in rye-fields : by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 Westward, an Agrostis with long upright awns has been observed by myself on the border of culti- 
 vated ground around Salem, Mass. 
 
 Catabrosa aquatica of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in some English works flote grass 
 (Prior), in Sweden " kiarr-tatel " (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed "gramen caninum 
 supinum paniculatum dulce " by C. Bauhin pin. 2 and theatr. 13 (Linn.), "g. paniculatum aquaticum 
 miliaceum " by Tournefort inst. 527, and Vaillant paris. pi. 17, "aira aquatica" by Linnaeus, and "poa 
 airoides" by Koeler (Pers.): known to grow throughout middle Europe (Ray angl. iii. 402, Curt, 
 lond. i. pi. 5, and Wats.), along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), on Caucasus, and in Siberia (Kunth); 
 was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, about springs and pools as far as Upsal ; by Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, in watery places in Greece as far as the Peloponnesus. Westward, was observed by 
 Hooker in Iceland ; according to Kunth, grows in North America, and according to Watson in both 
 British America and the United States. 
 
 Aira cant-scats of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Sweden "borst-tatel " 
 (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed "gramen fuliis junceis radice jubata" and "g. spar- 
 teum variegatum" by C. Bauhin pin. 5 and theatr. 72 to 74 (Linn.), "g. paniculatum capillaceo folio 
 minimum" by Tournefort inst. 523 and herb. (Smith) : known to grow in sandy situations through- 
 out middle Europe (Roy. lugd. 60, Engl. bot. pi. 1190, and Pers.) ; observed by Linnajus in Sweden, 
 in sandy fields as far as Scania ; by Sibthorp, in the maritime sand of Achaia. 
 
 Melica ciiiata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden " grus- 
 slok" (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "gramen avenaceum montanum lanuginosum " 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 10 and theatr. 156 (Linn.), and by Tournefort inst. 524, "melica floribus horizon- 
 taliter patentibus " by Royer lugd. 57 ; known to grow throughout middle Europe (Scheuch. alp. pi. 
 4, and Pers.); observed by Linnaeus in Gothland and Sweden, becoming rare in Scania; by Forskal 
 on Imros; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on the hills of Greece as far as the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Sesleria carulea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain moor grass 
 (Prior), in Sweden "elf-exing" (Linn.), and known from early times :— termed "gramen glumis 
 variis " by C. Bauhin pin. 10 and prodr. 21 and theatr. 158, "g. spicatum glumis variis " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 519, "cynosurus caeruleus " by Linnaeus; known to grow in mountainous situations through- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 84I 
 
 out middle Europe (Ray angl. iii. 339, Scheuch. hist. 83, Arduin. pi. 6, Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 1613) ; 
 observed by Linnaeus in meads in Sweden ; by Scopoli 189, in Carniolia ; and by Sibthorp, on mount 
 Parnassus. 
 
 Poa alpina of the Arctic region and mountain summits farther South. A grass called in Sweden 
 "fiall-groe " (Linn.), and known from early times : — described by Dalibard, and known to grow on 
 the Alps and Pyrenees (Dec.) ; also in Britain, Russia (Engl. bot. pi. 1003, and Wats.), and on Cau- 
 casus (Kunth); termed "gramen montanum spica foliacea graminea" by Scheuchzer alp. 38 pi. 4; 
 observed by Linnseus "n Lapland, its viviparous form continuing even under cultivation; by Sibthorp, 
 on the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; is known to grow in Greenland, and 
 British America (Wats.) ; and was received by Kunth both from North America and the Falkland 
 Islands. 
 
 Poa nemoralis of Northern Europe and Asia. A woodland grass called in Sweden "lund-groe " 
 (Linn.), and known from early times : — described by Scheuchzer gram. 164 pi. 2, and termed "gra- 
 men sylvaticum panicula tenui e raris locustis composita " by Dillenius sp. 57 : known to grow from 
 Lapland to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pi. 1265, Pers., and Wats.), also on Caucasus, and in Sibe- 
 ria (Kunth) ; observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, in woods at the base of mountains; by Sibthorp, in 
 woods near Constantinople. Westward, was received by Hooker from the Saskatchewan and Slave 
 river, — is known to grow in Russian America (Wats.), and var. "glauca" was observed by Hooker 
 in Iceland (Kunth); (but the species growing in woods from "New England to Wisconsin," and 
 observed by Nuttall near Philadelphia, is regarded by A. Gray as distinct and termed " p. alsodes "). 
 
 Poa decumbens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A low grass called in Sweden 
 "ax-swingel" (Linn.), and known from early times: — termed "gramen triticeum palustre humilius 
 spica mutica breviore " by Morison" iii. 177 pi. 1, "g. avenaceum parvum procumbens paniculis non 
 aristatis " 'by Plukenet aim. pi. 34, and Tournefort inst. 525, " fesluca decumbens " by Linnaeus : 
 known to grow throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 792, and Pers.) ; was observed 
 by Linnaeus in Sweden, in sterile pasture-land as far as Scania and Upland; by Sibthorp, in the 
 environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Bromus tectorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Sweden "tak- 
 losta" (Linn.), and known from early times : — termed " festuca avenacea sterilis humilior " by C. 
 Bauhin pin. 10 and theatr. 148, "gramen avenaceum locustis villosis angustis candicantibus et arista- 
 tis " by Tournefort inst. 526, and Scheuchzer gram. 254 : known to grow on barren hills and on walls 
 and roofs throughout middle Europe (Leers pi. 10, and Pers.); observed by Linnaeus in fields and 
 along their margin in arid soil, and covering the roofs of houses in Upsal ; by Forskal, at Constanti- 
 nople ; and by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, around Athens and in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Bromus pinnatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woodland grass called in 
 Sweden " spair-losta" (Linn.), and known from early times : —termed "gramen spica brizae majus " 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 9 and prodr. 19, "g. loliaceum altissimum spica brizae perlonga aristis brevibus 
 donata" by Tournefort inst 517 ; and known to grow in grass-patches in woods throughout middle 
 Europe (Rudb. elys. i. pi. 80, Hall, Engl. bot. pi. 730, and Pers.) : observed by Bromelius 40 in woods 
 in Gothland; by Linnaeus in mountainous situations as far as Upland; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 frequent in woods in shaded situations in the Peloponnesus and Greek islands. 
 
 Equisetum sylvaticum of Northern climates. Called in Sweden " grangras " or "hastgroning," 
 and from early times esteemed there as feed for horses — (Hagstrom, and Linn.) : termed "equise- 
 tum sylvaticum" by Tabernaemontanus 562, "e. a. tenuissimis setis " by C. Bauhin pin. 16 and theatr. 
 145, and known to grow throughout Northern and middle Europe (Rudbeck the younger elys. i. pi. 
 124I Roy. lugdb. 496, and Engl. bot. pi. 1874) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, from 
 Greece and Cyprus to Constantinople. Westward, by myself from the Lower St. Lawrence to 42 
 30 along the Atlantic; by Drummond, at 54 on the Saskatchewan near Fort Cumberland; and 
 according to A. Gray is "common northward" from central New York. 
 
 As early perhaps as this year (see addit. art de verif.), expedition of the Inca Huayna Capac 
 against Tumpiz and the countries beyond under the Equator, after assurance of success from the ora- 
 cfe at Pachacamac and the speaking statue in the valley of the Rimac. 
 
 " Feb., 1477 " (Columb. mem., and Rafn. antiq Amer.), visit of Columbus to Iceland ; in a ship 
 "from Bristol England." Columbus according to his own account, sailed a "hundred leagues beyond 
 Thuld " called Fri'slanda to " Lat 73 and an island as large as England where the English come to 
 trade " (art de verif. contin.). 
 
 Theodorus Gaza translating Theophrastus into Latin. — He died " in 1478. 
 
 Polygonum faxopyrum of Eastern Tartary. The buckwheat, called in Esthonian "tatnkat" or 
 "tattar " in Polish or Bohemian "tatarka," in Italy "faggina," in different parts of Spain "fajol or 
 "alforion" or "alforfon" (Mor., and A. Dec), in Japan "kjo" or usually "soba" (Thunb.) ; and the 
 " trionum," a name given by Theodorus Gaza — apparently from the triangular seeds, is identified by 
 
 106 
 
842 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Ruel ii. 2) with the " Turcicum frumentum " brought into Europe "avorum nostrorum astate," the 
 seeds triangular and resembling beech-nuts; the account by John Bruyerinus in 1530 corresponds : 
 buckwheat is mentioned in a German bible printed in 1522 (Beckm. 426), and according to Conrade 
 Heresbach (writing before 1576) came from Northern Asia: is described also by Tragus, Dodoens, 
 Caesalpinus, and Bauhin hist. ii. 994; continues under cultivation in Western Europe, and was seen by 
 Sestini in the environs of Constantinople (Sibth.). Farther East, is known to grow in Siberia around 
 Lake Baikal (Ledeb); was observed by Royle under cultivation in Northern Hindustan, but devoid 
 of a Sanscrit name ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, cultivated and growing spontaneously throughout 
 Japan. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cul- 
 tivated in our Northern and Middle States j and to Ceylon, having there according to Moon 32 no 
 native name. 
 
 "The same year" (Acost, Clavig. ii., and Humb. atl. pict), Axajacatl succeeded by Tizoc, 
 seventh Mexican emperor. 
 
 "In this year" (Burm. hist., and Mason 27) the Talaing general Thameinparau at the head of 
 an army erecting an iron post on the Chinese frontier, to mark the boundary of the Peguan Empire. 
 On his way back lie was captured by the Burmese. 
 
 " 1478 A. D." (Blair), expulsion from Florence of Laurence de Medici; under an anathema from 
 pope Sixtus IV., "which greatly distressed learning." The Medicean Library had been collected 
 through the agency of John Lascaris. 
 
 " The same year " (Pouchet) publication of the " Livre de Nature:" the first printed work on 
 Natural History. ' 
 
 " In this year " (Grey transl. C. Zeno 38), Hassan Beg succeeded by Yakoob, now king of Persia. 
 
 "Sept. 4th, 1479" (Major pr. H. 129), the Canary Islands and Granada confirmed by treaty to 
 Spain; and the African coast "from Cape Non" with the seas and islands as far as the Indies, to 
 Portugal. 
 
 •' 14S0 A. D." (Grey transl. C. Zeno 10), Otranto in Southern Italy captured by the Turks and 
 a great part of Apulia ravaged : but being called away by war in Asia, a garrison only was left behind, 
 — which at the end of a year surrendered. 
 
 "In this year" (Galvan.), Alfonso V. succeeded by John II., "thirteenth" king of Portugal 
 (Camoens iv. 61). 
 
 |-The same year" (Humb. atl. pict., Clavig. giving 1482), Tizoc succeeded by Ahuitzotl, eighth 
 Mexican emperor.* 
 
 •• 14S1 A. D." (Galvan., & Major), by John II. of Portugal, the castle of Mina built, and Diego 
 d'Azambuxa appointed to the command. 
 
 About this time, Martin Behaim voyaging to West Africa to procure " malagueta " — (Yule 
 cath. i. 89). A globe was constructed at Nuremberg "in 1492 " under his instructions (Stanley edit. 
 Magell. 58). : 
 
 Amomum grandi/lorum of Western Equatorial Africa. A Scitamineous plant : its seeds included 
 perhaps in the "malagueta" procured by Martin Behaim, — being grey or lead-coloured, much less 
 polished than paradise-grains with a totally different flavour, resembling and equalling camphor 
 in warmth and pungency (Lindl.) : A. grandiflorum is known to grow in Sierra Leone (J° E. Smith 
 exot. ii. p. 11 1). 
 
 Amomum melegueta of Western Equatorial Africa. Probably included in the "malagueta" 
 procured by Martin Behaim, — for according to Yule cath. i. 88, its seeds continue to be exported 
 from certain parts of the West African coast. 
 
 * Cheiranthodendron pentadactylum of Southern .Mexico. Called hand tree from its flowers 
 resembling the human hand ; and a stock planted by a " king " of Toluca at his residence — Ion- con- 
 tinued the only one known, and is described by Cervantes (Humb. ii. 6). Recently, the tree has 
 been found indigenous in Southern Mexico. 
 
 Taxodium distichum of Carolina, the Lower Mississippi, and Texas. The deciduous or bald 
 cypress is a lofty tree, filling swamps, and known from early times : stocks planted in a warden in 
 Mexico before the Spanish invasion are mentioned by Humboldt (F. A. Mx.) ; and according to 
 Kunth, the tree grows in the temperate portion of Mexico at the elevation of "870 to 1190 " East- 
 ward, "cypress" were seen by Amadas and Barlow in i 5 ,S 4 on Roanoke Island- and stocks eighty 
 feet without a branch, by Strachey on James river : T. distichum is known to grow alon°- the Atlantic 
 as tar as 39 at the capes of the Delaware (F. A. Mx.) ; was observed by myself from" about 38° to 
 33 ; by Catesby 1. pi. 11, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "deep swamps Florida 
 and northward ; " by Darby, in Louisiana and to 34 on Red river ; by Short, in Kentucky 3S bein" 
 its Northern limit on the waters of the Mississippi according to Nuttall. ° 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 843 
 
 " 1482 A* D." (voyag. Belg.), Van Ghistele visiting Egypt, found Alexandria one of the most 
 commercial cities in the World : containing resident merchants of all countries, from Barbary, also 
 Spaniards, Catalans, Genoese, Italians, Venetians, Turks, Persians, Tartars, Arabs, and Abyssinians. 
 After proceeding as far as Thebes, he returned; the Egyptian government at this time prohibiting 
 Europeans from going to Abyssinia, or sailing down the Red Sea to Hindustan. — In the following 
 year, Van Ghistele visited Tauris in Persia ; also a great commercial city, situated on one of the routes 
 from Hindustan to the Black Sea. 
 
 "In this year (= 887 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), a naval expedition sent by Mahmud of Guzerat ; 
 the pirates of Balsar defeated at sea, and their resort the islands of Jigat and Bet captured. 
 
 " 1483 A. D." (Alst), Mohammed II. succeeded by his son Bajazet II., tenth Turkish sultan. 
 
 "The same year" (Talvi i ), the first printed Slavonic book; a missal in Glagolitic letters. — 
 About seven years later, the first printing in Cyrillic letters. 
 
 "The same year" (H. H. Wils. transl. Vishn. pur. pref. 24), date of one manuscript of the Vayu 
 Purana.* 
 
 1484 A. D. (= " 1409 an. jav.," Raffles xi.), Raden Patah or Panambahan Jimbun succeeded at 
 Demak by his son Pangeran Sabrang Lor, second sultan of Java. 
 
 " In this year" (Alst. p. 308), Wallachia laid waste by the Turks under Bajazet II. 
 
 "Aug. 29th" (Alst., and Nicol.), Sixtus IV. succeeded by cardinal John Baptist Cibo, now Inno- 
 centius VIII., fifty-ninth pope. Charles VIII. ruling France; and Richard III., England. 
 
 "In this year" (Galvan.), Diogo Caon or James Cam sailing along the African coast as far as 
 the mouth of the Congo, where he erected a pillar of stone ; thence to a river near "the Tropicke 
 of Capricorne," setting up other pillars. Returning to the Congo, the king of that country "sent an 
 ambassadour and men of credit into Portugall." From this embassy (according to Caspar Correa 
 voy. Da Gama i. 1, and Barros), information of countries Eastward as far as India was obtained by 
 John II. 
 
 In considering the dimensions of the known World, made "fifteen hours" by Marinus, leaving 
 a deficit of "about eight hours " to complete its spherical shape, Columbus conceived that there must 
 be land Westward : and having already sailed with the Portuguese along the African coast to the 
 Equator, communicated his plan to John II. of Portugal. Who instead of accepting, secretly sent 
 one of his own vessels West : the vessel returned without accomplishing any thing, and Columbus 
 hearing of the affair, left Portugal "about the end" of this year (F. Columb. 4 to 12 and 41) for 
 Spain. 
 
 " The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Wernerus. 
 
 " 1485, Aug. 22d, Monday" (Blair, and Nicol. p. 328), in England, Richard III. defeated and 
 slain in battle at Bosworth ; ending the civil war between the " Houses of York and Lancaster." He 
 was succeeded by Henry VII. 
 
 In this year (Spreng.), publication at Mayence of the Third edition of the Ortus Sanitatis, under 
 the supervision of Hieronymus of Braunsweig. — Whose work De arte distillandi was published "in 
 
 1500." 
 
 Hepatica triloba of Northern climates. Called in Britain noble liverwort (Prior), in Germany 
 "edel leberkraut" (Trag.) or "gulden klee " (Braunsw.), in France "hepatique" (Nugent): described 
 bv Braunsweig, — Brunfels, Lyte i. 40, and observed by Tragus i. pi. 177 in the woods of Germany as 
 well as in wardens ; termed "ranunculus tridentatus vernus flore simplici CEeruleo " by Tournefort inst. 
 286 ; known to grow wild in various parts of Europe (Pers.) ; and observed by Sibthorp, but the 
 locality not given; by Savi, on the Appenines. Westward, is a frequent vernal flower in North 
 America ; observed by myself from 43° along the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz to 36 in Upper Carolina ; 
 by Elliot,' in the upper district of Carolina and Georgia ; by Chapman, in " Florida and northward ; " 
 by Short, in Kentucky; by Beck, on the Mississippi near St. Louis; by Pursh, from Carolina to 
 Canada, growing according to Hooker as far as 52° ; and observed by Drummond at $f on the Rocky 
 mountains. 
 
 * Momordica dioica of Burmah. A climbing Cucurbitaceous vine called in Telinga " agokara " 
 (J. F. Wats.) or "agakara," in Malabar " erimapasel," in Tamil " paloopaghel " (Drur.), in Burmah 
 "sa-byet" (Mason); probably known in Hindustan as early as this date : — observed by Rheede 
 viii pi f in Malabar; by Graham, "cultivated in the environs of Bombay," the "fruit size of a 
 pigeon's e<*g, knobbed ; " by Roxburgh, Ainslie, hort. beng. 70, Piddington 103, and Wight, as far 
 as^Ben^al "the young fruit and tuberous roots of the female plant eaten by the natives, the roots also, 
 which are mucilaginous, employed medicinally (Rheede, and Drur.). Eastward, was observed by 
 Mason v 471 to 747 indigenous in Burmah, its " small muricated" fruit "occasionally eaten by the 
 
 natives.' 
 
8 44 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Tragopogon pratense of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain goal's beard 
 (Prior), in Germany "bocks bart " (Trag.) ; in which we recognize the "barba hircina" of Hierony- 
 mus apodix., — and "barbula hirci" of Tragus i. pi. 93 : T. pratense was observed by Tragus in the 
 meads of Germany, its root eaten by boys; is termed ''t. pratense luteum majus" by Tournefort inst. 
 477; is known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe (Thuil., and Engl. bot. pi. 434) ; was 
 observed by Sibthorp on mount Haemus and around Constantinople." 
 
 Pyrola rotundifolia of Northern climates. Called by Turner winter-green (Prior), in Germany 
 " winter-grim " or " waldmangolt " or "holtz mangolt " (Trag.) : the " winter-grim " is mentioned in 
 the German ed. of the Ortus Sanitatis 316, is termed "pirola" by Hieronymus apodix., or (according 
 to Tragus litt. Brunf.) "pyrola" by Braunsweig lib. de simpl. : — the "betula" prescribed by Gario- 
 pontus i. 16 is referred here by Tragus : P. rotundifolia is known to grow from Lapland throughout 
 Northern Europe to the mountains of Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. no, Lam. fl. fr., and Wats.); was 
 observed by Tragus in Germany, by Savi on the Appenines ; and is known to grow throughout Siberia 
 to Kamtchatka (Gmel., and Pall). Farther East, was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha ; by 
 Drummond, at Fort Cumberland 54° on the Saskatchewan ; by Pursh, in Canada ; by Chapman, on 
 the mountains of Georgia ; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina ; by myself, from about 40 to 45° 
 along the Atlantic ; by Parry, as far as Five-hawser Bay in Arctic America (Hook.) ; is known to 
 grow also in Greenland (Wats.) ; and was observed by Hooker on Iceland. 
 
 Anteiuiaria dioica of Northern climates. A Gnaphalioid herb called in Britain cat's foot (Prior), 
 in Germany "hasenpfatlin " or " meussorlin " (Fuchs.) ; and the " pilosella minor" of the Herbarius 
 manuscript — is referred here by Fuchsius pi. 606 : A. dioica is known to grow from North Cape 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. 1228, Engl. bot. pi. 267, Pers., and Dec.) ; 
 and Eastward to the Taurian mountains, Lake Baikal, and throughout Siberia to Bering's Island, 
 Nootka Sound, and 54 to 64 in North America (Gmel., Pall, and Hook.). "A. plantaginifolia," 
 occasionally developing " large lower leaves," appears to have been regarded by Josselyn as an Ameri- 
 can species, and is given as distinct by Plukenet aim. pi. 348 ; has been observed by myself along the 
 Atlantic from 45 to 38°, by Schweinitz as far as 36° in Upper Carolina, by Chapman in " Florida and 
 northward," by Short in Kentucky, and by Nuttall on the Arkansas. 
 
 Polygonum amphibium of Northern climates. A showy water peachwort called in Germany with 
 the bistort " naterwurtz," or by herbalists "colubrina" and " serpentaria," and mentioned in the Old 
 manuscript Herbarius — (Fuchsius pi. 774) : P. amphibium is termed "phyllitis lacustris "' by Valerius 
 Cordus (Spreng.), "persicaria salicis folio potamogeton angusti folium dicta" by Tournefort inst. 509: 
 is known to grow in and along the margin of pools throughout Northern and middle Europe (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 282, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 2.8, and Pers.) ; was observed by Brotero in the Tagus, by Decandolle in 
 France, by Sibthorp in Asia Minor in the Nicrean Lake and around Constantinople ; was received by 
 Bieberstein from Tauria ; by Richard from Abyssinia, and by E. Meyer and Drege from Austral 
 Africa (A. Dec). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland ; by Michaux, in Lake St. John's 
 in Canada ; by Drummond at 54 near Fort Cumberland ; by myself, along the Atlantic from 43' to 
 40 ; by Short, in Kentucky ; and according to Pursh grows along the Ohio and Mississippi. Its root- 
 like stems according to Lindley are substituted in France for sarsaparilla. 
 
 Cheiranthus annuus of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in France " quarantain" from 
 growing up and flowering within forty days (Pers.) : described by Braunsweig f. 43 — (Spreng.), and 
 known to grow in maritime situations in Southern Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Gentiana cruciata of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Germany " modeller " or 
 "creutzwurtz" (Irag.) ; in which we recognize the " creutz wurtz " of Hieronymus apodix. ox Braun- 
 sweig : — G. cruciata was observed by Tragus i. pi. 83 in Germany, much used medicinally, and some- 
 times called " heil alien schaden ; " is described also by Gesner ; is termed " tretorrhiza " by Renealmi 
 pi. 73 ; and is known to grow on wooded mountains from France to Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 372, and 
 Pers.). 
 
 "In this year" (Burm. hist, and Mason 65), accession of Zeyathura as "twenty-ninth" king of 
 Toungoo. He built a new city for his seat of government : — to which the name of the old one, 
 " Toungoo," has been transferred. 
 
 " In this or the following year " (Gal van., and Spreng.), Alonso Aveiro following the African coast 
 as far as Benin. 
 
 Piper Afzelii of Western Equatorial Africa. Specimens of Guinea cubebs or " rabo pola" or 
 '■ pimenta de rabo, pepper with a taile," brought home by Alonso Aveiro, " the first of that kinde seene 
 in Portugall" — (Galvan.): "cubebs from Guinea" are mentioned also by Smith (in Rees cycl ) 
 Nees, Ebermaier, and others: P. Afzelii, the plant in question, is known to grow at Sierra Leone but 
 "the quality of its fruit has still to be ascertained" (Lindl.). 
 
 " i486 A. D." (Churchill coll.), Bartholemew Diaz following the African coast "one hundred and 
 twenty leagues" farther than any before him, discovered mountains which he called "Sierra Parda." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 845 
 
 Passing a bay beyond, called by him " De los vaqueros " on account of the great herds of cattle, he 
 touched at a small island named by him " Santa Cruz ; " entered the mouth of a river, named by him 
 "Del infante; " — and after sailing some distance Eastward, returned, and "May 1487" (Humb. 
 cosm. iv.) reached the Southern puint of the continent, which he named cape " Tormentoso ; " a name 
 afterwards changed to cape of "Good Hope." 
 
 The '■ vaqueros " having herds of cattle were of course Hottentot tribes : the animal having reached 
 them through the neighbouring Caffers, who call a cow "go" — (Thunb. trav. iv. 10). The Hotten- 
 tots are further described by Thunberg as not cultivating the soil ; carrying on neither war nor com- 
 merce with remote neighbours ; having no kind of money but-exchanging articles directly, or bartering; 
 having no calendar nor new year's day, but reckoning their age by the annual flowering of certain bulb- 
 ous plants ; possessing two musical instruments, the " kora " and " rabekin ; " burying old people alive ; 
 the custom of circumcision in his day becoming obsolete. 
 
 "The same year" (Humb. iii. 8), on the Mexican table-land, building of the stone teocalli, or 
 pyramidal mound, by the emperor Ahuitzotl. 
 
 First edition of the " Margarita philosophica," an encyclopasdic work by Father Reisch (Humb. 
 cosm.). 
 
 1487 A. D. (= " 1412 an. jav.," Raffles xi.), Pangeran Sabrang Lor succeeded at Demak by his 
 brother Pangeran Tranggana, third sultan of Java. 
 
 " May " (Major ind. voy. p. lxxxii, and M. Russel 127), under instructions from John II. of Portu- 
 gal Pedro de Covilham leaving Lisbon for Egypt and the Red Sea. From Aden he proceeded to 
 Calicut and Goa, being the " first " Portuguese " who had sailed on the Indian Ocean." — Crossing to 
 Sofala, he obtained information respecting the Southern termination of Africa, and returning as far as 
 Egypt transmitted home the intelligence, That ships from Guinea on arriving "in the Eastern ocean, 
 their best direction must be to enquire for Sofala, and the Island of the Moon " (Madagascar). After 
 a visit to Ormuz, Covilham entered Abyssinia, where he was cordially received by king Iscander and 
 conducted to the royal residence at Shoa, but was either persuaded or compelled to remain in the 
 country: he married, held highly important posts, welcomed his countrymen on the arrival of an 
 embassy "in 1525," and died after a residence of "thirty-three years." 
 
 " In this year " (Markham p. liii), accession of Hosein Meerza as sultan at Herat in Persia. He 
 encouraged Literature, and his court was frequented by the poets Jami and Hatafi, and the historians 
 Mirkhond and Khondemir. — He died " in 1506." 
 
 His grand vizier Ali Shir Beg composed a poem in the Toorki language, also wrote a complete 
 prosody — (Markham p. liii). 
 
 " The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), in Spain, building of the chapel of Hernandez de Velasco 
 in the cathedral at Burgos. 
 
 "In this year" (Markham edit. Ciez. p. 140), Cacha, last scyri of Quito defeated and slain in 
 battle by the Inca Huayna Capac ; who married his only daughter Paccha, annexing the country to 
 Peru. 
 
 Nectandra cinnamomoides of the Eastern slope of the Equatorial Andes. The American cinna- 
 mon, a Lauraceous tree, cultivated in the region around Quito as early probably as this date, its dried 
 calyx brought also from forests to the Eastward and used as a spice, making a warm cordial drink — 
 (Ciez. xl.) : N. cinnamomoides was found by Gonzalo Pizarro "in 1539" growing wild in the district 
 of Quijos, East of Quito, this and El Dorado being the objects of his expedition (Ovied., Schomb. 
 edit. Ralegh, and Markham) ; but according to Garcilasso de la Vega, the product of the wild trees is 
 inferior to that obtained from cultivation by the natives : N. cinnamomoides was observed by Hum- 
 boldt and Bonpland n. g. ii. 169 cultivated about Mariquita, substituted for cinnamon in New Granada, 
 and called " canela " (Lindl.). From transported specimens, is termed " cinnamomum sylvestre ameri- 
 canum " by Seba thes. ii. pi. 84. 
 
 " 1488 A. D. = 'houng-tchi,' 1st year of Hiao-tsoung-king-ti " or Hiao-tsoung II., " of the Ming " 
 or Twenty-third dynasty,* — (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 * Salacia Sinensis of Tropical China. A small Hippocrateaceous tree called in Tagalo " matang- 
 olang " (Blanco) ; and from early times, its insipid berries eaten : — received by Linnajus from China; 
 and observed by Blanco in Malinta on the Philippines. 
 
 Munchausia spcciosa of Tropical China and the Philippines. A beautiful flowering tree called in 
 Tagalo " banaba " (Blanco) ; and from early times, its tough durable timber much used : — observed 
 by Blanco frequent on the Philippines ; is known to grow also in China (Pers.). From transported 
 specimens, is termed " muncbhausia speciosa" by Linnaeus. 
 
 Paspalum viliosum of the Philippines and Japan. A grass two feet high, called in Tagalo 
 "parag-is" (Blanco); and from early times, its root used by women medicinally: — observed by 
 Blanco on the Philippines. 
 
846 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 As early perhaps as this year (Dutch mem. emb., and Stanley edit. De Morga 18), the Chinese 
 expelled from the Philippines by the natives. — They continued however to come in their ships and 
 trade. 
 
 As early as this year, Nicolaus Leonicenus writing. — He is mentioned oy Hermolaus Barbarus, 
 and died in his hundredth ye ir " in 1524" (Spreng.). 
 
 Am mania, verticillata of Equatorial Africa. The "corneola" seen by Leonicenus near Ferrara, 
 used for dyeing green, and supposed by him to be the "lysimachia." — may be compared with the 
 "cornelia verticillata" seen in Italy by Arduino ii. pi. 1, and referred here by Lamarck pi. 77. 
 '■A. /Egyptiaca" of Willdenow hort. berol. i. 6, observed by Delile pi. 15 in the rice grounds of 
 Egypt, may also be compared. 
 
 " 1489 A. D." (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Matthias Palmerius. Hermolaus Barbarus writing. 
 — He published his castig. Plin. "in 1492," and died "in 1493." 
 
 Hibiscus (Abelmoschus) moschatus of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Tagalo "castoli" or 
 " castio castiogan " or " dalupan," in Pampango " castocastolian," in Bisaya "ducum " or " maricum " 
 or " maropoto " or "sapinit" (Blanco), in Burmah "ba-lu-wa" (Mason), in Tamil " kathe-kasturi " or 
 " kasturi-venday," in Telinga " kasturi-benda," in Bengali " mushak-dana," on the Deccan " mushk- 
 bhendi " (Drur.), in Egypt "hab el-mosk," musk grains: the " rosam moscheuton'' of Hermolaus 
 Barbarus — may be compared : A. moschatus was observed by Alpinus, and Delile, in the gardens of 
 Egypt ; and according to Lindley, the " musky seeds " are " considered cordial and stomachic and by 
 the Arabs mixed with coffee." Eastward, A. moschatus was observed in Hindustan by Rheede ii. pi. 
 38, Roxburgh, Wight, and by Graham "in gardens pretty common." Farther East, is described by 
 Mason v. 41S and 505 as one of the "most common indigenous plants " in Burmah, its seeds "said to 
 be an antidote to snake bites," and the mucilage used in clarifying sugar : was observed by Blanco 
 in the Philippines, its seeds used medicinally by the natives. By European colonists, was carried to 
 the West Indies (Cav. iii. pi. 62, and Pers.). 
 
 Euphrasia lutea of the West .Mediterranean countries. The " euphrasia " is described by Her- 
 molaus coroll. iii. 10 as having "luteolos" yellowish flowers — (Fuch. 91): E. lutea is described by 
 Morison iii. pi. 24 ; is termed " e. laevis " by Gatereau ; was observed by Crantz, and Jacquin pi. 398, 
 in Austria ; and is known to grow in arid mountainous situations in other parts of Southern Europe 
 and in Barbary, the flowers yellow (Pers.). 
 
 Gypsophila? saxifrage of middle Europe. The "florem gariofillum " by some according to 
 Hermolaus enumerated among " saxifragias," — may be compared : G. saxifraga is termed "dianthus 
 saxifragus " by Linnaeus, " tunica saxifraga" by Scopoli ; and is known to grow in France, Switzer- 
 land, and Austria (Cav., Pers., and Steud.). 
 
 '• 1490 A. D." (=26th year of Tsutsi-Mikaddo, ann. Jap. transl. Tits , and art de verif.), death 
 of Josijmassa, cubo of Japan. 
 
 As early probably as this year, islands discovered by the Japanese navigator Osaska-wara. They 
 proved uninhabited and received the name of " Mou-nin " (Bonin) Islands. Among the productions, 
 the tree called "nan-kin-faze (Croton sebiferum)" the " arbre de cire " (....), trees too hrgc for a 
 man to clasp and very lofty with the wood hard and fine ( . . . ), lofty trees resembling the "siou- 
 ro (tsoung-liu or Chamcerops excc/sa)," the tree whose nuts are called in Chinese '■ pe-louan-tsu" 
 (....), the "katsiran" ( . . . ), "bois de sandal rouge" (....), the "fou-mou" (....), 
 the "camphrier" ( .... ), " figues caques " of the mountains (Ficus .... ), lofty trees with leaves 
 resembling those of the " lierre " (Alcnrites triloba?), "cannelliers " (Cmnamomum . . . ), and 
 " muriers " {Broussonetia papyri/era), and among more humble plants the •' Smilax china" called 
 "san-ki-rei" (Smilax . . . ), the " to-ki " ( . . . ), and a medicinal herb called " assa-ghiou-kwa " 
 (....), — are enumerated in the San-kokf (transl. Klapr.). As a penal colony was established by 
 the Japanese on these islands, the " cocotiers " (Cocos ntuifera) and " arbre qui porte l'areca " {Areca 
 catechu) may have been subsequently introduced. According to Kaempfer i. 4, the giant crab " four 
 to six feet long" occurs around these islands. 
 
 "A few years before the" Spanish conquest (De Morga 307), "a few natives of the island of 
 Borneo began to come with their trade to " Luzon. — " especially to the towns of Manila and Tondo ; 
 and the people of the two islands intermarried : " the Borneo people were " Mussulmans," and " were 
 introducing their sect amongst these natives, giving them short prayers and ceremonies and forms to 
 be observed, by means of some gazizes whom they brought with them : and already many, and the 
 greatest chiefs, were beginning (although by piecemeal) to become Muslims, circumcising themselves, 
 and taking Muslim names." 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. iv.). a comet observed in Mexico, and recorded in a manuscript 
 written (or painted) "at least a quarter of a century before the arrival of the Spaniards." The 
 same comet is " mentioned as having been observed in December of that year only in the Chinese 
 comet- register." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 847 
 
 " In this year" (Galvan.), by John II. of Portugal, Gonzalo de Sousa sent with three ships to 
 convey -home the ambassadour of Congo." On their arrival, the king of Congo was "very glad," 
 and yeelded himselfe and the greater part of his realme to be baptized." 
 
 " 1491 A D." (Blair), the study of the Greek language brought into England by William Grocyn.* 
 1492, Aug. nth" (Alst, and Nicol.), Innocentius VIII. succeeded by cardinal Roderic Bor<na, 
 now Alexander VI., sixtieth pope. James IV. ruling Scotland. 
 
 Linum catharticum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain purging 
 flax ox fairy flax or dwarf flax or mill-mountain from " chamajjinum montanum " and the Greek 
 "hamaihnon" — (Prior) : L. catharticum is termed "I. pratense foliis exiguis " by Tournefort inst. 
 34° ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Blackw. pi. 368 and Pers ) 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. The plant according to 
 Lindley is "powerfully, but as it seems, not dangerously cathartic." 
 
 Spergula arvensis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Germany " spark " (Grieb), in 
 France "spurrie" (Cotgrave) or " espargoutte," in Britain spurry, — from which word according to 
 Lyte 1. 38 the Latin "spergula" was formed (Prior) : S. arvensis is described by Cornelius Petrus 
 (Spreng.), and Dodoens 537 ; is termed " alsine spergula dicta major " by Tournefort inst. 243 ; was 
 observed by Desfontaines in Barbary ; and is known to occur as a weed throughout middle and 
 Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (ft. Dan. pi. 1033, Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, 
 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Caria and 
 Constantinople ; is known to occur also in Siberia, as far as the Altaian mountains and the river 
 Yenisei (Ledeb.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira (Lem., and A. Dec.) ; to North- 
 east America, where it continues a weed in grain-fields as far even as the Assiniboin and Columbia 
 rivers (Hook.) ; to Austral Africa (Drege) ; and to Ceylon, where it was observed by Gardner natu- 
 ralized in one locality on the mountains. 
 
 Sagittaria sagittifolia of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain arrow head (Prior), in 
 France "fleche d'eau " (Nugent), in Germany " pfeilkraut," in Northern Italy " saettaria " (Lenz), 
 and known from early times : — termed " sagitta aquatica major latifolia " by C. Bauhin pin. 194, and 
 though unknown in Greece proper, was found by Grisebach in Thrace ; by Hohen, and Ledebour, as 
 far East as Lenkoran and the Altaian mountains ; by Gmelin, from the Irtisch to Kamtchatka. 
 Westward, seems unknown in Barbary, Sicily, and Southern Italy (A. Dec.) ; but was observed in 
 Northern Italy by Scopoli, and Lenz ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; and is known to grow as far as 
 Lapland (Linn.), Finland and Casan in Russia (Lam. fl. fr., Fries, and Wirtz). 
 
 Turrilis glabra of Northern climates. Called tower- mustard from the tapering inflorescence 
 something in the form of a Dutch spire — (Lobel kruydb. p. 262, and Prior) ; described also by 
 Thalius 16 (Spreng.); termed " t. foliis inferioribus cichoraceis ceteris perfoliatae " by Tournefort 
 inst. 224 ; and known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden (flor. Dan. 
 pi. 809, Curt. lond. iv. pi. 47, and Pers.). Eastward, observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the 
 mountains of Greece ; and known to grow in Northern Asia (Wats.). Farther East, observed by 
 Mertens at Norfolk Sound on the American coast ; occurring also from the Rocky mountains to Hud- 
 son's Bay and as far North as Lat. 64 (Hook.) ; and along the Atlantic as far South as Lat. 42°. 
 
 Arabis hirsuta of Northern climates. Known to European writers as early probably as this 
 date: — described by Bauhin prodr. pi. 42, Linnaeus, and Jacquin rar. pi. 126; and known to grow 
 wild throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden and Ireland (Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in shady situations in Southern Greece and in the environs of 
 Constantinople ; and by Thunberg, in Japan and called "inu nassuna," naturalized nassuna. Farther 
 East, observed by Chamisso on the opposite American coast at Unalascha ; known to grow at the 
 mouth of the Columbia, on the Rocky mountains, at Hudson's Bay, and from as far North as Lat. 
 68° (Hook.) throughout Canada to our Northern States, the Alleghanies, and even Kentucky (Short, 
 A. Gray, and Chapm.). 
 
 Melampyrum arvense of the Caucasian countries ? Known as a weed in middle Europe as early 
 probably as this date: — described by Clusius, and Bauhin; termed "m. purpurascente coma" by 
 
 * Calla palustris of Northern climates. An Aroid growing in wet ground, and the " arona " 
 figured in the edition of Ortus Sanitatis for 7491 is referred here by Pritzel thes. — C. palustris was 
 observed by Fuchsius pi. 844 in Germany ; by Decandolle, in Alsace on the Rhine ; by Linnsus, in 
 Lapland, and bread prepared from its root highly esteemed and called "missebrced" (Lindl.) ; by 
 Gmelin, ^rowing throughout Siberia. Westward, was not found by Lapylaie in Newfoundland, but 
 has been observed by Michaux in Canada; by myself, from 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42 
 alonf the Atlantic ; by Torrey, as far as 41 ; by Pursh, from Canada to Pennsylvania ; by Drummond, 
 at 54° near Fort Cumberland ; and was received by A. Gray from Wisconsin. 
 
848 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Tournefort inst. 173 ; known to grow in cultivated ground as far North as Denmark, but in Britain, 
 where it is called co-w-zoheat, first noticed by Dillenius (fl. Dan. pi. 91 1, A. Dec, and Prior). East- 
 ward, observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground around Constantinople; but around Caucasus occur- 
 ring apparently in wilder situations (C. A. Mey., Gcebel, and Koch). 
 
 Sedum reflexum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain stonor or stoue- 
 hore or trip madam, in France " trippe madame " (Prior), in Belgium " tripmadame," and from early 
 times eaten there in salads — (Linn. fl. suec.) : termed " s. minus luteum ramulis inflexis" by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 263, and is known to ^row in the woods of middle Europe (Pers.) ; was observed by 
 Sibthorp around Constantinople. In Sweden, was seen by Linnaeus in a garden at Upsal, recently 
 introduced and not as yet flowering ; and in Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 695) is regarded by Watson, and 
 Bromfield, as probably not indigenous (A. Dec). 
 
 Scutellaria galericulata of the marshes of Northern climates. Called in Britain skullcap or 
 helmet flower (Prior), and known from early times: — termed "lysimachia galericulata " by Dale- 
 champ 1060. " cassida palustris vulgatior flore cseruleo " by Tournefort inst. 182, and known to grow 
 from Lapland to Northern Spain and throughout Siberia (Bauh. hist. iii. 435, Rivin. mon. 76, fl. Dan. 
 pi. 637, Curt. lond. iii. 36, and Benth.) : observed by Linnaeus along lakes and streams in Lapland 
 and Sweden; by Decandolle, in France; by Savi, in Etruria ; by Sibthorp, around Constantinople; 
 by Bieberstein, on Caucasus ; by Jacquemont, at Cashmere; by Bunge, along the Altaian mountains 
 and in Dahuria Westward, according to Hooker, grows from near 66° on the Mackenzie (A. Dec) 
 at Fort Franklin throughout Canada; was observed by Lapylaie at 49 on Newfoundland ; by myself, 
 along the Atlantic to 42° ; by Collins to 40 , and by Nuttall in New Jersey ; by Chapman, in " North 
 Carolina; " by Short, in Kentucky ; by Drummond, at 54 near Fort Cumberland ; and by Douglas, 
 on the Northwest coast (Benth ). 
 
 Dcntaria bulbifera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain tooth-cress 
 or tooth-violei (Prior), and known from early times : — termed " dentaria tenia baccifera" by Clusius 
 hist. ii. 121, "d. heptaphylios baccifera" by C. Bauhin pin. 322, and Tournefort inst. 225, and is 
 known to grow in woods from 6o°in Sweden throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 361, Engl, bot pi. 
 309, Pers., and A. Dec); was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Hoeft, at 52° in Russia, in Koursk; 
 by Sibthorp, on mount Haemus ; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus. 
 
 Spiranthes autumnalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain ladvs 
 tresses (Prior), and known from early times : — described by Brunfels 104, and Tragus 29S (Spreng.^ ; 
 termed "orchis spiralis alba odorata" by Tournefort inst. 433, "ophrys spiralis" by Linnaeus, and 
 known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe, also in Siberia (fl. Dan. pi. 387, Curt. lond. 
 iv. pi. 59, and Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos 
 and Constantinople. 
 
 Epipaciis nidus-avis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A leafless orchid called in 
 Britain bird's-nest from its matted roots (Prior), and known from early times : — mentioned by Tragus 
 29S (Spreng.) ; termed "neottia" by Dodoens pempt. 553, "nidus avis" by Lobel pi. 105, "orchis 
 abortiva fusca" by C. Bauhin pin. 86, " ophrys nidus avis " by Linnaeus, and known to grow in deep 
 shade from Sweden throughout middle Europe (Tourn. inst. 438, fl. Dan. pi. 121, Engl. bot. pi. 48, 
 and Pers.) : observed by Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 218, and Linnaeus, in Sweden ; by Haller pi. 37, in 
 Switzerland; and by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 San-Jiiisoiba officinalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain burtiet 
 blood-iioit (Prior), and from early times its root used for stanching blood :— termed "pimpinella 
 sanguisorba major" by Matthioli comm. 103. C. Bauhin pin. 160, and Tournefort inst. 156, "pimpi- 
 nella sylvestris s. sanguisorba major" by Dodoens pempt. 105, and known to grow throughout middle 
 Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 97, Engl. bot. pi. 1312, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in the meads of Goth- 
 land, also in gardens, and its root sold in drug-shops under the name of "pimpinella Italica;" by 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, growing throughout the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Sa-ina procumbent of Northern climates. Called in Britain pearl-wot t (Prior), and known from 
 early times : — termed " alsine minima flore fugaci " by Tournefort inst. 243, and Ray suppl. 501, and 
 known to grow from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 12, Pers., and Wats.) : observed 
 by Linnaeus in Sweden, frequent in sterile pasture-land; by Sibthorp, frequent on the Greek islands ; 
 by Thunberg, in Japan. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; by Lapylaie, from a,z° in Newfoundland ; by 
 myself, occurring as an introduced plant around Salem and sometimes in the city streets, but ac- 
 cording to A Gray is wild in "springy places, Maine to Pennsylvania ; " grows according to Hooker 
 on the plains of the Columbia and along the Northwest coast, was observed by myself abounding and 
 clearly indigenous along the shores of Puget Sound. Has also been found in South America (Wats ), 
 perhaps introduced. 
 
 ^ Cardamine amara of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bitter cress 
 (Prior), in Sweden '-backekrassa" (Linn.), and known from early times :— termed " nasturtiu 
 
 m 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 849 
 
 aquaticum majus et amarum " by C. Bauhin pin. 104 and prodr. 45, "c. flore majore elatior" by 
 Tournefort inst. 214, "c. nasturtiana" by Thuillier, and known to grow in woods and watery places 
 throughout Northern and middle Europe (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 39, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaus 
 in Sweden; by Haller 558, in Switzerland; by Vi liars iii. pi. 39, in Dauphiny ; by Sibthorp, in wet 
 woods on mount Haemus. 
 
 Lathyrus lalifolius of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain everlasting 
 pea, in France "pois eternel," and known from early times : — mentioned by Matthioli 690 (Spreng.); 
 termed "1. major latifolius flore purpureo speciosior " by Bauhin hist. ii. 303, and known to occur along 
 hedges in middle and Southern Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 344, Tourn. inst. 395, fl. Dan. pi. 985, Engl, 
 bot. pi. 1 108, and Pers.) : was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, along hedges on the island of Muson ; 
 was already in Britain in the days of Ray syn. 319; escapes sometimes from the gardens around 
 Paris and springs up spontaneously (Coss. and Germ.), and occurs in Southern France as far as the 
 department of Calvados (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to the banks 
 of the Bosphorus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in 
 gardens (A. Gray). 
 
 Trifolmm agrarium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hop clover 
 (Prior), in Sweden "jordhumble" or " skogshumble " or "gullkulla" (Linn.), and known from early 
 times: — termed "t. pratense luteum fasmina flore pulchriore sive lupulino " by Bauhin hist. ii. 381, 
 " t. montanum lupulinum " by Tournefort inst. 404 " t. aureum " by Pollich pat. ii . 344, and known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe (C. Bauhin prodr. 140, Barrel, pi. 1024, fl. Dan. pi 558, and Pers.) : observed 
 by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Roth ii. 2. 207, in Germany; by Sibthorp, on mountains from Crete and 
 the Peloponnesus to Caria. By European colonists, was cnrried to Northeast America, observed by 
 myself naturalized in Western Massachusetts, and according to A. Gray, occurs also in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pyrola secunda of the Subarctic forest. Called in 'QnteSw yevering or yethering bells, in medieval 
 Latin " tintinabulum terrae," from its flowers resembling the string of little bells struck with a hammer 
 in medieval pictures of king David — (Prior): the plant is termed " ambrosia montana " by Dale- 
 champ pi. 1 148, "pyrola secunda tenerior" by Clusius pan. 506, "p. folio mucronato serrato " by 
 C. Bauhin pin. 181, and Tournefort inst. 256, is known to grow from Lapland throughout Northern 
 Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 402, Engl. bot. pi. 517, and Pers.), and on the Pyrenees and Swiss Alps (Dec.) : 
 was observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in woods on the Bithynian Olympus ; 
 by Bieberstein, on Caucasus; byGmelin iv pi. 56, frequent throughout all Siberia. Westward, by 
 Hooker in Iceland; is known to grow in Greenland (Wats.); was observed by Lapylaie in New- 
 foundland ; by myself, from 47 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to 40° in peninsular New Jersey ; by 
 Drummond, at 54 on the Saskatchewan; by E. James, on the Rocky mountains; by Chamisso, 
 around Elscholtz Bay on the Pacific ; by Mertens, at Norfolk Sound. 
 
 Lychnis viscaria of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain catch-fly from 
 its glutinous stalks (Prior), in Sweden "tiar-ort" or " bekblomster" (Linn.), and known from early 
 times: * — termed "1. sylvestris quarta " by Clusius hist. i. 289, "1. s. viscosa rubra angustifolia" 
 
 * Pihclaria globulifera of Northern climates. Called in Britain pill-wort (Prior), and known from 
 early times : — termed "graminifolia palustris repens vasculis granorum piperis aemulis " by Ray hist. 
 1325, and Morison iii. 15. pi. 7, "p. palustris juncifolia" by Vaillant paris. pi. 15, and known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe (Dill. muse. pi. 79) : observed by Linnaeus in Scania, in pasture-land subject 
 to river-inundation. Westward, this or an allied species was observed by Nuttall in the Arkansas. 
 
 Agrostis vulgaris of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain_/F<?«'« from the Erse "fearh " 
 grass — (Prior) : A. vulgaris is described by Linnjeus (Wahl.) ; and is known to grow from Switzer- 
 land throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hoffm. germ , Pers., 
 Hook., and Wats ). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become 
 abundantly naturalized, has been observed by myself from Lat. 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 41°, 
 by Short in Kentucky, and by Nuttall along the Arkansas ; and to St. Helena (Kunth). 
 
 Botrychium lunaria of Northern Europe and Asia. A fern called in Britain moon-wort from the 
 semilunar segments of its frond, giving rise in former times to the same superstition about horseshoes 
 — (Brande pop. antiq., and Prior) : B. lunaria is described by Fuchsius pi. 182, Dalechamp p. 1313, 
 and Columna phyt. pi. 18; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe. 
 
 Aspidium thelypteris of Northern climates. Called in Britain marsh fern (Prior), and known 
 from early times: — termed "filix mollis s. glabra vulgari mari non ramosa; accedens " by Bauhin 
 hist. iii. pi. 731, "filix minor palustris repens" by Ray angl. iii. 122, and known to grow throughout 
 Northern Europe ( . . ) : was observed by Linnseus in Sweden, as far as Upland. Westward, by 
 myself in bogs and marshes from 46 near Montreal to 40 along the Atlantic ; by A. Gray, " common " 
 in central New York ; by Chapman, as far as Florida. 
 
 Rhodomenia and Halymenia. Seaweeds called in Britain dulse, from the Gaelic " duillisg " water- 
 leaf — (Prior). 107 
 
850 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 205, and Tournefort inst. 337, and known to grow from Sweden throughout middle 
 Europe (S. Dan. pi. 1032, Engl. bot. pi. 788, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus ornamenting hills and 
 waysides in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in woods on mount Haemus. 
 
 Hippocrepis comosa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain horseshoe 
 vetch or unshoe-the-horse, and in Italy " sferra-cavallo," from its horseshoe-shaped legumes supposed 
 on the doctrine of signatures to have that power — (Prior) : H. comosa is described by Tabernaemon- 
 tanus ii. p. 230, and Columna ecphr. i. pi. 301 ; is termed "ferrum equinum germanicum siliquis in 
 summitate " by Tournefort inst. 400 ; was observed by Garidel pi. 34 at Aix ; and is known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Lam. fi. fr., Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 31). Eastward, was 
 observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos. 
 
 Myosotis scorpioides of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain scorpion-grass, — and only 
 by this name in the days of Lyte, its current name "forget-me-not" having been transferred subse- 
 quently to 1821 (Prior) : M. scorpioides is termed "lithospermum palustre minus flore caeruleo" by 
 Tournefort inst. 137 ; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden 
 and Iceland (fl. Dan pi. 583, Roth germ., Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, was observed by 
 Sibthorp along alpine rills in Greece ; and is known to grow on Caucasus (Bieb.). 
 
 Asperula cynanchica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain squinancy 
 and in France "esquinancie," from its efficacy in quinsy — (Prior) : A. cynanchica is described by 
 Caesalpinus vi. 46 (Spreng.) ; is termed " rubeola vulgaris quadrifolia bevis floribus purpurascentibus " 
 by Tournefort inst. 130 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow throughout 
 middle Europe as far as Britain (Lam. fi. fr., Pers., and Engl. bot. pi. 33). Eastward, was ol served 
 by Sibthorp near Smyrna and Constantinople. 
 
 Cystopteris fra^ilis of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain bladder fern (Prior), and known 
 from early times: — termed "filix pumila saxatilis secunda" by Clusius pan. 706, known to grow 
 throughout Northern Europe (Pluk. phyt. pi. 180, and Engl. bot. pi 1587) as far even as North Cape, 
 and in Siberia (Hook.) : observed by Linnaeus in dry stony places in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sib- 
 thorp, on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, grows according to Hooker in Green- 
 land, throughout Canada to Slave lake and the Rocky mountains or from 64 to 54 , also in Virginia ; 
 according to A. Gray, on " shaded cliffs, common " in central New York, and " very variable ; " accord- 
 ing to Chapman, on "moist rocks on the mountains of North Carolina." 
 
 " In this year" (Alst. p. 309 and 424, and Wilk. theb. and eg. p". ), Granada captured by king 
 Ferdinand, and the Moors or Muslims compelled either to leave Spain or embrace Christianity. The 
 Jews were at the same time banished, — so many resorting to Palestine, that Spanish became the Jews' 
 language there, and has so continued to the present day: a circumstance that in the absence of his- 
 torical record might have proved inexplicable. 
 
 Vella annua of the Mediterranean countries. Perhaps indigenous on the Mediterranean border 
 of Egypt ; — where it was observed by Delile, growing spontaneously. Observed also by Sibthorp in 
 Greece, but the locality not given. Westward, as observed by Clusius in Spain, is termed by him 
 "nasturtium sylvestre valentinum ;" is generally regarded as a Spanish plant (Trew pi. 10, Lam. ill. 
 pi. 555, and Pers.), but has been found growing in England (Engl. bot. pi. 1442). 
 
 Hesperis ravwsissima of the Northern border of the Desert. Indigenous in Egypt, where it 
 
 was observed by Delile around the pyramids at Sakara. Farther North, observed by Gittard on the 
 coast of the Peloponnesus (Chaub.); and Westward, by Desfontaines ii. pi. i6t in the maritime sands 
 of Algeria. 
 
 Raphanus lyratus of the East Mediterranean countries. Indigenous in Egypt and called there 
 
 "rechad el-bar," wild cress : — observed by Lippi, Forskal, and Delile, in both Upper and Lower 
 
 Egypt, growing on the river-flat. Farther North, observed by Labillardiere in Syria; received from 
 
 Crete by C. Bauhin prodr. 30, and Tournefort cor. 17 ; and observed by Bory in Southern Greece. 
 
 Althaea Ludwigii of "Sicily." Known in Egypt as early perhaps as this date ; — observed there 
 
 by Delile, in cultivated ground near Bubastis ; and Westward, said to grow in Sicily (Linn., Cav. ii. 
 
 pi. 30 and v. pi. 423, and Pers.). 
 
 Sida spinosa of Equatorial Africa. Known in Egypt as early probably as this date ; — observed 
 
 there by Forskal, and Delile, as far North as Cairo, but no native names are given: from transported 
 
 specimens, described by Commelyn hort. i. pi. 2. Southward, known to grow in Yemen, Abyssinia, 
 
 Senegambia, the Cape Verd Islands, and Southeastern Africa (Pers., A. Rich., Guill., and E. Mey.)! 
 
 Eastward, has no Sanscrit name, but was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and WiWrt (Pidd. 
 
 and A. Dec). By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands (Bojer) ; and to our Middle 
 
 and Southern States, where it occurs in waste ground from Philadelphia to Florida and Arkansas 
 
 (Torr. and A. Gray). 
 
 Sida mulica of Equatorial Africa. Called in Nubia "gergydan; " — and observed by Delile in 
 
 Upper Egypt, as well as in gardens at Rosetta. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 85 1 
 
 Cissi/s rotundifolia of the mountains of Yemen. Called in Egypt "oudneh roumy;" — and 
 observed there in gardens by Delile. Farther South, observed by Forskal p. 35 among the moun- 
 tains of Yemen, frequent and called "haelaes" or " halka," the leaves cooked and eaten though very 
 sour. 
 
 Psoralea Pal&stina of Syria. Known in Egypt as early perhaps as this date; — observed there 
 in a garden at Cairo by Delile ; and known to grow wild in Palestine (Linn., Jacq. hort. ii. pi. 184, 
 Pall., and Pers.). 
 
 Potentilla supina of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Known in Egypt as early 
 probably as this date;— but introduced and only naturalized on the river-flat and islets of the Nile 
 near Cairo, where it was observed by Forskal, and Delile. Farther North, observed by Sibthorp on 
 the Bithynian Olympus ; and known to grow in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, termed "pentaphylloides 
 supinum" by Tournefort inst. 29S ; known to grow in Austria, Germany, and France (Crantz, Lam. 
 fl. fr., and Pers.) ; and from transported specimens described by Plukenet phyt. pi. 106. 
 
 Kalanchoe Aegyptiaca of the mountains of Yemen. Called in Egypt " ouedneh ; " — and observed 
 there in gardens by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey. Farther South, observed by Forskal p. 89 in its 
 wild state on mount Melhan in Yemen, and called there "odejn." From transported specimens, 
 described by Plukenet aim. pi. 228. 
 
 Scabiosa prolifera of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Cyprus "sitothori ; '' — observed 
 there in cultivated ground by Sibthorp ; and received from Egypt by Willdenow. Westward, described 
 by Hermann parad. pi. 125 ; termed " s. stellata annua prolifera " by Tournefort inst. 465 ; and known 
 to grow in Barbary (Pers). 
 
 Teucrium marum of Southern Europe. — Described by Matthioli comm. p. 537, Bauhin iii. 243, 
 and Ludwig ect. pi. 14; and observed by Clusius in Spain. Eastward, observed by Gittard in South- 
 ern Greece, on mountains at Armyros (Chaub.) ; and according to Clot-Bey, recently introduced from 
 the French gardens into Egypt. 
 
 Celsia Orientalis of the East Mediterranean countries. — From transported specimens, described 
 by Zanoni 34 (Spreng.), and Linnaeus; termed "verbascum orientale sophiae folio'' by Tournefort 
 cor. ,8. In its wild state, observed by Sibthorp pi. 605, and Chaubard, in Southern Greece and on the 
 Greek islands ; and known to grow in Cappadocia and Armenia (Lam. ill. pi. 532, and Pers.). 
 
 Celosia margaritacea of Hindustan and Burmah. Called in Japan "goofits " or " ino kadfits " 
 (Thunb.), in Tagalo "candayohan" or "quindayohan '' (Blanco), and known in Egypt as early prob- 
 ably as this date; — observed there by Delile, growing spontaneously around Cairo; and farther 
 North, known in the gardens of Europe as early at least as the days of Tragus f. 219. Southward 
 from Egypt, observed by Forskal under cultivation in Yemen. Eastward, observed in Hindustan by 
 Rheede x. pi. 38 and 39, Burmann ind. pi. 25, Roxburgh, by Graham "common everywhere during 
 the rains," and by myself in the Concan, to all appearance indigenous. Farther East, enumerated by 
 Mason as indigenous in Burmah ; by Blanco, as frequent on the Philippines, known to the natives; is 
 known to grow in China (Pers.) ; and was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg 30, naturalized in 
 Southern Japan. 
 
 Aerua tomenlosa of Tropical Arabia. Called in Egypt " sadjaret ennadji ; " — observed there by 
 Forskal, and Delile, as far North as Cairo, also in Upper Egypt, growing in gardens and even in the 
 Desert. Farther South, observed by Forskal p. 171 abounding in Yemen in sandy and calcareous 
 soil, called " ra " or " aerua," and the spikes of flowers used for stuffing cushions and saddles. East- 
 ward, enumerated by Mason as " exotic " in Burmah ; and known to occur also in Hindustan and 
 Java (Linn., Juss., Burm. ind. pi. 65, and Pers.). 
 
 Euphorbia thymifolia of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Called in Bengalee " shewt-kherua," 
 in Telinga " biddarie-nanabeeam," in Tamil "sittra paladi " or '■ chin-amaum-patchayarise " (Drur.), 
 in Yemen " rummid ; " — observed there among the mountains by Forskal, and perhaps the same 
 species near the sea at Ghomfude, the bruised herb applied to wounds, and the juice with wheat flour 
 formed into pills given as a powerful purgative. In Upper Egypt, observed by Delile, as also on the 
 Mediterranean border near Damietta: and from transported specimens, described by Plukenet aim. pi. 
 113. Eastward, known to grow in " gravelly places all over India," the " leaves and seeds given by " 
 Tamul physicians '■ in worm cases and certain bowel affections of children " (Lindl.) ; in Ceylon, ob- 
 served by Burmann pi. 105 ; and farther East, by Thunberg in Japan, but no native name is given By 
 European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it has become a troublesome weed (Pers.). 
 
 Omithogalum elatum of ... . Known in Egypt possibly as early as this date ; —described by 
 Andrews bot. repos. p. 528 from specimens received from Alexandria. 
 
 Dactylis glomerata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Known in Egypt as early 
 probably as this date :— observed there by Delile, growing around Alexandria. Farther North, 
 observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in Greece and on the Greek islands, not uncommon 
 along roadsides. Westward, described by Dalechamp 427, C. Bauhin, and Parkinson ; termed "gra- 
 
852 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 men paniculatum spicis crassioribus et brevioribus " by Tournefort inst. 521 ; was observed by Fors- 
 kal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in waste places and in woods throughout middle Europe 
 as far as Britain, where it is called orchard grass or cock's-foot (Engl. bot. pi. 335, Pers., and Prior). 
 From Europe, was carried by colonists to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, grow- 
 ing not only in waste ground, but extending into the forest. 
 
 Lappago racemosa of Hindustan. Known in Arabia (Pers.) as early probably as this date; — 
 observed in the environs of Constantinople by Forskal, and Sibthorp. Westward, described by Tra- 
 gus, and Haller ; termed " gramen spicatum locustis echinatis " by Tournefort inst. 519; and known 
 to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, observed in Hin- 
 dustan by Roxburgh, by Law, in the environs of Bombay (Graham) ; and specimens were shown me 
 on the Deccan by Mr. Ballantine. The grass bears minute burs, and by European colonists was 
 carried to the West Indies (Pers.). 
 
 Eragrostis poceoidcs of Subtropical Africa and Asia. A grass called in Nubia " gytt ; " — and 
 observed by Forskal p. 21 among the mountains of Yemen ; and by him, and Delile, in Lower Egypt. 
 Farther North, observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus and on Samos, frequent 
 in cultivated ground; and farther East, known to grow in Siberia. Westward, described by Lobel 
 hist., Clus. rar. vi. 38, and Barrelier pi. 44; termed "gramen paniculis elegantissimis sive Eragrostis, 
 majus " by Tournefort inst. 522 ; and known to grow in Italy, Switzerland, and Barbary (Pers.). 
 
 Festuca rubens of the Mediterranean countries. A grass known in Egypt as early probably as 
 this date : — observed there by Forskal, and Delile pi. 1 1, on the margin of grain-fields around Alex- 
 andria. Farther North, observed by Forskal, Sibthorp pi. 83, and Chaubard, in Crete, the Pelopon- 
 nesus, and on Imros, on the margin of fields and the site of old walls ; and Westward, described by 
 Tournefort inst. 524, and known to grow in Liguria and Spain (All., Pers., and Dec). 
 
 Bromns mollis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass called in Greece "luko- 
 nora ; " — observed there by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in cultivated ground on the Pelopon- 
 nesus and the Greek islands ; and farther South, observed by Delile growing around Cairo. Westward, 
 termed "gramen avenaceum locustis villosis crassioribus" by Tournefort inst. 526; and is known to 
 grow abundantly throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Curt. lond. i. pi. S, and Pers.). From 
 Europe, carried by colonists to Northeast America, where though " scarce " it continues to occur in 
 wheat-fields in our Middle States (A. Gray) ; also to Austral Africa (Rcem. and Schult.). According 
 to Loudon, the seeds bring on giddiness in the human species and in quadrupeds, and are fatal to 
 poultry (Lindl.). 
 
 "Sept. 6th, Thursday" (F. Columb. 15 to 44), departure of Columbus from the Canary Islands 
 Westward : with three ships, provided by Isabella wife of king Ferdinand. " On the 13th " at night- 
 fall, having sailed about two hundred leagues, he remarked Variation of the magnetic needle : contin- 
 uing his observations on this — and his succeeding voyages, he discovered a "line without magnetic 
 variation " one hundred miles West of the Azores. 
 
 "Oct. nth, Thursday," in the night (F. Columb. 22 to 62), land discovered by Columbus, sup- 
 posed by him to be the beginning of the Indies. In the morning, the land was ascertained to be an 
 island, called by the natives " Guanahani ; " which name was changed by Columbus to " St. Salvador." 
 The natives proving friendly, on being asked by signs, Where they procured the bits of gold worn for 
 ornament, pointed South. Seven natives were then taken on board, and Columbus proceeded in the 
 direction designated to another island in sight, which he called " Conception ; " thence to a third 
 island, which he called " Fernandina; "' thence to a fourth, whose native name " Saomotto or Somoto " 
 he changed to "Isabella;" and next came in sight of Cuba, a large and mountainous island. A 
 "beast like a badger" (Capromys) was killed here by a party sent on shore. Turning now East, 
 Columbus followed the coast of Cuba " one hundred and six leagues " to its termination : and contin- 
 uing beyond, reached another large and mountainous island, and changed its native name " Aiti " to 
 "Hispaniola." On this island, the source of the gold above mentioned, he lost his largest ship; and with 
 the materials, saved through the aid of the natives, built a fort; and left behind thirty-nine of his men. 
 
 In the new archipelago, the tides were observed by Columbus to be " quite contrary to ours ; for 
 it was low water when the moon was Southwest and by South." 
 
 The natives first met with, are described (F. Columb.) as " of a middle stature, well shap'd, 
 plump, but of an olive colour, like the people of the Canaries or peasants that are sun-burn'd. Their 
 countenances were pleasant, and their features good, but their too high foreheads made them look 
 somewhat wild. Their hair lank, thick, very black," and in some individuals cut short (agreeino- with 
 the Malayan race, but the complexion too light). They easily repeated the words they once heard; 
 had javelins pointed with fish-bone, and sword-like clubs; and some of their canoes were lar^e enouo-h 
 to contain " forty or fifty " men. " Their beds were like a net drawn together in the nature of a sling 
 tied to two posts," and were called " hamacas " (hammocks, now first made known to Europeans). 
 They had nets, cotton '• very well spun, cotton cloth" and " looms to weave ; " also honey, and balls of 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 853 
 
 ■wax (....). By the Cubans, large fishes and turtle were captured by means of the remora or 
 suck-fish {Echineis). 
 
 Hayti was found governed by four principal caciques ; each having under him severity or eighty 
 local subordinate chiefs, who "were obliged, whensoever called upon, to assist them in their wars, 
 and till the ground." The principal chiefs spoke through an intermediate officer (as among the Fee- 
 jeeans) ; in making treaties presented a "girdle" or belt (as among our North American tribes); 
 and in travelling; were carried in " a sort of palanquine." Medicine-men are described (another point 
 in common with our North American tribes ; and as among the Hawaiians), bones of individuals were 
 kept in calabashes, and certain stones were supposed to cause "women to be delivered without pain." 
 Bows and arrows, the latter pointed with "a fish's tooth or bone," were in use (F. Columb.). 
 
 The natives generally, are described by Columbus as "so loving, tractable, and free from covet- 
 ousness," that " there are no better people " in " the world. They love their neighbouras themselves, 
 and their conversation is the sweetest in the universe, being pleasant and always smiling. True it is, 
 both men and women go as naked as they were born ; '' yet "the king is served with great state; and 
 he is so staid, that it is a great satisfaction to see him, as it is to think what good memories these 
 people have, and how desirous they are to know everything, which moves 'em to ask many questions, 
 and to enquire into the cause and effects of every thing." In regard to religious ideas, " I could dis- 
 cover neither idolatry nor any other sect among them, tho' every one of their kings, who are very 
 many, as well in Hispaniola, as in all the other islands," has "a house apart from the town in which 
 there is nothing at all but some wooden images carved " (compare Feejeeans) : "I have taken pains 
 to find out what it is they believe, and whether they know what becomes of them after they are dead ; 
 especially I enquired of Caunabo ; " who "and the rest answered. That they go to a certain vale, 
 which every great cacique supposes to be in his country, where they affirm they find their parents, 
 and all their predecessors, and that they eat, have women, and give themselves up to pleasures and 
 pastimes."* 
 
 * Bombax ceiba of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. An immense 
 tree called by the natives " ceyba " (Ovied.), and its spiny trunk scooped out for canoes, some large 
 enough according to Columbus lett. 1 to contain " seventy and eighty men, each with his oar : " — 
 "arboles que Ilevan lana " and are "muy espinosos " were seen by Columbus on Hayti, on his Second 
 voyage (Columb. lett. in soc. Hackl.) ; the " ceyba " was observed by Oviedo gen. hist. ix. 1 1 growing 
 wild ; trees of the girth of fifteen men were seen in Nicaragua by a writer (quoted by Lerius) ; and 
 according to Barcia i. 24, this was one of the first trees to engage the attention of the colonists 
 (Spreng ) : B. ceiba was observed by Jacquin am. pi. 176 on the West Indies or neighbouring main- 
 land. By Nimmo, has recently been introduced into the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
 hotoma longiflora of the West Indies. A Lobeliaceous plant called by Spanish colonists 
 "rebenta cavallos " (Lindl.) ; and the " ruybaruo '' mentioned by Columbus lett. 1, — may be com- 
 pared : I. longiflora is termed " trachelium sonchi folio flore albo longissimo " by Plumier iii. pi. 353, 
 as observed on Jamaica (Pers.) ; was also observed in the West Indies by Jacquin amer. 219; is 
 known to o-row on Cuba, Hayti, and Martinique, and is "one of the most venomous of known plants," 
 bringing on "fatal hypercatharsis," and the juice applied to "the lips or eyes " producing "violent 
 burning inflammation " (Lindl.). 
 
 Schinus molle of Western Peru. A small pinnate-leaved Terebinthaceous tree, apparently the 
 " almastifa, arbol, hoja y eh fruto es semejante al lentisco,'' seen by Columbus in the West Indies : 
 
 S. molle together with the potato, was introduced into Mexico after the time of the Montezumas 
 
 (Hernand. iii. 15, and Humb. iv. 9) ; was observed by myself wild and frequent along river-banks in 
 Western Peru: the bark and leaves according to Lindley are " filled with a resinous matter" that 
 "concretes into a substance resembling mastich, a white odoriferous substance" also "procured from 
 the leaves " and "used in diseases of the eye." Transported to Europe, the tree is described by Clu- 
 sius post. 94 (Spreng.), and Lamarck pi. 822. " S. aroeira," if a variety only, was doubtless brought 
 from Peru into Brazil, where it was found by Maximilian of Wied Neuwied employed by the native 
 tribes in diseases of the eye. 
 
 Torreya taxifolia of Florida and the West Indies. A middle-sized tree of the pine tribe ; and 
 the "pinos" bearing instead of cones "frutos" that "parecen azeytunas del Axarafe de Sevilla," seen 
 by Columbus journ. Nov. 25th and 27th in the West Indies — (Humb. cosm. i.) may be compared : 
 T. taxifolia was observed by Croom, and Chapman, "along the east bank of the Apalachicola river, 
 
 middle Florida." 
 
 Areca oleracea of the West Indies. Called by the Caribs "aouari" (Descourt.), and probably 
 one of the "palmas de seys o de ocho maneros" seen by Columbus lett. 1 : — A. oleracea was observed 
 in the West Indies by Oviedo (Spreng.), Jacquin amer. pi. 170 (Pers.), and Descourtilz. 
 
 Elais Occidentalis of the West Indies. Probably one of the "six or eight kinds of palm-trees " 
 
854 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Canella alba of the West Indies. A tree forty to fifty feet high, called wild cinnamon and afford- 
 ing the canella bark of commerce : doubtless the " canela " found by Columbus lett. I on Hayti, — 
 mentioned also by Barcia i. 61 : C. alba was observed by Browne pi. 37, Catesby ii. pi. 50, and Swartz, 
 in the West Indies, all its parts when fresh "hot aromatic and pungent" (Lindl.). 
 
 " 1493, March 4th " (F. Columb., and Major), after sailing from Hayti in the beginning of the year, 
 Columbus arriving at Lisbon in Europe. 
 
 X. THE REIGN OF COMMERCE. 
 
 Egypt now ceased to be the main or only route through which foreign animals and plants reached 
 Europe, and the broad ocean becoming the theatre of commerce, was deprived of her relative impor- 
 tance ; remaining in a measure neutral, slowly and but slightly participating in the new order of things. 
 
 From pope Alexander VI. a grant was obtained, Confirming to Spain the new land found by 
 Columbus, and "all that should be discovered Westward, till it should come to the East, where any 
 Christian prince was then actually in possession" (F. Columb. 43). — Limits, notwithstanding some 
 encroachments by the French and English, very nearly defining the Spanish colonies to the present 
 day. 
 
 In this year, in Java, death of Raden Paku or Sunan Giri aged " sixty-three." (The date probably 
 taken from his tomb at Giri, which continued extant containing the pusaka kris when Raffles was 
 writing in 1816). 
 
 The same year (= " 29th year of Tsutsi-Mikaddo." art de verif.), in Japan, departure of Josij- 
 simmi, invested with the title of " dai-seogun," to command the army. 
 
 " The same year " (Blair), the study of the Greek and Hebrew languages, brought into Germany 
 by Reuchlin. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 308), in Croatia, the Christians defeated by the Turks under 
 Bajazet II. 
 
 As early perhaps as this year (see Spreng.), Joannes Platearius writing his Comment, in Nicolai 
 Praepos. — The work was published " in 1562." 
 
 Arabis tnrrita of the mountains of middle Europe. — The "maior Platea." of Clusius hist. ii. pi. 
 126, is referred here by Sprengel: A. turrita is known to occur along hedges on the mountains of 
 Switzerland, France, and Hungary (Jacq. austr. pi. 11, and Pers.). In Britain, was first observed 
 "in 1728" on the walls of a college at Cambridge (Huds.), afterwards at Oxford and in Kent, and in 
 a locality near Kinross; but seems unknown in Ireland (Mackay) and in Northwestern France, and 
 is regarded by A. Decandolle as derived from the botanic gardens at Cambridge and Oxford. 
 
 " Nov. 2d, in the night" (F. Columb. 46 to 51), arrival of Columbus on his Second voyage at a 
 point in the West Indies farther South. In the morning, being Sunday, the new island in sight was 
 named by him " Dominica." Turning North, he soon reached a second island, named by him 
 " Marigalante." * And next " another great island," which he called "Guadalupe" and found in- 
 habited by the warlike Caribbes ; who were cannibals, and made their captives eunuchs. 
 
 in question : — E. Occidentalis was observed in the West Indies by Oviedo (Spreng.) ; by Swartz i. 
 619, in mountain valleys on Jamaica (Pers.). 
 
 Thrinax parviflora of the West Indies. Ten to twenty feet high, and probably one of the "six 
 or eight kinds of palm-trees " in question : — T. parviflora was observed in the West Indies by Oviedo 
 (Spreng.) ; by Browne 190, and Swartz i. 614 in barren and maritime situations on Jamaica and 
 Hayti (Pers.). 
 
 Cocos fnsiformis of the West Indies. Probably one of the " six or eight kinds of palm-trees " in 
 question : — observed in the West Indies by Oviedo p. 38 (Spreng.) ; by Swartz i. 616, on Jamaica 
 and Hayti (Pers.). 
 
 Furcrcea odorata of the West Indies and Mexico. Called by the natives "cabuya" (Ovied.) ; 
 and the '• ligunaloe " of Columbus lett. 1, — termed simply " aloe " in the poem written on his return 
 by Guiliano Dati, may be compared : F. odorata was observed by Oviedo vii. 10 in the West Indies ; 
 by Jacquin amer. pi. 260, on Cuba; and is said to occur also in Mexico (Lam. enc. i. 52, and Pers.). 
 
 * Hippomane mancinclla of the seashore of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of South 
 America. A very large tree, called by the English colonists nianchhiccl. by the French " mancenil- 
 lier" (Nugent) : landing on Marigalante, some of the crew touching a wild fruit with their tongues, 
 such heat and pain followed that according to Chanca "they seemed to be mad:" "mancanillas 
 olorosas " are mentioned by Oviedo . . . f . 1 1 : H. mancinella was observed by Sloane ii. pi. 159, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. S55 
 
 From Guadalupe continuing North, Columbus reached a fourth island, named by him "Monser- 
 atte ; " and next a fifth, whose native name " Ocamaniro " he changed to " Redonda ; " a sixth, named 
 by him "Antigua;" a seventh, named by him "St. Martin;" and after visiting another island, turned 
 West, leaving in the North " above fifty islands," the largest of which he named " St. Ursula," and 
 the others "the Virgins." Continuing West, Columbus next came in sight of a very large island, by 
 the natives termed "Borriquen" (Porto Rico). 
 
 On reaching Hayti, Columbus found his fort burned and not one of the Spaniards living: the 
 result, according to native testimony, mainly of dissensions among themselves and a night-attack by 
 a neighbouring unfriendly chief. A new site was in consequence selected, farther East; and the 
 town of Isabella was built there, the first settlement in America that proved permanent. A tribute 
 was imposed by Columbus on the natives of Hayti ; — and before the close of his administration, 
 some of them were held as slaves (F. Columb. 74 to 81). 
 
 " I494> Jan. 30th " (date of lett. in Hackl. soc), Columbus writing from the city of Isabella to the 
 home Government. 
 
 " May 4th, Sunday " (F. Columb. 54. to 60), Westward from Hayti another large island, 
 Jamaica, discovered by Columbus. Returning to the coast of Cuba, he continued West among a 
 labyrinth of low islets, and at length learned from a native, that Cuba is an island and not part of a 
 continent. After reaching the island " Evangelista " (Pinos), Columbus turned back, re-visited 
 Jamaica, and discovered the South coast of Hayti, which he followed throughout. 
 
 " Sept. 15th, in the night" (F. Columb.), eclipse of the moon. Observed by Columbus near the 
 Eastern extreme of Hayti at the islet Adamanai ; and " which he said varied five hours twenty-three 
 minutes from Cadiz." Proceeding through the Mona Passage, Columbus reached the town of Isa- 
 bella "Sept. 29th:" — and eighteen months afterwards, sailed for Spain, arriving at Cadiz "June 
 nth 1496" (Major 2d edit. lett. p. 159). 
 
 " In this year" (Dallet p. exxvii), end of the reign of Sieng-tso.ng, king of Corea. 
 
 " In this year (=900 A. H." of Ferisht., Elph.), by Mahmud of Guzerat, a sea and land force 
 sent against Bombay, occupied by a revolted officer of the Bahmani king of the Deccan. The fleet 
 was destroyed in a storm, but through the co-operation of the Bahmani king, Bombay was recovered. 
 
 Before the following year (=" 142] an. jav ," Raffles xi.), "the whole island of Java had submitted 
 to the authority of " sultan Tranggana, and the Mohammedan religion now firmly established 
 throughout. 
 
 "1495 A. D." (Crawfurd vii. u), the Mohammedan religion adopted by Zainalabdin, properly 
 regarded as the first Muslim king of Ternate. Javanese in numbers now visiting the island, partly to 
 extend the Mohammedan religion, and partly to procure cloves. 
 
 and Jacquin amer. pi. 238, in the West Indies, abounding in white caustic venomous juice, a drop, 
 like fire, instantaneously raising a blister on the back of the hand (Lindl.). 
 
 Burse' a gummifera of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of South America. An Amy- 
 roid tree called in Carib "chibou" (Desc), affording a turpentine-like secretion that hardens as it 
 dries: the " arboles de trementina muy singular e muy fina" seen by Chanca on Hayti, — may be 
 compared : B. gummifera was observed by Swartz 130, Jacquin am. pi. 75, and Descourtilz, in the 
 West Indies and neighbouring portion of South America. B. acuminata of Porto Rico and Hayti, 
 yielding according to Royle a yellow concrete essential oil, is regarded by Lindley as " not very 
 different." 
 
 Terminalia latifolia of the West Indies. The " mirabolanos cetrinos " observed on Hayti by Chanca 
 on the Second voyage of Columbus — (lett. in Hackl. soc), may be compared : T. latifolia is known 
 to otow in woods on the mountains of Jamaica, and its root is employed by the inhabitants in diarrhoea 
 (Swartz fl. ii. 747, and Lindl.). 
 
 Nectandra puchury-major of the Upper Orinoco. A Lauroid tree called there "puchury" or 
 "puchery" or "puchyry" (Lindl) ; and the trees seen by Chanca whose bark tastes and smells like 
 " nueces moscadas" — may be compared : N. puchury-major was observed by Martius at Tabatinga 
 in the forest on the Rio Negro. Pichurim beans, exported to Sweden in the middle of the last cen- 
 tury, were found a valuable tonic and astringent medicine, and during the continental war "were 
 used as a bad substitute for nutmegs," but are no longer known in commerce (Lindl.). 
 
 Xectamira puchury-mmor of Eastern Equatorial America. Its seeds said to possess similar 
 
 qualities and according to Humboldt are exported, and are the sassafras nuts of the London shops 
 
 (Nees, and Lindl.). 
 
 Amomum sylvestre of the West Indies. The "raiz de gengibre " seen by Chanca worn by a 
 native around the neck, — may be compared: A. sylvestre was observed by Sloane i. pi. 105, and 
 Swartz 11, in the forest on Jamaica (Pers.). 
 
856 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "Oct. 27th" (Barros, and Camoens iv. 60 to 64), John II. succeeded by Manuel, fourteenth king 
 of Portugal. 
 
 " 1496 A. D." (Major edit Bethenc. p. 129), the Guanches of Teneriffe subdued, and the Canary 
 Islands now entirely in Spanish possession. 
 
 "In this year" (art de verif.), Kayt-Bay succeeded by Mohammed Abu-1-Saadat, thirty-eighth 
 Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 "The same year" (narrat., and Mason ii. 28), Pegu first visited by a European, Hieronimo di 
 Santo Stefano, who lost his companion "Dec. 27th." — Proceeding Southward, he found on Sumatra 
 a cadi who had some knowledge of Italian ; and on his way home, touched at the Maldive Islands, 
 and at Cambay was assisted with money by some Moorish merchants of Alexandria and Damascus. 
 He wrote an account of his voyage "at Tripoli in Syria, on the first of September, 1499." 
 
 Lodoicea Seychellarum of the Seychelles Islands. A remarkable palm, bearing very large 
 double nuts, which drifting to the Maldive were long supposed to be produced there : " cocoa nuts of 
 large size" were found on the Maldive Islands by Hieronimo di Santo Stefano : — and nuts imported 
 from the Maldives were used as an antidote by the Javanese when visited by Nieuhoff in 1665. The 
 "cocos maldavica" was first ascertained by Sonnerat to be a native of the Seychelles Islands; and 
 L. Seychellarum is also described by Commerson and Labillardiere. 
 
 "1497, June 24th" (Pasqualigo, J. W. Jones introd. Hackl. p. lxix, and Asher edit. Huds. p. 
 lxviii), under letters patent from Henry VII. of England, John or Zuan Cabot sailing from Bristol 
 Westward "seven hundred leagues" discovered land which he called Terra-primum-visa. He 
 " coasted for three hundred leagues, and landed," saw " no human being," but "found some felled 
 trees," also "certain snares which had been set to catch game, and a needle for making nets." He 
 planted a large cross "on his new-found-land," and returned to England " about August 10th." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Schrickius editing the writings of Johannes Tollat von Vochenberg. 
 
 Ribes rubnim of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain red currant from the diminutive raisins 
 imported from Corinth, by Turner " raisin-tree " (Prior), at Anjou " castilles " (Manage), in France 
 in the days of Dodoens p. 74S "groseille d'outre mer," names indicating foreign origin, the earliest 
 notice of the plant being " ribes Ioannis '' in this edition by Schrickius — (Spreng.): the thornless 
 "rubra grossula " called " transmarina " is mentioned by Ruel i. 106, the "ribes hortense" by Tragus 
 375, and the " ribes " bearing red fruit by Fuchsius pi. 663; but in Britain, R. rubrum is not enu- 
 merated by Tusser in 1557 among cultivated fruits (Philips), and continued rare in 1597 as appears 
 from Gerarde p. 1143: Eastward, was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople, but has not 
 been met with in Greece nor in Egypt. Is said to grow wild from North Britain and Sweden as far 
 a-. Lapland (Pers., and Wats.) and throughout Siberia to Kamtchatka (Ledeb., and A. Dec.) : farther 
 E 1st, is clearly wild from the mouth of the Mackenzie throughout Canada (Hook.), at the Lake of 
 the Woods (Schwein.), in Wisconsin (A. Gray), was observed by Michaux along the Mistassiny river, 
 and by myself as far South as the flanks of the White mountains : but our gardens have been stocked 
 from Europe. 
 
 "Dec. 21st" (Castanheda), Vasco da Gama in three ships from Portugal passing the island of 
 Cruz, containing the last landmark left by Diaz. The wind favouring "for three or four days," on 
 Christmas he gave the name of "Natal " to the new country. — "Jan. 24th," anchored within a large 
 bay at the mouth of a large river, careened the ships, and left on " Sunday, Feb. 24th : " following the 
 coast, a sambuc at anchor contained a " Moor " from Cambav who understood a few words of Arabic, 
 and a crew of caffres : after passing the shoals and bank of Snf.ila, another sail was sighted, and 
 a " caffre " obtained from it who could converse with one of Da Gama's men, " a cafre of Guine" " 
 (through the Congo Language, Stanley edit. C. Correa 79). " Thursday, March 1st " (Castanh., and 
 Barros), Da Gama " saw the four islands of .Mozambique," his crew on entering the port giving thanks 
 that they could now see houses and people. -April rst," he finally left Mozambique, and "on the 
 7th" arrived at Mombaza; "on the 15th, Easter Sunday," at Melinda ; and "on the 24th " (Barros), 
 having procured " a Guzarat pilot," sailed for Hindustan. 
 
 Ximcnia spinosa of the Tropical shores of America, Africa, and as far as the Malayan archi- 
 pelago. A small submaritime tree, more or less spinescent, called in Telinga "oora-nechra " (Drur.), 
 in Suahili " m'peenjee," in Kinyoro " m'toondwah " (Grant) ; and the "yellow fruit of the size of wal- 
 nuts " eaten by the natives around the bay where the ships were careened — (C. Corr. i. 10), may be 
 compared : X. spinosa was observed by Grant in Unyoro and Ugani, oil extracted from its kernels. 
 Eastward, was observed by Roxburgh, and Wight, in the Circars, its " yellow fruit, which is about 
 the size of a pigeon's egg " eaten by the natives, and its pulverized wood used by the brahmins on the 
 Coromandel coast in their religious ceremonies (Drur.); but possibly through Arab or Banian traders 
 carried to Hindustan and Timor (Decaisne, and A. Dec). Westward, is known to grow on the 
 Atlantic shore of Equatorial Africa, in the maritime sands of Senegal (rl Seneg., and fl. Nigr.), 
 was o! served by Chr. Smith as far as the Congo : also on the opposite American shore, was observed 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 857 
 
 by myself around the Bay of Rio Janeiro ; by A. Saint-Hilaire, inland in Brazil as far as the Catingas 
 forest; by Aublet pi. 125, in Guyana, and termed "heymassoli " (Steud.) ; by Plumier pi 261, and 
 Jacquin am. pi. 277, in the West Indies ; is known to grow as far as Key West in Florida (Chapm.), 
 and on the Pacific side of the Isthmus (Benth. voy. Sulph. 160). 
 
 " Vitis sp." of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A shrub three feet high called " m'peengee-peengee " 
 (Grant) ; and from early times, its one-stoned pear-shaped fruit eaten : —observed in Madi woods, 
 having "neither tendrils nor thorns" (cf. Ximenia). 
 
 " May 20th, 1498" (Barros), arrival of Vasco da Gama in Hindustan, two leagues below Cali- 
 cut. At the city, the commercial jealousy of the Moors was aroused, and during his stay, Da Gama 
 derived assistance from the secret promptings of one of them, "a native of Seville " (C. Correa i. 16). 
 On "Friday, Oct. 5th" (Castanh., and Goes), he left Hindustan, — and on "Monday, Feb. 7th" 
 in the following year, arrived at Melinda. Having procured Moorish pilots, he continued his 
 voyage homewards, finding the pilots familiar with the Mozambique current and African coast 
 •almost to the Cape of Good Hope, but not beyond. "On the 20th March" (Castanh.), he doubled 
 the Cape. 
 
 Ficus elastica of the mountains of Assam and Eastern Hindustan. The inaia-rubber fig-tree is 
 called "kasmeer" by the inhabitants of Pundua and the Juntipoor mountains, in Bengalee "kusneer" 
 (Drur.) ; and boiled rice " on green fig leaves, which were as broad as a sheet of paper," were set 
 before Da Gama at Calicut — (C. Corr. i. 17): "leaves of the Indian fig-tree which are very large and 
 stiff" used for plates by the king of Calicut and invited brahmins, are mentioned by Barbosa : F. 
 elastica is described by Roxburgh iii. 541, Howison as. soc. Calcutt. v, Falconer, and Royle him. 
 338; is known to grow also on the Khassya mountains, and according to Drury is "cultivated in 
 Malabar;" was observed by Graham "in gardens about Bombay;" by Mason v. 523, introduced 
 "within a dozen years " into Tenasserim, and " appears to grow as well as an indigenous plant." By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses. 
 Its milky juice is used by the natives of Silhet to smear and render baskets water-tight (Drur.), and 
 according to Lindley "inspissates into an excellent kind of caoutchouc, which is now imported." 
 (Compare F. tsiela.) 
 
 " In May" (Churchill coll., and Asher edit. Huds.), under instructions from Henry VII. of Eng- 
 land Sebastian Cabot, son of John, sailing Westward "by way of Iceland." On reaching the newly- 
 discovered country, he found land extending continuously in the desired Northwestern direction as 
 far as " 56 N.," at which point he turned back; visited Newfoundland, brought away three natives, 
 and continued Southward along the continent to " 38 ." 
 
 "Aug. 1st" (F. Columb. 47 and 68 to 73, Columb. lett. 3 gives "July 31st"), an island discovered 
 and named Trinidad by Columbus, seeking on hi,s Third voyage the "vast land Southward " he had 
 heard of from the Caribbes. On the same day, the continent was in sight, but was at first mistaken 
 for another island. Continuing along the South coast of Trinidad, Columbus entered the Gulf of 
 Paria, finding the sea freshened by large rivers and the land continuous, " which he certainly con- 
 cluded to be the continent." Of the natives, the men wore a covering in front, and the women were 
 entirely naked; and strings of pearls in their possession, were explained by signs to have been 
 brought from the Northwest. Columbus continued around through the straits ; and turning West- 
 ward, followed the coast of Paria to and beyond an outlying island which he named " Margarita ; " 
 and thence sailed Northward direct to Hayti, arriving "Aug. 30th " (Major 2d edit, lett p. 156). 
 
 Ccesalpinia echinata of Eastern Equatorial America. A large tree affording the brazil-wood of 
 commerce, called by the aboriginals of Brazil "araboutam " (Ler.) : the "brasil" in great quantities 
 mentioned by Columbus in a letter from Hayti giving an account of his Third voyage — (Major 
 2d edit. 112), may be compared: much "brasil" along the river Maranon, is mentioned by Oviedo 
 nat. hyst. f. 10 ; and C. echinata was observed in Brazil by Lerius. From transported specimens, is 
 termed " pseudo-santalum rubrum s. arbor brasilia" by C. Bauhin pin. 393; is described also by 
 Lamarck enc. i. 4C1 ; and has usurped the Oriental name of C. sappanfrom its wood equally dyeing 
 red (see Cabral). 
 
 " In this year " (art de verif.), Mohammed Abu-1-Saadat succeeded by Kansu Abu-Said, thirty- 
 ninth Memluk sultan of Egypt. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 308), Dalmatia again overrun by the Turks: and an army of them 
 "seventy thousand" strong, sent by Bajazet II. into Russia. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst. p. 378), Savanarola a Dominican monk, having written against the 
 supremacy of the pope, burned alive at Florence. 
 
 " 1499 A. D." (Marcel), Kansu Abu-Said succeeded by Kansu Djan-balat, fortieth Memluk sul- 
 tan of Enypt. 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll.), in a ship from Spain, Alonso de Ojeda "and some other pri- 
 vate men," including Americus Vespucius " as merchant," followed the North coast of the new con- 
 
 108 
 
858 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 tinent to Cape de la Vela; * and returned Eastward as far as the island of Margarita, and thence to 
 Hayti. , 
 
 " 1500, Jan. 26th" (Churchill coll.), arrival at Cape St. Augustin, on the outer coast of the new 
 continent, of Vincent Yanez Pinzon, in the first Spanish ship that crossed the Equator. Continuing 
 Westward, Pinzon followed the coast as far as the mouth of the river Maranon. 
 
 "March " (Galvan, and Churchill coll.), Peter Alvarez Cabral leaving Portugal. Keeping at a 
 distance from Africa " to shorten his way," he was driven out of his course as far as the new continent 
 " in 10° S." Following this coast " to 17 S.," he entered a harbour named by him " Porto Seguro : " 
 and landing, called the new country " Santa Cruz." - (The name '-Brazil" was afterwards substi- 
 tuted, the country abounding in a kind of wood resembling "presillum" or sappan-wood ; see Cassal- 
 pinia echinata). 
 
 "Aug. 23d" (Major 2d edit. lett. 159 to 160), arrival in Hayti of Francesco de Bobadilla, super- 
 seding Columbus, who was sent home in chains ; as appears from his letter written " Nov. 25th," just 
 before reaching Spain. 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll., and D'Avezac edit. J. Cart.), from Tercera sailing Northwest, 
 Caspar Cortereal followed the land to " Lat. 50 or more," to a river loaded with glaciers called by 
 him " Rio Nevado ; " his own name was given to the country North of Newfoundland (since called 
 Labrador), and he returned in safety to Lisbon. 
 
 "The same year" (Marcel), Kansu Ujan-balat succeeded by Toman-Bay, forty-first Memluk 
 sultan of Egypt. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Robertus de Valle publishing his Explic. Plin. 
 
 " The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Johannes Nauclerus. 
 
 One hundred and seventy-fourth generation. Jan. 1st, 1 501, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Arab writers, Ebn Ayyas, Sojuti d. 1505 : the Greek writers. Jacobus Triboles d. after 152X, Deme- 
 trius Zenus d. about 1520, and Leonardus Phortius d. 1531 : Barthelemi de Salignac, Augurellus, 
 Raphael Volaterranus, Albertus Krantzius, Johannes Trithemius d. 1516 (Pouch.), Hector Boetius, 
 Paulus Aemilius, Erasmus of Rotterdam, J. Jovianus Pontanus ; Machiavel ; Baptista Mantuanus ; 
 Alexander ab Alexandro ; Dr. Thomas Lynacre ; Petrus Pomponatius ; Gawin Douglas ; S.innaza- 
 rius; Cornelius Agrippa : the scholastic theologians, Thomas de Vejo Cajetanus, Jacobus Almainus, 
 Sylvester Prieras, Franciscus Victoria, and Dominicus a Soto : the Italian poet Ariosto : the editor 
 Aldus Manutius : the architect Donato Lazzari called Bramante d. 1514: the painters, Leonardo da 
 Vinci d. 1519, Raphael d. 1520, Luca Signorelli d. 1521, Pietro Perugina d. 1524, Lucas Cranach d. 
 1553, Michele Angelo d. 1563, Giorgio Barbarelli called Giorgione d. 1511, Titian d. 1576, Antonio da 
 Corregio d. 1534, Benvenuto Tisio called Garofalo d. 1559: the engravers, Maso Finiguerra b. 1460, 
 Albert Durer d. 1528. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 361), by the Theological Faculty of Mayence, following the example 
 of the Academies of Paris and Cologne, adoption of the decree of the Conception without sin, " Mariam 
 sine peccato originali conceptam." They who dissented, were termed " Maculists." 
 
 " The same year '.' (D'Avezac edit. J. Cart. ), from Portugal sailing West-northwest, Cortereal 
 on his Second voyage found land at the distance of " two thousand miles," covered with woods and 
 well-peopled, supposed by him a continuation of the Northern land seen on his previous voyage. He 
 followed the coast " six or seven hundred miles," and captured many of the natives ; " fifty " of whom 
 he retained in his own ship, which never returned. The other ship with "eight" natives on board, 
 reached Lisbon " Oct. 8th." 
 
 "The same year'' (Churchill coll.), from Lisbon Juan de Nova sailing in mid ocean discovered 
 "in 8° S." a small island which received the name of "Conception" or "Ascension." In the Indian 
 Ocean, another small island, that which bears his name. — And on re-entering the Atlantic, he found 
 a third small uninhabited island "in 15 S.," which received the name of "St. Helena." 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Toman-Bay succeeded by Kansu El-Gouri, forty-second Mem- 
 luk sultan of Egypt. — The mosque and tomb built by him, is " at the extremity of the bazar Ghoreeh " 
 in Cairo (Wilk. theb. and eg. 297). 
 
 "The same year (= 2161st of Synmu," art de verif.), Tsutsi-Mikaddo succeeded by his son 
 Kasiawabara, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 * Mauritia flexuosa of Guayana. The hammocks seen by Vespucci on the South American 
 coast — in part of fibres of the " ita " palm ; which also furnishes the natives with bread and wine, 
 the pith being converted into flour, and the trunk tapped at a certain season for a saccharine drink 
 (Schomb. edit. Ralegh) : M. flexuosa was observed in the same district by Humboldt and Bonpland 
 (Steud.). From transported specimens, is described by the younger Linnaeus suppl. 454 (Pers.). 
 
 Bromelia caraguaia of Guayana. Called there " caraguata " (Schomb.), and the other material 
 of the hammocks seen by Vespucci — clearly its fibres (Schomburgk edit. Ralegh). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 859 
 
 "1502, April" (Galvan.), three ships sent by king Manuel of Portugal, after following the 
 Brazilian coast to "about 32 S." turned back, finding it tempestuous and cold. 
 
 " In this year" (Galvan.), Vasco da Gama on his Second voyage sailing from Mozambique direct 
 for Hindustan, discovered an island "in Lat. 4. ," and named it after himself " Almirante." He left 
 there Vincent Sodre with five ships " to keep the coast of India." 
 
 " In this year (= 908 A. H." of the Kurrat el-Ayun, Badger edit. Varthem. 61), seven vessels 
 seized by the Portuguese between Hindustan and Ormuz, and most of the crews murdered. 
 
 " In this year" (Lubke and Lutrow), in England, the chapel or choir in Westminster abbey built 
 by Henry VII. 
 
 At this time (Spreng.), Io. Costaeus writing his Adnot. in Mesue. — He died "in 1503." 
 " The same year " (Siguenz., coll. Mendoz., Clavig. ii., and Humb. atl. pict.), Ahuitzotl succeeded 
 by Motezuma-Xocojotzin, or Montezuma II., ninth Mexican emperor. 
 
 " In this year" (Gomara ii.), Alfonso Hoeida following the coast of Terra Firma to the province 
 of Uraba — (Gulf of Darien). 
 
 "Aug. 14th, Sunday" (F. Columb. 88 to 108), Columbus, accompanied on his Fourth voyage 
 by his son Ferdinand, sailing West beyond Hayti discovered land (Cape Honduras) ; and a party 
 was sent on shore to take possession. Turning back, Columbus followed the coast to its Eastern 
 termination, termed by him " cape Gracias a Dios." At " Guanaia," an outlying island, natives were 
 seen ; and proved to be " like those of the other islands, but not of such high foreheads " 
 
 A large canoe had put in here, laden " with commodities brought from the westward, and bound 
 towards New Spain ; " with quilts ; clouts, to wear in front ; "shirts of cotton, without sleeves, curi- 
 ously wrought and dy'd of several colours ; " large sheets, in which the women, who would besides 
 "hide their faces," wrapped themselves ; long wooden swords, edged with sharp bits of "flint fix'd 
 with thread" (compare sharks'-teeth swords of the Kingsmill Islanders); hatchets to cut wood "made 
 of good copper, also bells of the same metal, plates and crucibles to melt the metal ; " "cacao " or 
 chocolate nuts (afterwards found to pass for money) ; and for drinking, " a sort of liquor made of 
 maiz" — (chicha, mentioned by Oviedo nat. hyst. f. 16, and observed by myself in use in Peru). 
 
 On the main land opposite, the natives proved to be " much like those of the islands, but that 
 their foreheads are not so high, nor do they seem to have any religion: " they wore a covering in 
 front; and there were "several languages among them." Columbus in one of his letters (Major 
 2d edit. 200) mentions ferocious "puercos" (Dicotyles), one of them subdued by a monkey called 
 " begare " winding its tail around the snout (Cebus), "gallinas muy grandes y la pluma como lana " 
 {Rhea), " leones " (Fe/is puma), "ciervos" (Cervus), "corzos otro tanto " (....), "y asiaves" 
 (birds). 
 
 From Cape Gracias a Dios, Columbus followed the coast South (F. Columb.). After some days, 
 other natives made their appearance : "brandishing their spears, blowing horns, and beating a drum 
 in a warlike manner " (Polynesian customs) ; also " chewing herbs " and " spurting it towards " the ves- 
 sel. Columbus kept on as far as a harbour named by him " Porto Bello " and several leagues beyond 
 (meeting with, according to Barcia i. 112, and Sprengel, " palmam " with winey fruit Bactris minor) 
 while seeking a passage into the South Sea by a "streight" he had heard of: — (ascertained some 
 years later to be a narrowing, not of the sea but of the land). 
 
 "1503, in the beginning of the year" (F. Columb. 88 to 108), returning as far as Veragua, 
 Columbus attempted to settle a colony ; but was compelled to withdraw to Jamaica ; — reached Hayti 
 "Aug. 13th, 1504;" Spain "Nov. 7th" (Major 2d edit. lett. 235); and died " May 20th, 1506" (F. 
 Columb.). 
 
 "Sept. 22d" (Alst., and Nicol.), Alexander VI. succeeded by cardinal Francis Piccolomini or 
 Pius III.; and "Nov. 1st," by cardinal Julian della Rovere or Julius II., sixty-second pope and a 
 warrior. Maximilian ruling Germany and Italy; and Louis XII., France. 
 
 "In this year " (Johnst. east, bord.), marriage of James IV. of Scotland with Margaret Tudor: 
 on which occasion, a poem on the " thrissel and the rois " composed by Dunbar. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng., and Winckler), Pandolfo Collenucci writing his Simplic. Plin., in 
 response to Leonicenus. — He was slain "in 1504," and his work was published with Brunfels herb. 
 
 "in 1531." 
 
 " 1 504 A. D. = 17th year of the ' houng-tchi ' of Hiao-tsoung II." (Chinese chron. table), begin- 
 ning of the Seventieth cycle. By census, the population of China found to consist of "53,280,000 
 persons ; a diminution of about 7,000,000 within a little over a century " (Pauth. p. 405). 
 
 " In this year" (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving 1503), Purushottama 
 Deva succeeded by Pratab Rudra Deva, now king of Orissa; a learned man, deeply versed in the 
 
 Sastras. He was finally converted to the Vaidik faith, built the temple of Baraha at Jajpur, extended 
 
 his conquests as far as Cape Comorin, and reigned " twenty-eight years." 
 
 '•In this year" (Anderson, and Holmes ann. Amer.), the banks off Newfoundland visited by 
 
860 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Basque, Breton, and Norman fishermen, in "the first French vessels that appeared on the coasts 
 of North America." According to the Narrative of Niflet and Antoine Maydini, the coast of New- 
 foundland was also visited (chron. edit, by Michelant). 
 
 "1505 A. D." (Galvan.), Francisco de Almeida, bearing the title of viceroy, arriving with. a fleet 
 of twenty sail at Ouiloa, where he built a fort and appointed Peter Fereira to the command. Another 
 fort was established farther South in Sofala by Peter de Anhaya. Crossing the Indian Ocean Al- 
 meida took possession of the island of Augedina, and built forts on the main land at Cananor and 
 Cochin. 
 
 In this year (narrat. edit. Badger), after visiting Mecca, Aden, the Persian Gulf, the coast cities 
 of Hindustan, and Tenasserim, Ludovico di Varthema at Pider in Sumatra.* He next proceeded 
 with other Christians (Orientals) in .1 "chiampana " or small vessel with a native captain and crew 
 to Bandan producing nutmegs, and Monoch producing cloves _, and returning in "June," was informed 
 of people towards the South who navigate by the Southern Cross, the climate beyond the said island 
 being cold, and the day not lasting "more than four hours" — (compare New Zealand). "March 
 12th, 1506," Varthema was under Portuguese protection at Cannanore ; "Dec. 6th 1507," he sailed 
 for Mozambique; and reached Portugal in 1508. 
 
 " 1506 A. D. = 'tching-te,' 1st year of Wou-tsoung-y-ti " or Wou-tsoung II., "of the Ming" or 
 twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 
 
 "The same year" (Galvan., and Churchill coll ), on a voyage from Portugal to the Indian Ocean, 
 Tristan da Cunha having passed Brazil turned Eastward, and discovered the uninhabited island or 
 islands that bear his name. 
 
 Arriving at Mozambique, Tristan da Cunha was joined by Emmanuel Telez de Meneses, who had 
 been "driuen without the great island" of Madagascar, and "ran along the coast." The island, 
 reported to be rich in " gengibre, crauo " or cloves, and silver, was visited from Mozambique, but 
 without result. 
 
 "The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), at Rome, the foundation 01 the first pillar for the cupola 
 of St. Peter's church, laid by Bramante. — The building was placed under the superintendence of 
 Michel Angelo -'in 1546." 
 
 " 1507 A. O." (Churchill coll.), Cuba, already known from native authority to be an island, cir- 
 cumnavigated by Sebastian de Ocampo : who sailed from Hayti. 
 
 "The same year" (Baumg.). Baumgarten visiting Egypt. 
 
 1508 A. D. (= "8th year of Kasiawabara," art de verif.), in Japan, the title "dai-seogun" con- 
 ferred by Kasiawabara on Jositanno, twenty-first in descent from Joritomo. 
 
 " In this year " (Stanley edit. Barbos. p. ix and 62), the Egyptian sultan Kansu el-Gouri, hearing 
 of the depredations of the Portuguese on the Indian Ocean, prepared a fleet ; which sailing down the 
 Red Sea successfully attacked them off Diu, — but "Feb. 3d" in the following year, was totally 
 defeated by Almeida. 
 
 "The same year" (N. Shaw edit. Champl. p. ii, and D'Avezac edit. J. Cart.), by Capt. Thomas 
 Aubert, at the expense of Jean Ango, Norman colonists first carried to Newfoundland ; and a North 
 American native brought back to France. " Aubry, the French seaman," "first explored the mouth of 
 the St. Lawrence in this year" (Asher edit. Huds.). 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll.), by John Diaz de Solis and Vincent Yanez Pinzon, the coast 
 of America followed as far as "forty degrees " in south latitude. 
 
 " Dec. 10th " (Blair), signing of the " League of Cambray," against the Venetians. Who in con- 
 sequence, — lost in the following year their territories on the continent. 
 
 " In this year" (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 546), the use of Knfic Utters ceased. 
 
 " 1509 A. D." (Churchill coll.), a Spanish colony from Hayti established on Jamaica. 
 
 " In this year" (Ciez. vi.), the town of Antigua founded on the Gulf of Darien. — " In the follow- 
 ing year " (Markham edit. p. 34), Alonzo de Ojeda governor of Terra Firma, advancing " four leagues " 
 inland, was defeated with the loss of "seventy Spaniards " by the natives at Turbaco : retiring to the 
 ships, and reinforcements arriving, the natives were in turn defeated, and all put to the sword. Ojeda 
 then founded the town of Uraba towards the head of the Gulf, left Francisco Pizarro in command 
 as his lieutenant, and before the close of the year, sailed for Hayti. 
 
 " 1510 A. D." (Churchill coll.), from Portugal sailing into the Indian Ocean, James Lopes de 
 Sequeira continued beyond Hindustan as far as Sumatra and the Straits of Malacca, now first entered 
 by a European ship. 
 
 * Tanarius major of Sumatra. A tree called in Malay " laka " (Crawf. ), its rose-coloured wood 
 used in dyeing and pharmacy ; and the "lacca" tree formed like our walnuts, seen by Varthema on 
 Sumatra, — is referred here by Badger edit. p. 238. The wood according to Crawford disc. diet. p. 
 204 "is an article of considerable native trade, and is chiefly exported to China." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 86l 
 
 " September" (Nicol.), a synod at Tours. On the war about to be declared by Louis XII., sup- 
 porting the duke of Ferrara against pope Julius II. 
 
 " 'S I! . April" (Galvan., and De Morga 12), sailing from Cochin Albuquerque obtained posses- 
 sion of the city of Malacca.* "July," by returning Chinese he sent Duarte Fernandez with letters to 
 Siam ; who, "being the first Portugall " seen by the king, was received with great honour; and in 
 company with ambassadors from Siam, returned overland by the way of Tanasarim. Albuquerque 
 sent also Ruy Nunnez de Acunna with letters Northward along the coast beyond Tanasarim and Mar- 
 taban to Pegu "in 17 ;" and "in the end of" the year, three ships and "one hundred and twenty 
 persons " under Antonio Dabreu for "Banda and Maluco." — In "January," Albuquerque returned 
 to Goa. 
 
 " In this year" (Port, companion of De Soto 6, Churchill coll., and Presc), a Spanish colony from 
 Hayti established on Cuba by Diego Velasquez ; with the aid of a Christian who had been left sick on 
 the island many years previously. 
 
 " Sept. 1st" (Alst., and Nicol.), a synod at Pisa. Convened by certain cardinals. Pope Julius II. 
 not having assembled a general Council, as he had sworn to do at his election. 
 
 " 1512, March 27th " (Purchas, Churchill coll., art de verif. contin., and W. B. Rye edit. De Sot. 
 p. x), Juan Ponce de Leon, sailing from Puerto Rico for "a country in the north " reported by the 
 natives, discovered land ; and named it " Florida " from the day being Pasqua Florida or Palm Sun- 
 day. Landing " April 2d," he formally took possession, and remarked that many of the fruits (unlike 
 Tropical America) resembled those of Spain, but was repelled by the natives. He followed the coast 
 as far as " 30 8'," doubled Cape Canaveral " May 8th," " discovered the Bahamas and some other 
 islands previously unknown," and reached Puerto Rico "Sept. 21st." 
 
 " May 3d" (Nicol.), Twentieth general ecclesiastical Council. Convened by pope Julius II. at the 
 Lateran in Rome. — The last session was held "March 16th, 1517." 
 
 " The same year " (Blair), in London, St. Paul's school founded by John Colet. 
 
 " In this year" (Galvan.), Antonio Dabreu after passing Java, Sumbawa, Solor, Galao, Mauluca, 
 Vitara, Rosolanguim, and the Aru Islands whence come dried birds "of great estimation because of 
 their feathers" (Paradisea), came "to other islands lying in the same parallele '' in "7 or 8° S." 
 Turning North, he arrived at Ternate, and thence proceeded to the islands of Burro and Amboino, find- 
 ing "dead men hanging in the houses, for the people there are eaters of man's flesh." On the other 
 side at a place "in 8° S.," he "laded cloues, nutmegs, and mace, in a junco or barke which Francis 
 Serrano bought here," and from Banda returned to Malacca. 
 
 "In this year" (narrative in Stanley's edit. Barbos. 225), Francisco Serano "with three other 
 Christians " and " five Malay mariners and pilots " after sailing from the city of Malacca to Pegu, thence 
 to Pedir on Sumatra, continued "south and south-east" to Bandan where nutmegs grow, thence 
 "north-east and east-north-east through many channels as far as the islands of Malut," producing 
 cloves, and " five in all." Serano was received with great honour by the king of Maluco, and married 
 his daughter. 
 
 Mariners of Borney spoke of a people who used the Southern stars in navigating, and dwelt so 
 far South that the climate is "very cold," with only "four hours of daylight" (compare New Zealand, 
 and Varithema's account). 
 
 Francisco Serano (according to Galvano) was wrecked with his "junco" before the close of the 
 year on the shoals of Lusupino; but "nine or ten" of those on board escaped to " Midanao," and 
 "the kino-s of Maluco sent for them. These were the first ' Espanhoes ' that came to the Islands of 
 Cloues, which stand from the equinocliall line towardes the north in one degree, where they liued seuen 
 or eight yeeres." 
 
 " 1513, March nth " (Nicol.), Julius II. succeeded by cardinal John de Medici, now Leo X., sixty- 
 third pope. Henry VIII. ruling England : and in Scotland " Sept. 9th," James IV. succeeded by his 
 son James V. 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll.), unsuccessful attack on Aden by Alfonso de Albuquerque. 
 Who sailed thence into the Red Sea, now first visited by European ships. 
 
 "Sept. 25th" (Churchill coll., and Markh.), from the Spanish settlement on the Gulf of Darien, 
 Basco Nunez de Balboa journeying inland to a mountain crest, discovered the Pacific Ocean. On 
 reaching its shore, he learned from the natives, that the coast trended South. 
 
 "The same year" (Ov. gen. hist. i. and nat. hyst. 83, and Humb. cosm. v.), Oviedo (who ascended 
 Vesuvius " in 1501 ") sent to Terra Firma : — where he resided in the town of Sancta Maria dela vera 
 paz until his first return to Europe "in 1515." He ascended the volcano of Masaya in Nicaragua " in 
 July 1529." 
 
 * Me/roxylon sp. of the Western Equatorial portion of the Malayan archipelago. Discovered by 
 Albuquerque on Sumatra— (Konig, and Spreng.). 
 
862 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 According to Oviedo gen. hist. vi. 4, the boats of the natives are termed by them " canoas ; " or 
 by the Caribs, " piraguas," the latter at least being navigated with sails. A stone hatchet is figured ; 
 together with the process of rubbing fire with bits of wood (as among the Polynesians), vi. 4 and 5. 
 A'drum made of the trunk of a tree (as among the Polynesians and Feejeeans), is also figured, v. 1. 
 Reports, that the natives (perhaps of the Isthmus) were acquainted with the art of gilding pieces of 
 copper, had also reached Oviedo nat. hyst. 82. 
 
 " 1574 A. D." (Alst.), Bajazet II. succeeded by his son Selim, eleventh Turkish sultan. 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Johannes Linturius. 
 
 "In this year" (A. Corsalis, Remus, i. 180, and Yule cath. i. p. cxli), a port in China first 
 visited by the Portuguese. The adventurers were not allowed to land, but sold their goods to great 
 profit. 
 
 "In this year" (Univ. Pittor., and Stanley edit. Barbos. p. ii and 46, San Roman giving "begin- 
 ning of 1515 "), the sultan of Ormuz having sent an ambassador to the king of Portugal, the city 
 revisited by Albuquerque and his fleet, bringing the king's answer. 
 
 The above is the latest event mentioned by Duarte Barbosa, who after spending "sixteen years" 
 on the Indian Ocean — "finished writing" his book "in 1516" (Stanley edit. Barbos. p. vii and 1). 
 
 Pogostemon patchotili of Tropical Hindustan. The patchouli is an aromatic Labiate herb two to 
 three feet high, called in Bengalee "patchouli" or "pucha-pat," in Tamil "kottum,"in Malabar "cot- 
 tam" (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay "pach'' (Graham); and from early times held sacred, its 
 dried spikes and leaves sold in the bazaars as a most powerful perfume, and placed among clothing to 
 keep out moths: the "pucho" drug, imported according to Barbosa into Malacca,- — maybe com- 
 pared : P. patchouli was observed by Rheede x. pi. 77 in Malabar ; by Graham at Bombay, "in gar- 
 dens, also wild in the Concans ; " by YVallich, in Silhet, and the Cashmere shawls scented with its 
 essential oil. Farther East, patchouli is brought in great quantities by Arab merchants from Penang; 
 is used by the Chinese in scenting their so-called " India ink," is known to have been exported from 
 China. But in Europe, has only within "a few years" become familiarly known (Drur.). 
 
 Dioscorca purpurea of Equatorial Africa ? The Pondicherrv sweet-potato : the " yname " on which 
 the Pareni of Malabar support themselves, resembling according to Barbosa the root of the maize 
 found in the island of Antilla, — maybe compared: D. purpurea is described by Roxburgh; and 
 according to Drury is "an excellent kind of yam, but only found in a cultivated state." 
 
 Dioscorca globosa of Tropical Eastern Asia. The round white vain, called in Burmah " myouk- 
 phoo " (Mason), is possibly the "yname" in question: — D. globosa is described by Roxburgh iii. 
 797, as observed in Hindustan ; "is much cultivated" according to Drury, as "the best kind of yam, 
 much esteemed both by " the natives and Europeans ; was observed bv Graham as far as Bombay. 
 Eastward, by Mason v 64, " exotic " in Burmah and the most esteemed of the white-rooted kinds. 
 
 " 1 5 1 5 A. D." (G. de la Vega ix. 14, and Churchill coll.). Basco Nunez de Balboa, having trans- 
 ported across the Isthmus hewn timber and all the materials for ship-building, now sailing on the 
 Pacific along the coast Southward. He gave to the new country the name of ""Peru." News of the 
 strange ship and people reached the Inca Huayna Capac. 
 
 The common rat, J/i/s decumanus, unknown in Peru before the voyage of Balboa — (G. de la 
 Vega ix. 22). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Paulus Langius. 
 
 " 1516 A. D."(art de verif.), Kansu El-Gouri succeeded by Toman-Bay II., of the Borgite Memluk 
 dynasty ; — the last Egyptian sultan. 
 
 " In this year" (biogr. univ.), Gariopontus publishing his medical writings. 
 
 "In this or the following year" (Asher edit. Huds. p. lxxii), under the patronage of Henry VIII. 
 of England, Sebastian Cabot continuing along the American coast as far as "6S° N." (Herrar.) in a 
 seeming Northwestern Passage — (afterwards called Davis's Strait). The "west coast" of this 
 "strait up to 67 30'" is delineated "on Cabot's great planisphere of 1544," now in Paris. 
 
 " In this year" (Major edit. Zen. p. Ixvii to lxxix), Eric Walckendorf, archbishop of Trondheim, 
 collecting documents and oral traditions respecting the lost Greenland colony, and submitted to the 
 king a proposal for the re-discovery, — but was banished before a plan could be arranged, and died 
 "in 1523 " at Amsterdam. Expeditions were "in 1578-" and during the two succeeding'centuries, all 
 mistakingly searching the Eastern coast, until the voyage of Graah "in [S28" fully demonstrated that 
 the site of the colony was on the Southwestern coast (see Ivar Bantsen). 
 
 " 1517, Jan. 8th " (art de verif.), Francisco Hernandez de Cordova sailing from Santiago de Cuba 
 westward with three ships navigated by Anton, de Alaminos, at the end of "twenty-one" days dis- 
 covered Yucatan. 
 
 "The same year" (Marcel p. 189), after defeating in Syria the Egyptian army, partly through the 
 employment of artillery, entrance of the Turks under Selim into Egypt. Obtaining possession of 
 the country, the sovereignty and spiritual authority were removed to Constantinople ; the Memluks 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 863 
 
 were formed into an aristocracy ; and the names of the Turkish sultans were from this time inserted 
 on the coins issued in Egypt (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 557). 
 
 " The same year " (Churchill coll.), Fernan Perez de Andrade, continuing the discoveries of the 
 Portuguese, sailed through the Straits of Malacca as far as Cambodia and Chiampa ; and returned 
 " to Malacca to refit." — When the weather again became "seasonable," he resumed his voyage, and 
 reached Quantung (Canton) in China; According to the Chinese account (topog. Cant, and Pauth. 
 p. 473), in the " 12th year tching-te," strangers from West called " Fa-lan-ki " (Franks), saying that 
 they brought tribute, entered the river abruptly and with their terribly resounding cannon shook the 
 place from afar. When the news reached government, an order was dispatched, To repel the stran- 
 gers and suspend commerce. From this time, tribute or duties were seldom brought to Canton, but 
 went into Fou-kien : until at length, the governor of Canton wrote and obtained leave to re-open com- 
 merce. At a later period (Churchill coll.), permission was granted to the Portuguese, to settle on "a 
 little island opposite to the port of Canton," and on which they built the city of Macao. 
 
 " In this year " (Anderson, and Holmes), fifty French, Spanish, and Portuguese ships employed 
 in the cod fishery on the banks off Newfoundland. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 514, and Blair), "Indulgences" remitting sin, distributed by the 
 pope in Germany, denounced by Luther an Augustinian monk. 
 
 The Reformation thus inaugurated — received the name of Protestant twelve years afterwards at 
 the Diet at Spires. 
 
 " 15 18 A. D." (N. Shaw edit. Champl. p. ii), Baron de Lery sailing with the intention of forming 
 a settlement in North America; but after leaving his cattle and pigs on Sable Island and at Canso, 
 was obliged to return to France. — The cattle multiplying on Sable Island were "of the greatest ser- 
 vice to certain of" De la Roche's people, who were left there seventy-three years later. 
 
 "In this year" (Ovied. gen. hist. xvii. 10, and Churchill coll.), from Cuba sailing Westward 
 along Yucatan, Juan de Grijalva found his course arrested by continuous land (Mexico). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 310), the last remnant of the Moors or Muslims expelled by Charles 
 V. king of Spain The Inquisition, employed in discovering them, — was introduced by him some 
 years later into Belgium. 
 
 Scorzonera Hispanica of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain viper-grass from 
 the Latin " viperaria " (Prior) ; and not earlier than this year, its juice employed by " a Moore, a 
 bondslave," in bites of the viper, or "escuerso" as called in Catalonia — (Monard., Parkins, th. 410, 
 and Beckm.) : Monardes in his printed work speaks of the " yerva escuergonera " as known in these 
 parts for thirty years: S. Hispanica is termed "scorzonera" by Matthioli (Targ.), " s. edulis " by 
 Moench, "s. sativa" by Gatereau; is cooked and eaten, is known to grow wild in Spain and Southern 
 France (Lam. fl. fr.), and according to Persoon occurs also in Hungary and Siberia. 
 
 " Sept. 25th" (Alst.), through the influence of Frederic elector of Saxony, Luther relieved from 
 a summons to Rome, and allowed to plead his cause before the pope's legate at Augsburg. " Nov. 
 iqth," a written demand received from the pope's legate and shown to Luther ; who in consequence 
 appealed from the pope to the general Council. '• Dec. 8th," the reply of Frederic, refusing to expel 
 Luther or compel him to go to Rome, "as his error had not yet been demonstrated." 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Marcellus Vergilius of Florence publishing his commentaries on Diosc. 
 — He died in "1521." 
 
 Narcissus calathinus of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Marcellus Vergilius, — and 
 known to crow -wild on the Appenines (Spreng.) : met with farther East by Rudbeck elys. ii. 60. 
 
 f. 5 (Pers.). 
 
 " In this year '' (Stanley append. De Morga 404), a machine for distilling sea water, and thus pro- 
 curing fresh water at a distance from land, used by Domingo Rivera. — The plan was tried by Quiros, 
 and so far as regards the quality of the product, with entire success. 
 
 " In this year, or perhaps some years later " (D'Avezac edit. J. Cart.), French colonists with a 
 supply of domestic animals sent by Lery and Saint-Just to Sable Island. The want of water proved 
 an obstacle to settlement: but cattle and swine were left behind, — and multiplying, became a resource 
 subsequently to a shipwrecked party who were compelled to remain " five years " on the island. 
 
 " 1519, Jan. 1st" (Alst. p. 408 and 515), at Tigurum, Zwinglius preaching; regarded as the first 
 " Orthodox " theologian. 
 
 " April 25th " (biogr. univ.), the Tunisians defeated in naval combat by the Genoese under 
 
 Andreas Doria. , 
 
 Senecio Saraceniais of Western Europe ? Called in Britain Saracens consoud, in medieval Latin 
 "consolida Saracenica" (Prior), in Germany "heidnisch wundkraut " (Trag ), and the "doria" herb, 
 
864 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 brought by Andreas Doria returning in his fleet from Africa — (Caesalp. xii. 42), may be compared : 
 S. Saracenicus is however described by Braunsweig; was observed by Tragus i. pi. 163 in the woods 
 of Germany and much used as a vulnerary ; is regarded by Jacquiu austr. pi. 186, Persoon, Fries, 
 and A. Decandolle, as indigenous in middle Europe as far as Denmark. In Britain, was known to 
 Parkinson th. 540, to Ray as growing spontaneously, was found by Mackay in woods near Bantry in 
 Irelind, but occurring chiefly in suspected localities is regarded by Watson cyb. ii. 118 as probably 
 exotic. 
 
 Sdtccio Doria of the Mediterranean countries. — Termed " dorea " in the Viridarium botanicum 
 Italo-Hyspanum (a manuscript of A. D. 1731, Targ.), " s. altissimus " by Miller, " s. carnosus " by 
 Lamarck fl. fr. (Steud.) ; described also by Linnaeus ; and known to grow in France and Germany 
 (J acq. austr. pi. 185, and Pers). 
 
 "June 28th " (Alst), Maximilian succeeded by the king of Spain Charles V., now elected emperor 
 of Germany and Italy. 
 
 " The same year " (Churchill coll.), landing in Mexico of a Spanish expedition under Hernando 
 Cortes. 
 
 " In this year" (W. B. Rye edit. De Sot. p. xii), Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda sailing from Jamaica 
 under "orders to search for some gulf or strait on the continent towards Florida." After following 
 the coast Eastward, and then Westward, making a careful survey and taking possession of the country, 
 he fell in with Cortes, engaged at Vera Cruz. From this limit he turned backwards, and on his way 
 '' discovered a mighty river " (the .Mississippi), " at whose mouth dwelt a considerable population." 
 
 " 1520 A. D." (Alst., and art de verif.), Selim succeeded by Suliman II., twelfth Turkish sultan. 
 Agreeably to the uniform practice with Turkish sultans (Marcel p. 200), the coins issued by him bear 
 the date of his accession only. 
 
 "June 14th " (Alst.), by pope Leo X., a decree excommunicating Luther and ordering his writings 
 to be burned. "Nov. 4th," by Frederic of Saxony, another refusal to comply with the pope's demand 
 and deliver up Luther. " Dec. 10th," at Witemberg in the presence of a large assembly, the pope's 
 decree publicly burned by Luther. 
 
 "The same year" (Clavig,, and Humb. all. pict), Montezuma II. succeeded by Cuitlahuatzin ; 
 and after "three months,'' by Ouauhtemotzin, eleventh Mexican emperor. 
 
 The collection of living animals kept by Montezuma included an American bison. Bos Ameri- 
 canus (Henderson in Am. Nat. for [872) ; showing communication with the plains of the Arkansas 
 and Missouri. 
 
 '■ In this year" (Ciez. de Leon, and Markham edit.), the city of Panama founded by Pedrarias de 
 Avila governor of Terra Firma. — The city was captured and destroyed by the buccaneer Morgan in 
 " Feb. 1671," and the new city bearing the same name is " some miles '' distant. 
 
 "The same year" (< (vied, gen. hist. iv. 4), rebellion of Negro slaves in the West Indies. Also, 
 sailing from Hayti of two ships under L. Vazquez de Ayllon for the Florida coast: in "about Lat. 
 32 ," he named a cape "Santa-Elena," and beyond entered the river Chico (Santee); where he enticed 
 natives on board and returned with " fifty '' to Hayti (art de verif. contin.) : the experiment proved a 
 failure, for the captives could not be induced to labour. 
 
 "Aug. 24th" (Stanley edit. Mag., and Pigaf.), Fernando de Magalhaens or Magellan, a Portu- 
 guese in Spanish employ, with four small vessels on his way Westward to join his friend Francisco 
 Serano at the Moluccas, leaving Port St. Julian in Patagonia : where he had quelled a mutiny. 
 Magellan continued South, and "Oct. 21st in about 52" S." entered an opening leading to three chan- 
 nels ; and of the vessels sent to examine one secretly deserted and returned homewards. Magellan 
 unaware continued onward in his explorations, and after many days word was brought by the boats of 
 a " sea great and wide : " Magellan now '■ I >egan to cry," for he " had made up his mind to go as far 
 as seventy-five degrees towards the antarctic pole." On "Wednesday, Nov. 28th,'' he left the Straits 
 (which continue to bear his name), sailing on the Pacific "West-northwest." 
 
 A /tin in dn Ice of Austral and Western America. Larger and possibly distinct from A. graveo- 
 lens, the leaves more divided and incised ; called in Britain celery, in France " celeri," in Italy " sel- 
 laro " (Prior) : the " appio," a " very sweet herb " growing near the springs, was eaten by .Magellan's 
 puty for several days "from not finding anything else;" there "is also some of the same kind which 
 is bitter: " — "Alexander's scurvy grass " was found in the Straits of Magellan by Drake: A. dulce 
 was first met with by myself within the Tropics, along the seashore of Southern Brazil; afterwards, 
 at the mouth of the Rio Negro in Patagonia; and in crowded beds lining the Southern shore of Terra 
 del Fuego, upright and tall and almost edible ; but in Chili along the Pacific, rare, spreading on 
 the ground, and inedible ; is known to grow from the Falkland Islands to Mexico (Lindl.) ; and was 
 observed by Nuttall in California (acad. Phila. n. s. i, 183). In regard to cultivated celery, Belon at 
 Constantinople found the " ache " blanched and called " selino ; " in Western Europe, celery appears 
 to have continued unknown until about the end of the Seventeenth century (Beckm., Miller, and 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 865 
 
 Prior) ; and in Egypt, was found by Clot-Bey confined almost exclusively to the pasha's garden, and 
 only the root eaten. By European colonists, was carried to Hindustan (Graham); to Burmah 
 (Mason); and to Northeast America. (Compare A. graveolens.) 
 
 " 1521, Jan." (Humb. cosm. v), the use of the log to ascertain the rate of sailing, " cadena de la 
 popa" and "corredera" of Pigafetta, first mentioned on Magellan's voyage. 
 
 "Jan. 24th " (Churchill coll., and Stanley edit. Mag.), at the end of " fifteen hundred leagues " 
 in "about 16I S." Magellan discovered a small uninhabited island "with trees on it" and no anchor- 
 age around (a coral-island) and named it San Pablo: "two hundred leagues" beyond "in nf° S.," a 
 similar small uninhabited island, from the number of sharks around, received the name of Tiburones : 
 crossing the Equator and proceeding as far as " 13 N.," suffering much from scurvy and want of 
 food, on " Wednesday March 6th " a cluster of islands was discovered, which from their experience 
 with the natives was named Ladrones. Continuing West, on " Saturday March 16th " Samar, one of 
 the Philippines, was discovered (and the same longitude having been reached on the Moluccas by 
 Antonio Dabreu sailing East, the division of the globe between Portugal and Spain was completed). 
 Magellan visited the neighbouring islands of Mazzava and Sebu,* and warring against a chief on Matan, 
 who refused baptism and submission to the king of Spain, was slain with several of his companions 
 on " Saturday, April 27th." His successor Duarte Barbosa was soon afterwards slain with others by 
 natives who had professed friendship, and the vessels sailed Westward : one of them was burned at 
 sea, and the other two visited Palawan and the Northern part of Borneo, and having procured a native 
 pilot, returned along the coast of Mindanao, and on "Friday Nov. 8th" reached Tidore in the Moluc- 
 cas. "Dec. 21st," the Victoria, one of these vessels now in the charge of Juan Sebastian del Cano, 
 leaving Tidore continued her voyage Westward; visiting on the way the islands of Burro, and Timor 
 "in ii° S." (Galvan.). 
 
 " 1 52 1, March 6th " (Alst), through Frederic, Luther furnished with letters of safe-conduct from 
 the emperor Charles V., and invited to the Diet at Worms: where he explained his views before the 
 princes of the Empire. Returning under proscription, he was concealed by Frederic in the castle of 
 Warburg. Among those writing against Luther, Henry VIII. of England received from pope Leo X. 
 the honorary title of " Defender of the church." 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng., and Winckler), Johannes Manardus of Ferrara writing his Epist. Medic. 
 .... — He died "in 1536." 
 
 Heracleum panaces of the Pyrenees? Observed by Manardus in a garden at Ferrara — 
 (Spreng.); termed " h. setosum " by Lapeyrouse (Steud.), and attributed to the Appenines and 
 Siberia (Pers.). 
 
 After " nine months " of this year (Clavig. iv. 55 to 61), end of the reign of Quauhtemotzin, 
 eleventh and last Mexican emperor : the Spaniards under Cortes now obtaining entire possession of 
 the country. 
 
 " 1522, Jan. 21st" (Churchill coll.), sailing of Giles Gonzales Davila, with four ships built on the 
 Pacific side of the Isthmus. After following the coast Westward as far as Nicoya in Nicaragua, he 
 landed : one of his ships under the command of Andrew Nino, continued on " three hundred leagues " 
 in all, as far as the Bay of Fonseca in Guatimala. 
 
 "The same year = ' kia-tsing,' rst year of Chi-tsoung-sou-ti " or Chi-tsoung II., "of the Ming" 
 or Twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). The Great Wall was repaired by Chi-tsoung II. 
 (Pauth. 406). 
 
 " March 18th " (Alvo, and Stanley edit. Mag.), Amsterdam Island (North of St. Paul's) in the Indian 
 Ocean, discovered by Sebastian del Cano in the Victoria. Continuing Westward, the Victoria entered 
 the Atlantic, and on " Saturday, Sept. 6th " (according to the reckoning of those on board), arrived at 
 
 * Canarium album of Anam and the Philippines. A pinnate-leaved Terebinthine tree called in 
 Tagalo "pisa" or " pilaui," in Ylocano "anten " (Blanco) ; and the animd gum of Pigafetta, "wrapped 
 up in leaves of palms or fig-trees " to make candles by the natives on Mindanao, — may be compared : 
 C. album was observed by Loureiro on Anam ; by Blanco, frequent on the Philippines, its mixed 
 resinous juice wrapped in a frond of Corypha umbraculifera for illumination. 
 
 Ficus (Covellid) odorala of the Philippines. A small tree called in Tagalo "agos-os " (Blanco), 
 and possibly distinct from F. oppositifolia : the natives on Mindanao according to Pigafetta in cook- 
 ino- rice first place inside the earthen pot "a large leaf which lines it all round internally:" — 
 F.°odorata was observed by Blanco rare on the Philippines, its leaves used by the natives for lining 
 the interior of the pot in cooking rice, to impart an agreeable odour. (Compare F. oppositifolia.) 
 
 Dioscorea tugui of the Philippines. Called in Tagalo "tugui" (Blanco) ; and the "yams" seen 
 by Pigafetta on Palawan — may be compared: D. tugui was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, 
 much cultivated by the natives and much esteemed. 
 
 109 
 
866 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 San Lucar in Spain, being the first ship that sailed around the World. The names of the "thirty- 
 one " returning companions of Magellan — have been preserved by Herrera. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 308, 361, and 518), Belgrade in Hungary captured by the Turks 
 under Suliman II. After voting assistance to king Louis of Hungary, the assembly at Nonmberg 
 responding to the request of pope Adrianus VI., Either to convince Luther by sound argument, or 
 enforce the emperor's decree, declared against Luther's doctrines, and urged" convening a general 
 Council, to amend the condition of the church. 
 
 "The same year" (Purchas, and Holmes 1610), Bermuda visited, if not discovered, by John 
 
 Bermudez. 
 
 At this time (according to Encycl. Meth., and Holmes) Newfoundland containing as many as 
 fifty houses, belonging to European settlers of different nations. 
 
 "1523 A. D." (Alst), at Brussels, two Augustinian monks having declared, They would be 
 guided in their faith solely by the Bible, burned alive. 
 
 At the close of this or beginning of the following year (art de verif. contin.), Kicab-Tanub suc- 
 ceeded by his son Tecum-Umam, now "fifteenth" king of Guatimala at Quiche". 
 
 " 1524, Jan. 17th" (letter in soc. Hakluyt, and Churchill coll.), under instructions from the French 
 king Francis, Janus Yerrazzanus of Florence sailing from a rock near Madeira. Continuing West- 
 ward, he came upon a new country in " Lat. 34 ," the coast of fine sand, everywhere low, and covered 
 with immense forests, " palme " (Chamasr ops palmetto), " lauri " {Persia Carolinensis), " cipressi '| 
 (Taxodium distichum) ; the natives wearing a covering of " certe erbe che stavano pendenti a rami 
 deoli alberi" (Tillandsia usneoides) interwoven with cords of "canape silvestra" (Apocvnuin canaa- 
 binum), and having "genere e di le^umi " (Phaseohts vulgaris): he also met with " molte vite" bear- 
 ing grapes "suave e dolce " (Vitis vutpina). "rose silvestre " (Rosa Carolina), " viole " (Viola 
 pedala), "gigli" (Lilium supcrbiuit), deer (Cerviis I'irgnuanus), stags (Cerviis wapiti?), and hares 
 (Lepus Ameiicanus). After proceeding fifty leagues Southward without finding a harbour, he 
 returned and followed the coast Northeast. North of an opening (probably the mouth of the Hud- 
 son), he met with "quercie" (oaks), "cipressi" (Cupressus thuioides), " pomi " (Crataegus tomentosa),* 
 " luculliane " (Ccrasus serotina), " prune " (Primus maritima), and " lupi cervieri " (Felis rufa) ; he 
 reached " Lat. 41° 40'," and speaks of an island about as large as Rhodes "di grandezza simile alia 
 isola di Rodi." From this point, he followed close along the coast " one hundred and fifty" leagues, 
 and " fifty " leagues beyond met with " abeti " (Abies nigra), " cipressi " ( Tkuia Occidentalism and like 
 indications of a cold climate. In " Lat. 50 " he left the coast, and as appears by the date of his let- 
 ter, reached Dieppe in France on or before "July 8th." 
 
 Thuia Occidentalis of Northeast America. The Canadian arbor-vita:, clearly the "cipressi" 
 seen by Verrazzanus at the Northern termination of his voyage, — and the " cedres " seen by Car- 
 tier around Chaleur Bay; T. Occidentalis was observed by F. A. Michaux from "Lat 49° " to 45 
 and along the Alleghanies to the rapids of the Potomac ; by myself, from 48 on the St. Lawrence to 
 44 along the Atlantic and 43 in central New York ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of Carolina ; and 
 according to A. Gray, grows Westward as far as Wisconsin. Transported to France in the reign of 
 Francis (Dodoens 858, and Spreng.) the "arbre de vie de Canade " is mentioned by Belon in 1553 ; trees 
 under cultivation by Robin in Paris were known to C. Bauhin (edit. Matthiol.) ; and T. Occidentalis 
 was observed by Clot-Bey and Figari in the gardens of Egypt. 
 
 "April 25 " (art de verif. contin.), Pedro de Alvarado with an army from Mexico entering Gua- 
 timala. 
 
 "Sept. 6th" (Castanh., and San Roman, C. Correa giving "7th"), earthquake in Hindustan, 
 experienced off the port of Chaul by Vasco da Gama on his Third vovage arriving as viceroy. He died 
 " Dec. 24th," and was buried in the cathedral at Cochim : — but the cathedral together with the city 
 and harbour were destroyed by the English "in 1806" (Stanley edit. C. Corr. 429). 
 
 "Nov. 14th" (Francisco de Xeres, and Churchill coll.), sailing of Francisco Pizarro from the 
 Pacific side of the Isthmus. Following the coast farther South than any before him, he reached the 
 
 * Crataegus tomentosa of Northeast America. The pear-thorn is a small tree, its fruit probably 
 the "pomi" seen by Verrazzanus after passing the opening and before reaching Lat. 41 40': — 
 "pommes" brought by the natives, were seen by Cartier in Chaleur Bay, and "aubespines" with 
 fruit as large as prunes, along the St. Lawrence : a " white thorne " that "affords hawes as big as an 
 English cherrie, which is esteemed aboue a cherrie for his goodnesse and pleasantnesse to the taste," 
 was known to W. Wood on Massachusetts Bay • C. tomentosa was observed by Pursh on the Chau- 
 diere; by myself, from Montreal to Western Massachusetts ; by Torrey, on the Hudson to Lat. 41 ; 
 by A. Gray, "common" in central New York, and received frnm ".Michigan, Illinois, and southwest- 
 ward." Transported to Europe, is described by Linnaeus, and Jacquin hort. i. pi. 28. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 867 
 
 Equator ; and landing with most of his men, sent the ship back for supplies. On the return of 
 the ship, he continued South ; — and after much delay, again landing and- sending for supplies, he 
 was joined by other ships bringing James de Almagro " who was at the chief expense of this enter- 
 prize." 
 
 "Towards the end of the year" (Ovied. nat. hyst. f. 14, and Asher edit. Huds. p. xc), Esteuan 
 Gomez, now in Spanish employ, examining the American coast "in 40 and 41° N.;" finding the 
 natives larger than those of Terra Firma, clothed in " cueros " leather, and furs, including "zebelli- 
 nos" sables. His "great river" "in the neighbourhood of the cape De Muchas Islas," — afterwards 
 called by Spanish seamen " Rio de Gamas," is clearly the North or Hudson river (see Spreng.). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), Luther's followers including monks who had married and cast the 
 images out of churches, a demand by pope Clemens VII. through his legate in the assembly at Norim- 
 berg, That the elector of Saxony should purge his province of Lutherans. 
 
 " 1525, February" (Alst. p. 521), the French defeated in Insubria, and their king Francis taken 
 prisoner and carried to Charles V. in Spain. — He was released in the following year, leaving as host- 
 ages two sons ; and deeming the conditions unjust, entered into a treaty with pope Clemens VII. and 
 the Venetians. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst. p. 308), Rhodes captured from the knights of St. John by a Turkish 
 fleet. 
 
 " The same year " (Steinschneid. iii. 27), the bible first printed in Hebrew " with perfect 
 masora." Corrected by Jacob ben Chajjim of Tunis. 
 
 " On the first Sunday of Lent " (according to his own account), Cortes on his land-journey from 
 the city of Mexico to Honduras leaving Aculan ; a populous and extensive province under the rule 
 of Apospolon. Having detected a plot for the destruction of the Spaniards originated by his prisoner 
 Quauhtemotzin, the ex-emperor and his assistant were put to death. From Trujillo — he returned by 
 sea, leaving " April 25th," and after visiting Havana " reached the port of Chalchicuela " (Vera Cruz) 
 May 24th. While writing this fifth letter (dated "Sept. 3d, 1526"), a messenger from the Pacific 
 brought news of the arrival of a ship from the " Malucco Islands." 
 
 Jitniperus thurifera of Mexico ? A tree more than twenty-five feet high (Daubeny) ; and the 
 "aromatic resin extracted from the pine tree," used according to Cortes by the natives of Aculan for 
 "incensing their idols," — may be compared : J. thurifera is known to grow in Mexico (Pers.) : but 
 is termed " incenso " by Montigiano (Targ.), "j. hispanica" by Miller, and Lamarck enc. ii. 626, 
 and occurring in' the " kingdom of Murcie and Anatolie " (Cosson iii. 129 and A. Dec), has clearly 
 been transported by European colonists from one continent to the other. 
 
 "The same year" (according to his own account), Oviedo in Hayti, writing his "Natural hystoria 
 de las Indias ; " in which he refers to his " General y natural istoria de Indias." He mentions (ac- 
 cording to Sprengel) Vitis Indica, and Quercus salicifolia. 
 
 Anona squamosa of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. The cus- 
 tard-apple or sugar-apple, called in Mexico "ahate " or "ate " * (Hernand. 340 to 454) ; observed by 
 
 * Anona reticulata of the West Indies. The bullocks-heart or "anon " was observed by Oviedo 
 gen. hist. viii. 18 in the West Indies, its fruit resembling the "guanabano," yellow ; — the " ananes" 
 on Cuba by the Portuguese companion of De Soto 5 ; A. reticulata by Jacquin obs. 223, and Mac- 
 fadyen, wild on the mountains of Jamaica. By European colonists, was carried to Southern Brazil, 
 observed under cultivation by Martius ; and Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, called in 
 Tao-alo " anonas '•' (Blanco) ; to the neighbouring islands, observed under cultivation by Rumphius i. 
 136 ; to Anam (Lour.) ; to Burmah (Mason) ; to Hindustan, observed by Rheede iii. pi. 30 under 
 cultivation in Malabar, by Roxburgh in Bengal and called "noona" (A. Dec), by Graham "in gar- 
 dens and about temples" in the environs of Bombay, and called "ram-phul;" to the Mauritius 
 Islands (Boj.), and called by the French " cceur-de-bceuf " (A. Dec). 
 
 Lepidium Viiginicum of Tropical and Subtropical North America. A wild peppergrass, appar- 
 ently the " mastue'rgo saluage " seen by Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 growing abundantly : — L. Virginicum 
 was seen in the West Indies by Sloane pi. 123 ; by Humboldt, on the mountain near Caraccas ; by 
 Chamisso, at St. Catherine's in Brazil ; by Baldwin, on Bermuda and at 31 in Florida ; by Croom, at 
 30° 30'; by Chapman, in "waste places, very common;" by Drummond, near Covington in Louisi- 
 ana; by E. James, near the Rocky mountains; by. Michaux, in Illinois; by A. Gray, along "road- 
 sides" in central New York ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by myself, in waste places from 38 to 
 43 alone the Atlantic ; and " a plant like Knavers-mustard, called New England mustard," was 
 known to Josselyn rar. 54 before 1670. Transported to Europe, L. Virginicum is described by 
 Morison hist ii. pi. 21, and LinnKus ; and for many years has continued springing up spontaneously 
 in the lazaretto at Bayonne (Godron, and A. Dec). 
 
 Heliconia bihai of Tropical America. Herbaceous and banana-like ; the " bihaos," whose leaves 
 
868 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Oviedo in the West Indies — (Marcgr. 94) ; by Sloane, P. Brown, and Macfadyen, wild on Jamaica; 
 by Descourtilz, both wild- and cultivated in the West Indies; by Splitgerber, perhaps indigenous in 
 the woods of Surinam ; by Martins, wild in the forest on the Lower Amazon. By European colonists, 
 was carried to Southern Brazil (Vellozo, A. Saint-Hil., and Mart.) ; and Westward across the Pacific 
 to the Philippines, where it is called in Tagalo " ates," in Bisaya " yates " (Blanco) ; to the neigh- 
 bouring islands (Rumph. i. 139) ; to Anam and Tropical China (Lour.) ; to Burmah, called there 
 "au-za" (Mason); to Hindustan, observed by Rheede iii. pi. 29 in Malabar, called there "atta- 
 marum," in Hindustanee " ata," in Bengalee "loona" or " meba," in Tamil " sita-pullum " (Drur.), 
 in the environs of Bombay " seeta-phul," now " very generally cultivated all over India," and natural- 
 ized, growing " without any care" (Graham, and Royle) ; to Eastern Equatorial Africa, observed by 
 myself on Zanzibar; to Yemen, called there " s'ferdjel hindi " Indian quince (Forsk.) ; to Egypt, 
 called there "keschta" coagulated milk (Hasselq., Forsk. p. 102, Del.), and according to Clot-Bey 
 ripening fruit ; to Western Equatorial Africa, occurring only under cultivation (fl. nigr. 204, and A. 
 Dec.) ; and after the visit of Forster to the islands of the Pacific, observed by myself on the Taheitian, 
 Samoan, and Tongan Islands, and in Southeast Australia. 
 
 Jatropha curcas of the Cape Verd Islands. A large thick-stemmed shrub called physic-nut, 
 doubtless furnishing the " auellanos para purgar " seen by Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 growing on Hayti, 
 but not on Terra Firma : — J. curcas was observed by Descourtilz in the West Indies, no Carib name 
 given, by Ruiz and Pavon in Peru, by Marcgrave 97, and Martins, in Brazil, but in foliage and habit 
 appeared to me at home on the Cape Verd Islands, especially as a corresponding species belongs to 
 Southern Arabia, under the same Desert climate. Possibly without European intervention, was 
 carried to Zanzibar, observed by myself springing up spontaneously around dwellings : to Hindustan, 
 observed by Graham ''a very common shrub in Bombay and about villages throughout the Concan," 
 used " as a hedge plant ; " is called in Telinga " napalam," in Bengalee '• baghbarinda," and according 
 to Roxburgh, oil is expressed from its seeds, and its "leaves warmed and rubbed with castor oil" 
 are applied by the natives to promote suppuration : to Burmah, observed by Mason v. 509 " exotic," 
 planted for hedges, and its juice dyeing linen black : to the Philippines, called in Tagalo "tuba," in 
 Ylocano "tavatava," on Gilolo " casla," but according to the natives unknown in former times 
 (Blanco) : to China, its oil according to Lindley "boiled with oxyde of iron forms a varnish used by 
 the Chinese for covering boxes ; " its seeds or nuts are powerfully cathartic. 
 
 " 1526 A. D." (Prior), Treveris publishing his Grete Herbal. 
 
 " March loth," the Description of North Africa by Leo Africanus completed. 
 
 Erodunn glaucophyllum of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Egypt "tummaejr" or "kabsjie;" 
 the "habhasis" of Leo Africanus 5, may be compared: E. glaucophyllum was received from Egypt 
 by Dillenius elth. pi. 124 (Pers.) ; and was observed by Forskal p. 123, and Delile, in the environs 
 of Cairo, growing in the Desert. 
 
 "June 25th" (Alst), meeting of the Diet at Spires. In regard to the restoration of the church, 
 an invitation was extended to Charles V. to visit Germany; To see the condition of things, and pro- 
 cure the assembling of a general Council. And at "the close of August," the session terminated. 
 
 "Sept. 13th " (Churchill coll.), by Alonzo de Salazar, on his way from Mexico to the Southern- 
 most Ladrone Islands, an island discovered and named by him " S. Bartholemew." 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll.), by Sebastian Cabot, now in the Spanish service, the La 
 Plata river ascended "two hundred leagues " to the Paraguay branch. Continuing up this branch 
 "thirty leagues," he met with " a people that tilled the ground, which he had not seen before," and 
 was compelled by them to return (see Ilex Paraguayensis). 
 
 In this year (Churchill, and Ciez.), arrival of a ship, sent by the governor of Panama to bring 
 back Pizarro and his companions. Pizarro drew a line on the sand, and permitted all who wished 
 to leave him: "thirteen" only remained behind. With these "thirteen," Pizarro "ten or twelve 
 days" afterwards reached Tumbez, where he heard of the city of Cuzco. Following the coast as far 
 as Santa in " S. Lat. if," he returned Northward, — and after " three years " absence arrived at 
 Panama. 
 
 " In this year " (Garc. de la Vega), "the very year" that Pizarro " with his thirteen companions " 
 entered Peru (Ciez. Ixxvii), death of the Inca Huayna Capac. He was succeeded by his eldest son 
 Huascar ; who at his father's request permitted another son Atahuallpa to rule the kingdom of Quito. 
 
 " 1527 A. D." (art de verif), Kasiawabara succeeded by his son Gonara, now dairo of Japam 
 
 according to Oviedo nat. hyst. 80 are used for covering dwellings, — is referred here by Sprengel : 
 H. bihai was observed by Swartz obs. pi. 5 in the West Indies. "Transported to Europe, is described 
 by Linnaeus, and Jacq. hort. 25. 
 
 Chamadorea gracilis of Caraccas. A palm ten feet high; described by Oviedo — (Sprenu-.) ; 
 and known to grow in Caraccas (Jacq. hort. schoenb. ii. pi. 247-8, and Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 869 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 308), the Hungarian king Louis defeated and taken prisoner, and 
 the city of Buda captured, by the Turks under Suliman II. The library of king Corvinus, reported 
 to have been on this occasion burned, — has recently been discovered intact in Constantinople. 
 
 "May 6th" (Alst., and Blair), by. the forces of Charles V., Rome captured, and pope Clemens 
 VII. with the cardinals confined in the castle of St. Angelo. Henry VIII. of England and Francis, 
 agreeing by treaty to send an army to liberate the pope, he was "after the seventh month" released. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), founding of the Sect of Anabaptists. 
 
 "1528, Jan. 26th" (Alst.), at Berne in Switzerland, the images removed from the churches and 
 various religious ceremonies abolished. The example was followed in the neighbouring villages, and 
 soon afterwards, at Constance, and Geneva. 
 
 "March" (Galvan.), Alvaro de Saavedra, sent by Cortes, arriving at Gilolo, finding "the sea 
 calme and winde at will " all the way across the Pacific. 
 
 "April 12th" (Cabeza de Vaca, and Churchill coll.), arrival of the expedition under Pamphilo 
 de Narvaez on the North shore of the Mexican Gulf (and clearly West of the Mississippi). " Forty 
 horses" were landed; with which he and a party proceeded, leaving the ships to follow, to find a 
 "harbor where they might settle a town." They met with "walnut trees" (Juglans nigra or Carya 
 olivaformis), " laurels " (Persea Carolinensis), " others called liquid ambers " (L. styraciflud), " cedars " 
 {Taxodium distichum), " savins " (Junipcrus Virginiand), " ever-green oaks " (Quercus virens), " oaks, 
 pines" (Pinus ttzdd) "and dwarf palmettos" (Sabal Adansoni), also an animal with a "pocket in 
 its belly in which it carries its young " (Didelphis Virginiand), " rabbits " (Lepus palustris), " hares " 
 {Lepus Americanus) " bears " {Ursus Americanus), " lions " (Felis concolor), " mallards " {Anas ■■■■), 
 "night-herons" (Ardea nycticorax), "very fine pastures for herds," and "beans" and "pumpkins" 
 (cultivated by the natives). The ships were wrecked, when they built five boats, which were com- 
 pleted "Sept. 20th." These were also wrecked, and the party reduced to "three or four " persons, 
 — who after travelling " some hundreds of leagues across the country," succeeded in reaching Mexico. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), in Japan, the title "dai-seogun" conferred by Gonara on 
 Jositir, son of Josifar, and twenty-fourth in descent from Joritomo. 
 
 "1529, March 15th" (Alst), another meeting of the Diet at Spires. A decree was adopted, 
 Prohibiting further innovations in religion until the assembling of a general Council. Against this 
 decree, the elector of Saxony and several other princes protested ; and were afterwards joined by 
 different cities in Germany and Switzerland ; and hence the origin of the name " Protestants." The 
 reformers now began to take measures for their own safety, and at the "close of November" met 
 in consultation at Smalcald. 
 
 " April" (transl. Buckingham Smith), Cabeza de Vaca among the aboriginals West of the mouths 
 of the Mississippi, ate blackberries (Rubus trivialis) all this month : the women only had any part of 
 the person covered, employing for clothing a moss that grows on the trees (Tillandsia usneoides) : 
 in travelling, many of the canes (Arundmaria macrosperma) were broken, so that they often tore 
 his flesh: he speaks of extensive and beautiful plains, and distinctly describes the American bison 
 (Bos Americanus) : the Cutalchiches used for knives, flints a palm and a half long, and were ignorant 
 of time either by the sun or moon, neither reckoning by the month nor year, but understanding the 
 different seasons and positions of the stars : the "pears" (Opuntia) were green and so milky that 
 they burned our mouths. — Passing the Rio del Norte, he began to see mountains, on which are 
 small pines the seeds of which are eaten,* and met with a different people : these wore a cotton shirt 
 (Mexicans), which they soap with a certain root that exceedingly cleanses (Wislizenus says the root 
 of a Yucca is used for soap) : poison was procured from a certain tree of the size of the apple yielding 
 milk from the twigs (Madura?). — Near the coast by the way of towns through which we came, 
 more than a thousand leagues of inhabited country to San Miguel on the Pacific ; where he arrived 
 after being alone with the aboriginals "nearly six years," ending "in 1533." 
 
 " May" (Galvan), returning from Tidore Eastward, Saavedra "had sight of a land" in "2° S.," 
 and ran along it "aboue fiue hundred leagues" (New Guinea), "the people blacke and of curled 
 haire " — called " Papuas " by the natives of Maluco. 
 
 In "4 or 5 S.," Saavedra turned Northward and crossing the Equator discovered an island 
 which he called " Pintadas," the inhabitants being all marked (tattooed) : a number of canoes came 
 out and commenced a fight with slings, but Saavedra merely ordered sail to be shortened, and pro- 
 ceeded slowly without doing them any mischief. " A little beyond " in " 10° or 12° N," he found " many 
 
 * Pinus flexilis of the Rocky mountains. Its seeds from early times eaten by the natives — 
 ( R Brown iun.) : observed by E. James on the Rocky mountains at the sources of the Arkansas 
 from the base as far as perpetual snow; and Pike ap. 22 saw some pine timber to the north of 
 
 Chihuahua. 
 
870 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 small low islands full of palme trees and grasse" and anchoring in the midst called them " Jardim ; " 
 finding the natives brutish, without laws and without industry, "in maruailous feare of fire because 
 they neuer saw any," living on fish and " cocos," wearing "white clothing which they make of grass " 
 (Micronesians), and by means of shells scooping boats out of the trunks of pines drifted here "at 
 certaine times of the yeere." After leaving Saavedra died, and the ship put back to MaluCo. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 308), Vienna besieged by the Turks under Suliman II. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), count Hermannus, a Novenaar, writing his Epist. on plants. 
 
 Leontodon autumnale of Northern Europe and Asia. The fall dandelion is called by Gipsies 
 "morsus diaboli minor," in Hesse '-summer dorn," and is included in the " apostematica" of count 
 Hermann de Neuenare — (Trag. i. 81 to 87) : A. autumnale is described also by Fuchsius 320 pi. ; 
 is termed "hieracium chondrillae folio glabra radice succisa majus " by Tournefort inst. 470 ; and 
 is known to grow from Lapland and Russia throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 501, Engl. bot. pi. 
 830, Lam. fl. fr., Vill., and Wats.) ; was observed by Forskal around Constantinople. Westward, 
 by Hooker on Iceland ; was received by him from Newfoundland ; and clearly by European colonists 
 was carried to New England, where it has become naturalized, and frequent in grassy situations. 
 
 " 1530, Apr. 8th " (Alst.), general Assembly at Augsburg, On account of the Turkish war and the 
 religious dissensions in Germany. The Augustan Confession, written by Melanchthon and sanctioned 
 by Luther, was submitted by the Protestants to the meeting : a " Refutation " was read ; and Charles V. 
 made an address, Requiring the Protestants to return to the Church. The session was prolonged; 
 and after futile attempts at reconciliation, several princes left and formed treaties with the Protestant 
 cities for mutual protection. In view of the approaching vote for " king of the Romans " by the elector 
 of Saxony, a Protestant meeting was convened seven days beforehand, at Smalcald " Dec. 22A," and a 
 general federation formed ; letters being sent even to the kings of France, England, and Denmark. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), the Capucin Order of monks confirmed by pope Clemens VII. And 
 by Charles V. (Blair), the island of Malta, given to the Knights of St. |ohn. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 2S4), by king Francis, professors of languages instituted at Paris: 
 one of whom, Franciscus Vatablus, was skilled in Hebrew. 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll ), sailing from the Pacific side of the Isthmus of the Second 
 expedition of Francisco Pizarro. Following the coast South, " and falling upon the town of Quapel, 
 he took <y vast booty of gold, silver, and eu/eraulds." 
 
 "1531 A. D." (Ciez. lix), by Francisco Pizarro, founding of the city of San Miguel near the 
 Northern boundary of Peru and the first city established in that country by the Spaniards. — Pizarro 
 narr. f. 16 travelled inland to Caxamalca and Xauxa "in 1533." 
 
 "The same year" (Schomb. edit. Ralegh), the Orinoko ascended by Diego de Ordaz as far as 
 the cataract of Atures. 
 
 " In this year" (Alst. p. 308), Vienna for the second time besieged by the Turks under Suliman II. 
 
 "June 4th" (AKt.), meeting of the Protestants at Frankfort. Swiss cities desiring to join the 
 Federation, were excluded on alleged doctrinal differences. 
 
 " In this year " letter of Hieronym Tragus to his " amico et domino Otho Brunfelsio " of May- 
 ence, in which he confirms the statement, That the " angelicam et astranciam " are undescribed plants. 
 Brunfels at this time (Spreng., and Prior) writing his Novum Herbarium, enumerating "chamae- 
 pitys" iii. 36, Veronica prostrata, Plan/ago crassa i. 25, Viola palustris i. 137, Lcucoium vernum\. 129, 
 Betonica stricta i. 88, "urtica iners femina" i. 152, Lamiian lac-oigatnm, Mentha rubra ii. 76, " cardo 
 paris " iii. 35 Carlina acaulis, " cynoglossa minor " it. 176, Myosotis palustris (Gesn. ii. fig. 77), Ophrys 
 myodes i. 105. — He published two volumes "in 1532," died "in 1534," and the third volume was 
 published "in 1537" (Spreng.). 
 
 Astrantia major of the mountains of middle and Western Europe. An Umbelliferous plant, 
 probably the "astranciam" of Brunfels alluded to in this letter : — A. major is known to grow on the 
 Pyrenees, the mountains of middle Europe, and the Appenines as far as Tuscany (Scop., Pers., and 
 Nees). Transported to Britain, was found in 1840-41 seemingly wild near Ludlow on the border of 
 Wales (A. Dec ). The roots according to Lindley are "acrid and purgative." 
 
 Veronica spica/a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia Described by Brunfels i,i. 36 — 
 (Spreng.) ; termed "v. spicata minor" by C. Bauhin pin. 247 (Linn.), and Tournefort inst. 144. and 
 known to grow throughout middle Europe (Oed. fl. Dan. pi. 52, Engl. bot. pi. 2, and Pers.) : observed 
 by Linnaeus in dry sunny situations in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Sisymbrium sophia of the Uralian plains. An annual called in Germany " welsomen " (Fuchs.) ; 
 described by Brunfels iii. 170, — termed "seriphium germanicum" by Tragus 338 (Spreng.), " seri- 
 phium absinthium" by Fuchsius pi. 2, " s. annuum absinthii minoris folio " by Tournefort inst 226, and 
 known to occur in waste places and along walls from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 52S, Engl. bot. pi. 963, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the 
 Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 87 1 
 
 Trifolium hybridum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Brunfels iii. d.8 
 
 — (Spreng.) ; termed "t. orientale altissimum caule fistuloso fiore albo" by Tournefor.t cor. 27, and 
 Vaillant par. pi. 22, and known to occur in cultivated and fallow ground from Sweden to the Mediter- 
 ranean (Micheli pi. 25, > Ehrh. phyt. 26, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus by the roadside between 
 Stockholm and Upsal, also at Abo in Finland ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in meads in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. "T. nigrescens, pallescens," and " Michelianum" of Decandolle, are regarded by Chaubard 
 as not distinct. 
 
 Medicago litpulina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Brunfels iii. 48, 
 
 — and Fuchsius pi. 819 (Spreng.), and Dodoens pempt. 576; termed "melilotus capsulis reni simili- 
 bus in capitulum congestis " by Tournefort inst. 407 ; known to grow in Italy and throughout middle 
 Europe as far as Denmark, and in Britain from "supposed superiority as fodder" called nonsuch (flor. 
 Dan. pi. 992, Savi, Engl. bot. pi. 971, Smith, and Prior). Eastward, observed by Sibthorp, and Chau- 
 bard, in Southern Greece and Cyprus, and in cultivated ground around Athens and Constantinople. 
 From Europe, carried by colonists to Northeast America, where it continues to grow along roadsides 
 and in grass-grown clearings in our Northern and Middle States. 
 
 Scilla bifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain star-hyacinth 
 (Prior): termed " hyacinthus martius"by Brunfels i. 184, — described also by Lonicer — (Spreng. 
 comm. Diosc.) ; termed "ornithogalum bifolium germanicum caeruleum" by Tournefort inst. 380; and 
 known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., Scop., and Jacq. austr. pi. 117). 
 Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Hawkins, and Chaubard, from the mountains of Crete and the 
 Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 " I S3 2 ' July 23d " (Alst.), in view of the Turkish invasion, agreement by the Assembly at Norim- 
 berg, To refer religious dissensions to a general Council to be convened by the pope. ''Aug. 2d," the 
 decision was approved by Charles V. : and in the Diet at Ratisbon, he pledged his influence with the 
 pope, to induce him to convene a general Council; and in case of delay beyond the allotted time, 
 the matter should be referred to a future Diet of the Empire. 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll.), in Mexico, by an armed expedition under Nunho de Guzman 
 proceeding Northwest, the provinces of Culiacan and Cinaloa discovered and subdued ; extending 
 along the Pacific to "twenty-eight degrees of north latitude." 
 
 " In this year" (Garc. de la Vega ix. 33, and Markh.), under trie pretense of journeying in state to 
 render homage to the Inca, Atahuallpa arriving with an army within a few leagues of Cuzco defeated 
 at Quepaypa the forces of Huascar, and took him prisoner. Atahuallpa, being of mixed blood and a 
 native of Quito, could not lawfully inherit, but entering Cuzco he summoned all the Inca chiefs of the 
 Empire, and o-etting them in his power, several hundred in number, put them to death. — (In the words 
 of an ao-ed Inca chief in conversation with Garcilasso de la Vega ix. 39, If Atahuallpa "had been an 
 Inca, he not only would not have committed those cruelties and abominations, but he would not even 
 have imagined them : for the tradition of our ancestors was to do harm to no man, not even to 
 
 enemies.") 
 
 Atahuallpa was shortly afterwards captured by Pizarro ; yet by an order from his place of con- 
 finement caused the Inca Huascar to be put to death (Markh. edit. Ciez.). 
 
 " 1^3 Tune 30th" (Alst ), by the Protestant meeting at Smalcaid, the proposed convening of a 
 general Council in some city in Italy, declined. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst. p. 308), Vienna for the third time besieged by the Turks under Suli- 
 man II. — And as before, unsuccessfully. 
 
 "In this year" (Markham edit. Ciez. 35), Carthagena on the Gulf of Darien, not far from the, 
 mouths of the Magdalena, founded by Pedro de Heredia. 
 
 ••Auo-. 29th" (Markham edit. p. 300), Atahuallpa put to death by Pizarro. Who now, having 
 acquired control of the whole country, inaugurated Mancolncaat Cuzco. — Manco continued always 
 hostile to the Spaniards, but was unable to recover Cuzco, and "in 1553" was succeeded by the pen- 
 sioned Inca Sayri Tupac. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Cornelius Petrus of Leyden publishing his Annot. Diosc.,* mentioning 
 
 Veronica longifolia. 
 
 * Ribes nigrum of Northeast America. The black currant is mentioned by Cornelius Petrus — 
 (Spreng.), Dodoens, and Dalechamp ; is termed "ribes sylvestre " by Tragus (C. Bauh., and Willd.) ; 
 and is said to grow wild "in some parts of Europe and Siberia" (fl. Dan., Pers., and Lindl.). West- 
 ward " currants " were seen along Massachusetts Bay by W. Wood i. 5 ; and " black currents,' which 
 "are 'reasonable pleasant in eating," by Josselyn voy. 72; " R. floridum " is kn 
 
 pleasant in eating," by Josselyn voy. 72 ; " R. floridum '' is known to grow from 
 Lai*" ^Throughout Canada (Hook.) ; was observed by Pursh from Canada to Virginia ; by myself, 
 from 44 to 42 along the Atlantic ; by Torrey, as far as 41 on the Hudson ; by A. Gray, in " 
 common " in central New York ; by Beck, near St. Louis on the Mississippi ; and " R. reci 
 by Michaux no "ad ripas Larorum juxta sinum Hudsonis " (Pers.). 
 
 woods, 
 recurvatum ' 
 
872 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Geranium rotundifolium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Cornelius 
 Petrus, — and Fuchsius 205 (Spreng.) : termed "pes columbinus" by Dodoens pempt. 61, "g. aliud 
 secundum" by Dalechamp hist. 1277, "g. folio malvae rotundo " by C. Bauhin pin. 318, and Tourne- 
 fort inst. 26S, and known to occur in cultivated ground from Sweden throughout Europe (Engl, bot, 
 pi. 157, and Pers.) ; observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, frequent in cultivateS ground; by Cavanil- 
 les iv. pi. 93, in Spain; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek 
 islands. 
 
 Epilobium tetragonum of Subarctic climates. Termed "chamaenerion glabrum minus'' by 
 Tournefort inst. 303, — and known to grow from Sweden throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 1029, Curt. lond. ii. pi. 23, Pers., and Wats.), also as far as Tauria (Bieb.) : was observed by 
 Brotero in Portugal ; by Forskal, and Sestini, in the environs of Constantinople. Westward, by 
 Hooker in Iceland, and received by him from Canada as far as 64 , from the Rocky mountains and 
 Northwest coast; was observed by Mertens at 57 around Norfolk Sound on the Pacific. (See 
 E. montanum ) 
 
 Epilobium hirsutum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Cornelius 
 Petrus — (Spreng.) ; termed "lysimachia purpurea" by Fuchsius pi. 277 (Gesn. ii. fig. 74), "1. sili- 
 quosa hirsuta magno fiore " by C. Bauhin pin. 245, " chamaenerion villosum magno flore purpureo" by 
 Tournefort inst. 303, and known to grow along rills throughout middle Europe (Dill. giss. 131, fl. 
 Dan. pi. 326, Curt. lond. ii. pi. 21, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden; by Sibthorp, about 
 Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus ; and is known to occur in Algeria (Boiss., and 
 A. Dec). 
 
 " 1534, March 30th " (Alst., Blair, and Nicol. p. 337), the Protestant Reformation adopted by 
 Henry VIII. of England : and an Act passed, declaring, That the king should be reputed " Supreme 
 head of the Church of England." In Paris and some other places in France, suspected Protestants 
 were seized, and on conviction burned alive. 
 
 One hundred and seventy-fifth generation. May 1st, 1534, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Jewish writers, Elia Levita, and Joseph Karo : the Greek writer Arsenius of Monembasia d. 1535 : 
 Pelegrino Brocardi, Alciatus, Petrus Apianus, Paulus Jovius, Conrade Heresbache, Hieronymus 
 Fracastor, Sebastian Munstcr, and Georgius Agricola d. 1555 (Pouchet) : the medical writers, Andreas 
 Vesalius founder of the science of Human anatomy, Gabriel Fallopius, Paracelsus : the botanists, Io. 
 laxava, Aloysius Mundclla: other writers, Francis Guicciardin ; cardinal Bembo ; Ludovicus Vives ; 
 Clement Marot ; Rabelais; J. George Trissino; Martin Bucer ; Hieronymus Vida ; Lilio Giraldi; 
 archbishop Cranmer ; John Leland ; Peter Aretin ; John Sleidan ; Robert Stephens ; Adrian Turnebus ; 
 Annibal Caro ; Budeus of Paris ; Polydor Virgil : the painters, Gulio Romano d. 1546, Hans Holbein 
 d. 1554, Francesco Mazzuoli called Parmi^iano d. 1540, Jacopo Palma il Vecchio b. 1510, Polidoro 
 Caldara da Caravaggio d. 1543, Danielle da Yolterra d. 1566. 
 
 "In this year" (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter, Stirling giving T533), end of the Gan- 
 getic dynasty, Katharuya Deva slain by the prime minister Gobind Bidyadhar, who now became 
 king of Orissa. — He" disputed with the Muslims the possession of Rajmahendri, and reigned "seven 
 years." 
 
 "May 10th" (edit. Michelant), arrival of Jacques Cartier with two ships of sixty tons each at 
 Cape Bonavista in " Lat. 48^° " on the coast of Newfoundland. Following the coast Northward, he 
 reached the entrance of the bay of " Chasteaulx " (Straits of Belleisle) on the "27th " and the har- 
 bour of " Rapont" in " Lat. 51^°," where he was detained until " June 9th." He entered the harbour 
 of " Brest" on the " 10th:'' in the course of a boat-excursion Westward, passing numberless islets 
 he found a river which he named " Sainct Jacques " and a large ship there from Rochelle, the captain 
 having missed his way, and going on board returned in her to " Brest : " the coast was frequented by 
 people painted with certain tawny colours, clad in skins of beasts and wearing feathers in their hair, 
 who came from the Southward in birc/i-ba.rk canoes to capture seals. On the " 15th," leaving 
 "Brest" with his own vessels he sailed Southward about "twenty" leagues to a cape named by him 
 " Double," and ascertained that it formed part of the main land. On the " i/ith," he followed the 
 coast South westward about "thirty-five" leagues. On the " 17th," with a violent Northeast wind he 
 sailed " thirty-seven " leagues Southwestward to a bay full of round islets like dovecots, a cape he 
 called " Royal " (Anticosti) being " seven " leagues distant South a quarter Southwest. On the 
 "18th " the wind being adverse and violent, he returned towards cape "Royal" seeking a harbour, 
 and discovered a wide bay with the Southern shore low, situated in " Lat. 48°! : " the wind continued 
 adverse until the " 24th," when he discovered a cape in the Southeast which he named " sainct Jehan," 
 making his position about " thirty-five " leagues Southwest of cape "Royal." On the "25th," the 
 weather continuing unfavourable, he discovered three islets covered with birds, and "five" leagues 
 farther West, an island about " two " leagues in length and breadth which he named " Bryon : " land- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 873 
 
 ing on " Bryon," he found fields of "ble" sauuaige " (Triticum repens) and of peas in full flower* 
 "prairies " with odoriferous herbs and " frassiers " (Fragaria vesca and F. Virginiand) , and a forest 
 of beautiful trees, one acre of the soil being worth all Newfoundland ; a cape "four" leagues distant, 
 
 * Lathyrus maritimns of the seashore of Subarctic climates. The beach pea ("pisum mariti- 
 mum" of Linnaeus) probably the "poys en fleurs " seen by Cartier on Bryon Island and around 
 Chaleur Bay : — L. maritimus was observed by Lapylaie on Newfoundland ; by myself, on the sea- 
 shore of New England to 42° ; by Torrey, and A. Gray, to 40 40' at the mouth of the Hudson ; by 
 Nuttall, on the shores of Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan; by Mertens, around Norfolk Sound; 
 according to Hooker, grows about Interior salines from the Saskatchewan to California, the mouth 
 of the Columbia, and along the Arctic Sea to Bering's Straits ; and according to Decandolle, along 
 the opposite Asiatic coast to Kamtchatka and Okhotsk. Eastward, was observed by Hooker on 
 Iceland ; and is known to grow on the European seashore from Archangel to nearly 50°, but seems 
 wanting throughout Siberia (Morison ii. pi. 2, Pers., and A. Dec). In the Southern Hemisphere, 
 has been observed at a single point, by J. D. Hooker in S. Lat. 47° in Araucania. 
 
 Rosa blanda of Subarctic America. Probably the " rosses de Provins " seen by Cartier on 
 Bryon Island : — R. blanda was received by Aiton from Newfoundland and Hudson Bay (Pers.); 
 was observed by myself at 47° 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence and on the summit of Whiteface moun- 
 tain in Northern New York ; according to Hooker, grows from Bear Lake Lat. 65° throughout 
 Canada ; and according to A. Gray, from "Vermont to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, chiefly north- 
 ward," the "petals light rose-colour." 
 
 Rosa lucida of Northeast America. The low wild rose, probably the "roses rouges" seen by 
 Cartier around Chaleur Bay, — and " eglantine " seen by Gosnold on Elizabeth Island (near Martha's 
 Vineyard): " plentie of single damaske roses verie sweet" were seen by Higgeson around Salem 
 (hist. coll. i. 119) ; and "wild damask roses, single, but very large and sweet, but stiptick," by 
 Josselyn 58 in Eastern New England: R. lucida is termed "r. humilis" by Marshall; is known to 
 grow in Newfoundland (Morrison, Dec, and Hook.) ; was observed by myself from 47° near Quebec 
 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by A. Gray, "common " in central New York ; by Pursh, from New York 
 to Carolina; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in Chatham County, Georgia; by 
 Croom, as far as 30 30' ; by Chapman, " Florida to Mississippi, and northward, mostly in dry soil, 
 common ; " by Beck, as far as the Mississippi near St. Louis. Transported to Europe, is described 
 by Ehrhart ii., and Dillenius pi. 245. 
 
 Conioselinum Canadense of Northeast America. Umbelliferous and somewhat parsley-like, 
 probably the odorous " persil " seen by Cartier on Bryon Island : — C. Canadense was observed by 
 Michaux at the mouth of the St. Lawrence (Pers.); by myself, frequent from 46° 30' to 47 30' on 
 the Lower St. Lawrence; according to A. Gray, grows from "Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and 
 southward in the Alleghanies ; " and according to Chapman, on the "high mountains of North 
 Carolina." 
 
 Fraxinus Americana of Northeast" America The white ash: " frainnes " were seen by Car- 
 tier before entering Chaleur Bay : — F. Americana was observed by F. A. Michaux from Canada and 
 New Brunswick to the Genessee, becoming rare in Southern New York and Pennsylvania ; by A. 
 Gray, " common " in central New York ; by myself, from 46 to 42 along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, 
 from Canada to Carolina; by Croom, near Newbern; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, 
 " Florida to Mississippi, and northward ; " and by Short, in Kentucky. 
 
 Fraxinus viridis of Northeast America. The green ash, possibly the "frainnes" seen by Car- 
 tier before entering Chaleur Bay : — Drummond found no species of Fraxinus North of 54 : F. viri- 
 dis was observed by myself from 47 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42 along the Atlantic ; by F. 
 A. Michaux, in the Western portion of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia; and according to A. 
 Gray, grows "near streams, New England to Wisconsin and southward." 
 
 l/Jmus Americana of Northeast America. The American elm sometimes called white elm (A. 
 Gray), a magnificent tree, probably the " ormes Mans " seen by Cartier before entering Chaleur Bay: 
 
 the' "broad-spreade elme whose concave harbours waspes " was seen by W. Wood in Eastern 
 
 Massachusetts : Drummond found no species of Ulmus North of 54° : U. Americana was observed 
 by F. A. Michaux from 48° 20' to Nova Scotia, the extremity of Georgia, and the Western States ; by 
 myself from 47 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence throughout New England, growing especially on 
 river-flats, and most luxuriant North of Lat. 40 ; by Pursh, from New England to Carolina ; by 
 Chapman,' in "low grounds, Florida, and northward ; " by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and by Say, as 
 far as 4Q°'on Red river of Lake Winnipeg. 
 
 Riles (Grossularia) cynosbati of Canada. The prickly-fruited gooseberry, probably the " grou- 
 aiseliers blans " seen by Cartier around Chaleur Bay : — G. cynosbati was observed by Michaux in 
 
 no 
 
874 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 he named " Daulphin " as marking the commencement of the fertile country, and from the heavy tide 
 coming from the Southeast, he inferred the non-existence of a passage between Newfoundland and 
 "terre des Bretons." On the "27th," he followed the coast West-southwest about " fifteen" leagues. 
 On the " 28th," he continued " ten " leagues to a cape of red land which he named " St. Pierre ; '' about 
 "four" leagues beyond was another cape, and "five" leagues from this, an island which he called 
 " Allezay." The wind coming from the South a quarter Southwest, he saw no land until the evening 
 of the 30th. On the " 1st of July," he landed in four places to examine the odoriferous and beautiful 
 trees, "cedres, iffs pins" {.-Hies Canadensis), " ormes blans, frainnes, sauldres " {willows), and 
 several others, none however fruit-bearing, and in unwooded tracts " grouaiseliers rouges" {Ribes 
 rubrum) and "franboysses " (Rubns strigosus). On the "2d," he had entered a wide bay in " Lat. 
 47^° ; " and on the " 3d," found the Northern shore high and mountainous, covered with trees, and 
 among them " cedres " and " pruches " large enough for masts of ships of " three hundred " tons or 
 more {Thuya Occidentalis and Abies ni^ra) ; a cape in the South he called " Esperance," in the hope 
 of finding a passage : on " Monday the 6th," in the course of a boat-excursion, had an interview with 
 the natives in " forty or fifty " canoes ; and on the 7th, trade was established, exchanging knives, 
 bits of iron, and other articles for skins of beasts : finding that there was no passage, he named the 
 bay " Chaleur ; " and on " Sunday the 12th," sailed Eastward about " eighteen " leagues to cape "de 
 Pratto," and anchored. " Five or six" leagues Northward was a river, which he entered on the 
 "14th," and where he was detained by bad weather until the "25th;" visited by about "forty" 
 canoes containing men, women, and children, more than " two hundred " in all, who had come to 
 catch mackerel, and in language, manners, and costume, differing from the natives last seen ; the men 
 wearing only a small skin cincture with larger skins thrown over them, and having the head shaved 
 with the exception of a long lock which is tied down with leather thongs ; in their own country, which 
 thev leave only in the fishing season, grow " prunes," also " figues, noix " called " daheya " {Juglans 
 ciuerea), "poires, pommes " {Cratagns tomentosa), and other fruits, " febues " called "sahe" {Pliase- 
 olus vulgaris), and "groz mil comme poix ainsi que au Bresil " (Zea mays). On the "25th," the 
 wind fair, he left the river and followed the coast East-northeast " twenty" leagues to where it turned 
 Northwest. Continuing along the coast, on the " 2S1I1 " he reached a cape in " Lat. 493- ," and named 
 it " St. Loys ; " and on the " 29th," reached land in " Lat. 50°." On " Saturday August 1st," he per- 
 ceived other land in the North and Northeast, mountainous in the distance ; following this North- 
 east, and on the " 5th," having made in all only " twenty-five " leagues, he passed over in boats to 
 land in sight in the South (Anticosti) ; on regaining the ships, a council was held, and it was decided 
 to return to France. The wind becoming favourable, he followed the Northern land East-southeast 
 "twenty-five" leagues to a low cape, where natives came on board without hesitation, stating that a 
 captain Thiennot was there and had laden his ships with fish ; the cape was therefore named "Thien- 
 not." The direction of the coast changing, he sailed East-noriheast, and on the 8th, saw Newfound- 
 land between the " Granches " and cape " Double." On the "9th," he entered Blanc Sablon ; and 
 on the " 15th," sailed thence for Saint Malo in France, where he arrived " Sept. 5th." 
 
 " In this year " (Ciez. xl.), the city of Quito founded by Sebastian Belalcazar. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), publication at Cologne of the Botanologicon of Euricius Cordus. — • 
 He died before the close of the year (Winckler). 
 
 Giiaphalium uliginosum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia? Described by Euricius 
 Cordus — (Spreng.), Rudbeck cat. 19 (Smith ed. fl. lapp), termed " g. longifolium humile ramosum 
 capitulis nigris" by Ray angl. iii. 181, " elichrysum aquiticum ramosum minus capitulis foliatis " by 
 Tournefort inst. 452, "filago palustris capitulis nigricantibus supina " by Ruppius jen. 157, and known 
 to occur from Lapland and Russia throughout Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 859, Engl. bot. pi. 1 194, Pers., and 
 Wats), also in Northern Asia (Ledeb.), but not on Caucasus (A. Dec.) : observed by Linnsus in 
 Lapland and Sweden, chiefly in dried up pools by the wayside; by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus 
 and around Constantinople ; and was received by A. Richard from Abyssinia. Probably by Euro- 
 pean colonists was carried from one continent to the other ; was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by 
 myself, frequent in New England, but chiefly in the same situations as in Sweden ; by Short, at 
 Big-bone lick in Kentucky; was received by Torrey and A. Gray fl. ii. 427 from Newfoundland and 
 California. 
 
 " X S35) January" (Alst), by king Francis, solemn supplications in the churches of Paris, To 
 
 Canada ; by myself, from 47 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to 43 along the Atlantic; by A. Gray, 
 "common" in central New York, and "especially northward;" by Pursh, in Canada and on the 
 Alleghanies ; by Chapman, on "mountains of North Carolina, and northward ; '' and was received by 
 Hooker from Lake Huron. Transported to Europe, is described by Linnasus, and Jacquin hort. ii. 
 pi. 123. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 875 
 
 appease the Divinity ; and on his journey home, six Protestants at different places brought forward 
 and burned alive. Having in consequence rendered himself odious in Germany, Francis excused 
 himself, asserting, That the persons in question " under the pretence of religion had been plotting 
 against the state." "Dec. 6th," a Protestant meeting at Smalcald, delegates from Henry VIII. of 
 England being present. 
 
 " Jan. 6th " (Ciez., and Markham edit. p. 250), the city of Lima founded by Francisco Pizarro. 
 
 "The same year" (Maunder), by the Spaniards under Almagro, the Peruvians driven out of 
 Chili. — After " three years," the Spaniards in turn expelled through a general rising of the natives. 
 
 " The same year," the Peruvians of Cuzco found by A. E. de Guzman to have "lances, arrows, 
 darts, slings" and " ayllas ; " the latter " consisting of three round stones sewn up in leather, and 
 each fastened to a cord a cubit long " (transl. in soc. Hackl.). — This singular and very efficient 
 weapon called " boleros " by the colonists, continues in use as witnessed by myself among the Span- 
 ish herdsmen of Patagonia. 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll), by Peter de Mendoza, a Spanish colony established at 
 Buenos Ayres on the La Plata river. 
 
 "Aug. 15th" (edit. D'Avezac), after passing the Straits of Belleisle, arrival at Assumption 
 Island (Anticosti) of Jacques Cartier with three ships on his Second voyage. Returning to the North- 
 ern shore of the Bay, on the " 19th " he anchored among seven high islands and named them " ysles 
 Rondes." Proceeding up the great river (St. Lawrence) under the guidance of two natives (carried 
 to France on his First voyage), " Sept. rst " he entered the " Saguenay." Returning to the main 
 river, he met with fishes as large as "merhoux" but entirely white (Delphinipterus beluga), living 
 between the sea and fresh witer, and called by the natives " adhothuys." On the " 6th," he reached 
 an island where were numbers of "grandes tortues " (Chelonura serpentina), and named it "ysle es 
 Couldres " from the " noisilles " (Corylus rostrata) found in the forest. On the " 7th," he reached 
 fourteen islands, the beginning of the province of " Canada " (given in the vocabulary as the general 
 name for town) : the largest of these islands, ten leagues in length, he called "ysle de Bacchus" 
 (now Orleans) from " vignes " called '• ozaha " (Fill's cordifolia) first found here ; among the forest- 
 trees are enumerated, " chaisnes " (Quercus rubra), " hourmes, pins " (Strobus), "fresnes, noyers " 
 called "quaheya" (Juglans cinerea), " pruniers " {Primus Americana), " yfz " {Abies Canadensis), 
 "sedres" (Thuva OccidenLilis), " aubespines '' with fruit as large as prunes (Crataegus tomeniosa), 
 and others, while underneath grew " chanure " as fine as that of France (Apocynum). He was vis- 
 ited by the chief Donnacona; and on the " 14th," found a secure place for his vessels not far from 
 the native town of Stadacone (the site of Quebec). On the " 19th," taking his smallest vessel and 
 two boats, he continued up the river; and until the "28th," proceeded without interruption through 
 a fine country full of beautiful trees, including (in addition) " pruches " (Abies alba and A. nigra and 
 A. balsamea), " boulx " (Be tula papyracea), " sauldres " (Salix sp.), and "oziers" (Salix sp.); birds 
 also being numerous, as " grues " (Grus Canadensis), "signes, oultardes " ( . . . ), "Cannes, alou- 
 ettes " (Sturnella Ludoviciana), "faisans " (Tetrao), " perdrix " (Colinus), " merles " (Turdus migra- 
 torius), " mauuis, teurtres " (Columba Carolinensis), " chardonnereulx " (Linaria), "serins" (Linaria), 
 " linottes, rossignolz, passes solitaires," and others : he also met with " raz sauuaiges " that live in 
 the water {Ondatra zibethicus) and are as large as " conriyns." On the 29th, leaving his vessel in a 
 lake-like expanse (Lake St. Peter), he proceeded up the river in boats ; and "Oct. 19th," reached 
 Hochelaga, a native town at the foot of a mountain which he called " mont Royal " (Montreal) : the 
 town was circular in form and very populous, the chief or Agouhanna wearing a fillet of "poil de 
 Herissons " (Hysirix Canadensis). He subsequently heard of a country in the Southwest, devoid of 
 snow and ice, and producing "oranges" (Diospyrus Virginiana) "almandes, noix, prunes, & aultres 
 sortes de fruicts," the natives continually warring with each other, but clothed in skins like them- 
 selves ; Donnacona had been a moon in canoes in this direction to where were growing " canelle " 
 called '" adhotathny " (Sassafras officinale .?), and " giroffle " called " canonotha " (Laurus benzoin ?). 
 Returning down the river, the ships near Stadacone were enclosed by ice in the "middle of Novem- 
 ber " In" further describing the country along the river, the following additional quadrupeds are 
 enumerated, " cerfz " called " aionnesta " (Cervur rangiferintts), " dains " called "asquenondo" (C. 
 Virgiuianus) "hours" (Ursus Americanus), " liepures " called " sourhamda " (Lepi/s variabilis), 
 " connins " (L. Americanus), " martres " (Mustela), " regnards " (Vulpes fulvus) , " loueres " (Cants 
 lupus?) "bieures" (Castor fiber), " chatz sauuaiges" {Felts Canadensis), and " escureux " called 
 " caio-n'em " (Sciurus): among birds, " oyes sauuages blanches" (A user) and "grises" (A. Cana- 
 densis) "cannardz" (Anas sp.), "ramiers" (Columba migratoria), and " tanns " (....): and 
 amono- fishes, " macquereaulx, mulletz " (....). "bars, sartres, grosse anguilles " called " esgneny" 
 "leoetan" as <nx>d as in the Seine (Osmerus eperlanus?), " lamproys " called "zysto, and saul- 
 mons " called "ondaccon," and in the fresh water " brochetz, truytes, carpes, braumes," and others : 
 the natives keep dogs " noirs & blancs " called « agayo," cultivate " bled " called "ofizy " (Zea mays), 
 
876 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 have also " febues " called "sahe" (Phaseolus vulgaris) "de toutes couleurs, non de la sorte des 
 nostres," and " poix " (small-seeded var. of do.), " gros melons" (Cucurbita maxima), " courges " 
 {Lagenaria vulgaris), "grosses concombres " (Cucurbita poly morpha var. verrucosa), and an herb 
 which they dry In the sun and place lighted in a little horn " cornet " of stone or wood to draw in the 
 smoke (A'icotiaua rustica). In " December," both natives and French were attacked with scurvy, 
 many dying — until in "April" a remedy was pointed out by the natives in the leaves and bark of a 
 tree called "ameda " (Pinus strobus according to D'Avezac). " April 15th," the ice broke up. Hav- 
 ing lost " twenty-five " of his companions, Cartier abandoned one of his ships, and " May 6th " with 
 the two remaining sailed down the river. On the "21st " he reached the passage between Honguedo 
 and (Anticosti) previously unknown, and Cape "de Prato," the beginning of the Bay of " Challeur;" 
 on the " 1st of June," Cape "de Lorraine " in " Lat. 46^° " (island of Cape Breton) ; on the " 16th," 
 Cape " de Raze;" in a harbour near this Southeastern extreme of Newfoundland he left one of his 
 ships, and on the " 6th of July '' reached St. Malo in France. 
 
 " 1536, June 1st " (Alst. p. 533), in England, queen Ann Boleyn ?, wife of Henry VIII. beheaded. 
 
 "July 7th" (Alst.), letter to Protestants from Charles V. ; declaring, That he would not make 
 war against any one on account of religion, nor would he excite commotion in Germany. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl., Spreng., and Prior), Jean Ruel or Ruellius publishing his Natura Stir- 
 pium.* — He died in " 1537." 
 
 Jacaranda ovalifolia of Tropical America. A Bignoniaceous tree furnishing the rosewood of 
 commerce (Royle ind. resourc), the "lignum rosaceum " described by Ruel i. 23 and iii. 96 as heavy 
 and knotty, from an arborescent shrub growing in the New World. — The material continues to be 
 largely exported for ornamental woodwork. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng. and Winckler), Antonius Musa Brassavolus of Venice publishing his 
 Exam. Simplic. — He died "in 1555." 
 
 Convolvulus (Batatas) Imperali of the seashore of the West Indies and Florida, and as far as the 
 Azores, Canaries, and the Mediterranean. A prostrate species, the " brassica marina" of Brassavo- 
 lus, — according to Sprengel : B. Imperati is described also by Morison i. pi. 7, Barrelier pi. 856, and 
 Cyrill. i. pi. 5 ; was observed by Delile on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt ; is known to grow also 
 on the seashore near Naples (Pers.), and on the Canaries and Azores Islands (Vahl, Wats., and A. 
 Dec). Westward, " B. littoralis," regarded as probably identical, was observed by Plumier i. pi. 90 
 in the West Indies ; by Michaux, in Florida and Georgia ; by Baldwin, from 29 to 31° ; by Elliot, on 
 the seashore of South Carolina; by Chapman, in "drifting sands along the coast, Florida to South 
 Carolina." The genus Batatas being American, seeds may have floated in the Gulf stream to germi- 
 nate on the opposite shore of the Atlantic. f 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Carolus Stephanus publishing his Libell. Hortens. — He died "in 
 1564." 
 
 " In this year" (Galvan.), by direction of Cortes, Fernando de Grijalva and Alvarado crossing 
 the Pacific under the Equator arrive at the islands producing cloves, but the natives would not allow 
 them to land, referring them to Antonio Galvano commanding the castle on Ternate. 
 
 During his stay on Ternate, Galvano visited the summit of the island throwing out fire, and on 
 
 * Tritiatm (Agropyrum) caninnm of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain hound grass or 
 dog grass or dog's-tooth grass, in France " chien^dent " (Ainsw., and Prior) ; in which we recognize 
 the " dentem canis " grass of Ruel ii. 62, — eaten by dogs according to Tabernasmontanus : T. cani- 
 num is described also by Morison viii. pi. 1, and Hudson ; is known to occur along woods and hedges 
 from Lapland to Switzerland and in Siberia (Pers., Kunth, and Wats.). Westward, was observed by 
 Hooker in Iceland ; by myself in New England, only in cultivated ground ; by A. Gray, "sparingly 
 naturalized in fields," and besides indigenous, "woods and banks, Western New York to Wisconsin, 
 and northward; " according to Hooker, grows from Lake Winnipeg to the Saskatchewan and the 
 Columbia river. 
 
 f Guettarda speciosa of the Malayan archipelago and Tropical islands of the Pacific A Cin- 
 chonoid tree of medium size called in Malabar " ravapoo," in Tamil " puneer-marum " (Drur.) ; and 
 the tree bearing "flowers at the sunne set, which fall down as soon as they be growne," seen by Gal- 
 vano on Ternate, — maybe compared; G. speciosa was observed by myself throughout the coral- 
 islands of the Pacific, and submaritime around the high islands of the Feejeean and Samoan groups. 
 Westward, is known to grow on Java (Pers ) ; was observed by Roxburgh in " Coromandel in gar- 
 dens ;" by Drury, in Travancore, its fragrant flowers "come out in the evening and have all dropped 
 on the ground by the morning," an odoriferous water "very like rose-water" distilled from them by 
 the natives; was observed by Rheede iv. pi. 47 in Malabar; by Lush, in the Bombay district at 
 Lapooree (Graham). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 877 
 
 the way found a stream of water "so extreme cold that he could not suffer his hand in it." — He left 
 the island before "January 1545," and the last date in his History of maritime discoveries is " 1550." 
 Returning to Portugal, he was kept in a hospital " seventeene yeeres until the hower of his death " 
 (Francis de Sousa). 
 
 The honey-guide ( . . . ), a South African bird noted for indicating deposits of wild honey by 
 flying from tree to tree, described to Galvano 43 by a Portuguese who had visited Sofala. 
 
 About this time (see G. de Tassy i. 385), the sect of the Sikhs founded, and their sacred book 
 called the " Adi Granth " written by Nanak Schah. 
 
 " 1537 A. D." (Alst. p. 217), Ferdinand, brother of Charles V., made king of Hungary. 
 
 " Jun. iv. non." (addit. art de verif.), Bull from pope Paulus III., prohibiting the enslavement of 
 American tribes ; hitherto practised by the colonists " sub praetextu quod fidei catholicae expertes 
 existant," under the pretence of not being Catholics. — The order was received by the viceroy of 
 Peru in 155 1 . 
 
 " Early in 1538 A. D." (Markham edit. Ciez. p. v and 47), from Uraba on the Gulf of Darien 
 Pedro Vadillo crossing the mountains proceeded up the valley of the Cauca to its source at Popayan. 
 Cieza de Leon, after passing five years in America, now at the age of nineteen accompanying the 
 party. — He returned to the Cauca in the service of Jorge de Robledo, was present at the founding of 
 Antioquia in " N. Lat. y°," and commenced writing his journal higher up the river at Cartago. 
 
 " In this year" (Galvan.), Marcos de Missa, a Franciscan monk, proceeding from Mexico North- 
 ward through Culuacan "came to the prouince of Sibola, where he found seuen cities" (pueblos) "of 
 which he related marvels : and the farther he went, the richer he found the countrie of gold, siluer, 
 precious stones, and sheepe '' — (the bighorn, Ovis). 
 
 "Near the end of March" (Alst.), Protestant meeting at Brunswick. Christian III. of Den- 
 mark received into the Federation : and admission sought by the marquis of Brandenburg, and by 
 the duke of Prussia. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst), origin of the Sect of Antinomians : and their doctrines opposed by 
 Luther. For the Protestant refugees from Belgium and France, a church set apart at Argentinensis, 
 under the charge of Calvin. — Who continued there some years. 
 
 "The same year" (Kobell ii.), by volcanic agency near Naples, Monte Nuovo, a new mountain 
 "four hundred and forty feet" in height, raised up in the space of "seven days." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Symphorianus Campegius of Lyons publishing his Campo elysio 
 Galliae. 
 
 " Friday, May 30th, 1539" (W. B. Rye edit. De Sot. 7), Ferdinando de Soto landing with "two 
 hundred and thirteene horses " at the port of Spirito Santo on the West side of Florida. At the end 
 of " two leagues," on "Sunday, June 1st," he reached the native village of Ucita, the chiefs house 
 " neere the shore upon a very hie mount, made by hand for strength." A Spaniard named John 
 Ortiz, left behind by Narvaez, unexpectedly making his appearance, friendly communication was 
 opened with the natives. Gallegos " with fifty horsemen and thirty or forty footemen " was sent 
 " thirty leagues " Northward to the village of Paracossi, chief of the Florida tribes. De Soto arriv- 
 ing with most of his men, all now proceeded "towards the west," crossed a river where were "low 
 palme trees like those of Andaluzia" (Sabal Adansom), and finding at every village "some beetes " 
 (Chenopodium ?) which were eaten " sodden with water and salt," reached Cale, but the town was 
 deserted. Leaving "Aug. nth," after gathering " maiz," on a " seven daies journie " for Apalache, 
 where Narvaez built "barkes" and left the country, De Soto was opposed by the natives and only on 
 "Tuesday, Oct. 27th," reached Anaica Apalache; the sea being "ten leagues" distant. A young 
 man, taken prisoner, said he came from Yupaha, <t country "farre off toward the sunrising," gov- 
 erned by a woman and where gold was mined. — " Wednesday, March 3d," De Soto departed 
 Northward for Yupaha, "with maiz for sixfie leagues." "Wednesday, 21st," he reached Toalli, 
 and from this " towne " forward the houses instead of being " thatched with straw " were " covered 
 with reeds in manner of tiles," were "verie cleanly, some of them had walks daubed with clay;" 
 the men wore "deeres skins" "well corried," and " of the same leather they make shooes." On 
 the "4th of April," he "passed by a towne called Altamaca ; " and on the "10th" came to Ocute. 
 Leavintr on the " 12th," he passed through the town of a chief named Cofaqui, and came to the 
 province of a chief named Patofa, to " a fat country, beautifull, and very fruitfull ; " whereas the 
 country all the way from Spirito Santo " is a barren land, and the most of it groves of wild pine trees " 
 (Pinus iada, and palustris). Turning now Eastward, on the " 26th " he was within a " two daies 
 journie " of Cutifa-Chiqui (according to native tradition Silver Bluff on the East bank of Savannah 
 river, in Barnwell district) : after passing "through countries of divers languages," the people now 
 understood the Yupaha lad, and as he had asserted were governed by a woman : the " woods are 
 thin, and ful of walnut trees" (Carya sp.\ "and mulberrie trees" (.If ones rubra) ; and at the town 
 " a da^er and beades " were found, that had been left by Ayllon in the haven " two daies journie " 
 
 "&o v 
 
878 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 distant. Leaving " May 3d," and turning Northwest De Soto in " seven daies " came to Chalaque 
 (Cherokee), the country for "an hundred leagues" being subject to the above-mentioned woman ; 
 thence in "five daies," to Xualla; thence in "five daies," passing "very rough and hie hilles, to 
 Guaxule ; " thence " in two daies journie came to a towne called Canasagua; " thence after journeying 
 "five daies," to Chiaha "June 5th," where he found much "fat of beares " in "gourds" (Lagenaria), 
 "great store of oile of walnuts" (Carya), and "a pot full of honie of bees" (Bombut), was received 
 in a friendly manner, and rested "thirtie daies." Thence "in seven daies" to Coste "July 2d:" 
 two Spaniards sent with natives "toward the north" to "province named Chisca," where was said 
 to be "a melting of copper" and of a softer " metall of the same colour," brought back "an oxe 
 hide'' covered with "haire like a soft wooll " {Bos Americanus), having been taken "through a 
 countrie so poore of maiz and so rough, and over so high mountaines, that it was impossible for the 
 armie to travell that way." Leaving "July 9th," De Soto came to Coca (Coosa) on the "26th," 
 the country "greatly inhabited," and "in the fields many plum trees, as well of such as grow in 
 Spaine" (J'rnnus umbJhxta), "as of the countrie" (P. Chicasa), "and wild tall vines that runne 
 up the trees " (Cissus indivisa), also " low vines with big and sweet grapes " (litis vulpina). Leav- 
 ing "Aug. 20th," he came to Tallise "Sept. iSth," and after resting "twenty daies" proceeded to 
 Tascaluca (the chief according to Biedma having always near "a man whose duty it was to keep off 
 the flies," Musca domcstini) ; and on "Monday, Oct. 18th," came to Ma villa (Mobile), a walled 
 town "sixe daies journie" from the port of Ochuse, where Maldonado was in waiting. Without 
 communicating, he captured the town, defeating the natives, and on "Sunday, Nov. iSth," departed 
 Northward and Westward. After travelling "five daies" to "a province called Pafallaya," thence 
 to the town of Cabusto near a great river ; thence " five daies," and across another river, to Chicaca, 
 "a small towne of twentie houses," arriving " Dec. 17th." Suffering ensued from cold, for "it was 
 now winter and it snowed before " his people could " make themselves houses." 
 
 "In this year" (Major edit. Zen. p. lvii), Olaus Magnus Gothus, exiled archbishop of Upsal, 
 publishing at Venice a map of the three Scandinavian kingdoms : — "in 1557," he annexed the map 
 to the Gothic History by his brother Johannes Magnus. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Joh. Roderic de Castello Blanco or Amatus Lusitanus 
 publishing his enarat. in Diosc, enumerating Empctrnm album. — He was born in Portugal, lived 
 in Antwerp, and published subsequent edilions "in 1553 and 1554." 
 
 Lvgeuin spartum of the more Southern .Mediterranean .countries. A grass with very large 
 glumes described by Amatus Lusitanus 471 — (Spreng.), and known to grow in Spain (Pers.) : 
 observed by Delile on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl., and Spreng.), Hieronym. Tragus publishing his New Kreuterbuch, 
 enumerating " quinquefolium " Potentilla vcnw, " quinquefolium quartum " pi. 507 Potcntilla alba 
 (Schmied ed. ( i. ii. p. 61 ), " rapunculum sylvestre " Pliytcuma spicata, " heraclea " Stac/iys sylvatica, 
 Valeriana aioica f. 23, Cyperus jlavt'Stcns f. 259, Rumex acctosclla 119, Stellera passerina 203, Pedicu- 
 taris syh'atica f. 96, Giiiista sa^ittaiis f. 230, Hypericum lu/mifiiswii f. 27., H. pulchrmn f. 28, 
 Hypoclioeris macu'ata f. 105, Inula Germanka i. 185, Achillea uobilis f. 180, Gvmuadenia odora- 
 tissuua f. 297, and Aspidium spinulosum f. 207 : — a second edition " in 1552," and died " in 1554." 
 
 Genista Germanka of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Germany " erdpfry- 
 men " or " klein streichblumen " (Fuchs.) ; and the "genistella" of Tragus — is referred here by 
 Sprengel: G. Cermanica is described also by Fuchsius pi. 220; is known to grow from France 
 Eastward (Lam. fl. fr., Sleicher, and Pers.) ; and was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Crcpis tcitoritm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Tragus 101 — 
 (Spreng.) ; termed "hieracium secundum" by Taberna^montanus 491, '■ h. chondrillse folio hirsutum " 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 127, " hieracioides vulgatissima paene glabra annua folio longo dentato " by Vaillant 
 act. 1715, and known to occur throughout Northern and Middle Europe (Ray angl. hi. 165, fl. Dan. 
 pi. 501, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, frequent in arid situations and on the roofs of 
 houses, a weed also in gardens, and very variable in form ; by Chaubard, at a village on Taygetus. 
 
 Ccntanrca montana of the mountains of Southern Europe. Described by Tragus f. 84 — 
 (Spreng.), and Barrelier pi. 389 ; termed " ciano maggiore " by Matthioli (Targ.), by Yjarrelier pi. 
 389, "cyanus montanus latifolius " by Tournefort inst. 445, "c. seusana " by Vill.irs. "c. Triumfetti" 
 by Allioni, and known to grow on mountains from Southern France to Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 371, 
 Bertol., and Pers.) : observed by Yillars, in Dauphiny ; by Allioni, on mount Cents ; by Waldstein 
 and Kitaibel, in Hungary ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. In Britain, has escaped 
 from cultivation in two widely-separate localities (Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 Biiplcuruin falcatutn of middle and Western Europe. Described by Tragus 163* (Spreng.), 
 
 * S/ellaria grami/xea of Northern climates. Described by Tragus 124, —and Dodoens p. 563 
 (Spreng.); termed " s. arvensis " by Hoffmann; and known to grow from Switzerland throughout 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 879 
 
 and Linnaeus (Steud., and A. Dec), and known to be frequent in calcareous soil throughout middle 
 Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 158, Moench, Hoffm., and Pers.) : in Britain, was first observed " in 1832 " 
 in Essex (Engl. bot. pi. 2763), regarded however by Babington as probably indigenous, having 
 escaped notice from its small size and scarcity. " B. petiolare " found by Lapeyrouse on the Pyrenees, 
 is regarded as perhaps not distinct (Steud.). 
 
 Xylosteum vulgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A flowering shrub termed 
 "halimus" by Tragus — (Spreng.), "chamaecerasus dumetorum fructu gemino rubro " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 609, " lonicera xylosteum " by Linnaeus, and known to grow from about the centre of France 
 (A. Dec.) on the mountains of middle Europe : observed by Sibthorp on mount Parnassus. Culti- 
 vated for ornament, it has become naturalized in Britain (Bromf.), and perhaps as far as Denmark 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 808). 
 
 Digitalis ambigua of the mountains of middle Europe. Termed " campanula flore luteo " by 
 Tragus— (Spreng.), "d. lutea magno flore" by C. Bauhin herb. mss. (Dec, and A. Dec. 636), "d. 
 ochroleuca " by Jacquin, and " d. grandiflora" by Lamarck (Steud.) : observed by J. Bauhin hist. ii. 
 813 around Montbelliard, and according to P. F. Bernard continues to grow there (A. Dec.) ; by 
 Pollich, and Roth, in Germany (Steud.). 
 
 Euphorbia exigua of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A diminutive annual described 
 by Tragus 112 — (Spreng.) : observed by J. Bauhin in cultivated ground in central Europe, and so 
 continues to the present day (A. Dec); termed "tithymalus sive esula exigua" by Tournefort inst. 
 86, "e. retusa" by Cavanilles pi. 34 (Steud.), and known to occur from Spain and Montpellier 
 to Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 592, and Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, one of the most 
 frequent plants in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. In Britain, was 
 already in cultivated ground in the days of Ray (Curt. lond. 4. pi. 36, and A. Dec), of course exotic. 
 
 Euphorbia dulcis of the mountains of Southern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. 
 Described by Tragus I [2 — (Spreng.): termed "tithym. hirsutus montis Pollini" by Bobart — (Pers.), 
 "t. montanus non acris " by Tournefort inst. 86, and known to grow on the mountains of middle 
 Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 213, and Pers.) : observed by Haller 1052 in Switzerland (Davall) ; by Sib- 
 thorp, on the mountains of Greece and Asia Minor. In Britain, has escaped from cultivation in Moray 
 county in Scotland (Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 Gomplirena globosa of Interior Brazil. The globe amaranth or bachelor's button is called in 
 Japan " sennitsko " (Thunb.), in Tagalo " buqningan " (Blanco), in Burmah " ma-hnyo-ban " (Mason), 
 in Sanscrit " amlana " or •' umlana " (Roxb., and Pidd.), in the environs of Bombay " jafferee goon- 
 dee " (Graham), in Yemen " aschek u maschuk " loving and beloved, or " zant habbeschi " or " sirr 
 habbeschi " (Forsk.), in Egypt " ambar " (Del.), at Constantinople "mSnthgna" (Forsk.), in Spain 
 " perpetuas " (Blanco) : the " circaea " of Tragus 579 — is referred here by Sprengel : G. globosa was 
 supposed by Breynius cent. i. pi. 51, and Commelyn hort. i. pi. S5, to have been brought from the 
 East Indies : was seen by Blanco on the Philippines ; by Thunberg, in Japan, here and there and 
 often in vases ; by Loureiro, under cultivation in China and Anam ; was brought to Amboyna before 
 the days of Rumphius v. pi. 100 "from Java," but on Java was seen by Blume only under cultivation ; 
 occurs also on Timor (Spanoghe), and Ceylon (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Mason " exotic " in Bur- 
 middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland (fl. Dan. pi. 414 
 and 415, Pers., and Wats.). Eastward, is known to grow in Siberia (Wats.). Farther East, is 
 known to grow from Unalascha to the Columbia river, and from Lat. 64 to 54° in central North 
 America (Hook.) ; was observed by Beck near St. Louis; by Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania; by A. 
 Gray, in "grassy places, common" in central New York; and by myself along the Atlantic from 
 Lat. 43 to 40° By European colonists, was carried to Southeast Australia, where it has become 
 naturalized, even in the Interior (Th. Corder in phyt. for 1845, and A. Dec). 
 
 Allium vineale of Northern Europe? Described by Tragus 285 — (Spreng.): observed in 
 Switzerland, by Haller 122 1, — and Schleicher; by Thuillier near Paris (Steud.) ; and is known to 
 occur in pastures and cultivated ground in Britain and Germany (Pers.). Was observed by Pursh in 
 Northeast America ; and according to A. Gray is " naturalized " in " moist meadows and fields, near 
 the coast, June." The "A. Purshii" of Don seems not distinct. 
 
 Polvpodium dryopteris of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain by "modern botanists" oak 
 fern (Prior): described by Tragus f. 204 — (Spreng.); termed "filix pumila saxatilis " by Clusius 
 hist. ii. 212, " f. ramosa minor pinnulis dentatis " by C. Bauhin pin. 358, "dryopteris " by Dillenius 
 oiss. 103, and known to grow throughout Northern Europe ( . . ) : observed by Linnaeus in 
 woods in Sweden. Westward according to A. Gray, grows in "rocky woods, common northward" 
 of central New York; was observed by myself around the base of the White mountains, in the 
 upland forest; by Mrs. Horner, as far as 42° 30' along the Atlantic (Robinson). 
 
88o CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 mah; by Rheede x. pi. 37, in Malabar; by Graham "common in every garden " around Bombay, its 
 flowers worn by the native women "in their hair ; " by Forskal, in Yemen and Egypt, and at Con- 
 stantinople ; clearly by European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a 
 favourite in gardens. In Tropical America, was observed by P. Browne around towns on Jamaica in 
 17*) ; by Descourtilz, also in the West Indies, but no Carib name given ; by Aublet, in Guayana ; by 
 Martius, indigenous along the Yapura river in Interior Brazil: attracting the attention of Catholic 
 colonists by the suitableness of its flowers for garlands, was probably carried across the Pacific in the 
 first voyages of the Spaniards to the Philippines. 
 
 Chenopodium hybridum of Central North America ? The stramonium-leaved goosefoot, the 
 "fourth solanum " of Tragus 304. — according to Sprengel : C. hybridum is termed " c. stramonii 
 folio " by Vaillant paris. pi. 7, " c. angulosum " by Lamarck ; is known to occur in waste and culti- 
 vated ground from Sweden and Britain to Switzerland and Russia, fetid (Curt. lond. pi. . . ., Pers., and 
 Wats.). Westward, was observed by A. Gray " common " in central New York ; by Short, in Ken- 
 tucky; by E. James, at Council Bluffs on the Missouri ; by Nuttall, at the confluence of the Arkan- 
 sas and Verdigris ; and according to Watson occurs on the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 Orchis variegata of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Tragus 296 — (Spreng.) ; 
 observed by Haller 1275 pi, 30 in Switzerland, also by Allioni, and known to grow in France (Pers.) : 
 described also by Jacquin coll. ii. 267 and rar. pi. 599; and observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in 
 the Peloponnesus. "O. acuminata" observed by Desfontaines ii. pi. 247 in Algeria, is regarded by 
 Chaubard as not distinct. 
 
 Briza media of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The " aegilops " of Tragus p. 670 — 
 is referred here by Sprengel: B. media is also described by Linnaeus ; is termed "gramen panicula- 
 tum majus locustis magnis candicantibus tremulis " by Tournefort inst. 523 ; is known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark, and in Britain on account of its trembling spikelets is 
 called quaking grass (flor. Dan. pi 25S, Engl, bot pi. 340, and Prior). Eastwird, was observed by 
 Sibthorp on Cyprus and around Constantinople. From Europe, was carried by colonists to .Madeira, 
 where I found it abundantly naturalized in all open situations; to Northeast America, occurring along 
 the Atlantic in grass-grown clearings and wild sunny situations ; and to Southeast Australia and 
 the Hawaiian Islands, appearing to me in both localities naturalized. 
 
 A spleniitm Septenl' innate oi Northern Europe and Asia. A fern — termed "filix saxatilis tragi" 
 by Lobel ic. 47, "f. s. corniculata " by C. Bauhin pin. 35K, and Tournefort inst. 542, "acrosticum 
 parvum septentrionale " by Petiver 742, and known to grow throughout Northern Europe (Engl bot. 
 pi. 1017) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, frequent in clefts of rocks; by Sibthorp, on the Bithyn- 
 ian Olympus. 
 
 " 1539 to 1540 A. D." (Churchill coll.), Francisco de Ulloa sailing along the West coast of Mex- 
 ico and " back of California," as far as " cape Engano in 30° N." 
 
 " 1540 A. D." (Churchill coll ), passing Cape Engano, John Rodriguez Cabrillo continued along 
 the coast as far North as "thirty-five degrees twenty minutes," anchoring at intervals: beyond 
 Cape Galera, he entered a harbour and called it Port of Possession, "trading with the natives, who 
 go naked, have their faces painted in chequers, and are all fishermen " (aboriginal Californians). 
 Thence he " sailed to the northward as far as forty-four degrees." 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll., & Galvan.), in Mexico, a party under Francis Yasquez de Cor- 
 nado journeying from Culiacan Northeast in a direct course "two hundred leagues," met with "beasts 
 almost as bigge as horses, they haue very great homes " (Ovis, the bighorn) ; "abundance of cows " 
 (Bos, the American bison or buffalo) ; "pinhoes " 'Finns flxilis) ; " nozes " {Cory his Americana) ; 
 "amoras" (Moms rubra) ; "ameixas" (/'tunas Chicasa) ; "melaas" (Cucurbi/a) ; " huuas " (litis 
 Arkansana ?) ; " also flax growing wild " (Linum pcrcnne). 
 
 "The same jear" (Churchill coll.), in South America, Orellana leaving Peru, descended the river 
 Amazon to its mouth, and thus crossed the continent. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), the Jesuit monastic Order founded by Ignatius Loyola, and confirmed 
 by pope Paulus III. 
 
 " 1541 A. D." (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Alexander Scultetus. 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii), printed letter of Copernicus renewing the ancient theory of 
 the Universe, That the sun is the centre around which the Earth and other planets revolve. — The 
 printing of his book " De revolutionibus " was completed "in 1543," a few days before his death on 
 the "24th of May." 
 
 • Phallus impudicus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A fungus called in Belgium 
 "ongers eyeren " devil's eggs, and by the poet Hadrianus Junius "phallum " — (Dod. pempt. iii. 5. pi. 
 25) : P. impudicus is termed "boletus phalloides " by Tournefort inst. 562, "ph. fcetidus " by Sow- 
 erby pi. 329; was observed by Sibthorp near Athens ; and is known to grow as far as Britain (Scbaeff. 
 iv. pi. 196 to 198, and Curt. lond. iii. pi. 72). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 88 1 
 
 " February" (Maunder), after conquering part of Chili, the city of Santiago at the base of the 
 Andes founded by Pizarro. He was assassinated at Lima by thirteen conspirators " Sunday, June 
 26th " (Markh. edit. p. 139). 
 
 "Tuesday, March 8th " (Portuguese narrat. 20, W. B. Rye edit.), in the night, the town of Chi- 
 caca burned by the natives: some of De Soto's men, losing their clothing, "invented the weaving of 
 certaine mats of drie ivie " (Beickemia -uolubilis) ; and of "ash trees in those parts" (Fraxinus 
 quadrangulatd) "they made as good lances as in Biscay." Leaving "Apr. 25th," he "lodged at a 
 small towne called Alimamu ; " and after three or four days' preparation, " travelled seven daies '' 
 through "marishes and thicke woods" to Quizquiz. Removing thence to another town "halfe a 
 league from Rio Grande" (the Mississippi), he found the river "almost halfe a league broad" and 
 " of great depth," and there came down " continually many trees and timber : " the natives here 
 brought "loaves made of the substance of prunes, like unto brickes " {Diospyros Virginiana) ; and 
 after "thirtie daies" delay in building barges, he crossed the river (probably below the Arkansas). 
 . Continuing " through great townes of Aquixo, which were all abandoned for feare," and one " day till 
 sunset" wading in water, after a "three daies journie " came "to the first towne of Casqui "(....), 
 a higher and dryer country, and the woods " verie thinne : " in the fields were trees bearing walnuts, 
 soft shelled and "like unto acornes " (Carya olivaformis). Traversing the Casqui country in about 
 four days, he came to " a lake like a brooke, which falleth into Rio Grande " and which was bridged 
 by the natives, and on "Wednesday, June 19th," entered the town of Pacaha, where he rested "fortie 
 daies." A "great lake" (bayou) "came neere unto the wall," and "from the lake to the great river 
 was made a weare by the which the fish came into it." "Thirtie horsemen and fif tie footemen" were 
 sent " seven daies journie " to "the province of Caluca;'' "thence forward toward the north" accord- 
 ing to the natives "the country was very ill inhabited" and " very cold, and that there were such 
 store of oxen " {Bos Americaniis) " that they could keep no corne for them, that the Indians lived 
 upon their flesh." Returning now over the bridge, De Soto " tooke his journie toward Ouigaute," a 
 " hundred leagues " " toward the south ; " arrived there " Aug. 4th," the town being " the greatest 
 that was seene in " the whole country. Thence northwest, "forty leagues '' to Coligoa, "on the bank 
 of a meane river." Thence "toward the south," more than "five daies," to the "scattered" town of 
 Cayas, where he " rested a moneth ; " the horses drinking " of a lake of very hot water, and some- 
 what brackish " (hot springs and salines at the sources of the Washita), and the natives by evapora- 
 tion procuring salt. Thence "toward the south, a day and a halfes journie," to Tulla : thence 
 " toward the south-east " about " eighty leagues " and " over very rough mountaines (Ozark hills) to 
 Autiamque ; where he remained "three moneths," unable to travel "for cold, waters, and snow." 
 John Ortiz, the only interpreter, died at Autiamque. — Leaving " Monday, March 6th," De Soto on 
 the " 29th " came to Nilco, on the same river (Red river) that " passed by Cayas and Autiamque, and 
 fell into Rio Grande : " sending " a captaine with fiftie men in sixe canoes downe the river," De Soto 
 followed by land, and on " Sunday, Apr. 17th," came to Guachoya, where he proposed to build "brig- 
 antines," but after naming Luys de Moscoso de Alvarado as his successor, died " May 21st." Leav- 
 ing on " Monday, June 5th," Alvarado proceeded West, proposing "to go by land" to Mexico, and 
 "July 20th " encamped between Amaye and Naguatex (Nacodoche) ; but "in the beginning of Octo- 
 ber " at a river called Daycao, "a hundred and fifty leagues " from the Mississippi and on the border 
 of the country traversed by Cabega de Vaca, he decided to return to Nilco. Leaving Nilco " in the 
 beginning of December," he proceeded direct to the Mississippi at Minoya, and built brigantines ; 
 calkin°- them with "tow of an hearb like hempe " called " enequen " (Apocynum cannabimtm), as well 
 as with "the flaxe of the countrie" (Linum Virginicum), and making cables "of the barkes of mul- 
 berrie trees" {Morus rubra). Of other plants met with, "Where there be mountaines there be 
 chestnuts" {Castanea Americana) "somewhat smaller then " ours ; a fruit "like unto peares rial]," 
 growing "on a plant like ligoacan" and having "a verie good smell and an excellent taste" (Asimina 
 triloba), is planted by the natives "through all the countrie;" there groweth also "in the open field" 
 a "fruit like unto strawberries, close to the ground, which hath a verie good taste " {Fragaria Vir- 
 giniana) : of animals, " wild hennes as big as turkies " {Meleagris gallipavo wild) ; and " certaine 
 blacke birds bigger than sparrows and lesser than stares" {Molothms pecoris). The brigantines 
 being finished, Alvarado left "July 2d, 1543," on the same day "with the helpe of ores" floated past 
 Guachoya, and at the end of " seventeene daies, which may be two hundred and fifty leagues," came 
 to the sea! Following the coast Westward, he arrived " Sept. 10th in the river of Panuco " with " three 
 hundred and eleven " men surviving, and proceeded to the town and church. 
 
 " Auo-. '23d" (D'Avezac edit.), arrival of Jacques Cartier on his Third voyage at his former sta- 
 tion in theSt Lawrence near Stadacone ; in advance of Roberval or Jean-Francois de la Roque, who 
 had been appointed lieutenant-general of Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, and the surrounding prov- 
 inces After sending back two of his ships, " Sept. 2d," Cartier proceeded up the river to examine 
 the rapids above Hochelaga ; and returned to winter at a fort constructed "four leagues" from the 
 first one and called Charlesbourg. m 
 
882 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (Schmied. p. vi), Gesner at Montpellier collecting and communicating plants to 
 Rondelet, one of the professors there. 
 
 " 1542, end of May" (D'Avezac edit.), hearing nothing of Roberval, Jacques Cartier decided to 
 return. Approaching the Straits of Bellisle, he met Roberval with two ships ; but refused to turn 
 back, and continued his voyage home to France. Roberval proceeded to the St. Lawrence, — where 
 he passed the winter and remained as late at least as -'July 22d, 1543." 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), arrival of Girolamo Benzoni of Milan in the West Indies. He met 
 with the "guanauano" (Anona muricata) pi. 59 on Hayti ; the "mamei" (Afammca Americana), 
 and "guaiaua" (Psidium guayava), on both Hayti and Terra Firma ; distinctly describes chig^ers 
 (Acarus), and a tree producing " zucche '' of which the aboriginals make vases (Crescentia cujete) pi. 
 102 ; — speaks of the Peruvians carrying in their mouths an herb called " coca " {Erythroxylon coca), 
 and having a root called "pape " {Solatium tuberosum) ; and returned to Europe in 1556. His nar- 
 rative was published in Venice in 1565. 
 
 " In this year " (Humb. cosm. ii. note 425), one of the Hawaiian Islands discovered by Gaetano. 
 And outlines of New Holland in the " Hydrography" of J oh. Rotz. 
 
 "In this year" (Galvan.), ships sent by Antonio de Mendoca, viceroy of Mexico, sailing along 
 the Western coast of America came to a place called Sierras Neuadas "in 40 N. ; " where "they 
 saw ships with merchandises, which carried on their stems" alcatrazes and "other birds of gold and 
 silver," and "seemed to be of the Isles of Japan, or of China, for they said that it was not aboue 
 thirtie daies sailing unto their country." 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll., and art de verif.), Antony de Mota, Francis Zeimoto, and 
 Antony Peixotto, three Portuguese merchants, driven by storms past China to the " Islands of 
 Nipongi or Nifon," now first visited by Europeans ; and settled there. The islands are by the Chi- 
 nese " called Gipon, and by us Japan." 
 
 " The same year" (Alst. p. 259). by order of Suliman II., the walls of Jerusalem rebuilt, and pipes 
 laid for supplying the city with water. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Prior), Leon. Fuchsius of the Tyrol publishing his Historia Stir- 
 pium, enumerating Daucus gm^idium 786, S/ac/iys recta 769, Turritis Loeselii 592, " chamaestyrax " 
 Satyrium nigrum (Gesn. ii. fig. 66), I'cronica teuctium S72, Galium syivaticum 281, Epilobium 
 roseum 491, "veronica femina" 167, Linaria spuria, Digitalis lutea 894, " ervum sativum" 572, 
 Lathyrus aunuus, Colutea Orientalis 446, Trifolium campestre 819, "buphthalnmm" 144, Pyrcthrum 
 inodorum, "satyrium trifolium" Habenaria bifolia, Urtica Balearica 106, Salix rubra 334, Polygo- 
 natum verticillatum 586. — He died "in 1565." 
 
 Ranunculus atiricomus of Subarctic climates. Described by Fuchsius 156 — (Spreng.); 
 termed " r. primus sylvestris " by Dalechamp 102S, — " r. nemorosus vel sylvaticus folio rotundo " by 
 Tournefort inst. 285, and known to grow as far as middle Europe (C. Bauh. pin. 178, fl. Dan. pi. 
 665, Curt. lond. ii. pi. 41, and Pers.) : was observed by Linnajus frequent in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, 
 in woods on mount Hamus and around Constantinople ; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus ; by Gmelin, 
 throughout Siberia, and by Thunberg, in Japan. Westward, by Sabine in Greenland, and is known 
 to grow in Labrador (Wats.). " R. affinis, ovalis, brevicaulis," and " cardiophyilus," growing along 
 the Arctic Sea from Melville Island to Cape Mulgrave in Northwest America, also on the alpine por- 
 tion of the Rocky mountains and as far South as Lake Huron, are regarded by Hooker as perhaps 
 not distinct. 
 
 Ranunculus arvensis of Barbary ? Described by Fuchsius 157,* — and Delechamp 1030; 
 termed "r. sylvestris tertius" by Dodoens pempt. 427, '• r. arvensis echinatus " by Bauhin hist. iii. 
 859, and Tournefort inst. 289, and known to occur in cultivated ground throughout Europe (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 219, Curt. lond. vi. 36, and Pers.) : observed by Linnajus in cultivated ground as far as Scania in 
 Sweden ; by Boiss., in Spain ; by Moris, in Sardinia ; by Gussone, in Sicily ; by Sibthorp, and Chau- 
 bard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople; by Bieberstein, in Russia and 
 the Crimea; by C. A. Meyer, Southeast of Caucasus ; but by Munby, in wild situations in Algeria 
 (A.Dec.). 
 
 Nasturtium sylvestre of Europe and Northern Asia. Termed " eruca sylvestris " by Fuchsius 
 
 * Anemone ranunculoides of Northern and middle Europe. Yellow-flowered, described by Fuch- 
 sius 162 — (Spreng.), and Linnasus ; termed "a. nemorosa lutea" by Crantz (Ste'ud.), and known to 
 grow in the Scandinavian peninsula, Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 140), Holland (prodr. fl. bat. 4), and here 
 and there in Northern France (Lam. fl.'fr.) as far as Paris and the departments ot the Somme (Pauquy) 
 and Eure (Breb.). Regarded by Watson as exotic in Britain and only naturalized, being first noticed 
 by Hudson "in 1778;" seems unknown in Ireland (Mackay), the Channel islands and the depart- 
 ment of Calvados (A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 883 
 
 263,-— "e. s. minor luteo parvoque flore" by C. Bauhin pin. 98, "sisymbrium palustre repens nas- 
 turtii folio " by Tournefort inst. 226, and known to grow in moist places throughout middle Europe 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 931, Curt. lond. iii. pi 41, and Pers.), also in Tauria, Persia, and China (Dec, and 
 Wats.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in marshy places on mount Haemus. In the 
 Southern Hemisphere is known to occur in Australia (Dec, and Wats.), possibly transported there 
 by Malayans or Chinese. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, ob- 
 served by C. J. Sprague in Newton near Boston (A. Gray). 
 
 Trifolium montanum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " t. pratense 
 album" by Fuchsius 818, — and Bauhin hist. ii. 379, " t. majus primum " by Clusius hist. ii. 245, 
 "t. montanum album " by C. Bauhin pin. 328, and Tournefort inst. 405, and known to grow through- 
 out middle Europe (Rivin. tetrap. pi. 12, fl. Dan. pi. 1172, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaaus in Swe- 
 den, abounding on arid hills ; by Sibthorp, on the mountains of Crete. 
 
 Hypericum montanum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " ascyrum " by 
 Fuchsius 74, — " h. elegantissimum non ramosum folio lato " by Bauhin hist. iii. 383, and Tournefort 
 inst. 255, and known to grow on the mountains of Northern and middle Europe (Col. ecphr. i. pi. 74, 
 fl. Dan. pi. 173, Engl. bot. pi. 173, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus on the mountains of Sweden; 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Hypericum hirsutum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Fuchsius 
 74 — (Spreng.) ; termed "h. majus sive androsaemum Matthioli " by Ray hist. 1000, "h. villosum 
 erectum caule rotundo " by Tournefort inst. 255, and known to grow on the mountains of Northern 
 and middle Europe (Columna ecphr. i. pi. 74, Moris, ii. 5. pi. 6, Curt. lond. iii. pi. 49, and Pers.) : 
 observed by Linnaeus on the mountains of Sweden as far as Upsal; by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Diplotaxis tenuifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wall-iocket 
 (Prior) ; described by Fuchsius 539 — (Spreng.), and already in the days of Gerarde 192 common 
 upon old walls (Sm. fl., and Bab.) : termed "sinapi erucae folio" by Tournefort inst. 227, "eruca syl- 
 vestris " by Blackwell pi. 266, " sisymbrium tenuifolium " by Linnaeus, " brassica muralis " by Hudson, 
 and known to grow along walls and among rubbish throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.) : 
 observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. Suspected by Watson to be exotic in Britain, perhaps 
 on insufficient grounds (A. Dec). 
 
 Brassica erucastrum of the West Mediterranean countries. Described by Fuchsius pi. 262, — 
 and known to grow among rubbish in Southern Europe (Pers.) : observed by Villars, in Dauphiny 
 (Steud.) ; by myself, on Malta. 
 
 Veronica agresiis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia ; termed "alsine media" by Fuch- 
 sius 22 — (Spreng.), and the "alsine foliis trissaginis" of Tabernaemontanus hist. 1089, and "a. cha- 
 maedryfolia flosculis pediculis oblongis insidentibus " of C. Bauhin pin. 250, are referred here by 
 Linnaeus : V. agrestis is known to occur in cultivated and fallow ground throughout middle Europe 
 (Tourn. inst. 145, and Curt. lond. i. pi. 1); was observed by Linnasus in Sweden; by Sibthorp, in 
 shaded and cultivated ground on the Bithynian Olympus. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, observed in " sandy fields, rare " (A. Gray) in our Middle States, and in " culti- 
 vated ground" in our Southern States (Chapm.). 
 
 Blitum virgalum of the Uralian and Tartarian plains. Described by Fuchsius 174 — (Spreng.), 
 and Morison iii. 5. pi. 32 ; termed "morocarpus foliosus " by Moench ; observed by Pallas trav. i. 583 
 on the Lower Yaik ; and known to grow in Tartary (Pers.). In Britain, has been found in one locality, 
 near Edinburgh (Wats.), clearly exotic ; occurs also here and there in Holland and the neighbouring 
 countries (A. Dec), and is perhaps exotic also near Narbonne and in Spain (see Pers.). 
 
 Teucrium botrvs of Western Europe. An annual termed " chamaedrys femina"by Fuchsius 
 
 870 (Spreng.); known to grow in stony calcareous soil in Normandy (Breb., Hard., Ren., and 
 
 Lecl.), occurring also in cultivated ground (Pers.) ; observed by Moench in Germany (Steud.). In 
 Britain, of late years has been found from time to time near Boxhill in Surrey (Wats.), but is regarded 
 by A. Decandolle as probably exotic ; and perhaps also exotic in Holland (prodr. fl. bat.). 
 
 Stachys Gennanica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain woundwort, 
 its soft downy leaves being substituted for lint (Prior); described by Fuchsius 766 — (Spreng.); 
 termed "s. major germanica" by Tournefort inst. 186, "s. lanata" by Crantz, and known to grow in 
 woods from Denmark throughout middle Europe, occurring also about cultivated ground (fl. Dan. pi. 
 6S4 Jacq. austr. pi. 319, and Pers.) : was observed by Sibthorp in sunny situations in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. In Britain, though unknown to Gerarde, is regarded by Ray as indigenous ; an opinion doubted 
 by Watson on account of the few and wayside localities, but the plant according to A. Decandolle is 
 more frequent on neighbouring portions of the continent. 
 
 Orchis sambucina of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Fuchsius 557 — 
 — (Spreng.) ; termed '• o. pannonica octava" by Clusius hist. i. 269, "o. palmata sambuci odore " by 
 C. Bauhin" pin. 86, and known to grow in mountainous situations throughout middle Europe (Tourn. 
 
884 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 inst. 435, fl. Dan. pi. 1232, Jacq. austr. pi. 108, and Pers.) : observed by Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 213, and 
 Linnaeus, as far as Stockholm; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Orchis pyramidalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Fuchsius 554 — 
 (Spreng.) ; termed "o. purpurea spica congesta pyramidali " by Ray angl. iii. pi. 8, "o. militaris mon- 
 tana spica rubente conglomerata " by Tournefort inst. 432, and known to grow throughout middle 
 Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 266, and Pers.) : observed by Bergius in Gothland (Linn.) ; by Decandolle, 
 in France; by Seguieri pi. 15, in the environs of Verona ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 " In this year " (Schmied, and Winckl.), after his Medicam. succiduor. " in 1540," Enchirid. plant, 
 "in 1541," Gesner publishing his Cat. plant, latine, graece, germanice, et gallice. 
 
 "October" (Galvan, and Churchill coll.), from Mexico, sailing West, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos 
 at the end of " a hundred and eighty leagues " discovered " two desart islands " in " eighteen degrees 
 and a half of latitude," named by him "S. Thoma and Anublada. Eighty leagues further, they saw 
 another, and called it Roca Portida. Seventy-two leagues beyond it, they found an Archipelago of 
 small islands inhabited by a poor people " (Tarawan coral-range ?). 
 
 " 1543, Jan. 6th," they " passed by ten other islands, which for their pleasantness they called the 
 Gardens, all of them in about nine or ten degrees of latitude " (Micronesian or Caroline Islands). And 
 ' "Feb. 2d" saw land, that proved an island "three hundred and fifty leagues in compass," "a small 
 island near" possessing China-ware, musk, amber, civit, be?ijamin, storax, other perfumes, also some 
 gold. "July 3d " (Stanley edit. De Morga 15 and 394), a protest by " D. Jorge de Castro, governor 
 of Ternate and the Moluccas," against Villalobos for having come with ships "to Mindanao and other 
 Moluccas islands " beyond the prescribed meridian line of demarcation between the possessions of 
 Spain and Portugal. The protest was received "Aug. 9th," and Villalobos replied, That the island 
 where he then was "was within the Spanish limits," and that "he was getting his ships ready to seek 
 another settlement further off from Maluco." The Portuguese governor "Sept. 2d" again requested 
 Villalobos •' to leave the island of Mindanao, which he had confessed he had no right to enter ; " men- 
 tioning also " that according to report he had sent a ship " back to Mexico (in this century a vessel 
 was wrecked on the Hawaiian Islands, and a peculiar Hawaiian head-dress has been conjectured to be 
 modelled after a Spanish helmet; in fact agrees in outline with the helmet figured in the portrait of 
 Legazpi published by the Hakluyt Society edit. De Morga): Villalobos replied "Sept. 12th" that 
 "the islands of Maluco were known by name, and it was known what a different thing it was to trade 
 with countries or to subject them ; " he also " begged of the governor, as their sovereigns were brothers, 
 not to give occasion for quarrels." The fleet of Villalobos "was broken up;" — this collection of 
 documents was drawn up " Feb. 7th, 1 544 " by " Graviel Rebello, judge for the deceased ; " and some 
 of the Spaniards "who remained went away from Maluco through Portuguese India, and returned to 
 Castile." There is " no trace of any protest by the Portuguese against the " Spanish occupation of 
 the Philippines "in 1564." 
 
 " In the spring" (D'Avezac edit), sailing from St. Malo of Jacques Cartier on his Fourth voyage ; 
 under instructions from the king to search for the remains of Roberval's expedition. He was absent 
 "eight months;" and the country on the St. Lawrence was abandoned by the French government — 
 for more than half a century. 
 
 " In this year" (Sieb. eluc. Vries p. 4), one of the Bonin Islands seen by the navigator Bernado 
 de Torres, and named by him Malabrigo. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Valerius Cordus, son of Euricius, enumerating Anthericum Hliago, 
 "philyrina" Phil/yrea media v. 24, "coralloides altera" Dcntaria pinnata (Gesn. ii. fig. 2), "dama- 
 sonium calliphyllon " ii. 10S Serapias pa/ustris (Gesn. ii. fig. 59), "hippion" 221 Gcntiana Bavarica 
 (Gesn. ii. fig. 83), "moschatella " f 172 Adoxa moschatellina, Cy tints Austriacus f. 187, "pseudocy- 
 tisus" f. 188 Cytisus nigricans, " ixopus " f. 104 Lachica saligna, "corruda" Asparagus amarits, 
 "tulipa turcarum" hist. 213 Tnlipa Gcsncriana (Linn. sp. pi.). — He died "in 1544," and his writings 
 were published by Gesner "in 1561." 
 
 Lythrum hyssopifolium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A small annual called in 
 Britain grass-poley, the name "grase-poley " being first given it by Cordus — (Prior, and Willd.): 
 L. hyssopifolium is described also by Gesner, Camerarius, C. Bauhin, Barrelier pi. 773, and Ruppius ; 
 is termed "salicaria hyssopi folio latiore " by Tournefort inst. 253 ; is known to grow throughout mid- 
 dle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 292, and Jacq. austr. pi. 133) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 frequent in moist places in Greece as far as the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was carried 
 to Northeast America, observed by myself naturalized in Eastern Massachusetts, often among grass, 
 also by Short in Kentucky ; to Austral Africa, and to Australia (Dec). 
 
 Epipactis latifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed "alisma quorundam " 
 by Cordus ii. 150 — (Gesn. ii. pi. 61), " helleborine latifolia montana" by Tournefort inst. 436. "sera- 
 pias latifolia" by Linnaeus, and known to grow in woods from Denmark throughout middle Europe 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 885 
 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 811, Engl. bot. 269, and Pers.): observed by Haller pi. 40 in Switzerland, by Hoffman ii. 
 182 in Germany; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in woods in the middle region of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Saxifraga cotyledon of Arctic Europe and alpine summits farther South. The "aizoon serra- 
 tum " of Valerius Cordus 92, — and Gesner ii. fig. 27, may be compared : S. cotyledon is described 
 by Matthioli 787, and Dalechamp 1195 (Spreng.) ; is termed "s. pyramidalis " by Lapeyrouse fl. i. 
 pi. 1 1 ; was observed by Hooker on Iceland ; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus ; is known to grow in 
 Lapland, Norway, and Sweden (Fries), on the Pyrenees (Lapeyr.), and on the Swiss Alps (Koch, 
 and A. Dec ). 
 
 " The same year " (Royle resourc. Ind.), a botanic garden first established at Pisa. 
 
 Hibiscus (Ketmid) trionum of Equatorial Africa. A flowering annual known in Egypt as early 
 perhaps as this year: —observed by Forskal in Yemen (but no locality given), by him, and Delile, 
 in Lower Egypt. Farther North, was brought from Venice to Germany, and seeds were sent from 
 Nurimberg to Tragus ii. pi. 143 some years before 1552, and about the same time was seen growing 
 in Italy by Matthioli iv. pi. 63; is described also by Lobel, and Parkinson; is termed "ketmia 
 yesicaria vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 101 ; " h. africanus " by Miller; is known to occur as a weed 
 in Carniolia and Italy (Scop., and Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated 
 ground from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues in gardens and from its quickly fading corolla is called flcwer-of-an-hour, has also 
 been found springing up spontaneously (A. Gray). 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), the Franciscans, Bartholem. Urbevetanus and Angelus Palla Iuvena- 
 tiensis, publishing Commentaries on Mesue. 
 
 Onopordon acaulon of the Mediterranean countries. The " corona fratrum " of Barptolomaeus 
 Urbeueteranus and Angelus Palea, — is referred by Dodoens pempt. v. 5. 5 to a many-headed stem- 
 less thistle observed by him in Spain, its vernacular name being a translation of the above : O. acaulon 
 is termed "carduus orientalis acaulos incanus et tomentosus dentis leonis folio" by Tournefort cor. 
 31 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus, frequent and on the plain of 
 Modon very troublesome. " O. Pyrenaicum," observed among the Pyrenees by Lapeyrouse (Dec. 
 fl. fr.), is regarded by Chaubard as not distinct. 
 
 " 1544. J un e 10th " (Alst.), at Spires, end of the session of the Diet 1 after a visit from Charles 
 V., who promised, That the general Council should be convened in Germany. 
 
 "The same year" (Steinschneid. iii. 27), the Hebrew Pentateuch translated into Jewish-German 
 by Michael Adam, assisted by Paul Fagiiis. — The Translation was revised by Jehuda ben Moses 
 Naphtali sixteen years afterwards, and with subsequent additions "became, and in some parts of 
 Poland and Russia continues to be a favourite book with women ; " having " produced a lasting effect 
 upon the Jews." 
 
 As early as this year (G. de la Vega, Herrera, and Acosta iv. 6 to 8), the silver mine of Potosi, 
 "in S. Lat. 21° 40'" and at the elevation of "seventeen thousand feet" on the Andes, discovered by 
 a native named Hualpa.* For some time he secretly worked the vein, — but at length communi- 
 cated his discovery to the Spaniards, who commenced operations "in April 1545," as appears by 
 register. 
 
 " 1545, Dec. 13th " (Blair, and Nicol.), after years of delay, the Twenty-first general ecclesiastical 
 Council convened at Trent by pope Paulus III. — The Council continued in existence eighteen years, 
 until its concluding session "Dec. 3d, 1563." 
 
 Nasturtium amphtbium of Northern Europe and Asia. The "cleoma" herb of Octavius Hora- 
 tianus, growing in wet places and resembling " sinapi " — (Dod. pempt. iii. 4. 5), may be compared : 
 N. amphibium includes the " sisymbrium a. aquaticum " and " s. a. terrestre " of Linnaeus ; is termed 
 "s. a. heterophyllum " by Baumgarten, " s. roripa " by Scopoli, "eruca aquatica " and "radicula 
 lancifolia" by Moench ; was observed by Brotero i. 564 in Northern Portugal ; by Scopoli, in Carni- 
 olia ; is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 984, and Pers.); also 
 on Caucasus (Bieb.) ; and was observed by Thunberg in Japan. 
 
 " 1546, Jan." (Targ.), Montigiano publishing his Translation of Dioscorides, enumerating " guara- 
 guasco femmina " Verbascum nigrum, " symphito petreo " Coris Monspeliensis, "terzanella" Ana- 
 gallis Monelli. 
 
 Athamantha libanotis of middle Europe. Umbelliferous, termed " libanotide " by Montigiano 
 — (Targ.), "1. Rivini " by Baumgarten, "1. montana"by Allioni ; described also by Gesner hort. 
 
 * Polvlepis tomentella of the Peruvian Andes. A graceful Sanguisorboid shrub or small tree 
 called by the natives "quenua" (Markh.) ; and Hualpa in chase of deer climbing the steep part of 
 the hill by catching hold of these shrubs, one of them gave way, disclosing native silver : — P. tomen- 
 tella is described by Weddell; was observed also by Markham edit. 368 to 388 on various parts of 
 the Peruvian Andes. 
 
886 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 247 (Spreng.) ; and known to grow from Sweden to the Pyrenees, Switzerland and Carniolia (Pluk. 
 aim. pi. 173, Engl. bot. pi. 138, Jacq. austr. pi. 392, Scop., Pers., and A. Dec). 
 
 Mentha viridis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain spear-mint or 
 spire-mint from its spiry not capitate inflorescence (Prior), in France " menthe aigue " (Nugent), and 
 termed " menta domestica " by Montigiano — (Targ.) : " spear-mint " is enumerated by Josselyn among 
 the plants introduced by European colonists into New England ; M. viridis was observed by Clayton 
 167 in Virginia ; by myself from 45 North of the White mountains to 40 near Philadelphia, chiefly 
 in wet places along roadsides; by A. Gray, in "wet places, common" in central New York; by 
 Walter, on the Santee in South Carolina; lay Michaux fl. ii. 2, in moist places in Georgia and termed 
 "m. tenuis " (Pers., and Chapman). Eastward, is described by Dodoens pempt. 95 (Linn. sp. pi.), 
 Ray, and Dillenius, but is regarded by Watson as exotic and only naturalized (A. Dec.) ; is known 
 to occur seemingly wild in France, Switzerland, and Germany (Crantz, and Pers.) ; was observed by 
 Chaubard in cool moist places in the Peloponnesus. Clearly by European colonists was carried to 
 the Canaries, South America, and Austral Africa, and "oil of spearmint" and "spearmint water" 
 are employed medicinally as "aromatic and carminative" (Lindl.) : the use of the fresh leaves in 
 preparing drinks called "julaps " is well known in North America. 
 
 "July 16th" (Alst), in Germany, beginning of open war between Charles V. and the Prot- 
 estants. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), arrival of Petrus Belon in the East, on his visit to Constantinople 
 and Egypt, meeting with Aristolochia baetica, Caucalis Orientalis, Ephedra altissima. 
 
 Diospyrus lotus of Northern China. The false lote-tree is called by the Turks " trebison chor- 
 masi"( ....); and the " cerasus trapezuntina " brought from Trebizond according to Belon, — is 
 referred here by C. Bauhin : D. lotus was first planted at Padua by Fallopius, who supposed it to be 
 guaiacum (Gerarde emend.); was received from Constantinople through Busbecke by Malthioli 
 211 ; is termed "guaiacana" by Tournefort inst. 600 ; is described also by Lobel, Caesalpinus, Cam- 
 erarius, Dalechamp, and Pallas pi. 58 ; has become well known throughout the Mediterranean coun- 
 tries (Pers.) ; was observed by Forskal p. xxvi, and Sibthorp, in gardens at Constantinople. Farther 
 East, by Bunge, wild on the mountains of Northern China. 
 
 Cerasus laurocerasus of the East Mediterranean countries. A cherry-laurel, called in Greece 
 " thaphnoeithes " (Sibth.); seen by Belon in the East — (Spreng.), and "in 1576" introduced from 
 Trebizond into Europe by Clusius — (Linn., Pers., and Daubeny) : described also by Camerarius hort. 
 pi. 23 ; termed " laurocerasus " by Tournefort inst. 628 ; observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; 
 and continuing under cultivation as far as Britain, where it is called simply laurel (Prior). Its leaves 
 bark and seeds according to Lindley contain " prussic acid, which exists in great abundance in the 
 distilled water : this is a deadly poison." 
 
 Mimosa (Prosofiis) agrestis of Palestine. A twisted thorny shrub observed by Belon near Rama, 
 — by Sieber near Joppa (Spreng.). 
 
 I'huva Orientalis of the mountains of Middle and Eastern Asia. The Chinese arbor-vita clearly 
 "thuia" congeneric with the " arbre de vie de Canade " was seen by Belon in Crete, and apparently 
 wild on the Taurus mountains along the Eastern border of Asia Minor: — T. Orientalis is described 
 by Linnaeus, and Lamarck ill. pi. 787; and is enumerated by Clot-Bey as planted for ornament in the 
 gardens of Egypt. Eastward, was observed by Loureiro ii. p. 580 in Cochinchina ; is known to grow 
 in China (Pers.) ; and was found by Thunberg in Japan, abounding on mount Fakon and called 
 "konote gassiiwa" or "fl no ki." By European colonists, was carried to the environs of Bombay 
 (Graham) ; and to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in gardens, hardly however 
 exceeding the dimensions of a shrub. 
 
 " 1547 A. D." (Steinschn. iii. 30), valves in the veins discovered by Amatus Lusitanus. 
 
 " In the Sixteenth century" (Pouchet), the diamond fast employed for cutting glass. 
 
 " 1548, May 15th " (Alst., and Blair), by Charles V., the Interim book granted to the Protestants ; 
 a formula of religion to be used pending the sessions of the Council of Trent. 
 
 " In this year" (Prior), W. Turner publishing his Names of plants, enumerating Ruta angusti- 
 folia:* — he published his Herbal "in 1551," and died "in 156,8" (Spreng.). 
 
 * Spartina stricta of the seashore of Northern Europe. Called bv Turner cord-grass from seeing 
 the inhabitants of East Friesland "make ropes of that rishe, and thache their houses also wyth the 
 same" — (Prior): S. stricta with " pubescent spikes and pungent leaves" is described by Roth, is 
 known to grow on the seashore of France and Britain (Pers ), and was observed by Brotero as far as 
 Portugal (Steud.; compare A. Dec. g. b. 1052). 
 
 Lycopodium alpinum of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain hca/h-cvpress (Prior), 
 a name " hethe cypres " given by Turner pi. who found it growing among heath on mountains above 
 Bonn in Germany. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 887 
 
 A triplex portulaccoides of the seashore of Europe and the Mediterranean countries. Called in 
 Britain sea-purslane (Prior), a name " see porcelline " given by Turner pi. who found the plant on 
 Porbek Isle and frequent on the seashore of Friesland : — A. portulaccoides is described also by 
 Plukenet aim. pi. 61 ; is termed "a. maritima angustissimo folio " by Tournefort inst. 505 ; continues 
 on the seashore of Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 261, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 on the maritime rocks of Samos and other Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, along the Mediter- 
 ranean shore of Egypt, near Rosetta and on islets within Lake Menzaleh. 
 
 Asperula arvensis of Europe and the' adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Turner — (Spreng.), 
 and Dodoens pempt. pi. 355; termed "gallium arvense flore cteruleo " by Tournefort inst. 115, "a. 
 ciliata" by Moench, and known to occur in cultivated and especially calcareous soil in middle Europe 
 (Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground "from the Peloponnesus to the 
 Greek islands. Has recently made its appearance in Britain, in three widely-separated localities 
 (Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 " September," Cieza de Leon Ixviii. passing through the valley of Pacasmayu to join soldiers from 
 Popayan on their way to Truxillo, Lima, and Xauxa, to chastise the rebellion. — " In 1549," he pro- 
 ceeded as far as the silver-yielding province of Charchas ; and returning to Lima, "finished writing 
 his notes on the 8th of September 1550, and sailed for Spain; " where he died "about 1560" (Mark- 
 ham introd. p. ix.). 
 
 "In this year" (Markham edit. p. 227), after holding the office of bishop of Lima eight years, 
 Fray Geronimo Loayza now "the first archbishop." — He held three autos-de-f^ at Lima, in one of 
 which John Millar of Flanders was burned as a Lutheran, prior to the introduction of the Inquisition 
 "in 1569:" at the first auto-de-fe' under the Inquisition "in 1573," a Frenchman was burned as a 
 heretic, Loayza dying "in 1575." 
 
 "The same year" (Hakluyt hi. 131, and Holmes), the first act of the English parliament relating 
 to America, Prohibiting exactions from fishermen visiting Newfoundland. Sebastian Cabot, return- 
 ing in this year to England, urged the possibility of a Northeast Passage ; giving rise to the com- 
 mercial association of " Merchant Adventurers," and the freeing of English commerce from the yoke 
 of the Hanse Towns. — The association continues in existence (Asher edit. Huds.). 
 
 " 1549 A. D." (Univ. hist, xxxix. 217, and Holmes), the city of Bahia or St. Salvador founded 
 by the Portuguese : being "the first European settlement in Brazil." Joannes Stadius anchored "in 
 this year" at St. Catharine, — and "in 1554," left the harbour of "Rio de Ienero," called " Ganabara " 
 by the natives (De Bry). 
 
 As early as this year, Lucas Ghini corresponding with Matthioli. — He died "in 1556" (Spreng.). 
 
 "August 15th" (art de verif., and Thunb. trav. iv. 30), arrival in Japan of the first Christian 
 missionary, the Jesuit Francois Xavier ; bringing three Japanese, whom he had converted at Goa. 
 
 " 1550, February" (Alst), in France, edict of Henri II., Against judges who should be too remiss 
 in convicting persons of Protestantism. 
 
 In or about this year (Neal, and Holmes), refusal of bishop Hooper "to be consecrated in the 
 popish habits : " the beginning of the controversy that led to the Puritan separation from the Church 
 of England. 
 
 "April 22d" (Schmied. p. xii), letter from Gesner to his friend Io. Kentmann. 
 
 " In this year" (biogr. univers.) Adam Lonicer publishing botanical writings, enumerating .... 
 
 His Stirp. Histor. is quoted by Matthioli comm. 108, his Krauterbuch was published "in 1573" 
 
 (Spreng.), and he died "in 1586." 
 
 " In this year, one year more or less " (G. de la Vega ix. 17), the ox-plough introduced at Cuzco, 
 G. de la Vega * at this time a boy being present : the natives flocking from all quarters to witness 
 the novel spectacle, and concluding, " That the Spaniards were too idle to work, and that they forced 
 those great animals to do their work for them." 
 
 * Avona cherimolia of Peru. The chirimoya ; the "fruit in the country of the Antis " called by 
 the Spaniards "manjar bianco" from resemblance "in colour and taste," of "the size of a small 
 melon," having within "some small black pips which are not good to eat" contained in a "highly 
 esteemed " pulp, " sweet and just the least bit acid, so as to increase its luscious flavour," — may be 
 compared : A. cherimolia was observed by Feuillee iii. pi. 17, and myself, under cultivation in Peru; 
 but is indigenous I was assured by Mr. Matthews in ravines towards the Equator. By European 
 colonists was carried to Venezuela and New Granada (Humb. and Bonpl.) : to Brazil (Mart.) and 
 the mountains of Jamaica (Mac fad.) ; to the Cape Verd Islands and Guinea (fl. Nigr., and A. Dec.) ; 
 and "in 1833 " to the environs of Bombay (Graham). 
 
888 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "The same year" (A. Dec. geogr. bot. p. 874), arrival of Garcias at Goa. 
 
 "In the middle of the Sixteenth century" (Kobell iv.), in Bohemia, staining glass with cobalt 
 ores, discovered by Christopher Schiirer of Platten. — This stained glass pulverized, forms the pig- 
 ment sold under the name of "smalt or cobalt-blue." 
 
 " In the days of their ancestors" (according to the account of the natives to Dillon ii. p. 112, 
 Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp.), Tikopia Island invaded by "five large canoes from Tongatabu, the crews 
 of which committed great ravages." 
 
 " 1551, February" (art de verif.), arrival of the Jesuit Francois Xavier at court in Meaco : after 
 "fifteen days." he returned without obtaining audience ; and " Nov. 20th," left Japan for the Indies. 
 On reaching his destination, and sending three of his colleagues, Jesuits, to Japan, — Francois Xavier 
 left Malacca for China, and died " Dec. 2d 1552" at the isle of Sancian on the coast of Ouantong. 
 
 " In this year" (Schmied.), letter from Gesner to Benedict. Aretius ; and Aretius sending plants 
 to Gesner, including "anckenballen damasonii aliqua species" 235 Cypripedium calceolus (Gesn. ii. 
 fig. 63). — He died "in 1578." 
 
 Denlaria pentaphvllos of the mountains of middle Europe. Termed " wilder senff foliis quinis " 
 by Aretius as sent to Gesner ii. fig. 1, "d. digitata" by Lamarck; described also by Matthioli 684 
 (Spreng.), and Gouan ill. 42 ; and known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland (Pers.). 
 
 As early as this year (Mattbiol. comm. D. ii. 163), Anguillara corresponding with Matthioli, also 
 enumerating "nor di velluto " Celosia castrcnsh. 
 
 " 1552 A. D." (Alst.), in Germany, Augsburg captured, and other successes of the Protestants. 
 
 " The same year" (Robertson ii. 388, and Holmes), discovery of the rich silver mines in Mexico. 
 
 " IS53 A. D." (Pauth. 407), the coasts of China infested by Hoang-tchi ; a pirate chief com- 
 manding a fleet of " a hundred sea-going vessels." 
 
 " May 10th " (Asher edit. Huds., and Churchill coll.), sailing of Hugh Willoughby in command 
 of the first Northeastern Expedition sent out by the " Merchant Adventurers." "Aug. 14th." he dis- 
 covered land in "72 N." (Nova Zembla) : and "after losing the company of his other two ships," 
 entered the harbour of Arzina in Lapland : there were " no inhabitants, but thinking to have wintered 
 there," all on board "were frozen to death " Of the other ships, one commanded by Richard Chan- 
 cellor succeeded in getting to the inhabited Bay of St. Nicholas or the White Sea, "being the first 
 ship" (since the days of Other) "that ever came upon " the North coast of Russia. 
 
 "July 6th" (Alst, and Nicol. 337), death of Edward VI. of England, after naming a successor ; 
 vainly attempting to exclude his sister Mary, who was a Catholic. 
 
 "October" (Alst. p. 391 and 557), at Paris, many Protestants burned alive. And at Geneva, 
 Michael Servetus burned alive by the Protestants ; for maintaining " nullam esse in deo realem gene- 
 rationem aut distinctionem " there is no real generation nor distinction of persons in God. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Johannes Funccius. 
 
 As early perhaps as this vi'ar (see Spreng.), Anguillara travelling throughout Italy, Corsica, 
 Sardinia. Illyria, Sclavonia, the Greek islands and Crete, meeting with A triplex veneta on the strand 
 of the Adriatic, Cytisus spinosus on Corsica 62, " caccialepre " of the Italians 109 Mulgedium perenne, 
 Bunium Copticum 130, Centaurea crocoddium 141, Ranunculus philonotis 178, A'epeta iiepetella 202, 
 "doricnio" 270 Dorycnium herbaceum, Cynauchitm acutum 274, "poligala" 290 Polygala flavescens. 
 
 Arum teiiuifii/iitm of the Mediterranean countries. Observed by Anguillara not far from Rome, 
 as well as in Dalmatia and the Peloponnesus, and communicated to Matthioli pi. : — described also 
 by Clusius hist. ii. pi. 74 (Spreng.) ; and known to grow in Southern France near Montpelier (Pers.). 
 
 Iberis umbellata of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain Candy-tuft or Candy- 
 mustard (Prior) from supposed Cretan origin, in Italy " tlaspi a mazetti " (Lenz) ; described by 
 Anguillara p. 171 (Spreng.) ; observed by Lenz wild in Italy ; known to grow also in Spain and as 
 far as France (Pers ). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 under cultivation as a garden flower. 
 
 As early at least as this year (....), Lopez de Gomara writing.* — His work was published 
 in Spanish at Antwerp in " 1554." 
 
 * Mimosa pudica of Tropical America. The sensitive plant described by Lopez de Gomara — 
 (C. Bauhin), and Martinus del Barco (Barcia, and Spreng.), received also by Commelyn hort. i. pi. 
 29 from Brazil. Farther West, was carried by Polynesians to the islands of the Pacific, observed by 
 myself a frequent weed on the Taheitian, Samoan, and Tongan Islands ; by C. Acosta, and myself, 
 throughout the Malayan archipelago ; by Mason v. 432 to 771, "exotic" in Burmah and called "hte- 
 ka-yung," cultivated by the natives, but besides naturalized ; by Gardner (bot. mag. 1S4R), a weed on 
 Ceylon ; by Roxburgh, in Hindustan ; by Graham, "in gardens common " around Bombay and called 
 " lajalu " or "lajuck." By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 in greenhouses, and according to Chapman, has become "partially naturalized in some localities" in 
 our Southern States. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 889 
 
 Myrosfiermum toluiferum of the Caribbean terminus of the South American Andes. The tree 
 yielding balsam of Tolu, mentioned by Lopez de Gomara - (Spreng.) ; growing on the "mountains 
 ot lurbaco near Carthagena, and extremely common in the high savannahs of Tolu" (Lindl.) and 
 seen wild by Humboldt and Bonpland vi. 375. From transported specimens, described by Miller 
 diet. I, and Woodville. The product according to Lindley is a " warm sweet fragrant solid stimulant 
 balsam, used in " coughs, chronic pulmonary complaints and on account of its flavour." 
 
 " 1554. January" (Alst), arrival in England of an embassy from Charles V., seeking the hand 
 of queen Mary for his son Philip. The proposal was resisted by the people and many of the nobility, 
 even to insurrection : which proving unsuccessful, the queen's half-sister Elizabeth was imprisoned 
 on suspicion. 
 
 "July 25th " (Nicol. p. 337, compare Alst.), marriage of Philip and queen Mary. Many persons 
 in consequence of the national change in religion, seeking refuge in Denmark and afterwards in 
 Germany. 
 
 In this year (Tourn. trav. iii. 257), Astrakan on the Caspian acquired by the Russians. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), after the Italian edition of his commentaries on Diosc, Matthioli pub- 
 lishing a more complete edition, enumerating Astragalus hamosus 641, Cirsium Monspessulanum 
 817, Mercurialis tomentosa 634, Muscari mnschatum, Potentilla nemoralis 674, Santolina squarrosa 
 513, Tanacetum annuum, "fava salvatica" Vicia Narbonensis, " lunaria maggiore " Hippocrepis 
 unisiliquosa, " nardo italiano" Lavandula denlata, " pentafillo bianco" Potentilla multifida, "salcio 
 detto Vinchi " Salix amygdalina, Ornithopus scorpioides 895, Saxifraga nivalis (Bauh. hist. iii. 684), 
 Salvia triloba 711 (Gesn. ii. fig. 23), Saxifraga cuneifolia (Gesn. ii. 'fig. 37), Cortusa Matthioli 698, 
 "phyteuma" Campanula persicifolii, Czackia liliastrum 607, Hyoscyamus Scopolia 753, Plantago 
 Wttlfenii 54, "buglossum alterum flore nigro"826 Lycopsis pulla, "verb, secundum" 800 Verbas- 
 cum pulverulentum, " myriophyllum alterum" 812 Hottonia palustris, " meum " 24 Athamantha 
 Matthioli, Meum mutellina 25, Tori/is nodosa 404, " caucalis " 298 Torilis Helvetica, " ligusticum 
 primum " 547 Laserpitium peucedanoides, " seseli aethiopicum " 550 " Laserpiiium libanotis, " epi- 
 pactis " 806 Astrantia epipactis, Linum maritimum 334, L. tenuifolium 334, Silene saxifraga 694, 
 Cotyledon serrata 787, " cneorum Theophrasti " 872 Saponaria ocymoides, "ledum" 160 Cistus 
 ledum, "aconitum quintum " 765 Ranunculus Couani, "ran. quartum " 458 Anemone narcissiflora, 
 "ran. sextum " 459 Trollius Europaeus, "aconit. quartum" 764 Aconitum Pyrenaicum, "aconit. 
 septimum" 765 Aconitum volubile, " stachys prima" 605 Sideritis Syriaca, Orobanche elatior 409, 
 " draba lutea " 430 Erysimum junceum, " geran. quintum " 623 Geranium reftexum, " securidaca 
 minor" 64c Trigonella polycerata, Lactuca quercina 400, Cacalia alpina 823, "cirsium " 817 Saus- 
 surea alpina, " conyza minor" 629 Pulicaria odora, "asarina" 370 Tussilago alpina, "absinthium 
 marinum primum" 509 Artemisia coerulescens , " helichrysum " 753 Chrysanthemum Italicum, 
 "alisma" 666 Doronicum plantagiueum, "alterum" 762 D. Austriacutn, "aster atticus alter" Buph- 
 thalmum spinosum, "arum" 448 Arum proboscideum, Quercus pseudosuber 181, "nymphaea parva" 
 644 Hydrocharis morsus-ranie. 
 
 Sedum dasyphyllum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " sempervivum 
 minus femina " by Matthioli 785 — (Spreng.), " s. minus folio circinato " by Tournefort inst. 263, — 
 and known to grow on rocks from the department of Calvados to the Mediterranean (Wachend. ultr. 
 391, Lam. fl. fr , Pers., and A. Dec.) : observed by Sibthorp on the rocks of Crete and mount Par- 
 nassus. In Britain, is first noticed by Dillenius "in 1724," and is regarded as exotic, confined to 
 walls and the close vicinity of gardens (Wats., and Bromf.), but occurs both on walls and calcareous 
 rocks near Cork in Ireland (Mackay, and Power). 
 
 Ligusticum Peloponnense of the mountains of middle Europe, from Carniolia to the Cevennes in 
 France. The "seseli peloponnense " of Matthioli 551 — is referred here by Sprengel : L. Pelopon- 
 nense is described by Linnseus, and Scopoli ; and is known to grow in woods on the above-mentioned 
 mountains (Jacq. austr. v. pi. 13, Hacq. carniol. pi. 5, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.); but farther South, has 
 not been observed in Greece ; and according to Clot-Bey and Figari, has only recently been intro- 
 duced into Egypt.* 
 
 * Cerasus {Laurocerasus) Lusitanica of America? Described by Matthioli 197 — (Spreng.), 
 Miller pi. 196, and Dillenius elth. pi. 159. Received from Portugal (but evergreen cherries, Lauroce- 
 rasi, have been observed by myself indigenous only in America) ; C. Lusitanica is termed " lauro 
 della Pensilvania" by Gallizioli (Targ.), and the descriptions by Aiton and others agree with L. 
 Caroliniana. 
 
 Ledum palustre of Subarctic climates. The "rosmarinum svlvestre" of Matthioli 576 — (Spreng.), 
 mixed in beer, and sent from North Germany by I. A. Cortusus and A. C. Nissa to Dodoens pempt. 
 ii. 3. pi. 5, clearly corresponds : L. palustre is described also by Linnaeus ; is known to grow in 
 
 112 
 
8g CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Achillea Aegyptiaca of the East Mediterranean countries. The " absinthium seriphium aegyptia- 
 cum"of Matthiolisu— is referred here by Sprengel : A. Aegyptiaca is termed "ptarm.ca incana 
 pinnulis cristatis " by Tournefort cor. 37 and voy. i. pi. 87 as seen by him in the East; was observed 
 by Sibthorp on the mountains of Southern Greece and in Cyprus ; and farther East, is known to grow 
 
 around Astrakan (Pers.). .,,,,,,.,■ o 
 
 Catananclu coeruha of the West Mediterranean countries. Described by Matthioli p. 847, — 
 Dodoens 638 (Spreng.), and Linnaeus, and known to grow in Southwestern France and Barbary (Lam. 
 ill. pi 658, and (Pers.) : observed by Valle on Corsica (Spreng.). 
 
 Moluccella lavis of Middle Asia. A Labiate annual : the "melissa Constantinop." of Matthioli 
 602 — (Spreng.), further described by Caesalpinus xi. 24 as exotic in Italy, clearly corresponds : M. 
 lsevis is termed " molucca laevis " by Tournefort inst. 187 ; is known to occur in Syria (Sabb. hort. 
 iii. pi. 45, and Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground in the environs of Smyrna. 
 
 Dracouphalum Moldavicum of Siberia. The "melissa moldavica " of Matthioli 603 — is 
 referred here by Sprengel : D. Moldavicum is also described by Linnaeus, and Lamarck ill. pi. 513 ; 
 has been long cultivated in gardens ; and according to Clot-Bey and Figari, has recently by the way 
 of France been introduced into Egypt. In its wild state, D. Moldavicum is known to grow in Sibe- 
 ria (Pers.). 
 
 Juncus bufonius of Europe and Northern Asia. The "holbstium" of Matthioli 687 — is 
 referred here by Sprengel: J. bufonius is termed "j. palustris humilior erectus etiam repens " by 
 Tournefort inst. 246; was observed by Savi in Italy; by Desfontaines in Barbary; by Brotero in 
 Northern Portugal ; and is known to grow along roadsides and in places subject to overflow through- 
 out middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Pers., and Wats.). East- 
 ward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, frequent in moist situations in Greece ; by Delile, on 
 islands in the Nile ; is known to grow in Abyssinia (A. Rich.) ; was observed by Bieberstein around 
 Caucasus ; and by Gmelin, throughout Siberia. From Europe, was perhaps carried by colonists to 
 Northeast America, where it abounds along roadsides, "and was observed by Lapylaie on Newfound- 
 land, by Drummond at Cumberland house in Lat. 54 , and by Nuttall on the Arkansas; to New 
 Granada, Chili, and Monte-Video (Kunth); to Austral Africa (Drege, and E. Mey.) ; to Southwest 
 Australia (Preiss , Lehm., and A. Dec.) ; and to New Zealand (J. D. Hook.). 
 
 Accras anthropophora of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain man 
 orchis ox green-man orchis (Prior) : termed "test, quintum " by Matthioli 636— (Spreng.) " o. flore 
 nudi hominis effigiem repraesentans, fcemina " by Tournefort inst. 433, and known to grow through- 
 out middle Europe (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 66, Vaill. pi. 31, and Pers.) : observed by Haller pi. 23 in 
 Switzerland; by Sestini, in the environs of Constantinople (Sibth.). 
 
 Allium I'ictoriale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " anguinum " by Mat- 
 thioli 422 — (Spreng.), " a. montanum latifolium maculatum " by Tournefort inst. 383, and known to 
 grow from France throughout middle Europe (Blackw. pi. 544, and Pers.) ; observed by Lecoq and 
 Lamotte in central and Southern France, by Thurmann on the Jura, by Godron in Lorraine, by Gra- 
 bowski in Silesia (A. Dec); by Jacquin pi. 216, in Austria; by Sestini, in the environs of Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng., and Winckler), Andr. Lucana publishing annotat. in Diosc, and send- 
 ing plants to Matthioli, including Digitalis thapsi. 
 
 " In this year" (Schmied. p. xxvii, and Spreng.), Franc. Calceolarius, an apothecary of Verona, 
 in company with Anguillara and Aldrovandus, ascending mount Baldo, " 6S60 feet " in elevation 
 (Sternb.), meeting with Campanula saxatilis, Sciiuum lineare, Anemone Bulciensis, and Arnica 
 Wulfeniana. 
 
 Rhododendron chamaccistits of the Austrian Alps. The "rhododaphne alpina Aldrovand." of 
 Gesner i. pi. clxxxi — may be compared: R. chamaecistus is known to grow on mount Baldo and in 
 Austria (Jacq. pi. 217, and Pers.). 
 
 marshes throughout Northern Europe (Pers.) ; and was received by Decandolle from Alsace on the 
 Upper Rhine. Eastward, was observed by Gmelin throughout Siberia to Kamtchatka : and farther 
 East, by Chamisso on Chamisso Island and at Kotzebue Sound; by Mertens, at Norfolk Sound in 
 57 ; by Pany, at Duckett Cove in Eastern Arctic America (Hook.). 
 
 Chenopodinm glauaim of Europe ? A gooscfoot with leaves white-mealy underneath, the " atri- 
 plex sylv." of Matthioli ii. 362 — according to Spreng. praef. ; described also by Bauhin hist. ii. pi. 
 473; termed " c. concatenatum " by Thuillier paris. 125; and occurring in waste places from Den- 
 mark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1 1 5 1, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried 
 to Austral Africa (E. Mey., and A. Dec.) ; to Northeast America, observed by D. Murray in Rox- 
 bury near Boston, by Bromfield around Philadelphia, and by Porter around Lancaster Penns., (but no 
 specimens seen by A. Gray). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 89 1 
 
 Saxifraga adscendens of Subarctic Europe and mountain-summits farther South. Observed by 
 Calceolarius on mount Baldo — (Spreng.); by Linnaeus, and Fries, in Scandinavia; by Ledebour, in 
 Esthonia : by Lapeyrouse on the Pyrenees ; by Koch, on the Swiss Alps ; by Poech, from the Tyro- 
 lean Alps to mount Viso (A. Dec. 433) ; by Grisebach, at " seven thousand feet" on the mountains of 
 European Turkey ; and is termed " s. controversa " by Sternberg. 
 
 The same year (Mason ii. 28), arrival in Pegu of the first missionary, Bonferrus. — He remained 
 three years only. 
 
 'S55> " Feb. 6th " (S. F. Haven in archaeol. Amer. iv. 265), in consequence of the discoveries 
 beyond Cape North, a Trading company chartered in England by Philip and Mary ; under the name 
 of the "Muscovy" or "Russia company." — In 1556, the title was changed to "the Fellowship of 
 English merchants for the discovery of new trades ; " the corporation continues in existence. 
 
 " February " (Alst.), in England, many persons of distinction, Protestants, burned alive. — Rem- 
 iniscences of "bloody Mary " have not disappeared from the mind of the English people to the pres- 
 ent day. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 407), the coast of Tche-kiang in China invaded by the Japanese, 
 hitherto regarded as a tributary nation. After landing, to the number of '*four thousand," the Japa- 
 nese were defeated and sought refuge in their ships. — In the following year, they returned "ten 
 thousand " strong, but were again repelled. And after an interval of " seven " years, a third attempt 
 proved in like manner unsuccessful. 
 
 "Aug. 20th" (Schmied.), Gesner ascending mount Pilate, near Lucerne, meeting with "gentiana 
 punicea " ii. fig. 92 G. purpurea, " sedula montana pulchra " tab. fig. v Saxifraga sedoides, " sedi 
 minoris genus fioribus lutei.s maculosis " Saxifraga atttumnalis . He published an account of his 
 excursion before the close of the year, together with his Rar. et admirand. herb. 
 
 The Canary bird, Fringilla Canaria first mentioned by Gesner in this year, — and first figured 
 by Aldrovandus (Beckm.). The bird was brought from the Canary Islands ; and as kept in cages, 
 has become familiarly known among civilized nations ; having doubtless been sometimes transported 
 into Egypt. 
 
 " The same year " (Vega 388, and Holmes), the culture of the grape having been successfully 
 introduced into " the city of Chili," the historian Vega sent by his father Garcilasso de la Vega, to 
 distribute bunches to different houses. 
 
 " The same year " (Maunder), Humaioon succeeded by his son Ackbar, now emperor of North- 
 ern Hindustan. 
 
 Fritillaria meleagris of the Uralian plains. Called in Britain guinea hen or checquer lily or 
 fritillary from "fritillus" dicebox (Prior), and about the middle of the Sixteenth century transferred 
 into gardens — (Beckm.) : described by Dodoens pempt. 233 ; observed by Pallas trav. iv. and v. 
 wild on the Lower Volga ; has become naturalized in France, England, Holland, and as far as Swe- 
 den (Blakst. in Huds. fi. 144, fl. Dan. pi. 972, Bromf., and A. Dec). 
 
 Fritillaria Pcrsica of Central Asia. Brought about the middle of the Sixteenth century from 
 Persia — (Clus. rar. ii. 2, and Beckm.) : termed " lilium persicum " by Dodoens pempt. 220 (Spreng.), 
 and Lobel hist. pi. 86; described also by Linnasus, and Redoute" lil. pi. ; and occasionally cultivated 
 in the gardens of Europe and Northeast America. 
 
 " 1 556, July" (Hakl., and Churchill coll.), arrival of Stephen Burrough in a small vessel at Nova 
 Zembla or the " new land." He here learned how to shape his course for the river Ob: but on 
 reaching the Straits of Weygats, "found no passage, and the summer season being almost spent, 
 returned to Colmogro " in Russia. — After wintering here, the farther prosecution of the voyage was 
 countermanded. 
 
 " Sept. 15th " (Alst.), departure for Spain of Charles V., leaving the government of Belgium to 
 his son Philip ; and of Germany, to his brother Ferdinand, with letters requesting the electors to 
 make Ferdinand emperor. 
 
 "The same year" (De Bry.), arrival of Lerius in Brazil: where the only plants common to 
 Europe were "portulaca" (P. oleracea), "ocymo" (O. Americanuni), and " filice " (Pteris aquilina). 
 Amonu- other novelties, he describes according to Sprengel Cerbera ahovai, " hatich " Ipomoea pla- 
 tanifolia, and Zatnia furfuracea.* 
 
 " 1557 A. D." (Spreng.), Quakelbeen, physician to Busbequius, writing from Constantinople to 
 Matthioli. 
 
 * A myris balsamifera oi the West Indies. A tree seen by Lerius 202 in Brazil, —according 
 to Sprengel : A. balsamifera was observed by Sloane pi. 168, and P. Browne 208, on Jamaica. 
 From transported specimens, is termed "lucinium" by Plukenet aim. pi. 201, is described also by 
 Linnaeus. 
 
892 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 / jEscithts hippocastanum of Central Asia. The horse-cheslnut made known in this year through 
 a description sent by Quakelbeen from Constantinople to Matthioli — (Spreng.) : is described also 
 by Clusius, Parkinson th. 1402, and Rivinus ; is termed "hippocastanum vulgare " by Tournefort 
 inst. 612; and continues under cultivation for ornament throughout middle Europe; was observed 
 by Hawkins in Greece, on the mountains Pelion and Pindus (Sibth.). By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where it continues planted for ornament in our Northern and Middle 
 States, but does not succeed in the Latitude of Egypt in our Southern States. 
 
 Not later than this date (Spreng.), Iul. Caes. Scaliger endeavouring to refute Hieron. Carda- 
 nus, in regard to novel plants in America described by Oviedo and Monardes. — Scaliger died 
 "in 1558." 
 
 Fragaria Chiloensis of Northwest America. A dioecious strawberry bearing very large fruit, 
 and called in Chilian "quelghen" (Molin.) : "in this year" according to G. de la Vega viii. 11 the 
 fruit called "chili " arrived at Cuzco, having "a very pleasant taste" and growing "on very low 
 shrubs almost trailing on the ground," with " little grains outside like the fruit of an arbutus, and is 
 the same size, not round, but rather long, in the shape of a heart," — may be compared. Farther 
 South, the best quality of fruit of F. Chiloensis comes according to Molina from the Chilian provinces 
 of Puchacay and Huilquilemu. The plant was carried by Frezier "in 1712 " from Conception to 
 Europe (Pers ) ; is described by Miller . . , and Dillenius elth. pi. 120; and from Europe was car- 
 ried to the West Indies, requiring according to Descourtilz " - to be sown with other kinds under 
 penalty of sterility." 
 
 " 1558, Jan. 8th " (Blair), Calais re-captured from the French. Who were commanded by the 
 duke of Guise, minister to Henri II. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 493), a remarkable comet. And the abdication of Charles V., his 
 brother Ferdinand becoming emperor of Germany and Italy. 
 
 " Nov. 17th " (Alst., and Nicol.). queen Mary of England succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth. 
 The Protestants now restored to power, and an act of Parliament Forbidding obeying the pope. 
 
 " The same year" (art de verif.), Gonara succeeded by his son Ookimatz, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Holmes), in Peru, the Inca and his wife "in rich attire and costly liveries " 
 baptized at Cuzco : the historian Vega being present. 
 
 " In this year" (Asher edit. Huds. p. xcvi), the mouth of the Straits (afterwards called Hudson's) 
 known to the Portuguese, as appears from maps. 
 
 '• In this or the following year " (Yule cath. i. p. cxliii), Anthony Jenkinson and the two Johnsons 
 visiting Bokhara by the way of Russia. 
 
 " 1550 A. D." (Alst.), Protestants persecuted by queen Mary of Scotland. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Bartolomeo Maranta publishing his Method, cogn. 
 simplic. — He published his Nov. Herb, "in 1571." 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), arrival of Cuilandinus in Egypt. — Where he remained during a 
 portion of the following \e.ir. 
 
 "1560, March" (Iilair), in France, the conspiracy at Amboise, initiating civil war against the 
 "Huguenots" — (another name for Protestants). 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), by Philip, now Philip II. of Spain, many foreigners especially Span- 
 iards introduced into Belgium. — And after two years, notwithstanding the remonstrances of the 
 Belgians, three new archbishops and several bishops introduced by pope Pius IV, 
 
 " In this year " (Schmied.), letters from Gesner to lo. Fabricius, and J. Bauhin. 
 
 " In this year" (Markh. edit. p. viii), Polo de Ondogardo, corregidor of Cuzco, writing on the 
 Peruvians. 
 
 " In this year " (narrat. i. to ix, and Markh.) Garcilasso de la Vega leaving Peru, at which time 
 there was no coine.t money in the country. — He commenced writing in Spain, continued writing 
 "in 1604," and died "in jf>[6." 
 
 " 1561, September" (Alst.), the general Council of Trent revived by pope Pius IV. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Anguillara, after receiving information in Crete from Robertus Con- 
 stantinus, publishing his Simplicib. ; enumerating Caucalis grandiflora 217. — He died in " 1570." 
 
 " In this year " (Schmied. and Spreng.), Gesner editing the botanical writings of Valerius Cordus, 
 publishing his Hort. germ., and preparing drawings for his botanical work, enumerating "juncus 
 idaeus vel petraeus " ii. fig. 16 Juncus trifidus, " chamaecerasus bergkriesse " ii. fig. 43 Xylosteuin 
 a/pigenum, " satyrii species quam monorchin dixeris " ii. fig. 64 Herminium monorchis, •' calathiana 
 autumnalis " ii. fig. 88 Gentiana ciliata, "pentaphyllum alpinum aureum " ii. 97 Potentilla cinerea, 
 "lapathi genus sylvestre minus" hort. f. 263 Potamogetou scrratus, "nummularia sylvatica" hort. f. 
 268 Lysimachia nemoruin, Thaintrum tuberosum ad Cord. f. 98, A rtemisia Austriaca ad Cord. f. 
 107, Chrysanthemum corymbouuu ad Cord. f. 140, Asplenium Germanicum ad Cord. f. 127. 
 
 Epilobium palustre of Northern climates. — Described by Tabernaemontanus vi. 1238 (Spreng.) ; 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 893 
 
 termed " chamaenerion Gesneri" and "lysimachia sili'quosa tertia"by Clusius hist. ii. 51, "Iysimachia 
 siliquosa glabra angustifolia " by C. Bauhin pin. 245, " chamaenerion angustifolium glabrum " by 
 Tournefort inst. 303, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle Europe (Engl, bot pi. 
 346, Pers., and Wats.) : observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Pallas, at 67 on the Oby ; 
 and by Sibthorp. on the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland, and received by him 
 from Canada as far as 64 and the Rocky mountains ; Was observed by Michaux at Hudson Bay and 
 Lake Mistassiny ; by myself, frequent in New England; by Nuttall, as far as Philadelphia (Dec); 
 by Pursh, from Pennsylvania to Virginia ; and according to Chapman, grows on the " mountains of 
 North Carolina." 
 
 Saxifraga aizoon of Subarctic climates. Described by Gesner, ii. fig. 28, — Barrelier pi. 1310, 
 Morison 12. pi. 9, Plukenet phyt. pi. 221, and known to grow on the Pyrenees and Swiss Alps as far 
 as Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 438, Lapeyr., Pers., and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Fraas in Greece. 
 Westward, by Colmaster in Labrador (Pursh) ; and was received by Hooker from the Saskatchewan ; 
 by A. Gray, from " Upper Michigan and Wisconsin," and observed by Blake on Willoughby mountain 
 in Vermont. 
 
 Saxifraga cespitosa of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. Termed " sedu- 
 lum quod moschatella alpina lutea" by Gesner ii. fig. 31, ■ — " sedum tridactylites alpinum minus" by 
 Bauhin prodr. 131, and C. Bauhin pin. 284, " s. tridactylites alpina minor et villosa " by Tournefort 
 inst. 252, and known to grow in Lapland and on the mountains of middle Europe as far as Switzerland 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 794, Lapeyr., and Wats.) : observed by Sabine on Spitzbergen (Hook.) ; by Linnaeus, 
 on the mountains of Lapland; by Seguieri pi. 9, not far from Verona; by Sibthorp, on Delphi moun- 
 tain in Greece ; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus. Westward, is known to grow in Greenland as far as 
 Igloolik, also along the Arctic Sea to Kotzebue Sound (Hook.) ; was received by Pursh from the 
 Northwest coast. 
 
 Saxifragra stcllaris of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. The " sedulum 
 alpinum quartum " of Gesner ii. fig. 36 — may be compared: S. stellaris was observed by Linnaeus fl. 
 pi. 2. in Lapland, and is known to grow as far as the mouth of the Lena (Dec.) and Lake Baikal 
 (Ladeb.) ; also from Sweden to Southern Ireland and Wales (Fries, and Mackay), on the Pyrenees, 
 at "seven thousand feet" on the Sierra Nevada (Boiss.), on mount Rotundo in Corsica (Gren. and 
 Godr.), on the Swiss Alps, and mountains of the Black forest (Koch), of Transylvania (Baumg.), and 
 of Thrace and Macedonia (Griseb., and A. Dec.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland, 
 and received from Spitzbergen, Greenland, and Labrador. 
 
 Solatium pseudo-capsicum of " Madeira." Transported to Europe, described by Gesner hort. f. 
 282 — (Spreng.), Dodoens pempt. 718, and C. Bauhin pin. 61 : cultivated for its ornamental bright-red 
 cherry-like berries, and has become naturalized at the base of the Pyrenees (herb. Req., Dun., Dec, 
 and A. Dec); was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, escaped from cultivation; by Delile, 
 in the gardens of Egypt; but according to Persoon is wild on Madeira. By European colonists, was 
 carried to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses ; to Austral Africa, and thence to 
 the environs of Bombay (Lush, and Graham). 
 
 " 1562, Apr. 30th, Thursday" (transl. Hackit in soc Hakl.), under instructions from (the French 
 admiral Coligny), Jean Ribault with a colony of Protestants arriving on the American coast not far 
 from " 29 30'." In the morning "on the first of May," he entered with boats a great river (the St. 
 John's) : the natives naked, having "the fore part of their body and armes " painted with "azure, red 
 and blacke," and trimming themselves with an " herbe like unto mosse, whereof the cedar trees, and 
 all other trees, bee alwayes couered" {Ti/landsia usneoides) : they presented "mulberies" (Morus 
 rubra), "raspis" (Rubus villostis), "and such other fruites as they founde ready by the way: " in the 
 forests were "palme trees" {Chamarops palmetto), " cypresse " (Taxodium distichum) "and cedars" 
 (Cupressus thuyoides), "bayes y" highest and greatest" (Laurus Carolinensis), "grapes" {litis vul- 
 pind) the vines growing "to toppes of okes " {Quercus prinus) "and other trees that be of a won- 
 derfull greatnesse and height;" also "walnut trees" (Juglans nigra), " hasell trees'' {Corvlns 
 Americana), " cheritrees, very faire and great " (Cerasus serotina) ; the natives brought " rootes like 
 vnto rinbabe, which they haue in great estimation, and make thereof a potion of medecine " (. . . . ), 
 also "some small spices like vnto vire " {Benzoin odoriferzim). Sailing thence Northward, finding 
 "euerv where the highest and greatest firtrees y' can be seene " (Pinus palustris and P. tceda), "very 
 well smelling, and where out might bee gathered, with cutting the only bark, as much rosen, turpen- 
 tine, and frakesence, as men would desire," on " the 27th " he entered with his ships port Royall, find- 
 ing it " one of the fayrest and greatest hauens of the worlde : " here were many " pepertrees, the pepper 
 yet greene and not ready to bee gathered " (Celtis ?) ; and leaving Albert de la Pierria, the first of 
 "thirtie" volunteers, "gentlemen, souldiers, and marriners," he departed "June nth." — Dissensions 
 afterwards arising among the colonists, some were slain, and those remaining built a small vessel, 
 calking it with the "kind of mosse" growing on trees {Tillandsia usneoides), and abandoned the 
 country (Holmes, and J. W. Jones in soc. Hakl.). 
 
go 4 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Matthioli residing as court physician at Prague and after the Val- 
 grisische edition of his comra. Diosc. with small figures "in 1560," publishing an edition in Bohemian 
 with large figures. He left Prague for Vienna "in 1565," and died at Triest "in 1577." 
 
 "The same year" (Maunder), surrender and execution of Tupac Amaru, last Inca of Peru ; the 
 Spaniards now acquiring complete possession of the whole country. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Andr. Marini and Petr. Aut. Micheli publishing comment, in Mesue. 
 
 1563 A. D. (Schmied.), letter from Gesner to Felix Platerus* 
 
 " In this year " (Schmied. ed. ii. 1 1), Gesner preparing drawings for his botanical work, including 
 " bumma d'chiaun " ii. fig. 45 Xylosteum caernleum, " periclymenum alpinum nigrum " ii. fig. 48 Xylos- 
 teum nigrum, "schoen blaue bergblumle " ii. fig. 32 Saxifraga oppositifolia, " wildschellkraut " ii. fig. 
 25 6-. rotundifolia, " orminum luteum klibkraut " ii. fig. 25 Salvia glutinosa, "sedum aut phylh genus 
 flosculis albis " ii. fig. 30 Saxifraga caesia, " tufelsangesicht vocatum flore purpureo " ii. fig. 67 Ophns 
 aranifera, "gentianellae berggilgele secunda " ii. fig. 84 Gcntiana verna, G. punctata ii. fig. 92 b, 
 " quinquefolium alpinum album" ii. fig. 98 Potentilla caulescens, " chamaenerion aliud" ii. fig. 71 Cha- 
 viacnerium an°ustissimum, Veronica bellidioides 4. f. 32 lign., V. peregrina 4. f. 33 lign., Salvia cera- 
 tophylla [2. f.104 lign , Trilicum juuceum t. 2. f. 17, Phleum Boehmeri and P. Michelii t- 3. f. 19, 
 Centranthus angustif alius t. 9. f. 74, Globularia cordifolia t. 6. f. 51, Scabiosa integrifolia f. 52, Cru- 
 cianella maritima 16. f. 136, Plantago maritima 3. f. 26 lign., Plantago Bellardi pi. 3. f. 28, Androsace 
 villosa opp. 9. f. 76 aen., Primula marginata opp. 9. f. 77 aen., P. minima 8. f. 69 aen., P. integrifolia 
 8. f. 67 aen., Convolvulus lineatus 9. f. 73 lign., Specularia speculum 9. f. 76 lign., Gentiana Pannonica 
 t II. f. 99, Armeria scorzoiuraefolia 7. f. 55 lign., Statice reticulata t. 18. f. 158, Allium tnoly II. f. 
 98 lign., Tofieldia palustris 17. f" 145. 3 lign., Daphne villosa t. 21. f. 182, Rhododendron ferrugineum 
 21. f. 181 lign., Silene catholica 18. f. 156 lign., Gypsophila repens 11. f. 93 aen., G.fastigiata 12. f. 107 
 lign., Ccrastium alpinum t. II. f. 96, Armaria verna t. II. f. 98, Trianthema pentandra 17. f. 150 
 lign., Euphorbia verrucosa 14. f. 122 aen., E. serrata 14. f. 123 aen., E. segetalis t. 15. f. 131, E. amyg- 
 daloides t. 13. f. 112, E. sylvatica t. 13. f. 113, Geum reptans t. 16. f. 137, Dryas octopetala opp. aen. 
 3. f. 22, Capparis ovata t. 16. f. 144, Cistus linearis 3. f. 25 aen., C. albidus 2. f. 22 aen , Helianthemum 
 halimifolium 3. f. 26 aen., H. guttatum 3. f. 27 aen., H. thymifolium 16. f. 143 lign., Thalictrum 
 foelidum 17. f. 148, Anemone patmata 16. f. 139, Ranunculus falcatus 16. f. 136 lign., Teucrium 
 Achaemenis 12. f. 107 lign., Stachys hirta 10. f. 84 aen., Nepeta tuberosa 12. f. 102 lign., "pulegium 
 angustifolium " 12. f. 274 lign. and 10 f. 89 aen., Mentha ccrvina, Phlomis herba-venti t. 10. f. 33, 
 Pedicularis foliosa 9. f . 77 lign., P. incamata 9. f . 78 lign., Lepidium perfolialutn 13. f. 1 10 lign., Draba 
 aizoides 13. f. 1 10 lign., Biscutella coronopifolia 13. f. 114, Myagnim rugosum 13. f. 115 lign. and 14. 
 f. 125, M. perfoliatum 14. f. 124, Sisymbrium vimineum 13 f . 1 1 1 aen., Afatthiola sinuata 13. f. Ill 
 lign., Cheiranthus litoreus 13. f. in, Genista Lusitanka 14. f. 122 lign., G. Anglica 14. f. 123 lign., 
 Corydalis capnoides 9. f. 81 aen , Fumaria spicata 9. f. 81, Hippocrepis multisiliquosa 14. f. 126 lign. 
 and 1. f. 3 aen., Astragalus viciaefolius 15 f. 127 lign., "poterium Rauwolf" 13. f. 119 lign., Astra- 
 galus erianthus, s. eriocephalus, Ulex nanus I. f. 2 aen., Latliyrus setifolius t. 2. f. II, L. angulatits - 
 t. 2. f. 12, Hedysarum coronarium I. f. 7 aen., Trigonella poly cc rata t. 2. f. 10, Lotus peregrin us 15. 
 f. 130, L. hirsutus 1. f. 6 aen., Trifo/ium tomentosum t. 15. f. 135, Jfedkago murcx 21. f. 185 linn., 
 M. tomata 21. f. 186 lign., M. laciniata I. f. 9 aen., Lactuca aitgnstamx 7. f. 57, Picridium Orientate 
 7. f. 58 lign., Picridiu77i albidum 7. f. 63 lign., Sonchus dichotomies 7. f. 56, Hieracium villosum 4. f. 
 52 aen., Onopordum rotuudifolium 7. f. 57, Cacalia albifrons t. 8. f. 71, Artemisia glacialis 3. f. 28 
 aen., A. mutellina 6. f. 47 lign., Gnaphalium luteo-album 8. f. 68 lign., Tussilago discolor t. 4. f. 42, 
 Inula tuberosa t. 8. f. 67, Arnica bellidiastrum 8. f. 64 lign., A. glacialis 4. f. 53 aen., Senecio Car- 
 niolicus t. 5. f. 38, Chrysanthemum maritimum t. 5. f. 39, Achillea nana t. 4. f. 38, Zoega leptaurea 
 t. 7. f. 63, Centaurea scabiosa 5. f. 41 lign., C. splendens 5. f. 42 lign., C. muricata 5. f. 43 lign., Good- 
 yera repens 12. f. 103 aen., Ceratophyllum submersum 16. f. 138 aen., Pteris Cretica 2. f. 12 lign., 
 Aspidium Halleri 18. f. 155 aen. 
 
 Alyssum maritimum of the West Mediterranean countries. A Cruciferous plant called in the 
 gardens of Britain sweet alison (Prior) ; figured by Gesner 14. f. 120 — (Spreng.); described by 
 Tournefort inst. 217 (Smith in Sibth.), termed " clypeola maritima " by Linnaeus, and known to grow 
 on the Mediterranean shore of France, Spain, and North Africa : observed by Chaubard at Nisi in 
 Greece ; by Brotero on the seashore of Portugal ; and received by Watson from the Azores. Much 
 cultivated in the gardens of Britain, and escaping has become naturalized from the beginning of the 
 
 * Ranunculus glacialis of the Arctic region and mountain summits farther South. — Termed 
 "r. montanus purpureus calyce villoso Felicis Platerii " by Bauhin hist. iii. 846, " r. alpinus roseus 
 albus calyce hirsuto " by Rudbeck lapp. 99 ; observed by him, and Linnaeus, in Lapland ; by Scheuchzer 
 alp. pi. 20, in the alpine portion of Switzerland. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 895 
 
 Century at various points on the Southern shore of the island (Ait. ed. 1, Curt. mag. pi. 101, Engl, 
 bot. pi. 1729, and Wats.), occurs also more adventive near Aberdeen (A. Dec). 
 
 Gypsophila muralis of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Figured by Gesner 
 t. II. f. 95 — (Spreng.) ; termed " cariophyllus minimus muralis" by C. Bauhin pin. 211, "lychnis 
 annua minima flore carneo lineis purpureis distinctis" by Tournefort inst. 338, and known to grow 
 from Lapland throughout middle Europe (Mentz. pi. 7, Dill., and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in 
 sandy roads in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 Myriophyllum ■verticillatum of Northern climates. Called in Britain water-milfoil (Prior) ; 
 figured by Gesner 16. f. 144 aen. — (Spreng.) ; observed by Gmelin from the Yaik to the Angara, by 
 Bunge in Northern China, by Ledebour in middle Siberia and around Caucasus (A. Dec.) ; and known 
 to grow from Subarctic Sweden to Switzerland (fl. Dan. pi. 1046, Engl. bot. pi. 218, and Wats.) ; 
 was observed by Brotero in Northern Portugal ; by Desfontaines, and Munby, in Barbary. West- 
 ward, by Hooker on Iceland ; and is attributed to North America by Michaux, Nuttall, and others. 
 Probably by European colonists was carried to Chili, observed there by C. Gay fl. ii. 387. 
 
 Onobrychis sati-ua of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sain- 
 foin or French grass or " foenum Burgundiacum " (Prior), in Bretagne " foin francais," in other parts 
 of France "sainfoin" or " esparcette," its cultivation beginning in the Sixteenth century (A. Dec ) : 
 O. sativa is described by Gesner, — Lobel pi. 335, Thalius, and C. Bauhin (Willd.) ; is known to 
 grow wild in Italy (Scop., and Lenz), Southern France, and Germany (Jacq. austr. pi. 352, and Pers.) ; 
 and its cultivation was introduced into Britain before 1578, as appears from Lyte. Eastward, was 
 observed by Bory in the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow wild in Southern Russia and as far as 
 Caucasus (Ledeb., and A. Dec.) ; and according to Clot-Bey, has been recently introduced into Egypt. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where an attempt at cultivation near Salem 
 did not prove altogether successful, and the plant after a few years disappeared. 
 
 Xeranlhemum Orientate of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Figured by Gesner 8. f. 68 lign., — ■ 
 and the "jacea pusilla incana " of Lobel hist. pi. 545 is referred here by Sprengel : described also by 
 Willdenow, and Desfontaines ; and known to grow in Armenia (Pers.). 
 
 Erigeion alpinum of Polar climates and mountain-summits in lower latitudes. Figured by 
 Gesner t. 4. f. 45 — (Spreng.) ; termed " asteri montano purpureo similis vel globulariae " by J. 
 Bauhin hist. ii. pi. 1047, — " aster atlicus caeruleus minor" by Tournefort inst. 481, "a. m. p. s. v. g. 
 calyce villoso " by Scheuchzer alp. 329, " a. m. omnium minimus foliis oblongis floribus albis " by 
 Vaillant act. 1720, and known to grow in Lapland and Scotland, also on the Pyrenees and mountains 
 of Switzerland and Carniolia (Pers., Dec, and Hook.) : observed by Linnaeus, frequent on the moun- 
 tains of Lapland ; by Pallas, at 67 on the Oby ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, 
 by Hooker in Iceland, and received from the Arctic shore of America; was observed by Sabine, in 
 Greenland ; by Colm in Labrador (Pnrsh) ; is known to grow in Russian America (Wats.), and 
 though not seen by Lapylaie in Newfoundland, was found by Goldie not far from Quebec (Hook.). 
 In the Southern Hemisphere, by J. D. Hooker at the Southern extreme of America. " E. uniflorum " 
 is regarded as not distinct. 
 
 Veronica triphyllos of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Gesner 16. f. 
 140 aen. — (Spreng.); termed "alsine parva erecta folio alsines hederaceae sed ruts modo divisa" 
 by Lobel pi. 464, "a. triphyllos caerulea " by C. Bauhin pin. 250 (Linn.), "v. verna trifido vel quin- 
 quefido folio " by Tournefort inst. 145 : is known to grow throughout middle Europe (Riv. pi. 96, 
 Oed. Dan. pi. 627, and Pers.) ; was observed by Linnaeus on the margin of fields as far as Scania in 
 Sweden; by Sibthorp pi. 10, in open ground in Thrace and on the Bosphorus towards the Black Sea. 
 Veronica scutellata of Northern climates. The " gratiola minima " of Gesner i. fig. 87 — may be 
 compared: V. scutellata is described by J. Bauhin hist. 780; is termed "anagallis aquatica angusti- 
 folia scutellata" by C. Bauhin pin. 252, "veronica aquatica angustiore folio" by Tournefort inst. 145 
 (Linn.), and is known to grow throughout Northern Europe and Asia : was observed by Linnaeus 
 in Lapland and Sweden, by Watson on the Orkney Islands (A. Dec), by Oeder 209 in Denmark, by 
 Ledebour in Finland and Russia, by Gmelin throughout Siberia, by Decandolle in France, by Savi in 
 Etruria, and by Desfontaines, and Munby, in Algeria. Westward, was observed by Hooker in Ice- 
 land; by Michaux, in streams flowing into Hudson Bay; by myself, along the Atlantic as far as 42 
 30', by Nuttall to 40° near Philadelphia, and by Beck 261 in Virginia; by Drummond at 54 on the 
 Saskatchewan, near Fort Cumberland. 
 
 Gentiana prostrata of alpine summits from Austria to East Siberia, the Rocky mountains, and 
 Cape Horn. The " gentianellae alpinae species prima " of Gesner ii. fig. 85 — may be compared : 
 G. prostrata was observed by Haenke on the summits of the Salsburg Alps (Jacq. coll. ii. pi. 17) ; is 
 known to tow on mountains near Caucasus (Koch), on the Altaian mountains as well as in East 
 Siberia and on Unalaska (Ledeb.) ; was observed by Chamisso on the seashore at Bering Straits ; 
 was received by Hooker from the summits of the Rocky mountains in " 52 ," and from the East side 
 
896 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 of the Chilian Andes in "35 ; " was observed by J. D. Hooker along the sea-margin at Cape Negro 
 in Southern Chili, and in the Straits of Magellan (A. Dec). 
 
 Juncus uliginjsus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A rush termed "juncus ramu- 
 losus " by Gesner ii. fig. 12, — "gramen junceum folio articuloso cum utriculis" by C. Bauhin prodr. 
 12. "j. foliis articulosis floribus umbellatis cum utriculis'' by Tournefort inst. 247, and known to 
 grow in wet places throughout middle Europe (Sibth. oxon. 115, Smith ft. brit. 380, Engl. bot. pi. 
 8oi, and Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp frequent in the marshes of Greece. 
 
 Ophrys arachnites of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain spider orchis 
 (Prior) : termed " orchis larvatus .... foliis tribus superioribus ex fusco albicantibus " by Gesner ii. 
 fig. 68, — " orchis araneam referens " by Tournefort inst. 434, and known to grow throughout middle 
 Europe (Pers.) : observed by Vailhnt pi. 30 in the environs of Paris; by Haller pi. 24, in Switzer- 
 land ; and by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Plumbago Europcaa of Peru ? Called in France " dentelaire " from having been used to remove 
 toothache (Lindl.), in Greece "lepithohorton " (. . . . ), in Illyria "curcurida;" figured by Gesner 
 10. f. 83 — (Spreng.); known to Pena as found around Rome (T. Johnson in Ger. emend. 1254); 
 described also by Columna ecphr. 161 ; termed "erba di S. Antonio" by Caesalpini, and Micheli 
 (Targ.), "p. quorundam" by Tournefort inst. 141; observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 
 frequent along roadsides from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor and the Greek islands ; but the genus 
 is essentially Tropical, foreign to the Mediterranean countries, and according to Persoon, P. Europaja 
 is found also in Peru. The plant according to Lindley is "very acrid," recommended as "a kind of 
 potential cautery," and in decoction "as a stimulating wash." 
 
 Potamogeton pusillus of all climates. An aquatic figured by Gesner 17. f. 147 — (Spreng.); 
 observed by Vaillant pi. 32 in the environs of Paris — (Pers.); by Bieberstein around Caucasus; 
 and known to grow from Lapland and Russia to Ireland and Switzerland (Wats.), also on the 
 Canary Islands (Kunth en.), and in Guinea (fl. nigr.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Ice- 
 land ; according to Watson, grows in British America and the United States; and according to A. 
 Gray, is "rather common northward." In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by Gay fl. in 
 Chili (A. Dec). 
 
 Allium descendens of the Mediterranean countries. Figured by Gesner n. f. 96 lign. — 
 (Spreng.); described by Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 160; — and according to Persoon growing in Switzer- 
 land : was observed by Sibthorp abounding on various Greek islands as far as Cyprus and the shores 
 of Caramania. 
 
 Allium nigrum of the Mediterranean countries. Figured by Gesner 11. f. 97 lign. — (Spreng.); 
 observed by Desfontaines i. in Algeria; by Gouan pi. 16 near Montpelier ; by Jacquin i. pi. 10, in 
 Austria; by Sibthorp, and Gittard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. "A. magi cum " observed 
 by Sauvages 18 near Montpelier, and described by Linnaeus, is regarded by Chaubard as not distinct. 
 
 Ornithogahim Arabicum of Madeira or Barbary. Figured by Gesner 11. f. 95 lign. — (Spreng.); 
 also described by Besler v. pi. 12, — and Rudbeck elys. pi. 130 ; known to occur on Madeira and in 
 Barbary (Pers.), and received by Linnaeus fl. pal. from Egypt (Del.). 
 
 " Dec. 3d" (Alst., and Nicol. 206 and 264), concluding session of the Council of Trent. — In the 
 beginning of the following year, the Council and its proceedings were confirmed by pope Pius IV. : 
 closing the series of general ecclesiastical Councils. 
 
 " 1564 A. D. = 43d year of the ' kia-tsing ' of Chi-tsoung II." (Chinese chron. table), beginning 
 of the Seventy-first cycle. 
 
 "The same year" (Talvi i.), by Ivan IV., often called Ivan II., printing introduced into Russia, 
 and an edition of the "Apostle" issued. Schools were also established by Ivan IV. in all the cities 
 of his dominions. 
 
 "June 25th" (Hakluyt iii. 323 to 336, and Holmes), arrival in Florida of Laudonniere with a 
 colony of French Protestants, at the river of May (St. John's) situated "in thirtie degrees and tetter" 
 (J. Hawkins). Not above two leagues "from the mouth," he built a fort and named it Caroline ; in 
 honour of the reigning king of France, Charles IX. 
 
 In the country around (De Bry edit.), J. Le Moyne remarked "quercus" (Q. virens, Q, falcata, 
 Q. aquatica, and O. nigra), "aquifolia" (flex opaca), " pruna fructu eleganti " {P. Chicasd). and 
 " exigui quidam fructus " called by the French " bleves " ( Vaccinium ?). 
 
 "In this year" (De Murgi 16), under instructions "to endeavour to pacify" the natives of the 
 Philippines, "reduce them to submission," and "to receive the holy Catholic faith," Miguel Lopez 
 de Legazpi from Mexico arriving at the island of Sebu. He was "peacefully received," but the 
 natives afterwards seeking to kill him, were "conquered and subjected." Seeing what had taken 
 place, the natives of neighbouring islands voluntarily tendered their submission ; and in one house 
 was found "a carved image of Jesus," held in great reverence, and supposed to have "remained there 
 from the fleet of Magellan." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 897 
 
 In this year (Schmied. vit. G. p. xxxvii), Gesner writing to Theodorus Zwingger, receiving 
 plants from Cortusi, and preparing drawings for his botanical work, including "gentians species 
 rara" tab. fig. i Swertia perennis, "anonymos" i. fig. cxvii Lobelia Dortmanna, ''glaux a quibusdam 
 dicta" i. fig. 8 Dorycnium Monspeliense, "alga marina" i. fig. 147 Ruppia 7naritima, " anemone 
 montana " i. fig. 18 A. alpina, Colchicum fasciculare i. fig. cxci. — He died " Dec. 13th, 1565." 
 
 "1565, March 1st" (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 98), letter of the Jesuit Aloisius Froes from Meaco 
 in Japan, describing an extensive region three hundred leagues distant inhabited by "sylvestrium 
 hominum" (Ainos), having the whole body hairy and a great beard and moustaches which they lift 
 with a stick when about to drink ; are bold in war and much feared by the Japanese, and when 
 wounded wash the part in salt water, which is their only remedy ; have no "sacra" religious cere- 
 monies, only that they are accustomed to venerate heaven. — In Ortelius's theat-rum orbis published 
 in " 1570," the island North of Japan is termed " Satyrorum Insulam.'' 
 
 "September" (Hakl., and Holmes), arrival at Fort Caroline of Pedro Melendez, with full power 
 from Philip II. of Spain "To drive the Huguenots out of Florida, and settle it with good Catholics." 
 The French were massacred, Laudonniere and a few others escaping in a boat : and three forts were 
 built on the river of May, and strongly garrisoned with Spanish soldiers. 
 
 " 1566 A. D." (art de verif ), Suliman II. succeeded by Selim II., thirteenth Turkish sultan. 
 & Who wrested Cyprus from the Venetians before the close of the year (Alst. p. 308) ; also, Tunis and 
 Guleta in Barbary from the Spaniards, and Wallachia from the Hungarians. 
 
 "August" (Alst.), throughout almost all the cities of Belgium, the images removed from the 
 churches and demolished : initiating open war against Philip II. of Spain. 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Gilbertus Genebrardus. 
 
 "The same year" (addit. art de verif), a red stone called "llimpi," used by a Peruvian to paint 
 his face before going to war, procured by Henrique Garces, a Portuguese. This led to the discovery 
 of the quicksilver mines of Huancavelica. 
 
 " In this year" (Schmied. ed. G. i. 57), Wolph, assisted by Thomas Penneius of London, com- 
 mencing the publication of the botanical work of Gesner. 
 
 "1567 A. D. = ' loung-king,' 1st year of" Mou-tsoung or " Mou-tsoung-tchouang-ti, of the 
 Ming" or Twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). He modified the ancient law, Prohibiting 
 a magistrate from acting in his own province ; and granted some exceptions in favour of mandarins 
 of the Second order (Pauth. p. 408). 
 
 "July 24th" (Nicol. p. 382), queen Mary of Scotland deposed; and the accession other son 
 James VI. 
 
 One hundred and seventy-sixth generation. Sept. 1st, 1567, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Jewish writer As. de Rossi : the Arab writers, Shems-eddin Basrawi, Abdalcader : the Greek writers 
 Emmanuel Gluzonius d. 1596, Maximus Margounius d. about 1601 : Beza, Petrus Canisius, John 
 ' Knox, Radzivil, Josephus Scaliger; Robertus Stephanus, Michael Neander, Frideric Sylburg ; 
 J. Genesius; Paul Manutius ; Castelvetro ; Frederick Commandin ; Hieronymus Wolfius ; Ronsard ; 
 George Buchanan ; Peter Ramus ; Osorius ; James Cujas ; Ciaconius ; Pancirolus ; Carolus Sigonius ; 
 Henry Stephens ; Bodinus; Montague; Francis Hotomanus ; Riccoboni ; Peter Pithou; Philip Sid- 
 ney ; Melvill James : the poets, Camoens, Torquato Tasso, and Edmund Spenser : the Slavonic 
 writers, Truber, and A. Bohorizh : the painters, Paul Veronese d. 1588, Giacomo Robusti called Tin- 
 toretto d. 1594: the architect Palladio: the musician Orlandus de Lasso. 
 
 " 1567-8 A. D. (= A. H. 975," Blochmann and W. W. Hunter), Muslim conquest of Orissa, by 
 Afghans from Berar and Bengal. Mukund Deva, the last independent king was slain in battle before 
 Jajpur; and the sacred city of Puri, including the temple of Jagannath, was captured and plundered 
 by Kala Pahar. ' 
 
 " 1568, Feb. 23d (= 25th Shaban A. H. 975 " of Abul Fazl, Orient, transl. lond.), the fortress of 
 Chaitur in' the Rajput country captured by Akbar, emperor of Northern Hindustan. Matchlocks, 
 artillery mining with gunpowder, and war elephants were employed in the reduction. 
 
 In this year (= " nth year of Ookimatz," art de verif.), the title "dai-seogun" conferred by 
 Ookimatz on Josijtira, son of Jositir. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), defeat at Glasgow of the army of the ex-queen Mary of Scotland; and 
 her withdrawal into England. 
 
 "In this'year" (Winckler), after his Cruydeboeck "in 1563," Frument. Hist, "in 1566, Dodo- 
 nsus or Dodoens publishing his Coronar. Hist, enumerating Hieracium timbellatum, Campanula 
 rapunculoides, and Chenopodina maritima* ^ ^ _ 
 
 * Celosia coccinea of Tropical America. An annual, transported to Europe, termed "arnaran- 
 thiis purpureus" by Dodoens 185 -«tC. Bauhin, and Willd.) ; described also by Linnaeus. West- 
 ward, " C. purpurea" of A. Saint-Hilaire, observed in Brazil; is regarded by Steudel as probably 
 identical. 113 
 
898 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Tropceolum minus of the Peruvian Andes. Transported to Europe, is termed " nasturtium indi- 
 cum" by Dodoens — (C. Bauhin, and Willd.) ; is described also by Monardes 348, Lobel hist. 338, 
 and Linnxus ; and under cultivation as a garden flower has become doubled ; was observed by Fors- 
 kal in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, is termed " nasturtium peruinum " by Hernandez, as 
 seen by him in Mexico. 
 
 Pennhetum tvphoideum of Tropical America ? A reedy millet, called in France " millet a chan- 
 delles" (Del), in Greece "phragkokeghri " (Fraas), in Egypt included under the general name 
 '"dokhn" (Clot-Bey), in Nubia called '■ herneh " (Del.), in Hindustanee " bajara " (D'roz.), in the 
 environs of Bombay "bajree" (Graham) : transported to Europe, is described by Dodoens pi. — 
 and termed "panici americani" by Clusius rar. ii. 216: harvested spikes were observed by myself in 
 various Mediterranean countries, and the living plant by Fraas 311 under cultivation in Greece; by 
 Clot-Bey, in Egypt; by Delile, at the first cataract of the Nile, and sown generally in the country of 
 the Blacks, but in Equatorial Africa was seen by Grant only along the Indian Ocean ; by myself, 
 under cultivation at Muscat. Farther East, was received by Plukenet aim. pi. 32 from " India; orien- 
 talis ; " was observed by Roxburgh i. 283 in Hindustan ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay 
 "extensively cultivated and forms a very important article of food to the natives;" and varieties 
 hardly more than a foot high, bearing a short ovoid spike, were observed by myself under cultivation 
 on the Deccan. Westward from the Mediterranean, was observed by N. A, Ware in Carolina, Geor- 
 gia, Alabama, and Florida; by Croom, under cultivation in Florida; and according to Chapman, is 
 "commonly cultivated" with Setaria Italica " as green food for cattle." 
 
 "April" (Hakl., and Holmes), arrival in Florida of a retaliatory expedition under Dominique de 
 Gourgues, fitted out at his own expense. The three forts at the river of May were captured, and the 
 Spanish soldiers were all put to death. The affair was however disavowed by Charles IX , and no 
 further attempts were made by the French, to establish settlements in that portion of America. 
 
 " The same year " (Hakl., Purch., Holmes, and Major edit. De Morga 64), a fleet under Alvaro 
 de Mendana sent from Peru Westward. A cluster of islands was discovered in "eleven degrees 
 south latitude," was named " Solomon Islands," and the principal island " St. Christopher." 
 
 "1569 A. D." (Alst.), by Maximilian II. emperor of Germany and Italy, futile intercession in 
 favour of the Belgians. 
 
 As early as this year (Asher edit. Huds. p. xcvi), the inland sea (now called Hudson's Bay) dis- 
 covered : — delineated in Ortelius's atlas published "in 1570." 
 
 " it;7o A. D." (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Onuphrius Panvinius. 
 
 "In this year" (Markham edit, laws of the Incas p. 3), Sebastian de Artaun appointed bishop 
 of Cuzco, to whom Christoval de Molina dedicates his Fables and rites of the Incas. His writings — 
 formed the base of the History by Miguel Cavello Balboa, commenced at Quito "in 1576," and fin- 
 ished "in 1586." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Lobel of Belgium publishing his Stirp. nov. advers., 
 enumerating Fraukenia pulverulenta 196, Potypodiuiu lycopodioides, Hypecoum pendulum 330, Pedi- 
 cularis tuberosa 326, Potentilla subacaulis 209, Suffrcuia filifonnis adv. 227, Crocus reticulatus ii. 
 497, "gramen avenaceum rariori grano danicum " ii. 4^5 Melica u?iiflora, Scabijsa (Cephalariii) 
 alftina 233, Plantago albicans 18, "polygonum montanum niveum" adv. 180 Paronychia capitata, 
 " saxifraga Anglorum " 351 Angelica carvifolia, "laserp. massiliense " 313 Laserpitium Gallicum, 
 " peucedani facie pusilla planta" 331 Pimpinella dioica, "limonium maritimum " 123 Stalice oleaefolia 
 123, Haemanthus coccineus 2. 503, Pancratium amoenum 2. 502, Crinum Americanum 2. 501, Aphyl- 
 lanthes Monspelicnsis 190, Frankenia laevis 180, Sideritis scordinides 225, " verbascum sylvestre " 
 241 Phlomis Italica, " thlaspi minus umbellatum " 75 Iberis pinuata, "althaea" 294 Lavateia olbia, 
 "lagopus" 384 Trifolium angustifolium, Lotus siliquosus 3S5, A/edicago marina 3S3, "medicae spec, 
 secunda" 383 M. turbinata, " stoechas citrina altera " 203 Serratula dubia, Carthamus earauncellus 
 374, Balsamita ageratifolia 2. 509, " tertium anglicum " 202 Gnaphalium sylvaticum, "minor Nar- 
 bonensium " 147, "aster montanus hirsutus " 148 Inula montana, Senecio artctnisiaefolius 333, " her- 
 bariorum anthemis cbrysanthemos " 343 Anaeyclus aureus, " cotula s. parthenium maritimum" 345 
 Anthemis maritima, " chameleon non aculeatus " 367 Centaurea (Leusia) co/ii/era, "jacea humilis 
 serpens" 235 Centaurea pullata, "spina alba" 369 Echinops strigosus, Liparis Loeselii 2. 506, Typha 
 media 41, "terebinthus minor" 411 Pistacia reticulata. 
 
 Caryolopha sempervirens of the West Mediterranean countries. Described by Lobel adv. 247 
 — (Spreng.) ; observed by Gerarde only under cultivation in Britain, termed "anchusa sempervirens " 
 by Linnaeus, and known to grow in Spain (Pers.) and Piedmont (All.). In Britain, between 1690 and 
 1724, made its appearance in one locality in Kent (edit. Dillen.) ; two additional localities are men- 
 tioned by Hudson " in 1778 ; " localities in six different counties are mentioned by J E. Smith " in 
 1800," and in eleven "in 1824;" and "in 1.849," Watson mentions the plant as occurring along 
 hedges and roadsides in seventeen of the eighteen districts into which he divides Britain (A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 899 
 
 Radiola millegrana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A diminutive plant of the flax 
 tribe called in Britain flax-seed (Prior); termed " herba turca" by Lobel adv. 180 — (Spren- ) 
 "polygonum minimum s. millegrana minima" by C. Bauhin pin. 282, "radiola vulgaris serpillifolfa » 
 by Ray angl. 111. pi. 15, and known to grow from 63 20 7 in Norway to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pi. 
 178, Engl. bot. pi. 893, Pers., and A. Dec.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, in places subject to 
 inundauon; by Vaillant pi. 4, near Paris; by Brotero, in Portugal; by Lemann, on Madeira; by 
 Boissier, near Cadiz, Gibraltar, and Tangier ; by Schousboe, in Morocco ; by Moris, on Sardinia and 
 Corsica; by Gussone, on Sicily; by Gaudin, near Bale; by Schrank, near Salzbourg ; by Baumgar- 
 ten, in Transylvania ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 Seseli glaucum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " caucalis Anguillarae " 
 by Lobel adv. 325 — (Spreng.), "fceniculum sylvestre glauco folio" by Tournefort inst. 311, described 
 also by Morison iii. 9/ pi. 2, and known to grow from Carniolia to France (Pers.): observed by 
 Crantz, and Jacquin austr. pi. 144, in Austria ; by Sibthorp, on hills around Constantinople; by Gul- 
 denstadt, as far as Caucasus (Steud.) ; in less than fifty years between the opening of the Doubs 
 canal and " 1822" made its appearance in the environs of Montbelliard (Bernard). "S. junceum," 
 described by J. E. Smith from a specimen in Sibthorp's herbarium, is regarded by Sprengel as not 
 distinct. 
 
 Cirsium eriophorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woolly-headed thistle said 
 to grow in various parts of Spain, described by Lobel adv. 370— (Spreng.), and observed by Dodoens 
 pempt. v. 5. pi. 5 exotic in the gardens of Belgium :— is described also by Caesalpinus xiii. 40 
 (Spreng.); is termed " c. capite rotundo tomentoso " by Tournefort inst. 441 ; was observed by 
 Scopoli in Carniolia (Jacq. austr. pi. 171, and Steud.) ; by Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus to mount 
 Haemus and Smyrna. 
 
 Carduus acanthoides of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Lobel adv. 371 
 — (Spreng.) ; termed " carduus acanthoides " by Bauhin hist. iii. 59, " c. nigrescens " by Villars iii. 
 pi. 20, and known to occur in waste places throughout Europe (Moris, iii. 15 Jacq. austr. pi. 249, and 
 Pers.): observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, frequent along waysides and about villages in Scania; by 
 Villars, in Dauphiny; by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from Crete and the Peloponnesus to Cyprus and 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Moluccella spinosa of middle Asia. Termed " molucca asperior" by Lobel adv. 221 — (Spreng.), 
 and according to Caesalpinus xi. 24 also exotic in Italy, taller with the floral whorls more spiny: M. 
 spinosa is termed " molucca spinosa " by Tourne r ort inst. 187 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chau- 
 bard, near Navarino in the Peloponnesus and on mount Parnassus. 
 
 Pancratium maritimum of the seashore of Carolina and Florida. A large ornamental bulbous- 
 rooted plant called in Greece "agria skilla " (Sibth.), in Egypt "sousan " (Del.) ; described by Lobel 
 adv. 57— (Spreng.), having possibly without human intervention reached the shore of Southern 
 France and Spain (Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in the maritime sands of 
 Greece and Cyprus ; by Delile, near Alexandria. Westward, was observed by Catesby app. v. pi. 5 in 
 South Carolina (Ell.) ; by Chapman, in "salt marshes, South Florida to South Carolina." By Arab 
 visitors, or possibly by Spanish colonists crossing the Pacific, was carried to the Malayan archipelago ; 
 observed by Blanco on the Philippines, kept by the natives in vases ; by Rumphius vi. pi. 70, in 
 other parts of the archipelago. (See Lilium candidum and Iris sambucina.) * 
 
 * Mamillaria simplex of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. A 
 melon-shaped cactus, transported to Europe, termed " echinomelocactus " by Lobel stirp. nov. 373 — 
 (Spreng ) ; described also by Tournefort inst., and Linnaeus. Westward, known to grow in rocky 
 situations in South America (Pers.). 
 
 Sarracenia flava of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. Its leaves from their size and shape 
 called trumpets, and one procured from a sailor figured by Lobel stirp. nov. 430 : the plant, trans- 
 ported to Europe, is described by Plukenet amalth. pi. 376. Westward, was observed by myself in 
 bogs from 37° in Lower Virginia ; by Catesby, and Walter, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, " Florida 
 to North Carolina, and westward; " by Drummond, from St. Louis along the Mississippi to New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Yucca %loriosa of the seashore of Carolina and Florida. Having a palm-like stem two to four 
 feet high crowned with bayonet-like leaves and an upright panicle of white tulip-like flowers : trans- 
 ported to Europe, described by Lobel adv. 2. 508, — Cnoffelius (Spreng.), Barrelier rar. pi. 1194, and 
 Linnasus : by European colonists also, was carried to the environs of Bombay, where according to 
 Graham "it seems to be quite naturalized " in "gardens," flowering "in the rains when the large 
 panicle has a very showy appearance; " also to Peru (Pers.) ; and is cultivated in our own gardens 
 as far North at least as the Merrimack. In its wild state, was observed by Michaux i. 196 on the 
 seashore of Carolina (Pers.) ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Leconte, in Georgia (Collins) ; and 
 by Chapman, " drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward." 
 
900 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "May iotli 1571" (Stanley edit. De Morga 18 and 368), Manila, a large town "fortified with 
 palms, and thick arigues filled in with earth, and a great quantity of bronze cannon, and other larger 
 pieces with chambers," captured by a force sent by Legazpi from Panay. A new town was now 
 founded on the site of the old one, presented "for that purpose" by the local chief Rajamora; the 
 neighbouring chiefs gave in their submission, and the Spanish conquest of the Philippines was soon 
 completed.— Legazpi died "Aug. 20th, 1572," and was succeeded by Guido de Labazarr.s, named 
 in a sealed despatch "from the high court of Mexico " found among the papers of the deceased. 
 
 " Oct. 7th " (Blair), at Lepanto, the Turks defeated in naval combat by forces under Don John 
 
 of Austria. 
 
 " 1572, Aug. 24th, Sunday" (Alst, and Blair), in Paris and other places in France, massacre of 
 some thousands of Protestants ; Charles IX. reigning. 
 
 "The same year" (Hakl. iii. 525 to 779, Purch., and Holmes), landing of Francis Drake in 
 Darien harbour, and two trains of mules laden with gold and silver intercepted. —The proceedings 
 of Drake and the English " buccaneers," are to this day remembered along the Western coast of 
 South America. 
 
 •' In this year" (Markham edit. p. 390), Potosi visited by the viceroy Francisco de Toledo. 
 Who introduced the use of quicksilver, and caused a census to be taken of the natives throughout 
 Peru " between the ages of eighteen and fifty • " they numbered " 1,677,697." 
 
 " In this \ear " (Humb. cosm. ii.), sudden appearance of a star of more than the first magnitude 
 in the constellation Cassiopea. The star soon disappeared. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Ioannes Fragosus of Toledo publishing his Discurs. 
 
 " 1573 A. D. = 'wen-li,' 1st year of " Chin-tsoung II. or " Chin-tsoung-hien-ti, of the Ming" or 
 Twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron table). 
 
 "In this year" — (Spreng.), Rauvvolf visiting Syria and part of Persia, meeting with among other 
 plants Astragalus coluteoides, A. christianus, A. densifolius, Tragopogon lauatus. Inula tubcrosa, 
 Michauxia campanuloides, Acanthus Dioscoridis, "rausut" and "rumigi" Aristolochia Maurorum, 
 and "arum Carsaami " Calla Orien talis. — He returned in "1576," published his travels in "1583," 
 and died in " 1596." 
 
 Gundelia Tournefortii of the Tauro-Caspian countries. The "silybum" of Rauwolf 74 — is 
 referred here by Sprengel : G. Tournefortii was also observed in the East by Tournefort voy. ii. pi. 
 108 ; and transported to Europe, is described by Miller, and Linnaeus. 
 
 " In this year" (Barcia 3, Biogr. univers., and Spreng.), Maninus del Barco visiting Paraguay. 
 
 — His account was continued " to 1581." 
 
 Passiflora ccerulea of Brazil. A passion-flo-wer observed and described by Martinus del Barco 
 
 — (Spreng.), and known to grow wild in Brazil (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Miller pi. Linnaeus, and Cavanilles pi. 295; was observed by Forskal, Delile, and Clot-Bey. in the 
 gardens of Egypt, called there " sjerk el faelak ; " and apparently the same species by Forskal in 
 gardens at Constantinople. 
 
 IJorstcuia contravava of Mexico, the West Indies, and Peru. An herb observed and described 
 by Martinus del Barco,* — according to Sprengel: known to grow as far as the West Indies (Jacq. 
 ic. iii. pi. 514). Transported to Europe, is described by Blackwell pi. 579, and Linnaeus. Its root, 
 one of the kinds of cmitrayerva of commerce, is employed medicinally for its " stimulant sudorific and 
 tonic qualities" (Guibourt, Mart., and Lindl.). 
 
 "1574 A. D." (art de verif.), Selim II. succeeded by Amurath III. or Murad III., fourteenth 
 Turkish sultan. Coins of Murad III, issued at Cairo, are figured in Marcel p. 202. 
 
 Robbers becoming numerous among the population of Egypt, the pasha sent by Murad III. is 
 said to have decapitated not less than " ten thousand " ( Marcel p. 200). 
 
 "In this year" (Smith ed. fl. lapp.), Simler publishing his Description of Vallesia and the 
 Alps. 
 
 "In this year" (inscr. date), letter to the pope from Nicol. Monardes, at this time printing his 
 
 * Dorstenia Brozilietisis of the West Indies and Brazil. Called in Brazil " caa-apia " (Marcg.), 
 and probably the species seen by Martinus del Barco : — observed in Brazil by Marcg rave 52. pi. ; 
 by Martius, in the mountainous parts of S. Paulo and Minas, used against the bite of serpents and 
 for other medicinal purposes, frequently confounded with but superior to all other species in salutary 
 value, although unknown as an article of commerce ; by Swartz 275, as far North as the West 
 Indies (Lindl.). 
 
 Dorstenia opifera of Brazil. Possibly the species in question : — D. opifera, growing in Brazil, 
 is described by Martius as a third kind of contrayerva, more farinaceous than the others (Lindl. 
 See D. Drakena). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 901 
 
 botanical work, enumerating, Jatropha multifida 334, Convolvulus mechoacanha 334. — The Second 
 part contains a letter from Peru bearing the date of 1578. 
 
 Tropaolum majus of Peru. The garden nasturtium, called in Egypt " tortour el-bachnh" 
 (....), described by Monardes 348 — (Spreng.), and "in 1684" introduced into Europe (Pers.); 
 termed "cardamindum majus " by Moench ; and observed by Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of 
 Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under culti- 
 vation for ornament and its capsules pickled ; also to Hindustan, observed by Graham in "gardens " 
 at Bombay. 
 
 Hymentza courbaril of Tropical America. From transported specimens described by Monardes 
 2 97 — (Spreng.), C. Bauhin pin. 404, and Plukenet aim. pi. 82. Westward, was observed by Macfad- 
 yen a large forest-tree frequent on Jamaica; is known to grow also in Brazil, where the transparent 
 resin exuding between the principal roots is called "jatchy" or "jatahy" or in Minas Geraes 
 " jatoba," is used medicimlly and for various kinds of varnish (Martius, and Lindl.), and is exported 
 under the name of American gum animi (Descourt, and Mason). By European colonists, the living 
 tree has recently been introduced into Hindustan (Graham), and Burmah (Mason v. 486). 
 
 Stnilax Mauritiana of the West Mediterranean countries. Monardes thinks that the sarsapa- 
 rilla^ of Spain, which is the root of " smilax aspera," possesses the same properties as that from 
 Mexico : — Alpinus ascertained that a portion of the sarsaparilla of commerce was produced in the 
 Mediterranean countries ; and the kind most esteemed in Egypt was found by Forskal mat. med. to 
 come " from Barbary : " S. Mauritiana is described by Duhamel, and Poiret ; and was observed in 
 Barbary by Desfontaines ii. 367 (Pers.). 
 
 " '575 A. D." (Alst, and Blair), founding of the University at Leyden ; Janus Dousa made the 
 first rector. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng., and Winckler), Lorenzo Perez, an apothecary of Toledo, publishing 
 De la Teriaca. — His Medicament, was published " in 1599." 
 
 " 1576, May" (Blair), signing of the edict of Pacification. Followed in France by a League of 
 the Catholics, against Henri III. and the Protestants.* 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii.), the inclinometer or dipping needle invented in England by 
 Robert Norman. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Lobel publishing his Hist. Stirp., enumerating '■ ligus- 
 ticum alteram Belgarum" hist. 457 Physospermum Coruubiense, "cicutaria maxima Brancionis" hist. 
 422 Ligtisticum athamanthoides. 
 
 Hypochceris radicata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed "hieracium longius 
 radicatum" by Lobel hist. 120, — '■ costole d'asino " by Caesalpinus (Targ.), "hieracium dentis leonis 
 folio obtuso majus " by C. Bauhin pin. 127, and Tournefort inst. 420, and known to grow from Sweden 
 throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 150, Curt. lond. iii. pi. 52, and Pers.) : observed by Rosen, 
 and Linnaeus in Sweden, as far as Scania; by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus to Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 "The same year" (Hakl., and Churchill coll.), under instructions from queen Elizabeth, Martin 
 Forbisher seeking a Northwest passage, discovered a Strait in "sixty-three degrees and eight minutes 
 latitude ; " the same that has received his name. After penetrating many leagues, he was prevented 
 by ice ; but had interviews with the natives ; and some of his company landing, procured flowers and 
 specimens of a black mineral. 
 
 "The same year" (Steinschneid. iii. 27), by Moses ben Elia Pobian, the Bible translated from 
 the Hebrew into Modern Greek. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Clusius publishing his Rar. Stirp. Hispan., enumerating 
 "candilera" Phlomis lychnitis 378, Ixia bulbocodium hisp. 259, Iris scorpioides hisp. 274, "sisyrin- 
 chium " hisp. 281 Moraea sisyrinchium, " juncaria Salmanticensis " hisp. 503 Oriegia Hispanica, 
 
 * Psoralea Americana of Madeira. An itch-trefoil, transported to Europe, described by Lobel 
 hist. ii. pi. 31, — Linnaeus, and Jacquin schoenb. ii. pi. 227. Westward, known to grow wild on 
 Madeira (Pers.) ; observed there by myself. 
 
 Cereus Peruvianas of Jamaica. A columnar cactus, thirty to forty feet high, transported to 
 Europe termed "euphorbii arbor" by Lobel hist. ii. 25 — (Spreng.), described also by Linnaeus. 
 Westward, according to Persoon, grows wild on Jamaica. 
 
 Tillandsia utriculata of the West Indies. An air-plant two to three feet high, transported to 
 Europe, termed "peruviana alia aloes facie" by Lobel hist. ii. 204 — (Spreng.) ; described also by 
 Linnaeus. Westward, was observed by P. Browne 194 on Jamaica ; by Leconte, and N. A. Ware, as 
 far North as " 28 " in Florida, the dilated bases of its " leaves form a kind of cup which commonly 
 contains a considerable quantity of water" (Chapman). 
 
902 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Scabiosa stellata hisp. 365, Rhamnus lycioidcs hisp. 70, " e. pumilum " hisp. 456 Eryngium tenue, 
 "thapsia quarta" hisp. 431 Athamantha panacifolia, " bulbosum serot. tenuifolium" hisp. 272 Lett- 
 coiumautumnale, " colchicum montanum " hisp. 267 Eulbocodium autumnale, Asparagus albus hisp. 
 461, Erica Mediterranea hisp. 112, E. australis hisp. no, E. scoparia hisp. 113, E. umbellata hisp. 
 115, E. cinerea hisp. 116, E. ciliaris hisp. 119, " sanamunda prima" hisp. 175 Passerina jmiiperi- 
 folia, " sanamunda secunda " hisp. 176 P- polygalactia, Silene conica hisp. 339, 5. muscipula hisp. 
 340, 6". polyphylla hisp. 336, .S". iridentata hisp. 343, "alsine corniculata" hisp. 416 Cerastium 
 dichotomum, Cis/us lavandulifolius hisp. 147, C. ladaniferus hisp. 156, C. latirifolius hisp. 158, 
 C. la.vus hisp. 160, C. crispus hisp. 139, C. Clusii hisp. 151, Helianthcmum elongation hisp. 148, H. 
 pilosum hisp. 152, H. Icdifoliuiu hisp. 154, H. libanotis hisp. 162, H. halimifolium hisp. 144, Ranun- 
 culus bullatus hisp. 316, Tcncriuiii fruticans hisp. 229, Lavandula multifida hisp. 235, Sideritis hir- 
 suta hisp. 390, Linaria triphylla hisp. 351, Lavatera mai-itima hisp. 91, Spartium sphaerocarpum 
 hisp. 205, " tinctoria hispan." hisp. 200 Genista florida, Cytisus divaricatus hisp. 192, C. triflorus 
 hisp. 195, Coronilla Valentiua hisp. 197, Trifolium squarrosum hisp. 247, Lotus cytisoides hisp. 204, 
 "jacea luteo flore " hisp. 368 Ceiitaurea verutrum, C. Salmantica hisp. 360, Quercus tauziti hisp. 24, 
 Q. Lusitanica hisp. 23, 1'iscum oxycedri' h\sp. 102, and Asplenium palmatum hisp. 494. 
 
 " 1577 A. D." (Parkhurst, Hakl., and Holmes), "one hundred ships from Spain, fifty from Portu- 
 gal, one hundred and fifty from France, and fifty from England," engaged in the Newfoundland fish- 
 ery. Besides " twenty or thirty ships from Biscay, to kill whales for train oil." 
 
 "The same year" (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Gerhardus Mercator. 
 
 " 1578 A. D." (A. Dec. g. b. 978), Christophe Acosta writing De las drogas. 
 
 "Aug. 20th" (Hackl. soc, Churchill coll., and Holmes), Francis Drake passing cape Virgin 
 Maria, near the entrance of the Straits of Magellan: among the simples on the South side of the 
 Straits, he remarked "time" ( . ), " marjerom " (....), and "Alexander's scurvy grass" 
 (Apijim duice), "and divers others well-known to us ;" and on an island, he met with "fowl that 
 could not fly, as big as geese "(....): entering the Pacific, his ship was driven Southward among 
 islands the uttermost cape of which is near Lat. 56 with no land in sight beyond ; in " a good bay, 
 they saw many men and women naked in canoos " (Fuegians), " and traded with them for such things 
 as they had," remarked their " drinking of one herbe " not unlike "pennyleafe" (Myrtus Humimi- 
 laria), and found growing on shore a "small berry with us named currants" (Ribes no. 10 expl. 
 exp.). Thence following the coast Northward, two of his men were killed by the natives of the 
 outlying island of Mocha in "Lat. 39 ." At Valparaiso he captured a Spanish ship; proceeding 
 inland, " plundered nine houses being all there were in that which they called the town of Santiago ; " 
 and returning to the ship, continued his course Northward. 
 
 Wiii/era aromatica of Fuegia. A tree named from Winter, one of Drake's officers, who is said 
 to have discovered it — (Bethune), and who may have brought home specimens of the bark : " Winters 
 barke " was gathered by Hawkins in 1593 in the Straits of Magellan, the leaf "whitish greene and 
 is not unlike to the aspen leafe ; " but the Winter's bark of the present day, may be derived from 
 the more Northern species, which appeared to me decidedly distinct (See W. Chilensis). 
 
 " In this year" (Prior), Lyte publishing his Niewe Herbal. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Leon. Thurneysser publishing his Hist, plant, containing figures of 
 Co/vstecia tomentosa 4.S5, Meum helerophyllum 1021, Salsola rosacea 41, Cardamine latifolia 163, 
 and Chrysanthemum serotinum 539. — He died "in 1595," a full edition was published by Thorn. 
 Pancovius "in 1654," and a third by Barth. Zorn "in 1673.'' 
 
 Erigeron [Ccenotus) Couadciisc of Northeast America. Figured by Thurneysser 538 — (Spreng.), 
 and as early as " 1655" cultivated in the jardin de Blois and termed by Brunyer "aster canadensis 
 annuus " — (Tourn., and A. Dec.) ; known to Boccone pi. 86 in Sicily in 1674, to Zannoni in Italy 
 in 1675, ancl in l6 94 termed " virga aurea virginiana annua" by Tournefort inst. 484: has become 
 naturalized in Algeria (Munby) and throughout Europe as far as Sweden and Moscow (Ten., and 
 Fries), from the Greek islands to Smyrna and Constantinople (Sibth.), in cultivated ground in the 
 Tauro-Caucasian countries (Bieb.), and in Siberia as far as the Altaian mountains (Ledeb., and 
 Dec.) : by European colonists also, was carried to the Azores and Madeira (Dec, and Wats.), 
 Austral Africa (Drege), the West Indies, Mexico, and Brazil (Dec), and the Hawaiian Islands 
 (Cham., and Mann). In its wild state, is known to grow in sunny situations from Canada along 
 the Atlantic to Lat. 31 in Florida (Pursh, Baldw., and Chapm.), to Kentucky (Short), the Arkansas 
 river (Nutt.) : but multiplying in clearings after the removal of the forest, has become an abundant 
 weed in waste and cultivated ground: was received by Tcrrey from Oregon. 
 
 "1579 A. D." (Spreng.), Linschoten visiting the Malayan Archipelago and China v — He pub- 
 lished an account of his voyage "in 1599," — and died "in 1601." 
 
 "The same year (= 986 Hej.," Pall. trav. i. 192), date of the latest of three Armenian inscrip- 
 tions in the cemetery of the ruined city of Bolgari, on the lower Volga. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 903 
 
 "June 5th " (Hackl. soc, Churchill coll., and Holmes), to avoid being intercepted, Drake pro- 
 ceeded North, anchored in " Lat. 43 ," and called this portion of the continent "Albion." He next 
 followed the coast Southward, and on the " 17th " anchored in a large bay in " 38 30' : " a native in a 
 canoe brought a basket made of rushes {Scirpus lacustris) filled with an "herbe which they called 
 tabah " ( . . . . ) ; in the course of other interviews he ascertained, that the men for the most part 
 go naked, while the women make a loose garment of a kind of bulrushes and "kembing" it after the 
 manner of hemp (cincture of Apocynuni) ; the natives having quantities of the finest down from an 
 herb much like our lettuce (....), also a root called "petah," of which they make a kind of meal 
 and eat raw ( . . . . ) ; the country containing very large fat deer {American elk, Cervus wapiti). 
 Thence he sailed Westward across the Pacific, the Malayan Archipelago, — Indian Ocean, and up 
 the Atlantic to England ; completing the Second Circumnavigation of the Globe "Sept. 26th, 1580," 
 in " two yeares ten moneths and some few odde daies beside." 
 
 "1580 A. D." (Spreng.), Alpinus arriving in Egypt, meeting with Bunias spinosa exot. 200. — ■ 
 He remained "three years." 
 
 Cordia crenata of Tropical Asia ? The " sebesten sylvestris " of Alpinus pi. 8 — is referred here 
 by Delile : C. crenata was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and is described 
 as a small tree called "mokhayet roumy;" as though brought from Constantinople.* 
 
 "Between 1580-90 A. D." (Jap. centen. comm. 60), Gorodayu Shonsui returning from China, 
 where he had studied "this branch of trade," brought the art of making porcelain to Japan. 
 
 " 1581 A. D.= 18th year of the cycle" (Pauth. 411), arrival in China of the first Christian mis- 
 sionary, the Jesuit P. Michael Rogerius. 
 
 "The same year" (S. F. Haven in archaeol. Amer. iv. 280), a number of eminent English mer- 
 chants incorporated for trade with Turkey. — A perpetual charter was granted them by king James 
 "in 1605 : " and under the name of "the Levant or Turkey company," the corporation continues in 
 existence to the present clay. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Lobel publishing his Kruydtboeck and Icones, enumer- 
 ating Gymnadenia viridis obs. 90, " colus jovis " ic. 557 Salvia gluti/iosa, JVardus stricta ic. 90, 
 Arrhenantherum bulbosum ic. 23, Ave?ia nuda ic. 32, Plantago subulata ic. 439, Potyenemum erina- 
 ceum ic. 468, Omphalodes verna ic. 577, Symphytum tuberosum ic. 584, Verbascum yirgatum ic. 564, 
 Bunium aromaticum ic. 724, Myrrhis aurea ic. 735, Linum strictum ic. 411, L. campanulatum ic. 414, 
 Tulipa suaveolens ic. 127, Scilla hlio-hyacinthus ic. ior, Allium carinaium ic. 156, Juncus aquaiicus 
 ic. 12, Lusula campestris ic. 15, Triglochin maritimum ic. 17, Alisma damasonium ic. 301, A. ranun- 
 culoides ic. 300, Rhododendron hirsutum ic. 367, Saxifraga Burseriana ic. 375, Dianthus prolifer ic. 
 449, D. deltoides ic. 444, Silene conoidea ic. 338, Silene maritima ic. 337, Cereus Peru-uianus ic. 2. 25, 
 Paeonia hiimilis\ ic. 683, Digitalis ferruginea ic. 573, Cochlearia Anglica ic. 294, Alyssum spinosi/m 
 ic. 217, A. campestre ic. 220, I'ella pseudo-cytisus ic. 2. 49, Erysimum diffusum ic. 205, Erodium 
 gruinum ic. 662, Ononis rotundifolia ic. 2. 73, Cytisus argenteus ic. 2. 41, Astragalus stella ic. 2. 95, 
 
 * Antennaria margaritacea of North America and Kamtchatka. Called in Britain everlasting 
 flower (Prior), "gnaphalium americanum" by Clusius, who in this year received it from England ; 
 where it became naturalized before the days of Ray; was known to the Bauhins only as a culti- 
 vated plant, but has since been found seemingly wild in various parts of Europe (Haller, Allion., and 
 A. Dec). Westward, "live forever a kind of cud-weed" was seen by Josselyn rar. 55 in New Eng- 
 land : A. margaritacea, by Lapylaie from Lat. 49 in Newfoundland ; by myself, frequent from 48 
 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42 along the Atlantic ; by Torrey, to 41 on the Hudson ; by Chapman, 
 in the " Upper districts of North Carolina, and northward ; '' by Long's Expedition ii., at Rainy Lake 
 (Schw.) ; was received by Torrey from Oregon ; by Gmelin, from Bering's Island and Kamtchatka. 
 
 + Aquilegia Canadensis of Northeast America. The Canadian Columbine transported to Europe 
 described by Lobel ic. 26, — Cornuti pi. 60, Morison iii. 12. 2. f. 4, and Miller pi. 47. Westward, 
 " columbines, of a flesh-colour, growing upon rocks," were seen by Josselyn 46 in New England : 
 A. Canadensis is known to grow from Hudson Bay and 55 throughout Canada (Hook.) ; was observed 
 by Michaux from Canada to the Alleghanies of Carolina; by myself, on rocky hills throughout New 
 England ; by A. Grav, "common " in central New York; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina ; 
 by Croom, near Newbern ; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of Carolina and Georgia; by Chapman, in 
 "rocky woods, West Florida and northward in the upper districts ; " by Beck, as far as the Missis- 
 sippi near St. Louis. . 
 
 Limnanthemum lacunosum of Northeast America. An aquatic with small floating Nymphsea- 
 like leaves, and the " lutea minor " found by Lobel p. 258 in the Thames, — may be compared : also 
 as transported to Europe, L. lacunosum is described by Ventenat (Steud.). Westward, according to 
 A Gray <tows in Maine and Northern New York ; has been observed by myself frequent in lakes 
 and slow-moving water from 43° to 38 along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from New Jersey to Carolina ; 
 
9°4 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Medicare radiata ic. 2. 38, Hypericum elodes ic. 400, H. serpyllifolium ic. 2. 390, Leontodon cnsfium 
 ic. 23s!" Staehelina fruticosa ic. 54S, Cirsinm bulbosum ic. 582, Cirsiitm pratense ic. 583, "acarna 
 Theophrasti " ic. 2. 16, C Casabonae, C. Italicum ic. 2. 15, Gnaphalium alpiimm ic. 484, £Va;r ajfe- 
 risciflora ic. 4S4, TvA?^ »//«//«a ic. 4S1, Cineraria campestris ic. 347, Carex ovalis ic. 19, C. pseudo- 
 cypems ic. 76, J triplex laciniata ic. z^A-patula ic. 254, /*. anguslifolia ic. 257, Asplcmum marinum 
 ic. 814, Cistoseim Wata ic. 2. 254, /««« acinarius ic. 2. 256, and Wwa umbilicahs ic. 2. 246: —he 
 completed the Icones "in 1591." 
 
 Aspcruht Tain ina of the West Mediterranean countries. Termed "rubia laevis taunnensium " 
 by Lobel ic. 800 — (Spreng.), "galium taurinum" by Scopoli (Steud.), and known to grow in Southern 
 France and the neighbouring portion of Italy, in woods from Dauphiny to Piedmont (Dec. fl. fr., and 
 Mut.) ; was observed by Gouan near Montpellier, but perhaps adventive only (A. Dec). In Britain, 
 "from 1836" has become naturalized in two localities, in Leicester and Westmoreland (Bab.), and 
 more recently in Southeastern Scotland (Wats.). 
 
 Thymus Barrclieri of the Mediterranean countries. Termed " calamintha secunda incana" by 
 Lobel ic. 514— (Spreng.), " c. pulegii odore " by Barrelier pi. 1166, "melissa Cretica" by Linnasus; 
 known to grow in Spain and around Montpellier (Pers.), also in Sicily and Greece (Spreng.). 
 
 Polygonum lapathifolium of Northeast America. Described by Lobel ic. 315 — (Linn., and 
 Spreng.); termed "persicaria major lapathi foliis calyce floris purpureo " by Tournefort inst. 510, 
 ■'p. Pennsylvanicum " by Curtis lond. i. pi. 24 and 25 ; seems known to Linnaeus only as occurring in 
 France, but was observed by Sibth'.rp, and Chaubard, in waste places around Athens and in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Westward, by Banister (Ray suppl. 119) in Virginia; by Elliot, in South Carolina, and 
 termed "p. incarnatum ;" by Chapman, in "ponds, ditches, etc., South Carolina, and westward," the 
 "flowers small flesh-colour" (pale pink), and the leaves "eight inches long." The white-flowered 
 form, "P. densiflorum" of Meisner, was observed by Chapman on "muddy banks, Florida, and west- 
 ward ; '' by myself, intermingled with P. persicaria in waste places around Salem in New England ; 
 and is perhaps the same seen by Torrey at 41° on the Hudson, and according to A. Gray growing in 
 "moist places Michigan to Kentucky, and common southward," and "apparently indigenous." 
 
 Junciis glaucus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A leafless rush called in Greece 
 "vourla" (Sibth.) ; described by Lobel ic. 85— (Spreng.), and Barrelier pi. 208; termed '■}. acutus 
 panicula sparsa" by Tournefort inst. 246 ; and known to grow in moist places from Lapland and Russia 
 to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pi. 1 159, Engl. hot. pi. 665. Pers., and Wats ) : observed by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the Mediterranean. 
 
 Pita {Heleochlod) maritima of the shores of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. A seaside 
 grass termed " gramen geniculatum marinum" by Lobel ic. 21 — (Spreng.). " poa maritima" by Hud- 
 son, Willdenow i. 396, and Smith brit. i. 97, "glvceria maritima" by Wahlenberg, "festuca thalas- 
 sica" by Kunth : known to grow along the seashore from Lapland to Ireland and the Mediterranean 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 251, Engl. bot. pi. 1140, Pers., and Wats.), and even in Siberia (Kunth) ; observed by 
 Dectndolle on the seashore of France as far as the Mediterranean; by Sibthorp, around the Greek 
 islands. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; by myself, on the border of salt marshes around Salem, 
 Mass. ; and according to A. Gray is "not rare" along our sea-coast. 
 
 by Elliot, in Granby, South Carolina, and Augusta ; by Chapman, in " Florida, and northward ; " by 
 Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall, in New Jersey and Arkansas. 
 
 Polygonum (/fc/xiiw) dumetorum of Northeast America. A climbing biickiulicat, transported 
 to Europe, termed " helxine cissampelos altera" by Lobel pi. 624 — (J. E. Smith); described also by 
 Tournefort inst. 511, and Linnasus; known to occur seemingly wild from Denmark throughout middle 
 Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 79, Bromf., and A. Dec.) ; and collected by Sibthorp in Greece (J. E. Smith). 
 Westward, has been observed by myself from 43 in New England to 40 along the Atlantic ; by 
 Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in " Florida, and 
 northward ; " by A. Gray, " common " in central New York ; by Michaux, and Short, in Kentucky. 
 
 Trisetum subspicatiun of the .Arctic region and alpine summits all over the Globe. A grass 
 described by Lobel pi. 8 ; — known to grow in Lapland, and on the alpine summits of the Pyrenees 
 and Switzerland (Fries, Ram., and A. Dec), also in extreme Northern Asia (Kunth) as far as Kamt- 
 chatka (Ledeb.). Westward, was received by Hooker from Iceland and Melville Island ; by Collins 
 from Labrador; was observed by Sabine in Greenland; by myself, on the summits of the White 
 mountains in New England ; by E. James, on the Rocky mountains ; and was received by Ledebour 
 from Unalaska. Within the Tropics and in the Southern Hemisphere, was received by J. D. Hooker 
 from the Andes of Mexico, Colombia, and Peru, and observed on the Falkland Islands, and on the 
 mountains of Campbell's Island ; was observed by myself on the mountains around Orange Bay near 
 Cape Horn, and on the summit of Mauna Kea on the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 905 
 
 Orchis latifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Lobel obs. 90 — 
 (Spreng.) ; termed "o. palmata pratensis latifolia longis calcaribus " by C. Bauhin pin. 85, and known 
 to grow in moist meads throughout middle Europe (Tourn. inst. 434, fl. Dan. pi. 266, Curt. lond. v. 
 pi. 65,. and Pers.) : observed by Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 21 j, and Linnaeus, in Sweden ; by Vaillant pi. 
 3T, in the environs of Paris ; by Haller pi. 32, in Switzerland ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 " 1582 B. C." (art de verif., and Thunb. trav. iv. 37), "at the solicitation of the Jesuit mission- 
 aries," an embassy sent by the princes of Neugato, Bungo, and Arima to Rome, assuring pope 
 Gregorius XIII. of their filial obedience; a measure that was ill-received in Japan. The same year 
 (= " second day of the fifth month of the 25th year of Ookimatz," art de verif.), Nobunanga, holding 
 next after Josijtira the office of cubo, slain together with his eldest son at Meaco : he was succeeded 
 by Fide-josi, who took the name of Taiko-sama. 
 
 A painting by Taiko-sama is extant, — and after he had " quieted the country," a decided change 
 in Japanese art: peaceful scenes were now represented, with flowers and trees, including "the 
 Japanese maple with its beautiful autumnal tints " (Acer pictian. See Jap. centen. comm. 100). 
 
 "The same year " (Humb. iii. 8), the Northwest coast of America in Lat. 57° 30', discovered by 
 Francisco Gali. 
 
 " Oct. 5th," alias " 15th " (Nicol. 34 and 206), " New Style," the change in reckoning devised by 
 Christopher Clavius, established by pope Gregorius XIII.: "ten days" being deducted from this year 
 by calling what " would have been the 5th of October, the 15th." — The so-called " Gregorian Calen- 
 dar " has in the course of years been adopted by European nations generally : but not by Russia, nor 
 anywhere in the East. 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll.), arrival of Francis de Ovalle from Mexico at the Philippine 
 Islands. He next sailed North to Macao in China ; and thence Northeast through the " Lequios " 
 or Loo-Choo Islands, and at length Eastward across to the Pacific to the California coast " in thirty- 
 eight degrees and a half of latitude : " not only making the first voyage from Mexico to China, but 
 discovering the way of returning to Mexico. 
 
 " 1583 A. D." (Hakl., Churchill coll., and Holmes), arrival in Newfoundland of Humphrey Gil- 
 bert, having obtained from queen Elizabeth the first English charter for a colony. Entering the 
 harbour of St. John's among "thirty-six vessels of various nations," he landed and took formal pos- 
 session ; and "published three laws for the government of the territory." Sailing thence for Cape 
 Breton, the loss of his largest ship induced him to return ; his own ship was next lost ; but the 
 remaining one succeeded in reaching England. 
 
 " In or about this year" (Gassendi, and Blair), refraction of the rays of light in passing through 
 transparent substances, re-discovered by Tycho Brahe ; and the amount of error from this source 
 in astronomical observation, ascertained by him with great exactness. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng , and Winckler), Alpinus returning from Egypt by the way of Crete and 
 the Greek islands, meeting with Galium Graecum exot. 166, Ferula OrUntalis 199, Statice echinus 
 56, Linum arboreum 18, Saponaria Cretica 291, Dianthus juniperinns 38, Teucrium Creticum 102, 
 Nepeta scordotis 283, Alyssum Creticum 118, Anthyllis Hermanniae 26, Coronilla argentea 16, C. 
 S^lobosa 314, Astragalus echioides 54, Catananche lutea 286, Staehelina arborescens 32, Achillea Cre- 
 tica 83, E-phedra fragilis 140, and Pteris ensifolia 66. 
 
 Onosma simplicissima of the Uralian plains. Termed " echium ereticum " by Alpinus exot. 129 
 
 (Spreng.) : observed by Gmelin iv. pi. 40 in Siberia; by Pallas trav. i. 235 to ii. 18 from the Lower 
 
 Volga to Oufa. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., Prior, and Winckler), Dodoens publishing his Stirp. Hist, pemptades, 
 enumerating * Allium magicum 985, Farsetia clypeata 89, Latliyrus Nissolia 529, Lysi?nachia ephe- 
 mera 203, Bromus arvensis 540, Narlhecium ossifragum 208, Veronica maritiina 86, Iris graminea 
 
 * Hibiscus palustris of Northeast America. Possibly distinct from H. moscheutos, the flowers 
 roseate and in all instances destitute of a dark central spot. Transported to Europe, is termed "al- 
 thea hortensis s. peregrina " by Dodoens pempt. 653 — (Linn. sp. pi.). Westward, was observed by 
 Kalm in Canada ; by Bigelow, in the environs of Boston; by myself, only in Eastern New England, 
 from 42° 30' to 4r° 30'. 
 
 Hibiscus moscheutos of Northeast America. The flowers in some instances deeply roseate and 
 destitute of a dark central spot : — observed by Pursh from New York to Carolina ; by Torrey, from 
 Lat. 41 on the Hudson ; by myself, frequent and very showy along the estuary of the Delaware ; by 
 Clayton, in Virginia; by Walter, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Baldwin, as far as 31 in Florida; 
 by Chapman, ""Georgia', northward and westward ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Nuttall, along. 
 the Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is described by Cornuti pi. 145 (Linn. sp. pi.). 
 
 114 
 
go 6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 247, Planta%o gram/ '/tea 108, Tordylium Syriacum 702, Bupleuricm rigidum 633, Tulipa sylvestris 
 232, Ornitiugaliim Narbonnense 222, "bulbus eriophorus " 692 Lanaria plumosa. Delphinium da- 
 tum 441, Anemone trifolia 436, Teucrium gnaphalodes 283, Thymus mastichina 271, PcdLuluris fas- 
 cial lata 56, Anarrhinum bellidifolium 184, " alyssum Dioscoridis " 89 Lttnaua canescens, Anihyllis 
 lotoides (found by Paludanus on Lebanon) 109, Trifolium rubens 578, ^V/ap? arvensis 66, Centaurea 
 nigrescens 124, Salix fusca 843, Asplenium lanceolaium 456, /"wckj siliquosus 480, and Z 7 . /<v«w 479. 
 — He died "in 1586." 
 
 Dianthus viigineus of the Uralian plains. Described by Dodoens stirp. hist. 176 — (Spreng.) : 
 observed by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.) ; by Pallas trav. i. 64 along the Volga; known to grow 
 also in Siberia (Pers.). 
 
 Anemone Appcnnina of Italy and Greece. Described by Dodoens pempt. 434 f. 2, — termed 
 "ranunculus nemorosus flore caeruleo foliis majoribus Apennini montis " by Tournefort inst. 285, and 
 known to grow wild in Provence (Lois. i. 40) Corsica and Italy (A. Dec): observed by Gussone 
 frequent around Naples : by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in shaded situations in the Peloponnesus. 
 Introduced into Britain, became naturalized "before 1724," and continues to be cultivated in parks 
 (Wats.) ; has been observed "sine dubio advena" in Holland (prodr. fl. bat.). 
 
 Lathyrus sylvestris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " 1. sylvestris " by 
 Dodoens pempt. 523, — and Clusius hist. ii. 129, "1. s. major" by C. Bauhin pin. 344. and Tourne- 
 fort inst. 395, and known to grow in mountainous situations throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 
 315, Curt. lond. vi. pi. 52, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, fetid and neglected by cat- 
 tle ; by Sestini (Sibth.), and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Teesdalia nudicaulis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A small annual termed 
 "bursa pastoris minor " by Dodoens pempt. 103, — "nasturtium petrxum " by Tabernaemontanus pi. 
 451, "n. p. foliis bursa; pastoris " by Tournefort inst. 214. and known to grow in gravelly and sandy 
 places from Sweden throughout Europe (C. Bauh. pin. 108, fl. Dan. pi. 323, Curt. lond. vi. pi. 42, and 
 Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in sunny situations in the Pe-loponnesus. 
 
 Polemonium coeruleum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain Jacob's ladder or 
 Greek valerian (Prior), termed "Valeriana coerulea aut graeca" by Dodoens 352, — and known to 
 grow from Denmark and Western France to Caucasus (Tourn. inst. 146, fl. Dan. 255, Pers., and 
 Spreng.); is further enumerated by A. Decandolle among widely-extended marsh plants. 
 
 Eranihis hyanalis of central Europe. Called in English gardens winter-aconite (Prior), first 
 mentioned by Dodoens 440 — (Spreng.), termed " helleborus hyemalis " by Linnaeus, and known to 
 grow wild in Switzerland, Italy, and Austria (Jacq. austr. pi 202, and Pers.). In Britain, has some- 
 times escaped from cultivation, but has not as yet become naturalized (Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 Ranunculus Illyricus of Europe and the adjnining portion of Asia. Termed " r. illyricus " by 
 Dodoens pempt. 428, — and Lobel hist. 383, "r. lanuginosus angustifolius grumosa radice major" by 
 Tournefort inst. 289, and known to grow from Sweden to Narbonne, Italy, and Hungary (Bauh. hist. 
 iii. 863, C. Bauh. pin. 181, Jacq austr. pi. 222, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, ex- 
 tremely rare in Oeland ; by Sibthorp, in shaded situations on mount Haemus. 
 
 Epilobium montanum of Subarctic climates. Termed " pseudo-lvsimachium purpureum primum " 
 by Dodoens pempt. 85, — "lysimachia siliquosa glabra major" by C. Bauhin pin. 245, " chaniEenerion 
 glabrum majus " by Tournefort inst. 303, and known to grow from Lapland throughout middle Europe, 
 also in Northern Asia (fl. Dan. pi. 922, Curt. lond. iii. pi. 24, Pers , Dec , and -Wats ) : observed by 
 Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden; by Schmidt 377, in Bohemia; by Ludwig, in Switzerland and 
 Silesia; by Sibthorp, around Constmtinople and on the Bithynian Olympus: by Bieberstein, on 
 Caucasus. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; by Mertens, at 57" around Norfolk Sound on the 
 Pacific ; is perhaps the species seen by myself in wet woods at 47° 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence, 
 also on the alpine portion of the White mountains, the stigma not examined (see E. tetragonum). 
 
 Ophrys fusca of the Mediterranean countries. Termed " o. serapias secundus minor" by Dodo- 
 ens pempt. 23S, — " orchis fucum referens flore subvirente " by Tournefort inst. 434, and known to 
 grow in Portugal (Pers.) : observed by Decandolle fl. fr. in France ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in 
 the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pulicaria vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " conyza minima" by 
 Dodoens pempt. 52, — "c. minor flore globoso " by C. Bauhin pin. 266, " aster palustris parvo flore 
 globoso" by Tournefort inst. 483, and known to occur in rain-water pools, often in the streets of 
 cities, throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 613, Curt. lond. iii. pi. 57, and Pers.) : observed by 
 Linnaeus in Sweden, as far as Scania; by Sibthorp, around Constantinople and in Asia Minor. 
 
 Cacalia anlaiphorbtum of Austral Africa. Recently brought to Europe, according to Dodoens 
 pempt. iii. 378; — cultivated in ( icrarde'.s garden, "in 1596 ; " described also by C. Bauhin pin. 387, 
 and Linnaeus ; and in Europe very rarely flowering (Curt. bot. mag for 1874). 
 
 Senecio viscosus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Dodoens 641 — 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 907 
 
 (Spreng.) ; termed "jacobasa pannonica prima Clusii" by Tournefort inst. 486, "s. incanus pinguis " 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 131, and known to grow wild throughout middle Europe, occurring besides in city 
 streets (fl. Dan. pi. 1230, Engl. bot. pi. 32, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus as far as Stockholm, 
 having the aspect of S. vulgaris, but entirely viscid ; by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Linaria purpurea of the mountains of Italy, Sicily, and Greece. Described by Dodoens 183 — 
 (Spreng.), termed "l.'p. major odorata " by Tournefort inst. 170, and known to grow on the basal 
 portion of Vesuvius (Pers.) : observed by Gussone on the mountains of Italy and Sicily ; by Sibthorp, 
 in Greece. In Britain, is mentioned by Miller, and has escaped from cultivation in as many as six 
 different localities (Bab., Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Caesalpinus publishing his treatise De plant., enumerating Convolvulus 
 cneorum ix. 27, Salvinia natans xvi. 36, and "panacea" Heracleum alpinum. — (Spreng.). He 
 died " in 1603." 
 
 Briza maxima of the West Mediterranean countries. An ornamental grass called in Greece 
 " skolarikakia " (Sibth.) ; described by Caesalpinus, — Clusius, and C. Bauhin; termed "gramen 
 paniculatum locustis maximis candicantibus tremulis " by Tournefort inst. 523 ; and known to grow 
 in Portugal and Italy (Pers.). Eastward, observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in cultivated 
 ground in Southern Greece and on the Greek islands. From Europe, was carried by colonists to 
 Northeast America, where it continues to be cultivated in gardens; also, to Austral Africa, and 
 India (Pers.). 
 
 Thymus lanuginosus of Western Europe. The " serpillum citratum " of Caesalpinus xi. 52 — may 
 be compared : T. lanuginosus is described by Miller, and Ehrhart ; was observed by Allioni in 
 Piedmont (Steud.) ; is known to grow farther North in France, and " var. citriodorum" is enumerated 
 by Persoon. 
 
 " In this year " (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Clusius publishing his account of plants observed in 
 Pannonia, Austria, etc., enumerating among others Santolina rosmarinifolia, Bupthalmum mariti- 
 mum, and " colchicum pannouicum " Sternbergia cokhiciflora, Cardamine irifolia 456, Veronica 
 latifolia 613, Salvia Atistriaca 579, Pinguicula alpina 361, Kchium violacaim 681, Androsace lactea 
 491, Soldanella montana 354, Viola grandiflora 359, V. biflora 357, Selinum Auslriacum 690, Seseli 
 hippomarathrum 698, Linum alpinu?n 304, Allium senescens 221, Ornithogalum comosum 189, O. 
 pusillum 190, Tofieldia alpina 262, Chimaphila umbellata 507, Silene pumilio 325, Sedum villosum 
 487, Potentilla canescens 429, P. opaca 428, P. aurea 427, P. Clusiana 425, Aconitum Tauricum 407, 
 A. Neubergense 408, A. cernnum 451, A. cammarum 412, A. variegatum 414, Clematis integ'ifolia 
 294, Ranunculus alpestris 364, Isopyrum thaliclroides 379, Mar?-ubium peregrinum 589, Thymus 
 Pannonicus 627, Thymus alpinus 623, Dracoceplialum Austriacum 632, Prunella grandiflora 607, 
 P. laciniata 608, Pedicularis rostrata jog, Biscutella picridifolia 471, Peltaria alliacea 466, Arabis 
 bellidifolia 458, Cytisus capitatus 38, C. supinus 41, Vicia oroboides 741, V. Pannonica 745, Astraga- 
 lus Austriacus 753, A. asper 756, Scorzonera purpurea 639, 5". humilis 635, 6". rosea 637, Carduus 
 Pannonicus 656, Artemisia scoparia 556, Arnica doronicum 518, Achillea Clavennae 553. 
 
 Geranium phaeum of the mountains of middle Europe. Described by Clusius pann. 416 — 
 (Spreng.) ; known in Britain as early as " 1724" as appears from Dillenius (A. Dec.) ; escaping from 
 cultivation, occurs at present only in suspected localities near gardens (Wats. cyb. i. 259 to iii. 400) ; 
 occurs also in Holland (prodr. fl. bat. 54), and in moist meads around Montdidier in the department 
 of Somme (Pauquy fl. somm.). In its wild state, is termed "g. patulum " by Villars, "g. lividum " 
 by L'Heritier, and is known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland from France to Pannonia and 
 Styria (Pers.). 
 
 Gentiana nivalis of the Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. An annual observed 
 by Clusius pann. 291 — (Spreng ), Barrelier pi. 103 and 509, and Haller pi. 17, on the alpine summits 
 of Switzerland (Pers.); by Wahlenberg, on the Carpathians and in Lapland, and is known to grow on 
 mountain-summits in Silesia (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Pallas on alpine summits in Daouria. 
 Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; and is known to grow in Labrador (Wats.). 
 
 Arabis alpina of Subarctic climates. Vernal, and termed "draba altera " by Clusius pann. 462, 
 
 "hesperis alpina seu muralis minor repens " by Bauhin hist. ii. 118, "turritis verna" by Desfon- 
 
 taines and known to grow in the Arctic region and on mountains farther South (C. Bauhin pin. 109, 
 Tourn. inst. 221, fl. Dan. pi. 62, Pers., and A. Dec): observed by Linnaeus frequent on the moun- 
 tains of Lapland ; by Boiss, on the mountains of Spain ; by Desfontaines ii. 92, in Barbary ; by Gre r 
 nier and Godron, on the mountains of Corsica ; by Hawkins, on the mountains of Crete (Sibth.) ; by 
 Bieberstein, on Caucasus ; and by Pallas, at 67° on the Oby. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland, and 
 received by him from Greenland and Labrador. 
 
 Loiseleuria procumbens of the Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. Observed by 
 
 Clusius 58; by myself, in the alpine region of Switzerland; known to grow also on the Pyrenees 
 
 (A. Dec), the mountains of Scotland, the Feroe Islands (Martins), and Scandinavian peninsula as far 
 
9 o8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 as North Cape and Finland (fl. Dan. pi. 6, Linn. fl. lapp. pi. 6, Fries, and Hook.). Eastward was 
 observed by Gmelin from the Biela river to Ochotsk and Kamtchatka ; by Cbamisso, in East Siberia 
 as far as Bering Straits, and on the Aleutian Islands ; by Mertens, around Nortolk Sound ; by myself, 
 on the alpine summits of the White mountains of New England; was rece.ved by Hooker n. 44 from 
 Arctic America, Newfoundland (A. Dec), and Iceland. 
 
 Scrophularia vcmalis of middle Europe. Described by Clusius pann. 595 — (Spreng.), and 
 known to grow in France, Italy, Switzerland, and Austria (Pers.). In Britain, seems first mentioned 
 by Aiton ii. 342, but has become frequent about towns and along hedges, and is regarded by Watson 
 and A. Decandolle as exotic. . 
 
 Linaria gcnistifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Clusius pann. 
 308— (Spreng.) ; termed "1. fiore pallido rictu aureo " by Tournefort inst. 170, "ant. pallidiflorum " 
 by Lamarck fl. fr., and known to grow from Switzerland and Saxony to Siberia (Pers.) : observed by 
 Jacquin austr. pi. 244 in Austria; by Sibthorp, from mount Athos to Constantinople. By European 
 colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by H. G. Clark, and Lesquereux, along "road- 
 sides, New York, near the city" (A. Gray). 
 
 '•In this year" (Klapr. chrest. p. viii), the Mandchous increasing in power and extending their 
 conquests over Tartary and in the direction of China. 
 
 •' In this year " (Dutch mem. emb , and Stanley note to De Morga 80), a mission of four Francis- 
 cans and a Jesuit, obtaining an audience of Fide-josi, receive permission to establish themselves at 
 Meaco, on condition of not converting any Japanese. 
 
 " 15S4, July 13th " (Hakl., Churchill coll., and Holmes), Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow under 
 a charter from queen Elizabeth obtained by Walter Raleigh, arriving at Wohoken Island, outside 
 of Pamlico Sound. Landing, they took formal possession ; and Barlow with seven men proceeded up 
 the Sound to Roanoke Island, to a village "of nine houses, built ivith cedar, and fortified with sharp 
 trees" (palisades): meeting with "deer" (Cervus I'irgiuiaiius), "rabbets" (Lepus palustris ? ), 
 "hares" {Lepus Americanttst), and -fowl" (J/ticagris ga/lopaw); also "vines" {Vitis vulpina), 
 "pines, sassafras, cypress" {Taxodium distkhuin), " mastich-trees " {Rhus copaliina), "white coral, 
 and some pearls." Also (according to Strachey 143) "currants" {{'actinium), and "the tree that 
 beareth the rind of black synamon, of which like Capt. Winter brought from the Streights of Magel- 
 laun" (Magnoila glauca). 
 
 •' In this year" (Spreng.), Guafridus Linocierus publishing his Hist., chiefly derived from Lerius, 
 Garcias, Acosta, and others. 
 
 " 1585 A. D." (art de verif.), the title "quambuku" conferred by Ookimatz on Fide-josi, render- 
 ing him equal and in effect, depriving himself of all temporal power: the ceremony only remaining of 
 a visit of homage every three to five years. 
 
 "June 26th" (Hakl., and Llolmes), Richard Greenville under instructions from Walter Raleigh, 
 arriving at Wohoken Island. After examining the neighbouring continent, he proceeded to Roanoke 
 Island, and left there " one hundred and seven persons " under Rafe Lane : being the first settlement 
 in America attempted by the English. He next sailed along the coast "one hundred and thirty miles," 
 as far North as "the country of the Chesepeaks." 
 
 In the country around (De Biy i. 7) Hariot met with a kind of herb two and a half feet or more 
 high, large-leaved and in its leaves producing silk (.-Isclcpias Cornuli) ; " linum " growing wild (Linum 
 Virginian uni) ; trees in great abundance yielding turpentine, tar, and resin {Pinus australis) ; 
 "cedrus," furnishing "odoratum" timber suitable for cabinet-work {'Junipcrus I'ii giniana) ; "vitis" 
 of two kinds, one with acerb grapes as large as the English {litis labi usca), the other with much 
 "larger grapes full of juice ( V. vulpina) ; nuts of two kinds that will \ield oil {Carya alba, and C. sul- 
 cata) ; berries of three kinds, in shape "glandibus similis," from which oil is procured by the natives 
 {Afyrica cerifera, Olea Americana, Pyrularia ohifera*) ; various kinds of gums ( . . ), and other 
 
 * Sapium scbiferum of . . . The tallow tree "twenty to forty feet high " (Chapm.), is called 
 in the environs of Bombay " pippal yank " ((iraham) ; and possibly one of the berries "glandibus 
 similis " observed by Hariot yielding oil to the natives on the Roanoke : — S. sebiferum is described 
 by Plukenet amalth. pi. 390 ; was observed by Michaux under cultivation in our Southern States 
 (Pers.); by Chapman, in " Georgia and South Carolina near the coast," but regarded by him as "intro- 
 duced." Eastward, was observed by (iraham in gardens at Bombay; by Ainslie ii. 433, and Rox- 
 burgh, in other parts of Hindustan; and according to Drury "introduced," but now extensively 
 cultivated in the Dhoons and Punjaub, its seed-vessels "hard brownish husks not unlike those of 
 chestnuts." Farther East, the " kuei-xu " was seen by Navarrete i. 15 in 1(1(13 used by the Chinese 
 for making candles: S. sebiferum is used for this purpose in Northern China, and "forms a vast 
 trade" (Abel trav. in chin. 177, and Drur.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 909 
 
 "medicamenta" (....); "rhus coriariorum '' {Rhus glabra) ; the herb "wassewowr" (....) 
 cooked, small and slender roots called "chappacor" (....), and the bark of the " tangomocko- 
 minclge '| tree (....), furnishing the natives with different red dyes ; " kaishucpenauk," a white root 
 of the size and shape of a hen's egg, cooked and eaten by the natives but the flavour not agreeable 
 ( , . . . ) ; " cocushaw," a root growing in marshes, poisonous until dried and prepared by the natives, 
 when it is pulverized and made into bread {Caladium (Xanihosoma) sagittifolium) ; " habascon," a 
 hot root in size and form like " pastinacae," not eaten by itself but cooked with other food {Angelica 
 lucida) ; " allia," growing in many places and much like the English, eaten by ourselves but not by 
 the natives (A. Canadense) ; " nuces regias " in the greatest abundance, occupying a third part of the 
 forest for many miles and of two kinds, one having a nut in taste and form differing little from the 
 English but its shell thicker and harder (Carya sulcata), the other with a hard and rough bark and a 
 large sweet oleaginous nucleus which is pounded into a rhilky juice and mixed in the native cookery 
 (Juglans nigra) ; "mora" and other similar fruits such as we have in England (Rubus sp.) ; five 
 kinds of berries or nuts growing on as many different trees, the " sagatemener " ( . . . . ), " osamener " 
 (. . . . ), and "pummuckoner" ( . . ), the three from which oil is obtained ; the fourth, "sapum- 
 mener," cooked and squeezed having the taste of chestnuts and sometimes made into bread ( . . . . ) ; 
 ^'abietes " large and lofty for masts of ships (Pinus tceda); "rakiock," a large tree furnishing canoes, 
 its timber valuable and easily worked (Liriodcndron tulipifera) ; " aquifolia, ad viscum" (Ilex opaca); 
 "sahces" suitable for making fish-baskets (Salix nigra), although the natives employ only " arundi- 
 nibus " which are " firmae et lentae," (A rundinaria macrosperma) ; "fagi" (Fagus ferruginea) and 
 "iraxini" (Fraxinus platycarpa), suitable for making buckets and hoops; "ulmi" (Ulmus a la la) ; 
 dwellings covered with mats in great part of " scirpo " (Scirpus lacustris) ; and among animals, 
 " mustelae odoratas " (Mephitis Americana), and the " seekanauk" (according to the figure Limulus 
 Americamis). 
 
 "Aug. 6th" (Asher edit. Huds., and Churchill coll.), John Davis, seeking a Northwest Passage 
 in the Strait (that bears his name), arriving at "66° 40' N. : " turning and following the American 
 coast, he discovered an opening "on the nth," named it Cumberland Strait, and returned in safety 
 " Sept. 30th." — His Second voyage, in the following year, was interrupted by a mutiny, but he dis- 
 covered Davis' Inlet and Tovuctoke Inlet, and traded with the natives "for seals, sta°s " (Cervus 
 rangiferinus), "white hares skins" (Lepus Grcenlandicus), "dried fish and some fowl." On the 
 "30th June, 1587," on his Third voyage, he reached "72 12', nearly four degrees farther north '' in 
 the Strait than any preceding navigator. 
 
 "The same year" (Anders, ii. p. 2ri, and S. F. Haven -archaeol. Amer. iv. p. 260), Antwerp 
 captured and sacked by the duke of Parma : revolutionizing the whole system of European commerce, 
 and rendering English trade independent: for "one-third part of the merchants and workmen who 
 worked and dealt in silks, damasks, and taffeties, and in bayes, says, serges, stockings, etc., settled in 
 England." 
 
 " 1586 A. D." (Kaempf. iv. 5, and art de verif.), under Fide-josi, edict against Christians : — 
 who from this time were persecuted in Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Hakluyt, Churchill coll., and Holmes), Spanish settlements in the West 
 Indies plundered by Francis Drake, in "a fleet of twenty sail" fitted out by "private adventurers." 
 On his way home, Drake slopped "June 9th" off Roanoke Island; and finding the colonists "in 
 distress for want of provision," offered a passage to England: the invitation was accepted. "Within 
 fourteen or fifteen days" after the ships had left, arrival of Richard Greenville with supplies. Not 
 finding the colonists and " unwilling to lose possession of the country," Greenville left "fifteen of his 
 crew" upon Roanoke Island, "with provisions for two years." 
 
 "The same year," Joseph Acosta vii. 3 visiting Mexico.* He enumerates as introduced from 
 Spain into Tropical America: " let uce, radishes, onions, garlic, parsley, turneps, parseneps, becen- 
 genes or apples of love" {Solatium melongena), "siccorie" (Cichorium), "beets, spinage, peaches, 
 apples, peares, a few plumbs, figges, qtcinces, cherries, pomegranats, almonds rarely, vines, olives, 
 mulberries, and sugar-cane. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Camerarius publishing his Epitome, enumerating "trifolium cornicu- 
 latum" Rauwolf. Lotus ornithopodioides h. pi. 25 (Schmied. ed. G. i. fig. to), Getitiana imbricata 
 hort. pi. 15, Eryngium amethystinum h. 58, Bupleurum longifolium h. pi. 38, Cachrys dichotoma 
 
 * Caryocar bittyrosum of Guayana. The "chachapoyas almonds," growing only in the country 
 of that name and on high trees, oily according to J. Acosta 26 and fatter than those of Spain, the husk 
 somewhat bigger and more pricking than chestnut, — may be compared : C. butyrosum was observed 
 by Aublet i. pi. 238 a forest-tree in Guayana; and from transported specimens is termed " castanea 
 peruviana" by Clusius hist. i. 8 (Spreng). 
 
9IO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 h. pi. II, Silene fruticosa h. pi. 33, Euphorbia Gerardiana h. 170, Anthyllis tetraphylla h. pi. 47, 
 Hieraeium dubium h. 82, Artemisia Gallica ep. 458. Tmperatoria angustifolia ep. 533, Athamantha 
 annua ep. 535, Atf/o/a «/&z ep. 572, Tragopogen Orkntalis ep. 312, Sowte «#/«*«■ ep. 281, Wm 
 //zVa/a ep. 872. — He published his Hort. med. in " 1588," and died in " 1598." 
 
 Bunias Svriaea of the Uralian plains. Described by Camerarius h. pi. 42 — (Spreng.), Scopoli, 
 and Crantz (Steud.) ; and known to occur in Austria, Hungary, Syria, and even Sumatra (Jacq austr. 
 i. pi. 6, and Pers.). Observed by Pallas v. 508 in ditches around Lake Bogdo in the Naryn Desert. 
 
 Silem uocti/lora of middle Asia. Termed "ocimoides noctiflorum " by Camerarius hort. pi. 34, 
 — "lychnis noctiflora " by C. Bauhin pin. 208, and Tournefort inst. 335, and known to occur as a 
 weed' in grain-fields throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 291, and Pers.) : was 
 observed by Linnaeus naturalized in Sweden, although recently introduced ; was already in Britain 
 in the days of Ray syn. 340 ; was observed by Koch in Holland and Germany ; by Fleischer, in 
 Russia; by Zawadski, in Galicia ; by Sibthorp, from Crete to Caria ; but according to Linnaeus, 
 Ledebour, and Hohen., is clearly wild around Caucasus and in Siberia (A. Dec). By European 
 colonists, 'was carried to Northeast America, observed by Bigelow in the environs of Boston (A. 
 Gray), by myself in grain-fields in Western Massachusetts. 
 
 ' Liuaria minor of the Sierra Nevada mountains in Spain. Termed "antirrhinum tertium " by 
 Camerarius epit. 922, — "!. arvensis minima" by Rivinus mon. 84, "1. pumila vulgatior arvensis " 
 by Tournefort inst. 169. and known to occur in cultivated ground throughout Europe (C. Bauh. pin. 
 212, fl. Dan. pi. 502, Curt. lond. v. pi. 41, and Pers.) : enumerated by Parkinson theatr. 1334 as an 
 exotic cultivated in English gardens, had escaped and become a weed in the days of Ray syn. ; was 
 observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, as far as Scania and Upsal ; by Sibthorp, in cultivated ground in 
 Greece; by Bieberstein, in fallow ground around Caucasus, but by C. A. Meyer in one wild situa- 
 tion ; is however regarded by Boiss, and A. Decandolle, as indigenous only on the Sierra Nevada 
 of Spain. 
 
 Alyssum ealyeinutn of the Tauro-Caspian countries. An annual Cruciferous weed termed 
 "alysson " by Camerarius epit. 558 f. 1, — described also by Clusius hist, ii 133, and C. Bauhin pin. 
 107 (Linn. sp. pi., Steud., and A. Dec.), termed " clypeola alyssoides " by Crantz, " adysetum caly- 
 cinum" by Scopoli, "adysetum mutabile " by Moench, and more recently (Jacq. austr. pi. 338, and 
 fl. Dan. pi. 1704) has extended itself throughout Western Europe from 57 in Scotland to 37 in 
 Sicily, its seeds mingled often with grain: was around Copenhagen "in 1S38," in Britain "in 1835," 
 and naturalized near Edinburgh "before 1843;" was observed by Laterrade before 1846 near Bor- 
 deaux; by Noulet, in 1837 frequent around Toulouse; by Boissier, before 1839 on tne mountains of 
 Southern Spain; by Colmeiro, frequent around Barcelona and Tarragona; by Castagne, in 1S45 
 around Marseilles; by Moris, in 1837 on Sardinia; by C.ussone, in 1842 on Sicily; by Bertoloni, 
 before 1846 in Calabria; by Friederichsthal, around Peros on the coast of Argolis ; by Ebel, before 
 1844 in Dalmatia ; by Endlicher, in 1830 on the hills of Hungary near Pesth ; by Wahlenberg, 
 abounding in the plain around the Carpathians ; by Baumgarten, in 1816 in Transylvania; by Traut- 
 vetter, in 1842 near Kiew; by C. A. Meyer, about Caucasus from West to East, and on the Talysch 
 mountains ; by Hohenacker, in 183S near the Helenendorff colony in the Talysch : by Gcebel, on 
 the steppes between the Volga and the Ural; but down to 1854, when A. Decandolle was writing, 
 seemed unknown in Siberia, as well as in Ireland, Portugal, the Azores, Madeira, the Canaries, and 
 Algeria. 
 
 Cardamine hirsuta of Temperate climates. Termed " sisymbrium aquaticum alterum " by 
 Camerarius ep. 270 — (Spreng.), "c quarta Dalechampii " by Tournefort inst. 214, "nasturtium 
 aquaticum minus" by C. Bauhin, pin. 104, " c. hirsuta minore flore " by Dillenius giss. 76, and 
 known to occur in cultivated and fallow ground throughout Europe (Barrel pi. 455, fl. Dan. pi. 735, 
 Curt. lond. iv. pi. 48, and Pers.), also in Tauria and Persia (Dec), Nepal (Wats.), and from the Ural 
 to Kamtchatka (Ledeb.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Brotero, near Lisbon in Portugal ; by 
 Munby, in Algeria; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus; received by Richard from 
 Abyssinia ; by J. D. Hooker, from the Mauritius Islands and Ceylon ; by Wight, from the Neilgherry 
 mountains in Tropical Hindustan. Eastward from Kamtchatka was observed by Chamisso on St. 
 Paul Island and Unalaska (Schlecht.) ; is known to grow from Oregon to the Arctic Sea (Hook. fl. 
 ii. 45, and A. Dec.) ; was observed by Hooker in Iceland. In the Southern Hemisphere, by Cha- 
 misso in Chili (Hook, and Arn.) ; occurs according to J. D. Hooker on the Tropical islands of the 
 Pacific ; and as determined by him and Watson, on Auckland and Campbell's Islands, on the Falk- 
 land Islands, Tristan-d'Acunha, and from Patagonia to Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Tnssilago (Petasites) alba of Northern Europe. Described by Camerarius epit. 593 — (Spreng.), 
 and Linnaeus, and known to grow in Sweden and Silesia (fl. Dan. pi. 544, Hoppe, and A. Dec). In 
 Britain, a patch several yards in extent discovered " in 1848 " in oak woods near Huddersfield, and 
 more recently another locality discovered in the county of Forfar (Wats. iii. 459, and A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 9 I I 
 
 At this time also (Spreng.), Thalius writing his Sylva Hercynia, enumerating * Genista pilosa 55, 
 Veronica verna 39, Eriophorum alpinum 55, Scabiosa ochroleuca 108-9, Campanula thyrsoidea 32 
 pi. 4, Phyteuma hemisphaerica 94 pi. 8, Laserpitium latifolium 71, Seseli annuum 71, Myrrhis hir- 
 suta 77, Trientalis Europaea 15, Turritis glabra 16, Lathyrus latifolius 74, L. pratensis 74, Astra- 
 galus microphyllus 37, Hypochoeris glabra 22, Hieracium cymosum 5. 64, H. praemorsum 9. 66, /f. 
 paludosum 13. 67, Prenanthes purpurea 75, Senecio paludosus 21, Centaurea Phrygia, C.paniculata, 
 Betula pubescens 20, Melampyrum sylvaticum 79. — He died in " 1587," and his book was published 
 in "1588." 
 
 Sisymbrium Thalianum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain Thale 
 cress (Prior) ; and termed "pilosella siliquosa minor " by Thalius here. pi. 7, — "bursae pastoris si- 
 milis siliquosa major seu majoribus foliis " by C. Bauhin pin 108, " turritis vulgaris ramosa" by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 224, and known to occur along walls and in fallow ground from Sweden to the Mediterranean 
 (Bauh. hist. ii. 870, Curt. lond. ii. pi. 49, and Pers.), also on Teneriffe (Wats.) and in Abyssinia (A. 
 Dec.) : was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, frequent in sandy situations ; by Sibthorp, and Chau- 
 bard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus ; by Pallas trav. iv. on the Lower Volga ; but seems unknown 
 in Eastern Asia (A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has 
 become naturalized, occurring according to A. Gray from " New York to Kentucky ; " was observed 
 by myself in the environs of Philadelphia; by Chapman, in "Georgia, and northward, introduced." 
 
 Geranium luciduvi of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed "g. saxatile " by Tha- 
 lius here. pi. 5, — and Ray hist. 1060, " g. lucidum saxatile " by C. Bauhin pin. 318, and Tournefort 
 inst. 267, and known to grow from Sweden to the Mediterranean (Col. ecphr. i. pi. 137, Bauh. hist, 
 iii. 481, fl. Dan. pi. 218, Engl. bot. pi. 75, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden; by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, from Crete and the Peloponnesus to mount Athos. 
 
 Silene otites of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Thalius 68 — (Spreng.) ; 
 termed "lychnis viscosa flore muscoso " by Tournefort inst. 336 : observed by Sibthorp in cultivated 
 ground on Cyprus, also near Thessalonica ; by Pallas trav. i. 64, along the Volga ; by Baumgarten, 
 in Transylvania; by Scopoli, in Carniolia (Steud.) ; and is known to grow as far as France (Lam. 
 fl. fr.), Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 85), and Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 518). 
 
 Hieracium murornm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Thalius 11. 67 
 — (Spreng.); termed "pulmonaria gallica faemina" by Tabernaemontanus 504, "h. murorum folio 
 pilosissimo" by C. Bauhin pin. r29, and Tournefort inst. 471, and known to grow from Lapland to 
 Switzerland (Engl. bot. pi. 2082, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden, growing 
 in woods ; by Sibthorp, in shaded situations from mount Athos to Constantinople and Smyrna; by 
 Bieberstein, on the Taurian mountains. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; and is known to grow in 
 Greenland (Wats.). 
 
 Hieracium sabaudumoi middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Thalius 
 7. 65 — (Spreng.) ; termed "h. s. varietas secunda'' by Bauhin hist. ii. 1030, "h. fruticosum latifo- 
 lium hirsutum" by C. Bauhin pin. 129, and Tournefort inst. 472, and known to grow from Sweden 
 throughout middle Europe (Engl bot. pi. 349, and Pers.): observed by Leche in Westrogothia(Linn.); 
 by Allioni pi. 17, in Piedmont; by Sibthorp, in woods in the environs of Constantinople ; by Pallas 
 trav. ii. 424, from the Volga and Vaik to Troitzkaia. 
 
 Hieracium alpinum of the Arctic region and mountain summits farther South. Described by 
 Thalius 57 — (Spreng.) ; termed " h. a. pumilum folio lanuginoso " by C. Bauhin pin. 129, "h. villo- 
 sum alpinum flore magno singulari "' by Ray angl. iii. pi. 6, and known to grow in Lapland and on the 
 Faroe Islands and mountains of Switzerland (Tourn. inst. 469, Engl. bot. pi. mo, Jacq. austr. pi. 
 191 Pers., and Wats.) : observed by Linnaeus frequent on the mountains of Lapland; by Allioni pi. 
 14, in Piedmont ; by Sibthorp, on the mountains of Greece; by Pallas, from 67 on the Oby to the 
 
 * Galeopsis ladanum of Northern Europe. Observed by Thalius 103 about the Hartz mountains 
 
 (Spreno-.), and known to occur in cultivated ground from Sweden and Russia to Switzerland (Pers., 
 
 and Wats.): was observed by Moench in Germany, by Crantz in Austria. Westward, by Hooker on 
 Iceland ; by B. D. Greene, and myself, seemingly wild on Chelsea Beach near Boston. 
 
 Struthiopteris Germanica of Northern climates. A large tufted fern termed " struthiopteris " 
 by Thalius 119, — "filix palustris altera fusco pulvere hirsuta"by C. Bauhin pin. 358, " strutiophera " 
 by Munting phyt. 292, "lonchitis norwegica major " by Ray app. 68, and known to grow throughout 
 Northern Europe; observed by Linnaeus in Sweden; by Amman ruth. 175, in Russia. Westward, 
 was observed by J. Robinson in the environs of Salem, Mass. ; by D. C. Eaton, near Brattleboro, 
 Vermont ; was received by Willdenow from Pennsylvania ; according to A. Gray, is " not rare north- 
 ward " from central New York; and according to Hooker, grows throughout Canada as far as the 
 Saskatchewan. 
 
912 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 mountains of Dahuria. Westward, by Hooker, in Iceland ; was received by Steinliauer from Labrador 
 (Collins) ; and is known to grow in Greenland and British America (Wats ). 
 
 Juncus iriglumis of the Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. Observed by Thalius 
 60 — (Spreng.), and C. Bauhin theatr. 22 ; known to grow on the Swiss Alps (Koch) and the Pyre- 
 nees (Gay, and A. Dec); also on the mountains of Britain (Bab.), the Faroe Islands (Wats.), 
 Scandinavian peninsula (fl. Dan. pi. 132, and Fries), Finland, and on Caucasus and the Altaian moun- 
 tains (Ledeb.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland, and received from the summits of 
 the Rocky mountains. 
 
 " 1587, Feb. iSth " (Blair), in England, Mary ex-queen of Scotland beheaded. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Dilechamp publishing his botanical writings, enumerating Inula sax- 
 atilis 1201, Polygala Monspeliaca 490, Thymbra verticillata 934, I'icia angustifolia 478, Veronica 
 urticaefolia 1165, Ely m us arenarius 432. Knappia agrostoidea 424, Plantago alpina 1183, Campho- 
 rosnia glabra 1 179, Androsacc chamaciasme 1204, Viola calcarata 1204, Convolvulus saxatilis 817, 
 Ratnondia Pyrenaica 837, Eryngium rigidum 1462, Angelica Pyrenaica 766, Caucalis platycarpos 
 762, Myrrhis aromatica 760, "pyrethrum Gesneri " 1170 Seseli gracile, Oenanthe globulosa 724, Sium 
 verticillatum 718, Ornithogatum latifolium 1583, Moehringia muscosa 1235, Acer Monspessulanum 
 95> Gypsophila rigida 1 191, Helianthemuin tuberaria 1 099, Lamium incisum 1253, Erinus alpinus 
 11S4, Ononis pinguis 449, Coronilla minima 510, Ornithopus perpusillus 486, Astragalus montamis 
 1347, Amopogon Dalechampii 569, Andryala integrifolia 11 16, Conyza sordida 778, Erigeron gluti- 
 nosuin 1201, Chrysanthemum Myconi 873, and Orchis globosa 1556. — He died "in 1588." 
 
 Allhcea hirsuta of the Mediterranean countries. An annual described by Dalechamp 594 — 
 (Spreng.), and Barrelier pi. 1169; termed " alcea hirsuta" by Tournefort inst. 98, and known to 
 grow in Spain, France, Italy, and Austria (Jacq. austr. pi. 170, and Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp in 
 the Peloponnesus. In Britain is marked by A. Decandolle as introduced since 1724, maintaining 
 itself in a single locality in Kent (Engl bot. pi. 2674, Bab., and Wats.) ; occurs also in one locality in 
 Holland, apparently washed down by the Meuse (prodr. fl. bat. 50) ; occurs also in Luxembourg 
 (Lestib.), and seemingly wild at some points in Normandy and the Calvados (Hard., Ren., Lecl.). 
 
 Anthoxanthum odoratum of Northern climates. A sweet-scented grass called in Britain ver- 
 nal grass (Prior), described by Dalechamp pi. 426, — and termed " gramen anthoxanthum spicatum " 
 by Tournefort inst. 51S : known to grow from the Faroe Islands and Lapland throughout Europe to 
 Barbary (fl. Dan. pi. 666, Pers., and Wats.), also in Siberia (A. Dec); and observed bv Sibthorp, and 
 Chaubard, in Greece and on the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; 
 is known to grow also in Greenland and Newfoundland (Wats., and Hook.) ; observed by myself 
 along the Ailantic from 44 to 40 , often in wild situations in the forest ; by A. Gray, "naturalized " 
 in central New York; by Chapman, in "low grounds around the larger cities, Savannah, Charleston, 
 etc., introduced." 
 
 Campanula patula of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Dalechamp 490* 
 — (Spreng); termed "rapunculus angustifolius floribus purpureis amplis " bv Ray extr. 308, "c 
 minor rotundifolia flore in summis cauliculis " by Tournefort inst. 1 12, and known to grow throughout 
 middle Europe (Dillen. elth. pi. 58, fl. Dan. pi. 373, Engl. bot. pi 42, and Pers.) : observed by 
 Hooker in Iceland; by Linnasus, in Finland; by Link pi. 79. in Portugal; by Sibthorp, and Chau- 
 bard, in the Peloponnesus; and known to grow in Russia and Northern Asia (Wats ). 
 
 Euphorbia esula of middle Europe. — Termed " esula Dalechampii" by Haworth (Steud.), 
 "tithymalus fol. linearibus petalis emargimtis " by Haller 1046 as observed in Switzerland, and known 
 to grow in woods and pasture-land in various parts of middle Europe (Pers., and Lindl.) : observed 
 by Scopoli in Carniolia. In Britain, from the few and wayside localities is suspected by Watson to 
 be exotic; it occurs also in Sweden (Fries), Holland (prodr. fl. bat.), Jersey (Bab.), and Normandy 
 (Breb), but in all Northwestern Europe is regarded by A. Decandolle as probably exotic. Bv Euro- 
 
 * Seseli montanum of middle Europe. Described by Dalechamp 759 — (Spreng.), and Black- 
 well pi. 426; known to grow on the hills of France and Italy (Pers.) ; observed by Thuillier in the 
 environs of Paris (Steud.) ; within less than fifty years from the opening of the Doubs canal " to 
 1822," made its appearance in the environs of Montbelliard (Bern., and A. Dec). 
 
 Woodsia Ilvensis of Northern climates. A small tufted fern termed " ionchitis aspera Ilvensis " 
 by Dalechamp 1221, — and Bauhin hist. iii. 749, and known to grow throughout Northern Europe 
 (Moris, iii. 14. pi. 3, and Pluk. phyt. pi. 179) : observed by Linnx*us in Sweden, frequent in clefts of 
 rocks in elevated situations. Westward, is termed " nephrodium rufidulum " by Michaux; was 
 observed by myself from 45 at Mount Desert to 40 along the Atlantic ; grows according to A. Gray 
 on "exposed rocks, common, especially northward, and southward in the Alleghanies ; " according to 
 Chapman, "along the Alleghany mountains " in our Southern States. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 913 
 
 pean colonists, has been carried to Northeast America, observed by Oakes adventive in " Essex 
 county, Massachusetts " (A. Gray). 
 
 " In this year" (Pall. trav. ii. 521), building of a small fort opposite the junction of the Tobol 
 with the Irtich ; the commencement of the city of Tobolsk. 
 
 " July 22d " (Hakl., Churchill coll., and Holmes), under instructions from Walter Raleigh, arrival 
 at Hatteras of " one hundred and seventeen " colonists, with John White as governor. The " fifteen 
 English " left on Roanoke Island had been attacked by the natives, some slain, and the remainder 
 compelled to depart in their boat : the new colonists were however landed, a grandchild, Virginia 
 Dare, the first Anglo-American, was born to the governor •' Aug. 18th " (note by Major), and at the 
 solicitation of the colonists he sailed on the " 27th " for England for supplies. — Returning after three 
 years, governor White learned from an "inscription on a tree,'' that the colonists were removed to 
 Croatoan ; a native village South of Hatteras. The abandoned colonists as afterwards appeared, 
 were slaughtered by order of the aboriginal chief Powhatan ; " seven " of them remaining alive until 
 the settling of Jamestown in 1607 (Strachey trav. Virgin.). 
 
 " The same year (= 2247th of Synmu," art de verif ), abdication of Ookimatz in favour of his 
 grandson Go-josei, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 " 1588 A. D." (Blair), invention of bombs ; cannon-balls made hollow and filled with gunpowder. 
 
 "July 27th " (Alst. p. 313, and Blair), the formidable armada fleet of Philip II. of Spain, defeated 
 and dispersed by the English under Francis Drake. 
 
 "Sept. 9th" (Alst. p. 313, and Churchill coll.), after plundering Spanish settlements on the West 
 coast of America, and thence continuing West, Thomas Candish arriving in England completed the 
 Third circumnavigation of the Globe. 
 
 Pterocarpus draco of the Northern extreme of South America. A tree thirty feet high growing 
 near Carthagena, exuding from the bark drops of red juice that soon harden, and are collected and 
 exported under the name of dragon's blood: — observed also by Jacquin amer. pi. 183, but at the time 
 of his visit to Carthagena, the commerce had nearlv ceased. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Io. Bapt. Porta publishing his Phytognom. — He died "in 1615." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Tabernajmontanus publishing his Krauterbuch or Icones plant, enu- 
 merating Holosteum umbellatum 543, Salvia Hispanica 764, Scirpus Tabernamontani 566, Polyc- 
 nemum arvense 57, DipsaCus laciniatits 107 1, Galium lucidnm 434, Cniditim Pyrenaeum 304, Linum 
 Austriacum 1207, Juncus sylvatiacs 535, Dianthus pinifolius 668, Scleranthus perennis 1217, 
 Stellaria alsine 1089, Erodium pimpinellifolium 123, Geranium radicatwn 124, Spartium tnultiflo- 
 rum 1509, Hieracium sylvaticum 505, Crepis virens 491, and C. Nemaurensis 492. — He died "in 
 1590,'' and the work was completed "in 1592." 
 
 Cerastitim arvense of Northern climates. Termed "holosteum caryophyllaeum " by Tabernae- 
 montanus pi. 233, — " myosotis arvensis subhirsuta flore majore " by Tournefort inst. 245, and known 
 to grow from Sweden throughout middle Europe (C. Bauh., fi. Dan. pi. 626, Curt. lond. vi. pi. 29, and 
 Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden, on sandy hills as far as Scania; by Vaillant pi. 30, near Paris ; 
 by Sibthorp, on mount Athos. Westward, according to Hooker, grows throughout Canada to the 
 Rocky mountains, and was observed by Menzies near the mouth of the Columbia; according to Chap- 
 man, grows in " rocky or dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts " of our Southern States ; observed by 
 myself at Riviere du Loup on the Lower St. Lawrence, also near Boston and Philadelphia, but having 
 the aspect of an introduced plant. Clearly by European colonists was carried to Mendoza, at the 
 elevation of " five thousand feet" in Austral America (Wats.). 
 
 Cerastium aquaticum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Tabernamon- 
 tanus 1089 — (Spreng.) ; termed "alsine major" by C. Bauhin pin. 350, "a. maxima solanifolia" by 
 Mentzel pi. 1, and Tournefort inst. 242, and known to grow in watery places from Sweden throughout 
 middle Europe (Curt. lond. i. pi. 34, and Pers ) : observed by Linnaeus in dripping woods in Sweden ; 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete and the Peloponnesus to mount Athos and the Bithynian 
 Olympus. 
 
 Vicia dumetorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " cracca maior" by 
 
 Dalechamp 892 (Spreng.), "v. sylvatica maxima piso similis" by Bauhin hist. ii. 315, " v. s. m. 
 
 piso sylvestri similis " by Tournefort inst. 398, and known to grow in woods and thickets throughout 
 middle Europe (C. Bauh. pin. 385, Ray hist. 900, and Pers.) : observed by Leche in Scania in 
 Sweden (Linn.) ; by Sprengel fl. hal. pi. 7, in Germany; by Sestini, in the environs of Constanti- 
 nople (Sibth.). , , , ~r 
 
 Epilobium parviflorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Descrued by Tabernae- 
 montanus 1237 — (Spreng.) ; termed "lysimachia siliquosa hirsuta parvo flore " by Bauhin prodr. 116 
 and C. Bauhin pin. 245, " chamaenerion villosum majus parvo flore" by Tournefort inst. 303, " e. 
 pubescens" by Roth, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (fi. Dan. pi. 347, Curt. lond. ii. 
 pi. 22, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Hoffmann, in Germany ; by Sibthorp, and 
 
 "5 
 
9I4 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. By European colonists was carried to North- 
 east America, observed by myself in the streets of Newport R. I. .. ,jr ■ t , V 
 
 Helianthus annum var. The first " corona solis " of Tabernaemontanus „. 466 -is referred by 
 Spren^el to " H. Indicus ; " described by Linnaeus mant. p. 117; by Persoon, as hardly a foot high, 
 and cultivated in Egypt ; observed there in gardens by Clot-Bey and F.gan.* 
 
 / 'erbasaau lychnitis of middle Europe. The white mullan is termed " v. album 2 by Tabernae- 
 montanus pi. 564, -"v. lychnitis flore albo parvo " by C. Bauhin pin 240, and is known to grow m 
 calcareous soil from Sweden throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 58, and Pers.) : was observed 
 by Linnaeus as far as Scania in Sweden. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America 
 occurring according to A. Gray along " road-sides, Pennsylvania, rare, and sandy fields at the head 
 of Oneida Lake ; " according to Muhlenberg, in " Carolina " (Chapm.). 
 
 Veronica arvensh of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Tabernaemon- 
 tanus 1089, — and Columna phyt. pi. 8 (Spreng.) ; termed " alsine veronicas folns fiosculis cauhcuhs 
 adhaerentibus " by C. Bauhin pin. 250, "v. fiosculis adhaerentibus" by Monson 11. 321 (Linn.), and 
 Tournefort inst. 145 : known to occur in waste and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe 
 (Oed. Dan. 515, Curt. lond. ii. pi. 2, and Pers.) ; observed by Linnaeus, frequent in Sweden; by 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from Constantinople to Cyprus and the Peloponnesus. 
 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed in " cultivated grounds, rather 
 common" (A. Gray) in our Middle States, and in "cultivated ground" in our Southern States 
 (Chapm.). , 
 
 Crepis Dioscoridis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An annual termed • hieracium 
 maior" by Tabernaemontanus — (Spreng.), " h. majus erectum angustifolium caule laevi " by Tourne- 
 fort inst. 469, and " c. lacera " by Tenore as observed in Italy (Chaub. ) ; known to grow from France 
 and Germany to Siberia (Pers.) ; and observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground in 
 the Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece. 
 
 Athyrium filix-fcemina of Northern climates. Called in Britain lady fern, a translation from 
 the Latin (Prior): termed "filix petraea faemina prima" by Tabernaemontanus pi. 793, — "f. non 
 ramosa petiolis tenuissimis et tenuissime dentatis " by Tournefort inst. 537, and known to grow 
 throughout middle Europe (Moris, iii. 4. pi. 3, Pluk. phyt. pi. 130, Ray angl. iii. 121, and Engl. bot. 
 pi. 1459) : observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in moist shady places in 
 Greece. Westward, by myself from 47 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to 40 along the Atlantic ; 
 by A. Gray, "common" in central New York ; by Chapman, in "low shady woods, Florida to Mis- 
 sissippi ; " by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 " 1589 A. D." (Alst. p. 234), Henri III. of France assassinated by a monk. 
 
 "1590 A. D." (Alst. p. 313), Paris besieged by Henry IV. of France. "The same year" 
 (chron. edit, by Michelant), he appointed the marquis de la Roche governor of the French possessions 
 in America, from " Lat. 4 to 52 ." 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng., and Winckler), Io. Wigand publishing his Herb. Boruss., enumerating 
 Glaux maritima. 
 
 " About this time " (Humb. cosm. ii.), the compound microscope invented in Holland by Zacharias 
 Jansen and his father Hans. 
 
 At this time (Winckler), J. Jungermann, nephew of Camerarius, journeying in the East, meeting 
 with . . . . — He died at Corinth " in 1591." 
 
 " 1591 A. D." (N. Shaw edit. Champl. p. xi), vessels under Che'dotel sent by the marquis de la 
 Roche to form a settlement in Canada. Arriving at Sable Island, seventeen persons were sent on 
 shore and abandoned, — who after subsisting " seven years" on fish and "cattle which they found 
 wild in considerable numbers,'' were brought away by Che'dotel ; he receiving half of the "black fox 
 skins" and other property collected. (The cattle according to Champlain were derived from the 
 wreck of a Spanish ship, see Baron de Lery.) 
 
 " 1592 A. D." (Purchas, and Holmes), by Juan de Fuca, a Greek in the Spanish service, sailing 
 along the West coast of America, a strait discovered " in the forty-eighth degree of north latitude ; " 
 the same that has received his name. 
 
 * Helianthus mitltijiorus of Northeast America. A slender species of sunflower, transported 
 from "Virginia," to Europe (Pers.), is the fourth "corona solis" of Tabernaemontanus ii. 466 — 
 (Spreng.), is clearly described by Plukenet phyt. 159, Tournefort inst. 489, Linnaeus, and Jussieu. 
 Westward, H. decapetalus (regarded as identical) is figured by Josselyn rar. pi. 62 ; is known to 
 grow from Quebec to the Saskatchewan (Hook.) ; was observed by Pursh from Canada to Virginia ; 
 by myself, throughout New England; by Nuttall, as far as 40 in New Jersey ; by Schweinitz, at 36° 
 in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, and Chapman, on the mountains of Georgia ; by A. Gray, " common " 
 in central New York ; by Short, in Kentucky. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 915 
 
 " In this year (=2oth of wan-ly," geogr. Chin., and Klapr.), Corea invaded and in great part 
 conquered by the Japanese under Fide-yosi. 
 
 In this year (=" 1595 — 3 years " of Barents, Purchas v. iii. 518), on the North coast of Asia, 
 Gielhsidi, sometimes visited by sea from Pechora, won by the Russians from the Tartars. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Adamus Zaluzani publishing his Method, herbar. 
 
 " In this year " (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Columna in his " twenty-fifth " year publishing his 
 Phytobas., enumerating Primula Paliuuri pi. 5, Scabiosa Palaestina pi. 22, Campanula graminifolia 
 pi. 34, and Ceraslmm repens pi. 31. 
 
 Stacliys annua of the Tauro-Caspian countries. A weed called in Italy "herba Turca" or "herba 
 stregona " sorceress herb (Targ.), described by Columna phyt. pi. 9 — ■ (Spreng.), and observed 
 by C. Bauhin pin. 233 already in cultivated ground in central Europe : termed " betonica arvensis 
 annua flore ex albo flavescente " by Tournefort inst. 203, "betonica annua" by Linnaeus, and at the 
 present day occurring in and about cultivated ground from France to Russia (Jacq. austr. pi. 360, 
 Pers., and A. Dec.) : observed by Bertoloni in Italy, in one or two instances outside of cultivated 
 ground ; by Sibthorp, on mount Athos and near Constantinople ; by Bieberstein, in waste places and 
 grain-fields in the Crimea; by C. A. Meyer, in cultivated ground on the Talysch mountains. In Bri- 
 tain "from 1830 " has made its appearance in grain-fields in Kent (Engl. bot. pi. 2669, and Bab.). 
 
 " : 593> June 12th" (Hackl. soc ), sailing of Richard Hawkins. On Saint Annes islands 
 
 in Lat. 22 30' off Brazil, he met with purslane j the natives along the coast having canoes carrying 
 seventy or eighty men. Passing through the Straits of Magellan, he gave the natives " lamskinnes," 
 and at Coquimbo procured skins of the " chinchilla "(....). 
 
 Cacalia Kleinii of Western Hindustan ? The cabbage-tree of English colonists is called in the 
 environs of Bombay "gao-zaban" (Graham) ; and in this year a branch sent by Garetus to Clusius 
 — (exot. i. 5) : the plant is described also by Dillenius elth. pi. 54, and Linnaeus hort. cliff. ; and was 
 seen by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt. In its wild state is said to grow on the Canary Islands 
 (Pers.) ; but was observed by Gibson, and Graham, in Western Hindustan, " in high rocky situations " 
 on the Deccan, " used in medicine " by the natives. 
 
 Amaryllis formosissima of Mexico. Roots of the jacobea lily procured in this year by Simon 
 de Tovar from a ship from South America, and sent to Clusius and Bernard Paludanus — (Beck- 
 mann) : the plant is described also by Rudbeck 2 f. 10, and Dillenius elth. pi. 162 ; and continues in 
 greenhouses; was introduced in 1835 into the environs of Bombay, and afterwards in 1837 "from 
 Egypt" (Graham). Westward, according to Descourtilz, has become seemingly wild in the forests 
 of the Antilles, but came originally from Mexico. 
 
 Polyanthes tuberosa of Peru. The tuberose, called in Egypt " zymbyl " (....), at Bombay 
 "gool-shubo" or "cheree," at Cochin by the Portuguese colonists "fulla pipa" pipe-flower (Graham), 
 in Burmah " hnen-ben " (Mason), at Manila " azucena " (Blanco) ; and as early at least as this year, 
 brought from the East Indies by Simon de Tovar and roots sent to Bernard Paludanus, — who pub- 
 lished a description in Li nschoten's Voyage (Beckm.) : also as transported to Europe, is described 
 by Morison ii. pi. 12, and Linnaeus, and from Europe was carried to Northeast America, where it has 
 become a favourite in gardens : was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; by him, 
 Hasselquist, Delile, and Clot-Bey, in the gardens of Egypt ; by myself, in Yemen, the flowers brought 
 to market at Mocha ; by Graham, " common in gardens " around Bombay ; by Roxburgh in Eastern 
 Hindustan; by Mason, "exotic" in Burmah; by Rumphius v. pi. 98, in the Malayan archipelago, 
 enumerated as introduced ; by Blanco, on the Philippines. Seems therefore to have been brought in 
 the first Spanish voyages across the Pacific, and was seen by Ruiz and Pavon iii. 66 wild in Peru. 
 
 "Dec. 17th" (Hakl., and Holmes), Henry May in a French ship wrecked on Bermuda. — A bark 
 was built of " cedar " (Juniperus Bermudiana) ; and at the end of " nearly five months," plac.ng on 
 board " thirteen live turtles for provisions," the party left the island. 
 
 " The same year " (Spreng.), arrival of Hernandez in Mexico, meeting with Salvia leonuroides 
 103, Piper geniculaium 126, Commelyna tuberosa 253, Ficus citrifolia 81-2, Toumefortia bicolor 292, 
 Convolvulus {Batatas) littoralis 256, Lobelia acuminata 210, Cerbera Thevetia 443, Lisianthus exal- 
 tatus 233, Ery?igium aquaticum 222, Melastoma fragile 413, Bocconia frutescens 158, Cactus (Epi- 
 fihyllum) phyllanthus 392 and 457, Passiflora perfoliata 301, Geranium Carolinianum 293, Carohnea 
 insimis 68 Achania mollis 117, Stevia punctata 360, Gnaphalium Domingense 232, Epidendrum 
 bifidum 368 Aristolochia arborescens 42. Calopogon pulchellus 283, Acalypha cuspidata 390, Acacia 
 PortoricenHs 5 S, Mimosa comigera 86, and Mirabilis longiflora 170. — He remained there "seven 
 
 years untill 1600." . , 
 
 Hura crepitans of the West Indies and neighbouring portions of Tropical America. The sand- 
 box tree described by Hernandez 88 —and from transported specimens by Clusius exot. 47 (Spreng.), 
 and Linnams hort. cliff, pi. 34- Westward, was observed by Aublet, and Martius in Guayana; ,s 
 known to grow also in the West Indies and Mexico, its milky juice producing "blindness a few days 
 
gi 6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 after touching the eye," and its seeds "a violent drastic dangerous purgative" (Lindl.). By Euro- 
 pean colonists, has been recently introduced into Hindustan, observed by Graham, and myself, in 
 gardens at Bombay. 
 
 Cyperus articulates of Tropical America. A tall leafless rush observed and described by Her- 
 nandez 33 — (Spreng.) ; seen by Sloane pi. 8i on Jamaica, and known to grow as far as Cumana and 
 Truxil'lo (Kunth) ; observed by Elliot at Ogeechee in Georgia; by Chapman, in "marshes near the 
 coast, Florida to South Carolina." Possibly through European colonists carried to the opposite 
 coast of Equatorial Africa (R. Brown, and Benth.), observed by Grant along " Nile edges 2° N.," by 
 Forskal, and Delile, in wet situations in Lower Egypt ; to Madagascar (A. de Jussieu) ; and to Hin- 
 dustan (Pers., Del., and A. Dec). 
 
 " 1594 A. D." (Asher edit. Huds. p. cxxxvii), Willem Barents, sailing from Amsterdam, followed 
 the coast of Nova Zembla to the Orange Islands beyond, and rounded its Northeastern extremity — 
 (an exploit that has been repeated only by Barents himself, two years afterwards). Returning to the 
 Southern extreme of Nova Zembla, on the "24th Aug. N. S. 1595," he obtained information of the 
 sea beyond from the Samoieds, and "Sept. isffrom a Russian " lodie or barke ; " and landing 
 " Sept. 9th " on " the south end of the States Hand, where the crosse standeth," ascertained that 
 there is no tide (Purchas v. iii. 51S). 
 
 "In the beginning of this year" (Dallat 2), the Japanese army in Corea, consisting chiefly of 
 Christians, joined by the Jesuit P. Gregorio de Cespedes, who remained nearly a year. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 400), the Japanese, after capturing various cities, repelled by the 
 native Coreans aided by Chinese troops. — On application, the emperor Chin-tsoung II. in the fol- 
 lowing year, granted the title " Ji-pen-wang, king of Japan ; " but prohibited the Japanese ruler from 
 sending ambassadors to China. 
 
 "Dec. 19th" (Blair), expulsion of the Jesuits from France. — The prohibition continued nine 
 years. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), Honorius Bellus in Crete writing to Clusius,* enumerating Plan- 
 tago Cretica, and "gaiderothymo " Stachys spitwsa. 
 
 Fagonia Cretica of the North African Desert. Called in Yemen "schoaeka" or " schouki " 
 (Forsk.) ; sent by Honorius Bellus, — and termed "trifolium spinosum creticum " prodr. 142: 
 observed by Forskal in Yemen; by Delile, not far from Cairo, growing in the Desert; by Desfon- 
 taines, near Mascar in Algeria (Pers.). 
 
 "In this year" (Wislizen., and Humb. cosm. v.), settlements in New Mexico, North from Zaca- 
 tecas, first planned by the viceroy Juan de Onate. 
 
 '595 A. D. (="1585-)- 10 years," art de verif.), Fide-josei, having established his authority 
 over the local princes and fixed his seat of government at Jedo, meditating the expulsion of foreigners 
 from Japan. 
 
 "March 2zd " (Hakl., and Holmes), arrival of Walter Ralegh in Trinidad. Leaving his ships 
 there, he proceeded in boats "four hundred miles" up the Orinoco, and returned: and on his way 
 to England was prevented by adverse winds from reaching Hatteras, to search for the lost colony. 
 .i< "June nth" (De Morga 42 and 220), Dr. Antonio de Morga, appointed '•lieutenant-general 
 of the Philippines," arriving in the port of Cabit. — He left Manila for .Mexico "July loth, 1603." 
 
 In various parts of Luzon, according to De Morga 267 and 306, are "natives of a black colour, 
 with 'cabellos de pasas ' tangled hair" (Negrillos), "not very tall in stature," who "have no houses 
 nor settled dwellings ; they go in troops and bivouac in the mountains and craggy ground, changing 
 their abode according to the season," " maintaining themselves with some little tillage, and sowing 
 of rice, which they do temporarily, and with the game which they shoot with their bows," also "with 
 the mountain honey, and roots which grow in the earth. They are barbarous people with whom there 
 is no security, inclined to murder, and to attack the towns of the other natives, where they do great 
 mischief without its having been possible to take measures to prevent them, nor to reduce them to 
 subjection, nor bring them to a state of peace, although it is always attempted by good or evil means, 
 as opportunity or necessity demands." 
 
 Other natives of the Philippines wash their hair "with the boiled rind of a tree," which they 
 
 * Hides (Grossulana) lurtclla of Northeast America. The purple gooseberry transported to 
 Leyden, seen in this year and termed "grossularia spinosa fruct. purpurasc " by Clusius — rar i 8c 
 Westward, was observed by Michaux along the Saguenay (Pers.) ; by myself, from 47 30' on' the 
 Lower St. Lawrence to 42 along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to the Alle-hanies of Vir- 
 ginia ; according to A. Gray, grows from " New England to Wisconsin, common • " and " G saxosa " 
 according to Hooker, from Boston to the Saskatchewan. Under cultivation, G. hirtella in our cli- 
 mate succeeds better than the European species. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 917 
 
 "gogo" (Entada scandens): and "before the Spaniards entered the country' wore "coats of 
 gan without collars," " coming a little below the waist, some blue, others black, and a few of colours 
 
 call 
 cangan 
 
 for the chief men ; " and " a coloured wrapper," the "feet unshod, the head uncovered, anVa narrow 
 cloth wrapped round it." 
 
 Among the fruit trees are "sanctores" {Citrus Sinensis), "tamarinds" (Tamarindus Indica); 
 in the province of Caganan, " chestnut trees which give fruit " (Castanea Morgai) ; and in other 
 parts ^pine trees," * other "trees which give very large pine-nuts, with a strong smell and pleasant 
 taste " called " piles " (Canarium album) ; " bejucos " with which they make inclosures for capturing 
 fish, also "cables and other cordage for their vessels" (Calamus usitatus) ; "a green fruit like wal- 
 nuts," pickled and called "paos" (Mangifira altissima) ; "much cachumba, instead of saffron and 
 other spices" (....). "In all these islands there were no temples, nor public houses for the 
 worship of idols, but each person made and kept in his own his anitos : " prayers for the sick were 
 offered by a few old men and women called " catalonas : " and " they buried their dead in their own 
 houses." 
 
 _ "July 21st" (Churchill coll., Dalrymple, and Quiros in De Morga 65), by Alvaro de Mendana, 
 sailing from Peru with a colony, an island discovered, one of four inhabited by very large, handsome, 
 and tattooed people : "on the west side of Sta. Christina" (Waitahu) "in o£° " S. Lat., "a good port 
 was found, in which the fleet anchored : " " in the way of victuals " were seen "pigs and kens, sweet 
 canes' 1 (Saccharum officinale), very good plantains (Musa paradisica), a "fruit' like chestnuts in 
 savour but much larger than six chestnuts " (Artocarpus incisa), "nuts with a very hard shell which 
 were very oily " (Inocarpus edulis), and "pumpkins of Castille sown in the ground" (Lagenaria 
 vulgaris). Leaving " Aug. 5th " for the " west, to the south-west, or north-west, a matter of four hun- 
 dred leagues," on the " 20th " in " iof " S., " we saw lour low islands, with sandy beaches, full of many 
 palms and woods ; " " all four may have a circuit of twelve leagues," and we named them " St. Bernard." 
 Continuing Westward, never rising above ii° or going below io°, on the "29th" we "discovered a 
 round islet, which might be a league round, all surrounded by reefs," and named it " Solitary Island ; " 
 it is "in ro|°" S., and will be "one thousand five hundred and thirty-five leagues from Lima." On 
 the "eve of our Lady in September, at midnight, we saw an island which might have a circuit of from 
 ninety to a hundred leagues," and " will be a thousand eight hundred leagues from Lima ; " we named 
 it "Santa Cruz," and "the ships came to anchor in the northern" part "in io°" S., about seven 
 leagues from an active volcano ; in addition to the above-named esculents, were seen " one, two, or 
 three kinds of roots like sweet potatoes, which they eat roast and boiled, and make 'buyos' with it" 
 (Batatas edulis and Dicscorea sp. ?), " two kinds of good almonds " ( Jer/ninalia catappa), " two kinds 
 of pine nuts" ( . . . ), "muchos bledos " (Euxolus viridis), "a very strongly scented sweet basil" 
 (Ocymum), "and coloured flowers" which "they keep in the gardens" (Amaranthus tricolor), "and 
 two other species of another sort also coloured " (Codiaum variegatum), a " fruit on high trees, like 
 pippins" (Jambosa Malaccensis), "great quantity of ginger which grows there without its being 
 cultivated" (Zingiber zeiumbet), "much yerba chiquilite with which they make indigo" ( . . .) 
 "agave trees" (Pandanus fitrcatus), "and a great deal of sagia" (Cycas circinalis) ; the people 
 " are black" (Papuan or Negrillo). " Oct. 17th " a "total eclipse of the moon," and on the " iSth " 
 Mendana died; much sickness ensued, many died, and "Nov. 18th" the island was abandoned. 
 After "two days," the chief pilot Quiros was ordered to "shape the course" for Manila; — and 
 "Jan. 14th," the flagship arrived in sight of Cape Espiritu Santo. 
 
 * Pimts Morgai of Northern Luzon. A tree called in Ylocano "saleng" (Blanco); and from 
 early times, used for torches : — clearly the " pine trees " in question ; and according to Blanco 
 growing in Ylocos, Zambales, and other localities in Northern Luzon. 
 
 Mimosa acle of the Philippines. A large unarmed tree called in Tagalo "acle" (Blanco) ; and 
 from early times, employed in house building, and its bark for washing, like the "gogo," but inferior 
 in quality: — observed by Blanco in the environs of Manila. 
 
 Pterocarpics pallidtis of the Philippines. A large tree called in Tagalo "asana,"in Bisaya and 
 Camarines "naga" or " narra," in Pampango "daitanag" (Blanco) ; and from early times emplojed 
 medicinally, and its timber for ca'binet-work : — "a finely coloured wood" called "asana" is enu- 
 merated by De Morga 275 ; and P. pallidus according to Blanco grows on all the islands. 
 
 Diospyros multiflora of the Philippines. A tree called in Tagalo " canomoi " or "canomai" 
 (Blanco) ; its poisonous fruit known from early times, said to kill fish, and cause the crocodile to 
 quit the water: — observed by Blanco. 
 
 Diospyros pilosanthera of the Philippines. A tree; its hard wood known from early times, and 
 its fruit eaten : — "ebony, one kind finer than another " is enumerated by De Morga 275, and accord- 
 ing to Blanco the wood of all the Philippine species more or less resembles ebony: D. pilosanthera 
 was observed by him on the Philippines. 
 
9I 8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "The same year" (Alst, and art de verif.), Murad III. succeeded by Mohammed III., fifteenth 
 Turkish sultan. Coins of Mohammed III. issued at Cairo, are figured in Marcel p. 204. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Marcus Urzedowa publishing his Polonicum Herbarium, enumerating 
 Melampyrum nemorosum 293. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Giovani Pona of Verona publishing his Simphcia in 
 Baldo, enumerating* Lotus g/auats, Marrubium acetabulosttm 10, " trifoglio argentato alpino " pi. 
 222 Potentilla nitida (Schmied. ed. G. p. 63), Veronica saxatilis 74, Paedcrota bouarota 72, Campa- 
 nula pel 'raea 62, Phyteuma comosa 70, Bupleurum graminifolium in, Saxifraga rupeslris 76, Cherle- 
 ria sedoides 89, Areuaria Bavarica 60, Clematis (Atragene) alpina 68, Ranunculus -rutaefolius 87, 
 Myagrum saxatile 78, Geranium argenteum 91, Trifolium alpinum 84, Senecio incanus in, and 
 Aspidium alpinum 101. 
 
 " 1596 A. D." (Pauth. p. 409), in the provinces of Ho-nan, Chen-si, and Chan-si, " ten gold and 
 silver mines" opened by the emperor Chin-tsoung II., contrary to the advice of his ministers. — " Six 
 years " afterwards, he caused them to be closed. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), arrival of Barnabas Cobo in the West Indies. — He afterwards pro- 
 ceeded to Mexico, and remained chiefly in Peru '■ until 1653.'' 
 
 "June 9th" (Churchill coll.), sailing from Amsterdam, Willem Barents and John Cornelis Ryp 
 discovered Bear Island "in 74 30' ; " and "on the 19th," Spitzbergen in "80° n'," supposed how- 
 ever by them to be part of Greenland. Continuing East, Barents "on the 15th Aug." again rounded 
 the Northeastern extreme of Nova Zembla, but being unable to advance or return, wintered there,— 
 and died on the following " 20th June." 
 
 "June nth" (Churchill coll ), arrival on the coast of Sumatra of Cornelius Hootman with four 
 ships ; "the first voyage the Dutch made to India." 
 
 " In this year " (De Morga 78), a Spanish vessel from the Philippines in distress seeking refuge 
 in Japan, the pilot, Francisco de Landa, imprudently exhibited his charts of navigation to a Japanese 
 official : the charts included Mexico and Peru, and on being asked how possession was obtained of 
 such very distant countries, Landa replied, "that first the monks had entered and preached their relig- 
 ion, and the military forces following after them had subjected those countries." All which being 
 reported to Fide-josi, he again prohibited Christianity in his dominions, — and on the following "Feb. 
 5th," six Franciscans and eighteen Japanese converts were crucified. 
 "June 21st" (Blair), Cadiz in Spain captured by the English. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), C. Bauhin publishing his Phytopinax, enumerating Trifolium lappa- 
 ccum pi. 5. 
 
 " 1597 A. D." (Univ. hist , and Holmes), in addition to the English buccaneers in the West Indies, 
 a fleet of French making their appearance captured and pillaged Carthagena. 
 
 In this year (De Morga 88), near Mindanao, the small island of Jolo (Sulu), that " may have three 
 thousand men, with their own king and lord, all of them" Mussulmans, had hitherto willingly paid 
 tribute: but after the withdrawal of the main body of Spanish forces from Mindanao, Juan Pacho, 
 captain of the fort at Caldera, sent a few soldiers to barter for wax, when they were ill-treated and two 
 of them killed by the people of Jolo. Pacho desiring to chastise this excess, went there " with a few 
 boats and thirty soldiers ; " but was himself slain, and his party totally defeated. The "event caused 
 much regret at Manila," from the loss of prestige both on Jolo and Mindanao. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Evang. ( kiatrami of Ferrara publishing his Ingredienti della teriaca. 
 Scutellaria Columnce of Italy and Greece. Mentioned by Quatrami — (Spreng.) ; observed also 
 in Italy by Columna ecphr. pi. 189, and Allioni pi. 84 (Pers.) ; by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Prior), Gerarde publishing his Herbal, enumerating Rhynchospora 
 alba 50, Festuca my urns 29, Hordeum pratense 29, Potanio^etou heterophyllus S21, Campanula lati- 
 folia 44S, Asclepias variegita 100, Sison segetum 10 18, Polygonum minus 446, Arenaria peploides 
 
 * Silene acaulis of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. Termed "ocymoides 
 muscosus " by Pona 341, as observed on mount Baldo, — "muscus alpinus lyclmidis flore " by Kauhin 
 hist. iii. 767, and known to grow on Spitzbergen and on the mountains of Northern and middle Europe 
 and Asia (C. Bauhin pin. io(\ fl. Dan. pi. 21, Pers., and Wats.): observed by Linnaeus abounding on 
 the mountains of Lapland, often covering their summits with its deep purple flowers ; by myself, in 
 purple patches on the crest of the Swiss Alps, meriting the appellation of " Alpium ornamentum " 
 bestowed by Persoon. Westward, was observed by Sabine in Iceland and Greenland, and according 
 to Hooker grows along the shores of the Arctic Sea and throughout Arctic America; was observed 
 by ... . in Labrador (Pursh, and Tor.) ; by Chamisso, on Unalaska ; by E. James, on the alpine por- 
 tion of the Rocky mountains ; by myself, on the alpine portion of the White mountains, but here 
 inconspicuous and moss-like with whitish flowers (compare S. exocapa of Allioni pi. 79 f. 2). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 919 
 
 622, Mentha gracilis 680, Stachys palustris 1005, Scutellaria minor 581, Trifolium maritimum 
 1208, Trifolium filiforme 11 86, Cineraria integrifolia 304, " snakeweed" 848 Aristolochia serpenla- 
 ria, Salix aurita 1390, and S. acuminata 1390.— He died "in 1607." 
 
 " I59 8 . April" (Blair), by Henri IV. of France, the edict of Nantes granted to the Protestants. 
 
 At this time (Spreng., and Winckler), Castor Durante writing his Hist. Plant. — He died "in 
 1599," and his work was published "in 1636." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), J. Bauhin publishing his Hist, balnei Boll. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Pierre Richer de Belleval, having founded at Montpelier 
 the earliest botanic garden in France, now publishing his Nomencl. stirp. in hort. reg. Monsp., enu- 
 merating Scabiosa maritima 76, Plantago serraria 10, Androsace Septentrionalis 12, A. elongata 13, 
 Gentiana pumila 25, Campanula pulla 26, C. vesula 27, Seseli saxifragum 210, S. turbith 212, Statice 
 echioides 142, Allium narcissiflorttm 240, Arenaria saxatilis 153, Ranunculus Cassubicus 1 76, Betonka 
 hirsuta 53, Limosella aquatica 63, lien's saxatilis 193, Cardamine asarifolia 199, Brassica Richerii 
 197, Erodium Romanum 232, Ononis fruticosa 224, O.pubescens 225, Hedysarum saxatile 216, H. ob- 
 scurum 217, Hypericum Richeri 168, Huracium aureum 121, //. cerinthoides 128, H. porrifolium 133, 
 H. verbascifolium 135, Apargia dubia 120, Crepis alpina 126, Hyoseris hedypnois 123, Serratula 
 heterophylla 81, Cirsium helenioides 83, Carthamus mitissimus 86, Erigeron uniflorum 100, Chrys- 
 anthemum montanum 103, Centaurea amara 92, Micros ty lis monophyllos 262, Salix formosa 274, 
 .5". arbuscula_ 275. 
 
 Allium moschatum of the Mediterranean countries. Described by R. de Belleval 241 — (Spreng.), 
 Bauhin prodr. pi. 28, Rudbeck elys. ii. 166, and known to grow in Spain and Southern France (Pers.): 
 observed by Kitaibel pi. 68 in Hungary, by Gittard in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). 
 
 Hieracium amplexicaule of Dauphiny and the Pyrenees. Described by R. de Belleval 134 — 
 (Spreng.); termed "h. pyrenaicum rotundifolium amplexicaule" by Tournefort inst. 472, "h. bal- 
 sameum " by Asso, " h. pulmonarioides " by Villars, '• lepicaune balsamea " by Lapeyrouse, and known 
 to grow in the alpine portion of Dauphiny and the Pyrenees (Pers., Steud., and A. Dec ). In Britain, 
 has been found only on the walls of a college at Oxford and of castle Cleish in Kinross, and is there- 
 fore considered not completely naturalized. 
 
 "Sept. 13th" (Alst. p. 566, and Nicol.), Philip II. of Spain succeeded by his son Philip III.; 
 the war in Belgium continuing. — • In the following year, Philip III. married an Austrian princess : and 
 on the same day, " April 12th," his sister married Albert of Austria, an archduke and cardinal having 
 charge of Belgium. 
 
 " The same year " (Churchill coll ), by the " Holland East India company," a fleet of " six great 
 ships and two yachts" sent to the East Indies. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), death of Fide-josi. He was numbered among the gods by the 
 dairo. a temple erected to him at Meaco containing his urn; he was succeeded by his son Fide-jori, 
 now at the age of six ruler of Japan, under the regency of Ijesaz. 
 
 " 1599, March " (narrat., Wilmere transl. p. xvii and 6 to 48), Samuel Champlain accompanying 
 a Spanish fleet in sight of the island of Descada in the West Indies. He visited Guadeloupe, Hayti, 
 Porto Rico, Mexico,* — Panama, and Cuba, and returned to Spain after "two years and two months" 
 absence. 
 
 Hcematoxylon Campechianum of Central America. A Leguminous tree, its wood called in com- 
 merce logwood; and " Campesche " wood was seen by Champlain on his way to the city of Mexico — ■ 
 (N. Shaw edit. 23) : goods were brought by Dampier for the logwood cutters in Campeachy : H. Cam- 
 peachianum was observed by Sloane ii. pi. 10, and Macfadyen 332, on Jamaica ; is described also by 
 Catesby ii. pi. 66; and is known to abound especially around the Bay of Honduras. By European 
 colonists has recently been carried to Burmah, and successfully introduced (Mason v. 511). Logwood 
 "is a powerful astringent," but as an article of commerce is "chiefly used by dyers" (Macf., and 
 Lindl.). 
 
 * Icicat copallina of Mexico. The "copal" of the Mexicans of Papanth and Misantla (Linnaea 
 v. 601, and Lindl.) ; and the "copal" gum from a tree like the pine-tree and very good for gout and 
 pains, seen by Champlain in Mexico — (N. Shaw edit. 32), may be compared. 
 
 Eicus Americana of the West Indies. The " sombrade " tree seen by Champlain on Porto Rico, 
 the tops of its branches, falling to the earth, taking root and producing other branches, and thus cover- 
 ing "more than a league and a quarter, bearing laurel-like leaves but no fruit," — is referred here by 
 N. Shaw p. 1 1, and identified with the " figuier maudit marron " of Hayti : F. Americana was observed 
 by Plumier pi. 132 on Jamaica (Pers.) ; by Aublet, in Guayana (Steud.). 
 
 Cocos lapidea of Mexico. A species of cocoa-palm, distinguished by Champlain, its " cocques " 
 made by the Mexicans into " little cups and bottles," like those " of Indian nuts which come from the 
 pa l m » (N. Shaw edit. p. 30). From transported nuts, C. lapidea is described by Gaertner. 
 
920 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " The same year " (Wilmere edit. Champl. p. xii), under " a privilege for ten years, at the charge 
 of forming a company for the colonization of Canada " and " propagation of the Roman Catholic relig- 
 ion among the savages," Chauvin and Du Pont Grave", Protestants, arriving at Tadoussac on the St. 
 Lawrence at the mouth of the Saguenay. Du Pont Grave" desired to proceed farther, having traded 
 with the natives at " Three Rivers " in a previous voyage ; De Monts, a volunteer, was of the same 
 opinion ; but Chauvin insisted on building a house at Tadoussac, and leaving behind "sixteen men," 
 sailed for France. The men suffered severely, and but for the compassion of the natives, would have 
 all perished.— Returning in the following year, Chauvin found few survivors, but left behind "twenty 
 more men " (Desmarquets) ; and on reaching France, died while fitting out an expedition on a larger 
 scale. 
 
 Abies balsamea of Canada. A slender tree thirty feet high, called in our Northern States fir 
 (Slafter) or balsam fir (A. Gray) ; and the " fir " seen by Chauvin at Tadoussac — (Champl ), may be 
 compared: the " firre " is mentioned by various early visitors to Newfoundland and Northern New 
 England : A. balsamea is described by H. Marshall 102; was received by Collins from Labrador; was 
 observed b'y Lapylaie from 5i°on Newfoundland ; by F. A. Michaux, in Nova Scotia and Canada ; by 
 myself, from Canada to 43 30' on the Atlantic near Portland; by Long's Expedition, at 49° on Lake 
 Superior; by Drummond, on the Saskatchewan near the Rocky mountains ; and yields "the oleo-resin 
 called Canada balsam " (Lindl ). 
 
 Abies alba of Subarctic America. The white spruce, a tree seventy feet or more high, with 
 slender tapering cones twice as long as those of A. nigra; included perhaps in the "fir" seen by 
 Chauvin at Tadoussac — (Champl.) : was observed by Richardson in Arctic America, along the Cop- 
 permine : by Herzberg at 57 20' in Labrador (Meyer) ; by Lapylaie, from 51° on Newfoundland ; by 
 F. A. Michaux, from 49 in Canada to Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia ; by myself, not 
 South of 46° ; by Long's Expedition ii. 81, at 50° on Lake Winnipeg ; by Drummond, on the Saskatch- 
 ewan near the Rocky mountains. 
 
 " In this year" (Klapr. chrest. p. ix )by the Chinese emperor Thai-tsou, Erdeni-baksi and Gagai- 
 dchargoutsi sent to instruct the Mandchous in the art of writing. The alphabet selected was that of 
 the Mongols, derived from the Ouigours of Central Asia, and ultimately from the Syriac. — Since the 
 conquest of China in " i'>44," Mandchou literature has been enriched by a great number of works, 
 chiefly translations from the Chinese. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng), Ferrandus Imperati, a friend of Columna and Clusius, publishing his 
 Hist. Nat., enumerating Valeriana Italica 869, Phyteuma pinna/a S82, Telephium Imperati 872, 
 Euphorbia Mauritaniea 876, Cithorium spinosum 88, Parmelia fuciformis 850, Fucus lumbricalis 
 842, Fucus plocamium S44, and " cava " S58 Ulva intestinalis. 
 
 Zapania nodiflora of Tropical America. A diminutive Verbenaceous herb, transported to Europe, 
 described by Ferrandus Imperati 889 — (Spreng.), C. Bauhin, and Barrelier pi. S55 ; known to occur 
 in Southern Italy ( . . . ) ; observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in two localities in the Pelopon- 
 nesus and in one on Crete ; by Knrskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; by myself 
 in Upper Egypt, seemingly wild on the river-flat; by For.skal, on the mountains of Yemen, but as in 
 the preceding instances, no native names given. Westward from America, may have been carried by 
 European colonists across the Pacific to the Philippines, observed by Blanco frequent, though not 
 universally known to the natives, called in Tagalo " chachachachahan" and made into a kind of tea; 
 to Hindustan, where it has acquired Sanscrit names (A. Dec), was observed by Burmann ind. pi. 6, 
 by Rheede x. pi. 47 in Malabar, by Graham "common all over Bombay, creeping among the grass." 
 In its wild state, is known to grow from Cuba near Havana (Kunth) throughout Tropical and Austral 
 America as far as Buenos Ayres (Schauer, and A. Dec). 
 
 " 1600 A. D." (Humb. cosm. ii.), sudden appearance of a star of more than the first magnitude in 
 the constellation Cygnus. — After continuing visible "twenty-one years," the star disappeared. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Schwenkfeld publishing his Stirp. Siles., enumerating 
 Li^ustianii Aitstriacum 60, and Sedum saxatile Hjq. 
 
 "In this year" (Churchill coll.), " by patent from queen Elizabeth," a company of " merchant- 
 adventurers " authorized to trade in the East Indies. An association better known as the English 
 East India company. 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll.), in "sailing from Peru for the Philippine Islands," a squad- 
 ron of "four ships " driven South of the Equator among "several rich countries and islands not far 
 from the isles of Solomon :" the name "Monte de Plata" being in one instance bestowed. — "A 
 captain of note went out on purpose and saw these discoveries : " and two petitions to the kino- of 
 Spain from captain Peter Fernandez de Ouiros, on the extent "of the continent and great value of the 
 islands, which he speaks of as an eye-witness," are preserved by Purchas iv. p. 1432. 
 
 "In this year" (Juss., and Markham 206), the healing powers of Peruvian bark first made 
 known to Europeans, a Jesuit not far from Loxa having been cured of a fever: — "in 1638," specimens 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 92 1 
 
 of the bark were sent by Francisco Lopez Canizares to the conde de Chihchon, viceroy of Peru, and 
 hence the name cinchona. The bark soon became extensively known, the most approved kinds being 
 exported from Lima. Among more than twenty species enumerated by Lindley, C. micrantha fur- 
 nishes "silver, grey, or Huanuco bark;" C. lanceolata, most of the "yellow bark," a portion being 
 contributed by C. hirsuta and C. nitida , C. magnifolia furnishes "cinchona nova;" C. purpurea, 
 " Huamalies bark ; " and there are various exported kinds whose origin has not been traced. 
 
 Cinchona Condaminea of the Western slope of the Peruvian Andes. Probably the kind employed 
 in the case of the Jesuit : — presumed by Lindley to be the " cascarilla chauharguera " said by Ruiz 
 to be that sent to the conde de Chincon : termed "quinaquina" in a description sent by Condamine, 
 and published in act. par. 1738 : C. Condaminea according to Humboldt and Bonpland i. pi. 10 grows 
 near Loxa, also near Guancabamba and Ayavaca in Peru, always on micaceous schist, and at the ele- 
 vation of ".5700 to 7500 feet." Its imported bark is called in commerce '■'pale crown or Loxa bark" 
 (Lindl.). 
 
 One hundred- and seventy-seventh generation. Jan. tst, 1601, onward mostly beyond youth: the 
 Greek writer Nicolaus son of Demetrius d. 1625: Brenning : cardinal Baronius ; Henrico Catharino 
 Davila; Justus Lipsius ; Stephen Pasquier ; Mariana; Scevole de St. Marthe ; cardinal Perron; 
 Isaac Casaubon ; president de Thou; Henry Saville ; William Camden; Francis Bacon; Paul Sarpi ; 
 Gruterus ; Malherbe ; Marini ; Papirius Masso ; Boccalini ; Helvicus ; Andrew du Chesne ; John 
 Barclay ; Robert Cotton : the Spanish writers, Cervantes, and Lopez de Vega : the English drama- 
 tists, Shakespear, and Ben Jonson : the botanists, Josephus de Aromatariis, Petr. Paawius, Anton. 
 Donati, Casp. Pilletier, Lauremberg, Io. Stephan. Strobelberger, Io. Fischartus : the painters, Ludo- 
 vico Caracci d. 1619, and Annibale Caracci d. 1609. 
 
 " January = twelfth lunation of the thirty-eighth year of the cycle" (Semedo, and Pauth. 411), 
 arrival at the Chinese court of the first Jesuit missionary, P. Mattha^us Riccius or- Ricci. In the 
 " winter of the 29th year wen-li " (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 474), first arrival of the English in 
 China ; at Macao, in two or three large ships. They wore red garments, were tall, with red hair and 
 deeply sunk blue eyes, and feet fourteen inches long; and frightened the people by their strange 
 aspect. They came saying, " We are not pirates but bring tribute : " but having never before made 
 their appearance, and bringing no letter, a reception was refused by the commandant; the captain was 
 imprisoned by the officer of customs for a month, and then released. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 313, Grot, ann., and Holmes), arrival home in Holland of Olivarius 
 or Oliver Van Noort, completing the Fourth circumnavigation of the Globe. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Clusius publishing his Hist. rar. plant., enumerating 
 Iris Mauritanica, Hyacinthus serotinus, Centaurea erucafolia, Paronychia Hispanica ii. 183, Melica 
 nutans 2. 219, Veronica spuria I. 347, V. alpina I. 350, V. aphylla I. 350, V,. denlata I. 349, Fedia cor- 
 nucopiae 2. 54, frii variegala 1. 221, /. susiana 217, /. aphylla 223, /. lutescens 1. 227, /. spuria 1. 228, 
 /. puinila 225, Scabiosa (Trichera) sylvatica 2. 2, Galium rubrum 2. 175, Crucianella latifolia 2. 177, 
 Cynoglossum cheirifolium 2. [62, Soldanella alpina 1. 309, Lysimachia (Naumburgia) thyrsiflora 2. 
 53, L. punctata 52, Euonymus verrucosus 57, Viola pinnata 1. 309, Eryngium pusillum 2. 158, Nar- 
 cissus minor 1. 165, A', bulbocodium 1. 166, N. moschatus 1. 166, Allium olerace7un 194, Scilla Italica 
 1. 184, 6". Morisoni 182 (" S. peruv."), S. vema 188, Asphodelus albus 197, " comosus byzantinus " 
 180 Hyacinthus ciliatus, Erica purpurascens 1. 43, Dianthus caesius 1. 282, Sedum anacampseros 2. 
 67, 5". collinum 2. 60, -5\ virescens 2. 60, Reseda purpurascens I. 295, Spiraea salicifolia 1. 84, Heli- 
 anthemum Oelandicum 73, H. umbellatum I. 81, Cistus populifotius 78, Illicium Philippinarum 2. 
 202 Delphinium ambiguum 2. 206, D. intei medium 2. 94, Rhizobolus butyrosus I. 8, Ranunculus 
 Creticus 239. Scrophularia tanacetifoha 2. 209, Orobanche ramosa 1. 271, Lepidium alpinum 2. 128, 
 Vesicaria siimata 2. 133, Thlaspi montamim 131, Iberis odorata 132, Hesperis tristis 296, H. inodora 
 297 " alcea americana " 2 26 Hibiscus subdariffa 2. 26, Polygala major 1. 324, Erythrina corallo- 
 dendron app. 253, Anthyllis cytisoides 96, A. erinacea 107, Vicia pisiformis 2. 229, Coronilla glauca 
 97, C. coronata 98, Trifolium alpestre 245, Lotus tetragonolobus 2. 244, Hypericum Balearicum 1. 68, 
 Aparna incaua 2 141, Saussurea disco/or 2. 151, Carduus defloratus 2. 149, Serratula simpler 150, 
 Carlina racemosa 2. 157, Carthamus coeruleus 2. 152, Senecio abrotanifolius 334, Cineraria alpina 2. 
 23 Senecio doronicum 2. 17, Inula ensifolia 15, Chrysanthemum alpinum 1. 335, Achillea tanaceti- 
 folia 331, Buphthalmum salicifolium 2. 13, Centaurea alba 9, Corallorhiza Linnaei 2. 120, Aristo- 
 lochia glauca 2. 71, Quercus Austriaca 20. Corylus tubulosa 1. 11, Polypodium calcareum 2. 212, 
 Botrychium rutaceum 3. 119, Eucus -vesiculosus 1. 21, Peziza auricula 2. 276, and Merulius loba- 
 
 tus 294. 
 
 Erysi?num Orientale of the mountains of middle Europe. Described by Clusius hist. ii. 127, — 
 and C. Bauhin pin. 112; termed " brassica orientalis perfoliata flore albo siliqua quadrangula " by 
 Tournefort cor. 16, " b. orientalis " by Linnaeus, " erysimum perfoliatum " by Crantz, " e. glaucum " 
 by Moench (Steud.), and known to grow from Montpelier to Thuringia and Austria (Jacq. austr pi. 
 
 116 
 
922 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 2S2-3, and Pers.). Transported to Britain, has been found adventive, springing up spontaneously 
 (Wats. cyb. i. 154). 
 
 Thlaspi alptstrc of Western Europe. Described by Clusius hist. 2. 131 — (Spreng.), Arduino 11. 
 pi. TS, and Linnaeus: observed by Hudson in Britain (Engl bot. pi. St) ; known to grow in moun- 
 tainous pasture-land in Switzerland and on the Pyrenees (Pers., Dec, and Wats ), but remains 
 unknown in Lapland and Siberia (A. Dec). By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, 
 observed by Airs. Perceval in Canada. 
 
 Alyssum incanitm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed "thlaspi incanum 
 machliniense " by Clusius hist ii. 132, — " alysson fruticosum incanum" by Tournefort inst. 217, and 
 known to grow throughout middle Europe (C. Bauh. pin. 108, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in 
 Sweden ; by Roth, in Germany ; by Sibthorp, on mount Athos. 
 
 HcliantJicmumfumana of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " cha- 
 maecistus sextus" by Clusius hist. i. 74, — "h. tenuifolium glabrum luteo flore per humum sparsum " 
 by Bauhin hist. ii. iS. and Tournefort inst. 240. " herba fumana " by Bartholin, and known to grow from 
 Gothland to France and Switzerland and throughout middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 252, and Pers.) : 
 observed by Linnaeus in Gothland ; by Sibthorp, on mount Athos. 
 
 Silene nutans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " lychnis sylvestris nona " 
 by Clusius hist. i. 291, — "1. montana viscosa alba latifolia" by C. Bauhin pin. 205, and Tournefort 
 inst. 335. and known to grow from Sweden throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 242, En;], bot. pi. 
 465, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in mountain meads in Sweden ; by Loesel pi. 40 in Prussia; 
 by Scopoli, in Carniolia ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Silene alpestris of the mountains of middle Europe. Described by Clusius hist. 1. 291* — 
 (Spreng.); termed " lychnis quadrifida" by Scopoli (Steud.), and known to grow on the Tyrolean 
 and Austrian Alps (Jacq. aust. i. pi. 96, and Koch). A single specimen collected in Scotland, on a 
 mountain East of Clova (Bab., and A. Dec). 
 
 Limodorum abortivum of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Clu- 
 sius hist. 1. 270 — (Spreng.), termed "orchis abortiva" by Linnaeus, and known to grow in shaded 
 situations throughout middle Europe (Swartz, and Pers.) : observed by Allioni and Decandolle fl. 
 in France; by Jacquin pi. 193, in Austria; by Scopoli, in Carniolia; by Chaubard, in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 Lilium Pyrcnaiatm of the Pyrenees and Southern Alps. Termed " montanum flavum " by Clu- 
 sius hist. 2. 256 — (Spreng.); observed by Gouan on the Pyrenees, known to grow also on the 
 Southern Alps of Switzerland (A. Dec). Transported to Britain, cultivated in gardens : but prior 
 to 1850 found by G. Maas in a locality about a mile and a half from Molland in North Devonshire 
 (Bot. Gaz. ii. 305, Phytol., and Wats. cyb. iii. 370), but A. Decandolle suggests, it .may have been 
 planted. 
 
 Scilla autumnalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Clusius hist. 185 
 — (Spreng.), termed " ornithogalum autumnale minus flore dilute purpureo" by Tournefort inst. 3S1, 
 and known to grow from Britain throughout middle and Southern Europe (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 25, Cav. 
 iii. pi. 274, and Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to 
 Constantinople. 
 
 A Ilium panicttlatuni of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Clu- 
 sius hist. 194 — (Spreng.) ; termed " a. montanum bicorne flore obsoletiore '' bv Tournefort inst. 384, 
 and known to grow from Italy and Switzerland to Siberia (Hall, opusc. 25. and Pers.) : observed by 
 Scopoli 398 in Carniolia ; by Sibthorp, Link, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos 
 and Bithynia; and received by Bieberstein from the Taurian mountains. 
 
 Allium Clusianum of the Mediterranean Countries. Observed by Clusius hist. i. pi. 192 in 
 Southern Europe — (Pers.) ; by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 * Sarraccuia purpurea of Northeast America. The side-saddle jlowei\ transported to Europe, 
 described by Clusius hist. 2. 82 — (Spreng.), Plukenet amalth. pi. 376, and Miller pi. 376. Westward, 
 is known to grow from Quebec to Lake Huron and farther North (Hook.), and "from New England 
 to Wisconsin" (A. Gray), but farther South not seen West of the Alleghanies by Nuttall ; was 
 observed by Lapylaie from 51° in Newfoundland; by Josselyn pi. 54. in New England; by myself, 
 as far as 40 ; by Schweinitz, to 36 in Upper Carolina; by Catesby ii.pl. 70, in South Carolina; 
 by Elliot, in the middle district of Carolina and Georgia; by Chapman, in " Florida and northward." 
 
 Scabiosa atropurpurea of Austral Africa? Herbaceous with sweet-scented flowers. Transported 
 to Europe, is described by Clusius hist. 2. 3 — (Spreng.), Linnaeus, Mocnch, and Schott (Steud.); 
 and is cultivated in gardens, sometimes springing up spontaneously in cultivated ground (A. Dec). 
 Eastward, was observed by Lush at Dapooree in Hindustan "introduced from the Cape " (Graham). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 923 
 
 Allium flavum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Clusius hist. 194 — 
 (Spreng.), and Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 157 ; termed " a. juncifolium bicorne luteum " by Tournefort inst. 
 384 ; and known to grow from Fontairiebleau to Montpelier (Pers.) : observed by Jacquin pi. 141 in 
 Austria ; by Sibthorp, on the Greek islands. 
 
 "March, 1602" (Strach. 154), Samuell Mace, in the employ of Sir Walter Raleigh, sailing from 
 England . but instead of examining the country around Hatteras, he visited the coast "forty leagues 
 to the so-westward" in "34 ;" procuring " saxafras " at that time "worth some three shillings the 
 lb," also " Chyna roots" (Smilax pseudo-China), "benjamin" {Benzoin odoriferum), " cassia lignea" 
 {Cassia Marilandica) , "and the rynd of the tree which growes there, more strong than any spice, 
 the vertue whereof, at length, is nowe well knowne " {Aralia spinosa). 
 
 "May 15th" (Strachey, Purchas, and Holmes), by Bartholomew Gosnold, in making the first 
 direct passage from England West to America, a headland discovered "in the latitude of forty-two 
 degrees," and named by him "cape Cod." Following the coast Southward and soon Westward, an 
 island discovered on the "2tst," and named by him ." Martha's Vineyard" from the " nombre of 
 vynes " {Vitis labrusca). Beyond this, on another island named by him " Elizabeth," he commenced 
 a fort and settlement. The island proved to be covered with "oaks, ashes, beech, walnut, witch- 
 hazel" {Ulmus Americana), " sassafrage and cedars" {Juniperus Virginiana), "with divers others 
 of unknown names ; '' also " wild pease " (Pisum maritimum), " young sassafrage " {Sassafras offi- 
 cinale), "cherry-trees, gooseberry-bushes" {Ribes hirtellum), "hawthorn" {Crataegus coccinea), 
 " honeysuckles " {Azalea viscosa), " with others of the like quality ; " besides " strawberries " {Fra- 
 garia Virginiana), "rasps" {Rubus strigostis), "eglantine" {Rosa lucida), "ground-nuts" {Apios 
 tuberosa), "surrin " ( .... ), " tansy " {Potentilla anserina), " etc. without count." * —Dissensions 
 arising, the whole party "June 18th" sailed for home. 
 
 " 1603, March 24th " (Bl lir, and Nicol. p 339), Elizabeth queen of England succeeded by James 
 VI. of Scotland. Thereby uniting the two kingdoms, under the general title "Great Britain." 
 
 " May " (Churchill coll., and chron. edit, by Michelant), anchoring at Tadoussac, Samuel Cham- 
 plain continued up the St. Lawrence to the rapids, " getting information of several great lakes and of 
 a boundless sea at four hundred leagues distance westward." 
 
 " Beginning of June " (Purchas, and Holmes), arrival of Martin Pring with two small vessels on 
 the American coast, "between the forty-third and forty-fourth degrees of north latitude, among a 
 multitude of islands." Following the coast South, in search of sassafras, he entered a large sound ; 
 and on the North side, " in the latitude of forty-one degrees and odde minutes," built a hut and enclosed 
 it with a barricade ; where some of the party kept guard while others collected sassafras in the woods. 
 The natives were treated with kindness, and the last of the two vessels departed well freighted on - 
 the "9th of August." 
 
 " The same year" (art de verif.), Mohammed III. succeeded by Achmed or Achmet, sixteenth 
 Turkish sultan. 
 
 " The same year " (Spreng.), the Academia Lynceorum, the earliest literary and scientific associa- 
 tion, founded by Fridericus Csesius of Rome. 
 
 -jr" 1604, May 6th " (Churchill coll., Charlev., and Holmes), arrival in Acadie of De Monts, with 
 two ships. Doubling Cape Sable, he entered an extensive bay ; and on the East side, found a harbor 
 which he named Port Royal, and settled there some of his men. On the West side of the Bay, he 
 discovered a great river which he called St. John; and proceeding thence "southwesterly twenty 
 leagues," he wintered on an island which he called St. Croix. 
 
 •' The same year " (Humb. cosm. ii.), sudden appearance in the foot of the constellation Ophiucus 
 of a star of more than the first magnitude. The star soon disappeared, — and from this time, no new 
 star of the first or second magnitude has made its appearance in the heavens. 
 
 "The same year" (M. Russell p. 273), the Abyssinian king Za Denghel converted to Catholicism 
 by the Jesuit Peter Paez, and the observance of Saturday or the Jewish sabbath prohibited. The 
 Abyssiniaus revolting, Za Denghel was overpowered and slain, and Yacob was restored as king. 
 
 "1605, May" (Strachey, and Slafter), Capt. Georg Weymouth sailing along the coast from 
 Cape Cod as far as the Sachadehoc (Kennebec). He continued sailing "very neere forty miles" up 
 the river which he found " virged with a greene border of grasse " and a noble growth of timber, the 
 
 * Thaspium aureum of Northeast America. A yellow-flowered Umbelliferous plant, perhaps the 
 "alexander" seen by Gosnold on Elizabeth Islands, — and the " alexanders which grow upon rocks 
 by the seashore " seen by Josselyn 45 farther North in New England : T. aureum was received by 
 Hooker from Quebec and Lake Huron ; was observed by myself from 44 throughout New England ; 
 by A. Gray, " not rare" in central New York; by Pursh, from Pennsylvania to Carolina; by Elliot, 
 in South Carolina ; by Chapman, in " Florida, and northward." 
 
924 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " goodly oake " (On ere us rubra), "birch" {Bctula papyracea), "tall firre " (Strolms Americanus), 
 "and spruce " (A dies nigra). Having "sett upp a crosse with his majestie's inscription thereon " he 
 returned to England. 
 
 " In this year" (Peyrere relat. du Groenl. 218), under instructions fro:n Christian IV. of Den- 
 mark, Gotske Lindenau sailing for Greenland. He brought back some of the natives, — and in the 
 following year, on a second voyage, brought back others; who remained some, years in Denmark. 
 Also "a Greenland calendar, composed of twenty-five or thirty little bones fastened to a strap of 
 sheepskin, which is not used by any but the original Greenlanders." 
 
 "Nov. 5th" (Blair), in England, Gunpowder plot detected. — The celebration of this event, 
 brought into New England by the first colonists, was within my recollection kept up in Salem : and 
 may be regarded as the beginning of New England Tradition. 
 
 " In this year" (Blochmann, and W. W. Hunter), Akbar succeeded by Jahangir, now emperor of 
 Hindustan. — In whose reign, arrival of the first British ambassador, Thomas Roe. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Clusius publishing his Exot., enumerating Protea nereifolia 38, Yucca 
 Draconis 48, Ranunculus amplexicaulis app. alt. exot., " indicum " 89. Polypodium quercifolium 
 and Clatlirus ruber app. alt. exot. 
 
 Ornithegaliiiu nutans of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed "neapoli- 
 tanum " by Clusius app. alt. exot. — (Spreng.), observed by Jacquin pi. 301 in Austria, and known to 
 occur in Switzerland and Italy (Pers.) : observed " in 17S7 " on the ramparts of Copenhagen (fl. Dan. 
 pi. 912), "in 1808" in Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1997) and has since become more frequent (Bab.), is 
 known to occur in Holland (prodr fl. bat. 273). and sparingly in central France (A. Dec.) ; was 
 observed by Koch here and there in Germany ; by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Dorstenia Drakena of Eastern Mexico. An Urticaceous herb, transported to Europe, described 
 by Clusius exot. 83 — (Spreng.), Miller diet 3, and Linnaeus. Westward, grows wild on "high 
 ground near Vera Cruz," and its exported root constitutes a fourth kind of contrayerva (Houston 
 phil. trans. 421 pi. 195, Guibourt, and Lindl.). 
 
 Dorstenia Houstoni of Central America. Known probablv as early as this date. — Transported 
 to Europe, is described by Miller diet. 2, and Linnaeus. Westward, grows wild on "high rocky 
 ground near Campeachy," and its exported root constitutes a fifth kind of lontrayerva (Houston phil. 
 trans. 421 pi. 195, Guibourt, and Lindl.). 
 
 '' 1606, Jan 26th " (Leza, and Stanley append. De Moiga 403), Ouiros from Peru arriving in sight 
 of Anegada. a flat uninhabited islet about two leagues long, " in 25°" S. and "one thousand leagues 
 irom Callao." On the "29th," another uninhabited island without anchorage, Sin Puerto, was 
 reached, "in 24^° and 1075 leagues from Callao." "Feb. 4th and 5th," four islands were reached, 
 " three or four leagues apart " and "in 20 and 21 ." On the "9th," an islet "like those left behind" 
 was seen " in 19°, " and received the name of " Santa Polonia." On the " 10th," a flat island " in 18 
 10'," full of palm trees, with "people on the beach," armed with long lances (Paumotuans) ; two 
 Spaniards, swimming to the shore, met with a friendly reception, and in return a chief and an old 
 woman came off to the ship; they were "clothed and treated," but were " much frightened," and on 
 being set on shore, sent back a parting gift of "a bunch of hair and some poor feathers, and some 
 carved shells of pearl oysters," the "finery " of this "very wild people: the woman had "a small 
 white dog like ours ;" half of "a pulley ol cedar, wrought on the coast of Nicaragua or Peru," was 
 found on the island, and the chief's canoe was " not of mic piece of wood," but " as good as could 
 have been made in Castile " (probably the work of survivors from a Spanish shipwreck) : coasting 
 along on the " 12th," the island was found to be "twenty-five leagues long and ten broad, all the 
 middle is sunk, as though" "a piece of the sea surrounded by land" (Dean's Island). On the 
 " 13th," in " io>°," another island. ( >n the " 14th," an island " in if," found by De Leza to be " in 
 a straight line 139R leagues" from Callao. On the "21st," an island "in 10J ," understood to be 
 San Bernardo. Sailing thence W. and a quarter N. \V. " fully ten degrees," on " March 2d " a low 
 island, the people and arms " of the fashion of those we had left behind ; " the island received the 
 name of La Matanza, and on landing in spite of the opposition of the natives, " some little dags were 
 found in the village." 
 
 Continuing on the same "parallel for thirty-two days," at the end of " 1940 leagues from the 
 city of Lima" a very high island called Taomaco ; the inhabitants "great seafarers, all well furnished 
 with beards " (Papuans), " great archers and throwers of javelins and very venturesome ; their boats, 
 which are very large, could go a great distance ; the\ gave us information of more than forty 
 islands, large and small, and all inhabited," "telling us that they fought with several of them ; " 
 information also " of the isle of Santa Cruz, and ol" that which happened there to " Mendaiia, and sent 
 a canoe there, a distance of "sixty leagues," to convey the news ; "there were amongst them white 
 people " (albinoes) "and others red, other native Indians of the colour of those of the Indies '" (Malay- 
 ans), "and others black, swarthy, and dusky," for they use captives as slaves for their tillage ; they 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 925 
 
 live on "yams and fish," cocoa-nuts, and have "pigs and fowls : " on leaving, Quiros carried away 
 four of the natives. One of these (according to Hale ethnogr. 168 to 195) was a native of Chikayana, 
 four days sail from Taomaco and two days from Guaytopo (Vaitupu), had seen people of Guaytopo, 
 driven out of their course in seeking " tortoise-shell of which they make ear-rings," and described 
 the women as wearing "a veil of blue or black called foafoa ; " he further stated that a great pilot, a 
 native of Taomaco, had procured "from a large country named Pouro " (Bouro) "arrows pointed 
 with a metal as white as silver" — {tin from the Malayan archipelago). Confirmation is found in 
 Rienzi ocean, iii. 384 meeting with a Eugis captain who had visited the Solomon Islands : and Hale 
 found the natives of Vaitupu " wearing ear-rings of tortoise-shell, a very unusual ornament in Poly- 
 nesia," and the women, a " long fringe of pandanus leaves called fou." (See Burotu.) 
 
 From information procured at Taomaco, Quiros now sailed southwest, and "in 12^°" found "an 
 island of the size of that of Taomaco with the same sort of people," and "called Chucupia ; " the 
 natives offered peace, and "presented the husk of a tree, which looked like a very fine cloth" 
 (tapa). Continuing South, and afterwards "a day's sail" West, a volcano was discovered, "very 
 high and thick, more than three leagues in circumference" (Tanna), "and with black inhabitants 
 with thick beards" {Papuans) : "to the west, and in sight" at "the distance of eight leagues," was 
 an island "well peopled with black inhabitants " {Negrillos), two of whom were caught, and "were 
 clothed and fed, and the next day put on shore," but at a port "a gunshot further on" a Spaniard 
 was wounded with an arrow : in sight and all around " were many very high and large islands ; " and 
 "going southwards," one of these islands was found " May 1st " to contain a bay fifteen or sixteen 
 leagues in circumference, "well inhabited and very fertile, with yams and many fruits, pigs, and 
 fowls; all these people are black and naked" {Negrillos'), "fight with arrows, javelins, and large 
 clubs ; they never would be friends with us, although we spoke together many times, and I treated 
 them; I never set foot on shore with their good will, as they always wished to oppose it, and we 
 always fought with little risk; " the island received the name of " Espiritu Santo " (the largest island 
 of the New Hebrides) ; the bay is "in 15 20'," is "very fresh, and has many and large rivers," and on 
 the "6th," Quiros took formal possession, "and of the Austral regions to the pole," in the name 
 of the king of Spain: "June nth," Quiros, a Portuguese among Spaniards, was prevented by his 
 mutinous crew from making farther explorations ; but arrived safely with his ship at Navidad in 
 Mexico " Oct. 20th." 
 
 Torres, in command of the second ship, knowing only that the flagship went forth "at one 
 o'clock after midnight " without " making signals," spent " fifteen days " in a fruitless search, opened 
 the king's orders, and proceeded south-west a degree beyond the latitude named (40 S.) without 
 seeing land. Turning "north-north-west as far as n^°," he "fell in with the beginning of New 
 Guinea" (the Southern point of Louisiada), and as he " could not go up it by the east side," "went 
 coasting to the west, and on the south side it is all the land of New Guinea; it is peopled by Indians 
 who are not very white, and naked, though their middles are well covered with the bark of trees, after 
 the manner of cloth, much coloured and painted" (tapa) ; "they fight with javelins and bucklers, and 
 some stone clubs, with many gaudy feathers about them.'' " Having run three hundred leagues of 
 coast" to "9°," a bank begins "which stretches along the coast until 7^°, and the extremity of it 
 is five;" he was therefore obliged to go out South-west to "n°," and keep in the deep channel ; 
 "there were some very large islands, and more were seen towards the south ; they were inhabited 
 by black people, naked, and very corpulent" {Papuans), having "for weapons some thick and long 
 lances, many arrows, very uncouth stone clubs." Following "this shoal for two months" to " 5 , 
 and ten leagues from the coast, and we had gone four hundred and eighty leagues ; here the coast 
 trends to the north-east" (he had passed through what are now called Torres Straits). Running to 
 the North "as far as 4 , when we fell in with a coast which also stretched from east to west," under- 
 stood to be continuous with that left behind, and "inhabited by black people, different from all the 
 rest " " more o-audily adorned ; they also use arrows and javelins, and very large shields, and some 
 blow-pipes of cane full of lime which they discharge;" continuing "west north-west beside the 
 coast, always finding these people, though we landed in several places," also meeting with " the first 
 iron and bells of China, and other things from there," we went " a hundred and thirty leagues, so that 
 the extremity would remain at fifty leagues distance : " at the extremity " we found some clothed 
 Moors, with artillery," "arquebuses, and white weapons; they go conquering these people who are 
 named' Papuas {Negrillos), and preach to them the sect of Mahomed; these Moors traded with us, 
 sellino- us fowls, and goats, and fruit, and some pepper and biscuit, which they call saga," and "gave 
 us news of the events in the Moluccas, and of Dutch ships, though they had not reached here." 
 
 "July 26th " (Lesc. iv. 12), De Monts and Poutrincourt on their Second voyage arriving at Port 
 Royal, where they found two survivors of the party left behind. In the forest around, Lescarbot vi. 
 24 met with " chenes " {Quercus rubra), " Irenes " {Fraxinus sambucifolia), " bouleaux fort bons en 
 menuiserie" {Detula lenta), " erables " {Acer ritbrum), " sycomores " {Acer saccharinum), " aube- 
 
g 2 6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 pins " (Cralcr^ns coccinea), "framboises" (Rubits strigosus), "petits fruits bleuz " (Vaccinium Cana- 
 dciise) " et rouges " ( V. vitis-Idaa), " grozelles semblables aux notres mais elles deviennent rouges " 
 {Grossularia hirtella), " ces autres grozelles rondelettes que nous appellions guedres " {Viburnum 
 ofiulus), "pois en quatite sur les rives de mer " {Laihyrus maritimus). — Returning to France "in 
 1607," Lescarbot iv. 3 again visited Port Royal, and remained there three years. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Adrian Spigelius publishing his Isag. in rem herb. — 
 He died "in 1626." 
 
 As early as this year (Spreng.), Augerius Clutius after traversing Spain crossing to Morocco. 
 — He returned '• in 1607," and his work was published in " 1634." 
 
 " 1607 A. D." (Humb. cosm. ii.), Halley's comet making its appearance. 
 
 " Apr. 26th " (Purchas, Smyth, Churchill coll., Holmes, and archaeol. Amer. iv.), under a charter 
 from king James, arrival of Christopher Newport with three ships in " the bay of Chesapeac." Sail- 
 ing up the Powhatan river, men were landed "May 14th" on the North side; who proceeded to cut 
 down the trees, to the alarm of the natives, and named the place "James Town." An aristocratic 
 form of administration prepared by the home government, was established ; and under Edward 
 Maria Wingfield as president, the first permanent English settlement on the American continent 
 inaugurated 
 
 Ascending the river to the head of tide-water, Newport (relatyon, archaeolog Amer. iv. 42) on 
 " May 22 Fryday " was offered baskets of " dryed oysters " (Ostrea Virginicd) ; also, " wheate " {Zea 
 mays), "beanes" {Phaseolus vulgaris.), "and mulberyes " {Rubus), "sodd together;" and on "May 
 23 Satturday," a " wiroans," who " satt upon a matt of reeds with his people about him," gave " a deare 
 roasted," caused " his weomen to make cakes," and also gave " his crowne, which was of deare's 
 hayre dyed redd." While "banquetting with them, seeing their dauncs, and taking tobacco,'' the great 
 chief Powatah arrived : when '• they all rose from their matts, save " the wiroans Arahatec, " separated 
 themselves aparte in fashion of a guard, and with a long shout they saluted him." Continuing up the 
 river to the residence of Powatah, on a high hill with "a playne betweene it and the water, twelve 
 score over, wheron he sowes his wheate, beane, peaze " {Phaseolus vulgaris var.), " tobacco, pompions, 
 gowrds" (Lagenaria), "flaxe" (Linum Virginianuin), "etc.," Newport was hospitably received, but 
 was not permitted to proceed inland beyond the Falls. He learned however that the " caquassun " or 
 copper " was gott in the bites of rocks, and betweene cliffs in certayne vaynes " (clearly therefore from 
 Lake Superior) ; and found it flexible enough to bend "a peece of the thicknes of a shilling rounde 
 about" the finger (native copper being as is well known toucher than smelted copper). " May 25," 
 returning down the river, he was shown the herb "wisacan, which they say heales poysoned wounds " 
 (. . . ), and which "is like lyverwort or bloudwort ; " also, "a roote wherewith they poisen their 
 arrowes" ( . . .). "They would shew us any thing we demaunded ; and laboured very much, by 
 signes, to make us understand their languadg." The natives are further described: as living " com- 
 only by the water-side, in litle cottages made of canes and reeds covered with the barke of trees ; " 
 some "fortie or fif tie in a hatto or small village, which townes are not past a myle or half a myle asun- 
 der in most places ; " the women doing " all the labour," while " the men hunt and goe at plesure." 
 They ' goe all naked, save their privityes, yet in coole weather they weare deare-skinns with the hayre 
 on, loose : some have leather stockings up to their twists, and sandalls on their feet." Their "feight 
 is alway in the wood, with 1 ow and arrowes and a short wodden sword." They " steale anything 
 comes neare them ; " and " having once conveyed, they hold it an injury to take the same from them." 
 " They sacrifice tobacco to the sunn, f.iyre picture, or a harmefull thing, as a swoord or peece ; also, they 
 strincle some into the water in the morning before they wash. They have many wives; to whome, as 
 neare as I could perceive, they keep constant. The great king Powatah had most wives. These they 
 abide not to be toucht before their face." The country is described as naturally yielding "vines 
 aboundance," "respesses" {Rubus strigosus ?), " scarretts " {Archemora rigniaf), " the roote called 
 Sigilla christi" (Polygonatum), "and many other unknovvne ; " also " apothecary-druggs of diverse 
 sorts, some knowne to be of good estimacon, some strange, of whose vertue the salvages report 
 wonders." 
 
 " May 26th " (relatyon Newp. p. 54), first attack by the natives on the colonists at James Town ; 
 the assailants numbering "above two hundred." Hostile demonstrations by smaller parties were 
 made at intervals during the ensuing months. "Dec. 10th " (Wingfield in archaeol. Amer. iv. 92), 
 John Smith ascending the Chechohomynies river, was "taken prysoner, and by the means of his 
 guide, his leif was saved : " after some days he was brought "to the great Powaton," who had already 
 proffered friendship, and who, — "Jan. 8th," sent him home. The chief's daughter Pocahontas at 
 this time a child (Deane in note) ; she is not mentioned in the early accounts of the transaction. 
 
 "July 30th" (Strachey, Hakl. soc. 1849. and Purchas), George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert with 
 two ships on their way to the Sachadehoc (Kennebec) arriving in sight of land. "Aug. 1st," a party 
 landing "on a galland island" in "44j°" found "gooseberries" {Grossularia cynosbati), "strawber- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 927 
 
 ries" {Fragaria Virginiana), "raspices" (Rubus strigosus), "hurts" {Vaccinium), "and all the island 
 full of huge high trees of divers sorts." Sailing thence " so-west, for soe the coast lieth," on the 
 " 17th " the two captains entered the Sachadehoc, and on the " 18th " made " choise of a place for their 
 plantacion, at the mouth or entry of the ryver on the west side." While the fort was building, Gilbert 
 on the " 28th " sailed in the shallop Westward as far as a headland in " 43^°," the trees growing thereon 
 being "most oake " (Quercus rubra) "and walnutt" (Juglans cinered), the islands on the way "all 
 overgrowne with woods, as oak, walnutt, pine, spruse trees, hasell nutts, sarsaparilla, and hurts in 
 abundaunce." After an unsuccessful attempt to find the Penobscot, had a sight "Sept. 15th in the 
 morning, of a biasing starr in the nor-east of them." On the " 25th," at the head of navigation on 
 the Sachadehoc, were "great store of grapes, both redd and white " (Vitis cordifolia and V. labrusea, 
 unripe), "good hopps" (Ostrya Virginicaf), "as also chiballs and garlike" {Allium schoenoprasum 
 and A. Canadense), "certaine codds in which they supposed the cotton wooll to grow" (Asclepias 
 Cornuti), and among other trees "pineaple" (Pi/ins rainosa ?). The ensuing winter proved " ex- 
 treame unseasonable and frosty," but the colonists " fully finished the fort," built "fifty howses therein, 
 besides a church and a storehowse," also a "pynnace of about some thirty tonne, which they called 
 the Virginia," obtained many kinds of furs "from the Indians by way of trade," and gathered "good 
 store of sarsaparilla '' {Ara/ia nudicaulis and A. hispida *) : but " noe mynes " were discovered, Capt. 
 Popham died, — and a ship with supplies arriving in the spring brought news of a legacy to Capt. Gil- 
 bert requiring his presence in England, when the colonists unwilling to remain behind all embarked 
 for home. 
 
 "Before the middle of August" (Purchas iii. 464, and Asher edit. Huds. p. cxci), by Henry 
 Hudson on his First voyage, an island discovered in " 71° N." near the Greenland coast, and named 
 Hudson's Tutches — (now called Jan Mayen). 
 
 " 1608, J-une 26th " (narrat., edit. Asher). Hudson on his Second voyage arriving on the coast of 
 Nova Zembla in " 72 25' N. : " parties landing at different times found "a crosse standing on the 
 shoare, much driftwood, and signes of fires," also "a herd of white deere " (Cervus rangiferiiius), 
 " footings of many great beares, of deere, and foxes," grass " of the last yeere and young grasse came 
 up amongst it a shaftman long," also "flowers and greene things that did there grow." As far as 
 examined Nova Zembla seemed "a pleasant land, much mayne high land with no snow on it, looking 
 in some places greene, and deere feeding thereon; and the hills are partly covered with snow." 
 
 Ely mus arenarius of the seashore in Arctic and Subarctic climates. A species of ly me grass, 
 probably the tall '• grasse " seen on Nova Zembla : — E. arenarius is termed " gramen spicatum seca- 
 linum maritimum spica breviore" by Tournefort inst. 518 ; was observed by Forskal along the Sea of 
 Marmora, and by Sibthorp from the Greek islands to the Euxine ; is known to grow along the Atlantic 
 seashore from France to Ireland and Lapland (Pers., and Wats.). Westward, was received by Hooker 
 from Arctic America ; was observed by him on Iceland ; by Lapylaie, on Newfoundland ; by Kalm, as 
 far South as 48 on the Lower St. Lawrence ; by myself to 47° 30'. 
 
 "July ;d" (N. Shaw edit. Champl. p. xxiv), having arrived at a narrow part of the St. Lawrence, 
 Champlain decided to establish his settlement on a spot called by the natives " Quebec ; " and caused 
 dwellings to be erected, and the land apportioned, cleared and sown. — On the following " 18th of 
 May," he proceeded farther up the river, and having promised the natives aid against the Iroquois, 
 arrived at Saint Croix on the " 1st of June." Entering the Iroquois river, his boat was stopped at the 
 first rapid ; but Champlain, with only two of his men willing to accompany him, kept on with the natives 
 and their canoes " July 2d." On reaching the Lake (which continues to bear his name) a battle ensued 
 at a village on its border, when Champlain with his " arquebuss loaded with four balls " killed at one 
 shot two Iroquois chiefs and wounded a third : this decided the contest in favour of his native allies, 
 who returned to the St. Lawrence with "ten or twelve prisoners." In " 1610," he accompanied the 
 Als;onqiiins asjainst the Iroquois, and stormed a fort or stockade; and hearing from his friend De 
 Monts at Paris, returned to France. 
 
 " Summer" (Smith, Purchas, and Holmes), exploration of the Chesapeake by John Smith in an 
 open baro-e : sailing in all "about three thousand miles." At the Susquehanna river, the natives had 
 implements "of iron and brass," derived by their own account from the French of Canada. 
 
 " In this year" (edit. Markh.), Francisco de Avila recording Peruvian legends. 
 
 * Aralia hispida of Northeast America. Called there bristly sarsaparilla (A. Gray), and pos- 
 sibly included in the " sarsaparilla " gathered on this occasion : — the other " sarsaparilla " is described 
 by Josselyn as "having the same leaf, but is a shrub as high as a gooseberry-bush, and full of sharp 
 thorns : " A. hispida is known to grow from Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan (Hook.) ; was observed 
 by Michaux at Hudson's Bay and in Canada ; by myself, along the Atlantic as far as 42 N. beyond 
 Salem ; and by Pursh, on the Alleghanies in Pennsylvania and Virginia. 
 
928 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "The same year" (Bhir, and Humb. cosm. it.), telescopes invented in Holland. Three instru- 
 ments offered to the government "Oct. 2d" by Hans Lippershey ; and on the " 17th," a similar offer 
 by Jacob Adriansz called Melius, who claimed to have made such instruments for "two years." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Clusius continuing his botanical investigations, describing Saxifraga 
 hircultis post. 11. — He died "in 1609," and his Cur. post, were published "in 161 1."* 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Schwenckfeld writing his Cat. plant. Hirschb., enumerating Tussilago 
 spuria, T. nivea. 
 
 '■ In this year" (Spreng. gesch. ii. 91), J. Robin and Petr. Vallet publishing their Jardin du 
 Henri IV., enumerating Haemanthus multiflorus. 
 
 " 1609 A. D." (San-kokf transl. Klapr.), Sio-nei (Chang-ning) "twentieth " Loo Choo king of the 
 Tame-tomo dynasty, taken prisoner by the prince of Satsouma and carried to Japan. — After "four 
 years," he was released and returned to his own country : the Loo Choo kings have since continued 
 vassals of Japan. 
 
 "May 15th" (Major introd. Strach. p. xi.), sailing of nine vessels with five hundred emigrants 
 for the new colony in the Chesapeake. The ship containing the three officers, Sir Thomas Gates 
 lieutenant governor, Sir George Sumers admiral, and Christopher Newport vice admiral, became 
 separated "July 28th" (Strach. 42), and was wrecked on Bermuda: where they occupied themselves 
 "in forming a settlement" and building "two small vessels." In the mean time, the seat of Sumers 
 in parliament was declared vacant, on account of his accepting a colonial office : apparently the first 
 notice of Virginia by the English parliament ( Holmes). The remaining vessels, with the exception 
 of one ketch that was lost, reached James Town "Aug. nth." 
 
 " May 19th N. S." (Juet, and Asher edit. Huds. 4(1), Hudson off North Cape on his Third voyage 
 " observed the sunne having a slake " (without the aid of a telescope) : — in " March, 1610 " (Humb. cosm. 
 ii. and iv.), John Fabricius of East Friesland from the gradual change in position of solar spots inferred 
 rotation of the sun : and solar spots were seen " Dec 8th " by Thomas Harriot, who however did not 
 recognize them as belonging to the sun. 
 
 " July 18th N. S." (Juet, Van Meteren, and Asher edit. Huds. 61 to 149), Hudson in the Dutch 
 service entering a harbour in " Nova Francia " in " 44 1' " (near the Kennebec) : he here cut a new 
 fore-mast, one of the natives speaking "some words of French ; " and "on the 19th," two French 
 shallops came in, bringing "red cassockes, knives, hatchets, copper, kettles, trevits, beades, and other 
 trifles" to trade for furs. " Aug. 3d," in about "41 56'," the shallop with five men was sent in to 
 sound, and landing (on the peninsula of Cape Cod) found "goodly grapes" (litis labmsca) and 
 " rose trees " (Kalmia la/ifo/ia) : voices were heard on the following day. and a boat sent on shore 
 "found them to be savages which seemed very glad of our comming," and had " greene tabacco " 
 (Nicotiana rustica). Continuing South, Hudson " on the 18th " in " 37 26' " on the north side of " the 
 entrance into the King's river in Virginia" (Chesapeake) " where our English-men are ;" and " on the 
 24th " was in " 35 41', being farre off at sea." Returning, "on the 28th " he found the land trending 
 " north-west, with a great bay and rivers " (mouth of the Delaware) : but the bay " shoald," and he 
 turned back. " Sept. 3d," he entered an opening in "40 30' " (entrance to the Hudson), finding "a 
 very good harbour," abundance of "blue plums" (Primus maritima), some " currants" brought by 
 the natives " dryed" (Vacciiiiiini), and the country " full of great and tall oakes : " proceeding up the 
 river, " on the 22d " he reached the " end for shipping to goe in," but boats went "eight or nine 
 leagues " farther, finding " but seven foot water," and Hudson himself landed in " 42 18' • " on the 
 "25th," nine or ten leagues down the river, on "the west side" were found "great store of goodly 
 oakes, and walnut-trees" (Carya), "and chest-nut trees" (Castanca Americana"), "ewe trees" 
 (Abies Canadensis), " and trees of sweet wood in great abundance" (Liquidambar styracijlna), "and 
 great store of slate for houses : " on the " 30th,'' the " wind at south-east, a stiffe gale betweene the 
 mountaynes ; " " Oct. 1st," at the end of seven leagues "got downe below the mountaynes," then "it 
 fell calme," and "the people of the mountaynes came aboord;" a thieving native endeavouring to 
 escape with his plunder was shot, and hostilities commenced; "on the 2d," at the end of " i-\-y-\-2 " 
 leagues, "anchored in a bay cleere from all danger of them on the other side of the river," on that 
 side "that is called Manna-hata ; " on the "4th," sailed from the inlet. "Nov. 7th," Hudson with a 
 mutinous crew, composed in great part of Englishmen, arrived at Dartmouth, and was detained by 
 the government. 
 
 " Dec. 29th " (Riccioli, Blair, and Humb. cosm. ii.), through the invention of telescopes, the four 
 satellites of Jupiter discovered by Simon Marius at Ansbach, — and "Jan. 7th 1610," by Galileo: 
 
 * Cassine Capensis of Austral Africa. A Celastroid shrub, transported to Europe, described by 
 Clusius post. 4 — (Spreng.), and Dillenius elth. pi. 236. In its wild state, observed by Burmann afr. 
 pi. 85, and Thunberg prodr. 52, in Austral Africa. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 929 
 
 ses 
 s 
 
 affording ocular demonstration of the truth of the so-called Copernican System. From the eclip: . 
 or occultations of these satellites, Galileo further proposed determining Longitude on the Earth 
 surface. 
 
 "1610, February" (Humb. cosm. ii. and iy.), the crescent or the moon-like phases of Venus 
 discovered by Galileo ; — comparison with the outer planets now hastening the general adoption of 
 the Copernican System. In " November," the planet Saturn found by Galileo to be irregular in out- 
 line, like " three heavenly bodies in contact with each-other." 
 
 " The same year " (Blair), nine hundred thousand Moors or Muslims, expelled from Spain. 
 
 "In this year" (Starch. 42), Captain Argol, in search of the lost ship, returning from Bermuda 
 followed the American coast from "44°," discovered another goodly bay "in 39 ," and called its 
 Southern cape "in 38J " Cape Lawar. 
 
 " May 23d " (Major edit. Strach. p. xiii), Sumers with his companions, including William Strachey, 
 in two small vessels from Bermuda arriving at James Town. The colony, after the departure of Capt. 
 John Smith, had been reduced " to only sixty " persons " in the last stage of wretchedness and famine." 
 On consultation, it was decided to abandon the country, and the colonists were on their way down the 
 river "June 6th " when they were met by news of the arrival of their governor Thomas nth Lord de 
 Lawarre, bringing supplies. In the reorganization, Strachey was appointed secretary of the governor's 
 Council : — and may have returned with the governor in the following year, was at least in England 
 "in 1612" (Major p. xv). 
 
 The natives make cordage " of their naturall hempe, and flax together" (Apocynum cannabinum 
 and Linum Virginianum) , girdles of " silke grasse " (Eriophorui)i Virginicum f) ; " in June, July, 
 and August they feed upon rootes of tockohow " {Pachyma cocos), " berries, grownd nutts " (Apios 
 tuberosa), " fish, and greene wheate " (Zizania aquatica ?) ; have " rattles made of small gourdes " 
 {Lageiiaria vulgaris): their " bowes are of some young plant, eyther of the locust-tree" (Robinia 
 hispida) " or of weech " (Corylus Americana) : " the women sow and weed the corne," cleansing it of 
 the " orabauke " (Cusouta arvensis f), "dodder" (Cuscuta Gronovii), "and choak weed" (Polygonum 
 dumetorum /), "and such like, which ells would wynd about the corne and hinder the growth;" sow 
 also "a fruit like unto a musk million, but lesse and worse, which they call macock gourds " (Cucur- 
 bita polymorpha ) : they have " cherries, much like a damoizin, but for their tast and cullour we 
 called them cherries " (Primus Chicasa) ; "and a plomb there is, somewhat fairer then a cherrie, of 
 the same relish " (Primus Americana) ; " a berry much like our goose-berries in greatness, cullour, 
 and tast, which they call rawcomenes, and they doe eate them rawe or boyled " ( Vaccinium stami- 
 neum) ; " many hearbs in the spring time are comonly dispersed throughout the woodes, good for 
 broathes and sallotts, as violetts" (Viola pedata), "purselin" (Portulaca oleracea), "sorrell" (Ru/nex 
 acctosella), " and roses " (Rosa lucidd) : they have also " a smale roote " which they call " vighsacan" 
 (....), that bruised and applied "cureth their hurts and diseases;" "pellitoryof Spaine " (Parthe- 
 nium integrifolium) ; "in the low marishes grow plotts of onion's conteyning an acre of ground or 
 more," appearing for the most part " in the last season of the yeare," small, " not past the bignes of 
 the toppe of one's thumb," eaten by ourselves but not by the natives (Allium cermmm) ; " all the 
 country is overshadowed with trees," including "twoo or three " kinds of oak, one having bark "more 
 white then the other" and "somewhat sweetish" acorns, which being boiled "affordes a sweet oyle " 
 (Quercus alba) ; "there is also elme " (Ulmus Americana) "and ash " (Fraxinus pubescens), "black 
 walnutt" (Juglans nigra), "white poplar" (Liriodendi on tulipifera) "and another tree like unto yt, 
 that yieldeth " an " odoriferous gumme " (Liquidambar styraciflua), also a small tree like the " mir- 
 tle " but the fruit " much more bynding" (Adenorachis arbutifolia). " By the dwellings of the sal- 
 vages are bay-trees" (Gordonia lasianthtis), "wild roses" (Rosa lucida), "and a kynd of low tree, 
 which beares a cod" .... "we take yt to be locust" (Robinia hispida): " crabb trees there be, but 
 the fruiet small and bitter" (Malus angustifolia). "The country wants not salsodiack enough to 
 make "lasse of and of which we have made some stoore " (from Salicornia ambigua, and Salsola kali). 
 The country is described by Strachey as producing transported fruits and vegetables as well 
 or "better then in England, as parsenips, carrotts, turnips, pu77ipions, mellons, cowcumbers, etc., and 
 many of our English garden steAss, parsley, endiff, socory, etc. : " besides, " tobacco-seed from Trini- 
 dado, cotton wool, and potatoes?'' 
 
 "Aug. 3d " (Asher edit. Huds., and Churchill coll.), Hudson on his Fourth voyage, now in Eng- 
 lish employ, in "6i° 20'" passing out of the strait which bears his name into the "sea to the west- 
 ward : " a party landing found " sorell" (Oxyria digyna), " and that which wee call scurvy-grass in 
 great abundance " (Cochlcaria officinalis). Turning Southward, the ship was frozen in " Nov. 10th" 
 
 in " 52°."' The following spring, "a budde of a tree full of a turpentine substance" was brought, 
 
 and "of this our surgeon made a decoction to drinke " (Abies nigra), a single native also made his 
 appearance : "June 21st," after the ship was released, Hudson was placed in the shallop with eight 
 others and abandoned ; he was not heard of afterwards. 
 
 "7 
 
9 , CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " In this year " (Campion addit. Stan-Jul. industr. chin. 109), Siu-kouang-ki writing. 
 
 "161 1, March 28th" (Major edit. Strach. p. xv), Lord de Lawarre, seriously ill, sailing for 
 home, leaving Sir George Percy in command of the Virginia colony. Sir Thomas Gates, arriving 'in 
 August," assumed the post of governor, — which he held "till 1614." 
 
 "In the early spring" (Wilmere edit. Champl. p. x.xviii), Champlain, having returned from 
 France, proceeding from Quebec up the river. At Mont Royal (Montreal), he met the Algonquins, 
 and after exchanging presents, entrusted another lad to their care ; returned to Quebec " in June," 
 and sailed for France. 
 
 "June 1 2th" (relat. Jes. i. praef.), arrival at Port Royal in Acadia of Pierre Biard and Enmond 
 Masse 1 , the first Jesuit missionaries in North America. 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth., Spreng., and Winckler), Paul Renealmus publishing his Specim. 
 hist, plant, enumerating Dianthus atrorubens. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), by the regent Ijesaz, leave granted to the Dutch to trade with 
 and throughout Japan. 
 
 " 1612 A. O." (Churchill coll., Anders, ii. 274, and Asher edit. Huds. 194), Thomas Button sent 
 in search of Hudson. From the Strait sailing on the inland sea "above two hundred leagues to the 
 southwestward," he reached the main land opposite at the mouth of a river called by him Nelson's ; 
 and after wintering, — returned in the following " autumn." 
 
 "June " (Purchas, and Churchill coll.). by Richard More, a permanent settlement established on 
 Bermuda. 
 
 " In this year (= 2272 d. of Synmu," art de verif.), Go Josei or Josei II. succeeded by his son 
 Dai-sco-kouotei, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst., and Nicol.), Rodolph II. succeeded by the king of Hungary Matthias; 
 now thirty-third emperor of Germany and Italy. 
 
 " The same year " (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Robertus Bellarminus. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng., and Winckl.), Alpinus publishing his Rhapont. disput., and writing his 
 Exot., enumerating Scabiosa limonifolia 34, Campanula Alpini 340, Scrophnlaria sambucifolia 202, 
 Trifolium clvpeatiim 306, Chrysanthemum Irifurcaluin 320, Centaurea Babylonica 281, and C. eryn- 
 goides 158.* — He died " in 1617," and his Exot. was published " in 1627." 
 
 Cardamine impatiens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " sium impatiens " 
 by Alpinus exot. 331, — " c. annua exiguo flore " by Tournefort inst. 214, and known to grow in 
 woods from 6o° in Sweden throughout middle Europe (Barrel, pi. 155, Engl. bot. pi. 80, and Pers.) : 
 observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in shaded situations on mount Haemus. 
 
 Svrinjn Persica of Central Asia. The Persian lilac or " agem lilag Persarum " brought " from 
 Persia " (Miller diet. pi. 164) is termed " ligustrum nigrum " by Alpinus exot. 178, — " ligustrum " by 
 J. Bauhin prodr. 158 (Spreng.); escaping from cultivation has in some localities been found seem- 
 ingly wild (A. Dec ). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues 
 in gardens ;. and recently by Nimmo to Hindustan (Graham). 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Emanuel Sweert publishing his Florilegium, enumerating Iris Swertii 
 41, Gladiolus iridifolius 66, A'arcissns radians 2t. f. 8, and Amaryllis Oricntalis. 
 
 In this year (see Spreng.), J. Bauhin continuing his botanical writings, enumerating Saxifraga 
 aspera 3. 695, Galium uliginosum, " hyssopifolia minor" Lythntm thymifolia 3. 792, Ajuga Gene- 
 vensis, A. alpina, Plantago serpentina, Andromeda polifolia i. 527, Gnaphalium rectum iii. 160, Listera 
 cor data in- 534, Scirpus sylvaticus 2. 501, Veronica Anstriaca 3. 287, " gramen minimum Cherleri " 
 2. 465, Triticum loliaceum, Galium rotundifolium 3. 718, Campanula spicata 2. 801, C. lint : folia 2. 797, 
 C. rhomboidea 2. 806, C. Bononiensis 2. 804, C. hederacea 2. 797, Phyteuma paueiflora 2. Sn, Hernia- 
 ria hirsuta 3. 379, Myrrhis bulbosa 3. 183, Bupleurum Pyrenaicum 3. 199, Cniduan A/saticum 3. 106, 
 Laserpitium angustissimum 3. 137, L. aiirciiin 3. 57, Scilla nnifolia 2. 622, Rumex hniaria 994, Sax- 
 
 * Oenothera biennis of North America. Seeds sent from England in this year by John More to 
 Alpinus, — by whom the plant was termed "hyosciamus virginianus" (exot. pi. 325, Linn., and Pers): 
 Oe. biennis is described also by C. Bauhin pin. 245 : and before 1640 had become naturalized in Brit- 
 ain (Park., Morison, and Ray), spreading thence to Denmark and throughout middle Europe (Miller, 
 and A. Dec ). Is known to grow wild in North America, from Lat. 56° throughout Canada and along 
 the Atlantic to 30° in Florida, and Westward to the Rocky mountains and Nutka Sound (Baldw., E. 
 James, and Hook.). The name evening-primrose, given by colonists remembering the pale yellow 
 flowers of the true primrose, has been adopted in the mother-countrv (as appears from Prior). By 
 European colonists also, Oe. biennis was carried to Hindustan, observed by Law "in gardens Bel- 
 gaum" (Graham); and to Japan, var. "parviflora" having no native name observed by Thunberg 
 around Nagasaki and in gardens. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 931 
 
 ifraga moschata 3. 762, Arenaria tenuifolia- 3. 364, A. striata 3. 360, " cerasus racemosa " 1. 223, 
 Cerasus semperflorens, Pyrus Pollveria 1. 59, Rosa tomentosa 2. 44, Helianthemum nummularium 2. 
 20, H. ocymoides 2. 20, H. glutinosum 2. 19, Ranunculus plantagineus 3. 866, R. Pyrenaeus 3. 866, 
 R. montanus 3. 861, Nepeta nuda 3. 226, Sideritis Romana 3. 428, Ocymum monachorum 3. 260, .SVk- 
 tellaria albida 3. 291, Linaria Pelisseriana 3. 461, Thlaspi peregrinum 2. 927, Sisymbrium obtusangu- 
 lum 2. 862, Spartium purgans 1. 404, Genista sylveslris I. 400, Orobus canescens 2. 326, Lathyrus 
 hirsutus 2. 305, KzVz'a platycarpos 2. 286, Cytisus biflorus 1. 373, Coronilla juncea 1. 383, Astragalus 
 Monspessulanus 2. 338, Astragalus pilosus 2. 335, Lotus angustissimus 2. 356, Medicago coronata 2. 
 386, /!/. tuberculata 2. 385, J/, rigidula 2. 385, /)/. pubescens 2. 385, Leontodon obovatus 2. 1037, Hiera- 
 cium staticaefolium 2. 1041, Picris Sprengeriana 2. 1026, Cirsium canum 3. 44, C. ferox 3. 58, Conyza 
 Sicula 2. 1049, Inula spiraeaefoiia 2. 1049, Senecio nemorensis 2. 1063, .S". aquaiicus 2. 1057, Cotula 
 aurea 3. 119, "chrysanthemum latifolium" 3. 105, Acmella repens, Achillea herba rota 3. 144, Caulinia 
 fragilis I. 216, Salix Amanniana I. 216, 5 1 . arbutifolia 1. 217, and 5". reticulata 1. 217. — He died 
 "in 1613," his Prodrom. was published "in 1619," and his Hist, plant, "in 1650-1." 
 
 Thlaspi alliaceum of the Mediterranean countries. A garlic-scented annual described by J. 
 Bauhin 2. 932 — (Spreng.), and Jacquin rar. i. pi. 121 ; and known to grow in France (Lam. fl. fr.) 
 and Southern Europe (Pers.). By European colonists carried to Northeast America, is enumerated 
 by A. Decandolle as having been found there but not as yet naturalized. 
 
 Calepina Corvini of the plains around the Caspian. A Cruciferous weed known to J. Bauhin 2. 
 895 as brought from Italy and cultivated in a garden at Stuttgard — (Spreng. and A. Dec ), but now 
 occurring in various localities on the Upper Rhine (Koch, and Godron) : observed by Barrelier 38 
 along the Tiber ; by Gussone, around Naples and in Sicily ; by Vaillant, on garden-walls near Paris ; 
 by Boreau, and Lecoq, in central France ; by Kitaibel, Bieberstein, and others, in localities more or 
 less artificial in Southern Germany, Hungary, and as far as the Crimea; by Reuter and Margot, on 
 Zante. But farther East, by Goebel, and Hohenacker, wild in moist places in the plains North of 
 the Caspian. 
 
 Arenaria trinervis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed "alsine plantaginis 
 folio " by J. Bauhin hist. iii. 364, — and Tournefort inst. 242, and known to grow from Sweden and 
 Russia to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pi. 429, Curt. Iond. iv. pi. 31, Pers., and Wats.): observed by 
 Linnaeus in woods in Sweden; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. Westward, has 
 been found in Greenland (Wats.). 
 
 Ranunculus nivalis of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. Termed " r. 
 minimus alpinus iuteus " by J. Bauhin hist. iii. 861, —and known to grow from Spitzbergen to the 
 Altaian mountains (Jacq. austr. pi. 325, Pers., and Hook.) : observed by Linnaeus everywhere on the 
 highest points of the Lapland mountains ; by Sibthorp, on the summit of the Bithyman Olympus. 
 Westward, by Sabine in Iceland and Greenland, growing also according to Hooker along the Arctic 
 Sea to Bering's Straits, and on the alpine portion of the Rocky mountains. 
 
 Draba muralis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " bursae pastoris sublongo 
 loculo affinis pulchra planta" by J. Bauhin hist. ii. 938, — "d. minima muralis discoides" by Columna 
 ecphr i pi 27^ " alysson veronica folio " by Tournefort inst. 217, and known to grow from Sweden 
 to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pi. 912, Pers., and Dec), also in North Africa (Wats.) : was observed 
 by Linnaeus in Gothland and as far as Upsal ; by Brotero, in Conimbrica in Portugal; by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus ; and by Bieberstein, along the Taunan moun- 
 tains Westward by Hooker in Iceland, and was received by him from Montreal. 
 
 Thalictrum galioides of middle Europe. Termed " t. pratense angustissimis foliohs " by Bauhin 
 prodr pi 146 — " t Bauhini " by Crantz, and known to grow about Basle and on the Upper Rhine 
 fPers V observed by C. Ch. Gmelin around Baden ; by Crantz, in Austria; by Pollich, in Germany; 
 by Decandolle fl fr. in France (Steud.) ; and in less than fifty years after the completion of the 
 Doubs canal ■' to 18" " made its appearance in the environs of Montbelhard (Bern., and A. Dec). 
 
 Cardans crispus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A thistle termed "carduus caule 
 crisoo" bv T Bauhin hist. iii. 59, - and Tournefort inst. 440, "carduus spinosissimus angust.fohus 
 vulgaris" by C. Bauhin pin. 3 8 S , and known to occur in cultivated and fallow ground throughout 
 Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 621, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus as far as Upland in Sweden; by Loesel 
 nl c in Prussia ; by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 P ZmerTulcherot Central Asia. Called in Greece << lapatho » (Sibth.) ; known to J. Bauhin hist, 
 ii 088 only from a specimen sent from Bologne, termed by him " lapathum pulchrum bononiense " - 
 A Dec ) by Tournefort inst. 504, "I P- b. sinuatum » and seems to have been first observed in 
 Britain by Ray syn. 142, in the outskirts of London ; has since become frequent in waste places from 
 ftalv throughout middle Europe (Tilli pis. pi. 37, Pollini, Hall. helv. i 59 3, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.) 
 wa Vbserved by Forskal near Marseilles, by A. Decandolle around Geneva. Eastward was observed 
 ^Sibthorp and Bory, among rubbish and ruins from the Peloponnesus to Constantmople, and is 
 
932 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 said to abound from Caucasus to Tartary (A. Dec.)- By European colonists, was carried to America, 
 observed by Elliot around Charleston, S. C. ; by A. Saint-Hilaire in the streets of Porto Alegre in 
 Austral America. " R. divaricatus " annual and pubescent, but regarded as probably not distinct, 
 was also observed in Italy by Tilli pi. 37 f. 2, and on Lemnos by Sibthorp. 
 
 Stachys alpina of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe. Termed "pseudo-stachys 
 alpina'' by Bauhin prodr. 113, — and C. Bauhin pin. 236, "galeopsis alpina betonicas folio flore 
 variegato" by Tournefort inst. 185, and known to grow in mountainous situations in Germany 
 (Pers.) : observed by Celsius, and Rosen, in Sweden (Linn.) ; by Sibthorp, on the mountains of 
 the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Najas majorat Europe. An aquatic annual described by J. Bauhin 3779— (Spreng.), and 
 Micheli n. g. pi. 8. f. 2— (Pers.) ; termed "n. marina" by Linnaeus, " n. fiuviatilis" by Lamarck; 
 observed by Allioni in Piedmont; by C. Ch. Gmelin, in the waters at Baden; and by Thuillier, near 
 Paris (Steud.). Occurs according to Kunth enum. iii. 113 on the Hawaiian Islands (A. Dec). 
 
 Juncus ericetorum of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed "foliatus 
 minimus" by J. Bauhin 2. 523 — (Spreng.); observed by Pollich in the Palatinate (Steud.), by 
 Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " 1613, May 30th " (narrat., archaeol. Amer. iv. p. 2S5), arrival in Spitzbergen of Benjamin Joseph, 
 William Baffin, Robert Fotherby, and others, with seven English ships, having on board the necessary 
 outfit, and "twenty-four Basks, who are men best experienced" in "killing of the whale." Along 
 the shore "in all places of the countrye " there was "great store of driftwood, which the sea bestows 
 on the barren land" (brought from the great rivers entering the Arctic Sea, the "tree" or " peice 
 of straight timber" towed p. 291 agreeing with Northern Coniferae). "The thawe began" (Lat. 
 79 ) " about the 10th of June : " and " in the moneths of June, Julye, and the beginning of August, 
 ther is oftentimes pleasant and warme weather ; but, in the other moneths, certainh'e very uncomfort- 
 able." The land quadrupeds met with, were " white bears " (Ursits tnaritimus), " graie foxes " (Vulpes 
 Arcticus), " and great plentie of deare " (Cervus ran^iferiinis ; all three species having come of course 
 over the ice, from Greenland or from Nova Zembla). " But, by all likelihood," the country " was 
 neuer yet inhabited by anie natiues that beare the shape of man." 
 
 "The same year" (Charlev. , and Holmes), a party of French missionaries, including two Jesuits 
 from Port Royal, landing on the island of "Monts Deserts " (East of the Penobscot), commenced a 
 settlement there: but were forcibly removed by captain Samuel Argoll, on a fishing voyage from 
 Virginia. Returning, Argoll obtained three armed vessels from the governor of Virginia; and after 
 taking formal possession of Monts Deserts, proceeded to destroy the remains of De Monts' settlement 
 on St. Croix, and the abandoned dwellings at Port Royal, where he found " not a single person." The 
 home government being all the while at peace. He also visited Manhattan, and induced the Dutch 
 colonists to submit to the governor of Virginia 
 
 "The same \ear" (Purchas i. 4. p. 371, and Churchill coll.), "rowing betwixt Firando and 
 Fuccata " in Japan, captain John Saris found "a great town, where there lay in a dock a junck of eight 
 or ten hundred tun burden sheathed all with iron" 
 
 As ambassador from the English Company at the court of Jedo, Saris obtained the following 
 account from a Japanese who had twice visited Yeso : the men (Ainos) "are white and well made, 
 but very rough and hairy all over their bodies : " their " arms consist of a bow and poisoned arrows : 
 those who live on the south side understand weights and measures, but thirty days journey inland 
 they know nothing about them." The Japanese on the island " have no fixed dwelling place or market 
 except Matchma" (Matsmae), where "are five hundred Japanese families who have also a fort:" to 
 this city " almost all the natives go to buy and sell, especially in the month of September to lay in their 
 winter store : in the month of March they bring salmon and all sorts of fish, together with other wares 
 which the Japanese accept in barter" (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 101). 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl., and Spreng.), publication of the Hortus Eystettensis (attributed to 
 Besler), enumerating Lavatera Thuringiaca aest. 6. f. 5. 1, Salvia graadiflora aest. 8. f. 1, S. odorata 
 aest. 8. f. 1. 2, 5. Syriaca aest. 8. f. 2. 3, Iris biflora vern. 8 f. 1. 4, /. xiphiuin aest. 3. f. 10. 1, Scab- 
 losa Baunatica aest. 9. f. 9. 3, S. argentea aest. 9. f. 10. 3, Ipomoea discolor aest. 13. f. 8. 2, Lysi- 
 machia quadrifolia aest. 10. f. 7. 1, Lachcnaliei pallida vern. 2. f. 17. 2, Ornithogalum pyramidale 
 vern. 5. f. 14. 2, Scilla Lusitanica vern. 2. f. 11, Cactus mclocactiis autumn. 4. f. 1. 1, Fragaria elatior 
 vern. 7. f. 8, Melissa grandiflora aest. 7. f. 7. 1, Gcianium paluslre vern. 1. f. 9, and Alalva cnspa 
 aest. 6. f. 9. 1. — Besler died "in 1629." 
 
 Iris xiphioides of the West Mediterranean countries. Described by Besler evst. aest. 3. f. 10. 
 T i — termed "iris xiphium" by Jacquin coll. iii. 320, and known to grow in Spain and Southern France 
 (Pers., and Dietr). In Britain termed "xiphiuin latifolium " by Miller, "iris anglica" by gardeners, 
 and escaping from cultivation has maintained itself forty years upon one point of Wales (Dillw., and 
 Wats.), has also become naturalized in a locality in Scotland (G. Don, and A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 933 
 
 " 1614 A. D." (Stith, Josselyn, and Holmes), arrival at Manhattan of a new governor from Hol- 
 land, who refused tribute and acknowledgment to the English, assumed a posture of defence, and 
 under a grant from the States General, named the country " New Netherlands." According to Van- 
 derdonck vertoogh 27, the Dutch in this year had "traded at the Fresh river" (Connecticut), and 
 " had also ascended it." 
 
 "The same year" (Smith, Purchas, and Holmes), by John Smith, exploration and survey of the 
 coast between the Penobscot and Cape Cod; and a map presented to prince Charles, who named 
 the country " New England." 
 
 "In this year" (Major edit. Strach. p. xvi), Sir Thomas Gates succeeded' by Sir Thomas Dale, 
 now third governor of Virginia. 
 
 " The same year " (Blair), logarithms, facilitating arithmetical computation, invented by John 
 Napier of Merchiston. 
 
 " The same year" publication of the glossarium Graecobarbarum of Meursius, the earliest glos- 
 sary of the kind (E. A. Soph.). 
 
 " 1615 A. D." (Stith, Chalmers, Holmes, and Major p. xvi), landed property first granted to the 
 colonists in Virginia: "fifty acres" to each adventurer, and his heirs. 
 
 "June 9th" (Wilmere edit. Champl. p. xxxvii), Champlain, with two Europeans and ten natives, 
 leaving Sault St. Louis by the " Riviere des Prairies " for the Algonquin country. Thence he con- 
 tinued by land to the Lake of the Nipiserini (Nipising) in "45^°," descended a river to the great 
 Lake Attigouantan (Huron), and reached the village of Cahiague on its shore " Aug. 17th," having 
 "overtaken on the way thirteen or fourteen Frenchmen." After an unsuccessful attack on a stockade 
 as allies of the natives, Champlain returned to Cahiague' on the "23d;" — passed the winter in 
 exploring the country, and leaving on the "20th May," after "forty days journey" reached Sault St. 
 Louis. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckler, and Spreng.), L. Jungermann publishing his Flor. Altorf, "written 
 in 1600 ; " — his Flor. Giess. " in 1623," Cat. hort. Altorf " in 1646," and died " in 1653." 
 
 In this year (Spreng. gesch. ii. 98, and Winckl.), Lobel in Britain as court-botanist to James I., 
 enumerating Agrostis pungens ill. p. 32, and Pulmonaria maritima p. 121. — He died " in 1616," and 
 his Illustr. were published by Howe "in 1655." 
 
 " The same year = 52d year of the cycle " (Couplet, and Pauth. 411), in China, first persecution 
 of Christians, including P. Alvarez Semedo ; by one of the principal mandarins at Nan-king, named 
 Chin-kio. Of the dispersed converts, many were openly protected by Christian mandarins : — and at 
 the end of "six years," Chin-kio was disgraced. 
 
 " The same year" (Crawfurd vii. 11), in the Moluccas, eruption of a volcano on Banda. 
 
 " 1616, Jan. 25th " (Harris, Churchill coll., and Holmes), by Isaac le Maier and William Corneli- 
 son Schouten, an island discovered in "almost fifty-five degrees of south latitude," and named 
 " Staten-land." Sailing through the Strait between this and Terra del Fuego, and passing islands 
 which he named " Barnevelt's," and a cape which he named " Hoorn," Schouten found himself in 
 "fifty-nine degrees twenty-five minutes" and beyond the longitude of the Straits of Magellan. He 
 now changed his course, and in "April," discovered several small islands in about fourteen or fifteen 
 decrees of South Latitude " inhabited by naked people, none of whom come aboard " (Paumotuans), 
 nor could he "come to anchor." Thence sailing West, in "May " he saw many more islands ; and 
 inclining Northward to avoid falling South of New Guinea, many more islands were met with, on 
 some of which he landed and procured refreshments. He anchored "July 1st " off the coast of New 
 Guinea; and following this, in " half a degree of south latitude" discovered the small island which 
 has received his own name "Schouten." On reaching Jacatra (Batavia), his vessel was seized; but 
 taking passage with his men in one of the Company's ships, — he reached home ; completing in " two 
 years and eighteen days" the Sixth circumnavigation of the Globe. 
 
 "Early in this year" (Major p. xvi), Sir Thomas Dale succeeded by Sir George Yeardly, now 
 fourth governor of Virginia. Tobacco first cultivated there in this year by the English. 
 
 "The same year" (Forster, and Holmes), passing Davis' Straits, Robert Bylot discovered 
 islands in " seventy-two degrees forty-five minutes ; " and finding women only there, named them 
 " Women's Islands." Continuing North, he discovered and named Lancaster Sound, Jones Sound, 
 cape Dudley Digges, Wolstenholme Sound, and Whale Sound in 77 deg. 30 min. William Baffin in 
 the same season ( . . Churchill coll., and Anders, ii. 268), continued North to "seventy-eight de- 
 grees" to a sound called by him "Thomas Smith's : " where the compass varied " fifty-six degrees 
 to the westward," making the true North bear " N. E. by E." — The Northern expanse of water has 
 received the name "Baffin's Bay." * 
 
 " Oct. 25th " (inscript., in Voyag. Belg.), Australia first visited by a European ship ; commanded 
 by Hartoghs or Hartogsrade of Holland. — The Australians on the Murray were found by Eyre to 
 have the following account of the origin of the creation, "That there are four individuals living up 
 
934 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 among the clouds called Nooreele, a father and his three male children, but there is no mother" (the 
 Hindu system of creation by a Supreme Power with three emanations, Stanley edit. De Morga 307) : 
 "the father is all powerful and of benevolent character : he made the earth, trees, etc., gave names to 
 every thing and place, placed the natives in their different districts, telling each tribe that they were 
 to inhabit such and such localities, and were to speak in such and such a language : it is said that he 
 brought the natives originally from some place over the waters to the eastward." Moorhouse found 
 that the natives round Adelaide "believe in a soul or spirit (itpitukutya) separate, and distinct alto- 
 gether from the body, which at death goes to the west, to a large pit, where the souls of all men go." 
 
 "The same year " (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 410), cities in Northern China captured by 
 the Mantchou or Eastern Tartars ; whose chief declared himself emperor, and assumed the name 
 Thian-ming. — The titles " Tai-tsou Kao-hoang-ti of the Tai-thsing," and " Tsing-Tai-tsou," were 
 added by his descendants. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif ), Fide-jori manifesting predilection for Christianity and the Por- 
 tuguese, attacked by the regent Ijesaz, and driven to the fortress of Osakka ; where, according to one 
 account, he destroyed his palace and himself by fire. Ijesaz having now acquired supreme power, 
 commenced the execution of the policy of Fide-josi, and enjoined all foreigners except the Dutch to 
 quit Japan ; and soon afterwards, prohibited the Japanese from leaving their own country. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Columna publishing his Ecphrasi, enumerating Stachrs Heraclea i. 
 l2Stoi3i, Teucrium pseudohyssopum 67, Veronica, montana 288, "circaea minima" Circaea alpina 
 ii. 80, Fcdia ccliinata 1. 206, F. coronata I. 209, F. dentata 1. 209, Sherardia erecta 1. 300, Galiuin 
 hiipidiim I. 297, J/yosolis Apula 1. 185, Cynoglossum sylvaticum 1. 175, Androsace Vitaliana 2. 65, 
 A. carnea 2. 65, Phyteuma orbicularis 1. 224, Gentiana utriculosa 1. 222, Hydrocotyle ?iatans 1. 316, 
 Buplcurum tenuissimum I. 247, B. odontites I. 247, Daucus muricatus I. 94, Tordylium Apulitm 
 1. 124, Oriiitho^alum villosum I. 323, Chlora sessilijolia 2. 77, Sclcranthus polycarpos I. 294, Saxi- 
 fraga bryoides 2. 67, 5. androsacea 2. 67, S. bulbifera I. 317, Saponaria bellidifolia I. 153, Agrh?io- 
 nia a^rii/iouoides 1 . 1 44, Euphorbia cpithymoides 2.51, Ranunculus chaerophyllus 1.311, Sempervhmm 
 arachnoideitm 1. 291, Rhinaulhus eleplias I. 188, Bartsia trixago I. 197, Euphrasia latifolia T. 202, 
 " anonyma S. Gregorii " 2. 50, Tozzia alpina 2. 50, Clypeola ionthlaspi I. 284, Sisymbrium Columnae. 
 I. 268, Spartium radiatum I. 294, Ononis Columnae I. 301, Astragalus sesameus I. 301, Geropogon 
 hirsutus 1. 231, Scorzonera hirsuta 1. 233, Prenunthes viminea 1. 240, P. hieracifolia 1. 249, Hypo- 
 choeris minima 2. 27, Crepis corymbosa t. 236, C. scariosa I. 237, Tolpis barbata 2. 27, Hyoscris 
 foeiida 2. 31, Carpesium cernuum 1. 252, Doronicum Columnae 2. 36, Centaurea crupina 1. 34, and 
 Orchis si/uia 1. 320. — He died "in 1640." 
 
 Turgcnia latifolia of the Tauro-Caspian countries. An annual Umbelliferous weed described 
 by Columna ecphr. 1. 97 — (Spreng.), known also to the Bauhins (A Dec), termed " c. arvensis 
 echinata latifolia" by Tournefort inst. 323, " caucalis latifolia" by Linnaeus and known to occur in 
 cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Jacq. hort. pi. 128, Hoffm , and Pers.) : in Britain, is 
 first mentioned by Dillenius "in 1724;" was observed by Moris in .Sardinia, by Munby in Algeria, 
 by Gussone in Sicily; by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to 
 Cyprus. To all appearance wild on the mountains of Suwant (Hohen. and C. A. Meyer). 
 
 Thlaspi pcrfoliatuiu of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Columna ecphr. 
 1. 276 — (Spreng.) ; termed "t. arvense perfoliatum majus " by Tournefort inst. 212, " erba monta- 
 nella" by Micheli (Targ. ), " t. alpestre " by Hudson, " t. montanum var." by Lamarck fl fr. (Steud.), 
 and known to occur throughout middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 237, and Pers.) ; was observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus 
 
 Hittch'msia petrcea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A diminutive annual termed 
 " cardamine pu.silla saxatilis montana discoides " by Columna ecphr. i. pi. 274, — " nasturtium pumilum 
 vernum " by C. Bauhin pin. 105, and Tournefort inst. 214, and known to grow in stony places, chiefly 
 calcareous, from 59 in Sweden to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pi. in, Jacq. austr. pi. 131, and 
 A. Dec), also on the mountains of Algeria (Du Rieu) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Miquel, 
 in Holland; by Gaudin, in Switzerland; by Brotero, in Portugal; by Boiss., on the Sierra Nevada 
 in Spain; by Moris, on the mountains of Sardinia; by Gussone, on the mountains of Sicily; by 
 Ebel, in Dalmatia ; by Baumgarten, in Transylvania ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; 
 and by Bieberstein, in the Crimea. 
 
 Allium pallens of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Columna ecphr. ii. pi 7, — 
 termed " a. montanum bicorne flore pallido odoro " by Tournefort inst. 384, and known to grow in 
 Spain, Italy, and Pannonia (Pers.) : observed by Gouan ill. 24 in the environs of Montpelier ; by 
 Sibthorp, frequent on the Greek islands ; by . *- in Egypt. 
 
 Hicracium aurantiacum of middle and Western Europe. Described by Columna ecphr. 2. 30 
 — (Spreng.), termed " h. fuscum " by Villars (see Steud.), and known to grow in the subalpine 
 woods of middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 410, and Pers.). In Britain, long cultivated for ornament, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 935 
 
 but discovered by G. Don escaped from gardens in several localities in Northern Scotland (Engl, 
 bot. pi. 1469), afterwards found in localities in Wales and the North of England, but universally 
 admitted to be exotic (Wats. cyb. ii. 52, and A. Dec). 
 
 Centaurea solstitialis of Austral America? Called in Greece "phalaritha" (Sibth.); termed 
 " spina solstitialis " by Columna ecphr. 1.3: — (Spreng.), " carduus stellatus luteus foliis cyani " by 
 Tournefort inst. 440, " centaurea sicula" by Leysser (Steud.) : observed by Sibtborp, Chaubard, and 
 Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Forskal 011 Malta as well 
 as near Marseilles ; and is known to occur in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Lam. fl. 
 fr., and Pers.), occasionally making its appearance in the grain-fields of Britain (A. Dec). By 
 European colonists, was carried to Southeast Australia, where it has become naturalized, occurring 
 far inland (Corder). " C. tomentosa," called "atrogira" at the Dardanelles and Smyrna, and the 
 young shoots eaten, is regarded by Forskal as perhaps not distinct. 
 
 " 1617 A. D." (art. de verif.), Achmed succeeded by Mustafa, seventeenth Turkish sultan. 
 
 "June 17th" (Alst), Philip III. of Spain having yielded his claim, Ferdinand grandson of the 
 emperor Ferdinand, crowned king of Bohemia. This was regarded by the Bohemians, as interfer- 
 ing with their right of electing a king. 
 
 "August" (D. Laing pref. 5), letter from Cap t. John Mason "from the plantacion of Cuper's 
 Cove " in Newfoundland to John Scot, in which he expresses the hope to " affoord " a " mapp " of 
 the island "with a particular relacion." — His " Brief discourse of the Newfoundland." written after 
 "three yeares and seuenth monthes residence," was printed in Edinburgh in 1620 ; and that he spent 
 seven years on the island is stated on the map. 
 
 "The common wild herbes " of Newfoundland according to Mason are "angelica" (Ligusticum 
 acteaefolium), "violets" (Viola cticullata, V. palustris, and V. Muhlenbergii), "mints'' (M. Cana- 
 densis, and M. aquatica), "scabius"* "yarrow" (Achillea millefolium'), " sarsaparilla " (Aralia 
 nudicaulis), " with divers other sorts : " of these " we haue only made vse of certain great green 
 leaues pletifully growing in the woods " (Heracleum lanatum), "and a great roote growing in fresh 
 water ponds " (Nymphcea odorata), " both good against the skiruye ; and an other prettie roote with 
 a blew stalke and leaues of the nature of a skirret growing in a dry beachy ground, good meate 
 boyled " (Ligusticum Scoticum) : " the countrie fruites wild are, cherries small whole groaues of 
 them" (Cerasus Pennsylvanica), " filberds good" (Cory/us rostra/a), " damaske roses single very 
 sweet" (Rosa blanda), " excellet straberries" (Fragaria Virginiana), "and hartleberries " (Vaccinium 
 Pennsvlvanicum), "and gooseberries somewhat better than ours" (Grossularia hirtella) : "also a 
 kind of wild coranies " (Ribes rubrwn ?), " wild pease or feetches " (Pisum maritimum) . " the 
 North parts most mountanye and woodye very thick of firre trees" (Abies balsamea), "spruce" 
 (Ajbies nigra), "pine" (Strobus vulgaris), " lereckhout " (Larix Americana), " aspe " (Populus 
 tremuloides), " hasill " (Corylus Americana), " a kinde of stinking wood " (Acer?), " the three formest 
 o-oodly timber : " but " no oakes, ashe. beech, or ellmes, haue we seene or heard of." 
 
 Of plants introduced and cultivated, "wheats, rye, barlie, oates, and pease'''' have "growen and 
 ripened" as well "as in Yorkshire:" and of garden herbs "hysope" (Hyssopus officinalis), "time, 
 parsely, clarie, nepe" (Nepeta cataria), "french mallowes" (Althaea officinalis), "buglosse" (Anchusa 
 officinalis), " collombines " (Aquilegia vulgaris), " wormewood" (Artemisia absinthium), "etc.. 
 there is at this present of three yeares old of my sowing, likewise rosemary, feuell, sweet maricrim, 
 bassel, purselyn " (Portulaca oleracea), " lettise, and all other herbes and rootes, as tomeps, pasnepes, 
 caretts, and radishes we haue found to growe well there in the sommer season." 
 
 "In this year" (Major edit. Strach. p. xvi), Sir George Yeardley succeeded by Captain Argoll, 
 now fifth governor of Virginia. 
 
 * Erigeron (Phalacrolomd) annuuvi of Northeast America. Sometimes called there sweet scabi- 
 ous (A. Gray), in which we recognize the "scabius" seen by John Mason in Newfoundland: — P. 
 annuum was observed by Muhlenberg in Pennsylvania (Pers.) ; by Pursh, "common;" by A. Gray, 
 in "fields and waste places, a very common weed" in central New York ; by myself, from 43 to 40 
 alontr the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz, as far as 36 in Upper Carolina. Eastward, was received from 
 America by Cornuti pi. 194, and termed "bellis ramosa umbellifera : " becoming naturalized, is figured 
 ini 7 49byGmelinii. 78, from seeds collected in the Ukraine; in 1770 by Oeder fl. Dan.pl 486, found 
 near Altona ; but has since become generally distributed throughout Germany, France, and Northern 
 
 Italy (Pers., and A. Dec). 
 
 Erigeron (Phalacrolomd) strigosum of Northeast America The leaves more entire and floret- 
 ravs invariably white, possibly the "scabius" in question :- observed by Muhlenberg in Pennsyl- 
 vania • by Pursh from Canada to Virginia ; by A. Gray, " fields, etc., common " in central New York ; 
 by myself from 45 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz, as far as 36 in Upper Carolina. 
 
936 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year'' (Johns, wond. prov. 8), a remarkable comet, noted throughout Europe and by 
 the natives around Massachusetts Bay: who "not long before" first saw a ship and spread the alarm 
 in their light canoes " made of birch rindes." The ship brought copper kettles, and readily opened 
 trade with the natives. 
 
 " Nov. 1 2th " (Anders , and Holmes), arrival of Walter Raleigh in Guayana ; where he captured 
 a Spanish city, and searched for mines, intending to form a settlement. — In the following year, 
 returning disappointed to England, he was arrested, and on the " 29th of October " beheaded : counted 
 (according to Burnet) "a barbarous sacrificing him to the Spaniards." Raleigh and Humphrey Gil- 
 bert (see above) are regarded as the founders of the trade and naval power of Britain. 
 
 Piratinera Guayanensis of Guayana. Raleigh was accompanied by two Hollanders in search 
 of " spekeld wood /" called by the natives "paira," — as identified by Schomburgk (edit. Ral.) : P. 
 Guayanensis is also described by Aublet. 
 
 " 1618, May 15th" (Humb. cosm. ii.), demonstration by Kepler, That the squares of the times 
 of revolution of the planets are as the cubes of the mean di-tances. Kepler also discovered, That the 
 planets move in ellipses, the sun occupying one of the foci. 
 
 "June " (Alst.), by the "directors of the kingdom," the Jesuits expelled from Bohemia. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Philipp and Albert Menzel publishing their Synon. 
 plant. Ingolst. * 
 
 Hardly later than this date, Vesling while a youth " cum juvenis " (Spreng.) visiting Egypt, 
 meeting with Salvia marrubioidcs 77 : — his account was published in " 1638 ; " and shortly after 
 making a second visit, he died in " 1649." 
 
 Ipomoea palmata of Equatorial Africa. Called in Egypt " sett el hosch " (Forsk.) or "cherk 
 falek" (Del.) ; observed there by Vesling pi., and termed "convolvulus Aegyptiacus : " — by Forskal 
 p. 43, and Delile, climbing over trees in gardens, and over reeds along the Nile ; by Grant, " com- 
 mon, Nile banks 9° N. etc." Eastward, was observed by Roxburgh frequent in Hindustan, but no 
 native name is given. Transported to Europe, is described by C. Bauhin pin. 295 ; and is termed 
 "i. tuberculata" by Roemer and Schultes. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, observed by Bojer under cultivation and hardly naturalized (A. Dec.) ; to Montevideo, Bra- 
 zil, and Para (Choisy) ; and to the Hawaiian Islands (Choisy, A. Gray, and Mann). 
 
 "In this year" (Major edit. Strach. p. xvii), the administration of Argoll in Virginia causing 
 great dissatisfaction, the captain general Lord de Lawarre was again sent out: but on the way, died in 
 or near the bay which bears his name. 
 
 " 1619 A. D." ( . . . Stith, and Holmes), a provincial legislature granted to Virginia ; enabling 
 the colonists to take part in the government. The first meeting was on "June 19th." 
 
 " July " (Relat. du Groenl. 237). under instructions from Christian IV. of Denmark, Captain 
 Munck sailing through Hudson's Strait into Hudson's Sea ; where he wintered in " 6f 20'." Much 
 suffering was endured from scurvy and want of food, but searching among the snow " they found a 
 kind of strawberry " {red-mow, Protococcus nivalis) " which sustained and nourished them after a 
 manner," though withering " a short time after " removal from the snow. — •« Apr. 12th," rain fell for 
 the first time in seven months. "July 16th," abandoning the largest of his two vessels, Captain 
 Munck and a few survivors sailed for home ; arriving in Norway ■• Sept. 21st." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), plants brought from the ' Isle Virgine " described by. Io. Robin, 
 including "narcissus virginianus flore albo rubicante " Amaryllis atamasco pi. 4, " martagon de 
 Canada " Lilium superbum pi. 10 — He published a Second edition " in [620 " (introd.). 
 
 "Aug. 28th" (Alst. p. 573), Matthias succeeded by the king of Hungary and Bohemia, now 
 Ferdinand II., thirty-fourth" emperor of Germany and Italy. " Aug. 29th," by the Bohemians, a new 
 king elected in opposition ; soon followed by removing the images from a church in Prague, and 
 open war. 
 
 " The same year " (Blair), by William Harvey of England, discovery of the circulation of the blood. 
 . " In th,s y ear " (Spreng.), Joh. Frank, a friend of C. Bauhin, publishing his Hort. "lusat., with 
 Latin, German, and some Wendish names of plants. 
 
 "1620 A. D. = ' tai-tchang,' 1st year of Kouang-tsoung II., of the Ming" or Twenty-third 
 dynasty (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 414). He reigned " one month " only. 
 
 '• In this year" (Krusenstern, and Bickmore), the Jesuit Hieronymus de Angelis visiting Yeso 
 and Krafto (Saghalien), being probably the first European who travelled so far through the Japanese 
 empire. In a letter (dated "1622," Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 99) he gives the following particulars 
 respecting Yeso: "as for the appearance of the inhabitants" (Amos), "they are coarse and of a 
 larger stature than men generally are, more inclining in colour to white than brown; they wear long 
 beards sometimes down to the middle : " instead " of armour thev have coats of small planks fastened 
 together, which is ridiculous to look at." The "lord of Matsumay assured me that the inhabitants of 
 Jesso went to three islands not far distant from their country and the inhabitants of which had no 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 937 
 
 beards and a very different language " (Aleutians) to purchase " raccon " (skins of sea-otter, Enhydrys 
 marina) ; "but he did not know whether those islands were to the South or North of Jesso." — In 
 " 1623," Hieronymus de Angelis was burned at Yedo. 
 
 "In this year " (Krapf trav.), Ormuz on the Persian Gulf captured from the Portuguese: an 
 event which strengthened the influence of the Arabs of Oman. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl ), C. Bauhin publishing his Prodrom., enumerating Salix 
 herbacea 159, Valeriana tripteris 86, \ r . montana 87, Scirpus triqueter 22, 5". (Isolepis) jtuitans 23, 
 Aira caryophyllea 105, Fcstucat distachya 19 Sesleria echinata 16, Poa compressa 2, P. bulbosa 6, 
 Dactylis littoralis 2, Triticum rigidum 17, Festuca pinnata 18, Globularia spinosa 121. Asperula 
 Pyrenaica 146, Asperula laevigata 145, Galium pusillum 145, G. glaucum 145, G. Bauhini 146, 
 Alchemilla pentaphylla 138, Potamogeton setaceus 10 1, Lysimachia linum-stellatum 107, Campanula 
 stylosa 35, C. caespitosa 34, C. barbata 36, Lobelia urens 53, Erythraea spicata 130, Rhamnus alpinics 
 160, Ribes alpinum 160, Herniaria alpina 160, Velezia rigida 103, Astrantia minor 97, Bupleurum 
 stellatum 129, B. pelraeum 129, 7?. angulosum 129, 7?. ranunculoides 129, Heracleum angustifolium 
 83, 77. Austriacum 83, Scandix pinnatifida 78, 7?/te.r glabra 158, Statice cordata 99, 5'. m inula 99, 
 Linum Narbonense 107, Sedum rubens 132, Luzula albida 16, Rumex vesicarius 54, 7?. Tingitanus 
 56, Oxyria digyna 55, Daphne thy?nelea 160, Elatine alsinastrum 24, Monotropa hypopitys 31, -S"rt.rz- 
 fraga petraea 131, Dianlhus sylvestris 104, Z>. suffruticosus 104, Arenaria tctraquetra 105, y/. 7««z- 
 perina 105, Sedum alratum 132, Cerastium latifolium 104, C. tomentosum 104, Euphorbia rubra 
 133, Potentilla intermedin 139, Papaver alpinum 93, T 3 . Cambricum 92, Aquilegia viscosa 75, ^4. 
 alpina 75, Nigella Hispanica 75, A 7 ". Orientalis 75, Anemone vernalis 94, Lsopyrum aquilegioides 75, 
 Stachys Cretica 113, ^. amensis ill, Scutellaria alpina 1 16, Linaria repens 106, Z. arvensis 107, £. 
 origanifolia 106, L. Dalmatica 106, Z.. linifolia 106, Mvagrum perenne 37, Draba stellata 51, Thlaspi 
 hit turn 47, Alyssum montanum 49, Cardamine resedifolia 45, C. parvijiora 44, Sisymbrium asperum 
 41, Arabis arennsa 40, Erysimum hieracifolium 101, Cheiranthus trilobus 103, Arabis Halleri 46, 
 Lavatera trimestris 132, Genista Hispanica 157, Orobus luteus 149, Hedysarum caput-galli 149, 
 Asti agalus incanus 149, y?. exscapus 147, Trifolium Cherleri 143, 7". saxaiile 140, 7". scabrum 140, 
 7". spumosum 140, Lotus diffusus 144, Medicago orbicularis 130, //. nummularium 130, Sonchus mari- 
 iimus 61, 6". tenerrimtls 61, Hieracium praealtum 67, 7/. chondrilloides 64, 77. grandiflorum 65, 7/. 
 glutinosum 63, Crepis foetida 68, And?yala cheiranthifolia 61, Hyoseris radiata 62, Conyza saxa- 
 tilis 123, Senecio linifolius 107, Cineraria cordifolia 69, Inula provincialis 69, Chrysanthemum atra- 
 titm 120, C Halleri 120, Anthcmis mixta 127, ^4. altissima 70, Achillea macrophylla 39, Centaurea 
 alpina 56, C pectinata 128, C. cineraria 128, C sonchifolia 128, Aceras alpinum 29, Chara hispida 
 25, Carex Baldensis 13, C. ornithopoda 9, Salix retusa 159, Neckera pcnnata 151, Trichostomum eri- 
 coides 151, Mnium roseum 151, Fucus bulbosus 154, 7<\ saccharinus 154, 7*". palmatus 155, F. filum 
 155, Padina pavonia 155, "gramen junceum folio articuloso cum utriculis " 12 Juncus sylvaticus. 
 
 Clematis angustifolia of the Uralian plains. An erect species described by C. Bauhin prodr. 
 135 — (Spreng.): observed by Jacquin rar. pi. 104 in Austria; by Messerschmid 1274 in Siberia 
 (Amman stirp. 108); by" Pallas iv. 316 to 701, as far as Daouria. 
 
 Thalictrum angustifolium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by C. 
 Bauhin prodr. 146 — (Spreng.) ; termed " t. pratense angustissimo folio" by Tournefort inst. 271; 
 observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus ; by Crantz, in Austria ; known to grow also in Ger- 
 many and France (Pers.), and within fifty years between the completion of the Doubs canal and 
 " 1822," made its appearance in the environs of Montbelliard (Bern., and A. Dec). 
 
 Sa^ina nodosa of Subarctic climates. Described by C. Bauhin prodr. 118 — (Spreng.) ; termed 
 "stellaria nodosa" by Scopoli, " spergula nodosa" by Linnatus (Steud.) ; and known to grow in 
 marshes and on the seashore from Lapland and Northern Asia to Denmark, Ireland, and Switzerland 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 96, Pers., and Wats.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland, and received 
 from the Arctic shore at the mouth of Mackenzie river ; was observed by Oakes and Robbins along 
 the Atlantic as far South as 43 on the Isle of Sho.ils ; and was received by A. Gray from the "shore 
 of Lake Superior." 
 
 Silene rupestris of Northern Europe and mountains farther South. Described by C. Bauhin 
 prodr. 104* (Spreng.), and termed "lychnis glabra minima, aut caryophyllaei minima species flore 
 
 * Cornus Canadensis of Subarctic America. The dwarf cornel or pigeon-berry is a low wood- 
 land herb, transported to Europe. Described by C. Bauhin prodr. 101 —(Spreng.), and termed "sola- 
 num quad'rifolium bacciferum " in pin. 167 (Linn.). Westward, was received by Collins from Labrador ; 
 was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; by Josselyn pi. 80, in New England ; by myself, fre- 
 quent from 48 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42 ; by Torrey, as far as 41 on the Hudson ; by 
 Drummond, at Fort Cumberland in 54 ; and according to Hooker grows nearly to the Arctic Sea, 
 
 118 
 
938 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 albo" in pin. iii. 360, "1. saxatilis alpina glabra pumila " by Tournefort inst. 338 ; known to grow in 
 Lapland and on the mountains of middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 4, and Pers.) : observed by Celsius, 
 and Linnaeus, in Lapland and on the mountains of Sweden; by Sibthorp, on the mountains °f Greece. 
 
 Geranium pusillum of Europe ? Termed "g. columbinum tenuius lac.matum by C. Bauhin 
 prodr. 138— (Linn, sp.) ; observed by Scopoli 847 in Carniolia, — by Cavamlles iv. pi. 83, m Spain ; 
 and known to occur in waste places and cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Ray angl. 111. 
 16. f. 2, and Pers.). By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, occurring according 
 to A. Gray in "waste places, New York." 
 
 Convolvulus tricolor of Peru ? Described by C. Bauhin prodr. 134 — (Spreng. )_, Monson 1. pi. 
 4, and Linnaeus ; and further attributed by Persoon to " Africa, Mauritania, Spain, ana Italy." 
 
 Ifiomaa coptica of the Tropical border of the Sahara from Senegal to Hindustan. From trans- 
 ported specimens, described by C. Bauhin prodr. 134— (Spreng.), Linnaeus, and Roth. In its wild 
 state, known to grow in Senegal and Nubia (A. Dec.) ; and farther East, observed in Hindustan by 
 Roxburgh, and by Graham "in the open glades about Kandalla, creeping among the grass." I. 
 coptica is further attributed by A. Decandolle with a mark of doubt to Cuba ; and if really occurring 
 there, has of course been introduced through European colonists. 
 
 Sibbaidia procumbens of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. Described by 
 C. Bauhin prodr. 139 — (Spreng.), and Sibbald ii. pi. 6: observed by Gmelin on the mountains around 
 Lake Baikal : — by Bieberstein, on Caucasus; and known to grow in Finland, Lapland, and from 
 Scandinavia to the Faroe Islands and the mountains of Scotland (Ledeb.) ; also on the Pyrenees 
 (A. Dec), the Sierra Nevada at the elevation of "9500 feet," and on the Swiss Alps (Koch) West- 
 ward, was received by Hooker from the Rocky mountains, and by Ledebour from Unalashka ; but 
 I have not met with evidence of its existence on the mountains of New England. 
 
 Zannichellia palustris of Temperate climates. An aquatic termed "potamogeton capillaceum 
 capitulis ad alas trifidis " by C. Bauhin prodr. 101, — "Z. p. major foliis gramineis acutis" by Micheli 
 pi. 84, and known to grow from Lapland and Russia to the Mediterranean (Ray angl. iii. 135, Engl, 
 bot. pi. 1844, Pers., and Wats.) : observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden, in rivers and ditches ; 
 by Decandolle, in France ; by Gussone, in Sicily; by Munby, in Algeria ; by Sibthorp, in the envi- 
 rons of Constantinople; by . in Egypt (Kunth) ; by Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains. 
 Westward, has been received from Virginia (Pers., and Pursh) ; by Hooker fl. ii. 170, from Oregon; 
 according to A. Gray, grows in New England (A. Dec.) in "ponds and slow streams, rather rare; " 
 and according to Chapman, in "West Florida." In the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by CI. 
 Gay in Chili ; by J. D. Hooker, in New Zealand. 
 
 A'arcissus dubiits of the Mediterranean countries. Described by C. Bauhin prodr. 27 — (Spreng.), 
 and Rudbeck ii. pi. 51 (Pers.) : observed by Gouan ill. 22 in the environs of Montpelier; by Gittard, 
 in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Markham edit. p. viii), Pachacuti-yamqui Salcamayhua, a native, writing 
 on the Antiquities of Peru. 
 
 also on the Columbia river as far as the Northwest Coast ; was received by Decandolle from Unala- 
 shka. The berries are abundant, and though insipid are sometimes eaten. 
 
 Uvularia perfoliata of Northeast America. Smilaceous and resembling the herb called " Solo- 
 mon's seal," transported to Europe and termed " polygonatum perfoliatum " by C. Bauhin prodr. 136 
 — (Spreng.), "polygonatum ramosum flore luteo minus " by Cornuti pi. 41 as received from " Nova 
 Francia ; " described also by Morison xiii. pi. 4. Westward, was observed by Pursh from Canada to 
 Carolina; by myself, from 45 to 40° along the Atlantic; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina; 
 by Elliot, rare in Lower Carolina ; by Chapman, in " Florida, and northward ; " and by Short, in 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Trillium erectum of Northeast America. With flowers and ovary mostly dark-purple. Trans- 
 ported to Europe, is described by C. Bauhin prodr. 91 — (Spreng.), and Cornuti pi. 167. Westward, 
 observed by Cleghorn in Canada (Hook.) ; by myself, from 48 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 40 
 along the Atlantic, a woodland plant; by Pursh, from Pennsylvania to Carolina; by Elliot, on the 
 Alleghanies of Carolina ; by Chapman, " on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward ; " and 
 by Short, in Kentucky. Its rhizoma according to Lindley is "violently emetic." 
 
 Adiantutn pedatum of Northeast America. The Canada maiden-hair transported to Europe, 
 described by C. Bauhin prodr. 150 — (Spreng.), and termed "adiantum americanum " by Cornuti pi. 6. 
 Westward, "maiden-hair" ordinarily "half a yard in height," was seen by Josselyn rar. 55 in New 
 England : A. pedatum, by Lapylaie from 51 in Newfoundland ; by myself, from 44 to 40 along the 
 Atlantic ; by Croom, near Newbern ; by Chapman, in " North Carolina, and northward ; " by Nuttall, 
 on the Mississippi ; and by Drummond, as far as 53 on the Rocky mountains. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 939 
 
 "In the beginning of this year" (N. Shaw edit. Champl. p. xlviii), the duke of Montmorency 
 made viceroy of New France, "from Florida along the seacoast to the Arctic circle; to the west, 
 from Newfoundland to the Great Lake called the Freshwater Sea" (Lake Superior). Champlain 
 was appointed his lieutenant, to proceed to the new colony and have entire control (letter from the 
 king "May 7th"). 
 
 ^'The same year" (Smith, Chalm., and Holmes), freedom granted to the colonial commerce of 
 Virginia: and a Dutch ship arriving, sold "twenty negroes," being the first imported into Virginia. 
 The Dutch West India company chartered in this year ; and the island of Margarita seized, and from 
 this time chiefly abandoned by its Spanish inhabitants. 
 
 "Nov. nth" (Bradf., and Holmes), under a pledge from king James "Not to molest them," 
 arrival at Cape Cod of -one hundred" Brownists or Puritan reformers, in the ship Mayflower. Find- 
 ing themselves contrary to their wishes in " Lat. 42°," beyond the chartered limits of South Virginia, 
 and therefore under no government ; an agreement was signed before landing, and John Carver elected 
 governor for one year. On "Wednesday the 15th," a party on shore under Miles Standish "saw 
 five or six persons with a dogg." A few days afterwards, a party in the shalop "found more of their 
 come and of their beans of various collours " (Phaseolus vulgaris). " Before the close of November " 
 (Holmes), birth of Peregrine White ; the first child of European parentage born in New England.— 
 He died in 1704, in his "eighty-fourth year" (Prince chron.). 
 
 ''Dec. 9th" (Churchill coll ii.), eclipse of the moon. Observed in Anam or Cochinchina by 
 Borri ; of the party of missionaries who first entered that country. 
 
 " Dec. 23d, Saturday " (Churchill coll., and Holmes), after searching the bay beyond Cape Cod, 
 and selecting a harbour, many of the colonists went on shore to remain permanently ; and commenced 
 a settlement, which they called "New Plimouth." — The "twenty-second day of December, new 
 style, corresponding to the eleventh, old style " (Holmes), has long been observed as the anniversary 
 of the Landing. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), by H. and Z. Jansen in Holland, microscopes invented and first 
 manufactured. 
 
 " 1621 A. D. — 'thian-ki,' 1st year of Hi-tsoung-tchi-ti, Tchi-ti," or Hi-tsoung, "of the Ming" 
 or Twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). Hi-tsoung invited Portuguese soldiers 
 from Macao, to aid him against the Mantchous ; but through the jealousy of merchants, was per- 
 suaded to order a return (Semedo, and Pauth. 414). 
 
 "In this year" (Klapr. mem. i. 323), Japanese establishing themselves on the Northern coast 
 of Formosa. 
 
 " In this year " (Stirling, and W. W. Hunter), prince Shah Jahan, rebelling against his father the 
 emperor Jahangir, takes possession of Orissa and Bardwan. 
 
 "March 16th" (Holmes), the colonists at Plymouth visited by Samoset, a native who had 
 learned broken English from fishermen. Means of communication were now obtained ; and through 
 him, Squanto a native who had been forcibly carried to England, and Hobomack a third friendly 
 native, a treaty was entered into with Masasoit, the most influential chief among the surrounding 
 tribes. " Great store of wild tttrkies" were found in the woods (Bradf ). "June 1 8th," a duel between 
 two servants : who were condemned to lying twenty-four hours the head and feet tied together. 
 "Sept. 13th," visit of nine sachems, who voluntarily subscribed an instrument of submission to king 
 James; partly, it would appear, through fears of the Canadian French. "Nov. nth," arrival of 
 Robert Cushman with "thirty-five" additional colonists ; bringing a charter, procured by friends at 
 home.* — The treaty of friendship with Masasoit and the natives continued inviolate more than fifty 
 years, until 1675. 
 
 "The same year" (Purchas, and Holmes), a school for the natives founded in Virginia, endowed 
 with a tract of land, and connected with the college at Henrico. And in England, the policy of 
 favouring colonial over foreign importations, adopted. 
 
 "The same year" (Alst. p. 561), by the emperor Ferdinand II., the Protestants banished from 
 "Bohemia, Moravia, Austria, Silesia, and Lusatia." In France (Blair), commencement of civil war 
 against the Protestants : — the war continued seven years, until the capture of Rochelle by Louis XIII. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. fl. suec. p. vii), academic dissertation by J. L. Starchii, the first Swede 
 who wrote on plants ; treating them however only in a general way. 
 
 * Jimiperus prostrata of Subarctic America. The ground juniper is clearly the " junipere " of 
 Plymouth Colony mentioned in W. Morell's poem, — and "juniper" of New England described by 
 Josselyn 49 as "very dwarfish and shrubby: " J. prostrata is described by Michaux (Pers.) ; was 
 observed by myself from 45° to 42 along the Atlantic ; by Nuttall, from Lake Huron to Fort Mandan 
 on the Upper Missouri ; by Drummond, from the Saskatchewan to 53 on the Rocky mountains ; and 
 by Mertens, to 57 on the Pacific at Norfolk Sound. 
 
940 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In the nicrht of Sept. izth and 13th, the moon being one day old" (Relat. du Groenl. 207), a 
 remarkable display of the aurora borealis in France, observed and described by Gassendi (v.t. Peresc. 
 
 and '^eSsept. 16th" (Alst. p. 585, and Blair), Heidelberg on the Upper Rhine captured by the 
 emperor Ferdinand II., and its Library sent to Rome. ,.,,,. j 
 
 "In this year" (title-pa-e), publication in London of "A briefe relation of the discovery and 
 plantation of New England °. . from 1607 to this present 1622:" enumerating among the products 
 "oake" (Q alba) " firre " (Abies balsamea), "masts for ships of all burdens" (Strobus strobus), 
 "pitch" (Finns ildda), "walnut" (Julians cinerea), "chestnut" (Castanea Americana), " elme " 
 (Ulmus Americana), "plum-trees" (Prumts Americana), "vines of three kindes and those pleasant 
 to the taste yet some better than other" (litis cordifolia, V. labrusca, and V. cestivahs), "hempe ' 
 (Afiocvnum cannabinum), "flax" (Linum Virginianum), and " silkgrasse " (Eriophorum Virginicum). 
 "1623, January" (Churchill coll., and Holmes), a settlement commenced by the English on St. 
 Christopher ; and one by the French on the same day at the other end of the island, being their first 
 settlement in the West Indies. The settlers were soon driven out of the island by the Spaniards : — 
 but afterwards returned ; the French in small numbers, the more enterprising preferring to form 
 settlements on Guadalupe and Martinico. 
 
 " The same year" (Holmes, see also Bradford), after long trading with the natives, the Dutch 
 commenced settlements ; and at the mouth of the Hudson, built a town which they called " New 
 Amsterdam " (New York). They further established fortified trading-posts ; " Fort Orange," a hun- 
 dred and fifty miles up the Hudson ; and " Fort Nassau," on the East side of Delaware Bay. 
 
 " The same year " ( Hubbard, and Holmes), under patents from England, settlements commenced 
 and a house bui'lt within the mouth of the Pascataqua river. — The origin of the State of New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 "July 13th," under a charter from king James, a ship sent by Sir William Alexander encour. col. 
 35 entering Luke's Lav in Nova Scotia. On landing, " meadowes " were met with " hauing roses white 
 and red" (Rosa blanket, and R. India) growing "with a kind of wilde lilly which had a daintie smel" 
 (Lilium Canadensef), and on ground without wood between the two rivers "goose-beries " (Grossu- 
 laria cvnosbati), "strawberies" (Fragaria lirginiana), " hind-beries " (Rubus Occidcntalis ?), " ras- 
 beries " (Rubus strigosus), " and a kind of red wine-berie " (Vaccinium vitis-Idaea), also " some eares 
 of wheate" (Iriticum rep ens f) "barly" (Hordeum jnbatum ?) and "rie" (Elymus Virginicusf) 
 "orowin<r there wilde," and along the coast "pease" (Pisum maritimum) "good to eate but did taste 
 of the fitch : " the country for twelve leagues along to Port Negro found full of woods, "the most part 
 oake" (Qucrens rubra?), the rest "firre" (Strobus strobus), "spruce" (Abies nigra), "birch" (Betula 
 papyracea), "with some sicamores " (Acer saceliarinum) "and ashes" (Fraxinus sambucifolia), 
 "and many other sorts" they had not seen before. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl ), C. Bauhin publishing his Pinax and writing his Theatr., 
 enumerating Scirpns (IsolepL) acicularis theatr. 1S3, "gramen typhoides spica angustiore" theatr. 53, 
 Alopecurus agrestic, Pollinia gryilus theatr. 149 Chrysurus echinatus theatr. 59, Aira flexuosa theatr. 
 14, Bromus velutinus theatr. 143, "gramen caninum arvense" theatr. 9, Agropyrum repeus, Pulmo- 
 naria suffruticosa pin. 521, Linum viscosum pin. 214. Tradescantia I'irginiea pin. 516, Aster alpimts 
 ad Matth. 818, Rhododendron Lapponiuini pin. 468, Juncus Jiliformis pin. 12, and Cardamine bellidi- 
 folia pin. 105, Carex flava 7, "cannabis virginiana" 320, Acuida cannabina. — He died "in 1624," 
 and the first portion of his Theatr. was published by his son "in 1658." 
 
 Lathynis palustris of Subarctic climates. Termed "1. peregrinus foliis vicice flore subcaeruleo 
 pallideve purpurascente" by C. Bauhin pin. 344, — and known to grow in marshes from Lapland 
 throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 391), Engl. bot. pi. 169, and Pers.), also in Northern Asia 
 (Wats.) : was observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Brotero, in Extramadura in Portu- 
 gal ; by Savi, in Etruria. Westward, by Michaux in Northern Canada ; by myself, along the Atlantic 
 as far as 42 , only on the border of salt marshes ; but according to Hooker, grows throughout Canada 
 to the Saskatchewan and along the Northwest coast as far South as 48 . 
 
 Spircea hypencifolia of the Uralian plains. An ornamental shrub described by C. Bauhin pin. 
 517 — (Spreng.), seen by Barrelier in Spain (Camb.), by Thunberg in Japan. In its wild state, 
 observed by Pallas trav. from 53 on the Lower Volga; known to grow also on Caucasus (Dec. prodr.). 
 By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues frequent in gardens 
 (A. Gray). 
 
 Leersia oryzindes of Northeast America. A subaquatic grass known perhaps to C. Bauhin* — ■ 
 
 * Blitum capitatum of North America. Called in Britain blite (Prior) or slraio'em y-spinage. in 
 France "blette" (Nugent) : described by C. Bauhin ad Matth. 365 — (Spreng.), Knorr del. hort. i. pi. 
 E. 3, and Linnaeus hort. cliff. 1 ; termed " morocarpus capitatus " by Scopoli (Steud.) ; and known to 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 941 
 
 (though not in his herbarium), and from at least 1705 occurring along streams from Paris throughout 
 middle Europe (Linn., Mieg, Schreb. vi. pi. 22, Web., Spreng., and A. Dec): termed "homalocench- 
 rus oryzoides " by Pollich (Steud.), and observed by Savi in Etruria ; by Delile, in Lower Egypt ; 
 known to occur also in Persia (Kunth), and Japan (Thunb.). Westward, observed by myself from 
 48 on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42° ; by Conrad to 40 ; by A. Gray, " common" in central New 
 York ; by Michaux, from Pennsylvania to Carolina and Kentucky ; by Elliot, to 33 in South Carolina ; 
 by Chapman, in " Florida, and northward ; '' by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and by Beck, on the Missis- 
 sippi near St. Louis. 
 
 Phlcitm pratense of Northeast America. The herds-grass or timothy said by Prior to have been 
 introduced by Timothy Hanson from New York "into Carolina, and thence into England ; " termed 
 " gramen typhoides maximum" by C. Bauhin theatr. 49 — (Spreng.) ; and attributed to Europe by 
 Linnaeus, Schreber pi. 14, and Leers pi. 3 ; known to occur in meads and cultivated ground from Lap- 
 land to Switzerland and North Africa (Pers., and Wats.), and according to Kunth as far as Caucasus 
 and Siberia: Westward, was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; by Drummond, in 54 at Fort Cumber- 
 land ; by myself, from 45 to 42 in wild situations in New England, often within the margin of the 
 forest, but besides regularly cultivated. Var. "nodosum" is termed "gramen spicatum spica cylin- 
 dracea brevi radice nodosa" by Tournefort inst. 520, is known to occur from Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 
 380) throughout middle Europe, and according to Bieberstein in the Tauro-Caucasian countries, was 
 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, around Constantinople, by Hooker in Iceland, and by myself in 
 wild situations in New England. (See Leersia oryzoides and Cornus Canadensis.) 
 
 Carex ampullacea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed "gramen cyperoides 
 quartum" by C. Bauhin theatr. 84 — (Spreng.), "cyperoides polystachion spicis teretibus erectis " by 
 Tournefort inst. 529 ; known to grow in marshes from Lapland and Russia throughout middle Europe, 
 also in Siberia (Engl. bot. pi. 780, Leers pi. 16, Pers., and Wats.) : observed by Hooker in Iceland; 
 by Thuillier 490, in the environs of Paris ; by Sibthorp, in watery places in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Burserus collected plants throughout Europe, labelled them with the names adopted by his asso- 
 ciate and friend C. Bauhin, — and this lierbarium continued extant at Upsal in the days of Linnaeus. 
 The unnamed plants in the Collection were published by Petrus Martin "in 1724" (Linn. fl. suec. 
 p. xi). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Vespasian Robin, successor of his father in the charge of the Royal 
 garden at Paris, publishing his Enchirid. isagog.* 
 
 occur in the Tyrol, Switzerland (Pers.), and other parts of middle Europe. Westward, was observed 
 by myself in cultivated ground in New England ; but by A. Gray, indigenous, and in " dry rich ground 
 common from W. New York to Lake Superior and northward." 
 
 Solidago limonifolia of the seashore of Northeast America. The seaside golden-rod described by 
 C. Bauhin pin. 517 — (Spreng.) : observed by myself from 43° to 39 along the seashore especially in 
 salt marshes, rarely exceeding four feet, and the stems more or less oblique ; by Pursh, in salt marshes, 
 Canada to Virginia ; by Elliot, near salt water in South Carolina ; by Chapman, " salt marshes, Florida, 
 and northward ; " and by Nuttall, on the Azores. 
 
 Rudbeckia laciniata of Northeast America. A cone /lower, transported to Europe is termed 
 "doronicum americanum" by C. Bauhin pin. 516 — (Spreng.), seems the "aconitum helianthemum 
 Canadense" of Cornuti pi. 179, and is clearly described by Morison vi. pi. 6, Miller, and Linnaeus 
 (Pers.). Westward, is known to grow from Lake Huron to the Red river of Lake Winnipeg; was 
 observed by Nuttall towards the sources of the Missouri ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Pursh, from 
 Canada to Virginia; by myself, from 44 to 42 along the Atlantic ; by W. Barton, to 40 ; by Schwei- 
 nitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina ; by Elliot, in the Western district of Georgia. 
 
 Ipomoea (Pharbitis) purpurea of the Andes from Mexico to the Equator. Transported to Europe, 
 is described by C. Bauhin pin. 295,— Ehret pict. pi. 7 (Linn.); and escaping from cultivation, has 
 been found growing spontaneously near Saint-Barnabe in France (Castagne, and A. Dec). West- 
 ward, came from America (Pers.) ; and was observed by Humboldt and Bonpland from the city of 
 Mexico to Chillo near Quito, at the elevation of 1200 to 1350 toises (Kunth). Transported to North- 
 east America, is one of the two kinds of morning-glory planted in gardens, occurs besides " around 
 dwellings, escaping from cultivation" (A. Gray). 
 
 * Robinia viscosa of the Alleghany mountains. The clammy locust, a small tree introduced by 
 Vespasian Robin into the gardens of Paris as early as this year, — the "acacia Americana Robini" 
 havino- according to Cornuti pi. 172 erect racemes of flowers, and pods "ex omni parte echinatis : " 
 R. viscosa as planted in European gardens, is described also by Duhamel ii. pi. 17, and Ventenat 
 pi. 4. Westward, is known to grow wild on the Alleghanies from about 36 30' to their Southern 
 termination. (F. A. Mx, Ell., A. Gray, and Chapm.). 
 
 Smilacina stellata of Northeast America. Transported "from Virginia" to Vespasian Robin in 
 
g42 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Ampdopsis qtiinquefolia of Northeast America. The five-leaved creeper transported to Europe 
 and cultivated at Paris more than five years before — the account by Cornuti pi. loo of the " edera 
 quinquefolia Canadensis : " cultivated more generally throughout Europe for ornamenting walls, it 
 has in some localities become naturalized (A. Dec): was observed by Forskal at Constantinople. 
 Westward, was received by Hooker from Lake Huron ; was observed by Michaux from Canada to 
 Virginia ; by myself, wild in the forest from 45 to 38 along the Atlantic ; by Elliot, in South Caro- 
 lina ; by Baldwin, on Bermuda and to 31 in Florida ; by Bartram, to 28 ; and by E. James, along 
 the Arkansas. 
 
 "The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), at Madura in Southern Hindustan, commencement of 
 
 the great hall of the Tschultri of the temple. 
 
 " The same year" (art de verif ), Mustafa succeeded by Amurath IV. or Murad IV., eighteenth 
 Turkish sultan. Coins of Murad IV. issued at Cairo, are figured in Marcel p. 215. 
 
 " 1624 A. D. = 4th year of the ' thian-ki ' of Hi-tsoung, and 9th year of Thian-ming," Mantchou 
 ruler of Northern China (Chinese chron. table). To this time (as described by P. Alvarez Semedo), 
 the Chinese wore their hair : but Liao-toung being recaptured by the Mantchous, an edict was issued, 
 compelling the inhabitants to shave the head after the manner of the Mantchous. — The edict was 
 afterwards extended to the whole of China, and the Mantchou fashion becoming universal, has con- 
 tinued so to the present day. 
 
 " The same year" (Prince, Hubbard, and Holmes), a settlement commenced on Cape Ann, and 
 a fishing-stage set up there for the Plymouth settlers. 
 
 " In this year " (C. Francis biogr. Ell.), publication in London of " Good newes from New-Eng- 
 land " by Edward Winslow. 
 
 " Aug. 26th " (Rymer, and Holmes), the Virginia charter having been annulled, a new commis- 
 sion for the government, issued by king James : the governor and council to be appointed during the 
 king's pleasure ; and no assembly was mentioned, nor allowed. 
 
 L ' In this year" (A. Dec. g. b. 627), Marc. Zuer. Boxhorn publishing his " Origines gallicae." It 
 contains the " Botanologium " of John Davies, in which about a thousand plants are enumerated 
 under their Welsh and Latin names. 
 
 "In this year" (title-page), Sir Wm. Alexander publishing his Encouragement to colonies. 
 From information collected, he describes Port Royal in Nova Scotia as having '■ land fit to be 
 laboured lying betweene " the meadows overflowed by the tide and '• the woods, which doe compasse 
 all about with very faire trees of sundry sorts, as oakes " (Quercus rubra ?), " ash " (Frarinus sam- 
 bucifolia), "playnes" {Acer saccliarinum), "maple" (Acer rub rum), "beech" (Fagus ferruginea), 
 "birch" (Betula papy raced), " cypresse " {Thuya Occidmtalis), "pine" (Strobus Americanus), 
 " and firre " (Abies bahaiuca). 
 
 " 1625, March 27th" (Nicol. p. 340, Alsted p. 5S7 giving "26th"), James succeeded by his son 
 Charles, second king of United Britain, and a Catholic. 
 
 " May 13th " (Chalmers, and Holmes), proclamation of king Charles ; placing Virginia under the 
 immediate direction of the crown, and ordering all patents and processes to issue in his own name. 
 Fears now began to prevail, Lest the English ecclesiastical government should be extended over the 
 colonies (Bradf.). 
 
 "The same year" (Smith, Dougl., and Holmes), Roger Conant in removing from Nantasket to 
 Cape Ann, found a place called Naumkeak, which he judged suitable for a settlement, and sent notice 
 to his friends in England. 
 
 Paris, — and termed "polygonatum spicatum " by Cornuti pi. 32 and 34. and "Virginian's Salomon's 
 seale " by T. Johnson (edit. Gerarde 905); described also by Morison xv. pi. 4, and Stapel. West- 
 ward, the "Virginia Salomon's seal" was seen by Josselyn 45 in New England: S. stellata, by 
 Michaux in Canada; by myself, from 47 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42° along the Atlantic; 
 by Torrey, to 41° on the Hudson ; by Pursh, from Canada to the Alleghanies of Virginia; by Nut- 
 tall, from Lake Erie to the Arkansas, the Missouri as far as the Mandans, and the sources of the 
 Columbia. 
 
 Bignonia (Tecoma) radicaus of Northeast America. The trumpet-flower, a procumbent woody 
 vine climbing by rootlets, transported to Europe and Paris as early as this date, — as appears from 
 the account of the "gelseminum ederaceum " by Cornuti pi. 103 ; described also by Morison , con- 
 tinues under cultivation for ornament ; and according to Graham has been recently introduced into 
 the gardens of Hindustan. Westward, was observed by myself wild in openings and on the margin 
 of the forest from 40° fp 38 along the Atlantic ; by Catesby i. pi. 65, and Elliot, in South Carolina; 
 by N. A. Ware, in Florida ; by Chapman, "Florida to North Carolina, and westward ;" by Nuttall, 
 and E. James, on the Arkansas ; and by Beck, on the Mississippi near St. Louis. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 943 
 
 " In this year " (title-page), in a compilation published at Edinburgh, entitled " Encouragements," 
 and in which North American productions are enumerated, mention is made of dyes, "for blew the 
 herbe woad " (Baptisia tinctoria). 
 
 "The same year" (Maunder), first permanent settlement of the English on Barbadoes. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Tobias Aldini publishing his Plant, rar. hort. Fames., enumerating 
 Helleborus lividus. 
 
 " 1626, February" (Henault, and Holmes), by the English Commons, a bill passed for the free- 
 dom of fishing along the American coast. The bill not being returned from the House of lords ; the 
 commons vindicated its authority by refusing to grant a second subsidy, and was dissolved. Now 
 commenced the quarrels between king Charles and parliament; the latter perceiving that he wished 
 to absorb power and render himself independent. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), League against the emperor Ferdinand II., of the Protestant princes 
 of Germany, the Dutch, and Gustavus Adolphus king of Sweden. 
 
 " 1627 A. D. = ist year of Thian-tsoung," Mantchou ruler of Northern China (Chinese chron. 
 table). 
 
 "January '' (N. Shaw edit. Champl. p. lxii), on the St. Lawrence, death of Hebert, according to 
 Champlain " the first head of a family who lived by what he cultivated." 
 
 " March " (Morton, and Holmes), letters of friendship received at Plymouth from the Dutch 
 settlers of New Netherlands. 
 
 " September " (Alst.), treaty of peace between the emperor Ferdinand II. and the Turks. 
 
 At this time (Spreng., and Winckler), Georg Fuiren writing. — He died "in r628." 
 
 "The same year" (Maunder), Jahangir succeeded by his son Shah Jehan, now emperor of Hin- 
 dustan. — In whose reign, the Seiks, "a new set of religionists," silently "established themselves 
 along the eastern mountains." 
 
 "1628 A. D. = 'tsoung-tching,' ist year of Hoai-tsoung-ming-ti " or Hoai-tsoung, "of the Ming" 
 or Twenty-third dynasty (Chinese chron. table). In the reign of Hoai-tsoung (official documents 
 quoted by P. Martin Martini, and Pauth. p. 424), China contained "10,728,787 families, and 58,- 
 917,683 males." 
 
 " September" (Alst. p. 561 and 591), end of the chronicle of Alsted. 
 
 " Sept. 6th " (Bradf., Holmes, and Felt, archaeol. Amer. p. 8), arrival of John Endecott, bringing a 
 charter for the separate colony of Massachusetts : extending from three miles North of the Merri- 
 mack to three miles South of Charles river, and within these limits to the Pacific. Endecott estab- 
 lished himself at Naumkeak, founding there the second important town in New England ; Plymouth 
 being the first. — " For Salem was the next of any fame, That began to augment New England's 
 name " (poem ascribed to governor Bradford). 
 
 Before the close of the year (Prince, and Holmes), by general consent of the New England colo- 
 nists, Thomas Morton seized, and sent to England : For persisting in selling fire-arms to the natives. 
 
 " 1629, March 4th " (Blair), nine members of the Commons of England imprisoned for their 
 speeches by king Charles. "The same day " (Holmes), the Massachusetts charter confirmed by king 
 Charles, under the name " The governor and company of the Massachusetts Bay : " to have perpetual 
 succession, and annually elect out of their own number a governor, deputy governor, and eighteen 
 assistants ; and to make laws not repugnant to the laws of England. 
 
 " April 30th " (Holmes), the above officers of the Massachusetts Company having been elected, 
 a meeting at London, and a form of government for the new colony adopted : to be administered by 
 a Council of the colonists themselves, including John Endecott as governor. "Aug. 29th" (Holmes), 
 several persons "of considerable importance" having resolved to remove to Massachusetts "for the 
 unmolested enjoyment of their religion," and unwilling to be governed by laws made without their 
 consent ; an agreement for the transfer of the charter, so that the corporate powers should be exe- 
 cuted in New England. In accordance with this arrangement, John Winthrop was elected governor 
 of the Company, to proceed to New England. 
 
 "June" (Chalmers i. 142, Holmes, and Higgeson, hist. coll. i. p. 120), arrival of about "two 
 hundred " colonists at Naumkeak or Salem : where they found only governor Endecott and " eight 
 hovels ; " the whole colony containing at this time but "one hundred planters." 
 
 " The same year" (N. E. prosp. i. 10), arrival of William Wood in New England. Residing it 
 would seem, principally in Plymouth colony, he met with : an ash, "different from the ash of Eng- 
 land, beino- brittle and good for little " (Fraxinus pubescens) i. 6 ; " ever-trembling asps " (Populus 
 tremidoides) ; the "red oake " {Quercus rubra) ; and a third kind, the " blacke " (Quercus tinctoria).* 
 
 * Quercus tinctoria of Northeast America. The black or quercitron oak, a large tree, clearly the 
 " blacke oake " seen by W. Wood in Eastern Massachusetts : — observed by myself from Lat. 44 
 throughout New England ; by A. Gray, " common " in central New York ; by Bartram, in Pennsyl- 
 
944 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " In planted gardens and in woods, sweete marjoram" {Origanum vulgaref), " sorell " (Rumex 
 acelosella), " penerial, yarrow" {Achillea millefolium), " myrtle," were met with by W. Wood i. 5. 
 He further mentions : " hempe " (Cannabis saliva) " and flaxe " (Lirium usitatissimum) " some 
 planted by the English, with rapes;" besides " tumeps, parsnips, carrots, radishes, muskmillions, 
 cucumbers, onyons ;" also wheat, and good crops of " rie, oates, and barley. 1 '' 
 
 The natives tattooed figures of "bears, deer, hawks, etc.," on their "cheeks;" were more grieved 
 "to see an English man take one deere, than a thousand acres of land ;" wove "coats of turkie 
 feathers;" built "forts of young timber trees, rammed into the ground" (palisades); in cooking, 
 boiled or roasted, and abandoning the " earthen pots of their owne making," used "brasse " kettles 
 "which they traded for with the French long since." They were exposed to attacks from the "Mow- 
 hacks : " who wore " sea horse skinnes, and barkes of trees, made by their art as impenitrable," and 
 who "beate them downe with their right hand tamahaukes, and left hand iavelins, being all the weap- 
 ons which they use." — At the end of "four years,'' on the " 15th of August 1633," W. Wood i. 10 
 and ii. 1 to 17, sailed for England. 
 
 "July 19th" (Wilmere edit. Champl. p. lxxxii, Holmes), Quebec surrendered by Champlain to a 
 British fleet under the command of David Kertk, a French Protestant; but in place of removing as 
 had been stipulated to France, most of the colonists preferred to remain behind ; and it was soon 
 ascertained that peace had been declared " two months " previously. — Champlain returned to Quebec 
 as governor of the colony in "June 11133," bringing with him "a reinforcement of Jesuits," and died 
 "towards the end of 1635." The editor adds, "But for him Quebec would probably have never 
 existed." 
 
 "The same year" (Churchill coll.), Francis Pelsart of Holland on his way to India, wrecked on 
 "rocks near some small islands not inhabited and having no fresh water, in upwards of thirty-eight 
 
 vania ; by Muhlenberg, and Pursh, from New England to Georgia; by Elliot, in the upper district of 
 Carolina; by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky ; by Darby 44, on the Washita ; bv Nuttall, on the 
 Arkansas ; and by Long's Expedition ii. 215, on the Mississippi as far as 43° Its thick yellow inner 
 bark prepared for dyeing and chiefly exported from Philadelphia. 
 
 Nabalus albus of Northeast America. Called rattlesnake-root (A. Gray), in Virginia Dr. Wilt's 
 snake-root (Clayt.), and clearly the "root caled snake weede " mentioned by W. Wood i. it as an 
 antidote to the bite of the rattlesnake ; — also the "root of an herb called snake-weed, to bite on " 
 within " a quarter of an houre " by " the partie stinged," according to Higgeson (hist. coll. i. 122) ; 
 the "snakeweed" always carried about by Gov. Winthrop "in summer-time" (diary) ; the plant is 
 figured by Josselyn rar. pi. 77 ; and the "radix snaqroel nothae Angliae " used against the bite of a 
 serpent that otherwise kills within "twelve hours," reported to Cornuti p. 214: Dr. Witt's "rattle- 
 snake-root" of Virginia, as appears from Clayton, and Pursh, belongs here: N. albus according to 
 Hooker grows from Newfoundland to Quebec and Lake Huron; has been observed by myself from 
 45 to 40° along the Atlantic; by Pursh, from New England to Carolina; by Schweinitz, at 36 in 
 Upper Carolina ; by Chapman, "in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward." (See N. albus, 
 and Hieracium venosum.) 
 
 Hedcoma pulegioides of Northeast America. The American pennyroyal, named from resem- 
 blance in smell and taste (Tuckerm.), clearly the "peneriall " seen by W. Wood i. 5, — and Higge- 
 son, in Eastern Massachusetts, and "upright pe-uroval " of Josselyn rar. 44: H. pulegioides, an 
 annual growing in open situations and multiplying in clearings, has been observed by myself from 45° 
 on Mount Desert and in Northern New York to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Pursh, from Canada to 
 Carolina ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina ; and by Short, in Kentucky. 
 
 Smilacina racemosa of Northeast America. Sometimes called false spikenard { A. Gray); clearly 
 the "treackleberries" seen by W. Wood i. 5 in Eastern Massachusetts, — and the third kind of 
 " Salomon's seal " called according to Josselyn 45 " treacleberries, having the perfect taste of treacle 
 when they are ripe, and will keep good a long while, certainly a very wholesome berry, and medici- 
 nal " (J. L. Russell in Hovey's mag. 1858) : S. racemosa was observed by Michaux in Canada and on 
 the Alleghanies of Carolina ; by myself, from 45 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz, at 36 in 
 Upper Carolina; by Beck, on the Mississippi near St. Louis; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Cornuti pi. 37, and M orison xiii.'pl. 4. 
 
 Smilax glanca of Northeast America. Possibly the "saxifarilla " seen by W. Wood in Eastern 
 Massachusetts: — observed by myself from 42° near Plymouth to 38 near Washington, the leaves 
 edible ; by Torrey, from 4r° on the Hudson ; by Walter, and Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Chapman, 
 " Florida, and northward ; " by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and was received by A. Gray from " Ken- 
 tucky." Transported to Europe, is the " S. sarsaparilla of Linnaeus in part" (Pers., Steud., and A. 
 Gray. See Aralia nudicaulis). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 945 
 
 degrees of south latitude "(....). After building a deck to the long-boat, the party put to sea and 
 "soon discovered the continent," on "June 8th." In "twenty-four degrees of south latitude" on the 
 " 14th," six men " swimming ashore, saw four savages quite naked, who fled " {Australians). Contin- 
 uing along the coast Northward and Eastward, the boat safely arrived among the East India islands. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Parkinson publishing his Parad., enumerating Canna lutea 376, Nar- 
 cissus laetus 94. a. 9, N. viridiflorus 93. f. 6, Colchicum Byzantinum 155. f. 2, Geranium striatum 
 227. n. 7, Medicago sctttellala 337. n. 5. 
 
 Allium triquetrum of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Parkinson parad. 143 f. 6 — • 
 (Spreng.), and Rudbeck elys. ii. pi. 159; termed "a. caule triangulo " by Tournefort inst. 385 ; and 
 known to grow in Spain, about Narbonne (Pers.) : observed by Desfontaines i. 288 in Algeria; by 
 Tenore, in Italy ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Rome ; and by Gittard, in the Peloponnesus 
 (Chaub.). 
 
 Colchicum variegatum of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of meadow-saffron called 
 in Greece " spassohorton " (Sibth.) ; from transported specimens described by Parkinson parad. pi. 
 155 as having "leaves for the most part three," 'Tying close upon the ground," and termed by him 
 '• C. fritillaricum Chiense ; " — by Tournefort inst. 349, " C. flore fritillarias instar tesselato : " observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on Helicon, Parnassus, and other mountains of Greece. 
 
 "Towards 1630" (art de vcrif.), Ijesaz succeeded by his son or grandson Fide-tada, now 
 emperor of Japan. He continued the policy of persecuting Christians and excluding foreigners, the 
 Dutch excepted. 
 
 "T^* 1630 A. D." (art de verif.), abdication of Kouotei in favour of his daughter Niote or Siote, now 
 dairo of Japan. 
 
 After passing the winter of 1629-30 at Salem (hist. coll. i. 121), Higgeson found " divers excel- 
 lent pot-herbs " growing " among the grasse, as strawberrie leaves in all places," and '• pennyroyal, 
 wintersaverie, sorrell, brookelime, liverwort, carvell, and watercresses ; " * also "good ash " (Fraxinus 
 
 * Lobelia cardinalis of Northeast America. The cardinal-flower, transported to Europe, 
 described by Parkinson parad. 355, — Jungermann (Spreng.), Miller, and Linnaeus. Westward, is 
 known to grow from the Saskatchewan throughout Canada (Hook.) ; was observed by Pursh from 
 Canada to Carolina; by myself, on marshy margins of streams from 45 to 39 along the Atlantic ; by 
 Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Baldwin, at 31° ; by Bartram, to 30 ; by Chapman, " Florida to Missis- 
 sippi ; " by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky. 
 
 Asclepias Cornuti of Northeast America. The milkweed transported to Europe described by 
 Parkinson parad. 443. n. 2 — (Spreng.), termed "apocynum maius " by Cornuti pi. 90: pods "used 
 to stuff pillows and cushions " were sent from Connecticut by John Winthrop the younger in 1670 
 (phil. trans. Land., and arch. Am. iv. 124) ; and the living plant has become naturalized in France, 
 Corsica, and Dalmatia (A. Dec). Westward, is known to grow throughout Canada to the Saskatch- 
 ewan ; was observed by myself from 46 30' on the St. Lawrence to 40° along the Atlantic ; by Croom, 
 as far as Newbern ; by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Michaux, in Illinois (Pers.). 
 
 Cardamiue Pennsylvania of North America. The American water-cress, the flowers small 
 and uniformly white, clearly the "watercresses" seen by Higgeson near Salem: — observed by 
 myself frequent around Salem and from 44° to 39° along the Atlantic ; by Muhlenberg, and Pursh, 
 from New York to Pennsylvania ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Baldwin, as far as 30° in Florida ; 
 by Chapman, in " wet soil, Florida and northward ; " and according to Hooker, grows as far as the 
 Arctic Sea and Columbia river. 
 
 Rubus odoratus of Northeast America. Called in New England mulberry (C. P.) or flowering 
 mulberry (J. Robins.), and doubtless the " mulberries " seen by Higgeson around Salem:— the 
 "raspberry, here called mulberry" was seen by Josselyn rar. 4S in New England: R. odoratus is 
 known to grow from the Saskatchewan throughout Canada (Hook.) ; was observed by Michaux in 
 Canada and on the Alleghany mountains ; by myself, from 45° to the vicinity of Salem ; by W. Bar- 
 ton, to 40 near Philadelphia; by McEuen, near Ithaca in central New York; by Short, in Kentucky; 
 by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of South Carolina ; and by Chapman, " on the mountains of Georgia." 
 Transported to Europe, is termed "rubus odoratus " by Cornuti pi. 150; and continues under culti- 
 vation for ornament. 
 
 Osmorhiza longistylis of Northeast America. The American sweet cicely, probably the car 
 veil" seen by Higgeson near Salem ; — observed by myself in a rocky precipitous place in the suburb 
 called " Paradise?' possibly the spot where it was seen by Higgeson : by Torrey, near Albany on the 
 Hudson (Dec); by Conrad, near Philadelphia ; by Short, in Kentucky ; by Beck, on the Mississippi; 
 by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; and according to Hooker, grows throughout Canada to the Saskatch- 
 ewan and Northwest America. 
 
 Abocynum cannabinum of Northeast America. A species of American dogbane, probably one 
 
 119 
 
946 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Americana) ; and "up and downe in the woods," among other fruits, "walnuts " {Juglans cinerea), 
 and "smalnuts" (Carya glabra). The natives "generally professe to like well of our coming and plant- 
 ing here ; partly because there is abundance of ground that they cannot possesse nor make use of, 
 and partly because our being here will bee a meanes of relief to them when they want, and also a 
 defence from their enemies." They " will come into our houses " sometimes " half a score at a time 
 when we are at victuals, but will ask or take nothing but what we give them." We "neither fear 
 them nor trust them:" but "use them kindly:" and "purpose to learn their language." Their 
 " haire is generally blacke, and cut before," and " one locke longer than the rest, much like to our 
 gentlemen, which fashion " (wearing the queue) " I thinke came from hence into England." 
 
 In addition to plants already mentioned as introduced by the colonists into New England, Hig- 
 geson states, That the governor had " green pease growing in his garden." 
 
 " In this year also " (Poole introd. Wond. Prov. xxii), publication of White's " Planter's Plea ; " 
 a work on New England. 
 
 "July 6th " (Prince, and Holmes), arrival in Massachusetts Bay of John Winthrop, governor of 
 
 of the "two kinds of flowers very sweet, which they say are good to make cordage," observed by Hig- 
 geson near Salem : — but not known to grow nearer than Middleton Lake, where it was pointed out 
 to me by Mr. Oakes. 
 
 Quercus bicolor of Northeast America. The swamp white-oak, probably the fourth sort of 
 "oke" seen by Higgeson around Salem : — the frame-timbers of a house erected in 1652, recorded 
 as of "swamp white oak," continue sound, and 0. bicolor has been observed by myself in the imme- 
 diate vicinity of Salem: by F. A. Michaux, from Lake Champlain and 43 on the Atlantic to Lake 
 Ontario and the Western States ; by Darlington, to 40° near West Chester, Penns. ; by Schweinitz, 
 and Nuttall, at 36° in Upper Carolina; and by Nuttall, and Pitcher, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Veronica Americana of North America. Closely resembling V. beccabunga, but given as dis- 
 tinct ; clearly the " brookelime " seen by Higgeson near Salem ; — observed by myself in the outlet 
 of Mineral-spring Lake, possibly where it was seen by Higgeson : by Pursh, from Pennsylvania to 
 Virginia; and by Conrad, near Philadelphia; and according to Hooker grows throughout Canada to 
 Fort Norway. (Compare V. beccabunga.) 
 
 Pycnanthemum muticum of Northeast America. An aromatic Labiate, perhaps the " winter- 
 saverie " seen by Higgeson around Salem : — the specimen marked " satureja virginica" in the Lin- 
 najan herbarium, is referred here with some doubt by Bentham : P. muticum has been observed by 
 myself from 42 30' in the environs of Salem ; and according to A. Gray, grows from •■ Maine to Ohio, 
 Kentucky, and southward ; " was observed by Drummond at 40 near West Chester, and on the Mis- 
 sissippi near St. Louis (Ik-nth.) ; by Michaux, in Upper Carolina (Pers.), and by Schweinitz at 36 ; 
 by Chapman, " Florida to Mississippi, and northward ; " by Short, in Kentucky : by Nuttall, on the 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Pycnanthemum lanceolatum of Northeast America. Possibly the " wintersaverie " seen by 
 Higgeson near Salem : — observed by myself from 45 in Northern New York to and beyond Salem ; 
 by A. Gray, "common" in central New York; by Torrey, as far as 4i°on the Hudson ; by Michaux, 
 on the mountains of Pennsylvania and Upper Carolina (1'ers., and Benth.) ; and by Short, in 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Salix cordata of Northeast America. Arborescent, with lanceolate leaves heart-shaped at the 
 base only, possibly the "willow" seen by Higgeson around Salem, and its wood commended: — 
 observed there by myself, and from 47 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to 40 along the Atlantic ; by 
 Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania; by Pursh, from New York to Virginia; by J. Carey, and A. Gray, 
 on "inundated banks of rivers, and low meadows, common," becoming "a small tree six to fifteen feet 
 high." 
 
 Salix lucida of Northeast America. Arborescent, with shining foliage, possibly the "willow" 
 whose wood is commended by Higgeson : —observed by myself from 47 30' on the Lower St. Law- 
 rence to the vicinity of Salem ; by Torrey, to 41° on the Hudson ; bv Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania ; 
 by F. A. Michaux, in the Northern and Middle States ; by Pursh, from New York to Virginia ; by 
 J. Carey, and A. Gray, on "overflowed banks of streams, rather common," "sometimes becoming a 
 small bushy tree of twelve to fifteen feet." 
 
 Salix discolor of Northeast America. Arborescent, with leaves glaucous beneath, possibly the 
 "willow" seen by Higgeson : — observed by myself from 47 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to the 
 vicinity of Salem; by W. Barton, as far as 40°; by Collins, in Northern New York ; by Muhlenberg, 
 in New York and Pennsylvania ; by Pursh, from New England to Carolina (Ell.) ; by J. Carey, and 
 A. Gray, " low meadows and river-banks, common, a large shrub or small tree, eight to fifteen' feet 
 high." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 947 
 
 the Company, and now of the colony. Proceeding to the head of the Bay, he landed at Mishawum or 
 Charleston, together with " about fifteen hundred " colonists brought in the fleet. Shawmut across 
 the river, being a peninsula where wolves could be fenced out (W. Wood), several persons settled 
 there: the governor with most of the assistants followed before the close of the year, and the name 
 was changed to "Boston." Thomas Morton had returned to New England: but "Nov. 24th » a 
 proclamation by king Charles, forbidding disorderly trading with the natives, and especially supplying 
 them with fire-arms. & 
 
 " The same year " (Chalm., and Holmes), by Robert Heath, attorney general of king Charles, a 
 grant obtained of the region South of Virginia "from the thirty-sixth degree" of Latitude, under the 
 name " Carolana." — Heath however appears " to have made no settlement ; " and in 1663, his patent 
 was declared to have become void. 
 
 "1631, March 19th" (Trumbull, and Holmes), a grant of that part of New England extending 
 from Narraganset river one hundred and twenty miles on a straight line along the coast, and Westward 
 to the Pacific, after confirmation by king Charles, made over to viscount Say and Seal and his asso- 
 ciates : being the original charter for Connecticut. — A governor was sent over in 1635. 
 
 " The same year " (Chalmers, and Holmes), George Calvert Lord Baltimore, visiting the Chesa- 
 peake and finding that the Virginians had formed no settlements North of the Potomac, obtained on 
 application to king Charles a charter for Maryland : but died before the formalities could be com- 
 pleted. — The charter was issued in the following year to his son Cecilius Calvert. 
 
 "Sept. 3d" (Churchill coll. ii.), discovery by Thomas James of the Southern prolongation of 
 Hudson's Bay. Sailing to its termination, he wintered there in "lat. 52° 3':" the prolongation has 
 received the name of ''James' Bay." 
 
 " 1632, March 17th " (Chalmers, and Holmes), treaty of- St. Germain, by which the English con- 
 quests and claims on Acadie, New France, and Canada, were ceded to Louis XIII. of France. — The 
 source of a long train of colonial difficulties. 
 
 " In this year" (Johns, wond. prov. 26), the colonists on Charles river in want of food, but found 
 some relief in "wild onions" (Allium Canadense) and other herbs.* 
 
 "June 14th" (M. Russell p. 291), proclamation of Socinios restoring to the Abyssinians their 
 ancient faith, also abdicating in favour of his son Facilidas. The Catholic missionaries were now 
 banished and excluded from Abyssinia; an abuna consecrated at Alexandria being already on his way, 
 to resume the ecclesiastical government. 
 
 At this time, " 1631 to 1637" (Lubke and Lutrow), in Hindustan, building of the Jamna mosque 
 at Delhi. 
 
 " 1633, Jan. 17th " (Chalm., and Holmes), pursuant to the treaty of St. Germain, the trading house 
 of the Plymouth colonists at Penobscot seized and plundered by the French. Forts were now hastened 
 and commenced at Boston and Nantasket ; and the planting of Agawam (Ipswich) was also hastened, 
 lest the French should get possession. "October," the frame of a house taken in a vessel up the 
 Connecticut river, notwithstanding menaces from a Dutch fort, and set up about a mile beyond : being 
 the first house erected in Connecticut. 
 
 "Feb. 21st" (Hubbard, and Holmes), by the English government alarmed at the increase of 
 emigration, an Order of the council, to stay several ships in the Thames. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler). after his Itin. Cant, "in 1632," Thomas Johnston pub- 
 lishing his edition of Gerarde.f — He published his Mercur. bot. from "1634-41," and died "in 
 1647." 
 
 * Antholyza JEthiofiica of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, first flowered in this year at 
 Paris — (Cornuti pi. 79) ; described also by Linnaeus, and Andrews repos. pi. 210. Known to grow 
 wild in Austral Africa (Thunb. prodr. p. 7, and Pers.). By European colonists, recently introduced 
 by the w-ay of the Cape of Good Hope into Hindustan (Graham). 
 
 Amaryllis falcata of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, cultivated at this time at Paris, — 
 and named "narcissus pumilus polyanthos " by Cornuti pi. 154; described also by Linnaeus, Jacquin 
 hort. iii. pi. 60, L'Heritier sert. 13, and Ker. Known to grow wild in Austral Africa (Thunb., and 
 Pers.). 
 
 Hypoxis stellata of Austral Africa. Transported to Paris about this time, — according to Cornuti 
 pi. 165, and named by him " sisynrichium Robini ; " described also by Miller, Linnaeus, Jacquin rar. ii. 
 pi. 368, and Andrews pi. tor. Known to grow wild in Austral Africa (Thunb., and Pers.). 
 
 f Pelargonium Iriste of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, termed "geranium triste " by 
 T. Johnston (Ger. emend.), — described also by Cornuti pi. no and p. 122, Linnaeus, and Cavanilles iv. 
 pi. 107. Known to grow wild in Austral Africa, its tuberous roots said to be eaten by the natives. 
 The flowers odorous at night (Pers.). 
 
94« 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (title-page, and iii. 22), De Laet publishing his Nov. Orb., having received from 
 the Hudson river Polygonum sagittatum, and P. arifolium iii. 10. pi. — The date " 1635 " occurs in 
 the French edition xvi. 2, issued "in 1640." 
 
 Advent in Plymouth colony of the seventeen-years locust, Cicada stpUmdeciht, witnessed in this 
 year by Bradford p. 198. The insect is peculiar to Northeast America, and is remarkable for its 
 longevity; known to extend throughout the whole intervening seventeen years. 
 
 One hundred and seventy-eighth generation. May 1st, 1634, onward mostly beyond youth : the 
 Chinese historians Fou-y-tchang, and Kou-yng-tai (Pauth. 400): the Jewish writers, Manasseh ben 
 Israel; Zacutus Lusitanus ; Chajjim Benevniste : the Greek writers, Agapius of Crete d. after 1643, 
 Andreas Troilus d. 1647: Riccioli; Fabri de Peiresc ; Caspar Barthius ; Henry Spelman ; cardinal 
 Bentivoglio ; Gerard John Vossius ; Ericius Puteanus ; Quevedo ; Grotius : archbishop Usher; 
 Gabriel Naudd; John Selden ; Descartes; Famianus Strada; Petavius ; Voiture ; Balzac; Chilling- 
 worth ; Salmasius ; Paul Scarron ; Henry Hammond ; Samuel Bochart ; Blaise Pascal : the botanists, 
 Balthas. and Mich. Campius, Joseph Bonfiglioli, Petrus Carrera d. 1647, Ovid. Montalbanus, Io. Ant. 
 Bumaldi, Thomas Brown, Kenelm Digby d. 1665, Levinus Fischer, loach. Jungius d. 1657, P. Dionys. 
 Vellia, Bartholomjeus Ambrosinius d. 1657, Io. Bapt. Ferrarius d. 1655, Petr. Castellus, Io. Royerus, 
 Adolph. Vorstius d. 1663, Io. Chemnitz d. 1651, Sim. Paulus d. 1680, Petrus Firens and Dan. Rabel, 
 Antonius Vallot and Dionysius Joncquet d. 1671, Otho Sperlingius d. 1681, Thomas Pancovius d. 1665 : 
 the painters, Guido Reni d. 1642, Rubens d. 1640, Vandyck d. 1641, Nicholas Poussin d. 1665, Adrian 
 Brower or Brauwer d. 1640, Diego Velasquez de Silva d. 1660, Dominico Zampieri called Domenichino 
 d. 1641 : the architect Inigo Jones. 
 
 '■The same year " (Chalmers, Hubbard, and Holmes), Roger Williams, a clergyman of Salem, 
 holding tenets regarded as heretical and seditious, "tending equally to sap the foundation of the 
 establishment in church and state," and being found irreclaimable, banished from Massachusetts. In 
 Boston, select men first chosen to manage the town affairs ; a market established ; a house of enter- 
 tainment set up ; and the first merchant's shop opened. 
 
 "The same year" (relat. Jes. i.), letter from Quebec of the Jesuit Paul le Jeune, enumerating 
 among the animals of the surrounding country "orignaux" (Cervus Canadensis, moose), "caribous" 
 or "asnes sauvages" (Cervus rangifcrinns), "blereaux" (Gulo lusais), " sifneurs ou rossignols " an 
 animal "plus gros qu'un lieure " (A? ctomys Marilandica), and three species of " ecurieux " (Sciurus 
 cinerens, S. ru/us, and Tamias striatus). 
 
 "In this year" (Klapr. mem i. 324), by permission of the Japanese, Fort Zelandia built by the 
 Dutch at the entrance of the harbour of Thay ouan in Formosa. — The Japanese soon afterwards 
 abandoned the island and all their foreign possessions. 
 
 "In this year" (Stirling, and W. W. Hunter), a firman granted by the emperor Shah Jahan, 
 allowing the English to trade with their ships in Bengal. But Azim Khan, governor of Orissa, Behar, 
 and Bengal, restricted them to the single port of Pippli, where they built their first factory. 
 
 " i<>35 A. D." (univ. hist., and Holmes), landing of French colonists under M. Bretigny on 
 Cayenne Island and the adjacent continent. 
 
 "The same year" (Winthrop i. 162, archseol. Amer. iv. 229), sailing from Massachusetts Bay of 
 "Mr. Graves in the James, and Mr. Hodges in the Rebecka, for the" outlying "Isle of Sable for 
 sea-horse, which are there in great number." — In 1642, John Webb "with his company," sailed for 
 the Isle of Sables "with commission from the Bay to get sea-horse teeth and oyle " (Lechford, hist, 
 coll. iii. 3d ser. p. 100). And even in the days of Josselyn voyag. p. 106 and rar. p. 97, " morse, or 
 sea-horse" (Trichecus rosmarus), "smooth-skinned, and impenetrable," having "tushes as white 
 as ivory," continued "frequent at the Isle of Sables." 
 
 "About this year" (narrat., and Murdoch hist. Nov. Scot. i. 130 to 536), Denys, one of the 
 companions of Razilly "in 1632," remaining or again visiting Nova Scotia: — "in 1636" he was 
 appointed "governor in the bay of St. Lawrence and isles adjacent: " he founded Miramichi in the 
 " Bay des Chaleurs ; " published his account of the country "in 1672," and was living at Miramichi 
 "in 1690." 
 
 "In this, year" (Spreng.), Cornuti publishing his Plant. Canadens , enumerating of North 
 American plants, " filix baccifera " (Cystoperis bulbifera) pi. 4 ; * " origanum fistulosum Canadense '' 
 (Monarda fi-stulosa) pi. 14; " eruca maxima Canadensis" (. . . . ) pi. 17; "Valeriana urticaefolia 
 
 * Archangelica atropurpurea of Canada. The great angelica transported to Europe is termed 
 "angelica atropurpurea Canadensis" by Cornuti pi. 199, — described also by Linnaeus. Westward, 
 "wild angelica, majoris " was seen by Josselyn rar. 45 in New England: and A. atropurpurea has 
 been observed by myself from 45 to 42° in Eastern and Western Massachusetts ; by Darlington, as 
 far as 40 near West Chester ; by Michaux, in Canada ; by Pursh, from Canada to the Alleghanies of 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 949 
 
 flore albo" of Canada (Eupatorium ageratoides) pi. 21; "verbena urticaefolia flore violaceo" of 
 Canada ( Verbena hastata ?) pi. 23 ; " polygonatum ramosum flore luteo majus " ( Uvularia grandi- 
 flord) pi. 39; "hedysarum triphyllum Canadense " (Desmodium Canadense) pi. 45; "fumaria sili- 
 quosa sempervirens " (Corydalis glaucd) pi. 58; "fumaria tuberosa insipida" {Dielytra Canadensis) 
 pi. 126; ''aster luteus alatus" of North America (Helenhtm autumnale) pi. 63. "asteriscus latifolius 
 autumnalis" {Aster cordifolius) pi. 65; " aconitum baccis niveis et rubris " {Actcea Americana) pi. 
 77; "apocynon minus rectum Canadense" (Asclepias incamata) pi. 93; "trifolium asphaltion Cana- 
 dense (....) pi. 13 j ; "pimpinella maxima Canadensis" (Sanguisorba Canadensis) pi. 174; "cere- 
 folium latifolium Canadense," esculent, and perishing in the third year ( . . . ) pi. 177 ; " thalictrum 
 Canadense" (7". Cotnuti) pi. 187; "eupatoria foliis enulas " {Eupatorium purpureum) pi. 191; 
 " calceolus Marianus Canadensis " (Cypripedium spectabile) pi. 205 ; and " herbatum Canadensium, 
 sive panaces moschatum" ( . . . ) p. 212; Plantago cucullata 163, Smilacina racemosa 37, Scutel- 
 laria peregrina 129. 
 
 Crambe Hispanica of the West Mediterranean countries. An annual received by Cornuti pi. 
 148 from Spain and termed "rapistrum maximum monospermum," — described also by Morison iii. 
 pi. 13 ; known to grow in maritime situations in Spain (Dec. syst ), also on Sardinia (Moris), Sicily 
 (Guss.), and observed by Chaubard among rubbish at Modon and Pylos in the Peloponnesus : received 
 by Achille Richard from Gabdia in Tigre in Northeastern Abyssinia (A. Dec). 
 
 "In this year" (inscript, and Krapftrav.), Francisco de Xeixas de Cabreira appointed to the com- 
 mand of the fortress at Mombasa. "He reduced into submission" the coast of Malindi, and "made 
 the kings of Tondo, Mandra, Lazieva, and Jaca, tributaries : " — "visited Pat^ and Sio with a pun- 
 ishment never before witnessed 'in India, levelling the wall's thereof to the ground : " " imposed a 
 fine on the Muzungulos, and punished Pemba and its rebel people, killing the petty king : " and at the 
 end of four years rebuilt the fortress. 
 
 " 1636 A. D. = 1st year of Tsoung-te," Mantchou ruler of Northern China (Chinese chron. 
 table, and Pauth. p. 417). Suspension bridges, some of iron, in use in China and Thibet; such struc- 
 tures being as yet unknown in Europe (Pauth. 234). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), after the death of Michael Boym, Jesuit missionary in China, pub- 
 lication of his Flor. Sinens. 
 
 "In this year" (Relat. du Groenl. 227), by the Greenland Company of Copenhagen, two vessels 
 sent "to that part of New Greenland which is on the coast of" Davis' Gulf. While trading with the 
 natives, a sea-unicorn (Monoceros unicornu) was observed on the "grass" (Zostera) which "the 
 tide had left dry," these animals it was said allowing themselves to be temporarily stranded : it was 
 immediately attacked by a crowd of natives, killed, and its "horn" sold to the Danes. 
 
 "The same year" (Hutchinson, and Holmes), Roger Williams finding himself excluded from 
 both Massachusetts and Plymouth Colonies, and land being offered by Narraganset chiefs, com- 
 menced a settlement with several of his friends at Mooshausick ; changing the name to "Provi- 
 dence." — The beginning of the fourth important town in New England, and of the separate State of 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 " The same year " (Hubbard, and Holmes), a murder by aboriginals of Block Island, who sought 
 refuge among the Pequots : giving rise to the first serious war against a native Tribe. — The Pequots 
 were in the following year broken up and dispersed. 
 
 "In this year" (Stirling, and W. W. Hunter), a daughter of the emperor Shah Jahan healed by 
 surgeon Gabriel Boughton. As a reward, the English were allowed to trade in Bengal and Orissa 
 free of all duties. 
 
 Virginia ; and according to A. Gray, grows from "New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and 
 northward," a "popular aromatic." 
 
 Angelica lucida of Northeast America. Transported to Europe is termed "angelica lucida 
 Canadensis" by Cornuti pi. 197, — described also by Morison ix. pi. 3, and Jacquin hort. iii. pi. 24: 
 Westward, was received by Muhlenberg from Carolina and the Cherokee country, and according to 
 Pursh tows in Pennsylvania. The "thaspium actaeifolium" of Nuttall, or nondo, observed by Short 
 in Kentucky, and growing according to A. Gray in "rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward 
 along the mountains," may be compared. 
 
 Solidaao sempervirens of Northeast America. A tall golden-rod, transported to Europe termed 
 by Cornuti pi. 169, "solidago maxima Americana" three to four cubits high, its stem smooth and 
 somewhat purplish ; described also by Morison vii. pi. 23, and Plukenet aim. pi. 235, the leaves 
 according to Linnaeus "subcarnosis tota hyeme persistentibus " (Pers.). Westward, observed by 
 Michaux in Canada and New York (Pers.) ; by Pursh, from Canada to Pennsylvania; by A. Gray, 
 sometimes "eio'ht feet" high, in "less brackish swamps, with thinner and elongated linear-lanceolate 
 leaves ; " by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Baldwin, as far as 30 in Florida. 
 
gjO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Smilax Zeylanica of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in the environs of Bombay "gootee wail" 
 (Graham), in Burmah "ku-ku" (Mason) ; and among the natives as early perhaps as this year sub- 
 stituted for sarsaparilla : —observed by Rheede vii. pi. 31 in Malabar; by Graham, in both " Deccan 
 and Concans;" by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan; by Mason v. 501, in "jungles" in Burmah, 
 "used by the natives as a medecine, to supply the place of a species of sarsaparilla, whose dried 
 roots are sold in the bazars;" the "china Amboinensis " of Rumphius v. pi. 161 is also referred 
 here by writers. 
 
 "1637, April" (Hazard coll. i. 421, and Holmes), proclamation by king Charles, prohibiting 
 emigration', unless under a certificate of having " taken the oaths of supremacy and allegiance, and 
 conformed to the discipline of the Church of England." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Wilhelra Piso, in an Expedition under Maurice of 
 Nassau, arriving in Brazil, meeting with Costus spieatus 214, Tk ilia geniculata 224, Piper caudatum 
 197, P. peiiatitm 197, P. rugosum 216, Xyris Americana 238, Cyperus Surinainaisis 238, Kyllinga 
 odorat.i 231, Dichromena ciliata 238, Spermacoce limfolia 199, Cailicocea Mntisii 231, Physalis 
 pubescens 223, Solatium Bahamease 182, 5\ paniculatiim 181,6". imnrocarpon 210, Sabicea cinerea 
 184, Plumbago scandals 200, Genipa Americana 13S, Atropa arborescens 224, Plriloxerus verinicu- 
 lar/'s 243, Hydrocotyle umbcllala 260, Bromdia acan^a 293, B. humilis 192, B. bracteata 194, Paul- 
 linia pinnata 250, Gomphia jabotapita 166, " paionariba "' 185 Cassia longisiliqua, C. sericca 185, 
 Guarea trichilioides 170, Malpighia faginca 169, " caapongo " 243 Portulaca halimoides, P. pilosa 
 244, Psidium aromaticum 15, Plinia crocea 187, Cereus fl igelliformis 1S9, C. Royeni 189, C. triangu- 
 laris 190, Opuntia Curassavica 190, Pereskia portnlacifolia 191, Lecythis parviflora 137, "ianipaba" 
 138 Acioa dulcis, Nymphaea odorata 219, Apciha tibourbou 123, liignonia chrysantha 148, B. alba 
 164, B. orbiculala 165, Jacaranda Braziliensis 165, Tanaecium jaroba 173, "murucuia" 247 Passi- 
 florafilamcntosa, P. angiislifolia 247, P. maliformis 24S, Melochia pyramidata 222, Gustavia augusta 
 172, Gossypium vitifcdium 186, Geoffraea spinosa 174, Hcdysarum supinum 201, Vernonia scabra 
 176, Eupatoriuiu ivaefolium 217, E. odoratum 218, Aristolochia ringcns 260, "aninga" 220 Arum 
 Unfit latum, Caladium arborescens 220, C. bicolor 237, Janipha Loeflingii 179, Urtica baccifera 235, 
 Cnciimis an^uiiuts 262, C. angaria 263, Dioscorea sativa 255, " pindova " Canarium accuinanum, 
 Licualia spinosa 126, Carica spinosa 160, Morns? tincioria 163, Feuillea cordifolia 259, Cecropia 
 palmata 147, and Cissampelos caapcba 261, Cnidoscolus stimulosa 79 f. 2. — He was joined by 
 Marcgrafin the following year : the Expedition returned "in 1641 ; '' Marcgraf died "in 1644," and 
 the Hist. Nat. Bras, was published by Joan de Laet " in 1648 ; " Piso published a second edition 
 "in ifjjS," and Maurice died " in 1679 " 
 
 I'ismia guttifera of Eastern Equatorial America. A bush about ten feet high, observed by Piso 
 and Marcgraf 96. f. 1, in Brazil, — and by Aublet ii. pi. 311 in Guayana : yielding with other species 
 a purgative gum-resin resembling gamboge, and imported into Europe under the name of American 
 gamboge.* 
 
 Mimosa asperata of Equatorial Africa. Known to grow there both in the Eastern and Western 
 portion (fl. Nigr.), and probably by European colonists carried to Tropical America; observed by 
 Piso 203 in Brazil, and called " caaco " — (Spreng.) ; was thence introduced into Jamaica according 
 to Browne, and was seen by Macfadyen in gardens only ; continues on the continent from Venezuela 
 to Brazil (Benth,. and A. Dec). Clearly by European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, 
 observed under cultivation by Bojer. 
 
 Mucuna mens of Tropical Atlantic shores. A woody-stemmed climbing bean, its pods covered 
 with stinging hairs called cowic/i, observed by Piso 307 in Brazil — (Spreng.); by Sloane i. 79, 
 Plumier, and Jacquin, in the West Indies ; and known to grow on the neighbouring portion of South 
 America (A. Dec). Instances of its seeds carried by ocean-currents to the coast of Scotland being 
 
 * I'andellia diffusa of Equatorial Africa and Madagascar. Probably by European colonists car- 
 ried to Tropical America; observed by Marcgraf xv. pi. 32 in Brazil, — by Aublet ii. pi. 251 in Guay- 
 ana, and known to occur " frequenlissima ad vias " as far as the West Indies and Guyaquil (Pers., 
 and A. Dec.) ; called in Amwak " haimarada," by the Dutch settlers "bitter blain," and "of great 
 value in Guayana as an antibilious emetic and febrifuge, and a most efficacious remedy in malignant 
 fevers and dysentery" (Hancock med. bot. trans. 1829). Eastward, known to grow in Guinea 
 (Hook. fl. Nigr.), and on Madagascar (Benth.) ; but possibly by European colonists, carried to the 
 Mauritius Islands (Lindl.). 
 
 Jiemirea maritima of the Equatorial shores of the Atlantic. A reed observed by Piso 238 in 
 Brazil — (Spreng.), by Aublet pi. 16 in the maritime sands of Guayana. Known to grow also on the 
 opposite African seashore (Kunth, and Benth. fl. Nigr.), seeds doubtless transported from one conti- 
 nent to the other by ocean-currents (A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 951 
 
 known to Sloane, the plant probably crossed the Atlantic without human intervention : was observed 
 by Adanson in Senegal (Steud.) ; is known to grow also in Guinea, and on Fernando Po (Benth. fl. 
 Nigr.). 
 
 Iresine vermicularis of the Atlantic seashore of Tropical America and Africa. A branching 
 prostrate Amaranthaceous plant called in Brazil "caaoponga" (Pis. 243) or " parexxil " — (Marcg. 
 14, and Willd. i. 2322) : observed by Swartz obs. 101 in the West Indies ; known to grow on Key 
 West (Torr.), and "sandy sea-shores, .South Florida" (Pursh, and Chapm.). Eastward, on the 
 seashore of Senegal and Guinea (Moq., A. Dec, and Benth. fl. Nigr.), doubtless transported from 
 one continent to the other by ocean currents. 
 
 Smilax siphilitica of the Upper Orinoco. Among other species substituted for sarsaparilla, a 
 kind was observed by Marcgrafand Piso iii. 258 in Brazil: — S. siphilitica, known to grow on the 
 Cassiquiare branch of the Orinoco (Pers., and Lindl.), is said to have been found farther South by 
 Martius, on the Rio Negro and at Yupura, and according to Pareira furnishes the Brazilian or 
 Lisbon sarsaparilla. 
 
 " 1638, April 12th" (art de verif., and Thunb. trav. iv. 30), capture of the fortress of Sinabaro, in 
 which the Christians of Japan had all taken refuge. They were put to death, "thirty-seven thousand" 
 in number, and the extinction of Christianity in Japan completed. 
 
 " In this year" (Linn fl. suec. p. viii), J. Frankenius publishing his " Speculum Botanicum : " in 
 which Swedish plants are for the first time enumerated, intermingled however with exotic. He men- 
 tions Chrysosplenium alternifolium 27, Rubus arcticus 14, Betula nana 32. — He published a Second 
 edition "in 1659," and died "in 1661." 
 
 " April " (H. C. Murphy note to Vanderd. vertoogh 77), arrival of Swedes in the Delaware, where 
 they commenced a settlement and fort, notwithstanding the protest of the Dutch governor Kieft at 
 New Amsterdam. 
 
 "May" (Hazard coll. i. 422, and Holmes), an order staying eight ships on the point of sailing: 
 by which, John Hampden, and Oliver Cromwell, among other persons, were prevented from coming to 
 New England. Before the close of the year (Pemberton, and Holmes), arrival in the Thames of the 
 first New England-built ship. 
 
 "June 1st" (Holmes), a violent earthquake in New England, — long remembered in the annals 
 of the colony. 
 
 "The same year" (Winthrop, and Holmes), legacy by John Harvard, a clergyman of Charles- 
 town, to the college founded the previous year ; and the name of " Cambridge " given to the site 
 selected. Josselyn voy. 29 arriving "July 3d " found Boston consisting of "not above twenty or thirty 
 houses." " Oct. nth," he was treated with "half a score very fair pippins " from Governor's Island 
 in Boston harbour, "there being not one apple tree nor pear planted yet in no part of the country but 
 upon that island." 
 
 " The same year " ( . . . . ), at Gizeh, the coating of the Second pyramid continuing entire ; the 
 sides described by Greaves, as rising " not with degrees like " the First pyramid, " but are all of them 
 plain and smooth." — At the time of my own visit, the coating remained only on the apex. 
 
 "The same year, Pedro de Silvoa being viceroy" (Krapf trav.), date of the above-mentioned 
 inscription over the gateway of the fortress at Mombas. 
 
 " 1639 A. D." (Winthrop, and Holmes), the first printing-press in North America set up at Cam- 
 bridge. The settlers at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, three towns on the Connecticut, finding 
 themselves without the limits of the Massachusetts charter, conceived the idea of forming by voluntary 
 compact a distinct commonwealth: the constitution framed, — is much celebrated; and after being- 
 extended to all Connecticut, "has continued with little alteration to the present time " (Hazard coll. i. 
 437, and Holmes). 
 
 "The same year" (Chalm., and Holmes), by king Charles, William Berkeley appointed governor 
 of Virginia, and civil privileges restored ; including "a provincial legislature, a regular administration 
 of justice a o-overnment of laws." In Maryland, the House of Assembly established ; its acts to be 
 " of the same force, as if the proprietary and freemen had been personally present : " in one of these 
 acts "the people " are defined, as consisting of all Christian inhabitants "slaves only excepted." — 
 Arriving in Virginia, Berkeley continued governor from " 1642-77 " (hist. Virg.). 
 
 " 1640 A. D." (art de verif.), Murad IV. succeeded by Ibrahim, nineteenth Turkish sultan. Coins 
 of Ibrahim, issued at Cairo, are figured in Marcel p. 219. 
 
 " In this year" (Krapf trav.), Portugal restored to independence by John IV. ; too late to save 
 
 the colonies. . 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Prior), Parkinson publishing his Theatr., enumerating* Gladiolus 
 
 * Polygonum acre of Northeast America. The American water-pepper, transported to Europe, 
 termed "polygonum persicaria acris of Virginia" by Parkinson herb., — described also by Kunth. 
 
g^ 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Byzaniinus 191, ipomaea Uamosa 164 n. 5, Aschpias amoena 386, Heradeum elegans 954, Selinum 
 peucedanoides 904 n. 2, G?a«& kptophylla 920, -Ww m^vwmA? 1235, 7iwM F^»M«tf 875 t 6, 
 Euphorbia isatifoha 1S8 n. II, Erodium petraeum 709 n. 4. Astragalus Baeticus 1084 n. 23, Frenan-^ 
 ikes spinosa 804, ^ot/!« microphylla 218 n. 8, HManthus frondosus 130 n. 8, ,-^to- Tradescanlt 
 
 132. 
 
 O-0«« fcjfo™.? of the East Mediterranean countries. Transported to Britain, is described by 
 Parkinson theatr. 162 n. 10- (Spreng.), and Miller- (Steud.) ; escaping from cultivation has been 
 found growing spontaneously in a single park (A. Dec. g. plant. 691). Eastward, was observed by 
 Chaubard around the Saronica gulf of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 A'anitsNs incomparabilis of the West Mediterranean countries. Transported to Britain, is termed 
 "nonpareille" by Parkinson thea'.r. 68 ; — and escaping from cultivation, has maintained itself for 
 probably two centuries in a park near Swansea (Dillw., and Wats.), occurs also in a locality m the 
 county of Worcester, as well as in Normandy (A. Dec). In its wild state, is known to grow in Por- 
 tugal and Spain (Pers.), was observed by Gouan near Montpelier (Steud.). 
 
 "The same year" (Winthrop, and Holmes), settlers from Lynn near Salem, removing to the 
 Eastern end of Long Island, erected themselves into a civil government. 
 
 "In this year" (Stirling, and W. W. Hunter), one of the wives of Sultan Shujar, governor of 
 Behar, Orissa, and Bengal, healed by surgeon Boughton. As a reward, the English were now allowed 
 to build factories at Balasor and Hugli. 
 
 " In this year" (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 102), Francoys Caron chief of the Dutch trade in Japan 
 describes the land of Yeso as " very large, has often been explored by Japanese, deeply and far trav- 
 elled through, but no one has ever come to the end or come to any certainty respecting it, so that they 
 have generally come short of food and each time been obliged to return : the reports of visitors have 
 been such that his majesty's curiosity to know more about it has been restrained, for the land (as is 
 said) is wild, and in some parts inhabited by a people with hairy bodies, wearing long hair and beards, 
 as brutal as the Chinese, more like savages than like other men." 
 
 " 1641 A. D." (art de verif.), the Dutch excluded from Japan, confined to the islet of Desima 
 opposite Nangasaki; where under strict guard they were allowed to continue their trade. 
 
 " April 1 6th " (H. C. Murphy note to Vanderd. vertoogh 83), the value of good sewan (wampum) 
 fixed by director Kieft in New Netherland at four pieces for a stiver, and of loose sewan at six. This 
 Indian money in the absence of coin long continued in use even among the Whites. 
 
 " In this year" (Pauth. 418), in China, civil war; and by the Imperial general, the dykes of the 
 Hoang-ho cut on the "9th of October," destroying great numbers of rebel troops, and contrary to his 
 expectations the city of Kai-foung, in all "more than three hundred thousand persons." P. Martin 
 Martini visiting the site soon afterwards, found in place of a city "only a large lake." 
 "Oct. 23d" (Blair), in Ireland, beginning of the massacre of the Protestants. 
 " 1642, Jan. 4th " (Blair), five members of the Commons of England demanded by king Charles : 
 initiating civil war. A memorable resolve of the Commons in favour of New England (Hutchinson i. 
 114, and Holmes), in consideration of having "had good and prosperous success without any public 
 charge to this state," exempting its imports and exports from custom, subsidy, or taxation. 
 
 " The same year" (Winthrop journ. ii. p. 67 and 89, and Tuckerm. archaeol. Amer. iv. p. 140), the 
 White Mountains of New England first ascended by a European ; by Darby Field, " an Irishman, 
 living about Pascataquack.'' 
 
 '•In this year" (Poole introd. Wond. Prov. xxii), publication of Lechford's "Plain dealing," a 
 work on New England. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), lac. Bontius publishing his Medecin. Indor., enumer- 
 ating Juslicia betonica 146. Calanchoe laciniata 132. 
 
 Cyailiula prostrata of the Malayan archipelago and islands of the Pacific. Observed by Bontius 
 150, — and Blume, on Java; by Rheede x. pi. 79 in Malabar; by Graham, "annual, a weed" in the 
 environs of Bombay ; by Loureiro, in Cochinchina ; by Rumphius vi. pi. 11, and received by Roxburgh 
 from the Moluccas ; was observed by myself, frequent around dwellings on Luzon ; by Brackenridge, 
 at Savu-Savu in the Feejeean Islands ; by myself, on the Samoan Islands not far inland, but on 
 Taheiti in the deep mountain-forest. Westward from Hindustan, is known to occur in Western 
 Equatorial Africa (fi. Nigr. p. 492) : but probably by European colonists, was carried to the West 
 Indies and Brazil (Moq., and A. Dec ). 
 
 Westward, was observed by Michaux (Steud.) ; by Pursh, from Canada to Carolina ; by myself, from 
 43° to 40 along the Atlantic, subaquatic, forming beds on the margin of slow-moving streams ; by 
 Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, "Florida, and northward; by Short, in Kentucky ; " and by 
 Nuttall, along the Arkansas. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 953 
 
 " The same year " (Flacourt ii. 1), the French East India Company formed : and " about Septem- 
 ber," arrival in Madagascar of a ship sent by them. Continuing on, the two commissioners on board, 
 Pronis and Foucquembourg, took possession of Mascareigne Island and Diego Roi's in the name of 
 the French king ; and returning to Madagascar, established a colony at Manghafia in " S. Lat. 24° 30'," 
 which was joined by "six or eight " of the survivors of a shipwrecked French vessel. — " The follow- 
 ing year," the colony was removed to Fort Dauphin in " Lat. 25° 6'." 
 
 '■ Nov. 24th " (Churchill coll ), by Abel Jansen Tasman sailing from Mauritius East, land discov- 
 ered in "forty-two degrees twenty-five minutes" and named "Antony van Diemens lands:" he 
 remained on the coast some days, and anchored, but saw "only the footing of wild beasts and some 
 smoaks " (kindled by Tasmanians). Continuing East to "the country called on the maps New Zea- 
 land," and anchoring there, four of his men were killed by the natives : — " the northwest cape of this 
 land" was reached "Jan. 4th," and a cluster of outlying islets was named "Three kings." Sailing 
 thence Northeast, a small island was seen in "twenty-two degrees thirty-five minutes," which could 
 not be reached but was called " Pulstreet's " Island. "Jan. 21st," two islands in " twenty-one degrees 
 twenty minutes " were named " Amsterdam " and " Zealand ; " and on the first, " many hogs, hens, and 
 all sorts of fruit" were procured; the inhabitants (Tongans) being "friendly, had no weapons, and 
 seemed to know no evil, but that they would steal." Thence sailing Northward, many islands were 
 seen ; and in "seventeen degrees nineteen minutes," eighteen or twenty islands on the charts called 
 "Prince William's Islands or Hemskirk's Shoals." Inclining now Westward, "March 22d, in five 
 degrees two minutes south latitude," about twenty islands were in sight " called in the charts Onthong 
 Java, about ninety miles from the coast of New Guinea." Passing the Islands of Mark, already known, 
 the natives of which "are savage and have their hair tied up" (Papuans) ; passing also Green Island, 
 and St. John's Island, New Guinea was reached "April 1st" in "four degrees thirty minutes," at the 
 "cape called by the Spaniards Santa Maria:" the West end of New Guinea was reached "May 
 iSth ; " and the voyage terminated at Batavia. 
 
 "1643 A. D." (Spreng.), Oelhafen publishing his Elench. plant, dantisc, enumerating " three 
 hundred and forty-eight species." 
 
 " May 19th " (Winthrop, and Holmes), union of the New England colonies, Massachusetts, Plym- 
 outh, Connecticut, and- New Haven : for amity, offence and defence, mutual advice and assistance. 
 Rhode Island petitioning to be admitted, was refused, unless on condition of submitting to the juris- 
 diction of Plymouth. Massachusetts was in this year divided into counties or shires. 
 
 " June 8th " (Sieb. eluc. p. 34), after leaving the supposed Northern point of Japan, the Dutch 
 navigator Maerten Gerrits Vries in sight of the island of Yeso at Cape Eroen. Continuing along the 
 Eastern coast, on the " 13th " he saw mount Tsiuna on Kunasiri ; two wooden crosses were found on 
 this island (marking probably the graves of Christian converts). On the " 17th," he sailed along land 
 named by him " Staetenlant " or " Staeten eylant " (Yeterop), the "high mountains very sparkling 
 from the snow." On the " 19th," he caught " a glimpse of land," found to contain " very high moun- 
 tains which shone much with the snow," and named it " Compagnyslant " (Urup), the land in many 
 places " still covered with snow down to the water's edge ; " landing " June 20th," Spring appeared to 
 be just beginning, the alder-trees began to bud, and among other herbs met with was "sorrel just the 
 same as grows at home '' (Acctosa pratensisf). There being no land in the Northwest, he proceeded 
 in this direction, and on the 27th having reached " N. Lat. 47° 27'," decided to return Southward ; he 
 reached the West end of Yeterop, discovered the strait separating this island from Kunasiri ; and 
 thence proceeding Westward, " from the 13th to the 14th of July" was in the middle of the strait sep- 
 arating Yeso from Krafto (Saghalin), but supposed the land in the West continuous and entered Aniwa 
 Bay; on the "21st," he doubled Cape Aniwa (on Krafto) ; steering North and afterwards North- 
 west, he entered Patientie Bay, and reached the mouth of the river (Boronai in " N. Lat. 49 15"') ; 
 leaving Cape Patientie, it was decided on the " 3d of August " to return South, and passing through 
 the strait between Yeterop and Urup he reached the harbour of Tayouan in Formosa " Nov. 18th." 
 
 The Ainos are described by Vries and his companions as gaining "their subsistance in a small 
 boat which is cut out of a thick tree, strengthened on each side with four planks one foot high ; " 
 have their boats towed by dogs, as also ice-sledges, and the dogs are besides taught to capture salmon ; 
 fire is procured by means of "square planks with a hollow," in which they put a "short stick" 
 inserted in a reed, "and rub it between the hands so that it turns round, and so being dipped in 
 melted sulphur they hold that to it and soon have burning fire." 
 
 " The same year (= 2303d of Synmu," art de verif ), abdication of Niote in favour of her brother 
 Gotto-mio, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 The following particulars respecting the aboriginals of New England are given by Roger Wil- 
 liams (key, the vocabulary " framed chiefly after the Narroganset dialect," hist. coll. iii. 203) : •' There 
 is a mixture of this language, north and south, from the place of my abode" (Providence) "about six 
 hundred miles." The natives " constantly anoint their heads, as the Jews did : " they "gave dowries 
 
 120 
 
954 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 for their wives, as the Jews did:" and apparently in common with the Jews alone, they " separate 
 their women, during the time of their monthly sickness, in a little house alone by themselves, four or 
 five days, and hold it an irreligious thing for either father, or husband, or any male, to come near 
 them;" for the "practice they plead nature and tradition." In accordance with "the Greeks and 
 other nations," they call the seven stars " mosk or paukunnawaw," the bear. "They have many 
 strange relations of one Wetucks, a man that wrought great miracles amongst them, walking upon 
 the sea, etc." The "southwest, Sowwaniu, is the great subject of their discourse; from thence their 
 traditions ; there," is " the court of their great god Cawtantowwit ; at the southwest, are their fore- 
 fathers souls ; " and there, "they go themselves, when they die : from the southwest, came their corn 
 and beans, out of the great god Cawtantowwit's field." Some connexion is inferred with the Southwest 
 wind being the " pleasingest " and most desired by the natives, "making fair weather ordinarily." 
 They "are exceedingly delighted with salutations in their own language ; " are "remarkably free and 
 courteous to invite all strangers into their houses ; '' and he " acknowledged amongst them an heart 
 sensible of kindnesses," having "reaped kindness again from many, seven years after, when " he 
 himself "had forgotten." Their provision for a journey of three or four days, is "nokehick" parched 
 meal: of their other dishes, parched corn, " msickquatash " (succotash) boiled corn whole, " manu- 
 squussedash " beans, and " nawsiump " (samp) a kind of meal pottage unparched, are mentioned. 
 "They generally all take tobacco;'" one of the causes alleged being "against the rheum, which causeth 
 the tooth-ake ." Howling " and shouting is their alarm, they having no drums nor trumpets." When 
 "they have had a bad dream, which they conceive to be a threatening from God, they fall to prayer 
 at all times of the night, especially early before day." Having "no letters nor arts, it is admirable 
 how quick they are in casting up great numbers, with the help of grains of corn, instead of Europe's 
 pens or counters : " the names of numbers up to " nquittemittannug " thousand, are given ; and even 
 by combination, up to one hundred thousand. "They hold the band of brother-hood so dear, that 
 when one had committed a murder and fled, they executed his brother ; and it is common for a brother 
 to pay the debt of a brother deceased : " their "virgins are distinguished by a bashful falling down of 
 the hair over their eyes : there are no beggars among them, nor fatherless children unprovided for : 
 their affections, especially to their children, are very strong ; " and this, " together with want of learn- 
 ing, makes their children saucy, bold, and undutiful. ' Nickquenum ' I am going home, is a solemn 
 word amongst them ; and no man will offer any hinderance to him, who after some absence, is going 
 to visit his family, and useth this word : " two " families will live comfortably and lovingly in a little 
 round house, of some fourteen or sixteen feet over, and so more and more families in proportion : " 
 they "are as full of business, and as impatient of hinderance, in their kind, as any merchant in 
 Europe : " they "have amongst them natural fools, either so born, or accidentally deprived of reason." 
 They "are much delighted after battle, to hangup the hands and heads of their enemies." Their 
 "desire of, and delight in news, is great as the Athenians ; " and "upon any tidings," I have "seen 
 near a thousand in a round," and many "will deliver themselves " with "very emphatical speech and 
 great action, commonly an hour, and sometimes two hours together : " in " time of war, he that is a 
 messenger runs swiftly, and at every town the messenger comes, a fresh messenger is sent: " their 
 word for letter is from " wussuckwhommin " to paint, "for having no letters, their painting comes the 
 nearest." They "have thirteen months, according to the several moons; and they give to each of 
 them significant names." It "is admirable to see, what paths their naked hardened feet have made in 
 the wilderness, in most stony and rocky places : " I have " known many of them run between four- 
 score or an hundred miles in a summer's day, and back within two days : '' they " are joyful in meet- 
 ing of any in travel, and will strike fire either with stones or sticks, to take tobacco, and discourse a 
 little together : " I have travelled " many a hundred miles among them, without need of stick or staff, 
 for any appearance of danger amongst them ; yet it is a rule amongst them, that it is not good for a 
 man to travel without a weapon, nor alone : " if justice be refused in case of robbery between persons 
 of different states, "they grant a kind of letter of mart to take satisfaction themselves; yet they are 
 careful not to exceed in taking from others, beyond the proportion of their own loss : I could never 
 hear that murders or robberies are comparably so frequent, as in parts of Europe, amongst the Eng- 
 lish, French, etc." Some "of them account seven winds; some, eight or nine." A certain small 
 bird is called "sachim," from its "courage and command over greater birds " (the kino-bird, Musci- 
 capa tyrannus) : a hawk " wushowunan " is kept " tame about their houses, to keep the little birds 
 from their corn" (compare origin of falconry). They "are very exact and punctual in the bounds of 
 their lands, belonging to this or that " people, " even to a river, brook, etc. ; and I have known them 
 make bargain and sale among themselves for a small piece or quantity of ground : " when "a field is 
 to be broken up," all "the neighbours, men and women, forty, fifty, a hundred, etc. join, and come in 
 to help freely: with friendly joining they break up their fields, build their forts, hunt the woods, stop 
 and kill fish in the rivers : " the " women to this day, notwithstanding our hoes, do use their natural 
 hoes of shells and wood." The "variety of their dialects and proper speech, within thirty or forty 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 955 
 
 miles of each other, is very great, as appears in" the word for dog: "anum" in the Cowweset dialect, 
 " ayim 7 > in the Narroganset, " arum " in the Quunnipieuck, and " alum " in the Neepmuck : " moos- 
 soog" is the name of the "great ox, or rather red deer" (moose). " Paumpagussit " is the "name 
 which they give that deity or god-head, which they conceive to be in the sea: " a sail is called "sepa- 
 kehig," and '■ their own reason hath taught them to pull off a coat or two, and set it up on a small 
 pole, with which they will sail before the wind ten or twenty miles : " some of their canoes will carry 
 " twenty, thirty, forty men ; " and " I have known thirty or forty of their canoes filled with men, and 
 near as many more of their enemies, in a sea fight." I have heard a native lamenting the loss of a 
 child, " cry out, ' O God, thou hast taken away my child ! thou art angry with me ; O turn thine anger 
 from me, and spare the rest of my children : ' if they receive any good in hunting, fishing, harvest, etc., 
 they acknowledge God in it ; yea, if it be but an ordinary accident, a fall, etc., they will say, God was 
 angry and did it: but" they "branch their godhead into many gods," and "have given me the names 
 of thirty-seven, all which in their solemn worships they invocate," as the great southwest god Cau- 
 tantowwit, the eastern god, the western god, the northern god, the southern god, the house god, the 
 woman's god, the children's god " Muckquachuckquand ; " the last-named, believed by a dying native 
 to have appeared to him " many years before, and bid him, when he was in distress, call upon him : " 
 they also worship created things, in which " they conceive doth rest some deity," as the sun god, the 
 moon god, the sea god, the "fire god; 'Can it, say they, be but this fire must be a god, or divine 
 power, that out of a stone will arise in a spark, and when a poor naked Indian is ready to starve with 
 cold in the house, and especially in the woods, often saves his life, doth dress all our food for us, and 
 it it be angry, will burn the house about us, yea if a spark fall into the dry wood, burns up the coun- 
 try : ' besides there is a general custom amongst them, at the apprehension of any excellency in men, 
 women, birds, beasts, etc., to cry out ' manittoo,' that is, it is a god; " and further, "they conceive 
 that there are many gods, or divine powers, within the body of a man, in his pulse, his heart, his 
 lungs, etc. : " in sickness, the " powwaw " or priest "comes close to the sick person, and performs 
 many strange actions about him, and threatens and conjures out the sickness : " they "have an exact 
 form of king, priest, and prophet; " their "priests perform and manage their worship ; their wise and 
 old men, of which number the priests are also, make solemn speeches and orations, or lectures, to 
 them concerning religion, peace, or war, and all things : " besides the public feasts or dances, indi- 
 viduals give private ones, expending " sometimes beyond their estate : " the word for soul " cowwe- 
 wonck " is "derived from ' cowwene ' to sleep, because, say they, it works and operates, when the 
 body sleeps ; ' michachunck ' the soul, in a higher notion, which is of affinity with a word signifying a 
 looking glass or clear resemblance." Besides "their general subjection to the highest sachims, to 
 whom they carry presents, they have also particular protectors, under-sachims, to whom they also 
 carry presents, and upon any injury received, and complaint made, these protectors will revenge it : 
 the sachims, although they have an absolute monarchy over the people, yet they will not conclude of 
 ought that concerns all, either laws, or subsidies, or wars, unto which the people are adverse, and by 
 gentle persuasion cannot be brought : " the " most usual custom with them in executing punishments, 
 is for the sachim either to beat, or whip, or put to death with his own hand; to which the common 
 sort most quietly submit." Marriage "they solemnize by consent of parents and publick approbation, 
 publickly : " the " number of wives is not stinted ; yet the chief nation in the country, the Narrogan- 
 sets, generally have but one wife : " the " men put away frequently for other occasions beside adul- 
 tery ; yet I know many couples, that have lived twenty, thirty, forty years together." They have 
 money : the white, called " wompam," made " of the stem or stock of the periwinkle, when all the 
 shell is broken off " (Dcntalium ?) ; and the black, called " suckauhock," made of the shell of the 
 " poquauhock " ( Venus mercenaria) ; and for this money, the natives " bring down all their sorts of 
 furs, which they take in the country :" they have great difference in their money; "some that will 
 not pass without allowance ; and some again, made of.a counterfeit shell ; and their very black, coun- 
 terfeited by a stone and other materials ; yet I never saw any of them much deceived." Of their 
 occupations, some " follow only making bows ; some, arrows ; some, dishes ; and the women make 
 all their earthen vessels ; some follow fishing ; some, hunting ; most on the sea side make money, 
 and store up shells in summer against winter," and before obtaining awl-blades, "they made shift to 
 bore their shell money with stone : they also felled their trees with stone set in a wooden staff." 
 They have games, "private and publick: " one, "like unto the English cards, yet instead of cards, they 
 play with strong rushes ; secondly, they have a kind of dice, which are plumstones painted, which 
 they cast " in a tray ; " ntakesemin, I am telling or counting, for their play is a king of arithmetick : " 
 their "publick games are solemnized with the meeting of hundreds, sometimes thousands:" the 
 "chief gamesters amongst them much desire to make their gods side with them in their games; there- 
 fore I have seen them keep " a kind of stone "which is like unto a crystal, which they dig out of the 
 oround under some tree thundersmitten, and from this stone they have an opinion of success : " 
 besides o-amblin^-houses, " puttuckquapuonck, a playing arbour," on "which they hang great store of 
 
956 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 their stringed money, have great stakings town against town, and two chosen out of the rest by course 
 to play the game," they "have great meetings of foot-ball playing, only in summer, town against 
 town," at "which they have great stakings, but seldom quarrel : " they "will sometimes stake and 
 lose their money, clothes, house, corn, and themselves, if single persons ; they then become weary of 
 their lives, and ready to make away themselves." The " mocking between their great ones is a great 
 kindling of wars amongst them ; yet I have known some of their chiefs say, ' What should I hazard 
 the lives of my precious subjects, them and theirs, to kindle a fire which no man knows how far and 
 how long it will burn, for the barking of a dog : ' their wars are far less bloody than the cruel wars of 
 Europe, and seldom twenty slain in a pitched battle;" and yet, "all that are slain, are commonly slain 
 with great valour and courage, for the conqueror ventures into the thickest, and brings away the head 
 of his enemy." They have sweating-houses, "pesuponck, a hot house;" into which, after being 
 heated with fire on "a heap of stones in the middle," the men "ten, twelve, twenty, more or less, 
 enter at once stark naked ; " and " which doubtless is a great means of preserving them, and recover- 
 ing them from diseases:" in sickness, "their only drink in all their extremities is a little boiled 
 water." At "the first being sick, all the women and maids black their faces ; " and "upon the death 
 of the sick, the father, or husband, and all his neighbours, the men also, as the English, wear black 
 mourning clothes, wear black" faces ; " sequuttoi, he is in black, that is, he hath some dead in his 
 house : " as " they abound in lamentations for the dead, so they abound in consolation to the living," 
 using different expressions, " because they abhor to mention the dead by name ; and therefore if any 
 man bear the name of the dead, he changeth his name ; and if any stranger accidentally name him, 
 he is checked ; and if any wilfully name him he is fined ; and among states, the naming of their dead 
 sachims is one ground of their wars " (see Metacom) : " mockuttasuit, one of chief esteem, who 
 winds up in mats and coats, and buries the dead ; commonly some wise, grave, and well descended 
 man hath that office." 
 
 " 1644, March 14th" (Hazard col. i. 538, and Holmes), by Roger Williams now in England, a char- 
 ter obtained for Rhode Island : incorporating the towns of Providence, Newport, and Portsmouth, and 
 conferring the power of governing themselves, but agreeably to the laws of England. The king tak- 
 ing the part of the banished colony, and declaring, "That he would experiment, whether civil govern- 
 ment could consist with such iibertie of conscience " (R. Williams in lett , hist. coll. i. p. 2S1). 
 
 "The same year" (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 419), the rebel chieftain Li-tseu-tching, after 
 his capture of Pekin and the death of the Chinese emperor, defeated by the Mantchous under 
 Tsoung-te. Who thus became head of the new dynasty of the Tai-thsing. Dying almost immedi- 
 ately afterwards, Tsoung-te was succeeded as emperor by his son Chun-tchi ; a child under the guar- 
 dianship of an uncle, A-ma-van. 
 
 "At this time" (chin, hist., and Klapr. mem. i. 9), the Russians furtively in possession of the 
 country on the Amoor, and had built there a palisaded town. 
 
 "^1645 A. D." (Spreng.), the London Society, an academy of arts and sciences, founded by Theo- 
 dore Hake. (The founding of this society is placed by Blair in " 1(162, July 15th.") 
 
 " In this year " (Jap. mann. 386), a Japanese vessel driven to the coast of Mandshuria, at Olan- 
 kai north of Corea. A piece of unprepared ginseng being offered them, some of the party, wishing to 
 see " the region where the ginseng grows," landed under the direction of three Mandshu guides, but 
 were ambushed, most of them slain, and " thirteen " survivors carried to Pekin. These were after- 
 wards told that ginseng " is. found only in two parts of the mountains between China and Corea," and 
 that "gatherers must begin by hunting the tigers." 
 
 " 1646 A. D." (Hutchinson i. 161, and Holmes), in Massachusetts, the first legislative act to 
 encourage carrying the gospel to the natives. A mission was commenced " Oct. 28th " by John Eliot, 
 at Nonantum on the South side of Charles river. 
 
 "The same year" (Anderson ii. 404, and»Holmes), by the English parliament, merchandise for 
 the colonies in America exempted from duty for three years; on condition, that the colonial exports 
 should be sent to foreign countries only in English ships. The beginning of the British Navigation 
 acts. 
 
 _ _ "About October" (Flacourt ii. 8), in Madagascar, seventy-three Negroes employed about or 
 visiting Fort Dauphin kidnapped by Proms, put on board vessels, and sold most of them to the Dutch 
 governor of Mauritius.*- From this time, the Negroes would no longer approach the French settle- 
 ment while there was a vessel in the harbour. 
 
 * Jushcia (Andrographis) paniculata of the West Indies. Growing on Cuba, St. Vincent and 
 Jamaica, in mountainous situations (Nees, and A. Dec). Carried from Mauritius to Southern Hin- 
 dustan, -and called in Sanscrit " kairata," in Tamul and Cannrese "kiriat," in colonial French 
 "create, in Cingalese "attadie " (Ainsw. mat. ind.), in Telinga " nella-vemgoo ," in Bengalee " kala- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 957 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Henr. Munting publishing his Hort. groning. cat., and in his Phyt. 
 mentions Prinos verticillatus pi. 51 (Linn. sp.). — He died " in 1658." 
 
 "1647 A. D." (Gookin, and Holmes), aid against the Mohawks* solicited by the French of 
 Canada, and declined by the government of Massachusetts. A legislative act was passed, against 
 Jesuits. 
 
 •'Towards 1648 " (art de verif.), Fide-tada succeeded by his son Iemitz or Ijetiruko, now emperor 
 of Japan. 
 
 " 1648 A. D." (univ. hist., and Holmes), proposal from the New England colonists to the gov- 
 ernor and council of Canada, That there should be perpetual peace between the colonies, even though 
 their mother countries were at war. The proposal was accepted, on condition of assistance against 
 the Iroquois; and the negotiation fell through. "June" (Josselyn, and Hutch.), the first execution 
 in New England for the supposed crime of witchcraft ; Margaret Jones of Charlestown being the 
 victim. 
 
 "The same year" (Marcel), Ibrahim succeeded by Mohammed IV., twentieth Turkish sultan. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Jacob Bobart publishing his Indie, hort. Oxon., — and "in 1658" an 
 improved edition published. 
 
 " Dec. 3d " (Flac. ii. 21), Stephan de Flacourt arriving at Fort Dauphin on Madagascar, super- 
 seding Pronis as French governor, and meeting with Carphalea corymbosa p. 137, Endrachyum 
 Madagascarense 137, Lisianthus trinervis 135. n. 87, Combretum purpureum 130. n. 42, Deidamia 
 alata 133. n. 70, Schizolaena rosea 130. n. 44, Euphorbia lophogona 138. n. 106, and Limonia Mada- 
 gascarensis 131 : —his Hist. Mad. was published at Paris "in 1661 " (Spreng.). 
 
 " 1649 A - D." (Flac. ii. 21), the ship sent by Flacourt to Mascareigne Island and its name changed 
 to Bourbon. The island was found fertile, covered with beautiful woods of various kinds of trees 
 including palms, no undergrowth of bushes vines or thorny plants to impede walking, and land-tor- 
 toises of great size " extremement grosses " abounding ; there were no crocodiles, nor venomous ser- 
 pents, nor rats, nor mice, nor fleas, nor flies, nor mosquitos, nor ants ; swine were very numerous, 
 also goats "cabrits" on the hills (both of course introduced by previous visitors): Flacourt now 
 caused to be landed "four cows and a bull," — which in 1654 had increased to "more than thirty." 
 
 "Jan. 30th" (Blair, Holmes, and Nicol. p. 340), in England, king Charles beheaded: and suc- 
 ceeded by a form of government termed the " Commonwealth ; " all power falling into the hands of 
 the people. The oaths of allegiance and supremacy were abolished ; the House of lords suppressed ; 
 and Oliver Cromwell declared captain general of the troops of the state. 
 
 " At this time" (Robertson iii. 409, and Holmes), the Spanish settlements in America containing 
 "one patriarch, six archbishops, thirty-two bishops, three hundred and forty-six prebends, two abbots, 
 five royal chaplains, and eight hundred and forty convents." — New England in the following year, 
 contained " about forty churches " and " seven thousand seven hundred and fifty communicants " 
 (Stiles, and Holmes). 
 
 "August" (H. C. Murphy introd. to transl. 5), the " Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland," a remon- 
 strance against director Stuyvesant and the mere trading policy of the government of New Neth- 
 erland, carried to Holland by a deputation consisting of Adrian Vanderdonck and two colleagues. 
 Among the productions of the new country, "post-oak " and "white rough bark" {Quercus obtusi- 
 loba), "grey bark" (Q. prinus ?), "black bark" (Q. tinctoria), and "butter oak the poorest of all 
 and not very valuable" (Q. rubra), "oil-nuts large and small" (Juglans nigra and J. citierea), 
 
 meo-h" or "kalup-nath" or " muha-tita " (Lindl.) ; observed by Rheede ix. pi. 56 in Malabar; by 
 Graham, an "herbaceous plant common in gardens," called " kreat " or " kuriatoo " or "kulpa" or 
 "kala metee" or " mahatita," king of bitters, "and much used in medecine by the natives ;" observed 
 also in Hindustan by Burmann ind. 9, Roxburgh, and Wallich ; and according to Lindley. " has been 
 much celebrated as a stomachic, and used as a remedy for cholera and dysentery, and in intermittent 
 fevers," and "is the basis of a French mixture called 'drogue amere.'" Eastward, mentioned by 
 Mason v. p. 494 as "often confounded with Agathotes chirayta," but not seen by him in Burmah : 
 according however to Lindley, occurring in "dry places in the East Indies, beneath the shade of trees; 
 China." ° 
 
 * Lobelia siphilitica of Northeast America. " Nearly two hundred years ago " (Pursh) " intro- 
 duced into Europe " on account of its supposed " medicinal virtues ; " — is described by Dodart 104, 
 and Morison 5. 5. f. 55 ; but its reputation according to Lindley has not been confirmed by " Euro- 
 pean practice." Westward, L. siphilitica was observed by Eaton as far as 44 on Lake Champlain ; 
 by McEuen, on the Genessee river ; was received by Muhlenberg from Kentucky, by Elliot from 
 the Alleghanies of Carolina and Georgia; was observed by myself frequent in the environs of Phila- 
 delphia, but seems unknown in Eastern New England. 
 
958 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "water beech" {Carpinus Americana'), "common beech" and "beechnuts" {Fagus ferruginea), 
 "hedge beech " {Celtis Occidentalism), "axe-handle wood" (....)> " tw0 species of canoe wood" 
 
 (Liriodendron tulipifera, and ), "linden" (Titia Americana), "willow" (Salix nigra), "thorn" 
 
 (Cralcegus tomentosa), "elder" (Sambucus Canadensis), "plums but not many" {Primus Ameri- 
 cana), "black currants" (Ribes floridum), "gooseberries" (Grossularia hirtella), "small apples" 
 {Mains coronaria), "artichokes which grow under ground " {Helianthns tuberosus), "grapes " some 
 "very large" {Vitis labrusca)" and others small " {V. aestivalis), are enumerated: and of medicinal 
 plants, " the true snake-root " (Aris/olochia serpentaria), " Venus' hair " (Adianlum pedatutn), " hart's 
 tongue" {Scolopendrium officinarum), "lingwort" (Hudsonia ericoides), "polypody" {Polypodium 
 vul^are), "priest's shoe" (Cypripedium acaittef), "sea-beach orach" (Atriplex hasiata), "water 
 germander" {Teucrium Canadense), "tower-mustard" {Turritis glabra), "crowfoot" {Ranunculus 
 acris and R. repens). "crane's bill" {Geranium maculaium), "false eglantine" {Rosa Carolina?), 
 "laurel" {Kalmia latifolia), "violet" {Viola cucullata and V. sa&ttata), "blue flag" {Iris versi- 
 color), "wild indigo" or "indigo silvestris " {Baptisia tinctoria), " Solomon's seal" (Polygonatum 
 pubescens), " dragon's blood" {Sanguinaria Canadensis), "milfoil" (Achillea millefolium), "wild 
 lilies of different kinds" (L. superbum, L. Canadense, and L. Philadelphieum), "agrimony" (Agri- 
 monia eupatoria), " white mullein " (Verbascum thapsus introduced), " garden orach " (Atriplex hor- 
 tensis introd.), "plantain" (Plantago major introd.), "shepherd's purse" (Thlaspi bursa-pastoris 
 introd.), "mallows" (Mak>a rotundifolia introd.), "marsh-mallows" (Allhcea officinalis introd.), 
 "wild marjoram" (Origanum vulgare introd.), "Comfrey" (Symphytum officinale introd.), "blessed 
 thistle" (Cardials marianus introd.), and "tarragon" (Artemisia dracunculus cult.). 
 
 " 1650, Oct. 3d" (Chalm., and Holmes), Charles II. although excluded from England, exercising 
 jurisdiction in Virginia and several West India islands, an ordinance by parliament ; Prohibiting trade 
 with Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda, and Antego. — A similar legisl ttive act was passed in the follow- 
 ing year in Massachusetts, until their "compliance with the Commonwealth of England," or further 
 order (Hazard coll. i 553). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), William How publishing his Phytolog. britann., an alphabetical Cat- 
 alogue of all the plants growing in England, "twelve hundred and twenty" in number: — he died "in 
 1656." A second edition was published by Christopher Merrett "in 1667" under the title of Pinax 
 britann., professedly increasing the number of plants to "fourteen hundred," but these were reduced 
 by Ray to " ten hundred and fifty." 
 
 "Nov. 26th'' (Martini, and Pauth. 421 to 431), surrender of Canton, leaving the Mantchous 
 undisputed masters of all China. P. Gabriel de Magalhan at this time in China, and from official 
 documents consulted by him, the population under the first Mantchou emperors found to include 
 " 1 1,502,872 families and 59,788,364 males ; " there being also " 272 libraries and 3,636 distinguished 
 men." 
 
 In or about 1650 (=1680 — "30 years," art de verif.), Iemitz succeeded by Jetznako, now 
 emperor of Japan ; — and who reigned " thirty " years. 
 
 "1651 A. D." (Pauth. 432), in China, death of the regent A-ma-van, and the cares of govern- 
 ment assumed by Chun-tchi. A Jesuit missionary P. Adam Schaal, was placed by Chun-tchi at the 
 head of the tribunal of mathematics, To reform the Chinese astronomy upon the European methods. 
 
 " In this year," John Endicott chosen governor, and Tho. Dudley deputy governor " of the Eng- 
 lish inhabiting the colony of the Mattachusets." The latest date in the "Wonder-working Provi- 
 dence," attributed to Edward Johnson of Woburn, — and published in London in 1654. 
 
 "The same year" (Robertson ix. Ill, and Holmes), by the parliament of England, a noted 
 Navigation act: Prohibiting imports from Asia, Africa, or America, "in any but English built ships, 
 and belonging either to English or English plantation subjects, navigated also by an English com- 
 mander, and three fourths of the sailors to be Englishmen ; excepting" imports "from the original 
 place of their growth or manufacture in Europe solely." 
 
 " 1652, March 12th" (Hazard coll. i. 560, and Holmes), by an English squadron, Virginia "the 
 last of all the king's dominions " reduced to obedience. The government of Maryland was also taken 
 from Lord Baltimore, for disloyalty to the "Commonwealth." 
 
 "Nov. 22d" (Hazard coll. i. 575, and Holmes), the inhabitants of Maine at their own request 
 taken under the protection of Massachusetts : sending from this time deputies to the legislature. 
 Also "upon occasion of much counterfeit brought in the country" (Hull diar., Hutch., archaeol. Amer. 
 iii. p. 145), money first coined in New England. John Hull was appointed mint-master; — and on 
 all the successive issues for " thirty years," the date " 1652 " was continued (Holmes). 
 
 "The same year" (relat. Jes. praef.), in ascending the Saguenay, lake St. John called by the 
 natives Pacouagami, discovered by the Jesuit Jean Dequen. 
 
 " The same year " (Spreng.), the Academia Curiosorum of Germany founded by Io. Laur. 
 Bausch. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 959 
 
 " 1653, Dec. 16th" (Nicol. p. 341), in England, the supreme authority seized by Oliver Crom- 
 well : now entitled " Protector of the Commonwealth." 
 
 " The same year," Navarrete at Manila. 
 
 "1654 A. D. (= 2314th of Synmu," art de verif.), Gotto-mio succeeded by his third brother 
 Simn, now dairo of Japan. 
 
 ''The same year" (Chalm., and Holmes), by an English fleet, reduction of "the country from 
 Penobscot to Port Royal ; " including the French forts about the river St. Johns. — The territory in 
 question was confirmed in the following year to England. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng. rei herb.), oxygen gas discovered by Rad. Bathurst and Nathan 
 Henshaw. 
 
 . " In this year " (Spreng., and Winckl), Johann Loesel publishing his Plant. Boruss. sponte nasc, 
 enumerating * Hierochloa Borealis m. n. 26, Carex canascens or curta 117. n. 32, Hypnutn crista- 
 castrensis 167. n. 42, H. recognition 167. n. 43, Fontinalis antipyretica 173. n. 53, Jun^ermannia 
 asplenioides 167. n. 45, Cyathus striates 98. n. 16, C. olla 98. n. 16, and Clavaria alvearis 99. n. 17. 
 — He died "in 1656," and an improved edition under the name of Flor. Pruss. was published by 
 Gottsched "in 1703." 
 
 Koeleria cristata of Northern climates. A grass described by Loesel no. n. 22 — (Spreng.) ; 
 termed "gramen spica cristata hirsuta " by Tournefort inst. 519, " aira cristata" by Linna;us sp. 
 plant. 94, and known to grow from Sweden, Russia, and Ireland to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. 
 pi. 648, and Wats.) : received by Richard from Switzerland (Pers.) ; observed by Sibthorp in the 
 Peloponnesus, by Chaubard, covering the stony summits of mount Diaforti ; known to grow also on 
 Caucasus and in Siberia (Kunth). Farther East, was received by Pursh from the Columbia river; 
 was observed by Nuttall from the Red river to the Arkansas and Missouri; by E. James, on the 
 Lower Missouri ; and according to A. Gray, grows on dry hills from Illinois as far as Pennsylvania. 
 
 "1655, March 25th" (Humb. cosm. ii. and iv.), a satellite of Saturn discovered by Huygens, by 
 means of an object-glass polished by himself: the sixth in the order of distance — as afterwards 
 appeared. 
 
 " May 2d " (Blair, and Holmes), by an English fleet under Penn, landing of a force on Jamaica ; 
 and possession soon obtained of the whole island. 
 
 "Sept. 16th" (Smith, and Holmes), Fort Casimir on the Delaware, captured from the Swedes 
 by the Dutch under governor Stuyvesant. — The site is at the present day called " Newcastle " 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), after the first issue of " 1653," Brunyer publishing a second edition of 
 his Hort. Blesensis. 
 
 "1656, July" (Chalmers i. 190, Hazard i. 630 to 638, and Holmes), Quakers make their first 
 appearance in New England, coming from Barbadoes : being regarded as hostile to civil order and 
 Christian truth, they were banished from Massachusetts to the number of "twelve" by the legisla- 
 ture. Proposal of Cromwell for the removal of colonists to Jamaica, declined by the same legislature. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), publication of the Museum Tradescantianum, in which are enumerated 
 Jasmin urn odoratissim urn ■ 
 
 "The same year" (Ait.), John Tradescant the younger in Virginia, meeting with Henchera 
 Americana (Spreng.). — He died "in 1662" (biogr. univ.). 
 
 Lonicera sempervirens of the Marginal alluvial of Northeast America. The coral or trumpet 
 honeysuckle observed by Tradescant in Virginia — (Spreng.) ; transported to Europe is described by 
 Hermann lugd. pi. 483, and Miller; continues to be cultivated for ornament, as far even as Bombay, 
 where it was found by Graham "in gardens pretty common." Westward, according to A. Gray, 
 grows wild as far as 40 40', "copses, New York, near the city;" was observed by myself at 40 
 in the New Jersey forest, and frequent throughout the forest at 32 beyond Charleston ; by Schweinitz, 
 at 36 near Salem in Upper Carolina ; by Croom, wild near Newbern and as far as 30 30' in Florida ; 
 by N. A. Ware, also in Florida. 
 
 * Potentilla Norwegica of North America. Termed "quinquefolium hirsutum luteum paucioribus 
 laciniis '' by Loesel pruss. pi. 70, — " trifolium norwegicum majus serratum foliis crenatis flore luteo " 
 by Kyllingius (in Act. Hafn. for 1673 pi. 346), and known to occur in waste and fallow ground in 
 Northern Europe and Siberia (Moris, ii. 2. pi. 20, fl. Dan. pi. 171, Pers., and Dec): observed by 
 Linnsus abounding on the Dalekarlian mountains, but in cultivated ground in other parts of Sweden, 
 havino- mio-rated from Norway. Westward, according to Hooker, grows from Labrador and 65° at 
 Bear Lake to the mouth of the Columbia and throughout Canada; was observed by myself, from 45° 
 to 38 alono- the Atlantic, often in marshes and wild situations, but multiplying in clearings and 
 becoming a weed in cultivated ground ; by Pursh, from Canada to New York ; by Short, in Ken- 
 tucky ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Beck, on the Mississippi near St. Louis ; by Long's Expedi- 
 tion ii., as far up as the St. Peter's (Schw.) : but probably an introduced weed on " Charleston neck " 
 (Ell.), and in other "waste places" in our Southern States (Chapm.). 
 
960 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "The same year = 13th of Chun-tchi" (Pauth. 443), edict by the Chinese emperor against 
 Christian missionaries. At Pekin (Pauth 432), first arrival of a Russian ambassador: but refusing 
 compliance with the ceremonies of introduction, he was not received at Court. The Dutch ambassa- 
 dor was in like manner unsuccessful : the commander of the Chinese fleet, abandoning further 
 resistance to the Mantchous, having withdrawn to Formosa and dispossessed the Dutch. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), by Huygens, the pendulum applied to clocks, a great improvement. 
 
 In the poem attributed to Governor Bradford (hist. coll. iii. p. 77), mention is made of fruit trees 
 now bearing in New England: "pars, cherries, plumbs, quinces, and peach;" also, of "the fair 
 white lily" (Lilium candidum) "and sweet fragrant rose" {Rosa rubiginosd) ; and of additional 
 garden herbs, as "skirets" (Stum sisarum), "beets, coleworts and fair cabbages" (Brassica 
 oleraced) . 
 
 " 1657 A. D." (Belknap i. 160, and Holmes), by the Massachusetts legislature a licence to cer- 
 tain persons to supply the Eastern natives with arms and ammunition for hunting, on paying an 
 acknowledgment. Death of Governor William Bradford ; " the very prop and glory of Plymouth 
 colony during all the whole series of changes that passed over it " (Hubbard 62). 
 
 " December 17th " (Humb. cosm. iv ), the real form of the ring of Saturn made out by Huygens. 
 — The eighth or outermost satellite was discovered by Cassini in " October 1671 ; " the fifth, by him 
 "Dec. 23d 1672 ;" the third and fourth, by him at the "end of March 1684; '" the first, by Herschel 
 "Aug. 28th 1789 ; " the second, by him on the following " Sept 17th;" and the seventh, by " Bond 
 at Cambridge U. S. Sept. 16 to 19 " and " Lassell at Liverpool Sept. 19 to 20, 1848." 
 
 " 1658 A. D." (Churchill coll.), at Macasar in Celebes, Fernandez Navarrete vi. 8 found an am- 
 bassador from the " great nababo of Golconda " in Hindustan. Showing commercial relations; and 
 that the people of Celebes had already acquired political importance. 
 
 A bird of paradise (Paradisea) was seen by Navarrete at Terranate : and at Macassar, many 
 "cacatua" (cockatoos, I'sittacus), all white, easily made tame and learned to talk. — Dampier bought 
 cockatoos at the island of Bouton, farther South (both kinds of birds having of course been brought 
 originally from the Eastward). 
 
 " In this year " (Krapf trav. 521-9), Muscat recaptured from the Portuguese by the Arabs under 
 Sultan bin Seif bin Malik. 
 
 " Sept. 3d and 13th, Friday" (Nicol.), death of Oliver Cromwell. Who was succeeded as " Pro- 
 tector" by his son Richard. 
 
 " In this year '' (Smith ed. fl. lapp.), Olaus Rudbeck publishing his Cat. hort. Upsal., enumerating 
 Pcdicularis sceptrum-caroliuum 4. 
 
 " 1659 A. D." (Chalm., and Holmes), Charles II., although excluded from England, proclaimed 
 king by the Virginia colonists. The Spanish town of Campeachy captured by the English under 
 Christopher Mims (Harris voy. ii. 903). 
 
 "The same year" (Hazard coll. ii. 565 to 572), in Massachusetts, William Robinson and Mar- 
 maduke Stephenson, Quakers, returning "after banishment upon pain of death," were executed. 
 Mary Dyer, a Quakeress, was reprieved on condition of leaving the jurisdiction : — but she returned 
 in the following year, and was executed. 
 
 " 1660, May 29th " (Blair, and Nicol.), Richard Cromwell having resigned, the " Commonwealth " 
 succeeded by the restoration of monarchy, with Charles II. as king. By the English parliament, the 
 Navigation act was rendered more stringent : the export of various colonial products to countries not 
 belonging to England, being prohibited. 
 
 In Denmark (Blair), the government was in this year made absolute. 
 
 "July" (Chalm., and Holmes), arrival at Boston of Whalley and Goffe, regicide judges: having 
 left England before the Restoration, they did not at first conce'al themselves. New England, Mary- 
 land, and Virginia, at this time "the only English colonies on the American continent;" and esti- 
 mated to contain "no more than eighty thousand inhabitants" (Chalm. i. 239). 
 
 "The same year" (Maunder), Shah Jehan dethroned by his son Aurungzebe, now emperor of 
 Northern Hindustan. 
 
 " 1661 A. D." (Chalm., and Holmes), by the governor and legislature of Massachusetts, Charles 
 II. formally acknowledged king. In accordance with a letter from him, the penal laws against 
 Quakers were suspended : on which occasion, " twenty-eight" Quakers were released from prison and 
 conducted beyond the jurisdiction of Massachusetts (Hazard ii. 595). The translation by John Eliot 
 of the New Testament into the aboriginal language, completed in this year, and printed. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Gabr. Grisley at Lisbon, publishing his Vindar. Lusitan., enumerating 
 Myrica Faya (of Madeira) 305, Salvia polymorpha 751-5, Gratiola linifdia 698, Iris Litsitanica 
 1560, Milium miiltijlonim 692, Avena pollens 601, Hordcum hystrix 639, Exaeum filiforme 310, 
 Konea nigricans 97, A naga/lis parviflora 92, Parietaria platyphyllos 11 11, Anagallis linifolia SS, 
 Verbascum blattarioides 202, Echium plantagineum 449, Eryngium ilicifolmm 476, E. odoratum 479, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 96 1 
 
 E. pentanthum 481, Angelica montana 101, Caucalis elongata 303, Athamantha verticillosa 437, 
 Oenanthe apiifolia 124, Statice angustifolia 876, Armeria fasciculata 1361, A. cephalotes 1360, A. 
 humilis 1362, Linn >n tenue 891, 5«7/a monophyllos 1552, Ornithogalum roccense 1596, O. chloran- 
 thu7ii 1595, Leucoium trichophyllum 1572, Polygonatum ambiguum 11 75, Colchicum tesselatum 1525, 
 Rumex thyrsoides 18, A lisma trinervium 1 166, Diantkus attenuates 290, Silene arenaria 921,5'. 
 sabuletorum 922, 5". psammitis 923, Ly thrum meonanthum 936, G^//»z Atlanticum 286, Cirfaj zwrt- 
 cilliflorus 371, Delphinium pentagynum 26, Linaria dealbata 457, Z. mullipitnctata 880, Z. amethy- 
 stma 881, Z. linogrisea 882, Z. bipunctata 883, Z. Lusttanica 885, Antirrhinum meonanthum 108, 
 Bartsia maxima 57, Euphrasia scabra 496, Z. filifolia 495, Cochlearia acaulis 377, Cheiranthus 
 longisiliquis 860, Malva tuberculata 55, Lathyrus helodes 74.0. 837, Genista triacanthos 543, Astra- 
 galus cymbaecarpos 171, An thy His hamosa 106, Omithopus sativus 1089, (9. repandus 1281, Hyperi- 
 cum hnariaefolium 765, //. tomentosum 768, Cichorium divaricatum 355, Helminthia spinosa 230, 
 Scorzonera multifida 1295, i\ pinifolia 1294, Anthemis fuscata 323, Centaurea uliginosa 771, C. 
 polyacantha 774, C. limbata 775, <4«nz.r anthropomorpha 1592, Quercus phellodrys 787, Mercurialis 
 elliptica 1025. 
 
 " In the reign of Cliun-tchi " (according to Chinese historians, Pauth. 433), the population of 
 China amounting to " 14,883,858 families." 
 
 " 1662 A. D." (Chalm., and Holmes), by the assembly of Maryland, a law for establishing a mint : 
 being, with one in Massachusetts already noticed, the only laws in the country for coining money — 
 until the Revolution. 
 
 " Aug. 24th : ' (Neal, and Holmes), in England, enforcement of the Act of uniformity in religion : 
 by which about " two thousand " dissenting clergymen were ejected, without provision for themselves 
 or families. Many, for exercising their ministry in private, died in prison; but a considerable number 
 found an asylum in New England. 
 
 " In this year" (Klapr. mem. i. 324), the Dutch driven out of Formosa and the Pescadores by 
 the Chinese pirate Tching-tching-koung or Koxinga ; — who with his successors held possession 
 twenty-one years. 
 
 " The same year " (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 433), Chun-tchi succeeded as emperor by 
 his child Khang-hi, under the guardianship of " four regents." One of their first measures was the 
 expulsion of eunuchs from the palace and all posts of honour and dignity. The abandonment of the 
 seacoast was also ordered by the regents : on account of the depredations of Koxinga, the pirate- 
 chief of Formosa. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Georg a Turre, after visiting Crete, publishing his Cat. hort. Padua, 
 enumerating "rubia arborescens cretica" Ernodea montana, and "petroselinum creticum radice 
 tuberosa " Bunium ferulaceum. 
 
 " 1663, Jan. 26th" (Josselyn, and Holmes), a severe earthquake throughout Canada, New Eng- 
 land, and the New Netherlands. 
 
 " July 27th," Josselyn on his Second voyage arriving in the harbor below Boston. He proceeded 
 to Black point "six mile to the Eastward of Saco," * — and remained in New England until "Oct. 
 10th, 1671." 
 
 During the governorship of Berkeley (Spreng. gesch.), John Banister in company with William 
 Vernon and David Krieg, arriving in Virginia, meeting with Xyris bulbosa (Ray pi. 2), "cyperus mili- 
 aceus marilandicus" Trichophorum eriophorum, Elymus Canadensis (Ray suppl. 599), Lechea minor 
 (R. s. 132), Houstonia carulea (R. s. 502), Hedyotis purpurea (R. s. 262), Plantago Virginica (R. 
 hist. ii. 188), Onosmodiitm Virginianum (R. s. 272), Phlox pilosa (R. a. 490), Spi^elia Marylandica 
 (R. dendr. 32), Ceanothus Americanus (R. dendr. 69), Euonymus Americanus. (R. d. 57), Sanicula 
 Marylandica (R. s. 260), Cicuta bulbifera (R. s. 260), Oenothera pumila (R. s. 416), Gaultheria 
 
 * Platanus Occidentalis of the Mississippi and its tributaries. The button-wood or American 
 sycamore possibly brought and planted by the natives in Eastern New England : observed by Jos- 
 selyn voyag. 70, "a stately tree, growing here and there in valleys, not like to any trees in Europe, 
 having a smooth bark, of a dark brown colour, the leaves like great maple, in England called sycamor, 
 but larger : " — "a button-wood tree which measured nine yards in girth," is mentioned by Paul 
 Dudley writing from New England in 1726 (phil. trans, xxxiii. 129, and arch. Am. iv. 125): P. 
 Occidentalis was observed by F.. A. Michaux as far East as Portland, and from 44 on Lake Cham- 
 plain throughout the Western States, but rare in the lower portion of Carolina and Georgia; by 
 myself, not clearly indigenous along the Atlantic in New England and our Middle States, but wild 
 alonf the banks of the Ohio ; by Catesby i. pi. 56, and Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Bartram, as far 
 as 30 in Florida ; by Darby 77, to 31 in Louisiana : by Nuttall, at 34° on the Arkansas ; by Long's 
 Exp , as far up the Mississippi as 41° ; and by E. James, on the Missouri and the Canadian. 
 
9 62 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 hispiaula (R. h. 685), Tovaria Vitginiana (R. h. 183), Cercis Canadensis (R. dendr. 100), Epigata 
 repens (R. s. 596), Silent stellata (R. h. 1895), Euphorbia polygonifolia (R. s. 43'). Spirera tomen- 
 tosa (R. s. 330), Gillenia trifoliata (R. s. 330), Clematis vwma (R. h. J92S), Fedia radiata (R. s. 3. 
 p. 244); "rubia tetraphylla glabra latiore folio bermudensis serainibus binis atropurpureis " (Pluk. 
 aim. pi. 248, R. s. 261), Galium Bermudeuse (" G. latifolium" of Jlx. ?) ; Pyenanthemum incanum 
 (R. h. 1229), Trichosiema dicliotoma ( R. s. 311), Scutellaria uitegrifalia (R. s. 310), Euchroma 
 coccinea (R. s. 400), Gerardia purpurea 1926, G. Jlava 1926, G. pedieularia (R. s. 397), Chelone 
 glabra (R. s. 397), "digitalis flore pallido transparente foliis et caule molli birsutie imbutis" 1928 
 Pentstemon hirsulum (" P. pubescens " of Willd. ?), Gelsemium sempcri'ircns (R. h. 1769), Biguunia 
 capreolata (R. h. 1329), Obolaria Virginica (R. s. 595), Epiphagus Virginianus (R. s. 595), Oro- 
 banclte uniflora (R. s. 595), Miniulus ringens (R. h. 769), Napa:a dioica 1928, IJicIytra atcullaria 
 (R. s. 47s), Polygala incamata (R. s. 639), P. lulea (R. s. 639), P. verticillata (R. s. 639), P. cruci- 
 ata (R. s. 639), Desmodium canescens (R. s. 45S), D. marilandicum (R. s. 455), "hypericum pumilum 
 sempervirens caule compresso ligneo ad bina later.i alato flore luteo tetrapetalo" (Pluk. mant. 104 
 and Ray suppl. 495) Ascyrum pumilum j " sonchus sylvestris folio laciniato glauco costa non spi- 
 nosa" (R. s. 137) Laciuca Canadensis ; I'emonia Aoveboraccusis (R. s. 208); "jacea altera non 
 ramosa tuberosa radice foliis latioribus flores ferens pauciores majores " 1929 I.iatris scariosa, "jacea 
 non ramosa tuberosa radice floribus plurimum rigidis perangustis " 1927 L. spicata; Cirsium J'/'r- 
 giniamun (R. s. 197) ; Eupatorium hyssopifolium (R. s. 189), E. sessdlifolium (R. s. 188). E. rotundi- 
 fo/ium (R. s. 189), E. altissimum (R. s. 187), E. trifolialum (R. s. 189), E. perfoliatum (R. s. 189), 
 Baccharis haiimifolia (R. hist. 1799), Scneao aureus (R. s. 180), Diplopappus linarifolius (R. s. 175), 
 Solidago ceesia (R. s. 1 68), Verbesiua sigesbeckia (R. s. 213), Borricliia frutescens (R. s. 211), Heli- 
 opsis Icevis (R. a. 211), Rudbeckia hirta (R. s. 210), R. purpurea (R. s. 218), Coreopsis auriculata 
 (R. s. 212), C. tripteris (R s. 215), Actinomeris alternifolia (R. h. 337), Silphium trifot 'latum (R. 
 s. 211), Chrysogonum Virgin ianum (R. s. 213), Platanthera psychodes (R. s. 582), Tragia urticifolia 
 (R. s. 205), Betula nigra (R. dendr. 1 2), Oue/rus phellos (R. dendr. 8), Q. prinus (R. h. 191 6), Q. nigra 
 (R.), Smilax glauca (R. s. 345), S. herbaeea ( R. s. 345), Ccnchrus tribuloides (R. s. 602), Osmunda 
 cinnamomca (R. s. 86), Lvcopodium (Silagiuella) rupestris (R. s. 32), L. alopecuroides (R. s. 32), 
 I'e/bena Caroliniana (R. s. app. 249. n. 10, Willd.), Dichromeua leucocephala (R. h. iii. 624). — He 
 remained behind as a missionary, and after his death his collection of plants fell into the hands of 
 Sloane, and some of them were published by Ray hist, "in 16.S6 " (Brendel in Am. nat. 1870). 
 
 Isnardia palustris of North America. An aquatic, usually submerged, found by Banister in 
 Virginia* — (Ray hist. 1102 suppl. 635) ; but by Zanoni 67 in Southern Europe (Spreng.), and 
 
 * Hypericum qirinquenervium of Northeast America. A small annual observed by Banister in 
 Maryland and termed " hypericoides ex terra mariana flurilms exiguis luteis " — (Pluk. mant. 104 
 and Ray suppl. 49')); by Walter (Pers.), Michaux, and Elliot in Carolina; by Croom, as far as 
 30 30' in Florida ; by Nuttall, along the Arkansas ; by Beck, on the Mississippi near St. Louis ; by 
 myself, throughout New England ; and is known to grow in Canada as far as Lake Winnipeg (Hook.); 
 in our Southern States, according to Chapman, "a foot high" "branching above," the capsule re- 
 maining "green." Transported to Europe, was observed by Savi naturalized near Pisa (Treviran., 
 and A. Dec). 
 
 Hieracium venosum of Northeast America. Its leaves mostly radical and veined with red, called 
 poor Robin's plantain (Ph.) or rattlesnake-weed (A. Gray) ; observed by Banister 1926 in Virginia 
 and termed " hieraciucn fruticosum latifolium foliis punctis et venis sanguineis notatis ; " — by Pursh, 
 from Canada to Carolina ; by A. Gray, " common " in central New York ; by myself, from 45 to 38° 
 along the Atlantic ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina ; by Elliot, in the upper district of Caro- 
 lina and Georgia; and by Short, in Kentucky. In regard to its alleged "medicinal powers" (Ph.), 
 I have seen a young Pennsylvanian allow himself to be bitten by a rattlesnake that had just killed a 
 hen, and applying this herb no ill effects followed, but I cannot recommend a repetition of the experi- 
 ment. (See H. nudicaule.) 
 
 Pyenanthemum incanum of Northeast America. The horse-mint is a pubescent hoary aromatic 
 herb, observed by Barrelier in Virginia— (Ray suppl. 298) ; growing according to A. Gray from 
 "New England to Michigan, and southward;" observed by Torrey as^far North as 41° on the Hud- 
 son; by Pursh, from New York to Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, " Florida 
 to Mississippi;" by Drummond, in Alabama (Benth.); by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nuttall, on 
 the Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is described by Morison iii. u. 8. 4', and Plukenet mant. 
 344- f- 7- 
 
 Cenchrus tribuloides of Northeast America. The bur grass observed by B.mister in Virginia 
 — (Ray suppl. 602) ; by Torrey as far North as 41 ; by myself, frequent and troublesome in sandy 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 963 
 
 Boccone mus. pi. 84 ; by Desfontaines, in Algeria ; by Soleirol, in Corsica (A. Dec.) ; by Savi in 
 ttruna ; by Roth, m Germany ; by Sibthorp, in Southern Greece ; by Ledebour, South of Caucasus, 
 occurring according to Decandolle as far as Persia and Siberia; and by Drege, in Austral Africa 
 Westward, according to Hooker, grows throughout Canada to the Saskatchewan ; was observed by 
 myself from 45 to 40 along the Atlantic, clearly indigenous ; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Caro- 
 lina; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by Baldwin, as far as 31 ; by Short, in Kentucky; was received 
 by Torrey from Oregon, and by Decandolle from Mexico. 
 
 Cypertis compressus of Tropical and Subtropical America. Observed by Banister in Virginia — 
 (Ray suppl. 623), by Sloane pi 76 in the West Indies, known to grow also in the warm district of 
 Mexico and on Jorullo (Kunth) : was received by Muhlenberg from Georgia; was observed by 
 Pursh from Pennsylvania to Carolina; by Baldwin, from Delaware to Florida; by Chapman, in 
 "cultivated grounds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward," the umbel "sometimes reduced to 
 few spikelets or a single one." Possibly through European colonists, was carried across the Atlantic 
 to Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. Nigr.) ; to Madagascar (Ad. Juss , and A. Dec); to Bombay (Gra- 
 ham) and Eastern Hindustan (Roxb ). " C. Nuttallii," growing according to A. Gray in "salt or 
 brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward," may be compared. 
 
 "The same year" (Holmes), by the legislature of Rhode Island, all men professing Christianity, 
 though of different judgment in religious affairs, Roman Catholics only excepted, admitted as freemen, 
 with power to hold office. 
 
 ''The same year" (Chalm., and Holmes), a charter from Charles II. for the territory South of 
 Virginia, under the name " Carolina : '' permitting even some religious freedom. Proposals for set- 
 tlers were issued, agreeably to the request of New England colonists residing for three years around 
 Cape Fear. And a small plantation, established for several years on the Chowan river received the 
 name " Albenarle." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Io. Siegesmund Elsholtz publishing his Flor. Marchica. 
 — He died "in 1688." 
 
 " The same year (= 2323d of Synmu," art de verif.), Sinin succeeded by his youngest brother 
 Kinsen, son of Kouotei, and now dairo of Japan. 
 
 The same year =' " 2d year of Khang-hi " (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 474), by the English, an 
 admiral sent, to assist against the pirates of Fou-kien : with a request, for opening trade. Leave 
 was granted them, to come once in every two years. — At the end of three years, they were forbidden ; 
 on account of proposing to bring tribute only once in eight years. The next year, contrary to law, 
 they sent the tribute by Fou-kien. 
 
 " The same year," Navarrete in China.* 
 
 " 1664, March 12th" (Smith, and Holmes), a charter for extensive tracts of land in America, 
 granted by Charles II. to his brother, duke of York and Albany. A portion was conveyed to other 
 persons "June 23d" under the name "Nova Caesarea " or New Jersey. Stuyvesant, the Dutch gov- 
 ernor of New Netherlands surrendered " Aug. 27th ; " and the name of the fort and town of New 
 Amsterdam, was changed to "New York." The Dutch garrison at Fort Orange surrendered "Sept. 
 24th," the name was changed to "Albany;" and the reduction was completed by the surrender 
 "Oct. 1st" of the Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware Bay and river. Before the close of the year, 
 Elizabethtown was founded by colonists from Long Island: — and soon afterwards by various colonists, 
 Newark, Middletown, and Shrewsbury, in the same portion of New Jersey. 
 
 " The same year" (Josselyn, and Holmes), in New England, the translation of the Bible into the 
 aboriginal language by John Eliot, completed and printed. 
 
 " May 1 ith " (narrat.), arrival at Cayenne of F. De la Barre, lieutenant-general of French Guayana : 
 
 soil along the tide-waters of the Delaware ; by Pursh, on the seashore of New Jersey ; by Michaux, 
 on the seashore of Virginia (Pers ) ; by Baldwin, from New York to Florida ; by A. Gray, "along 
 the Great Lakes ; " by Nuttall, on the 1 Arkansas ; by E. James, as far as the sources of the Canadian ; 
 and according to Kunth, grows also in Mexico, and at Rio Janeiro and Montevideo. Transported to 
 Europe, is described by Morison iii. 8. 5. f. 4 (Linn. sp.). 
 
 * Rosa arborea of China. The "rose " seen by Navarrete in China, becoming a tree and putting 
 forth new flowers every month, — may be compared. R. arborea is otherwise known only from 
 Olivier, who brought seeds " from Persia " to France, the growing plants young when seen by 
 Persoon. 
 
 Loniccra Japonica of Japan. The "honeysuckles" wild according to NavarYete i. 16 in the 
 Northern provinces of China, — may be compared. L. Japonica, a climbing species, is described by 
 Thunberg 89 as observed in Japan. By European colonists, was carried to Burmah, observed 
 " exotic " there by Mason ; and to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens. 
 
964 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the remnant of Dutch colonists were sent to France; leaving behind "more than one thousand and 
 sixty" colonists White and Black, including "not forty" women. In regard to the climate, not a 
 drop of rain fell from the " 10th of July to the 10th of November." In Indian Guayana, nearer to and 
 as far as the Equator, rains are more frequent and abundant, the native tribes in general living by cul- 
 tivating the soil, making and drinking several kinds of beverages : the Aracarets are enumerated as 
 baving & no enemies ; the Palicours are continually warring against the Caribs ; and the Arrouagues, a 
 considerable tribe on Berbice river, have had long wars against the Caribs, and have often defeated 
 
 them. 
 
 "Nov. 17th" (Josselyn, and Holmes), a very large comet : which continued visible in New England 
 
 — until "Feb. 4th." The comet "was conspicuous to the whole world." 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. fl. suec), after his Hort. Upsal. "in 1658" Olaus Rudbeck publishing his 
 Delic. Hort. Jacob. — He published Auct. Hort. Upsal. "in 1666," Hort. Botan. "in 1685," com- 
 menced Camp. Elys., and died "in 1702" (Spreng.). 
 
 1665 A. D. (= "3d year of Kinsen," art de verif.), the inquisitorial tribunal Jesumi established 
 by Kinsen and the cubo : by which every inhabitant of Nangasaki and of the province of Bungo, the 
 only parts of Japan where there remained suspicion of Christianity, was compelled to trample on the 
 cross. 
 
 "July'' (Blair), London desolated by pestilence. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), founding of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. — The first meet- 
 ings were held in the following year (Blair). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), John Rea publishing his Florilege, enumerating Erythronium Ameri- 
 cana in. 
 
 "The same year" (tradit. by Z. Macy, hist. coll. iii.p. 159), Metacom or Philip having come alone 
 to Nantucket, to kill a native for "speaking the name of the dead," it was supposed, of a near con- 
 nexion (see R. Williams' key) : the English interceding, all the money they were able to collect "was 
 barely sufficient to satisfy" Metacom for the native's life. 
 
 "The same year" (Maunder), the French obtain footing on the West const of Haiti or Hayti. 
 
 " 1666 A. D." (Pauth. 434), in China, one of the four regents dying, the cares of government 
 assumed by Khang-hi, now "thirteen" years old. — P. Yerbiest was appointed by him chief of the 
 Bureau of astronomers. 
 
 " Sept. 2d " (Blair), the great fire in London. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Harris voy., and Holmes), beginning of the depredations of the "buc- 
 caneers : " adventurers combined together, principally English and French, for the purpose of plunder- 
 ing Spanish settlements in the West Indies. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), after his Hort. Stud, in " 1657," Hyacinth Ambrosini publishing his 
 Phytol., enumerating * Passiflora hederacea 91, Anthemis tomentosa 100, and Caitaarea ambcrboi 1S7 '. 
 
 — He died in " 1672." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Chabre publishing his Stirp. Sciagraph., taken principally from 
 J. Bauhin. 
 
 Selinum Chabraci of middle Europe. Described by Chabre" — (Spreng.) ; observed by Cranlz, 
 and Jacquin austr. i. pi. 72, in Austria ; by Moench, in Cirmanv ; by Allioni, in Piedmont; by Vil- 
 lars, in Dauphiny; by Thuillier, as far as the environs of Paris (Steud.) ; and within 6ftv years, after 
 the opening of the Doubs canal "to [822," made its appearance in the environs of Montbelliard (Bern., 
 and A. Dec). 
 
 1667 A. D. = "6th year of Khang-hi " (topog. Cant., and Pauth. p. 473), reception of an ambas- 
 sador ; bringing a letter written on leaves of gold, the king's portrait, a sword ornamented with gold, 
 
 * Triftsacum dactyloides of North America. The gama grass, reedy with leaves an inch wide, 
 transported to Europe described by Hyacinth Ambrosini 516 — (Spreng.), Miller, and Linnaeus. 
 Westward, was observed by Torrey, and A. Gray, from 41 in Connecticut "near the coast," "some- 
 times used for fodder at the South ; " by Pursh, in Virginia, Carolina, and Illinois ; by Nuttall, from 
 40 on the Atlantic and the "prairies of the West" to Red river of Louisiana; by Schweinitz, at 36 
 in Upper Carolina; by Walter, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by Chapman, in "rich soil, Florida, 
 and northward;" by Baldwin, as far as 29 ; and according to Kunth, grows also as far as Hayti, 
 Mexico, and California. " T. monostachyum," regarded by Nuttall as only a variety, was observed 
 by him on the Arkansas ; by Pursh, near salt water from New York to Carolina. 
 
 Colladea monostachya of the West Indies. A grass, transported to Europe, described by Hyacinth 
 Ambrosini 235 — (Spreng.), termed " tripsacum hermaphroditum" by the younger Linnaeus, "ante- 
 phora elegans " by Schreber and Beauvois (Steud.). Westward, is known to grow wild on Jamaica 
 (Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 965 
 
 a scabbard of gold and precious stones, many other costly articles ; and for the empress, a large look- 
 ing-glass, a collar of coral, also amber, rose-water, and other perfumes. In return the emperor gave 
 silver, eighty pieces of silk, etc. ; and besides, sixty-six pieces of silk and a hundred taels of silver to 
 the ambassador ; eighteen pieces of silk and fifty taels, to the second in rank ; the same, to the priest ; 
 and ten pieces of silk and twenty taels, to each of the nineteen attache's. 
 
 "The same year" (Walpole trav. p. 181), near Tabriz in Northern Persia, death of the traveller 
 Thevenot. — "In 1813," the English traveller W. G. Browne was also buried at Tabriz. 
 
 July 20th (= 128 -f 1539 years), should be the end of the fourth Great Year of the Egyptians. 
 
 "July 31st "(Anderson, and Holmes), treaties of peace at Breda: the Dutch ceding New Nether- 
 lands to the English, and the English ceding Surinam to the Dutch ; the French ceding their portion 
 of St. Christopher with the neighbouring islands of Antigua and Montserrat, to the English, and the 
 English ceding Acadie to France. A treaty of commerce was also concluded between England and 
 Spam ; comprehending all interests, both in Europe and America. 
 
 One hundred and seventy-ninth generation. Sept. 1st, 1667, mostly beyond youth : the Greek 
 writers Georgius Chortatzes d. 1676, Matthaeus bishop of Myra d. 1683 : Joseph Penco de la Vega : 
 Mothe le Vayer ; duke de Rochefoucauld ; Thomas Hobbes ; Mezeray ; Dr. John Wallis ; J. Fred- 
 erick Gronovius ; John Milton ; Thomas Bartholin ; Edmund Waller ; Peter Corneille ; Moliere ; Du 
 Cange; Algernon Sidney ; Sir John Marsham ; Samuel Butler ; Lewis Maimbourg ; Ralph Cudworth ; 
 Giles Menage; Charles de St. Evremond ; Benedict de Spinosa ; Isaac Barrow ; Sir William Tem- 
 ple ; Ren^ Rapin ; Dr. Thomas Sydenham ; Robert Boyle ; Samuel Puffendorf ; Daniel George Mor- 
 hoff ; John de la Bruyere ; John de la Fontaine ; Sir George Mackenzie ; Bouhours ; John Dryden; 
 Racine; John Locke; Edward Stillingfleet ; archbishop Tillotson ; Bossuet: the microscopic ob- 
 servers, Robert Hook d. 1702, Nehemiah Grew d. 1711, Marc. Malpighi d. 1694: the botanists, Her- 
 berts de Jager, Maurit. Hofmannus d. 1698, Guerner Rolfinck d. 1673, Elias Peine, Marcus Mappus 
 d. 1701, Henr. Regio d. 1679, Abr - Muntingius d. 1683, Carol. Schaffer d. 1675, Iacobus Roggeri, 
 Christopher Merrett d. 1695, Robert Plot d. 1696, Franc. Sterbeeck, Dedu : the painters, Carlo 
 Maratti, Charles le Brun, Jacob Ruysdael d. 1681, Claude Gele"e of Lorraine d. 1682, Rembrandt van 
 Ryn d. 1674, David Teniers the younger d. 1694, Bartolome Estevan Murillo d. 1685, Salvatore Rosa 
 d. 1673, Caspar Poussin d. 1675 : the architect Christopher Wren. 
 
 "The same year" (Anderson, and Holmes), Captain Gillam after passing through Hudson's 
 Straits to the head of James' Bay, building a fort at Rupert's river : the beginning of the fur trade in 
 those countries. — In the following year, "May 2d," the Hudson's Bay Company was chartered. 
 
 " 1668 A. D." (Chalm., and Holmes), on application to the Massachusetts legislature, commis- 
 sioners accompanied by a troop of horse sent into Maine ; and the colonial authority re-established. 
 
 "The same year " (univ. hist, and Holmes), by Lord Willoughby, governor of Barbadoes, forces 
 sent to the islands of St. Vincent and Dominica, and the natives compelled to submit to the English 
 government. 
 
 " 1669 A. D." (Chalm., and Holmes), in accordance with the constitution granted, an assembly 
 first convened in Carolina. Meeting in Albemarle County. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Morison publishing his Hort. Bles. auct., enumerating Staphylea tri- 
 folia 295, " virga aurea americana foliis serratis angustis subtus nervosis " 322 Solidago Canadensis, 
 Helianlhus strumosus 250. 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii.), rocky strata hardened before the existence of plants and 
 animals and therefore never containing organic remains, distinguished from " turbida maris sedi- 
 menta" by Nicolaus Steno or Stenson. Who also thought he could distinguish "six" great geological 
 epochs or revolutions in Tuscany. 
 
 " Sept. 6th " (Blair), the island of Candia or Crete captured by the Turks. 
 
 In a letter to the Royal Society of London (phil. irans. for 1670, Tuckerm. archasol. Amer. 
 iv. 123), governor John Winthrop of Connecticut mentions as sent: specimens of "fir-balsam" 
 {Abies balsamea), "which grows in Nova Scotia, and, as I hear, in the more easterly part of New 
 England."* 
 
 * Populus monilifera of the Mississippi and its tributaries. The cotton-wood, a lofty tree, prob- 
 ably the " cotton-tree bearing a kind of down, which also is not fit to spin," a branch of which was 
 sent by John Winthrop the younger from Connecticut : — P. monilifera is known to grow from " New 
 England to Illinois '' (A. Gray) ; was observed by F. A. Michaux from the Genessee to Virginia and 
 islands in the Ohio, but rare in the Atlantic States ; by myseif, along the banks of the Ohio ; by Nuttall, 
 along the Arkansas ; by Lewis and Clark, along the Mississippi and Missouri ; by Long's Expedition 
 ii. 141, as far as 48 ; by E. James, as far as the Rocky mountains and sources of the Columbia; and is 
 perhaps the shrubby cotton tree seen by Pike app. 22 along the Del Norte " throughout New Biscay." 
 
 Quercus ilicifolia of Northeast America. A rigid straggling shrub called bear oak or scrub oak, 
 
9 66 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "Sept. 20th" (introd. letter, see also Spreng.), Rumphius in Amboyna meeting with (some plants 
 observed on Ceylon intermingled) 'Amomum echinaluin vi. pi. 61. I, A. villosiun vi. 61. 2, Kaemp- 
 feria pandurata v. 69, Maranta tonchat iv. 7, Alpiuia Afalacceusis v. 71. 1, Curanga amara v. 170, 
 Dicliptera bivalvis vi. 22, Piper diffusiun v. 119, P. subpeltatum vi. 59, Fimbristylis polytrichoides 
 vi. 7. 1, Oplismenus polystachyus vi. 7. 2, Anthistiria argue ns vi. 6. 1, Andropogon caricosus vii. 2, 
 Cz'«?« crcnata v. 166. 2, Hedyotis cratacogmum vi. 10, Pothos pinnata v. 183. 2, Tournefortia argentea 
 iv. 55, Convolvulus pcltatits v. 157, C. /;/AV«j- v. 158, iXaucka purpurea iii. 55, Flindersia radulifera 
 iii. 129, Erithalis timon iii. 140, I'cntilago Maderaspatana v. 2, Pittosporum Moluccanum vii. 7, 
 Aegiceras majus iii. 77, .-I. ot/««j- iii. S2, Desmochaeta muricata v. 83. 2, Achyranthes sanguinolenta 
 vii. 27. 2, Damnacantluts Gaertneri vii. 19, Dischidia nummularia v. 176. 1, Apocyuum reticulatum 
 v. 40, Panax fruticosum iv. 33, ,!/«5<? tioglodytarum v. 61. Commersonia echinata iii. 119, Crinum 
 nervosum vii. 60. I, Dianella ensifolia v. 73, Corypha rotuudifolia i. S, Licuala spinosa i. 9, Calamus 
 verus v. 54, C. equestris v. 56, Bambusa vcrticillata iv. 1, Sophora heptaphylla iv. 22, Guilandina 
 microphvlla v. 49. 2, Cynoinetra caulijlora i. 64, Adenanthera falcata iii. Ill, Melastoma asperum 
 iv. 43, Garciuia {Oxvcai pus) Celebica i. 44, CJ. cornea ii. 30, Pemphis acidula iii. 84, Psidium pumilum 
 i. 49, Eugenia cymosa i 4, i?. Javanica i. 38. 2, Rubus parvifolius v. 47. I, Eleocarpus integrifolius 
 iii. 102, Coleus Amboinensis v. 72, Dillcnia elliptica ii. 45, Z). serrata ii. 46, Unona ligularis ii. 66. 2, 
 Hfentha auricularia vi. 16, Ocymum tenuiflorum v. 92. 2, 0. sculellarioides v. 101, Ruellia repanda 
 vi. 13, Dilivaria ebracteata vi. 71. 1, k?z'(& /«>/« iv. 10, Erythrina pie/a ii. 77, Dolichos lignosus v, 
 136, Litsaea glabraria iii. 44, Bidens Chincusis vi. 14. 2, Conyza pubigera, prolifera, and Chinensis 
 v. 103. 2 to vi. 14. 2, Orchis Susannae v. 99. 2, Cymbidium teniiifolium vi. 49. I, Epidendrum scrip- 
 tum vi. 42, £\ amabile vi. 43, Dendrobhun trmnenaiitm vi. 47. 2, Cmjt agrestis vi. 91. I, Scleria ies- 
 selata vi. 6. 2, Hernandia ovigera iii. 123, Begonia tuberosa v. 69. 2, Qucrcus Moluccana iii. 56, ^^a- 
 /y/Afl betulina iv. 37, J. mappa iii. 108, Croton aromaticum iii. 127, Exocarpus'Ceramicus vii. 12, 
 Areca spicata, glandiform is, and globulifera i. 5 to 6, Plukenctia cornkulata i. 79, Monnvdica trifo- 
 liata v. 152. 2, Pandanus liumilis iv. 76, Trophis spinosa v. 15. 2, Canarium minimum, balsami- 
 ferum, svlvestre, and hirsutum ii. 49 to 54, Dioscorea nummularia v. 162, Stratiotes acoroides vi. 
 75. 2, Mvristica microcarpa ii. 7. 8. 9, J/, salicifolia ii. 6, Xepcnihcs phyllamphora v. 59. 2, Cheilan- 
 thes lenuifolia vi. 34. 2, Acrostichum auritum vi. 35. I, Pteris thaliitroides vi. 74. I. Botrychium 
 Zevlanicum vi. 68. 3, Opliioglossum pendulum vi. 37. 3, and Lcucas Zeylanica.* — He became blind 
 in the ''following year, the forty-third" of his age. but continued his observations, completed his 
 Herbarium amboinens. " in 1690," died "in 1706," and the work was published by Burmann in seven 
 volumes "in 1741-51." 
 
 Oxalis (Biopliytum) saisitiva of Tropical Eastern Asia. Described by Rumphius v. pk 104: — 
 and frequent in many places in the Philippines, supposed to induce sleep to an invalid if placed under 
 the pillow, and called in Tagalo " macahiya " or " damonghiya," in Ylocano " mahihiin " (Clain, and 
 Blanco). Westward, enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah ; observed in Hindustan by 
 Rheede ix. pk 19, Wight, and by Graham "a small annual, almost stemless plant, common on pas- 
 ture grounds during the rains." Farther West, perhaps aboriginally introduced into Equatorial 
 Africa; but clearly by European colonists carried to the Mauritius Islands and the West Indies 
 (Boj., J. D. Hook., Benth., and A. Dec). 
 
 Spilanthus acmella of the Mauritius Islands. A yellow-flowered Composite herb, called in 
 Tagalo "hagonoi," in Bisaya "agonoi,"in Pampango " palunai " (Blanco), in Burmah " hen-ka-la" 
 
 and specimens were sent by John Winthrop the younger from Connecticut : — Q. ilicifolia is termed 
 " q. nigra pumila" by Marshall (Steud ) ; was observed by Pursh in Virginia; by myself, in barren 
 gravelly soil from 45° to 40 along the Atlantic ; was received by Muhlenberg from Georgia, the 
 upper district according to F. A. Michaux, Elliot, and Chapman; and according to A. Gray, grows 
 in West Virginia and Ohio. 
 
 * Caca/ia {Emilia) soncliifolia of Tropical Eastern Asia. Observed in Amboyna by Rumphius 
 v. pi. 103 : — farther North, by Blanco in the Philippines, in waste ground and the beds of streams, 
 used by the natives medicinally as refrigerant, and called in Tagalo "tagolinao," in Pampango 
 '■ tagulinao," and in Bisaya "libun;" known to grow also in China (Lindk). Westward, observed 
 by Rheede x. pi. 68, Roxburgh, and Wight, in Hindustan; by Graham, in "waste places " flowering 
 "in the cold weather;" and by myself, a weed around one of the villages on the Deccan. By Euro- 
 pean colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands (Lindl); and as transported to Europe, described by 
 Plukenet aim. pi. 144. 
 
 Ipomaea mammosa of the Moluccas. Termed "batata mammosa " by Rumphius ix. 131 as observed 
 on Amboyna wild as well as cultivated for its esculent root : — observed also by Loureiro in Anam, 
 where its root is much esteemed (A Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 967 
 
 (Mason): observed by Rumphius vi. pi. 65 on Ceylon— (Pers.) ; by Prevost voy. xx. 152, Sta. 
 Maria, Mercado, and Blanco, frequent on the Philippines, celebrated as an antidote in wounds with 
 poisoned weapons and for its diuretic and other medicinal properties ; by Mason v. 495, " exotic " in 
 Burraah, " cultivated by the natives for its medicinal properties ; " by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hin- 
 dustan ; by Nimmo, in the Concan South from Bombay (Graham) ; is attributed by Richard to the 
 Mauritius Islands and termed " acmella mauritiana" (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described 
 by Plukenet aim. pi. 159, Seba i. pi. 9 and 10, and Linnaeus; and according to Clot-Bey has recently 
 been introduced by the way of France into Egypt. 
 
 Vandellia Crustacea of the countries around the Indian Ocean. Observed by Rumphius v. pi. 
 170 on the Moluccas ; — known to grow also in Tropical Australia and in China (Benth.). West- 
 ward, seems devoid of a Sanscrit name (Pidd.), but was observed by Rheede ix. pi. 58 in Malabar; 
 by Graham, " common in the rains " in the environs of Bombay, and by Roxburgh in other parts of 
 Hindustan ; is known to grow also about the Red Sea, and on Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands 
 (Benth.). By European colonists, was carried to Brazil and Guayana (A. Dec). 
 
 Oplismenus Burmanni of Tropical climates. A grass observed by Rumphius iv. pi. 5; — by 
 myself, on the Philippines, and from the Feejeean to the Taheitian and Hawaiian Islands, to all 
 appearance indigenous in the forest. Westward from the Malayan archipelago, is described by Bur- 
 mann ind. pi. 12 and was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh ; by Graham, in the environs of Bom- 
 bay " generally found under the shade of trees ; " and is known to grow in Equatorial Africa along 
 the Atlantic (Benth. fl. Nigr.). Farther West, is known to grow in Tropical America (H. and Bonpl., 
 Kunth, and A. Dec), and in "shady woods Florida to North Carolina" (Chapm.). 
 
 " 1670 A. D." (Chalm., and Holmes), treaty of Madrid, between Spain and England: each to 
 retain of American territory the portion in its possession ; and the subjects of neither, to enter the 
 fortified places of the other for purposes of trade. The buccaneers were in consequence no longer 
 protected by England, and all commissions to them were annulled. 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii.), measurement of a degree by Picard. Leading Newton to 
 resume his theory of gravitation, that had occurred to him four years previously. 
 
 " In this year" (San-kokf transl. Klapr.), letters patent issued to Nori-firo, now at the age of 
 "eleven," hereditary prince of Matsmaye. Without asking leave, Siyam-siya-in made himself chief, 
 built a strong castle on the East side of Yeso, and was joined by a Japanese miner who married his 
 daughter. Other miners and falconers were living in the Northern portion of Yeso, but from 
 this time all Japanese quit the territory, being unwilling to live under the Aino government. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 443), in China, report from the president of the tribunal of rites on 
 the Christians : That having no ceremony relating to ancestors, in disregard of their own precept 
 of honouring father and mother, and the missionaries professing to forgive sins, the religion cannot 
 be true. A decree in consequence by the emperor Khang-hi, prohibiting Christianity. 
 
 1671 A. D., Josselyn residing at " Scarborow," about 43° 40' on the seacoast of New England * 
 
 * Angelica triquinata of Northeast America. The wild angelica "minoris" seen by Josselyn 
 45 in New England, — maybe compared: A. triquinata was observed by Torrey as far South as 
 41 on the Hudson ; by myself recently on Starucca creek ; by Pursh, from Canada to the moun- 
 tains of Virginia; by Short, in Kentucky; by Nuttall, probably on the Arkansas: is termed " arch- 
 angelica hirsuta " by Torrey and Gray, growing in "dry open woods, New York to Michigan, and 
 southward." 
 
 Oxalis stricta of North America. The "wood-sorrel with the yellow flower" is enumerated by 
 Josselyn rar. 47 as peculiar to North America: — has been observed by myself to all appearance 
 indigenous from 45° to 40°, though often springing up in clearings and cultivated ground ; by A. Gray, 
 " borders of woods, fields, and cultivated grounds common ; " by Pursh, in cultivated ground from 
 Pennsylvania to Virginia ; and according to Hooker, grows to the Saskatchewan and West of the 
 Rocky mountains. Transported to Europe, is described by Linnaeus, Jacquin pi. 4, and in the fl. 
 Dan. pi. 873 ; has become a weed in cultivated ground in Britain (A. Dec), occurring also in Switz- 
 erland, Russia, Western and Eastern Asia (Wats.). 
 
 Goodyera pubescens of Northeast America. A woodland Orchid called rattlesnake-plantain (A. 
 Gray), its ovate leaves spreading on the ground and conspicuously reticulated with white, described 
 by Josselyn pi. 67 as " a kind of pirola," its leaf " embroydered, as it were, with many pale-yellow ribs : " 
 
 growino- according to Pursh from Canada to Florida ; observed by myself from 44 throughout 
 
 New England; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in the middle and upper district 
 of Carolina and Georgia ; by Chapman, " Florida, and northward ; " and by Short, in Kentucky. 
 
 Sambucus racemosa of North America. The red-berried elder, distinguished by Josselyn 50 as 
 the "dwarf-elder" — observed by Michaux in Canada and on high mountains in Pennsylvania and 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 He left "Oct. toth," — and in the following year published his "New England's Rarities." He 
 afterwards wrote a Supplementary account, and continued his Chronological record to " 1674." 
 
 The following plants distinguished by Josselyn as North American: "stichwort" {Stellaria 
 longifolia), "commonly taken here, by ignorant people, for eye-bright," rar. p. 41 ; "blew flower-de- 
 luce" {Iris versicolor) ; "yellow-bastard daffodil," the "green leaves are spotted with black spots" 
 (Erythronium Americaimm) ; " dogstones, a kind of satyrion, whereof there are several kinds grow- 
 eth in our salt-marshes " (Platanlhera laccra and P. flava) ; " red lillies grow all over the country 
 innumerably amongst the small bushes" (Li/ii/m Philadelphicum) p. 42 ; 'Tilly convallie, with the 
 yellow flowers, grows upon rocky banks by the sea" (Uvularia sessilifolia?) ; " autumn bell-flower " 
 (Gentiana linearis) p. 43 ; " arsmart, both kinds " (perhaps Polygonum a, re and P. mite, see below) ; 
 "spurge-time," growing "upon dry, sandy sea-banks," is " very like to rupter-wort," and "is full of 
 milk" (Euphorbia polygonifolia) ; "rupter-wort, with the white flower" (Euphorbia maculata) ; 
 "jagged rose-penny wort" (Hydrocotyle Americana ?) : " St. John's wort" (Hypericum corymbosum, 
 see below) p. 44; "St. Peter's wort" (Elodea Virginica) ; "speedwell chick-weed" (Stellaria borea- 
 lisf); "male fluellin, or speedwell" (Helianthemum Canadian-); "wild mint" (Mentha borealis) ; 
 "the white violet, which is sweet, but not so strong as our blew violets" (Viola blanda) ; "blew 
 violets, without sent " (/' ovata) ; and " a reddish violet, without sent " (I', cueullata) ; "Salomon's 
 seal," the "first" kind (Polygonatum pubescens); "woodbine, good for hot swellings of the legs " 
 (Ampelopsis hederacea) p. 45; " dove's-foot " (Geranium Carolinianum) ; "raven's claw," which 
 "is admirable for agues " (Geranium maculatum) ; "cink-foil" (Potcntilla Canadensis), and " tor- 
 mentile " (Potentilla simplex) ; "avens, with the leaf of mountane-avens, the flower and root of 
 English avens" (Geum Virginicum) ; "oak of Cappadocia " (Ambrosia artemisiozfolia) p. 46; 
 "line-tree" (Tilia Americana), "the other kind I could never find," voyag. p. 69; "blackberry" 
 (Rubus villosus) rar. p. 48 ; " dewberry " (/?. Canadensis) ; " mouse-ear minor " (h'rigia I 'irginica .?) ; 
 " spurge-lawrel, called here poyson-berry " (k'almia an^ustifolia) p. 49; "elder" (Sambucus Cana- 
 densis) ; the "filberd" with " hairy husks upon the nuts" (Cory his rostrata) p. 50; "quick-beam, or 
 wild ash" (Sorbus Americana) p. 5c; "a solar plant, as some will have it" (Sisyriuchium Bermudi- 
 anuni) p. 55; " Homer's molley" (Allium Canadense?) : "lysimachus, or loose-strife," the "flowers 
 purple, standing upon a small sheath, or cod, which, when it is ripe, breaks, and puts forth a white 
 silken down " (Chamanerimu Americanuiu) p. 56 ; " marygold of Peru," a kind "bearing black 
 seeds " (Helianthtcs divarieatus) ;' " the other black and white streak'd," or " the small sunflower " (H. 
 decapetalus ?) pi. 82 and 83 ; " sea-tears," growing " upon the sea-banks," and " good for the scurvy 
 and dropsie, boiled and eaten as a sallade, and the broth drunk with it " (Cakile maritima) p. 56 ; 
 "New England daysie, or primrose," it "flowers in May, and grows amongst moss upon hilly grounds 
 and rocks that are shady " (Erigeron bellidifolium) p. 58; "sweet fern" (Comptonia asplenifolid); 
 plant " with a sheath, or hood, like dragons, but the pestle is of another shape " (Symplocarpus fceti- 
 dus) pi. 71 ; and an herb "between twelve and thirteen foot" high, "the top of the stalk runs out 
 
 Carolina ; by myself, from 47 to 44 ; by Oakes, to 42° 30' along the Atlantic ; by Chapman, " moun- 
 tains of North Carolina, and northward ; " and according to Hooker, grows throughout Canada to the 
 Saskatchewan and Rocky mountains, and as far as the mouth of the Columbia. Transported to 
 Europe, is termed " s. racemosa rubra" by Tournefort inst. 606; was observed by Forskal in gardens 
 at Constantinople, called " kouphoxulia," and "aqua" and "acetum" prepared from its berries; by 
 Sibthorp, on mountains in Arcadia, and called "anthruanos ; " by Jacquin rar. i. pi. 59, on wooded 
 mountains as far as middle Europe (Pers.). 
 
 Ch clone glabra of Northeast America. The snake-head was observed by Josselyn rar. pi. 78 
 " about three or four foot in height," growing "in wet ground" and flowering "in August;" — by 
 myself, on the marshy border of streams from 44° to 41° along the Atlantic ; by Croom, as far as New- 
 bern ; by Pursh, from New England to Carolina; by Schweinilz at 36° in Upper Carolina; by 
 Chapman, "Florida and northward, rare in the lower districts;" by Short, near Lexington in 
 Kentucky; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas; and was received from Canada by Linnaeus (Pers.). 
 
 Verbena lia\tata of Northeast America. The blue vervain, termed by Josselyn rar. 69 " clowne's 
 all-heal of New England," the "flowers are blew, small, and many, growing in spoky tufts at the top, 
 and are not hooded, but having only four round leaves," — is known to grow throughout Canada to 
 the Saskatchewan (Hook.); was observed by myself from 46° to 41°, chiefly along roadsides; by 
 Pursh, from Canada to Carolina; by Elliot, in the middle district of Carolina and Georgia; by 
 Baldwin, as far as 30° 30' near St. Mary's ; by Chapman, "in the upper districts, Mississippi, and 
 northward;" by Michaux, in Upper Carolina and in Illinois ; by Beck, on the Mississippi near St. 
 Louis ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann parad. 
 pi. 242, and Linnaeus. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 969 
 
 into a spike, beset about with flowers like sow-thistle, of a blew or azure colour" (Mulgedium 
 leucophceuni) p. 74. 
 
 The following plants enumerated by Josselyn as common to Europe and New England : " hedge- 
 hog grass " (Carex flava) rar. p. 41 ; " mattweed " (Psamma armaria) ; " cat's-tail " (Tvpha latifolia) ; 
 " wild sorrel " (Acetosa acetosella) p. 42 ; " adder's-tongue " (Ophioglossum vulgatum) ; "one-blade " 
 (Smilacina bifolia) ; " water-plantane " (Alisma plantago), "bears feed much upon this plant, so do 
 the moose-deer ; sea-plantane, three kinds " {Plan/ago maritima, P- major in salt marshes ? and 
 Triglochin maritimuiii) p. 43 ; "soda bariglia, or massacote, the ashes of soda, of which they make 
 glasses " (Salsola kali) p. 44 ; " glass-wort, here called berrelia, it grows abundantly in salt marshes " 
 (Salicornia herbacca) ; "egrimony" (Agrimonia etipatoria) ; "the lesser clot-bur" (Xanlhium 
 strumarium) ; " yarrow, with the white flower " {Achillea millefolium) p. 46 ; " goose-grass, or clivers " 
 (Galium parine) p. 47 ; " fearn " (A thyrium filix-fosmina, Aspidium spinulosum and A . thelypteris) ; 
 "brakes" (Pteris aquilina) ; "dew-grass" (Drosera rolundifolia, and D. longifolia) ; "blew-flow- 
 ered pimpernel" {Veronica anagallis) p. 48 ; "noble liverwort, one sort with white flowers, the other 
 with blew" (Hepatica triloba); "gaul, or noble mirtle " (Mvrica gale) p. 49; "bastard calamus 
 aromaticus " (Acorus calamus) p. 53; " knot-berry, or clowde-berry, seldom ripe" (Rubus chama- 
 morus) p. 60; "pirola, or winter-green, that kind which grows with us in England is common" 
 (Pyrola rolundifolia) p. 67 ; and "red cumins " (Ribes rubrum) p. 51. 
 
 The following plants according to Josselyn brought by European colonists to New England: 
 " arsmart, both kinds " (Polygonum hydropiper, and P. persicaria, see above) p. 43 ; " St. John's- 
 wort " (Hypericum perforatum, see above) p. 44 ; " cat-mint " (Nepeta cataria) ; " herb Robert " 
 (Geranium Robcrlianum) p. 45 ; " oak of Hierusalem "' (Chenopodium botrys) p. 46 and 56 ; " toad- 
 flax " (Linaria "vulgaris) p. 48 ; " pellamount, or mountain-time " (Thymus serpyllum) ; and " water- 
 mellon " p. 57. Of plants expressly enumerated as having " sprung up since the English planted and 
 kept cattle in New England " p. 85 : " nettles stinging, which was the first plant taken notice of" (Urtica 
 diyica) ; "couch-grass" (Ho'.cus lanatus); " shepherd's-purse " (Capsella bursa-pastoris) ; "dan- 
 delion" (Taraxacum dens-leonis) ; "groundsel" (Senecio vulgaris); "sow-thistle" (Sonchus olera- 
 ceus) ; " wild arrach " (Atriplex hortensis) ; " nightshade, with the white flower " (Solatium nigrum) ; 
 " mallowes " (Malva rotundifolid) ; " black henbane " (Hyoscyamus niger) ; " wormwood " (Artemi- 
 sia absynthium) ; " sharp-pointed dock " (Rumex crispus) ; " patience " (R. patientia, see below) ; 
 " bloodwort " (R. sanguineus, see below) ; "and, I suspect, adder's-tongue" (Ophioglossum vulga- 
 tum) ; " knot-grass " (Polygonum aviculare) ; " cheek- weed " (Stellaria media) ; " compherie, with 
 the white flower " (Symphytum officinale) ; " may-weed, excellent for the mother, some of our Eng- 
 lish housewives call it iron-wort, and make a good unguent for old sores "(Manila cotula) ; " the 
 great clot-bur " (Arctium lappa) ; and " mullin, with the white flower " (Verbascum blattaria). 
 
 Of additional " garden-herbs " under cultivation : " lettice " (Lactuca scariola) ; " parsley " 
 (Petroselinum sativum) ; " marygold " (Calendula officinalis) ; " French mallowes " (Altha>a offici- 
 nalis) ; "chervel" (Anthriscus cerefolium) ; " burnet " (Poterium sanguisorba) ; "winter savory" 
 (....); " summer savory " (Satureja hortensis) ; "time" (Thymus vulgaris) ; "sage" (Salvia 
 officinalis) ; " parsnips, of a prodigious size " (Pastinaca sativa) ; " garden beans " (Faba vulgaris) ; 
 " oats," and " naked oats, there called silpee, an excellent grain, used instead of oat-meal " (Arena 
 saliva and var. nuda) ; " rew will hardly grow " (Ruta graveolens) ; " fetherfew prospereth exceed- 
 ingly" (Matricaria p.irthenium) ; "southern wood is no plant for this country" (Artemisia abrota- 
 uum), "nor rosemary" (Rosmarinus officinalis), "nor bayes " (Taurus nobilis); "white satten 
 croweth pretty well " (Lunaria rediviva), " so doth lavender-cotton" (Santolina chamcecyparissus) ; 
 " but lavender is not for the climate " (Lavandula vera) ; " pennyroyal " (Mentha pulegium) ; " smal- 
 led^e " (Apium graveolens); "ground-ivy, or ale-hoof" (Nepeta glechoma) ; " gilly-flowers will 
 continue two years" (Afat/hiola incatia and Cheiranthus chei'ri) ; "fennel must be taken up, and 
 kept in a warm cellar all winter" (Foeniculum vulgare, see below) ; " houseleek prospereth notably" 
 (Sempervivum tectornm) ; " hollyhocks " (Althcea rosea) ; " enula campagna, in two years' time, the 
 roots rot" (Inula helcnium); "coriander" (Coriandrum sativum) "and dill" (A ' nethum graveolens) 
 " and annis thrive exceedingly " (Sison anisum), " but annis-seed, as also the seed of fennel, seldom 
 come to maturity" (see above); " clary never lasts but one summer, the roots rot with the frost" 
 (Salvia sclarea) ; " spiragus thrives exceedingly " (Asparagus officinalis), " so does garden-sorrel " 
 (Ace'osa acetosa), " and sweet-bryer, or eglantine " (Rosa rubiginosa) ; "bloodwort but sorrily" (Ru- 
 mex sanguineus, see above) ; "but patience" (R. pjtientia, see above), "and English roses very 
 pleasantly " (Rosa canina and others) ; " celandine, by the west-countrymen called kenningwort, 
 o-rows but slowly" (Chehdonium majus) ; " muschata as well as in England" (Malva moschata) ; 
 " dittander, or pe'pperwort, flourisheth notably" (Lcpidium latifolium), " and so doth tansie " (Tana- 
 cetum vulgare). And of additional fruit-trees : "quinces, cherries, damsons set the dames a work, 
 marmalad and preserved damsons is to be met with in every house " (Primus domeslica) ; and " bar- 
 berry-trees " (Berberis vulgaris). 
 
97° 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 In his Supplementary account, Josselyn 2d voy. 77 mentions the " mandrake, it is a very rare 
 plant, the Indians know it not, it is found in the woods about Pascataway " (Podophyllum petiatum) ; 
 "the'yellow lysimachus of Virginia" called "tree-primrose" (Oenothera biennis) ; " herba-paris, one- 
 berry, herb true love, or four-leaved night-shade" (Trillium erectum) ; and "fuss-balls . . . bigger 
 by much than any I have seen in England " (Lycoperdon). — In the preceding identification ot the 
 plants mentioned by Josselyn, it will be observed, that I have in most instances followed Russel in 
 trans, agricult. and Tuckerman in archaeolog. amer. iv. 
 
 " In this year" (Chalm., and Holmes), governor Sayle of Carolina, dissatisfied with Port Royal, 
 removing Northward to the neck of land between Ashley and Cooper rivers, where he laid out a 
 town to be called in honour of the king " Charleston." 
 
 " The same year" (Charlev., and Holmes), at St. Mary's Fall, congress between the French and 
 the aboriginal Tribes ; and submission professed by the latter to the king of France. 
 
 "June 14th '' (narrat., A. White edit. 7), Frederick Martens of Hamburg, on a whaling voyage, 
 arriving in Spitzbergen. Among the plants observed, he mentions "four crowsfeet," the fourth having 
 "but one long stalk whereon sprouted out one single leaf" (Ranunculus nivalis), another, fig. 10 (R. 
 sulphureus), another, burning the tongue, its flowers " small and the seed-vessels are like one another" 
 (R. I.apponieus), the third, burning the tongue, very small and white-flowered, its "leaves are thick 
 and juicy" (R. pygmaeus) ; a "small plant exactly like to these, only the flowers " purple, "and the 
 leaves not so juicy " (Saxilraga cemud) ; " the white poppy whereof we stuck the flowers in our hats " 
 (Papaver nudieaule) ; scurvy-grass, " much weaker than the scurvy-grass of our countries so that we 
 eat it instead of salad " (Cochlearia Groenlandicd) ; an herb with "smooth-edged leaves by pares, 
 they are rough and like mouse-ear" (Ccraslium alpinum) ; a plant with "roundish leaves by pairs on 
 creeping stalks" which are "somewhat knotty and woody " (Andromeda tetragoua) ; an herb that 
 "agreeth in its leaves with the strawberry," but "the flower is yellow " (Potentilla nivea) ; "a kind 
 of stone-crap, but the leaves are rough and hairy," the flowers "purple" (Saxifrage biflora) ; "a 
 very pretty herb " with "thick prickly and sad green leaves like those of aloes, a brown naked stalk " 
 whereon "hang round heads of flesh-coloured flowers" (S. -.te/laris); a "small house-leek" with 
 leaves "indented and very like those of our dasies " (S. nivalis); S. rivularis t. H. f. c (Spreng.) ; 
 "red sorrel," the "leaves of that of Spitzbergen are red" (Oxyria di^yua) ; "a small snake-weed," 
 the root "lieth twisted in the ground" (Polygonum viviparum) and Salix Polaris t. G. f. b (Spreng.). 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), arrival of Paul Hermann in Ceylon, meeting with Justicia Moretiana 
 B. 3. I, Isolepis tristaihya 47. 2 or Seirpus (Oncostylis) eapillaris (Pers.), Mollugo pentaphylla 7, 
 Samara lacta 31, Eloeagnus' latifolia 39. 2, Spermacoce artieularis 20. 3, Ardisia humilis 103, Chi- 
 ronia trinervia 67, Impatiens comuta 16. I, La/iaya spadieea 65. 2, Ouirivelia Zeylaniea 12. I, 
 Wrightia Zeylaniea 12. 2, Drosera Purmauui 94. 2, Burmannia distic/ia 20. I, A sparagus falcatus 
 13. 2, Afemecylou capitellatum 30, Tribulus lauugiuosus 106. I, Euphorbia parviflora 105. 2, Gom- 
 phia Zevloniea 56, Cistus Aegyptiacus 36, Leueas bijlora 63. I, Cleome dodciandia 100. 1, Connarus 
 Asiaticus 109, Polygala theezaus 85, Doliehos medicagiueus 84. 2, Stylosanthes mueronata 106. 2, 
 Alysicarpus vaginalis 49. I, Desmodium biarticulatum 50. 2, D. hetei ophvllum 54. I, Indigofera hir- 
 suta 14, Tephrosia maxima 108. 2, Inula Inaiea 55. 2, A ntidesma Zeylaniea 10, Aeaeia pennata I, 
 Asplenium faleatum 43, Ptcris crenata 87, Adiantum caudatum 5. 1, and Meuispcrmum peltatnm pi. 
 101. — After residing there as a physician he returned "in 1679," and the plants he collected were 
 published by Burmann " in 1737 " under the title of Thesaur. ceilan. 
 
 li'a/theria Indiea of Tropical climates from Africa throughout the Malayan and Polynesian 
 archipelagoes. Suffruticose, yellow-flowered, and two to three feet high, called in Burmah '• penlay 
 htse " (Mason); observed by Hermann — (Burin, pi. 68), and Moon, on Ceylon ; by N'immo in both 
 Concans, and by Law " common on sandstone hills at Badamee, Bagulkote," in the environs of Bom- 
 bay (Graham); by Mason in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous; bv Blanco, in the street of a town 
 on the Philippines ; by myself, to all appearance indigenous on Feejeean, and Hawaiian Islands. 
 Westward, by Bojer on the Mauritius Islands; by myself, on Zanzibar; and is known to grow in 
 Equatorial Africa along the Atlantic (R. Brown cong.,and Webb in fl. Nigr.). Farther West, was 
 observed by myself along roadsides and in open situations around Rio Janeiro ; is known to occur in 
 other parts of Tropical America (A. Dec), and according to Chapman as far North as the point of 
 Florida. Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet pi. 150. 
 
 " 1672 A. U." (art de verif.), in Japan, the Dutch subjected to new exactions depriving them of 
 expected profit. They however persisted in maintaining trade* 
 
 * M elianthus major of Austral Africa. Brought in this year to Europe — (Linn.), and some- 
 what later described by Hermann lugd. 117 (Spreng.); continuing under cultivation, and thence 
 introduced into the greenhouses of Northeast America. Known to grow wild in Austral Africa (Pers.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 971 
 
 "In this year" (Sieb. elucid Vries p. 69), the Kurils first made known to the Japanese, a coaster 
 driven by a storm among the Southernmost islands. 
 
 "In this j ear " (Winckl.), Georg Frank von Frankenau publishing his Lex. veget. usual. — He 
 died "in 1704." 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), by the French under Louis XIV., Utrecht captured and a great part 
 of Holland overrun. 
 
 "Aug. 1 2th " (Mather, and Holmes), eclipse of the sun, total in New England. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair), by Cassini and Picard, the Longitude determined by eclipses of Jupi- 
 ter's satellites ; and for the first time, the relative position of places on the Earth's surface satisfac- 
 torily ascertained. 
 
 At this time (Spreng.), Barrelier writing his account of plants observed in Italy, France, and 
 Spain, enumerating Salvia Barrelieri n. 186, S. multifida 220, .?. valentina 1317, S. Lusitanica 167, 
 Valeriana supina 868, Phleum asperum 28. f. 2, Bromus ereilus 13. f. 1, Achnodonton tame 14. f. 1, 
 Briza humilis 15, f. 2, Chrysurus cynosuroides 4, Melica pyramidalis 95. f. 1, Koeleria phleoides 123. 
 I. I, Festuca stipoides 76. f. 1, Avena fragilis 905, Poa Cilianensis 743, Galium linifolium 583, 
 G. maritimum 81, Anchusa stylosa 578, Campanula diffusa 453, C. cochlearifolia 454, Trachelium 
 coeruleum 683, Atropa frzitescens 1173, Viola Zoysii 691, A triplex glauca 733, Salsola polyclonos 
 2 7S, Ligusticum ferulaceum 836, Statice dichotwna 805, Daphne vermiculata 231, Polygomim Bel- 
 lardi 560. f. 2, Gypsophila perfoliata 1002, Dianthus ferrugineus 497, Silene longiflora 380, Oxalis 
 Barrelieri 1 139, Reseda undata 588, Euphorbia terracina 833, E. pilosa 885, Cistus sericeus 1315, 
 Helianthetnum Italicum 36C, H. torosum 446, H. racemosum 293, H. hirtum 488, Teucrium thymi- 
 folium 1062, T. flavescens 1072, T. Valentinum 1048, T. pycnophyllum 1091, T. libanotis 1090, 
 T. pumilum 1092, T. angustissimum 1080, T. coeleste 108 1, Sideritis glauca 250, 5. linearifolia 172, 
 Mairubium candidissimum 686, Phlomis purpurea 405, Nepeta graveolens 735, Bartsia visccsa 665, 
 i?. spicata 774, Linaria villosa 597, Anarrhinum crassifolium 131 5, Iberis rotundifolia 1305, 2?/.r- 
 cutella longifolia 841, Cardamine chelidonia 156, Hesperis alyssoides 804, Sisymbrium Ban elieri 
 1016, Cleome violacea 865, Ononis Cenisia 1104, (9. minutissima 1107, 0. viscosa 1239, Oxytropis 
 Pallasii 557, Trifolitnn sphaerocephalum 859, 7". badium 1024, Scorzonera calcitrapifolia 800, Atrac- 
 tylis humilis 1127, Santolina alpina 522, Anthemis Barrelieri 457, Artemisia Arragonensis 447, 
 Senccio crassifolius 261, 3". Nebrodensis 401, .S". Barrelieri 801, 6". rotundifolius 145, Cineraria longi- 
 folia 266, C. minuta 1 153, Chrysanthemum pectinatum 421, Centaurea linifolia 139, C. abrotanifolia 
 149, C. hyssopifolia 306, C argentea 218, C. Uucantha 1229, Fucus volubilis 1303, Phallus Hadriani 
 1258, Clathrus flavescetis 1265, Boletus umbellatus I26g, B. polycephalus, Physostegia Virginiana 
 1 152. — He died " in 1673," and his work was published " in 1714." 
 
 Diplotaxis muralis ofWestern Europe. Described by Barrelier pi. 131, — termed "sisymbrium 
 murale " by Linnaeus, " S. erucastrum " by Gouan, "sinapis muralis" by others, "eruca decumbens " 
 by Moench, and known to grow in Italy and France (Pers.) : observed by Thuillier near Paris ; by 
 Gouan, near Montpelier ; by Chaubard, at Patras in the Peloponnesus. To all appearance wild in 
 Britain (A. Dec), though regarded by some writers as probably exotic. 
 
 f/0/tf arboretcens of the Mediterranean countries. A woody-stemmed species observed by Bar- 
 relier pi. 568 in Spain, — and termed "v. Hispanica fruticosa longifolia" by Tournefort inst. 421 : 
 observed by Gittard at the base of the heights of Philatra in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). 
 
 Salsola vermiculata of the Uralian plains. Observed by Barrelier rar. pi. 215, — and Cavanilles 
 iii. 215, in Portugal and Spain (Pers., and Steud.) ; termed "kali fruticosum incanum folliis exsuccis " 
 by Buxbaum. cent. i. pi. 15 ; observed by Pallas trav. i. 337 on the Lower Volga ; by Gmelin iii. pi. 
 18, in Siberia. 
 
 Phalaris aquatica of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Barrelier rar. pi. 700 ; — termed 
 "o-ramen spicatum perenne semine miliaceo tuberosa radice " by Tournefort inst. 519; and known 
 to tow in the Tiber and in Algeria (Pers., and A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in 
 watery places in Asia Minor; and by Delile in Egypt, from Alexandria to Cairo. By European 
 colonists, was carried to Southwest Australia, where according to J. Drummond it has become 
 naturalized. 
 
 Beckmannia erucaeformis of Subarctic Asia and America. A grass described by Barrelier rar. 
 
 pi. 29 (Pers ). Observed by Bieberstein along the Taurian mountains ; by Pallas iv. 443 abound- 
 
 ino- along tributaries of the Yenisei ; by Gmelin, throughout Siberia to Kamtchatka. Farther East, 
 b^E. James on the Platte ; by Nuttall, at Fort Mandan on the Upper Missouri ; and is known to 
 grow at Hudson's Bay (Pers.). 
 
 " 167^, A. D." (Minot, and Holmes), a fort built by the French at Michilimackinac " May 13th " 
 (Churchill coll.), leaving the "Lac des Puans " (Michigan), the Jesuit F. Marquette with six other 
 Frenchmen proceeded in two canoes through the territory of the " Folle Avoine and Iliquois," tribes 
 at peace with France. Sometimes carrying their canoes, and sometimes carried in them, they dis- 
 
0^2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 covered " June 17th " (Charlev., and Holmes) the "great river Mississippi." Entering and descending, 
 '•at the end of several days solitude, they came among savage Indians, were friendly received, and 
 heard that the sea was within two or three days sail of them ; which was the gulph of Mexico. Thus 
 he discovered all that inland part of North America along the river, from thirty-eight to thirty-four 
 degrees of north latitude, lying on the back of Canada, Virginia, etc. down to Florida." 
 
 S "In this year" (Hurab. cosm. ii.), experiments on the length of the seconds' pendulum at 
 Cayenne by Richer, and on the West coast of Africa by Varin : demonstrating, decrease of gravity 
 from the pole to the Equator. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. fl. suec), Til-lands publishing his Catalogue of plants around Aboa. 
 enumerating Ranunculus reptans 57 : — a Second edition with plates " in 1683," and died " in 1692 " 
 (Spreng.). 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng), Kyllingius publishing his memoir in the Act. Hafn. ; — "in 16S8," his 
 Virid. Dan. ; and died "in 1696." 
 
 " 1674, Feb. 9th" (Chalm., and Holmes), signing at Westminster of a treaty of peace between 
 England and Holland. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. fl. suec), Nic. Grimmius of Gothland resident physician on Ceylon.— 
 He enumerates Ceylon plants in Acad. nat. Cur. and Act. Haffn. as "planta mirabilis distillatoria" 
 {Nepenthes distillatoria) "zedoaria Zeylanica " (. . . ), "planta stercoraria" ( . . . ), "convolvulus 
 syriacus" (Ipomaea obscura). He died "in 171 1 " (Spreng.). 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Boccone publishing his plants observed in Sicily, 
 Malta, Italy, and France, enumerating Convaa Aegyptiaca sic. 7, Poa Sicula t. 33, Andropogon dis- 
 tachvos t. II, Scabiosa urccolata t. 52, Parictaria Lusitanica 24, Plantago macrorhiza t. 15, Tillaea 
 muscosa t 29, Campanula mollis 45, Achyranthus argentca 9, Paronychia cchinata t. 20. f. III. 39, 
 Eryngium tricuspidatum 47, Athamantha Sicula 14, Bubon Statins 27. 28, Statice monopetala 16. 
 17," Allium Siculum 33, Glinus lotoides 11, Nepeta Apuleii 25, Linaria multicaulis 19, Biscutella 
 raphanifolia 23, Cardamine Graeca 44, Hcpcris Africana 42, Malope malacoides 8, Ononis varie- 
 g;ala 38J Senecio delphinifolius 51, .5". airvsanthanifolius 36, Inula foetida 13, Centaurea sempervirens 
 39, Cvnoiuorittni coccineum 43, Ambrosinia Bassit, Poterium hybridttm 30. 
 
 Sida rhombifolia of Tropical Africa. Transported to Europe, was observed by Boccone rar. sic. 
 6 on Sicily — (Spreng.), and was received by Cavanilles i. pi. 3 from the Canaries (Webb). Known 
 to grow on the Cape Verd Islands (Webb), and from Guinea (J. D. Hook.) to Abyssinia (A. Rich.) ; 
 observed by Roxburgh in Bengal, according to Drury indigenous and yielding fibres. Clearly by 
 European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Bo}., and A. Dec), and to America: was 
 received by Dillenius pi. 172, and Cavanilles, from "India orientali" and "Jamaica" (Pers.) ; by 
 Hooker, from Buenos Ayres ; by Decandolle, from Brazil, the West Indies, and Carolina; was 
 observed by Baldwin at 31 in Florida; by N T . A. Ware, at "St. Johns, about settlements;" by 
 Chapman, "around dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward." 
 
 Centaurea MeliUnsis of the Mediterranean countries. An annual described by Boccone sic. 35 
 — (Spreng.); termed "carduus stellatus luteus capitulo minus spinoso" by Tournefort inst. 440, and 
 known to grow on Melita and about Montpelier, observed bv Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to 
 Rhodes. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America (A. Dec). 
 
 "The same year" (hist coll. Mass. i. 141, and Holmes), a historical account of the aboriginals 
 of New England, their numbers, customs, manners, religion, government, and condition, completed by 
 Daniel Gookin. 
 
 " 1675 A. D." (Klapr. mem. iii. 195), Simaye" tsagbema with two companions in a large junk, 
 sailing from Fatsisio Southeast reached a group of " eighty islands " (Bonin Islands), and made a 
 map of them. The islands continued uninhabited, though long known to the Japanese under the 
 name of their discoverer Ok.issa wara. 
 
 "June 24th" (Holmes), in New England, beginning of the second serious war with aboriginal 
 Tribes : incited by Metacom, called "king Philip." — In the following year, the war was brought to a 
 close by the death of Metacom. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, Spreng., and Winckl.), after his Indice piant. Bologn. "in 1652," 
 Zanoni publishing his Istor. Bot, enumerating* Stachys gltttinosa pi. 81, Satt^uisoi ba media 138, 
 Borate Cretica 37, Nmica violacea 35, Gitcttarda M atthiola 154. 155, Bupleurnni BalJcnse 40, Sittm 
 
 * Sida carpinifolia of Tropical America. Abounding in waste ground and near dwellings in 
 Brazil and the West Indies (A. Saint-Hil., and A. Dec). Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Zanoni 114 — (Spreng.). Linnaeus, Jacquin ic. rar. i. pi. 135, and Cavanilles v. pi. 134 and i. pi. 3: by 
 European colonists also, was carried to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Pers., and Webb); to the 
 Mauritius Islands, observed there along roadsides by Bojer p. 32. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 973 
 
 Siculum 128, Silene paradoxa 109, 5. Lusitanica m, Euphrasia tricuspidata 76, Sisymbrium tana- 
 cetifolium 72, Cytisits purpureus 63, Serratula centauroides 95, Gnaphalium lavandulaefolium 71, 
 Buphthalmum flosculosum 21, B. aquaticum 24, Aster? laevigatus 22, Centaurea atrata 58, C. Ro- 
 mana 42. 43, C, Ragusina 92, Helianthus trachelifolius 57, Cymbidium praemorsum 16, ^rw»z /*«- 
 taphyllum 23, Desmanthus diffusus 123, and Onoclea sensibilis. — He died -'in 1682." 
 
 Dracocephalum Ruyschiana of the Uralian plains. Described by Zanoni 146— (Spreng.), and 
 Morison iii. 11. pi. 5 (Pers.); observed by Pallas trav. i. 64 along the Volga ; and known to grow as 
 far West as Austria. 
 
 " In this year " (Targ.), Michetti publishing his Lexicon botanicum. 
 
 " The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), in London, St. Paul's church commenced ; on a plan fur- 
 nished by Christopher Wren. — The building was completed " in 1710." 
 
 " 1676 A. D." (Chalm., and Holmes), by Charles II., troops sent to Virginia: the first troops 
 sent to any of the English colonies for the suppression of insurrection. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Dodart publishing his Mem. hist, plant., enumerating Heliotropium 
 parviflorum p. 82, Campanula planiflora 118, Mitella diphylla 106, Pentstemon campanulatus 78, 
 Astragalus Carolinianus 64, Trifolium subterraneum 122, Grindclia Siberica 62, Chrysanthemum 
 maximum 66, Achillea odorata 101, Centaurea Sicula 86, and Urtica Dodartii 130,* Campanula 
 Americana iv. pi. 18, Astragalus Canadensis 65. — He died ''in 1707." 
 
 Silene quinquevulnera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An annual described by 
 Dodart 98 — (Spreng.), termed " lychnis hirta minor flore variegato " by Tournefort inst. 338, — and 
 known to grow from Britain throughout middle Europe to Siberia (Engl. bot. pi. 86, Lam. fl. fr., and 
 Pers.): observed by Scopoli in Carniolia; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to 
 Caria. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed " near Charleston " 
 (Chapm.) . 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Magnol publishing his Bot. Monsp., enumerating Stipa juncea 121, 
 Crassula Alagnolii 237. 238, Teesdalia regularis 187, Hutchinsia procumbens 185, and Linkia nostoc 
 180 : — a second edition " in 1686 " (Winckl.). 
 
 Silene nocturna of the Mediterranean countries. An annual described by Magnol bot. 170 — 
 (Spreng.), Morison 5. pi. 36, and Dillenius elth. pi. 36; known to grow in France and Spain (Lam. 
 fl. fr., and Pers.): observed by Moench in Germany ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelopon- 
 nesus to Constantinople, sometimes in vineyards. By European colonists was carried to Northeast 
 America, "introduced sparingly in Pennsylvania" (Pers., Schweinitz, and A. Gray). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Rheede publishing his Hort. malabar., enumerating Gra/i- 
 ola trifida xii. 36, G. rotundifolia ix. 57, yusticia echioides ix. 46, Ruellia infundibuliforinis ix. 62, Cftri- 
 cularia coerulea ix. 70, Piper amalago vii. 16, Rotala verticillata ix. 81, Rumphia Amboinensis iv. 11, 
 Ficus venosa iii. 64, F. septica iii. 59, F. ampelos iii. 60, F. cotoneaefolia iii. 57, F. rufescens iii. 62, Hypae- 
 lytrum nemorum xii. 58, Scirpus articulatus xii. 71, Fimbristylis argentea xii. 54, Isolepis squarrosa 
 xii. 38, Cyperus canescens xii. 42, Kyllinga umbellata xii. 63, K. monocephala xii. 53, K. triceps xii. 52, 
 Perotis latifolia xii. 62, Festuca Indica xii. 45, Ischaemum muticum xii. 49, Erincaulon setaceum xii. 
 68, Hedyotis racemosa x. 25, H. auricularia x. 32, Ixora alba ii. 14, Cissi/s latifolia vii. 11, C. carnosa 
 vii. 9, Pathos scandens vii. 40, Convolvulus Medium xi. 55, C. maximus xi. 53, Ipomaea tridentata xi. 
 65, /. grandiflora xi. 50, /. repens xi. 52, /. pes-caprae xi. 57, /. campanulata xi. 56, Walkera serrala 
 
 * Verbena urticifolia of Northeast America. The white-flowered vervain, transported to Europe, 
 described by Dodart — (Spreng.), and Morison iii. pi. 25. Westward, is known to be peculiar to 
 North America, where according to Hooker it grows throughout Canada to the Saskatchewan : was 
 observed by myself from 45° to 40 along the Atlantic, chiefly along roadsides and in waste ground; 
 by Pursh, from New England to Carolina ; by Michaux, in Virginia and Carolina ; by Elliot, in South 
 Carolina ; by Beck, on the Mississippi near St. Louis ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Urtica {Laported) Canadensis of Northeast America. The woodland nettle, alternate-leaved with 
 stinging hairs, transported to Europe, described by Dodart — (Spreng.), Plukenet aim. pi. 239, and 
 Linnasus ; said to occur also in Siberia (Pers.). Westward, was observed by Kalm near Montreal ; 
 by myself, from 45 to 42 along the Atlantic, in rich soil in the forest ; by Schweinitz, at 36 in 
 Upper Carolina; by Elliot, on the Alleghanies of South Carolina; by Chapman, " Florida, and north- 
 ward ; " by Short, in Kentucky ; and by Nuttall. on the Arkansas. 
 
 Zoruia diphylla of Equatorial Africa ? Observed by Rheede ix. pi. 82 in Malabar, — by Rox- 
 burgh in other parts of Hindustan, by Graham " common in the rains " in the environs of Bombay, 
 but no native names are given (A. Dec). Westward, is known to grow in Equatorial Africa along 
 the Atlantic (fl. Nigr. p. 301). Probably by European colonists, was carried to the West Indies (Pers., 
 and Schlecht.). 
 
974 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 v. 48, Viola (Hybanthus) cnncasperma ix. 60, Tmpatiens latifolia ix. 48, I. fasciculata ix. 47. 49, 
 Desmocliaeta atropurpurea x. 59, Celosia argentea x. 39, Tabernaemonlana altemifolia i. 43, Monetia 
 diacanlha v. 37, Asclepias alexicaca ix. 13, Ceropegia candelabrum ix. 16, Gomphrena hispida ix. 72, 
 v4ra/M Chincnsis ii. 26, Drosera Indica x. 20, Tradescantia Malabarica ix. 63, 7". axillaris x. 13, 
 Amaryllis latifolia xi. 39, Achras dissccta iv. 25, Loranthus elasticus x. 3, Z. loniceroides vii. 29, 
 Amyris protium vii. 23, Daphne (Causiera) monostachya vii. 4, Z>. (C.) polystachya vii. 2, Sapindus 
 laurijolius iv. 19, C^j-j-m arborescens vi. 9. 10, Caesalpinia mimosoides vi. 8, Guilandina axillaris vi. 
 20, G\ paniculata vi. 19, Heritiera lateralis vi. 21, Melastoma Malabathricum\v. 42, Bergiaverticil- 
 lata ix. 78, Rhhophora caudelm. 25, 7?. cylindrica vi. 53, Garcinia Malabarica iii. 41, Eugenia corym- 
 bosa v. 27, i:. parviflora v. 19, Grewia Orieutali< v. 46, C7. microcos i. 56, Lagerstroemia hirsuta iv. 
 22, Delima sarmentosa vii. 54, i'vai ia Zeylanica ii. 9, Nepcta Madagascareusis xi. 25, Torcnia Asi- 
 atica ix. 53, Aeginetia Indica xi. 47, Diceros longifolins ix 87, Hygrophila ringens ix. 64, Cleoine 
 monophylla ix. 34, Melochia corchorifolia ix. 73, Connarus pinnatus vi. 24, -SzVfo populifolia vi. 45, 
 Hibiscus Surattensis vi. 44, //. vitifolius vi. 46, Dalbergia lanceolaria vi. 22, Crotalaria quinquefolia 
 ix 2S, Dolichos gladiatus viii. 44, £>. rotundifolius viii. 43, Z>. catiang iii. 41, Sesbania aculeata vi. 27, 
 Aesehvuomcne Indica ix. 18, ^4. pumila ix. 21, I ndigof era glabra ix. 67, 7. hedysaroides ix. 36, Malaxis 
 Rlieedii xii. 27, Cvmbidium aloefolium xii. 8, C ova/inn xii. 7, Artocarpus pubescens iii. 32, Scleria 
 lithosperma xii. 48, Tragia iiicrcurialis x. 82, Boehmeria interrupt a ii. 40, Sagittaria obtusifolia xi. 
 45, Arum divaricatum xi. 20, Croton cocciueum v. 22, Trichosanthes caudata viii. 16, 7". nervifolia 
 viii. 17, Momordica muricata viii. 10, Autidesma sylvestris v. 26, Cocctilus radiatus vii. 3, C orbicula- 
 tus xi. 62, J/vris/iea tomentosa iv. 5, Acacia intsia vi. 4, Acrosticlium heterophyllum xii. 29, Polypo- 
 dium acrostichoides xii. 47, Asplenium amhiguum xii. 15, Onoclea scandens xii. 35, Lygodium pinna- 
 tifidum xii. 33, Z. flexuosum xii. 32, and Lycopodium phlegmaria xii. 14* — He died " in 1691," and 
 the Twelfth and concluding volume was published "in 1703." 
 
 Neptunia oleracea of Equatorial Africa. Observed by Rheede ix. pi. 20 in Malabar; — by Nimmo, 
 in "tanks throughout the Concan " (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wallich, as far as Silhet, but hav- 
 ing modern names only (A. Dec); by Loureiro, in Cochinchina, its leaves eaten in salads (Pers.). 
 Westward from Hindustan, is known to grow in Equatorial Africa along the Atlantic (Rich. fl. Seneg., 
 Guill. and Perr., and Benth. fl. Nigr.). Probably by European colonists, was carried to Tropical 
 America, where it has been observed along the Magdalena (H. and Bonpl.), and at Guayaquil (Benth.). 
 
 Crotalaria verrucosa of Equatorial Africa ? Observed by Rheede ix. pi. 29 in Malabar; — by 
 Graham, " common in Bombay during the rains " and found by Law "in the Sholapore Districts ; " 
 by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, in Burmah ; and known to grow in Ceylon, 
 Java, and the Philippines (Pers.). Westward from Hindustan, is known to grow seemingly indige- 
 nous on the Mauritius Islands (Pers., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried to the West 
 Indies, where it continues in cultivated ground on Jamaica (Macfad.), and St. Thomas. 
 
 Oldcnlaudia lierbacca of Equatorial Africa? Observed by Rheede x. pi. 35 in Malabar — 
 (Spreng.) ; known to occur also on Ceylon (N. L. Burm. ind. pi. r4, and Pers.), and from Madagas- 
 car to Senegal (herb. Dec). Probably through European colonists carried to Hayti (A. Dec). 
 
 Elephantopus scaber of Equatorial Africa. Called in Bengalee " samdullum " (Lindl.), and 
 observed by Rheede x. pi. 7 in Malabar; — by Wight, and Graham, in other parts of the peninsula 
 as far as Bombay; by Roxburgh, as far as Bengal ; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indige- 
 nous ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, unknown to the natives though frequent along roadsides, by 
 myself also in the vicinity of Manila. Westward, by Grant towards the sources of the Nile, in " i° 
 
 * Il'oilastonia biflora of Tropical Eastern Asia. An erect "annual" called in the environs of 
 Bombay "soonkee " (Graham): observed by Rheede x. 40 in Malabar ; — by Graham, as far as Bom- 
 bay, "about a foot high" flowering "in the rains, very common on the Ghauts" and covering "the 
 roofs of houses at Kandalla ; " by Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan ; and by Mason, indigenous in 
 Burmah. The species observed by myself from Manila to the Feejeean, Tongan, and Samoan Islands, 
 hardly corresponds with the above description, being much taller. 
 
 Vinca {Catharanthus) pusilla of Hindustan ? A small annual observed by Rheede ix. pi 33 in 
 Malabar; — by Lush, on "the Deccan," flowering " in the rains " (Graham); by Retz, a troublesome 
 weed in the gardens of Tranquebar (Pers.); by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; and accord- 
 ing to Royle, is applied as an external stimulant in cases of lumbago (Lindl.). 
 
 Ipoma>a pes-tigridis of Tropical Eastern Asia. Observed by Rheede xi. pi. 59 in Malabar; — 
 by Graham, " common everywhere during the rains " in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, in 
 other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, in Burmah ; and is known to grow in the Malayan archipelago 
 (Choisy). By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, where it has been found in culti- 
 vated ground on St. Thomas (Schlecht., and A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 975 
 
 42' S. alt. five thousand feet," the flowers lilac. Transported to Europe, is described by Breynius pi. 
 34, Plukenet aim. pi. 388, and Dillenius elth. pi. 106. "E. Carolinianus " was observed by Conrad as 
 tar North as 40 near Philadelphia ; by myself, on the Delaware peninsula ; by Croom, near Newbern : 
 by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Nuttall, in Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia ; by N. A. Ware, in 
 Florida ; by Chapman, " Florida to Mississippi, and northward ; " by E. James, in Louisiana ; by 
 Pitcher, in Arkansas ; and by Sloane i. pi. 156, on Jamaica. 
 
 Herpestis Monuieri of Tropical and Subtropical America ? A smooth small and somewhat creep- 
 ing herb, having a Sanscrit name (Pidd., and A. Dec), observed by Rheede x. pi. 14 in Malabar ; — 
 by Graham, around Bombay " generally to be met with on the margins of tanks," by myself on the 
 Deccan ; by Roxburgh, as far as Bengal, its expressed juice rubbed on parts affected with rheumatic 
 pains; by Mason, in Burmah, enumerated as indigenous; by myself, on the Philippines, and Hawai- 
 ian Islands ; is known to grow also on the Marquesas Islands (Pers), New Zealand (Raoul), and in 
 Tropical Australia (Benth.). Westward, is known to grow in Yemen (Schimp., and herb. Dec); and 
 in Equatorial Africa (Boj., and Benth.). Farther West, according to A. Gray, grows as far North as 
 38°, "Maryland and southward along the coast;" was observed by Elliot, and Leconte, in South 
 Carolina and Georgia ; by Chapman, " Florida to North Carolina, and westward ; " by Nuttall, along 
 the Mississippi near New Orleans; by Sloane pi. 129, Jacquin obs. pi. 1, and Swartz obs., in the 
 West Indies (Pers.); by Humboldt and Bonpland, on Cuba (Kunth); by myself, in Brazil, and Peru; 
 and was received by Bentham from Buenos Ayres and Chili. 
 
 Lhiinanthemiim cristatum of Madagascar or Hindustan. An aquatic with small white flowers 
 growing from the petioles, observed by Rheede xi. pi. 29 in Malabar, — by Graham in " Kandalla 
 tank, common in the Concans," by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 105 in Bengal. Westward, by Bojer on 
 Madagascar, and received by Grisebach from the Mauritius Islands (A. Dec). 
 
 " 1677 A. D." (Chalm., and Holmes), in England, the Northern boundary of Massachusetts fixed 
 at three miles North of the Merrimack: but pending negotiations between Charles II. and the pro- 
 prietor of Maine, the proprietor's interest was purchased by an agent of Massachusetts. 
 
 "In this and the following year " (Humb. cosm. v.), an important catalogue of Southern stars 
 made by Halley at St. Helena : including however none under the sixth magnitude. 
 
 " 1678 A. D." (Humb. cosm. ii.), Lister maintaining that each kind of rock has its own fossils : 
 and that these are all "specifically different" from the somewhat similar ones in the present sea — 
 Lister died "in 1711." 
 
 " Sept. 6th " (Blair), the Popish plot in England discovered by Oates. 
 
 "In this year" (coll. hist. vi. 223, and Holmes), Salem in New England containing "eighty-five 
 houses, and three hundred polls : " and New York city (Chalm. i. 597), "three hundred and forty-three 
 houses." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Jac. Breyn publishing his Exot. plant, cent., enumerating* Salvia 
 paniculata pi. 85, IVachendorfia Iiirsuta 37, Eriocaulon triangutare 50, Leucadendron decurrcns 9, 
 Lobelia pinifolia 87, L. coronopifolia 88, L. Breynii 89, Chironia linoides 90, Myrsine Africana 5, 
 Phylica brunioides 7, Brunia nodifiora 10, Staavia radiata 82, Laserpitium pruthenicum 84, Tulipa 
 Breyniana 36, Eriospermum latifolium 41, Erica cerinthoides 33, Gnidia simplex 6, Cassia gran dis 
 14, C. mollis 21, C.flexuosa 23, C. glandulosa 24, Melastoma holosericeum 2, Oxalis speciosa 46, Me- 
 sembrianthemum molle 81, M . expansum 79, Leonotis leonurus 86, Pelargonium lacerum 59, Polygala 
 teretifolia 49, Borbonia cordata 28, B. crenata 28, Clitoria Brasiliana 32, Colutea frutescens 29, Psora- 
 lea aphylla 25, Trigonella spinosa 33, Athanasia capita/a 78, Artemisia vermiatlata 12, Gnnpha'ium 
 nudifolium 71, Senecio pubigerus 6;, .S". longifolhcs 63, S. purpureas 67, Inula pinifolia 64, Cenia 
 turbinata 73, Osteospermum moniliferum 76, Othonna bulbosa 66, Stoebe ericoides 10, Croton solani- 
 folium 54, Phyllanthus rhqinnoides 4, Leptocarpus simplex 91, Inga cinerea 15, Afimosa sensitiva 16, 
 M. polydactyla 18, Asplcnium nidus 99, A. Breynii 97, Lycopodium plumosum 100-1, and Lygodium 
 scandens, — Breyn described in the Ephem. nat. cur. Metastelma pamiflorum 1. 4. 138, and Cynan- 
 chum Indicum (Spreng.). 
 
 "In this year " (Spreng.), after his Hort. Bles. auct. " in 1669," and Umbell. " in 1672," Morison 
 publishing his Hist. Plant., enumerating Laserpitium hirsicttcm 9. 15, Cachrys microcarpa 9. 1. 1, 
 Daucus Mauritanicus 9. 13. f. 6, D. polygamus 9. 13. f. 5, Myrrhis colorata 9. 10. f. ult., Osmorhiza 
 
 * Cotula coronopifolia of the seashore of Austral Africa. Described by Breyn exot. 76 — 
 (Spreng.), and already naturalized in Friesland in the days of Linnseus sp. p. 1257 ; speading subse- 
 quently to.various points along the seashore from Germany to Portugal and Cadiz (Pers., Koch, and 
 Reuter) : possibly by European colonists also, carried to " South America and New Zealand " 
 Known to grow in Austral Africa (Pers.), the home according to A. Decandolle of all the species of 
 Cotula. 
 
976 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Claytoni 9. 11. f. I, Cryplotaenia Canadensis 9. 11. f. 8, Chaeraphyllum procumbens 9. II. f. ult, 
 A [aim inundation 9. 5. f. ult., A'arcissus auccps 4. 9. 13, and Passiflora lutea 1. 2. 3, Heliopsis laevis 
 6. 3. f. 69 (Pers.), Ponlcdaia cordata 15. 4. f. 8. 
 
 Saxifraga geum of the mountains of Ireland and middle Europe. Described by Morison xii. 
 pi. 9, — termed " geum rotundifolium minus " by Tournefort inst. 251, and known to grow on the 
 mountains of Ireland (A. Dec), and middle Europe (Moench, and Pers.) : observed by Lapeyrouse 
 pi. 14 on the Pyrenees ; by Sibthorp, on mount Parnassus. Has become naturalized near Edinburgh 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 1561 to 2093, and Bab.), also in Yorkshire and Cumberland (Wats.). 
 
 A'/ 'escmbryanthemion tenuiflorum of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, described by Mori- 
 son 12. pi. 8, — Bradley i. 9, and Dillenius pi. 201 ; was observed by Chaubard to all appearance long 
 naturalized on old walls at Athens. Is said to grow wild in Austral Africa (Chaub., and Gittard). 
 
 Xanthium spinosion of Austral America. A thorny kind of bur-weed, transported to Europe, 
 described by Morison xv. pi. 2,* — and Magnol hort. 208; and from seeds procured in Portugal 
 termed "xanthium lusitanicum" by Tournefort: becoming naturalized, has extended into Algeria, 
 Sicily, Italy, and Southern France (Boissier, Gusson., Seguier, and Gouan) ; was observed by Gulden- 
 stadt in 17S7, frequent in Southern Russia; subsequently, by Chaubard, and Grisebach, frequent in 
 the Peloponnesus and on some of the Greek islands. Transported to North America as late perhaps 
 as 1814 (as may be inferred from the silence of Walter, Michaux, and Pursh), was found by Nuttall 
 in 1818 near dwellings from Savannah to Washington, and not foreseeing that it would become trouble- 
 some, was introduced by him as he informed me into the environs of Philadelphia; was observed by 
 myself in 1823 in the vicinity of Boston. In the Southern Hemisphere, by European colonists also, 
 was probably carried across the Andes into Chili (Beechey voy. 57, and A. Dec.) ; for it is known to 
 be indigenous and abundant in the extensive plains on the La Plata. 
 
 Luzula nivea of Switzerland and the Tyrol. Described by Morison viii. pi. 9, — and Scheuchzer 
 gram. pi. 7, and known to grow on the mountains of Switzerland and the Tyrol (Pers., and A. Dec). 
 In Scotland, planted by a gardener in Bromhall woods (Balfour, and Bab.), but not known to have 
 extended itself into the surrounding country. 
 
 " 1679 A. D." (Chalm., and Holmes), arrival in New England of the first collector of customs, 
 Edward Randolph. He was persistently opposed, the colonists deeming " their chartered privileges 
 invaded." — He returned two years afterwards, but was unable to execute his office. 
 
 "May 26th" (Macaulay i. 2), the Habeas Corpus Act signed by king Charles II. 
 
 " Sept. 2d " (Pauth. 436), at Pekin, a severe earthquake; throwing down walls and buildings, and 
 destroying more than "four hundred thousand" persons. 
 
 " The same year " (Dampier), the buccaneers, continuing their ravages, and islands along the 
 North coast of the Isthmus first made a rendezvous. In their vessels, one or more " Moskito indians" 
 were employed; partly it would seem, from their knowledge of the means of procuring provision. 
 These Indians are described by Dampier as "tall, well made, raw boned, long visaged, look stern" 
 (Malayans?, see below, Guam), having no form of government, but cultivating in small plantations 
 "■plantain trees " (A/usa sapiait/ou), "yames, potatoes " (/lata fas edit/is .?), " indian pepper" (Capsi- 
 cum), "and pine-apples" of which they make an intoxicating drink. 
 
 " Towards 1680 A. D." (Kaempf., and art de verif.), Jetznako succeeded by Tsinajos, now emperor 
 of Japan. 
 
 " 1680 A. D." (Kaempf v . 13), Cleyer in Japan, in charge of the Dutch there, and meeting with 
 among plants Zingiber mioga iii. a. 3. o. 120, Ligustruin Japonicum iii. a. 2. o. 180, Fiats itabu ii. 
 a. 10. o. 36. f. 10, Bladhia Japonica iii. a. 5. 6. o. 3, B. a Lpa iii. a. 2. o. 179, Campanula glanca iii. 
 a. 3. o. 119, Euonymus pungens iii. a. 5. 6. o. 2, Cissus Japonica ii. a. 7. o. 71. f. 25, Scilla Japonica 
 ii. a. 5. 6. o. 53. f. 39, Lilium spcciouim ii. a. 8. o. 191. f. 54, L.pompanoou ii. a. 9. o. 76. f. 20, Orou- 
 tium Japonicum ii. a. 9. o. 75. f. iS, Houttuynia cordata ii. a. S. o iSy. f. 51, 52, Alisma cordifolia ii. 
 a. 6. o. 53. f. 40, Eurya Japonica ii. a. 8 o 192. f. 56, . Ipaclis Japonica ii. .1. 7. u. 70. f. 23, Fumaria 
 racemosa iii. a. 3. o. 120, Cineraria Japonica ii. a. 9. o. 76, Epidcudrum ensifoHum iii. a. 10. o. 38, 
 Amim ringens ii. a. 9. o. 75, Rajania quinata ii. a. 7. o. 71, and A/citaisia dichotoma ii. a. 7. o. 73. 
 f. 30. — He returned shortly afterwards (Spreng.). 
 
 Viuca (Catharanthus) rosea of Madagascar. Observed by Cleyer ii. a. 7. o. 72. f. 27 in Japan — 
 (Spreng.) ; by Thunberg, growing in and around Nagasaki, and cultivated besides in vases, but no 
 native name given : in the Philippines, formerly cultivated by the natives, continuing known to many 
 of them, and called in Tagalo " cantotan " (Blanco): known to grow also in Java (Pers.) : and in Bur- 
 
 * Bromus racemosus of middle Europe. Resembling B. secalinus but the panicle upright: 
 
 described by Morison 8 pi. 7 f. 19 ; —observed by Smith fl. i 12S in Britain ; and known to grow in 
 
 woods and pasture-land in France. By European colonists carried to Northeast America, has been 
 
 observed by A. Gray in "grain-fields, not rare;" by myself, beyond the limits of cultivated ground in 
 
 •the environs of Philadelphia, naturalized. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 977 
 
 mah, enumerated by Mason v. p. 432 as "exotic," called " them-bau-ma-hnyo-ban," and cultivated for 
 ornament both by natives and Europeans. Westward, devoid of a Sanscrit name (Pidd.), and 
 observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, and Graham, only in the cultivated state, " common in gardens " 
 and " in flower all the year : " and in Ceylon, only recently becoming naturalized (Moon, and Gardn.): 
 called in Madagascar " tsi-felan-felan " (Boj.), but no specimens from that island seen by A. Decan- 
 dolle. By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it has become naturalized 
 (Boj.) ; to Austral Africa (A. Dec.) ; to one locality in Guinea (flor. Nigr.) ; to the West Indies, 
 where it is not mentioned by the early writers, but now occurs even in the neighbouring portion of 
 Florida and " in the streets of Apalachicola " (Chapm.), and throughout Tropical America from Realejo 
 in Western Mexico (Benth. bot. Sulph.) to Rio Janeiro. Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Miller pi. 186, and Linnaeus ; has become frequent in greenhouses ; and was observed by Clot-Bey in 
 the gardens of Egypt. 
 
 " March 7th " (Charlev., Holmes, and voy. Belg.), leaving the mouth of the Illinois river, Father 
 Hennepin with others proceeded up the Mississippi. At the "forty sixth" degree of North Latitude, 
 he was stopped by falls, named by him " Falls of St. Anthony." 
 
 "March 16th" (Chalm., Belknap, and Holmes), Edward Randolph having arrived, bringing a 
 commission separating New Hampshire from Massachusetts; the new government inaugurated at 
 Portsmouth, by the meeting of the first assembly. 
 
 "Nov. 3d" (Blair), the great comet : — continuing in sight until " March 9th." From observa- 
 tions thereon, Isaac Newton was enabled to demonstrate, The regular revolution of comets around the 
 sun (Holmes). 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth.), Morison publishing the second volume of his Hist, plant., 
 enumerating * Potentilla hirsuta ii. 2. 20. 2, Pentstemon laevigatus ii. 5. 8. 6, Sisymbrium Pyrenaicum 
 ii. 3. 7. 1, Lavatera micans ii. 5. 17. 9, L. Cretica ii. 5. 17. 5, Ononis mitissima ii. 2. 17. 4, Scorpiurus 
 muricata ii. 2. 1 1. f. iv, Medicago elegans ii. 2. 15.4, M. muricata ii. 2. 15. f. 11, M. Gerardi ii. 2. 15. 
 f. 18, M. tcrebellum ii. 2. 15. f. 20, Arcliemora rigida ii. 7. f. 1 (Pers. i. p. 316), Yucca filamentosa ii. 
 p. 419, Lupinus perennis ii. 2. 7. f. 6. 
 
 Hypericum calycinum of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A low shrub 
 described by Morison ii. 5. 35 f. 2, — termed "h. ascyrum " by Miller (Steud.), and received from 
 Greece (Jacq. fragm. pi. 6, and Pers.) ; observed by Sibthorp in shaded situations near Constantino- 
 ple. Seemingly naturalized at some points in Scotland (Bab.), Ireland, and on the Isle of Wight, 
 but does not ripen seed (Wats., Bromf., and A. Dec). 
 
 Medicago intertexta of the Mediterranean countries. An annual called in Egypt " nafal " (Del.); 
 described by Morison 2. pi. 15. f. 7. 8. 9, — and known to grow in Barbary and Southern Europe 
 (Pers.) : observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; by Delile, around Rosetta in Egypt. By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America (A. Dec). 
 
 Medicago nigra of the West Mediterranean countries. An annual described by M0ris0n2.pl. 
 15. f. 19, — and known to grow in Southern France (Willd., and Pers.). By European colonists was 
 carried to Northeast America (A. Dec). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Breyn publishing his Prodrom., enumerating f Gladiolus 
 trislis 7. f. 1, G. angustus 7. f. 2, G. Lamarckii 12. f. 1, Antholyza ringens 8. 1, A. plicata 9. 2, 
 Wachendorfia paniculata 9. I, Rhynchospora aurea 23, Drosera cistiflora 22. 2, Crassula coccinea 20. 
 1 Lachenalia orchioidcs 11. 3, Euphorbia caput-Medusae 19, ' Capparis Breynii 13, Monsonia speciosa 
 21. 2 Spilanthus insipidus 24, Eupatorium divaricatum 17. 2, Pteronia oppositifolia 17. 3, Gnapha- 
 lium seiratum 18. 2, G. divaricatum 18. 3, Heluhrysum proliferum 17. 1, H. imbricatum 18. 1, H. 
 vir^atum 16. 3, Cineraria sonchifolin 21. 1, and Calendula hybrida 14. 2:— the second part "in 
 1689," died "in 1697," and a new edition of the whole was published by his son Jo. Philipp Breyn 
 
 " in 1734." 
 
 " 1680 and 1681" (Churchill coll.), Captain Sharp returning from the Pacific and unable "to 
 recover tiie strait of Magellan," continued South as far as "sixty degrees," meeting with many ice- 
 
 * Trifolium medium of Europe. The "t. pratense purpureum vulgare " of Morison ii. p. 138. u. 
 ,. (Afzel. linn. soc. lond. i. 237) may be compared : T. medium is described by Linnaeus. By Euro- 
 pean colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself springing up spontaneously 
 around Salem, much resembling T. pratense but the heads of flowers I think smaller: " T. Pennsyl- 
 vanicum" of Willdenow, and Pursh, may be compared (see Dec. prodr.). 
 
 + Agapanthus umbellatus of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, described^ by Breyn prodr. 
 pi 10 — (Spreno-.), Miller pi. 210, and Linnaeus. By European colonists also, carried to Northeast 
 America, whereat has become frequent in greenhouses ; recently to Hindustan, and called African 
 blue lily (Graham). In its wild state, known to grow in Austral Africa (Thunb. prod. 60, and Pers.). 
 
 "3 
 
gjg CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 bergs, "and abundance of snow, frost, and whales, and called a small place he found the Duke of 
 York's Island. Thus he came into the " Atlantic by " a new way, and made it appear that the land " 
 on the East side of the Strait of Le Maire was insular, and " not joined to any continent." 
 
 "1681, March 4th" (Proud i. 171 to 187, and Holmes), a charter granted by Charles II. to \\ il- 
 liam Penn, for a new province'named '• Pennsylvania." After "July nth," three ships sailed with 
 colonists : and some of these arriving in the Delaware, commenced a settlement above the confluence 
 with the Schuylkill. 
 
 " 16S2 A. D." (Proud i. 196, and Holmes), the ri.trht and interest of the Duke of York in the terri- 
 tory on the West side of Delaware Bay, procured by William Penn : who on " Oct. 24th " landed at 
 Newcastle. — The origin of the State of Delaware. 
 
 The banks of the Delaware already inhabited by " three thousand " colonists, Swedes, Dutch, 
 Finlanders, and English (Chalm. i. 643). Proceeding to Upland (Chester), William Penn called an 
 assembly " Dec. 4th ; " the foreigners were naturalized, and the body of laws brought by him were 
 formally adopted. After making a treaty with the natives, and purchasing territory, Penn proceeded 
 with a surveyor to lay out above the confluence with the Schuylkill his projected city of " Phila- 
 delphia." The first settlers were generally Quakers, who had suffered persecution : — and within 
 less than a year, "eighty houses and cottages " were built (Proud, Chalm., and Holmes). 
 
 " The same year " (Charlev.. and Holmes), M. de la Sale descending the .Mississippi to the sea, 
 formally took possession of all the country watered by that river, and in honour of Louis XIV. named 
 it " Louisiana." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl), George Wheeler publishing his Travels in Greece, enumerating 
 Hypericum Olympicum 222. 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth., and Spreng.), Chr. Mentzel publishing his Pugill. rar. plant., 
 enumerating Centunculus minimus pi. 7, Silene chlorantha pi. 2. f. 1, Massonia latifolia pi. 13. f. 4, 
 I'dihdmia viridiflora pi. 13. f. 5, Qrnilhogalum altissimum pi. 13. f. 2, Hdiaiitkcmum Appeninum 
 pi. 8. f. 3. — He died "in 1701," and his Lex. was published "in 1715." 
 
 In this year (see Spreng.), M orison writing the third volume of his Hist plant., enumerating Zizi- 
 phora thymoiaes iii. 11. pi. 19. f. 6, Salvia colorata iii. n. 16. f. ult., .9. lyrata iii. II. 13. 27, 3". urticae- 
 fu.'ia iii. II. 13. 51, -S". ludica iii. 11. 13. f. 16, Fedia mixta iii. 7. 16. 35, F. discoidca iii. 7. 16. f. 29, 
 Afelica spedosa iii. 8. 7. 51, Clitoris radiata iii. 8. 3. 15, EragrosUs 1 igida iii. 8. 2. q^Festuca loliacea 
 iii. 8. 2. 2, F. caespitosa iii. 8. 7. 19, Bromus asper iii. S. 7. f. 27, B. Madritcnsis iii. 8. 7. f. 13, Triti- 
 cum tenellum iii. 8. 2. 3, Lolium arvense iii. 8. 2. 1, Hordeum maritimum iii. 8. 6. 5, Cephalaria 
 Transylvanica iii. 6. 13. 13, 1'lantago stricta iii. 8. 17. 2, Omphalodes linifolia iii. 11. 30. 11, Ellis ia 
 nyctdaea iii. II. 28. 3, Cvnanchum hirsutum iii. 15 3. 61, Gcntiana saponaria iii. I. 5. 4, Eryngium 
 coeruleum iii. 7. 37. 13, Jtincus sitbverticillatus iii. 8. 9. 4, J. lampocarpus iii. 8. 9. 2, Saxifraga 
 punctata iii. 12. 9. 17, 1 halictrum rngositnt iii. 9. 20. f. 3, T. Calabricum iii. 9. 20. f. 16, Teucriitm 
 Nissolianum iii. II. 22. 19, Cleonia Lusitanica iii. II. 5. 4, Scorzoncra lana.a iii. 7. 6. 17, Liatrit 
 squarrosa iii. 7. 27. 10, Serratula cynaroidcs iii. 7. 25. 2, Carthamus lingitanus iii. 7. 34. 19, Bid-.ns 
 frondosa iii. 6. 5. 21, Gnaphalium polycephalum iii. 7. 10. 19, Xeranthemnm cylindrical/! iii. 6. 12 1, 
 Conyza cinerea iii. 7. 17. 7, Helianthus altissimus iii. 6 7. 67, //. divadcatus iii. 6. 7. f. 66, Rudbeckta 
 digitata iii. 6. 6. 54, Silphium trifoliaium iii. 6. 3. 68, Aristolchia anguicida iii. 12. 17. 7, Ambrosia 
 trifida iii. 6. 1. 4, Botrychium matricarioidcs iii. 14. 5. 26, Polypodium incanum iii. 14. 2. 5, Asple- 
 nium polypodioides iii. 14. 2. f. 12, A. angustifolium iii. 14. 2. 25, Fiicus articulatiis iii. 15 8. f. 6, 
 Littorella lacustris iii. 8. pi. 9,* Camptosorus rhisophyllus iii. 14. 5. f. 14, Aspleiiium cbcncum iii 14. 
 
 * Heliotropium Curassavicum of the seashore of Tropical and Subtropical America. A pros- 
 trate annual, transported to Europe, described by Morison xi. pi. 31, — Plukenet aim. pi. 36, and has 
 become naturalized near Montpelier, Narbonne, Collioure, and Cette (Treviran., Martins, and A. Dec). 
 Westward, is known to grow near Norfolk (A. Gray); has been observed by myself from Lat. 39, wild 
 on the seashore of the Delaware peninsula ; by Elliot, near salt water in South Carolina; by Chap- 
 man, " Florida to North Carolina; " by Nuttall, on the Missouri, and along Salt river of Arkansas ; 
 by E. James, on salines along the Platte ; according to Torrey, grows at Key West ; according to 
 Kunth, on salines near Mexico, and along the Pacific as far as Truxillo and Callao. 
 
 Cynoglossum Morisoui of Northeast America. A branching herb, transported to Europe, 
 described by Morison iii. 11. pi. 30, — and Linnasus. Westward, observed by myself from 42 30' 
 along the Atlantic, growing in the forest ; by A Gray, " copses, common " in central New York ; by 
 Pursh, in Virginia and Carolina; by Elliot, and Chapman, "in the upper districts of South Carolina." 
 
 Pulmonaria (Mertensia) Virgiiiica of the Ohio and its tributaries. The American lungwort, 
 transported to Europe, is described by Morison iii. 444, — Plukenet aim. pi. 227 (Linn.), and Roth ; 
 and escaping from cultivation, has been found in Britain on ruins near Netley abbey (Nicholls, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 979 
 
 2. f. 12, Woodwardia onocleoides, Cacalia atriplicifolia iii. 7. 15.7, Polymnia uvcdalia iii. 6. 7. f. 55, 
 Cypripedium pubescens iii. 12. 11. f. 15, Hydrophyllum Virginicum iii. 51. 1. f. 1, Juncus nodosus iii. 
 & 9. t. 15, Monotropa uniflora iii. 12. 16. f. 5, Pycnanthemum Virginicum iii. 11. 7. f. 8, P. aristatum 
 iii. II. 8. f. ult, Hyssopus {Lophanthus) nepetoides iii. 11. 4. f. 11, Scutellaria lateriflora iii. p. 416, 
 Eupatorium aromaticum iii. p. 98, Gnaphalium purpureum iii. p. 92, Aster linif alius iii. p. 121, /z/a 
 frutescens iii. p. 90, Phlomis leonilis iii. p. 383. — He died "in 1683," and the volume was published 
 by Bobart "in 1699." 
 
 Thalictrum alpinum of Subarctic Europe and Asia. Described by Morison iii. 9. pi. 20. f — 
 (....), and known to grow from Lapland and Finland to Ireland and Wales (fl. Dan. pi. 11, Engl, 
 bot. pi. 262, and Wats.), also on the Pyrenees, throughout the Swiss Alps (A. Dec), on Caucasus 
 and in Northern Asia as far as the Altaian mountains (Ledeb.). Westward, according to Torrey and 
 Gray fl. i. 39, grows on Newfoundland and in Canada. 
 
 Valeriana {Centranthus) calcitrapa of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Morison iii. 
 7. pi. 14, — termed "v. foliis calcitrapae, etiam v. lusitanica latifolia annua laciniata" by Tournefort 
 inst. 132, and known to grow in Barbary, Portugal (Pers.), and France (Dec. fl. fr.) : observed by 
 Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground in the Peloponnesus. In Britain, after maintaining 
 itself fifty years near Eltham, is regarded by Watson as not completely naturalized (A. Dec). 
 
 Solatium Hermanni of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe and described by Morison iii. 
 pi. 1, the berries which are black inducing according to Hermann hort. lugd. 574 headache, torpor, 
 furor and even death — (Spreng.) ; termed " s. pomiferum frutescens africanum spinosum nigricans 
 borraginis flore foliis profunde laciniatis " by Tournefort inst. 149 ; was observed by Sibthorp grow- 
 ing spontaneously in Sicily ; and has become naturalized in Greece (Heldr.), Italy, Sardinia, Majorca, 
 Portugal, around Cadiz where it is called " tomates del diablo," and around Tangier in Morocco 
 (Bertol, Dun., Reuter, and A. Dec). 
 
 Ophrys lutea of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Morison iii. 12. 13. f. 15 — (Spreng.) ; 
 termed " o. Cretica maxima " by Tournefort trav. pi. 37 ; and observed by Chaubard in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Westward, by Decandolle fl. in France ; by Cavanilles, in Spain ; and by Brotero, in 
 Portugal. 
 
 Ophrys scolopax of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Morison iii. 12. 13. 11 — 
 (Spreng.) ; observed by Cavanilles ii. pi. 161 in Spain ; known to grow in Southwestern France, and 
 observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Carex riparia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A large subaquatic sedge described 
 by Morison iii. 8. 12. 9 — (Spreng.) ; termed " cyperoides latifolium spica rufa sive caule triangulo" 
 by Tournefort inst. 529; and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Micheli pi. 32, Pers., and 
 Curt. lond. iv. pi. 60) : observed by Sibthorp frequent in watery places from the Peloponnesus to 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Bromf., and A. Dec). Westward, according to A. Gray, grows on "alluvial banks, Western New 
 York to Wisconsin, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward ; " was observed by Michaux on the Alle- 
 ghanies of Carolina ; by Chapman, " along mountain streams, South Carolina to Tennessee ; " by 
 Beck, in Illinois ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Pteris lon^ifolia of Mexico and the West Indies. A fern, transported to Europe, described by 
 Morison iii. p. 568, — and Ray suppl. 65 (Linn. sp. pi.) ; and naturalized on the isle of Ischia in the 
 Bay of Naples (Tenore). Westward, observed by Plunder am. pi. 18 in the West Indies; grows 
 according to Chapman, on " Key West " at the Southern extreme of Florida ; is known to grow also 
 in Mexico (A. Dec). 
 
 Aspidium cristatum of Northern Climates. A fern described by Morison iii. 14. 3. f. 1, — and 
 Plukenet phyt. 181. f. 2 (Linn. sp. 1551) ; known to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 
 2125); and observed by Sibthorp from Bceotia to Constantinople. Westward, grows according to 
 Hooker as far as the Saskatchewan; received by Swartz from Pennsylvania; observed by A. Gray 
 " common " in central New York ; by myself, in swampy ground from 43 to 40 along the Atlantic. 
 
 Bromus secalinus of middle and Northern Europe. A coarse grass described by Morison iii. 8. 
 pi, 7 — (Spreng.), and Linnaeus; and known to occur as a weed in middle Europe (Weigel, Huds., 
 Lam., and Pers). By European colonists, unintentionally carried to Northeast America, where it 
 continues in waste ground but chiefly in grain-fields, and is called cheat. 
 
 Panicum latifolium of Northeast America. A reedy grass, transported to Europe, described 
 by Morison iii. 8. pi 5, — and Linnasus. Westward, observed by myself from 46° on the St. Law- 
 rence to 40 along the Atlantic ; by A. Gray, in " moist thickets, common " in central New York ; by 
 Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina ; by Beck, on the Mississippi near St. Louis ; and by Nuttall, 
 on the Arkansas. 
 
9 8o CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Carexflacca of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Morison iii. 8. 12. f. [4 
 — (Spreng.), Schreber, and Schkuhr 117. t. O. f. 57; termed " c. glauca" by Scopoli as observed 
 in Carniolia, " c. recurva " by Hudson ; known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe 
 (fi. Dan. pl.1051, Engl. bot. pi. 1506, and Pers.) ; observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the 
 subalpine portion of the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, was observed by Collins, and 
 Knieskern, in the " marshes of New Jersey, near the coast " (J. Carey), " Cape May " according to 
 Torrey ; by Curtis, in "marshes, Alabama to North Carolina" (Chapm.). 
 
 Carex sylvatica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woodland sedge described by 
 Morison iii. 8. 12. 18— (Spreng.) ; termed " cyperoides sylvarum tenuius spicatum " by Tournefort 
 inst. 530; and known to grow from Sweden to the Mediterranean : observed by Decandolle in France; 
 by Sibthorp, in woods in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 Carex capitala of the Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. Described by Morison 
 
 iii. 8. 12. f. 6, and Schkuhr 80; observed by Linnaeus in Lapland and Norway; and known to 
 
 grow in the alpine portion of Switzerland (A. Dec). Westward, was observed by Hooker on 
 Iceland ; by Robbins and Oakes, on the alpine summits of the White mountains of New England 
 
 (A. Gray). 
 
 Carex distans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Morison iii. 8. 12. 
 
 iS (Spreng.) ; termed "cyperoides spicis parvis longe distantibus " by Tournefort inst. 530 ; and 
 
 known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan pi. 1049, Engl. bot. pi. 1234, and 
 Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in marshes in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Festuca elatior of Northern Europe and Asia. Described by Morison iii. 8. pi. 2, — and Lin- 
 naeus; termed " gramen paniculatum arundinaceum spica multiplici " by Tournefort inst. 523; and 
 known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Pers., Curt, 
 lond. vi. pi. 7, Hook., and Wats.). Farther East, observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constan- 
 tinople; by Bieberstein, along the Taurian mountains; and by Gmelin in Siberia (Spreng.). By 
 European colonists, carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized in our Northern 
 States, occurring not only in grass-grown clearings, but in wild situations within the border of the 
 forest. 
 
 Alopecurus pratensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Morison iii. 
 8. pi. 4 — (Spreng.), and Linnoeus ; termed "gramen spicatum spica cylindracea longioribus villis 
 donata" by Tournefort inst. 520 ; known to grow throughout middle Europe, and in Britain called 
 foxtail grass (Pers., Weinm., Curt. lond. v. pi. 5, and Prior) : farther East, observed by Sibthorp 
 growing around Athens and on Cyprus. By European colonists, carried to Northeast America, where 
 besides being cultivated it has become naturalized, growing in waste ground and on the margin of the 
 forest in our Northern States. 
 
 " 1683, Sept. 2d " (Blair), siege of Vienna abandoned by the Turks. 
 
 " The same year" (Proud i. 219, and Holmes), about " twenty families " of German Quakers from 
 the Palatinate, establishing themselves seven miles from Philadelphia, named their settlement " Ger- 
 mantown." Other Quakers of the original stock of the society in Wales, established themselves in 
 Pennsylvania at a place named by them "North Wales " 
 
 "In this year" (Klapr. mem. i. 325), the Chinese, aided by the Dutch, obtain possession of all 
 the Northwest coast of Formosa. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Jacob Sutherland publishing his Cat. hort. Edin., enumerating Scabiosa 
 graminifolia, Verbascum ferruginaim, Ribes (Grossularia) reclinata, Paronychia capitata, Iinpera- 
 toria verticillaris. 
 
 Amygdalus nana of the Uralian and Mongolian plains. A shrub enumerated by Sutherland — 
 (Spreng.) ; termed "a. indica nana" by Tournefort inst. 627: observed by Sibthorp on the declivity 
 of mount Haemus ; by Baumgarten in Transylvania; by Gmelin, and Pallas trav. i. 125 to iv. 370, 
 from 55 on the Volga to the Upper Selenga. Transported to Northeast America, the double-flowered 
 variety has become frequent in gardens. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckler), Johannes Commelyn publishing his Plant, indig. Holl. 
 
 " 1684 A. D. = 23d year of Khang-hi " (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Seventy-third 
 cycle. To Khang-hi (Pauth. 436), the island of Formosa surrendered by a son of the above-men- 
 tioned pirate chief. 
 
 " In the 23d year of his own reign," according to Khang-hi, the magnetic needle at Pekin declined 
 " three degrees : " — but now only " two and a half " (Cibot in mem Chin. iv.). 
 
 "June 1 8th " (Hutch, i. 340, Chalm , and Holmes), by the high court of chancery in England, 
 the charter of Massachusetts declared forfeited. Philadelphia already containing '' nearly three hun- 
 dred houses, and two thousand inhabitants" (Belknap ii. 424, and Proud i. 2S8). 
 
 June 22~3d (pref., and lett. 7), after arriving at Quebec in the previous " November," Lahontan 
 at the ave of sixteen leaving Montreal for Lake Ontario. — " Nov. 20th, 1690 " (lett. 20), he sailed from 
 the St. Lawrence for France. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 981 
 
 "In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii.), the black stripes in Saturn's ring, showing at least two con- 
 centric rings, discovered by Dominie Cassini. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Sibbald publishing his Scot. 111. 
 
 " 1685, Feb. 6th" (Nicol., Holmes gives " 16th"), Charles II. succeeded by his brother James 
 II., now king of United Britain. Also "in this year" (Nicol.), Iwan Alex, succeeded by Peter the 
 Great, as emperor of Russia. 
 
 m "July" (Chalm., and Holmes), a writ issued against the charter of Connecticut. "October," 
 a writ against the charter of Rhode Island. And "Oct. 8th," by James II., Joseph Dudley born 
 in Massachusetts appointed president of New England. His jurisdiction included Maine, New 
 Hampshire, Massachusetts, and "the Narraganset or king's province;" but the previous legisla- 
 tive ordinances " were declared to be in force, and the laws and customs of the colony were con- 
 tinued." 
 
 At this time (Chalm. i. 609, and Holmes), by " an accurate account taken by order of the governor," 
 the inhabitants of Canada ascertained to be " seventeen thousand ; " of whom, " three thousand " were 
 supposed to be capable of bearing arms. 
 
 "Oct. 12th" (Blair), by Louis XIV., the Edict of Nantes revoked. — In the following year, a 
 small brick church was built in Boston by fugitive French protestants. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Giov. Bapt. Triumfetti publishing his Obs. de ortu plant. 
 
 "The same year" (Kobell iii.), gold-purple, "formed as a purple precipitate when diluted solu- 
 tions of gold and tin are mixed," discovered by Andreus Cassius ; and applied by Kunkel to the 
 manufacture of red or ruby glass. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif ), in Japan, the Dutch subjected to further exaction ; their trade 
 not to exceed the annual value of " three hundred thousand taels " = 1,500,000 livres. 
 
 " In this year " (Stirling, and W. W. Hunter), the English East India Company warring against 
 the Muslim Mughuls. — " Nov. 29th, 1688," the governor of Balasor having imprisoned two English 
 servants and threatened the factory, the town attacked and plundered by Capt. Heath. 
 
 "In this year" (Smith ed. fl. lapp., and Spreng.), Rudbeck publishing the third edition of his 
 Hort. Upsal , enumerating Calypso borealis 81. 
 
 "1686, May," arrival of Dampier at Guam. The natives are described by him as "copper- 
 coloured like other Indians, long-visaged, stern of countenance" (Malayans). The hogs seen there, 
 appeared to him to belong to "that breed in America which came originally from Spain" (see 
 Mendana). 
 
 The inhabitants of the Bashee. Islets (Malayans) described by Dampier as the '-quietest and 
 civilist people " he ever met with ; having " no idols and not seen to worship anything, and all equal 
 apparently ; " the men having "but one wife," and the "children honouring and respecting parents." 
 As a punishment for theft, a young man was buried alive. They have no coin, but wore in their 
 ears small pieces of metal which they called "bullawan," the "Mindanao name for gold;" and their 
 language presented "no affinity in sound to Chinese nor to Malayan." 
 
 At Pulo Condore, Dampier found the inhabitants Cochinchinese ; having large nets for turtle, 
 such as he had seen only at Jamaica ; and exporting tar to Cochinchina. 
 
 Alono- the East coast of Celebes, Dampier found beacons placed on the shoals. And at the out- 
 lying island of Bouton, the inhabilants were all Muslim, under a sultan. 
 
 At the Nicobar Islands, Dampier found the inhabitants "all equal" (Malayans), "honest, civil, 
 harmless people," having " neither temple nor idol," nor as far as discovered, any "form of religion." 
 Their language differed from any he had heard before, but contained some Malay words. 
 
 " Dec. 20th " (Sewall, Chalm., and Holmes), arrival at Boston of Sir Edmund Andros, appointed 
 by James II. governor of New England: "to continue the former laws," so far as "not inconsistent 
 with his commission or instructions, until other regulations were established by the governor and 
 council; to allow no printing press; to give universal toleration in religion, but encouragement to 
 the church of England ; " and a small military force of "about sixty" soldiers was at the same time 
 introduced. Before the end of the month, Andros agreeably to orders dissolved the government of 
 Rhode Island, broke its seal, and assumed the administration. In this year also, writs were issued 
 ao-ainst the charter of Carolina, against East and West Jersey, and New York was deprived of its 
 
 assembly. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Paul Amman publishing his Hort. Bosian. exot., enum- 
 erating Veltheimia uvaria. — He died "in 1691." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), after his Cat. plant, circa Cantabrig. "in 1660," Method, 
 plant, "in 1682," Ray commencing his Hist, plant., enumerating "melianthus hysiquanensis minor 
 fcetidus" dendr. 120 Melianthus minor. — He published the Second volume "in 1688." 
 
 " 1687 A. D." (Kaempf., and art de verif.), Kinsen succeeded by his son Kinsen II., "one hun- 
 dred and fourteenth " dairo of Japan ; — reigning five years later, during Kaempfer's visit. 
 
982 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "October" (Chalm., and Holmes), Andros visiting Connecticut, demanded the charter; which 
 was produced, and surreptitiously removed : he however declared the government dissolved, assumed 
 the administration, and the records of the colony were closed. The English trade beginning to extend 
 far into the continent, an attempt at prevention by the French of Canada, by making war on the 
 Senecas, a tribe favouring the English (Colden 78). 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Mohammed IV. succeeded by Suliman III., twenty-first Turk- 
 ish sultan. 
 
 "The same year" (Holmes note to 1746), severe earthquake at Lima in Peru. 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Hermann publishing his Hort. Lugd., enumerating 
 Lobelia erinoides log, Asclepias tuberosa 647, Sophoia tomentosa 171, Eryngium foetidum 237, Cras- 
 sula dichotoma 553, Pancratium Zeylaiticniii 693, Cotyledon orbiculata 551, J/yrtus Zeylanica 435, 
 M esembryanthemum bicolor 249, Heliophila coronopifolia 367, Clcome triphylla 565, Pelargonium cori- 
 audri/olium, cucullatum, myrrhifoliiim, alchemilloides, gibbosum, and grossularioides 280-5, Sida 
 napaea 23, Crotalaria sagi/ta/is 203, C. laburnifolia 197, Glycine bituminosa 493, Vicia Bengalemis 625, 
 Astragalus pentaglottis 75, A. epiglottis JJ,Psoralea pinnata 273, Andryala Ragusina 673, Tarchonan- 
 thus camphoratus 229, Athanasia annua 227, Conyza foetida 662, Aster puniceus 651, A . mutabilis 67, 
 A. Novi Belgii 69, Calendula pluvialis 105, and Juniperus Bermudiana 347, Anemone Virginica 
 645, Ranunculus abortivits 514, Napoia laevis 23, Arum dracontium 60, Acalvpha Virginica 687. 
 
 Pelargonium capitatum of Austral Africa. The rose-scented geranium is described by Hermann 
 lugd. 278 — (Spreng.), was introduced into England " in 1690 " (Ait.), and soon became a favourite 
 garden flower : is figured by Cavanilles iv. pi. 105 ; was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of 
 Egypt ; by Graham, " in gardens " at Bombay. 
 
 Convolvulus {Batatas) pentaphylla of Tropical America. Known to grow there (Pers., and A. 
 Dec). Transported to Europe is described by Hermann lugd. 185 — (Spreng.), Jacquin rar. ii., and 
 Cavanilles iv. pi. 323. Regarded by R. Brown cong. p. 58 as indigenous in Western Equatorial 
 Africa: clearly by European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer hardly 
 naturalized ; to Hindustan, observed by Roxburgh but no native name is given, by Graham "common 
 on Malabar Hill etc.; " and to the Hawaiian Islands (Mann). 
 
 Leonotis nepetifolia of Equatorial Africa. Called in Hindustan " matee-sool" (Graham), and 
 transported to Europe, described by Hermann lugd. pi. 117: — observed by Graham "about villages 
 in the Concan," by Gibson " about hill forts throughout the Deccan, but never at any distance from 
 the habitations of man ; " and by Wallich, in Silhet. Westward, is enumerated as frequent and 
 probably indigenous in Western Equatorial Africa (Benth. prodr , and fl. Nigr.). By European 
 colonists, was carried to Tropical America (A. Dec). 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Christoph Knauth publishing his Enum. plant, hal., mentioning plants 
 that are no longer to be found in that vicinity. — He died " in 1694." 
 
 " 1687-8 A. D." (Spreng.), Sloane visiting Madeira, Barbadoes, Xives, S. Christophers and Jamaica, 
 meeting with JuUicia nitida pi. 10. f. 2, Diantliera comata 103. 2, Piper macrophvllum 8,8. 1, Como- 
 cladia integrifolia 222. 1, Heteranthera linwsa 149. 1, Fiats Mariinieenus 223, Ei'eochaiis interstincta 
 81. 3, Fimbristylis ferruginea 77. 2, F. spadicea 76, Abildgaardia monostachya 79. 2, Cyperus odora- 
 1ns 74. 1, C. strigosus 74. 2. 3. C. ligalaris 9, Mar/sens a'phyllus 81. 2, Paspalum p nii'atlatiim 72. 2, 
 Digitaria linearis 70. 3, Panieum glutiitosiim 71. 3, P. capillars 72. 3, P. clandestinum 80, P. brevi- 
 folium 72. 3, Jfelica papilionacea 64. 1, Poa ^/u/i/iosa 71. 2, Eleusine virgata 70. 2, Analherum 
 bicorne 15, Erianthus alopecuroides 70. 1, A ndropoi/ou Virgin kits 6,8. 2, Clitoris cruciata 69. I, C. 
 polydactyla 65. 2, Aristida Adscenuonis 2. 5, G/obularia long/ : folia 5. 3, Hedyotis rupestris 202. I, 
 Catesbaea parviflora 207. 1, Ernodea littoralis [89. I. 2, IVa/leuia laurifolia 145. 2, Buddlcia Ameri- 
 cana 173. 1, Pave/la pentandra 202. 2, Cissus trifoliata 144. 2, Fagara pte/ota 162. 1, Ammonia 
 lotifoha 7. 4, Cuscuta Americana 12S. 4, Tourneforlia cymosa 212. 2, T. suffruticosa 162. 4, Lisian- 
 thus lougi/o/ius 101. 1, ipomaea parviflora 97. 1, /. violacea 98. 1, Lobelia longiflora 101. 2, Psycho- 
 tria myrtiphyllum 209. 2, Ardisia tinijolia 205. 2, Chiococca raeemosa 18S. 3, Hamelia venhicosa 
 183. 2, Conocarpus erectus 161, 2, C. raeemosus 187. 1, Beit, reria succulenta 204. 1, Cestrum vesp.-r- 
 tmum 204. 2, Jacquinia armillaris 190. 2, Ehretia tinijolia 203. I, Bumelia salicifolia 206. 2, Ayeuia 
 Pusilla 132. 2, Celosia nitida 91. r, Echites suberecta 130. 2, E. umbellata 131. 2, Tahernaemontana 
 laurifoha 186, Sarcostemma Swartzianum 131. 1, Spathelia simplex 171, Stapliylea Oecidentaiis 220. 
 I, Turnera ulmifoha 127. 4. 5, T. pnmila 127. 6, T, eistoidex 127. 7, Tillanasia tenuifolia t- 1 T 
 recurvata 121. r, Campeha Zanonia 147. 1, Loranthus Oecidentaiis 200. 2, Ornithnflhe comiu/a -oS 
 1, Caesaipima vesicaria i8r. 2. 3, Petaloma myrtilloides 187. 3, Trichilia liirta 220. 1 T spoudioides 
 210. 2, Tribulus maximtts .32. 1, Melasma argentatm 196. I, Casearia parviflora 211. 2, Bucida 
 buceras 189. 3, Malptglua conaeea 163. I, Banisteria fnlgens 162. 2, Rubus Jamaicensis 213. 1, China 
 flava 200. 1, Clematis dwica 128. 1, Peuerium belonicum 3. 3, Gesneria acaulis 102. 1, G tomentosa 
 104. 2, Cz//W.r//™ caudatum 206. 3. 4, Z««/a«<z .rt/vVta 195. 4, Stemodia maritima no. -, i\ ,&>-<»«- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 983 
 
 tifoha 124. 2, Lippia cymosa 174. 3. 4, Blechum Brownei 109. 1, Ruellia paniculata 100. 2, R. tube- 
 rosa 95. 1, Volkamera aculeata 166. 2. 3, C home poly gama 124. 1, C. procumbens 123. 1, Melochia 
 tomentosa 138. 2. 3, Af. nodiflora 235. 2, ^'rfa a'/iini 137. 2, 6". w/jcwa 139. 4, 5". altheaefolia 136. 2, 
 Malachra capitata 137. 1, fh>;za Americana 11. 2, Hibiscus clypeatus 135. I, Pavonia racemosa 139. 
 2, Polygala diversifolia 170. 2, Crotalaria loiifolia 176. 1. 2, Phaseolus lathyroides 116. 1, 7\ j/^rr^- 
 rospermus 117. 1-3, Dolichos ensiformis 114. 1, Z>. minimus 115. 1, Galactia pendula 174. 4, Ornithopus 
 tetraphyllus 116. 3, Aeschynomene Americana 118. 3, Stylosanthes procumbens 119. 2, 6". viscosa 119. I, 
 Lavenia decumbens 155. 2, Eupaiorium villosum 161. 2, Gz/Va Jamaicensis 151. 3, C. /<?/to« 152. 4, Ca- 
 nyza purpurascens 152. 1, Erigeron Jamaicense 152. 3, /Vrfz'.r linifolia 149. 3, Synedrella nodiflora 154. 
 4, Chrysanthellum procumbens 155. 1, Coreopsis reptans 154. 2. 3, Elephantopus Carolinianus 156. 1, 
 A. spicatus 150. 3. 4, £\ angustifolius 148. 4, Rolandra argentea 7. 3, Satyrium plantagineutn 147. 
 2, Dendrobium sanguineum 121. 2, Oncidiujn variegatum 148. 2, Ariitolochia odoratissima 104. 1, 
 Selena flagellum 77. 1, Tragia volubilis 82. 1, Argytha?nnia candicans 86. 3, Boehmeria cylindrica 
 82. 2 ; Urtica grandifolia, parietaria, nummularifolia, and microphylla 83. 2 to 131. 4 ; Pharus lati- 
 folius 73. 2, Begonia acuiifolia 127. 1, Acidoton urens 83. 1, Juglans baccata 157. I ; Croton lineare, 
 glabellum, chamaedrifolium, and phyllanthus 82.3 to 174. 1. 2; Viscum ? verticillatum 201. 2, K. 
 opuntioides 201. 1, Schaefferia completa 209. 1, Xanthoxylon emarginatum 168. 4, Picramnia anti- 
 desma 209. 2, Iresine elatior 90. 2, Excoecaria glandulosa 158. 2, /«jb wra 183. I, Mimosa viva 182. 
 7, Hemionitis rufa 45. 1 ; Polypoaium trapezoides, serrulatum, and asplenioides 36. 1 to 43. 2 ; Aspi- 
 dium mucronatum, invisum, and patens, 36. 4 to 52. 1 ; Asplenium proliferum, auritum, and cunea- 
 tum 26. I to 46. 2; Pteris heterophylla 53. 1, Caenopteris rhizophylla 52. 3, Diplazium juglandifolium 
 37, Adiantum senulatum 35. 2, Davallia aculeata 61, Dicksonia cicutaria 57. 1. 2, Trichomanes 
 muscoides 27. 1, Lygodium volubile 46. 1, Onoclea sorbifolia 38,* Polygonum (....) scandens 90 f. 
 
 * Jussiaa erecta of Tropical and Subtropical America. Tetrapetalous with a " napiformis " 
 root (Pers.) : observed by Sloane pi. ri in the West Indies — (Spreng.), also by Swartz (A. Dec), 
 and known to grow in Demarara (Dec. prodr.). Farther North, observed by Pursh from the Dismal 
 swamp to Carolina ; and by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Asclepias Curassavica of Tropical America. An orange flowered milkweed, observed by Sloane 
 ii. pi. 129, — and Swartz, in the West Indies ; by myself, in clearings and waste ground in Southern 
 Brazil ; is regarded by Gardner as indigenous, growing throughout Tropical America as far as the 
 point of Florida (Chapm.); and from Negroes using the pulverized dried root as an emetic, is called 
 "wild ipecacuanha" (Don). Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann parad. 36, Miller, and 
 Dillenius: and by European colonists was carried to the environs of Bombay, observed by Graham 
 " in gardens pretty common, flowers in the rains," and '■ almost naturalized ; " to Ceylon, naturalized 
 there according to Gardner (hort. soc. iv. 40); to Burmah, "exotic" there according to Mason ; to 
 the environs of Canton (Beechey, and Hook.); and to the Taheitian Islands (Lay and Collie, and A. 
 Dec). 
 
 Hyptis capitata of Tropical America. A shrubby Labiate, observed by Sloane i. pi. 109, — Jac- 
 quin rar. i. pi. 114, and Swartz, on Hayti and Jamaica ; by myself, in Southern Brazil ; and known to 
 grow in Demarara, Panama, and Mexico (Benth.). By European colonists, was carried Westward 
 across the Pacific to the Philippines, occurring according to Bentham around Manila (A. Dec.) ; and 
 observed by myself on both Luzon and Mindanao. 
 
 Clethra tinifolia of the mountains of Eastern Tropical America. Observed by Sloane ii. pi. 198, 
 — Browne pi. 2r, and Swartz ii. 845, on the mountains of Jamaica (Pers.) : known to grow also on 
 the mountains around Rio Janeiro in Southern Brazil (Dunal, and A. Dec). 
 
 Stachytarpha Jamaicensis of Tropical America. A tall weed, its bruised leaves applied in Brazil 
 to ulcers, and then called " urgerao " or "jarbao " (Lindl.) : observed by Sloane pi. 107, — and Jac- 
 quin obs. iv. pi. 85, in the West Indies, growing according to Chapman as far as the point of Florida; 
 and observed by myself abounding in the outskirts of Rio Janeiro. Westward, by Polynesians may 
 have been carried to the islands of the Pacific, observed by myself naturalized on the Hawaiian 
 Islands, and planted by the natives on Tongatabu. Eastward, through European colonists was carried 
 across the Atlantic to Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. Nigr.); to Hindustan, observed by Graham " com- 
 mon about Bombay during the rains," by myself in gardens there, and "S. Indica" (regarded as not 
 distinct) by Nimmo in the Southern Concan (see A. Dec). 
 
 Piiva lappnlacea of Tropical America. A weed, observed by Sloane i. pi. 1 10, — Houstoun, 
 Loefling 194, and Jacquin obs. i. pi. 84, in the West Indies, growing according to Chapman as far as 
 the point of Florida; by myself, in waste ground in Brazil, and Peru ; and farther West on Taheiti, 
 brought there by European colonists. 
 
 Lagetta Lintearia of the mountains of the West Indies and Mexico. The lace-bark, a small tree 
 
984 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 I, Hyptis radiata i. 109. f. 2, Bignonia (Tecoma) starts ii. p. 63, Iresine celosioides i. pi. 90. — He 
 published an account of his Voyage "in 1707-27." 
 
 Mollmra audita utis of Tropical America ? An herb observed by Sloane pi. 129, — and Plumier 
 pi. 21, in the West Indies, also by Swartz, who termed it "pharnaceum spathulatum " (A. Dec). 
 Eastward, has been observed in Senegal (fl Nigr. 104 to 225) : and by Wallich, and Wight prodr. 43, 
 in cultivated ground in Hindustan and Burmah. 
 
 Crolalaria incana of Tropical America. A Leguminous annual, observed by Sloane pi. 179, — 
 and Jacquin obs. iv. pi. 82, in the West Indies, and known to grow from Mexico to Peru and Brazil 
 (Cav. iv. pi. 322, and Benth.). Eastward, observed on the opposite shore of Equatorial Africa (fl. 
 Nigr.); and about 1822 carried to Ceylon, found there by Gardner a weed spreading in all directions 
 (bot. mag. 1848), by Edgeworth in the Doab springing up spontaneously, but by Wight in peninsular 
 Hindustan only under cultivation (A. Dec). 
 
 Desmodium tortuvsitm of Equatorial Africa. A shrubby Leguminous plant through European 
 colonists carried to the West Indies, and observed by Sloane pi. 116, — and Macfadyen, on Jamaica, 
 often in cultivated ground (A. Dec.) ; by Swartz, on other West India Islands (Steud.); and by Hum- 
 boldt and Bonpland, along the Magdelena (Kunth). Eastward, is known to grow on the Cape Verd 
 Islands, and from Senegal to Abyssinia (Webb in fl. Nigr. 122J. 
 
 Cassia obtusifolia of Equatorial Africa. A roughish annual, through European colonists carried 
 to America, and observed by Sloane ii. 47 in the West Indies; — by Chapman, "waste places, Florida 
 to North Carolina, and westward ; " known to occur also on Cuba (Pers.), and in South America 
 (Vogel, and A. Dec ). Eastward, is known to grow on the Cape Verd Islands (Webb), in the sands 
 of Senegal (Perr. and Guill.), and in Guinea (Benth. fl. Nigr.). 
 
 Amblogyna polygon, 'tiles of Tropical America. A prostrate Amaranthaceous plant observed by 
 Sloane pi. 92 in the West Indies — (Spreng.) ; by Nuttall, around New Orleans; by Chapman, "South 
 Florida." Transported to Europe, is termed " illecebrum polygonoides " by Miller, is described also 
 by Hermann par. 17 (Spreng.), Moench, and Wilklenow pi. 6; escaping from gardens, even at Dres- 
 den, but not naturalized in Europe (Reich., Koch, and A. Dec); occurs also in Equatorial Africa 
 (Moquin); Ceylon (Pers.), and Hindustan, having according to Piddington a Sanscrit name. 
 
 Lippia asperifolia of Tropical America. Observed by Sloane 108 f. 2 in Tropical America — 
 (Willd.), and known to grow from Venezuela to the La Plata (H. and B., and A. Dec). Transported 
 to Europe is termed "verbena globifera " by Linnaeus — (Steud.), "zapania odoratissima " by Scopoli, 
 and "z. odorata " in Persoon (Steud.). By European colonists was carried to Eastern Austral Africa 
 (A. Dec), and to Zanzibar (Boj.). 
 
 Croton etatteria of the West Indies. A small tree observed by Sloane ii. pi. 174,* — and Swartz 
 ii. 1183, in the West Indies, the "chacrilla" or "ilateria" of the Bahamas as appears from Catesby ii. 
 46; yielding the cascarilla bark of commerce (Woodv. suppl. pi. 211, and Wright), ascertained by 
 Pereira to come principally from the Bahamas. Cascarilla is regarded by Lindlev as "a most valuable 
 
 remarkable for its inner lace-like bark separating into linen-like folds that will even bear washing;: 
 observed by Sloane ii. pi. 168, — and Browne pi. 31, on Jamaica ; by Swartz ii. 680, on other West 
 India Islands. 
 
 Pisotiia aculeata of Tropical America. Arborescent observed by Sloane ii. pi. 167, — and Plu- 
 mier, in the West Indies, growing according to Chapman from the point of Florida, and according to 
 Choisy as far as Brazil. By European colonists, was carried Westward across the Pacific to the 
 Philippines, observed in certain localities by Blanco, and called in Tagalo " digguit digguit," in Ylo- 
 cano "puruquit; " to the Moluccas (Choisy); to Timor (Decaisne); to Hindustan (Roxb., and Gra- 
 ham); where, as appears from A. Decandolle, it has acquired native names; but was probably carried 
 Eastward to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer " naturalized." 
 
 * Croton cascarilla of the West Indies. A bush called on Jamaica wild rosemary, observed by 
 Sloane i. pi. 86, — and Jacquin pi. 162, in the West Indies; known to be frequent on various islands, 
 as on Hayti, and erroneously supposed to yield cascarilla (Lindl.). From transported specimens, 
 described by Linnaeus, and Willdenow. 
 
 Cyperus elegans of Tropical America. Observed by Sloane pi. 75 in the West Indies, — and 
 known to Kunth only from America. Through European colonists carried across the Atlantic, and 
 possibly Eastward to Equatorial Africa (Benth. fl. Nigr ), and Asia (A. Dec). 
 
 Sporobolus hid tats of Tropical America. A grass observed by Sloane pi. 73 in the West Indies ; 
 — by Michaux, in Carolina and Florida; by Elliot, in South Carolina; by N. A. Ware, in Florida; 
 by Chapman, "waste places, Florida to North Carolina;" by Nuttall, on the Mississippi to New 
 Orleans; by Baldwin, on Bermuda; and known to occur also in Australia (Kunth). From trans- 
 ported specimens, is described by Linnceus, and Beauvois. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 985 
 
 Srug-;hops n ol ;c Eg°ypt c stimuIant; " and under the name of " kecW ambar " was seen b ? Rou - ver in t,le 
 
 bv ^ZITJ 1 "'' 1 ' 1 -"!^ Tr ° piCal Amerka - A Scitamineous herb called arrowroot, observed 
 does observed h^N f^' In f es '~ but according to Lindley brought to Jamaica from Barba- 
 
 (NuU ) Clear, y J r are aS , far aS 28 ° !n F '° rida ' ° n the St J°' ln ' s river ne " L ^ George 
 
 V^c.j yearly by European colonists was carried to Bermuda, arrowroot forming there an article 
 01 export ; to Burma,, " several years ago by " O'Riley, and according to Mason v. 507 "beginning to 
 be largely cultivated " Its tubers according to Lindley "yield the Arrowroot of commerce, one of°the 
 lightest and most nutritious of vegetable aliments." (See Tacca pinnatifida.) 
 
 Manisuns granulans of Equatorial Africa. A weedy grass, observed by Sloane i. pi. 80 in the 
 west indies, -also by Swartz; and according to Kunth, occurring also in Guayana, Cumana, and 
 Mex.co : observed by Micbaux on the sea coast of Carolina and Georgia; by Elliot, near Charleston, 
 probably introduced ; by Chapman, "fields and pastures, Florida to South Carolina," "introduced " 
 Eastward, is known to grow in Equatorial Africa along the Atlantic (Benth. fl. Nigr.) : was observed 
 by Grant, a weed at " 2° N." on the Nile ; is known to grow also on Madagascar (A. Juss., and A. 
 Dec.) ; was observed by Graham near Bombay, by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. u8 in Eastern Hindustan ; 
 and according to Sweet, and Kunth, occurs in the East Indies as far as China. 
 
 " 1688, Jan. 4 th," Dampier arriving in Australia. The natives there using a piece of the "rind " 
 of a tree for a " girdle, and a handful of long grass " for a covering, making " wares of stone to take 
 small fish, but having "no houses ; " and he was unable to discover how they procure fire. 
 
 Among plants met with by Dampier in Australia, Banksia integrifolia iv. 128, Metrosideros his- 
 p,da iv. 128,* Kennedia prostrata iv. 127, Aster glandulosus iv. 127, Casuarina distyla or quadrival- 
 vis iv. 127, Funis pilularia r2 5 , and in other countries visited by him, Lobelia arborea 125, Solanum 
 ferox 126, Enocalea mmor iii. 157. pi. 3, Diplolaena .... iii. no. pi. 3, and Bombax erianthus i. 
 177 — have been determined from his published figures (Spreng. gesch.). 
 
 On reaching Austral Africa, Dampier describes the Hottentots as having had sheep and bullocks 
 before the arrival of the Dutch ; celebrating the time of new and full moon by "mirth and nocturnal 
 pastimes," singing and clapping of hands (derived from Arabs ?) ; possessing a few earthen pots for 
 boiling victuals ; and as much infested with lice. 
 
 "Dec. 8th" (Nicol.), abdication of James II. in favour of his daughter Mary and her husband 
 William III., as rulers of United Britain. — They were proclaimed on the following " Feb. 16th" (Blair, 
 and Holmes). 
 
 " The same year " (coll. hist. iii. 259, and Holmes), building at Boston of the first episcopal church 
 in Massachusetts, a wooden edifice called "king's. chapel " — The existing stone edifice (according to 
 the same authorities) was commenced in " 1749" by governor Shirley. ° • 
 
 " 1689, April 1 8th " (Chalm., and Holmes), the people of the surrounding country pouring into 
 Boston, and in the uprising, Governor Andros with " about fifty " other persons seized and imprisoned. 
 The former magistrates were reinstated ; a general assembly meeting " May 22d," voted "to resume 
 the government according to charter rights;" on the "24th," the former governor and magistrates 
 consented to resume authority until there could be an orderly settlement ; and on the " 29th," William 
 and Mary were formally proclaimed : application was then made, for authority to continue the govern- 
 ment according to the old charter until a new one could be settled ; and the request was granted. In 
 Rhode Island, the people on hearing of the. imprisonment of Andros, held a meeting and voted to 
 resume their charter ; and accordingly reinstated the former general officers. 
 
 "July 26th " (Charlev., and Holmes), the French settlement at Montreal burned, and the colonists 
 "a thousand " in number massacred by "twelve hundred" aboriginals; belonging to the federated 
 tribes called the " Five nations." 
 
 " In this year" (Klapr. mem. i. 2 to 79), first treaty between- Russia and China. Concluded by 
 Golowin at Nertchinsk, and fixing the boundary East of the mouth of Great Gerbitsi and on the left 
 of the Amoor, where a stone pillar was erected. 
 
 * Pedilanthus tithymaloides of Australia ? The Jew bush or slipper plant, called in the-environs 
 of Bombay "thor" (Grah.), was observed by Dampier 126 — (Spreng.). By European colonists was 
 carried to Hindustan, observed there by Ainslie ii. 99; by Graham around Bombay "common in 
 almost every garden, as edging to walks ; '' and according to Mason v. 491 "is as abundant as a wild 
 plant" in "the neighborhood of Calcutta," and "is seen in cultivation occasionally" in Burmah. 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pi. 230, Commelyn hort. i. pi. 15, and Miller. 
 Farther West, was observed by Jacquin amer. pi. 92 in the West Indies ; is known to occur there seem- 
 ingly wild in stony places near the sea (Pers ) ; and according to Lindley is employed medicinally at 
 Curagao. 
 
 124 
 
986 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (Sieb. elucid. Vries 54), the existence of Kamtchatka first made known to the 
 Russians ; — and in " 1697" an ostroch or fort founded by some Cossacks on the Kamtchatka river. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), Cavallini publishing his Pugil. Melit. (plants of Malta), enumerating 
 Conyza rupestris. 
 
 "1690 A. D." (. . . Smith, Hutch., and Holmes), inroads by French from Canada with abo- 
 riginals into the settlements in New York and New England, and French privateers from Acadie 
 committing depredations ; a fleet of " eight small vessels with seven or eiyht hundred men " under Sir 
 William Phips, sailed "April 28th," and took possession of the whole Northern coast as far as Port 
 Royal, which he captured. The colonists next contemplating the reduction of Canada, Phips made 
 his appearance before Quebec " Oct. 5th " with a larger fleet ; but the army marching in co-operation 
 against Montreal having turned back, the fleet was also compelled to retire. For payment of the 
 troops, the Massachusetts government issued bills of credit : being the first paper money in the 
 colonies. 
 
 '-The same year" (Z. Macy in coll. hist. iii. 157, and Holmes), beginning of the whale-fishery 
 from Nantucket ; in boats from the shore, under instructions from Ichabod Paddock, who came from 
 Cape Cod. — In " 1715 " (account of 1785, hist, coll.), there were "six sloops, thirty-eight tons bur- 
 den " employed. 
 
 By William III., a large body of French protestants sent to Virginia, and lands allotted them on 
 James river: while others purchased land in Carolina, and settled on the Santee, and some in Charles- 
 ton (Hewet 103, and Holmes). 
 
 "In this year" (Herm. parad. 24), Oldenland returning from Austral Africa, having met with 
 Ixia crocata afr. 32. 
 
 Asc.'epias {Govphocarpus) fruticosa of Austral Africa. A milkweed brought by Oldenland from 
 Austral Africa — (Herm. parad. 24): observed by Bojer in the neiuhbouring Tropical portion of 
 East Africa and on Madagascar, and naturalized on the Mauritius Islands. After its introduction 
 into Europe, described by Plukenet aim. pi. 138, Miller, and Linnajus ; and observed by Delile in 
 Egypt, in a single garden, but some years later was found by Clot-Bey a more general favourite. 
 
 '■ In this year" (Spreng.), Plumier arriving at Hayti in the West Indies, meeting with — (or on 
 his second visit "in 1693" and third "in 1695") Utricularia foliosa ic. Burm. 165. f. 2 ; Piper 
 aduncum, retitiilatum, decumanum, umbel/alum, obiusifolium, acuminatum, distachyum, maculo- 
 sum, trifolittm, and rotundifolium amer. 66 to 77 ; 1'epcromia pclhicida am. 72, P. quadrifolia ic. 
 Burm. 242, Hippocratea volubilis ic. Burm. 88, Comocladia ilicifolia ic. B. 11S. 1, Aforaea plicata 
 ic. B. 46. 2, Exaciim vcrticillatum 81. 2; Cistus sycioides, cord/folia, and microcarpa 259. 2-4; 
 Pothos acaulis, lancco'.atus, macrophyllus, palma/ns, crenatus, and cordatus am. 57 to 65 and ic. B. 
 38-9 ; Rivina octandra ic. B. 241, Ilex cuneifolia ic. B. 118. 2; Touruefortia hirsutissima, foetidissima, 
 humilis, and serrataic. B. 209-2S ; Theophrasta Americana ic. B. 226; Convolvulus macrorhizus, 
 niacrocarpus, corymbosus, verticil/atus, acetosaefolim, and umbellattis ic. B. 89 to 94 and am. 102-5; 
 Ipomaea umbellata, di^itata, hederaefolia, and solanifolia ic. B. 92. 1 to 94. 1 ; Roudeletia Americana 
 141. 1, Belonia aspera 47, Coffea Occidentalis 156, Hamelia chrysantka 21S. I, H. patens 218. 2, 
 Erithalis fruticosa 249. 2, Brossaea coccinea 64. 2, Xicoliana f urens 211, Solatium polvacanthum 
 224. I, Ardisia serrulata 80, Strumpfia maritima 251. 1, Rauwolfia nitida 236. I, R. canescens 
 236. 2, EchiUs asperuginis 26, E. bijlora 96, Cameraria latifolia 72. 1, C. auous/i/olia 72. 2, Taber- 
 naemontana citrifoUa 248. 2, Gonolobus crispiplorus 216.. I, Asc/epias nivea 30, Alternanthera frutes- 
 cens 2r. 2, Rhus untopium 61, Aralia arborea 148, Bromelia lingulata 64, Pitcairnia latifolia 62; 
 'llllandsia lingulata, serrata, paniculata, and monostachya 64 to 257 ; Tradescantia genie ulata 116. 2, 
 Loranthus Americanus 166. I, Alisma flava 115, Dracontium pertusutn am. 56, Fuchsia triphylla 
 ic. B. 133. I, Coccoloba excoriata 146. I, Paullinia Curassavica III. 1, P. at > urn ill. 2, Scrjana 
 sinuata 113. 2, Celtis micraniha 206. 1, Bauhinia aculeala 44. t, B. pome t a 44. 2, Cassia planisiliqua 
 77, C. biftora 78. 1, Cacsaipinia crista 68, Jussicea hirla 174. 2, J. octavalvis 275. 1, Atelasloma 
 splendens 140, .Samyda serrulata 146. 2; Malpi;Aiia urenx, aquifolia, and coicifera 167. I to 168. 2; 
 Banisteria dichotoma, coeru lea, purpurea, and au-ji/losa 13-15 and am. 92 ; 7 ' eti aptcris citrifoUa ic. B. 
 16, Oxalis Plumien 213. 1, Rhipsalis parasitica 197. 2, Opuulia moniliformis 19S, Cactus paniculatus 
 J 9 2 i c - glomeratus 201. 1, Myrtus virgultuosa 20S. 1, ,!/. coriacea 208. 2, Eugenia angustifolia 
 207. 2, Marcgravia umbellata 173, Capparis amplissima 73. 2, Mnntnigia calabura 203, Sloanea 
 dentala 244, A/entzc/ia aspera 174. 1, Corchorus hiisutus 104, C. s/liquosus 103. i, C. hirtus 103. 2, 
 Talauma Plumieri 161, Anona AHatica T43. 2, Clusia alba 87. 1, C. venosa 87. 2. Gcrardia tubeiosa 
 75. 2; Gesneria humi/is, grandis, and cran Maria 134-7; Bcslcria melittacfolia, In tea, and cristata 
 4S-50 ; Bi nnfehia Americana 65 ; Bigionia stans, Acjiiiuoctia/iw microphy/la, paniculata, s/aminea, 
 longissima, crucigera, and unguis 54 to 94; Lautana trifolia ic. B. 70, /.. odorata 71. 2, Hosta coeru- 
 lea 106. I, Buchnera elongata 17, Ruellia coccinea 43. 1, Barleria solanifolia 43. 2, Ovieda spinosa 
 256, Columnea scandens 89. 1 ; Passiflora rotundifolia, Iteterophylla, pallida, serrata, suberosa, rubra, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 987 
 
 and multiflora 79 to 139 and am. 79-90 ; Murucuia ocellata am. 87, Sida nudiflora ic. B. 3, S. Ameri- 
 cana ic. B. 2, S.hederaefolia 169. 3, Hibiscus trilobus 159, H. unilateral 160. 1, Pavonia spinifex 
 1, P. coccmea 169. 2, Morisonia Americana 203, Polygala penaea 214. 1, Securidaca volubilis 247. 
 '' Vlr g a ta 248. 1, Pterocarpus lunatzis 201. 2, Rudolphia peltata 102. 1, Piscidia erythrina 233. 1, 
 Teramnus volubilis, 221, Dolichos articulatus 222, Dolichos tuberosus 220, C/^o«a Flumieri 108, 
 Coronilla scandens 107. 3, Aeschynomene sensitiva 149. 2, Tephrosia toxicaria 135, Ascyrum hyperi- 
 coides 152. 1 ; Eupatorium sinuatum, sophiaefolium, macrophyllum, and repandum 128. 1 to 130. 1 ; 
 Co«yza odorata, alopecuroides, and wV^zto 97 to 98. 2 ; Vernonia arborescens 130. 2, Chaptalia deu- 
 tata 40. 2, Z^r/a ««/a«j 41. 1, /« K / a aestuans 41. 2, /. primulaefolia 40. 1, ZV/zj punctata 86. 1, 
 7 J . humifusa 95. 2, />. n&w 151. 2, Verbesina gigantea 51, V.fruticosa 52, Wedelia carnosa 107. 2, 
 Coreopsis chrysantha 53. I, C. coronata 53. 2; AW/zVz lanceolata, quadridcntata, and elala 181. 2 to 
 190; Brassavola cucullata 179. 1, Isochilus linearis 182. I; Epidendrum coccineum,juncifalium, 
 alturn, ciliare, secundum, cochleatum, and punctatum 179 2 to 189; Dendrobium polystachyon 185. 1, 
 Stelis ophioglossoides 176. 3; Aristolochia ' bilabiata, peltata, punctata, and bilobata 32. 1 to amer. 
 106 ; Anp<ria trifoliata amer. 99, //. trilobata ic. B. 22, A.pedata 23, Dorstenia caulescens 120. 1, 
 £/rtfea ciliaris 120. 2, Sagittaria lancifolia 116. 1, Begonia macrophylla 45. 1, .S. rotundifolia 45. 1, 
 ^4r«/« hederaceum amer. 55, Caladium auritum 58,' C. pinnatifidum 51. b. 53, P/'»m Occidentalis 
 ic. B. 161, Plukenetia volubilis 226, Dalechampia scaukiis amer. 101, Ovtoz furfuraceum ic. B. 
 240. 1, C. citrifolium 240. 2, C. palustre 239. 1, Sapium ilicifolium 171. 1, Trichosanthes amara 
 amer. 100, Bryonia Americana ic. B. 66. I, j5. race?nosa 97, Trophis Americana 67, Viscum buxi- 
 folium 258. 3, V.fiavens 258. 4, Rajania hasta'a amer. 98, /?. <w<&ta ic. B. 55. 1, i?. quinquefolia 
 55. 2, Dioscorea altissima 117. 2, D. piperifolia 117. 1 ■ Inga circinalis, lalifolia, and tergemina 5 to 
 10. 1 ; Acacia lalisiliqua, tamarindifolia, ceratonia, and muiicata 6 to n ; Acrostichum citrifolium, 
 longifolium, villosum, muscosum, crinitum, peltatutn, irifoliatum, alienum, cruciatum, calomelanos, 
 chrysophyllum, and acuminatum 40 to 135 ; Hemionitis lanceolata 127 ; Polypodium piloselloides, 
 serpens, heterophyllum, lanceolatum, crassifolium, phyllitidis, repens, comosum, trifurcatum, aspleni- 
 folium, suspensum, andfabelliforme, incisum, otites, pectinatum, taxifolium, struthionis, sqitamatum, 
 aureuin, crispatum, loriceum, dulce, crenatum, fasciale, tenuifolium , and cultratum j6 to 138; ^4j^z- 
 z/z'zzwz Martinicense, arliculatum, triangulum, semicordatum, exaltatum, cordifolium, nymphale, and 
 villosmn 27 to 145 ; Asplenium serratum, bifoliinn, obtusifoliinn, pumilum, salicifolium, cultrifoliwn, 
 dentatum, striatum, and squamosum 18 to 124 ; Diplazium undulosum 107, Caenopteris cicutaria 
 48, Lonchitis repens 12, Z. aurita 17, Z. hirsuta 20 ; / J /<;rz.» lanceolata, tricuspidata, furcata, grandi- 
 folia, stipitlaris, muiilata, aculeata, caudata, and trichomanoides 5 to 141 ; Vittaria lineata 143, 
 Blechnum Occidentale 62, Adiantum aculeatum 94, ^. trapeziforme 95, Cheilanthes microphylla 58; 
 Davallia Domingensis, clavata, and trifoliata 7 to 10 1 ; Cyathea arborea, commutata, aspera, and 
 horrida 1 to 14; Trichomanes metnbranaceum, pyxidiferum, alalum,a.nd scandens 50 to 101 ; //y- 
 menophyllum hirsutum, and sericeum 50 to 73 ; Usmunda Airta, phyllitidis, cervina, bipintiata, 
 adiantifolia, verticillata, filiculaefolia, and hirsuta 57 to 162 ; Mertensia furcata 28, Danaea alata 
 109, Z>. nodosa 108, Bolrychium Virginiaim 159, Psilotum triquetrum 170, Ophioglossum palmatum 
 163, 0. reticulatum 164 ; Lycopodium linifolium, rigidum, stoloniferum, thyoides, and acerosum 43 to 
 166; Plumiera obtusa* Abutilon crispuin ic. pi. 25, ^4. Americanum ic. pi. 2 (Linn. sp. 963). 
 
 Malachra radiata of Western Equatorial Africa. A Malvaceous plant, through European 
 colonists carried across the Atlantic : observed by Plumier 19 on Hayti, — and by Aublet in Guay- 
 ana (A. Dec). Eastward, known to grow in Equatorial Africa (R. Brown cong. 59). 
 
 * Duranta Plumieri of the West Indies. Verbenaceous and arborescent with long spreading 
 branches, observed by Plumier 79 — (Spreng.), and Jacquin amer. pi. 176, in the West Indies; and 
 according to Chapman grows as far North as the point of Florida. Transported to Europe, is 
 described by Linnaeus ; and was observed by myself flourishing in the open air on Madeira. 
 
 Petiveria alliacea of the West Indies. The guinea-hen weed is a small Phytolaccoid bush, 
 observed by Plumier gen. pi. 219, — • P. Browne, Jacquin amer. 201, and Schomburgh, in the West 
 Indies, excessively acrid in all its parts, used by the Negroes medicinally and to procure abortion, 
 and its root as a remedy for toothache. Transported to Europe, is described by Linnaeus holm. 1744 
 pi. 7, and Trew and Ehret pi. 67. 
 
 Allamanda cathartica of Eastern Equatorial America. An Apocynoid woody climber with large 
 yellow flowers, observed by Plumier pi. 29 in the West Indies — (Spreng.) ; by Aublet i. pi. 106 in 
 Guayana and termed " orelia grandiflora ; " known to grow also in " Brazil, especially near the coast " 
 (Lindl.). By European colonists was carried to Hindustan, observed by Ainslie mat. ind. 2. 9, by 
 Graham "common in gardens" at Bombay, by Gardner escaping from cultivation on Ceylon, by 
 Mason "exotic" in Burmah and called "pha-young-ban." Employed medicinally according to Lind- 
 ley as "a valuable cathartic," but in over doses " is violently emetic and purgative." 
 
9 88 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Triumfetta lappula of Western Equatorial Africa. A Tiliaceous weed through European colo- 
 nists carried to the West Indies : observed there by Plumier pi. 255, — and Macfadyen no ; also to 
 Brazil, and Bermuda (Pers.). Eastward, known to grow in Equatorial Africa (fl. Nigr., and A. Dec). 
 
 Desmodium incamtm of Equatorial Africa. A Leguminous plant, through European colonists 
 carried to the West Indies, observed there by Plumier pi. 149 — (Pers.), and Swartz ; by Macfadyen, 
 frequent in pastures and along roadsides on Jamaica (A. Dec). Eastward, known to grow in Equa- 
 torial Africa and perhaps wild also on the Mauritius Islands (Dec. prodr., and fl. Nigr.). 
 
 Parl-uisonia aculcata of Tropical Africa? A small ornamental tree, observed in the West Indies 
 by Plumier pi. 3 — (Spreng.), and Jacquin amer. pi. 120; by Browne, brought to Jamaica from the 
 neighbouring continent; where however according to Kunth, its names indicate a foreign origin 
 (A. Dec). Eastward, was cultivated in Senegal in " 1816," and has since become naturalized on the 
 Wallo plains (Perrott. and Le Pr.) : was observed by myself under cultivation in Yemen ; appears 
 to have been only recently carried to Hindustan, where it is "now almost naturalized" being '-com- 
 mon about Bombay," but seems devoid of a native name (Pidd , and Moon) ; is enumerated by Mason 
 as "exotic" in Burmah. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where 
 it was observed by Bojer only under cultivation. 
 
 Ecastaphyllum Brownei of Tropical America. Observed in the West Indies by Plumier 246. 2 
 
 — (Spreng.), and Browne pi. 32, and known to grow along the shore as far as Brazil — (Pers., and 
 A. Dec). Occurring also on the African coast at Senegal and Guinea (Dec, and fl. Nigr.), probably 
 transported by the ocean currents. 
 
 Oldenlandia corvmbosa of Tropical America. Observed by Plumier 212. 1 in the West Indies 
 
 — (Spreng.), by Berlandier in Mexico; and known to grow in Jamaica and Cayenne (herb. Dec). 
 Probably by European colonists carried to the Moluccas (herb. Dec), and across the Atlantic to 
 Senegal and Guinea (fl. Nigr., and A. Dec). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), after his Prodrom. "in 16S9," Magnol publishing his 
 Hort. Monsp., enumerating Lonicera Pyrenaica 209, Saxifraga hirsute. 87, Armaria laricifolia n, 
 Garidella niaellastricm 143, Ononis trideutata 16, O. crispa 17, Astragalus Uralcusis 27, Chrysan- 
 themum graminifolium 21, C. Monspcliense 21, Verbesiua alata 40, Polvpodium leptopliyllum 5, and 
 JJavallia Caiiariemis (of Madeira), Saxifraga umbresa pi. 8. — He died "in 1715." 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Kay publishing his Synops. Brit., enumerating* 
 Ccrastium scmidecaudrum pi. 15. i, Pinguicula villosa hist, i 752. Subularia aquatica syn. iii. 
 307, Fcsluca uniglumis 17. 2, Ti isetum pubesccns 21. 2, Anthcricum serefiuum 17. 1, Sedum Angli- 
 
 * Barbarea pracox of Siberia. Called Belhish cress (Prior), and already in Britain in the days 
 of Ray syn. 297 ; — regarded by Watson as exotic and only naturalized : known to grow spontane- 
 ously on the neighbouring portion of the continent from France to Sweden (Pers., Fries, and A. Dec); 
 and observed by Gmelin in Siberia (Steud.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast Amer- 
 ica, where it continues sparingly cultivated in our Northern, and according to A. Crav in our Middle 
 States, "becoming spontaneous farther South ; " to the Mauritius Islands, where it continues to be 
 regularly cultivated and is distinguished as early whiler-ercss (Boj. ; see B. vulgaris). 
 
 Bidens eeruua of Northeast America. A species of bitr-mariyo/tl, transported to and natural- 
 ized in Europe before the clays of Ray syn. 187 ; — termed " bidens radiata " by Thuillier ; and known 
 to occur throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (Linn., fl. Dan. pi. 312, Curt. lond. pi. , Engl, 
 bot. pi. 1 1 14, Willd., Pers., and Wats.). Westward, is known to grow throughout Canada from Que- 
 bec to the Saskatchewan (Hook.), ana from " New England to Wisconsin " (A. Gray) ; observed by 
 myself from 43 along the Atlantic, on the marshy border of slow-moving water, and often in wet 
 places by the roadside ; by Torrey, to 41 , and by Conrad to 40 ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper 
 Carolina ; and by Short, in Kentucky. 
 
 Selaginella selarinoides of Northern climates. A club-moss termed " selaginoides foliis spi- 
 nosis " by Ray angl. iii. 106, — " muscus terrestris repens clavis singularibus foliosis erectis " by 
 Scheuchzer it. pi. 6, and known to grow throughout Northern Europe (Dill. muse. pi. 88) : observed 
 by Linnaeus in Lapland, and Sweden as far as Upland. Westward, by Pursh in New Hampshire ; 
 and according to A. Gray, grows in " wet places," " Michigan, Lake Superior and northward, pretty 
 rare." 
 
 Lycopodium inundatum of Northern climates. A club-moss termed " muscus terrestris repens 
 clavis singularibus foliosis erectis" by Ray angl. iii. 108, — " 1. palustre repens clava singulari" by 
 Vaillant paris. pi. id, and known to grow throughout Northern and middle Europe (Dill. muse. pi. 
 62) : observed by Linnaeus in Sweden. Westward, by myself in bogs from 47 on the Lower St. 
 Lawrence to North Conway and 42° along the Atlantic ; rarer perhaps in the Interior, known to A. 
 Gray in central New York as growing in "sandy bogs, northward, rare." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 989 
 
 cum 12. 2, Euphorbia Portlandica 24. 6, Astragalus hypoglottis T2. 3, Trifolium striatum 13. 3, and 
 Geastrum rufescens 1. 1, Pyrola minor angl. iii. p. 363. 
 
 Sagma erecta of Northern Europe. A vernal annual described by Ray 15. 4— -(Spreng.) ; termed 
 "moenchia quaternella" by Ehrhart ; observed by Moench in Germany; by Baumgarten, in Transyl- 
 vania (Steud.) ; and known to grow in Britain and France (Eng. bot. pi. 609, and Lam. fl. fr.). By 
 European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, has been found "near Baltimore, in dry 
 ground" (A. Gray). 
 
 Chenopodium serotinum of the Uralian plains. An annual termed " blitum ficus folio " by Ray 
 angl. ni. p. 155 — (Linn) : observed by Pallas trav. i. 53 along the Volga; known to grow also in 
 Siberia, and Westward occurring as far as Britain, France, and Spain (Pers.). 
 
 Phleum arenarium of the seashore of Europe and the Mediterranean countries. Termed 
 "gramen typhinum maritimum minus" by Ray angl. iii. 398, — and Plukenet aim. pi. 33 (Linn.), 
 "gramen spicatum maritimum minimum spica cylindracea " by Tournefort inst. 520, and known to 
 grow along the Atlantic shore of Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 222, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus in 
 Sweden as far as Scania ; by Desfontaines i. 61, in the maritime sand of Barbary ; by Sibthorp, fre- 
 quent around the Greek islands. 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth , and Spreng.), Rivinus publishing his Introd. in rem. herb., and 
 his Monop., enumerating Salvia virgata, Teucrium campanulatum, T. Orientate, and Linaria Chale- 
 pensis. 
 
 '' Sept. 23d " (Thunb., and Spreng.), after visiting Persia in " 1683," and proceeding by way of the 
 Persian Gulf in " 1689," Kaempfer arriving in Japan, meeting wilh Mats pumila am. 805, F. erecta pi. 4, 
 Skimmia Japonica pi. 5, VVeigelia Japonica pi. 45, Aralia Japonica pi. 10, Daphne odora pi. 16, 
 Hydrangea hortensis am. 854, Convallaria Japonica am. 824, Phytolacca octandra am. 829, Magnolia 
 kobus pi. 42, M. obovata pi. 43. 44, Bignonia grandiflora pi. 21, Clerodendron trichotomum pi. 22, 
 Dolichos cullratiis pi. 25, D. incurvus pi. 39, D. angularis pi. 40, Citrus trifoliata am. 802, Aster 
 hispidus pi. 29, Inula Japonica pi. 30, Vanilla angustifolia am. 869 f. 1, Aerides arachnites 869 f. 2, 
 Dendrobium moniliforme am. S65, Aristolochia Kaempferi pi. 49, Quercus glauca pi. 17, Dioscorea 
 quinqueloba pi. 15, Taxus macrophylla pi. 24, and Pteris piloselloides. — Leaving "in 1692," he pub- 
 lished his Amoen. exot. "in 1712," and died "in 1 716." 
 
 "Dec. 23d" (Humb. cosm. ii. and iv.), Uranus seen by Flamstead, but not recognized as a 
 planet. 
 
 "1691 A. D." (art de verif.), Suliman III. succeeded by Achmed II. or Achmet II., twenty- 
 second Turkish sultan. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 437), expedition of the emperor Khang-hi, accompanied by the Jesuit 
 missionary P. Gerbillon, into the country of the Kalkas or Eleuths. P. de Mailla and other Jesuit 
 missionaries, were employed by Khang-hi in constructing by the European method maps of the differ- 
 ent provinces of China. 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Rivinus publishing his Tetrap., enumerating Hedy- 
 sarum flexiiosum j — "in 1699," his Pentap. ; and died "in 1725." 
 
 " In this year" (J. E Smith, and Spreng.), Plukenet publishing his Phytogr., enumerating* Pru- 
 nus Sinensis pi. 11. f. 4, Kosteletzkya Virginica 6. f. 4, Senecio liieracifolius 112. f. 1. — The work 
 was completed "in 1693." 
 
 Corchorus acutangulus of Tropical Africa. A Tiliaceous esculent called in Bengalee "tittapat " 
 (Roxb., and A. Dec); from transported specimens described by Plukenet phyt. pi. 44, — and 
 Lamarck (Pers.). Through European colonists was carried to the West Indies, where according to 
 
 * Quercus agrifolia of California. An oak, from transported specimens termed " ilex foliis agri- 
 folii Americana" by Plukenet phyt. — (Brendel in Am. nat. May 1870). Westward, observed by 
 Nee p. 271 on the Pacific shore of North America (Pers.). 
 
 Sicyos angulatus of Japan ? The one-seeded cucumber, herbaceous and climbing, called in Japan 
 " tamatsagori " (Thunb.), and known there as early probably as this date : transported to Europe, is 
 described by Plukenet phyt. 26. f. 1, — and Hermann parad. pi. 133. Westward, has been observed 
 by myself in New England only as a garden weed ; but according to A. Gray, grows on '• river-banks " 
 in central New York : was observed by Pursh from Canada to Carolina ; by Elliot, in the upper dis- 
 trict of Carolina and Georgia; by Chapman, "river-banks, Florida, and northward;" by Short, in 
 Kentucky; by Baldwin, on the Missouri (Torr.) ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas; and according to 
 Hooker, grows from Kettle falls along the Columbia to its mouth. Farther West, was observed by 
 myself naturalized on the Hawaiian Islands, around native villages in New Zealand and boiled for 
 greens, and in wild situations on the Upper Hunter in Australia, possibly introduced by Papuans : 
 by Thunberg, around Nagasaki in Japan. 
 
990 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Hughes 197 it is eaten by Negroes. Eastward, lias been observed in Guinea (Benth. fl. Nigr.) ; by 
 Graham, in the environs of Bombay, "common in the rains ;" and by Roxburgh, as far as Eastern 
 Hindustan. 
 
 Aldrovanda vesiculosa of Hindustan? Termed " lenticula palustris indica fol. semirotundis 
 binis capillamentis ad imum barbatis " by Plukenet aim. pi. 41. f. 6 — (Pers.). Probably exotic in 
 Europe, but observed by Allioni at Candia and Viverone in Piedmont, by Bertoloni from Piedmont 
 to Bologna and in Bientina lake near Pisa, by Maratti in the Pontine marshes near Rome, by Pour- 
 ret from Aries and Montpelier to the baths of Molight in the Eastern Pyrenees, and by Besser in the 
 Pinsk marsh in Lithuania (A. Dec). 
 
 " 1692, March 20th " (Pauth. p. 445), in China, at the end of " twenty-two years," the prohibi- 
 tion against attending Christian churches removed by the emperor Khang-hi. 
 
 "May 14th'' (Hutch., and Holmes), arrival at Boston of Sir William Phips as governor, bring- 
 ing a new charter for Massachusetts. By which, the power of the governor was increased, at the 
 expense of some of the privileges of the colonists, and the boundaries of the province were enlarged 
 so as to include Nova Scotia. Rhode Island and Connecticut were however allowed to resume their 
 old charters. 
 
 "The same year" (Hutch., and Holmes), the witchcraft delusion at Salem and in the vicinity; 
 and nineteen persons executed. One of the accused, Giles Cory, refusing to plead, was pressed to 
 death : — " the only instance " of the enforcement of " this barbarous punishment " in New England. 
 The proceedings at Salem evidently connected with similar witchcraft trials in Suffolk, England, pub- 
 lished in 1684 : but after the first year, no one appears to have been executed. 
 
 "June 7th" (univ. hist. xli. 364, and Holmes), a severe earthquake at Jamaica; and "in the 
 space of three minutes," nine tenths of the city of Port Royal inundated, " two thousand " persons 
 perishing. 
 
 In this year (Spreng.), Volckamer writing his Flor. Norimb., enumerating Aizoon Canariense 
 236, Mesembtyanthcvium difforme 165, Stapelia hirsuta 30, Dracocephalum Canariense 145, D. cane- 
 scens 353, Herman nia scabra 24, Colutea herbacea I iS, Clirysocoma co/na-aurea 148, Gnaphalium 
 feetidnm 194, G. helianthemifolium 194, Senccio elegans 225, .S. rigidus 225, Aster rubricaulis 50, A. 
 angastifolius 50, Arctotis hypochondriaca 224, Osteospermicm spincscens 105, Othonna abrotanifolia 
 225, and O. parvijlera 226. — He died "in 1693," and his Flor. was published "in 1700." 
 
 Mesembryaiitlicmiun crystallinnm of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, described by 
 Volckamer 166 — (Spreng.), Dillenius elth. pi. 130, and Linnaeus: known to occur about Athens 
 (Pers.), and observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, around the acropolis ; by Delile, springing up 
 spontaneously at Alexandria. Is said to have been seen by Thunberg in Austral Africa. 
 
 " 1693 A. D." (Stiles, Humph., and Holmes), the episcopal church introduced into the province 
 of New York by Governor Fletcher; and an Act passed by the provincial assembly for settling and 
 maintaining a ministry. — Nothing was done in pursuance of the Act until 1696, when Trinity church 
 was built in New York city. 
 
 " The same year " (Colden 150, and Holmes), arrival at Montreal of "two hundred canoes " laden 
 with furs, accumulated at Missilimakinak ; the route having been interrupted for several years by the 
 confederate tribes called the " Five nations." 
 
 "The same year" (Kobell ii.), "after a violent eruption of its volcano," sinking beneath the 
 waves of one of the Molucca Islands named " Sarca." 
 
 " At this time " (Spreng.), Geor. Ios. Kamel at Manila, sending to Ray and Petiver plants of the 
 Philippines, including Hibiscus lampas, Brad/eia Philippensis, Stylocoryna racciuosa, and Columbia 
 serratifolia. 
 
 "In this year" (Pursh, and Spreng.), Plumier, having commenced his Plant, amer., making a 
 Second visit to the West Indies, meeting with * Acrostic/tutu auicum am. pi. 7, Pteris pedata am. pi. 
 34, Lobelia Clifortiana spec. v. 235. f. 2, Phoradendron piirpurcum spec. 25S. f. 3. — He made a 
 Third visit " in 1695," published his Nov. gen. "in 1703," died " in 1704," and ten fascic. of his Plant, 
 amer. were published by Burmann "in 1755-60." 
 
 " 1694 A. D." (Charlev., and Holmes), Fort Nelson, a fur-trading post on Hudson's Bay, captured 
 by the French ; and garrisoned by them. — After two years, the fort was re-captured by the English. 
 
 * Dieffenbachia seguina of the West Indies. The dumb cam; Araceous though five or six feet 
 high and palm-like, was observed by Plumier amer. 60— (Spreng.), and Jacquin amer. pi. 229 in the 
 West Indies : the root if chewed producing a dangerous swelling of the tongue, and said to produce 
 dumbness if merely applied to the lips, the stem according to Browne employed to bring sugar to a 
 good grain (Lindl.). Transported to Europe, is termed "caladium seguinum " by Linnaeus; is 
 described also by Ventenat, and Hooker exot. pi. 1. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 991 
 
 In this year" (Linn. fl. suec), Olaus Bromelius publishing his Chloris Gothica, an account of 
 the plants around Gothoburg . . . — He died " in 1705 " (Spreng.). 
 
 At this time (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Hermann writing his Parad., enumerating* Holosteuin 
 cordatum par. n, Amaryllis equestris 194, A. longifolia 195, Albuca minor 209, Tiarella cordifolia 
 130, hilene viridiflora 199, Cereus lanuginosus 115, Geum Virginicum 111, Hyssopus scrophulariae- 
 jolms 106, Marrubium cinereum 200, Antirrhinum, triornithophorum 377, Scrophularia frutescens 
 377> Hesferis lacera 193, Passiflora hirsuta 176, Hieracium Pyrenaicum 184, Serratula nudicaitlis 
 190, Aster dumosus 95, A. Novae Angliae 98, A. undulatus 96, Solidago flexicaulis 244, S. minuta 
 245, .J. rigida 243, Coreopsis alba 124, Centaurea napifolia 189, C. Tingitana 163, Cucumis Afri- 
 canus 134, Eryngium foetidum pi. 237, Asclepias purpurascens 33. — He died "in 1695," and his 
 Parad. was published by Win. Sherard "in 1705." 
 
 Rosa cmnamontea of the Atlas mountains. Its bark brown-bay or chestnut colour, and hence 
 perhaps the name (Pers.). Termed " r. majalis " by Hermann diss, de rosa p. 8, — described also by 
 Reynier in act. laus. i 68, Linnasus, Ehrhart, Retz. scand., and fl. Dan. pi. 868 and 1214: according 
 to Watson cyb. i. 359, not really naturalized in Britain (A. Dec): perhaps exotic also in Switzerland 
 and other parts of Europe. In its wild state, observed by Desfontaines i. 400 on the Atlas moun- 
 tains (Pers.). 
 
 "Dec. 28th" (Nicol.), death of queen Mary, leaving her husband William III. sole ruler of 
 United Britain. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), after his Plant, vern. "in 1688," Rudolph Jacob Camerarius publishing 
 his Epist. de sexu plant. — He published other papers "until 1721, in which year" he died. His 
 Opuscul. botan. were collected and republished "in 1797." 
 
 " 1695 A. D." (art de verif.), Achmed II. succeeded by Mustafa II., twenty-third Turkish sultan. 
 
 " In this year " (Linn. fl. lapp. praef.), Olaus Rudbeck the younger visiting Lapland, meeting with f 
 Andromeda hypnoides 97, Tussilago frigida, Carex atrata elys. i. pi. 23. 
 
 * Tribulus cistoides of the West Indies. Decumbent and belonging to a Desert tribe, the Zygo- 
 phyllaceae : transported to Europe, described by Hermann parad. 236 — (Spreng.), and Plukenet aim. 
 pi. 67 (Pers.). Westward, was observed by Jacquin, and Maycock, in the West Indies, and is known 
 to grow from " Key West " at the point of Florida (Chapm.) to Curacao (A Dec). Farther West, 
 was carried by ocean-currents, or possibly by Polynesians, to Maiden Island in the Pacific (J. D. 
 Hook.): and to the Hawaiian Islands, observed there by Lay and Collie, by myself in a few Desert 
 spots, but chiefly in the Desert outskirts of Honolulu. 
 
 Capraria biflora of Tropical America. Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann parad. 
 no — (Linn. sp.). Observed in the West Indies by Jacquin amer. pi. 115, and Browne, near dwellings 
 and employed as a substitute for tea (A. Dec); known to grow also at the Southern extreme of Flor- 
 ida (Torr., and Chapm.), and in Mexico, Peru (R. and Pav.), and Brazil (Benth.). By European 
 colonists, was carried to Equatorial Africa, observed at Cape coast in Guinea (fl. Nigr.). 
 
 Passiflora foetida of Tropical America. Known to grow wild from Dominica to Cuacao and 
 Brazil (Pers., Gardn., and A. Dec). Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann parad. 173 — 
 (Spreng.), Plukenet aim. pi. 104, and Cavanilles x. pi. 289. Eastward, was introduced by Moon " in 
 1824" into Ceylon, where it was found by Gardner (bot. mag. for 1848) a very frequent weed : by 
 European colonists also, was carried to Bombay, observed by Graham "in gardens, not common;" 
 and to Burmah (Mason). 
 
 Amaryllis belladonna of Tropical America. Received from the West Indies and termed " lilium 
 bella donna" by Hermann parad. pi. 194 ; — described also by Seba i. pi. 17, and Linnaeus; and 
 observed by myself, naturalized throughout Madeira, even in wild woodland situations. By European 
 colonists also, recently introduced into Hindustan (Graham). Said to grow wild on Barbadoes and 
 other West India Islands, and in Surinam (Pers.). 
 
 + Lychnis alpina of the Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. Observed by O. Rud- 
 beck iun. 98 in Lapland; — by Fries, in Finland, Sweden, and Norway; and known to grow as far 
 as the mountains of Scotland and Wales (fl. Dan. pi. 65), also on the Pyrenees (A. Dec.) and Swiss 
 Alps (Hall. i. pi. 7), on the Northern portion of the Ural mountains as well as around Lake Baikal 
 and in Daouria (Ledeb. i. 329). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland, and received from 
 Labrador ; is known to grow in Greenland and on Melville Island (Wats.). 
 
 Phyl'lodoce coerulea of the Arctic region and mountain-summits farther South. A low yew-leaved 
 shrub observed by O. Rudbeck jun. 97 in Lapland ; —by Gmelin, in Siberia as far as Kamtchatka, 
 and received from the American coast; known to grow also on the Altaian mountains (A. Dec), in 
 one locality in Perth county in Scotland (Bab.), arid near Bagneres de Luchon in the Pyrenees 
 (Munby). Westward, was observed by Crantz in Greenland (Hook.) ; was received by Pursh from 
 
qq 2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "1696 A. D." (Anders, ii. 625, and Holmes), by the English parliament, an Act prohibiting the 
 export of goods from the colonies to " Ireland or Scotland, without being first landed in England, and 
 having also paid duties there ; under forfeiture of ship and cargo." — In regard to Scotland, the pro- 
 hibition after ten years was rendered void by the Union. 
 
 •' November " (Humb. cosm. v.), the island of St. Paul discovered by Vlaming. 
 
 "In this year" (Chain)., and Holmes), the city of New York containing "five hundred and 
 ninety-four houses, and six thousand inhabitants : " the shipping consisting of "forty ships, sixty-two 
 sloops, and sixty boats." The aboriginals of New England maintained among themselves no less 
 than "thirty" churches (Rawson, Stiles, and Holmes). 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Cupani publishing his Hort. Cathol, enumerating* Tordylium hnmile 
 200, Silent giutinosa no, Linaria rcjlexa 214, and Seriola urcus 95. — He died in " 1711," and his 
 Pamphyt. Sicul. was published in " 1713." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Plukenet publishing his Almagest, enumerating "quercus Am-ricana 
 rubris venis " (Q. coccinca), " q. castaneae folio" (Q. primes) figured, "q. pumila castanea folio Vir- 
 o-iniensis " f (chinquapin oak Q. pumila, Brendel in Am. Nat. for May 1870), Coldenia procumbens pi. 
 64. f. 6, Smilax tamnoides III. f. I and 3, Iris cristata 196. f. 6, IVoodwardia Virginica 179. f. 2, 
 Phacelia parviflora 245. f. 5, Lysimachia heterophylla 333. f. r, Stylisma cvolvuloida 166. f. 4, Phlox 
 subulata 98. 2, Cicuta mam lata 76. f. I, Hypoxis erect a 315. f. 2, Juncus polycephalus 92. f. 9, Cassia 
 (Chamacrista) nictitans 314. f. 5, Crataegus coccinca 46. f. 4, Scutellaria pilosa 313. f. 4, Draba incana 
 42. f. 1, Mclothria pendula 85. f. 5, Passiflora peltala 2 10. f 4. Kuluiia eupatorioides 87. f. 2, P Inched 
 bifrons 87. 4, Solidaga latifolia 235. f. 4, Scrieocarpus so/idagincus 79. f. -" ("Conyza linifolia" of 
 Linn.), Aster tenuifolins 78. f. 5, Corn its /lor/da 20. f . 3, " frutex virginianus triiolius " Ptelea trifoliaia 
 159, Oldenlandia glomerata 74. f. 5, Ampelopsis bipinnata 412. f. 2, Claytonia Virginica 102. f. 3, Sau- 
 rurus ccrnuus 117. f. 4. lihexia Virginica 202. f. 8, Kalmia latifolia 379. 6, Clethra alnifolia 1 15. f. I, 
 "sanicula virginiana alba" 59. f. 1 Saxifraga Pennsylvania, Iris vema 196. f. 6, "polygala rubra 
 virginiana spica parva compacta " 300 Polygala vit idescens (" P. Nuttallii " of Carey), " cicer astraga- 
 loides virginianus hirsutie pubescens floribus amplis subrubentibus " 23. f. 2 Tepkrosia Virginiana; 
 ''hypericum virginianuin frutescens pilosissimum " aim. 245. f. 6 //. villosum ("Ascyrum" of Linn , 
 and " H. pilosum" of Walt.); " sonchus elatus s. dendroides virginianus, ari in modum articulatis 
 foliis, ramosissimus, floribus luteis parvis pentapetalis " 317. f. 2 Xabalus altissimus ; " eupatoria 
 
 Labrador; and was observed by Peck, and myself, on the summits of the White mountains of New 
 England. 
 
 Salix mvrsinites of the Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. Observed by O. Rud- 
 beck jun. 340 in Lapland; — known to grow in Scandinavia (fl. Dan. pi. 1054, and Fries), on the 
 mountains of Scotland (Bab), the Pyrenees (Benth.), the Swiss Alps (Yill. iii. pi. 50, and A. Dec), 
 and on the Altaian mountains (Ledeb.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland, and received 
 from Arctic America and the Rocky mountains (A. Dec); was received by Pursh from Labrador; 
 and is known to grow in Greenland (W.its ). 
 
 * Lathy rus odoratus of Ceylon. First cultivated by Cupani at Panormus in Sicily — (Spreng.) ; 
 described also by Commelyn hort. Amst. ii. 80; cultivated in gardens, and called in Britain sweet pea 
 (Prior). From Europe, carried by colonists to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite 
 garden flower. Received by Linnaeus from Ceylon. 
 
 f Rhus venenata of Northeast America. The poiuvi sumach, a tall smooth shrub, transported to 
 Europe described by Plukenet aim. pi. 145. — Miller, Dillenius elth. pi. 292, and Linnaeus. Westward, 
 the "poison-wood tree" was seen by Paul Dudley in New England about 1723 (phil. trans, xxxi. 135, 
 and Tuckerm. arch. Am.): R. venenata was observed by Michaux from Canada to Carolina; by myself, 
 in swamps from 44° 30' throughout New England ; by Elliot, rare in the low country as far as Savan- 
 nah ; by Baldwin, as far as 31° ; by Croom, to 30 30' ; by Chapman, " Florida to Mississippi ; " and 
 by Nuttall, on the Arkansas. 
 
 Helonias bullata of the Marginal alluvial of Northeast America. Transported to Europe, described 
 by Plukenet aim. pi. 174. f. 5, — (Linn. sp. pi.), Trew (Spreng.), Miller pi. 272 ; continues under culti- 
 vation as a garden flower. Westward, was observed by Michaux wild "in marshes in Pennsylvania 
 and Maryland " (Pers.J ; by Pursh, from New Jersey to Virginia. 
 
 Eragrostis ciliaris of Tropical America ? Transported to Europe, and described by Plukenet pi. 
 190 — (Spreng.), Linnaus, and Jacquin coll. ii. p. 338. Westward, was observed by Swartz in sterile 
 or cultivated places in the West Indies ; by Chapman, in " waste places and along roads. Florida to 
 South Carolina." On the Atlantic side of Equatorial Africa, is known to grow in Guinea, and on the 
 Niger and Congo (R. Brown, Benth., and A. Dec.) : and farther East, was observed by Roxburgh, and 
 Graham, in Hindustan. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 
 
 993 
 
 virginiana serratulae noveboracensis latioribus foliis " 280. f. 6 Vernonia praalta ("V. altissima" o£ 
 Nutt.) ; Mikania scandens 163. f. 3, Conoclininm caelestinum 394. f. 4, "gnaphalium plantaginis folio 
 virgmianum" 348. f. 9 Antennaria plantaginif lia, "aster americanus latifolius albus caule ad sum- 
 mum brachiato" 79. f. t Diplopappus cornifolius, Viola pedata 114. f. 7, Parthenium hysterophorus, 
 Dioscorea villosa 375. f. 5, Menispermum Canadense 36. f. 2. 
 
 Corydalis lutea of the West Mediterranean countries. Described by Plukenet aim. pi. 90, — 
 termed " fumaria lutea" by Linnaeus, and known to grow wild in Mauritania, Italy (Pers.), and Illyria 
 (A. Dec.) ; observed by Allioni 1084 in Piedmont. In Britain, first seen escaped from cultivation by 
 Withering, and again occurred "in 1798" (Engl. bot. pi. 588) ; occurs also on old walls near Caen 
 (Lecl. fl. calvad.), and near Paris and Tournay (Lestib. bot. belg.) ; but seems unknown outside of 
 gardens in Ireland and Southwestern France (A. Dec). 
 
 Cvperus haspan of Hindustan. Transported to Europe, and described by Plukenet aim. pi. 192, — 
 and Rottboell pi. 6 (Pers., and Spreng.). Received from Egypt by Valliant (Del.); and according to 
 Persoon growing in Aethiopia. Eastward, was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, and 
 by Roxburgh i. p. 210 in other parts of Hindustan. 
 
 " 1697, Sept. nth " (Blair, and Holmes), invasion of the New England colonies, which had been 
 ordered by the French king Louis XIV., prevented by the signing of a treaty of peace at Ryswic. 
 
 "The same year" (narrat.), in journeying from Aleppo to Jerusalem, Maundrell proceeded along 
 the seashore as far as Acre. His narrative contains many judicious observations on the antiquities 
 met with, and the sites of ancient towns. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), J. Commelyn publishing his Hort. Amst., enumerating* Salvia Afri- 
 cana ii. 91, .S". aurca ii. 92, Rivina laevis i. 96, Cephalaria rigida ii. 54, Echium fruticosum ii. 54, 
 Convohwhts Canariensis ii. 51, Campanula Capensis ii. 3$, C. rigidula ii 37, Roella ciliata ii. 39, 
 Solatium agvregalum ii. 96, Varronia alba i.8o, Sideroxylummelanophleum i. 109, Rhamnus colubri- 
 nus i. 90, Phylica ericoides ii. 1, Bubon gummifer ii. 58, Rhus tomentosa i. 92, R. lucida i. 93, Ama- 
 ryllis Zey lauica i. 37, Sanseviera Guincensis ii. 20, Aletrisfragrans ii. 4, Aloe picla, sitiuata, relusa, 
 plica/ilis, lingua, verrucosa, and margaritifera i. 48 to ii. 10, Fnrcraea gigantea ii. 18, Melicocca 
 biju^a i. 94, Zizyphus iguanea i. 73, Cassia Javanicus i. 111, Royena glabra i. 65, R. lucida i. 96, 
 Malpioliia glabra i. 75, Oralis iucarnata i. 22, Talinum anacampseros ii. 89, T. fruticosum i. 4, 
 Euphorbia cotinifolia i. 15, Sempervivum Canariense ii. 95, Pereskia aculeala i. 70, Tetragonia fru- 
 ticosa ii. 103, Spnraea opulifolia i. 87, Grewia Occidentalis i. 85, Sideritis candicans ii. 99, Bystropo- 
 gon Canariense ii. 65, Selago corymbosa ii. 40, Lantana mista i 78, Manuka cheiranthus ii. 42, 
 Hebenstreitia dentata ii. 109, Hermannia alnifolia ii. 78, Pelargonium auritttm, rapaccum, and loba- 
 tum ii. 61-3, Polygala myrtifolia i. 46, P. stipulacea ii. 97, Psoralea bracteata ii. 106, Lotus jacobaeus 
 ii. 83, Indigo/era lotoides ii. 84, Hypericum floribundum ii. 68, Chrysocoma cernua ii. 45, C. ciliaris ii. 
 48, Athanasia pubescens, trifurcata, and crithmifolia ii. 47-50, Tanacefum suffruticosum ii. 100, 
 Aster fruticulosus ii. 27, Berckheya setosa ii. 28, Calendula nudicaulis ii. 33, C. graminifolia ii. 34, 
 Arctotis aspera ii. 22, Othonna pectinala, coronopifolia, and frutescens ii. 69-74, Hippia frutescens ii. 
 lot, Myrica quercipolia ii. 81, Zamia debilis i. 58, Cluytia daphnoides ii. 2, Stilbe pinastra \\. no, 
 Mimosa casta i. 28, Desmanthus punctatus i. 31, Sapindus saponaria i. 94. — He died in " 1698," and 
 the publication was completed in " 1702." 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Boccone publishing his Mus., enumerating t Veronica 
 acinifolia pi. 9, Panicum hiriellum 55, Ro'tboella monandra 57, Triticum unilaterale 57, Scabiosa 
 Pyrenaica 6, Galium Bocconi 101, G. aristatum 75, Rubia Bocconi 75, Anchusa undulata 77, Lobelia 
 .Laurentia 27, Viola nummulariaefolia 127, Lahaya corymbosa 39, Eryngium dilatatum 71, Angelica 
 Razoulii 99, Seseli rigidum 76, Statice bellidifolia 103, Linum vcrticillatum 42, Rumex multifidus 
 126 R. luxurious 126, R. amplexicaulis 126, Epilobium alpestre 5. 16, Galcnia Africana no, Poly- 
 gonum alpinum 27. 83, Gypsophila altissima 5, Silcne mollissima 118, S. Vallesia 54, Helianthemum 
 squamatum 64, Teucrium multiflorum, rotundifolium, and buxifolium 61—117, Nepeta violacea 36, N. 
 lanata 36, Sideritis incana 67, Laynium rugosum 23, Stachys Palaestina 109, -S\ maritima 127, Mar- 
 rubium supinum, crispum, and Hispanicum 69-122, Thymus Patavinus, piperella, and cephalotes 
 
 * Tetragonia herbacca of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe is described by Commelyn 
 hort ii. pi. 102, Miller pi. 263, and Linnaeus. Known to grow wild in Austral Africa (Pers.). 
 
 ' Calla (Zan/edes-chia) jEthiopica of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe is described by Com- 
 melyn hort. i. 50— (Spreng.), and Linnaeus. By European colonists also, carried to the Mauritius 
 Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.). 
 
 f Leonurus marrubiastrum of Europe. Described by Boccone mus. 98— (Spreng.), Schreber, 
 and Moench (Steud.) ; and known to occur in Germany and Java (Jacq. austr. v. pi. 405, Host, and 
 Pers.). By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, observed according to A. Gray 
 alon°- "road-sides, Pennsylvania, rare." 
 
 125 
 
994 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 43-117, Euphrasia minima 60, E. longiflora 63, Antirrhinum molle 41, Scrophularia trifoliata 60, 
 Digitalis obscura 98, Alyssum halimifolium 39, ^. saxatile 93, Biscutella sempervirens 122, Sisym- 
 brium Valentinum 80, Erysimum Bocconi III, Erodium malopoides 89, if. chamaedrioides 128, Ciwy- 
 (f^/z'j enneaphylla 73, Hicnuium prunellaefolium, montamim, and »<?//« 24-113, Apargia taraxaci 
 106, Serratula coronata 37, -S\ humilis [09, Gnaphalium supinum 109, /»«/« bifrons 121, Chrysan- 
 themum Bocconi 9S, Centaurea uniflora 2, and Pistacia trifolia 93. — He died "in 1704." 
 
 Chcerophyllum aromaticum of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by 
 Boccone mus. ii. pi. 19, — and known to grow in Silesia, Lusatia, and Misnia (Jacq. austr. pi. 150, and 
 Pers.) : observed by Fleischer fl. 115 as far West as Livonia; by Sibthorp, in shaded situations on 
 the Bithynian Olympus. In Britain, was found by G. Don '-about 1831 " between Arbroath and Forfar, 
 clearly exotic, but has perhaps become naturalized (Wats., Bab., and A. Dec.;. 
 
 Achillea (Ptarmica) alpina of Arctic Asia and mountain-summits farther South. Described by 
 Boccone mus. pi. 101, — and known to grow on the Swiss Alps (Pers.), but according to A. Decan- 
 dolle only above Airolo on the Saint-Gothard Pass. Eastward, is known to grow throughout Arctic 
 Siberia, and on the Altaian mountains (Ledeb., and Dec). 
 
 Echium maritiinum of the West Mediterranean countries. Described by Boccone mus. ii. pi. 78, 
 — and Tournefort inst. 136 ; and known to grow wild on the seashore of Italy and Sicily. By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Austral America, where it has become abundantly naturalized around 
 Montevideo (A. St. Hil., and A. Dec). 
 
 " 1698, Aug. 19th " (Blair), signing of the First treaty of partition : dividing Poland and giving 
 rise to the new German kingdom of Prussia. 
 
 "The same year" (Stiles, and Holmes), under instructions from the commissioners for propa- 
 gating the gospel, the aboriginals in different parts of Massachusetts visited this year by Rev. Grindal 
 Rawson and Rev. Samuel Danforth, and found to number "about four thousand." Mary Cushman 
 who " came over in the first shipe liveing this present year "(inscript. on Bradford's Ms. hist. Plimouth 
 Plantation). — I therefore writing in 1872 have seen persons who may have seen acquaintances of the 
 first settlers of New England; and in this manner, twenty-five individuals would easily span the one 
 hundred and eighty-five generations from the time of Adam. 
 
 "In this year" (Krapf trav. 521-9), Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Keelvvah captured by a fleet under 
 Sultan Seif, son of Seif bin Malik, Mozambique besieged, and Portuguese power extinguished along 
 the East African coast from Cape Gardafui to Cape Delgado. 
 
 About this time (see Phil, trans, xxi. 255, and Spreng ), Jacob Cunningham visiting Ascension 
 Island, finding its flora to consist of only "five '' plants, Ipomoea pes-caprae (growing on the seashore 
 throughout the Tropics), Dombeya erythroxylon (attributed to St. Helena), Euphorbia chamaesyce 
 (attributed to Southern Europe, Mesopotamia, and Siberia), E. or/'gaiioidts (not known elsewhere), 
 and Aristida Adsccnsionis (seen by Forskal in Yemen). — Two additional plants have been found 
 there by Osbeck, and subsequent observers, Sherardia fniticosa (not known elsewhere), and Hedyotis 
 Adsccnsionis (not known elsewhere. See A. Dec. g. bot. 1281). 
 
 J. Cunningham resided as surgeon at Amoy and Chusan in China, — and has given an account of 
 the plants growing there in Phil trans, xxiii. 2S0-6 (Spreng.). 
 
 " 1698 to 1699 A. D." (Churchill coll.), in sailing along " the easternmost part of New Guinea," a 
 Strait discovered by Dampier ; separating an island called by him " New Britain." 
 
 " 1699 A. D." (Charlev., and Holmes;, under instructions from Louis XIV.. claiming the whole 
 territory of Louisiana, a fort built by M. d'lberville between the mouths of the Mississippi and the 
 Mobile river. In all this immense territory along the Mississippi, there were besides only a few 
 straggling houses of Canadian French settled among the Illinois : and the object of the new movement 
 was, To open communication with Canada, hem in the English colonies, and thus engross the trade 
 of the aboriginal tribes (Anders, ii. 642, Du Pratz i. 8, and univ. hist. xl. 282). 
 
 "The same year" (Anders, ii. 644, and Holmes), in England, on complaint that woolen manu- 
 factures of the colonies in North America began to be exported to foreign markets, both by sea and 
 land, a law prohibiting this. 
 
 "Aug. 6th" (narrat., and Murdoch hist. Nov. Scot. i. 539), Diereville, "employed to obtain 
 plants for the Royal garden," sailing from Rochelle. After "fifty-four days " he arrived at Chibouc- 
 tou, and continuing visited Port Royal and St. John, meeting with " viola acadiensis folio longo 
 sinuata" Viola lanceolata. —He left " Oct. 6th 1700," and returning to France published an account 
 of his Voyage "in 1708." 
 
 " 1700 A. D." (Blair), "New Style" adopted by the Dutch and the Protestants of Germany: 
 " omitting the last eleven days of February." 
 
 " The same year" (Blair), Second treaty of the Partition of Poland : Frederic now becoming king • 
 of Prussia. Charles XII. ruling Sweden. 
 
 " In this year " (Mather magnal. i. 31, and Holmes), Boston containing " more than seven thou- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 995 
 
 sand" inhabitants, and above "a thousand houses." The White inhabitants of Carolina amounting 
 to " five thousand five hundred " (Drayton). Building at Newport of the meeting house of the Friends 
 or Quakers (Adams 188). 
 
 Gleditschia triacanthos of the Mississippi and its tributaries. A large Acacia-like tree, remark- 
 able for its branching thorns, transported to and first cultivated in Britain in this year — ( Loudon) ; 
 described also by Duhamel i pi. 105 ; and according to Clot-Bey recently introduced into the gardens 
 of Egypt. Westward, was observed by F. A. Michaux from 40 on the Susquehanna throughout the 
 Western States ; by myself, wild on the Lower Ohio ; by Long's Expedition ii., as far North as 41° on 
 the Mississippi ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas ; by Darby, in Opelousas ; by Chapman, "Florida to 
 Mississippi, and northward ;" and is termed "g. meliloba" by Walter (Steud.). 
 
 "In this year"(Spreng. and Winckl.), Plukenet publishing his Mantiss.,' enumerating Allosorus 
 atropurpureus pi. 349. f. 1, Phlox Carolina 348. f. 4, Oenothera linearis 426. f. 6, Andromeda Mariana, 
 Heterotheca scabra 340. f. 1. n. 5, Cypripedium parvijlorum 418. f. 2, Calystegia paradoxa 54, Nolina 
 Georgiana 342. f. 1, Azalea nudiflora 49, Rhexia Mariana 428. f. 1, Andromeda Mariana 448, Poly- 
 gala sanguinea 437. f. 5, "orobus virginianus foliis fulva lanugine incanis foliorum nervo in spinam 
 abeunte " 142 Tephrosia spicala, Sericocarpus conyzoides 29 (" conyza asteroides " of Linn.), Chrysop- 
 sis Mariana 340. f. 1, Coreopsis verticillata 344. f. 4, "viola virginiana platani fere foliis parvis et 
 incanis" 187 Viola palmata, Panax trifolium 435. f. 7. 
 
 In this year (Fontenelle eloge), after his first work "Elemens de Botanique " published in " 1694," 
 Tournefort issuing a second edition under the title " Institutiones rei herbariae," enumerating "sani- 
 cula canadensis amplissimo laciniato folio" inst 326 Sanictila Canadensis, " onagra angustifolia caule 
 rubro flore minore " 302 Oenolhera fruticosa (Linn sp. pi.), " vitis idaea canadensis pyrola: folio " 608 
 Gaultheria procumbens, "astragalus canadensis flore viridi flavescente " 416 Astragalus Canadensis, 
 " a. alpinus procerior alopecuroides " 416 A. alopecuroides, "rapuntium canadense pumilum linariae 
 folio " 164 Lobelia Kalmii, " ascyrum erectum salicis folio magno flore " 256 Hypericum pyramidatum 
 (Willd.). 
 
 Arenaria ciliata of Subarctic climates. Termed "alsine alpina serpylli folio multicaulis et mul- 
 tiflora" by Tournefort inst. 243 — (J. E. Smith) ; known to grow in Lapland and Finland (fl. Dan. pi. 
 346, Fries, and Ledeb.), in Northwest Ireland (Bab., and Wats.), on the Pyrenees (herb. Dec), on 
 the Jura and Swiss Alps (Pers., and A. Dec), on the Carpathians (Hook.) ; and observed by Sib- 
 thorp on the rocks of Cyprus and the mountains of Crete. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland, and by 
 Sabine in Greenland. (See A. ligericina.) 
 
 Alyssum minimum of the Mediterranean countries and Siberia. Allied to A. maritimum, but 
 annual and the stamens all dentate ; possibly the species described by Tournefort inst. 217 : — known 
 to grow in Spain and Siberia ; and observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the seashore of Greece 
 and the Greek islands. 
 
 Trifolium incarnatum of the Mediterranean countries. A showy annual called in English gar- 
 dens crimson clover (Prior), termed " t. spica rotunda rubra" by Tournefort inst. 405, and known to 
 grow in moist meads in France, Italy, Switzerland, and Carinthia (Sturm, and Pers.) ; observed by 
 Sibthorp on mount Athos, by Chaubard in the lower portion of the Peloponnesus. Regarded as 
 exotic in Britain, maintained there by the continued importation of seed for cultivation (Wats., and 
 A. Dec). 
 
 Cytisus sessilifolius of the Mediterranean countries. Termed " c. glabris foliis subrotundis pedi- 
 culis brevissimis " by Tournefort inst. 648, — "majerella" by Micheli (Targ.), and known to grow in 
 Southern France and Italy (Pers.) ; observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to 
 the Greek islands ; by Pallas tr.iv. i. 235, near Samara on the Lower Volga. 
 
 Epilobium alpinum of the Arctic region and mountains farther South Termed " chamsnerion 
 alpinum minus brunellae foliis" by Tournefort inst. 303, — "c. alpinum alsines foliis" by Scheuchzer 
 alp. 132, " e. anagallidifolium " by Lamarck ; known to grow in Lapland and on the Alps and Pyrenees 
 (fl. Dan. pi. 322, Pers., and Dec), also in Northern Asia (Wats.) : was observed by Linnaeus on the 
 mountains of Lapland ; by Lightfoot pi. 10, in Scotland ; by Haller 409, in Switzerland ; by Chaubard 
 on the upper portion of Taygetus, by Sibthorp on the summit of Bithynian Olympus. Westward, by 
 Hooker in Iceland, and received by him from the Rocky mountains and 56° on the Northwest coast ; 
 was observed by Colm. in Labrador (Pursh) ; and is known to grow in Greenland and Alaska (Wats.). 
 
 Linaria supina of Western Europe. Termed "I. pumila supina lutea" by Tournefort inst. 170, 
 
 "antirrhinum supinum grandiflorum " by Lapeyrouse, "a. dubium" by Villars, "1. pyrenaica" by 
 
 Decandolle, and known to occur on walls and in sandy soil in France, Spain, and Italy (Pers.) : 
 observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople. In Britain found since 1843 near Plymouth (Bab. 2d 
 edit.) also near Poole in Dorset, near Newcastle, and in two localities in Cornwall (Wats.), but 
 regarded by A. Decandolle as exotic. 
 
 Linaria simplex of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Annual, termed "1. quadrifolia 
 
99 6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 lutea" by Tournefort inst. 170, — "a. arvense var." by Linnajus, "a. parviflorum " by Jacquin rar. iii. 
 pi. 499, and known to grow in Spain, Southeastern France, Algeria, Syria, Persia, and around the 
 Caspian (A. Dec.) : was observed by Gussone in Sicily; by Sibthorp, in maritime sands along the 
 Black Sea; by Ledebour, in the Crimea. In Britain, is once mentioned by Babington in his first 
 edition, but is omitted in his second (A. Dec). 
 
 .1 maranthiis hypoehondi uicus of Mexico? Called in English gardens prince's feather (Prior), 
 termed "a. s\ 1 \estris maxirous novae Angliae spicis purpureis " by Tournefort inst. 235, — and received 
 by Linnteus from Virginia; but is known to A. Gray only as ''rarely spontaneous around gardens." 
 Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, at Constantinople ; by Pollini, and Cesati, natu- 
 ralized in Lombardy ; by Reichenbach, tending to become naturalized in Crxony (A. Dec.).* 
 
 Hellebonne eordigera of the Mediterranean countries. Termed "orchis .,-intana italica flore 
 ferrugineo lingua oblonga " by Tournefort inst. 434 ; — described also by Rudbeck elys. i\. pi. 204, and 
 Petiver gaz. pi. 128 ; and known to grow in Barbary, Southern Europe and the East (Pers.): observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in mountainous situations from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 Oriiithogahtm arvense of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " o. angus- 
 tifolium bulbiferum " by Tournefort inst. 379: — observed by Persoon (Ulst. ann. xi. pi. I) in cultivated 
 ground in France ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frbm the Peloponnesus to Caria and Cyprus ; and is 
 known'to grow on the Taurian mountains (Bieb.). 
 
 Allium montanum of Asia Minor and Greece. Termed ''a. montanum radice oblonga" by 
 Tournefort inst. 3.S4; — and observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the 
 Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 Caret remold of Europe and Northern Asia. A woodland sedge termed " cyperoides angusti- 
 folium spicis sessilibns in toliorum alis " by Tournefort inst. 430, — and known to grow in moist woods 
 throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 832, Pers., and Wats.), also as far as Iberia (Bieb.) ; was 
 observed by Decandolle in France ; by Savi, on the Appenines ; by Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus 
 to Constantinople ; by Thunberg, on isiphon in Japan. (Is attributed by Pursh to the Alleghany 
 mountains of Pennsylvania, and by Watson to British America, probably through mistake.) 
 
 Carex depauperata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woodland sedge termed 
 " cyperoides vesicarium humile locustis rarioribus " by Tournefort inst. 530, — " carex ventricosa " by 
 Curtis Lond. vi. pi. 68 ; and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 1098, and Willd. 
 iv. 278) ; observed by Sibthorp in woods in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " March 9th " (Tourn. voy. 4). departure of Tournefort on his way to Crete, Greece, and Armenia. 
 He met with Borneo Orieuta.'i\ ii. 13, Eckium Orientate ii. 107, Marina Persica ii. 120, Campanula 
 laciniata i. 99, C. hetcroplivlla ii. 154, Vcrbascum pinnatihJum i. 128, T r . Osbeckii ii. 83, Laserpitium 
 ferutaceum ii. 12 r, Daphne Pontica ii. 83, Saxifraga evmbalaria ii. 148, Silene viseosa ii. 148,^". 
 bupleuroides ii. 154, Callioonum polyoonoides ii. 147, Papaver Orientate ii. 118, Rhiuanthns Orien- 
 talis ii. 126, I.epidiitm lyratum ii. 141, I'encaiia reticulata ii. 109, I.unaria Graeca i. 92, Hedysarum 
 cernutum ii. 108, Hyperiium Orientate ii. 97, Scor~ouera e/ongata i. 86, Aristolochia hirta i. 147, — 
 and returned in " May 1702." 
 
 Dodartia Orientalis of the Uralian plains. An Antirrhinoid plant observed by Tournefort trav. 
 pi. about mount Ararat ; — by Pallas i. 437 in journeying Eastward, first met with on the Yaik ; 
 known to grow also in Tartary (Pers.). 
 
 Polygonum Orientate of Brazil? observed by Tournefort trav. iii. 171 in gardens at Tiflis in 
 Georgia: — by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople, and by Delile in gardens at Cairo. Described 
 by C. Commelyn, and soon becoming frequent in the gardens of Europe (Pers.) ; and bv European 
 colonists carried to Northeast .America, where it is cultivated for ornament under the name of prince's 
 feather, and is sometimes found growing spontaneously (A. Cray, and Chapm.). Eastward from 
 Egypt, is enumerated by Taberd diet. p. 633 as called " trai-ngai-ba" in Cochinchina, and used there 
 medicinally: but according to Thunberg, was brought by the Portuguese to Japan, and is called at 
 Nagasaki by the Portuguese name " paute cobra." As observed by myself in Brazil, the plant seemed 
 to harmonize with the surrounding vegetation. 
 
 I'accinium arcloitaphvlos of Madeira? A stout-stemmed shrub, tall as a man, observed by 
 Tournefort trav. iii. pi. 67 near Tripoli on the Black Sea, and termed "vitis idaea orientalis maxima 
 cerasi folio flore variegato" cor. 42. — (If however, as would seem from Persoon, the same species 
 grows on Madeira, it is probably the Madeira species introduced.) 
 
 * Briza minor of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " gramen paniculatum minus 
 locustis magnis tremulis" by Tournefort inst. 523 ; — described also by Scheuchzer gram. pi. 4, and 
 known to grow throughout Europe. By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa (Pers.) ; 
 and to Southwest Australia, where it has become naturalized (Drummond, and A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 997 
 
 One hundred and eightieth generation. Jan. 1st, 1701, mostly beyond youth: the Greek writers 
 Elias Meniates d. 1714, Meletius of Athens d. 1728, Alexander Mavrocordatus d 1719: the Slavonic 
 writers, Gliick of Livonia, Kirsha Danilof, and Paul Ritter: other writers, N. Boileau Despreaux ; 
 Humphry Prideaux ; John George Graevius; P. Bayle ; Gilbert Burnet; Vincent de Filicaia ; Nich- 
 olas Malebranche ; Henry Dodwell ; James Gronovius ; William Lloyd; madame Dacier ; Fdnelon ; 
 Godfrey Wm. Leibnitz; Daniel Huet; John Flamstead ; Andrew Dacier; J. Vincent Gravina ; 
 Richard Bentley ; Joseph Addison ; sir Richard Steele; Matthew Prior; John Hardouin; John Le 
 Clerc ; James Lenfant ; abb^ Vertot ; John Friend ; Bernard de Montfaucon ; Samuel Clarke ; J. 
 Albertus Fabricius ; John Arbuthnot ; and cardinal Polignac : the Orientalists, Galland, Renaudot : 
 the microscopic observer Antonius Van Leeuwenhoek d. 1723: the botanists, Sam. Dale d. 1739, 
 Gun th . Christ. Schelhammer d. 1716, Guid. Crescent. Fagon d. 1718, Io. Gottfr. Olearius d. 171 1, 
 Petr. Hottonus, Alex. Christ. Gakenholz, Io. Henr. Burkhard d 1738, Christian Knaut d. 1716, 
 Franc. Petit, Sam. Morlandus, Stephan. Franc. Geoffroy d. 1731, Patrick Blair, Mart. Dan. Johrenius 
 d. 1718, Abrah. Rehfeld, David Wipacher, H. I. Meyenberg, C. H. Erndtel d 1734, Hellvving d. 1748, 
 Ant. Tita, and Aegid. de Koker : the publishers, Awnsham and John Churchill : the painters, Godfrey 
 Kneller, Carlo Cignani d. 1719: the engraver, Gerard Edelinck d. 1707. 
 
 " The same year " (Humphreys' hist, account 41, and Holmes), in England, the Society for prop- 
 agating the Gospel in foreign parts established. Acting it would seem, chiefly to extend the Episcopal 
 Church (see 1706). By the secretary, Rev. Dr. Humphreys, the population of the English colonies 
 in North America estimated on inquiry at "two hundred and sixty-two thousand." 
 
 " Aug. 27th " (encycl. meth., and Holmes), at Madrid, signing of a treaty between the two kings 
 " tres-chre'tien et catholique," establishing the Assiente ; a French company for transporting Negroes 
 into the Spanish settlements in America. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. fl. suec. p. x), Olaus Rudbeck jun., "from 1690" professor of Botany at 
 Upsal, publishing the second volume of his Campi Elysii, enumerating Narcissus trilobus 61. f. 3 ; — 
 the first volume, containing the grasses, was published "in 1702." He died "in 1740" (Spreng.). 
 " 1702, March 8th " (Nicol), William III. succeeded by Anne, now queen of united Britain. 
 "The same year" (Blair), in Europe, general war against France and Spain. — This continued 
 twelve years, until the Treaty of Baden. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Io. lac. Scheuchzer, a brother of loan., visiting the alpine region of 
 Switzerland, meeting with Poa supina vi. pi. 17, Phyteuma Scheuchzeri 460, P. ovata 518, Juncus 
 Jncquini i. pi. 5. f. 2, and Achillea vwschata ii. pi. 21. f. 3. — He continued his excursions "until 
 171 1," published an account of them "in 1723," and died "in 1733." 
 
 Poa laxa of the Arctic region and mountain summits farther South. A grass distinguished from 
 P. alpina by fewer florets and a creeping root (Pers.) ; observed by Scheuchzer it. vi. 457 pi. 6 on 
 the Swiss Alps,— also by Haenke sudet. 118; known to grow in Spitzbergen, Lapland, and on the 
 mountains of Scotland and Germany (Sabine, and Hook ) ; observed by Chaubard on the mountains 
 of Arcadia in the Peloponnesus. Westward, is known to grow in Greenland (Sabine, and Wats.) ; 
 observed by Nuttall, and myself, in the alpine region of the White mountains ; and according to A. 
 Gray grows also on the "alpine mountain-tops of Maine," and "Northern New York, and high 
 northward." 
 
 "In this year" (Linn, sp.), Petiver publishing his Gazoph. naturae, enumerating Cornucopiae 
 cucullatum gaz. pi. 73, Protea nana gaz. 25. 7, P. Levisanus gaz. 5. 7, Polypremum procumbens gaz. 
 5. 6, Blaeria ericoides gaz. 2. 10, Spigelia anthelmia gaz. 59. 10, Cassine maurocenia gaz 57. 4, 
 Crassiela subulata gaz. 57. 4, Eucomis nana gaz. 85. 6, Loranthus scurrula gaz. 63. 8, Phyllodoce 
 Daboeci gaz. 27. 4, Erica corifolia gaz. 3. 7, Euphorbia pilulifera gaz. 80. 14; Mesembryanthemum 
 gcniculiflorum, corniculatum, and emarginatum gaz. 77. 3 to 78. 3 ; Ranunculus nodiflorus gaz. 24. 
 9, Hyobanche sanguinca gaz. 37. 4, Hermannia althaeifolia gaz. 43. 2, Passiflora pedata gaz. 114 4; 
 Pelargonium angulosum, vilifolium, and trifidum gaz. 84. 5-11, dotalaria biflora gaz. 30. 10, Hallia 
 sororia gaz. 32. 1, Hedysarum bupleurifoliwu gaz. 11. 12, H. nummularifolium gaz. 26. 4, H. vagi- 
 nale gaz. 26. 1, Lespedeza lahbrosa gaz. 30. 11, Indigofera depressa gaz. 83. 9, Athanasia punctata 
 gaz. 81. 6 A . parviflora gaz. 34. I ; Gnaphalium fasciculatum, fastigiatum, and spicatum gaz. 7. 3 
 to 82. 6; 'stoede plumosa, cinerea, and Jus ca gaz. 3. 9 to 5. 4; Helleborine oxyglotlis gaz. 128. 5, 
 Sagittaria trifolia gaz. 19. 3, Sapium sebiferum gaz. 34. 3, Dioscorea oppositifolia gaz. 31. 6; Acros- 
 tic/mm speciosum, and inequale gaz. 61. 5 and 49. 4; Polypodium stigmositm gaz. 61. 4, Adiantum 
 Philippense gaz. 4. 4, Cheilanthes suaveolens gaz. 73. 4, Schizaea dichotoma gaz. 70. 12, Lygodium 
 
 circinatum gaz. 64. 10. .,„.., 
 
 "1703 A. D." (art de verif.), Mustafa II. succeeded by Achmed III., twenty-fourth Turkish 
 
 sultan. Coins issued at Cairo by Achmed III., are figured in Marcel p. 225. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), Augustin. Lippi sent into Abyssinia, meeting with Heliotropium 
 
 eriocarpum, Adonis marginata, Cochlearia Mlotica, Artemisia Lippii, and Inula crispa. — He was 
 
 slain in the following year. 
 
998 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Caspar Commelyn publishing his Praelud. botan., enumerating 
 Phylica cordata 12, P.pubescens 13 ; Diosma opposilifolia, rubra, and hirsuta 1-3 ; Asdepias undu- 
 lata, and crispa 16-17 i Aloe arachnoides, rhodacantha, brevifolia, Apicra viscosa, spiralis, tricolor, 
 imbricata, and patitla 20-32; Agave vivipara 15 ; Euphorbia mamillaris, Commelyni, and clava, 7-9; 
 Pelargonium pinnatum, peltatum, and acetosum 2-4. 
 
 Pelargonium zonale of Austral Africa. Described by C. Commelyn prael. I — (Spreng.), and 
 "in 1710" introduced into England (Ait.); figured by Cavanilles iv. pi. 98 ; frequent in gardens, 
 and from the black band around the centre of the leaf, a white margin being sometimes substituted, 
 called in French " geranier a bandes " banded geranium : enumerated by Clot-Bey as recently intro- 
 duced into the gardens of Egypt. 
 
 Aloe Commelyni of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe is described by C. Commelyn 
 prael. 24 (Spreng.). In Austral Africa, said to be collected with A. arborescens and A. mitraeformis 
 for preparing Cape aloes — (Lindl.). 
 
 Aloe spicata of Austral Africa. Growing in the Interior, and the principal source of Cape aloes, 
 — according to Thunberg diss. 2 (Pers., and Lindl.). 
 
 "In this year" (Fontenelle eloge, and Spreng.), Tournefort publishing his Corollarium inst. r. h., 
 enumerating Convolvulus lauatus p. 2, Phytcuma litnonifolia 4, Campanula helerophylla 4, C. col- 
 linn 4, C. Ruthenica 5, Galium capillare 5, G. coronation 5, Hyoscyamus Orientalis 6, Primula longi- 
 folia 6 ; Asperula lit tea, incana, and nitida 6; Cracianclia glomerata 6; Valeriana macrophylla, 
 cardamines, and caespitosa 7; Ancliusa parviflora, rosea, and lutea 7; Onosma erecta, Orientalis, 
 and sericea 7-8 ; Symphytum Tauricum 8, Plumbago lapathifolia 8, Lysimacliia anagalloides 8, 
 Veronica amoena 8, Verbascum auricitlatum 9, V. plication 9 ; Scrophularia bicolor, and minima 10; 
 Euphrasia glutinosa 10, Orobanche arcuaria n, Phlomis lunarifolia 11 ; Salvia crassifolia, and 
 argent ea 11 ; Dentaria quinquefolia 17, Pajis incompleta 18, A renaria holostea 18, Cerastium macran- 
 thum 20, Potentilla bifurca 22, Ammi acaule 22, Plagium peregrinum 22, Astrantia heterophylla 
 23, Smyruium apiifolium 23 ; Heracleum Pyrcuaicum, and apsynthifoliu?n 23 ; Slum Graecum, 
 p"erula meoides j Cachrys microcarpa j Scandix grandifloraj Eryngium multijidum, and parvi- 
 florum. 
 
 Lythrum virgatum of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " salicaria 
 orientalis salicis folio acutissimo et glabro " by Tournefort cor. 18 ; — observed by Sibthorp in the 
 environs of Constantinople ; by Jacquin pi. 7, in Austria; by Pallas trav. i. 52, along the Volga ; and 
 is known to grow in Tartary and Siberia (Pers.). 
 
 Rhagadiolus Koelpinia of the East Mediterranean countries. An annual termed "rh. creticus 
 minor capsulis echinatis" by Tournefort cor. 36; — observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus; by Pallas v. 
 340 to 511, on mount Bogdo-Oola on the Lower Volga. 
 
 Symphytum a>perrimum of the Tauro-Caspian countries. Observed and distinguished by Tourne- 
 fort cor. S — (Spreng.), and Bieberstein. In Britain, has made its appearance in three separate local- 
 ities (Wats. cyb. ii. 279 to iii. 486), with some prospect of becoming naturalized (see A. Dec). 
 
 Asphodelus Creticus of the mountains of Crete and the Peloponnesus. Termed "a. creticus 
 luteus serotinus patulus folio aspero " by Tournefort cor. 25 ; — observed by Sibthorp on the loftier 
 mountains of Crete, by Chaubard in the upper region of Taygetus. 
 
 A selection of plants from Tournefort's herbarium, figured by Avjbriet and described in the 
 Coroll. (has been published by Desfontaines), containing Ophrys mammosa, tricolor, villosa, umbili- 
 cata, and densiflora aim. mus. x. pi. n-16; Aristolochia Crelica, and lutea 18-19; Phefypaea Pourne- 
 fortii 21, Pcucrium microphyllum 22, Nepeta mc/issacfo/ia 23, Siderilis rosea 24, Stachys spinulosa 
 25, Dracocephalum lamiifolium 26, Heliotropium villosum 33 ; Cynogloisum glastifolium, stamineum, 
 and lanatum 35-7 ; Linaria grandiflora, and corifolia xi. 2-3 ; Verbascum betonicaefolium 4, Phy- 
 teuina lanceolala 5 ; Campanula ptarmicifolia, paucijlora, calaminthifolia, stricta, parviflora, corym- 
 bosa, pe/viformis, 3.\\A tubulosa 6-17 ; Lactuca Cretica 19, Panacetum iiicanum 21, Anacvclus Creticus 
 22, Inula conyzoides 23, Scabiosa micranlha 25, Valeriana sisymbriifolia 30, Ranunculus grandiflorus 
 31, Papaverfioribundum 33, Hesperis pinnatijida 34 ; A/yssum densiflorum, samolifolium, and pani- 
 culatum 35-7, Draba Pontica 38, Thlaspi co/ datum 39, Hypericum ciliatum 39, Ruta parviflora 42, 
 Silene spergulaefolia 43, Lychnis variegata 44, Cotyledon parviflora 42, Crassula cretiata 46, Pyrus 
 parviflora xii. 4, Crataegus Crelica 5, Rubus sanctus 6, Lathyrus purpureus 7, Orobus laxiflorus S, 
 O. croceus 9, Vicia variegata 12, Hcdysarum radiatum 13, Euphorbia biglandulosa 14, E, denticu- 
 lata 15, and E. valerianaefolia 16. 
 
 Specularia pentagonia of ... . Described by Tournefort cor. — (ann. mus. xi. pi. 18, Spreno.) ; 
 termed "campanula minor arvensis seu viola pentagonia" by Forskal, as observed near Marseilles^ 
 observed there also by Kralik (Godron, and A. Dec.) ; described by Linnajus, and L'Heritier, as 
 received from Thrace (Pers.). Attributed by A. Decandolle to America, but seems unknown in at 
 least North America. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 999 
 
 "1704, Feb. 29th, about two hours before day" (Williams, Hutch., and Holmes), Deerfield in 
 Massachusetts surprised by three hundred French and aboriginals under Hertel de Rouville. The 
 town was burned, "forty-seven " of the inhabitants were slain, and " about one hundred " were car- 
 ried captive to Quebec. 
 
 "July 24th " (Blair), Gibraltar captured by the English under admiral Rook. 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), Bosmann publishing his account of Guinea. 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), after his Stirp cur. extra britan. "in 1694," Ray publishing the Third 
 volume of his Hist, plant., enumerating Cineraria amelloides suppl. 158, Gazania rigens s. 182, 
 Othonna cheirifolia s. 167. — He died " in 1705." 
 
 " 1705 A. D." (Talvi ii. 1), at St. Petersburg, through the influence of Peter the Great, printing 
 of the first Russian newspaper. Russian was also made the language of public business and of the 
 courts of justice: and the emperor further modified the form of certain Slavonic letters. — Which 
 modifications continue in use in Russia to the present day. 
 
 " December " (Pauth. 445), in the dispute between the Jesuit and Dominican missionaries on the 
 translation of certain Chinese words, Khang-hi having decided in favour of the Jesuits, and the pope 
 in favour of the Dominicans, the arrival of a legate at Pekin, To adjust the differences. — In the 
 following year, an edict by Khang-hi, Excluding European missionaries from China, without a license; 
 procurable only by approving the doctrine of Confucius. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Plukenet publishing his Amaltheum, enumerating in this 
 or his previous works Linociera compacta pi. 224. f. 2, L. cotinifolia 241-14, Veronica I'irginici 70. 2, 
 V. tenella 233. 4, Gratiola hyssopioides 193. 1, Elytraria crenata 438. 1, Justicia stricta 279. 7, J. pedun- 
 culosa 423. 5, J. hyssopifolia 280. 1, Stachytarpha prismatica 321. 1, 6". orubica 327. 7, Tamonea sfiinosa 
 234. 4, Cunila Mariana 344. 1, Blephilia ciliata 164. 3, Monarda punctata 24. 1, Salvia Canariensis 
 301. 2, Boerhaavia hirsuta 113. 7, B. scandens 226. 7, Fraxinus lentiscifolia 182. 4, Gunnera perpensa 
 18. 2, Ixia corymbosa 275. 1, I. erecta 310. 1, Glaaiolus galeatus 224. 8, Aristea cyanea 299. 5, Commelyna 
 Virginica 174. 4, C. Bengalensis, C. nudiflora 27. 4, Ficiis peduncutata 178. 4, Dulichium spathaceum 
 301. 1, Scirpus minimus 300. 3, 6'. mucronatus 40. 3, *S\ pungens 40. 1, Fimbristylis duhotoma 1 19. 3, Ma- 
 chaeri>ia restioides 192. 5, Cyperics arenarius 300. 7, C. tenellus 300. 4. 5, C. polystachyos 416. 6, C. iria 
 191. 7, C. pumilus 191. 8, C. squarrosus 397. 2, Mariscus ovularis 91. 4, M. retrofractus 415. 4, 
 M . paniceus 91. 3, Fuirena glomerata 417. 6, Panicum brizoides 191. 5. 1, Eragrostis tenella 300. 2, 
 Festuca bromoides 33. 10, F. capillata 190. 2, Paspalum dissectum 350. 2, Alopecurus Indiais 92. 5, 
 Uniola paniculata 32. 6, Dactylis spicata 190. 6, Aristida hyslrix rgi. 3, Andropogon arundinaceus 
 32. r, Heteropogon contortus 191. 5, Chloris petraea 245. I, Triticiun Polonicum 231. 6, Eriocaulon 
 quinquangulare 22 r. 7, M ollugo oppositifolia 75. 6, M. stricta 256. 2 ; Protea cyanoides, serraria, cono- 
 carpa, ar^entea, kypophylla, cucullata, and saligna 200. 2 to 440. 3 ; G/obularia bisnagarica 58. 5, 
 Cephalanthus Occidentalis 77. 4, Spermacoce tenuior 136. 4, Mitchella repens 444. 2, Callicarpa Ameri- 
 cana 136. 3, Penaea sarcocolla 446. 6, Buddleia Occidentalis 210. r, Sebaea aurea 275. 3, S. cordata 
 275. 4, Cissus quadrangularis 210. 6, C. acida 152. 2, Fagara tragodes 107. 4, Ludwigia alternifolia 
 412. 1, Ammania baccifera 136. 2, Cometes alterniflora 380. 4, Tournefortia gnaphalodes 193. 5, 7". 
 volubilis 235. 6, Dodecatheon integrifolium 79. 6, Lysitnachia stricta 428. 4, Gouania Domingensis 
 201. 6, Ipomaea sagittata 85. 3, /. tuberosa 267. 6; Convolvulus tenellus, toinentosus, vitifolius, and 
 qitinquefolius 25. 3 to 167. 6 ; Dentella repens 356. 5, Triosteum angustifolium 104. 2, Physalis Curas- 
 savica ill. 5, Solatium mammosum 226. 1, 5. Virginianum 62. 3, Cestrum laurifolium 95. 1, C 7/00 
 turnum 64. 3, CWm collococca 158. r, Varronia lineata 328. 5, F! salvifolia ill. 3, Ziz\phus lineatus 
 122. 4, Z. napeca 216. 6; Phylica plumosa, and acerosa 342. 1 to 445. 1 ; Corymbium glabrum 272. 4, 
 C. scabrum 272. 5, Ceanothus intermedins 28. 6, C Africanus 126. 1, Celastrus lucidus 80 4, C. fe/- 
 /ff//«.f 28. Si C*. pyracanthus 126. 2; Diosma cupressina, ericoides, pubescens, and cistoides 279. 2 to 
 411. 3; Brunia lanuginosa 318.4, C^j/a Monsoniae 357. 4, C. twdiflora \-ft.i, Achyranthus brachiala 
 334. 2,' Desmochaetamicrantha 82, Comandra umbellata 342. 4, Randia latifolia 97. 6, Amsonia lati- 
 folia '115. 3, Cyuanchum pilosum 359. 2, A sclepias pubescens 139. I, .4. verticillata 336. 4, Micro/oma 
 lineare 335. I, Gentiana ochroleuca 186. 1, Eryngium Virginicum 396. 3, Trachymcne incisa 454. 6, 
 A'msyllis ^albanum 12. 2, i?/4«j */z7/m<t 219. 8, 7?. angustifolia 219. 6, Viburnum prunifolium 46. 2, 
 Phamaceum glomeratum 331. 3, f- «/fe«.r 3°4- 4, ^- distichum 130. 6, Sarolhra gentianoides 342. 2, 
 Static* diffusa 42. 5, Drosophyllum Lusitanicum 117. 2, Crassulaflava 314. 2, C. gentianoides 415. 6. 
 
 340 4 Osbeckia Zevlanica 173-4, Oenothera sinuata 203. 3, G<z«ra to««« 428. 2, 
 447 c ' Valentinia ilicifolia 196. 3; Erica planifolia, bntniades, apsynthioides, gnaphalodes, and /Vk^- 
 «rf/7 344 ' to 347. 6; C?«zVfe oppositifolia 323. 7, Polygonum foment 'sum 210. 7, />. perfohatum 
 398 I Cc«s'ofe pubescens 222. 8, C. punctata 237. 4, 5^«« triternata 168. 5, Sapindus rigidus 
 
IOOO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 217. 7, Forsholea tenacissima 275. 6, Cyclopia genistoides 413. 5, Podalyria myrtillifolta 185. 2, GW- 
 ww/dfe'rt eusurgcns 314. 5, Guaiacum sanctum 94. 4, Zygophyllum morgsana 429. 4, Melastoma hirta, 
 discolor, and aciuodeudron 159. 1 to 265. 4 ; Chimaphila maculata 349. 5, Trianthcma monogyna 95. 4, 
 Gypsophila prostrata 75. 2, 5z7<?«<? Virginica 203. I, Arcnaria graminifolia 7. 3, Malpighia punici- 
 folicf 157. 4, Erythroxylou sideroxy hides 442. 3, Suriana maritima 241. 5 ; Ora/Tf violacea, versi- 
 color, hirta, and tomailosa 102. 4 to 450. 6; Crataeva gynandra 147. 6, Litsaea trinervia 381. 2, 
 Talinum triangulare 105. 6, Triiimfetta Bartramia 41-5; Euphorbia cereiformis, hystrix, co'ollata, 
 microphylla, and satureioides 113. 2 to 446. 3; Cactus phyl/anthoidcs 247, 5, Primus capulin 158. 4, 
 Crataegus crusgalli 46. I, C. parvifolia 100. I, G/inus diclatnnoides 356. 6, Capparis sepiaria 338. I, 
 C. cvnophallophora 172. 4, Cimicifuga raccmosa 383. 3 ; Oito lacvipes, and polifolius 84. 6 and 23. 6; 
 Corchorus fascicularis 439. 6, Aritngana mollusca 241. 3, Xylopia glabra 238. 4, Thalictrum anemo- 
 noides 106. 4, Clematis Virgiuiaua 379. 4, C ochroleuca 379. 4, Knoivltonia vesicatoria 95. 2, Brasenui 
 peltata 349. 3, Clusia rosea 157. 2, Tcucriiini Japonicum 441. 2, Sideritis Canariensis 322. 4, Stachys 
 Aethiopica 315. 3, Marrubium Africauum 306. 2, Phryma leptostachya 380. 8, Rhinanthus Capensis 
 310. 2; Gerardia delphinifolia, tcnuifolia, and qucrcifoiia [2. 4 to 3S9. 3; Scrophularia scorodonia 
 59. 5, Hemimeris moutana 331. 3, //. diffusa 320. 5, Bignonia Icucoxylon 200. 4, Citharexylon cinereum 
 162. I, Crescentia cucurbitiua [71. 2, Lantana iuvolucrata 114. 5, £. aculcata 233. 5, Manuka tomen- 
 tosa 379. 2, Buchnera .4siot/\a 305. 3, Schwalbea Americana 34S. 8, Barleria hystrix 119. 5, Bonlia 
 daphnoides 209. 3, Blepharis boerhaaviaefolia 99. 3, Cardaiuinc Virginica toi. 4, C. Africana 101. 5, 
 Heliophila integrifolia 432. 2, Arabis Canadensis 86. 8, .4- reptans 51. 5, .-/. runcinata 206. 3, Cleome 
 tenella 224. 3, U'a/t/ieria Americana 150. 6, W. angustifolia 150. 5, Melochia concatenata 9. 5 ; Passi- 
 flora laurifolia, minima, and liibiscifolia 210. 3 to 212. 1 ; Erodium maritimum 31. 4. Pelargonium 
 betulinum 415. 3; .V/r/u Capensis, humilis, rotundifolia, and pcriplocifalia 9. 3 to 356. I ; Malva 
 Gangctica,fragrans, parviffora, and Hispanica 44. 2 to 431. 5 ; Lavatera triloba 8. 3, Gossypium hir- 
 sutum 299. 1 ; Hibiscus hastatus, hirtus, Aethiopicus ; Pavonia Zeylanica 125. 3, Fumaria vesicaria 
 335. 3, Polygala Heisteria 229. 5, Piscidia Carthaginensis 214 4, Borbonia trinervia 297. 4, i?. A772- 
 ceo'ata 297. 3 ; Aspalatlius capita/a, astroiles, thymifolia, ericaefolia, uniflora, araneosa, Indica, quin- 
 que/o/ia, and cal/osa 201. 2 to 414. 4; Crotalaria imbricata 388. 3, C laevigata 277. 2, Dolichos 
 scarabaeoides 52. 3, Orobus Pyrenaicus 210. 2, Lathvrus clvmeiium 114. 6, f 7tv'i? sylvatica Ji.\, V, cas- 
 suhica 72. 2, f. peregrina 233. 6, Cytisus foliolosus 277. 6, Hcdvsariim spinosissimum 50. 2, Desmo- 
 dium viridiflorum 308. 5, £>. paniculatum 432. 6, I.cspedeca capita/a 433. 3, Zornia Zeylouensis 102. 
 I, Z. pulchella 433. 7, Indigofcra psoraleoides 320. 3, /. cytisoides 1S5. 3 ; Tephrosia villosa, colulca, 
 and argentea 52. I to 166. 3 ; Trifolium glomeratum 1 13. 5, Lotus Creiicus 43. 1. Hypericum ericoides 
 93. 5, //". simplex amalth. 421. 3 (Nutt.), Ethulia divaricata 21. 9, Ageratum eiliarc 81. 4, Pteronia 
 camphorata 345. 5, Artemisia Chiue/isis 353. 5 ; Gnapha/ium cephalotes, aivcrgens, teretifolium, cvtin- 
 dricum, felinum, cvmosum, odoratissimnm, squamosum, nodijlorum, and Indicum 173. 6 to 410. 2 ; 
 Couyza bifoliata 177. 1, Tussilago Japonica 390. 6, Scnecio grandiflorus 422. 5, .5". uniflorus 39. 7, 
 Aster tenelhis, Solidago odora 116. 6, 6". bicolor 114. 8, Inula squarrosa 16. I, /. aioma'ica 326. I, 
 Arnica crocea 343. 7, Leysera callicornia 350. I, Chrysanthemum procu/nbens 430. 3, C. frutescens 
 272. 6, Cotula anthemoides 274. 6, C. tanaeetifolia 430. 7, Anthemis cota 17. 5, Phaelhusa Ameiicana 
 342. 6, Buplithalmum durum 21. 3, Heliantlins gigan/cus 159. 5, Pua'beckia triloba 22. 2, Coreopsis 
 tcnuifolia 344. 3, Gorteria personata 273. 6, Rcnkheya iucana 273. 5. i?. ciliaris 354. 3, Arctotis para- 
 doxa 312. 5, A. pilifera 276. 2, Osteospe/ mum po/yga/oides 3S2. 2, Sphacranthus .Ifricauus 10S. 7, 
 Arethusa bulbosa 348. 6, Pogonia parviflora 348. r, /'. vcrtieillata 34S. 3, />. ophioolossoides 93. 2, 
 Malaxis paludosa 247. 2, Corallorhiza odontorrhiza 2ir. 1. 2, Podosiemon ccratophyllum 13S. I, Crt/ri' 
 folliculata 419. 1, Tragia urens 107. 6, Ambrosia paniculata 10. 5, Ostiva liigiiaca 156. i, Arum 
 dracontmm 271. 2, Belis jaciilifolia 351. 1, Croton tidocfolium 220. 5, t". spiuosum 108. 3, Sapium aucu- 
 pariu/u 229. 8, Phyl/authus dumosus 183. 4, P. falcatus 247. 4, Bradleia Siniia 368. I, Anthospermum 
 Acthiopicum 183. I, ^4. ciliare 344. 7, Montiuia acris 333. 3, Myrica Aethiopica 4S. S, .17. serrata 
 424. 3 ; Xanthoxylon clava-Herculis 239. 4, A', Juo/and/folium, rhoifolium. and aromaticum 239. 4 to 
 392. 2 ; Maigaritaria nobilis 176. 4, Meuitpcrmum Caiiadeuse 3<k _;, Cot cuius P/ukeueti 345. 2 ; C7z/- 
 /<Wm nisei/alia, strobilifera, and trifoliata 275. 2 to 319. 4; Jiiuiperus Barbadensis 197. 4, />/ A <d 
 microphylla I. 6, /. marginata 141. 2, 7. nodosa 211. 5, Acacia cineraria 2. I, .-/. reticulata 123. 2, 
 ,4. tamariscina 329 3 ; Acrostichum sorbifolium, bifurcalum, alcicorue, and ve/leum 281. 4 to 429. 2 ; 
 Polypodium hexagonoptertim 284. 2, />. scolopendroides, reptans, diss i mile, pit ym at 'odes, griseum, 
 arvonicutn, sanctum, effusum, and speluncae 89- 5 to 404. 1.5; Aspidium trifoliatum, unitum, cori- 
 andrifolium, cicutarium, monlauum, lobatum, and falcatum 89. 3 to 405. I; Asplcnium furcatum 
 123. 6; /7«m arguta, biaurita, and pedata 286. 5 to 407. 2; Blechnum AustraleSy. 7, Adiantiim 
 reniforme, pumilum, denticulatum, radiatum, Aethiopicum, ten rum, and pollens 124. 2 to 403. 2; 
 Davallia tcnuifolia 4. I, Dicksonia apiifolia 282. 1, HymeuophvUum Puubri^ense 3. 5, Schizoc^ pec- 
 tiuata 95. 7, Osmimda spectabilis 181. 4, Botrycliium dissectum 427. 5, T^tf Africana 427. 5, Mohria 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IOOI 
 
 I urifraga 350. 10; Lycopodium curvatum, cernuum, bryopteris, and canaliatlatum 47 910453. 8 
 triocauhn decangulare amalth. pi. 409. f. 5, Ribes oxyacanthoides amalth. 212. - He died " in 1706 " 
 
 _ t-hkoltzia cristata of the mountains of Siberia and Central Asia as far as Hindustan and Lake 
 h P 11 A .^ bla ' e P lant described by Plukenet amalth. 430. I *-(Spreng.); termed "mentha patrina" 
 Dy rallas (bteud.), and apparently from the commencement of the present cenrurv occurring in Rus- 
 sia, mentioned by Hoeft as " spontaneous," by Ledebour as " subspontaneous " '(A. Dec.) : of late 
 years has extended itself into cultivated land in Germany (Koch) and Sweden (Fries), was already 
 ™ lled „!" Germany "in 1830" (Reich.), and about 1823-8 escaped from gardens in Sweden 
 (Walil.) ; ' in 1850," had extended itself around Angers (Leroy). From "English seeds" was intro- 
 duced into the environs of Bombay (Gibs., and Graham). 
 
 Carex pilulifera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Plukenet amalth. 
 9t- 8— - (Spreng.), termed " cyperoides alpinum saxatile capillaceo folio caule rotundo triquetro spica 
 seminah mgncante plerumque unica"by Micheli pi. 32 (Linn.), and known to grow from Sweden 
 throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pi. 1048, En s I. bot. pi. 885, and Pers.) : observed by Linnaeus as 
 far as Upsal ; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople. 
 
 " In 1705-6 " (Pers., and Spreng.), Tournefort in Mem. acad. par. distinguishing by well-defined 
 characters several genera of plants, including Diervilla. — He died "Dec. 28th, 1708" (Fonten.). 
 
 "1706 A. D." (Humphreys, and Holmes), in South Carolina, an Act of assembly, establishing 
 religious worship according to the Church of England. The province was divided into ten parishes, 
 in each of which a church was built ; and the clergymen were all supplied by the British Society for 
 propagating the Gospel. 
 
 "July 22d" (Blair), signing of the Union between England and Scotland. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), C. Commelyn publishing his Hort. rar. Amst., enumerating! Chironia 
 baccifera rar. 9, C. frutescens 8, Mahemia pinna ta 7, Crinum erubescens 15 ; Aloe echinata, and 
 ■variegata, Apicra albicans 46-8 ; Zygaphyllum scssilifolium 10, Cotyledon spuria 10, Spielmannia 
 Africana 6. Melianthus comosus 6, Cacalia ficoides 40, Athanasia dentata 41, Senecio ilicifolius 42, 
 Centaurea glastifolia 39; Arctotis acarelis, and calendulacea 35-6, and Momor'dica operculata 22. — 
 Completed "in 1715 ; " he died "in 1731." 
 
 Lamium multifidum of the Uralian plains. From transported specimens described by C. Com- 
 melyn rar. pi. 26 — (Pers.) : observed by Pallas trav. i. 257 wild on the Lower Volga. 
 
 " 1707 A. D." (Marcel p. 221), in Egypt, a change in internal affairs : the authority of the pasha 
 from Constantinople becoming chiefly nominal, giving place to that of the schekh-el-beled, Ismael- 
 Bey. — Who from this time really conducted the administration ; and transmitted the charge to his 
 successors in the office. 
 
 " The same year " (Maunder), death of Aurungzebe. War ensued, for the succession, between 
 his sons ; and Mausum gaining the ascendancy, became emperor of Northern Hindustan under the 
 name of Bahader Shah. 
 
 " 1708, Aug. 29th, about break of day" (Charlev., Hutch., and Holmes), Haverhill on the Merri- 
 mack river surprised by "about two hundred" aboriginals under French officers. The town was 
 plundered and several of the houses burned ; the clergyman, " captain of the town," and "thirty or 
 forty other persons were killed ; and many " were taken prisoners. 
 
 " The same year" (Steinschneid. iii. 30), the peculiar disease of the hair termed "plica Polon- 
 ica," described by Tobias Cohen. 
 
 * Hyptis sicaveolens of Tropical America. Known to grow wild there (Pers., and A. Dec). 
 Transported to Europe is described by Plukenet amalth. 306. 3 — (Spreng.), Aiton, and L'Heritier: by 
 European colonists also, was carried across the Pacific to the Philippines, Moluccas, Hindustan 
 (Benth.), and Java (Zoll.). 
 
 Utricularia minor of Northern Europe and America. Described by Plukenet amalth. pi. 99. 
 f. 9 — (Spreng.) ; observed by Hayne pi. 6 in Germany (Pers.), by Decandolle in France, and known 
 to grow from Sweden to Ireland and Switzerland (Wats., and A. Dec). Westward, growing according 
 to Pursh in New Jersey; and according to A. Gray, from Watertown in " N. New York to Wiscon- 
 sin, and northward." 
 
 \ Quamoclit coccinea of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of North America. A 
 scarlet-flowered Convolvulaceous twiner, transported to Europe, described by C. Commelyn rar. pi. 
 II, — Lfnnaeus, and Jacquin rar. pi. 35: by European colonists also, carried to Java and Bombay 
 (Choisy, and A. Dec.) ; observed at Bombay by Graham "in gardens pretty common," by Roxburgh, 
 in Eastern Hindustan. Westward, is known to grow in the West Indies (Pers.) ; was observed by 
 Nuttall on the Arkansas ; according to A. Gray, is naturalized on "river-banks, etc., Ohio, Virginia, 
 and southward ; " and according to Chapman, occurs in " cultivated ground, in the middle and upper 
 districts" (of Georgia and Carolina), the flowers "sometimes yellowish." 
 
 126 
 
1002 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth., and Winckler), Scheuchzer publishing his Prodrom. agrosto- 
 graph. Helvet.* 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), arrival in Southern Arabia of -Mervellius and Lalande. — They 
 remained until " 1713." 
 
 " 1709, July 24th " (Forster voy. 44.4, and Holmes), arrival in California of Captain Trondad, a 
 Frenchman, in the first ship that crossed the Pacific in a high Northern latitude. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), after visiting the East "in 1700" and the West Indies "in 1703," 
 Feuille'e from Brazil sailing around Cape Horn to Chili and Lima, meeting with Dry mis Winteri i. pi. 
 6. f. 1, Fuchsia macrostema iii. pi. 47, Gratiola Peruviana ii. 17, Sarmienta repens ii. 34, Calceola- 
 ria piunata ii. 7, C. salicifolia ii. 7. 1, Acacrni argentea ii 41. I, Gncvina avellana iii. 34, Buddleia 
 globosa iii. 38, Cynoglossum Limense iii. 49, Lobelia tupa iii. 29, A'icoliana patiiculata iii. 10, Solatium 
 chcnopodioides iii. 24, *S\ quercifolium iii. 15, S. muricatum iii. 26, Ly coper sicu in Peruvianutu i. 25. t, 
 IVitlieriiigia montana i. 46, Anagallis alternifolia i. 26. 3, Viola capillaris iii. 28. Nertera depressa 
 i. 44, Cestrum auriculatnm i. 20. 2, Hydrocotyle citriodora i. 1. 2, Oenothera tenuifolia i. 33. 2, Conan- 
 thera bifolia i. 3. 1, Herreria slellata iii. 7, Phalangium coeruleum iii. S, P. eccremorrhizum i. 21. 1, 
 Amaryllis tubiflora i. 20. 1, A. Chilcnsis i. 21. 3, A . flammea i. 20. 3, A. bicolor i. 21. 2, Alstroemeria 
 pelegrina iii. 5, A. salsilla iii. 6, Pitcairnia coarttata i. 39. 2, Tropaeolum peregrinum iii. 42, Clilora 
 sesiilis iii. 14. 2, Cassia slipulacea i. 42, Jussieua Peruviana iii 9, Ox-alts rosea iii. 23, 0. conorhiza 
 iii. 24, 0. megalorliiza iii. 25, Euphorbia laiirifolia iii. 2, E. portulaccoides iii. 3, Salpi^lossis sinuata 
 iii. 21, Eugenia buxifolia i. 31. 2, Dracocephalum chatnaedryoides i. 1, Bignonia radiata iii. 22, Loasa 
 acantliifolia iii. 43, Xuaresia biflora iii. 48, Verbena chamaedrifolia i. 25. 3, Cristaria betonicaefolia 
 i. 27. I, Ferraria ixioides i. 4. I, Passiftora liliaefolia iii. 12, z . punctata iii. II, Polygala thesioides 
 iii. 13, Psoralea glanditlosa i. 3. 2, Cephalopliora glauca i. 45. 2, Flaveria eupa/orioides iii. 14. 2, v5«c- 
 charis ivaefolia iii. 37, Xcottia diuretica iii. 17, Cymbidium virescens iii. 19, C. luteum iii. 20, /»4>yj 
 ingoidcs i. 19, and Asolla Magellanica i. 35 f — He returned to Marseilles "in 171 1," published his 
 Obs. cotes or. Am. Merid. "in 1714-25," visiting the Canary Islands "in 1724," and died "in 1732." 
 
 * Agrostis alpina of Subarctic climates and mountain-summits farther South. A grass 
 described by Scheuchzer prodr. pi. 4, — and Leysser 34, and known to grow on the mountains of 
 Saxony and Switzerland (Pers.) : observed by Uecandolle on the Swiss Alps; by Allioni 2161 on 
 rocks in Piedmont and termed "a. rupestris " (Steud.). Westward, was received by Collins from 
 Labrador ; observed by myself on the summits of the White mountains of New England ; grows 
 on "mountain-tops, Maine to New York" (A. Gray), and on "high mountains of North Carolina" 
 (Chapm.). 
 
 f Galinsoga parviflora of the Andes from Mexico to Chili. Described by Feuille'e iii. pi. 32 — 
 (Spreng.); noted in Peru for its vulnerary and antiscorbutic properties; observed there by Ruiz and 
 Pavon (Pers.) ; known to grow also in Chili, New Granada, and Mexico (A. Dec). As transported 
 to Europe, described by Cavanilles iii. pi. 2S2 ; cultivated in a garden in Germany in " 1800" (Roth 
 catal.), had escaped from cultivation near Mernel and Osterode in " 1807," spreading into Courland 
 and Lithuania and various parts of Germany as far as the Rhine (Reichenb., and Doll): also by Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it made its appearance in " waste places, 
 Cambridge, Mass., New York, and Phil ulelphia " (A. Gray) prior at least to 1S59. 
 
 Madia sativa of California? An herb called by the Chilians " madi," and oil procured from its 
 seeds (Molin.): observed by Feuillee in Chili ; — by Molina, two species, one of them cultivated and 
 the other wild; by myself, two varieties or possibly species frequent and seemingly wild in the envi- 
 rons of Valparaiso and Santiago. 
 
 Madia mellosa of . . . —A third species, its leaves viscous and amplexicaul, observed by 
 Molina in Chili. 
 
 Mimulus luteus of Northwest America. Observed by Feuille'e ii. pi. 34 in Peru — (Pers.): 
 known to occur throughout Chili (Benth ), and observed by myself on the river-bank of the Maipu 
 above Santiago. In the Northern Hemisphere, was received by Pallas from Northwest America; 
 was observed by Chamisso on Unalascha ; and by Lewis and Clarke, on the North branch of the 
 Columbia (Pursh). Transported to our Atlantic States, was cultivated as a garden-flower; and in 
 18 12 was carried to Europe, where it has become naturalized in various localities from Britain to 
 middle Europe (Newman, Godron, and A. Dec ). 
 
 Nicandraphysalodes of Peru. An annual, two to three feet high with solitary pale blue flowers, 
 observed by Feuille'e iii. pi. 16 in Peru — (Spreng.); by Ruiz and Pavon ii. pi. 1S6, in waste places 
 and cultivated ground around Lima (Pers.); by Jacquin obs. iv. pi. 98, in the West Indies ; by Chap- 
 man, in "waste and cultivated ground, introduced " in our Southern States; by myself as far as 43 in 
 New England, a weed possibly brought by the natives. Transported to Europe, is described by 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1003 
 
 Brugmansia Candida of Peru. A shrub with large white trumpet-shaped odorous flowers, 
 called "floripondio" in Chili, and observed there by Feuille'e iii. pi. 46, — and Molina; in Peru, by Ruiz 
 and Pavon ii. pi. 128; and farther North, by Humboldt and Bonpland. As transported to Europe, 
 described by Linnaaus, and Persoon : and farther East, enumerated by Graham as introduced in 1837 
 by the way of Egypt into Hindustan. By European colonists also, carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues frequent in greenhouses. 
 
 " 1710, Oct. 2d " (Hutch, ii. 180, and Holmes), Port Royal in Nova Scotia captured by an Eng- 
 lish fleet, in part fitted out from New England; and the name changed to Annapolis. 
 
 In this year (app. Sibth., and Spreng.), Cupani writing his Panphyton Sicul., enumerating Cala- 
 magrostis Plinii pi. 8, Linaria pilom 24, Ophrys ciliata 28, Orchis omithis 29, O. lactea 35, Gna- 
 phalium nodiflorum 36, Raphanus cheiranthifolius 71, Tolpis quadriaristata 118, Crepis Taurinensis 
 120, C. leontodontoides 121, Hypochaeris Sicula 122, Lapsana virgata 127, Hieracium bracti olatum 
 137, H. crinitum 144, and Silent Sicula 144. — He died "in 171 1," his work was published "in 1713," 
 and a Second edition by Bonanni " in 1719." 
 
 Orchis ensifolia of the Mediterranean countries. Observed by Cupani panph. pi. 29 in Sicily 
 — (Spreng.), by Villars in Dauphiny, — by Lamarck fl. fr. also in France and termed " o. laxiflora ; " 
 by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Ophrys speculum of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Cupani panph. pi. 28 — 
 (Spreng.), and Link ; observed by Bivona i. 60 in Sicily and termed "o. ciliata; " by Gittard, in the 
 Peloponnesus (Chaub.). 
 
 Ophrys picta of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Cupani panph. pi. 37 — (Spreng.), 
 and Link; known to grow in Portugal (Pers.) ; observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus; by Steven, 
 and Bieberstein, as far as the Caspian. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Herm. Boerhaave publishing his first Index Hort. Lugd., enumerating* 
 Salvia pinnata i. p. 167, Fedia vesicaria i. 75, Coniuin Africanum i. 63, Statice Tatarica i. 76, Chry- 
 santhemum Orientate i. no, and Senecio dentatus i. 99. 
 
 "1711 A. D." (Winckl.). In or about this year Vaillant publishing descriptions of plants', 
 including Aster ?nacrophyllus act. 583, "aster canadensis humilior salicis minoris folio " act. 584 A. 
 tardiflorus ? 
 
 " 1712, A. D." (Hewet, and Holmes), in Northern Carolina, conspiracy of the Tuscaroras and 
 other aboriginal tribes for exterminating the White settlers. Of these, "one hundred and thirty- 
 seven " were surprised and killed about Roanoke ; but some escaping, the news spread, a force was 
 raised and the Tuscaroras were totally defeated. The remnant of the tribe abandoned the country, 
 and proceeding North to the " Five nations," was received by them as a Sixth confederate tribe. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Catesby visiting Virginia, meeting with " q. humilis salicis folio bre^ 
 viore" (Q.cinsrea), "q. Marilandica " i. 19 (black-jack oak Q. nigra), " q. folio non serrato " i. 20 (Q. 
 aquatica), "q. esculi divisura" i. 23 (Q. Catesbaei, Brendel in Am. Nat. for 1870); Dodecatheon Mea- 
 dia app. 1, Nyssa dcnticulata i. 60, Gleditschia monospcrma i. 43, Liliuin Catesbaei ii. 58, Trillitim 
 cernuum i. 45, Acer dasycarpum i. 62, Rhododendron maximum app. 17. f 2, Andromeda arborea i. 
 71, A. Catesbaei ii. 43, Halesia tetraptera i. 64, Philadelphus inodorus ii 84, Calycanthus Jloridus i. 
 46, Magnolia tripetala ii. 61, M. acuminata app. 15, Fothergilla alnifolia i. 66, Orobanche Americana 
 i. 36, Stewartia malachodendro7t app. 13, Robinia hispida app. 20, Pogonia divaricata i. 58, Smilax 
 laicrifolia i. 15, 6". tamnoides i. 52, "smilax non spinosa baccis rubris " ii. pi. 84, -S\ lanceolata, Coccu- 
 lus Carolinus i. 51, Lilium Pennsylvanicum iii. pi. 8, Tetranthera geniculates, ii. 28, Xanthoxylum 
 Carolinianum i. pi. 26 (Linn. sp. pi.). 
 
 At this time (Charlev. ii. 427, and Holmes), the whole province of Louisiana containing "but 
 twenty-eight French families ; " one half of the population being either traders or workmen. 
 
 " The same year " (=r " 1707 -\- 5 years " of Maunder), end of the reign of Bahader Shah. 
 " About this time " (Maunder), a firman or grant obtained by the British East India Company ; 
 exempting their goods of export and import from duties. 
 
 " 1712 to 1713 A. D." (Spreng.), Frezier visiting the Straits of Magellan, Chili, and Lima. — He 
 published his Relat. in " 1717," and died in " 1773." 
 
 Adanson, and Gasrtner ii. pi. 131 ; has been found spreading spontaneously in Germany (Burkh., and 
 A. Dec), in Lithuania, and around Caucasus (Ledeb.); also in Western Hindustan, around Dapooree 
 (Lush, and Graham); and on Ceylon, where it has been introduced since 1823 (Gardner). 
 
 * Euxolus lividus of Tropical and Subtropical America. Transported to Europe is described 
 by Boerhaave lugd. i. p. 97 — (Linn. sp. pi.). Westward, was observed by Clayton in Virginia (Gron. 
 116); by Chapman, from " South Florida to South Carolina ; " and known to grow abundantly around 
 Bahia (Moq.). Probably by European colonists carried to China, observed by Hinds at Hong-kong, 
 by Roxburgh :d edit iii. 605 under cultivation in Bengal (A. Dec). 
 
1004 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " 1713, March 30th " (Blair, Anders, iii. 50, and Holmes), signing of the treaty of Utrecht : France 
 ceding to Britain the island of St Christopher, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Bay and Straits 
 of Hudson. On the news reaching New England, the aboriginals on the Eastern frontier sued for and 
 obtained peace. The French perceiving that the island of Cape Breton was not expressly mentioned, 
 formed a settlement there in " August," and claimed to be its first inhabitants. 
 
 "The same year" (Krashenin. hist., and Bickmore), Kunashir, the twentieth Kurile island from 
 the continent, reached by a Cossack. 
 
 " In this year " (Pall. trav. ii. 524), by the Swedish officials in Tobolsk, a school established and 
 instruction given in Latin, French, German, geometry, geography, and drawing. — Its reputation soon 
 became widely extended, but in consequence of the Treaty of Neustadt the strangers withdrew. 
 
 " 1714, Aug. 1st" (Nicol ), Anne succeeded by George, now king of United Britain. 
 
 "The same year" (Keith 173, univ. hist. xli. 549, and Holmes), the Alleghany mountains crossed 
 by Alexander Spotswood, lieutenant governor of Virginia. The country beyond as far as the Missis- 
 sippi, though traversed by the French, having been concealed from the knowledge of the English. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), De la Loubere publishing his Descript. Siam. 
 
 " 1715, March 6th " (Salmon chron. hist., and Holmes), the aurora borealis first seen in England, 
 from " evening to near 3 o'clock in the morning, to the great consternation of the people." 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Louis XIV. succeeded by Louis XV., as king of France. 
 
 "The same year" (Hewet i. 22S, and Holmes), in Southern Carolina, general conspiracy among 
 the Yamassees and other aboriginal tribes for exterminating the White settlers. Of these, "ninety" 
 were surprised and slain in and around Pocotaligo ; war followed in all directions ; but the Yamassees 
 were finally defeated, and the remnant of the tribe found refuge in the Spanish territory of Florida. 
 
 A Catalogue of the Beaufort garden, in the handwriting of Sloane, contains Mesembryauthemum 
 albidum, scalpi a/itm, pugioiiiformc, nociiflonim, spinosum, muricatum. atiuau/orme, tuberosum, pcr- 
 foliatum, inicans, and hispidnm. — Sloane died "in 1753" (Spreng. gesch. ii. 83-115). 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spren.u.), Garidel publishing his Plantes dAix, enumerating 
 Euphrasia viscosa pi. 80, and Iberis linifolia 105. — He died in " 1737." 
 
 "1716 A. D." (Salmon chron. hist., and Holmes), sailing of two French ships from the river 
 Mississippi ; being the first that carried away merchandize from the colony in Louisiana. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. fl. suec), Linder publishing his Flora Wiksbergensis. — He died "in 1724" 
 (Spreng.). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Anton. Danty d'Isnard publishing his memoir on Celastrus scandens : 
 — "in 1717," on Lamium orvala, and L. Gar^aiiicum : "in T 7 r 9, '' on Ccntaurca Isnardi, and 
 C. Lippii : "in 1720," on Euphorbia cereiformis, and E. anacantha : and "in 1724," on Sisymbrium 
 supinum. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Bradley publishing his Plant. Succul, enumerating Crassula tctragona 
 v. pi. ii, Cereus hcxagonus i. I ; Mesembryanthemuvi cauinum, toi tuosum, calami forme, pugioniforme, 
 dolabriforme, tenuifolium, splendens, micans, sfiitcsitm, ciassifolium, glaucum, uucinatum, albidum, 
 perfoliatum, and fakatum. — Th.e publication was completed in " 1727," and he died in " 1732." 
 
 At this time (Spreng.), Maria S. Merian writing her Insects of Surinam, describing among plants 
 Cos/us Merianm pi. 36, Cassia bicapsularis 58, Mullcra moniliformis 35, and Gcnipa Merianm 43. — • 
 She died in " 1717," and her work was published in " 1726." 
 
 "1717 A. D." (Charlev., Du Pratz, and Holmes), on the Lower Mississippi, founding of the city 
 of New Orleans. The commerce of Massachusetts, of Boston and Salem, at this time employing 
 "four hundred and ninety- two ships," measuring "twenty-five thousand four hundred and six tons," 
 and manned by "three thousand four hundred and ninety-three" seamen (Hutch, ii. m). 
 
 'The same year" (Pauth. 447), the emperor Khang-hi warned by a travelled mandarin against 
 the enterprising character of Europeans, their formidable ships armed with cannon, and especially 
 against the Dutch. 
 
 In this year (Spreng.), Petiver continuing his descriptions of plants, including Chionanthus Vir- 
 ginia hort. sice. 241, lsolepis supina phil. trans. 282. 1253, /. Antarctica p. t. 282. 1261, Cyperus 
 exaltatus mus. 539, Galium saxatile herb. 30. 6, Chenopodium pi ci folium herb. 8. 3, Atrip/ex littoralis 
 herb. 7. 4, Erica glutinosa mus. 161, Sibthorpia Europaa herb. 6. 1 1, A raids hispiaa herb. 50. 3, Soli- 
 dago Cambrica herb. 16. 11, "clitorius marianus trifolius subtus glaucus " Clitoria Mariana sice. v. 
 243 (Pers.), Stylosanthes elatior sice. 84, " gramen pratense majus virginianum " Tricuspis scslcrioides 
 mus. 239, "phaseolus marianus scandens floribus comosis " mus. 453 Galaclia comosa ("Glycine" of 
 Linn., and " Galactia mollis" of Mx.), Helianthus au^ustifolius mus. 103. — He died "in 1718," and 
 a collected edition of his works was published "in 1764." 
 
 " In this and the following year " (Spreng.), Schober following the banks of the Volga and shore 
 of the Caspian as far as Hyrcani.i or Northwestern Persia. 
 
 "1718 A. D." (univ. hist. xli. 336, and Holmes), New Providence, one of the Bahama Islands, 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1005 
 
 having become the resort of pirates, seized by an English fleet under Woods Rogers ; and comparative 
 security extended to the commerce of the West Indies. — In the following year, an attack by a Spanish 
 fleet from Havanna, was repelled (Hewet i. 243, and Ramsay i. 5.). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckler), Henr. Bern. Ruppius publishing his Flor. Jenensis, 
 enumerating Senecio sylvaticus. — He died " in 1719." 
 
 Charophyllum aureum of the mountains of middle Europe. Observed by Ruppius iii. pi. 5 in the 
 environs of Jena, — and known to grow from Switzerland nearly as far as Belgium (Jacq. austr. pi. 64, 
 Pers., and A. Dec). In Britain, escaped from cultivation was found "in 1809 or a little earlier" 
 between Arbroath and Montrose, and near Edinburgh (Engl. bot. pi. 2103), is mentioned by Hooker 
 " in 1821 " as still existing in Scotland, but has since disappeared. 
 
 " 1719 A. D." (Smith 191, and Holmes), a Presbyterian church first founded in New York. 
 
 "Dec. 17th" (Trumbull, coll. hist. ii. 14, and Holmes), the aurora borealis first seen in New 
 England ; beginning "about 8 o'clock in the evening," and filling (he country with alarm. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Scheuchzer publishing his Agrostographia, enumerating 
 Scirpus campestris pi. 7. f. 19, .5". baeothryon 7. 21, Eriophorum Scheuchzeri app. pi. 7, Holcus mollis 
 
 4. 25, Festuca rubra 6. 9, F. pratensis 4. 6, Bromus Ligusticus 6. 13, B. squarrosus 5. 11, B. gigantens 
 
 5. 17, Avena versicolor app. 3. 3, Calamagrostis speciosa 3. 11, Elymus Europaeus 1. 1, Luzula spa- 
 dicea 6. 3, Carex Davalliana 11. 9. 10, C.foetida app. 4. 3, C. curvula 11. 7, C. lobata 11. 8, C. alba 
 10. 4. 5, C. clandeslina 10. 1, C. collina 10. 8. 9, C. brachystachys 10. 7, C. limosa 10. 15, C.filiformis 
 10. 11, and Restio triticeus 7. 15. 16. — He died "in 1737." 
 
 Eragrostis pilosa of Central Asia. An annual grass described by Scheuchzer agrost. pi. 4 — 
 (Spreng.), Linnaeus, Dubois, Pallas, Suter, Villars, and Beauvois (Steud.) ; known to occur in Italy 
 and Carniolia (Pers.), also in Tauria and Siberia (Kunth) ; and observed by Delile growing spon- 
 taneously near Cairo. By European colonists carried to Northeast America, was observed by Torrey 
 as far North as 41 ; by myself, near Philadelphia; by Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 
 and received from Illinois ; and according to A. Gray, is "naturalized" in "sandy or gravelly waste 
 places, S. New England to Illinois, and southward." 
 
 Elymus crinitus of the Mediterranean countries. An annual grass described by Scheuchzer 
 agrost. 20, — Schreber ii. pi. 24, and Pallas: observed by Buxbaum cent. i. pi. 52, and Sibthorp, 
 around Smyrna ; by Forskal, near Constantinople ; by D'Urville, on the island of Milo ; and is termed 
 "hordeum crinitum " by Desfontaines (Steud.). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Jos. Monti publishing his Prodr. stirp. bonon., enumerating Cyperus 
 Monti. 
 
 In this year (= seven years after his arrival in Virginia, Spreng.), Catesby visiting Carolina, 
 Florida, and the Bahama Islands, meeting with Fraxinus Caroliniana i. 80, Catesbaea spinosa ii. 100, 
 Ipomoea Carolina ii. 19, Gardenia clusiaefolia i. 59, Vitica lutea ii. 53, Rhus elegans app. 4, Amyris 
 elemifera ii. 33,* Silene Catesbaei ii. 43, Magnolia grandiflora ii. 80, Anona glabra ii. 64, Crescenlia 
 jasminoides i. 59, Tetania pentaphylla i. 3, Jacaranda Caroliniana i. 42, Erythrina herbacea ii. 49, 
 Epidendrum nocturnum ii. 68, Phoradendron rubrum ii. 81, Smilax aristolocliiaefolia i. 47, Acacia 
 glauca ii. 42, Convolvulus sagitlifolius i. 35, Lawns (Persea) Catesbyana ii. 28, Symplocos tinctoria i. 
 p. 54. And as appears from his herbarium, Clematis Catesbyana, C. ovata, Seymeria cassioides, S. pecti- 
 nata, Ambrosia Jiispida, Lysimachia lanceolata. — He returned to Europe "in 1722-6," published his 
 Nat. hist. Car. "in 1731-43," and died "in 1749." 
 
 "1720 A. D.'' (Hewet i. 290, and Holmes), through the action of the people of Carolina, (he 
 charter of the proprietary government annulled: leaving themselves under the immediate protection 
 of the British crown. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), Messerschmid on his way to Tobolsk. f 
 
 * Amyris toxifera of Florida and the West Indies. A shrub or small tree called in South Florida 
 torch-wood (Chapm.) : described by Catesby i. pi. 40 — (Pers.) ; observed by N. A. Ware in Florida ; 
 and known to grow in the West Indies (Dec). Transported to Europe, is termed " toxicodendrum 
 pinnatum " by Miller (Steud.). 
 
 f Astragalus melilotoides of the Mongolian plains. Observed by Messerschmid — (Amm. 119 
 n. 157), and Gmelin iv. 38 u. 51, in Siberia ; by Pallas iv. 370 to 713, on the Upper Selenga. 
 
 Trifolium hedysaroides of the Mongolian plains. Suffruticose, observed by Messerschmid 1724 
 (Amm. 154), and Gmelin fl. 31 n. 39, in Siberia; by Pallas iv. 379 to 715, on the Upper Selenga. 
 
 Campanula verticillata of Daouria. Observed by Messerschmid — (Amm. 18), and Sokolof, in 
 Daouria (Pall. trav. iv. 610 to 690). 
 
 Poteutilla geoides of Siberia. Observed by Messerschmid hodeget., — and Pallas iv. 698, in 
 Siberia. 
 
IO o6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 According to a Japanese account written in this year (Klapr. addit. to San-kokf p. 197), people of 
 the two Aino villages of Kousouri and Atskesi on the East side of Yeso voyaging once a year to the 
 island of Rakko sima to procure "rakko " or sea-otter; and the natives being much dreaded, only the 
 strongest and boldest men are selected for the expedition : the distance is unknown, but a person who 
 resided "three" years there, represents Rakko sima (Aleutian Islands ?) as very remote : no native 
 has ever visited Yeso, nor has a Japanese ever visited Rakko sima. 
 
 In this year (Spreng.), Vaillant writing his Bot. Paris, enumerating* Eriophorum gracile pi. 
 17. 2, Aim aquatica 17. 7, Ac^ihps triuiuialis 17. 1, Exaaau pusillum 6. 2, Alsine segetalis 3. 3, 
 Juncus tcnagcia 20. 1, Elatine triandra 2. 1, Silene Gallica 16. 12, Aspidittm rcgium 9. 1, Riccia 
 glauca 19. 1', and R.fluitans 19. 3. — He died "in 1721," and the work with plates by Aubriet was 
 published "in 1727." 
 
 Tillasa 1'aiilantii of the Mediterranean countries. A diminutive annual observed by Vaillant 
 pi 10 in the environs of Paris ; —by Brotero, in Portugal (Steud.) ; by Moris, on Sardinia ; by Gus- 
 sone, on Sicily and Lampeduza; and received by A. Richard from the margin of a mountain-pool near 
 Adowa in Abyssinia (A. Dec). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Herm. Boerhaave publishing his Second Index Hort. Lugd., enumer- 
 ating Aulax pinifolia ii. p. 123, Lcucadcndron argenteum ii. 195, L. Levisanus ii. 202, L. squarrosum 
 ii. 197 ; Protea eyuarmdcs, speciosa, Melaleuca, Icpidocarpon, longifolia, mellifera, scolymus, acaulis, 
 longiflora, and rcpcns ii. 183-99 > Lcucospcrmitm conocarpum ii. 196, L. hypophy Hum ii. 198, Mimetes 
 hirta ii 194, J/, citcullata ii. 206, M. Hartogii ii. 205, Gasteria carinata ii. 131, Apicra arachnoides 
 ii. 131, Bumelia Ivcioidcs ii. 263 (Linn. sp. pi.), "phaseolus americanus supra et infra terram fructus 
 gerens " ii. 28 Amphicarpaa monoica. — He died "in 1738." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), after his Compend. "in 171S," Pontedera publishing his Anthologia. — 
 He died "in 1758." 
 
 " 1721 A. D." (Pauth. 447), arrival at Pekin of another legate from the pope. He was received 
 by Khang-hi in a friendly manner, and assured that there was " union among the missionaries." But 
 a decree' was issued, Prohibiting Europeans, "since they could not understand the language," from 
 preaching their religion in China. 
 
 "The same year" (Hutch., coll. hist., and Holmes), the smallpox making havoc in Boston and 
 the neighbourhood, by advice from Rev. Cotton Mather, inoculation was introduced by Dr. Zabdiel 
 Boylston ; who had the courage to begin with his own family, and meeting with success, continued 
 the practice amid violent opposition. About "three hundred" persons were inoculated, but of these 
 "it is impossible to determine the number which died." 
 
 At this time (biogr. univers.), A. G. Barcia writing. — He brought his work down "to 1722." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), after residing for eighteen years as consul at Smyrna, William Sherard 
 returning to England. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Buxbaum publishing his Enum. plant. Hal. 
 
 Clienopodiiim urbicum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Buxbaum 
 enum. — (Spreng.) ; known to grow in waste places in France and middle Europe as far as Denmark 
 (flor. Dan. pi. 114S, Engl. bot. pi. 717, Lam. fl fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observe! by Sibthorp, 
 and Chaubard, in cultivated ground in Southern Greece and around Constantinople. By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it was observed by Muhlenberg (Moq.), and 
 according to A. Gray is "not rare eastward, naturalized." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Rzaczynski publishing his Hist. nat. Polon Lithuan. 
 
 " 1722, Dec. 20th" (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. 438), death of Khang-hi, "three hundred 
 and first emperor from the year 'kia-tse' of Hoang-ti " (according to his own reckoning in his will). 
 He was succeeded by his "fourth son" Young-tching, of the same Twenty-fourth dynasty. 
 
 * Erythraea raniosissima of Western Europe. Observed by Vaillant pi. 6 around Paris, — by 
 Schmidt i. n. 131 in Bohemia (Pers.), by Villars in Dauphiny, and by Pollini near Verona (Steud.) ; 
 termed " e. palustris " by Schrader, " gentiana palustris " by Lamarck, " chironia pulchella " by Smith 
 and Deslongchamps, and " hippocentaurea pulchella" by Schultes (Steud.). Westward, was observed 
 by Pursh on the seashore of New Jersey and termed " exacum pulchellum;" but is regarded by 
 A. Gray as "naturalized" only, occurring in "wet or shady places, Long Island to E. Virginia, 
 scarce." 
 
 Sagina Linntxi of Subarctic climates. Termed "alsine tenuifolia pedunc. fl. longiss." by Vail- 
 lant pan's. 8, — " spergula saginoides " by Linnaeus ; observed also by Sauvages montp. 142 in France ; 
 and known to grow from Spitzbergen and Lapland to the mountains of Switzerland (Wats.), also in 
 Siberia (Gmelin), and on Caucasus and the Altaian mountains (Ledeb.). Westward, was observed by 
 Hooker on Iceland, and received from Greenland ; by Parry, in Arctic America ; by Menzies, in North- 
 west America; by Chamisso, at Escholtz Bay as well as on Unalashka, and St. Paul's Island. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1007 
 
 In the " Ten precepts," attributed to the emperor Young-tching, gambling is forbidden ; and 
 homicide even in a duel, is regarded as deserving death. 
 
 "1723 A. D." (Colden's map, Smith, and Holmes), at Albany, the Nicariagas of Missilimakinak 
 by their own desire, formally received by the " Six nations " as a Seventh confederate tribe. 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Tilli publishing his Cat. hort. Pisan., enumerating 
 Luzula spicata 91, Knautia Propontica 48, Rumex Aegyptiaais 37. f. I, Medeola angustifolia 12. 2, 
 Eugenia uniflora 44, Antirrhinum cirrhosum 38. 2, P elargonium fulgidum 26, Malva Sherardiana 
 35. 2, Phaca G-erardi 14. 1, P. alpina 14. 2, Anthemis alpina 19. I, Centaurea cichoracea, 27, Zamia 
 pungens 45, Acacia pedunculata 1. 2, and Woodivardia radicans? 
 
 " 1724 A. D." (Charlev. ii. 376, and Holmes), hostilities on the Eastern frontier of New England ; 
 the Abenaquis being jealous of the extension of settlements, and favouring French interests through 
 the influence of the Jesuit missionary P. Ralle residing at Norridgwog. After the destruction of the 
 town of Berwick, an expedition was sent against Norridgwog, and during the capture Ralle and " about 
 eighty" natives were slain. He left a manuscript dictionary of the Norridgwog language of "above 
 five hundred " quarto pages, which was deposited in the library of Harvard college. 
 
 " The same year " (Adams, and Holmes), at Ephrata in Pennsylvania, the sect of Dunkers founded 
 by a German colonist. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Valentyn publishing his account of the East Indies. —The fifth and 
 last volume was issued " in 1726." 
 
 "1725, Jan. 21st" (Pall. trav. iv. 396), a severe earthquake experienced by Messerschmid at 
 Tchitinsk in Siberia, not far from the Selenga. — Returning, Messerschmid wrote the first history of 
 Siberia, died "in 1730," and the plants he collected were published by Io. Ammon. 
 
 "In this year" (Nicol.), Peter the Great succeeded by Catharine; now empress of Russia. 
 "June nth," George succeeded by George II., now king of United Britain. 
 
 "Aug. 20th, 12th of George I." (Hutch, ii. 3, Dougl. i. 380, Brit. emp. 352, and Holmes), date 
 of an explanatory charter, issued on the complaint of governor Shute of Massachusetts against Acts 
 of the Legislature ; relating especially to the " king's woods," the forts, and forces. — The additional 
 charter was accepted on the following " Jan. 15th " by the Massachusetts Legislature. 
 
 "In this year" (Stirling, and W. W. Hunter), Muhammad Taki appointed deputy-governor of 
 Orissa. — His oppressions induced the priests of Jagannath to flee across the Chilka Lake, taking the 
 image with them. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), after his Generat. fung. " in 1714," Ludw. Ferdin. Marsigli publishing 
 his Hist. phys. de la mer. — He died " in 1730." 
 
 Sterculia platanifoHa of the mountains of Yemen. A large tree called there " kulham " (Forsk.); 
 and from transported specimens termed "firmiana" by Marsili — (Pers.), "f. chinensis " by Medicus 
 and " hibiscus simplex " by Linnaeus (Steud.); was cultivated in England in 1757 (Ait.). Eastward, 
 was observed by Clot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt; and by Forskal p. 96, wild among the mountains 
 of Yemen. Is however by Medicus, and Persoon, attributed to China and Japan. 
 
 About this time (Spreng, and Winckl.), Buxbaum visiting Constantinople and Asia Minor as far 
 as Armenia and Iberia, meeting with Salicornia strobilacea cent. i. pi. 10. f. 2, Corispermum pungens 
 iii. "56, Veronica gentianoides i. 35, V. biloba i. 36, V. Orientalis i. 38, V. pectinata i. 39. 1, V. cymb'a- 
 laria i. 39. 2, V. Jiliformis i. 40. I, V. parvifolia i 41. 2, V. peduncularis i. 41. f. I, Ziziphora serpyl- 
 lacea iii. 51. 2, Valeriana alliariaefolia ii. 11, Cyperus hamulosus iv. 60. 1, Aegilops squarrosa i. 50. 
 1, Br07>tus alopecuroides v. 38. 1, B. biennis v. 40. 2, B. lanceolatus v. app. 19, B. confertus iv. 54. 1, 
 Polycnemum oppositifolium i. 31. 1, P. sclerospermum v. 58, P. malacophyllum i. 17. 2, Crucianella 
 mollu nnoides ii. 30. 1, Galium cucullaria i. 19. 2, Symphytum Orientate v. 68, Lycopsis obtusifotia 
 ii. 13. 2, Moltkia coerulea ii. 14, Campanula lamiifolia v. 18, Salsola glauca i. 13, S. rigids i. 14. 1, 
 6". crassa i. 14. 2, S. vermiculala iii. 11. 2, S. /olios a i. 19. 1, Kochia prostrata i. 15, K. hyssopifolia 
 i. 15, K. sedoides iii. 49, Statice acerosa ii. 10, Lintim luteolum v. 59, Evolvulus linifolius ii. 30. 3J 
 Allium Sibericum iv. 45, Asphodelus prolifer ii. 36. 2, Atraphaxis spinosa i. 30, Soph^ra alopecu- 
 roides iii. 46, Ruta villosa ii. 28. 1, Reaumuria hypericoides ii. 35, Saxifraga hederacea ii. 45. 2, 
 Sedum spuriwn v. 61. 2, Silene fimbriata iii. 57, Euphorbia tuberosa ii. 23, E. micrantha ii. 25, Ly- 
 thrum acuminatum i. 47. I, Potentilla pimpinelloides i. 48, Trollius patulus i. 22, Nepeta Mussini 
 iii. 50. I, Marrubiutn Astrakanicum iii. 50. 2, Dracocephalum Altaicum i. 7, Rhinanthus trifidus i. 
 8 Antirrhinum g/aucum iv. 37, Orobanche alba iii. 2, O. coerulea iii. 1. 2, Celsia betonicaefolia i. 21, 
 /satis Armeniaca i. 4, Clypeola lasiocarpa i. 2. 2, Pugionium cornutum i. 9. I, Lepidium vesicarium 
 i. 26 Thlaspi Buxbaumii i. 2. 1, Cheiranthus cuspidalus ii. 33. 1, Hesperis cretacea ii 32. 1, Arabis 
 aspera ii. 33. 2, Raphanus Tauricus iii. 73, Cleotne ornithopodioides i. 9. 2, Erodium oxyrhinchum ii. 
 48. I Polyxala supina iii. 70. 2, P. bracteolata iii. yi, Orobus hirsutus iii. 41, O. sessilifolius ii. 38, 
 Lathyrus incurviis ii. 44, Vicia Bithynica ii. 45. 2, Coronilla Cappadocica ii. 40. 2, Hedysar-um cir- 
 cinuatum ii. 42, Astragalus varius iii. 37, A. brachycarpus iii. 38. 1, A. galegiformis iii. 40, Oxytro- 
 
ioo 8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 pis lunati iii. 36. 2, Scorsam-ra graininifolia ii. 21, Lactuca sonchifolia v. app. 36, Chrysanthemum 
 camaim ii. 20, Achillea jilicifolui ii. 19, Ceutaurca nilens ii. 15. 1, C. bahamita pi. 16, Aristolochia 
 Pontica i. 45, Carer Bu'xb.nimii iv. 59, C. secalina i. 54, Smilax excelsa i. 27. 
 
 .•/ t/ra.utitis cmitarmpiicalus of the Uralian plains. Termed "a. repens sihquis undulatis " by 
 Buxbaum "cent. iii. pi. 30 ;— observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus and the plains of Asia Minor; by 
 Gmelin iv. pi. 28, and Pallas i. 224 to v. 325. on the Lower Volga. 
 
 Veronica Buxbaum ii of middle Asia. Termed " v. flosculis oblongis pediculis insidentibus cha- 
 msdryos folio major" by Buxbaum cent. i. pi. 40, — and has since extended itself in cultivated 
 ground into middle and Northern Europe ; was observed by Sibthorp pi. S in the environs of Constan- 
 tinople, by Chaubard in cultivated ground in the Peloponnesus; by Tenore, in Italy; by Martens and 
 Koch in Germany, by Lejeune in Belgium, by Fries in Denmark and the neighbouring portion of 
 Sweden, is known to occur in the Calvados, has become naturalized within the present century in the 
 environs of Geneva, and since "1829" has become known in Britain (A. Dec) By European 
 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed in Milton near Boston (D. Murray), and in 
 " waste grounds, Philadelphia, rare" (A. Gray). 
 
 Corispcrmum hvssopi folium of the Uralian plains. An annual observed by Buxbaum cent. id. 
 pi. 55 _ (Pers.): by Sibthorp, along the Black Sea in the maritime sands of Thrace; by Pallas trav. 
 i. 53, along the Volga. And perhaps the same species by Lewis and Clark, Nuttall, and E. James 
 along the Missouri as far as the Platte, and by Nuttall along the Arkansas. 
 
 Salicornia Caspiea of the shores of the Caspian. Described by Buxbaum cent. i. pi. 10; — 
 observed by Pallas trav. i. 076 at the mouth of the Yaik. 
 
 Ornithooalum nauiim of the East Mediterranean countries. Termed "o. humifusum floribus 
 umbellatis albis " by Buxbaum ii. pi. 37 : — observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Pelopon- 
 nesus to the Dardanelles. 
 
 " 1726 A. D." (Hutch, ii. 316, and Holmes), treaty of peace with the aboriginal tribes on the 
 Eastern frontier of New England. — " A long peace " followed : and the " treaty has been applauded 
 as the most judicious which has ever been made with the Indians." 
 
 " 1727, Oct. 2tst " (Klapr. mem. i. 59), a treaty concluded between Russia and China : — and in 
 conformity in the following year, the first Russian guard-house established at Kiakhta, now the 
 frontier trading-city. 
 
 " Oct. 29th, about 10 h. 40 min. p.m.'' (Hutch, ii. 326, and Holmes), in a very clear and serene 
 sky. with " perfect calm and tranquillity," a severe earthquake; lasting about two minutes, and extend- 
 ing; from the river Delaware to the Kennebeck. Stone walls and the tops of several chimneys were 
 shaken down. On the same day. many buildings thrown down on the island of Martinico ; where 
 the earthquake continued, with very short intervals, eleven hours (univ. hist. xli. 230). 
 
 "The same year" (coll. hist. v. 206. and Holmes), death of John Thomas, an aboriginal aged 
 "one hundred and ten." He refused, early in life, to join the Pequods against the colonists; was 
 among the first who joined the church, when it was gathered by Eliot at Natick ; and continued 
 exemplary through life. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Threlkeld publishing his Stirp. Hibern. — He died in " 1728." 
 " 1728. July 14th " (transl. with Du Halde), after journeying from Tobolsk to Okhotski and thence 
 by sea, ascertaining that the Kuriles "burn their dead." while the K.imiehatkans "throw them in 
 the woods to be devoured by clogs," Bering sailing from Kamtchatka river. Following the coast 
 Eastward, he met eight men in a leathern boat who called themselves " Tzukchi ; " and " Aug. loth " 
 discovered an island, whkh from the day he named " St. Laurence." Continuing along the land to 
 " Lat. 67 18'," on the " 15th " he turned back ; having unawares passed through the straits — which 
 afterwards received his name. 
 
 His companion Steller found the Ainos of the Southern point of Kamtchatka* counting with 
 their fingers and toes and having no name for numbers beyond " two hundred," having no idea of the 
 art of writing but making notches to assist the memory, employing besides for the same purpose knots 
 
 * Gvinnaudra borealis of Arctic Asia and America. Observed by Steller from the Lower Lena 
 to Kamtchatka — and on Bering's Island; by Pallas iv. 43 to 6S2 in the alpine region of Daouria ; 
 by Soujef, at the mouth of the Obi (Pall.). Westward, was received by Pursh from the mouth of 
 the Columbia. 
 
 Geiuii antmonoide* of Kamtchatka. Observed by Steller, — - and to the time of Pallas iv. O99 
 not found beyond the limits of Kamtchatka. Termed " dryas pentapctala " by Linnxus, "anemone 
 p/isil/a" by Gaertner nov. comment, petrop xiv. 1. pi. 19 (Pall.); not found in Kamtchatka by 
 Chamisso, but observed by Merk on the Kurile Islands and the Northwest coast of America, and by 
 Egede pi. 2 in Greenland (Pursh). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1009 
 
 in leather thongs (the quippus) like the Chinese and natives of South America. He made a vocabu- 
 lary of the language — (given by Klaproth transl. San-kokf). 
 
 "The same year" (univ. hist. xli. 208, and Holmes), the Negroes imported in three years into 
 Barbadoes, Jamaica, and Antigua, ascertained on parliamentary inquiry to number "forty-two thou- 
 sand." 
 
 " The same year " (Hewet 317, and Holmes), yellow fever in Charleston sweeping off multitudes 
 of the inhabitants. " The physicians knew not how to treat the disease, which was as unknown as 
 it was fatal;" and the planters suffered no one to carry in supplies, "lest the disorder should be 
 brought into the country." 
 
 " The same year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), after residing in the West Indies, as related in his 
 Voyag. Amer. "in 1722," Labat publishing his Afr. Occid. — He died "in 1738." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Franz Baltli. Lindern publishing his Tournefortius alsat., enumerating 
 Lindernia pyxidaria p. 156, and Jfyagrum dentatum 94. — He published his Hort. alsat " in 1747." 
 
 At this time (Spreng., and Winckler), Zannichelli writing his Plant. Venez. — He died "in 
 1729," and his Opuscul. bot. were published "in 1730." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Buxbaum publishing his Cent, plant., enumerating* Erica 
 abietina iv. 41, Sigesbeckia Orientalis iii. 52, Satyrium cucullatum iii. 8, S. coriifolium v. 10, Cory- 
 cium crispum v. II, C. vestitum v. 12, Pterygodium catholicum v. 21, and in Act. i. pi. 8. f. 1 Andro- 
 meda {Cassandra) caliculata. — He died "in 1730," Cent. iv. was published "in 1733," and the fifth 
 and last "in 1740." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng. gesch. ii. 223), John Martyn publishing his Plant, rar., enumerating f 
 Parietaria polygonoides p. 8, Phlox Carolina 10, Gronovia scandens 40, Crassula scabra 24, Pan- 
 cratium Caribaeum 27, Baptisia alba 44, Cassia ligustrina 21, Mesembryanthemum felinu-m 30, 
 Antirrhinum triste 35. f. 2, Mar/ynia diandra 42; Passiflora serratifolia, cuprea, holosericea, and 
 lunata 37-56; Erodium Chium 4, E. laciniatum 19; Pelargonium inquinans, papilionaceum, and 
 cucullatum 3-28 ; Aster grandi/lorus 19, Solidago altissima 14, Helianthus atrorubens 20, Coreopsis 
 lanceolala 26, Millera qttinque/lora 41, HI. b iflora 47, and Croton lobatum 46: — the fifth dec. "in 
 1732;" he died "in 1768." 
 
 Amaranthus cruentus of China. Called by the Greeks "vlito kokino " (Forsk.), from trans- 
 ported specimens described by Martyn cent. vi. pi. 6 — (Linn, sp.) ; observed by Forskal at Con- 
 stantinople and termed " a. ruber foliis subtus rubris spicis erectis ; " cultivated in gardens, and has 
 become naturalized in various parts of France (A. Dec). Eastward, was observed by Moon under 
 cultivation on Ceylon ; by Roxburgh, under cultivation in Bengal ; by Blano, on the Philippines ; 
 and is known to occur in China (Pers.). By European colonists was carried to America, received 
 by Linnaeus from the Bahamas, observed by Maycock on Barbadoes, and by A. Gray " in gardens, 
 etc." in our Northern States. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Pursh), Sherard, continuing his correspondence and receiving 
 plants from John Bartram in the environs of Philadelphia, Oldcnlandia glomerata (Pursh 745), from 
 Tilden at Hudson's Bay. — He died before the close of the year, leaving the most extensive collec- 
 tion of dried plants at that time in existence, including " twelve thousand " species. 
 
 " 1729, May" (Hewet, and Holmes), the titles and interest of the proprietors of Carolina pur- 
 chased and surrendered to George II. The province was now divided into two distinct governments, 
 called North and South Carolina. 
 
 Returning from Davis Straits (hist. coll. i. p. 233) along the Labrador coast, Capt. Henry Atkins 
 
 * Lachenalia tricolor of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, described by Buxbaum cent, 
 iii. 20 — (Spreng.), Jacquin rar. pi. 61, and the younger Linnaeus. In its wild state, known to grow 
 in Austral Africa (Pers.). 
 
 t Modiola Caroliniana of the Alluvial margin of Northeast America. A humble Malvaceous 
 annual, transported to Europe, described by Martyn plant, rar. 34 — (Spreng.), Dillenius elth pi. 4, 
 and Cavanilles ii. pi. 15 (Pers.) ; has become a weed in cultivated ground around Soreze (Godron, 
 and A. Dec). Westward, was observed -by Michaux in Virginia and Carolina (as far North there- 
 fore as 37 ) ; by Elliot, in cultivated ground in South Carolina ; by Croom, as far as 30 30' ; by 
 Chapman, " waste places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward." 
 
 Bletia verecunda of Florida and the West Indies. An orchid, transported to Europe, described 
 by Martyn 50 — (Spreng.), Miller diet. pi. 145, and Jacquin rar. iii. pi 602. Westward, observed by 
 Browne on Jamaica, the cormus " bitterish and attended by a clamniinerss that leaves a light prickly 
 warmth behind it, but this wears off soon," and " when dried it may be used with great propriety as 
 a stomachic " (Lindl.) ; by Swartz, also in the West Indies ; by Michaux, on the Bahamas ; by Chap- 
 man, "open pine barrens, Middle and East Florida; was received also from Florida by Nuttall (Ell.). 
 
 127 
 
IOIO CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "inLat. 53 40' or thereabouts " descried "twelve canoes with as many" natives proceeding to an 
 island not far off, and following in his ship anchored there. On landing, the natives "by their 
 actions shewed signs of fear and amazement ; " but advancing alone " without anything in his hands,'' 
 he was suffered to come near, and after a time succeeded in making them comprehend, that he wished 
 to exchange different articles for whalebone. The natives were dressed, " some in seal skins," but 
 chiefly in "beaver coats" of "many pieces sewed together, being the best patches in the skin;" 
 demonstrating absence of traffic with any civilized people, not even with the Canadian French, nor 
 with the Hudson Bay factories. Their canoes " were made of bark and whalebone, strongly sewed 
 together, covered with seal skin, payed over with a dark sort of gum" ( . . . ). The natives "were 
 well made, and strong, very fat and full of blood ; " their "limbs well proportioned, their complexion 
 a dark red, their hair black, short, and straight, having no beard nor any hair but on their heads. 
 Their behaviour very lively and cheerful; their language guttural and dissonant; their arms were 
 bows and arrows, some of bone and some of wood ; their arrows feathered and barbed ; they sling 
 their dirts through a piece of ivory, made square and fastened to the palms of their hands. Capt. 
 Atkins conceives them to be a very cunning, subtile people, who could easily apprehend his meaning, 
 when he made signs to them, but took no notice of his speaking to them." Proceeding along the 
 coast, he "found the country full of woods, alder" (Aliiits incana), "yew" {Abies balsamea?), 
 "birch'' (Betula papyracea, of large size, since the canoes were in part made of bark), "and witch- 
 hazel, a light fine wood for shipbuilding" (Ulmus AmerkanaT); "also fine large pines for ship 
 masts, of a much finer grain than in New England" (Pinus resinosa). — Capt. Prebble "in 1753" 
 carried with him a young Frenchman, in hopes that some native "might be found who understood 
 the French language," but no one "took more notice of it than of the English ; a plain proof these 
 people had never left their own country to trade with the French." 
 
 "Nov. 28th" (Charlev., Du Pratz, and Holmes), on the Mississippi, conspiracy of the Natchez 
 tribe to massacre the French colonists : and at a signal, "two hundred" Frenchmen killed, and the 
 women, children, and Negroes captured. Of all the settlers at the trading post, "not more than 
 twenty French, and five or six Negroes escaped." — The following year, the Natchez tribe were all 
 captured by the French, the individuals were subjected to solitary imprisonment, and were afterwards 
 transported as slaves to Hayti. 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Micheli publishing his Nov. gen. — He died "in 
 
 1737" 
 
 Najas tetrasperma of Italy. An aquatic annual observed by Micheli pi. 8. f. 1 in the waters of 
 Italy— (Pers.). 
 
 Carer divulsa of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A woodland sedge described by 
 Micheli pi. 33, — and known to grow from Sweden to the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pi. 629, Pers., 
 and Wats.) : observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. 
 
 "1730 A. D." (art de verif.), Achmed III. succeeded by Mahmood, twenty-fifth Turkish sultan. 
 Coins issued at Cairo by Mahmood, are figured in Marcel p. 229. 
 
 " In this year" (Levchine kirgh. ii. 3 to iii. 6), voluntary submission to the empress Anne of the 
 Kirghiz-Kazaks around the Aral Sea. — The movement though but partial tended greatly to promote 
 their prosperity, by inducing peace with Siberian tribes under the dominion of Russia; traffic com- 
 menced in •' 1736," and though carried on by barter or direct exchanges, soon became very. extensive. 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Hans Egede publishing his account of Greenland, enumerating 
 Dry as tetiella pi. B. f. 3 (Ph.)- 
 
 "173: A. D." (Hewet ii. 11, and Holmes), arrival in South Carolina of governor Robert John- 
 son, commissioned by the king; and bills if credit continued by the Legislature. The rate of ex- 
 change rose in consequence to "seven hundred per cent" or seven for one ; — where it continued 
 "with little variation upward of forty years." 
 
 In New England, there were now "six furnaces for hollow ware, and nineteen forges" (Dougl. 
 i. log, and Holmes). 
 
 "Nov. 30th" (Pauth. 449), at Pekin, the severest earthquake ever experienced there ; and "in 
 less than a minute," more "than a hundred thousand persons buried under the ruins of buildings." 
 
 "The same year" (Targ.), date of the manuscript Viridarium botanicum Italo-Hyspanum, in 
 which are enumerated "ficoide" Mesembryanthenntm liiiguiforntc. 
 
 "1732, Jan. nth" (Blair), Pragmatic Sanction confirmed by the Diet. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. fl. suec), Olaus Celsius publishing his Plants growing around Upsal ; — 
 his Auct. Upland, "in 1740," and first investigated the mosses and minute plants of Sweden. He 
 published the first volume of his Hierobotanicon "in 1745," the second "in 1747," and died "in 
 1756" (Spreng.). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), after his Plant. Giss. "in 1718," his Third edition of 
 Ray's Synopsis "in 1724" (A. Dec. g. b. 645-59), Dillenius publishing his Hort. Eltham., enumer- 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IOI I 
 
 atmg Carina glauca pi. 59, Salvia Mexicana 254, Commelina erecta 88, Phlox paniculata 166 f. 203, 
 P.glaberrima 166. f. 202, Ipomaea glaucifolia 87. f. 101, /. tamnifolia 318. f. 414, Ipomopsis elegans 
 241, Symphoricarpus vulgaris 278, Triosteum perfoliatum 293, Physalis pruinosa 9, P. viscosa 10, 
 Solatium Lampechiense 268, 6'. Bonariense 272, Cestrum diurnum 154, Jacquinia rusciflora 123, 
 Patagonula Americana 226, Sideroxylum inerme 265, Achyranthus radicans of Cav. 7, Cynanchum 
 suberosum 229, Gomphrena perennis 20. f. 22, Phyllis nobla 299, Portuhuaria Afra ioi'; Crassula 
 cultrata, cihata, nudicaulis, and pellucida 97 to 100 f. 119, Haemanthus puniceus 140, Pancratium 
 Mexicanum 222, Eucomis regia 92. 93, Anthericum frutescens 231, y4. aloides 232. f. 300, Atraphaxis 
 undulata 32, Rumex dentatus 158. f. 191, Oenothera mollissima 219, Saxifraga Groenlandica 253. f. 
 329, ,S>7«2«« cerastoides 309. f. 397, 6". Anglica 309. f. 398, 5. pendula 312, 5. antirrhina yi, S. 
 rubella 314. f. 406, i". inaperla 315. f. 407, Cotyledon hemisphaerica 95. f. m, Sedum Hispanicum 
 2 S6- f- 332, Oxalis Dillenii 221, Cerastium perfoliatum 217, Opuntia tuna 295. f. 380; Mesembry- 
 anthemutn latum, obliquum, longum, rostratum, bellidiflorum, stipulaceum, loreum, verruculatum, 
 glomeratum, serratum, scabrum, bracteatum, and filamentosum 183 to 293 ; Aizoon Hispanicum 
 117, 7?<?.ya penduhna 245. f. 317, Helianlhemum surreianum 145. f. 172, 7/. marifolium 145. f. 173, 
 Clematis crispa 73, C. Orientalis 119, 4/7/ga Orientalis 53, Trichostema brachiata 285, Lantana 
 melissaefolia 57. f. 56, Verbena Bonariensis 300, 7VzV/<z Mexicana 302, Ruellia clandestina 248, 
 7?. strepens 249, Lepidium Bonariense 286, /ferz'j Gibraltarica 287, Sisymbrium bursifolium 148. f. 
 177, ^. Monetise 11 1, Hermannia lavandulifolia 147, Passifiora vespertilio 137; Pelargonhun 
 hybridum, carnosum, and odoratissimum 131 ; Geranium Bohemicum 133, -SY</a Dilleniana 2, S. 
 Occiaentalis 6, JT. alnifoda 172. f. 211, Malva abutiloides 1, Af. virgata 169. f. 206, M. grossulari- 
 folia 169. f. 207, Hibiscus ficulneus 157, Baptisia perfoliata 102. f. 122, Phaseolus helvolus 233. f. 
 100, 7>. vexillatus 234, T 3 . alatus 235. £. 303, Rhynchosia tomentosa 26. f. 29, Clitoria Virginiana 76, 
 Hedysarum maculatum 141, Lespedeza repens 142, Vernonia glauca 262 ("V. oligophylla" of Mx.), 
 Cirsium altissimum 69, BiJen; nodiftora 44, Melaiianthera hastala 46. f. 54, Cacalia papillaris 55, 
 Chrysocoma scabra 88. f. 103, Artemisia tenuifolia 33 ; Gnaphalium rulilans, undulatum 107. f. 
 127 to 109. f. 132, Helichrysum retortutn 322, Erigeron Carolinianutii 306, 7j. Bonariense 257, Pluchea 
 camphorata 88. f. 104, P . fattida 89 f. 105 ; Senecio pseudo-china, hastatus, halimifolius, and coriaceus 
 104 to 258. f. 335 ; Aster foliolosus 35, W. multiflorus 36. f. 40, Euthamia lanceolata 306. f. 394, 5i>//- 
 dto»v? aspera 305. f. 392, 6". rugosa 308. 396, Tetragonotheca helianthoides i%i>,\Tagetes minuta 280, 
 Silphium asltriscus 37, Othonna arborescens 103, Bryonia ficifolia 50, Clifforiia ilicifolia* ^1, Iris 
 Virginica 155. f. 188, Liatris pycnostachya 72. f. 83, 253. f. 328, Ipomoea commutata 84. f. 98, 7?z)>- 
 teracanthus biflorus 331; "hedysarum trifolium scandens folio longiore splendente " 143. f. 170 
 Galactia volubilis (" Hedysarum " of Linn , " G. pilosum " of Ell.) ; ''aster ericoides dumosus " 36. 
 f. 40 Aster ericoides, "a. ericoides meliloti agriae umbone" 35. f. 39 ^4. miser. 
 
 " In this year" (fl. Suec. p. v, and Spreng.), after his Hort. Upland, "in 1731," Linnaeus visiting 
 Lapland, meeting with Campanula uniflora pi. 9. f. 5. 6, Luzula pallescens 10. 2, Andromeda (Cas- 
 siope) hypnoides I. 3, Saxifraga rivularis 2. 7, Lychnis apetala 12. 1, Ranunculus pygmaeus 3. 3, 
 Pedicularis Lapponica\ 3. 4, Z 3 . flammea 4. 2, Salix glauca 7. 5, ^. lanata 7. 7, .S\ nigricans 8. f. c, 
 
 * Roubieva multifida of Austral America A Salsolaceous plant, transported to Europe, described 
 by Dillenius pi. 66 — (Pers.), and termed " chenopodium multifidum " by Linnaeus : recently, observed 
 in Greece (Gittard, and Chaubard). Sicily, Spain, Portugal and Southern France (Gussone, Moq., 
 and A. Dec.) : and in 1850, by J. Carey in the streets of the city of New York. In the Southern 
 Hemisphere, known to grow along the Lower La Plata (Pers.) ; and according to A. Decandolle, 
 occurs also in Brazil and Peru. 
 
 Alternanthera achyrantha of Brazil. A prostrate Amaranthaceous plant, transported to Europe, 
 described by Dillenius i. pi. 8, — termed " illecebrum achyrantha" and "achyranthes repens" by 
 Linnaeus, and has become naturalized ; occurring abundantly near Cadiz, and in streets of towns on 
 the Canary Islands (Webb, and A. Dec). Westward, is known to grow wild along the Atlantic 
 shore of Tropical America, extending also a little farther South (Moq.) : was observed by Walter in 
 South Carolina; by Elliot, near Charleston, and in Georgia; by Chapman, "along roads and places 
 much trodden, Florida to South Carolina." 
 
 f Diapensia Lapponica of the Arctic region. Observed by Linnceus on moss-covered stones 
 throughout the mountains of Lapland. — Westward, by ... in Labrador (Collins) ; by Lapylaie, 
 in Newfoundland; by Peck, Oakes and myself, scattered over the alpine region of the White moun- 
 tains ; is known to grow on the Adirondack mountains of Northern New York (A. Gray) ; was 
 observed by Parry, rare in Arctic America; by Chamisso, on St. Lawrence Island in the North 
 Pacific. 
 
 Saxifraoa certiua of the Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. Observed by Linnaeus 
 
IOI2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ^T. phylicifolia 8. f. d, 5". temiifolia 8. f. e, 5. hastata 8. f. g. m., 5. Lapponum 8. f. t, S. obhcsifolia 
 8. f. u, Cetraria nivalis If. f. i, Par/nclia cenirifuga n. 2, Peltidea crocea II. f. 3, Baeomyces defor- 
 mis 11. f. 5, also Aim Bottnica n. 49. 
 
 Siellaria ccrastoidcs of the Arctic region and mountains farther South. Observed by Linnaeus 
 in Lapland ; — by Haller, and Decandolle on the Swiss Alps ; by Sibthorp, on the Bithynian Olympus ; 
 by Pallas, in Yerchoturia ; and known to grow in Ireland and on the Pyrenees (fl. Dan. pi. 92, Villars iii. 
 pi. 46, Hook., and Wats.). Westward, was observed by Sabine in Iceland and Greenland (Hook.). 
 
 "The same year" (Anders., and Holmes), a charter granted by George II. for the territory 
 beyond the Savannah river, extending "westward in direct lines to the South Seas." In his honour, 
 the new territory received the name of " Georgia." 
 
 Salem in Massachusetts containing " five hundred and twenty houses, five thousand inhabitants ; " 
 and the neighbouring town of Marblebead employing " in the codfishery about one hundred and twenty 
 schooners of about fifty tons burden, and about a thousand seamen " (Brit. emp. ii. 35, and Holmes). 
 
 In this vear (Spreng.), Houstoun continuing his figures and descriptions of plants observed on 
 Cuba, Jamaica, and around Vera Cruz, Dicliplera scorpioides pi. 1, Cordia geraseanthus 6, Ricliardia 
 scabra 9, Pelrea vohibilis 11, Lippia Americana 12, Jatropha hcrbacca 15. J/i'/oc/ria dipn'ssa ms,, 
 Inula satureioides 19, Clomcnoclema aurantia 18, Melampodium Aiiiericauum 21, Croton ar^atnnu 
 22, Salix Houstoniana at Vera Cruz, Mitreola sessilifolia ms. pi. (Linn. sp. pi.), Schranhia acnleata 
 25, Desmaiithus plenns 23, and Acacia filicina 26. — He died in Mexico "in 1733," and his Reliq. 
 was published "in 17S1." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Gerber following the banks of the Don and Volga. — He died " in 1743." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Heinzelmann visiting the Ural, the country around Orenburg, and a 
 portion of Tartary. 
 
 "1733. Feb. 1st" (univ. hist. xl. 440, and Holmes), founding by James Oglethorpe of the city 
 of Savannah; near the aboriginal village of Yamacraw. "Before June 9th," a treaty of peace was 
 concluded there with the powerful tribe of the Creeks. 
 
 "The same year" (coll. hist. iii. 273, and Holmes), the first lodge of Freemasons holden in 
 Boston. 
 
 "The same year" (Raynal v. 486, and Holmes), the uninhabited island of Santa Cruz in the 
 West Indies, purchased of France by Frederick V. of Denmark. A fortress soon afterwards built 
 on the island by the Danes. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Kobell iv. ), the peculiar metal cobalt, obtained by Brandt. 
 
 One hundred and eighty-first generation. May 1st, 1734. mostly beyond youth : the Greek writers, 
 Vitzentzus Cornarus d. after 1737, Theophilus Corydaleus d. 1744: the Slavonic writers, Antiochus 
 Kantemir, Michael Lomonosof, J. Raitch, and Dosithei Obradovitch : other writers, Jonathan Swift; 
 Edmund Halley ; Alexander Pope; Charles Rollin ; abbe" du Bos; Bernard de Fontenelle ; Colin 
 Maclaurin; James Thomson ; Henry Fielding ; Charles de Secondat ; baron .Montesquieu; G. Fred- 
 erick Handell ; James Bradley ; Comers Middleton ; Jacques Cassini ; Benjamin Robins; Bernard 
 de Behdor ; N. Louis de la Caille ; Edward Young : the zoologists J. A. Peyssonel, Joh. Steph. Guet- 
 tard, Petrus Artedi d. 1735: the botanists, Io. Philippus Breynius d. 1764, Anton. Jussieu d. 1758, 
 Claud. Ioseph Geoffroy d. 1752, Renat. Ant. Reaumur d. 1757, lac. Logan, Io. Ern. Hebenstreit d. 
 1757, Io. lac. Lerche d. 17S0, Io. Blackstone d. 1753, Carol. Deering d. 1749, Ionas Ramus, Io. H. 
 Heucherus d. 1747, A. Vater d. 1751, Laur. Heisterus d. 175S, Io. Gul. Weinmann. Io. H. Kniphof d. 
 1762, Isaac Rand, Stephen Hales d. 1761, Io. Wollg. Wedel d. 1757, Ev. lac. Wachendorf d. 175S, 
 
 pi. 2. f. 4 in Lapland, — by Soujef at 67° on the Oby (Pall.), and known to grow as far as Daouria 
 and Kamtchatka (Ledeb.) ; also on the Breadalbane mountains in Scotland (Bab., and Wats.), at 
 some isolated points on the Swiss and Stvrian Alps (Koch), and on mountain-summits in Transyl- 
 vania (Baunig., and A. Dec). Westward, was observed by Sabine in Greenland, and received by 
 Hooker from Spitzbergen, Melville Island and the Arctic shore of North America, the Rocky moun- 
 tains and Kotzebue Sound. 
 
 Juiicus arclicus of Arctic Europe and Asia, and alpine summits farther South. Observed by 
 Linnaeus n. 116 in Lapland — (Spreng.) ; distinguished by Wildenow, and known to grow in Scan- 
 dinavia (Fries), Northern Russia and Siberia to the vicinity of Lake Baikal (Ledeb.) ; also on the 
 Pyrenees (Benth.), and Swiss Alps (Koch, and A. Dec). Regarded by Ledebour as perhaps growing 
 at Sitka, but not certainly found on Iceland. 
 
 Alsine biflora of .Arctic Europe and Asia and alpine summits farther South. Observed by Lin- 
 naeus 15S in Lapland — (Oeder fl. Dan. pi. 12, and Swartz) ; known to grow also on the mountains 
 of Norway and Sweden (Fries), the Northern portion of the Ural mountains and of Siberia and on 
 the Altaian mountains (Ledeb.). Farther South, has been found in a single district in Switzerland, 
 near the perpetual snow at Bex and Fouly (Koch, and A. Dec ). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IOI3 
 
 Io. Th. Gleditsh d. 1786, Jos. Ginnani d. 1753, Car. Alston d. 1760, J. B. R. P. Desportes d. 1748, C. F. 
 Kuhn d. 1761, M. Fabregou, F. Valle, Io. Browal d. T755; Joh. Mar. Schiera: the painter William 
 Hogarth d. 1764. 
 
 " In this year " (Stirling, and W. W. Hunter), death of Muhammad Taki, deputy-governor of 
 Orissa. He was succeeded by Murshid Kuli Khan, who induced the priests of Jagannath to return 
 with the image, its absence seriously affecting the revenue. 
 
 The following plants observed by Messerschmid and Heinzelmann, Veronica Sibcrica pi. 4, Patri- 
 nia Siberica 3, Hypecoum erectttm 9, Rhammis Davuriais 33, Gentiana aquatica 1. f. 2, Statice aurea 
 18. f 2, Sibbaldia erecta 15, Stellera chamaejasme 2, Sedum aizoon 11, Potentilla verticillaris 16, 
 Ranunculus salsuginosus 13. 2, Isopyrum fumarioides 12, Cymbaria Davurica 1, Corydalis Siberica 
 20, Orobus lathyroides 7. f. 2, Oxytropis lanata 19. f. 1, 0. myriophylla 19. f. 2, Cineraria Siberica 
 24, Artemisia annua 23, Cypripedium guttatum 22, C. macranthos 21, Urtica cannabina 25, and 
 Ephedra monoslachya 26 — (or some perhaps by Gmelin), published by J. Amman stirp. rar. " in 1739." 
 
 Messerschmidia arguzia of the Uralian and Mongolian plains. Among the plants described by 
 J. Amman p. 19 — (Spreng.) : observed by Gmelin trav. ii pi. 27 in Daouria (Pers.) ; by Pallas trav. 
 i. 576, as far West as the Yaik. 
 
 Leonurus Sibericus of the Uralian and Tartarian plains. Described by J. Amman pi. 8; — 
 observed by Pallas trav. i. on the Lower Volga; and known to grow in Siberia and China. By Euro- 
 pean colonists, was carried to Brazil, "seeds accidentally brought from China" (Ildef. Gomez) ; and 
 " thirty -years " afterwards was found by Gardner naturalized throughout, as far as his journeys extended 
 (Hook, journ. bot. i. 183). 
 
 Caragana frutescens of the Uralian plains. A yellow-flowered leguminous shrub or small tree, 
 described by Amman ruthen. 283, — and Linnaeus; observed by Pallas i. 154 at 55 on the Volga ; 
 known to grow also in Siberia and Tartary (Pers.). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Gmelin on his way to East Siberia, meeting with (or seen by his pre- 
 decessors, Schober, Messerschmid, Gerber, Heinzelmann) Polycnemum Sibericum iii. pi. 23. f. 1, Patri- 
 nia rupes/ris iii. 24, Iris hutnilis i. 5. 1, Stipa Siberica i. 22, Ely inns Sibericus i. 28, Agropyrum 
 imbricatum i. 23, Scabiosa Ucranica ii. 87, -S\ Isetensis ii. 88, Pulinonaria Siberica iv. 39, Androsace 
 Gmelini iv. 43. 1, Phlox Siberica iv. 46. 2, Campanula grandiflora iii. 28, C. Siberica iii. 29, C. punc- 
 tata iii. 30, C. Gmelini iv. 33, Viola uniflora iv. 48. 5, V. Gmeliniana iv. 49. 2, Chenopodium arista- 
 turn iii. 15. 1, Atriplex Tatarica iii. 14. I, Salsola ericoides iii. 21. 1. 19. 1, S. verrucosa iii. 21. 2, 
 Swertia dichotoma iv. 53. 1, Halenia corniculata iv. 53. 3, Gentiana dichotoma iv. 51. b., G. adscendens 
 iv. 51. f. a., G. macrophylla iv. 52, Ligusticum Sibericum i. 40. 2, L. vaginatum iv. 44, Heracleum 
 Sibericum i. 50, Anthriscus nemorosa i. 49. a., Peucedatium Iseteuse i. 42, P. album i. 41, Viburnum 
 Davuricum iii. 25, Statice suffruticosa ii. 88. 2. 3, 3". Gmelini ii. 90, 5". speciosa ii. 91. 1, 6". spicata 
 ii. 91. 2, Allium ramosum i. n. r, A. lineare\. 13. 14, A. tenuissimum i. 15. 3, A. Stellerianum i. 16. 
 I. 2, A. Caucasicum i. 10, Smilacina trifolia i. 6, Jnncus Bottnicus i. 17. 2, Melanthium Sibei-icum 
 i. 8, Erica bryantha iv. 57. 3, E. Stelleriana iv. 57. 2, Polygonum ocreatum iii. 8, P. sericeum iii. 9. 2, 
 Saxifraifa bronchialis iv. 65. 2, Mitella nuda iv. 68. 2, Sedum hybriduin iv. 67. r, Cerastium maxi- 
 mum iv. 62. 2, Peganum Dauricum iv. 68. 1, Euphorbia procera ii. 94, Potentilla grandiflora iii. 35. 1, 
 P. stipularis iii. 37. 2, P. agrimonoides iii. 38, Paeonia tenuifolia iv. 73, Delphinium grandiflorum 
 iv. 78, D. exaltatum iv. 79, D. hybridum iv. 76, D. crassifolium iv. 79, D. urceolatutn iv. 80, Cimici- 
 fuga foetida iv. 70, Ranunculus Hyperboreus iv. 83, Nepeta multifida iii. 55; Dracocephalum pinna- 
 tum iii. 52, D. nutans iii. 49, Z>. thymi/lorutn iii. 50, Scutellaria pallida iii. 58, Bartsia pallida iii. 42, 
 Pedicularis euphrasioides iii. 43, P. resupinata iii. 44, /\ uncinata iii. 45, T 3 . WaAz iii. p. 211, Draba 
 repens iii. 56. 2, Cardamine macrophylla iii. 62, Sisymbrium integrifolium iii. 63, Arabis pendula iii. 
 60, Geranium Sibericum iii. 67, Corydalis paeoniaefolia iv. 34, Polygala Siberica iv. 32, Orobus augus- 
 tifolius iv. 5, Lathy) us pisiformis iv. I, Kz'«'fl biennis iv. 2, Hedysarum alpinum iv. 10, 7/. argenteian 
 iv. 13, //. sericeum iv. 31, Astragalus adsurgens iv. 15, ,4. uliginosus iv. 17. 18, ^4. Laxmanni iv. 19, 
 ,4. pauciflorus iv. 26. 1, ^4. Baicalensis iv. 26. 2, //. lon^iflortts iv. 27, Oxytropis ambigua iv. 30, 
 0. leptophylla iv. 24. b., Trigonella Ruthenica iv. 8, Scorzonera angustifolia ii. 1, Sonchus Sibericus 
 ii. 3, Hieracium croceum ii. 8. 1, //. Gmelini ii. 8. 2, //. lyratum ii. 9, Saussurea salicifolia ii. 27, 
 6". multiflora ii. 28, Serratula centauroides ii. 17, 5. polyclonos ii. 16, Cirsium cernuum ii. 19, C Gw/*?- 
 /z'kz' ii. 25, Rhaponticum uniflorum ii. 38, Cacalia hastata ii. 66, Tanacetum Sibericum ii. 65. 2, ^4r^- 
 misia integrifolia ii. 48. 1. 2, ^4. nitrosa ii. 50. 1, ^4. Lercheana ii. 2. 3, /?. anetliilolia ii. 54,^4. palustris 
 ii. cc y4. laciniata ii. 57, ^- inodora ii. 63. 1, Erigeron gramineum ii. 76. 2, Tussilago anandria ii. 
 67. 1. 68. 1, 7". lyrata ii. 67. 2, 7". laevigata ii. 69, Cineraria glauca ii. 74, Chrysanthemum bipinna- 
 tum ii. 85. I, C millefoliatum ii. 86. 1, C achilleaefolium ii. 86. 2, C Arcticum ii. 84, Achillea im- 
 ■patiens ii. 83. 1, ^4- Gerberi ii. 83. 2, A . filicifolia ii. 19, Centaurea radiata ii. 47. I, C. Ruthenica ii. 
 41, C. <«//»« ii- 43, C. maculata ii. 44. 1. 2, C. trichocephala ii. 45. 1. 2, Orchis cucullata i. 3. 2, 0. 
 fuscescetis i. 4 2, Limodorum epigonium i. 2. 2, Axyris amarantoides iii. 2. 3, ^4. hybrida iii. 4. 1, 
 
IOI4 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 A.prostrata iii. 4. 2, Salix rhamnifolia i. 35. a, and -S". berberifolia i. 35. 3, Euphorbia pilosa ii. 93. 
 — He returned "in 1743," commenced his Flor. Sib. "in 1747," died "in 1755," and the publication 
 was completed "in 1769." 
 
 Potentilla nivea of Arctic and Subarctic climates. Observed by Gmelin iii. pi. 36 throughout 
 Siberia; — by Pallas, on the Yablonoi mountains; by Fries, in Lapland; by Gunner, in Norway; by 
 Ledebour, on Caucasus; and is known to grow on the Alps from the Tyrol to Dauphiny (Koch, and 
 A. Dec). Westward, was observed by Sabine on Spitzbergen and in Greenland, and according to 
 Hooker grows on Melville Island and in Labrador, and from Carlton House to the Rocky Mountains 
 and Arctic Sea. 
 
 Potentilla strigosa of Northern Asia and America. Observed by Gmelin iii. pi. 34, — Pallas, in 
 Siberia ; growing throughout, according to Ledebour. Farther East, is known to grow from Kotze- 
 bue's Sound to the Rocky Mountains, -and from Bear Lake to the Saskatchewan (Hook.) and Missouri 
 (Pursh) ; was observed by Michaux in Eastern Canada ; by C. J. Sprague at Cape Elizabeth, and 
 by Robbins as far as 43 at the Isle of Shoals (A. Gray) ; is termed "p. Pennsylvania " by Linnaeus, 
 but notwithstanding the name seems unknown within the limits of Pennsylvania. Transported to 
 Europe, was already naturalized in " 1812" in the environs of Paris, and has been found by Cosson 
 on the summit of the Serra de Segura in Spain (A. Dec). 
 
 Spircea sorbifolia of East Siberia. An ornamental shrub observed by Gmelin on the Yenisei, 
 Lena, and beyond Lake Baical ; — by Pallas, in Daouria ; and known to grow as far as Kamtchatka 
 (Pers.). Received by Pursh from the Northwest coast of America, but has not certainly been found 
 there. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues frequent in 
 gardens (A. Gray). 
 
 Betula fruticosa of East Siberia. A clustered arborescent shrub observed by Gmelin i. pi. 36. f. 
 2 in Siberia ; — by Pallas i v. 720, abounding in cold subalpine situations in East Siberia, especially 
 around Lake Baical. Westward, has been found in Germany (Schrank, and Pers.). 
 
 Artemisia sericea of Siberia. Observed there by Gmelin ii. pi. 04; — by Pallas trav. ii. 406, near 
 Tcheliabinsk. 
 
 Aster biftdus of the Uralian plains. Observed by Gmelin trav. in Siberia — (Steud.) ; by Pallas 
 i. in, at 55 on the Volga. 
 
 Serratula cyanoides of the Uralian plains. Observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 15 in Siberia; — by Pallas 
 trav. i. 60, along the Volga ; and known to grow as far West as Germany (Pollich, Spreng. fl. pi. I r, 
 and Pers.). 
 
 Centaurca Siberica of the Uralian plains. Observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 42 in Siberia ; — by Pall, 
 trav. i. 64, along the Volga. 
 
 Iris salsa of Siberia. Observed by Gmelin i. 31. n. 30 in Siberia ; — by Pallas iii. 132 to 483, in 
 low saline plains along the Irtich beyond Omsk. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Seba commencing the publication of his Thesaurus, enumerating 
 Blaeria glabella i. pi. 20. f. 1 ; Erica ureeo/aris, baccans, Sebana, eapitata, nigrita, tenui folia, calv- 
 cina, and curviflora i. 2. 1 to ii. 20 t ; Gnidia pinifolia ii. 32. 5, I'oda/vria calvptrata ii. 99. 3, Oralis 
 grandiflora i. 22. 10, Mescmbrvanthciiiwn pomeridianum i. 19 5, Pelargonium melanauthum i. 18. 4, 
 Rafnia aiuplcxicaulis i. 24. 5, Liparia villosa i. 24 1. 2, Syncarpha gnaphaloides ii. 66, Helichrysum 
 speeiosissimum ii. 43. 6, Matricaria Capcnsis i. 16. 2, Osmites aslei iscoides i. 16. 4, O. camphorina i. 
 90. 2, and Adiantum lanceum ii. 64. 7. 6. — He died "in 1736," and the fourth volume was published 
 "in 1765." 
 
 "1735, May" (Belknap ii. 118, Webster pest. i. 234, and Holmes), an epidemic disease which 
 obtained the name of throat distemper (iiiphtlterio) making its first appearance at Kingston in New 
 Hampshire ; where of the first forty attacked, none recovered. In ' August," it reached Exeter ; and 
 in "September," Boston; — and continued its ravages until the end of the next summer: "one hun- 
 dred and fourteen" persons dying in Boston ; and in New Hampshire, "not less than one thousand," 
 of whom "nine hundred were under twenty years of age," for the disease "chiefly affected children." 
 Westward, the disease was two years in reaching the Hudson ; but kept on " with some»interruptions, 
 until it spread over all the colonies." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Linnaeus publishing his Systema Naturae, enumerating "gnaphalium 
 foliis decurrentibus obtusis mucronatis " Gnaphalium obtusi folium (" G. decurrens " amer. auth.). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), August Friedr. Walther publishing his Design, plant, hort., enumer- 
 ating* Silene gigantea pi. 11, Eriocephalus Africanus 1, and Bosea yermavora 10; — he died "in 
 1746." 
 
 * Lysimachia ciliata of Northeast America. Transported to Europe is described by Walther pi. 
 12 — (Ph.): has become naturalized near Limbourg, observed from 1S11-22 (Lejolis rev. fl. Spa, 1S24) ; 
 and from 1843, naturalized in various parts of Britain. Westward, was observed by Drummond from 
 
O.F ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1015 
 
 " 1736 A. D. = 1st year of Kien-loung" or Khian-loung, "of the Tai-thsing" or Twenty-fourth 
 dynasty (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.). 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), visit of Maupertuis to the Arctic Circle. And of Bouguer and 
 Condamine to the plateau of Quito, to measure a degree of Latitude under the Equator — (Humb. 
 cosm. v.). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Joh. Georg Siegesbek -publishing at Riga his Primit. flor. petropol. ; 
 — "in 1737," his Epicris. in Linnaei syst. plant. 
 
 Hypericum Aegyptiacum of the East Mediterranean countries. Discovered in this year by 
 Granger in Syria or Cyprus — (Del.) ; subsequently observed by Guerin on maritime rocks of the 
 Peloponnesus. From transported specimens described by Linnaeus, but notwithstanding the name 
 has not been observed in Egypt. 
 
 "1737 A. D." (Smith 427, and Holmes), earthquake in New Jersey. Severe enough to cause 
 "bricks to fall from the chimnies," and excite "great consternation : " yet doing "little actual injury." 
 
 " In this year" (Pritzel), John Brickell publishing his Natural history of North Carolina. 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith), Elizabeth Blackwell publishing her Herbal. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), after his Fund. bot. "in 1736," Linnaeus publishing his Crit. 
 bot., in which an improved nomenclature, adding a generic to the specific name, is proposed: an 
 arrangement in structural groups greatly facilitating inquiry into the Order of Nature. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Linnaeus publishing his Hort. Cliffort., enumerating* 
 Bauhinia divaricata 15, Heliocarpus Americanits 16, Browallia elata 17, Gloxinia tnaculata 18, 
 Amorpha frnticosa 19, Dalea Cliffortiana 22, Kiggelaria Africana 29, and Cliffortia ternata 32 
 (Spreng.) ; Monarda didyma 495, Diodia Virginica 493, Burmannia biflora 128, Wistaria frutescens 
 361, Arum (Ptlttind.ro) Virginicum 434. 
 
 " 1738 A. D." (Hewet ii. 67, and Holmes), among the Negroes in South Carolina, amounting to 
 "forty thousand," an insurrection excited by Spaniards of St. Augustine ; who promised an asylum 
 from slavery in Florida. A party commenced marching Southwest, committing outrages on the way, 
 but through want of military skill, were intercepted and defeated. 
 
 In Jamaica, escaped Negroes having intrenched themselves in the mountains, a treaty was made 
 by governor Trelawney : Allowing them "fifteen hundred acres of land," with "liberty to hunt" 
 near the settlements ; on condition, that they should obey the governor's orders, assist in defending 
 the island, and deliver up all fugitive Negroes. 
 
 "Nov. 7th" (Blair), signing of the treaty of Vienna: Ceding Lorraine to France, Tuscany to 
 the Lorraine family, and confirming Naples to Don Carlos. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), publication of the plants collected by Thomas Shaw 
 in Barbary and the Levant, including Telephium oppositifolium n. 572, Sedum coeruleum 550, Fago- 
 nia Arabica 229, Ranunculus spicatus 149, Psychine stylosa 91, Biscictella montana 583, Turritis 
 pubescens 228, Cleome Arabica 557, Erodium ,gu ttatum 260, Prenanthes sarmentosa 146, and Centau- 
 rea acaulis 342. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. sp. p!., and Winckl.), after his Thesaur. Ceilan. "in 1737" loan Burmann 
 publishing the plants Hartog caused to be collected in Austral Africa, under the title of Rar. Afr., 
 enumerating Sebaea albens, pi. 74. f. 4, Exacum hyssopifoliuni 74. 3, Struthiola longiflora 47. 1, S. 
 anpustifolia 47. 3, Lobelia lutea 39. I, L. hirsuta 40. 2, Cyphia bulbosa 38. 1, Rhamnus prinoides 88 ; 
 Phylica stipularis, buxifo/ia, and capitata 43. 2 to 44. 3 ; Plectronia ventosa 94 ; Diosma uniflora, 
 and pulchella 46. 2-3; Gomphocarpus arbor escens 13, Stapelia mamillaris n, Rhus rosmarinifolia 
 
 54 near Fort Cumberland ; by myself, from 45 to 40 along the Atlantic ; by Michaux, in Connecticut 
 and New York ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina ; by Short, in Kentucky; by Beck, on the 
 Mississippi near St. Louis; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas; by E. James, as far as its sources within 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 * Lobelia inflata of Northeast America. Annual with small blue flowers, and called Indian 
 tobacco ; transported to Europe, described by Linnaeus hort. cliff. 500 — Westward, was observed in 
 Virginia by Clayton (Gron. 134) ; in New England by Cutler, who first brought its medicinal proper- 
 ties into notice, and named it emetic-weed (acad. Amer. i., and Tuckerm. arch. Am. iv. 191) ; by 
 Pursh from Canada to Carolina ; by myself, from 45° to 40 along the Atlantic, in sunny situations, 
 and multiplying in clearings and fallow ground ; by Schweinitz, at 36° in Upper Carolina ; by Elliot, 
 in the upper country of Carolina and Georgia ; by Short, near Lexington in Kentucky. Is enumerated 
 by Lindley as "an acrid narcotic, and most powerful emetic." 
 
IOl6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 91. 1, Arctopus cchinatus 1, Drosera Capensis 75. I, Crassula columnaris ix. 2, C. altcrnifolia 24. 1, 
 Daphne squai rosa 49 I, Giudia sericea 49. 2 ; J'asserina capitata, ciliata, and uniflora 47. 1.2 to 
 48. 3; Z\gophvlliuu spinosum 2. 2; Cotyledon caiyophyllacca, fascicularis, mucronata, tuberculosa, 
 papillaris, and ungulata 17 to 22. 1; Grieluru ten u i folium 53; Oxalis polyphylla, flava, rubella, 
 capriua, Burmanni, andpeclinata 27. 1 to 30. ' ; A'lioiu/touia gracilis 51, A", hirsuta 52. Selago rapun- 
 culoides 42. 1, A. spuria 42. 3, Xemesia bnoruis 75. 3, Hallera elliptica 89. 1, //. lucida 89. 2, 
 Hebenstreitia ciliata \\. I, Eriuits fragrans 49. 4, A". Africauus 50. I, Mauulea villosa 50. 2 ; Pelar- 
 gonium bifolium, longifolium, fentlaceum, and ramosissimuiii 32. 2 to 36. 1 ; Monsonia tenuifolia 
 34. I, Aitonia Capensis 21. 2, Geranium spinosum 31. Poly^ala umbellata 73. 5, Pcntzia flabelli- 
 formis 68. 3 ; Gnaphalium mucroiialum, coronatum, graudijloriiiii, petiolatum, maritimum, auricu- 
 latuni, discolor, stcllatum, iiiibricatiini, and notatum 66. 3 to 80. 3 ; Helichrysum pauiculalum, 
 spinosum, and canescens 6y. I to 08. 1 : Arnica Tabula ris. gerbera, and pyrolaefolia 55 to 56. 2; 
 Arctotis anlhemaides, den/a/a, and paleacea 63. *> to 65. I ; Osteospermum ciliatum, pisiferum, and 
 ilicifolium 61. 1 to 62 : Othonna denticulata 59, Stoebe guaphalodes 77. I, Euclea racemosa 84. 2, 
 and Hennas dcpauperata 71. 2. — He completed the work "in 1739 > " anc ' died "in 1780" (Spreng.). 
 
 " 1739 '^ L>" (univ. hist. xl. 462, and Postlethwayt i. 360), treaty of commissioner Oglethorpe 
 with the Chickasaws and Creeks : Declaring the right of these tribes to the territory as far South 
 as the St. John's river and Apalache Day, excluding Spanish settlers therefrom, and confirming the 
 grant to the English of the land along the coast from the Savannah river to the St. John's. 
 
 " Oct. 23d" (Raynal v. 90, Heuet, and Holmes), difficulties having arisen in regard to the sup- 
 pression of contraband trade, war declared by Britain against Spain. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), after his Iter alpin. "in 1731," Method, "in 1736," Haller publishing 
 his Iter Helvet, enumerating Saxifraga musca'da i. pi. 1. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Gronovius publishing his Flor. Yirg., descriptions of plants observed 
 by Clayton in Virginia, including " quercus rubra seu hispanica " (Q. falcata, Brendel in Amer. 
 Nat. for 1870), Cynthia dandelion 114, C. I'irgiuica U3, Gratiola Virginia, Cynoglossum Virgini- 
 cum 19, Asclepias rubra 27, Tofieldia pubens, Kriocaulon guaphalodes, Panic u m dichotomum, Hyperi- 
 cum prolificum, — the work was completed "in 1743;" Grpnovius issued a second edition "in 1762," 
 and died in the same year. Tipularia discolor, Asclepias pdiytdacco/des, i'tricularia suhulata, (J. 
 gibba, Schollera graminea, Fimbristylis cylindrica, Scirpus (Ti ichelostylis) autumualis, Stipa 
 avenacca 138, Erianthus saccharoides 133, Holcus ? striatus, Osmunda iu/crrupta, Plantago Caro- 
 limana 753, Centaurella I'irgiuica, Lycopsis I'irgiuica 140, Sa'iba/ia paui, ulata, Andromeda (Leu- 
 cothoe) racemosa, Sedum ternatum, Ilysaulhcs gra/io/oides 3, Cardamine rhomboidea 99, Lobelia 
 C/aytoni 135, Phaseolus perennis (Ph.), Psoralea melilotoides n. 103, Arnica Clavtoni 37, Erigeron 
 vernum, Platanthcra blephariglottis n. 560, P. bractcata 136, Goodvera? obsoleta 137, Ponlhieva 
 pubera 137, Liparis liliifolia n. 138-40, Thaspium trifoliatum 43, / iburnum acerifolium 47, Sedum 
 pulchellum 71, Jcffersonia diphy/la 81, Thalictrum dioicum 85. " draba caule nudo foliis hispidis " 
 Draba Caroliniana 98, Sisymbrium canescens p. 100, . lesch yuomeue hispida p. 109, Arnica nudicaulis 
 p. 126, Lippia lanccolata 7, Lycopus Virginicus 8, Rhynchospora ylomcraia 131, Eleocharis capitata 
 12, Partial m virg.ituni 133, Brizopyrum spicatum Clayt. 507, Spartina cynosuroides 134, Gymnosti- 
 chum hystnx, Auychia Canadensis 14, Ammauia ramosior Clayt. 774. " sagina? affinis planta minima 
 floribus albis" Clayt. mss. 649 Centaurella I'irgiuica (vcrna lis.), Calys/cgia spithaunra 141, Pole- 
 monium reptans 22, Sabbatia chloroidcs 27, Itea liiginica 143, Galax aph'ylla 25, Zizia iulegerrima 
 148, Viburnum nudum 33, Rumex verticillatus 39, Sagittaria subulata 153, Dirca palustris 155, 
 Hydrangea vulgaris 50, Saxifraga I'irgiuica 160, Pcuthorum sedoides 51, A'esaca verticillata ,2, 
 Ly thrum linearc 162, Euphorbia ipecacuanha 58, "mespilus inermis foliis oblongis integris acu- 
 minatis serratis p.irvis utrinque viridibus '' 163 Cratagus viridis (" C. arborescens " of Ell. ?), 
 "lythrum foliis petiolatis 52 Cuplica viscosissima, Linaria Canadensis 67, Buchnera Americana 74, 
 Arabis lyrata 99, Galactia glabella 82, Desmodium nudijlorum lay, loprdcza hirla 108, A. violacea, 
 108, Trifoliuiu rcjlexum ii. n. no; " h. floribus digynis foliis ovatis sessilibus " lt2 Ascyrum muti- 
 lum ("A. stans" of Mx.), "h. floribus digynis foliis linearibus " S8 Ascyrum setosum (" A. crux- 
 Andres " of Am. auct), A. crux-Andrea- 113 ("A. amplexicaule of Ms.) ; " sonchus pedunculis 
 hispidis floribus racemosis foliis runcinatis " 115 Mulgedium inacropliyllum ("Sonchus Canaden- 
 sis" of Linn, and "m. acuminatum" of Dec); Hieiacium Gnntovi'i 114; Krigia i'irgiuica 60; 
 "baccharis foliis lanceolatis serrato-dentatis corymbis foliosis "121 Pluchea J/arylandicay Ulster con- 
 color 123, Verbesina I'irgiuica 128, Erigeron vernum 124, Viola primuli folia 135, Orchis shectabilis 
 136, Urtka {P ilea) pit mila 114, "juglans alba fructu ovato compresso profunde insculpto durissimo 
 cavitate intus minima" 190 Gary a sulcata, Populus hete<- phylla 194, Helcnias (Chamalirium) luteum 
 158, Andropogou? nutans 133, "aira calycibus trivalvibus trifloris " 136 Uiiiofa grau'tis. "airapani- 
 cula oblonga floribus muticis hermaphrodite) masculoque calycibus diphyllis " 135 Eatonia striata 
 ("aira obtusata" of Mx.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IOI7 
 
 Sporobolus Virginian: of the shores of Tropical and Subtropical America. A grass observed by 
 Clayton 507 on the sandy seashore of Virginia ; —and according to Chapman, growing in "saline 
 marshes and banks along the coast, Florida to North Carolina : " known to grow also on the sea- 
 shore of Brazil (Nees), Cumana, the West Indies, Mexico, Peru as far as Callao, and on the Ha- 
 waiian Islands (Kunlh) ; observed by myself in a natural salt-marsh on Maui. Eastward from America, 
 probably by ocean-currents carried to Equatorial Africa, observed from Cape Verd to Saint-Thomas 
 (Benth. fl. Nigr.) ; to Austral Africa (Kunth, and Meyer) ; and even to Australia (R. Brown, Kunth, 
 and A. Dec). 
 
 " 1740 A. D." (univ. hist. xli. 429, Thompson seas. sum. 1040, and Holmes), unsuccessful expe- 
 dition under admiral Vernon against the Spanish settlement at Carthagena. 
 
 " The same year" (Hewet ii. 167, and Holmes), first visit of rev. George Whitefield to America. 
 Where, near Savannah, he founded an orphan house. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol), Frederic William succeeded by Frederic II. the Great, as king of 
 Prussia. 
 
 " The same year" (Kobell iv.), by Kaim, manganese shown to be a metal. 
 
 In this year (see Spreng.), after his Stirp. rar. Ruthen. "in 1739," Joh. Ammann continuing his 
 descriptions of plants, including Bctula nana (act. ix. pi. 14, Ph.). — He died "in 1741." 
 
 Rheum undulalum of the Altaian mountains. A kind of rhubarb received bv Ammann from 
 China, — produced also from seeds presented "about 1750 " by a Tartarian merchant (Lindl.) ; but 
 according to Pallas trav. iii. 225, an Altaian peak, in sight from Schlangenberg, is called " Revenno- 
 vaia-Sopka " from R. undulatum growing on it abundantly : R. undulatum was also pointed out by a 
 Cossack to Georgi as the true rhubarb, but its root has not been found by Guibourt to possess the 
 requisite qualities, and its cultivation in Russia and France is discontinued (Lindl.). 
 
 Xylosteitm Tartaricum of the Uralian plains. An ornamental shrub described by Ammann 
 ruth. 184 — (Linn. hort. ups.) : observed by Pallas along the Volga nearly as far West as Moscow. 
 By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, where it continues frequent in gardens 
 (A. Gray). 
 
 " In the time of Teraraku (great grandfather of Pomare," the chief seen by us at the Bay of 
 Islands, Hale ethnogr. Expl Exp. 146, and Races of man iv. 4), the " kumara " (Batatas edulis) 
 sweet potato, brought to New Zealand in a "canoe formed of separate pieces" by Pani and his sister 
 Hinakakirirangi of Hawaiki (Savaii). The account is confirmed by the construction of the canoe, 
 peculiar to the Samoan Islands; by the slender finger-rooted variety, seen by us only in the two 
 localities, and which a separate tradition made " the only kind formerly known in New Zealand." 
 
 " 1741 A. D." (encycl. method., and Holmes), in Paraguay, the colonies formed by the Jesuit 
 missionaries now extending " about six hundred leagues," and containing "one hundred and twenty- 
 one thousand one hundred and sixty-one " aboriginals. 
 
 " The same year " (Adams relig. 466, and Holmes), Bethlehem in Pennsylvania founded by 
 Moravians or United Brethren ; abandoning Savannah, on account of military service being required 
 of them. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. sp. pi.) N. American plants published in Act. Ups. p. 81, including 
 Proscrpinaca palustris. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Steller visiting Bering's Island, meeting with "two hundred and 
 eleven " plants, including Tiarella trifoliata, Dielytra cucullaria, Pleris pedata, and Lycopodium ru- 
 pestris. He also visited the neighbouring American coast and the Fox Islands, — and returning, died 
 "in 1746." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Barrere publishing his Guayan. Plant. : — he died in " 1755." 
 
 Sida linifolia of Western Equatorial Africa. Known to grow in dry sandy situations in Senegal 
 (Perr. and Rich. fl. Seneg. 72, and A. Dec), and in Guinea (fl. Nigr.). Probably by European col- 
 onists carried across the Atlantic ; observed in Guayana by Barrere aeq. 72, — and Aublet (Pers.) ; 
 known to occur also on Hayti and in Peru (Cav., and Dec. prodr.). 
 
 "In this year" (Pursh, and Spreng.), Dillenius publishing his Hist, muse, enumerating* Sela- 
 %inella apus pi. 64. f. 3, Lycopodium luciduluui pi. 56. f 2 ; — he died "in 1747." 
 
 " 1742 A. D." (Adams lett. xvii, and Holmes), in Boston, Faneuil hall erected and presented to 
 the town by Peter Faneuil. Who died just at the time of its completion. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, Spreng., and Winckl.), Haller publishing his Enum. plant. Helv. 
 
 * Lycopodium Carolinianum of Northeast America. From transported specimens described by 
 Dillenius pi. 62. f. 5 : — growing according to A. Gray in "wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, 
 and southward : " observed by myself at 40 in peninsular New Jersey, and I think also at 42 30' in 
 boes near Salem ; by Chapman, in "low pine barrens, Florida, and northward." 
 5 128 
 
IOl8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Orchis palhns of middle and Eastern Europe. Observed by Haller 1281 pi. 30 in Switzerland,— 
 by Decandolle in France, by Jacquin pi. 45 in Austria, and by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Spiranthes aestivalis of Europe? Observed by Haller in Switzerland, — and known to grow in 
 wet meads throughout middle Europe (Dec. fl. fr., and Pers.) : observed by Chaubard in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Possibly by European colonists transported from one continent to the other, observed by 
 M ichaux in Northeast America, by Oakes in Western New England, by Torrey in Northern New 
 York, and according to A. Gray is " not rare." 
 
 About this time (Spreng. and Winckl.), John Mitchell of Virginia describing new genera of plants 
 in the Act. nat. cur. viii. app. 187, including " malachodendron " 16 Steicartia pentagyna (Willd.). 
 
 " 1743 A. D." (encycl. method., and Holmes), discovery of the water-communication between 
 the Upper Orinoco and the Amazon rivers. 
 
 " In this year" (Linn. sp. pi., and Winckl.), Colden in New York State, meeting with Uvularia 
 sessilifolia, Gentiana crinita fl. noveb. n. 50 (Willd.). The plants sent to Linnaeus were published 
 in Act. Ups. from this year — to " 1750," and the Flor. noveb. remains unpublished in the Banksian 
 library. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Pococke publishing an account of his travels in the 
 East ; — the second volume in " 1 745." 
 
 Colutea Pocockii of the East Mediterranean countries. A flowering shrub — described by Miller 
 pi. 100, termed " c. haleppica" by Lamarck, and brought from the vicinity of Aleppo : observed by 
 Decaisne on mount Sinai, and known to grow abundantly on the mountains of Abyssinia (A. Dec ). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl), Krascheninikow returning from Siberia with Gmelin, 
 having met with Liliuni Kamtchaticttm, Spiraea Kamtchatica, Rhododendron Kamtcliaticum, Alys- 
 sum hyperborettm (from Northwest America, Act. petrop. 1747, and Linn. sp. pi.). — He died "in 
 1754,'' his account of Kamtchatka and the Kurile Islands was published in Russian "in 1755," anc ' 
 an English translation "in 1764." 
 
 In this year (introd.), Loureiro, by his own account, arriving in Anam or Cochinchina, — where 
 he remained "thirty-six" years, and in " 1779" reached Canton in China. After "three years,'' he 
 sailed for home, stopping on the way " three months " at Mozambique. His Flor. Coch. was com- 
 pleted in " 1788" (ded.), and was published at Lisbon in " 1790." 
 
 Calamus scipionuvi of Sumatra. Described by Loureiro, and furnishing the walking-sticks of 
 great strength called Malacca canes : — these though exported from Malacca, are according to Griffith 
 brought from Siak on the opposite Sumatran coast (Royle, and Drur.). 
 
 " 1744 A. D. = 9th year of Kien-loung" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Seventy-fourth 
 cycle. 
 
 "March 29th" (Hutch, ii. 4, and Holmes), war declared by Britain against France and Spain. 
 Before the news reached Boston, Canso was captured by the French governor of Cape Breton, and 
 Nova Scotia endangered. 
 
 " In this year" (Ph. 323), Linnaeus publishing descriptions of 1 plants in Act. upsal. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), Charlevoix publishing his history of the French colonies in North 
 America. — He died "in 1761." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Humb. cosm. v.), Condamine from' Quito proceeding down the 
 Amazon and reaching Cayenne. — He published an account of his travels "in 1745" (Winckl.). 
 
 Hevea Guianensis of Eastern Equatorial America. A forest tree, with milky sap condensing 
 into caoutchouc or india-rubber; observed by Condamine on the Lower Amazon — (Winckler), and 
 by Aublet ii. pi. 3315 in Guayana : the product has become a well known article of commerce, exported 
 in the form of bottles (Lindl.) and articles not solid. By European colonists, the tree was carried to 
 the West Indies (Desc.) ; and from transported specimens is termed " poa seringa" in act. par. 1751 
 pi. 20, "jatropha elastica" by Linnaeus the younger suppl. 422, "siphonia cahuchu" by YVilldenow 
 iv. 567, "s. elastica" by Persoon. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Bergen publishing his Hort. med. viadrin. — He died "in 1759." 
 
 Pliascolu\ lunatus of Hindustan. Termed "p. bcngh.ilensis scandens siliqua acinaciformi semine 
 ovato compresso striate" by Bergen 99— (Linn. sp. pi.) ; described also by Houttuyn viii. pi. 63. f. 1 
 (Pers); observed by Wight 74.1 in peninsular Hindustan, by Lush at Dapooree near Bombay (Graham). 
 Westward, is known to occur in Senegal and Guinea (R. Brown cong. p. 50, fl. Nigr., and A. Dec). 
 Farther West, in Guayana, the West Indies, and Mexico (Dec. pnuir.); cultivated by the colonists 
 of Northeast America under the name of Lima bean, but so far as Iirackenndge and myself could 
 ascertain, seems unknown in Peru ; its pods according to Darlington are not eaten. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. fl. suec), J. Leche publishing his Florae Scanica- primitix. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng), John Wilson publishing his Synopsis of British plants. 
 
 " '745. J«ne 16th " (univ. hist. xli. 33, and Holmes), capture of Lou'sbourg and the island of Cape 
 Breton by an expedition chiefly fitted out by the colonists of New England. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1019 
 
 _ "The same year" (Hewet ii. 138 and 191, Drayton 127, and Holmes), the cultivation of indieo 
 ntroduced from the French West Indies into South Carolina. -Where, aided after three years by a 
 bounty from the British government, the product increased to "two hundred and sixteen thousand 
 n,ne hundred and twenty-four pounds" for 1754. At a later period the cultivation declined, and at' 
 length was abandoned ; though (according to Chapman) both /. tinctoria and /. anil continue to <*row 
 as weeds in waste places. B 
 
 Leucas M artinicensis of Tropical Asia and Africa. By European colonists, carried to the West 
 Indies as early at least as this year : —observed there by Jacquin amer., and Swartz prodr. 88 ; and 
 known to occur also in Brazil (Benth.). Eastward, is frequent and to all appearance indigenous in 
 Equatorial Africa (A. Dec.) ; was received by Bentham from peninsular Hindustan; and is enumer- 
 ated by Mason among the indigenous plants of Burmah. 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), Charles VII. succeeded by a daughter of Charles VI., Maria Teresa ; 
 becoming with Francis joint rulers over Germany and Italy. 
 
 " The same year " (Spreng.), arrival of Ternstrom at Pulo Condor : where he died before the end 
 of the year. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), publication of the Roman, agri of Sabbati. 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth., and Spreng.), Seguier publishing his Plant. Veron., —completed 
 "in 1754." 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. sp. pi.), Le Monier publishing his Cat. plant, alvern. — He died "in 
 1799." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Linnasus publishing his Oelanska, and Flor. suec, enumerating* Draba 
 nemorosa, Artemisia rupest is, Lathyrus heterophyllns, Carex loliacea ii. n. 840. 
 
 " 1746, Oct. 28th " (univ. hist, xxxix. 178, encycl. method., biblioth. Amer. 129, and Holmes), the 
 great earthquake desolating Lima. Its seaport Callao was overwhelmed by an ocean wave, and of 
 " three thousand " inhabitants, only one person escaped. In all " twelve thousand " persons perished : 
 and "the concussions continued, with short intervals, four months." — I found the two monuments in 
 the form of a cross and without inscriptions : one, behind rebuilt Callao and half a mile inland, said to 
 mark the spot to which a Spanish frigate was carried ; and the other, half way to Lima, said to mark 
 the limit of the inundation. 
 
 " 1747 A. D." (Pauth. 452), five Spanish Dominican missionaries detected in the province of Fou- 
 kian, condemned to be beheaded, and the sentence approved by the emperor Kien-loung. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Linnasus publishing his Wastgotha res., and Flor. 
 Zeylan. 
 
 " The same year " (Spreng.), Joseph Jussieu travelling on the Upper La Plata. — He reached Lima 
 "in 1750." 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), the Swedish traveller Kalm arriving in the Delaware, meeting with 
 here and on his journey to Canada Vaccinium Canadense, Sabbatia gracilis, S. annularis, Viburnum 
 lentago, Rubus hiipidus, Digitaria filiformis, Panicum clandestinum, Bromus ciliatus, B. Kalmii, 
 Phlox maculata ii. 222, Halenia deflexa, Gentiana quinqueflora, Trientalis Americana i. 138, Betula 
 pumila i. 138, China arundinacea, Prinos glaber, Vaccinium ligustrinum, Polygonella arliculata, 
 Dalibarda repens, jVuphar Kalmianum, Galium trifidum, Hypericum Kalmianum,] Hieracium pani- 
 culatum, Erigeron Philadelphicum, Senecio Canadensis, Aster laevis, Viola Canadensis, Carex squar- 
 
 * Tillcsa aquatica of Northern Europe. A diminutive annual observed by Linnseus in Sweden, 
 in depressed situations subject to inundation ; — known to grow also in Norway, and as far as Germany 
 (Pers., and Dec.) ; and Westward, observed by Hooker on Iceland. 
 
 f Hypericum Canadense of Northeast America. Observed by Kalm in Canada — (Linn. sp. pi.) ; 
 by Michaux, from Hudson's Bay to Pennsylvania and on the Alleghanies of Carolina; by Oakes and 
 myself, frequent around the base of the White mountains, stem slightly geniculate at base with narrow- 
 elliptic leaves, growing on the upland, taller and more obtrusive than the usual form, and seems peren- 
 nial ? : received by Hooker from Newfoundland, Canada, and as far as Lake Winnipeg; observed by 
 Pursh from Canada to Carolina ; by Elliot in South Carolina ; by Nuttall on the Arkansas ; and 
 according to Decandolle grows as far as Mexico. The smaller form observed by myself from 44° to 
 40 along the Atlantic. 
 
 Polygonum Pennsylvanicum of Northeast America. Observed by Kalm in Pennsylvania — 
 (Linn. sp. pi.) ; by myself, from 43° along the Atlantic, larger and the flowers more showy than in 
 P. persicaria, but occurring in the same situations and hardly having an indigenous aspect; by 
 A. Gray, in "moist soil in open waste places, common;" by Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania, and 
 received from Illinois ; by Beck, on the Mississippi at St. Louis ; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by 
 Chapman, in " wet places, Georgia." 
 
I0 20 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 rosa, Urtiea capitaia, Shepheraia Canadensis, Stnilax rotundifolia, Acer striatum, Aspidium Nove- 
 boraccnse, A. marginale, Trisetitin Pennsyhmnicum (" T. palustre " of Tor. ?). — He returned at the 
 end of two years, published an account of his travels "in 1753-61," and died "in 1779." 
 
 " 1748, Oct. 7th " (Blair, and Holmes), at Aix la Chapelle, signing of a treaty of peace between 
 France and Britain : by which, Cape Breton was restored to France. 
 
 The currencies in the American colonies now much depreciated ; especially in New England, 
 where the rate of Exchange was eleven for one (Minot i. 146, and Holmes).— Soon afterwards, an 
 Act of parliament restraining bills of credit in the colonies, and prohibiting making these bills '■ a legal 
 tender for the payment of debts." 
 
 "The same year" (Maunder), Al Mulck, "nizam" or ruler of the Deccan, succeeded by his son 
 Nazir Jung. Whose elder brother being excluded, war ensued ; in which the residents of the British 
 and French East India Companies engaged, taking opposite sides; the British being led by a writer, Clive. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckler), G. Juan and Ant. Ulloa publishing their Yiage to Chili, Peru, and 
 Juan Fernandez. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Linnaeus publishing his Hort. Upsal., enumerating Crasmla vertieil- 
 laris, Cacalia snaveolens 254. 
 
 " 1749 A. D." (univ. hist. xl. 194, and Holmes), Acadie having been by the late treaty confirmed 
 to Britain, its name now changed to "Nova Scotia," and the city of "Halifax" was founded. 
 
 " In this year" (Linn. fl. suec), Eberh. Rosen publishing his Observ. Botanicae. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), arrival of Hasselquist in the East. — He died in " 1752,'' and his 
 Flor. Palest, was published by Linnaeus in " 1756 " 
 
 " The same year" (Spreng.), arrival of Adanson in Senegal. — He returned " in 1753," and pub- 
 lished his Seneg. "in 1757." 
 
 " In this year" (Linn. sp. pi., and Winckl.), Dalibard publishing his Flor. parisiense. 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith ed. fl. lapp. 88), Larsius Montin visiting Lapland, meeting with 
 Jnneus biglumis. 
 
 " In this year" (title-pages), Linnaeus publishing the First volume of the Amoen. acad., enumer- 
 ating Viola Canadensis 159 (Willd.), — the Second "in 1762." 
 
 " In this year" (Linn. sp. pi.), Haller publishing his Hort. Goetting. 
 
 Reseda odorata of the North African Desert. Called in Britain mignonette, in France "reseda" 
 (Prior), in Italy "amoretti d'Egitto " or " amorino d'Egitto" (Targ.); described by Haller hort. 
 goett. 95, — Miller pi. 217 (Spreng.) ; termed " r. ^Egyptiaca" in Flor. palaest. (Linn, amcen. acad. iv. 
 457) ; known to grow in Syria and Ilarbary, and observed by Delile in gardens at Alexandria. Trans- 
 ported to Europe (Curt. mag. pi. 29, and Pers.) and Northeast America, has become a favourite 
 garden plant on account of the agreeable odour of its flowers. 
 
 "1750 A. D." (Minot i. 130, and Holmes), the policy of the British government now tending 
 towards encouraging the production of raw materials in the colonies, and discouraging or even pro- 
 hibiting manufactures. 
 
 " Feb. 28th" (Blair), the interest on the English funds reduced to three per cent. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl), after his Cat. hort. med. Yiadrin. "in 1744," Pet. Imman. Hartmann 
 publishing his Flora Francofurtana. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), letter professedly from Emmanuel, a youth of fifteen years, to his 
 father Albert v. Haller, containing objections to the new Classification proposed by Linnaeus. 
 
 Crepis setosa of the mountains of Switzerland and the Tyrol. Observed by the younger Haller 
 on mount St. Bernard and the Rhaetian Alps — (see Pers.) ; by Carl Chr. Gmelin in the environs of 
 Baden ; and known to occur in cultivated ground in Pannonia, Croatia, Slavonia, and Banatus ( Waldst. 
 and Kitaib. i. pi. 43, Pers., and Steud.). In Britain, introduced among imported seeds since 1843, 
 has made its appearance in the Kle of Wight and in Scotland (l!ab., Bromf., and A. Dec). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Georg Rud. Bohmer publishing his Flor. lips, inaig. — Pie died " in 1S03." 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng ), Trew publishing his Plant. Select, (the figures by 
 Ehret), enumerating his Plant. Rar. "in 1763," died "in 1769," and the last three volumes of his 
 Plant. Select, were published by Vogel "in 1773." 
 
 As early as this year (see Spreng., and Winckl.), John Bartram journeying from Philadelphia to 
 Lake Ontario, meeting with here and on his visit to Florida* Azalea aiborcscens (Pursh), Gymno- 
 
 * Rosa laevigata of China. Known to grow there (Nutt., Red., and A. Dec). And said to have 
 been introduced by John Bartram into Charleston — ( Baldw. rel. i(«j) ; observed by Alichaux in 
 Georgia ; — by Chapman, " common in cultivation ; " and by myself near Charleston, climbing among 
 planted trees from trunk to trunk. Eastward, is termed " r. sinica'' in European gardens, " r. nivea" 
 bv Decandolle, "r. Macartnea" by Dumont de Courset ed. 1 (Steud.) ; and " R. Sinica, scandent with 
 ternate leaves," was observed by Lush at Dapooree in Hindustan (Graham). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1021 
 
 cladus Canadensis, Illiciiun Floridanum, Boltonia asteroides. — He published an account of the excur- 
 sion "in 1751," and died "in 1777" (Holmes). 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), Toren arriving in Malabar. — Where he remained until "1753." 
 
 " The same year" (Spreng.), Griffith Hughes publishing Ms history of Barbadoes. 
 
 Perhaps "about ninety years ago" (see Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. p. 148), Chatham Island colo- 
 nized by New Zealanders ; in canoes driven out to sea from the East Cape of New Zealand. — Addi- 
 tional emigrants from New Zealand " have lately been carried thither by trading vessels." 
 
 " 1751 A. D." (Crawfurd vii. 11), by the Spanish colonists at Manila, an expedition sent against 
 Sulu : war declared, and a Second expedition disgracefully beaten. 
 
 "April 4th " (trav. p. 20, 33, to 375), Bossu by the way of Cape Frangois arriving at the mouths 
 of the Mississippi. Leaving New Orleans "Aug. 20th" he proceeded up the river to the Illinois, 
 meeting with vines climbing high Vitis izparia 349, "jalap" 353 Ipomcea Michauxii. — After visiting 
 New Orleans and France "in 1757," he returned to the Mississippi "Aug. 12th 1758," he ascended 
 the Alabama as high as the junction of the Tombigbee, meeting with the "battledoe" common about 
 Mobile 347 Nyssa candicans, and was in New Orleans "June 1st, 1762." 
 
 "July 12th" (trav. transl. by J. R. Forster), Osbeck arriving "in sight of the East part of Java." 
 "Aug. 22d," he was "off Macao" in China. — He published his Trav. in "1765." 
 
 "In this year" (title-pages), Schmiedel publishing Gesner's botanical works. — The second 
 volume "in 1771," and he died "in 1783." 
 
 " In this year " (Linn. sp. pi.), F. Sauvages publishing his Flor. monspel. — He died "in 1767." 
 
 " '7S 2 i J an - 1st" (Blair, Holmes, and Nicol. 38), New year's clay by act of parliament, instead of 
 the ensuing " March 25th." New Style was at the same time adopted ; by deducting from this year 
 "eleven days," calling what would have been the "3d of September, the 14th." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Pritzel), after his first edition "in 1731," Second "in 1732," Third 
 "in 1737," Fourth "in 1741," Fifth " in 1747," Philip Miller publishing the Sixth edition of his Gar- 
 deners' Dictionary, enumerating Ixia grandiflora, bulbifera,flexuosa pi. 156. f. 2 to 239. 2; Gladiolus 
 rec'urvus, slric/us, and Millcri 40 to 235. 2 ; Antholyza cunonia 113, Moraea iridioides 239. 1, Iris 
 ochroleuca 154, Verbascum Boerhaavii 273, Nicotiana pusilla 185. 2, Physalis arborescens 206. 2, 
 Tetragonia decnmbens u. 3 and ic. 263. 1, Phlomis Nissolii 204, Calendula fruticosa 283, Tilia 
 pubesccns n. 4, Solidago pi/osa, S. elliptica, Populus angulata * n. 5. 
 
 "June2oth" (Hewet ii. 43, and Holmes), the charter of Georgia surrendered to the king: 
 removing the prohibition of Negroes, and enabling settlers to acquire larger tracts of land. 
 
 "The same year" (coll. hist. iv. 216, and Holmes), the small pox in Boston, where of "five 
 thousand five hundred and forty-four " persons attacked, "five hundred and fourteen" died ; while of 
 " two thousand one hundred and nine " inoculated, only " thirty-one " died. 
 
 "The same year" (life of Frankl. 118, and Holmes), at Philadelphia, the identity of electricity 
 with lightning demonstrated by Franklin ; by constructing an'd experimenting with an electrical kite. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Pontoppidan publishing his Norw., including the plants collected by 
 Lange. — He died in " 1764." 
 
 " '753 A. D." (W. W. Hunter), Marhattas under a Muslim chief acquire possession of Orissa. 
 
 " In this year " (Marshall i. 375, univ. hist., and Holmes), the Ohio company surveying lands 
 granted as part of Virginia as far as the Falls of the Ohio ; the country on this river claimed by the 
 French of Canada : who built a fort at Presqu'isle on Lake Erie ; another, about " fifteen miles 
 south " on a tributary of the Alleghany ; a third, at the mouth of this tributary ; and a fourth, at the 
 mouth of the Wabache. 
 
 " In this year " (Smith ed. fl. lapp. 238), Solander visiting Lapland, meeting with Apargia 
 taraxaci. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Linnaeus publishing his Sp. Plant., enumerating 
 "seven thousand three hundred plants," including Allium striatum (Ph.), Hydiastis Canadensis, 
 Ricotia Aegyptiaca i. p. 656. 
 
 " 1754, April 17th" (Blair, Minot, and Holmes), war between France and England initiated by 
 French Canadians capturing from the Ohio company an unfinished fort on the Monongahela. "June 
 
 * Popuhts tacamahaca of Canada. A lofty tree called tacamahac, from transported specimens 
 described by Miller — (Steud.). In its wild state, was observed by F. A. Michaux from 49° to 47 , 
 and rare on Lake Champlain ; by myself, from 47 to 43° along the Atlantic ; by Longs' Expedition ii. 
 81, from Lake Superior to Pembina and Lake Winnipeg (Schw.) ; by Drummond, near the Rocky 
 mountains ; and according to A. Gray, grows from " N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward," 
 its "laro-e buds varnished with a fragrant resinous matter." Transported to Europe, is described by 
 Miller, and Linnaeus. 
 
1022 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 ist" (Blair), "Mr. Washington intercepts a small body of French." Continuing his advance 
 toward the junction, where the French were building Fort Du Quesne (univ. hist. xl. 198, 
 Marshall, and Holmes), Washington was met by a superior force, and on "July 4th," compelled to 
 capitulate. 
 
 The British government having ordered the dislodging of the French from the Ohio, and recom- 
 mended Union among the colonies for defence : n plan of Union drawn up by Franklin was on the 
 same "July 4th " adopted in convention ; the Connecticut delegates alone dissenting. The proposed 
 plan was however rejected by the colonial Legislatures, as giving "too much power to the represent- 
 ative of the king ; " and by the king's council, as giving "too much power to the representatives of 
 the people" (Minot i. 9, and Holmes). 
 
 "The same year" (Inman), a trading-post established by the French on the Mississippi above 
 the mouth of the Ohio, and called " St. Louis." The origin of the city of St. Louis. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng ), Jacquin arriving in the West Indies;* — he returned "in 1759," 
 published his Select "in 1763," and Obs. " in 1764-71." 
 
 Triamfetta rliomboiaea of Western Equatorial Africa. Known to be frequent in Guinea and on 
 the neighbouring island of Saint Thomas (fl. Nigr., and A. Dec). By European colonists, carried to 
 the West Indies, where it was observed by Jacquin amer. pi. 90, — and S wartz fl ind. occ, in " pratis 
 fruticulosis," and from its adhering fruit called "cousin" by the French. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Mahmood succeeded by Osman II. or Othman II., twenty-sixth 
 Turkish sultan. 
 
 " In this year" (Linn. sp. pi.), Linnaeus publishing his Genera plantarum. 
 
 " In or about this year " (Kobell iv.), the peculiar metal nickel, discovered by Cronstedt. 
 
 " '755, July <)th " (Blair, and Holmes), defeat on the Monongahela of the British and colonial 
 forces under Braddock, by the French from Fort Du Ouesne. 
 
 "Nov. 1st" (Blair), severe earthquake, destroying Lisbon, and felt over a great part of the sur- 
 face of the Globe. 
 
 "Nov. 1 8th, a little after 4 o'clock, in a serene and pleasant night" (mem Amer. acad. i. 271, 
 and Holmes), the severest earthquake experienced in New England. Continuing in Boston "nearly 
 four and a half minutes ; '' during which time, "about one hundred chimneys were in a manner lev- 
 elled with the roofs of the houses ; and about fifteen hundred, shattered and thrown down in part ; " 
 the ends of about twelve or fifteen brick buildings were thrown down from the top to the eaves of the 
 houses ; and on new ground, some of the street? were almost covered with fallen bricks. The course 
 was nearly from Northwest to Southeast, "at least one thousand miles, and perhaps many more," 
 the width from Southwest to Northeast being from Chesapeake Bay to Halifax " about eight hundred 
 miles." In the West Indies "about 2 p. m.," the "sea withdrew from the harbour of St. Martin, 
 leaving" dry vessels that had been anchored in " three or four fathom," and after a long interval 
 returned "six feet higher than usual ; " but there was no earthquake shock. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Jenkinson publishing his British plants. 
 
 " In this year " (append. Sibth.), Duhamel publishing his Traite des Arbres, enumerating Andio- 
 vieda ni/ida, Gymnocladus Canadensis i. 103, Calveanthnt Ln-ri^utus ; and in Sem. app. pi. 27. f. 2 
 Rhodora Canadensis (Linn. sp. pi.), — his Physiq. des Arbres "in 1758," and died "in 17S2" 
 (Spreng.). 
 
 At this time (J. E. Smith, and Spreng ), Loefling writing his Res. on Cumana, Guiana, and 
 Spain ;— he died "in 1756," his Res. were published "in 1758," and the flor. Hispan. by Linnaeus. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Allioni publishing his Rar. Pedem. 
 
 * Trichilia frifotiata of the Northern extreme of South America. A bush or small tree, observed 
 by Jacquin amer. pi. 123 in dry grassy places in Curacao, called by the Dutch colonists "kerseboom," 
 by the Spanish " ceraso mat ho," a decoction of the roots used among the slaves to procure abortion, 
 — observed also in the West Indies by Loefling iSS (Linn. sp. pi., Vahl symb. i. p. 31, and Lindl.). 
 
 Telaiitlieraj'rtitcstens of the shores of Tropical America. An Amaranthaceous plant observed 
 by Jacquin in the West Indies — (Steud.), receive. 1 by L'Heritier pi. 37 from Lima (Pers.), known 
 to grow also at Guyaquil, and frequent in America (Moq.). By European colonists, was carried 
 across the Pacific to Manila (Moq.); and to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Commerson 
 (A. Dec). 
 
 Cyperus vegefus of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of North America. Observed by 
 Jacquin in the West Indies — (Steud.) ; by Baldwin, in East Florida ; by Walter, on the Santee ; by 
 Elliot, from Savannah to Charleston ; and known to grow in "low pine barrens" as far as North 
 Carolina (Chapm.). Transported to Europe, is described by Roth, Willdenow, Lamarck, and Moench ; 
 and has become naturalized around Bayonne and Bordeaux (Godron, and A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1023 
 
 . At this time ( s P ren g-)> Patrick Browne writing his Civil and natural history of Jamaica,* enumer- 
 ating Rubia Brownei, Hypoxis decumbent 195. — The work was published "in 1756." 
 
 "1756, June 15th" (Maunder), capture of Calcutta and the English factory there by Surajah 
 Dowla, nabob of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa. Of the captured English, "one hundred and forty-six 
 were confined for the night " in the Blackhole ; a room " twenty feet square," constructed under their 
 own supervision " for a place of confinement ; " in the morning, "only twenty-three were taken out 
 alive." 
 
 "Aug 13th and 14th " (Holmes), capture of the forts at Oswego, on the Southern shore of Lake 
 Ontario, by Canadian French under Montcalm. The forts, which had excited the jealousy of the 
 confederate tribes called the "Six nations," were at once demolished. In the Southern provinces 
 (Hewet ii. 205, and Holmes), a fort built in this year on Tennessee river " above five hundred miles " 
 from Charleston, and called " Fort Loudon." 
 
 " In this year" (Linn. sp. pi.), Linnaeus publishing the Third volume of Amoen. acad., enumerat- 
 ing Agave ]'irginica p. 22. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Russel publishing his Nat. Hist, of Aleppo. — He died in " 1768," and 
 a Second edition was published by Solander "in 1794" (append. Sibth.). 
 
 "1757 A. D." (art de verif.), Osman II. succeeded by Mustafa III., twenty-seventh Turkish 
 sultan. Coins issued at Cairo by Mustafa III., are figured in Marcel p. 239. 
 
 '■ In this year" (Spreng.), Joh. Gottfr. Zinn publishing his Cat. hort. et agri gottingens. 
 
 " At this time " (Europ. settlements ii. 29 to 38, and Holmes), the whole colony of Louisiana 
 containing "not more than ten thousand" Whites and Negroes ; the inhabitants of Montreal "about 
 five thousand." 
 
 " I7S 8 > J uI Y 26th" (Blair, and Holmes), Louisbourg and the island of Cape Breton again captured 
 by British and colonial forces. "Aug. 27th " ( . . . \iniv. hist., and Holmes), Fort Frontenac on 
 Lake Ontario captured from the French ; and " Nov. 25th," Fort Du Quesne captured, and the name 
 changed in honour of the English minister to " Pittsburg." 
 
 " '759. Sept. 13th" (Blair, and Holmes), capture of Quebec by the British and colonial forces 
 under Wolfe; bringing French power in Canada to a close. — The final surrender of Canada took 
 place on "Sept. 8th, 1760" (univ. hist, and Holmes). 
 
 "Sept. 29th " (Kobell ii.), at Jorullo in Interior Mexico, a new mountain, " fifteen hundred and 
 eighty feet above the plain," rising out of a fissure. 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), Venegas publishing his Nat. and civil hist. Californ. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Arduino publishing his Animadvers. bot., enumerating "vena di Tar- 
 taria" A vena Orienialis. — He published a second volume "in 1764." 
 
 "In this year " (Spreng, and Winckl.), after his Prim. flor. butisbac. "in 1743," Phil. Conr. 
 Fabricius publishing his Hort. med. helmstadt, enumerating Decumaria barbara (Linn. sp. 1663) : — 
 he died "in 1774." 
 
 " 1760, Oct. 25th " (Nicol.), George II. succeeded by George III., now British king. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), John Hill publishing his Flora britann. 
 
 "At this time" (Holmes), New England estimated by Stiles 142, to contain very nearly "five 
 hundred and one thousand nine hundred and nine" inhabitants. 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), Mariti visiting Cyprus, and Palestine, meeting with " galetti " Latha- 
 ms articulatus. — He returned " in 1768." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl., and Spreng.), after his Meth. "in 1754," Scopoli publishing his Flor. 
 Carniol., enumerating Carex capillaris ; a second edition "in 1772 ; " his Fund, "in 1783." 
 
 Ophrys andragnitis of the East Mediterranean countries. Observed by Scopoli in Carniolia; — 
 by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Carex agastachys of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed "c. maxima" by 
 Scopoli, as observed in Carniolia, — " c. agastachys" by the younger Linnaeus suppl. 414, described 
 also by Goodenough, and known to grow throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. iii. pi. 63, and 
 Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, on mount Athos, by Chaubard in the subalpine region of the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 * Crotalaria Brownei of Jamaica. Known to grow wild there — (Gardn.), and described by 
 Bertero (A. Dec.).' By European colonists, was carried about 1822 to Ceylon, where it was found by 
 Gardner (bot. mag. for 1848) a frequent weed, spreading in every direction. 
 
 Hvptis pectinata of Tropical America- Observed by Browne 259 on Jamaica — (Linn. sp. 799). 
 Transported to Europe, is described by L'Heritier (Pers.) : by European colonists also, was carried 
 across the Pacific to the Marian Islands and Madras, and by way of the Atlantic to Guinea, Port 
 Natal, Madagascar, Abyssinia, and Fazokel (Benth., and A. Dec). 
 
1024 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. sp. pi.), Linnaeus publishing the Fifth volume of his Amoen. acad., enu- 
 merating Paspahtm distichum. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Pritzel), after his Seventh edition "in 1759," Miller publishing 
 figures of plants adapted to his Gardener's dictionary, including Piuiis inops, P. variabilis, Xanthoxy- 
 lum fraxincum, Phlox divaricata 203. f. 1, Pity sal is lanceolata, Crataegus cordata 179, Coreopsis 
 aurai (Ph.), Marty ma proboscidea 2S6, Hypericum monogynum 151. f. 2, Vilex incisa 275. f. 1. 2, 
 Baithinia aurita 41. t. 61, Omithogalum thyrsoidcs 12S. t. 192, Anthericum datum 38. t 56, Rheum 
 com-pactum pi. 218, Phytolacca icosandra 138. t. 207, Priumfetla annua 199. t. 29, Pyrus prunifolia 
 180. t. 269. 
 
 Heliotropium Peruvianum of Western Peru. The heliotrope of the gardens, a low shrub, is 
 described by Miller pi. 143 — (Linn. sp. pi.), and is known to grow wild in Peru (Pers.). Trans- 
 ported to Europe and to Northeast America, has become a favourite in gardens on account of its fra- 
 grance. 
 
 '• 1761, March 12th, between two and three in the morning" (mem. Amer. acad. i. 278, and 
 Holmes), two shocks of an earthquake felt throughout New England. " Nov. 1st," another earth- 
 quake felt in Boston and the neighbouring towns. 
 
 "The same year" (Holmes note to 1732), the transit of Venus observed at the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 " In this year " (praef. 9. and flor. Hi to 2), Forskal at Marseilles, on his way to Malta and Con- 
 stantinople, where he arrived in August. He reached Alexandria in the beginning of October, and 
 proceeding to Rosetta and up the Nile to Cairo remained in Egypt — " nearly a year." 
 
 '■The same year (= A. H. 1139," W. G. Browne in Walp. trav.), the art of printing introduced 
 into Turkey. — After two years, an Arabo-Turkish lexicon, and a History of the Turkish maritime 
 wars, were issued from the press ; and during successive years until " 1777 (= A. H. 1155 "), four- 
 teen additional works. 
 
 '• In this year " (Spreng.), Fr. Wilh. von Leysser publishing his Flor. halens., enumerating A T as- 
 turtium pa lad re (Steud.) ; — " in 1783 " a second edition ; " in 1806" ten tarn. nov. ; "in 1807" his 
 Mantissa; "in 181 1 " a second Mantissa, and died "in 1815." 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Louis Gerard publishing his Flor. Galloprov.' 
 
 As early as this year (Act. angl. li, and Linn. sp. pi ), Garden in Carolina sending plants to Lin- 
 naeus, including Bumelia teuax, Cyrilla racemijlora (mant. 50), Halesia diptera. 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. sp. pi.), after his Flor. geldrica "in 1757," Gorter publishing his Flor. 
 ingrica : — his Flor. belgica "in 1767" (Winckl.) ; and died "in 1783." 
 
 In this year (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Oeder editing the first volume of the Flor. Dan.t 
 
 " 1762 A. D." (Proud, and Holmes note to 1732), two ingenious mathematicians returning from 
 observing the transit of Venus, employed by the inhabitants of Southern Pennsylvania to mark out 
 the boundary separating Maryland. 
 
 "The same year" (NicoI.J, accession of Peter III. as emperor of Russia. Before the close of 
 the year, he was succeeded by Catharine II. 
 
 " May 23d " (Blair), war declared by Portugal against Spain. 
 
 " In this year " (Linn. sp. pi., and Winckl.), Gouan publishing his Hort. monspeliens, enume- 
 rating Silphium perfoliatum 462. 
 
 "June 27th " (Blair), St. John's in Newfoundland captured by the French ; and " Sept. 18th," re- 
 captured by the English. 
 
 In the West Indies, Martinico, Granada, St. Lucia, St Vincent, and the other French posses- 
 sions in the Caribbee chain of islands, all captured by the combined British and colonial forces (univ. 
 hist., and Holmes). "Aug. 12th," Havana was captured, but on "Nov. 3d," preliminary articles 
 of peace were signed at Paris. — By a treaty signed on the following " Feb. 10th," the French pos- 
 
 * Jimcus Gcrardi of the seashore of Northeast America. A rush described by Gerard — 
 (Loisel.), and termed "j. Bothnicus " by Wahleiiberg. Westward, along our Atlantic coast is called 
 black grass, and has been observed by myself forming beds or patches in salt marshes from Lat. 43 ; 
 by Torrey, as far as 41° ; by A. Gray, in " salt marshes, common along the coast from New Jersey 
 northward; " by Baldwin at 3V in Florida, and was received by Muhlenberg from Georgia and New 
 Jersey, but I was assured by Dr. Emerson that seed imported from the Northward is sown in the salt 
 marshes along Delaware Bay. Allied to J. bulbosus, but may prove distinct. 
 
 \ Carcx Oederi of Northern and middle Europe. Alow sedge — described by Ehrhart, Schkuhr 
 67. t. F. f. 26, and Host i. pi. (15 : known to grow in moist ground in Northern and middle Europe 
 (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself only in 
 grass-grown clearings in the environs of Salem, Mass. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1025 
 
 sessions East of the Mississippi were ceded to Britain, except only the islets of St. Pierre and Mique- 
 lon, ceded to France as a fishing station ; Guadaloupe, Marigalante, Desirade, and Martinico were 
 restored to France ; and Havana, to Spain. 
 
 "In this year " (Spreng.), Hudson publishing his Flora anglica, enumerating * Arabis stricta : — 
 "in 1778," a second edition; and died "in 1793." 
 
 "In this year" (Linn. sp. pi. i. 202, suppl. Sibth., and Winckl.), Linnaeus the younger publish- 
 ing his first decade of Plant, rar. hort. upsal. ; — the second " in 1763." 
 
 Lithospermum dispermum of the Uralian plains. An annual described by Linnaeus the younger 
 dec. i. pi. 7, — cultivated also in the Oxford botanic garden (J. E. Smith) In its wild state, observed 
 by Hawkins on mount Ossa in Thessaly (Sibth.) ; by Pallas v. 337 to 497, on the Lower Volga. 
 
 In the Introduction to the Second edition of his Species Plantarum Linnaeus states that he had 
 travelled over the mountains of Lapland, all Sweden, and a part of Norway, Denmark, Germany, Hol- 
 land, England, and France : and that by his persuasion his pupils had visited and examined other 
 countries, as Kalm, Canada ; Hasselquist, Egypt ; Osbeck, China ; Toren, Surat ; Solander, Eng- 
 land ; Alstrcemer, Southern Europe ; Mardn, Spitzbergen ; Pontin, Malabar ; Kaehler, Italy ; Fors- 
 kal, the East; Lcefling, Spain; and Montin, Lapland. 
 
 Among botanical friends who had sent from various countries seeds or dried plants, he enume- 
 rates B. Jussieu, Royen, J. Gesner, Wachendorf, Sibthorp, Monti, Gleditsch, Krascheninikoff, Minu- 
 art, Velez, Kleinhoff, Ortega, Ellis, Seguier, Allioni, Zinn, Gouan, Gerard, Munchhausen, Bielke, 
 Rathgeb, Demidoff, Collinson, Braad, Clifford, Lagerstrom, Gronovius, Gmelin, Burmann, and 
 Sauvages. 
 
 And of botanical writers who maintain or have in some instances adopted his system of arrang- 
 ing and describing, Gorter, Jacquin, Colden, Hill, Hudson, Dalibard, Kramer, Leyser, Meese, Le 
 Monier, Guettard, Haller, and Scopoli. 
 
 "Sept. 1st" (introd.) Linnaeus publishing a Second edition of his Sp. Plant, enumerating! 
 "fifteen hundred" additional plants = 8800 species: including Platantkera hyperborea, Danthonia 
 spicata 119, Anemone Pennsylvanica, Aconitum nncinatum, Hydrophyllum Canadense 208, Cha- 
 macnerium latifolium, Baptisia coerulea, Arenaria (Moeringia) lateriflora, Pedicularis Canadensis, 
 Elephantopus tomentosus, Croton glandulosum, Chrysosplenium A mericanum, " gentiana ciliata 
 Canada? montibus " G. delonsa, Silpliium laci?iiatu?u (sent by Collinson), Polymnia Canadensis 
 amoen. acad. iii. 1. f. 5, Taxus Canadensis, Uniola latiflilia (Muhl. in reliq. Baldw. 96). 
 
 Silene Ilalica of the Mediterranean countries. Termed '■ cucubalus italicus " by Linnaeus sp. 
 plant. 593, — " viscago clavata " by Moench, and known to grow in Italy and Southern France (Jacq. 
 obs. iv. pi. 79, Pers., and A. Dec.) : observed by Grenier and Godron as far North as Lyons ; by 
 Villars, in Dauphiny ; by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus. In Britain, has escaped from cultivation, 
 and "from 1825 " has continued on the sea-cliffs at Dover (Engl. bot. pi. 2748, and Bab.). 
 
 Phytolacca dioica of Tropical America ? Transported to Europe, and brought by Alstrcemer 
 from the Madrid garden to Linnaeus sp. pi. ; — cultivated in England by Miller "in 1768;" described 
 also by L'Heritier stirp. i. pi. 70; and enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as recently introduced and 
 becoming very large in Egypt. 
 
 "In this year" (append Sibth.), Henr. Joh. Nep. Crantz publishing his Stirp. austriac. ; — the 
 third fascic. and Umbellif. emend, "in 1767;" the sixth and Crucif. emend, "in 1769;" and died 
 "in 1799" (Spreng.). 
 
 '■ In this year" (Spreng.), Aublet arriving in Guayana, meeting with Nectris equatica. 
 
 Coumarouma odorata of Eastern Equatorial America. The tonka bean, a Leguminous tree, 
 
 * Sa> r ina subulata of Subarctic climates. Termed " s. pergula laricina" by Hudson, — and in 
 fi. Dan. (Swartz act. holm. 1789 pi. 1. f. 3, and Steud.) ; known to grow from Sweden to Switzerland 
 (Wats.) ; was observed by Curtis near London, and by Brotero in Portugal (Steud.). Westward, 
 was received by Hooker from 56° on the Rocky mountains 
 
 + A maranthns flai'us of Eastern Asia. Received by Linnaeus sp. 1406 from " India " — (Willd. 
 pi. 3. f. 6, and Pers.) ; by Moquin, from Nepal, apparently a garden specimen (A. Dec). Probably 
 by European colonists carried to Brazil (see Moq.). 
 
 Spiranllies cernua of North America. This spiral-flowering Orchid, described from transported 
 specimens by Linnaeus sp. 1340 — has reached without human intervention the Southern extreme of 
 Ireland; found there in 1S10, and again in 1843 (Bab., and Power). Westward, is known to grow 
 from Newfoundland to the Pacific, at the mouth of the Columbia (A. Dec.) ; was observed by 
 Michaux from Hudson Bay to Carolina ; by myself, in bogs and marshes from 45 throughout New 
 England ; by Schweinitz, at 36 in Upper Carolina; by Elliot, in South Carolina ; by Baldwin to 31 ; 
 by N. A. Ware, in Florida; by Chapman, "Florida to Mississippi;'' by Short, in Kentucky. 
 
 129 
 
1026 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 observed by Aublet iii. pi. 296 in the Guayana forest, — its fragrant seeds well known in commerce 
 (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies (Descourt.) ; and recently to Egypt, 
 observed there in gardens by Clot-Bey. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Quer y Martinez publishing his Flor. Hispan. — He died " in 1764," 
 and two volumes were published by Ortega "in 1778." 
 
 "At the close of December" (flor. p. Ixxxvi), Forskal from Suez arriving at Lohaja in Yemen. — 
 Journeying inland, he died at Tares "in the beginning of June 1763." 
 
 Triantluma crystallina of the Arabian and Abyssinian Desert. The ice-plant observed by 
 Forskal p. 69 at Dahi in the Arabian Desert and termed "papularia crystallina;" — by Speke, in 
 the opposite Somali country, and by Grant as far as " 18° 45' " on the Nile, sheep said to fatten on it. 
 Transported to Europe, is described by Vahl ; and from Europe was carried to Northeast America, 
 where it continues under cultivation in vases. 
 
 Malva montana of the mountains of Yemen. Called there " horod," and observed ty Forskal 
 p. 124 in the middle mountain-region near Hadie. — Transported to Europe, was termed "m. nicaeen- 
 sis " by Allioni as observed in Piedmont, " m. setosa " by Moench (Cav. ii. pi. 25, Pers., and Steud.): 
 in Britain, has recently been observed in a single locality, near the Botanic garden at Chelsea (Wats. 
 cyb. iii. 329, and A. Dec). 
 
 " 1763 A D." (Blair), the expulsion of the Jesuits from France completed. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), Bougainville sailing for Brazil and the Falkland Islands, accom- 
 panied by Pernetty. — An account of the Voyage was published by Pernetty in " 1770." 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Linnasus the younger publishing his second Decad., 
 enumerating Zinnia multiflora pi. 12. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Vitalian Donati, after publishing his Hist. nat. adriat "in 1750" and 
 making important collections in Syria and Egypt, shipwrecked on his return and assassinated. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng), Adanson publishing his Fam. plant., enumerating Brunniciiia cirrhosa, 
 — He died "in 1806." 
 
 " 1764 A. D." (Spreng.), Konig arriving in Iceland. 
 
 " The same year" (coll. hist., and Holmes), disappearance of the blue fish, Temnodon from the 
 waters around Nantucket, after abounding there from the first settlement by the English.* 
 
 " In this year" (title-page), Linnaeus publishing the Third volume of the Amoen. acad., enumer- 
 rating Lechea major p. 11. f. 4. 
 
 " 1765, Jan. 10th " (Holmes), by the British parliament, an act requiring stamps on all papers 
 legal and mercantile throughout the American colonies. The act, except in Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 and some of the West India islands, was everywhere resisted ; and a congress meeting at New York 
 "on the first Tuesday in October," consisting of delegates from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- 
 necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and South Carolina, declared: 
 The colonists entitled to all the rights and liberties of British subjects, among which was the exclusive 
 power to tax themselves. — The view of the colonists was supported in Parliament by Pitt, admitting 
 that " taxation and representation are inseparable ; " and on the following " March 18th," the act was 
 repealed. 
 
 " In this year" ( ... Spreng.), Wulff publishing his Flor. Boruss. 
 
 "The same year" (J. W. Rosse), "the sovereign rights of the duke of Athol in the Isle of Man," 
 purchased by the British parliament. 
 
 "The same year" (Blair, and Maunder), Bengal finally acquired by the British East India Com- 
 pany: and "May 3d," landing of Clive, appointed "commander-in-chief, president, and governor." 
 
 Cocculus palmatus of Mozambique. A vine called there " kalumb," growing in the forest: the 
 root imported into Malabar and Ceylon as early as this year, and called in Tamul "columboo vayr," 
 in Cingalese " kalamboo khoo " — (Thunb. trav. iv. p. 185, Fortin, and Ainsl. mat. ind.). The living 
 plant carried by Capt. W. F. W. Owen to the Mauritius Islands, and observed there under cultivation 
 by Bojer. From transported specimens, described by Lamarck enc. iv. p. 99, and Hooker bot. mag. 
 
 * Erwcaulon septangular^ of Northeast America. Having without human intervention reached 
 the European coast, discovered in this year on Skye, West of Scotland, — afterwards in abundance 
 in Western Ireland (Hook, and A Dec), and termed " nasmythia articulata " by Hudson: was as- 
 certained by Lightfoot to be an Eriocaulon, liy Withering to be an undescribed species (Steud.); and 
 has received the English name ot pipewort (Prior). Westward, was observed by Lapylaie in New- 
 foundland ; by myself, in shallow water and on exposed mud from 48 on the S ague 11 ay throughout 
 New England; by Torrey, to 41° on the Hudson; by Pursh, from Canada to New Jersey \ and 
 according to A. Gray, grows from "Pennsylvania to Michigan;" according to Hooker, as far as the 
 Saskatchewan. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1027 
 
 pi. 2970. According to Pereira, and Lindley, calumba root "is a valuable and excellent tonic, having 
 aromatic qualities, but mucilaginous and not acting as a stimulant." 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), Byron among the "Friendly" Islands (consisting of the Tongan 
 and neighbouring groups). 
 
 " 1765 to 1766 A. D." (Spreng.), Ekeberg visiting China. — He made a Second visit "in 1770," 
 and published his Itin. in " 1773." 
 
 " 1766 A. D." (append. Sibth.), Linnaeus publishing the Twelfth edition of his Systema Nature. 
 
 In or about this year (Pall. trav. i. 705 to 752 and ii. 547), A. Rinder residing as a physician at 
 Orenbourg. 
 
 Cynoglossum Rinderi of the Uralian plains. A vernal and remarkable species observed by Rin- 
 der in two localities in the environs of Orenbourg ; — by Pallas i. 310, as far West as the Kinel 
 affluent of the Volga. 
 
 Ornithogalum bulbiferum of the Uralian plains. Observed by Rinder in the environs of Oren- 
 bourg; —by Sokolof, on the Lower Yaik and along the Caspian (Pall. ii. 547). 
 
 " In this year " (Willd.), Schwenk publishing his Hort. med. hag. 
 
 Schwenkia Americana of Tropical America. Known only in cultivated ground and waste places 
 in Northeast Brazil (A. Dec.) and other parts of Tropical America (H. and B., and Steud.). Received 
 from America by Schwenk 328.pl. 1. — Probably by European colonists, carried to Equatorial Africa, 
 known to occur in Senegambia and Guinea (R. Brown cong., and Benth. fl. Nigr.). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Peter Jonas Bergius publishing his Proteac. (stockh. acad. 316). 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng ), Carteret sailing among the " Friendly " Islands. 
 
 •" The same year" (coll. hist. vi. 239, and Holmes), a Marine society formed in Salem, New Eng- 
 land: — Incorporated "in 1771." And "in 1799," the East India Marine society of Salem formed. 
 
 " In this year" (Humb. cosm. ii.), different kinds of gas or unmixed air recognized by Black and 
 Cavendish; and "fixed air" (carbonic acid) and "combustible air" (hydrogen) shown to be distinct 
 aeriform substances. 
 
 " 1767, March 31st " (Blair), expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain ; and " Nov. 21st," from Naples. 
 
 "July" (Gordon, and Holmes), Parliament persisting in taxing the colonies, and receiving news, 
 that New York had refused to provide for troops ; an act passed, "restraining tlie assembly of New 
 York," until compliance. The colonists now became alarmed, jealous of ulterior designs ; and " Let- 
 ters from a Farmer " made their appearance, demonstrating the danger of a small tax, as establishing 
 a precedent. 
 
 One hundred and eighty-second generation. Sept. 1st, 1767, mostly beyond youth: the Greek 
 writers Regas of Velestinus d. 1798, Nicephorus Theotokes d. 1800: other writers, Mendelssohn; 
 Jao de Sousa ; Von Wisin ; Neledinsky-Meletzky : the zoologists, H. B. Saussure d. 1799, Carolus 
 Bonnet d. 1793, Bonavent. Corti, Turb. Needham d. 1781 : the botanists, C. G. Ludwig d. 1773, Io. 
 Gesner d. 1790, Io. Ern. Stieff, P. D. Giseke, lac. Wernischek, N. Jos. Necker, F. van Berkhey, D. 
 S. A. Buttner d. 1768, J. Ph Ruling, Ios. Theoph. Kolreuter d. 1799, William Watson, Phil. Fermin, 
 C. G. Dalberg, F. X. Wulffen d. 1804, lac. Christ. Schaffer d. 1790, Io. lac. Ritter d. 17S4, Theoph. 
 Barckhausen, P. H. G. Mohring d. 1792, C. L. Willich, F. G. Weis, Io. F. C. Grimm, S. G. Wilcke, 
 C. E. Weigel, A. B. Kolpin, H. G. comes Mattuscha d. 1779, G. G. Reyger d. 1788, W. Lachenal 
 and Ach. Mieg, B. Dubourg, F. Descurain, A. L. Latourette, Ant. Battarra d. 1789, F. Bassi d. 1774, 
 Geo. Tycho Holm., Io. Strom, Io. S. Leinker, C. L. Roloff, Mich. Matth. Ludolff, Io. Marsilius, A. 
 J. G. C. Batsch d. 1802, James Bolton, loan. Hedwig d. 1799, Nicolaas Meerburgh, John Stackhouse, 
 F. H. Wiggers, William Woodville : the painter Antonio Raphael Mengs d. 1779: the engraver 
 Raphael Morghen b. 1755. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Petrus Poivre publishing his Voyage d'un philosophe. 
 He established a botanic garden on the Mauritius Islands, — and continued prefect of those islands 
 and the Seychelles "until 1 77S-" 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Mich. Grubb publishing his Descript. plant, e capite bonae spei. 
 
 " In this year " ( . . . . Spreng.), Gunner publishing his Flor. Norv., enumerating Ledum lati- 
 foliitm n. 1067 (Willd.), — completed "in 1772 ; " he died " in 1773." 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth., and Spreng.), Linnaeus publishing his Mantissa,* enumerating 
 
 * Sagina apetala of Northern Europe. An annual described by Linnaeus — (Steud.); known to 
 grow in sandy soil in Britain (Curt. pi. 14), and France (Lam., and Pers.). By European colonists 
 was carried to Northeast America, observed by A. Gray in " sandy fields, New York to Pennsylvania, 
 rare " and " adventive " only. 
 
 Senebiera didyma of the Andes and vicinity throughout North and South America. A small 
 prostrate Cruciferous annual, transported to Europe, described by Linnaeus mant. 92 ; — termed 
 
I 02 8 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Verbena Aubleiia 88, Aster (Galatella) hyssopifolia p. 114, Muhhnbergia Mexicana 31, Koenigia 
 Islandica 35 ; Bamelia decandra 48 (" Sideroxylon " of Linn, and '■ B. oblongifolia " of Nutt.) received 
 by Munchhausen from N. America. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Linnaeus the younger publishing his Fascic. plant, rar., describing 
 Raphanus caudatus, Silphium lerebinthaceniK. 
 
 " The same year " (Spreng.), Wallis among the " Friendly" Islands. 
 
 "The same year = 33d of Kien-loung" (Amyot, and Pauth. 269), under his direction, the 
 Chinese chronological table compiled and published ; together with the Li-tai-ki-sse, a collection of 
 annals from the time of Yao. Kien-loung also caused to be published a Chinese and Mantchou dic- 
 tionary, including words invented by himself for ideas wanting in Mantchou. 
 
 "1768, Feb. nth" (Gordon, and Holmes), a circular letter addressed by the Legislature of 
 Massachusetts to the other colonies. The British ministry taking umbrage, Lord Hillsborough wrote, 
 requiring the rescinding of the resolution. The Assembly, declaring '-the right of the subject, jointly 
 or severally, to petition the king for the redress of grievances," voted not to rescind; and on the fol- 
 lowing day, "Aug. 4th," was dissolved by Governor Bernard. "Sept. 28th to Nov. 10th " (Adams 
 iett. i°and Holmes), arrival in Boston of "four thousand" troops, to protect the revenue officers in 
 collecting the new duties. 
 
 "The same year" (Marcel), war between Russia and Turkey declared, and Egypt called upon to 
 furnish "twelve thousand men." An attempt by the sultan to get rid of Ali-Bev having failed, the 
 Memluk chieftain now declared himself independent ; — and held possession of Egypt about four 
 years. Coins issued by Ali-Bey, are figured in Marcel p. 335. 
 
 "July 14th" (tr.iv. i. 21), Pallas leaving Moscow. Journeying Eastward along the Volga, he 
 reached Sinbirsk " Sept. 22d." 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth., Spreng., and Winckl.), Haller publishing his Hist, stirp. Helvet. 
 indig , enumerating " twenty-four hundred and eighty-six" species, among them Veronica fruticosa 
 pi. 16, Aretia Helvetica II, A. alpina 1 1, Arcnaria multicaulis 17, Saxifraga inutata 16, Pedicularis 
 recutita 8. 2. P. gyrqflexa n, Oxytropis campestris 13, O. Uraknsis 14, Inula Vaillanti 2, and Cir- 
 sium spinosissimum. — He published his Nomenclat. "in 1769," and died "in 1777." 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), S. T. Gmelin voyaging on the Caspian, from Astracan along the 
 coast of Ghilan and Masanderan, provinces of Persia. — His Reise were published " 1770-S4." 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng.), Bougainville among the " Friendly" Islands : accompanied by Com- 
 merson — who died "in 1773." 
 
 " The same year" (second edit.), end of the chronicle of Blair. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Giov. Targioni-Tozzetti publishing his Relaz. viag. Tosc. 
 
 — The work was completed "in 1779," and he died "in 1782." 
 
 "In this year" ( . . Winckler), Labillardiere visiting Syria, — where he remained "until 
 1787." His Icon. Plant. Svr. were published "in 1791-1812." 
 
 J J eriploca angustifolia of the Atlas mountains. Observed by Labillardiere icon. ii. pi. 7 in Syria, 
 
 — by Desfontaines i. 209 on mount Atlas (Pers.). According to Gussone has not crossed from 
 Favignano to Maritimo, islands only two leagues apart (A. Dec). 
 
 Helichryswn fngidum of mountain-summits in S\ria and Corsica. Observed by Labillardiere pi. 
 4 on Lebanon : — elsewhere known to grow only on Corsica (Pers., and A. Dec). 
 
 "lepidium anglicum" by Hudson "in 1778," as found naturalized in Britain ; occurring also in waste 
 ground in Sweden (Fries), Italy (Scop., and Savij, Southwestern France (A. Dec), Spain (Boiss.); 
 and by European colonists carried to St. Helena (Wats ), and Port Jackson in Australia (R. Brown, 
 and Nutt.). Westward, is known to grow in Brazil (A. Dec ), Buenos Ay res, and Chili (Hook.); 
 by Humboldt and Bonpland, on the Equatorial Andes at the elevation of " 1350" (Kunth); by Nut- 
 tall, to all appearance indigenous along the Missouri and .Mississippi : but has become a weed in our 
 Atlantic States, from Virginia Southward (A. Gray); on the Santee before the days of Walter, and 
 Michaux (Steud., and Ell.); was observed by Chapman, in "waste places, Florida to North Carolina;" 
 by Drummond, around New Orleans. 
 
 Gentiana Pyrenaicn of the Pyrenees, Carpathians, and Caucasus. Described by Linnaeus mant. 
 55, — and Gouan illustr. vii. pi. 2: known to grow on the Pyrenees above -4800 feet," on mount 
 Berzsowa in Hungary, and on Caucasus, but seems unknown in Switzerland (A. Dec). 
 
 Terniinalia angustijolia of the Malayan Archipelago. From transported specimens described 
 by Linnaeus mant. 297, — and Jacquin hort. iii. pi. 100, and Gaertner ii. pi. 127. Eastward, observed 
 in the countries on the Indian Ocean by Commerson (Steud.) ; according to Royle, a milky juice flows 
 from the stem and concretes into a fragrant substance resembling benzoin, and in the Mauritius used 
 in churches as a kind of incense (Lindl). The tree has recently been introduced by Nimmo into 
 Hindustan (Graham. See Styrax benzoin). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1029 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth., and Spreng.), Miller publishing the Eighth edition of his Gar- 
 dener s dictionary, enumerating Berberis Canadensis. — He died "in 1771." 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), after his Geran. in " 1759," N. L. Burmann publishing his Flor. Indica, 
 enumerating plants collected by Outgaerden, Pryon, Lor. Garcin., and others, as Coiula minima, 
 Inuyacupressoides. — He published also Prodr. flor. Capens. ; and died in " 1793." 
 
 " In this year " (Winckler), James Bruce visiting Abyssinia, — where he remained " until 1772." 
 
 '■ 1769, Feb. 9th " (Gordon, and Holmes), in an address to the king by both houses of Parlia- 
 ment, a proposal to bring persons accused of treason into Britain for trial. Massachusetts having 
 now no Assembly; resolves by the Virginia Legislature "May 16th," That "it is lawful to procure 
 the concurrence" of other colonies in " praying the royal interposition in favour " of violated rights : 
 and that all trials for crime committed in a colony, "ought to be in and before his majesty's courts 
 within said colony." On the following day, the Virginia Assembly was dissolved by Governor Bote- 
 tourt. " In October," the North Carolina Legislature adopting similar resolutions, was dissolved by 
 Governor Tryon. A Non-importation agreement soon afterwards became general. 
 
 Previous perhaps to his voyage with Cook, Solander describing Vaccinium vacillans, Andromeda 
 speciosa. 
 
 " The same year " (Spreng., and D'avezac in rec. voy. et mem. iv.), Cook on his First voyage in 
 company with Banks and Solander, traversing the Pacific Ocean discovered Anaa or Chain coral- 
 island, and farther West the two high islands of Tetouroa and Mauroua. — He reached New Zealand 
 " in 1770," and after visiting Australia and New Guinea arrived home " in 1771." 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng., and Winckler), Erich Laxmann, residing at Kolywan, publishing his 
 letter on Siberia. — He died " in 1796." 
 
 " April 15th " (trav. i. 224), Pallas at Samara on the Volga in 53 , the ice entirely gone, and the 
 country covered with flowers, including Ornithogalum minimum, Fritillaria Pyrenaica, Tulipa syl- 
 vestris, Iris pumila, Valeriana bulbosa, Pedicularis comosa, Astragalus Uralensis, A. tragacan- 
 thoides, Viola odorata, and most abundant of all Pulsatilla patens: on the heights were growing 
 Clematis erecta, Salvia uemorosa, S. nutans, Phlomis herba-venti, Dracorephalum thymijlorum, D. 
 Sibericum, Nepeta violacea, Hedysarum onobrychis, Astragalus pilosus, A. grandiflorus, Centaurea 
 Kuthenica, Inula hirta, and most abundant of all Onosma echioides. " May 2d," leaving Samara, 
 Pallas continued along the Volga, meeting with Agropyrum prostratum, Cheirant/ius taraxacifolius, 
 and on "the 30th " returned to Samara. "June 16th," he proceeded Eastward up the Samara river, 
 meeting with "planta salsa ambigui generis "(....), Erysimum cornutum, and "July 1st" reached 
 Orenbourg in " 51 46' " on the Yaik. " Aug. 23d," Pallas at Gourief on the Yaik near the Caspian, 
 meeting with in the environs Hesperis Tartarica, Polycnemum monandrum, P. oppositifolium, Sali- 
 cornia strobilacea, Salsola arbuscula, Serratula Caspica, Lycoperdon herculeum a foot high around 
 the Inderskoi salt lake. Leaving Gourief "on the 31st," he reached Jai'tzkoi on the Yaik "Sept. 
 17th," Sakmarskoi on the Orenbourg route " on the 28th," and continued through the Baschkir coun- 
 try to Oufa "Oct. 2d." 
 
 "July 24th" (append. Pall. v. 484), Lepechin arriving at Zarizyn on the Lower Volga. — He 
 published the first volume of his travels in Russia "in 1774," and the third "in 1783" (Spreng., and 
 Winckl.). 
 
 " The same year" (Humb. iii. 8), colonization of North California by the Spanish ; who estab- 
 lished missions at Monterey and San Francisco.* 
 
 " In this year' (J. E. Smith, Spreng., and Winckl.), after his Icon, "in 1766," Schreber publish- 
 ing the First volume of his Gram., — his Flor. Lips, "in 177:," Verticil, unilab. "in 1774." 
 
 Carex intermedia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Schreber and 
 termed " c. disticha" — (Pers.) ; known to grow in meads and marshes from Sweden and Russia to 
 the Mediterranean (Engl. bot. pi. 2040, Thuill, Pers., and Wats.) ; observed by Decandolle in France; 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Carex pracox of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A low vernal sedge described by 
 Schreber, — and known to grow in open woods from Sweden and Russia throughout middle Europe 
 (Engl. bot. pi. 1099, Jacq. aust. pi. 446, Pers., and Wats.) : observed by Sibthorp on the mountains 
 around Athens. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself natu- 
 ralized on hills around Salem, Mass., and flowering before the development of leaves on the over- 
 hanging trees ; by Schweinitz, near Bethlehem, Penns. 
 
 * Vitis Californica of North California. A wild vine, yielding grapes "assez grandes, mais tres 
 aigres," was found by the first Spanish colonists — (Humb. iii. 8): doubtless the species observed by 
 myself, festooning trees along the Sacramento, the fruit rather small, pleasant to the taste, but leaving 
 behind an unusual sense of tartness. 
 
l0 ? CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "1769 to 1770 A. D." (Spreng.), arrival of Mariti in the East. — He remained there " eight " 
 years. 
 
 "1770, March 5th" (Gordon, and Holmes), in Boston after an affray, the soldiers insulted, and 
 one on receiving a blow fired at the aggressor ; a single discharge from six others followed, and of the 
 citizens three were killed and five dangerously wounded. " April 12th," the repeal of the new duties 
 signed by the king: reserving that on tea, to keep up the claim of sovereignty; in effect, leaving the 
 cause of contention between the two countries in full force. An act had been passed by Parliament, 
 " For securing the dependence of America on Great Britain." 
 
 "May 16" (trav. ii. 19), leaving Oufa, Pallas proceeded among the Ural mountains and through 
 the Baschkir country to Kaslinskoi, "June 17th:" he here took the main route, reached Ekaterin- 
 bouro- » in 56 40' " on the " 23d," and " July 4th " the Toura tributary of the Obi in the Vogoul country. 
 Pallas ii. 364 found the Vogouls small in stature and effeminate, having very little beard {Mongolians), 
 and somewhat resembling the Calmuks but whiter; living in the forest, altogether by hunting and 
 chiefly on the elk, having a very few dogs, and cows kept around their cabins, but no other domestic 
 animals ; each community having enclosures miles in diameter ; those dwelling along rivers capturing 
 fish and making canoes either of the trunk of a tree or of birch bark; they never eat salt, enjoy excel- 
 lent health, and use no medicines ; their language seems related to the Finnish ; all profess themselves 
 Christians, but they have secret rites, sacrifices to idols, invoke particular divinities, and have retained 
 much of their ancient religious views. Returning as far as Tcheliabinsk "Aug. 4th," after various 
 excursions he left " Dec. 16th,'' and on the "20th " reached Tobolsk on the Irtich "in 5S 12'." 
 
 Nicetas Sokolof, sent in the early spring to the Caspian, rejoined Pallas at Tcheliabinsk " in 
 September," having met with Onosma divaricata, Salsola lanifiora, Amaryllis Caspica, Cheiranthus 
 tomentosus, Astragalus caudatus, and Scorzoncra pusilla. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 453). the Tourgaouts withdrawing from Russian rule on the Volga, 
 after reaching the Hi, asked and obtained protection from the Chinese emperor Kien-loung. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 32), eleven years after the death of P. Gaubil, his translation of the 
 Chou-King published by De Guignes at Paris. 
 
 "In this year" (Pers.), Ellis describing plants in Act. angl. lx, including Dion&a muscipula. — 
 He died "in 1776." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Desportes publishing his Maladies de St. Dom. 
 
 '■ In this year" (J. E. Smith ed. fl. lapp.), Chr. Friis Rottboll describing plants in Act. Hafn. x., 
 among others Stcllaria humifiisa pi. 4. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Jacquin publishing his Hort. Vindobon., — completed 
 "in 1776," — enumerating Ge-uiu album ii. pi. 175. 
 
 Convolvuhts farinosus of Madeira. Transported to Europe, described by Jacquin hort. vind. i. 
 pi. 35, ■ — and Linnaeus mant. ii. 203 : said by Sibthorp to occur along hedges and in cultivated ground 
 in Mysia, Livadia, and the Peloponnesus, but there is no specimen in his herbarium (Lindl.). 
 
 '■ In this year " (Spreng.), Davides Cranz publishing his Hist. Groenl., enumerating " eighty-two " 
 phanerog. plants. 
 
 "In this year" (Wintkl.), after the Second volume, Oeder publishing the Third volume of the 
 Flor. dan., enumerating* Draba nivalis pi. 142. — He now retired from the editorship, and died "in 
 1791." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Thunberg on his way to Austral Africa.f 
 
 * UtricuLiria intermedia of Western Europe. DescribedbyOederfl.Dan.pl. 12S — (Pers.); 
 observed by Hayne pi. 5 in Germany; by Thuillier, near Paris ; and known to grow also in Britain 
 (A. Dec). 
 
 \ Oralis cerni/a of Austral Africa. Observed there by Thunberg pi. 2 (Pers.). Transported to 
 Europe, has become naturalized in Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Algeria, and from " 1S26" at Gibraltar 
 (A. Dec). 
 
 Gnaphalium iindiila/nm of Austral Africa. Observed there by Thunberg 151 (Pers.). Trans- 
 ported to Europe, is described by the younger Linnaeus stippl. 363 ; and has been observed by Lejolis 
 for several years naturalized in the environs of Cherbourg (A. Dec). 
 
 Solatium Capense of Austral Africa. Observed there by Thunberg (Steud.), and from transported 
 specimens described by the younger Linnaeus suppl. 147. By J. Drummond in 1S29 introduced into 
 Southwest Australia, and observed by him "ten years" afterwards completely naturalized (Hook. 
 journ. bot. for 1840, and A. Dec). 
 
 Stenoiaphrum dimidialnm of the Atlantic shore of Tropical and Subtropical Africa. A maritime 
 grass observed in Austral Africa by Thunberg, and Drege (A. Dec.) ; and known to grow as far as 
 Saint-Thomas and Guinea (Kunth, and Benth. fl. Nigr.). By ocean currents transported across the 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1031 
 
 Juncus pygmaus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A rush described by Thunberg 
 (Steud.) : observed by Thuillier in wet places in the environs of Paris (Pers.) ; by D'Urville in beds 
 of torrents on the island of Milo (Chaub.). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Peter Jos. Buc'hoz publishing his Traite" hist, plant. Lorraine, also 
 his Diet, plant, de la France. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Joh. Andr. Murray publishing his Prodrom. stirp. gottingens. ; * and 
 about this time (comm. goet. vii), describing Euphorbia cyathophora pi. I. 
 
 " 1771, March " (trav. iii. 6), Pallas, proposing to visit East Siberia, joined by Georgi and Falk at 
 Tcheliabinsk. Leaving " April 16th," he proceeded Eastward, and " May 16th " reached Omsk on the 
 Irtich. Leaving on the " 22d," meeting with Sisymbrium salsuginosum, Convolvulus spinosus, Astra- 
 galus ammodytes, Thlaspi ceratocarpum, Allium coeruleum, and "June 27th'' reached the Schoulba 
 at the commencement of the Altaian mountains. Leaving the vicinity "July 17th," he soon reached 
 a tributary of the Obi and continued Eastward, meeting with Silene Altaica, Bcrberis Siberica, Carda- 
 mine nivalis from the mountain-summits, reached Tomsk "Sept. 9th," and on the "30th" Iourbin- 
 skaia or Kemson on the Yenisei. Near Abakansk were inscriptions, older apparently than the Conquest 
 of this portion of Siberia and mostly Mongol, two only being in the Tartar language. " Oct. loth " 
 he reached Krasnoyarsk on the Yenesei, where he passed the winter. 
 
 "March 8th" (Pall. trav. iv. 16), under instructions from Pallas, Soujef leaving Tobolsk on the 
 frozen Irtich on his way to the Arctic Ocean. After " two hundred and sixty verstes " at DemianskoT- 
 iam the Tartar villages ceased, and the Russian villages were soon intermingled with those of the 
 Ostiaks, professed Christians as far as Berezof, " five degrees North of Tobolsk " and where dog- 
 sledges were in use as well as reindeer. Leaving "June nth " in a large canoe, on the " 14th " he 
 arrived at Obdorskoi, "in 67°" and the last place held by the Russians. Leaving by canoe "July 1st," 
 he landed on the " 3d " and proceeded North with reindeer, meeting with Sedum quadrifidum, Acctosa 
 acetosella, Andromeda (Cassiope) hypnoides, Chrysosplenium alternifo.'ium, Sisymbrium sophia, Arte- 
 misia borealis, and Lycopodiuin complanatum • on the " 14th " he saw the Arctic Ocean, and journey- 
 ing Westward, reached the Gulf on the " 25th ; " on the " 28th," he commenced his return. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Vandelli residing at Rio Janeiro publishing a few Brazilian plants. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Duroi publishing his Harbk., enumerating of North American plants, 
 Quercus palustris pin oak (Brendel in Am. Nat. for 1870), Acer spicatum. 
 
 "In this year" (title-page), Forster publishing his Catalogue of N. Amer. plants, enumerating 
 Elatine Americana, Parietaria debilis (Chapm.). 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth., and Spreng.), Linnseus publishing his Second Mantissa, 
 enumerating Muhlenbergia Mexicana 31, Rhynchospora fusca (Steud.), Ipomoea dissecta (Steud.), 
 Saxiffaga Siberica (Pers.) : f — afterwards turned his attention to Surinam plants ; and died "Jan. 
 10th, 1778." 
 
 "In this year" (biblioth. Amer. 165, and Holmes), publication of "Considerations on the expe- 
 diency of admitting representatives from the American colonies into the British house of Commons." 
 
 Avcna stri^osa of the Tauro-Caspian countries. A grass in this year first observed in Germany 
 (Schreb. fl. lips.), — "in 1779" by Retz in Sweden, and "in the same year " by Withering in Britain ; 
 has since become a weed in cultivated ground from Russia to Portugal (Brot., and A. Dec.) : was 
 observed by C. A. Meyer to all appearance wild in meads near the Caspian, between Sallian and 
 Lenkoran. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), voyage of Sonnerat from the Mauritius Islands to the 
 Seychelles and Malayan Archipelago. — He published his Voy. "in 1776," and died "in 1781." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Oeder succeeded by O. F. Muller as editor of the Flor. Dan. who pub- 
 lished the fourth volume, — "in 1782" (Winckl.), the fifth volume, and died "in 1784." 
 
 Atlantic, and probably Westward : observed by Baldwin on Flores, Bermuda, also at Bahia, and from 
 Rio Janeiro to the mouth of the La Plata; by Chapman, "along the coast, Florida to South Carolina;" 
 by Le Conte, in Georgia (Collins) ; by Walter, and Elliot, near salt water as far as the Santee. 
 
 * Rume.r conglomeratus of Northern Europe. A dock distinguished by Murray; — termed 
 " r. nemolapathum " by Linnasus jun., " r. divaricatus " by Thuillier, " r. paludosus " by Aiton (Steud.); 
 known to tow in moist shaded situations and along streams in middle Europe (Pers ) : observed by 
 Pollich, Moench, Roth, and Sprengel, in Germany ; by Thuillier, near Paris. By European colonists 
 was carried to Northeast America, occurring according to A. Gray in "moist places, sparingly intro- 
 duced, naturalized." 
 
 f Euxolus deflexus of ... . Having the aspect of E viridis, but the stems prostrate, and dis- 
 tinguished by Linnaeus — (Willd. pi. 10. f. 20, Pers., and Steud.). By European colonists carried to 
 Northeast America, occurring in "waste places, Albany, New York, etc." (Raf., and A. Gray). 
 
IC >32 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "1772, March 22c]" (Pall. iv. 134), Falk having commenced his return to St. Petersburg, and 
 Georgi remaining behind at lrkutzk, Pallas continuing his journey crossed Lake Baical on the ice on 
 the ""23d," and "April 6th " reached Kiakta. Leaving on the " 9th," he returned down the Selenga 
 as far as Oudinsk, and on the " 27th " proceeded Eastward, meeting with Lycopodium rupeslris,3.nd 
 reached the waters of the Ingoda tributary of the Amour "May 9th." He now entered Daouria, 
 meeting with Mvosot/s rupestris, M. pectinata, Cotyledon malacophyllum, Astragalus leptophyllus, 
 A. dalguricus, A. mnrkatus, Phaca salsula, I'edicularis flava, Spiraea thalictroides, Phlox Siierica, 
 SiT'itlaria alpina, Iris vcnlrkosa, and turning back at Tchindantourouk, left Daouria "June 12th." 
 Continuing Westward, on the " 20th '' he reached Selenginsk, and on the " 25th " Kiakta, observing 
 on the Upper Selenga Hypecoum ereclum, Aucliusa saxatilis, Convolvulus ritpcsti is, Astragalus poly- 
 p/ivl/us, A. oxYp/iv/lus, A. laguraidi-s, A. {Oxytropis) ampullatus, Artemisia pectinata, Pedicularis 
 striata, and returning reached Lake Baical "July 7th." From lrkutzk on the "22(1 "he continued 
 Westward, and " Aug. 1st " reached Krasnoyarsk. Leaving on the " 19th " for the Upper Yenisei, he 
 reached the waters of the Abakan " Sept 5th," and on the " 6th " the frontier of Mongolia at Tasch- 
 typkaja Derevna: returning, meeting with Scdun: populifotium,he reached Krasnoiarsk on the "23d." 
 
 Sokolof, left behind in 1 )aouria ( Pall. tray. iv. 607), meeting with Phyllanthus ramiflorus, Pcdiculai is 
 myriophvlla, P. spicata, Primula nivalis, Gah-ga Daurica, and returning, joined Pallas at Krasnoiarsk. 
 
 " In this year" (Nicol.), Third partition of Poland. 
 
 " In this year " (Lindl. med. 408), Cinchona forests discovered by Mutis around the city of Santa 
 F6 de Bogota, the attention of Government directed to the fact, and specimens sent to Linnaeus. — 
 He continued to reside there and established a Botanical garden, published memoirs "in 1784" and 
 " 1792," and died "in 1809" (Spreng.). 
 
 "The same year" (encyclop. meth., and Holmes), severe earthquake in Guatimala : destroying 
 the city of that name, with "eight thousand families." 
 
 " Nov. 2d " (rec. Bost, and Holmes), on motion of Samuel Adams in town meeting at Boston, a 
 committee of twenty-one citizens appointed : To correspond with their brethren in the province, state 
 their grievances, and publish an account of their proceedings. — This committee of Correspondence 
 proved "the basis of the subsequent union of the colonies." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng ), Sparmann in Austral Africa on the arrival of Cook — on his Second 
 voyage, now accompanied by Forxtcr. 
 
 "In this year" (D'avezac in rec. voy. et mem. iv), in the Pacific, a low island called by the 
 natives Topatuetota, in " Lat. 17 15' Long. 236° 2'," discovered by the captain of the Spanish frigate 
 Aguila; also a low island called by the natives Eruo, in "Lat. 1 7° 30' Long. 234 15'." — The first- 
 named island was visited by Cook in the following year and called by him Resolution. 
 
 "In this year = beginning of the years an-yei " (iransl. Klapr. 239), Rinsifee, or Fajasi Sivei 
 holding an interview with a Japanese of Matsmaye, from whom he learned many particulars respect- 
 ing the Ainos of Ycso — His work, containing besides an account of Corea and the Loo Choo Islands 
 and entitled San-kokf-tsou-ran-to-sets, was published in " 1785," and has been translated by Klaproth 
 into French (Orient, transl. lond., and Siebold eluc. Yries p. 4). 
 
 The Ainos of Yeso are described in the San-kokf as unacquainted with writing, agriculture, the 
 use of money, and the art of procuring iron and copper from their mines ; do not capture whales, 
 and have an account of a sea-monster called "okime" large enough to swallow a whale (the kraken 
 of the Norwegians) ; have no knowledge of chronology, social laws, nor of the use of wealth, but 
 think only of eating and sleeping with ihcir wives, arc in the same condition as people were at the 
 beginning of the world, before thousands of years with religion and commerce gradually brought on 
 civilization: they do not voluntarily dwell with Japanese; all have a healthy aspect ; dip new-born 
 infants in the sea ; the men are occupied in hunting and fishing, and in general have great bodily 
 strength, the women cutting firewood and doing all the work of the household ; no one knows pre- 
 cisely his own age; they make coarse cloth of fibrous plants and bark of trees, but embroider with 
 thread elegantly ; wear no covering on the head, and go barefoot even in frost and snow ; intermarry 
 with their nearest relations, to keep the family distinct, and those possessing the means marry four 
 to eight wives, each one of whom has a separate house ; conceal in the mountains and set a high 
 value on sword-hilts and other antiqujties inherited from their ancestors ; place their dead in a large 
 chest together with the utensils used by the deceased, and for special honour erect a post five feet 
 high and suspend his sabre, but never wear signs of mourning; their houses have but a single apart- 
 ment, in which the whole family sleep and eat together, there being no distinction of master and ser- 
 vant ; a cage containing an owl 'Strixflammea) is often alongside, for the sake of feathers for their 
 arrows; they have an' instrument of iron called " kouwasaki," or " kw.isaki," consisting of a ring 
 having two branches in the form of a swallow's tail and a little bell suspended by a short chain from 
 each branch, regarded as sacred, used when making prayers and sacrifices for recovery from illness, 
 and in general kept concealed in the ground ; the people are very stupid, though maintaining an 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1033 
 
 excellent character; have neither king, princes, nor lords, but in each hamlet the most respectable 
 old man is the chief and has charge of public affairs. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Joh. Fr. Gmelin publishing his Stirp. Tubing, indigen.— 
 He died "in 1802." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Joh. Jac. Reichard publishing his Flor. Moeno-Francof. 
 — The publication was completed "in 1778," and he died "in 1789." 
 
 "In this year" (Pursh), G. Wolffg-Knorr publishing his Thesaur. rei. herb. 
 
 About this time ("Jan. 7th 181 1 — near forty years," lett. to Baldwin reliq. 15 to 181), after 
 returning from the University of Halle "in 1770," Henry Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania at the age of 
 nineteen turning his attention to Botany. 
 
 " In this year " (Pritzel), Schreber publishing the Second volume of his Gram., enumerating 
 Muhlenbergia diffusa n. 103 (Willd.), Bracliyelytrum aristalum, Trichodium laxiflorum, — com- 
 pleted "in 1779 : " the Third volume was issued 'in 1810," the year in which he died 
 
 " 1773, March " (Holmes), a committee of Correspondence appointed by the Virginia Legisla- 
 ture : To extend communications beyond the province to the sister colonies. On the arrival of ships 
 laden with tea : at Charleston, the tea was stored where it could not be used ; at Philadelphia and 
 New York, the ships were sent back ; and at Boston, after vain attempts to send back the ships, per- 
 sons in disguise forced an entrance and threw the tea into the harbour. 
 
 " April," Wm. Bartram (according to his own account) leaving Philadelphia on his journey 
 South, as far as Florida, meeting with Kalmia hirsuta, Scutellaria serrata, S. canescens, Salvia 
 asurea, Calamintha grandifiora, Sabbatia stellaris, S. calycosa, Ixia coelestina, Lycium Carolinianum 
 trav. 59, Azalea calendulacea p. 321, Oenothera grandifiora (Ph.), Clethra acuminata, Hydrangea 
 querafolia, Chrysobalanus oblongifolius ; lithium parvijiorum, Magnolia pyramidata, Gerardia ? 
 cuneirolia, Hibiscus incanus, Liatris graminifolia, L. heterophylla, L. gracilis, L. pauciflora, Acti- 
 nospermum anguslifolium, Actinomeris alata, Coreopsis acuta, C. angiistifolia, Rudbeckia discolor, 
 Helianthus radtila, Berlandiera tomentosa, Myrica inodora, Asimina grandifiora and A. pygmaea, 
 both on the South side of the Alatamaha (B. c. 332) ; Mylocaryum ligustrinum near Savannah p. 31 ; 
 Pinckneya pubetis near Fort Barrington on the Darien road p. 16 with Gordonia pubescens (B. r. 
 333) ; Hypericum aureum ("frondosum" of Mx., B. r. 107), Satureja? rigida (B. r. 281). 
 
 "April 21st" (trav. iv. 56), Pallas on his return from Siberia leaving Sarapoul for the South, to 
 observe the vernal plants between the Yaik and Lower Volga ; " May 8th," he crossed the Samara, 
 continuing South along the Yaik, meeting with Cachrys odontalgica, Poly cue mum sclerospermum, 
 and on the "23d" reached Soundaef. Leaving the Yaik on the "24th," and proceeding Southeast, 
 he entered the Naryn Desert ''in 49 " on the "31st," meeting with Spartium aphyllum, Delphinium 
 puniceum, Anabads monandra, Ornithogalum circinnatum, "June 8th" came in sight of the 
 Vol^a, and on the "nth" reached Astrakan ; where he met Gmelin jun. preparing for his second 
 visit to Persia. Leaving on the " 16th," he returned along the Volga and on the " 25th" reached the 
 Moravian settlement of Sarepta, in existence "eight years," and "twenty-two versts " beyond at 
 Zarizyn passed the month of July. Leaving " Aug. 4th " he continued up the Volga as far as Saratof, 
 and returned to Zarizyn on the " 28th," to pass the winter. 
 
 Soujef among the Inderski mountains meeting with Molucella tuberosa, Plantago minuta, Bunias 
 Tartarica, Leontice vesicaria, and Amaryllis Tartarica, rejoining Pallas " May 23d" at Soundaef. 
 
 "The same year" (Pemberton ms., Morse geogr. i. 122, and Holmes), the settlement of Ken- 
 tucky commenced by Daniel Boon and family, with five other families, and forty men from Powell's 
 Valley. Said to be in violation of a government treaty with the aboriginals. 
 
 " Between sixty and seventy years " before our visit to the Pacific (Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. 
 p. 140), Temoe or Crescent Island, a coral-islet "about thirty miles" Southeast of Mangareva, peo- 
 pled by Mangarevan fugitives " on rafts ; " the drifting, it should be observed, being directly against 
 
 the trade wind. After many years, Catholic missionaries arrived at Mangareva: through whom the 
 
 fugitives were brought back to their homes. 
 
 ° " In this year " (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), after his Flor. Monsp. "in 1765," Gouan publishing 
 his Illustr. of rare plants growing on the Pyrenees, including Seseli elatum. 
 
 o 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Chr. Friis Rottboll publishing the thesaurus Tranqueb. 
 f J. G. Konig. — KSnig's Scitamin. were published in Retz. Obs. ; and he died "in 1785." 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Jacquin publishing his Flor. Austriac, enumerating 
 Arenaria fasciculata ii. pi. 182, Hieracium molle pi. 119. — Completed, with his Hort. Vindobon. "in 
 
 1776." 
 
 •' In this year". (Spreng., and Winckl.), Tobias Konr. Hoppe publishing his Flor. Gera esculent. 
 
 " 1774, towards the end of winter " (Pall. v. 362), leaving Pallas at Zarizyn on the Volga, Georgi 
 returning by the way of Kasan to Moscow. — " In the following year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), he 
 published the travels of Falk and himself from Orenburg to Lake Baical and Daouria. 
 
 130 
 
1034 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANCxEMENT 
 
 "March 7th " (Holmes), news of the destruction of the tea communicated in a message from 
 the king to both houses of Parliament. An Act was at once passed, Closing the port of Boston. 
 Another Act followed, For "better regulating the government of Massachusetts : " and " May 13th,'' 
 Thomas Gage, commander in chief of the royal forces in North America, was appointed governor of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 "June 7th" (Holmes), meeting of the Massachusetts Legislature at Salem; having been 
 removed there by General Gage. A resolution was adopted, Recommending the appointment of 
 committees from the several colonics, to consult together on the present state of affairs. Accord- 
 ingly on " Sept. 4th," committees from eleven colonies made their appearance at Philadelphia; on 
 the following day, formed themselves into a Congress, and elected Peyton Randolph of Virginia 
 president ; and after a session of " eight weeks " dissolved, Recommending however, that another 
 Congress be held in the following year, " should events make their meeting necessary." On "Sept. 
 1st," general and governor G.ige seized the powder in the arsenal at Charlestown : military prepara- 
 tions were now made by the colonists ; and " toward the close of the year,'' news arrived of the pro- 
 hibition of the export of military stores from Britain. 
 
 "Towards the middle of March" (Pall. v. 315), spring opening at Zarizyn on the Volga, and 
 Pallas observing the vernal plants, including Tulipa biflora, and T. syhvsiris : leaving ■■ April 24th " 
 for the ruined city on the Aktouba, and continuing beyond, meeting with Echinospermitm minimum, 
 Erysimum polyiei a/nm, on the " 2Sth " he reached the lake and hill of Bogdo-Oola, held sicred by 
 the Calmucks. After a second visit " May 21st," he returned to Zarizyn, took final leave "June 4th," 
 and "July 3d " arrived at Moscow. 
 
 "April 6th" (J. Roberts in hist. coll. iv. 240), Hood's Island in the Marquesas Group discovered 
 by Cook, its native name not given. Forster accompanying him meeting with * Dichoudra repots. 
 — Arriving home, he published his Char.ic. gen. " in 1776," Discov. in North '• in 1786." ( L Forster, 
 who accompanied his father on Cook's Second Voyage, — published his own account in " 17S4," Plant. 
 Escul. ins. austr. in " 1 7SO," and died in " 17x14." 
 
 "Aug. 9th" (Humb. iii. 8), Nootka Sound in Northwest America discovered and entered by 
 Juan Perez. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), J. A. Murray publishing his Systema vegetabil., enumerating Spiraea 
 lobata. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Mustafa III. succeeded by Abd-el-Hamid, twenty-eighth Turk- 
 ish sultan. Coins issued at Cairo by Abd-el-Hamid, are figured in Marcel p. 249. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Louis XV. succeeded by Louis XVI., now king of France. 
 
 " In this year" (A. de J. gen. plant., and Winckler), Bernard de Jussieu publishing his Methodus, 
 establishing in the Royal gardens of Paris an arrangement of plants according to Natural Orders. — 
 He died " Nov. 6th 1776." 
 
 "The same year" (Kobell iv.), re-discovery by Priestly of oxygen gas — Leading to the recog- 
 nition of many of its compounds, and the reconstruction of the science of Chemistry by Lavoisier. 
 
 "Sept. 20th" (D'avezac in rec. voy. et mem. iv.), Andia y Varcla with two ships sailing from 
 Callao Westward. "Oct. 30th," he discovered a low island in " Lat. 17 20' Long. 23S 58''' and 
 named it San-Narcisso; "Nov. 1st," a low island called by the natives Noaroa, in "Lat. 17 44' 
 Long. 236 49' ; " on the "6th," a high island Matea, in " Lat. 16 50' Long. 230 6' ; " on the " 7th," 
 a high island called by the natives Mai'tia, in "Lat. 17 44' Long. 229 34';" and on the " 8th," 
 arrived in sight of Taheiti. 
 
 "1775, Feb. 26th" (Stiles, and Holmes), troops on their way through Salem to seize military 
 stores, prevented at a bridge, "on the opposite side of which colonel Pickering had mustered thirty 
 or forty men" and raised the draw: (the road being private property, the troops had not the right 
 to pass. Rev. Dr. Barnard, interceding with the British commander to prevent firing, at length hit 
 upon an argument that had weight : saying substantially, This crowd around your troops is as you 
 see unarmed, but all know where to get muskets in a veryfew moments, and how to use them. C. P. can 
 recollect when every citizen of the military age who did not parade in the militia kept a musket with 
 accoutrements for inspection). 
 
 * Gailiana molilalia of the mountains of Tasmania and New Zealand. Observed by Forster 
 prod. 133 in New Zealand ; —known to grow also on mountain-summits in Tasmania and the neigh- 
 bouring portion of Australia (Oriscb., and A. Dec). 
 
 'Euphrasia piscatona of Mexico. Observed by Forster among the Tropical islands of the Pacific 
 — (Steud.); by myself, introduced throughout by Polynesians, from the Hawaiian Islands and Metia 
 to the Feejeean Islands. Eastward, was observed hy Barclay at Ke.ilejo on the Pacific coast of 
 Tropical America (Benth. bot. Sulph., and A. Dec). From transported specimens, described bv Aiton 
 (Pers.). J 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1035 
 
 "April 19th" (Stiles, and Holmes), troops on their way to seize military stores meeting armed 
 militia at Lexington, fired on them (initiating open war. At Concord the troops were fired upon, but 
 accomplished their mission, and the distance being too great for a circuit, were obliged to turn their 
 backs, and were harassed on the way as though in retreat. The approach to Charlestown led among 
 thousands of resident militia-men, but they were withheld by their commander, perhaps on account of 
 the naval threat, To bombard Boston. C. P.). 
 
 "May loth'' (Stiles, and Holmes), Ticonderoga and Crown Point, posts commanding Lakes 
 George and Champlain, seized by colonists under Ethan Allen. 
 
 "June 16th," (the British troops being prevented from making excursions into the country, a party 
 of colonists set out on this evening to throw up intrenchments on Bunker hill ; a plan that might not 
 have led to immediate collision. But the commander Col. Prescott had more serious thoughts, and 
 passing Bunker hill threw up earthworks on a lower eminence much nearer Boston. In the morning, 
 the British commander surprised made an inconsiderate attack, and though the works after much 
 bloodshed and repeated checks were carried, the British empire in America was YJrtually at an end. 
 C. P.). 
 
 The Second Congress meeting, bills of credit for " three millions of dollars " were issued, with 
 " twelve confederated colonies " pledged for their redemption. Union being especially desirable, New 
 England officers were excluded, and George Washington elected commander in chief. He joined the 
 army in Cambridge "July 2d ; " and on the " 20th," the adhesion of Georgia was received by Congress 
 (Stiles, and Holmes). 
 
 Not later than this date (see Spreng.), Hill kew. 57. pi. 5 describing " carthamus laevis " Stokesia 
 cyanea of Carolina. He died before the close of the year. 
 
 "The same year" (Humb. iii. 8), in Northwest America, the mouth of the Columbia river dis- 
 covered by Quadra. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 454), the Miao-tseu, wild mountain tribes of Sse-tchouan in Western 
 China, subdued by the emperor Kien-Loung. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Joh. Dan. Leers publishing his Flor. Herbornensis, enumerating Carex 
 stellnlata. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), F. A. Scholler publishing his Flor. Barbyensis. — He died "in 1815." 
 "Aug. 14th" (trav., and flor. Jap.), Thunberg arriving in Japan, landing at Nagasaki.* — He left 
 "in 1776." 
 
 "1776, March 17th" (Holmes), Boston evacuated by the British army. Washington next pro- 
 ceeded to New York city, where he established his head quarters "April 14th." The British govern- 
 ment employing foreign mercenaries against the colonists; a pamphlet by Thomas Paine, entitled 
 "Common Sense." 
 
 Thus far the colonists had been fighting for their rights as Englishmen, but the question of con- 
 ciliation arising and Parliament being distrusted, the subject of Independence was introduced on 
 "June 7th" into Congress. On "July 4th," the Declaration of Independence was adopted almost 
 unanimously (see Holmes). 
 
 The colonial army having been driven from Long Island, Washington was compelled to withdraw 
 from New York: which city was occupied by the British "Sept. 15th," and was held by them as a 
 base of operations. "Oct. 4th," articles of "confederation and perpetual union between the United 
 States of America" were signed by all the delegates in Congress: but the colonial army retreating 
 Southward, the vicinity of Philadelphia soon became the seat of war; and "Dec. 12th," Congress 
 adjourned to Baltimore. "Dec. 25th," Washington turning upon his assailants, captured a body of 
 about a thousand Hessians at Trenton: which revived the drooping spirits of the country (Holmes). 
 
 By the Second census of Massachusetts (coll. hist. iv. 198, and Holmes 1784), the number of 
 Whites ascertained to be " three hundred and forty-three thousand eight hundred and forty-five ; " and 
 of Blacks " five thousand two hundred and forty-nine." 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Pollich publishing his Plant. Palatin. — The publica- 
 tion was completed in " 1777," and he died in " 1780." 
 
 T> ifolium elegaus of the Mediterranean countries. Annual, termed " t. hybndum by 1 ollicn, — 
 Roth and DesfonLines, " t. isthmocarpum " by Brotero (Steud): observed by Savi pi. 1 around Pisa 
 in Italy (Pers.) ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the meads of the Peloponnesus. Regarded as exotic 
 in Britain, maintained there by the continued importation of seed for cultivation (Wats., and A. 
 Dec.) ; in Sweden (Chaub.) also doubtless exotic. 
 
 * Pinus parviflora of Japan and the Kurile Islands. Much resembling and mistaken for P. cem- 
 bra by Thunberg, - distinguished by Siebold as observed on Japan and the Kurile Islands (Endl. 
 conif. 143, and A. Dec). 
 
IC >36 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (Pursh), J. F. Miller publishing Coloured plates of Plants and animals :— the 
 6oth and last "in 1794." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Rottboll publishing the Surinam plants of Rolandr. and 
 Caraib. of Rohr, including Schoenus setaceus pi. 21. f. 2. 
 
 " In this year " (Willd.) Murray in Comm. goett. describing Lonkera parviflora pi. 3. — He died 
 
 "in 1791-" 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), William Withering publishing his Botan. arrangement of veg. naturally 
 growing in Great Britain. — He died "in 1799," and a fifth edition was issued "in 181 2." 
 
 "1777, in the spring" (Holmes), arrival of arms and ammunition from France; brought in part 
 in a twenty-four gun ship. The British army driven back, and after attempting to bring on a general 
 ens^ement, withdrawing from New Jersey ; the commander sent a large force by sea into the Chesa- 
 peake to the head of tide-water in Elk river, and advancing Northward, obtained possession of Phila- 
 delphia " Sept. 27th." In the North at Saratoga "Oct. 17th," surrender of Burgoyne with his army 
 of nearly six thousand men to the colonists. 
 
 "The same year" (Williams 230, and Holmes), the Declaration of independence having left the 
 settlers on the New Hampshire grants in a difficult position, they, through a convention of town- 
 representatives, declared their district a distinct State : the origin of the State of Vermont. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Li.uhtfoot publishing his Flora Scotica, enumerating Carex pauciflora. 
 
 Carex ituurva of Northern Europe and mountains farther South. A sedge observed by Light- 
 foot in Scotland : — known to jjrow also in Norway and on the mountains of Switzerland (Engl. bot. 
 pi. 97, Pers., and A. Dec.) ; observed by Allioni ii. pi. 92 in Piedmont; by Sibthorp, on the moun- 
 tains of Crete. 
 
 "In this year" (Pritzel, and Winckl), Wangenheim with Hessian troops arriving in North 
 America, meeting with Kalmia glauca, Gaylussacia reiinosa. — Returning "in 1780," he published 
 his Nordamer. trees and shrubs "in 1781," another edition "in 1787." 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Curtis publishing his Flor. Lond. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Robson publishing his Flor. Brit. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng , and Winckl.), Moench publishing his Plant, indig. Hassiae. 
 
 '■ In this year" (Spreng.), Houttuyn publishing his Plant. Ind., Cap., and Japan, — completed "in 
 1788." 
 
 " In this year" (Pursh i. 301), Bergius publishing descriptions of plants in Act. petropol., includ- 
 ing Lewphyllum buxifolhun pi. 3. f. 2. — He died "in 1790" (Spreng.). 
 
 " 1778, Feb. 6th" (Holmes), by Louis XVI. of France, treaties of amity, commerce, and alliance 
 with the colonies ; through their commissioners, Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. On receiv- 
 ing the news, Philadelphia was evacuated "June 18th " by the British ; who decided to concentrate 
 their forces in the harbour and city of New York. After "July 5th," arrival on the coast of a French 
 fleet under D'Estaing : the depth of water not admitting his ships of the line into the harbour of New 
 York, he proceeded to Newport, occupied by the British, and reached the offing "July 25th." Incur- 
 sions during the Summer along the Florida frontier; and the British turning their attention to the 
 South, on " Dec. 29th " captured Savannah. 
 
 As early as this year (. ), Vahl describing plants in Act. soc. nat. Haf. ii. p. 13.* 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Ortega publishing two volumes of Quer's Flor. Hispan., — completed 
 "in 1784." 
 
 " In this year" (A. Dec. g. b. 738), Lamarck publishing his Flor. Franc. 
 
 " 1779, Oct. 9th " (Holmes), by the colonists and the French fleet under D'Estaing, unsuccessful 
 assault on Savannah. Alter which D'Estaing and the fleet left the coast. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), after a first edition "in 1774," A. Joh. Retzius publishing a Second 
 edition of his Obs. botan., also his Flor. scandinav. prodr. 
 
 Vcratrum sabadilla of Mexico and the West Indies. Described by Retz obs. i. 31, and known 
 to furnish the sabadilla or cevadilla seeds used as an anthelmintic and to destroy pediculi, — but of 
 late imported chiefly for manufacturing veratria ; an active and dangerous local stimulant, employed 
 as a substitute for colchicum (Dcscourtilz ann. linn. par. 1S24. and Lindl.). 
 
 Helonias? officinalis of Eastern Mevico. — Observed there bv Schiede and Deppe, and ascer- 
 tained by them to furnish at least a portion of the sabadilla seeds of commerce (Schlecht. linn. vi. 45, 
 Don edinb. phil. journ. 1832, and Lindl.). 
 
 * Carex iimnti/na of the shores of the North Atlantic. Described by Vahl act. haf. ii. 13 — and 
 in fl. Dan. pi. 703, also by Schkuhr t W. f. 74: known to grow on the seashore of Norway (Pers.). 
 Westward, was received by Hooker from Hudson Bay and Fort Cumberland ; was observed by myself 
 in salt marshes around Salem, Mass. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1037 
 
 ^ " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Dombey in Peru, making with Ruiz and Pavon * botani- 
 cal investigations : — they remained "until 1788," the Flor. Peruv. prodrom. was published "in 1794," 
 and Dombey died "in 1795." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Thom. Forrest publishing his Voyage to New Guinea and the 
 Moluccas. 
 
 " 1780 A. D." (Holmes), news of the departure of the French fleet having reached New York an 
 expedition fitted out by the British, who on "May 12th" captured the city of Charleston. On or 
 about Sept. 23d, treachery detected in a colonial general on the Hudson, and the intended surrender 
 prevented. 
 
 " The same year" (Pauth. 458), by the Chinese emperor Kien-loung, an extensive diverting canal 
 constructed, to control the inundations of the Hoang-ho. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Ant. Turra publishing his Flor. ital. prodr. 
 
 At this time (Spreng., and Winckler), Guldenstadt writing an account of his travels in Georgia, 
 Mingrelia, and throughout Caucasus. — He died "in 1781," and his travels were published "in 
 1787-91." 
 
 " 1781 A. D." (Holmes), the British forces advancing Northward, opposed by a colonial army 
 under Greene: and after the battle of Guilford "March 15th," Cornwallis marched Eastward to Wil- 
 mington, and thence Northward, reaching Petersburg in Virginia " May 20th." Receiving instruc- 
 tions to secure a station for line-of-battle ships, and Portsmouth and Hampton roads having been 
 pronounced unfit, Cornwallis transferred his army increased to "seven thousand" men to Yorktown ; 
 and commenced fortifying. A French fleet of " twenty-eight sail of the line " under De Grasse arriv- 
 ing soon afterwards, blocked YorlP river and landed troops ; reinforcing La Fayette, who was in com- 
 mand of the colonial army in the vicinity. " Sept. 5th," a British fleet of "twenty sail of the line" 
 attempted relief; but "eight" more line-of-battle ships joining the French, the British admiral con- 
 cluded to withdraw. On hearing of the state of affairs, Washington abandoning all other plans, sent 
 "twelve thousand" men, the main body of his army, by way of Philadelphia South ; and following 
 himself, "Sept. 14th" reached the vicinity of Yorktown. "Oct. 19th," surrender of Cornwallis, with 
 the invested land and naval forces : regarded as the closing event of the war. 
 
 " May 9th " (Holmes), by Don Galvez, Spanish governor of Louisiana, Pensacola captured from 
 the British ; and soon afterwards, the whole province of West Florida. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Felix de Azara visiting Austral America, — remaining "until 1801." 
 
 " May 13th" (Phil, trans, lxxi, and Humb. cosm iv.), the planet Uranus discovered by Herschel. 
 It had been seen previously by Flamstead "in 1690," and Tobias Mayer " in 1756;" and Herschel 
 himself — for a time supposed it to be a comet. Its six satellites, by an exception almost perpendicu- 
 lar to the ecliptic, were discovered by Herschel at different times from "Jan. nth, 1787" to " March 
 26th, 1794." 
 
 " In this year" (]. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Linnaeus the younger publishing his Suppl., enumer- 
 ating! Forstera muscifolia, Ranunctdus Pennsylvanicus, Cyperus distans, Rottboella dimidiata, Hydro- 
 colyle ranunculoides, Arbutus laurifolia, Cornus alternifolia 125. — He died in " 1783." 
 
 Epipactis ensifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed " serapias xiphophyllum " 
 by Linnaeus jun. suppl. 404, — " s. ensifolia" in the 14th edit, by Murray, and known to grow from 
 Denmark throughout middle Europe (Ehrh., fl. Dan. pi. 506, Engl. bot. pi. 494, and Pers.) : observed 
 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in woods from the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus. 
 
 Utricalaria stcllaris of Tropical and Austral Africa ? Received by Linnaeus jun. suppl. 86 from 
 the rice-fields and deeper water in Hindustan (Pers.) ; observed by Graham "floating in tanks" in the 
 . environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh cor. ii. pi. 180, in Bengal. Westward, was received by A. Decan- 
 dolle prodr. viii. 4 from the Mauritius Islands, Madagascar, Austral Africa, and Senegambia. 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth., and Winckl.), Jacquin publishing the Second and concluding 
 volume of his Miscell. austr , and commencing his Icon, rar., enumerating Paspalum stoloniferiun ic. 
 rar. 302, Glottidium Floridatium ic. rar. i. 48, Artemisia biennis i. r. i. 172, Helenium quadridenta- 
 tum i. r. 593, Rudbeckia amplexifolia i. 1. iii. 592, Croton argyranthemvm i. r. iii. 621, Euphorbia 
 cyathophora, Wulfenia Carinthiaca ii. 8. f. 1 and ic. rar. i. pi. 2. 
 
 * Cuscuta corymbosa of Chili and Peru. Observed by Ruiz and Pavon in Peru, but in cultivated 
 ground, especially among crops of Medicago sativa (Pers). Transported together to Europe in 
 " 1840 " (Choisy), it has continued to make its appearance wherever the mixed seed is sown ; but like 
 other species of Cuscuta, does not quit its sustaining plant, nor become truly naturalized (Engelman, 
 and A. Dec). 
 
 f Carex heleonastes of Arctic Europe and the mountain-summits of Switzerland. Described by 
 Linnaeus jun. suppl. 414, Ehrhart (A. Dec), and Schkuhr pi. 51. f. 97, and known to grow in the 
 marshes of Sweden (Pers.) ; also on the Swiss Alps (A. Dec). 
 
I0 38 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Latania Borbonica of the Mauritius Islands. Received from the Isle of Bourbon, and described 
 by Jacquin frag. i. pi. u, — and Lamarck enc.iii.411 (Purs): observed by Bojer around dwellings 
 and along the margin of the forest on the Mauritius Islands. By European colonists, was carried to 
 Northeast America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses : was observed by myself in Egypt, 
 in the Botanical Garden near Cairo, doubtless derived from Europe. 
 
 Pleuroyyiie Carinthiaca of Switzerland and the Altaian mountains. An annual termed " swertia 
 carinthiaca" by Jacquin misc. ii. pi. 6 as observed on the Salsburg and Carinthian Alps (Pers.) ; 
 known to grow also in the Saas valley in Valais, and on the Altaian mountains (Griseb , and A. Dec). 
 
 " 1782, March 4th " (Holmes), by the English Commons resolved, " That the house would con- 
 sider as enemies to his majesty and the country, all those who should advise or attempt the farther 
 prosecution of offensive war on the continent of North America." 
 
 "April 1 2th " (Holmes), the French fleet under De Grasse defeated in the West Indies by the 
 British fleet under Rodney. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Hacquet publishing his Plant, alpin. Carniol. — He died "in 1814." 
 
 " In this year " (Durand in Am. phil. trans.), Andr£ Michaux exploring the Persian provinces on 
 the Tigris and Euphrates. — He returned to France "in 1785." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Molina publishing his Storia nat. del Chili.* 
 
 " April 19th " (Holmes), the colonies acknowledged an independent nation by Holland : and 
 "Oct. 8th," a treaty of amity and commerce concluded. 
 
 " Nov. 30th " (Holmes), the independence of the colonies acknowledged by Britain, and a treaty 
 of peace concluded : to take effect when peace should be declared between Britain and France. 
 
 "1783 A. D." (Holmes), treaties of amity and commerce : %ith Denmaik "Feb. 15th; "with 
 Spain "in March ; " with Sweden "in April ; " with Russia "in July:" and " Sept. 23d," signing of 
 the Definitive treaty of peace between Britain and the now independent States. 
 
 " In the summer" (Amer. acad. sc. i. 401), Manasseh Cutler at Ipswich in Eastern Massachu- 
 setts, meeting with "goldenpert" Gratiola anrea, "pigeon-berry bush" Cornus stolonifera, "trailing 
 cockspur " Galium trijiorum, "upright cockspur " G. circazans, "water violet" Hottonia inflata, 
 "water parsnip" Sunn lincare, "white pepperbush " Andromeda (Lyottid) ligustrina, "cow-wheat" 
 Melampyrum Americanuin, "yellow succory" Hieracium Canademe, "star thistle" Cirsium pumi- 
 lum, "yellow thistle" C. horridiilum, " meadow sunflower " Bidens chrysautheinoidcs, "lady's plume" 
 Platantliera Jimbriata, " moneywort " Asclepias obtusifolia, " quafhdilla " Clintonia borealis, " sugar 
 maple" Acer nigrum j — and soon afterwards, as appears from his unpublished manuscripts (exam- 
 ined by Russell and Tuckerman), " anonymos yellow sandbind" Hudsonia tomenlosa, "campanula 
 humida " Campanula aparinoidcs, and "anomalos" Microstylis ophioglossoides. 
 
 " Nov. 3d " (Holmes), disbanding of the American army. " Nov. 25th," evacuation of New 
 York city by the British troops : and shortly afterwards, surrender by Washington of his commission, 
 to Congress at Annapolis. 
 
 " Nov. 29th " (Holmes), an earthquake, distinctly perceived from New Hampshire to Pennsylvania. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Swartz visiting the West Indies, t — He remained "until 17S7," and 
 published his Prodr. Ind. Occ. "in 1788." 
 
 "In this year" (J. F. Wats.), publication in London of the "History of Sumatra" by William 
 Marsden. 
 
 " 1784, Feb. 22d " (Felt ann. Salem), sailing from New York of a ship under Capt. John Green 
 
 * Bloureusia thurifera of Chili. A shrub called by Molina "thuraria," from yielding incense, — ■ 
 observed by myself in the environs of Valparaiso, Helianthus-like except in being woody. 
 
 f Euphorbia punicea of Jamaica. A thick-stemmed shrub with large scarlet leaves around the 
 flowers, described by Swartz — (Steud.), Jacquin rar. iii. pi. 4S4, and Descourtilz pi . " E. Poin- 
 settii " brought from Mexico by Poinsett about 1833 ? , and soon becoming a favourite in greenhouses, 
 introduced even into the gardens of Burmah (Mason v. p. 421 ), may be compared. 
 
 Jussieua acuminata of Equatorial Africa. Known to grow from Guinea to the island of Saint- 
 Thomas (Benth. fl. Nigr.). Probably by European colonists carried across the Atlantic to the West 
 Indies, where it was observed in moist places by Swartz (A. Dec). 
 
 Lauras montaua of the mountains of the West Indian archipelago. Observed by Swartz on the 
 lofty mountains of Jamaica, a tree closely resembling L. camphora (Pers.). 
 
 Banicum juiiicu'loniiii of ... . Observed by Swartz prodr. p. 24 under cultivation in the West 
 Indies for feeding cattle, and called Guinea grass from its alleged place of origin — (Pers.). East- 
 ward from Africa, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 477 as " exotic " in Burmah and "grown by a few 
 Europeans," but called by the Sgau Karens " nau-ka-thau-hau." As transported to Europe, is 
 described by Lamarck (Steud.). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1039 
 
 for Canton; a "new branch of trade." The "first appearance of an Anglo-American trader in the 
 ports of India in " this year, is regarded by Crawfurd ix. 3. p. 250 as " the true era of the commence- 
 ment of fair and legitimate commerce between India and the civilized nations of the West." A ship 
 under Capt. Jonathan Ingersoll sailed from Salem " Nov. 27th " for the Cape of Good Hope, — and 
 for the ensuing forty years, American commerce with the Indian Seas was chiefly carried on from 
 Salem. 
 
 " The same year " (coll. hist. iv. 199, and Holmes), by the Third census of Massachusetts, the 
 number of Whites ascertained to be "three hundred and fifty-three thousand one hundred and thirty- 
 three ; " and of Blacks, "four thousand three hundred and seventy-seven." 
 
 "In this year" (Dallet 13), Christianity first introduced into Corea, chiefly through the philo- 
 sophical inquiries of Ni Tek-tso or Piek-i, who persuaded his friend Ni Seng-houn-i, one of the 
 ambassadors to Pekin, to procure there the books of the Christians. On arriving at Pekin, Seng- 
 houn-i visited one of the four Catholic churches, was baptized, and before the close of the year 
 returned with the books in question to Corea. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith), L'Heritier publishing his Stirp. Nov., enumerating* Aristolochia 
 sipho, Ribes prostration i. 3, lihamnus alnifolius p. 5, Siege^beckia flosculosa pi. 19, — completed 
 "in 17S5 ;" his Geran., "in 1787-8." 
 
 Aloysia citriodora of Austral America. A shrub transported to Europe and described by Ortega, 
 and L'Heritier i. pi. 11, — (Pers.): enumerated by Clot-Bey as recently introduced into the gardens 
 of Egypt. By European colonists also, carried to Hindustan, where it was observed by Law "in gar- 
 dens at Belgaum and Dharwar," thriving "luxuriantly," and "much esteemed for the delightful fra- 
 grance of its leaves" (Graham) ; to Burmah, enumerated as "exotic" by Mason; and to Northeast 
 America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses. In its wild state, was seen by Dombey in 
 Chili ; by Humboldt and Bonpland; and is said to grow also in Buenos Ayres (Pers.). 
 
 As early as this year (Baldw. rel. 146), Eraser visiting the mountains of Carolina, meeting with 
 Collinsonia ovalis, Ceratiola ericoidcs, Carex Fraseri, Trichodium perennans, Panicum striatum, 
 Stipa stricta, Spermacoce involucrata, Ilex laxiflora, Loniceraflava, Ribes resinosum ; Oenothera Fra- 
 seri, Vaccinium crassifolium, Liatris cylindrica, Abies Fraseri. — His plants were communicated to 
 and described by his friend Walter. 
 
 "The same year" (Spreng , and Winckl.), Pallas publishing his Flor. Ross., enumerating Cra- 
 taegus glandutosa i pi. 1 1, Spiraea betulaefolia i. pi. 16, — completed " in 1788." 
 
 Ornithogalum Jimbriatum of the East Mediterranean countries. Described by Pallas (in n. act. 
 Petrop. x. 309), as received from Tauria — (Pers.): observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " 1785 A. D." (Holmes), treaty of amity and commerce with Prussia, signed by the American 
 plenipotentiaries at their respective places of residence; by Franklin at Passy "July 9th," Thomas 
 Jefferson at Paris " July 28th ; " and John Adams at London " Aug. 5th." 
 
 " In this year '' (Pursh), Moench publishing his Ausland. baume, enumerating Aesculus flava, 
 Crataegus flava. — He died " in 1805 " (Spreng.). 
 
 "In this year" (Dark, and Brendel in Am. Nat. for 1870), Humphrey Marshall of Philadelphia 
 publishing his Arbust. Amer., enumerating Salix humilis, S. sericea, Zanthorhiza apiifolia, Quercus 
 prinoides, Lonicera grata, Euonymus atropurpureus 76, Viburnum molle, Rhus aromatica. 
 
 As early as this year ( . . . ), Walter in South Carolina meeting with Quercus lyrata, Trip- 
 lasis purpurea, Polygala polygama, Schrankia uncinata, Diodia teres, Lobelia glandulosa, Hex myr- 
 tifolia, I. dahoon, I. decidua, Styrax grandifolium, S. laeve, Utriciclaria inflata, U. purpurea, Gratiola 
 pilosa, Gerardia setacea, Stachys hyssopifolia, Sabbatia lanceolata, Gcutiana angustifolia, Forstero- 
 nia dijformis, Asclepias paupercula, Gonolobus hirsutus, G. macrophyllus, Asarum arifolium, Latirus 
 (Benzoin) melissaefolium, Phoradendron flavescens, Acalyplia Carolmiana, Phyllanthus Carolinensis, 
 A plectrum hyemale, Aletris aurea, Smilax IVa/teri, Helonias (Amianlhium) muscaetoxicum, Xyris 
 Caroliniana, Eriocaulon {Lachnocaulon) villosum, Trichodium elatum, Muklenbergia capillaris, 
 Ctenium aromalicum, Leptochloa mucronata, Festuca tenella; Andropogon macrourus, dissitiflorus / 
 Cyperus flavicomus, Trautvetteria palmata, Ranunculus pusillus, Delphinium azureum, Hibiscus 
 
 * Eupatorium avapana of Eastern Equatorial America. Growing on the right bank of the 
 Amazons, and employed as an antidote against the bite of venomous serpents and insects; com- 
 mended for this purpose by L'Heritier, — said to be also a powerful sudorific and alexipharmic ( Vahl 
 symb. iii. p. 97. Vent. malm. pi. 3, Trattenick pi 16, Pers , and Lindl.). By European colonists, 
 carried to the Philippines, where it is mentioned by Blanco as recently introduced, easily cultivated, 
 and called " ayapana " in Tagalo ; also to Hindustan, where it was observed in gardens around Bom- 
 bay by Lush, and Graham; and to the Mauritius Islands, where the leaves are used as a substitute 
 for tea (Grah.). 
 
1040 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 militarise Rubus cuneifolius, Lachnanthes tinctoria, Micranthemum orbiculatum, Gratiola quadri- 
 dentata, Elvtraria virgata, Justicia humilis, Pinguicula elatior, P. lutea, Utricularia fibrosa, U. 
 biflora, Collinsonia praecox, C. scrotina, Scleria reticularis, Jfariscus maculatus, Fimbristylis casta- 
 nea, Alopecurus aristulatus ; Paspalum serotinu7n, setaceum > Aristida oligantha, Stipa lirginica, 
 Eragrostis pectinacea, Oxybaphus albidus 84, Frazera Carol inensis 88, Galium purpureum 87, Hedy- 
 otis rotundifolia 86, A 7/1 mania humilis 88, Cornus stricta 88, Jussieua decurrens 89; Ludwigia 
 kirsuta, linearis, virgata, capita/a, arctiata, glandulosa, mollis ; Planera aquatica 230, Limnanthe- 
 tmtm tracliyspermum 109, Bumelia lanuginosa, Frangula Caroliniana, Amsonia ciliata, Hydrolea 
 Caroliniana, Dichondra Carnliuaisis, Ervngiiini virgatum, Hydrocotyle rcpanda, Discopleura capil- 
 lacea, Leptocaulis divaricatus, Tiedemannia Carolinensis 113, Viburnum obovatum, Prinos ambiguus, 
 Uvularia flava, Dioscorea quaternata, Aescitlits parvifiora, Rhexia glabella, R. lutea, Acer barbatum, 
 Polygonum hirsutum, Mvriopbvllu/n scabi'atum, ill. heterophyllui/i, A ndro?neda ferricginea, Baptisia 
 lanceolata, B. villosa, Hydrangea nivea, Silene Pennsylvanica, Alsine squarrosa, A. glabra, Cratae- 
 gus apiifolia, Calycantkus glaucus, Helianthemum Carolinianum, Sarracenia rubra, S. variolaris, 
 Nuphar sagittcefolia, Clematis holosericea, C. reticulata, Anemone Caroliniana, Stachys hyssopifolia, 
 JPycnanthemum clinopodioides, Macbridca Caroliniana, Herpestis nigresceus, Lobelia glandulosa, Hi- 
 biscus coccineus, H. aculeatus, Petalostcmum corymbosicm, Polygala cymosa, P . grandiflora, Amorpha 
 herbacca, Crotalaria ova/is, Phaseolus diversifolius, Vicia Caroliniana, Trifolium Carolinianum, 
 Zornia tetraphylla, Indigo f era Caroliniana, Liipinus villosus 180, Pyrrhopappus Carolinianus, A'a- 
 balus virgafu;, Cirsium mutieum, Liatris pilosa, L. elcgans, L. panicitlata, L. odoratissima, Carphe- 
 plwrus tomentosus, C.bellidifolius, Vernonia angustifolia, Eupatorium fcenicu/aceuui, E. teucrifolium, 
 E. cuneifolium, Sclerolepis verticillata ; Marshallia lanceolata, latifolia, angustifolia j Pterocaulon 
 pyciios/achyuin, Cbrysobsis graminifolia, Sericocarpus tortifolius, Aster squarrosus, A. Carolini- 
 anus, Eclipta procumbens, Actinomeris alba, Coreopsis seni/olia, g/adia/a } Galardia bicolor, Chap- 
 talia integrifolia, Silphium compositum, Iva imbricata, Croton maritimum. — His Flor. carolin. bears 
 the date " 1787 " on the title-page (A. Dec. 716), and according to his own account he was residing 
 on the banks of the Santee " Dec. 30th " of that year. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng), J. L. M. Poiret travelling in Barbary. — He returned "in 1786," and 
 published an account of his travels "in 1789." 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth., and Spreng.), Allioni publishing his Flor. Pedem.,* enumerating 
 Equisetum variegatum (Bory). — He published auct Pedem. "in 17S9," and died "in 1S04." 
 
 Carex tripartita of the mountains of middle Europe. Observed by Allioni pi. 92 in Piedmont, — 
 termed " c. lobata " by Schkuhr 28. t. D. f. 18, and known to grow on the Swiss Alps (Pers.) ; and 
 received by Link from the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith praef. v), Sibthorp in company with Ferdinand Bauer arriving in 
 Greece:— he returned "in 17S7." From a Second visit he returned "in 1795," and died shortly 
 afterwards. His Flor. Graec. prodr. was published by J. E. Smith "in 1806." 
 
 Dianthus tripunctatus of the East Mediterranean countries. An annual observed by Sibthorp 
 on Cyprus ; — by Gussone, frequent in Calabria as far as the Western shore, but unknown in Sicily 
 (A. Dec). 
 
 Sternbergia citrina of Greece. Observed by Sibthorp pi. 311, — and Chaubard, in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 Allium margaritaceum of Asia Minor and Greece. Observed by Sibthorp pi. 315, — Link, and 
 Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus, Bithynia, and mount Athos. 
 
 Allium staticifonne of the Greek islands. Observed by Sibthorp p]. 320 on Cimolo. 
 
 Allium pilosum of Greece. Observed by Sibthorp pi. 321 on Cimolo. 
 
 Allium juncetim of Cyprus. Observed there by Sibthorp pi. 322. 
 
 Allium ambigunm of Italy. Observed by Sibthorp pi. 327 in Italy; also by Gawler — (in Curt, 
 mag. pi. 978) ; by Laterrade 383, in the environs of Bordeaux. Transported to Britain, has made its 
 appearance since " 1837" in various localities (Engl. bot. 2803, Bab., and Wats.), probably escaped 
 from gardens (A. Dec). 
 
 1786 A. D. (Durand, in Am. phil. trans ), after landing at New York "Oct. 1st in the previous 
 
 * Carex bicolor of Arctic Europe and the alpine summits of Switzerland. Observed by Allioni 
 on mount Cenis, — described also by Schkuhr f. 181 (Pers.) and Balbis (Steud.); grow'ing also 
 according to Wahlenberg fl. ii. 615 in Lapland, but rare (A Dec). 
 
 Elyna spicata of Arctic Europe and the alpine summits of Switzerland. Observed by Allioni pi. 
 92 in Piedmont, — termed " carex myosuroides " by Villars pi. 6, '• cobresia scirpina " by Willdenow, 
 and known to grow in the alpine portion of Switzerland (Pers., and A. Dec). Farther North, observed 
 by Wahlenberg in the Scandinavian peninsula (Steud.) ; and by Hooker on Iceland. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1041 
 
 year," and leaving Paul Saulnier to form a nursery in the neighbouring portion of New Jersey, Mi- 
 chaux at Charleston and now fairly commencing his exploration of the forests of Northeast America, 
 meeting with Clematis cyltndrtca, Clssus cordata, Gaylussacla brachycera, Vacciniuint erythrocarpon, 
 Mcnzlesla glohularts, Centunculus lanceolatus, Utricularla cornuta, Verbena angusllfolla, Pycnan- 
 themum montanum, Cenlaurella paniculata, Forestlera acuminata, Acnida (Montella) rusocarpa, 
 Saglttaria nutans, Platanthera crlstata, Smllax tamnifolia, Trillium grandiflorum , T. erythrocar- 
 pum, T. pusillum, Uvularia puberula, Streptopus roseus, S. (Prosartes) lanuglnosus, Zygadenus 
 glaberrlmus, Veratrum parviflorum, Tradescantla rosea, Mayaca Mtchauxll, Xyris brevifdlla, Eri- 
 ocaulon {Papalanthus) flavidus j Artstlda strlcla, dlchotoma j Spar Una juncea, Paspalum lame, 
 Panicum anceps, P. proliferum, Erianthus brevlbarbe j Andropogon scoparius, temarlus ; Cyperus 
 ■virens, C. Michauxianus, Eleocharls quadrangulata, E. tuberculosa, Trichophorum llneatum, Fui- 
 rena squarrosa, Rhynchospora longlrostrls, R. inexpansa ; Scleria trlglomerata, pauciflora, vertlcd- 
 lata, Carollnlana, ciliata ; Delphinium tricorne, Cimlcifuga Ameilcana, Magnolia cordata, Aslmlna 
 parviflora, Diphyllela cymosa, Cardamlne rotundifolia, Viola rotundifolla, V. hastata, Helianthemum 
 corymbosum, Lechea thymifolia, Parnassia Carollniana, Hypericum angulosum, Elodea petiolata, 
 Clayionia Carollniana, Blephllla hlrsuta, Valeriana pauciflora, Commelyna augustifolla, Kyllingia 
 pumlla, Rhynchospoia sparsa, micrantha, fasclcularls, dlstans, capitellata, ciliata; Zizania {Pfy- 
 drochlod)flultans, Sporobolus junceus, Anthenanthta vlllosa (Aulaxanthus El.) ; Panicum Allchauxii, 
 nltldum, scoparlum, ramu.'osum, pubjscens, mellcarium, debile ; Paspalum dlgltarla, plicatum ; Gvm- 
 nopogon racemosus, Lygodium palmatum, Asplcnlum montanum ii. 265, Stlpultclda setacea, Lechea 
 tenuifolia i. 77, Proserpiuaca pectinata i. 76, Plantago interrupta i. 94 ; Galium uniflorum, hispidu- 
 lum; Houstonia serpyLlfolla, Cornus asperlfolla, Pachvsandra procumbens, Phacelia fimbriata, 
 Lysimachia angustifolia, Plilox reptans, Azalea ca/iescens,. Bumella recllnata, Campanula flexuosa, 
 C. divaricata, Rlbes (Grossularid) rotundifolla, Rhamuus mlnutlflorus, Paronychia herniarloides, 
 P. argyrocoma, Heuchera vlllosa, Crautzia llneala, Thasplum barblnode, Viburnum pubescent, Rhus 
 p)ti7nl/a, Crotonopsis argentea, Schisandra coccinea, Allium mutablle, Clintonla umbellata, Juncus? 
 repcns, Helonlas {Amlanthtinn) augustlfollum, Triglochin triandrum, Rliexia clllosa, Gaura. angus- 
 tlfolla, Jfenzlesta globularis, Polygonum liydroplperoldes, Eriogonum tcmentosum, Pleea tenuifolia, 
 Vaccimum arboreum, V. galezans, V. myrsiuites, Kalmia cuneata, Rhododendron punctatum, R. Ca- 
 lau/btense, Cassia linearis, C. (Chamcecristd) fasclculata, Thermopsls mollis, Saxifraga leucanthemt- 
 folla, Alsine Michauxii* Diaiuorpha pusilla, Sedum telephiotdes, Crataegus spathulata, Rosa setigera, 
 Geuui geniculatttm, G. radiatum, Saglttaria graminea, Verbena augustifolla, Herpestls amplexlcaulls, 
 Dlptcracauthus humlstratus, Dentaria Laclnlata, Cardamlne spathulata, Lobelia amo3na, L puberula, 
 Polygala setacea, Crolalarla parviflora, Astragalus glaber, A. vtllosus, Psoralea canescens, P. hipl- 
 nellus, Lespideza procumbens, Desmodium glabellum, D. clltare, D. acuminatum, D. llneatum, D. 
 rotundifolium, Tephrosla hispidula, A T abalus crepidineus, Lactuca? gramlnlfolla (" flos purple," 
 Chapm.), Hieracium scabrum, Eupatorium serotlnum, Blgelowla nudata, Hymenopappus scablosceus, 
 Baccharis augustifolla, B. glomerullflora, Seneclo tomenlosus, Enthamla tenuifolia } Solldago virgata, 
 pauctfloscu/osa, glomerata; Dlplopappus amygdallntis, Aster surculosus, A. acumlnatus, Boltonla 
 glastl/olla; Coreopsis latlfolla, trichospertnaj Hellanthus tomentosus, Gymnadenta trldentata, Habe- 
 narla qulnqueseta, Euphorbia pubentissima, Sttlltngla ligustrlna. — " 1787, May 6th," he was with 
 his son exploring the sources of the Keovee river. 
 
 " In this year" (Holmes), by the Legislature of Massachusetts, an act establishing a mint; for 
 coining gold, silver, and copper. 
 
 Discontent among the people on account of the heavy taxation, decay of trade, large amount of 
 private indebtedness, and a desire prevailing for a paper-money system, the courts of justice obstructed 
 in various parts of Massachusetts ; especially after the proclamation by the governor '• Sept. 2d." — 
 
 * Arenaria lanuginosa of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. Observed by Michaux in Caro- 
 lina and termed " spergulastrum lanuginosum ; " — by Elliot " arenaria diffusa ; " by Nuttall " stellaria 
 elonn-ata," and observed in Carolina, Georgia, and Arkansas; by N. A. Ware, in Florida; by Chap- 
 man on "shady banks, Florida to North Carolina and westward." 
 
 VusM'cua i^raudlflora of Carolina and Georgia. Discovered in Georgia by Michaux; — known 
 to tow in " South Carolina and westward " (Ell., and Chapm.), and observed by Nuttall near Savan- 
 nah. Transported to Europe, escaped from cultivation in " 1838," and has since become abundant in 
 certain localities in Southern France though not as yet producing seeds (A. Dec). 
 
 Paspalum dlgltarla of Carolina and Florida. Discovered by Michaux; — and known to grow 
 alon<r the Atlantic from Lat. 37 (Pursh) to Florida and Westward (Ell., and Chapm.). By Bosc, 
 was carried in " 1802" to Bordeaux, and has since become naturalized in the Southwestern portion of 
 France (A. Dec ) ; also by European colonists, was carried to Brazil and the Mauritius Islands (Kunth). 
 
 131 
 
1042 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 On the following "Jan. 25th," Shepard, commanding the State forces at Springfield, discovering a 
 body of "eleven hundred" insurgents under Daniel Shays advancing towards the arsenal, gave warn- 
 ing, That if they approached nearer they would be fired upon : the insurgents replying, " That is all 
 we want," continued to advance against firing over their heads; but at length received a volley, and 
 in spite of the efforts of their leader, retreated precipitately. By Lincoln, the State commander in 
 chief, the main body of the insurgents was surprised and dispersed Feb. 4th ; many seeking refuge in 
 the surrounding States. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Frederic II. the Great succeeded by Frederic William II., fourth 
 king of Prussia. 
 
 " The same year " (Kobell ii.), by Lord Dundonald, first experiments on the illuminating power 
 of the carburetted hydrogen of coal. — After three years or thereabouts, gas-lighting was rendered 
 practicable and profitable by Murdoch : but more than twenty years elapsed before the lighting of 
 streets was effected. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Joh. Sim. Kerner publishing his Flor. stuttgard. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith), Villars publishing his Plant. Dauph. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Vahl publishing the Sixth volume of the Flor. dan., — the Seventh 
 " in 1794." 
 
 " In this year " (Pursh), C. Fr. Rottboll publishing his Icon. rar. plant., enumerating Cypents 
 kyllingaeoides-p\. 4. f. 5, C. autumnalis pi. 17. f. 3. — He continued publishing until his death "in 1707." 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth., and Winckl.), Jacquin publishing his Collect., and continuing his 
 Icon, rar., enumerating* Plantago Pala^omca ic. ii. pi. 306: — the third and concluding volume of 
 his Icon. rar. "in 1793," and the concluding volume of his Collect. " in 1796." 
 
 " 17S7 A. D." (Holmes), government by a Congress proving inefficient: ordinances being dis- 
 regarded, many States neglecting or refusing to furnish their quotas of expenditure, treaties with for- 
 eign nations being in some States openly violated, and the danger of insurrections being now manifest, 
 a convention of all the States except Rhode Island assembled in " May" at Philadelphia; and "Sept. 
 17th," unanimously agreed on a federal constitution. In accordance with the prescribed plan of action, 
 Congress " Oct. 4th " unanimously resolved, " eleven States being present," That the new constitution 
 be transmitted to the State legislatures, to be submitted to conventions chosen by the people. 
 
 "The same year" (Drayton iv. 155, and Holmes), by the Legislature of South Carolina, the 
 Western territory of that State toward the Mississippi ceded to the general government. Baltimore 
 at this time containing "one thousand nine hundred and, fifty-nine houses." 
 
 " Aug. nth " (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 72), the strait separating Yeso from Krafto (Saghalien), dis- 
 covered by Lapeyrouse. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), David Heinrich Hoppe publishing his Ectyp. plant. Ratisb.,f — the 
 eighth volume "in 1793." 
 
 As early as this year (see Ph , and Winckl.), Retz publishing the fourth volume of his Obs. botan., 
 enumerating Pedicularis Groenlatutica n. 760 : the sixth and last volume " in 1791. " 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl., and append. Sibth ), Ehrhart publishing his Beitr., enumerating Equi- 
 setum pratense, Carer chonwrhisa, Comus paniatlata (Pursh), — the Seventh fascic. "in 1792;" 
 died " in 1795." 
 
 As early as this year (see Spreng., and Winckl ), Scopoli writing his Del. insubr. — He died 
 "in 1788." 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Curtis publishing the first volume of his Bot. Mag. 
 — He completed fourteen volumes ; died in " 1799," and the work was continued by Sims as far as 
 the forty-second volume inclusive. 
 
 "In this year " (Winckl.), J. Dav. Schdpf publishing his Mat. med. amer. ; — " in 1788," his 
 travels in North America. 
 
 * Euxohis caudalus of Western Equatorial Africa. Received from Guinea, and termed 
 "chenopodium caudatum " and " c. Guineense " by Jacquin rar. ii. pi. 344, 345, —and col. ii. 325 
 (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Tropical America, Bengal, Java, and Australia (Moq., 
 and A. Dec. 
 
 f Braya alpina of the Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. Observed by Hoppe on 
 the Carinthian Alps — (Koch, and A. Dec); by Fries 29, in Lapland only. Westward, according to 
 Hooker, growing on the Rocky mountains from 57 to 52 
 
 Liisnla glabrata of Arctic Europe and the mountains of Switzerland. Observed by Hoppe,— 
 and Rostkow, on the Salzburg Alps (Pers.); termed "j. intermedius " by Host, " j. montanus" by 
 Lamarck ; observed by Mougeot on the Yosges ; by Lecoq and Lamotte, on the mountains of 
 Auvergne : growing also according to A. Decandolle in Arctic Europe. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1043 
 
 " 1788 A. D." (Holmes), at Cairo in Egypt, death of the American traveller Ledyard 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), Timm publishing his Flor. megapol. prodr* 
 
 "In this year" (Pers. i. 501), Swartz publishing descriptions of Scandinavian plants in N act 
 holm. ; — " in 1791," his Obs. botan. 
 
 "In this year" (Pursh), L'Heritier publishing his Sert. anglicumf and monogr. Cornus, enumer- 
 ating Lornus arcinata pi. 3, Abrouia umbellata pi. — . 
 
 "In this year" (Pursh), . . . Gmelin publishing his edition of the Syst. Nat., enumerating 
 Mitreola peliolata 443 : — completed "in 1793." 
 
 "In this year" (Durand), Michaux with his son journeying in Florida, meeting with Be/aria 
 racemosa (Pers., and Baldw. 336), Styrax pulverulentum, Forestiera porulosa, Pinguicula fiumila, 
 Vagmaria Richardi, Paspalum Floridanum, Tripsacum cylindricum, Blechnum serrulatum, Hedyotis 
 am>ustifolia, Ceanothus microphyllus, Cyrilla Antillana, Xanthoxylum tricarpum, Phalangium 
 croceum, Sabal serrulata, Schanocaulon gracile, Vaccinium nitidum, Sarracenia psittacina. Hibiscus 
 grandifiorus, Petalostemum carneum, Aeschynomene viscidula, Leptopoda fimbriata, Lepachys 
 pinnata. 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth.), Roth publishing his Tent. Flor. Germ. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Pet. Rem. Willemet, accompanying an embassy to Tippoo Saib, visit- 
 ing Mauritius Island.— He died at Seringapatan "in 1790," and his Herb, maurit. was published 
 "in 1796." 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Winckl.), Gartner publishing his Fruct. plant.,! — He died 
 "in 1791," and the publication was completed "in the same year." 
 
 " 1789 A. D." (Holmes), the necessity of an efficient government being generally felt and 
 acknowledged, the constitution, notwithstanding diversities of opinion, was acceded (o by eleven 
 States : and on " March 3d," delegates assembled at New York opened the votes for president, and 
 found Washington unanimously elected. " April 30th," he was inaugurated in that city, and the new 
 government organized : and Alex. Hamilton appointed first secretary of treasury. " May 29th," 
 Rhode Island "adopted the federal constitution, and was annexed to the Union." 
 
 " May 5th" (Maunder), assembling by Louis XVI. of France of the states-general, "consisting 
 of nobles, clergy, and others." Discovering the situation of the country and feeling their power, the 
 members bound themselves by oath, not "to separate until the constitution of the kingdom, and the 
 regeneration of public order, were established and fixed on a solid basis." July " 12th," tumult at 
 Paris, in consequence of the removal of Necker, and interference of the military with some demon- 
 strations of disapprobation : "July 14th," the Bastile attacked and captured by the populace. " Aug. 1st," 
 the new constitution before the National Assembly : after being discussed and adopted, it was accepted 
 by the king. 
 
 "The same year" (art de verif.), Abd-el-Hamid succeeded by Selim III., twenty-ninth Turkish 
 sultan. Coins issued at Cairo by Selim III. are figured in Marcel p 249. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith), Aiton publishing his Hort. Kewensis, enumerating Andromeda 
 {Leucothoe) axillaris, Mertensia paniculala i. 181, Corallorhiza innata, Allium tricocatm, Viola 
 striata, Agrimonia parviflora, Potentilla tridentata, Mimulus alatusu. 361, A'ardos?nia palmata iii. 
 pi. 11 ; Solidago ssrotina, gigantea, nemoralis, arguta, petiolaris, stricta, mul iradiata iii. p. 211—3 i 
 Aster paludosus\\\. p. 201, A. salicifolius, spectabilis, aestivus, corymbosus, radula ; Belula excelsa, 
 Finns Banksiana, P. serotina, Colhnsonia scabriuscula i. 47, Asclepias parvijlora i. 307, Adlumia 
 cirr/iota iii. 1, Epidendrum conopseum (Steud.). 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth., and Winckl.), A. L. Jussieu publishing his Gen. plant. 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), Saint-Amans publishing his Voyage dans les Pyrenees. 
 
 * Calama^rostis stricta of Subarctic climates. A grass observed by Timm. in Roth n. beytr. i. 
 118 near Mecklenburg in Germany — (Pers.) ; known to grow from Lapland and Russia to Switzer- 
 land. And Westward, in Greenland, and in British and Russian America (Wats.) ; observed by 
 myself on the alpine summits of the White mountains, having a contracted spiciform panicle and 
 long acuminate glumes (agreeing entirely with a specimen from the mountains of Europe marked 
 " C. epigeios "). 
 
 f Zephvranthes tubispatha of Austral America. Transported to Europe is described by 
 L'Heritier sert. angl 9. — By European colonists also, carried to Hindustan ; and " from Dr. Carey's 
 garden at Serampore," introduced by Mason v. 431 prior to 185 1 into the gardens of Burmah. Known 
 to grow wild in Buenos Ayres (Pers.). 
 
 % Eucalyptus gummifera of Australia. Described by Gasrtner — (Steud.), and J. E. Smith soc. 
 linn. 284; observed in Australia by White trav. pi. (Pers.). By European colonists, carried to 
 Hindustan, and according to Drury growing at Ootacamund. 
 
1044 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Tulipa oculus-solis of the East Mediterranean countries. Observed by Saint-Amans naturalized 
 around Montpelier — (A. Dec); by Gittard, seemingly wild on the hill-sides between Arcadia and 
 Philiatra in the Peloponnesus (Chaub.). 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), C. L. Hablizl publishing an account of the Taurian countries on the 
 West side of the Caspian, enumerating Scrophularia rupestris (Steud.). 
 
 " In this year" (rl. Graec. append.), J. E. Smith publishing his Icon. Ined* 
 
 As early perhaps as this year (see Durand in Am. phil. trans.), Michaux from Charleston making 
 more extended journeys West and North, as far as Illinois, Canada, Lake Mistassiny, and the 
 Southern extreme of Hudson's Bay, meeting with Allosorus gracilis, Cheilanthes tomentosa, C. vestita 
 ii. 270, Aspknium thelvpteroidcs, Sitolobium piinctilobulum, Kephrodium acrostichoides, Leersia 
 lenticularis, I'ilfa aspera, Muhlcnbergia glomerata, Calamagrostis Canadensis, Oryzopsis asperifolia, 
 O. juncea, Aristida ramosissimo, Spartinafluviatilis, Bouteloua curtipendu/a, Diplachnefascicularis, 
 Graphephorum melicoides, Diarrhena Americana, Glycerin Canadensis, Eiagrostis reptans, Avenas- 
 trum striatum, Equiseium scirpoides, Carex scirpoidea, polytrichoides, vulpinoidea, lagopodioides, len- 
 ticularis, miliaris paupercitla, triceps, flexuosa, lanuginosa, striata, striatula, intumescens, rostrata, 
 subulata, oligosperma ; Magnolia macrophylla, Stylophorum diphyllnm, Leavcnworthia uniflora, 
 Draba arabisans, Hypericum dolabriforme, H. nudiflorum, H. sphaerocarpon, Alsinc patula, Stellaria 
 pubera, Callirrhoe alcaeoides, Desmauthus brachy tabus, Najas fiexilis, Pinguicula acutifolia, Forestiera 
 ligustrina, Heteranthera acuta, Sparganium angustifolium, Oxybaphus nyclagineus i. 100, Ptantago 
 cordata i. 94, Galium asprel/um, i. 78, Spermacoce glabra i. 82, Lithosprrmum angustifolium, L. 
 latifolium, Onosmodium Carolinianum, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Phacelia bipinnatifida, 
 Primula Mistassinica, fpomoea ciliolata, Pyxidanthera barbulata, Xylosteum ciliatum, X. villosum, 
 Ribes (Grossularia) lacustre, Gonolobus laevis, Gcntiana puberu/a, G. acuta, Erigcnia bulbosa,\ 
 Viburnum lantanoides, Cvclolomaplatypliyllum, Juncus marginatus, J. acuminatus, Lunula melano- 
 carpa, Tofieldia glutinosa, Polygonum ramosissimum, P. tenu- -, P. {Helxine) cilinode, Vaccinium caspi- 
 tosum, Pyrola chlorantha, Rubuspistillatus, U'atdstcinia fragarioides, Calomelissa glabella, Verbena 
 bracteosa, V. stricta, Conobea multifield, Herpestis rotundifolia, Gerardia aurieulata, Pedicularis 
 lanceolata,Echinocystis lobata,Pelalostemum candidum, P. vio/aceum, Astragalus secundus, Nabalus 
 asper, A', racemosus, Artemisia Canadensis, A. caudata, Bellis iutegrifolia, Canotus divaricatus. 
 Aster uniftorus, A. sericeus, Boebera glandulosa, Actinomeris heliantlioides, Coreopsis aristosa, Helian- 
 thus mollis, Rudbeckia subtomcutosa, Silphium integrifolium, Ambrosia bidentata, Listera conval- 
 larioides, Croton capitatum, Tragia macrocarpa. Euphorbia dentata, E. men uriatina, Sa/ix Candida, 
 Populus grandidentata ; Quercus imbriearia, macrocarpa, castanea ; Datea alopecuroides pi. 38 
 (Nutt.), Lycopodium luciduhtm (Willd.). — After travelling more than three thousand miles 
 he sailed for Europe, and reached Paris " Dec. 26th 1796." Joining Baudin's expedition "in 
 
 * Ehrarta panicea of Austral Africa. Known to grow wild there. Transported to Europe, is 
 described by J. E. Smith i. pi. 9, and Lamarck enc. ii. p. 347 — (Pers.) ; and prior to 1848 had 
 become naturalized around Portici (Parlat., and A. Dec). 
 
 f Ligusticjim acteaefolium of the Atlantic shore of North America. Observed by Michaux at 
 Tadoosac on the Lower St. Lawrence — (Hook.) ; by myself, among the sea rocks of the Northern 
 portion of Massachusetts Bay, the flowers greenish ; termed by Nuttall " angelica peregrina." 
 
 Hieracium nudicaule of Canada. Allied to H. venosum, but having larger flowers and the leaves 
 not veined : — described by Michaux; and observed by myself near Quebec. 
 
 Anacharis Canadensis of Northeast America. Discovered by Michaux in the waters of the St. 
 Lawrence, — and observed by A. Gray (probably in Western New York) in "slow streams and ponds 
 common ; " but not seen by myself in New England, its Northern limit along the Atlantic being per- 
 haps 4c ; observed by myself as far South as 39 , by Pursh in Virginia, by Curtis in North Carolina 
 and Cherokee (Chapm.) ; and Westward, by Nuttall in Arkansas. Transported to Europe, was first 
 observed in Britain "in 1842," and has since become widely extended, multiplying by division, the 
 flowers being all female (A. Dec). 
 
 Glyccria nernata of Northeast America. Discovered there by Michaux : — observed by myself 
 in wet ground along the Atlantic from Lat. 46 near Montreal 1039° beyond Philadelphia, by Schweinitz 
 at 36 in North Carolina, by Chapman in West Florida ; and by Short, in Kentucky. Transported to 
 Europe, has become naturalized prior to "1853" at Mendon near Paris (J. Gay, and A. Dec). 
 
 Trisetum /nolle of Northeast America. Much resembling T. subspicatum : observed by Michaux 
 in Canada — (Kunth) ; by myself, from 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 42° 30' near Salem; 
 growing according to A. Gray on " mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin, 
 and northward ; " according to Chapman, on the "mountains of North Carolina." 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1045 
 
 iSoi,"^ he left at Mauritius Island; and after "six months," proceeded to Madagascar, where he 
 established a botanic garden at Tamatave and died at the "end of December 1803." His Flor. bor. 
 am. was published in this year by L. C. Richard at Paris. 
 
 " In this year " (J. E. Smith), Lamarck publishing his Diet, encvcl. bot.,* enumerating Panicum 
 agrostoides, Carex crinita, C. planiaginea, C. Pennsylvania, Coreopsis delphinifolia ii. p. 108. 
 
 Piddingtonia nummularia of the mountains of Eastern Asia. A creeping Lobeliad described 
 by Lamarck enc. iii. 589. — In its wild state known to grow only in Nepal and on Java (Pers., and 
 A. Dec). 
 
 Boerhaavia paniculata of Equatorial Africa ? Received from Guinea by Bentham fl. Nigr. p. 
 495. Described from American specimens by Lamarck, — and Richard (Steud.), and regarded by 
 Choisy as an American species. By European colonists was carried from one continent to the 
 other (A. Dec). 
 
 Lipocarpha argentea of Equatorial Africa and Madagascar. A Cyperaceous plant received from 
 Senegal by Lamarck, —and known to grow in other parts of Equatorial Africa and in Madagascar 
 (Ad. Juss ). Probably by European colonists, carried Eastward, and to Tropical America (R. Brown 
 cong., and A. Dec). 
 
 "The same year" (Brendel in Am. Nat. for 1870), in the expedition of Malaspina, Ne'e visiting 
 South America ; also Mexico, where he met with Quercus cininata, magnolicejolia, microphylla, 
 splendens, acutifolia, el/iplica, castanea, candicans, tomentosa.\ — Leaving Mexico, he continued 
 Westward to the islands of the Pacific, until " 1794." 
 
 Dahlia variabilis of Mexico. Known to grow wild there (Pers ) ; and in this year, received at 
 Madrid (Cav. ic. i. pi. 80 and iii. pi. 265) : soon becoming a favourite flower in the gardens of Europe, 
 and by way of France according to Clot-Bey was introduced into Egypt : by European colonists also, 
 was carried to Hindustan, "several varieties" observed "in gardens" there by Graham; to Burmah, 
 "exotic" there according to Mason ; and to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation 
 for ornament. 
 
 " 1790 A. D." (Holmes), by census, the United States found to contain "three million nine hun- 
 dred twenty-nine thousand three hundred and twenty-six " inhabitants : including " six hundred ninety- 
 five thousand six hundred and fifty-five " slaves. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Ludw. Castiglione publishing an account of his travels in North 
 America, containing a List of plants. 
 
 The aboriginals of Surinam, described by G. H. Apthorp (hist. coll. i. p. 61) as "a harmless 
 friendly set of beings." in " general short of stature, but remarkably well made, of a light copper color" 
 (Mongolians), " straight black hair, without beards, high cheek bones, and broad shoulders ; " both 
 " men and women go naked ; " the women wearing "ornaments of silver, etc," in " their ears, noses, 
 and hair: " one tribe " tye the lower part of the leg of the female children, when young, with a cord 
 bound very tight for the breadth of six inches about the ancle, which cord is never afterwards taken 
 off but to put on a new one ; by this means the flesh which should otherwise grow on that part of the 
 leg increases the calf to a great size and leaves the bone below nearly bare." The language '' appears 
 to be very soft." They manufacture "a few articles, such as very fine cotton hammocks, earthen 
 water pots, baskets, a red or yellow dye called roucau (. ), and some other trifles, all which they 
 
 bring to town and exchange for such articles as they stand in need of. They paint themselves red, 
 and some are curiously figured with black. Their food consists chiefly of fish, and crabs, and cassava, 
 of which they plant great quantities, and this is almost the only produce they attend to." Though not 
 "absolutely wandering tribes," their huts, "merely a few cross sticks covered with branches " to keep 
 out the rain and sun, are frequently abandoned "if they see occasion, and" they "establish them- 
 selves elsewhere. They do not shun the Whites, and have been serviceable against the run-away 
 Negroes." 
 
 "In this year'' (append. Sibth.), J. E. Smith commencing the "English Botany," the figures by 
 Sowerby, — completed in "thirty-six volumes in 1814." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Thuillier publishing his Flor. des environs de Paris, enumerating Carex 
 teretiuscula. 
 
 * Carex Virginiana of Northeast America. A sedge forming hassocks or large projecting tufts 
 in marshes subject to overflow, and wounding the fingers if handled incautiously : from transported 
 specimens termed "c stricta " by Lamarck, — "c Virginiana" by J. E. Smith in Rees cycl. : 
 observed by myself from 43 to 39° along the Atlantic ; by J. Carey, " very common " (A. Gray) ; by 
 Muhlenberg, in Pennsylvania and Virginia; by Schweinitz, to 36° in North Carolina; by Elliot, in 
 upper Carolina ; and according to Torrey, grows from Canada to Georgia. 
 
 f Quercus lobata of California. Specimens procured and described by Ne'e. 
 
IO46 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth., and Winckl.), Martin Vahl publishing his Symbol, hot* 
 
 Thalia dealbata of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. Discovered by J. Millington in the 
 "impenetrable swamps of" South Carolina (Roscoe act. linn. viii. 340, and Ph.), and "in this year" 
 according to John Fraser pi. (Pritzel) : observed by Leconte in Southern Georgia; by Baldwin, at 
 the mouth of the Satilla ; by Nuttall, on the Arkansas, as far North as Lat. 35°. Transported to 
 Europe, is termed " Peronia stricta " by Laroch. (Red., Poir., and Steud.) ; was sent by Delile from 
 the Montpelier garden to Egypt, observed by Clot-Bey among other aquatic plants. 
 
 " 1791 A. D." (Holmes), by act of Congress, Vermont, which during the war had assumed a pro- 
 vincial government, admitted into the Union as the fourteenth State. 
 
 " The same year" (Holmes), by the British parliament, the province of Quebec divided into Upper 
 and Lower Canada. 
 
 "April 19th to 2 1st" (hist. coll. ii. p. 20), by Capt. Joseph Ingraham on his way to Northwest 
 America, seven islands discovered in continuation of the Marquesas Northward to within 8° 3' of the 
 Equator. The natives resembled those of the Marquesas, "except one young man, who had his hair 
 stained white at the ends, as is common at the Sandwich Islands." Opye, a Sandwich islander on 
 board, returning a'ter twenty months absence at New York and Boston, was unable to understand the 
 language of the Marquesas. 
 
 "The same year'' (Kobell iv.), galvanism discovered by Galvani. — And shown not long after- 
 wards by Volta to be an electrical phenomenon. 
 
 " In this year" (suppl. Sibth.), publication of the first volume of the Transactions of the Linnasan 
 Society of London. 
 
 As early as this year (Willd. sp. pi. ii. 311), Curtis mag. 352 describing Oenothera purpurea of 
 Northwest America. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), P. K. A. Schousboe Danish consul in Marocco. — He continued until 
 " 1 793-" and commenced publishing his researches "in 1800." 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith), after his Monadelph. diss, "in 1790," Cavanilles publishing his 
 Icon. Plant, enumerating! Madia viscosa iii. pi. 298. — The sixth and concluding volume in " 1801." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Lamarck publishing his Illustr. gen. plant. ; — completed in nine hun- 
 dred plates "in 1800." 
 
 "In this year " (Willd.), Thadcleus Haenke publishing an account of his excursion to the Riesenge- 
 birge. — His observations in North and South America, the Ladrone or Marian Islands and the Philip- 
 pines, were published by Presl "in 1830-6" (Pritzel). 
 
 "In this year" (Pursh), J. E. Smith publishing his Spicileg. bot., enumerating Hypoxis juncea 
 pi. 16. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), La Billardiere sailing with D'Entrecasteaux in search of La Perouse.J 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith), Salisbury publishing his Icon. Rar,, enumerating Cannaflaccida 
 pi 2 (Willd.), — his Hort. Allerton "in 1796," and Nvmphaeae in Sims ann. bot. ii. 
 
 "1792, April 17th" (art de verif.). Vancouver arriving by way of the Hawaiian Islands in 
 Northwest America, near Cape Mendocino in " N. Lat. 40 19'," and turning Northward Menzies 
 accompanying him and meeting with Mcnzicsia /c/'rugiuca, M . empetriforinis, Mvgiuda uivrsiuites, 
 Arbutus Mcuziesii, A. tonicntosa, I 'actinium obtusum. Saxifraga pcctiuata, '] iarella Mcnzicsii, Mitclla 
 grandijlora, Spiraea capitata, Rubus pedatiii, R. stellatus, Lupiuus Aootkatcjisis ; Ribes laxiflarum, 
 speciosum, Menziesii ; Quercus Ga/rvana (Brendel). 
 
 " In this year" (Jap. mann. 272), Laxmann in a Russian ship at Matsmai, bringing shipwrecked 
 Japanese. He was formally thanked, but informed, That "if the Russians ever again landed" at any 
 port except Nagasaki, " they would be made prisoners." 
 
 "June 1st" (Holmes), Kentucky admitted into the Union as the fifteenth State. The revenues 
 of the United States for this year, estimated at " three million seven hundred thousand dollars : " and 
 
 * Carcx Vahlii of Arctic Europe and the alpine summits of Switzerland. Termed " c. alpina" in 
 fl. Dan. pi. 403 (l'ers.), but distinguished by Schkuhr, and known to grow in Lapland (Pers.) ; also 
 on the alpine portion of Switzerland (A. Dec). 
 
 f Clicuopodiuin la-lidiiu; of Mexico. Known to occur there (Moq.). Transported to Europe, is 
 described by Cavanilles, — Schrader, Lagasca, and Schultes (Steud.) : probably by European colonists, 
 carried to Buenos-Ayres, Austral Africa, and Abyssinia (Moq., and A. Dec). 
 
 % Eucalyptus globulus of Australia. Observed there by La Billardiere. — Introduced into Hin- 
 dustan and at Ootacamund attained nine feet in girth in eighteen years, has spread rapidly on the 
 Neilgherries and other high lands and has "become naturalised" as low down as "three thousand or 
 four thousand feet " (Drur.). By European colonists also was carried to the Mediterranean countries, 
 and has become acclimatized in Algeria, Spain, Corsica, and Southern France. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IO47 
 
 the tonnage of vessels paying duty during the year ending " Sept. 30th," including coasting and fish- 
 ing vessels, amounted to " eight hundred thousand two hundred and sixty-one " tons ; of which " five 
 hundred forty-nine thousand two hundred and seventy-nine," were owned exclusively in the United 
 States (Coxe). 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Leopold II. succeeded by Francis II., forty-third emperor of Germany 
 and Italy. 
 
 "Sept. 23d" (Maunder), at Paris, the new constitution set aside and a so-called "republican" 
 government instituted. 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth.), publication of the first volume of the Act. soc. nat. paris. 
 Nardosmia fragrans of Dauphiny and the Pyrenees. Termed " tussilago fragrans " by Villars 
 act. soc. nat. par. i. pi. 12, — and soon afterwards cultivated in gardens for its fragrance (Pers.). In 
 Britain has escaped from cultivation in four or five localities, and according to Watson seems natural- 
 ized (A. Dec). 
 
 As early as this year (Pers. i. p. 55, and Pritzel 417), J. B. Leblond in Cayenne, meeting with 
 Commelyna Cayennettsis, Cyperus brizaeus. — A Catalogue of plants sent by him published in Soc. 
 d'hist. nat. de Paris i. 105-14. 
 
 " In this year" (soc. linn. lond. ii. and iii.), memoir by Goodenough and Woodward on Carex sp., 
 enumerating C. vulgaris, — a second memoir read "in 1795." 
 
 Carex stricta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Goodenough, — and 
 Schkuhr 60 pi. v. f. 73 : known to grow in marshes from Sweden and Russia throughout middle 
 Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 9(4, Thuill., Pers., and Wats.) : observed by Sibthorp frequent in the marshes 
 of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Carex rigida of Northern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Goodenough 
 (soc. linn. ii. pi. 22) as observed on the mountains of Scotland : — described also by Schkuhr 56 pi. 
 u. f. 71 (Pers.) ; and the species figured in Engl. bot. pi. 2407 was observed by Sibthorp in the open 
 country around Constantinople. Westward, C. rigida was observed by Hooker in Iceland ; and 
 according to J. Carey grows on "alpine summits of the mountains of Northern New England and 
 New York, and high northward" (A. Gray). 
 
 Carex fulva of Europe and Northeast America. Described by Goodenough, — and known to 
 grow in meads and on mountains throughout middle Europe (Schkuhr t. T. f. 67, Host i. pi. 77, and 
 Pers.) : observed by Chaubard in moist places in the Peloponnesus. Westward, was received by 
 Goodenough from Newfoundland (Hook.) ; was observed by B. D. Greene on the border of a lake at 
 Tewksbury in Eastern Massachusetts (J. Carey). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), after his Baiersch. flor. "in 1789," Franz von Paula Schrank publishing 
 Primit. flor. salisburg. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Moritz Balthns. Borckhausen publishing his Nov. meth. plant, germ. 
 — A second edition was published "in 1809,'' after his death. 
 
 Ati-iplex nitats of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia- A large species termed 
 "a. viridis " by Ehrhart, "a. sagittata" by Borckhausen (Schkr.), and known to occur along hedges 
 in Germany (Hoffm., and Pers.). In Britain, found adventive on the isle of Wight (Bromf., and 
 A. Dec). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng , and Winckl.), G. A. Olivier travelling in Persia. 
 
 " T 793; J an - 21st" (Maunder), Louis XVI. of France beheaded; "Oct. 16th," his wife Marie 
 Antoinette beheaded. The European governments having armed against France, and civil war 
 breaking out at home, the so-called " reign of terror ; " during which, the guillotine was kept in con- 
 stant action. 
 
 " April 29th " (Holmes), proclamation of neutrality by president Washington. 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Fourth partition of Poland. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Uster publishing his Neuen Ann. Bot., — continued "until 1801." 
 Ornithogaliim spathaceum of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by 
 Hayne in Ust- n. bot. annal 15, — termed "o. Haynii '" by Roth, and known to occur around Hamburg 
 and in the duchy of Oldenburg (Pers.) : observed by Sibthorp near Abydos on the Dardanelles, and 
 on Cyprus. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl. 379), J- E. Smith publishing his Specimen of the botany of New Hol- 
 land.* 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 463), arrival at Pekin of the first English ambassador, Macartney. 
 An account of the proceedings and the journey through China, is given by G. Staunton ; and among 
 the plants collected were Penthorum Chincnse (Pursh 323). 
 
 * Eucalyptus robusta of Australia. Received by J. E. Smith soc. linn. iii. 283 (Pers.). By 
 European colonists, carried to Hindustan ; and according to Drury growing at Ootacamund. 
 
IO48 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "End of July" (Walp. trav. 169), arrival of W. G. Browne in Dar-Fur, accompanying the 
 Soudan caravan. He was detained in the country — until "the spring of 1796," when he was 
 allowed to depart with a return caravan for Siout. 
 
 "1793-4 A. D." (Mann), Vancouver re-visiting the Hawaiian Islands, where Menzies "made 
 large and valuable collections, mostly on Hawaii." 
 
 " [794, March " (Holmes), by Congress, acts passed : To provide a naval armament ; and For 
 fortifying and garrisoning the principal ports in the United States. "July," insurrection in Western 
 Pennsylvania ; the insurgents surrendering in " October," on the approach of a body of fifteen hun- 
 dred militia. " Nov. 19th," treaty with Britain of amity, commerce, and navigation, signed at London 
 by John Jay on the part of the United States. 
 
 "July 28th" (Maunder), Robespierre, member of an executive committee, beheaded; and com- 
 parative quiet restored. The constitution of "the third year" was soon afterwards put in force; a 
 " directory " of five persons having the executive power. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Adrian Hardy Haworth * publishing his Obs. on Mcsembryanlhemum ; 
 
 — "in 1812," his Synops. plant, succulent. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), after his letters from Sicily and Turkey in " 1779-S4," Domenico Ses- 
 tini publishing his Viagg. da Bucharest a Constantinople. 
 
 " In this year " (title-page, and Winckler), Ottav. Targioni-Tozetti publishing his Institut. botan. ; 
 
 — "in 1809," his Diet, botan. nom. vulg., a second edition "in 1825," and died "in 1829." 
 
 " The same year " (Maunder), the Dutch driven out of Ceylon by the English. — The island was 
 afterwards confirmed to Britain by the treaty at Amiens. 
 
 •' Dec. 23d " (Dallet 70 to 136), first entrance of a Catholic priest into Corea, a Chinese called P. 
 Jacques Tsiou. He entered clandestinely at midnight, and for assisting on this occasion, Paul Ioun 
 in the following year was put to death. 
 
 " 1795 A. D." (Maunder), in the beginning of this year, the French armies in general successful 
 on the land had not only repelled invasion, but were in possession of the Austrian Netherlands, Hol- 
 land, part of Germany as far as the Rhine, and Savoy. 
 
 "The same year" (Pauth. 463), arrival at Pekin of an ambassador from the Dutch East India 
 company. An account of the proceedings and journey, is given by Van Braam. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Fifth partition of Poland. 
 
 "The same year" (Kobell ii.), by A. Sennefelder at Munich first experiments in lithography ; 
 with "Solenhofen or Killheimer" calcareous slate from the neighbourhood. — The material has proved 
 the best anywhere discovered to the present day, and is exported to all parts of the civilized world. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Santi publishing his Viagg. al Montamiata ; — the third and concluding 
 volume " in 1806." 
 
 Allium album of Italy and Greece. Described by Santi — (Chaub.) ; observed by Sibthorp pi. 
 325 in Italy, and termed "a. lacteum ; " by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth.), Retz publishing a Second edition of his Flor. Scand. prodr., 
 enumerating Saxifraga triaispidata, Alsine Groenlandka n. 552; — his Flor. oeconon. suec. "in 
 1806;'' Fl. Virgil, "in 1809; " and died "in 1821." 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), P. P. Lapeyrouse publishing his Flor. pyr. illustr., — 
 the fourth and last volume "in 180T," and his Hist, abreg. plant, pyren. "in 1813." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.); Roxburgh publishing his Plants of Coromandel.f — completed "in 1819." 
 
 " 1796 A. D." (Holmes), Tennessee admitted into the Union as the sixteenth State. 
 
 "Feb. 8th, first day" of the Chinese year (Pauth. 4^3), abdication of Kien-loung in favour of 
 his son Kia-king, now three hundred and fourth Chinese emjxror. 
 
 "April" (Maunder), the Anstrians and Piedmontese defeated by Bonaparte ; a young man just 
 appointed commander of the French army in Italv. 
 
 "The same year" (Kobell ii.), in the North Pacific among the Aleutian Islands, rising of a new 
 volcanic island out of the sea. — After a while, it gradually sunk down and disappeared. 
 
 * Yttcta rccuri'ifolia of Carolina and Florida. Introduced "in 1704" into Britain, — and de- 
 scribed by Haworth, and Salisbury par. lond. 31 (Loud, encycl. plant. ) Westward, observed by 
 Leconte in Lower Georgia ; by Nuttall, "in sandy fields, North Carolina." 
 
 f IntHgofera coeruka of Eastern Hindustan. Discovered by Roxburgh, cultivated by him and 
 found to yield quantities of the most beautiful light indigo — (A. Dec, and Drur.). 
 
 Pyrethrum Indkum of Eastern Asia. Observed by Roxburgh iii. p. 436 in Eastern Hindus- 
 tan ; — and at Bombay, by Nimmo (Graham). Farther East, the Indian feverfew is enumerated by 
 Mason v. 432 and 789 as " exotic " in Burmah, " often seen in gardens in " the city of Maulmain. 
 By European colonists, carried to the Mauritius Islands and cultivated in gardens (Boj.) ; and to 
 Europe, Sims bot. mag pi. 1521. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IO49 
 
 " The same year " (Nicol.), Catharine II. succeeded by Paul, now Russian emperor. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Karl Gottl. Rafn publishing his Flor. Dan. and Holstein ; — the second 
 and concluding volume "in r8oo." 
 
 " The same year " (Holmes), by Benjamin Thompson of Massachusetts or count Rumford of 
 Munich, a donation of "five thousand" dollars to the American academy of sciences : the interest to 
 be given as a premium every second year, for the most important discovery or improvement relating 
 to heat and light. This being confined to America : while (as appears from other authorities), a like 
 sum was given for the same purpose to a Society in Britain. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), F. A. Marschall von Bieberstein visiting the countries along the 
 Western shore of the Caspian, meeting with . . . (Willd. iii. 274). — He made subsequent visits "in 
 1798, 1802 and 1805," published his Flor. taur.-caucas. "in 1808," completed with a supplement "in 
 1819," and died "in 1826." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng. gesch.), Jo. Aloys. Froelich publishing his Gentian, libell., enumerating 
 Gentiana linearis 37. n. 11. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng.), Francis Masson publishing his Stapel. nov. 
 
 In this year (Act. linn. soc. vi. pi. 28), Forster describing Solea concolor of North America (Ph.). 
 — He died "in 1798." 
 
 " In this year" (Willd.), James Donn publishing his Cat. hort. cantabrig.* 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Lamarck completing the Fourth volume of his Diet, encycl. bot., 
 enumerating Hypericum fascicula/11 m iv. 153, H. galioides iv. 154. 
 
 Momordica Senegalensis of Tropical Western Africa. Known to grow wild from Senegal to 
 Guinea (Pers., and A. Dec). Transported to Europe is described by Lamarck enc. iv. 239. — By 
 European colonists, transported also to Brazil, where it continues to occur near dwellings, following 
 the footsteps of man (M. A. de Cazal, and A. St. Hilaire). 
 
 " 1797, Feb. 4th" (Cavanilles, and Humb. cosm. v.), earthquake destroying the citvof Riobamba 
 on the Andes, and in the course of a few minutes more than twenty thousand of its inhabitants. The 
 columns of smoke of the volcano of Pasto, at least 200 miles distant, diaappeared on the same morn- 
 ing, and never reappeared. 
 
 " In this year " (append. Sibth.), Roth publishing his Catalect. Botan. 
 
 Erysimum virgatum of the mountains of Western Europe. Described by Roth cat. i. 75 — ■ 
 (A. Dec.) : observed by Brotero i. 575 in Portugal; by Schleicher, in Switzerland (Pers.). Trans- 
 ported to Britain, has teen found adventive, springing up spontaneously (Wats. cyb. iii. 384). 
 
 "April 17th" (praef), after his Amaranth, "in 1790," C. L. Willdenow publishing the First 
 volume of his Species plantarum, enumerating among botanical friends who had contributed dried 
 specimens Gunther, Hedwig, Hayne, Humboldt, Isert, Klein, Panzer, Pohl, Reiner, Roth, Rottler, 
 Rudolphi, Schmidt, Schrader, Timm, Trattinick, Usteri, Vahl : and among plants describing Muhlen- 
 bertiui ll'illdenovii, Calamagrostis conjinis (Steud.), Elymus strialus, Rhynchcspora cymosa, Eleo- 
 charis obtusa (Steud.), Leersia Virginica, Cetatochloa unioloides "festuca" of W. (Baldw. rel. 
 106-12) ; North American plants, communicated perhaps in all instances by Muhlenberg. 
 
 " Julv 7th " (Holmes), a system of predatory violence under the authority of the French govern- 
 ment continuing, an act passed : To declare the treaties heretofore concluded with France, no longer 
 obligatory on the United States. 
 
 " In this year '' (Jap. mann. 268), first appearance of an American ship in Japan, the Eliza of 
 New York, Capt. Stewart, hired by the Dutch authorities at Batavia in consequence of the war: the 
 Japanese officials were sorely perplexed by the crew speaking English, but at length convinced that 
 they were not "real English," the Eliza was admitted "as a Dutch ship." — Capt. Stewart afterwards 
 attempted unsuccessfully to open direct trade with Japan. 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Frederic William II. succeeded by Frederic William III., fifth king 
 
 of Prussia. 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth.), Jacquin publishing his Hort. schoenbr., enumerating Asclepias 
 
 quadrifolia. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Host publishing his Synops. plant, austr. ; — and " in 1827-31," his 
 
 Flor. austr. 
 
 * Clavlonia perfoliata of Northwest America. Growing according to Hooker from the mouth 
 of the Columbia to the Rocky mountains. Probably as a potherb transported to Mexico and Cuba 
 CDec.) and thence to Europe, where it is described by James Donn hort. cantab. p. 25, — (Willd.) ; 
 is termed "limnia perfoliata" by Haworth (Steud.), and of late years escaping from cultivation has 
 become naturalized around London : " in 1852," was observed by Corder at Ampthill, at a long dis- 
 tance from any garden ; and "in 1S53," was found at Weybridge and at Clapham (phytol. 485 to 982, 
 and A. Dec). Was seen in Cuba by Humboldt and Bonpland, and termed " c Cubensis." 
 
 132 
 
l0 c CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 Euphorbia salicifolia of Central and Eastern Europe. Distinguished by Host syn. 267 as 
 observed in Austria, — and known to grow as far as Central and Eastern France (A. Dec); observed 
 by Waldstein and Kitaibel pi. 55 in Hungary (Pers.). In Britain, has maintained itself more than 
 forty years on a point of Scotland, but does not appear to spread around (Lawson, and A. Dec). 
 " E. agraria " of Bieberstein as well as " E. segetalis " of Pallas are regarded as not distinct (Steud.). 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), A. B. Lambert publishing his gen. Cinchona. 
 
 In this year (Spreng., and Pers. ii. p. 272), Poiret preparing the fifth volume of the Diet, 
 encycl. bot, enumerating Polygala ramosa, Aristida purpurascens. Ranunculus recurvatus, Simla- 
 cina ci/ia/a, En^eron? lons>ifolium viii. p. 480. — The concluding volume was issued "in 1808/" 
 
 " In this year" (Act. linn, soc vii. 96), Rudge publishing descriptions of Carices, including Carex 
 
 ova fa. 
 
 " In this year " (Pursh), John Abbot publishing his Lepidopt. insects of Georgia. 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith), Andrews publishing his Bot. Repos ,* enumerating Gentiana 
 Andrcwsii, — completed in ten volumes. 
 
 "The same year" ( Kobell iv.), after discovering the peculiar metal chromium, its presence in an 
 ore of iron in sufficient quantity to be of use in the arts, ascertained by Vauquelin. 
 
 '•The same year" (Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. p. 145). Searle Island in the Paumotuan coral- 
 archipelago discovered by Wilson; and found deserted, though there were traces of its having been 
 visited. — "Thirty years later," a scanty population was found on the island byBeechey: and this 
 continued when visited by our expedition in 1S39. 
 
 "179S, June" (Holmes), an act, To authorize the defence of merchant vessels of the United 
 States against French depredations. And "July 13th," by President Adams, Washington appointed 
 commander in chief of the defensive army : the appointment was accepted. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), L. A. G. Bosc residing in Charleston; examining especially the grasses 
 and fungi, and meeting with Hydrocharis (Limnobiuw) spongia, Panicum antumnafe, Drosera capil- 
 laris (Baldw. 75), Fhalaris intermedia (Baldw. 141, and Chapm.). 
 
 In this year (Act. linn. soc. viii. 303), Salisbury describing Trollius laxus of North America (Ph.). 
 
 "July 1st" (Thiers, and Ryme), after overthrowing the independence of Malta, landing of Bona- 
 parte with a French army near Alexandria. Obtaining possession, — the French held Egypt more 
 than three years. 
 
 "Aug. 1st" (Maunder), naval combat in the Bay of Aboukir ; the French fleet defeated by the 
 English under Nelson. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith), Desfontaines publishing his Flor. Atlant. — The work was com- 
 pleted "in r8oo" (Winckl.). 
 
 Arabis albida of mountain-summits around the Mediterranean. Observed by Desfontaines on 
 Atlas and termed " turritis verna"— (Boissier); by Lemann, on Madeira: by Webb, between "seven 
 and nine thousand feet" on the Canaries; by Gussone, on Sicily; by Ledebour, in the Crimea, and 
 on Caucasus and the Talush mountains; was received by A. Richard from the elevation of "ten thou- 
 sand feet" in Abyssinia, agreeing with fig. 71 in Jacquin f. ecloge (A. Dec). 
 
 Orchis 'longiconiis of the Mediterranean countries. < ibserved by Desfontaines pi. 246 in shaded 
 situations in Algeria — (Pers.): by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Juncus Fontanesii of the Mediterranean countries. A rush — distinguished by Gay : observed 
 by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Carex distachya of the Mediterranean countries. Observed by Desfontaines atl. pi. 2 in Barbary ; 
 — by Chaubard, in grassy places in the Peloponnesus; known to grow also on the Alps at Salsburg 
 (Schkuhr 36. t. G. f. 33, and Pers.). 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl), A. F. Link and Hoffmannsegg visiting Spain and Portugal. — They 
 published their Flor. portugaise "in 1809-14." 
 
 Oplirys bombylifera of the Mediterranean countries. Described by Link, — and known to grow 
 in Portugal (Pers.): observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Gaetano Savi publishing his Flor. pisan. ; — "in 1808-15," his Botan. 
 etrusc. 
 
 Not later than this year (see Spreng.), Hamilton-Buchanan accompanying the embassy of Symes 
 to Ava. 
 
 * Acacia longifolia of Australia. Known to grow wild there (A. Dec). Transported to Europe, 
 is described by Andrews pi. 20, — Willdenow, Poiret, and Ventenat pi. 6 (Pers., and Steud.). By 
 European colonists was carried to St. Helena, where it has become abundantly naturalized (Seeman). 
 
 Acacia stricta of Australia. Transported to Europe, described by Andrews pi. 53, — and Des- 
 fontaines (Pers., and Steud.). By European colonists, was carried to Hindustan, where it continues 
 "thickly sown and planted in the neighbourhood of Ootacamund" for firewood (Morgan, and Drury). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1051 
 
 Torenia parviflora of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. Observed by Hamilton-Buchanan 
 in Southern Hindustan — (Benth ), and known to occur also in Burmah (herb. Dec). Westward, is 
 termed " nortenia Thouarsii " by Cham, and Schlect. as growing on Madagascar and the Mauritius 
 Islands. By European colonists, was carried to Brazil and Guayana (A. Dec). 
 
 " In this year" (Pursh), Jacquin publishing the Third volume of his Hort. Schoenbr., enumerat- 
 ing Cyperus speciosus. 
 
 " In this year" (W. sp. pi. iv. 183), Willdenow describing plants in Act. berol., including Chara 
 foliolosa from Muhlenberg. 
 
 Najas Indica of Hindustan. Received from Tranquebar and described in this year by Willde- 
 now act. berol. 1. f. 3 : — growing also according to Bory on the Mauritius Islands (Kunth enum. iii. 
 114, and A. Dec). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Toh. Christoph Wendland publishing his Ericarum icon., — the seven- 
 teenth and last fascic. "in 1806." 
 
 " I799> Feb. 10th " (Holmes), the French frigate Insurgente of "forty-four" guns, captured by 
 the Constellation under Truxton. The American navy in this year consisting of "forty-two vessels, 
 carrying nine hundred and fifty guns." 
 
 " Aug. 29th '' (Nicol.), death in France of the captive pope Pius VI. He was succeeded at 
 Rome by Pius VII., ninety-seventh pope. 
 
 Euphorbia calendulcefolia of ... . Discovered by Delile, occurring as a weed in cultivated 
 fields near Cairo. — Its native country remains unascertained. 
 
 " Oct. 13th" (Maunder), arrival from Egypt of Bonaparte at Frejus in France. "Nov 9th," he 
 drove out the Legislature at the point of the bayonet, and abolished the constitution "of the third 
 year." The Directory was- declared extinct, and a new constitution formed, vesting the executive 
 power in three consuls : Bonaparte was made first consul. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Jak. Sturm publishing his Deutschlands flora. 
 
 " In this year" (title-page), Willdenow publishing the Second volume of his Sp. plant. 
 
 Nov. 10th (....), meteoric shower witnessed by Humboldt and Bonpland shortly after their 
 arrival on the Northern coast of South America. In traversing this portion of the continent from the 
 Orinoco to the Magdalena, they met with Quercus Huviboldtii, and Q. Tolimensis, in New Granada* 
 (Brendel). 
 
 " Dec. 14th " (Holmes), death of Washington. 
 
 " 1800 A. D." (Holmes), removal of the seat of government into a slave State, to Washington 
 city on the Potomac. The more prominent Northerners now took one another out of the way, and 
 their places were filled by slaveholders, and Emancipation was effectually arrested. 
 
 " The same year" (Holmes), vaccination introduced into America by Benjamin Waterhouse of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 " In this year" (suppl. Sibth.), J. E. Smith publishing his Flora Britannica.f And as early per- 
 haps wrongly including among British plants Salix petiolaris. 
 
 * Mikania guaco of the banks of the Magdalena. An herbaceous vine, regarded as a remedy 
 for the bites of venomous serpents : observed by Humboldt and Bonpland zeq. ii. pi. 105 in hot damp 
 places along the Magdalena — (Steud., and Lindl.). 
 
 Nelsonia canescens of Equatorial Africa. An Acanthaceous plant observed by Humboldt and 
 Bonpland in Tropical America (Steud.). Known to grow at Fazohkel and in other parts of Equatorial 
 Africa — (Nees in Dec. prodr. xi). Occurring also in Australia; but probably by European colonists 
 carried to the West Indies and Columbia (H. and Bonpl. and A. Dec). 
 
 Telanthera maritima of the shores of Tropical America. Observed there by Humboldt and 
 Bonpland (Steud.); — known to grow in the West Indies and Brazil (A. Dec), and in "South Flor- 
 ida " (Chapm.). From transported specimens, described by Willdenow (Steud.). Occurring also 
 on the opposite African coast, at Oware (Moq.), and in Guinea (fl. Nigr.), probably transported by 
 the ocean currents. 
 
 Iresine aggregata of the shores of Tropical America. Observed there by Humboldt and Bon- 
 pland (Steud.); — known to grow from Cuba to Bahia (A. Dec), and from transported specimens 
 described by Willdenow (Steud.). Occurring also on the opposite African coast, in Senegambia (A. 
 Dec), probably transported by the ocean currents. 
 
 \ Rosa micrantha of Western Europe. The small-flowered sweet-briar distinguished by Smith 
 on account of its deciduous calyx-lobes. By European colonists was carried to Northeast America, 
 — has been found in " Eastern New England, naturalized " (A. Gray). 
 
 Carex lavigata of Western Europe. Observed by Smith iii. 1005, in Britain ; — described also 
 by Schkuhr t. 2. f. 83, t. Bbb. f. 116, t. Sss. f. 162; and known to grow in marshes in middle Europe 
 (Pers.). Westward, was received by Dewey from Massachusetts and termed "c. Greeniana," is 
 enumerated by J. Carey as " introduced ? " 
 
1052 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 In this year (Act. linn. soc. x.), Lambert pi. 6 describing Petitstemon frutcscens of North America. 
 
 '• In this year" (Winckl.), J. C. Schleicher publishing his Plant. Helvet* 
 
 " In this year" (title-page), Willdenow publishing the Third volume of his Sp. plant., enumerat- 
 ing Arahis laevigata (Muhl in litt. ), Poly gala paueifolia (Muhl.), Lathyrus myrtifolius (M.), L. 
 venoms (M.), 1'ieia Americana (M.). Desmodium cuspidatiim (M.). D. glutinosum (M.), Cirsium 
 discolor (M.), Bidens counala (MA, Cacalia reniformis (M.), Eupatorium pubescens (M.), Aster 
 prcnantlwides (M.), Solidago patula (M.), 5. ulmifolia (M.), "erigeron nervosum" {Chrysopiis 
 •iraminifaliii). 
 
 Medicare) denticulata of the West Mediterranean countries. An annual described by Willdenow, 
 — and known to grow in Southern Europe (Pers.): observed by Savi in Italy (Steud.). By European 
 colonists was carried to Northeast America, " sparingly introduced into New England etc." (A. Gray). 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith), after his Hist. Salic, in "1785-91," Hoffmann publishing his 
 Deutschl. Flora; — "in ) 816," a second edition of his Gen. umbellif. 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth., and Winckl.), after his Tabl. regne veg. "in 1794," Ventenat 
 publishing his Hoit. Cels. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Georg Wahlenberg visiting Lapland, f — and subsequently in the sum- 
 mers of "1802, 1807, and 1810." 
 
 As early probably as this year (see Baldw. rel. 117-72), Brickell in Georgia meeting with Prinos 
 coriaceus, and corresponding with Muhlenberg. 
 
 At this time (= " 1816 — about 16 yrs." of Baldw. 344), John Fraser at Savannah, meeting with 
 Chamaerops hvstrix. — He sailed from Charleston in June 1817 (B. 190). 
 
 One hundred and eighty-third generation.' Jan. 1st, 1801, mostly beyond youth: the Greek 
 writer, Zalikoglous ; the lexicographer, Eugenius of Bulgaria d. 1806: other writers, G. Gallesio ; J. 
 J. Schmidt; Dobrovsky; Hugius : the French writers, De Sacy, Solvyns, Amedee Jaubert, Roux : 
 the English writers, John Webb, Terrick Hamilton : the Slavonic writers, Gabriel Dershavin, Nicho- 
 las Karamzin, Ivan Dmitrief, Timkofsky, Hyacinth Bitchourin, Igumnof of Irkutzk, Giganof, Yolkof, 
 Shishkof, Vuk Stephanovitch Karadshitch, and Kopitar: the botanists, J. Dickson, L. W. Dilhvyn, 
 
 E. J. C. Esper, J. L. Knapp, Burchell, Carmichael, H. F. Colebrooke, Correa de Serra, Benj. Deles- 
 sert, N. A. Desvaux, J. P. R. Draparnaud, Jonas Dryander d. 181 1, Leo Dufour, F. E. L. Fischer, 
 G. Koch, C. F. B. Mirbel, Mocino and Sesse, Wm. Roscoe, Henr. Salt, I. C. Savigny, Schoubert, D. 
 
 F. L. de Schlechtendal, Chr. Fried. Schumacher, Chr. Fr. Schwaegrichen, Aug. Friedr. Schweiggei, 
 N. C." Seringe, Job. Sievers, Chr. Sigis. Sonnini, Caspar Sternberg, Georg. Adol. Suckow, Rob. 
 Teesdal, Joh. V. Thompson, Andr. Thouin, L. C. Treviranus, Fr. Sigism. Voight, Wormskiold, Zey- 
 her, Att. Zuccagni, Vine, de Cervantes, Gustav. Schuebler, and Jos. Woods : the painter D. Wilkie 
 b. 17S5. 
 
 "On the same day" (Humb. cosm. iv.), an asteroid or minor planet discovered by Piazzi and 
 named Ceres; — a second asteroid, Pallas, was discovered by Olbers "March 28th, 1S02;" a third, 
 Juno, by Harding "Sept. 1st, 1804;" and a fourth, Yesta, by 1 libers "March 29th, 1807." 
 
 "Apr. 8th " (Dallet 121 to 135), First persecution of Christians in Corea. Seng-houn-i and six 
 others put to death. " On the 25th," five more ivux- put to death. 
 
 " In this year " (Ph.), Rn,tkow publishing his diss, de June, enumerating Ju?iats setaceus 13. pi. 
 1. f. 2. 
 
 " In this year " (Pers., and Ph.), Willdenow in Act. nat. cur. berolin. iii. describing Floerkia 
 proserpiuaeoides, of Northeast America. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), (iuillemeau publishing his Calendrier de flore des environs de Niort. 
 
 "In this year" (append. Sibth., and Winckl.), Chr. Schkuhr publishing his descript. Caric.,{ 
 
 * Alsine strieta of Arctic Europe and Asia and alpine summits farther South. Observed by 
 Schleicher on the Swiss Alps ; — known to grow on the Jura and Eastern Alps (Koch, and A. Dec), 
 in a single locality in the county of Durham in Britain (Bab., ami Wats.), in Norway, Sweden, Lap- 
 land (Swartz, Wahl., and fries), and in Arctic Russia and Siberia to beyond Lake Baikal (Ledeb.). 
 
 \ Carex higopina of Arctic Europe and the alpine summits of Switzerland. Observed by Wah- 
 lenberg among the mountains of Lapland; — known to grow also on the Swiss Alps (A. Dec). 
 
 % Carex uslnlala of Arctic Kurope and the alpine summits of Switzerland. Termed "c. atro- 
 fusca" by Schkuhr — (Pers ); observed by W.thlcnberg in Scandinavia, and known to grow in the 
 alpine portinn of Switzerland (A. Dec). 
 
 Carex I'ci saai/ii of Arctic Europe and the alpine summits of Switzerland. Distinguished by 
 Schkuhr 206, — and Sieber ; observed by Fries in Scandinavia and termed " c vitilis ; " known to 
 grow also on the Swiss Alps (A. Dec). 
 
 Col>resia earieina of Arctic Europe and the alpine summits of Switzerland. Described by 
 Schkuhr f. 161 — (Willd.), and known to grow on mount Cenis (Pers.); also in the Scandinavian 
 peninsula (A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1053 
 
 enumerating Carex Willdenovii, C. bromoides, Muhlenbergii, rosea, scoparia, feslucacea, straminea, 
 tetanica, conoidea, grisea, oligocarpa, umbellata, miliacea, pubescens, trichodarpa, vestita, hystricina, 
 tentaculaia, lupulina, bullata, retroflexa, virescens, granulans, pedunculata f. 131 (Willd.), stipata, 
 sparganioides, varia, cephalophora f. 133 (Willd.), lagopodioides f. 177 (Willd.), lacustris f. 152 
 (Willd.), — "in 1806," his Enchirid. Botan. ; and died "in 181 1." 
 
 "The same year" (Nicol.), Paul succeeded by Alexander, now Russian emperor. 
 
 "In this year" (Miller ii. 485, and Holmes), "about two hundred" newspapers printed in the 
 United States. 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), Bory Saint-Vincent sailing with Baudin to the Canary Islands and 
 Mauritius. 
 
 "1802, March 27th" (Maunder), signing of the treaty of Amiens. And about this time or 
 shortly afterwards, agreement between Bonaparte and the pope, for "the establishment of the free 
 exercise of the Catholic religion " in France. 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl., Ph.), Ventenat describing plants in Mem. de 1'Inst , including Tilia 
 heterophylla. 
 
 " April 28th " (Holmes), by act of Congress, Ohio admitted into the Union as the seventeenth 
 State. Washington city at this time containing "four thousand three hundred and fifty" inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 "In this year" (Ph. pref. p. viii to xiii), John Lyon, leaving the charge of the Woodlands 
 garden at Philadelphia, but continuing his explorations, chiefly Southward along the Alleghanies, 
 meeting with Rhamnus lanceolatus, Col-linsonia anisata, Honstonia tenclla, Urtica chamaedroides, 
 Hamamelis macrophylla, Enonymus angustifolius, Ceropegia palustris, Amsonia salicifolia, Heuchera 
 caulescens, Drosera brevifoha, Priuos coriaceus, Andromeda floribunda, Calycocarpum I.yoni, Chelone 
 Lyoni, Sida? hispida, Helianthus longifolius, Veratrum (Stenanthium) angustifolium, Aristolochia 
 lomentosa. — He published a Catalogue "in 1812" (Ph. 730), and died among the Alleghanies before 
 1817 (Nutt.). 
 
 " In this year " (pref. v.), after landing at Baltimore " in 1799," visiting Muhlenberg, and Mar- 
 shall, Pursh succeeding to the charge of the Woodlands garden at Philadelphia, finding the " collection 
 particularly valuable for furnishing " " a general knowledge of the plants of that country," and during 
 his stay, — until the end of 1804, he "received and collected plants from all parts of North America," 
 probably at no great distance meeting with Talinum terctifoliiim, Desmodmm strictum, Patiicum 
 depauperatum, Scirpus debilis, Ccrastium iemtifolivin, Sagittaria heterophylla. 
 
 "July 14th" (Durand in Am. phil. trans.), F. A. Michaux leaving Pittsburgh for Wheeling, 
 where he purchased a canoe and descended the Ohio as far as the site of Maysville ; and leaving 
 Lexington " Aug. 10th " continued by land to Nashville, and Eastward all the way to Charleston, 
 meeting with Cladrastis lutea, Carya aqttaiica, C. myristiccefori/ris. 
 
 "July 20th" (Holmes), Louisiana ceded by Spain back to France. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Dawson Turner publishing his Synops. brit. fuci ; — "in 1807-11," 
 his Hist, of fuci. 
 
 "In this year" (J. E. Smith, and Spreng.), Redouts' publishing his Liliac, — completed "in 
 1815." 
 
 " In this year " (Pers. syn. ii. 345), Decandolle publishing his Astragalogia; — "in 1805 " (A. Dec. 
 g. b. 737), his Flor. Franc. 
 
 " In this year " (Spreng , and Winckl.), J. R. Suter publishing his Flor. Helvet. 
 
 " In this year" (J. E. Smith), Waldstein and Kitaibel publishing their Plant. Hungar., — com- 
 pleted in " 1812." 
 
 Atriplex microsperma of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. An annual observed 
 by Waldstein and Kitaibel in Hungary. — In Britain, has been found springing up spontaneously, 
 but is clearly exotic (Bab., Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
 "In this year" (Pritzel), Thomas Horsfield in Java: — he resided there "until 1818," and his 
 Plant. Javan. rar. was published "in 1838-44." 
 
 " 1803 A. D." (W. W. Hunter), the Marhattas expelled, Orissa occupied by the British, and 
 the temple of Jagannath placed under their protection. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Leschenault leaving Baudin's expedition at Timor. — He proceeded 
 thence to Madura and Java, and returning reached Philadelphia "in 1806," and France "in 1807." 
 
 "In this and the preceding year" (Winckl.), Antonio Bertoloni observing the plants of the 
 environs of Genoa. — He published his Plantae Genuenses "in 1804," the third and last Decas of 
 his Rar. Li,_uriae plant. " in 1810," his Flor. Ital. " in 1833-46," and his Florul. Guatimal. " in 1840." 
 
 " Festuca Ligustica of Italy. Observed by Bertoloni in Italy, — by Gussone about Naples and 
 in pasture-land in Sicily especially along the sea (A. Dec. 707 and 1356). 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Lambert publishing his monogr. Pin. enumerating Pinus putigens. 
 
io54 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "March" (Nouv. Esp.), Humboldt and Bonpland arriving in Mexico, meeting with* Quercus 
 confertifolia, crassifolia, crassipes, depressa, lanceolate, laurina, obtusata, pulchella, repanda, reticu- 
 lata, Xalapensis (Brendel), Lobelia fulgens. 
 
 " In this year" (title-page), after his Fragm. nat. hist. Penns. " in 1799," Benjamin S. Barton 
 publishing his Elements of Botany, 
 
 "In this year" (Ph ), Willdenow publishing his Hort. berolin , enumerating Polygonatutn 
 giganteum 45. 
 
 " In this year" (Pers. ii. p. 542), returning from Lapland, Wahlenberg publishing descriptions 
 of Carices in Act. holm., including Carex salina, auuatilis, tenuijlora, livida. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Ventenat publishing his Hort. malmais., enumerating Parnassia 
 asarifolia, Tilia heterophylla, Tiarclla biternata : — " in 1808 " his Decas gen. nov., and died before 
 the close of the year. 
 
 " In this year" (append Sibth.), publication of the first volume of the Ann. mus. d'hist. nat. 
 
 About this time (Pers. i. p. 88, and Winckl.), Poiteau visiting Hayti :t writing also his monogr. 
 Hypt. (ann. mus. ined. to iv., and Pers. ii. p. 120). 
 
 Hyptis atrorubens of Tropical America. Known to grow wild in Cayenne (Pers.) ; and from 
 transported specimens described by Poiteau. — By European colonists, was carried across the 
 Atlantic to Sierra Leone (Benth., and fl. Nigr.). 
 
 Hyptis brevipes of Tropical America. Known to grow wild there (A. Dec). Described by 
 Poiteau. — By European colonists, was carried across the Pacific to the Philippines (Benth.), Celebes, 
 Bouton near Pulo-Penang (herb. Dec), Java (Zoll ), and across the Atlantic to Fernando Po 
 (fl. Nigr.). 
 
 "In this year" (Pursh), after his Astragal, "in 1800," Pallas publishing his Illustr. plant. 
 
 " April 30th " (Holmes), through president Jefferson, Louisiana purchased of the French republic 
 for " fifteen million dollars." 
 
 " In this year " (J. E. Smith), publication of the Annal. du Mus. ; — continued in twenty volumes. 
 
 "1S04 Jan. 1st." (.Maunder), the French troops having finally abandoned Hayti, accession of 
 Dessalines to the supreme authority, under the title of " emperor." 
 
 " The same year = 9th " of the emperor Kia-king (Pauth. 488), beginning of the seventy-fifth 
 Chinese cycle. 
 
 " In this year" (app. Sibth., and Winckl.), Brotero publishing his Flor. Lusitan.J 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Aubert du Petit-Thouars publishing his Gen. nov. Maurit. et Mad- 
 agasc. ; — "in 1811," his Melang. bot. et voy. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl), A. Afzelius publishing his Plant. Guineens. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Palisot de Beauvois publishing his Flor. d'Oware et de Benin, — com- 
 pleted " in 1807." 
 
 Coleus ? Afrieanus of Western Equatorial Africa. Observed there by Beauvois (A. Dec), and 
 known to be frequent from Guinea to the island of Saint-Thomas (fl. Nigr.). By European colonists, 
 was carried to Brazil, observed near Bahia by Gardner, and Blanchet. 
 
 As early as this war (Willd. sp. pi. iii. p. 2035), Aster sagittifolius observed or received by 
 Wedemeyer from North America. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Lewis and Clark ascending the Missouri, on their way overland to the 
 Pacific, meeting with I 'cromca rcniformis, Salvia trichosteinoides, Airopsis bi cvi folia, Festuca spicata, 
 Oxybaphus ova/as, Swertia fastigiata, Elaeaginn ait;cn/ca, Sheplicrdia aigentea, Pliacelia linearis, 
 Ipomopsis aggregata, Ceanothus sanguineus, F> ifil/aria pttdiia, Lilium umbil/attii/i, Oenothera caespi- 
 tosa, Jussicua subacaulis, Dartonia onto fa, A triplex eancscens, Linaria tenelta, Mimulus Lewisii, 
 Atalanta serrulata, Malva coecinea, Anwrpha microphvlla, Liipinus pusillus ; Psoralea tenuijlora, 
 
 * Cosmos caudatns of Mexico. Observed there by Humboldt and Bonpland — (A. Dec). By 
 European colonists was carried to Ceylon about 1822, observed by Gardner a frequent weed, spread- 
 ing in all directions (bot. ni.ig. fur 1848). 
 
 t Hvptis spieala of Tropical America Observed by Poiteau on Hayti; — by N. A. Ware, in 
 Southern Florida (Nutt.) ; and by myself, along roadsides in Brazil and in the outskirts of Rio 
 Janeiro. Clearly by European colonists, was carried across the Pacific to the Marian Islands and 
 the Philippines (Benth.), was observed by myself on Mindanao. 
 
 % Soliva riaiturtiifolia of the Lower La Plata. Known to grow in the district around Buenos- 
 Ayres (A. Dec). Transported to Europe, observed by Brotero naturalized in Portugal and termed 
 "hippia stolonifera " (Pers., and R. Brown) ; termed " gymnostyles nasturtiifolia " by A. L. Jussieu 
 in ann. mus. iv. pi. 61. f. 2 — (Pers., and Winckler). Also by European colonists was carried to 
 Northeast America, observed by Nuttall in the outskirts of Charleston. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1055 
 
 lanceolata, argophylla ; Chrys voma graveolens, C. nauseosa; Artemisia gnaphalodes, cernua, Colum- 
 biensis; Brachyris sarothra, Aster canescens, Grindelia squarrosa, A melius? spinulosis, Diolis 
 lanata, Euphorbia marginata, Astragalus tenellus, Polygala alba (Ph. 750), — and beyond the Rocky 
 mountains, on the waters of the Columbia, Phacelia heterophylla, Phlox speciosa, Lonicera ci/iosa, 
 Ribes viscosissimum, R. sanguineum, R. auretim, Frangula alnifolia, Claytonia lanceolata, C. alsi- 
 noides, Berberis nervosa, Zygadenus elegans, Trillium petiolatum, Clarkia pulchella, Polygonum bis- 
 tortoides, Vaccinium ovatum, Cerastium elongatum, Sedum stenopetalum, Purshia trideniata, Spiraea 
 discolor, Gcum ciliatum, Clematis hirsutissima, Scutellaria angustifolia, Gerardia? fruticosa, Bartsia 
 tenuifolia, Dentaria tenella, Lupinus argenteus, L. sericeus, Astragalus Missouriensis, Trifolium 
 microcephalum, T. macrocephalum, Matricaria discoidea, Eri^eron? compositum, Trichophyllum 
 lanatum, Buphthalmum? sagittatum, Galardia aristata. — They returned "in 1806." 
 
 " In this year " (append. Sibth., and Winckl.), Martin Vahl publishing his Enum. plant., including 
 Fimbristylis laxaj Scirpus polyphyllus ('■ brunneus " of Muhl., A. Gray). — He died before the close 
 of the year, — and the publication was completed "in 1806." 
 
 " May 1st" (Maunder, and Nicol), shortly after the seizure and execution of the duke d'Enghien, 
 a motion in the Tribunate for conferring on Bonaparte the rank of emperor, with hereditary succes- 
 sion. The decree was adopted by the Senate. And " Dec. 2d," pope Pius VII. having come to Paris, 
 anointed the new emperor ; who placed the crown upon his own head. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Rebentisch publishing his Prodr. flor. neomarch. ; — "in 1805," his 
 Plant, berolin. 
 
 "The same year" (Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. 173), Langsdorff with Krusenstern at the Nukuhi- 
 van or Marquesas Islands. 
 
 "Oct. 7th" (Jap. mann. 274), Krusenstern off Nagasaki bringing a Russian ambassador, count 
 Resanoff. After entering the port, fears of connivance between the Russians and Dutch arose among 
 the Japanese, and on the arrival of a commissioner from Yedo, diplomatic intercourse was refused. 
 
 "In the beginning of 1805" (pref. p. ix), Pursh journeying through Maryland and along the 
 Alleghanies of Virginia and Carolina, "returning late in the autumn through the lower countries along 
 the sea-coast," meeting with Heuchera pubescens, H. hispida, Phacelia Purshii, Euphorbia obtusata, 
 Lophiola aurea, Schisaea pusilla, Eragrostis Purshii, A mphicarpum Purshii, Dicliptera brachiata, 
 Cyperus poaeformis, Woodwardia thelypteroides, Exacum pulchellum, Ceanothus perennis, Impatiens 
 pallida, Prinos lanceolatus, Saxifraga erosa, Silene ovata, Agrimonia suaveolens, Scutellaria ner- 
 vosa, Dielytra eximia, Aster Jlexuosus, A. reticulatus. 
 
 "In this year" (Pers. ii. p. 403, and Winckl ), after his Gen. plant, "in 1802," Leopold Trattenik 
 publishing his Thesaur. botan., — the 80th and last coloured plate "in [S19: " his Gen. nov. plant, 
 "in 1825." 
 
 "Oct. 21st" (Maunder), naval combat of Trafalgar; the French and Spanish fleets "nearly 
 annihilated" by the English under Nelson. "Nov. 13th," Vienna occupied by the French. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng ), Thonning and Palisot de Beauvois publishing their Flore d'Oware et 
 de Benin, — completed "in 18 10." 
 
 "In this year" (title-page), publication of Vol. i. of the Persoon Synopsis Plantarum ; — "in 
 1807," the second and concluding volume, completing the enumeration of nearly "twenty-two thou- 
 sand" species (Spreng.). 
 
 " In this year" (title-page), Willdenow publishing the Fourth volume of his Sp. plant., enumerat- 
 ing* Platanthera fissa labell. "laciniis cuneiformibus dentatis " (Muhl.), Cypripedium candidum 
 (Muhl.), Carex digitalis, Scleria verticillata (Muhl ), Salix longifolia (Muhl.), Andropogon furcatus 
 (Muhl.), Hicrochloa alpina (Swartz in litt.), Parietaria Pensylvanica (Muhl.). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Erich Acharius publishing his Methodus lichenum; — "in 1810," his 
 Lichenograph. univers. ; and "in 1814," his Synops. method, lichenum. 
 
 " In this ye;ir" (Spreng.), J. V. F. Lamouroux publishing Dissertations sur espe"ces de Fucus. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), J. B. von Albertini and L. D. von Schweinitz publishing their Con- 
 spect. fung. niesk. 
 
 "In this year" (A. Gray man. bot. p. 552), Mar. Lagasca publishing descriptions of grasses, 
 including Bouleloua hirsuta. 
 
 " 1806 A. D." (Jap. mann. 281), under instructions from the repelled ambassador Resanoff, two 
 Russian officers landing upon Saghalien, belonging to Japan, plundering villages and carrying off many 
 of the natives The Japanese government was utterly confounded, but the only immediate result was 
 
 * Acacia mollissima of Australia. From transported specimens described by Willdenow (Steud.). 
 By European colonists was carried to Hindustan, where it is "thickly sown and planted in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Ootacamund" for firewood, but its bark "is useful for tanning, and a tar has been obtained 
 from the wood" (Morgan, and Drury). 
 
IO56 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 the degradation of the prince of Matsmai, judged incapable of protecting his subjects, and the conver- 
 sion of his principality with Yezo and the Kuriles into an imperial province. 
 
 " In this year" (Klapr. mem. ii. 299), Klaproth at Irkoutsk in Siberia. 
 
 " In this year" (suppl. Sibth.), Bivona Bernardi publishing his Cent. Plant. Sic. ; — his Monogr. 
 Tolpid. "in 1809." 
 
 Carer sernilata of the Mediterranean countries. Observed by Bivona in Sicily : — by Chaubard, 
 in the subalpine portion of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Orchis Braucifortii of the Mediterranean countries. Observed by Bivona in Sicily ; — by Tenore, 
 in Italy and termed "o. quadripunctata," by Chaubard on the flanks of Taygetus in the Pelopon- 
 nesus 
 
 Orchis longibractcata of the Mediterranean .countries. Observed by Bivona pi. 4 in Sicily ; — 
 by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Feb. 8th (Durand in Am. phil. trans ), F. A. Michaux on his way to America captured by a British 
 ship, but allowed to go on shore at Bermuda. He reached Maine towards the end of May, and his 
 Notice of Bermuda was published at Paris before the close of the year (Winckl.). • 
 
 "July 12th " (Nicol.), through the emperor Napoleon, the Confederation of the Rhine : Francis II. 
 ceasing to be emperor of Germany and Italy; but becoming Austrian emperor, with the succession 
 made hereditary. 
 
 "Oct. 25th" (Maunder), Berlin occupied by the French under Napoleon. "Dec. 24th," war 
 carried by the French be\ond the Yistuh into Eastern Prussia. 
 
 As early as this year (Pers.. and Winckl ), Heinrich Gustav. Floerke publishing descriptions of 
 plants: — "in 1809-15, " his Lichen. Germ.; and died 1 ' in 1835." 
 
 Pcaiailaris asplcnifolia of alpine summits from Austria to the Himalaya and Northwest America. 
 Observed by Floerke on the Salsburg Alps (hot. zeit. pi , Willd., and Pers.), and known to grow on 
 the Himalaya (Benth.), but not found in the intervening country (A. Dec). Farther East, observed 
 by Mertens around Norton Sound. 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth.), after the first volume "in 1805," Sims and Konig publishing the 
 Second volume of their Annals of Botany," enumerating Atragene Americana, Silene regia. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Swartz publishing his Synops. filicum, enumerating Woodsia oblusa 
 (Willd.) : — his Summ. veg. scand. "in 1814," and died "in 1818." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), H. A. Schrader publishing his Flor. German. — He died "in 1836." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Edw. Rudge ^publishing his Plant, guian. rar. 
 
 As early as this year (Pers. ii. p. 301), Turpin visiting Hayti, meeting with Glycine lignosa. 
 
 " In this year" (A. Dec. p. 717), Shecutt publishing his Flor. Carol. 
 
 In this year (Pursh pref. p. xii), Aloysius Enslen in Georgia and Lower Louisiana, meeting with f 
 Lvthrum alatum, Iris cuprea, Ccntaurclla aestivalis, Rhexia stricta, I/e/iaii/hc»n/m rosmarinifolium, 
 Dipteracaiitlias cihosus, Tephrosia chrysophylla, Silphinm laevigata in. 
 
 "In this year" (pref. p. ix), Pursh journeying across Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario and the 
 mountains of New Hampshire, "returning as before by the sea-coast," meeting with % Ranunculus 
 cytnbalaria, Viola rostrata, V. clandestitw, Prinos laevigatas, Lysimachia longifolia, Acerates viri- 
 diflora, Salix angustata, S. pedicellaris, Platanthcra orbiculata, Cyperus injlexits, Paniaim depaupe- 
 ratuni, P. elongalum, Galium mierantln/m, Siueriia pitsi/la. Allium triflontm. 
 
 " 1S07, June" (Maunder), an American ship of war fired into by a British ship of superior force, 
 and after striking her flag, searched for deserters ; and four men carried away. — The affair led first 
 to an embargo, and eventually to war. 
 
 " The same \ ear" ( . ), Selim III. succeeded by Mustafa IV., thirtieth Turkish sultan. The 
 English in this year (Clot-Bey, and others) took possession of Alexandria : but after about six months, 
 were compelled to re-embark. 
 
 * Nymphaa ampla of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. Described 
 by Salisbury in ann. bot. ii. 69 (Steud.). Known to grow wild on Hayti, Jamaica, around Vera Cruz, 
 and in Guayana (Dec. syst. ii. 54, and A. Dec). 
 
 f Sagina decumhens of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. Observed by Enslen in Carolina 
 (Ph., and Wats ) ; termed "spergula decumbens " by Elliot ; observed by Chapman, in "damp cul- 
 tivated ground, common ; " was received by Torrey and Gray from Louisiana. Eastward, is termed 
 !'s. Eliotii" by Fenzl, though according to Decandolle, and A. Decandolle, occurring in middle 
 Europe. 
 
 % Potentilla arguta of Northeast America. Observed by Pursh in Canada and along the Susque- 
 hanna in Pennsylvania, and termed "geum agrimonoides ; " — by Bigelow, near Boston, and termed 
 " IJontia;" by myself, near Salem, the flowers white: its Southern limit may thus be placed at about 
 41 30'. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1057 
 
 " Nov. 91I1 " (Maunder), in consequence of French invasion, sailing; of the royal family of Portugal 
 for Brazil. b 3 } b 
 
 "The same year" (....), by Fulton, the steam engine successfully applied to navigation. 
 F. A. Michaux, taking passage in the boat on its return voyage down the Hudson, continued South- 
 ward through the Atlantic States as far as Georgia, — and after nearly three years stay left America 
 "in 1809" (Durand in Am. phil. trans.). 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), A. L. Jussieu publishing memoirs on Dicliptera* Curanga, Hydropi- 
 tyon, and Physkium. 
 
 " 1808 A. D." (Maunder, and Nicol.), Charles II. of Spain succeeded by Ferdinand VII. ; who 
 before the close of the year was superseded by Joseph Bonaparte, a brother of Napoleon. 
 
 "The same year" (....), Mustafa IV. succeeded by Mahmood II., thirty-first Turkish sultan. 
 
 " li ] tms year" (Jap. mann. 232), Capt. Pellew in a British armed ship, looking for Dutch ves- 
 sels, aniving off Nagasaki seized the Dutch boat and entered the port without ceremony; and not 
 finding the expected vessels, again retired. The affair caused the suicide of several Japanese offi- 
 cials, and instilled among the people hatred of the English. 
 
 As early as this year (Pursh pref. xiv to p. 228, and Baldw. p. 329-32), John Leconte resid- 
 ing thirty-nine miles South of Savannah, meeting with Gerardia aphylla (Baldw. 155), Utricularia 
 striata. 
 
 " April " (biogr. not., and pref. p. vii), Nultall landing at Philadelphia, and on the following day 
 mistaking a Smilax for a passion-flower his attention was directed to Botany. Before the close of 
 the season, he made an excursion in the Delaware peninsula as far as Dagsborough and Lewiston, 
 meeting with Lobelia paludosa, Gymnopogon brevifolius (A. Gray). 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Turpin and Poiteau publishing their Flore des environs de Paris,— 
 the seventh and last number "in 1809." 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Pieri publishing his Corcir. flor. cent. i. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), F. R. de" Tussac publishing his Flor. des antilles, — completed "in 
 1811." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Claude Louis Richard publishing his Analyse du fruit. 
 
 "1809, March 13th" (Nicol. p. 207), decree of Napoleon uniting the Roman States to the 
 French empire : and "July 5th or 6th," pope Pius VII. taken prisoner. 
 
 "July 5th and 6th " (Maunder), the Austrians defeated at Wagram by the French under Napo- 
 leon. Followed by the dissolution of his marriage with Josephine in " December," — marrying after- 
 wards in "April " Maria Louisa, daughter of the Austrian emperor. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), F. Batard publishing his Flor. de Maine et Loire; — "in 1812," a 
 Supplement. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl ), Willdenow publishing his Enum. plant, hort. berol., including Phila- 
 delphus grandiflorus, Gillenia stipulacea, Corydalis atirea, Aster simplex : "Nov. 21st" (praef.), 
 the Fifth volume of his Sp. plant., comprising Equisetac, Lycopodiac, and ferns. — He died "in 
 
 tSl2." 
 
 In this year ( . ), having made the acquaintance of Dr. B. S. Barton who had conceived 
 
 the idea that there must be many unknown plants " in the country beyond Lake Superior," Nuttall 
 in company with John Bradbury ascending the Missouri from St. Louis to and beyond the Mandan 
 villages, meeting with Ranunculus Purshii, Linum rigidum, Psoralea argopkylla, Geum triflorum, 
 Androsace Occidentalism Hedeoma hispida, Cheilanthes dcalbata, Batschia longiflora, Biunelia ser- 
 rala, Solatium (Nycterium) heterandrum, Viola A'ultallii, Evolvulus Nuttallii, Cymopterus acaulis, 
 Suaeda depressa, Gamassia Nuttallii, Yucca angustifolia, Gaura coccinea, Oenothera albicaulis 
 (Nutt.), Oe. piunatijida, Eriogonum sericeum, E. pauciflorum, Bartonia nuda, Hyssopus foenicu/um, 
 Hedeoma hispida, Vesicaria argentea, Polanisia graveolens, Dalea aurea, D. laxiflora, Petalostemum 
 gracile, Amoipha canescens, Lathy rus decaphylltis, Psoralea cuspidata, Orobus longifolius, Glycyr- 
 rhiza lepiduta, Hosackia sericca, Mulgcdium pulchelluin, Troximum glaucum, T. cuspidalum, Hy- 
 menopappus lenuifolius, Artemisia longifolia, A. Ludoviciana, Iva axillaris, Erigeron pumilum, 
 Actiuetla acaulis, Amelias ? villosus, Rudbeckia columnaris, Oxybaphus angustifolius, Pulmonaria 
 lanceolata, Myosotis glomerata, Seseli divaricatum, Rumex venosus, Cactus viviparus ; Petttstemon 
 cristatum, eiianthera, anguslifoluan, granaiflorum ; Castilleia sessili ora, Stanley a piunatijida, 
 Astragalus carnosus, A. racewosus, Phaca triphylla, Oxytropis Lamberti, Prenanthes juncea; Poly- 
 
 * Dicliptera ciliaris of Madagascar. Known to grow there in arid situations (A. Dec.) ; and 
 from transported specimens described by A. L. Jussieu in ann. mus. ix. (Winckl.). Occurs also in 
 Guayana and at Pernambuco and Bahia (Nees in Dec. prodr.), probably carried by European 
 colonists. 
 
 '33 
 
I0 5S CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 cm-mum A me> icantim, Cry f sis ? squarrosa, Seshria ? dactyloides, Bontcloua oligostachya, Upturns ? 
 ftaniiulatus. 
 
 " 1S10, in the spring" (gen. i. 219 to ii. 142), after visiting Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi, 
 Fox river, Green Bay on Lake Michigan, and Michilimakinak, Nuttall near the confluence of Huron 
 river with Lake Erie, meeting with Iris lacustris near Michilimakinak. 
 
 As early as this year (Baldw. reliq. p. 50-79), Stephen Elliot near Waynesboro', Georgia, meet- 
 ing with Elliottia mcemosa, Galactia Elliottii (B. r. 211), Bahhuinia uniflora (B. r. 307). 
 
 "Oct. 24th " (Nicol.), mental aberration of George III. of England, and his eldest son George 
 appointed regent or acting king. 
 
 -As early as this year" (Winckl.), Steven publishing descriptions of plants of Southern Russia 
 and Caucasus in Acad. St. Petersburg iii and soc. nat. Mosc. ii to ix. 
 
 Allium ^minium of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A rare species observed 
 by Steven in" the countries about the Black Sea; — by Chaubard, only on the summit of mount Dia- 
 forti in the Peloponnesus'. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), I. F. Lehmann publishing his Flor. Wirceburg ; — "in 1815," the 
 Second volume with a supplement. 
 
 Echiuo^pcrmiim di-fic.\um of Eastern Europe. Observed and distinguished by Lehmann; — 
 observed also by Wahlenberg (Steud.). In Britain, made its' appearance "in 1846" in a locality not 
 far from a garden (Wats. cyl>. iii. 365), and is regarded by A. Decandolle as adventive only. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Goran Wahk-nbcrg making his fourth visit to Lapland. — He pub- 
 lished his Flor. lappon. "in 1812," 
 
 "In this year" (A. Dec. g. b. Soo), Decandolle at Montpelier, — where he continued to reside 
 until " 1816." 
 
 Oiwpordum vireus of the West Mediterranean countries. A thistle observed by Decandolle 
 frequent around Montpelier — (A. Dec). 
 
 Myriophvllum altcrni folium of the West Mediterranean countries. Distinguished by Decan- 
 dolle ; — observed by Gussone on Sicily, by Moris on Sardinia (A. Dec). Probably by European col- 
 onists carried to the Azores, received from those islands by Watson (lond. journ. bot vi. 382). 
 
 " In this year" (append. Sibth.), by William Townsend Alton, a Second edition of Aiton's Hortus 
 kewensis, in which are enumerated CypripcJium arutinuiit : — the fifth and concluding volume '■ in 
 1813." 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), Robert Brown publishing his Prodr. flor. N. Holl. 
 
 "1811 A. D." (Clot-Bey and others), the breaking of Memluk power by the French having 
 brought into Egypt an army of four thousand Albanians, their chieftain Mohammed All acquired 
 prominence : and " March 1 ith " extinguished the remnant of Memluk aristocracy. — Mohammed All 
 made himself virtually independent ; and even threatened Constantinople, twice rendering European 
 interference indispensable. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl), death of Pallas, leaving in his herbarium Trillium 
 Camtschaticum (obovatum of Pursh), Epilobium lutcum, Botcutilla vil/osa, Clniranthus Pallasii, 
 Diclvtra tenuifolia. 
 
 "July 4th" (Kobell ii.), among the Azores, a new volcanic island rising out of the sea, to the height of 
 " seven hundred " teet : but during the " six months " following-gradually settled down and disappeared. 
 
 " In this year" ( . . . . Winckl.), W. J. Hooker publishing his Travels in Iceland. 
 
 '■ In this year'' (Winckl.), Michele Tenore publishing his Flor. Neapolitan. — The fifth volume 
 was issued " in 1S38." 
 
 Lamiitm Jkxuosum of Italy and Sicily. A woodland species observed by Tenore in Southern 
 Italy, — by Gussone around Naples as well as in Sicily (A. Dec. 70; and 1358). 
 
 "In the autumn" (Ph. pref. and i. p. 71), after a visit to the West Indies "in 1810," Pursh land- 
 ing at Wiscasset in Maine, and journeying South called on Peck in Cambridge, collected plants " in 
 Monmouth county, New Jersey," and before the close of the year sailed from New York for England. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Jos. Franz von Jacquin publishing his Eel. plant, rar., — completed 
 "in 1816." 
 
 Not later than this year (Pursh i. 310), Nelson on the Northwest coast of America, meeting 
 with Saxifra^a serpyllifolia, S. setigcra, Aranuia maaoenrpa, Scuccio cymbalaria, Ashr perc- 
 grinus, Salix obovata, 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), after his Etrennes de Flore " in 1804," Gaudin publishing his Agros- 
 tolog. Helvet. ;* — ■ " in 1828-33," his Flor. Helvet. in vii vols. 
 
 * Oxytropis Lupponica of Arctic Europe and the alpine portion of Switzerland. Described by 
 Gaudin, —and rare in Switzerland, growing according to Koch on the Alps of Yalais, and found 
 by Moritzi at l'Albula in the Grisons (A. Dec): is rare also in the Scandinavian peninsula and in 
 Lapland (Fries) ; and according to Ledebour seems unknown in Siberia. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. IO59 
 
 In this year (reliq. Baldw. 25 to 79), Muhlenberg at Lancaster Penns., meeting with or receiving 
 from correspondents Scirpus planifolius 26, Oryzopsis melanocarpa 45, having completed his Cata- 
 logue N. Am. plants, in which are enumerated Ranunculus fascicularis, Trifolium stoloniferum, 
 Desmodium hitmifusum, Hydrocotyle interrupta, Xylosteum oblongifolium, Solidago squarrosa, Genti- 
 ana alba, Smilax hispida, Festuca? nutans, Eleocharis tenuis, Aesculus glabra, Epilobium colora- 
 tum, Acerates connivens (Baldw. rel. 107) ; Scirpus atrovirens ("exaltatus" of Ph., B. r. 289); — 
 the work was published " in 1813" (Winckl.). 
 
 "Apr. 8th to Nov. 4th " (reliq. 25 to 51), William Baldwin at Wilmington Del. sending plants to 
 Muhlenberg, including Ceraslium oblongifolium 26. 
 
 " In this year" (Sieb. eluc. Vries 50, and Jap. mann. 282), Golownin in a Russian frigate explor- 
 ing the Japanese seas, but landing on the Kurile island Kunashir, was surprised, overpowered, and 
 with his officers and boat's crew made prisoners. They were conveyed bound to Matsmai, — and 
 detained "nearly two years" until the arrival of a satisfactory disavowal of the Saghalien incursion. 
 " 1812 A. D." (Inman), Louisiana, with restricted boundaries, admitted into the Union as a State. 
 "Apr. 20th " (reliq. 53-75), after landing at Charleston in the beginning of December i8n, and 
 visiting. Savannah, Baldwin at the " Creek Agency on Flint river" in " Lat. 32 39'" at the foot of 
 the Alleghanies, meeting with Silene Baldwini 73, IValdstcinia lobata 93, Rumex {Acetosella) hasta- 
 tulus 147 : after visiting Coweta town on the Chatahoochee, he returned to Savannah, and " May 
 30th " reached his station at St. Mary's where he met with Eleocharis (Chcetocyperus) Baldwini 341, 
 Eryngium aromatic 11 in, 203, Palafoxia integrifolia 335, — and in the two following years Gratiola 
 subulata 117, Gvmnadenia nivea 117, Eryngium Baldwini 154, Erianthus striclus 335, Psoralen 
 virgata 337, Xyris Baldwini 337, " x. cylindrica" white-flowered 210 to 337 X. torta?, Panicum 
 viscidum 207, Salvia {Dicerandra) linearifolia 280, Rhynchospora Elliottii 285, Dichromena lati- 
 folia (Chapm.). 
 
 At this time (Baldw. 52 to 153), Oemler at Savannah, sending plants to Muhlenberg, and Elliot, 
 including Collinsonia verticillata, Coreopsis Oemleri. 
 
 As early as this year (see Pursh), Colmaster at Labrador, meeting with Polentilla emarginata, 
 Artemisia spithamaa, Arnica plantaginea, Platanthera dilatata. 
 
 " In this year" (Pritzel, and Lindl.), after his Botanico-med. brasil. "in 1803," Gomez publish- 
 ing in acad. Lisb. ii. 23 a memoir on certain plants.* 
 
 "June iSth" (Maunder), act of the American congress, declaring war against Britain. 
 "Aug. 17th" (Maunder), capture of Smolensko ; followed by the battle at Borodino, and the 
 entrance of the French army into Moscow. The city was burned by its inhabitants, and " Oct. 19th " the 
 French army commenced their retreat ; but through the want of supplies, the severity of the winter, 
 length of the journey, and the pursuing Russians, was almost annihilated before reaching Saxony. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Palisot de Beauvois publishing his Agrostographie, enumerating 
 Triplasis Americana (Chapm.). — He died " in 1820." 
 
 " 1813, February" (Maunder), manifesto of the emperor Alexander at the head of his army in 
 Poland ; serving as a basis for the coalition of other European powers against Napoleon. Prussia 
 joined at once, and was followed by Austria ; and " Oct. 18th " at Leipsic, the French, abandoned in 
 the midst of battle by the Saxon troops, were defeated. After another defeat " Oct. 30th " at Hanau, 
 the French were driven across the Rhine ; the pursuing army following them into France. 
 
 " In this year" (A. Dec. 627, and Winckl.), Hugh Davies publishing his "Welsh botanology : " 
 a flora of Anglesey, with Welsh names of the plants. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), C. S. Kunth publishing his Flor. berolin. 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Mich. Fel. Dunal publishing his Hist, des Solanum. 
 " The s.ime 5 ear " (Pauth. 3), under the editorship of the younger De Guignes, publication at Paris 
 of the first Chinese dictionary for the use of Europeans. 
 
 "In this year" (J. F. Wats.), Whitelaw Ainslie at Madras publishing his "Materia medica 
 of Hindoostan." 
 
 " In this year" (Pursh p. 735), publication of Fraser's Catalogue, including plants collected by 
 Nuttall on the Missouri. 
 
 * Mikania opifcra of Brazil. A climbing plant called there " erva da cobra," employed exter- 
 nally and internally in cases of bites of venomous serpents, and said to effect a cure by its powerful 
 diuretic action — (Mart. trav. i. 327, and Lindl.). 
 
 Tristegis glutinosa of Southern Brazil. A grass called "capim gordura" that extended itself 
 from "17° '40' S." into the province of Minas Geraes a few years before the visit of A. Saint- 
 Hilaire taking possession of the soil wherever an isolated forest in the midst of the plains "campos" 
 is burned (aim. sc. nat. xxiv. 76, and A - Dec). 
 
I0 6o CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 At this time (Ph. ii. 609), G. Anderson engaged in examining and cultivating willows, and 
 assisting Pursh in his arrangement of the N. American species, contributing in addition Salix uva- 
 jtrsi, cordifolia, planifolia. — Pursh at this time describing plants from various herbaria in London, 
 from the Banksian herbarium Armaria Labradorica (" thymifolia "). Poteniilla dissecta, Draba 
 glabella, Tussilago sagittata, Chrysopsis falcata, C. gossypina, Aster graminifolius, Coreopsis aspera, 
 Silphium datum, S. reticulatum, Platanthera rotundifolia, P. obtusala, Salix vestita. — He published 
 his Flor. am. sept, "in 1814" (title-page). 
 
 "In this year"(Baldw. reliq. 1 14), Zaccheus Collins exploring peninsular New Jersey meeting 
 with Gymnadenia fla-'a (Nutt. gen.). 
 
 "1S14, March 31st" (Maunder and Nicol.), entrance of the allied armies and sovereigns into 
 Paris : Napoleon was exiled, and succeeded in France by Louis XVIII. ; pope Pius VII. was restored 
 to his dominions, as also Ferdinand VII. of Spain. + 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Georg Wahlenberg publishing his Flor. carpath. 
 
 "In this year" (Baldw. rel. 146, 68-71), Van Vleck at Salem in North Carolina, corresponding 
 with Muhlenberg; and his companion Schweinitz with Leconte. 
 
 "1815, Jan. 8th" (Inman), attack by the British on New Orleans repelled by the Americans 
 under Jackson. News soon arrived of the conclusion of peace on the preceding " Dec. 24th " 
 at Ghent. 
 
 "March 1st" (Maunder), return of Napoleon from Elba to France. "June 18th, Sunday," 
 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo; and soon afterwards, exiled to St. Helena. 
 
 " The same year" (Nicol.), Alexander now " king of Poland," thus uniting Poland with Russia. 
 
 " In this year" (Dallet 273), Second persecution of Christians in Corea. 
 
 "The same year" (Maunder), by the English, a missionary station first established in New 
 Zealand. 
 
 In this year (Winckl.), Muhlenberg writing his Descript. gram., enumerating f Cyperus 
 ervthrorhizos, Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Cladiitm mariscoides ; Carcx decomposita, foenea, poly- 
 morpha; I 'Ufa vagintT/lora, Eragrostis? umjlora, M ' uhlenbergia sobolifera, M. sylvalica, Eaiutia 
 Pennsylvanica, Poa brevifolia, P . Jlexuosa, Panicum microiarpou, P vcrnicosum, Glyceria obtusa. 
 Cypenis denlatits. — He died " before the close of the year," leaving in his herbarium specimens of 
 Boykinia aconitifolia, /linns maritima, Polylaenia tenuifolia. — His Descript. gram, was published 
 " in 1S17." 
 
 In the autumn (Baldw. rel. 1S4), Nuttall visiting Savannah, and continuing his explorations as 
 far as Natchez and New Orleans (gen. p. 57), meeting with Ari*tida tuberculosa, Danthonia sericea. 
 
 " October" (title-page and pref.), William P. C. Barton publishing his Flor. Philadelp. prodr., a 
 catalogue of plants "collected since the month of April, 1814." 
 
 " 1816 A. D." (Inman), the territory of Indiana admitted into the Union as a State. 
 
 "June 10th " (Humb. cosm. iv. p. 145). eclipse, remarkable for the disappearance of the disk of 
 the moon, which was not visible from London even with telescopes. (Probably the one witnessed 
 by myself while a boy at Salem : the moon rose eclipsed, and the assembled company were looking for 
 it in vain, when suddenly a bright star made its appearance several degrees above the horizon, the 
 moon's disk emerging.) 
 
 "Aug. 27th" (Maunder), Algiers attacked by an English fleet under Exmouth ; partially 
 destroyed ; and on Sept. 1st, all the Christian slaves released. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng., and Winckl.), after his Flor. Lips, "in 1790," J. C. G. Baumgarten 
 publishing his Stirp. Transilvan. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Auguste Saint-Hilaire visiting Brazil. — He remained there and in 
 Paraguay "until 1822," and returning, published his Plant, usuelles Bras, "in 1S24," and F'lor. Bras. 
 "in 1825-32." 
 
 * XanthiHin. mncrocarpiim of North America. Transported to Europe, and from this year 
 naturalized in Langueiloc — (Dec. fl. fr. suppl. 356); extending thence into Piedmont and Lorn- 
 hardy (Moretti, and Balb.), and observed by Ledebour rare in Southeastern Russia. Westward, 
 observed by myself wild along the banks of the < >hio ; by Berlandier in Mexico ; and the Xanthium 
 "four feet high" seen by Chaprnan in or near Florida, may be compared. X. macrocarpum according 
 to A. Decandolle was observed by Dombey in Peru, and occurs also at Buenos-Ayres. 
 
 f Juncus Muhlenbergii of Northeast America. The "juncusno 15 " of Muhlenberg gram., — 
 named by Sprengel, is probably the " j. dichotomus " observed by Elliot in South Carolina, or "J. 
 viviparus" observed by Conrad in peninsular New Jersey, as well as by myself frequent in the 
 environs of Salem : according to A. Gray, it grows in " Canada," and from " Northern New England 
 to Virginia, and southward," and perhaps in Wisconsin. 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1061 
 
 "Dec. 6th" (reliq. 174-86 and 343), after visiting the Bermudas in "May 18 15," Baldwin "in 
 a packet from St. Mary's " arriving at Fernandina, and proceeding farther South in Florida, meeting 
 with Stellaria prostrata 192, Xyris fimbriata 210, — and on another excursion in the following year 
 as far as New Smyrna. 
 
 "1817 A. D." (Inman), the territory of Mississippi divided, and its Western portion admitted 
 into the Union as the State of Mississippi. 
 
 "In this year" (Spreng.), Joh. Jak. Romer and Jos. Aug. Schultes publishing their Systema 
 vegetabil. 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng.), Karl Ad. Agardh publishing his Synops. algar. scan. 
 
 " The same year " (Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. p. 119), Kadu, a native of Ulea in the Carolines, found 
 by Kotzebue upon Aur in the Radack coral-archipelago ; having "been driven in a canoe with three " 
 companions "nearly fifteen hundred miles due east." Chamisso * accompanying Kotzebue to Oahu 
 late in this as well as in the preceding year (Mann). 
 
 At this time (Nutt. gen. 35, and B. r. 292), Isaac Cleaver in the environs of Philadelphia, meeting 
 with Cyperns Cleaveri. 
 
 "In this year" (reliq. Baldw. 202-48), Stephen Elliot publishing the first four numbers of his 
 sketch bot. S. Carol, and Georgia, enumerating in these and the succeeding numbers Dest?iodium 
 rigidum, Ludwigia sphcerocarpa, Schweinitsia odorata, Sabbatia brachiata, Aristida gracilis, Paspa- 
 luni Jluitaiis, Panicum amarum, Andropogon argenteus, Carex comosa, Nabalus Frazeri, Diplo- 
 pappus obovatus, Boltonia diffusa, Utricularia biparlita, Eragroslis conferta, E. nitida, Tricuspis 
 ambi'gua, Festuca parvijiora : — his Second and concluding volume "in 1824." 
 
 " To this year " (title-page), NuttalFs Genera and Catalogue of the species of N. American plants 
 extends, including Anychia capillacea. — The work was published " in 1818." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Martius travelling in Brazil. — He remained "until 1820," and com- 
 menced publishing his Palms "in 1823," and Flor. Brazil "in 1829." 
 
 " 1818 A. D." (Inman), the territory of Illinois admitted into the Union as the "twenty-second" 
 State. 
 
 " In this year" (Pritzel), Conrad Loddiges publishing his Botanical Cabinet, coloured plates of 
 plants — "two thousand" in all down to the Twentieth volume "in 1833." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Bonpland appointed professor at Paraguay:! — ' ie proceeded there 
 "in 1820." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl), Wallich at Calcutta publishing his Rar. plant. Ind. — His Plant, 
 asiat. rar. was published in London "in 1830-2." 
 
 " Oct. 9th " (Maunder), evacuation of French territory determined on by the congress at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle ; and before the close of the year, the foreign troops withdrawn. 
 
 " 1819, June nth " (B. r. 252 to 321), after visiting Rio Janeiro and the La Plata " Jan. 29th to 
 May 4th, 18 18," St. Salvador " May 29th to June 5th," Margarita " 23-5^," Baldwin at St. Louis on 
 Long's Expedition, meeting with Astragalus ATcxicanus. He died " Sept. 1st" at Franklin ; — and a 
 portion of his Botanical correspondence was published by Darlington "in 1843." 
 
 " August " (Humb. cosm. iv), the return of a comet after a short period of revolution, " 1204 days " 
 only, ascertained by Encke. — Five other interior comets, those of Biela, Faye, De Vico, Brorsen, 
 and D'Arrest, were discovered " between 1826 and 1851." 
 
 " August" (Mann), Gaudichaud accompanying Freycinet to the Hawaiian Islands. — He made a 
 second visit in " 1836." 
 
 "Dec. 17th " (Maunder), after a victory over the Spaniards by Bolivar dictator of Venezuela, 
 union with New Grenada under the name of Colombia. 
 
 " In this year" (biogr. mem.), Nuttall travelling from the Mississippi along the Arkansas river, 
 to Salt Lake river and across to the confluence of the Kiameska and Red river, meeting with % Phace- 
 lia glabra, P. hirsuta. — Returning, he reached New Orleans "Feb. 18th, 1820." 
 
 * Escholtzia Californica of North California. Discovered there by Chamisso. — Transported to 
 Europe and already naturalized around Angers in " 1850" (A. Dec.) 
 
 f Osbeckia princeps of the Cape Verd Islands. Observed by Bonpland pi. in Brazil; — but 
 according to Naudin fl. Nigr. 130, brought there by imported Negroes (A. Dec). 
 
 \ Coreopsis tinctoria of the unwooded central and Western portion of North America. Dis- 
 covered by Nuttall far up the Arkansas. — From seeds brought by him, cultivated, soon becoming a 
 favourite garden flower; was observed by myself in 1838 in Brazil, at the window of a dwelling in the 
 midst of the gorgeous vegetation investing the Organ Mountains ; about the same time by Graham 
 in Hindustan, "common in gardens " and found by Law " almost naturalized about Belgaum." 
 
1062 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 In this year, William Oakes in college at Cambridge, devoted to Botany.* 
 
 At this time (Nutt. gen.), Zaccheus Collins continuing his explorations of peninsular New Jersey 
 and the environs of Philadelphia. t 
 
 Before the Expedition of Ismael Pasha up the Nile, the king of Sennar held dominion over Nubia 
 as low down as Wadi Haifa (Leps. eg. and sin. 176). 
 
 " In this year" (Spreng. comm. Diosc. iii. 84), P. della Cella publishing his Travels from Tripoli 
 to the frontier of Egypt. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Dumont d'Urville visiting the Greek islands and the shores of the 
 Black Sea. — He published his Enum. of observed plants " in 1S22." 
 
 " 1819-20" ( . ), Edwin James, having succeeded Baldwin, accompanying Long's Expedi- 
 
 tion from Missouri to the Rocky Mountains, meeting with Quercus undulata (Brendel), Mimulus 
 Jamesii. 
 
 " 1820, Sept. 2d" (Pauth. 469), death of Kia-king, "of the Tai-thsing" or Twenty-fourth dynasty. 
 He was succeeded by Tao-kouang, three hundred and fifth Chinese emperor. 
 
 " The same year" (Inman), the district of Maine detached from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts 
 and admitted into the Union as a State : the territories of Arkansas and Alabama also admitted into 
 the Union as States. 
 
 "In this year" (Levchine kirgh. i. 6), mission of Meyendorf from Orenbourg to Boukhara, 
 accompanied by the naturalists Pander and Eversmann. — A second excursion into the region around 
 the Aral Sea was made by Eversmann in " 1825." 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), J. G. Chr. Lehmann publishing his monogr. Spiraea, — completed " in 
 1835." He published his Cycad. "in 1834," and Plant. Preissianae "in 1844-7." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Karl Joh. Hartmann publishing his Handbok i Skandinaviens Flora; 
 ■ — a Second edition "in 1S32," Third "in 1838," and a later one "in 1849" (^ '- ,ec - 7°6)- 
 
 " 1S21 A. D." (Inman), the. territory of Florida ceded by Spain to the United States. In the 
 U. S. congress, the Missouri compromise: establishing beyond the Mississippi Lat. 36° 30' as the 
 Northern boundary of slave labor, but admitting territory with a strip extending below this line, as 
 the State of Missouri. 
 
 "March 7th" (Maunder), proclamation of Ypsilanti at Jassy in Moldavia, foreshadowing the 
 rising of the Greeks against the Turkish government. " March 23d," outbreak at Calavrita in the 
 Peloponnesus, and " eighty Turks made prisoners." A collision "on the same day" at Patras. 
 
 " In this year" (Burnouf introd. 1 to 4), by B. H. Hodgson, English resident at Kathmandu in 
 Nepal, discovery of numerous Buddhist works written in the Sanscrit language ; the source of the 
 Buddhist sacred books existing in translations throughout Thibet Mongolia and China. — In " r824," 
 he commenced sending copies of these Sanscrit writings to Calcutta, transmitted some to London in 
 " 1830," and some to Paris in " 1837." 
 
 '• In this year " (A. Dec. g. b. 1032), Bade in Senegal. — He afterwards visited Montevideo and 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Schiillesia stenophylla of Tropical America. By European colonists, carried across the Atlantic 
 to Senegal, observed there by Bade near Fel da Terra — (herb. Dec). Westward, known to grow 
 wild from Mexico and the West Indies to Guayana and Brazil (Mart., Griseb., and A. Dec). 
 
 " In this year" (title-page), Descourtilz publishing his Flor. med. Antill., — continued in ... . 
 volumes. 
 
 " In this year " (Pritzel), after his Muscor. propag. " in 1S18," T. F. L. Nees von Esenbeck pub- 
 lishing his Plant, officinales. 
 
 "The same year" (title-page), Steudel publishing his Nomenclator Botanicus, an alphabetical 
 list of the genera and species of plants. 
 
 At this time (Winckl.), commencing "in 1814," Elias Fr. Fries continuing his Novit. fl. suec, % 
 
 * Hypericum Oakesii of Northeast America. Upright, a foot or more high, resembling H. Can- 
 adense, but with ovate pointed five-nerved leaves : — mentioned to me by Oakes on my first acquaint- 
 ance in 1823, and observed by myself from 45 ° on Mount Desert to 38 ° in the Delaware peninsula; 
 by Nuttall, along the Arkansas, marked as undescribed but not named. (See H. quinquenervium). 
 
 f Scirpus {holt-pis?) subtermiiialis. An aquatic, its terete rush-like pointed stem rising obliquely 
 out of the water, accompanied by tuft of slender floating fronds : — observed or received by Collins 
 from Quaker-bridge in New Jersey; — described by Torrey ; and observed by myself in Pleasant lake 
 in Wenham, where of late years I have looked for it in vain : grows also according to A. Gray in 
 " Michigan, and westward." 
 
 \ A/ci/iia^o sylvestris of ... . Distinguished by Fries — (A. Dec): regarded as exotic in 
 Britain, maintained only by the continual importation of seed for cultivation (Wats., and A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1063 
 
 — completed "in 1823;" he published his Flor. scan, "in 1835," and Summ. veg. scand. "in 1846," 
 and died in his "84th year, Feb. 8th, 1878" (Boston Journal for March 9th). 
 
 "The same year" (Buns. v. 7. 1), deciphering of hieroglyphic characters by Champollion. 
 
 " 1822, Jan. 27th" (Maunder, and Brewster's cycl.), the independence of Greece proclaimed by a 
 congress assembled at Argos. " April 23d," the Greek island of Scio visited by a Turkish fleet and 
 all the inhabitants massacred. 
 
 "Oct. 12th" (Maunder), the prince-regent of Portugal "proclaimed constitutional emperor of 
 Brazil :" thus separating the two countries.- — The measure was afterwards formally recognized by 
 the home government. 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl., and Lenz), Pollini publishing his flora of Verona. 
 
 " In this year" (A. Dec. 635), P. F. Bernard publishing a prospectus of his "Tableau de la vege- 
 tation du Jura." 
 
 " 1823 A. D." (Maunder), entrance of Bolivar, now president of Colombia, into Peru ; and with 
 his assistance, the Spaniards repelled and the independence of the country established. 
 
 In this year, Benjamin D. Greene at Tewksbury in Massachusetts, near Billerica, meeting with* 
 Utricularia resupinata. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), after his Herbarium flor. martinicens. "in 1822," Franz. Willi. Sieber 
 publishing his travels in Crete. 
 
 " In this year " (Pritzel), after his Synops. gen. gram. " in 1820," Trinius publishing his Species 
 gram. : — the Third and last volume "in 1836." 
 
 " The same year " (Kobell iv.), pack-fong, a metallic alloy long known in China and consisting 
 of nickel, copper, and zinc, first manufactured in Europe : — and under the name of " German silver " 
 sold extensively. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Ph. Fr. von Siebold visiting Japan ; f — he remained "until 1830;" 
 and returning, published his Flor. Japon. "in 1835-44." 
 
 " 1824, May " (Mason iii. 60), the first English war with Burmah. — Ending " Feb. 1826," in the 
 capture of Pugan and the cession of the provinces of Aracan and Tenasserim. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Viviani publishing his Flor. Lyb. spec. 
 
 " In this year " (title-page), Decandolle publishing the First volume of his Prodr. syst. veg. 
 
 " In this year " (A. Dec. p. 716), after his first edition in " 1814," Bigelow publishing a second 
 edition of his Flor. Bostoniens., enumerating Salicornia mucronata, Ceanolhus ovalis, Myriophyllum 
 tenellum, Spiianthes g?-acilis. 
 
 In this year, after an excursion in 1823 with Wm. Oakes, diverting my attention from Ento- 
 mology, my first botanical discovery,:]; 
 
 In this year, Henry Little and Benjamin D. Greene visiting the White mountains, meeting with 
 China pendula, etc. ; and on the alpine portion, § Salix phylicifolia (S. pumila of Nuttall), Nabalus 
 nanus, N. Bootii. 
 
 * Juncus mititaris of Northeast America. A large aquatic species growing upright in water a 
 foot or more deep, distinguished as early as this year by B. D. Greene, observed at Tewksbury and 
 communicated to Bigelow ; — by myself, in lakes around Salem; but according to A. Gray, growing 
 also from " Plymouth, Massachusetts " to the " pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward." 
 
 f Pimts Koraimsis of Japan and Kamtchatka. Observed by Siebold — (Endl. conif. 143, and 
 A. Dec). 
 
 % Spar«anium eurycarpuin. Observed by myself in the extensive marsh between Ipswich river 
 and Wenham swamp : communicated to Nuttall, and notwithstanding its different foliage, did not 
 attract his attention, its numerous male capitula small and caducous, falling almost as soon as 
 gathered : — the species remained unnoticed until taken up by Engelmann, but according to A. Gray 
 is "common northward and especially westward." 
 
 Carex exilis. Previously observed in the marshes around Lake Wenham and its outlet, but I 
 supposed it might prove a species common to Europe. Specimens were taken by Oakes to Dewey, 
 who recognized it as a distinct species, and named it. 
 
 Hypericum ellipticum. Observed by myself in the marsh between Ipswich river and Wenham 
 swamp, — and subsequently as far as 40° along the Atlantic : distinguished by Hooker, as found from 
 Lake Huron to 54° on the Saskatchewan ; and recently observed by myself near Quebec. 
 
 § Calamagrostis Pickeringi. Observed on the alpine portion and distinguished by Little ; speci- 
 mens shown me, — and in the following year, observed not infrequent there by myself. 
 
 Aira triflora. Observed on the alpine portion, and the three florets pointed out to me by Little : 
 — in the following year observed there by myself, often but not always three-flowered, but further 
 examination is required to determine whether it is distinct from A. flexuosa. 
 
I0 64 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 In this year, Nuttall visiting the White mountains, meeting with "in Maine" Subularia aquatica* 
 Panicum xanthophysum ; and on the alpine portion of the mountains, Potentilla frigida, Gnapha- 
 lium supiiium, a diminutive and very beautiful species of Ckara, and Salix repens. 
 
 "Dec. 9th" (Markh., and Maund.), the Spaniards defeated at Ayachuco, and Upper Peru 
 detached from Buenos A vies and rendered independent. — Bolivar visiting the country in the follow- 
 ing year, by request of the people drew up a constitution : and the new republic received the name 
 of Bolivia. 
 
 " 1825 A. D." (Nicol), Alexander succeeded by Nicolas, now Russian emperor. 
 
 "In this year" (J. F. Wats), David Don in London, publishing his " Prodromus Florae Nepa- 
 
 lensis.'' 
 
 " The same year" (Mann), after visiting Brazil and Chili, Macrae in the Hawaiian Islands.! 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl), Belanger and Bory de Saint-Vincent sailing to the East Indies.— 
 They returned "in 1829." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl., and title-page), after his Hist, rei herb, "in 1807-8," Umbellif. "in 
 1813," Geschichte der Botanik "in 1817-8," Kurt Sprengel publishing a Sixteenth edition of the 
 Systema Vegetab., — "in 1828," the fourth volume; "in 1829" his comm. Diosc ; and died "in 1833." 
 
 In this year, Oakes and myself visiting the White mountains, meeting with Pyrola minor, Ribes 
 rubrum, Glyceric, elongata, A Inns criipa, Amclanchicr oligocarpa, Carex scabrata, Milium glaucum 
 of Nuttall, Platanthera obtuuita , and on the alpine portion Calamagrostis strictaf, Holcus alropur- 
 purcus (Aira of authors), Viola paius/ris, Juncus Jiliformis, Saxifraga rivularis, Silene acaulis, 
 Arnica mollis, Salix herbacca, and Veronica alpina. — In the following year in October, after meet- 
 ing with Polygonum Careyi, I removed to Philadelphia. 
 
 "In this year" (Pritzel), Dumont d'Urville publishing his Flor. malouin. (Falkland Islands). — 
 He commanded the Astrolabe in her voyage in the Pacific and towards the South Pole "in 1837-40." 
 
 " 1826 A. D." (Winckl), K. A. Meyer and Alexander von Bunge visiting the Altaian mountains 
 and Soongaro-Kirghiz steppe. 
 
 "The same year" (Levchine kirgh. i. 6 note), Ledebour visiting the Kiryhiz-Kazak country in the 
 vicinity of Fort Zmiei'nogorskaia : and Meyer at Lake Xor-Zaican, the source of the Irtisch.J 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl ), A. Risso publishing his Hist. Nat. product. Nice. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl), Gussone publishing his Plant, rar. Saran., — "in 1827-8" Flor. Sic. 
 prodrom., and "in 1S42-5" Flor. Sic. synops. 
 
 Wahlenbergia nutabunda of Sardinia and Southern Italy. Observed by Gussone frequent in 
 Calabria as far as the Western shore, but unknown on Sicily, — known to grow on Sardinia (A. Dec. 
 707). 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Meisner publishing his Polygon, prodr. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Cassini publishing his Opuscul. Phyt<>l.,§ — completed "in 1S34." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Decandolle publishing the Second volume of his Prodr. syst. veg. — 
 He died "in 1841." 
 
 Schrankia Icptocaipa of Tropical America. Described by Decandolle prodr., and known to grow 
 on Hayti and in North and South Brazil (Benth.). Probably by European colonists, carried to Guinea 
 (fl. Nigr., and A. Dec). 
 
 Lay and Collie on Beechey's voyage " 1S25-2S " meeting with in Mexico Qucrcus aristataj in 
 California Q. Donglasii and Q. densiflora (Brendel). 
 
 " In this year " (Mann), (iaudichaud re-visiting the Hawaiian Islands, now in the Bonite. 
 
 " 1827, Aug. [6th " (Maunder), treaty between Britain, France, and Russia for closing the war in 
 
 * Gciun nudum. Coarser and more leafy than G. Virginianum, with minute linear greenish 
 petals : named by Nuttall, but not described ; observed by him, — and myself on the flanks of the 
 White mountains; afterwards by myself near Salem. 
 
 \ Ambrosia tcuuifolia of "South America." From transported specimens described by Sprengel 
 — (A. Dec). Observed by Godron for more than ten years at Cette, about a vine planted on ship's 
 ballast. 
 
 Myrsine dcpcndi us of the mountains of Caraccas and Peru. Described by Sprengel, — known 
 to grow on the Silla de Caraccas and the mountains of Peru, but has not been found on intervening 
 mountains (A. Dec). 
 
 { Impatiens parviplora of the Altaian mountains. Described by Ledebour. — Transported to 
 Europe, became a weed in a garden at Geneva from " 1S31," extending into the vicinity, and reaching 
 Dresden prior to " 1851 " (Burkh., and A. Dec). 
 
 § Helichrysuiu fectidum of Austral Africa. Transported to Europe, described by Cassini ; — and 
 for several years observed by Lejolis naturalized in the environs of Cherbourg (A. Dec). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1065 
 
 Greece, presented to the Turkish government. The intervention was rejected, and the Greeks hav- 
 ing re-commenced hostilities, the Turko-Egyptian fleet entered the Bay of Navarino " Sept. 9th ; " a 
 British fleet arrived on the " 13th," and on the " 22d " was joined by a French, also by a Russian fleet. 
 Hostilities continuing notwithstanding a promise of cessation, the Turko-Egyptian fleet was attacked 
 and destroyed. 
 
 "In this year" (Dallet 314), Third persecution of Christians in Corea. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Gius. Hiacintho Moris, professor at Turin, publishing his Stirp. Sard, 
 elench., — the third fascic. "in 1829;" and his Flora Sardoa "in 1837-43." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Ed. Poeppig visiting South America. — He travelled in Chili, Peru, 
 and on the Amazons "until 1832." and published his Nov. gen. Plant, "in 1835-45." 
 
 " In this year " (Pritzel), J. Velloso de Miranda publishing his Flor. fluminens. icon. 
 
 " 1828 A. D " (Winckl.),* Blume publishing portions of his Flor. Java;.* 
 
 As early as this year (R. Brown prod, suppl. 1830, and Winckl. 380), Cunningham in Australia.! 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), after his Flor. Gallica "in 1806," Loiseleur-Deslongchamps publishing 
 his Flore generale de la France. 
 
 Valerianella carinata of the West Mediterranean countries. Distinguished by Loiseleur, — and 
 observed by Gussone syn. in grassy pasture-land in Sicily. In Britain has been found springing up 
 spontaneously in some ten different counties (Wats. cyb. iii. 534, and A. Dec). 
 
 " 1829 A. D." (Maunder), the pacification of Greece finally agreed on: Greece to pay an annual 
 tribute and enjoy "qualified independence" under Turkish sovereignty, but to be governed by a 
 hereditary Christian prince of the family of neither of the allied powers. "July 23d," address of Capo 
 d'Istrias, president of Greece ; giving an account of his measures and the state of the country, before 
 the fourth national assembly, called by him at Argos. 
 
 " The same year "(....), the steam-engine successfully applied to land-transportation ; on a 
 rail-road at Liverpool, England. 
 
 As early as this year (Brendel), Schiede and Deppe in Mexico, meeting with Qitercus calophylla, 
 poly/norpha, laui ifo/in. and germana (publ. in Linnaea for 1830). 
 
 " In this year" (Pritzel), after his Etudes cryptogam, "in 1815," Lapylaie publishing his Flor. 
 Newf. and isles Saint-Pierre and Miclon. 
 
 "In this year" (A. Gray), Dr. Robbins examining the plants growing around Uxbridge and in 
 other portions of New England, meeting with Astragalus Robbinsii, Polainogeton Robbinsii, Eleocharis 
 Robbinsii. 
 
 " 1830, March" (am. sylv), Nuttall journeying in the Southern States as far as West Florida. 
 
 " June 14th " (Maunder), landing of French troops before Algiers. The city captured " July 5th ; " 
 — and with the country around, held to the present day. 
 
 "July" (Kobell ii.), rising of a new volcanic island out of the sea Southwest of Sicily. As in 
 other instances, the new island after a while settled down and disappeared. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), publication by Delile of the plants collected by Leon de Laborde in 
 Arabia Petraea. 
 
 "July 30th " (Maunder), after three days fighting in the streets of Paris, Charles X. compelled to 
 abdicate. Fie was succeeded by Louis Philippe, of the Orleans branch of the Bourbon family. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Lindley publishing his Orchidac. — the Seventh volume "in 1840." 
 
 Opkrys atrata of the East Mediterranean countries. From transported specimens, described by 
 Lindley: — observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 " In this year" (Humb. cosm. v.), journey of Fuss from Lake Baikal to Pekin ; where he estab- 
 lished a magnetic and meteorological observatory, in an old monastery that from the reign of Peter the 
 Great had been inhabited from time to time by monks of the Greek church. — Observations were con- 
 tinued "ten years " by Kovanko. 
 
 " In this year" (title-page), Ernst H. F. Meyer publishing his Plant. Labrador. 
 
 " 1831 A. D." (Maunder), Capo dTstria, president of Greece, assassinated. 
 
 * Lobelia succulenta of Java. Described by Blume, and seen by him indigenous in Java. — 
 Farther North, enumerated by Mason v. 433 and 785 as "exotic " in Burmah, and called by the Eng- 
 lish Ncilgherry grass : but in Hindustan, according to Wight, "a small cespitose species much culti- 
 vated " in vases. 
 
 f Castanospermtun Australe of Subtropical Eastern Australia. An elegant pinnate-leaved Legu- 
 minous tree, a hundred feet high, its seeds edible either crude or roasted : — observed by Cunningham 
 at Moreton Bay (Hook. bot. misc. i. pi. 51). " About thirty years ago " according to Drury was intro- 
 duced into Hindustan, its wood is used for barrel staves, and "there are several large trees in the 
 Lalbagh at Bangalore" (Cleghorn). 
 
 '34 
 
io 66 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 "In this year" (Pritzel), George Don publishing his Hist, plant, or Gardener's Dictionary: — 
 the Fourth and last volume "in 1838." 
 
 " In this year" (Humb. cosm. v.), Faraday's induction-currents. "The great discovery of the 
 development of light by magnets." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), Bunge publishing the plants observed in Northern China. 
 
 "In this year" (Mann), Meyen accompanying Wendt to the Hawaiian Islands — After his death, 
 descriptions of plants observed by him were published in Act. Acad. Caes. in " 1843." 
 
 " 1832 A. D." (Gliddon), first voyage of a British steamer on the Red Sea : initiating ocean steam- 
 navigation. A change in international relations — tending to restore Egypt to her ancient position as 
 the World's thoroughfare ; the natural centre of the routes of intercourse by land and sea. 
 
 About this time also (Clot-Bey), by Ibrahim-Pacha, a botanic garden under European superin- 
 tendence established on Rhoda Islet near Cairo: in effect, extending to Egypt the European system 
 of procuring and introducing newly discovered plants. The history of plants known to the Egyptians 
 properly closes here : — the botanic garden already at the time of my visit, containing many species 
 not mentioned in these pages. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl ), publication of the Plant, rar. collected by Bertero in Chili ; — and "in 
 1835," of those found on Juan Fernandez. 
 
 " Aug. 30th " (Maunder), Otho. a younger son of the king of Bavaria, having signified his accept- 
 ance, proclaimed in Nauplia king of Greece 
 
 "In this year" (biogr. mem. Nutt.), N. Wyeth returning from his expedition to and beyond the 
 Rocky mountains, and his plants placed in the hands of Nuttall for publication. 
 
 " 1833 A. D." (Maunder), an English "sub-governor"' sent from Australia to reside in New Zea- 
 land: — this continued until " 1S40," when New Zealand was "constituted a colony dependent on" 
 Australia, a governor appointed, also a commission "to inquire into the validity of all claims to land" 
 purchased by adventurers from the natives. 
 
 "The same year" ( . . . ), arrival at Calcutta of a ship laden with ice, sent by Frederic Tudor 
 from Boston in New England. The commencement of the ice trade of traffic by sea in ice. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), F. E. L. von Fischer and C. A. Meyer publishing Pars prodr. nor. 
 ross.* 
 
 "The same year" (Mann), Douglas in Northwest America, and in "the last week" arriving at 
 the Hawaiian Islands, — where he met a violent death on the following " 12th of May." 
 
 " In this year" (Pritzel), H. B. Croom and H. Loomis publishing their Catalogue of plants ob- 
 served in the neighbourhood of Newbern. — Removing to Florida, Croom met with . . . . : and 
 after his death, a Second edition of the Catalogue was published by Torrey "in 1837." 
 
 Collomia grandifLora of Northwest America. Discovered there by Douglas. — Transported to 
 Europe, escaped from cultivation several years prior to 1850 near Erfurt, as well as near Schleiden on 
 the Roer (A. Dec). 
 
 Navarrelia Jicterophylla of California. An annual, transported to Europe, described by Bentham, 
 and observed by A. Decandolle g. b. 79S for ten or fifteen years a weed in the botanic garden at 
 Geneva, but had not extended beyond its walls. 
 
 " 1834 A. D. = 31st year of the Seventy-fifth Chinese cycle" (Pauth. 27 and 4S8), Tao-kouang 
 reigning. 
 
 One hundred and eighty-fourth generation. May 1st, 1834, mostly beyond youth: the Jewish 
 writer Steinschneider : the Greek writer A. G. Paspati : the Italian writer Ant. Targioni : the French 
 writers, S. Munk, the archaeologist Mariette : the German writers, Carolus Mueller, F. Yon Kobell, 
 Bernays, Zunz, Boeckh : the English writers, George Williams, W. S. W. Vaux, Henry Fynes Clin- 
 ton, John F. W. Herschel the astronomer, Martin Joseph Routh, Edward Robinson, Talvi, Thomas 
 Wright, J Gardner .Wilkinson, Samuel Birch, Perring, R S. 1'onle: the Slavonic writers, Alexander 
 Pushkin, Ivan Krylof, Sreznefski, Grigoryef, Khanikof, and Kasembeg: the botanists, Moritzi, 
 Schouw, C. S. Rafmesque Schmaltz: the painter Horace Yernet b. 1789. 
 
 " In this year " (Humb. cbsm. v., and Winckl.), after publishing his researches in the Crimea and 
 Caucasus "in 1815," Parrot visiting mount Ararat, and the summit for the first time reacted. 
 
 * Amsinckia intermedia of Chili. Annual and Boragineous, described by Fischer and Meyer, — 
 and known to grow wild in Chili (A. Dec). About 1841, transported apparently with seeds of Madia, 
 made its appearance along a canal leading into the Garonne, continued there until " 1847," and trans- 
 ferred into a garden at Cepet lias become a weed (Lagreze-Fossat). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1067 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), Friedrich Link publishing his Symbol. Flor. Graec. (Linnaea ix.). 
 
 "Sept. 3d" (biogr. mem., and am. sylv.), after leaving Independence on the Missouri "Apr. 
 28th," Nuttall and Townsend coming in sight of the Columbia, and at the "close of September" 
 reaching Fori Vancouver. 
 
 "In this year "(Winckl.), Charles C. Babington publishing his Flor. Bathon. ; — "in 1839," Primit. 
 Flor. Sarn. ; "in 1 841," veg. Hebrid. 
 
 "/ 8 35> J an - 5 tn " (biogr. mem. and am. sylv.), Nuttall from Oregon arriving at Oahu, one of the 
 Hawaiian Islands. Leaving Townsend, he proceeded to California, and reached Monterey in 
 "March," continued his researches as far as Santa Barbara in "about 34," — and returned by sea, 
 arriving at Boston in the "beginning of October, 1835." He died " Sept. 10th, 1859." 
 
 At this time (....) Pitcher examining the plants growing around Lake Huron and on the 
 Arkansas, meeting with Cirsium Pitcheri. 
 
 " In this year" (Pritzel), E. H. F. Meyer publishing Botanical observations of J. F. Drege, who 
 had spent "eight years" in Austral Africa. — Drege published his Catalogue of the dried plants "in 
 1837-40." 
 
 " 1836, Jan. 12th, towards midnight " (Dallet ii. 92), Pierre-Philibert Maubant passing the Chi- 
 nese custom-house at Pien-men. Continuing Eastward, he succeeded in entering Corea. The pio- 
 neer of the French missionaries. 
 
 In this year (A. Dec. g. b. 761), Bojer at the Mauritius Islands writing his Hort. Maurit, — 
 published in " 1837." 
 
 The following plants enumerated by Bojer as growing on the lofty mountains of the Comoro 
 Islands : Waltheria debi is, biennial; Plectranthus tematus, perennial. 
 
 And on the lofty mountains of the Mauritius Islands : Dombeya ferruginea, a shrub ; D. punc- 
 tata, also a shrub ; Trochetia Candolleana, a shrub ; Toddalia angustijolia, suffruticose ; Diste- 
 phanus populijolius, a Conyzoid shrub; Psiadia linear if olia j Monarrhenus rufescens, a shrub; 
 Cylindrocliue Commersonii, a shrub ; Gnaphalium caspitosum, G. multkaule, and G. yuccafolium, 
 all suffruticose ; G. arnicoides, annual, growing also on Madagascar; Senecio cernuus, and JT. cacali- 
 cides? annuals ; S. penicillatus, suffruticose ; S. pollicaris, perennial ; Campanula ensifolia, peren- 
 nial; Andromeda salicifolia, and A. buxifolia, shrubs ; Sa taxis arborescens, and S. abietina, shrubs; 
 S. montana, suffruticose ; Rochelia Borbonica, annual ; Nuxia verticillata, a shrub ; Plectranlhus 
 Mauritianus, perennial ; Justicia (Hypoeslis) serpens, perennial ; Sapium obtusifolium, a bush ; Moni- 
 mia ovalifolia, a shrub; Boehmeria urticafolia, a shrub; Bulbophyllum pusillum, an epidendric 
 Orchideous plant ; hypoxis angustifoha, perennial ; Piper portulacoides, perennial, epidendric. 
 
 " In this year" (Brend.J, Hartweg arriving in Mexico, meeting with Quercus barbinervis, gla- 
 brescens, Grahami, Skinneri, Sonomensis, dysoikylla, Benthami, Tlapuxahuensis, laeta (publ. by 
 Bentham). — He remained until " 1840." 
 
 "At the same time" (Brendel), Galeotti and Ghiesbreght in Mexico, meeting with Quercus 
 lanigera, lutescens, Ghieibreghtii, nitens, insignis, rugulcua, glaiuoides, callosa (publ. bull. acad. Brux. 
 for 1843). 
 
 In this year (....), Short in Kentucky,* meeting with Brachychaeta cordata, Vesicaria Shortii, 
 Ludwigia polycarpa, Thaspium pinnatifiduin. 
 
 "In this year" (Pritzel), after his Synops. Asterum "in 18 r 8," Agrostolog. brasil. "in 1829," 
 Gen. and sp. Asterearum "in 1832," C. G. Nees von Esenbeck publishing his Systema Laurinarum. 
 
 "In this year" (Pritzel), after his Gram, sicul. "in 1818," Symbol, botan. "in 1832-3," Presl 
 publishing his Prodr. monog. Lobeliac. : — his Suppl. pteridograph. "in 1S45." 
 
 " 1837, in the beginning of the year" (Pauth. 472), publication in European gazettes of the proc- 
 lamation of Tao-kouang : Forbidding the preaching of Christianity in China. The concluding event 
 in Pauthier's historical description of China : — though the work itself was issued two years later at 
 Paris. 
 
 "July" (Jap. mann. 271), sailing from Macao of Dr. Parker and Rev. Charles Gutzlaff in a mis- 
 sionary vessel, carrying home " some shipwrecked Japanese : " but approaching forbidden ports, were 
 fired upon, and returned to Macao. 
 
 "The same year" (Inman), the territory of Michigan admitted into the Union as the "twenty- 
 sixth" State. f 
 
 * Zygadenus leimanthoides of the alluvial border of Northeast America. In or about this year, 
 specimens brought " from New Jersey " found by Durand in the Philadelphia market and shown 
 me : — afterwards, the plant was found by Knieskern growing in New Jersey, and was received by A. 
 Gray from "Virginia, and southward." 
 
 \ Quercus corrugala of Guatemala. Transported to Europe is described by Hooker icon. — 
 (Brendel). 
 
io 68 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 " In this year " (A. Dec. p. 716), after his first edition in " 1826," Darlington publishing a second 
 edition of his Flor. W. Chest., enumerating Euphorbia Darlingtonii. 
 
 In this year, Engelmann in Northeast America, meeting with Isoetes riparia. 
 
 "The same year" (Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. p. 190), at Banabe or Ascension Island, "a man 
 who had been drifted thither in a canoe " from " Maraki " (one of the Tarawan coral-islands) informed 
 Maio-ret, That "his people were accustomed to make a sweet drink called takarave, unlike any thing 
 to be found at Ascension." This, according to Hale, "is a beverage made of the sweet juice drawn 
 from the spathe of the cocoa-nut tree." 
 
 " In this year " (title-page), Blanco publishing at Manila his Flor. Filipin. 
 
 " In this year " (Winckf ), Edmond Boissier travelling in Southern Spain. — He published his 
 Plant. Nov. "in 1838," and Voyage Botan. "in 1839-45." 
 
 " 1838, June 20th" (second edit. pref. and 354), end of the chronicle of N. Harris Nicolas. 
 
 " In this year " (Pritzel), Ramon de la Sagra publishing the Botanical part of his Hist. cub. : — 
 it was left incomplete by A Richard "in 1842." 
 
 " In this year" (title-page and pref.), Lindley publishing his Flor. Med. 
 
 "1839 A. D." (Clot-Bey and others), Mahmood II. succeeded by Abd-el-Medjid, thirty-second 
 Turkish sultan. 
 
 " The same year "(....), the art of photography discovered by Daguerre. — Specimens of the 
 art, " daguerrotypes," first seen by myself on the arrival of the Yinccnnes at Singapore. 
 
 "In this \ear" (Dallet ii. 131), Fourth persecution of Christians in Corea. 
 
 "In this year" (YVinckl.), A. H. R. < iiisebach publishing his monogr. Gentian., and visiting 
 Roumelia and Bithynia as far as Broussa. — He published his Spic. flor. Rumel. "in 1S43-5." 
 
 Liinnaiitheiuum Forbesiamtm of Mozambique. Received by Grisebach from Mozambique, and 
 from Ceylon — (A. Dec). 
 
 "In this year" (Pref.), Graham publishing his Plants of Bombay. He died "May 28th," and 
 from the '-two hundredth page " the publication was completed by Nimmo. 
 
 " 1840 A. D." (Kobell iv.), the art of dcctrotyping discovered by Jacobi. 
 
 "In this year" (A. Dec. Soo, and Winckl.), after residing at Montpelier "in 1827," Moquin- 
 Tandon publishing his monogr. Chenopod. 
 
 " 1841 A. D." (Brendel in Am. Nat. 1870), Liebmann arriving in Mexico, meeting with Quercus 
 Oaxacana. — He remained until "1S43." 
 
 In this year (see A. Gray man. 2d ed. 176), Sullivant at Columbus on the Ohio, meeting with 
 Asclepias Sullwauti, Ehocharis compressa, Carcx Sullivanti, A rabis patens. 
 
 "1842 A. D." (Dallet ii. 256), the Opium war carried on by the English against China. The 
 city of Nang-king was captured, and by the treaty of " Au^. 29th" the isle of Hong-kong ceded. 
 The Chinese for the first time undergoing humiliation before Europeans. 
 
 " In this year " (Pritzebj, Loddiges and sons publishing the Orchideaj in their collection, " 1654 
 species." 
 
 "December" (Bonom. Nin. i. 2), excavations on the site of Nineveh commenced by Botta ; ap- 
 pointed by the French government consular agent at Mosul.* 
 
 " 1S43, May 19th," and " about the same time " that the site of Lake Moeris was discovered by 
 Linant, Lepsius (eg. and sin. p. 14) encamped among the ruins of the Labyrinth. Continuing up 
 the Nile, Lepsius 268 ascertained, that "a great part of the population of Thebes still" remains Cop- 
 tic. Ascending beyond PhiLe, he describes Korusco as "an Arabian place in the centre of the land 
 nf Nubians," and inhabited by " Ababde " (judging apparently by the language, the Abahdch being 
 an Ethiopian tribe speaking the Arabic language), p. 127. The Xitbiau language is described by 
 him as having " no accordance " with the Egyptian, nor with Semitic languages, in the "grammatical 
 iorms " and "radical words : " having terms for " God, spirit, slave," but the numbers above twenty 
 are borrowed from the Arabic ; as also the terms for " time, year, month, dav, hour, servant, friend, 
 enemy, temple, to pray, believe, read, and every thing connected with house-building and navigation," 
 p. 128. — In Upper Nubia, Taiba was found inhabited only by Fukara, a kind of priest, who read, 
 write, and the chief is believed in like a prophet; they call themselves " Arakin," and are probably 
 of "Arab race," p. 187. The .Yuba languages (spoken by a Negro tribe) are described as "pardy 
 related to the Berber," p. 209. But the Kongara language of Dar Fur was "quite different from the 
 Nubian," and presented "strong analogy with South African languages" (belongs therefore to the 
 Negro class of languages), p. 234. Returning down the Nile and proceeding Eastward to Sinai and 
 Palestine, Lepsius found "the pascha of Jerusalem at war with Hebron," p. 334: the Sauiariaiis 
 
 * Euphorbia Bojeri of Madagascar. An ornamental scarlet-flowered species, transported to 
 Europe, and described by Hooker. — By European colonists also, introduced into the gardens of 
 Burmah, where it has become frequent (Mason v. 421 and 762). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1069 
 
 reduced to " about one hundred and fifty " persons ; who hold " no communication with Jews, Chris- 
 tians, or Mahommedans," and continue to " annually offer up a sheep on Mount Garazim : " the 
 "ornamental part" of the ruins at Balbeck, is pronounced by him "heavy, overloaded, and some in 
 a very barbarous taste," p. 346. 
 
 "Sept. 15th" (Maunder), bloodless uprising in Greece : effecting the removal of foreigners from 
 high official station. 
 
 " In this year" (A. Dec. g. plant. 672, and Winckl.), Babington publishing his Manual of British 
 botany.* 
 
 " 1844 A. D." (Dallet ii. 266), Andre" Kim from China travelling across Mandshuria to the North- 
 ern frontier of Corea. He ascertained that the Mandshus extend very little beyond " Lat. 46°," and 
 are bounded on the North by two small States of Ou-kin, and Tu-pi-latse or Fish-skin Tartars; on 
 the West, by the river Soungari and the Stone barrier. 
 
 " In this year" (title-page and pref.), W. Smith publishing his Diet. Greek and Roman Biogr., 
 — completed in " 1849." 
 
 " In this year " (Winckl.), Louis Pfeiffer publishing on the plants of Hesse in Germany ; f — "in 
 1847," his Flor. niederhess. 
 
 " 1845 A. D." (Inman), by act of Congress, Texas annexed to the Union as a State: the territories 
 of Florida and Iowa, also admitted as States. — The act was not accepted by the people of Iowa, 
 until " 1849." 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), C. L. Gay publishing his Hist, fisic. Chile. 
 
 " In this year " (Pritzel), after his Lasiopetal. monogr. "in 1821," and other memoirs down to 
 " 1842," Jacques Gay publishing his Holost. monogr. 
 
 " In this year" (Winckl.), F. I. Ruprecht publishing his Flores Samojed. 
 
 " Dec. 8th " (Humb. cosm. iv.), after an interval of " thirty-eight" years without planetary dis- 
 coveries, a fifth asteroid found by Hencke, and named Astrea. 
 
 " 1846 A. D." (Inman), through the action of the U. S. government, our first aggressive foreign 
 war. Against Mexico ; the collision between military forces taking place " May 7th " at Palo Alto, 
 East of the Rio Grande. 
 
 "Sept. 23d" (Humb. cosm. iv.), the planet Neptune discovered by Galle, whose attention had 
 been directed to its vicinity by the calculations of Leverrier. — A satellite was discovered by Lassell 
 as early as " Aug. 6th, 1847." 
 
 " Sept, 30th," in Boston, W. T. G. Morton dentist, having a refractory patient, called on Charles 
 T. Jackson physician and chemist, and was advised to try ether — (Atlant. monthly, 1868). The 
 incident led to the demonstration, that inhaling ether induces insensibility to pain during surgical 
 operations. Verified shortly afterwards at the Massachusetts hospital. 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), after his Outlines geogr. distr. Brit, plants, H. C. Watson publishing 
 his Cybele Britan. 
 
 " 1848 A. D." (Inman), the territory of Wisconsin admitted into the Union as a State. 
 
 "In this year" (dedicat), A. Gray publishing his flor. Northern U. States, enumerating Nas- 
 turtium lacustre. 
 
 " 1849 A. D." (Troyon 85), by Boucher de Perthes, publication of his discovery near Abbeville 
 in France of ancient relics ; some of them belonging to the Stone period. 
 
 " 1850, Aug. 26th " (Inman), passage by the U. S. congress of a fugitive slave law : and " Sept. 
 7th," California admitted into the Union as a State. 
 
 " 1851 A. D." (title-page), Rev. Francis Mason at Tavoy publishing his flor. Burman. 
 
 " In this year" (Mann), Remy visiting the Hawaiian Islands. — He remained until " 1855." 
 
 "In this year" (Winckl.), after his revis. Anemon. "in 1842," Pritzel publishing his Thesaurus 
 lit. botan. 
 
 " 1852, Feb. 1 2th " (Mason iii. 61), Second English war with Burmah. — Ending "June 20th, 1853" 
 in the deposition of the reigning monarch ; the East India Company virtually acquiring control of the 
 country ; though a native king remains on the throne. 
 
 "In the winter of 1853 to 1854" (Troyon pref.), on the margin of Lake Zurich, discovery by 
 Ferd. Keller of the remains of a lacustrine village belonging to prehistoric times, to the Stone period. 
 
 * CuscHta trifolii of .... Observed in Britain and distinguished by Babington ; — but accord- 
 ing to Bromfield iii. 563 seems adventive, multiplying at times and becoming scarce, as though liable 
 to disappear (A. Dec). 
 
 f Cuscuta Hassiaca of Eastern Europe. A species of dodder observed in Hesse and distin- 
 guished by Pfeiffer. — In Britain, introduced among plants raised for cattle-feed, but continues con- 
 fined to cultivated or artificial meads (A. Dec). 
 
IO70 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 — The beginning of researches which have led to similar discoveries at the bottom of most of the 
 Swiss lakes. 
 
 "1854, Sept. 3d" (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 69), during the Crimean war, Urup supposed to be a 
 Russian island, taken possession of by two French frigates. The Russian ambassador Putiatine 
 happening to be in Japan, where he had proposed the cession of Urup to Russia, the consent of the 
 Japanese government was now obtained, — and in accordance therewith, a treaty was soon framed 
 (see 1856). 
 
 Hardly later than this year (A. Dec. g. b. 1009), Lecoq and Lamotte publishing their Cat. 
 plant, centr.* 
 
 'Tn this year" (title-page), Winckler publishing his Botanical writers. 
 
 1S54-5 (Inman), act of Congress for organizing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 " 1855 A. D." (title-page and pref ), Alphonse Decandolle publishing his Geogr. Bot. 
 
 " 1856 A. D." (Sieb. p. 70, and journ. St. Petersb. 28th Apr. 1857), by treaty, the boundary 
 between Russia and Japan to be in future between Yeterop and Urup ; Urup with the Northern 
 Kurils to belong to Russia, and the large island of Kr.ifto (Saghalien) to be neutral ground. 
 
 " July and September" (Humb. cosm. v.), the mountain chain of the Kuen-lun, stretching East 
 and West, reached and traversed by the brothers Hermann and Robert Schlagintweit ; journeying 
 from Ladak over the Karakorum pass " [8,304 feet" in elevation. 
 
 "In this year" (Troyon pref.), publication by Wilde of his Researches, "commenced in 1836," 
 on the crannoges or lake-dwellings of the ancient Irish. 
 
 " 1859, August" (Boston Transcript for July 28th, 1 871), oil having been remarked for many years 
 floating in small patches down Oil Creek, a tributary of the Alleghany in Pennsylvania, boring under- 
 taken by one of the inhabitants, Drake, residing there, and at the depth of "seven hundred feet" the 
 source of supply reached. The commencement of traffic in petroleum. 
 
 " In this year " (title-page), A. Gray publishing a revised edition of his Flor North. U. States. 
 
 " i860, Oct. 13th" (Dallet ii. 463), Pekin captured by the combined forces of the English and 
 French. A panic prevailed in consequence throughout Corea, but gradually subsided, — and after 
 about a year the persecutions against Christians recommenced. 
 
 "November" (Dallet hist. Cor. p. ii.), territory in Mandshuria, extending along the Pacific as 
 far South as the Corean frontier and the mouth of the Tou-man-kang in 41° 50', ceded by China to 
 Russia. 
 
 " In this year" (title-page, and pref.), Chapman publishing his Flor. South. U. States. 
 
 " 1861, March 20th, a quarter to eight p.m." (letter in Boston Journal of May 6th), severe earth- 
 quake felt throughout Chili ; and East of the Ancles, in " about six seconds " levelling the city of 
 Mendoza containing " more than twelve thousand " inhabitants, leaving " not a house " standing. 
 
 " April 12th " (Bemis in Boston Advertiser of May 3d, 1S60. Fort Sumter in Charleston harbour 
 assailed by the populace ; and on the " 14th," captured. 
 
 "April 15th," letter from Lyons, British minister at Washington, announcing the intention of 
 President Lincoln "to adopt coercive measures against the South." The letter was "received in 
 London, April 30th '' (parliam. blue b. i. p. 19, and Bemis). 
 
 Aroused from bed at "two a.m." and informed of the call for troops, Capt. Dyke of Stoneham 
 reported at " half past nine " at Boston, with his company full and " fully equipped." At " half past 
 five" in the evening, the Sixth regiment left Boston: and April 19th, not "forty-eight" hours from 
 his midnight summons, Capt. Dyke was lying wounded in Baltimore, more than four hundred miles 
 from home (Boston Journal of April 24th). 
 
 "April 19th," proclamation by President Lincoln, announcing the intention of blockading the 
 ports of seven States, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 
 " April 27th," a second proclamation ; including with the above North Carolina and Virginia, they 
 having in the interval joined the insurrection. The blockade was actually established "April 30th " 
 in the Chesapeake ; off Charleston, " May 13th ; " off Mobile, " May 27th ; " and off the mouths of 
 the Mississippi, " May 28th " (Bemis). 
 
 "April 20th " (Boston Traveller of May 8th, and other newspapers), balioon-vovage of T.'S. C. 
 Lowe from Cincinnati to Pea Ridge district in South Carolina, more than a thousand miles, in "nine 
 hours." 
 
 "April 22d," letter from minister Lyons at Washington, communicating the blockade proclama- 
 tion. The letter was received in London " May loth" (parliam. blue b. i. 23, London Times of March 
 22d, 1S05, and Bemis). 
 
 * Armaria ti-'cricina of France. Observed by Lecoq and Lamotte 104 on the mountains of 
 Central France — (A. Dec; see A. ciliata). 
 
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 1071 
 
 "May 6th" (Hansard, and Bemis), by the British government, announcement in parliament of 
 the intention of recognizing the slaveholding insurgents as a belligerent power. " May 13th," the 
 proclamation to that effect issued, declaring that " hostilities have unhappily commenced," and enjoin- 
 ing neutrality. " In the evening," after the issuing of the proclamation, minister Adams of the new 
 administration at Washington, landed in England (Bemis). Representations were made through the 
 British minister at Paris, that the insurgents should be "invested with all the rights and prerogatives 
 of a belligerent ; " and at the end of " a month,'' the French proclamation was issued (parliam. blue 
 b. iii. p. 1, and Bemis). 
 
 In this year's Report on the Harvard Library, John L. Sibley states : " The demand for materials 
 to be converted into paper has increased enormously within a few years. Junk dealers and tinmen 
 penetrate every part of New England in search of rags, and latterly they have commenced purchasing 
 books and pamphlets, for this purpose. Ninety-eight tons of bocks and pamphlets were ground up 
 in only one of the paper mills in Massachusetts in one year." 
 
 "June 25th" (Boston newspaper), Abd-el-Medjid succeeded by Abd-el Aziz Khan, thirty-third 
 Turkish sultan. 
 
 "July 13th" (opin. judges Nelson and others, Bemis), hostilities at length resolved upon by the 
 American government, and civil war recognized by act of Congress. 
 
 " 1862, March 10th " (Boston Journal of March 15th), revolution in naval warfare initiated by a 
 combat between ironclads : the ram Merri mac defeated on the Lower Chesapeake by the Monitor; 
 a revolving sea-turret invented and constructed by Ericsson. 
 
 '" 1863, Jan. 1st," proclamation by president Lincoln, Freeing the slave's in the revolted States. 
 
 A New Englander according to governor Andrew (Boston Journal of Jan. 9th) is "not unfre- 
 quently an expert in divers callings. In the winter he cuts ice" for "Calcutta, and he goes fishing in 
 the summer on the Banks of Newfoundland. He carries on his father's homestead in the growing 
 season, and makes boots for Boston market in the intervals of farming." He "goes to college for his 
 own education, and teaches school himself in the college vacation." He "scours the Pacific in a New 
 Bedford whaler while he is young and fond of adventure, and settles down at last the keeper of a 
 country store : " manufactures "plows and reapers in Massachusetts, and puts his earnings into rail- 
 roads in Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin." 
 
 About the beginning of this year (Lond. Times quoted in Boston Journ. Feb. loth), Egypt, after 
 furnishing troops in Eastern wars for more than five thousand years, first sending soldiers to America. 
 The French transport Seine, having landed "a body of troops for Cochin China," received on board 
 through the connivance of the viceroy "four or five hundred" of his Negro soldiers to be employed 
 in the war in Mexico. — Four years later, arrival home "of the Egyptian battalion which has been 
 fighting" in Mexico, "reduced in numbers from seven hundred to three hundred and fifty, all the men 
 remaining decorated with " French and Mexican orders" (Bost. Transcr. July 12th, 1867). 
 
 Before the close of the year (Dicey in Nineteenth Cent. mag. for 1877), Said Pasha succeeded by 
 Ismail Pasha as viceroy of Egypt. — He continues ruling in the present year 1878, and is called "the 
 Khedive." 
 
 "The same year" (Boston Journal of May 4th), in return for a patent medicine " largely sold 
 in Egypt," arrival in Boston of a cargo of rags ; consisting in great part of mummy-rags, now used 
 "for paper stock." 
 
 " In this year" (title-page), Prior publishing his Popular names of British plants. 
 
 "1864, May 5th" (Grant's report), Bermuda Hundred and City Point, at the junction of the 
 Appomattox and James rivers, occupied by an army under Gen. B. F. Butler. 
 
 The same year (journ. Bost. soc nat. hist.), emery discovered in America by C. T. Jackson; in 
 an extensive vein or bed, at Chester in Western Massachusetts. 
 
 " 1865, Feb. 1st" (Grant's report), Gen. W. T. Sherman with an army, having traversed Georgia 
 from Atlanta to Savannah, now turned Northeast, continuing by land through the Carolinas. 
 
 "April 9th" (Grant's report), surrender to Gen. U. S. Grant of the insurgent army driven from 
 Richmond : followed by the surrender of the insurgent forces everywhere, virtually closing the war. 
 
 April 14th, Friday, about 10 p.m. (Stanton offic. account), assassination of president Lincoln. 
 
 "1866, Jan. 30th at 3^ p.m.," full moon at New York; the succeeding full moon to take place 
 "March 1st about 7 a.m.," leaving the intervening month of February without a full moon (N. Y. 
 Evening Post of Feb. 24th). 
 
 "In this year" (Dallet hist. Cor. p. Ixii to cv), severe persecution of Christians in Corea, 
 Pourthie and other French missionaries put to death ; and their manuscript writings, including a 
 Corean-Chinese-Latin dictionary by Pourthie, a Chinese-Corean-Frerfch dictionary by Daveluy, and 
 Latin-Corean dictionary by Petitnicolas, seized and burned —A Corean grammar and dictionary, 
 mpiled subsequently by Ridel assisted by native Christians, was ready for publication in 1874. 
 
 " Before the close of the year " (Dallet p. exeii), French intervention to punish the murder and 
 
 a 
 
IO72 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT, &c. 
 
 prevent a repetition, but the Expedition failed, the cause was ruined, and thousands of Christians were 
 put to death. 
 
 " 1867, Sept. 3d " (Bost. Advert, for Sept.), at Carmathen, opening of " the Eisteddfod or national 
 festival of Wales ; a procession marching to a field where a Druidical circle is formed, a huge stone 
 in the centre. A proclamation in Welsh is then made," announcing to the assembled bards that 
 "judgment will be pronounced upon all works of genius submitted for adjudication." 
 
 " 1S69, Nov. 16th" (letter from Port Said in Bost. Adv.), opening of the Suez canal. For the 
 passage of large ships. 
 
 1870, Sept. 20th (Atlant. telegr. to Boston gazettes), the Prussian army having arrived before 
 Paris, the Italian forces of king Victor Emmanuel enter Rome and the political or temporal power of 
 the Papacy brought to an end. 
 
 f " 1872, Nov. 27th " (Bost. Journ. for Feb. 1st, 1873), Capt. O. Owen of the British barque Samuel, 
 in Lat. 20 57' 5" Long. i° 14' W., remarked "innumerable meteors of various magnitude and brilliancy 
 shooting with great rapidity to the South-East and South-Sou'-West ; three or four would start nearly 
 together from the same spot, making their first appearance generally in the zenith and after leaving a 
 tail of about 15 or 20 in length would disappear. Their motion was so swift that the exact point or 
 constellation in the heavens where they first appeared and where they disappeared could not be ascer- 
 tained with precision. An attempt was made to count them, but as they appeared in different quarters 
 at the same moment, this was found impossible, but by a rough estimate there were from seventy to 
 eighty per minute : continued from a little after 8 p.m. until midnight. Few were seen after that 
 hour." 
 
INDEXES. 
 
INDEX TO FOREIGN WORDS. 
 
 a&porovov, 358, 453. 
 
 abtykhym, EirrtJ^K* 7 2 - 
 
 acer, in Latin (German), 157. 
 
 axepots, 96. 
 
 axiAAetos, 488. 
 
 axpay, log, 121. 
 
 adonium, 507. 
 
 a'ds el-ma, 478. 
 
 aetfaov, 205, 293. 
 
 mbn&» aelwcl, 189. 
 
 ayaAAtSas, 200. 
 
 ayaWoxov (Pali), 189. 
 
 ayaptKov (geograph.), 440, 496. 
 
 a 7X 0U<ra » or 7X 0u0 " a > I0 ^> iio 5> 1 190. 
 
 ayrjparov, 488. 
 
 aypaxTTis, 184, 397, 494. 
 
 agwz, vnifc, 188. 
 
 atyetpoto fxaKeSvTis, 133* 
 
 cuytipos, 109. 
 
 aiyiKov, 379. 
 
 aryiAcoi//, 349. 
 
 aiynrvpos, 283. 
 
 aifxoBtvpov, 363. 
 
 aurxwofuEVTii 303. 
 
 aKcucaAis, 280, 417. 
 
 a/ca/aa, 487- 
 
 a/cacoy, 359. 
 
 o/cavflot, 270, 360, 489. 
 
 aKafOf), 270, 386. 
 
 cLKCLvdiov, 489. 
 
 a/ceu0iy, 170, 230, 502. 
 
 a«:ai/0oy, 239, 302. 
 
 axtvos, 44-6- 
 
 aKovirov, 160, 292, 484. 
 
 aKopva, 359- 
 
 a/cuAos (German), too, 174. 
 
 cAa^ai/S^o^, 573. 
 
 alaternus, 184. 
 
 a\eKTopoAo<pos> 5 01 * 
 
 aAiKa.Ka$os, 314- 
 
 aAto^ta, 493. 
 
 aAKea, 486. 
 
 allium, 145, 512. 
 
 almgym, n^Ufc^Hi lSo - 
 
 aAoTj (Hindustanee), 391, 469. 573- 
 
 aAwrrexovpos, 349* 
 
 aAdaia, 308. 
 
 alum, 347. 
 
 a\U7roi/, 490. 
 
 aAu(TO-o^, 316, 485, 503. 
 
 a/ia/iTfAiSes-, 285. 
 
 afxavir as , 407. 
 
 afiapafcos, 248. 
 
 a/xapavros, 205, 468, 475, 537. 
 
 amba, 237. 
 
 a^Aey, 408. 
 
 afippoo-ia, 206, 406, 630. 
 
 «W"> 3°7- 
 
 a/jL/xwyiaKoyj 152. 
 
 afiapov, 323. 
 
 amoraon herba, 458. 
 
 afiopyiSos, 1 54. 
 
 ampelodesmon, 397. 
 
 a/r7r€Aos aypia, 210. 
 
 anacardi, 567. 
 
 two/yaAAfs-, 200. 
 
 a^ayaAAts evudpos, 50 1, 504. 
 
 avayvpovj or ovoyvpov, 2S6. 
 
 avaKafAipepos, 303. 
 
 avSpaxvT], 244, 487. 
 
 avdpafyalis, 249, 343. 
 
 ais8po<rai/j.ov, 468. 
 
 avefxoxoprov, 734- 
 
 cwe/twi^, 245, 351, 382. 
 
 avi<rov 9 24S. 
 
 arj/^TOij 232. 
 
 ayajfis, 2S3. 
 
 av9€fj.i$, 294, 326. 
 
 avdepinos, 269, 273, 
 
 audpana, 573. 
 
 anthriscum, 272, 506. 
 
 ewfluAAw, 435, 491. 
 
 avTippivov, 257. 
 
 atrapyta, 361. 
 
 airapivr}, 147, 309. 
 
 awaiTr), 361. 
 
 a<f>a,K7), 280. 
 
 a<papKr] t 362. 
 
 a-n-ios, 197. 
 
 apium, 175. 
 
 a^wdia,, 99, 358, 470, 557. 
 
 apax'5;/a, 355. 
 
 apaxos, or apa/cos, 89, 345, 355. 
 
 argemonia, 432, 440. 
 
 apia, 174. 
 
 apio-ToAoxta, 307, 432, 447, 455, 51: 
 
 apfcevdts, 170, 230, 502. 
 
 apicov aratyvAT), 529. 
 
 arn, -pa, 239. 
 
 apvafia, 519. 
 
 apvoyAtaaaov (transl. from Arabic), 
 
 156, 454- 
 apoi/, 308, 346. 
 apTe/ittrm, 82, 280, 488, 508. 
 aprvTiKT), 586. 
 arz, T 1 ]^, 69, 
 turapov, 264, 433. 
 curxu (Baschkir), 275. 
 ashl, JiDa, 107. 
 affKvpoj/, 486. 
 oo-7raAadoy, 243, 268. 
 ao-Trapa^os, 165, 396, 468, 525. 
 acrcpoSeAoSj 106, 269. 
 asperugo, 509. 
 cKTTTip, 286, 508. 
 atrrpa-yaAoy, 435- 
 a<TTpiov 7 346. 
 astrobolos, 503. 
 aflctvatrta, 448. 
 adpayevr}, 127. 
 arpaKTuAts, 231, 245, 324. 
 atth, ios, 161. 
 avena, 398. 
 ayakbouh, 177. 
 azwb, n-|T£<, 139- 
 
 ^a«x a P ls > 2r 9- 
 
 bala (Burman), 321, 691. 
 
 bale, or ball (Bengali), 370. 
 
 j8aAAajTT7, 206. 
 
 bamia, 274. 
 
 bark (from a kind of tree), 134. 
 
 batis, 473. 
 
 $aros, 134, 171. 
 
 jBarpax'O*/, 293, 296, 434, 503, 531. 
 
 bdlh, ni"rn> &8eAAtov, I. 
 
 PyXWi -59- 
 &€AiAey, 408. 
 bellis, 507. 
 (SeptKOKKia.) 469. 
 bersym, 124. 
 besilleh, 89. 
 beta, 109. 
 bkr, ^n, 14- 
 
1076 
 
 INDEX TO FOREIGN WORDS. 
 
 blatta, 4S2. 
 B\iTov y 282. 
 &o\$iut), 351. 
 fioK&OKcHTTavov, 585. 
 &o\&os, 273, 35°> 494- 
 booza, 93. 
 
 fiovyXitiaaoV) 263, 509. 
 ftovfieMa, 362. 
 fSovvtaS) 320. 
 fiovtydaAfAOV, 310. 
 fiowxXevpoV) 342. 
 
 $OVTO}XQV, l6j. 
 
 br, -)-, or burr, 7S. 
 fipa.filvA.ov, 345. 
 bras (Malay), 79- 3 2 3- 
 ^o0us, 454- 
 britannica, 470. 
 Ppvov, 162, 296, 504. 
 bryt, r^"C- 2 3°- 
 bshm, ^*i"i, 115. 
 btnym, ^1^3. 93* 
 btzlvm, o^bll-' I0 4* 
 bill." or bwl, ^n- 1S6. 
 
 callitriche, 504. 
 
 canaria, 510. 
 
 cantabrica (geographical), 463, 509. 
 
 caricc, 45S. 
 
 casia, 459, 464. 
 
 centunculum, 46 -. 
 
 cerasus, 445. 
 
 cerinthe, 460. 
 
 chaenopadas, 431. 
 
 Xak^auT), 143, 156. 
 
 Xa\KtLos t 359. 
 
 XafJ.a.L@a,TOS, 357. 
 
 ^a^cuSpuy, 364. 
 
 Xa./J.a.iK€pa,(Tos } 398. 
 
 XO-fxaiKiffffos., 491. 
 
 p£a/xaiAea)i>, 31 5- 
 
 Xa.fJ.ai/J.7)\ov, 295, 516. 
 
 XafxanrevKf], 489. 
 
 Xafxanrirvs, 339, 405. 
 
 X&fAat(Tvic7) y 436. 
 
 X&pl(TLOV, 288. 
 
 ^a^ueAata, 406. 
 XeAiSoi'toi', 242, 378, 476. 
 ^oi'SptAA??, 2S1. 
 chrusanthus, 550. 
 Xvptviov, 566. 
 
 XpVffClvdGfXO!/, 295, 3IO. 
 
 Xpv(Toyovov> 4S4. 
 
 XpV&OKOfjiTl, I97. 
 
 Xpvtroi-vAov, 232. 
 cichorium, 2q6. 
 cicuta, 247, 633. 
 cimex, 2S6. 
 cnicon, 161. 
 combretum, 572. 
 condurdum, 504. 
 conferva, 514. 
 consiligo, 472. 
 corylus, 317. 
 
 cow, or ngau (Chinese), 14 
 cracca, 505. 
 
 dactylon, 512. 
 Sacpvr], 32S. 
 SavKos, 342, 471, 472. 
 $e\<pivt0Vy 178, 29% 4S4, 530. 
 St/crajuvos, 290, 317. 
 SKxravdos, 353, 403. 
 8to(T7rupos, 3S". 
 dkhn, yr-[, 79- 
 SoAxxos, 312. 
 ZopvKuioVi 161, 324. 
 dourra, or dhorra, 475. 
 SpajSij, 48 5. 
 
 dracunculus, 499, 51 x. 
 Spanovrtovy 30S, 314, 344- 
 drdr, -n^-|, 2. 
 8po<TLo£ioTavov } 734. 
 
 SpUTTlS, 353. 
 
 Spuo7TTepis, 367. 
 thwthym, --x~1~!> 1I( 5. 
 
 efievos, 306, 34H. 
 echinopode, 508. 
 
 «X<*> 3 6S - 
 
 7jSuo<r/i.os, 190. 
 
 ridvcrapof, 341. 
 
 eAe*w, 295, 433. 
 
 eAam, 73. 
 
 7jAaKaT7j, 231. 
 
 sAacpopoaKOVj 205. 
 
 eAar^, I 23, 367. 
 
 eXarripioi') 249. 
 
 eAaTtvT), 49T. 
 
 eAeio^putros, 35-* 
 
 t}\GKTpov, 270, 305. 
 
 €\e\La(paKov, 287, 290, 436, 510. 
 
 eAtXpuo'w, 223. 
 
 eAiK77, 366, 
 
 7)A:OTpOTnOC, 340, 363. 
 
 eAAejSopii/Tj, 366. 
 eAAe£opos, 153, 235, 574. 
 eAu/xos, 79. 
 eA|(j/7], 206, 491. 
 Tj^uepo/taAAet, 273, 365. 
 Tj/xioiaTts, 176, 5S 1 - 
 
 €fX1T€TpOPy 492. 
 
 evdpvirKov, 272. 
 eTTi^uTjSioe, 485. 
 eTTtTreTpof, 31 ^., 506. 
 67ri0i; ( uoi', 313. 
 Tjpaffle/xoy, 204- 
 sptftiv&os, rS^, 202. 
 €p€iK7j, 25S, ^79. 
 ripiyepwv, I ^2. 
 ep'voy, 337- 
 ep/ioBaKTuAos, 55** 
 ep7rt;AAos, 272. 
 em en, 281. 
 
 Tjpu-nw, 199, 507, 574. 
 
 €pV(TL07}, II9. 
 
 epva-i/xov, 124, 2S8, 340. 
 epuflpoSai'oi', 275, 307, 48S. 
 esculus, 126. 
 eshel, 107. 
 eo-Trepis, 352. 
 
 SVWVVfAOVy 259. 
 
 evirarccpiov, 440. 
 €v(pop^iOU, 467. 
 €v£a>fjLOV } 281, 486. 
 
 fabula, 78. 
 far (Hebrew), 176. 
 farrago, 456. 
 fdn, -pD- 179- 
 ferula, 518. 
 festuca, 395. 
 filix, 480. 
 frasium, 316. 
 fumarfa, 500. 
 
 yaXtotyis, 206. 
 
 yaAAtov, 482. 
 
 garna, or jarna, 196. 
 
 garyophyllon, 514. 
 
 gauze (geographical), 129. 
 
 yeWidtov, 196. 
 
 genista, 86, 16S, 541. 
 
 gentiana, 399. 
 
 yepavioV) 196, 5 00 * 
 
 yjjSvov, 6S. 
 
 geum, 506. 
 
 ghobbeyreh (Egyptian), 97, 211. 
 
 gios, 188. 
 
 yAavKiov, 472. 
 
 7Aai/|, 399. 
 
 yArjXW, T 99- 
 glirarium, 320. 
 
 7AuKupptC«, 3°5> 3°9- 
 
 gml, ;-;j, 105. 
 
 7i'a0aAioy, 46S. 
 
 yoyyas (ideograph., from Ganges?), 
 
 373- 
 yoyyiSiov, 196. 
 yoyyvKtSj 276, 485- 
 yopiWas (Mandingo), 267. 
 gromphaena, 511. 
 gum (Egyptian), 203. 
 guttch, 72. 
 
 hadak, 1S1. 
 
 hal, in Arabic (Burman), (see 
 
 bala,) 321. 
 halus, 409. 
 harmal, 138. 
 hawthorn (Greek), 121. 
 hbni (hieroglyph.), 91. 
 helbeh, 74. 
 hlbne, ftztn* H3- 
 horreyg, 563. 
 hour, 86- 
 hrw], ^-|n> r Si. 
 'ite, n-jn, 7^- 
 
 ] ^vh, nin- 178. 
 
 hyssopum, 633. 
 hzr, -ptn. I0 4- 
 
 taffiwi/Tjs-, 362. 
 lao-irti/, 573. 
 
INDEX TO FOREIGN WORDS. 
 
 IO77 
 
 t$t}pis, 477. 
 
 tSata pifa, 495- 
 
 indicum, 260, 344. 
 
 inula, 461. 
 
 ipts, 255, 290. 
 
 lov (Egyptian), 131, 308, 353, 584. 
 
 t<f>vov, 262. 
 
 nrireXcxpos, 323. 
 
 nnro(pats, 313, 489. 
 
 iirTTo/xav^s, 187. 
 
 iwrrofxapadpop, 294. 
 
 ITTWOUptS, 297, 436, 496. 
 
 warts, 313. 
 urx ai f xot/ > 260. 
 (tr/co (botanical), 187. 
 KToivvpov, 485- 
 wea, 153, 171. 
 t^turjj/, 310. 
 i|os, 186. 
 
 jambo, or scliambu (Malay), 238. 
 jawars (Mahratta), 106. 
 juncus, 209, 255, 400, 472. 
 
 ttaxpvs, 272. 
 
 Kafiuras, 193. 
 
 KayKafxou, 496. 
 
 /cafcaAia, 264. 
 
 tcaxros, 261. 
 
 KahaKavdov, 53S. 
 
 naXafxaypcocTTis, 495* 
 
 KaXaiALvdri, 263, 492. 
 
 Kaka.fj.os, 8S, 151, 304, 369, 379. 
 
 /caA-xaf, 223. 
 
 KafJ.fJ.apov, 292. 
 
 Kai/yaj8ts (Celtic), 77, 486. 
 
 icacpovpas fiorawqs, 733. 
 
 Kan-cos, 205, 500, 503. 
 
 KZITKaptS, Ij9i 4^5- 
 
 /cai//i«:ov, 764- 
 
 Kap^afLov, 94, 426. 
 
 KXp^afXtofJ.ov, 321. 
 
 icapSioporavov, 733. 
 
 KapvafiaSiov, 242. 
 
 icap-jv, 474. 
 
 KapTrrjatov, 518. 
 
 /capj3c(gei»graph.), 116,299, 304,317. 
 
 Kspjj^puWou, 574- 
 
 Kao-o-LTtp-JS (Sanscrit), 80, 182. 
 
 Kxoraveta (geograph.j, 77. 
 
 katira, 11S. 
 
 /cautaAis, 296. 
 
 kau un, 229. 
 
 kdh, H'p- M2. 
 
 K-eavwcos, 360. 
 
 /ce5pos, 12S, 287. 
 
 Ksyxpay, 79* 
 
 Kivravpiov, 236, 290, 360. 
 
 fce0a\a)ro^, 144- 
 
 KEpaaos, 250, 356, 445. 
 
 KqpivBov, 363. 
 
 Keorpov, 608. 
 
 *>?"?, 3 2 3- 33°- 
 
 K(W(, 225. 
 
 Ktvapa, 72. 
 
 Kivuafj.ujfj.01/ (Tamil), 143- 
 
 kivpclv, 495. 
 KtpKaia, 339. 
 Ktpatov, 391. 
 
 KHTO-QS, 2l8. 
 
 Kto-8ov, 282. 
 /«0apa, 322. 
 
 KITptOV, 3II. 
 
 K\r\fj.aTis, 477, 483. 
 
 /cXe^/u5pa, 269. 
 
 K\rj9p7}, 175. 
 
 KX.vfj.cvov (personal), 160. 
 
 kmn, "i?2D» 211. 
 
 kne bshm, 0^3 n;p, 142. 
 
 k^kou, 295, 359 
 
 Ki/ecopov, 207, 364, 365, 464. 
 
 knmvvn, Y|£;p (Tamil), 143. 
 
 f^ufe 379- 
 
 kohl, 108. 
 
 /to/caAtSa tou (Titou, 733. 
 
 Ko/caAoy, 541. 
 
 KOKKVfl7]\OV, 219, 345- 
 
 Ko\x tK01/ > z ^4' 
 
 kolgas, 373. 
 
 Ko\oiTia, 355. 
 
 /coAo/caaia, 373. 
 
 KoXoKwrtf, 137. 
 
 k6KokuvBis, or /roAoKuj'Sa aAelai'- 
 
 5p^i7, 253. 
 KoAouTea, 25S- 
 KOfiapos, 102, 378. 
 Kwveiov, 291, 358- 
 koviXt), 318. 
 
 icowfi;, 2ii, 254, 343, 464, 525. 
 Kopiavvov, 141. 
 
 KO/HS, 286, 308. 
 KOpKOpOS, 200. 
 
 /co/wj/o7roys (trans.fr. Arabic), 352. 
 Koo-fj.oo~avQ'aKov i 178, 273. 
 
 KOO-TOS, 320, 549- 
 KOTLVOS, I9I. 
 /C0TL»Al]5ct>I/, 34 1 ; 488. 
 
 kpr. -|Dr» lS 9- 
 
 Kpafx&T), 434, 490. 
 
 Kpaveta, 1 34, 171. 
 
 Kparafyos, 247. 
 
 Kparaioyovov, 342. 
 
 Kprjiris, 361. 
 
 /cpivos, 99, 129, 173, 17S, 273, 274. 
 
 KpivQov, 363. 
 
 KpiOfXOS, 294, 510. 
 
 krkm, DD"C< ^9 
 
 «:pu,i:o56iAioj/, 433, 53°- 
 
 Kpo/cos, 115. 35 J » 393- 5 12 - 
 
 Kpofj.fJ.va, 104. 
 
 krps, D5"D> or karpas (Bengalee) 
 
 215. 
 kthe, nip, H 2 - 
 ktzyowt, n" k_1 -p' *93- 
 Kva.fj.os, 89, in, 1S3. 
 Kvavos, 434* 
 KVKKafxivos, 163, 379. 
 
 KVflWOV, 211, 3O7, 4O3. 
 
 Kvvapa y 382. 
 KvvoyKwo'o'os, 4^4* 
 KU^aj7ros, 365. 
 Kvi/oo-jSaTOS, 14S- 
 Kvwap ttraos, 128. 
 
 KVWEtpOS, I73, 209, 224, 472. 
 
 KVTrpos, 189. 
 kusa (Sanscrit), 238. 
 KUTtcos 1 , 217. 
 kwtz, -pp, 2. 
 kykywn, ^^p'np, 229. 
 kymwsh, and kmsn, ciDp* Ittltt^pj 
 and D-OE?Dp> J 82. 
 
 lactuca (transl. Arabic), 563. 
 
 \ayojirvpos, 315. 
 
 lamium, 509. 
 
 \afv\iavtj, 455. 
 
 XairaQov, 262, 365, 377, 447, 470. 
 
 lappa, 147, 453. 
 
 larix (German), 424. 
 
 hadvpts, 471. 
 
 Kadvpos, 220. 
 
 lbnh, n:n-' iro > lI ^ 
 
 lebakh, 115. 
 Xffb'avQV, 118. 
 
 Xetxw, 43 6 > 5H- 
 
 XzifLcavia, 258, 359. 
 
 Xcipiov, 120, 350, 376. 
 
 Ae^a, 35 1 * 
 
 KsovrLKf), 264. 
 
 AeocT07reTaAoi', 265- 
 
 AeTrtSioc, 473. 
 
 leucographis, 508. 
 
 XevxaKapda, 359. 
 
 Aev/CTj, 96. 
 
 AevKOiov, 308, 350. 
 
 \if3avos, HO. 
 
 Aij3avcuTOS-, 346. 
 
 lien-hoa (Chinese), hi. 
 
 Kiyvo-TiKov (geographical), 474, 530. 
 
 ligustrum, 460. 
 
 lilium, 130, 558. 
 
 Kivav (Celtic), 44, 100, 501. 
 
 \ivo(o)0-rts, 139. 
 
 lipa (Slavonic), 214, 227. 
 
 Aoyx iTiS » 494> 496- 
 
 lonh, n:3>> 2 °3- 
 
 \a>ros, III, 172, 214, 274, 338, 442. 
 
 Kv X vis, 215, 232, 257. 
 
 Iuffah, 553. 
 
 Kvyos, 144- 
 
 XvKatyov, 404. 
 
 Kvkiov, 393, 446. 
 
 hvKOirtpo-tov, 530. 
 
 Au/co^ocas, 203. 
 
 Autn^axioc (personal), 372. 
 
 lutum, 457. 
 
 Iwph, cpV, 553. 
 
 hvz, 7i;, 116. 
 
 fxayvriTis, 279, 302. 
 jUOKep, 394. 
 malabathrum, 444- 
 fjioKaxn, 105, 1S7, 34S, 353* 
 fjitXayKpawas, 201. 
 malundrum, 504. 
 fj.afj.r}pa, 5S6 
 juaySpayopou, 247. 
 fxapadpov, 261. 
 mariscon, 255. 
 
I07S 
 
 INDEX TO FOREIGN WORDS. 
 
 fiapov, 364, 477. 
 marrubium, 463. 
 mausoleum (personal), 312. 
 fiafa, 188. 
 fiddlier}, 258. 
 /x7]Stov t 490. 
 fXTjKui/, 182, 196. 
 f^kafxirvpou, 353. 
 fiekeaypts, 270, 475. 
 /xskta, 169 
 nielica, 475. 
 
 fxekikcoros, 146, 174, 213, 221, 271. 
 
 fxektwr), 79. 
 
 /lekiaaotpukkou, 363. 
 
 pekifapos, 405. 
 
 /xrjkov, 177. 
 
 /A7)\ov firfSiKov, 311. 
 
 fn]uavdos t 362. 
 
 w. 396- 
 
 fA€(TTrt\0V, 20I, 219, 356. 
 
 fj.Li/6-q, 1 90, 227, 242. 
 
 mlwh, nib^- 2 3&- 
 
 #wAu, 13S. 
 
 fxopov, 25S. 
 
 mou-tan (Chinese), 544. 
 
 mr, -j-^, and -n^, 14-. 
 
 miTvm, ^n-)"; - ^ 140. 
 
 juuia, 1S1. 
 
 fivK7)Tos, 155, 279. 
 
 mucor, 475. 
 
 fxvwip, 337. 
 
 juuos aira, 479. 
 
 ftuoupov, 551. 
 
 uvpiKi), 74, 318. 
 
 fjLVplO(pvA\OV, 4O9. 
 fAVpoAOTOS, 33S. 
 
 M"PP«> 357, 5°°- 
 murva (Sanscrit), 95. 
 
 vaipoy, 348. 
 
 naphri (Egyptian), 534. 
 
 ca7ru, 246. 
 
 nardjis, 166. 
 
 j/ctpSos (Persian), 150, 220, 26^, 321, 
 
 471, 496. 
 vapxiffaos, 1O6, 271, 350, 470. 
 vaprri. 336. 
 papdrjKia, 357. 
 vapQ-ql-, 127, 156,358, 498. 
 va<TKa<pdov, 497. 
 nasturtium, 94, 479. « 
 n ati tea, 439. 
 nclr, ^r-;, vtrpop, 181. 
 yeirei'tfes, 176. 
 nepeta, 475, 520. 
 notzwtz, ■!-■;">■;, 211. 
 nrd, ti;, 150. 
 
 ojxos, 311. 
 
 odontitis, 519. 
 
 odsh, or ithsh, ^HIP (Egyptian), 46. 
 
 oivavBn, 241, 351, 357. 
 
 otvodypa, 357. 
 
 otcrua, I 53. 
 
 o/cj/AoeiSejj 490. 
 
 witifxov, 292. 
 
 oAoo'xoiws', 297. 
 okoarzov, 486. 
 
 OVrfTtS, 406. 
 
 oyoTru^os, 360. 
 o<ptoffKopo8ov } 145. 
 ophrys, 512. 
 
 OWITIOW, 350- 
 
 oiroTrava£, 1 58. 
 
 opulus, 456. 
 
 °PX<s, 502. 
 
 opsoaekivov, 205, 358. 
 
 opiyavov, 262, 318, 364, 406. 
 
 opfuvov, 162. 
 
 oputdos yaka, 6S5. 
 
 opoPayxv, 355. 435- 
 opo£os, 193, 355. 
 oror, "iy^j, or arar, 230. 
 opu£a (Malay), 79, 323. 
 oschar, 330. 
 ovrpta., 335. 
 
 OffTpUS, 2I4. 
 
 oQovva. 434. 
 
 o£aA.i5-, 365. 
 
 ofua, 1 68. 
 
 o^volkclvQci, I4S, 356, 500. 
 
 o^vfiupaivri, 316. 
 
 Q^V<pOLVlKQV, 516. 
 
 °£ utr X on/0S > 2 55- 
 
 irayKpamov, 494- 
 7raiSepajy, 302. 
 Traiwuia, 81. 
 
 pala, or pila (Tamul), 330. 
 irakioupus, 27S, 426. 
 7rai-affes a&Kkrjiriov, T 56. 
 7ravo[Kes x^ l 9 WVi0V i 1&2- 
 TravaK€5 r}pa,Kk€iov, 15S. 
 TrayraSoutra, 360. 
 TrapSaAiayx 65 ' 2 9-- 
 7rapoi/ux fa . 4S6. 
 irapQeviov, 276, 2Q^, 336. 
 pastinaca, 471, 474. 
 irriyavov, 246, 271, ^2^, 526. 
 7reAeK(i'0J' l 341. 
 ttgvt a<pvkkov, 2S<"), ^1 ;,. 
 7re7repi (Malay), JO<\ ^44. 
 7re7T€ poKVjxivov, 6S3. 
 7re7rAior, 306. 
 7re7rAiy, 306. 
 7re7rAos, 319- 
 TTtpSlKlOU, 276, 36T. 
 
 irepLKAvjASvov, 160. 
 TrepnrXoKada, 206. 
 vepiffTepeava, 225, 253, 433. 
 TrepKTj, 503. 
 7repo"6a, 1 1 5. 
 irtptTiKa, 327. 
 petilio, 1 S9 
 petroselinum, 466. 
 7reu^77, t6S, 367. 
 irevKtSavov, 294. 
 Tre^s, 368. 
 <partO€i8es, 520. 
 <patcos, 46, 163. 
 <paAa - yy<o*/, 494. 
 (paAapis, 496. 
 
 (paarj^os, or (paatokov, 89, 202. 
 
 <pa(Ttavos, 286. 
 
 <pa<TKOV, 290, 367. 
 
 cpriyos, 126. 
 
 <pekkos, 256. 
 
 (pikaSektyov, 411. 
 
 cptkupij, 227. 
 
 phkowd, m;?pt> x 94- 
 
 <£Aea>s, 287. 
 
 (pKofios, 272, 2S4. 
 
 *Ao|, 353 
 
 0otvi|, 207, 262, 264, 304, 330, 427. 
 
 0ow, 440, 530. 
 
 (pi/K05, I73, 236, 3I9, 335, 368, 496. 
 
 <puht7), or (pikvpea, 184, 354- 
 4>uAW, 354, 357, 407. 
 7T(ftrp(j, 324, 501. 
 
 TVMTOV, 2~6Z. 
 
 ■n-KTTaKi (Persian), 327. 
 irkaravunos, 1 57- 
 irkaravos, I 57. 
 
 TTOk€fJ,Ci}VLOV, 439- 
 TTOktOV, 169. 
 
 TTOkvaKCLvdoS, 239, 360. 
 
 TToAu-yaAot 1 , 4S7. 
 Tvokvyovarov, 495- 
 TToAuyoj/oi/, 393- 
 irokvKapirou, I 58, 342. 
 
 TT0kvKU7)fX0V, 34j- 
 
 7roAu7roSiOi/, 344. 
 portulaca, 244. 
 potamogeton, 472. 
 iroT7]piov, 302. 
 
 7TO0OS, 352. 
 
 irpaaiov, 316- 
 irpaao/xokoxo-, 6S3. 
 wpacrov, 144. 
 i//eu5o£Wtoi/, 435. 
 i^euSoSi^TajUi/os, 317. 
 i|/euSoKao"ja, 431. 
 i/'iaflos, 68. 
 \PopoxopTois, 379. 
 psyllion, 197. 
 irTapfxtKT), 4S8. 
 irreAea, 171, 366. 
 irrepis, I 23. 
 irupedpov, 390. 
 7rupos (Hebrew), 78. 
 7ru£os, 171. 
 pwl, V^r, 78. 
 pyrus (Celtic), 109. 
 
 radix, 473. 
 
 pa/ivos, 161, 1,6^, 491. 
 
 ramus, 47. 
 
 pa<pavtS) 207. 
 
 pa<pavos, 242, 352. 
 
 rapum, 276. 
 
 rash and rwsh, ^-^n and E"H> 2 03- 
 
 rododaphne, ^^ 
 
 p-nou, 3S9, 530, 550. 
 
 reseda, 504. 
 
 ricinus, 225. 
 
 rmwn, y^i (Egyptian), 41. 
 
 poSia, 487. 
 
 poUoKtaaos, 378. 
 
INDEX TO FOREIGN WORDS. 
 
 IO79 
 
 po5oi>, 150, 304, 324. 
 povs (Egyptian), 290. 
 rtm, fcpi-i, 178, 236. 
 ruscum, 316. 
 pvrpos, 360. 
 
 sabina (geographical), 454. 
 sadj (Mahratta), 244. 
 aayaTnp/ou, 342. 
 
 (Ta.K%apov, or sugar (Tamil), 267. 
 saliunca (Celtic), 459. 
 
 (TO.U.O.KI, 259. 
 
 crap-avaioi, 541. 
 
 samolus, 508. 
 
 aavTaXov (Hindustanee), 386. 
 
 sapo, 503. 
 
 trapBaviov, 183. 
 
 trap/co/coAAa, 480. 
 
 (7at7a.fj.0iy 223. 
 
 satureia, 470. 
 
 aarvpiov, 351, 483. 
 
 aa^uppayov, 599. 
 
 scandulacia, 547. 
 
 secale (Celtic), 513. 
 
 o-xeSmt, 343 
 
 o-X'poj, 275. 
 
 (7xowos, 204, 284, 297. 
 
 scirpus, 388. 
 
 scordotin, 440, 510. 
 
 a-iKrjvoavTjdajUy 779. 
 
 creXivuv, 155, 172, 484. 
 
 <77ip.voa, 354. 
 
 sena, 139. 
 
 senega (aborig. American), 768. 
 
 a-eptSa, 256, 257, 281. 
 
 (rrjpiKa, 195 
 
 ffT](7ap.iva |uA.a, 573. 
 
 0"7jcrajUoei5es, 234, 486. 
 
 <recr6\i, 296, 307, 321, 342, 371, 4 
 
 sesuvium, 439. 
 
 aevrKov, 109. 
 
 shhid, rims, 144- 
 shmyr, -|ittc 2 3°- 
 shyh, nift '■ 
 triBrjpn-is, 158, 339, 487- 
 
 (Ti/CUOS, 229. 
 
 silaus, 507. 
 siler, 460. 
 aiXMKvirpiutv, 225. 
 o-i\(pwv, 228, 326. 
 (7t\vf3oy, 448. 
 
 sinapi, 246, 432, 501, 504. 
 cnov, I75> 248. 
 <Ti(Tapov, 261. 
 
 (TlffO!/, 32O. 
 
 <7H7vp.Ppi.ov, 242, 317, 376. 
 
 <ri(riipi7X""'> 35°- 
 (TITOS, yS. 
 airraKos, 5°4- 
 o-KcwSif, 265. 
 trxiWa, 233, 243, 494. 
 
 <7KO\VpLOS, 187- 
 (7K0pSl0V, 317. 
 
 ffKopooa, 145- 
 CKOptriottots, 4°3- 
 axopTnov, 292, 355, 358, 507. 
 
 a-p-apaySor, 573. 
 0-jUiA.af, IOI, 129, 148, 174. 
 opvpva, 142. 
 ffpvpviov, 250, 397. 
 snh, n^Ci x 39- 
 <xc>7x oy > ID 5) 2 ^6, 490. 
 sont (Egyptian), 48. 
 sorba, 505. 
 cr7rccAa£, 361. 
 anapyavtov, 495. 
 cnrapTov, 1 68, 465. 
 ffjretpaia, 362. 
 sphaeri, 352. 
 (T(paK€\os, 364. 
 (7(paKov, 272, 287. 
 <7<ptvoap.vos, 271, 354. 
 a~(povh'v\iov, 480. 
 cT7royyos, 182. 
 (TTaX"s, 324, 510, 530. 
 CTa(pis aypia, 293. 
 (7ra(pv\Lvos, 190, 358. 
 statice, 510. 
 
 <7T0l$r}, 202. 
 
 o-Toixas (geographical), 466. 
 (7TpaTioiTtKf], 4S8. 
 (7rpofSi\ov, 652. 
 VTpvxvos, 184, 504- 
 (7Tpv9iov, 288, 353, 504. 
 
 (TTvpaKa, 117. 
 
 (rvKapivos, 106, 258. 
 
 cri»K7f, 2, 366. 
 
 sumarus, or seamar (Celtic), 557. 
 
 Gvptpurov, 346. 
 
 t"p]D?2"10> (7vp(po>via (Chaldaic), 199. 
 
 tpo. sw P h . I3°- 
 
 to\o (Sanscrit), 347, 369. 
 tane, n:»D> 2 - 
 tao (Chinese), 192. 
 tarum, 515. 
 ravpe\e(pas, 277, 564. 
 ravpos, 14- 
 teda, 455. 
 teil, 203. 
 r-qKitpiov, 341. 
 Ttrptyyovpov, 533. 
 repc$iii6os, 93- 
 eepjuos, 202, 301, 355. 
 TeT/jaywi'io, 250. 
 TerpaAif, 359. 
 TevKpiov, 176, 364. 
 
 TtVThOV, 366. 
 
 SaKiKTpov, 4S4. 
 
 flaifia (geographical), 283. 
 
 tharkhun, 283. 
 
 deiov, 1S2. 
 
 6riKv(poyoy, 160, 292. 
 
 Qriffeiov, 166. 
 
 fl\a<77ri, 293, 432, 530. 
 
 thought (Egyptian), 13. 
 
 flpiSaica, 222, 361. 
 
 flpuaAAis, 2S7. 
 
 BvpPpa, 279. 
 
 6up.€\ata, 208. 
 
 Sup-CX/, 2S0, 574. 
 
 euov, 155. 
 
 thwr, -j-|pt, 14. 
 
 Ti0up.a\os, 89, 273, 311, 313, 354, 493. 
 
 tinus, 32S. 
 
 tippula, 394. 
 
 TOptivhlOV, 404. 
 
 toxicum (Greek), 161. 
 tpwkh, rncr. 181. 
 
 rpayaKavOa, 325, 327. 
 Tpct7io^, 196, 434. 
 rpayoiTuiyoVy 361. 
 rpayos, 218. 
 Tpi/3oAus, 133, 286, 294. 
 rpwpxts, 574- 
 Tpi(pv\Xov, 270, 473, 479. 
 TaavSavav (Sanscrit), 573. 
 rpixop-aves, 251. 
 
 TpiTTOXlOV, 492. 
 
 rpoiy€s, 292. 
 rpvnavov, 306. 
 TucpTj, 349. 
 
 twkyym, fli-orii an< l D^^ID (Ta- 
 mil), 147. 
 rfcy-ya, 576. 
 tzphtzph, nDSCX. 2 3^- 
 tzry, i-(S, 118. 
 
 uard (Egyptian), 150. 
 
 vaKivQos, 177, 460. 
 
 vfivov, 260. 
 
 vopapyvpos (trans, fr. Chinese), 291. 
 
 vopOTrtirtpi, 492. 
 
 ulva, 461. 
 
 vocKvapos, 159, 480, 49 1 - 
 
 virepiKov, 288, 394- 
 
 u7roxo(pty, 361. 
 
 u7ro/aaTis, 43^- 
 
 urus, or ovpos (French), 135, 454. 
 
 v<r(7wiros t 343. 
 
 vaccinium, 459. 
 velam (French), 409 
 veratrum, 234 
 verbascum, 463. 
 verbena, 225, 371. 
 verrucaria, 340. 
 viburnum, 459. 
 vicia, 89, 
 virtue (Egyptian), 142. 
 
 ^avBiov, 147- 
 
 |t<plGJ, 200. 
 
 £v«. 35' ■ 
 
 yansoun, 248. 
 yeou (Chinese), 216 
 
 zakkum, 410. 
 (si, or £eia, 176. 
 zingiber, 260. 
 zizyphus, 104. 
 j>(TT7)pa, 319. 
 (vyta, 354, 388. 
 (vyis, 376- 
 zyt, mT> 73- 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Aahmes, or Amasis, king of Egypt, 103. 
 
 Aahmes II., or Amasis, king of Egypt, 237, 249. 
 
 Aahotep, mother of king Amasis, 106. 
 
 Aaron, Jewish high-priest, 130, 149. 
 
 Aaron ben Elia of Nicomedia, Karaite Jewish writer, 
 
 782. 
 Aaron of Britain, Christian martyr, 545. 
 Abas, king of Argos, 151, 153. 
 Abbo, astronomer, 655. 
 Abbot, John, naturalist in Carolina, 1050. 
 Abd, joint ruler of Oman, 600. 
 
 Abd-al Cuvvy Ben Shedad, Persian medical writer, 791. 
 Abd-alkader, Arab writer, 897. 
 Abd-allatif, Arab writer, 446, 723. 
 Abdas, bishop of Suza in Persia, 562. 
 Abdastratus, Phoenician king, 185. 
 Abd-el Aziz Khan, thirty-third Turkish sultan, 107 1. 
 Abd-el-Hamid, twenty-eighth Turkish sultan, 1034, 
 
 1043. 
 Abd-el-Medjid, thirty-second Turkish sultan, 106S, 
 
 1071. 
 Abd-el-Melek, fifth Ommiad khalif, 612-14. 
 Abdemon of Tyre, 1S0. 
 Abd-er-Razzak, Khorassun envoy, 817. 
 Abdhaa, tobba of Yemen, 542. 
 Abd-Kelal, Christian tobba of Yemen, 542. 
 Abdulmelik, fifth Samani king of Bactria, 655. 
 Abeba, Egyptian military officer, 74. 
 Abel, son of Adam, 3. 
 
 Abelard, Petrus, of Brittany, theologian, 687. 
 Abe-no Omi, Japanese admiral, 607. 
 Abha-tissa, king of Ceylon, 536, 53S. 
 Abhijit, Hindu king, 651. 
 Abhimanya, Tartar king of Cashmere, 411. 
 Abiasa, chief of the Hindu colony on Java, 570-72. 
 Abiasaph, or Ebiasaph, son of Korah, 146. 
 Abibal, Phoenician king, 179. 
 Abijah, or Abijam, king of Judah, 188, 191. 
 Abimeleck, son of Jerubbaal, 160. 
 Abishua, Jewish high-priest, 152. 
 Ablai, Calmuck prince, 792. 
 Aboo-Du-ad, Arab poet, 576. 
 Abraha, second Abyssinian governor of Yemen, 577, 
 
 58S. 
 Abraham, the patriarch, 103. 
 Abraham Abulafiaben Samuel, or Raziel, Jewish kab- 
 
 balistic writer, 752. 
 Abraham ben Ami, Arab writer, 629. 
 
 Abraham ben Chijja of Spain, Jewish astronomer, 684. 
 Abraham ben David of Spain, Jewish writer, 703. 
 Abraham de Kaslar, of Catalonia, Jewish medical 
 
 writer, 782. 
 Abraham Ibn Sahl, Arab writer, 723. 
 Abu Abdallah ben Khalif, 651. 
 Abubekr, first khalif, 601. 
 Abubekr, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 785. 
 Abu Hafsa, Jezid, Jewish physician, 601. 
 Abu Hanifa, Arab botanist, 644. 
 Abu'l Abbas, first Abbassid khalif, 620. 
 Abulafia, Meir, Jewish grammarian, 723. 
 Abu'l Barakat, Muslim missionary, 786. 
 Abu'lbaka Bedri, Arab writer, 831. 
 Abul Fatleh Lodi, Muslim ruler of Multan, 665. 
 Abu'l Fawaris, governor of Egypt, 656. 
 Abulfeda, Arab geographer, 775. 
 Abul Hasan, sultan of Ghazni, 676-77. 
 Abu'lkasem, or Abulcasis, Arab medical writer, 6S4. 
 Abu'lkasim of Balkh, Arab writer on Hindustan, 646. 
 Abul Rashid, sultan of Ghazni, 677. 
 Abul-Ryhan, or Albiruni of Byrun, 669. 
 Abu'l Salt Omaya, Arab medical writer, 703. 
 Abu Obeidah, Muslim general, 601-2. 
 Abu Obeydeh, Arab grammarian, 624. 
 Abu Saher, Arab botanist, 619. 
 Abu Sa'id, translator of the Bible, 684. 
 Abu Yazid Muhammed ben Yazid, Arab traveller, 647. 
 Abuzeid, Arab geographer, 5S6, 642. 
 Abu Zeyd, Arab grammarian, 624. 
 Abyan, Cahtan ruler of Yemen, 259. 
 Acacius, bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, 548, 552. 
 Acacius, bishop of Constantinople, 56S. 
 Acamapitzin, first Mexican emperor, 790, 797. 
 Acastus, second archon of Athens, 191. 
 Accursius, jurist, 718 
 Acestor, Greek tragic poet, 281. 
 Achaeus, leader of a Greek colony, 120. 
 Achaeus, Greek tragic poet, 268. 
 Achan, or Achar, 149. 
 Acharius, Erich, Swedish botanist, 1055. 
 Aches, king of Egypt, 66. 
 
 Achillas, seventeenth bishop of Alexandria, 546. 
 Achilles, Greek warrior, 170. 
 Achilleus, insurgent chief in Egypt, 544. 
 Achmed Abu'l Fetah, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 825. 
 Achmed.or Achmet, sixteenth Turkish sultan, 923, 935. 
 Achmed II., twenty-second Turkish sultan, 989, 991. 
 
io8: 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Achmed III., twenty-fourth Turkish sultan, 997, 1010. 
 
 Achthoes, or Ahthoes, king of Egypt, 76. 
 
 Ackbar, emperor of Northern Hindustan, S91. 
 
 Acosta, Christopha, botanist, 902. 
 
 Acosta, Joseph, naturalist in Spanish America, 909. 
 
 Acrazanes, or Anacyndaraxes, Assyrian emperor, 198. 
 
 Acrisius, king of Argos, 153, 155. 
 
 Acropolites, scholastic Greek writer, 752. 
 
 Actaeus, king of Attica, 126. 
 
 Actor, Placidus, pharmacologist, 629. 
 
 Aculfe, traveller and bishop, 571. 
 
 Acunna, Ruy Nunez de, 861. 
 
 Acusilaus, Greek historian, 244. 
 
 Aczopil, first Toltec king of Guatemala, 649. 
 
 Adaeus, Greek writer, 396. 
 
 Adah, wife of L^mech, 3. 
 
 Adam, 2, 755. 
 
 Adam, Michael, of Germany, translator of Hebrew, 881;. 
 
 Adams, Charles Francis, American ambassador to 
 
 England, 1071. 
 Adams, John, American statesman and president, 
 
 1039, 1050. 
 Adams, Samuel, American statesman, 1032. 
 Adamus Bremensis, theologian, 680. 
 Adanson, Michael, botanist in Senegal, 1020, 1026. 
 Addison, Joseph, English poet and critic, 997. 
 Adelard or Athelard, of Bath, mathematician, 708 
 Adelmannus of Bnxen, theologian, 675. 
 Adeodatus, twelfth Roman archbishop, 610-11. 
 Adeser, Sassanid king of Persia, 600. 
 Adetya, king in Burmah, 517. 
 Adhed, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 709, 713. 
 Adjatasatru, Hindu king, 240, 251. 
 Adrian, Ishmaelite ancestor of Mohammed, 407. 
 Ado Yiennensis, historian, 042. 
 Ado of Treves, theologian, 6S0. 
 Adolphus of Nassau, eighteenth emperor of Germany 
 
 and Italy, 762. 
 Adrastus, king of Argos and Sicyon, 164. 
 Adrianus of Tyre, Greek rhetor, 533. 
 Adrianus, see Hadrianus. 
 Aeantides, Greek tragic poet, 370. 
 Aechmis, king of Arcadia, 212. 
 Aedesius, Neo-Platonist philosopher, 547. 
 Aedilfrid, king of Northumbria in Britain, 597. 
 Aeetes, king of Colchis, 160. 
 Aegeus, king of Attica, 164. 
 Aegialeus, first king of Sicyon, 107. 
 Aegidius, 609. 
 
 Aegidius Romanus, scholastic theologian, 752. 
 Aeizanas, Abyssinian king, ^48. 
 Aelfric, Anglo-Saxon writer, 665. 
 Aelianus, Roman naturalist, 527. 
 Aelianus Tacticus, Greek military writer, 519. 
 Aelius Lanuvinus, Roman grammarian, 434. 
 Acmilianus, Quintus, 814. 
 Aemilianus, Roman general, 533. 
 Aemilianus, Roman general in Egypt, 540. 
 Aemilianus, Roman emperor, 539. 
 Aemilius Paulus, L., Roman general and consul, 400. 
 Aeneas, Sylvius, see Pius II. 
 Aeneas, Trojan warrior, [74. 
 Aepytus, seventh king of Arcadia, 151. 
 Aepytus II., king of Arcadia, 180. 
 Aeschines, Greek orator, 312, 321. 
 Aeschines, Greek philosopher, 299. 
 
 Aeschines of Miletus, Greek rhetor, 446. 
 
 Aeschrion, Greek poet, 337. 
 
 Aeschylus, Athenian archon, 207, 212. 
 
 Aeschylus, Greek tragic poet, 258. 
 
 Aeschylus of Cnidus, Greek rhetor, 434. 
 
 Tisewine, first king of Essex, 590. 
 
 Aesimides, Athenian archon, 212. 
 
 Aeson, Aeolian chief, 162. 
 
 Aesop, Greek fabulist, 237. 
 
 j^Ethelbryht, king uf Kent, 592, 599. 
 
 Aetheldryth, queen and abbess in Britain, 610-11. 
 
 Aethra, mother of Theseus, 169. 
 
 Aetion, Greek painter, 370. 
 
 Aetius, early Christian writer, 551. 
 
 Aetius, Greek medical writer, 574. 
 
 Aetius, Roman general, 565-66. 
 
 Africanus, Julius, of Palestine, early Christian chro- 
 
 nographer, 536. 
 Afzelius, Adam, Swedish botanist, 10.54. 
 Agamede, Greek pharmacologist, 157. 
 Agamemnon, leader at Troy and Argive king, 167, 176. 
 Agamestor, Athenian archon, 204, 207. 
 Agapetus, Greek writer, 571. 
 Agapetus, fifty-fifth bishop of Rome, 576. 
 Agapetus II., sixty-fifth Roman archbishop, 652, 655. 
 Agapius, Greek philosopher, 571. 
 Agapius of Crete, modern Greek writer, 948. 
 Agardh, C. A., cryptogamic botanist, 1061. 
 Agastya, Sanscrit poet, 592, 616. 
 
 Agatharchides of Cnidos, Greek geographer, 424, 426. 
 Ayathias, Greek historian, 584, 585. 
 Agatho, fourteenth Roman archbishop, 611-12. 
 Agathocles, Greek king of Sicily, 346. 
 Agathon, Greek tragic poet, 231, 377. 
 Agelius, early Christian writer, 552. 
 Agenor, son of Triopas, 127. 
 Agesander. Greek sculptor, 325. 
 
 Agc.silaus, sixth king of Sparta in the Agid line, 198,202. 
 Agesilaus II., Proclid king of Sparta, 301, 302, 312. 
 Agc.silaus III., Proclid king of Sparta, 318. 
 Aghastier, Hindu medical writer, 566. 
 Agis, king of Sparta, 191. 
 Aglaophon, Greek painter, 2S1. 
 Agnivahu, Hindu king, 639. 
 Agricola, Genrgius, S72. 
 Agricola, Pelagian Christian, 553, 565. 
 Agricola, Roman governor of Britain, 515-17. 
 Agricola, Rudolphus, restorer of learning in Germanv, 
 
 831. 
 Agrippa Castor, early Christian writer, 526. 
 Agrippa, Cornelius, of Cologne, S58. 
 Agrippa, M.Vipsanius, Roman general and consul, 461. 
 Agrippa, tetrarch of Galilee, 47S, 479. 
 Agrippa the younger, governor of Judaea, 4S1, 4S2. 
 Agrippina, mother of" Nero, 482-S3. 
 Agron, first king of Lydia, 148. 
 Ahab, seventh king of Israel, 193. 
 Ahala, Q. Serviiius, Roman dictator, 31S. 
 Ahaz, king of Judah, 213. 
 Ahaziali, king of Israel, 194. 
 Ahaziah, king of Judah, 195. 
 Ahijah, Jewish prophet, 1S0. 
 
 Ahmed el Muzaffcr, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 811. 
 Ahmed, ninth Bahmani king of the Deccan, Si I. 
 Ahmed Shah, second Muslim king of Guzerat, S02, 
 
 813,817. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 I08 3 
 
 Ahnaf ben Kais, Muslim general, 604. 
 
 Aholiab, Jewish artisan, 136. 
 
 Ahrun, Syrian medical writer, 586, 603. 
 
 Ahudi Maymon, African chief, 819. 
 
 Ahiiitzotl, eighth Mexican emperor, 842, 845, 859. 
 
 Ai, king of Egypt, 120. 
 
 Aidan, bishop of the Scots, 605. 
 
 Aimon of Fleury, historian, 664. 
 
 Ainslie, writer on Hindu materia medica, 1059. 
 
 Aione, Lombard chief, 553. 
 
 Aisin Gioro, founder of the Mandchou kingdom, 759. 
 
 Aistulph, Lombard king, 620. 
 
 Aiton, William, English botanist, 1043. 
 
 Aiton, Wm. T., English botanist, 1058. 
 
 Ajax, Greek warrior, 177. 
 
 Aji Jaya Baya, king of Java. 628. 
 
 Aji Saka, leader of a colony to Java, 543. 
 
 Akbar. emperor of Northern Hindustan, 897, 924. 
 
 Alaadin, sultan of Delhi, 765. 
 
 Alaparus, king of Babylon, 76. 
 
 Alanus, scholastic theologian, 765. 
 
 Alaric, king of the Goths, 554, 558, 561, 613. 
 
 Alaric II., king of the Goths, 569, 572. 
 
 Ala-u-din Ghori, sultan of Ghor and Ghazni, 708. 
 
 Ala-u-din Masaud, seventh sultan of Delhi, 736. 
 
 Ala-u-din, twelfth sultan'of Delhi, 762, 764, 766, 774. 
 
 Alban, first Christian martyr in Britain, 545. 
 
 Albategni, Arab mathematician, 642-43. 
 
 Albertet, Provencal poet and mathematician, 752. 
 
 Albertini, J. B. von, botanist, 1055. 
 
 Albertus de Saxonia, botanist, 765. 
 
 Albertus Krantzius, 858. 
 
 Albertus Magnus, naturalist, 741, 751-52, 756. 
 
 Albertus of Austria, nineteenth emperor of Germany 
 and Italy, 765, 767. 
 
 Albertus II. of Austria, twenty-sixth emperor of Ger- 
 many and Italy, 815. 
 
 Albinovanus, Pedo, Roman poet, 467. 
 
 Albinus, A. Posthumius, Roman consul and historian, 
 400. 
 
 Albinus, Clodius, Roman general, 533. 
 
 Albirunius, Arab geographer, 664. 
 
 Alboin, king of the Lombards, 586. 
 
 Albucasis, Arab alcoholic distiller, 703. 
 
 Albumasar, Arab astronomer, 629. 
 
 Albuquerque, Alfonso de, Portuguese admiral, 861-62. 
 
 Alcaeus, Argive king, 163. 
 
 Alcaeus, Greek poet, 234. 
 
 Alcaeus, Greek comic poet, 303. 
 
 Alcaeus of Messene, Greek poet, 389. 
 
 Alcamenes, ninth Agid king of Sparta, 207, 213. 
 
 Alciatus, Andr., jurist, 872. 
 
 Alcibiades, Greek general and statesman, 288, 291. 
 
 Alcidamidas, leader of a Greek colony, 214. 
 Alcimus, Roman rhetor, 548. 
 
 Alcmaeon, Athenian archon, 212* 
 Alcman, Greek poet, 222. 
 
 Alcuinus, or Albinus, of England, theologian, 621. 
 
 Alcvone, priestess of Juno at Argos, 154. 
 
 Aldhelm, or Ealdhelm, Saxon bishop of Sherborn, 614. 
 
 Aldini, Tobias, Italian botanist, 943. 
 
 Aldrovandus, Ulysses, naturalist, 890. 
 
 Aldus Manutius of Venice, printer, 858. 
 
 Aletes, king of Corinth, 186. 
 
 Alexander, king of Epirus. 325, 328. 
 
 Alexander, king of Macedonia, 256, 266. 
 
 Alexander III. Magnus, king of Macedonia, 322. 337. 
 
 Alexander IV., Macedonian prince, 337. 
 
 Alexander Aegus, Macedonian prince, 345. 
 
 Alexander of Aetolia, Greek tragic poet, 370. 
 
 Alexander Bala, Greek king of Syria, 401-2. 
 
 Alexander of Cotiaeum, Greek grammarian, 526. 
 
 Alexander of Damascus, peripatetic philosopher, 529. 
 
 Alexander of Paphlagonia, founder of an oracle, 529. 
 
 Alexander of Cilicia, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 
 Alexander of Aphrodisias, Greek commentator, 534. 
 
 Alexander Severus, see Severus. 
 
 Alexander Trallianus, Greek medical writer, 585. 
 
 Alexander, thirty-first bishop of Jerusalem, 535, 539. 
 
 Alexander, eighteenth bishop of Alexandria, 546-47. 
 
 Alexander, bishop of Byzantium, 546. 
 
 Alexander, fifth bishop of Rome, 518. 
 
 Alexander II., ninety-first Roman archbishop, 678, 680. 
 
 Alexander III., fourteenth pope, 709, 715. 
 
 Alexander IV., twenty-fifth pope, 743, 751. 
 
 Alexander V., fiftieth pope, 801. 
 
 Alexander VI , sixtieth pope, 847, 854, 859. 
 
 Alexander, king of Scotland, 687. 
 
 Alexander II., king of Scotland, 720. 
 
 Alexander III., king of Scotland, 743. 
 
 Alexander de Ales, of England, scholastic theologian, 
 
 723- 
 Alexander ab Alexandro, jurist, 858. 
 Alexander, Russian emperor, 1053, 1059-60, 1064. 
 Alexander, Sir William, British colonizer, 940, 942. 
 Alexis, Greek comic poet, 321. 
 Alexis Comnena, fifty-first Byzantine emperor, 681, 
 
 683, 685, 687. 
 Alexis II. Comnena, fifty-fourth Byzantine emperor, 
 
 715. 719- 
 Alexis III. Angelo, fifty-seventh Byzantine emperor, 
 
 7i7- 
 Alfarabi, Arab astronomer, 650. 
 Alfraganus, Arab astronomer, 639 
 Alfred, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 640, 643-44-45. 
 Alfredus, naturalist, 655 ; botanist, 753. 
 Algerus, theologian, 6S4. 
 Alhazen, Arab writer on optics, 675. 
 Ali, fourth khalif, 607. 
 
 Ali Ben Hussen, Persiaa medical writer. 791. 
 Ali Bey, Memluk governor of Egypt, 1028. 
 Ali el Mansur, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 795. 
 Ali of Yezd, Persian biographer, 803. 
 Ali Shir Beg, Turkish poet, 845. 
 Alimentus, see Cincius. 
 Allectus, king of South Britain, 544. 
 Allen, Colonel Ethan, colonial officer in the American 
 
 Revolution, 1035 
 Allioni, C, Italian botanist, 1022, 1025, 1040. 
 Allitrochades, Hindu king, 373, 383. 
 Almagro, James de, patron and companion of Pi- 
 
 zarro, 867, 875. 
 Almainus, Jacobus, scholastic theologian, 858. 
 Almeida, Francisco de, Portuguese viceroyof India,86o. 
 Almelon, or Amelon, king of Babylon, 76. 
 Al Mulck, ruler of the Deccan, 1020. 
 Alorus, first king of Babylon, 76. 
 Alp Arslan, chief of the Seljuk Tartans, 677. 
 Alphonso, Peter, of Spain, Jewish writer, 6S4. 
 Alphonso VI., king of Castile and Leon, 683. 
 Alphonso IX , king of Castile and Leon, 743. 
 Alphonso, first king of Portugal, 704. 
 
1084 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Alphonso IV., king of Portugal, 785. 
 
 Alphonso V., king of Portugal, S24-25, 830-31, 842. 
 
 Alphonsus Tonstatus, theologian, 814. 
 
 Alpinus botanist in Egypt, 615, 903, 905, 930. 
 
 Alptegin, founder of Ghazni, 655, 657. 
 
 Alrazi, Muhammed ben Zak.in a, Arab traveller, 743. 
 
 Alsted, J. H., chronographer, 943. 
 
 Alston, Car., botanist, 1013. 
 
 Alstroemer, botanist, 1025. 
 
 Altadas, Assyrian Emperor, 107. 
 
 Altamsch, sultan of Delhi, 717, 719, 7- 1 " 2 -. 7-4- 
 
 Al Tiflisi, Karaite Jewish writer, 629. 
 
 Alvarado, L. Moscoso de, companion of De Soto, 8Sl. 
 
 Alvarado, Pedro de, Spanish general, 866, S76. 
 
 Alvaro Martens Homem, Portuguese navigator, 829. 
 
 Alyattes, king of Lydia, 22S, 237. 
 
 Amadas, Philip, English navigator, 908. 
 
 Amalarius, liturgical writer, 629. 
 
 Amalek, grandson of Esau, 120. 
 
 Amasis, see Aahmes. 
 
 Amatus Lusitanus, Jewish medical writer, 878, 886. 
 
 A-ma-van, regent of the Chinese empire, 956, 958. 
 
 Amaziah, king of Judah, 199, 203. 
 
 Ambaharanasala, king of Ceylon, 577. 
 
 Ambiorix, leader of the Gauls, 454. 
 
 Ambron, leader of a Greek colony, 207. 
 
 Ambrosinius, Bartholomasus, Italian botanist, 948. 
 
 Ambrosinius, Hyacinthus, Italian botanist, 964. 
 Ambrosius of Alexandria, early Christian writer, 552. 
 
 Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, 553, 555. 
 Ambrosius Ansbertus, theologian, 639. 
 Ambrosius Camaldulensis, theologian, 831. 
 Amegalarus, king of Babylon, 78. 
 
 Amclcsagoras, Greek historian, 244. 
 
 Amelius of Tuscany, Neo-plalonist, 539. 
 
 Amcmphsinus, king of UaUloii, 81. 
 
 Amenatep, Aminadab, or Amcnophis, king of Egypt, 
 X07. 
 
 Amenatep II., king of Egypt, 117. 
 
 Amenatep lit., king of Egypt, 1 18, 120. 
 
 Amenatep IV., king of Egypt, 120. 
 
 Amenemha, or Ammeneme, king of Egypt, 83. 
 
 Amenemha II., king of Egypt, 85. 
 
 Amenemha III., Moeris, king of Egypt, 90. 
 
 Ameivemha IV., Timaus, 91. 
 
 Anv.-nopliis, Egyptian prophet, 130. 
 
 Amenophis, see Amenatep. 
 
 Amenophthis, queen of Egypt, 10S. 
 
 Amenophthis II., queen of Egypt, 179-S0. 
 
 Amera Sinha, Hindu lexicographer, 681. 
 
 Amcricus Vcspucius, early voyager along the Ameri- 
 can coast, 857. 
 
 Aminocles, Greek ship-builder, 219. 
 
 Amman, lo., Russian botanist, ySi, 1017. 
 
 Ammenon, king of Babylon, 76. 
 
 Ammcris, see Amnerith. 
 
 Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman historian, 550. 
 
 Ammihud, 130. 
 
 Amminadab, 130, [40. 
 
 Ammonius, Greek poet, 565. 
 
 Ammonius, inventor of litbotrity, 471. 
 
 Ammonius of Alexandria, Greek grammarian, 400. 
 
 Ammonius of Lamprae, ' ncek philosopher, 49S. 
 
 Ammonius Sacas, Creek philosopher, 534. 
 
 Ammonius the younger, Greek grammarian, 555. 
 
 Amnerith, or Ammeris, queen of Eg\pt, 221. 
 
 Amometus, Greek writer, 370. 
 
 Anion, eighteenth king of Judah, 226. 
 
 Amphiaraius, father of Tiburtus, 164, T74. 
 
 Amphictyon, fourth Attic king, 137. 
 
 Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium, 553-54. 
 
 Aniphion, Greek poet-musician, 154. 
 
 Amphis, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Amphitryon, son of Alcaeus, 163-64. 
 
 Amram, father of Moses, 129. 
 
 Amramithes, Assyrian emperor, 100. 
 
 Amran, Ishak ben, Arab writer, 612. 
 
 Amriolkais, see Imra-el-Kcys. 
 
 Amrou, Muslim general, 602-3. 
 
 Amru, Arab poet, 597. 
 
 Amulius, Roman painter, 477. 
 
 Amunmessu, king of Egypt, 131. 
 
 Amurath, see Murad. 
 
 Amurtaeus, king of Egypt, 291-92. 
 
 Amyntas, Assyrian emperor, 125. 
 
 Amyntas, ninth king of Macedonia, 252, 256. 
 
 Amyntas II., king of .Macedonia, 306. 
 
 Amyntianus, Cicck historian, 529. 
 
 Amythaon, father of Mclampus, 150, 152. 
 
 Ana, see Sisircs. 
 
 Anacharsis, ancient Scythian philosopher, 234. 
 
 Anacreon, Greek poet, 250. 
 
 Anah, no. 
 
 Anan ben David, founder of Karaite literature, 620. 
 
 Ananda, pupil of Buddha, 23S, 241. 
 
 Anang Bhim Deo, king of Urissa, 714 
 
 Anang-pal, or Mahendra-pala, tributary Hindu king, 
 
 665, 667. 
 Ananias, Greek writer, 242. 
 Ananta, king of Cashmere, 677, 684. 
 Anast.isius, biographer, 629. 
 An.istas.ius, forty-eighth bishop of Rome, 570. 
 Anastasius, Creek patriarch, 61S. 
 
 Anast.isius of Nice, theologian, 609. 
 
 Anastasius, seventh l'.yzantine emperor, 570-72. 
 
 Anastasius Sinaites, Cicek writer, 597. 
 
 Anastasius, thirty-seventh bishop of Rome, 560. 
 
 Anastasius [I , twenty- first liyzantine emperor, 615-16. 
 
 Anastasius I IE, fifty-sixth Roman archbishop, 647. 
 
 Anastasius IV., twelfth pope, 708. 
 ' Anatolius, bishop of Constantinople, 566, 56S. 
 
 Anatolius, bishop of Laodicea, 54^. 
 
 Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher, 208-69. 
 
 Anaxarchus, (jreek philosopher, 325. 
 
 Anaxilaus, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Anaxilaus of Larissa, Creek philosopher, 45S. 
 
 Anaximander, Greek philosopher, 241. 
 
 Anaximander the younger, Greek historian, 299. 
 
 Ana\imenes, (keek philosopher, 237. 
 
 Anaximenes of Lampsacus, Greek historian, 325. 
 
 Anaxippus, Cteek comic poet, 325. 
 
 Ancus Marcius, fourth king of Rome, 227. 
 
 Anderson, G., English botanist, 1060. 
 
 Andocides, Greek orator, 281. 
 
 Andrade, Fernan Perez de, Portuguese navigator, 863. 
 
 Andreas, Greek medical writer, 391. 
 
 Andreas, last bishop of Greenland, 801. 
 
 Andreas of Crete, Greek writer, 6(3. 
 
 Andreas Troilus, modern Greek versifier, 948. 
 
 Andrew, Greenland bishop, Soi. 
 
 Andrew, John A., governor of Massachusetts, 1071. 
 
 Andrews, Henry, English botanist, 1050. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 I08 5 
 
 Andromachus, Greek medical writer, 482. 
 Andromachus of Syria, Greek rhetor, 537. 
 Andromachus the younger, Greek medical writer, 498. 
 Andron, Greek medical writer, 446. 
 Andronicus, fifty-fifth Byzantine emperor, 715. 
 Andronicus of Rhodes, Greek philosopher, 446. 
 Andronicus II., Palaeologus, sixty-second Byzantine 
 
 emperor, 757, 764, 779. 
 Andronicus III., sixty-third Byzantine emperor, 779, 
 
 784. 
 Andronicus IV., sixty-fifth Byzantine emperor, 796. 
 Andros, Edmund, governor of New England, 981-82, 
 
 985- 
 Androsthenes, Greek navigator, 334. 
 Androtion, Greek orator, 312. 
 Anebus, third king of Assyria, 92. 
 Anegkletus, second bishop of Rome, 518. 
 Angelis, P. Hieronymus de, Catholic missionary in 
 
 Japan, 936-37. 
 Angelo, Michael, Italian painter and sculptor, 858, 860. 
 Angelomus of France, theologian, 629. 
 Angelus Clavasius, theologian, S31. 
 Angiras, Sanscrit writer, 370. 
 Ang'gling Derma, king of Java, 623. 
 Angka Wijaya, king of Java, 796, 815. 
 Ango, Jean, 860. 
 
 Anguillara, Italian botanist, 888, S90, 892. 
 Anhaya, Peter de, S60. 
 Anicetus, tenth bishop of Rome, 528-29. 
 An-kan, twenty-eighth dairo of Japan, 576. 
 An-ko, twenty-first dairo of Japan, 567. 
 Anna, or Onna, king of the East Angles, 610. 
 Anna Comnena, Greek historian, 703. 
 Annaniah, or Annianus, first bishop at Babylon in 
 
 Egypt, 483. 
 Anne, British queen, 997, 1004. 
 Anne, Russian empress, 1010. 
 Annianus, Greek chronographer, 560. 
 Annius of Viterbo, or Giovanni Nanni, forger of 
 
 ancient writings, 831. 
 Anouschavan, Armenian prince, 96 
 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury and scholastic 
 theologian, 6S0, 683. 
 
 Anselm of Lugo, theologian, 680. 
 
 Ansgarius Corbeiensis, theologian, 624. 
 
 Antagoras of Rhodes, Greek poet, 370. 
 
 Antalcidas, Spartan general, 303. 
 
 Antar, Arab warrior and poet, 597, 599. 
 
 Anteros, seventeenth bishop of Rome, 537. 
 
 Anthelmus of Scotland, theologian, 613. 
 
 Anthemius, architect, 576. 
 
 Anthemius, Roman emperor over the West, 56S, 584. 
 
 Antias, Valerius, Roman historian, 434. 
 
 Anticlides of Athens, Greek historian, 370. 
 
 Antidotus, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Antidotus, Greek painter, 389. 
 
 Antigonus Doson, king of Macedonia, 3S9. 
 
 Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, 378. 
 
 Antigonus, Greek historian, 328. 
 
 Antigonus, Macedonian general, 340, 348. 
 
 Antigonus of Carystus, Greek biographer, 3S9. 
 
 Antimachus of Claros, Greek poet, 281. 
 
 Antimachus of Teos, Greek poet, 210. 
 
 Antimenidas, Greek traveller, 234. 
 
 Antiochus, Heraclid chief, 175. 
 
 Antiochus of Aegae, Greek rhetor, 534. 
 
 Antiochus of Syracuse, Greek historian, 281. 
 Antiochus Eusebes, son of Antiochus VII., 438, 444. 
 Antiochus Sidetes, regent over Syria, 403, 407. 
 Antiochus Soter, Greek king of Syria, 377, 382. 
 Antiochus II. Theus, Greek king of Syria, 382, 386. 
 Antiochus III. Magnus, Greek king of Syria, 390-91, 
 
 394. 396, 397- 
 Antiochus IV. Epiphanes-, Greek king of Syria, 399. 
 Antiochus V. Eupator, Greek king of Syria, 400. 
 Antiochus VI. Grypus, Greek king of Syria, 408, 
 
 424, 438. 
 Antiochus VII. Cyzicenus, Greek king of Syria, 424, 
 
 438- 
 Antiochus VIII. Asiaticus, last Greek, or Seleucid 
 
 king of Syria, 444, 446. 
 Antiopa, daughter of Nycteus, 152. 
 Antipater, Coelius, Roman historian, 407. 
 Antipater, Greek medical writer, 463. 
 Antipater, Macedonian general, 337. 
 Antipater of Hierapolis, Greek rhetor, 534. 
 Antipater of Sidon, Greek poet, 400, 434. 
 Antipater of Tarsus, Greek philosopher, 400. 
 Antipater of Tyre, Greek philosopher, 446. 
 Antiphon, Greek orator and statesman, 291. 
 Antiphon, Greek tragic poet, 281. 
 Antisteus Labeo, Roman painter, 477. 
 Antisthenes, Greek philosopher, 301. 
 Antoku, dairo of Japan, 715. 
 Anton Guainerius, 814. 
 
 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor, 529,531. 
 Antoninus Florentinus, theologian, 814 
 Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor, 527, 529. 
 Antonio, Cermisone, medical writer, 814. 
 Antonius, M., Roman orator, 407, 434. 
 Antonius, M., Roman triumvir, 455, 457. 
 
 Antonius Andreae, scholastic theologian, 765. 
 
 Antonius Melissa, theologian, 619. 
 
 Antonius of Cos, Greek medical writer, 503. 
 
 Antonius of Egypt, early Christian hermit, 544. 
 
 Antonius of Padua, theologian, 718. 
 
 Antonius Rhetor, 629. 
 
 Antonius Rosellus, jurist, 831. 
 
 Antyllus, Greek medical writer, 535. 
 
 Ann, Hindu prince, 99. 
 
 Anurudde, Hindu king, 254. 
 
 Anyte of Tegea, Greek poetess, 370. 
 
 Apachnas, or Apahnas, Hyksos king of Egypt, 97. 
 
 Apelles of Cos, Greek painter, 325. 
 
 Apellicon of Teos, Greek collector of books, 442. 
 
 Aphareus, Greek tragic poet, 312. 
 
 Aphophis, Hyksos king of Egypt, 103. 
 
 Apicius, Roman culinary writer, 520. 
 
 Apion, early Christian writer, 534. 
 
 Apion of Alexandria, grammarian, 478. 
 
 Apis, king of Argos, 113, 117. 
 
 Apollinaris, Aurelius, Greek poet, 541. 
 
 Apollinaris, bishop of Hierapolis, 529. 
 
 Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea in Syria, 552. 
 
 Apollodorus, follower of Democritus, 303. 
 
 Apollodorus, Greek medical writer, 339. 
 
 Apollodorus, Greek painter, 299. 
 
 Apollodorus of Artemita, Greek historian, 411, 433. 
 
 Apollodorus of Carystus, Greek comic poet, 3S2. 
 
 Apollodorus of Damascus, Greek architect, 519. 
 
 Apollodorus of Gela, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 
 Apollodorus of Pergamus, Greek rhetor, 446. 
 
io86 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSON'S. 
 
 Apollodorus the Epicurean, 400, 407. 
 Apollodotus Soter, Greek king of liactria, 396. 
 Apollonides o£ Nicaea, Greek writer, 467. 
 Apollonius, son of Sotades, Greek writer, 382. 
 Apollonius Molon, Greek rhetor, 434. 
 Apollonius Mus, Greek medical writer, 464. 
 Apollonius of Alabanda, Greek rhetor, 434. 
 Apollonius of Athens, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 Apollonius of Chalcis, Greek philosopher, 526. 
 Apollonius of Myndus, Greek astronomer, 325. 
 Apollonius of Perga, Greek geometer, 389. 
 Apollonius of Rhodes, Greek poet, 396. 
 Apollonius of Tyanea, Greek traveller in Hindustan, 
 
 483- 
 
 Apollonius the martyr, early Christian writer, 534—35. 
 
 Apollophanes, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 
 Apono, Petrus, medical writer, 765. 
 
 Apophis, Hyksos king of Egypt, 98. 
 
 Apospolon, chief of Aculan in Central America, 867. 
 
 Appianus, Greek historian, 526. 
 
 Appius Claudius, adopted Roman patrician, 254, 270. 
 
 Appius Claudius Caecus, Roman censor and writer, 345. 
 
 Apries, see Hophra. 
 
 Aprigius, ecclesiastical writer, 576. 
 
 Apronadius, king of Babylon, 219. 
 
 Apsander, Athenian archon, 219. 
 
 Apseudes, Athenian archon, 2S1. 
 
 Apsines of Gadara, Greek rhetor, 534. 
 
 Apsyrtus, Greek veterinary physician, 546. 
 
 Apthorp, George Henry, American voyager to Suri- 
 nam, 1045. 
 
 Apuleius Barbarus, Carthaginian botanist, 563. 
 
 Apuleius Celsus, medical writer, 476. 
 
 Arabianus, early Christian writer, 529, 534. 
 
 Arahatec, aboriginal American chief, 926. 
 
 Aralius, or Amyrus, Assyrian emperor, 99. 
 
 Aram, second sultan of Delhi, 719. 
 
 Araros, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Aratus, Greek astronomical poet, 370, 378. 
 
 Aratus of Sicyon, Greek statesman and historian, 388. 
 
 Arbaces, or Varbaces, Median general, 203. 
 
 Arbelus, fourth Assyrian king, 92. 
 
 Arbelus II., sixth Assyrian king, 92. 
 
 Arbuthnot, John, English humorist and critic, 997. 
 
 Arcadius, first Byzantine emperor, 558-561. 
 
 Areas, fourth king of Arcadia, 137. 
 
 Arcesilaus, Greek Academic philosopher, 377. 
 
 Arcesilaus, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 
 Arcesilaus III., Greek king of Cyrene, 250. 
 
 Archedicus, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 
 Archelaus, Greek philosopher, 268. 
 
 Archelaus, king at Jerusalem, 466, 468. 
 
 Archelaus, or Echelaus, leader of Aeolian colonists, 
 179. 
 
 Archelaus, seventh Agid king of Sparta, 204. 
 
 Archelaus, Syriac Christian writer, 543. 
 
 Archelaus, twelfth king of Macedonia, 291. 
 
 Archestratus, Greek culinary writer, 325. 
 
 Archianus, king of Babylon, 218. 
 
 Archias, leader of a Greek colony, 213. 
 
 Archias, Licinius, poet, 433. 
 
 Archias of Megara, leader of a Greek colony, 222. 
 
 Archigenes, Greek medical writer, 51S. 
 
 Archilochus, Greek iambic poet, 218. 
 
 Archimedes, Greek physicist, 391, 393. 
 
 Archimelus, Greek poet, 3S9. 
 
 Archinus, Greek orator, 299. 
 
 Archippus, Greek comic poet, 281. 
 
 Arctinus, Greek epic poet, 209. 
 
 Arculf of France, bishop and traveller, 613. 
 
 Ardern, John, English botanist, 791. 
 
 Arduinus, Petr., Italian botanist, 1023. 
 
 Ardys, Greek rhetor, 498. 
 
 Ardys, king of Lydia, 222, 227. 
 
 Aredius, Burgundian jurist, 571. 
 
 Arellius, Roman painter, 457. 
 
 Aretaeus, Greek medical writer, 541. 
 
 Aretas, king of Petra and the Nabathaean Arabs, 461. 
 
 Aretas III., king of Petra, 478. 
 
 Arethas of Caesarea, ecclesiastical writer, 645. 
 
 Aretin, Leonard, historian, 814. 
 
 Aretin, Peter, 872. 
 
 Aretinus, inventor of musical notes, 668. 
 
 Aretius, Benedictus, botanist, 888. 
 
 Argaeus, fifth king of Macedonia, 221, 226. 
 
 Argia, wife of Aristodemus, 186. 
 
 Argol], Samuel, British colonial admiral. 929, 932, 
 
 935-36. 
 Argus, fourth king of Argos, 117. 
 Argyropulus, Joannes, of Constantinople, 831. 
 Aria Damar, Javan chief on Sumatra, S14-15. 
 Ariaeus, Arab chief, 93. 
 Ariarathes VI , king of Cappadocia, 439. 
 Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia, 439. 
 Ariobarzanes II., king of Pontus, 31S. 
 Arion, Greek poet, 228. 
 Ariosto, Italian poet, 858. 
 Ariovistus, leader of the Germans, 453. 
 Ariphron, Athenian archon, 202, 204. 
 Aristarchus, Greek grammarian, 393. 
 Aristarchus, Greek tragic poet, 26S. 
 Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer, 377. 
 At isteas, Greek traveller and poet, 202. 
 Aristeas, Greek tragic poet, 268. 
 Aristenus, scholastic Greek writer, 703. 
 Aristides, Aelius, Greek rhetor, 526. 
 Aristides of Athens, statesman, 261. 
 Aristides of Athens, philosopher and early Christian, 
 
 .5-5- 
 Aristion, ruler of Athens, 442. 
 Ariatippus, Creek philosopher, 301. 
 Aristobulus, companion of Alexander, 328. 
 Aristocles of Pergamus, Greek rhetor, 526. 
 Aristodemus, eighth king of Corinth, 204. 
 Aristodemus, Heraclid chief, 1S0. 
 Aristodemus, king of Mcssenia in Greece, 214. 
 Aristodemus of Elis, Greek grammarian, 400. 
 Aristodemus of Nysa, Creek grammarian, 446. 
 Aristolaus, Greek painter, 370. 
 Aristomachus, Heraclid chief, 179. 
 Aristomenes, Greek comic poet, 281, 285. 
 Ariston, Greek traveller in Arabia, 410. 
 Ariston of Ceos, Greek philosopher, ^,89. 
 Aristophanes, Creek comic poet, 285, 287, 292. 
 Aristophanes of l!\zantium, Greek grammarian, 389. 
 Aristophon, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Aristophon of Azenia, Greek orator, 312. 
 Aristophon of Colyttus, Greek orator, 312. 
 Aristoteles, Greek philosopher and naturalist, 323, 
 
 719, 722. 
 Aristoxenus, Greek musician, 325. 
 Aristoxenus of Selinus, Greek poet, 227. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 1087 
 
 Aristyllus of Alexandria, Greek astronomer, 372. 
 
 Arius, founder of the Arian sect of Christians, 546. 
 
 Arius, or Areius, Assyrian emperor, 98. 
 
 Armenopulus, scholastic Greek writer, 782. 
 
 Arminius, German chieftain, 469. 
 
 Armoin, historian, 655. 
 
 Arnobius, early Christian writer, 541. 
 
 Arnold, bishop of Greenland, 689. 
 
 Arnoldus Brixiensis, theologian, 703. 
 
 Arnoldus Carnotensis, 711. 
 
 Arnoldus de Villanova, astrologer and medical writer, 
 
 765- 
 Arnulph, patriarch of Jerusalem, 6S6. 
 Arrianus of Nicomedia, Greek geographer, 527. 
 Arsaces, Parthian king, 383, 391, 439. 
 Arsacius, Greek ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 Arsenius of Corinth, scholastic Greek wrjt- -^fiy 
 Arsenius of Monembasia, scholastic G./ii'cK writer, 872. 
 Arses, Persian emperor, 322-2"^,.-''' 
 Arslan, sultan of Ghazni, 6086-87. 
 Artabanus, last Parthijtfn king, 535. 
 Artabanus, Persia 1 :! emperor, 268. 
 Artavasdes, k'jrffg of Armenia, 456. 
 Artaxerxe=„f'Persian emperor, 268, 285. 
 Artaxerxes II., Persian emperor, 298, 311, 318. 
 Anirra'xerxes III. Ochus, Persian emperor, 318, 320, 322. 
 -'Artaxerxes IV., or Ardisheer, first Sasanid king of 
 Persia, 536, 538. 
 
 Artaxerxes V., Sasanid king of Persia, 553-54. 
 
 Artedi, Petrus, Swedish naturalist, 1012. 
 
 Artefius, Arab alchemist, 703. 
 
 Artemidorus Capito, Greek editor, 519. 
 
 Artemidorus, Greek geographer, 431. 
 
 Artemisia, queen of Caria, 319. 
 
 Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus, 263. 
 
 Artemon, Greek painter, 382. 
 
 Artemones, inventor of engines of war, 278. 
 
 Arthmail, king of Wales, 663. 
 
 Arthur, British warrior-king, 573, 580. 
 
 Artaun, Sebastian de, bishop of Cuzco, 898. 
 
 Aru Bandan, Javan prince, 597. 
 
 Arvalayana, Hindu writer, 401. 
 
 Arviel, Henri, botanist, 753. 
 
 Aryat, first Abyssinian governor of Yemen, 574, 577. 
 
 Arzachel, Spanish mathematician, 680. 
 
 Asa, king of Judah, 191. 
 
 Asaph, Hebrew poet, 179 
 
 Asaridinus, king of Babylon, see Esarhaddon. 
 
 Ascatades, Assyrian emperor, 122. 
 
 Ascatades, king of Sicyon, 116. 
 
 Ascha, Arab poet, 597, 600. 
 
 Asclepiades, ninth bishop of Antioch, 534. 
 
 Asclepiades of Myrlea, Greek grammarian, 398. 
 
 Asclepiades of Prusa, Greek medical writer, 446. 
 
 Asclepiades of Samos, Greek poet, 370. 
 
 Asclepiades Pharmacion, Greek medical writer, 518. 
 
 Asclepiades the younger, Greek grammarian, 446. 
 
 Asconius Pedianus, Roman commentator, 477. 
 
 Asellio, P. Sempronius, Roman historian, 407. 
 
 Aserymus, Phoenician king, 191. 
 
 Asesa, see Tancheres. 
 
 Asius, Greek poet, 217. 
 
 Asmai, Arab writer, 624. 
 
 Asoka, Hindu king, 383, 386, 391. 
 
 Aspasius of Ravenna, Greek rhetor, 534. 
 
 Assaracus, son of Tros, 152. 
 
 Asser, Welsh monk, 643. ' 
 
 Assir, son of Korah, 146. i 
 
 Assis, or Asseth, Hyksos king of Egypt, 102. 
 Astartus, Phoenician king, 191. / 
 
 Asterion, father. of Minos, 146-47. / 
 
 Asterius of Amasia, ecclesiastical writer, 55^- 
 Asterius of Cappadocia, early Christian waiter, 547. 
 Astesanes Astensis, 782. ' 
 
 Astyages, fourth Median emperor, 23?,/, 239. 
 Astydamas, Greek tragic poet, 299./ 
 Astydamas the younger, Greek tragic poet, 299. 
 Atahualpa, king of Quito ?Wd son of the twelfth Inca, 
 
 868, 871. 
 Atauchi Duchic-ala, thirteenth scyri of Quito. 791, 813 
 Ataulfus. ,-or Athaulfus, king of the Goths, 561-62. 
 
 Ateius, Greek grammarian, 446. 
 
 Athai, or Othoes, king of Egypt, 73. 
 
 Athalaric, third Gothic king of Italy, 574. 
 
 Athaliah, Jewish queen, 195. 
 
 Athanagild, Gothic king of Spain, 586. 
 
 Athanaric, king of the Goths, 554. 
 
 Athanasius, nineteenth bishop of Alexandria, 547, 
 
 55°. 552- 
 Athanasius, patriarch of Constantinople, 764 
 Athanis, Greek historian, 370. 
 
 Athelstan, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 649, 651. 
 Athenaeus, Greek archaeologist, 533. 
 Athenaeus, Greek rhetor, 434. 
 Athenaeus of Seleucus, Greek philosopher, 456. 
 Athenagoras, early Christian writer, 529. 
 Athenion, Greek painter, 396. 
 Athenodorus Cordylio, Greek writer, 434. 
 Athenodorus, Greek rhetor, 529 
 Athenodorus, Greek sculptor, 325. 
 Athenodorus of Tarsus, Greek physicist, 456. 
 Athothis, king of Egypt, 63. 
 
 Atkins, Henry, American voyager to Labrador, 1009. 
 Atlas, king of Arcadia, 127. (See also Tlas). 
 Atossa, aunt of Cyrus, 236. 
 Atratinus, Roman orator, 457. 
 Atreus, Argive king, 165. 
 Atri, early Hindu chief, 84. 
 Atta, Quinctius, Roman comic poet, 434. 
 Attalus, Greek physician, 525. 
 Attalus, third king of Pergamus, 389. 
 Attalus II., fifth king of Pergamus, 401, 403. 
 Attalus III., sixth and last king of Pergamus, 403, 407. 
 Atticus, Academic philosopher, 529. 
 Atticus, bishop, 560. 
 Atticus, Pomponius, Roman writer, 446. 
 Attila, king of the Huns, 565-6-7. 
 Attilius Titianus, claimaut of the Roman empire, 529. 
 Attius, L., Roman tragic poet, 407. 
 Aubert, Captain Thomas, 860. 
 Aublet, Fus., botanist in Guiana, 1025. 
 Aubry, first explorer of the St. Lawrence river, 860. 
 Audaeus of Syria, founder of the sect of Anthropo- 
 
 morphites, 547. 
 Augeas, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Augeias, or Augeas, king of the Epeians at Elis, 157. 
 Augias of Troezen, Greek poet, 213. 
 Augurellus, 85S. 
 
 Augustinus, Carthaginian ecclesiastical writer, 562-63. 
 Augustinus de Ancona, scholastic theologian, 765. 
 Augustinus the monk, 592. 
 Augustinus de Roma, scholastic theologian, 799. 
 
[o88 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Mugustulus, see Romulus Augustus. 
 
 A.ugustus, or Octavius, Roman emperor, 456, 467, 471. 
 
 A ulaiv O'Hivair, Irish chief, 631. 
 
 Au-i-naric, or Almaric, theologian, 719. 
 
 Aure.iianus, Caelius, Roman medical writer, 558. 
 
 Amelia. -ms, Roman general and emperor, 539, 541,542. 
 
 Aurelius t \mbrosius, British king, 569. 
 
 Aurelius Claudius, see Claudius. 
 
 Aurelius, M , s*ee Antoninus. 
 
 Aureolus, Roman \ general in Illyricum, 540. 
 
 Aurungzebe, empero."- of Northern Ilindustan,96o,icoi. 
 
 Ausonius, Roman poet, y-,*^ 
 
 Aulesion, Cadmean chief, 179. 
 
 Autocrates, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 
 Automenes, king of Corinth, 212. 
 
 Auxentius, bishop of Milan, 553. 
 
 Aveiro, Alonso, Portuguese navigator, 844. 
 
 Aventinus, Johannes, Bohemian annalist, 814. 
 
 Avenzoar, or Ibn Zuhr, Arab medical writer, 725. 
 
 Averrhoes, or Ibn Roshd, Arab medical writer, 71S. 
 
 Avicenna, or Ibn Sina, Arab medical writer, 612, 669. 
 
 Avila, Francisco de, on Peruvian legends, 927. 
 
 Aviia, Pedrarias de, founder of Panama, 864 
 
 Avitus, Roman emperor of the West, 567. 
 
 Avitus of Vienna, ecclesiastical writer, 571. 
 
 Avivar, Tamul female philosopher, 632. 
 
 Axajacatl, sixth Mexican emperor, S29, 842. 
 
 Axionicus, Greek comic poet, 320. 
 
 Ayllon, L. Vazquez de, Spanish navigator, S64. 
 
 A-v, king of the Loo Choo Islands, 788. 
 
 Ayu, Hindu king, 92. 
 
 Azara, Felix de, Paraguayan naturalist, 1037. 
 
 Azariah, see Uzziah. 
 
 Azim Khan, governor of Orissa, &c, 94S. 
 
 Aziz, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 656, 664. 
 
 Azophi, Arab astronomer, 650. 
 
 Azurara, Portuguese writer on Guinea, 821. 
 
 P,\al-ii vn vn, king of Edom or Petra, 146, 150. 
 
 Baasha, king of Israel, 191. 
 
 Babington, Charles C-, English botanist, 1067, 1069. 
 
 Babius, second king of Assyria, 91. 
 
 Babylas, twelfth bishop of Antioch, 539. 
 
 Bacchylides, Greek lyric poet, 268. 
 
 Bacchylus, bishop of Corinth, 533. 
 
 Bade, botanist in Senegal and Buenos Ayres, 1062. 
 
 Bacon, Francis, restorer of learning in Britain, 92 t. 
 
 Bacon, Roger, English physicist, 756. 
 
 Bacone, Joannes de, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 
 Badezor, Phoenician king, 194. 
 
 Basringda, Burmese king, 479. 
 
 Baffin, William, British navigator, 932-33. 
 
 Bahader Shah, emperor of Northern Hindustan, 1001, 
 
 1003. 
 Bajazet, fourth Turkish sultan, 796-98, 800. 
 Bajazet II., tenth Turkish sultan, 843, S54, 857, 862. 
 Balaam, 149. 
 Bala-deva, 6S6. 
 
 Balaeus, Assyrian emperor, 105. 
 Balas, or Palash, S.isam'd king of Persia, 569. 
 Balatores, Assyrian emperor, [31. 
 Balbillus, Roman prefect in E^spt, 4S2. 
 Balbinus, D. Caelius, colleague of Pupienus Maximus, 
 
 538- 
 Balboa, M. C , on the ancient Peruvians, 898. 
 
 Baldaya, Affonso Gonsalves, Portuguese navigator, 
 
 814. 
 Baldwin, Godfrey, leader of the first Crusade, 684, 686. 
 Baldwin, Henri, Frankish king of Constantinople, 719. 
 Baldwin, William, American botanist, 1059, 1061. 
 Baleazar, Phoenician king, 185. 
 Balhara, Hindu king of Guzerat, 658. 
 Balsamon, scholastic Greek writer, 718. 
 Balzac, who first wrote French prose with elegance, 
 
 94S. 
 Banister, Io., botanist in Virginia, 961. 
 Banks, Joseph, British voyager and naturalist, 1029. 
 Baptista Trovamala, theologian, S31. 
 Barak, 155. 
 
 Barakah Khan, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 756. 
 -Bararuchi, Sanscrit writer, 681. 
 Barbaras. Josafa, Italian traveller, 815, 834. 
 Barbas, R\. '^ihhishop of Constantinople, 565. 
 Barbosa, Duarte, PoVrtuguese voyager on Indian Ocean, 
 
 862, 865. s, 
 
 Barchu-Arte-Tieghin, chief ot^.the Ouigours, 719. 
 Barcia, botanist, 1006. 
 Barckhausen, Theoph., botanist, 1027. 
 Barclay, John, English critic, 921. 
 Bardas, Byzantine general, 656. 
 
 Bardesanes the Syrian, early heretical Christian, 55^1. 
 Bardylis, king of the Illyrians, 318. 
 Barents, Willem, Dutch navigator, 916, 918. 
 Barkook, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 795-96, 798. 
 Barlaam of Calabria, 782. 
 Barlow, Arthur, British navigator, 908. 
 Barnabas, companion of Paul, 478, 480. 
 Barnard, Rev. Dr., 1034. 
 Baronius, Caesar, ecclesiastical historian, 921. 
 Barrelier, lac, botanist, 971. 
 Barrere, Petrus, botanist in Guiana, 1617. 
 Barrow, Isaac, English theologian and mathematician, 
 
 965. 
 Barsebayel Aschraf, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 811,815. 
 Barthelemi de Salignac, S58. 
 Barthius, Caspar, critic, 948. 
 
 Bartholin, Thomas, I lanish critic and physician, 965. 
 Bartholomew, the apostle, 482. 
 Barton, B. S., X. American naturalist, 1054, 1057. 
 Barton, W P. C , N. American botanist, 1060. 
 Bartram, John, N. American naturalist, 1009, 1020. 
 Bartram, William, N. American naturalist, 1033. 
 Barzouyeh, Persian translator of Sanscrit, 576. 
 Bashemath, wife of Esau, 115. 
 Basileides, gnostic Christian, 525-26. 
 Basiliscus, claimant of the Byzantine empire, 569. 
 Basilius, bishop of Ancvra, 548-49. 
 Basilius, bishop of < \vsarea in Cappadocia, 552. 
 Basilius, Fl , last Roman consul, 5S0. • 
 Basilius Macedo, thirty-fourth Byzantine emperor, 
 
 639-40, 643. 
 Basilius of Cilicia, ecclesiastical writer, 571. 
 Basilius II., associate Bvzantine emperor, 656. 
 Basra wi, Shcms-eddin, Arab writer, 897. 
 Bassi, F., Italian botanist, 1027. 
 Bassolius, Joannes, scholastic theologian, 814. 
 Bassus, Cassianus, compiler of the Geoponica, 652. 
 Batard, F., French botanist, 1057. 
 Bathon, Greek comic poet, 370. 
 Bathurst, Rad., one of the discoverers of oxygen gas, 
 
 959- 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 IO89 
 
 Bathyllus, Roman actor, 457. 
 
 Batou-khan, Tartar genera], 725, 733. 
 
 Batsch, A. J. G. C, cryptogamic botanist, 1027. 
 
 Battara, Ant., botanist, 1027. 
 
 Battus, leader of a Greek colony, 226. 
 
 Bauclin, French navigator, 1053. 
 
 Bauer, Ferd., artist and botanist, 1040. 
 
 Bauhin, Caspar, botanist, 918, 937, 940-41 
 
 Bauhin, John, botanist, 892, 919, 930. 
 
 Baumgarten, J. C. G., German botanist, 1060. 
 
 Baumgarten, Martin A., traveller in Egypt, 326, 860. 
 
 Bausch, Io. Laur., founder of the Academia Curioso- 
 
 rum in Germany, 958. 
 Bavius, Roman poet, 446. 
 
 Beauvois, Palisot de, French botanist, 1054-55, 1059. 
 Bechaji, Hebrew poet, 684. 
 
 Becket, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, 710, 714. 
 Beda, historian and ecclesiastical writer, 619. 
 Beechey, British navigator, 1050, 1064. 
 Behaim, Martin, of Nuremberg, 842. ^ — ■"" 
 Behram, sixth sultan of Delhi, 687.^08. 
 Bela, king of Edom or Petr,' a ,^[20 124. 
 Beladsor, Arab historian 630, 
 Belalcazar, Sebajjtj,an, 874. 
 Belanger, traveller and botanist, 1064. 
 Belbay,_AClemluk sultan of Egypt, 831. 
 BfJ,esis, in alliance with Arbaces, 203. 
 
 Belibus, or Elibus, king of Babylon, 219 
 
 Belidor, Bernard de, French engineer, 1012. 
 
 Belisarius, Byzantine general, 576, 577, 579, 580, 583. 
 
 Bellarminus, Robertus, chronographer, 930. 
 
 Bellerophon, Aeolic chief, 156. 
 
 Belleval, Petr. Richerio de, founder of the Montpelier 
 garden, 919. 
 
 Bellus, Honorius, botanist in Crete, 916. 
 
 Belochus, Assyrian emperor, 102-3. 
 
 Belochus II., Assyrian emperor, 128. 
 
 Belon, P., naturalist in Egypt, 886. 
 
 Belus, first king of the Assyrians, 91. 
 
 Bembo, secretary to Pope Leo X., 872. 
 
 Benedict of Poland, traveller in Tartary, 736. 
 
 Benedictus, opposition pope, 798, 801-2. 
 
 Benedictus, sixtieth bishop of Rome, 589. 
 
 Benedictus II., sixteenth Roman archbishop, 612. 
 
 Benedictus III., fortieth Roman archbishop, 633. 
 
 Benedictus IV., fifty-second Roman archbishop, 647. 
 
 Benedictus V., sixty-eighth Roman archbishop, 655. 
 
 Benedictus VI., seventy-first Roman archbishop, 656. 
 
 Benedictus VII., seventy-second Roman archbishop, 
 656, 662. 
 
 Benedictus VIII., eighty-first Roman archbishop, 667, 
 669. 
 
 Benedictus IX., eighty-third Roman archbishop, 675- 
 76. 
 
 Benedictus X., thirty-eighth pope, 765. 
 
 Benedictus XI , forty-first pope, 7S2, 786. 
 
 Benjamin ben Jehuda of Rome, Jewish writer, 765. 
 
 Benjamin ben Serach, Jewish liturgical poet, 675. 
 
 Benjamin of Tudela, Jewish traveller, 688, 711. 
 
 Ben Masah, Isa, see Ebn Masah. 
 
 Ben Masawia, Iahia, Arab doctor, 628. 
 
 Bentivoglio of Ferrara, historian, 948. 
 
 Bentley, Richard, of England, critic, 997. 
 
 Benzoni, Girolamo, early traveller in America, 882. 
 
 Bercta, wife of the king of Kent, 592. 
 
 Berenger of Angiers, theologian, 676. 
 
 Berengosius, theologian, 684. 
 Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Soter, 348. 
 Berenice, wife of Ptolemy III , 391. ; 
 
 Bergen, C. A., botanist, 1018. 
 Bergius, P. J , Swedish botanist, 1027, 1036. 
 Bering, Russian navigator, 1008. * 
 
 Berkeley, colonial governor of Virginia, 951, cy6r. 
 Berkhey, F. Van, botanist, 1027. 
 Bermudez, John, navigator, 866. , 
 
 Bernard, British colonial governor, io>8. 
 Bernard Cluniacensis, theologian ajjffl satirist, 684. 
 Bernard de Gordon, medical writer, 765. 
 Bernard of Bretagne, traveller, ,'630, 
 Bernard of Clairvaux, theologian, 705. 
 Bernard, P. F., Swiss botafnist, 1063. 
 Bernays, German writer, 1066. 
 Bernhardus Senensjtfg', 814. 
 Berno Augiensi^'theologian, 664. 
 J3er2£UfepETa6ylonian historian, 373. 
 
 Bertero, botanist in Chili and on Taheiti, 1066. 
 
 Bertholdus Constantiensis, chronographer, 684. 
 
 Bertoloni, Italian botanist, 1053. 
 
 Bertonio, Ludevico P. Aymaran, grammarian, 665. 
 
 Bertramus, theologian, 629. 
 
 Bertrandus, Petrus, writer on ecclesiastical jurisdic- 
 tion, 782. 
 
 Beryllus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, 536. 
 
 Besler, Basil, German botanist, 932. 
 
 Bessarion, reviver of Platonic philosophy in Italy, 831. 
 
 Betalabhatta, Sanscrit writer, 681. 
 
 Bethencourt, John, conqueror of the Canary Islands, 
 764, 800. 
 
 Beth-Ucham, Paulus, Jacobite patriarch of Antioch, 
 
 5§9- 
 Bethuel, 106. 
 
 Beybars, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 688, 751, 756. 
 Beydarah, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 760. 
 Beza, Theodore, scholar and successor of Calvin at 
 
 Geneva, 897. 
 Bezaleel, Jewish artisan, 136. 
 Bharadwaja, Hindu king, 107. 
 Bhaskara, 686. 
 
 Bhatia-tissa, king of Ceylon, 527, 529. 
 Bhattiya, Hindu king, 236. 
 Bhavabhuti, Sanscrit dramatist, 598, 616. 
 Bhoja, Hindu king, 703. 
 Bhrigu, grandfather of the Hindu princess Devayani, 
 
 99, 592, 616. 
 Bhupala, Hindu king, 669. 
 Bhuren-Narapadi, king of Ava, 818, 822. 
 Bhurisena, Hindu king, 226. 
 Bhutagetu, Hindu king, 180. 
 Bianco, Andrea, geographer, 815. 
 Biard, Pierre, first Jesuit missionary in N. Am., 930. 
 Bias, one of the " Seven sages " of Greece, 233. 
 Bibaculus, Furius, Roman satirist, 446. 
 Bicheres, kmg of Egypt, 69. 
 
 Bieberstein, botanist in the Caucasian countries, 1049. 
 Biel, Gabriel, scholastic theologian, 831. 
 Biela, astronomer, 1061. 
 Bielke, S. C, botanist, 1025. 
 Bieneches, king of Egypt, 64. 
 Bigelow, Jacob, N. American botanist, 1063. 
 Billardiere, J. J. La, botanist among Pacific isl., 1046. 
 Bimbisara, Hindu king, 236. 
 Bimsara, Hindu king, 231. 
 
 '37 
 
1090 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Bin-dats, thirty-first dairo of Japan, 5SS, 590. 
 
 ASinothris, or Biophis, king of Egypt, 65. 
 
 ;Bion, Greek pastoral poet, 382. 
 
 _Bjrch, Samuel, English archaeologist, 1066. 
 
 BisTijra Champaca, king of Java, 623. 
 
 Bitch ourin, Hyacinth, Russian missionary, 1052. 
 
 Bivona JBernardi, Anton., Sicilian botanist, 1056. 
 
 Biarnius, .Scandinavian navigator, 662, 664. 
 
 Black, a founder of Pneumatic Chemistry, 1027. 
 
 Blackstone, Iu., botanist, 1012. 
 
 Blackwell, Elizabeth, English botanist, 1015. 
 
 Blair, John, English chronographer, 1028. 
 
 Blair, Patrick, English.botanist, 997. 
 
 Blanco, Manuel, botanic m the Philippines, 106S. 
 
 Blasius, Ermengaud, of Moi.ilpelier, medical writer, 765. 
 
 Blastaris, Matthaeus, scholastic Greek writer, 7S2. 
 
 Blume, botanist in the East Indieo, 'o^S- 
 
 Bnon, second Hyksos king of Kgypi', 5 6 ; 
 
 Boaz, 156. "~^ — 
 
 Bobadilla, Francesco de, Spanish navigator, S5S. 
 
 Bobart, English botanist, 957. 
 
 Boccaccio, Italian poet, 787, 791. 
 
 Boccalini of Rome, humorist and satirist, 921. 
 
 Boccanegra, Spanish admiral, 792. 
 
 Bocchoris, or Bonhoris, king of Egypt, 69. 
 
 Bocchoris II., king of Egypt, 211. 
 
 Boccone, Italian botanist, 972, 993. 
 
 Bochart of Rouen, critic, 948. 
 
 Bodinus, John, of Anglers, jurist, 897. 
 
 Boeckh, archaeologist, 1066. 
 
 Boeo, Greek poetess, 154. 
 
 Boerebistas, king of the Dacians, 449. 
 
 Boerhaave, Herman, botanist and medical writer, 1003, 
 
 1006. 
 Boethius, the "last Roman,'' 573. 
 Boethos, king of Egypt, 64. 
 Boethus of Sidon, Greek philosopher, 456. 
 Boetius, Hector, 858. 
 Bogra Khan, Tartar general, 663. 
 Bogus, king of Mauritania, 441. 
 Boha-eddin, 718. 
 
 Bohmer, G. R , German botanist, 1020. 
 Bohonzh of Laibach, author of a Vindishgrammar,897. 
 Boileau, Despreaux, French poet, 997. 
 Boileau, Stephen, first regulator of the Paris police, 753. 
 Boissier, Edmond, botanist in Spain, 1068. 
 Bojer, botanist in Mauritius, 1067. 
 Boleyn, Ann, wife of Henry VIII. of England, 876. 
 Bolivar, S. American general and statesman, 1061-62, 
 
 1064. 
 Bolton, James, cryptogamic botanist, 1027. 
 Bonaparte, Joseph, brother of Napoleon, 1057. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon, French conqueror, 1048, 1050- 
 
 5'. I0 53. !055-57. 1059-60. 
 BonavenUira of Tuscany, scholastic theologian, 753. 
 Bond, American astronomer, 960. 
 Bonferrus, missionary in I'cgu, 891. 
 Bonfiglioli, Joseph, Sicilian botanist, 948. 
 Bonifacius, fortieth bishop of Rome, 564. 
 Bonifacius, fifty-third bishop of Rome, 576. 
 Bonifacius III., first Roman archbishop, 597. 
 Bonifacius IV., second Roman archbishop, 597, 59S. 
 Bonifacius V., fourth Roman archbishop, 599, 600. 
 lionifacius VI, forty-eighth Roman archbishop, 645. 
 Bonifacius VIII., thirty-seventh pope, 762, 764-65. 
 Bonifacius IX , forty-seventh pope, 797, 801. 
 
 Bonifacius of Mayence, theologian, 613. 
 Bonnet, Carolus, h rcnch naturalist, 1027. 
 Bonncuil, Eslienne de, French architect, 759. 
 Bonpland, Amand., botanist in S. A. io5f, 1054, 1061. 
 Bontier, traveller in the Canary Islands, 800. 
 Bontius, J., botanist in the East Indies, 952. 
 Boone, Daniel, first settler in Kentucky, 1033. 
 Borckhausen, Mor Balth., German botanist, 1047. 
 Borri, Christopher, Jesuit missionary in Cochinchina, 
 
 939- 
 Bory de St. Vincent, traveller and botanist, 1053, 1064. 
 Borzevog, duke of Bohemia, 630. 
 Bos, abbe du, critic, 1012. 
 
 Bosc, L. A. G., botanist in North America, 1050. 
 Bosmann, traveller in Guinea, 999. 
 Bossu, traveller in Louisiana, 1021. 
 Bossuet of Burgundy, 965. 
 Botetourt, colonial governor, 1029. 
 Botta, archaeologist, [068. 
 BoudiceaV -n uteri of South Britain, 483. 
 Bougainville, L. :\nt , French navigator, 1026, 1028. 
 Boughton, Gabriel, EngiV^h surgeon in Hindustan, 
 
 949. 95-- *v 
 
 Bouguer, Pierre, traveller in Equatorial America, 101 5. 
 
 Bouhours, Dominique, of Paris, critic, 96^" 
 
 Bouka-khan, chief of the Ouigour Tartars, 5J& 
 
 Bou-rets, twenty-sixth dairo of Japan, 571-72. 
 
 Boxhorn, Marc. Zuer., on the Welsh language, 942. 
 
 Boyle, Robert, English physicist, 965. 
 
 Boylston, Zabdiel, physician of Boston, 1006. 
 
 Boym, Michael, botanist in China, 949. 
 
 Braad, botanist, 1025. 
 
 Bracciolini, Poggio, papal secretary, 818. 
 
 Bradbury, John, 1057. 
 
 Braddock, British general in N. America, 1022. 
 
 Bradford, William, governor of Plymouth colony, 960. 
 
 Bradhna, Hindu king, 629. 
 
 Bradley, James, 1012. 
 
 Bradley, Ricardus, botanist, 1004. 
 
 Brahe Tycho, ijoy 
 
 Brahma Gupta, Hindu astronomer, 575. 
 
 Bramante, Italian architect and painter, 858, 860. 
 
 Brandt, Swedish chemist, 1012. 
 
 Brassavolus, Antonius Musa, of Venice, botanist, S76. 
 
 Bray, John, English botanist, 791. 
 
 Brenning, 921. 
 
 Bicnmis, leader of the Gauls, 303. 
 
 Bretignv, M. French colonizer, 94^. 
 
 Brevnius, Jacob, Dutch botanist, 975, 977. 
 
 Breynius, Jo. Phil., Dutch botanist, 977, 1012. 
 
 Brian O'Neill, Irish chief, 631. 
 
 Brickell, John, American botanist. 1015, 1052, 
 
 Rngita, or St. Brigit, abbess in Ireland, 573. 
 
 Brithric, British admiral, 050. 
 
 Brocardi, Pellegrino, S72. 
 
 Brocquiere, Bertrandon de la, traveller in the East, 
 
 610, 756, 812, 814. 
 
 Brogan, Irish ecclesiastical poet, 573. 
 
 Bromelius, Olaus, Swedish botanist, 991. 
 
 Brorsen, astionomer, 1061. 
 
 Broteas, brother of Niobe, 153. 
 
 Brotero, F. Avell , Portuguese botanist, 1054. 
 
 Ilrowal, Io., botanist, 1013. 
 
 Brower, or Brauer, Flemish painter, 948. 
 
 Blown, Robert, English botanist, 1058. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, English botanist, 948. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 IO9I 
 
 Browne, Patrick, botanist in Jamaica, 1023. 
 
 Browne, W. G., traveller in Darfoor, 965, 1048. 
 
 Bruce, James, traveller in Abyssinia, 1029. 
 
 Bruern, earl of Northumberland, 639. 
 
 Brun, Charles le, French painter, 965 
 
 Brunetto Latini, of Florence, astronomer, 753. 
 
 Brunfels, Otho, German botanist, 870. 
 
 Bruno, archbishop of Treves, 684. 
 
 Bruno de Lungobardo, medical writer, 723. 
 
 Bruno, founder of the Carthusian Order of monks, 681. 
 
 Brunyer, Abel, French botanist, 959. 
 
 Brutus, D. Junius, founder of gladiatorial exhibitions, 
 
 382. 
 Brutus, Marcus, Roman general, 456. 
 Bruyere, author of Characteres du Terns, 965. 
 Bryennius, scholastic Greek writer, 703. 
 Bucca-raya, Hindu king, 791. 
 
 Bucca-raya II,, Hindu king, 801. 
 
 Bucer of Alsace, protestant reformer, 872. 
 
 Buchanan, George, English poet and historian, 897. 
 
 Buchanan-Hamilton, botanist in Hindustan, 1050. 
 
 Buc'hoz, P. Ios , French botanist, 1031. 
 
 Buddha, or Guadama, founder of Buddhism, 234, 237, 
 241, 58S, 630, 735, 767. 
 
 Buddhadasa, king of Ceylon, 548, 552. 
 
 Buddhaghosha, Buddhist missionary, 559, 676. 
 
 Budeus of Paris, jurist and critic, 872. 
 
 Bukki, Jewish high-priest, 156. 
 
 Bulbun, Gheias-u-din, ninth sultan of Delhi, 751, 758. 
 
 Bumaldi, Io. Ant., Italian botanist, 948. 
 
 Bunge, A. v., botanist in Eastern Tartary and China, 
 1064, 1066. 
 
 Burchardus of Worms, theologian, 664. 
 
 Burchell, naturalist in Austral Africa, 1052. 
 
 Burgoyne, British general in N. America, 1036. 
 
 Burkhard, Io. Henr., botanist, 997. 
 
 Bunnann, loan., Dutch botanist, 1015, 1025 
 
 Burmann, Nic. Laur., Dutch botanist, 1029. 
 
 Burnet, Gilbert, historian, 997. 
 
 Burrough, Stephen, British navigator, 891. 
 
 Burserus, botanist, 941 
 
 Busbecke, botanist at Constantinople, 891. 
 
 Butes, priest of Neptune at Athens, 152. 
 
 Butler, Benjamin F , American general, lawyer, and 
 statesman, 1071. 
 
 Butler, Samuel, author of Hudibras, 965. 
 
 Buttner, botanist, 1027. 
 
 Button, Thomas, British navigator, 930. 
 
 Buwana, Sri Turi, leader of a Malay colony, 709. 
 
 Buxbaum, J. C, botanist in Asia Minor, 1006-7, 1009. 
 
 Bylot, Robert, British navigator, 933. 
 
 Byron, British navigator, 1027. 
 
 Cabeza de Vaca, captive among the aboriginals of 
 Texas and Northern Mexico, 869. 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian, Venetian navigator in British em- 
 ploy, 857, 862, 868, 887. 
 
 Cabot, Zuan or John, Venetian navigator in British 
 employ, 856. 
 
 Caboudi, Arab writer, 655. 
 
 Cabral, Peter Alvarez, Portuguese navigator,8i9, 858. 
 
 Cabreira, Xeixas de, Portuguese chief captain in East 
 Africa, 949. 
 
 Cabrillo, John Rodriguez, Spanish navigator, 880. 
 
 Cacha, fifteenth and last scyri of Quito, 829, 845. 
 
 Cadamosto Vicente, voyager to Equatorial Africa, 823. 
 
 Cadmus, leader of a Phoenician colony into Greece, 150. 
 
 Cadmus of Miletus, Greek historian, 237. 
 
 Caecilianus, bishop of Carthage, 546. 
 
 Caecilius, Greek rhetor, 456. 
 
 Caecilius Epirota, Roman grammarian, 457. 
 
 Caecilius Statius, Roman comic poet, 396. 
 
 Caecina, Albinus, Roman satirist, 552. 
 
 Caedmon, earliest English poet and monk, 612. 
 
 Caesalpinus, Andreas, botanist, 907. 
 
 Caesar, Caius, grandson of Augustus, 467, 468. 
 
 Caesar, Julius, Roman general and writer, 446, 448, 
 
 45°. 455- 
 Caesarius Lirinensis, theologian, 609. 
 Caesius, Fridericus, founder of the Academia Lynceo- 
 
 rum, 923. 
 Cafur, Malik, general of sultan Ala-u-din, of Delhi, 
 
 766, 773- 
 Cahlan, Cahtan Arab, 226. 
 Caille, N. Louis de la, 1012. 
 Cain, son of Adam, 3. 
 Cainan, 12. 
 
 Caius, early Christian writer, 534. 
 Caius, see Caligula. 
 
 Caius, twenty-sixth bishop of Rome, 543-44. 
 Cajetanus, Thomas de Vejo, scholastic theologian, 858. 
 Calamis, Greek sculptor, 255 
 Calasoka, Hindu king, 270, 285. 
 Calceolarius, Franc, of Verona, botanist, 890. 
 Caleb, son of Hezron, 125. 
 Caleb, son of Jephunneh, 136, 145, 149. 
 Calidius, M., Roman orator, 446. 
 Caligula, Caius, Roman emperor, 478. 
 Calixtus II., sixth pope, 687-88. 
 Calixtus III., fifty-fifth pope, 823, 825. 
 Calliades, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Callias, Greek comic poet, 281, 296. 
 Callias of Syracuse, Greek historian, 370. 
 Callicrates, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Callicrates of Tyre, Greek historian, 541. 
 Callimachus, Greek sculptor and architect, 302. 
 Callimachus, Greek poet, 382. 
 Callinicus, Greek historian, 537. 
 Callinicus, inventor of Greek fire, 610. 
 Callinus, Greek poet, 213. 
 
 Callisthenes, companion of Alexander, 323, 325. 
 Callisto, daughter of Lycaon, 132. 
 Callistratus, Greek orator, 312. 
 Callistratus, Greek grammarian, 400. 
 Callixenus, Greek historian, 375. 
 Callona, king of Ceylon, 433. 
 Calpurnius, Roman poet, 541. 
 Calvert, Cecilius, son of Lord Baltimore, 947. 
 Calvert, George, founder of the State of Maryland, 947. 
 Calvin, John, Orthodox theologian, 877. 
 Calvinus, C. Sextius, Roman general in France, 409, 
 
 411. 
 Calvus Macer, Roman orator and poet, 446. 
 Cam, James, see Caon. 
 
 Camaldolese, Fra Mauro, Italian geographer, 766. 
 Cambyses, father of Cyrus, 236. 
 Cambyses, Persian emperor, 249-50. 
 Camden, William, archaeologist and historian, 921. 
 Camerarius, J., botanist, 909. 
 Camerarius, Rud. lac, botanist, 991. 
 Camerinus, C. Cestius Gallus, Roman consul, 477. 
 
1092 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Camillus, M. Furius, Roman dictator, 301-3, 312. 
 
 Camoens, Portuguese poet, 897. 
 
 Campanus of Lombard)', astronomer, 718. 
 
 Campanus of Novarro, astronomer, 675. 
 
 Campius, Balthas. and Mich., Italian botanists, 948. 
 
 Cananus, Joannes, modern Greek writer, 799. 
 
 Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, 463, 477. 
 
 Candaules, king of Lydia, 214, 217. 
 
 Candidus, early Christian writer, 529. 
 
 Candidus, Greek historian, 568. 
 
 Candish, Thomas, English navigator, 913. 
 
 Canishca, Tartar king of Cashmere, 408. 
 
 Cano, John Sebastian, Spanish navigator, 865. 
 
 Cantharus, Greek comic poet, 2S1. 
 
 Cantor, Petrus, reforming monk, 711. 
 
 Canute II., king of England, Denmark, Norway, and 
 
 Sweden, 667, 669, 675. 
 Caon, Diogo, or James Cam, Portuguese navigator, S43. 
 Capac Yupanqui, fifth Inca of Peru, 709, 711, 717. 
 Capac Yupanqui, Peruvian general, 795. 
 Capet, Hugh, king of France, 663. 
 Capo dTstrias, president of Greece, 1065. 
 Capreolus, Joannes, scholastic theologian, 799. 
 Capvs, father of Anchises, 156. 
 Car, son of Phoroneus, 113. 
 Caracalla, Roman emperor, 534—35. 
 Caracci, Annibale, Italian painter, 921. 
 Caracci, Ludovico, Italian painter, 921. 
 Caracticus, British chief, 481. 
 Caran, eleventh sevri of Quito, 765. 
 Caranas, Sanscrit poet, 711. 
 
 Caranus, founder of the Macedonian monarchy, 212. 
 Carausius, king of Smith Britain, 543-44. 
 Caravaggio, Italian painter, 872. 
 Carcinus, Greek tragic poet, 281. 
 Cardanus, Hieron, of Milan, physicist, 892. 
 Carinas, Roman emperor, ^43. 
 Carloman, king of France, 642. 
 Carmichael, English botanist, 1052. 
 Carneades, Greek philosopher, 401. 
 Caro, Annibal, of Istria, Italian poet, 872. 
 Caron, Francoys, Dutch superintendent in Japan, 952. 
 Carpocrates, Gnostic Christian, 534. 
 Carrera, Petrus, Sicilian botanist, 948 
 Carteret, British navigator, 1027. 
 
 Cartier, Jaques, French navigator, 872,875,881-82,884. 
 Carus, Roman emperor, 543. 
 Carver, John, British colonial governor, 939. 
 Carvilius, Spurius, divorced Roman, 389. 
 Casaubon, Isaac, critic, 921. 
 Cassander, Macedonian general, 340, 345-46. 
 Cassianus, bishop, 560. 
 Cassini, Hem-., botanist, 1064. 
 Cassini of Nice, astronomer, 960, 971, 9SL 
 Cassiodorus, Roman consul and historian, 573. 
 Cassius, Andreas, discoverer of gold-purple, 981. 
 Cassius, Avidius, Roman general, 531. 
 Cassius, Caius, Roman genera], 456. 
 Cassius, early bishop of Tyre, ^33. 
 Castellus, I'etr., Sicilian botanist, 948. 
 Castelvetro of Modena, critic, 897. 
 Castiglione, Ludw., botanist in North America, 1045. 
 Castor, Antonius, Roman botanist, 472. 
 Castor, Greek chronographer, 446. 
 Castor Durantes, Italian bctanist, 919. 
 Catacuzenus, scholastic Greek writer, 791. 
 
 Catesby, Mark., botanist in Carolina, [003, 1005. 
 
 Catharine, empress of Russia, 1007. 
 
 Catharine II., empress of Russia, 1024, 1049. 
 
 Cato, M. Porcius, Roman censor and writer, 297. 
 
 Cato, Valerius, Roman grammarian, 446. 
 
 Catullus, Roman poet, 446, 455. 
 
 Causica, Hindu king, [37. 
 
 Cavallini, F. Phil., Italian botanist, 986. 
 
 Cavanilles, Ant. Jos., Spanish botanist, 1046. 
 
 Cavendish, a founder of Pneumatic Chemistry, 1027. 
 
 Cecrops, first king of Athens, 128, 137. 
 
 Cecrops II., seventh king of Athens, 153. 
 
 Cedrenus, Georgius, Greek historian, 675. 
 
 Celestinus, forty-first bishop of Rome, 565. 
 
 Celestinus II., ninth pope, 704-5. 
 
 Celestinus III., nineteenth pope, 716, 718. 
 
 Celestinus IV., twenty-third pope, 734. 
 
 Celestinus Y ., thirtv-sixth pope, 7G2. 
 
 Celsius, Oiaus, Swedish botanist, 1010. 
 
 Celsus, Roman medical writer, 471. 
 
 Cenobarba, John, medical writer, 782. 
 
 Censorinus, Roman writer on calendars, 537. 
 
 Cephalion, Greek historian, 519. 
 
 Cephalus, Greek orator, 299. 
 
 Cephisodorus, Greek painter, 2S1. 
 
 Cephisodorus, Greek comic poet, 298. 
 
 Cephisodorus, Greek historian, 312. 
 
 Cercops of Miletus, Greek poet, 210. 
 
 Cerdic, Saxon king in England, 573. 
 
 Cerdo, heretical Christian, 527. 
 
 Cermisone, see Antonio. 
 
 Cerularius, Michael, patriarch of Constantinople, 675. 
 
 Cervantes, botanist in Mexico, 1052. 
 
 Cervantez of Seville, author of Don Quixote, 921. 
 
 Cespedes, P. Gregorio de, Jesuit visiting Corea, 916. 
 
 Cestius of Smyrna, Roman rhetor, 457. 
 
 Chaalus, fifth king of Assyria, 92. 
 
 Chabre, French botanist, 904. 
 
 Chaeremon, Greek tragic poet, 299. 
 
 Chaeremon, Greek writer, 15. 
 
 Chaires, king of Egypt, 65. 
 
 Chaitra-pala, or Jeipal, Hindu king at Lahore, 658, 
 
 u.4-65. 
 Chajjim, lleneviste, Jewish writer, 948. 
 Chikra Nagara, Javan chief on Borneo, 814. 
 Chalchiutlanetzin, first Toltec king of Mexico, 609. 
 Chalcol, or Calcol, 170. 
 Cha-li-yi-kin-na, king of Cambodia, 600. 
 Chameleon, Greek writer, 325. 
 
 Chamisso, botanist among the Pacific islands, 1061. 
 Chammir, sixth Cahtan ruler of Yemen, 235. 
 Champlain, Samuel, French navigator, 919, 923, 927, 
 
 93°. 933. 930. 944- 
 Champollion, French archaeologist, 1063. 
 Champollion-Figeac, French archaeologist, 652. 
 Chanacca, bramin, 337. 
 Chanan, head of a Jewish school, 591. 
 Chancellor, Richard, British navigator, 888. 
 Chand, Hindustanee poet and historian, 716. 
 Chandra-deva, Hindu king, 546. 
 Changkian, Chinese traveller in Bactriana, 411. 
 Chang-liang, Chinese general and engineer, 395. 
 Chang-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 519. 
 Chao-hao, early Chinese emperor, Si. 
 Chao-kang, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, S7. 
 Chapman, A. W., N. American botanist, 1070. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 IO93 
 
 Charaka, Hindu medical writer, 408. 
 
 Chares, Greek historian, 389. 
 
 Chariberht, king of the Franks, 592. 
 
 Charilaus, sixth Proclid king of Sparta, 198, 202, 204. 
 
 Charisi, Jewish writer, 718. 
 
 Chariton, medical writer, see Charaka. 
 
 Charlemagne, emperor of the West, 621-26, 644. 
 
 Charles, British king, 933, 942-43, 947, 950, 952, 957. 
 
 Charles II., British king, 958, 960, 963, 973, 975-76, 
 
 978, 981. 
 Charles d'Anjou, appointed king of Sicily, 751. 
 Charles le Gros, emperor of France and Germany, 643. 
 Charles Martel, 619. 
 
 Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 834. 
 Charles II. le Chauve, king of France, 630, 641. 
 Charles III. le Simple, king of France, 643, 645. 
 Charles V. le Sage, king of France, 791, 797, 801. 
 Charles VII., king of France, 813. 
 Charles VIII., king of France, 843. 
 Charles IX., king of France, 896, 898, 900. 
 Charles X., king of France, 1065. 
 Charles IV., king of Spain, 1057. 
 Charles IV., twenty-second emperor of Germany and 
 
 Italy, 789, 795. 
 Charles V., king of Spain and thirtieth emperor of 
 
 Germany and Italy, 863-65, S6S-71, 876, 885-S6, 
 
 889, 891-92. 
 Charles VI., thirty-eighth emperor of Germany and 
 
 Italy, 1019. 
 Charles VII., thirty-ninth emperor of Germany and 
 
 Italy, 1019. 
 Charles XII., king of Sweden, 994. 
 Charlevoix, P. F. X., historian in N. America, 1018. 
 Charmidas, Greek philosopher, 424. 
 Charon of Lampsacus, Greek historian, 255. 
 Charops, Athenian archon, 212. 
 Charuman Perumal, king in Southern Hindustan, 627, 
 
 632. 
 Chaucer, English poet, 716, 796. 
 Chauvin, French navigator, 920. 
 Chedotel, French colonizer, 914. 
 Cheires, king of Egypt, 71. 
 Chemnitz, lo., German botanist, 948. 
 Cheneres, king of Egypt, 65. 
 Cheops, see Suphis. 
 
 Cheou-sin, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 1 54-55, 1 59. 
 Chephren, see Shafra. 
 
 Chersias of Orchomenus, Greek poet, 231. 
 Chersicrates, 213. 
 
 Chesne, Andrew du, archaeologist and historian, 921. 
 Chico, first kolano of Ternate, 747. 
 Chi-hoang-ti, of the Thsin, Chinese emperor, 3S6, 393. 
 Childebert II., king of the French, 589, 592. 
 Childeric, king of France, 569. 
 
 Childeric III., last Merovingian king of France, 620. 
 Chillingworth, English controversial theologian, 948. 
 Chilon, one of the "seven sages " of Greece, 233, 240. 
 Chimalpopoka, third Mexican emperor, 802, 811. 
 Chimu-chanchu, Yunca chief in Western Peru, 796. 
 Chinaladanus, king of Babylon, 226. 
 Chinchiruca, Peruvian general, 811. 
 Chinghiz Khan, see Jenghiz. 
 Chin-kio, persecutor of Christians in China, 933. 
 Chin-noung, second Chinese emperor, 78. 
 Chin-tho-lo-pi-li, 615. 
 Chin-tseng-wang,of theTcheou, Chinese emperor, 338. 
 
 Chin tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 680, 682. 
 Chin-tsoung II., of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 900, 
 
 916, 918. 
 Chinzirus and Porus, king of Babylon, 213. 
 Chiong Wanara, usurping king of Java, 762, 775. 
 Chionides, Greek comic poet, 259 
 Chiron, called the centaur, 162. 
 
 Chi-tsoung, of the later Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 653. 
 Chi-tsoung of the Kin, ruler of Northern China, 710. 
 Chi-tsoung II., of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 865. 
 Chiwi al Balki, or Belki, Karaite Jewish writer, 645. 
 Chlothaire, king of the French, 584, 585. 
 Chlothaire II., or Chlotaire II., king of the French, 598. 
 Choerilus Greek tragic poet, 244. 
 Choerilus of Samos, Greek poet, 281. 
 Chomasbelus, king of Babylon, 84. 
 Chonuphis of Egypt, preceptor of Eudoxus, 312. 
 Chorganga, king of Orissa, 702, 708. 
 Chortatzes, Georgius, modern Greek dramatist, 965. 
 Chosroes, Sasanid king of Persia, 576, 589. 
 Chosroes II., Sasanid king of Persia, 591, 599, 6oo. 
 Chrestus of Byzantium, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 Christian, king of Denmark, 821. 
 Christian II. king of Denmark, 834. 
 Christian III., first protestant king of Denmark, 877. 
 Christian IV., king of Denmark, 924, 936. 
 Christianus Druthmarus of France, theologian, 629. 
 Christodorus, Greek poet, 571. 
 
 Christophorus, fifty-fourth Roman archbishop, 647. 
 Chrysanthus, Novatian bishop, 560. 
 Chryseros, Greek historian, 529. 
 Chryses, priest of Apollo at Chryse, 171. 
 Chrysippus, Greek philosopher, 389. 
 Chrysoloras, Manuel, scholastic Greek writer, 799. 
 Chrysostomus, Joannes, ecclesiastical orator and 
 
 writer, 555. 
 Chufu II., or Cheops, see Suphis. 
 Chun, early Chinese emperor, 82. 
 Chun-tchi, of the Tai-thsing, Chinese emperor, 956, 
 
 958,961. 
 Chun-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 525. 
 Chun-ti It., of the Northern Soung, Chinese emperor, 
 
 569. 
 Chun-ti III., of the Youan, Chinese emperor, 782, 789. 
 Chun-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 625. 
 Churchill, Awnsham and John, publishers of coll. 
 
 Voyages, 997. 
 Chusan-rishathaim, or Chusarthus, king of Mesopo- 
 tamia, 151. 
 Chuz, see Alkanzi. 
 Ciaconius, Peter, assistant in arranging the Gregorian 
 
 "New Style," 897. 
 Cicero, Roman orator, 447, 453. 
 Cieza, Petrus, Spanish traveller in Peru, 668. 
 Cignani, Carlo, Italian painter, 997. 
 Cimabue of Florence, painter, 753. 
 Cinaedh, Scandinavian chief, 631. 
 Cinaethon, Greek poet, 210. 
 Cinaethus, Greek rhapsodist and poet, 254. 
 Cincinnatus, L. Quinctius, Roman dictator, 26S, 279. 
 Cincius Alimentus, Roman historian, 391. 
 Cineas, Greek orator, 370. 
 
 Clarke, Samuel, critic and metaphysician, 997. 
 Clarus, bishop of Ptolemais, 533. 
 Claude of Lorraine, landscape painter, 965. 
 Claudianus, Roman poet, 560. 
 
io 9 4 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Claudius, bishop of Turin, 626. 
 
 Claudius, Roman emperor, 479-80. 
 
 Claudius II., or Aurelius Claudius, Roman emperor, 
 541. 
 
 Claudius, Servius, Roman grammarian, 434. 
 
 Claudius Caecus, see Appius Claudius. 
 
 Claudius Iolaus, see Iolaus. 
 
 Claudius Scotus, theologian, 624. 
 
 Clavijo, ambassador from Spain to Timour, 800. 
 
 Clavius, C, author of the Gregorian " New Style," 905. 
 
 Clayton, John, American botanist, 1016. 
 
 Cleander, Greek architect, 532. 
 
 Cleanthes, Greek philosopher, 382. 
 
 Clearchus of Soli, Greek philosopher and educational 
 writer, 325, 345. 
 
 Cleaver, Isaac, American botanist, 1061. 
 
 Cleemporus, Greek medical writer, 256. 
 
 Cleitarchus, Greek historian, 325. 
 
 Cleitomachus, Greek philosopher, 407. 
 
 Cleitophon, Greek historian and geographer, 400. 
 
 Cleitor, sixth king of Arcadia, 151. 
 
 Clemangis, Nicolaus, religious reformer, 803. 
 
 Clemens Alexandrinus, early Christian writer, 533. 
 
 Clemens Antisiodorensis, theologian, 619. 
 Clemens Romanus, early Christian writer, 51S. 
 Clemens II , eighty-fifth Roman archbishop, 676. 
 Clemens III , claimant in opposition to Hildcbrand, 
 
 6S1. 
 Clemens III., eighteenth pope, 716. 
 Clemens IV., twenty-seventh pope, 751, 753. 
 Clemens Y , thirty-ninth pope, 765, 767. 
 Clemens VI., forty-second pope, 786, 789. 
 Clemens VII., sixty-fifth pope, S67, 869-70. 
 Clcobuline, Greek poetess, 255. 
 
 Cleobulus, one of the "seven sages " of Greece, 233. 
 Cleodaeus, Heraclid chief, 178. 
 Cleomachus, Greek tragic poet, 268. 
 Cleomenes, Greek sculptor, 442. 
 Cleomenes III., last Agid king of Sparta, 391. 
 Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy V , 39S, 402. 
 Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy VI., 402, 417. 
 Cleopatra, queen of Ly\ pt, 443, 454, 457. 
 Cleopatra, wife of Ptolemy V., 397. 
 Cleophon, Greek tragic poet, 299. 
 Cleostratus of Tenedos, Greek astronomer, 268. 
 Clerc, John le, critic, 997. 
 Clessides, Greek painter, 382. 
 Cleues, leader of a Greek colony, 179. 
 Clever, botanist in Japan, 976. 
 Clidemus, Greek historian, 298. 
 Clidicus, Athenian archon, 213. 
 Clifford, botanist, 1025. 
 
 Clinton, H. F., British chronographer, 1066. 
 Clitonymus, Greek writer, 322. 
 Clive, British general in Hindustan, 1020, 1026. 
 Clodius, P., Roman aedile and tribune, 454. 
 Clotaire, see Chlothaire. 
 Clovis, or Chlodovechus, first Christian king of 
 
 France, 569, 572. 
 Clmii, Eudes de, 650. 
 Clusius, botanist, 901, 907, 921, 924, 927. 
 Clutius Augerius, botanist in Morocco, 926. 
 Clymenus, king of Orthomenus, 160. 
 Clytus of Miletus, Greek historian, 325. 
 Cobo, Barnabas, botanist in America, 918. 
 Cochebas, leader of a Jewish revolt, 526. 
 
 Codinus, Georgius, scholastic Greek writer, S14. 
 
 Codrus, king of Athens, 186. 
 
 Coelestius, ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 
 Cohen, Bongodas, Jewish medical writer, 782. 
 
 Cohen, Tobias, Jewish encyclopedic writer, 1001. 
 
 Colaeus of Samos, Greek navigator, 226. 
 
 Colarbas, heretical Christian, 528. 
 
 Colden, Cadwallader, American botanist, 1018, 1025. 
 
 Colebrooke, II. F., botanist in Hindustan, 1052. 
 
 Coleman, Peter, builder of London bridge, 714. 
 
 Cokt, John, dean of St. Paul's in London, 861. 
 
 Collenutius, Pandolphus, botanist, 859. 
 
 Collie, botanist, on Beechey's voyage, 1064. 
 
 Collins, Zaccheus, American botanist, 1060, 1062. 
 
 Collinson, botanist in N. America, 1025. 
 
 Colmaster, botanist in Labrador, 1059. 
 
 Colotes, Greek philosopher, 370. 
 
 Columbanus, ecclesiastic, 598. 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, discoverer of America, 841, 
 843, S52, 854-55, 857, 859. 
 
 Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher, S59. 
 
 Columella, Roman agricultural writer, 472. 
 
 Columna, Fabius, Italian botanist, 915, 934. 
 
 Cuinas, Gicek patriarch, 705. 
 
 Commandin, Frederick, mathematician, 897. 
 
 Commelyn, Caspar, Dutch botanist, 99S, 1001. 
 
 Commelyn, Jo., Dutch botanist, 980, 993. 
 
 Commerson, Philib., botanist in the Pacific, 1028. 
 
 Commodus, Roman emperor, 529, 533. 
 
 Conant, Roger, Puritan colonist, 942. 
 
 C'lncUus, Greek poet, 239. 
 
 Condamine, C. M, de la, traveller in Equatorial 
 America, 1015, 1018. 
 
 Confucius, see Khoung-tseu. 
 
 Conilus, Greek herbalist, 31S. 
 
 Conon, eighteenth Roman archbishop, 613. 
 
 Conon, Greek grammarian, 456. 
 
 Conon of Athens, Greek admiral, 302. 
 
 Conon of Samos, ( ireek astronomer, 389. 
 
 Conos, Arab chief, 457. 
 
 Conrad of Meyyenberg, encyclopasdic writer, 787, 791. 
 
 Conradus Ctltes, N31. 
 
 Conradus II. Salicus, fifth emperor of Germany and 
 
 Italy, 669, 675. 
 Conradus III., tenth emperor of Germany and Italy, 
 
 704. 
 Conradus Urspergensis, theologian, 71S. 
 Constans, associate Roman emperor, 54S-49. 
 Constans, seventeenth Bw.ant. emperor, 603, 607, 610. 
 Constantinus Afer, medical writer, 6S2. 
 Constantinus, British king, 580. 
 Constantinus, claimant of the empire, 561. 
 Constantinus, modern Greek writer, 831. 
 Constantinus, Robertus, botanist in Crete, 892. 
 Constantinus, Roman emperor, 545. 
 Constantinus the younger, associate Roman emperor, 
 
 548. 
 Constantinus, twenty-third Roman archb., 615-16. 
 Constantinus III., fifteenth Byzantine emperor, 603. 
 Constantinus IV. Pogonatus, eighteenth Byzantine 
 
 emperor, 610-11, 613. 
 Constantinus VI. Copronymus, twenty-fourth Byzan- 
 tine emperor, 619, 621-22. 
 Constantinus VII., twenty-sixth Byzantine emperor, 
 
 623, 652, 655. 
 Constantinus VIII., thirty-sixth Byzant. emperor, 647. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 I095 
 
 Constantinus IX., fortieth Byzantine emperor, 656, 669. 
 Constantinus X., Monomachus, forty-fourth Byzan- 
 tine emperor, 676-77. 
 Constantinus XI , Ducas, forty-eighth Byzantine 
 
 emperor, 678, 680. 
 Constantinus XII., sixty-ninth and last Byzantine 
 
 emperor, 818. 
 Constantius, Roman emperor, 544-45. 
 Constantius II., Roman emperor, 548-50. 
 Constantius, Roman general in Gaul, 562. 
 Conti, Nicolo, traveller in the East Indies, 816, 818. 
 Cook, James, British navigator, 1029, 1032, 1034. 
 Copernicus, Nic, astronomer, 880. 
 Corbichon, naturalist, 791. 
 Corbulo, Roman general, 481, 483. 
 Cordo, Simon de, Januensis (of Genoa), botanist in 
 
 Greece, 759. 
 Cordova, Francisco Hernandez de, Spanish navigator, 
 
 862. 
 Cordus, Euricius, botanist, 874. 
 Cordus, Valerius, botanist, 8S4, S92. 
 Coriolanus, Roman general, 267. 
 Corippus, Latin writer, 576. 
 Cornado, Francis V. de, traveller, 880. 
 Cornarus, Vitzentzus, modern Greek poet, 1012. 
 Corneille, Peter, French dramatist, 965. 
 Cornelia, Vestal virgin at Rome, 517. 
 Cornelius, nineteenth bishop of Rome, 539. 
 Cornelius, Roman centurion in Palestine, 478. 
 Cornelius, see Lentulus. 
 Comificius, Q., Roman orator, 446. 
 Cornuti, I. Ph., French botanist, 948. 
 Cornwallis, Lord, British general, 1037. 
 Coroebus, Olympic victor, 208. 
 Correa de Serra, Portuguese botanist, 1052. 
 Corregio, Antonio da, Italian painter, 858. 
 Cortereal, Gasper de, Portuguese navigator, S58. 
 Cortereal, John Vaz Costa, Portuguese navigator, 
 
 829. 
 Cortes, Ferdinand, Spanish conqueror of Mexico, 
 
 864-65, 867. 
 Corti, Bonavent., naturalist, 1027. 
 Coruncanius, Tib., plebeian pontifex maximus, 383. 
 Corvinus, see Matthias. 
 Cory, Giles, a victim of the witchcraft delusion in 
 
 New England, 990. 
 Cosmas Indicopleustes, Greek traveller, 527, 564, 573. 
 Cosmas of Jerusalem, Greek theologian, 619. 
 Cosroes, see Chosroes. 
 Cossay, Coraysh chief, 566. 
 Cossutius, Roman architect, 526. 
 Costasus, Io., Italian botanist, 859. 
 Cotiso, king of the Dacians, 456. 
 Cotta, Roman poet, 467. 
 Cotton, Robert, archaeologist, 921. 
 Covilham, Pedro de, Portuguese traveller, S45. 
 Cranach, Lucas, painter, 858. 
 Cranaus, second king of Athens, 137. 
 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, 872. 
 Crantor, Greek philosopher, 325. 
 Crantz, H. I. N , German botanist, 1025. 
 Cranz, Davides, botanist in Greenland, 1030. 
 Crassus, L. Licinius, Roman orator, 424. 
 Crassus, M Licinius, Roman general and triumvir, 
 
 43 1 . 443, 454- 
 Crates of Mallus, Greek grammarian, 401. 
 
 Crates of Tarsus, Greek philosopher, 325. 
 
 Crates the Cynic, Greek philosopher, 325. 
 
 Cratevas, Greek botanist, 432. 
 
 Cratinus, Greek comic poet, 271, 286. 
 
 Cratinus the younger, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Cratippus, Greek historian, 281. 
 
 Cratippus, Greek philosopher, 446. 
 
 Cremutius Cordus, Roman historian, 476. 
 
 Creon, Athenian archon, 221. 
 
 Creophylus, Greek poet, 210. 
 
 Crescens the Cynic, 526. 
 
 Crescenzio, Pier, Italian botanist, 756. 
 
 Cresphontes, Heraclid chief, 180. 
 
 Cretus, see Kretos. 
 
 Criasus, king of Argos, 121, 124. 
 
 Cripa, Hindu king, 150. 
 
 Crispus, son of Constantine, 546. 
 
 Critolaus, Greek philosopher, 401. 
 
 Croesus, king of Lydia, 237. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, ruler of Britain, 951, 957, 959-60. 
 
 Cromwell, Richard, son of Oliver, 960. 
 
 Cronstedt, Swedish chemist, 1022. 
 
 Croom, H. B., American botanist, 1066. 
 
 Crotopus, king of Argos, 132, 136. 
 
 Cshapanaca, Sanscrit writer, 68 1. 
 
 Ctesias, Greek traveller and historian, 304. 
 
 Ctesibius, Greek historian, 370. 
 
 Ctesibius of Alexandria, mechanician, 386. 
 
 Ctesilochus, Greek painter, 370. 
 
 Cube, Io. van, botanist, 822. 
 
 Cudananga, king of Ceylon, 532. 
 
 Cudworth, Ralph, English metaphysician, 965. 
 
 Cuitlahuatzin, tenth Mexican emperor, 864. 
 
 Cujas, James, of Toulouse, jurist, 897. 
 
 Cunningham, botanist in Australia, 1065. 
 
 Cunningham, Jacob, botanist in China, 994. 
 
 Cupani, R. P. Franc, Sicilian botanist, 992, 1003. 
 
 Curio, C. Scribonius, Roman general and orator, 446. 
 
 Curius Dentatus, Roman general, 378. 
 
 Cursor, L. Papirius, Roman consul, 372. 
 
 Curtis, William, English botanist, 1036, 1042, 1046. 
 
 Curtius, Quintus, Roman historian, 529. 
 
 Curtius Nicia, Roman grammarian, 446. 
 
 Cushman, Mary, Puritan colonist, 994. 
 
 Cushman, Robert, Puritan colonist, 939. 
 
 Cutler, Manasseh, American botanist, 103S. 
 
 Cuttub Shaw, or Kutb-u-din Eibuk, suit, of Delhi, 719. 
 
 Cuysmancu, ruler in Western Peru, 789. 
 
 Cyaxares, king of Media, 227, 230. 
 
 Cydias, Greek orator, 312 
 
 Cydias, Greek painter, 3S9. 
 
 Cyllen, builder of a temple to Mercury, 151. 
 
 Cynifrid, or Cyneferth, early British surgeon, 611. 
 
 Cyprianus, bishop of Carthage, 53S. 
 
 Cypselus, king of Arcadia, 180. 
 
 Cypselus, king of Corinth, 226. 
 
 Cyril, missionary among the Slavonians, 639. 
 
 Cyril of Kief, Russian theological writer, 752. 
 
 Cyrillus, bishop of Jerusalem, 549, 554. 
 
 Cyrillus, eighteenth bishop of Antioch, 543, 545. 
 
 Cyrillus of Alexandria, ecclesiastical writer, 562, 565. 
 
 Cyrsilus, Greek historian, 325. 
 
 Cyrus, founder of the Persian empire, 239, 249. 
 
 Cyrus of Panopolis, Greek poet, 565. 
 
 Cyrus the younger, Persian general, 293, 299. 
 
1096 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Dabreu, Antonio, S61. 
 
 Dabshelim, first lxilhara or king of Guzerat, 517. 
 
 Dacier, Andrew, critic, 997. 
 
 Dacier, madame, critic, 997. 
 
 Dacsha, Hindu king, 95. 
 
 Dado of Rouen, theologian, 601. 
 
 Daedalus, Greek sculptor, 164. 
 
 Dagara, king of Karague, 730. 
 
 Dagobert, king of the Franks, 599, 602. 
 
 Dagobert II., king of the Franks, 615-16. 
 
 Daguerre of Paris, discoverer of photography, (068. 
 
 Daher, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 667, 675. 
 
 Dahir, Hindu king of Sind, 615. 
 
 Daigo, dairo of Japan, 645, 650. 
 
 Daigo II., dairo of Japan, 774, 7S1-S2. 
 
 Daimachus, Greek traveller, 370. 
 
 Dai-sco-kouotei, dairo of Japan, 930. 
 
 Dalberg, C. G , botanist in Surinam, 1027. 
 
 Dale, Samuel, pharmacologist, 997. 
 
 Dale, Thomas, third governor of Virginia, 933. 
 
 Dalechamp, J., French botanist, 912. 
 
 Dalibard, F., French botanist, 1020, 1025. 
 
 Dalmatius, Flavius, Roman consul and viceroy, 54S 
 
 Dalnaad, Abyssinian king, 6S0. 
 
 Damascius, Greek philosopher, 576. 
 
 Damasias, Athenian archon, 234. 
 
 Damastes of Sigeum, Greek historian, 26S. 
 
 Damasus, thirty-fifth bishop of Rome, 552, 554. 
 
 Damasus II., eighty-sixth Roman archbishop, 676. 
 
 Damianus, Greek rhetor, 534. 
 
 Damiri, see El-Demiri. 
 
 Damis, companion of Apollonius of Tyana, 4S3. 
 
 Damocrates, Servilius, Greek medical writer, 477. 
 
 Damodara, Sanscrit poet, 6S2. 
 
 Damogeron, Greek agricultural writer, 549. 
 
 Damon, Greek orator, 323. 
 
 Damoxenus, Greek comic poet, 231, 270. 
 
 Dampier, British navigator, 960, 9S1, 985, 994. 
 
 Danaus, or Armais, 136, 147. 
 
 Dandolo, Henri, doge of Venice, 717. 
 
 Danforth, Samuel, missionary in N. England, 803, 994. 
 
 Daniel, Jewish prophet, 236. 
 
 Danielle da Volterra, Italian painter, 872. 
 
 Danilof, Kirsha, Kozak poet, 997. 
 
 Dante, Italian poet, 765. 
 
 Danu, Hindu king, 96. 
 
 Dara Wati, wife of a king of Java, 79S. 
 
 Darda, or Dara, 179. 
 
 Dardanus, leader of a Greek migration, 145. 
 
 Dare, Virginia, first Anglo-American, 913. 
 
 Darius, Persian emperor, 251, 259. 
 
 Darius II., Persian emperor, 28^, 206. 
 
 Darius III., Persian emperor, 323, 326. 
 
 Darlington, William, N. American botanist, io6i,io6S. 
 
 D'Arrest, astronomer, 1061. 
 
 Dasa Bahu, chief of the Hindu colony on Java, ^54. 
 
 Dasaratha, Hindu king, 395, 399. 
 
 Datis, Persian general, 258. 
 
 Dattatissa, king of Ceylon, ^47-48. 
 
 Daud Shah, king of Guzerat, S25. 
 
 Daveluv, French missionary in Corea, 1071. 
 
 David, Jewish king, 17S. 
 
 David, king of Scotland, 690. 
 
 David II , king of Scotland, 792. 
 
 David, traditional Welsh saint, 573. 
 
 David Comnenus, last Greek emperor, 825. 
 
 Davies, Hugh, Welsh botanist, 1059. 
 
 Davies, John, Welsh botanist, 942. 
 
 Davila, Giles Gonzalez, Spanish navigator, 865. 
 
 Davila, Henrico Catharino, 921. 
 
 Davis, John, British navigator, 909. 
 
 Davonus, king of Babylon, 80. 
 
 Deane, Silas, American commissioner in France, 1036. 
 
 Deborah, Hebrew poetess, 155. 
 
 Decandolle, Alphonse, botanist, 1070. 
 
 Decandolle of Geneva, botanist, 1053, 105S, 1063-64. 
 
 Decebalus, king of the Dacians, 517. 
 
 Decius, twenty-ninth Roman emperor, 53S-39. 
 
 Dedu, French botanist, 965. 
 
 Deering, Carol., English botanist, 1012. 
 
 D'Entrecasteaux, botanist, 1046. 
 
 De Grasse, French admiral, 1037-3S. 
 
 De Guignes, French orientalist, 1030. 
 
 De Guignes the younger, French orientalist, 1059. 
 
 Deimachus, Greek traveller in India, 373. 
 
 Deioces, founder of the Median empire, 218, 221. 
 
 Deiochus of Proconessus, Greek historian, 244. 
 
 De la Barre, Febure, gov. of French Guayana, 963. 
 
 De Laet, Joan., Belgian geographer, 948, 950. 
 
 Delaiastartus, of Tyre, 191. 
 
 De la Loubere, naturalist in Siam, 1004. 
 
 De la Pierria, Albert, French colonizer, 893. 
 
 De la Roque, Jean-Francois, Lieut. -general of Canada, 
 
 881-S2. 
 De la Vega, Garcilasso, Spanish writer on America, 
 
 871, 8S7, S91-92. 
 Del Barco, Martinus, Spanish writer on America, 900. 
 De Leon, Cieza, 753. 
 Delessert, Benj., French botanist, 1052. 
 Delile, A. R., botanist, in Egypt, 1065. 
 Delia Cella, P., 1062. 
 Delphidius, Roman rhetor, 548. 
 Demaratus, father of Tarquinius Priscus, 228. 
 Demetrianus, fourteenth bishop of Antioch, 540. 
 Demetrius, eleventh bishop of Alexandria, 532, 536. 
 Demetrius, Greek comic poet, ^2^. 
 Demetrius, king of Dalmatia, 6S1. 
 Demetrius, Jewish historian, 395. 
 Demetrius of Adramyttium, Greek grammarian, 456. 
 Demetrius of Byzantium, Greek historian, 386. 
 Demetrius of Erythrae, Greek grammarian, 446. 
 Demetrius of Magnesia, Greek grammarian, 446. 
 Demetrius of Phakrus, Greek orator and statesman, 
 
 340, 3-1 S. 
 Demetrius of Scepsis, Greek grammarian, 396. 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes, Macedonian general, 345, 34S, 
 
 36S. 
 Demetrius Soter, Greek king of Syria, 400. 
 Demetrius II. Nicator, Greek king of Syria, 402-3, 
 
 407-8. 
 Demetrius the Cynic, Greek philosopher, 477. 
 Dcmidoff, botanist, T025. 
 1 >L-mocharrs, Greek orator, 370. 
 I lemocles, Greek historian, 244. 
 Democritus, Greek philosopher and traveller, 296. 
 Democritus, Platonic philosopher, 538. 
 Demodocus, Greek poet, 175. 
 Demophilus, Greek historian, 325. 
 Demophon, king of Athens, 174, 17S. 
 Demosthenes, Greek orator, 323. 
 Demostratus, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 Denis, king of Portugal, 774. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 IO97 
 
 Denys, first colonist at Miramichi, 948. 
 
 Deodatus, thivd archbishop of Rome, 598-99. 
 
 Deppe, botanist in Mexico, 1065. 
 
 Dequen, Jean, Jesuit missionary, 958. 
 
 Dercylus, Greek writer, 337. 
 
 Dermot, king of Leinster in Ireland, 713. 
 
 Dershavin, Gabriel, Russian poet, 1052. 
 
 De -Sacy, Silvestre, French orientalist, 1052. 
 
 Descartes, author of a new system of philosophy, 948. 
 
 Descourtilz, botanist in the West Indies, 1062. 
 
 Descurain, botanist, 1027. 
 
 Desfontaines, R. L., botanist in Barbarv, 1050. 
 
 Desiderius, thirtieth and last king of the Lombards, 
 
 622. 
 Deslongchamps, Loiseleur, French botanist, 1065. 
 Desportes, J. B. R. P., botanist in Hayti, 1013, 1030. 
 De Soto, Spanish traveller in Florida, 877-78, S8i. 
 De Sousa, Jao, see Housa. 
 Dessalines, first king of Hayti, 1054. 
 D'Estaing, French admiral, 1036. 
 Desvaux, N. A., French botanist, 1052. 
 Dette-tissa, king of Ceylon, 541-42. 
 Deucalion, 132. 
 Devaban, Hindu king, 537. 
 Devanampriya Tishya, king of Ceylon, 3S6. 
 Devanica, Hindu king, 440. 
 Devasreshtha, Hindu king, 543. 
 Devayani, wife of the Hindu king Yayati, 99. 
 De Vico, astronomer, 1061. 
 Dewa Kasuma, king of Java, 64S. 
 Dexippus, Greek historian, 541. 
 Dexter, Roman ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 Dhafer, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 707-8. 
 Dhanvantari, Hindu medical writer, 411, 690-91. 
 Dhatusena, or Dasen Kelliya, king of Ceylon, 568. 
 Dhruvasena, or Dhruvabatta, Hindu king of Guzerat, 
 
 601. 
 Dhou-Chenatir, tobba of Yemen, 570. 
 Dhou-Nowas, last tobba of Yemen, 570, 573—74. 
 Dhou-Sadad, Cahtan ruler of Yemen, 407. 
 Dhoyin, Sanscrit poet, 711. 
 Diagoras of Melos, Greek philosopher, 268. 
 Dias, Vicente, Portuguese navigator, 823. 
 Diaz, Bartholomew, Portuguese navigator, 766, 844. 
 Diaz de Solis, John, Spanish navigator, 860. 
 Dicaearchus, Greek physicist and historian, 2, 347. 
 Dicaeogenes, Greek tragic poet, 299. 
 Dickson, J., cryptogamic botanist, 1052. 
 Dicuil, Irish geographer, 624. 
 
 Didius Julianus, Roman emperor by purchase, 533. 
 Dido, or Elissa, founder of Carthage, 196. 
 Didymus, Greek grammarian, 456. 
 Didymus of Alexandria, early Christian writer, 547. 
 Diego d'Azambuxa, governor of Minaj 842. 
 Diereville, botanist in Nova Scotia, 994. 
 Dieuches, Greek medical writer, 325, 345. 
 Digby, Kenelm, English botanist, 948. 
 Dillenius, J. Jac, botanist, 1010, 1017. 
 Dillwyn, L. W., cryptogamic botanist, 1052. 
 Dinarchus, Greek orator, 325. 
 Dinis Dias, Portuguese navigator, 819. 
 Dinocrates, Greek mathematician, 325. 
 Dinolochus, Greek comic poet, 255. 
 Dinon, Greek historian, 322. 
 Diodes, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 Diodes of Carystus, Greek medical writer, 337. 
 
 Diocletianus, Roman emperor, 543, 545. 
 
 Diodorus, bishop of Tarsus, 554. 
 
 Diodorus, Valerius, Greek philosopher, 526. 
 
 Diodorus of Erythrae, Greek poet, 213. 
 
 Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian, 448. 
 
 Diodorus of Sinope, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Diodorus of Tyre, Greek philosopher, 400. 
 
 Diogenes, Greek tragic poet, 299. 
 
 Diogenes of Apollonia, Greek philosopher, 268. 
 
 Diogenes of Babylon, Greek philosopher, 401. 
 
 Diogenes of Phoenicia, Greek philosopher, 576. 
 
 Diogenes the Cynic, Greek philosopher, 312. 
 
 Diomedes, son of Tydeus, 167. 
 
 Dion, king of Syracuse, 319. 
 
 Dion Cassius, Greek historian, 533. 
 
 Dion Chrysostomus, Greek rhetor, 517. 
 
 Dionysides, Greek tragic poet, 370. 
 
 Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, 529. 
 
 Dionysius, first bishop of Paris, 539. 
 
 Dionysius, Greek botanist, 432. 
 
 Dionysius, Greek musician, 519. 
 
 Dionysius, Greek traveller in India, 378. 
 
 Dionysius, king of Syracuse, 296, 303, 312. 
 
 Dionysius II , king of Syracuse, 312, 319-21. 
 
 Dionysius, thirteenth bishop of Alexandria, 538, 540. 
 
 Dionysius, twenty-third bishop of Uome, 539-41. 
 
 Dionysius Carthusianus of Belgium, scholastic theo- 
 logian, 831. 
 
 Dionysius Exiguus, ecclesiastical writer, 574. 
 
 Dionysius Iambus, Greek poet, 382. 
 
 Dionysius of Alexandria, Greek astronomer, 375. 
 
 Dionysius of Colophon, Greek painter, 281. 
 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek historian, 456. 
 
 Dionysius of Heraclea, Greek philosopher, 370. 
 
 Dionysius of Magnesia, Greek rhetor, 434. 
 
 Dionysius of Miletus, Greek historian, 255. 
 
 Dionysius of Miletus, Greek rhetor, 519. 
 
 Dionysius of Pergamus, Greek rhetor, 456. 
 
 Dionysius of Sinope, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 
 Dionysius of Telmahre, author of a Syrian chronicle, 
 624. 
 
 Dionysius Periegetes, Greek geographer, 529. 
 
 Dionysius Scytobrachion, Greek historian, 407. 
 
 Dionysius Thrax, Greek grammarian, 434. 
 
 Diophanes, Greek rhetor, 537. 
 
 Diophantes, Greek rhetor, 547. 
 
 Dioscorides, Greek poet, 389. 
 
 Dioscorides of Anazarba, Greek botanist, 483, 885. 
 
 Dioscorides Phacas, Greek medical writer, 446. 
 
 Dioscorides the younger, Greek editor, 519. 
 
 Diotimus, Greek orator, 323. 
 
 Diotimus the Stoic, Greek philosopher, 433. 
 
 Diotisalvi, 708. 
 
 Diotrephes, early Christian, 517. 
 
 Diphilus of Siphnus, Greek medical writer, 375. 
 
 Dipticetu, Hindu king, 186. 
 
 Diptiman, Hindu king, 146. 
 
 Diyllus, Greek historian, 370. 
 
 Dizaboul, or Ti-theou-pou-li, khan of the Turks, 586. 
 
 Djakmak, see Jakmak. 
 
 Djauhar Kaid. see Jauhar. 
 
 Djemaleddin Yusuf, see Jemaleddin. 
 
 Djenghiz-Khan, see Jenghiz-Khan. 
 
 Djewhari, Arab writer, 600. 
 
 Dmitrief, Ivan, Russian poet, 1052. 
 
 Dobrovsky, Joseph, Slavonian scholar, 1052. 
 
 138 
 
1098 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Dodart, Dionys., French botanist, 973. 
 
 Dodcchinus, chronographer, 718. 
 
 Dodoens, or Dodonseus, R., botanist, 897, 905. 
 
 Dodwell, Henry, chronographer and critic, 997. 
 
 Dolabella, L. Cornelius, Roman general, 434. 
 
 Dombey, Jos., botanist in Peru, 1037. 
 
 Domenichino, Italian painter, 948. 
 
 Dominicus a Soto, last scholastic theologian, 858. 
 
 Domitianus, L. D., claimant of the Roman empire, 542. 
 
 Domitianus, Roman emperor, 516. 
 
 Domitilla, Flavia, of Rome, early Christian, 518. 
 
 Domitius Afer, Roman orator, 477 
 
 Domnus, or Donus, thirteenth Roman archbishop, 61 1. 
 
 Dommis II., seventieth Roman archbishop, 656. 
 
 Domnus, sixteenth bishop of Antioch, 542 
 
 Don, David, English botanist, 1064. 
 
 Don, George, English botanist, 1066. 
 
 Don John of Austria, admiral, 900. 
 
 Donati, Anton., Italian botanist, 921. 
 
 Donati, Vitalian, botanist in Egypt, 1026. 
 
 Donatus, founder of the Christian sect of Donatists, 
 
 546. 
 Donatus, Roman rhetor, 548. 
 Donchio, Corean priest, 591. 
 Dondis, Jacobus de, Italian botanist, 7S9. 
 Dondis, Joannes de, Italian botanist, 796. 
 Donn, James, English botanist, 1049. 
 Doria, Andreas, Genoese naval officer, $63-64. 
 Doryssus, fifth Agid king of Sparta, 195. 
 Douglas, David, botanist in Northwest .America and 
 
 the Hawaiian Islands, 1066. 
 Douglas, Gawin, poet, 858. 
 
 Dousa, Janus, first rector of theLeyden university, 901. 
 Dracon, lawgiver at Athens, 228. 
 Drake, founder of the petroleum traffic, 1070. 
 Drake, Francis, English navigator, 900, 902-3, 909,913. 
 Draparnaud, J. P. R., French botanist, 1052. 
 Drege, botanist in Austral Africa, 1067. 
 Drogo, son of Charlemagne, 630. 
 Dromo, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Druhya, Hindu prince, 99. 
 Drusus, Nero Claudius, Roman general, 463. 
 Dryander, Jon., English botanist, 1052. 
 Dryden, John, English poet, 965. 
 Dsito, empress or dairo of Japan, 613. 
 Dubourg, B., French botanist, 1027. 
 Du Cange of Amiens, lexicographer, 965. 
 Ducas nepos, Michael, scholastic Greek writer, S r 4. 
 Duchicala, twelfth scyri of Quito, 765, 791. 
 Dudley, Joseph, first president of New England, 98 1. 
 Dudley, Tho., first deputy-gov. of Massachusetts, 95S. 
 Dufour, Leo, French naturalist, 1052. 
 Duhamel du Monceau, H. L., French botanist, 1022. 
 Duilius, C , Roman consul and admiral, 382. 
 Dun, Anglo-Saxon physician, 633. 
 Dunal, Mich. Feb, French botanist, 1059. 
 Dunbar, Scotch poet, 859. 
 Duncan, king of Scotland, 675-76. 
 Dundonald, first experimenter on gas-lighting, 1042. 
 Duns Scotus, Joannes, 765. 
 Dunstan, bishop of Worcester, 655. 
 Durandus, Gulielmus, jurist, 752. 
 Durandus a S. Portiano, scholastic theologian, 765. 
 Durer, Albert, German engraver, 858. 
 Duris of Samos, Greek historian, 370. 
 Duroi, Io. P., botanist, 1031. 
 
 D'Urville, French navigator and botanist, 1062, 1064. 
 Dwattaboung, king in Burmah, 233, 278. 
 Dwattayan, Burmese king, 370. 
 Dyer, Mary, Quaker martyr in New England, 960. 
 Dyke, Captain, American military officer, 1070. 
 Dyutimah, Hindu king, 191. 
 
 Eadbald, king of Kent, 599, 603. 
 
 Eadfrith, Anglo-Saxon bishop, 613. 
 
 Eannes, Gil, Portuguese navigator, 814. 
 
 Eanswith, English abbess, 603. 
 
 Eber, 96. 
 
 Ebn abi-Osaibia, Arab writer, 724. 
 
 Ebn al Djezzar, Arab medical writer, 645. 
 
 Ebn al Talmidh, Arab writer, 703. 
 
 Ebn Alvam, Arab agricultural writer, 711. 
 
 Ebn Alwardi, Arab geographer, 750. 
 
 Ebn-Arabschah, historian, 7 58. 
 
 Ebn A was, Arab writer, 858. 
 
 Ebn Dakar, Arab botanist, 6t2, 723-24. 
 
 Ebn Batrik, Arab medical writer, 645. 
 
 Ebn Batuta, Arab traveller, 688, 779, 782, 7S6, 7S9. 
 
 Ebn Damreh, Arab poet, 576. 
 
 Ebn El-Abras, Arab poet, 576. 
 
 Ebn El-Ala, Arab grammarian, 619. 
 
 Ebn Guefith, see Ebn Wafid. 
 
 Ebn Haukal, Arab geographer, 657. 
 
 Ebn Jezla, Arab medical writer, 6S0. 
 
 Ebn Joljol, Arab writer, 659. 
 
 Ebn Jounis of Cairo, Arab astronomer, 664. 
 
 Ebn Kamee-ah, Arab poet. 576. 
 
 Ebn Kemunat, Saad ben Manssur, Arab writer, 752. 
 
 Ebn Khaldun, Arab writer, 7S2. 
 
 Ebn Khallikan, Arab biographer, 752. 
 
 Ebn Khordadbah, Arab geographer, 643. 
 
 Ebn Kotaiba, Arab writer, 639. 
 
 Ebn Kurvva, Arab poet, 576. 
 
 Ebn Masawia, Arab medical writer, 631, 669. 
 
 Ebn Muhalhil, see Musir ben Muhalhil. 
 
 Ebn Said, Arab medical writer, 650. 
 
 Ebn Samhun, Arab writer, 655. 
 
 Ebn Seiyar, El-Khurasanee, Arab grammarian, 621. 
 
 Ebn Shone, Arab historian, 831. 
 
 Ebn Shumeyl, Arab grammarian, 624. 
 
 Ebn Ssaid of Spain, astronomer, 6S0. 
 
 Ebn Wafid, or A ben Guefit, Arab medical writer, 612, 
 
 675. 
 Ebn Wahab, Arab voyager, 629-30, 640. 
 Ebn Wahshiyyeh, Arab translator of Nabathean, 645. 
 Echemus, Arcadian chief, 166. 
 Echestratus, third Agid king of Sparta, 192. 
 Ecphantides, Greek comic poet, 268. 
 Edelinck, Gerard, Flemish cngiaver, 997. 
 Edgar, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 655-56. 
 Edmund, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 651-52. 
 Edmund II Ironsides, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 
 
 667. 
 Edoranchus, king of Babylon, 80. 
 Edred, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 652-53. 
 Edrisi, Arab geographer, 612, 70S. 
 Edward, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 645, 649. 
 Edward II , Anglo-Saxon king of England, 656, 65s, 
 
 676 
 Edward III Confessor, nineteenth king of England. 
 
 676,679. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 IO99 
 
 Edward, king of Portugal, 814. 
 
 Edward, twenty-ninth king of England, 755, 760, 762, 
 
 764. 
 Edward II., thirtieth king of England, 774, 779. 
 Edward III., thirty-first king of England, 779, 787, 791, 
 
 795- 
 Edward IV., thirty-sixth king of England, 829. 
 Edward VI., fortieth king of England, 888. * 
 Edward, the Black prince, 789. 
 Edwy, or Edwyn, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 653, 
 
 655. 
 Egbert, first king of England, 628-29. 
 Egede, Hans, resident in Greenland, 1010. 
 Eginhardus, historian, 623. 
 Eglon, king of Moab, 153. 
 Ehrhart, Fred., German botanist, 1042. 
 Ekbertus Treverensis, reforming abbot, 703. 
 Ekeberg, C. G., voyager to China, 1027. 
 Elagabalus, Roman emperor, 535-36. 
 Elah, king of Israel, 192. 
 El Akbar, Arab poet, 576. 
 El-Amin, sixth Abbassid khalif, 626. 
 El-Amr, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 684, 690. 
 El-Atthar, Abul Menni ben Abi Nassar ben Hafidh, 
 
 Jewish pharmacologist, 723. 
 El-Azdee, Arab poet, 571. 
 Eldad Hadani, Jewish traveller, 645. 
 El-Demiri of Cairo, Arab zoologist, 791. 
 Eleazar, Jewish high-priest, 149. 
 Electra, mother of Dardanus, 136. 
 Electryon, king of Argos, 163. 
 Elesbas, or Caleb, king of the Ethiopians or Abys- 
 
 sinians, 573-74- 
 Eleutherus, twelfth bishop of Rome, 530-31. 
 El-Farra, Arab grammarian, 624. 
 El-Hadi, fourth Abbassid khalif, 623. 
 El-Hafez, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 690, 707. 
 Elhafits, A. A., Arab writer, 703. 
 El-Herka, Abyssinian king, 539, 542. 
 Eli, Jewish high-priest, 170. 
 Elia Bashiatshi, Jewish writer, 831. 
 Elia Levita, Jewish grammarian, 872. 
 Eligius of Noyon, theologian, 601. 
 Elihu, 236. 
 
 Elijah, Jewish prophet, 178, 194. 
 Eliot, John, missionary in New England, 956, 960, 
 
 963- 
 Eliphaz, son of Esau, 119. 
 Elisaeus, Armenian historian, 566. 
 Elishama, 136. 
 
 Elizabeth, queen of England, 889, 892, 901, 908, 923. 
 Elizabeth of Germany, theologian, 703. 
 Elkanah, son of Korah, 146. 
 El-Khaleel, Arab grammarian, 621. 
 El-Kindi, Arab medical writer, 624. 
 El-Kirkissani el Bassir, Joseph ben Jacob, Karaite 
 
 Jewish writer, 645. 
 El-Kisa-ee, Arab grammarian, 621. 
 Elliot, Stephen, N. American botanist, 1058, 1061. 
 Ellis, John, English naturalist, 1025, 1030. 
 Ellowena, king of Ceylon, 520. 
 El-Mahadi, third Abbassid khalif, 622-23. 
 El-Mamun, seventh Abbassid khalif, 626, 628-29. 
 El-Mansur, second Abbassid khalif, 620-22 
 El-Muhelhil, Arab poet, 576 
 Elnabati, see Abu'l Abbas Nebati. 
 
 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, historian in Hindustan, 676. 
 
 El-Schebi, Arab zoologist, 799. 
 
 Elsholtz, Io. Siegm., German botanist, 963. 
 
 Eltamini, see Temini. 
 
 El-Yezeedee, Arab grammarian, 624. 
 
 El-Zaharawi, see Abulkasem el Zahrawi. 
 
 Emadeddin, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 786. 
 
 Emmanuel, or Immanuel, of Rome, Hebrew poet, 782. 
 
 Emanuel ben Jacob, Jewish astronomer, 7S2. 
 
 Emanuel Comnena, fifty-third Byzantine emperor, 
 
 704,712,715. 
 Empedocles, philosopher and inventor of rhetoric, 269. 
 Encke, astronomer, 1061. 
 
 Endicott, John, first gov. of Massachusetts, 943, 958. 
 Engelmann, botanist in North America, 1068. 
 Ennius, Roman poet, 388, 397. 
 Ennodius, ecclesiastical writer, 571. 
 Enoch, 64, 65. 
 Enoch, son of Cain, 3. 
 Enos, 3. 
 
 Enslen, Aloysius, botanist in N. America, 1056. 
 Eormenburh, princess and abbess, 610. 
 Eormenred, king of Kent, 610. 
 Epaminondas, Boeotian general, 312, 318. 
 Ephialtes of Athens, Greek orator, 323. 
 Ephippus, Greek historian, 325. 
 Ephraem of Edessa, Syriac Christian writer, 547. 
 Ephraemius, scholastic Greek writer, 752. 
 Ephraim, son of Joseph, 121. 
 Ephraimius of Antioch, ecclesiastical writer, 576. 
 Epicharmus, Greek poet, 261. 
 Epicrates, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Epictetus, Greek philosopher, 519. 
 Epicurus, Greek philosopher, and founder of a new 
 
 sect, 377. 
 Epigenes, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Epilycus, Greek poet, 268. 
 Epilycus, Greek comic poet, 298. 
 Epimetheus, brother of Prometheus, 127. 
 Epinicus, Greek comic poet, 389. 
 
 Epiphanius of Constantinople, ecclesiast. writer, 571. 
 Epiphanius of Cyprus, ecclesiastical writer, 554, 561. 
 Epiphanius of Petra, Greek rhetor, 547. 
 Epopeus, fourteenth king of Sicyon, 152. 
 Eraric, seventh Gothic king of Italy, 580. 
 Erasistratus, Greek medical writer, 372. 
 Erasmus of Rotterdam, 858. 
 Eratosthenes, Greek geographer and chronographer, 
 
 3 8 9> 396 _ 
 Erdeni-baksi, Chin, instructor of the Mandchous, 920. 
 Erechtheus, sixth king of Athens, 152-53, 159. 
 Ergamenes, Nubian or Ethiopian king, 376. 
 Erginus, king of Orchomenus, 160, 164. 
 Eric, bishop in Greenland, 6S7. 
 Eric, king of Denmark, 747. 
 Erichthonius, father of Tros, 146. 
 Erichthonius, fourth king of Athens, 139, 150. 
 Ericsson, John, inventor and engineer, 1071. 
 Erikus Rufus, Scandinavian navigator, 660, 662. 
 Erinna, Greek poetess, 231. 
 Erinna the younger, Greek poetess, 312. 
 Eriphus, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Ermeias, Greek philosopher, 576. 
 Erndtel, C. H., botanist, 997. 
 
 Erysichthon, founder of the temple at Delphi, 118. 
 Eryxias, Athenian archon, 220. 
 
I IOO 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Esaias, theologian, 601. 
 
 Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, 21S-19, 222. 
 
 Esau, 112, 115. 
 
 Esch-Sheybanee, Arab grammarian, 624. 
 
 Esper, E. J. C, cryptogamic botanist, 1052. 
 
 Esteve de Bezier, last of the Troubadours, 753. 
 
 Esther, Jewish wife of a Persian emperor, 255. 
 
 Esthori, Parchi, Jewish writer, 765. 
 
 Etearchus, king of the Oasis of Amnion, 269. 
 
 Eteocles, Cadmean king of Boeotia, 164. 
 
 Ethan the Ezrahite, 179. 
 
 Ethbaal, or Eithobalus, Phoenician king, 192, 194. 
 
 Ethelbald II , Anglo-Saxon king of England, 633-34. 
 
 Etheibert, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 634. 639. 
 
 Etheired, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 639-40. 
 
 Ethelred II., Anglo-Saxon king of England, 658,667. 
 
 Ethel werd, Fabius, Anglo-Saxon chronologer, 656. 
 
 Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, 655. 
 
 Ethelwulf, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 629, 633. 
 
 Euarestus, fourth bishop of Rome, 51S. 
 
 Eubulus, Greek comic poet, 306 
 
 Eubulus of Athens, Academic philosopher, 540. 
 
 Eucherius, ecclesiastical writer, 565. 
 
 Euclides, Athenian archon, 29S. 
 
 Eucratides, Greek king of Bactria, 39S, 402. 
 
 Eucratides II., Greek king of Bactria, 402. 
 
 Euctemon, Greek astronomer, 2S1. 
 
 Euclemus, Greek king of Bactria, 340. 
 
 Eudemus, Greek writer, 325. 
 
 Eudemus of Tarns, Greek historian, 244. 
 
 Eudo.xia, wife of Valentinian III., 568. 
 
 Eudo.xus of Cnidus, Greek astronomer, 312. 
 
 Eudoxus of Cyzicus, Greek navigator, 424. 
 
 Euechous, king of Babylon, 83. 
 
 Euetes, Greek comic poet, 255. 
 
 Eugamon of Cvrcne, Greek poet, 237 
 
 Eugenius, claimant of the Roman empire, 558. 
 
 Eugenius of Bulgaria, modern Greek writer, 1052. 
 
 Eugenius of Carthage, ecclesiastical writer, 570. 
 
 Eugenius, tenth Roman archbishop, 605, 607. 
 
 Eugenius II., thirty-fifth Roman archbishop, 627-28. 
 
 Eugenius III., eleventh pope, 705, 70S. 
 
 Eugenius IV., fifty-third pope, 813, 815, 821. 
 
 Eugeon of Samos, Gicck historian, 244. 
 
 Eugesippus, Greek writer, 675. 
 
 Euhemerus, Greek writer, 325. 
 
 Eulamius, Greek philosopher, 576. 
 
 Eulh-chi-hoang-ti, of the Thsin, Chinese emperor, 393. 
 
 Eulogius, bishop of Caesarea, 561. 
 
 Eulogius of Alexandria, ecclesiastical writer, 5S6. 
 
 Eulogius of Toledo, theologian, 629. 
 
 Eumachus of Corcyra, Greek historian, 417. 
 
 Eumelus, Greek poet, 210. 
 
 Eumenius, Roman panegyrist, 544. 
 
 Eumolpus, 153. 
 
 Eunapius, Greek historian, 560. 
 
 Euneus, Aeolian chief, 162. 
 
 Eunicns, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 
 Eunnniius, heretical Christian writer, 552. 
 
 Euphantus of Olynthus, Greek writer, 382. 
 
 Euphemius, bishop of Constantinople, 570, 572. 
 
 Euphorion of Chalcis, Greek grammarian, 3S2. 
 
 Euphranor, Creek painter, 312. 
 
 Euphrasius, ecclesiastical writer, 571. 
 
 Euphrates, bishop of Cologne, 549. 
 
 Euphrates, Greek philosopher, 498. 
 
 Euphron, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 Eupolemus, Greek architect, 285. 
 Eupolis, Greek comic poet, 282. 
 Eupompus, Greek painter, 299. 
 Euric, king of the Goths, 568-69. 
 Euripides, Greek tragic poet, 278, 296. 
 Euripides the younger, Greek tragic poet, 299. 
 Europa, mother of Minos, 147. 
 Europs, second king of Sicyun, 113. 
 Eurvlochus, leader of the Amphictyons, 234. 
 Euryphon, Greek medical writer, 288. 
 Eui vpon, or Em vtion, third Proclidkingof Sparta, 192. 
 Eurysthenes and 1'rocles, kings of Sparta, 186, 191. 
 Eurystheus, king of Argus, 105, 
 Eusebius, Arian bishop of Emisa, 547. 
 Eusebius, bishop of Laodicea, 543. 
 Eusebius, twenty-ninth bishop of Rome, 544. 
 Eusebius of Caesarea, Greek chronographer, 547-4S. 
 Eusebius \'ercellensis, ecclesiastical writer, 550. 
 Eustathius, Creek chronographer, 568. 
 Eustathius of Antioch, early Christian writer, 544. 
 Eustathius of Thessalonica, 711. 
 Eusthenius, Claudius, Roman panegyrist, 544. 
 Eustochius, Greek historian, 547. 
 Euthalius, Greek ecclesiastical writer, 565. 
 Euthydemus, third Greek king of Bactria, 391, 396. 
 Euthymius Zigabenus, scholastic Greek writer, 684. 
 Eutropius, Roman historian, 547. 
 Eutvches, founder of the Eutychian sect, 566. 
 Eutychianus, twenty-fifth bishop of Rome, 542, 543. 
 Eutychius of Amasia, ecclesiastical writer, 576. 
 Euxenidas, Greek painter, 312. 
 Euxenides, Greek comic poet, 255. 
 Euzous, bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, 552. 
 Ev.1gor.1s, king of Cyprus, 302-3, 306, 311. 
 Evagrius, ecclesiastical historian, s86. 
 'Evagiius of Antioch, ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 Evander, Greek philosopher, 3S9. 
 Evander, leader of a Greek colony, 157. 
 Evanthiu-, Roman grammarian, 547. 
 Evenor, Greek painter, 281. 
 
 Eversmann, Russian naturalist at Boukhara, 1062. 
 Evil-merodach, or Ilvarodamus, king of Babylon, 239. 
 Evrard of Nevcrs, theologian, 718. 
 Evremond of Normandy, humorist and critic, 965. 
 Exmouth, English admiral, 1060. 
 Exsupeiins, Roman rhetor, 547. 
 E\ re, traveller, 03 V 
 Ezckicl, Jew i.sh prophet, 236. 
 Ezra, Abraham ebn, 703. 
 
 E/r.i. Moses ebn, Jewish writer of Arabic, 703. 
 Ezra the scribe, 268. . 
 
 Fa, of the Ilia, Chinese emperor, 96. 
 Fabianus, eighteenth bishop of Rome, 537-39. 
 Kabius, thirteenth bishop of Antioch, 539. 
 Fabius M.iximus, n , Roman general, 330, 346. 
 Fabius Pictor, Roman historian, 392. 
 Fabregou, M., French botanist, 1013. 
 Fabricius, Io., botanist, S92. 
 Fabricius, J. Albertus, classical scholar, 997. 
 Fabricius, John, astronomer, 928. 
 Fabricius, 1'liil. Conr., botanist, 1023. 
 Facilidas, Abyssinian king, 947. 
 Facundus, ecclesiastical writer, 576. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 I IOI 
 
 Fagius, Paul, of Germany, translator of Hebrew, 885. 
 
 Fagon, Guid. Crescent., French botanist, 997. 
 
 Fa-Hian, Chinese traveller in Hindustan, 560. 
 
 Fai-tai, dairo of Japan, 621. 
 
 Falk, I. P., botanist in East Siberia, 1031-33. 
 
 Fallopius, Gabriel, 872. 
 
 Faneuil, Peter, of Boston, builder and donor of Faneuil 
 
 Hall, 1017. 
 Fannasono, dairo of Japan, 767, 774. 
 Fannius, C, Roman historian, 400. 
 Fan-sio, nineteenth dairo of Japan, 561-62. 
 Faraday, scientific experimenter and discoverer, 1066. 
 Faradj, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 798, 802. 
 Faresi, Arab grammarian, 650. 
 Farokhzad, sultan of Ghazni, 677-78. 
 Faunus, king of the Aborigines in Italy, 157. 
 Faust, John, early European printer, 815. 
 Faustinus, bishop of Iconium, 553. 
 Favorinus, philosopher, 519. 
 Faye, astronomer, 1061. 
 Fayez, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 708-9. 
 Faymiyoun, Syrian missionary in Yemen, 571. 
 Fei-dsio, fifty-first dairo of Japan, 625-26. 
 Felix, Arian bishop of Rome, 550. 
 Felix, fifty-second bishop of Rome, 574, 576. 
 Felix, forty-sixth bishop of Rome, 569-70. 
 Felix, opposition pope, 815, 821. 
 Felix, procurator of Judea, 482. 
 Felix, twenty-fourth bishop of Rome, 541. 
 Fenelon, author of Maximes des Saints, 997. 
 Fenestella, Roman historian, 467. 
 Ferdinand, first king of Castile in Spain, 675. 
 Ferdinand, king of Hungary, 877. 
 Ferdinand, king of Spain, 850. 
 Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, 1060. 
 Ferdinand, thirty-first emperor of Germany and Italy, 
 
 891-92. 
 Ferdinand II , thirty-fourth emperor of Germany and 
 
 Ita ] y. 935-36, 939-40, 943. 
 Ferdusi, Persian poet, 664. 
 Fereira, Peter, 860. 
 Fergus, king of Scotland, 560. 
 Fermin, Phil., botanist at Surinam, 1027. 
 Fernandes, Alvaro, Portuguese navigator, 819-20. 
 Fernandes, Joao, traveller in the Western Sahara, 819. 
 Fernandez, Duarte, 861. 
 Ferrari, Io. Bapt, Italian botanist, 948. 
 Ferrer, Don Jayme, Catalan navigator, 787. 
 Ferrerius Vincentius. theologian, 799. 
 Festus, Porcius, Roman procurator in Judea, 482. 
 Festus, Sext. Pompeius, Roman lexicographer, 547. 
 Festus Rufus, Roman historian, 547. 
 Feuillee, botanist, 1002. 
 
 Fide-jori, cubo and emperor of Japan, 919, 934. 
 Fide-josi, cubo and emperor of Japan, 905, 908, 909, 
 
 915-16, 918-19. 
 Fidelis, traveller in Egypt and Palestine, 621. 
 Fide-tada, cubo and emperor of Japan, 945, 957. 
 Field, Darby, first European visitor of the White 
 
 Mountains, 952. 
 Fielding, Henry, English romance writer, 1012. 
 P'ihr-Coraysh, progenitor of the Coraysh tribe, 536. 
 Fikakusa II , or Go-Fikakusa, dairo of Japan, 740, 750. 
 Filicaia of Florence, Italian poet, 997. 
 Finan, bishop of the Scots, 605. 
 Finiguerra, Maso, earliest Italian engraver, 858. 
 
 Firens, Petrus, botanist, 948. 
 
 Firmicus Maternus, Latin ecclesiastical writer, 549. 
 
 Firmilianus, bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, 536. 
 
 Firoze, Sasanid king of Persia, 568-69. 
 
 Firuz, eighth king of the Deccan, 811. 
 
 Fischartus, Io., German botanist, 921. 
 
 Fischer, F. E. L., German botanist, 1052, 1066. 
 
 Fischer, Levinus, German botanist, 948. 
 
 Fi-ti, of the Thsi, Chinese emperor, 570. 
 
 Flaccus, Publius Avilius, Roman prefect over Egypt, 
 
 478. 
 Flacourt, Stephan, French gov. of Madagascar, 957. 
 Flaccus, Verrius, Roman archaeologist and gramma- 
 rian, 464. 
 Flame], Nicholas, alchemist, 791. 
 Flamstead, John, English astronomer, 989, 997, 1037. 
 Flavianus, bishop of Antioch, 554. 
 Flavianus, bishop of Constantinople, 552, 566. 
 Flavianus the younger of Antioch, eccles. writer, 571. 
 Flavius Blondus, historian, 814. 
 Fletcher, British colonial governor, 990. 
 Floerke, H. Gust., German botanist, 1056. 
 Florentinus, Roman jurist, 536. 
 Florianus, thirty-seventh Roman emperor, 542. 
 Fontaine, Jean de la, French poet, 965. 
 Fontenelle, Bernard de, 1012. 
 Forbisher, Martin, British navigator, 901. 
 Foricawa, dairo of Japan, 682, 684. 
 Foricawa II., dairo of Japan, 721, 723. 
 Formosus, forty-seventh Roman archbishop, 644-45. 
 Forrest, Thomas, voyager to New Guinea, 1037. 
 Forskal, Petrus, Danish botanist in Egypt and Arabia, 
 
 1024-26. 
 Forster, George, accomp. his father on Cook's second 
 
 voyage, 1034. 
 Forster, Io. Rein., voyager and botanist, 1031-32,1034, 
 
 1049. 
 Fortunatianus of Carthage, bishop of Aquileia, 550. 
 Fotherby, Robert, Arctic voyager, 932. 
 Fou-chan, preserver of the Chou-king, 399. 
 Foucquembourg, French commissioner to the East 
 
 Indies, 953. 
 Foudo-no Yasou, Japanese historian, 615. 
 Fou-hi, founder of the Chinese empire, 76. 
 Fousi-wara-no Naka-fira, 652. 
 Fousi-wara-no Ye-mi-no, Japanese general, 621. 
 Fou-y-tchang, Chinese historian, 94S. 
 Fra. Giovanni, called Angelico, Italian painter, 814. 
 Fracastor, Hieronymus, poet and medical writer, 872. 
 Fragosus, loan., Spanish botanist, 900. 
 Francis, king of France, 866-67, 869-70, 874-75. 
 Francis II., forty-third emperor of Germany and 
 
 Italy, and first Austrian emperor, 1047, 1056. 
 Franciscus Pedemontium, 773. 
 Franco, Joan., German botanist, 936. 
 Franco, mathematician, 675. 
 Frankenius, Johannes, Swedish botanist, 951. 
 Franklin, Benjamin, American physicist, 1021-22, 
 
 1036, 1039. 
 Fraser, John, English botanist, 1039, 1052, 1059. 
 Freculphus of Lisieux, theologian, 629. 
 Fredegaire, French historian, 619. 
 Frederic, elector of Saxony, 863-65. 
 Frederic, first king of Prussia, 994. 
 Frederic II. the Great, king of Prussia, 1017, 1042. 
 Frederic V., king of Denmark, 1012. 
 
1102 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Frederic William, king of Prussia, 1017. 
 Frederic William II., king of Prussia, 1042, 1049. 
 Frederic William III., king of Prussia, 1049. 
 Fredericus Barbarossa, eleventh emperor of Germany 
 
 and Italy, 708, 710. 
 Fredericus II., fourteenth emperor of Germany and 
 
 Italy, 720, 722, 734, 736, 740. 
 Fredericus III., twenty-seventh emperor of Germany 
 
 and Italy, 821. 
 Frevcinet, French navigator, 1061. 
 Frezier, Amad., voyager, 668, 1003. 
 Friend, John, physician, 997. 
 Fries, E. Fr., botanist, 1062. 
 Frodoard, 650. 
 
 Froelich, Jo. Aloys., German botanist, 1049. 
 Froes, Aloysius, Catholic missionary in Japan, 897. 
 Froissart, Flemish historian, 791. 
 Frontinus, Julius, Roman governor in Britain, 515. 
 Frontinus, Roman writer, 498. 
 Fronto, Cornelius, Roman rhetor, 52S. 
 Frumentius, missionary in Abyssinia, 547-4S. 
 Fuca, Juan de, Greek navigator, 914. 
 Fuchsius, L., botanist, SS2. 
 Fuiren, Georg, Danish botanist, 943. 
 Fulbertus, 664. 
 
 Fulgentius, Roman ecclesiastical writer, 56S. 
 Fulton, Robert, American engineer, 1057. 
 Fulvius Xobilior, Roman historian, 396-97. 
 Funccius, Joannes, chronologist, 888. 
 Furnius, Roman orator, 446. 
 Furnival, Richard de, naturalist, 753. 
 Fusimi, dairo of Japan, 759, 764. 
 Fusimi II., dairo of Japan, 764-65. 
 Fuss, Russian astronomer and physicist, 1065. 
 
 Gabiniaxus, Roman rhetor, 503. 
 
 Gabinius, king of the Quadi, 553. 
 
 ( l.ibinius, Roman proconsul in Syria, 453. 
 
 Gad, Jewish prophet, 179. 
 
 Gartner, German botanist, 1043. 
 
 Gaetano, navigator, S82. 
 
 Gage, Thomas, British general in N. America, 1034. 
 
 Gaiga-dchargoutsi, Chinese instructor of the Mand- 
 
 chous, 920. 
 Gai-ti, see Ngai-ti. 
 
 Gakenholz, Alex. Chr., botanist, 997. 
 Galava, Hindu king, 130. 
 Galba, Roman emperor, 498. 
 Galen, Greek medical writer, 529. 
 Galeotti, botanist in Mexico, 1067. 
 Galerius, colleague of the emperor Diocletian, 544. 
 Galfridus of Lynn, author of Promptorium parvu- 
 
 Iorum, 718, X16. 
 Gali, Franciso, Spanish navigator, 905. 
 Galileo, Italian astronomer, 928-29. 
 Galland, French orientalist, 997. 
 Galle, astronomer, 1069. 
 G.illesio, G, botanist, 1052. 
 Gallienus, Roman emperor, 540-41. 
 Gallio, Junius, Roman rhetor, 467. 
 Gallus, Aelius, Roman prefect over Egypt, 461, 464. 
 Gallus, Asinius, Roman orator, 467. 
 Gallus, Cestius, Roman general, 498. 
 Gallus, Cornelius, Roman poet and prefect over 
 Egypt. 457; 461. 
 
 Gallus, Sulpicius, earliest Roman astronomer, 399. 
 Gallus, Trebonianus, thirtieth Roman emperor, 539. 
 Gallus Caesar, Roman viceroy, 549. 
 Galvani of Bologna, discoverer of galvanic electricity, 
 
 1046. 
 Galvano, Antonio, governor of Ternate, 876. 
 Galvez, Spanish governor of Louisiana, 1037. 
 Gama, Vasco de, Portuguese navigator, 856-57, 859, 
 
 S66. 
 Gambhira, Hindu king, 626. 
 Gangeswar, king of Orissa, 708. 
 Garces, Henrique, S97. 
 Garcia III., king of Spain, 664. 
 Garcias, botanist in the East Indies, 888. 
 Gardar, Scandinavian navigator, 638. 
 Garden, botanist in Carolina, 1024. 
 Garga, Hindu astronomer, 175. 
 Garidel, Joseph, French botanist, 1004. 
 Gariopontus, medical writer, 862. 
 Gassendi, Peter, French astronomer, 940. 
 Gaston Phoebus, naturalist, 791. 
 Gates, Thomas, second governor of Virginia, 928, 930, 
 
 933- 
 Gathlas, Armenian chief, 87. 
 Gatianus, first bishop of Tours, 539. 
 Gaubil, Catholic missionary in China, 1030. 
 Gaudama, see Buddha. 
 
 Gaudapada, commentator on the A'edas, 647, 651. 
 Gaudichaud, Charles, botanist in Freycinet's Voyage, 
 
 1061, 1064. 
 Gaudin, J. F. G. Philip, Swiss botanist, 1058. 
 Gav, C. L., botanist in Chili, 1069. 
 Gay, Jacques, French botanist, 1069. 
 Gayabahoo, king of Ceylon, 521, 527. 
 Gaza, Theodorus, translator of Greek, 841. 
 Gazali, or Ghazali, Arab writer, 684. 
 Geber, Arab astronomer and alchemist, 646. 
 Gelanor, king of Argus, 137. 
 Gelasius, bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, 554. 
 Gelasius, forty-seventh bishop of Rome, 570. 
 Gelasius of Cyzicus, ecclesiastical writer, 568. 
 Gelasius II , fifth pope, 6S7. 
 Gelimcr, last king of the Vandals in Africa, 576. 
 Gulon, Greek king of Syracuse, 261, 266. 
 Guninianus, early Christian writer, 536. 
 Geminus, C Fufius, or Rufius, Roman consul, 476. 
 Geminus, Greek astronomer, 433. 
 Geminus, L. Rubellius, Roman consul, 476. 
 Gemistus, Georgius, a scholastic Greek writer, 
 
 814. 
 Gtuebrardus, Gilbertus, chronographer, S97. 
 Gcnesius, J., restorer of learning in Spain, 897. 
 Gennadius, bishop of Constantinople, 568. 
 Gennadius, Roman orator, 547. 
 Gennadius of Massilia, ecclesiastical writer, 570. 
 Genonei, empress, or dairo, of Japan, 614, 616. 
 Genseric, king of the Vandals, 566-67, 569. 
 Gensioo, empress, or dairo, of Japan, 616, 618. 
 Gentius, king of the Illyrians, 399. 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, translator of Welsh, 703. 
 Geoffrey, Claud Joseph, French botanist, 1012. 
 Gioffroy, Steph. Franc, French botanist, 997. 
 Geoffry, bishop of Rouen, 687. 
 George, British king, 1004, 1007. 
 George II., British king, 1007, 1023. 
 George III., British king, 1023, 1058. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 I 103 
 
 Georgi, Io. Theoph., botanist in East Siberia, 1031-33. 
 
 Georgilas, Emmanuel, modern Greek versifier, 831. 
 
 Georgius, Arian bishop of Alexandria, 550-51. 
 
 Georgius monachus, Greek writer, 650. 
 
 Georgius Phrantzes, 831. 
 
 Georgius Protosincellus, Greek writer, 831. 
 
 Georgius Trapezuntinus, translator of Greek, 831. 
 
 Gerard, L., French botanist, 1024-25. 
 
 Gerarde, John, English botanist, or8, 947. 
 
 Gerardus Cremonensis, orientalist, 680. 
 
 Gerber, Traug., Russian botanist, 1012. 
 
 Gerbert, see Sylvester II. 
 
 Gerbillon, P., Jesuit missionary in China, 989. 
 
 Gerhardus, 740. 
 
 Germanicus Caesar, son of Drusus^ 470, 475. 
 
 Germanus Antisiodorensis, legate from the bishop of 
 
 Rome, 565. 
 Germanus, Greek patriarch, 618. 
 Germanus of Constantinople, scholastic Greek writer, 
 
 Gerson ben Solomon, Jewish cosmographer, 752. 
 
 Gerson, Joannes, of Paris, scholastic theologian, 799. 
 
 Gervase of Canterbury, historian, 718. 
 
 Gesenius, orientalist, 650. 
 
 Gesner, Io , botanist, 882, 884, 887-88, 891-92, 894, 897, 
 
 1021, 1025, 1027. 
 Geta, brother of the emperor Caracalla, 534-35. 
 Ghatacarpura, Sanscrit writer, 6S1. 
 Ghazali, see Gazali. 
 
 Gheias-u-din Ghori, suit, of Ghor and Ghazni, 709, 718. 
 Ghen-so, twenty-fourth dairo of Japan, 569. 
 Ghiesbreght, botanist in Mexico, 1067. 
 Ghi-fon, king of the Loo-Choo Islands, 741. 
 Ghota-abaya, or Maga-warna-Abaya, king of Ceylon, 
 
 539. 541- 
 
 Gideon, or Jerubbaal, Jewish warrior, 157. 
 
 Giganof, author of a Tartar dictionary, 1052. 
 
 Gilbert, Humph., leader of an English colony, 905, 936. 
 
 Gilbert, Raleigh, leader of an English colony, 926-27. 
 
 Gilbert of Poitiers, theologian, 705. 
 
 Gildas, earliest British historian, 585. 
 
 Gildo, claimant of the Roman empire, 559. 
 
 Gilead, 127. 
 
 Gillam, British navigator, 965. 
 
 Ginnani, Jos., botanist, 1013. 
 
 Giorgione, Italian painter, 858. 
 
 Giotto, Italian painter, 765. 
 
 Giraldi of Ferrara, critic, 872. 
 
 Gisco, Carthaginian prince, 265. 
 
 Giseke, P. D., botanist, 1027. 
 
 Giselbertus, theologian, 650. 
 
 Giyoki, Buddhist priest in Japan, 618. 
 
 Glaber, Radulphus, historian and theologian, 675. 
 
 Glanville, Bartholomew, English botanist, 782. 
 
 Glanville, Ranulph de, jurist, 715. 
 
 Glaucias, early Christian Greek writer, 498. 
 
 Glaucias, Greek medical writer, 392. 
 
 Glaucus of Chios, Greek artisan, 220. 
 
 Gleditsh, Io. Th., botanist, 1013, 1025. 
 
 Gliick of Livonia, translator into Lettonian and Rus- 
 sian, 997. 
 
 Gluzonius, Emmanuel, modern Greek writer, 897. 
 
 Glycas, Michael, scholastic Greek writer, 684. 
 
 Glycerius, Roman emperor over the West, 568-69. 
 
 Glycon, Greek medical writer, 455. 
 
 Gmelin, Io. Frid., botanist, 1025, 1033, 1043. 
 
 Gmelin, Io. George, botanist in Siberia, 1013, 1018. 
 Gmelin jun., voyager on the Caspian, 1033. 
 Gmelin, Sam. Theoph., voyager on the Caspian, 1028. 
 Gnipho, Antonius, Roman rhetor, 446. 
 Gobind Bidyadhar, king of Orissa, 872. 
 Goddam, Adamus, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 Godescalcus, author of the doctrine of predestina- 
 tion, 631. 
 Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of Crusaders, 683. 
 Godfridus Vindocinensis, theologian, 684. 
 Goffe, English regicide, 960. 
 Gofunnazo, dairo of Japan, 812, 818, 830. 
 Go-Horikawa, see Forikawa II. 
 Go-jo-sei, dairo of Japan, 913. 
 Gokomatz, dairo of Japan, 796, 802. 
 Gollownin, Russian voyager to Japan, 1059. 
 Gomara, Lopez de, 888. 
 Gomez, botanist in Brazil, 1059. 
 Gomez, Esteuan, Spanish navigator, 867. 
 Gomez, Fernam, 831, 833. 
 Gonara, dairo of Japan, 868, 892. 
 Gonarda III., king of Cashmere, 193. 
 Gonsalo Velio, Portuguese navigator, 813, 822. 
 Gonsalves, Antam, Portuguese navigator, 816-17,819. 
 Goodenough, S., cryptogamic botanist, 1047. 
 Gookin, Daniel, ethnologist in N. America, 972. 
 Gordianus Pius, twenty-seventh Roman emperor, 538. 
 Gordius, king of Phrygia, 1 50. 
 Go-reisei, or Reisei II., dairo of Japan, 676, 6S0. 
 Gurgias, Greek orator, 281. 
 
 Gorram, Nicolaus de, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 Gorter, D. de, botanist, 1024-25. 
 Go-san-dsio, dairo of Japan, 680. 
 Gosnold, Bartholomew, British navigator, 923. 
 Go-sijrakawa, dairo of Japan, 709. 
 Go-siu-saku, dairo of Japan, 675-76. 
 Gothofridus Viterbiensis, chronographer, 716. 
 Go-Tsutsi-Mikaddo, dairo of Japan, 830. 
 Gotto-mio, dairo of Japan, 953, 959. 
 Gouan, Ant., French botanist, 1024-25, 1033. 
 Gouda, dairo of Japan, 755, 759. 
 
 Gourgues, Dominique de, Fr. colonizer in Florida, 898. 
 
 Govardhana, Sanscrit poet, 711. 
 
 Govindanat'ha, commentator on the Vedas, 651,655. 
 
 Gower, English poet, 798. 
 
 Graah, Danish navigator, 862. 
 
 Gravius of Saxony, critic, 997. 
 
 Graham, John, botanist in Hindustan, 1068. 
 
 Grais, leader of a Greek colony, 191. 
 
 Grant, U S , American general, 107 1. 
 
 Gratian of Tuscany, scholastic theologian, 708. 
 
 Gratianus, forty-eighth Roman emperor, 553—54. 
 
 Grave, Du Pont, French navigator, 920. 
 
 Gravina of Naples, jurist, 997. 
 
 Gray, Asa, N. American botanist, 1069-70. 
 
 Green, John, American trader, 1038. 
 
 Greene, Benjamin D., American botanist, 1047, 1063. 
 
 Greene, Nathaniel, American general, 1037. 
 
 Greenvil, Richard, leader of a British colony, 908-9. 
 
 Gregentius, bishop of Yemen, 577. 
 
 Gregorius, Arian bishop of Alexandria, 548-49. 
 
 Gregorius, bishop of Nazianzus, 547. 
 
 Gregorius, bishop of Nyssa, 554. 
 
 Gregorius, or Theodorus, bishop of Neo-caesarea in 
 Pontus, 537. 
 
 Gregorius Ariminensis, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 
1 104 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Gregorius Boeticus of Spain, early Christian writer, 
 54S. 
 
 Gregorius Cyprius, scholastic Greek writer, 752. 
 
 Gregorius Degha, bishop of Armenia, 716. 
 
 Gregorius Magnus, sixty-second bishop of Rome, 
 591-92, 597. 
 
 Gregorius l'alamas, scholastic Greek writer, 782. 
 
 Gregorius II., twenty-fourth Roman archb. 616, 619. 
 
 Gicgorius III., twenty-fifth Roman archbishop, 619. 
 
 Gix-.yoriu-i IV , thirty-seventh Ruman archb. 628, 630. 
 
 Gregorius V., seventy-sixth Roman archb., 663-64. 
 
 Gregonus VI., eightv-fourth Roman archb , 676. 
 
 Gregorius VII., see Hildebrand. 
 
 Gregorius VIII., seventeenth pope, 716. 
 
 Gregorius IX , twenty-second pope, 722, 734. 
 
 Gregorius X., twenty-eighth pope, 753, 755. 
 
 Gregorius XI., forty-fifth pope, 791, 795. 
 
 Gregorius XII., forty-ninth pope, 801-2. 
 
 Gregorius XIII., seventy-second pope, 905. 
 
 Gregorius of Nazianzus the younger, bishop of Con- 
 stantinople, 554. 
 
 Gregorius of Tours, historian and eccles. writer, 5S9. 
 
 Grew, Nehemiah, microscopic observer, 965. 
 
 Grigorief, translator of Persian history of the Mon- 
 gols, 1066. 
 
 Grijalva, Fernando de, Spanish navigator, 876. 
 
 Grijalva, John de, Spanish navigator, 863. 
 
 Grimm, H. Nicol., botanist in the East Indies, 972. 
 
 Grimm, Io. F. C, German botanist, 1027. 
 
 Grisebach, botanist in Roumelia, 1068. 
 
 Grislseus, Gabriel, Portuguese botanist, 960. 
 
 Grocyn, William, 847. 
 
 Gronovius, James, of Leyden, critic, 997. 
 
 ("rronovius, J. Frederick, critic, 945. 
 
 Gronovius, Joh. Fr., botanist, 1016, 1025. 
 
 Grostest, bishop of Lincoln, 723. 
 
 Grotius, Hugo, jurist and critic, 948. 
 
 Grubb, Mich , Swedish botanist, 1027. 
 
 Gruterus of Antwerp, archaeologist, 921. 
 
 Guadama, see Buddha. 
 
 Cuatemo/in, see Quauhtemotzin. 
 
 Guettard, Io. Stephan., zoologist, 1012, 1025. 
 
 Guicciardini of Florence, historian, 872. 
 
 Guido Carmelita, scholastic theologi m, 7S2. 
 
 Guido Keni, Italian painter, 948. 
 
 Guido of Siena, Italian painter, 721. 
 
 Guillaume de Normandie, poet and naturalist, 753. 
 
 Guilandinus, Melchior, botanist in Egypt, 892. 
 
 Guillemeau, French botanist, 1052. 
 
 Guitmundiis Aversanus, scholastic theologian, _6So. 
 
 Guldenstadt, Io. Ant., botanist in Caucasus, 1037. 
 
 Gulielmus Antisiodorensis, scholastic theologian, 723. 
 
 Gulielmus de Baldensel, 752. 
 
 Gulielmus Parisiensis, scholastic theologian, 723. 
 
 Gunbjorn, Scandinavian navigator, 64r, 660. 
 
 Gundebald, king of the Burgundians, 571-72. 
 
 Gundicar, first king of the Burgundians, 562, 566. 
 
 Gunnerus, Io. E., Norwegian botanist, 1027. 
 
 Giinther, German botanist, 1049. 
 
 Gussone, Giovanni, Italian botanist, 1064. 
 
 Gustavus II. Adolphus, king of Sweden, 943. 
 
 Gutaka, gov. of the Hindu colony on Java, 546, 552. 
 
 Gutama, governor of the Hindu colony on Java, 554. 
 
 Guthlac, or Gurthlake, first Saxon anchorite, 613. 
 
 Guttenberg, John, early European printer, 815. 
 
 Gutzlaff, Rev. Charles, missionary, 1067. 
 
 Guy de Chauliac, medical writer, 782. 
 
 Guyot of Provence, poet, 687. 
 
 Guzman, Alonzo Enriquez de, traveller in Peru, 875. 
 
 Guzman, Nunho de, traveller in Northw. Mexico, 871. 
 
 Gyges, king of Lydia, 217, 222. 
 
 Habakkuk, Jewish prophet, 227. 
 
 Habkar, joint ruler of Oman, 600. 
 
 Hablizl, C. L., botanist in the Tauro-caspian coun- 
 tries, 1044. 
 
 Hacquet, Balthasar, German botanist, 1038. 
 
 Hadad, king of Edom, 127. 
 
 Hadad II., or Hadar, king of Edom, 150. 
 
 Hadad, king of Syria, 179. 
 
 Hadamarius Fuldensis, theologian, 650. 
 
 Hadji Saleh, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 795. 
 
 Hadrianus, or Adrian, Roman emperor, 525-27. 
 
 Hadrianus, theologian, 601. 
 
 Hadrianus, thirty-first Roman archbishop, 622, 624. 
 
 Hadrianus II., forty-second Roman archb., 639-40. 
 
 Hadrianus III., forty-fifth Roman archbishop, 643. 
 
 Hadrianus IV., thirteenth pope, 708—9. 
 
 Hadrianus V., thirtieth pope, 755. 
 
 Hadrianus VI., sixty-fourth pope, 866. 
 
 Haenke, Thaddeus, German botanist, 1046. 
 
 Hafiz, Persian poet, 796. 
 
 Haggai, Jewish prophet, 251. 
 
 Hagisa, king of Babylon, 219. 
 
 Hai'g, first king of Armenia, 87. 
 
 Hajaj-ibn-Yusuf, Muslim general, 6t2. 
 
 Haji Purwa, Javan convert to Mohammedanism, 741. 
 
 Hajjaj, governor of Irak, 612. 
 
 Hake, Theodore, founder of the London Society, 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences, 956. 
 
 Hakem, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, and founder of the 
 sect of Druses, 664-65, 667 
 
 Hakor, or Achoris, king of Egypt, 298, 303. 
 
 Halberstadt, Conrad de, naturalist, 753. 
 
 Hale, Horatio, American ethnologist, 705, 1068. 
 
 Hales, Stephen, chronographer, 1012. 
 
 Halevi, Jewish writer, 650. 
 
 Halitgarius, Cameracensis, theologian, 624. 
 
 Haller, Albertus, botanist, 1016-17, 1020, 1025, 1028. 
 
 Haller, Emmanuel, botanist, rooo. 
 
 Hallcv, Edmund, English astronomer, 926, 975, 1012. 
 
 Halv Abbas, Arab medical writer, 599, 602, 653. 
 
 Hamid Khan Lodi, Muslim ruler of Multan and 
 Laghman, 6^8. 
 
 Hamilcar, Carthaginian prince, 265. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, fiist secretary of treasury of 
 the United States, 1043. 
 
 Hamilton, Terrick, orientalist, iot;2. 
 
 Hammond, Dr. Henry, commentator, 948. 
 
 Hampden, John, English statesman, 951. 
 
 Handell, G. Frederick, 1012. 
 
 Hannibal, Carthaginian general, 279. 
 
 Hannibal the younger, Carthaginian general, 391, 395. 
 
 Hannibalianus, Roman viceroy, 548. 
 
 Hanno, Carthaginian prince and'navigator, 265, 267. 
 
 Han-tsou, early Chinese usurper, 88. 
 
 Hapenmat, mother of the Egyptian king Senefru, 66. 
 
 Haran, brother of Abraham, 103. 
 
 Harb, brought Arabic writing to Mecca, 583. 
 
 Hardicanute, king of Denmark and England, 675. 
 
 Harding, astronomer, 1052. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 1 105 
 
 Hardouin, sceptic in regard to ancient classic writ- 
 ings, 997. 
 
 Hareth, Arab poet, 597. 
 
 Harib, Arab writer, 655. 
 
 Hariot, Tho., early traveller in N. America, 90S, 928. 
 
 Harir, king of Cashmere, 677. 
 
 Harith-Erraich, first tobba of Yemen, 407. 
 
 Harivansa, Sanscrit poet, 702. 
 
 Harold, prince of Denmark, 627. 
 
 Harold, seventeenth king of England, 675. 
 
 Harold II., twentieth king of England, 679. 
 
 Harpal, Mahratta chief, 774. 
 
 Harsha, king of Cashmere, 6S6, 688. 
 
 Hartmann, Pet. Imman., German botanist, 1020. 
 
 Hartmann, Karl Joh., Swedish botanist, 1062. 
 
 Hartoghs, Dirck, Dutch navigator, 933. 
 
 Hartweg, botanist in Mexico, 1067. 
 
 Harun el Rashid, fifth Abassid khalif, 623-24, 626. 
 
 Harvard, John, patron of Harvard University at 
 Cambridge, New England, 951. 
 
 Harvey, William, discoverer of the circulation of the 
 blood, 936. 
 
 Hasan ben Musa, Arab writer on Hindustan, 646. 
 
 Hasan Gangu, liahmani king of the Deccan, 787. 
 
 Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general, 394. 
 
 Hassan, fifth khalif, 607. 
 
 Hassan, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 787, 790. 
 
 Hassan Beg, or Uzan Hassan, king of Persia, 822, 
 833, S42. 
 
 Hasselquist, bot. in Palestine and Egvpt, 1020, 1025. 
 
 Hatafi, Persian poet, 845. 
 
 Haterius, Q , Roman rhetor, 467. 
 
 Hattiraza, king of Pegu, 823. 
 
 Havishman, Hindu king, 234. 
 
 Hawkins, Richard, British trader, 915. 
 
 Haworth, A. H., English botanist, 1048. 
 
 Haymo of Canterbury, theologian, 675. 
 
 Hayne, Fr. Gottl., German botanist, 1049. 
 
 Hazael, Syrian king, 195. 
 
 Heath, Captain, English navigator, 981. 
 
 Heath, Robert, attorney-general to King Charles, 947. 
 
 Hebenstreit, Io. Ern., botanist at Tripoli, 1012- 
 
 Hebert, English Canadian colonist, 943. 
 
 Hecale, Greek woman, 165. 
 
 Hecataeus, Greek historian and geographer, 254. 
 
 Hecataeus of Abdera, Greek historian, 325. 
 
 Hecate, wife of Aeetes, king of Colchis, 160. 
 
 Hecaton the Stoic, Greek philosopher, 407. 
 
 Hedessi, Jehuda ha- Abel, Karaite Jew. writer, 688, 703. 
 
 Hedwig, loan., cryptogamic botanist, 1027, 1049. 
 
 Hegelochus, Greek actor, 292. 
 
 Hegemon, Greek orator, 325. 
 
 Hegemon, inventor of parody, 291. 
 
 Hegesander, Greek writer, 399. 
 
 Hegesianax of Alexandria, Greek poet, 389. 
 
 Hegesinus, Greek philosopher, 395. 
 
 Hegesinus, Greek poet, 213. 
 
 Hegesippus, early Christian writer, 526. 
 
 Hegesippus, Greek comic poet, 370. 
 
 Hegesippus, Greek orator, 312. 
 
 Hegumen, Daniel, Russian traveller in Palestine, 684. 
 
 Heinzelmann, botanist on the Ural, 1012-13. 
 
 Heisterus, Laur., botanist, 1012. 
 
 Helena, Flavia Julia, mother of Constantine, 547. 
 
 Helena, wife of the emperor Julian, 550. 
 
 Heliodorus, Greek rhetor, 534. 
 
 Helladius Besantinus, Greek grammarian, 544. 
 
 Helladius, Greek grammarian, 555, 564. 
 
 Hellanicus, Greek historian, 270. 
 
 Hellen, ruler at Phthiotis in Greece, 132. 
 
 Hellwing, botanist, 997. 
 
 Helvicus, Christopher, chronographer, 921. 
 
 Heman, 179. 
 
 Hemina, Cassius, Roman historian, 400. 
 
 Hencke, astronomer, 1069. 
 
 Heniochus, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Hennepin, Catholic missionary in N. America, 977. 
 
 Henri, king of France, 672. 
 
 Henri II., king of France, 887. 
 
 Henri III., king of France, 901, 914. 
 
 Henri IV., king of France, 914, 919. 
 
 Henricus Auceps, king of Germany, 650. 
 
 Henricus II. Claudus, emperor of Germany and Italy, 
 
 664, 669. 
 Henricus III. Niger, emperor of Germany and Italy, 
 
 675, 678. 
 Henricus IV., seventh emperor of Germany and Italy, 
 
 678, 680-82, 6S4. 
 Henricus V., eighth emperor of Germany and Italy, 
 
 684, 6S6-87. 
 Henricus VI., twelfth emp Germany and Italy, 716. 
 Henricus VII., twentieth emp. Germany and Italy, 767. 
 Henricus a Gandavo, scholastic theologian, 752. 
 Henricus de Hassia, scholastic theologian, 791. 
 Henricus of Ghent, scholastic theologian, 752. 
 Henry, bishop of Garde, 797. 
 Henry, Greenland bishop, 801. 
 Henry, prince of Portugal, 803, 813, 816-17, 819, 821, 
 
 829. 
 Henry, twenty-third king of England, 684, 686-87. 
 Henry II., twenty fifth king of England, 708, 713-14. 
 Henry III., twenty-eighth king of Eng., 720, 747, 751. 
 Henry IV., thirty-third king of England, 801. 
 Henry V., thirty-fourth king of England, 803. 
 Henry VI., thirty-fifth king of England, 813, 823. 
 Henry VII., thirty-ninth king of England, 843. 856-57. 
 Henry VIII., fortieth king of England, 861-62, S65, 
 
 869, 872. 
 Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, 703. 
 Henshaw, Nathan, one of the discoverers of oxygen 
 
 gas, 959- 
 Heou-tcheou, nominal Chinese emperor, 536. 
 Hephaestion, Greek grammarian, 526. 
 Hepher, 131. 
 
 Heraclas, twelfth bishop of Alexandria, 536, 538. 
 Heracleonas, sixteenth Byzantine emperor, 603. 
 Heracles, son of Alexander, 346. 
 Heraclides, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Heraclides, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 
 Heraclides Creticus, Greek ethnologer and satirist, 388. 
 Heraclides of Oxyrhinchis, Greek historian, 400. 
 Heraclides of Pontus, the younger, Greek gramm 477. 
 Heraclides of Pontus, Greek writer, 325. 
 Heraclides Tarentinus, Greek medical writer, 393. 
 Heraclitus, early Christian writer, 529. 
 Heraclitus, Greek philosopher, 255. 
 Heraclitus of Halicarnassus, Greek poet, 382. 
 Heraclius, fourteenth Byzantine emperor, 597-603. 
 Herbertus de Jager, botanist, 965. 
 Hercules, see Samson. 
 Heredia, Pedro de, 871. 
 Heresbach, Conrade, 872. 
 
 '39 
 
1 1 06 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Hermachus, Greek philosopher, 3S2. 
 Hermagoras, Greek rhetor, 434. 
 Hermagoras the younger, Greek rhetor, 456. 
 Hermann, Paullus, botanist, 970, 9S2, 991. 
 Hermannus comes Veringensis, orientalist, 680. 
 Hermannus Contractus, mathematician and chronog- 
 
 rapher, 676. 
 Hermannus de Neuenare, botanist, 870. 
 Hermas, early Christian writer, 528. 
 Hermeias of Methymne, Greek historian, 312; 
 Hermes, or Ermes, see Ramses III. 
 Hermippus, Greek biographer, 389. 
 Hermippus, Greek comic poet, 2S1. 
 Hermippus of Berytus, Greek grammarian, 519. 
 Hermocrates, Greek rhetor, 534 
 Hermocrates, Syracusan general, 292. 
 Hermogenes, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 Hermolaus, Greek grammarian, 576. 
 Hermolaus Barbarus of Venice, botanist, 846. 
 Hermon, thirty-ninth bishop of Jerusalem, 544. 
 Hermotinus, Greek philosopher, 268. 
 Hernandez, Spanish naturalist in Mexico, 915. 
 Herod, king of Judaea, 456, 466. 
 Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, 466, 478. 
 Herodes Atticus, Greek rhetor, 528, 531. 
 Herodianus, Greek historian, 533. 
 Herodicus, Greek historian, 281. 
 Herodicus of Babylon, Greek grammarian, 407. 
 Herodorus of Heraclea, Greek historian, 281. 
 Herodotus, Greek historian, 274, 277, 736. 
 Heron of Alexandria, Greek engineer, 390. 
 Herophilus, Greek anatomist, 346, 389. 
 Herschel, John F. W., English astronomer, 1066. 
 Herschel, William, English astronomer, 960, 1037. 
 Hervaeus Natalis, scholastic theologian, 765. 
 Hescham, tenth Ommiad khalif, 618-19. 
 Hesiod, Greek poet, 186. 
 Hesychius, bishop of Jerusalem, 597. 
 Hesychius of Miletus, Greek historian, 576. 
 Hetton, bishop and traveller, 624. 
 Heucherus, Io. H-, German botanist, 1012. 
 Heydenberger, Ortolf de Bavaria, botanist, 814. 
 Hezekiah, king of Judah, 214, 219. 
 Hezion of Damascus, 180 
 Hezron, grandson of Judah, 123. 
 Hiao-hiouan-ti, see Siouan-ti. 
 Hiao-hoai-ti, of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 545. 
 Hiao-hoei-ti, of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 544. 
 Hiao-ping-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 46S. 
 Hiao-tchao-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 442. 
 Hiao-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 710. 
 Hiao-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 193. 
 Hiao-wen-wang, of the Thsin, Chinese emperor, 383. 
 Hiao-wou-ti, of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 552. 
 Hiao-wou-ti II., of the Northern Soung, Chinese 
 
 emperor, 567. 
 Hicetas of Syracuse, Greek astronomer, 320. 
 Hien-kang, prince of Tsin in China, 225. 
 Hien-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 532. 
 Hien-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 625. 
 Hien-tsoung II., of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 830. 
 Hien-Wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emp., 312, 318. 
 Hiero, king of Syracuse, 266. 
 Hiero II., king of Syracuse, 378. 
 Ilierocles, Greek philosopher, 565. 
 Hieronymus, or Jerome, eccles. writer, 552, 555, 561. 
 
 Hieronymus of Braunsweig, botanist, 843. 
 
 Hieronymus of Cardia, Greek historian, 377. 
 
 Hieronymus of Rhodes, Greek philosopher, 382. 
 
 Higgeson, Francis, clergyman in New England, 945. 
 
 Hilarion, early Christian writer, 547. 
 
 Hilarius, or Hilarus, forty-fourth bishop of Rome, 568. 
 
 Hilarius Pictaviensis, ecclesiastical writer, 550. 
 
 Hildebertus Cenomanensis, theologian and poet, 684. 
 
 Hildebrand of Tuscany, founder of the papal hier- 
 archy, 680-82. 
 
 Hildegarde, abbess, 705. 
 
 Hildephonsus, see lldefonsus. 
 
 Hilduinus, abbot of St. Denis, theologian, 629. 
 
 Hilkiah, Jewish high-priest, 22S. 
 
 Hill, John, English botanist, 1023, 1025, 1035. 
 
 Hillel, Jewish patriarch, 565. 
 
 Hillel Hannasi, Jewish chronographer, 549. 
 
 Hillsborough, Lord, British statesman, 1028. 
 
 Himerius, Greek rhetor, 552. 
 
 Himilco, Carthaginian general, 279. 
 
 Himilco, Carthaginian prince, 265. 
 
 Himyar, fourth Cahtan ruler of Yemen, 226. 
 
 Hincmarus of Rheims, theologian, 639. 
 
 Hing-wang, Chinese emperor, 217-18. 
 
 Hiouan-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 52S. 
 
 Hiouan-ti II., of the Tchin, Chinese emperor, 586. 
 
 Hiouan-tsoung, of the Thang, Chin, emp., 615, 618-19. 
 
 Hiouan-tsoung, of the Kin, ruler of N. China, 719. 
 
 Hiouan-tsoung II., of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 812. 
 
 Hiouen-thsang, Chinese traveller in Hindustan, 601. 
 
 Hippalus, Greek navigator, 481. 
 
 Hipparchus, Greek astronomer, 400, 407. 
 
 Hipparchus, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 
 Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus and ruler of Athens, 
 249, 252. 
 
 Hippocrates, Greek medical writer, 306. 
 
 Hippodromus, Greek rhetor, 534 
 
 Hippolochus son of Elaphus, Greek physician, 2S1. 
 
 Hippolytus, disciple of Irenaeus and chronog., 536. 
 
 Hippomenes, Athenian archon, 215 
 
 Hipponax, Greek poet, 242. 
 
 Hippotus, Heraclid chief, 179. 
 
 Hippys of Rhegium, Greek historian, 255, 
 
 Hiram, Phoenician king, 179. 
 
 Hi-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 640. 
 
 Hi-tsoung of the Kin, ruler of Northern China, 703. 
 
 Hi-tsoung II., of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 939, 942. 
 
 Hiu-chin, Chinese lexicographer, 535 
 
 Hiu-heng, Chinese philosopher and statesman, 75T. 
 
 Hoai, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 91. 
 
 Hoai-nan-tseu, Chinese philosopher and physicist, 401. 
 
 Hoai-tsoung, of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 943. 
 
 Hoang-long, prince of Tching in China, 203. 
 
 Hoang-tchao, claimant of the Chinese empire, 640-42. 
 
 Hoang-tchi, Chinese pirate, 888. 
 
 Hoang-ti, or Hien-youang, early Chin, emp., 80, 1006. 
 
 Hobaisch, Arab medical writer, 639. 
 
 Hobbes, Thomas, 965. 
 
 Hobomack, aboriginal American, 939. 
 
 Hodgson, B. H, English orientalist in Nepal, 1062. 
 
 Hoei-chin, Buddhist missionary in the Loo-Choo 
 
 Islands, 570. 
 Hoeida, Alfonso, 859. 
 
 Hoei-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 396. 
 
 Hoei-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 684, 6S6. 
 Hoei-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 222, 225. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 1 107 
 
 Hoffmann, Geo. Fr., German botanist, 1052. 
 
 Hoffmaimsegg, botanist, 1050. 
 
 Hofmannus, Maurit., German botanist, 965. 
 
 Hogarth, William, English painter, 1013. 
 
 Holbein, Hans, German painter, 872. 
 
 Holcot, Robertus, of Eng., scholastic theologian, 782. 
 
 Holm, Geo. Tycho, Swedish botanist, 1027. 
 
 Ho-lo-mien, Hindu king, 603. 
 
 Homerus, Greek poet, 182. 
 
 Homerus, Greek tragic poet, 370. 
 
 Honain-ebn-Izhak, Arab physician, 631. 
 
 Honestis, Christoph. de, botanist, 799. 
 
 Honoria, sister of Valentinianus III., 565. 
 
 Honorius, fifth Roman archbishop, 600, 602- 
 
 Honorius, Roman emperor of the West, 558, 564. 
 
 Honorius II., seventh pope, 688, 690. 
 
 Honorius III., twenty-first pope, 720, 722. 
 
 Honorius IV., thirty-fourth pope, 758-59. 
 
 Honorius Augustudunensis, 718. 
 
 Hook, Robert, microscopic observer, 965. 
 
 Hooker, Wm. J., English botanist, 1058. 
 
 Hooper, bishop, originator of Puritanism, 887. 
 
 Hootman, Cornelius, Dutch navigator, 918. 
 
 Hophra, or Apries, or Uaphres,kingof Egypt, 234, 237. 
 
 Hoppe, D. H., German botanist, 1042. 
 
 Hoppe, T. K., German botanist, 1033. 
 
 Horapollo, Egyptian exponent of hieroglyphics, 13. 
 
 Horatius, Roman poet, 461. 
 
 Hormisdas, fiftieth bishop of Rome, 572-73, 576. 
 
 Hormisdas, third Sasanid king of Persia, 542. 
 
 Hormisdas II., Sasanid king of Persia, 544. 
 
 Hormisdas III., or Hoormuz III., Sasanid king of 
 
 Persia, 589, 591. 
 Horsfield, American botanist on Java, 1053. 
 Hortensius, Roman orator, 446. 
 Horus, king of Egypt, 122. 
 Hosea, Jewish prophet, 210. 
 Hosein Meerza, sultan of Herat, 845. 
 Hoshea, king of Israel, 214. 
 Hosius, early bishop in Spain, 547. 
 Host, N. Thom., German botanist, 1049. 
 Hostilius, Tullus, third king of Rome, 225, 227. 
 Ho-tan-kia, of the Chang, Chinese emperor. 113. 
 Ho-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 517. 
 Ho-ti II., of the Thsi, Chinese emperor, 571. 
 Holomanus of Paris, jurist, 897. 
 Hottonus, Petr , Dutch botanist, 997. 
 Hou-eul-ma, king of Cambodia, 792. 
 Houstoun, Gul., bot. in the W. Indies and Mexico, 10 12. 
 Houttuyn, Martinus, Dutch botanist, 1036. 
 How, William, English botanist, 958. 
 Hualcopo Duchicala, fourteenth scyri of Quito, 813, 
 
 829. 
 Hualpa, discoverer of Potosi silver mines, 885. 
 Huascar, thirteenth inca of Peru, 868, 871. 
 Huayna Capac, twelfth inca of Peru, 667, 827, 834, 841, 
 
 845, 868. 
 Hue, traveller in China and Thibet, 767. 
 Hudson, Henry, Pritish navigator, 927-29. 
 Hudson, William, English botanist, 1025. 
 Huematzin, Mexican astronomer and writer, 614. 
 Huet, Daniel, critic, 997. 
 Huetzin, Toltec king of Mexico, 622. 
 Hughes, Griffith, botanist in Barbados, 102 1. 
 Hugius, Swiss theologian and hellenist, 1052. 
 Hugo de S. Caro, theologian, 723. 
 
 Hugo de S. Victore, Saxon scholastic theologian, 703. 
 
 Hugo Etherianus, theologian, 711. 
 
 Huitzilchuatl, second Mexican emperor, 797, 802. 
 
 Hulagu, Tartar chief, 747, 750. 
 
 Huldericus, bishop of Augsburg, 639. 
 
 Hull, John, mint-master in New England, 958. 
 
 Humaioon, emperor of Northern Hindustan, 891. 
 
 Humbertus Cardinalis, theologian, 675. 
 
 Humboldt, traveller and physicist, 1049, I0 5 : > I0 54- 
 
 Humenus, Egyptian astronomer, 703. 
 
 Humphreys, secretary of Eng. missionary society, 997. 
 
 Hunahpu, third king of Guatemala, 657. 
 
 Hur, first-born of Ephratah, 127, 140. 
 
 Husein, son of Ali, 612. 
 
 Husham, king of Edom, 125. 
 
 Huss, John, 802, 811. 
 
 Huygens, Christian, astronomer, 959-60. 
 
 Hyagnis, Greek flute-player, 152. 
 
 Hybreas, Greek orator, 446. 
 
 Hygynus,. eighth bishop of Rome, 464, 527. 
 
 Hyllus, Heraclid chief, 166, 178. 
 
 Hymenaeus, thirty-seventh bp. of Jerusalem, 540, 544. 
 
 Hypatia, Greek mathematician, 562. 
 
 Hyperechius, Greek grammarian, 565. 
 
 Hyperides of Athens, Greek orator, 323, 326. 
 
 Hypermnestra, daughter of Danaus, 147. 
 
 Iamblichus of Babylon, Greek writer, 526. 
 Iamblichus of Chalcis, Neo-Platonist, 544. 
 Iambulus, Greek voyager to East Africa, 443. 
 Iannas, or Ianias, Hyksos king of Egypt, 100. 
 Iasus, or Inachus II., king of Argos, 128. 
 Iaxava, Io., botanist, 872. 
 Ibek, first Memluk sultan of Egypt, 741, 747. 
 Iberville, French admiral, 994. 
 Ibn al-Gezzar, Arab writer, 655. 
 Iborea, Lombard chief, 553. 
 Ibrahim, Arab shipmaster, 778. 
 Ibrahim, nineteenth Turkish sultan, 951, 957. 
 Ibrahim, sultan of Ghazni, 678, 683. 
 Ibrahim, thirteenth Ommiad khalif, 619. 
 Ibrahim Meerza; governor of Shiraz in Persia, 803. 
 Ibrahim Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, 1066. 
 Ibycus, Greek poet, 241. 
 Icon Amlac, Abyssinian king, 747. 
 Idatius, historian and eccles. writer, 561, 565, 568. 
 Idatius, or Ithacius, bishop in Spain, 555. 
 Iddo, Jewish prophet, 186. 
 Idomeneus, Dorian chief, 164. 
 Idomeneus of Lampsacus, Greek historian, 370. 
 Iemitz, cubo and emperor of Japan, 957-58. 
 Ignatius, early Christian writer, 520. 
 Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople, 640. 
 Igumnof of Irkutzk, author of Mongol-Russian dic- 
 tionary, 1052. 
 Ijesaz, regent and emperor of Japan, 919, 930, 934, 945. 
 Ikshid, governor of Egypt, 651-52. 
 Ilasar, king of the Rammanite Arabs, 461. 
 Ildefonsus, bishop of Toledo, 613. 
 Ildibad, sixth Gothic king of Italy, 580. 
 Ilus, founder of the city of Troy, 152. 
 Immanuel, or Emmanuel, Hebrew poet, 782. 
 Imperatus, Ferrandus, 920. 
 Imra-el-Keys, Arab poet, 585. 
 Ina, Saxon king of England, 613, 615, 618. 
 
uo8 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Inachue, first king of Argos, 102, 107. 
 
 Inarus, Egyptian chief, 268 
 
 Ingersoll, Capt. Jonathan, American navigator, 1039. 
 
 Ingolf, leader of a Scandinavian colony, 640. 
 
 Ingor, Russian prince, 651. 
 
 Ingraham, Joseph, American navigator, 1046. 
 
 Ingulphus of England, theologian, 6S0. 
 
 In-kio, twentieth dairo of Japan, 562, 567. 
 
 Innoccntius, thirty-eighth bishop of Rome, 560, 562. 
 
 Innocentius II., eighth pope, 690, 704. 
 
 Innocentius III., twentieth pope, 718, 720. 
 
 Innocentius IV., twenty-fourth pope, 735-36, 743. 
 
 Innocentius V., twenty-ninth pope, 755. 
 
 Innocentius VI , forty-third pope, 789, 791. 
 
 Innocentius VII., forty-eighth pope, 801. 
 
 Innocentius VIII., fifty-ninth pope, S43, S47. 
 
 Io, daughter of Iasus, 12S. 
 
 Iolas of Bithynia, Greek pharmacologist, 390. 
 
 Ion, Attic lawgiver, or king, 153. 
 
 Ion of Chios, Greek tragic poet, 268. 
 
 Iophon, Greek tragic poet, 28 1. 
 
 Ioulun-Tieghin, chief of the Ouigour Tartars, 610. 
 
 Iphicrates, Greek traveller in West Africa, 442. 
 
 Iphigeneia, 162 
 
 Iphitus of Elis, restorer of the Olympic Games, 200. 
 
 Irad, son of Enoch, 3. 
 
 Irenaeus, bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, 531. 
 
 Irene, Byzantine empress, 623-24. 
 
 Isaac, Abyssinian king, Soo. 
 
 Isaac, son of Abraham, 107. 
 
 Isaac Ibn Gajjat, Hebrew poet, 680. 
 
 Isaac Israeli ben Joseph, Jewish astronomer, 765. 
 
 Isaac Lattas ben Jehudah of Provence, Jewish.medical 
 writer, 765. 
 
 Isaac of Antioch, Syriac Christian writer, 565. 
 
 Isaac of France, of Charlemagne's embassy to Bag- 
 dad, 624. 
 
 Isaacius Theophanes, Greek writer, 624. 
 
 Isaacus Comnena, forty-seventh Byzant. emperor, 67S. 
 
 Isaacus II., A. Comnena, fifty-sixth Byzaiit. emperor, 
 
 715. 717- 
 Isabella, queen of Spain, 852. 
 Isabella, wife of Edward II of England, 779. 
 Isacus, Greek orator, 312. 
 Isacus, Greek rhetor, 498. 
 Isaiah, Jewish prophet, 2[i. 
 Isakh, second ruler of Ghazni, 657-58. 
 Iscander, or Alexander, Abyssinian king, S45. 
 Isert, Paul Erdm., botanist, 1049. 
 Ishak ben Amran, 612. 
 
 Ishak ben Jaakub el Isfahani, Karaite few. writer, 621. 
 Ishak Ebn Honain, Arab medical writer, 645. 
 Ishmael, son of Abraham, no. 
 Isnlnrus, Greek architect, 584. 
 Isidorus Hispalensis, ecclesiastical and encyclopedic 
 
 writer, 599. 
 Isidorus Parcncis, 619. 
 Isidorus of Gaza, Greek philosopher, 576. 
 Ismael, founder of the sect of Massassins, 6SS, 690. 
 Ismael-Bev, 1001. 
 
 Ismael el Okluri, in Irak, Karaite Jewish writer, 629. 
 Ismael Pasha, khedive of Egypt, 1062, 1071. 
 Isnard, A. Dant. d', French botanist, 1004. 
 Isocrates, Greek orator, 303. 
 Israeli, Ishak, see Isaac el Israeli. 
 Isse, Japanese authoress, 644. 
 
 Ister, Greek historian, 382. 
 
 Isthakhri, Arab geographer, 647. 
 
 Ithacius, bishop in Spain, 555. 
 
 Itsi-dsio, dairo of Japan, 663, 667. 
 
 Itsi-dsio II., or Go-itsi-dsio, dairo of Japan, 667, 675. 
 
 Itzcoatl, fourth Mexican emperor, 811, S15. 
 
 Ivan, king of Russia, S27. 
 
 Ivan II., king of Russia, S96. 
 
 Ivar, Danish chief, 639. 
 
 Ivar Bardsen, Greenland writer, 7S8. 
 
 Ivo of Chartres, theologian, 680. 
 
 I-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 194. 
 
 Ixtlicuechahuac, Toltec king of Mexico, 614. 
 
 Jabal, son of Lamech, 3. 
 
 Jabin the Canaanite, king of Hazor, 155. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, X. American general and presi- 
 dent, 1060. 
 
 Jackson, Charles T., discoverer of the ansesthetic qual- 
 ities of ether, 1069, 107 1. 
 
 Jacob, or Israel, 112, 119. 
 
 Jacob ben Chajjim, Hebrew editor, 867. 
 
 Jacob ben Machir, or Prophatius, Jewish astronomer, 
 765. 
 
 Jacob ben Reuben, Karaite Jewish writer, 6S0. 
 
 Jacob of France, Jewish traveller, 723 
 
 Jacobi, inventor of electrotyping, 106S. 
 
 Jacobus, Greek physician, 565. 
 
 Jacobus a Vitriaco, theologian, 723. 
 
 Jacobus de Voragine, 7^2. 
 
 Jacobus of Edessa, founder of the sect of Jacobites, 
 or Copts, 567, 586. 
 
 Jacobus of Nisibis, Syrian bishop, 548. 
 
 Jacquin, Jos. Franc, von, German botanist, 1058. 
 
 Jacquin, Nicol. Jos., botanist in the West Indies, 
 1022, 1025, 1030, 1033, 1037, 1042, 1049, 1051. 
 
 Jaei, wife of Heber the Kenite, 155. 
 
 Jahangir, emperor of Hindustan, 924, 939, 943. 
 
 Jahia-Ebn-Scrapion, Arab medical writer, 624. 
 
 Jahja Ibn Batrik, see Ebn Batrik. 
 
 Jakmak,or Djakmak, Memluk suit, of Egvpt, 815, S23. 
 
 Jamadagni, Hindu king, 116. 
 
 James, Edwin, American botanist, 1062. 
 
 James II., British king, 081, 9S5. 
 
 James, king of Arragon, 740. 
 
 James, king of Scotland, 801. 
 
 James II., king of Scotland, 821. 
 
 James III., king of Scotland, 829. 
 
 James IV., king of Scotland, 847, 859, S61. 
 
 James V ., king of Scotland, S61. 
 
 James VI., king of Scotland and England, or first king 
 of United P.ritain, 897, 003, 923, 926, 939, 942. 
 
 James, son of Alphaeus, 483. 
 
 James, son of Zeliedee, 481. 
 
 James, Thomas, British navigator, 947. 
 [ami, Persian poet, 845. 
 
 Jana-bin-Abbada, governor of Oman, 620. 
 
 Jana Kesari, king of Orissa, 651. 
 
 Jansen, H. & /.., inventors of the compound micro- 
 scope, 914, 939. 
 
 Janus liamasccnus, or Mesue the elder, see Ebn 
 Mas.nvia. 
 
 Japhet (Abu Ali Hassan el Basri) Halevi, Karaite 
 Jewish writer, 650. 
 
 Jared, 62. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 I IO9 
 
 Jason, leader of the Argonautic expedition, 162. 
 Jason of Cyrene, Greek writer, 400. 
 Jason the Stoic, Greek philosopher, 446. 
 Jaubert. Amedee, French orientalist, 1052. 
 Jauhar Kaid, Muslim general, 656. 
 Jay, John, American statesman, 1048. 
 Jayadevas, Sanscrit poet, 711. 
 Jaya Misaya, Javan prince, 597. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, American statesman and presi- 
 dent, 1039, 1054. 
 Jehan Shah, or Giausa, king of Persia, 822. 
 Jehoahaz, king of Israel, 198. 
 Jehoahaz, last king of Judah, 229. 
 Jehoash, or Joash, king of Judah, 195. 
 ' Jehoash, or Joash, twelfth king of Israel, 199. 
 Jehoiachin, governor of Jerusalem, 232, 239. 
 Jehoiakim, or Eliakim, governor of Jerusalem, 229, 232. 
 Jehoram, king of Judah, 194. 
 
 Jehoram, or Joram, son of Ahab and king of Israel, 194. 
 Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, 193. 
 Jehu, Jewish prophet, 192. 
 Jehu, tenth king of Israel, 195. 
 Jehuda ben Moses, Jewish translator, 765. 
 Jehuda ben Moses Naphtali, or Lob Brzsc, translator 
 
 of Hebrew, 885. 
 Jehuda Halevi of Spain, Jewish writer, 703 
 Jehuda Ibn Balam, Jewish commentator, 680. 
 Jehuda Ibn Koreish, of Tahart in Africa, Jewish 
 
 philologist, 645. 
 Jeia Chandra, last Hindu king of Canouj, 716. 
 Jeiel, the scribe, 210. 
 Jeipal, see Chaitra-pala. 
 Jeipal II., last Hindu king of Lahore, 668. 
 Jelal-u-din Khilji, eleventh suit, of Delhi, 721, 760, 762. 
 Jemaleddin Yusuf, Memluk sultan of Egypt, S15. 
 Jenghiz-Khan, Tartar chief, 716, 719, 721-22. 
 Jenkinson, Anthony, traveller to Bokhara, 892. 
 Jenkinson, lac, English botanist, 1022. 
 Jensu II., dairo of Japan, 792, 796. 
 jen-wo, or Jin-jo, dairo of Japan, 656, 662. 
 Jephthah, Jewish warrior, 162. 
 Jephunneh, 136. 
 Jeremiah, Jewish prophet, 230. 
 
 Jeroboam, first king of Israel, 185. 
 
 Jeroboam II., thirteenth king of Israel, 202, 210. 
 
 Jerome, see Hieronymus. 
 
 Jerome of Prague, 803. 
 
 Jesse, 175. 
 
 Jetznako, cubo and emperor of Japan, 958, 976. 
 
 Jeune, Paul le, Jesuit missionary in Canada, 948. 
 
 Jezebel, 193. 
 
 Jidahana, king of Delhi, 686. 
 
 Jingo-Kogu, dairo of Japan, 538. 
 
 Jin-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 668. 
 
 Jin-tsoung II., of the Youan, Chinese emperor, 773. 
 
 Jin-tsoung III., of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 811. 
 
 Jisch Ben Hasan, 612. 
 
 Joachimus, theologian, 711. 
 
 Joan cl'Arc, female warrior, 812. 
 
 Joannes, author of the Climax, Greek writer, 597. 
 
 Joannes, bishop of Jerusalem, 561. 
 
 Joannes, fifty-first bishop of Rome, 573-74- 
 
 Joannes, fifty-ninth bishop of Rome, 585, 589. 
 
 Joannes, patriarch of Jerusalem, theologian, 619. 
 
 Joannes, Roman emperor of the West, 564. 
 
 Joannes Antiochenus, scholastic Greek writer, 703. 
 
 Joannes Biclariensis, ecclesiastical writer, 586, 591. 
 Joannes Cameniates, Greek writer, 645. 
 Joannes Cinnamus, scholastic Greek writer, 684. 
 Joannes Damascenus, Greek historian, 619. 
 Joannes de Capistrano, scholastic theologian, 814. 
 Joannes de Turrecremata, scholastic theologian, 814. 
 Joannes Diaconus and Rhetor, 639. 
 Joannes Epiphaniensis, Greek historian, 586. 
 Joannes Januensis, of Genoa, lexicographer, 759. 
 Joannes Lydus, Greek historian, 576. 
 Joannes Mailrosius of Scotland, theologian, 619. 
 Joannes Malalas, Greek historian, 586. 
 Joannes Mercurius, fifty-fourth bishop of Rome, 576. 
 Joannes Micrologus, Greek writer, 6S0. 
 Joannes Moschus, Greek writer, 597. 
 Joannes Nauclerus, 831. 
 
 Joannes of Antioch, ecclesiastical writer, 570. 
 Joannes of Apri, patriarch of Constantinople, 787. 
 Joannes of Sicily, Greek writer, 629. 
 Joannes of Tornamira, medical writer, 799. 
 Joannes Parisiensis, scholastic theologian, 753. 
 Joannes Philoponus of Alexandria, Greek gram- 
 marian, 597. 
 Joannes Rhetor, Greek historian, 576. 
 Joannes Scylitzes, Greek writer, 680. 
 Joannes Zemisces, thirty-ninth Byzantine emperor, 656. 
 Joannes II. or Calo-Joannes, fifty-second Byzantine 
 
 emperor, 687, 704. 
 Joannes III. Ducas, fifty-ninth Byzantine emperor, 
 
 7=i> 733. 743- 
 Joannes IV. Theodoras, sixtieth Byzantine emperor, 
 
 743. 75<- 
 
 Joannes V. Palaeologus, sixty-fourth Byzantine empe- 
 ror, 784, 791, 796. 
 
 Joannes VII., sixty-seventh Byzant. emperor, 803, 810. 
 
 Joannes VIII., sixty-eighth Byzant. emperor, 810, 818. 
 
 Joannes IV., seventh Roman archbishop, 602-3. 
 
 Joannes V., seventeenth Roman archbishop, 612-13. 
 
 Joannes VI., twentieth Roman archbishop, 613-14. 
 
 Joannes VII., twenty-first Roman archbishop, 614-15. 
 
 Joannes VIII. Joanna, 632. 
 
 Joannes IX., forty-third Roman archbishop, 640, 643. 
 
 Joannes X., fifty-first Roman archbishop, 645, 647. 
 
 Joannes XL, fifty-eighth Roman archbishop, 647, 650. 
 
 Joannes XII., sixty-first Roman archbishop, 650. 
 
 Joannes XIII., sixty-sixth Roman archbishop, 655. 
 
 Joannes XIV., sixty-ninth Roman archbishop, 655-56. 
 
 Joannes XV., seventy-third Roman archbishop, 662 
 
 Joannes XVI., seventy-fourth Roman archb., 662-63. 
 
 Joannes XVII., seventy-fifth Roman archbishop, 663. 
 
 Joannes XVIII., seventy-eighth Roman archb., 665. 
 
 Joannes XIX , seventy-ninth Roman archb., 665, 667. 
 
 Joannes XX., eighty-second Roman archb., 669, 675. 
 
 Joannes XXL, thirty-first pope, 755. 
 
 Joannes XXII , fortieth pope, 774, 782. 
 
 Joannes XXIII., fifty-first pope, 801-3. 
 
 Job, 236. 
 
 Jobab, second king of Edom, 124. 
 
 Jochebed, mother of Moses, 129. 
 
 Joel, Jewish prophet, 213. 
 
 Joel, scholastic Greek writer, 711. 
 
 Johannitius, see Honain. 
 
 John, king of Portugal, 796, 803, 811, 814. 
 
 John II , king of Portugal, 842-43, S45, 847, 856. 
 
 John IV., king of Portugal, 951. 
 
 John II., king of France, 789, 791. 
 
II IO 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 John, twenty-seventh king of England, 719. 
 
 John Baliol, king of Scotland, 762. 
 
 John de Santarem, Portuguese navigator, S33. 
 
 John Descouar, Portuguese navigator, 833. 
 
 John of Halifax, mathematician, 723. 
 
 John of Montecorvino, Franciscan missionary, 762. 
 
 John the Baptist, Jewish prophet, 476. 
 
 John the Elder, 531. 
 
 John the Evangelist, 4S1, 517-18. 
 
 Johnson, Edward, historian of New England, 958. 
 
 Johnson, Thomas, English botanist, 947. 
 
 Johrenius, Mart. Dan., botanist, 997. 
 
 Joinville, John de, historian, 752. 
 
 Joktan, son of Eber, 96. 
 
 Jonas, Angrimus, Icelandic writer, 747. 
 
 Jonas Aurelianensis, theologian, 624. 
 
 Jonas Hybernus, theologian, 597. 
 
 Joncquet, Dionysius, botanist, 948. 
 
 Jones, Inigo, English architect, 948. 
 
 Jones, Margaret, first victim of the witchcraft delu- 
 sion in New England, 957. 
 
 Jonson, Ben, English dramatist, 921. 
 
 Joram, see Jehoram. 
 
 Jordanus, missionary in Sumatra, 775. 
 
 Jordanus de Rivalto, writer, 756. 
 
 Jori-sje, second cubo of Japan, 71S. 
 
 Joritomo, see Yori-tomo. 
 
 Joritzne, cubo of Japan, 725. 
 
 Jorius, earliest bishop of Mt. Sinai, 576. 
 
 Jornandes of Ravenua, historian and bishop of the 
 Goths, 5S4. 
 
 Josei, dairo of Japan, 641, 643. 
 
 Josei II., or Gu-Josei, dairo of Japan, 930. 
 
 Joseph, Benjamin, British navigator, 932. 
 
 Joseph, Greek hymnographer, 639. 
 
 Joseph, son of Jacob, 116, 121. 
 
 Joseph ben David Juwani, Jewish lexicographer, 782. 
 
 Joseph Ibn Santas, Jewish writer, 655. 
 
 Joseph Studites, Greek writer, 624. 
 
 Josephine, wife of Napoleon, 1057. 
 
 Josephus, Flavius, Jewish historian, 498. 
 
 Josephus de Arom , Italian botanist, 921. 
 
 Joshua, Jewish chief, 145. 
 
 Josiah, nineteenth king of Judah, 226. 
 
 Josijmassa, cubo of Japan, 81S, 846. 
 
 Josijsimmi, cubo of Japan, 854. 
 
 Josijtira, cubo of Japan, 897, 905. 
 
 Josisaki, cubo of Japan, 790. 
 
 Jositanno, cubo of Japan, 860. 
 
 Jositir, cubo of Japan, 869. 
 
 Josselyn, John, botanist in New England, 951, 961, 
 967-70. 
 
 Jotham, king of Judah, 212-13. 
 
 Joui-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 615. 
 
 Jovianus, forty-sixth Roman emperor, 552. 
 
 Juba II., historian, and king of Mauritania, 467. 
 
 Jubal, son of Lamech, 3. 
 
 Judas, early Christian chronographer, 534. 
 
 Judas, fifteenth bishop of Jerusalem, 527. 
 
 Judith, or Goudit, Abyssinian queen, 680. 
 
 Judith, wife of Esau, 115. 
 
 Jugaeus, king of Babylon, 214. 
 
 Jugurtha, king of Numidia, 424. 
 
 Julanda, Cahtan Arab, 600. 
 
 Julanda-bin-Mas'ud, first imam of Oman, 620. 
 
 Julianus, ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 
 Julianus, forty-fifth Roman emperor, 549-52. 
 
 Julianus, Greek rhetor, 544. 
 
 Julianus, tenth bishop of Alexandria, 532. 
 
 Julianus of Toledo, theologian, 609. 
 
 Julius, thirty-third bishop of Rome, 548. 
 
 Julius II., sixty-second pope, 859, 861. 
 
 Julius of Britain, Christian martyr, 545. 
 
 Jungermann, Joachim, botanist, 914. 
 
 Jungermann, Lud., German botanist, 933. 
 
 Jungius, loach., German botanist, 94S. 
 
 Jussieu, Anton. Laur., French bot., 1012, 1043, 1057. 
 
 Jussieu, Bernard, French botanist, 1025, 1034. 
 
 Jussieu, Joseph, botanist in South America, 1019. 
 
 Justinianus, bishop of Spain, 576. 
 
 Justinianus, ninth Byzantine emperor, 574—75. 
 
 Justinianus II., nineteenth Byzant. emperor, 613, 615, 
 
 Justinus, eighth Byzantine emperor, 572, 574. 
 
 Justinus II , tenth Byzantine emperor, 585-S6, 589. 
 
 Justinus Martyr, early Christian writer, 526. 
 
 Justus, bishop, 576. 
 
 Justus of Tiberias, Jewish writer and chronogr., 498. 
 
 Juvenalis, Roman poet, 519. 
 
 Juvenatiensis, Ang. Pall., botanist, 885. 
 
 Juvencus of Spain, early Christian poet, 544. 
 
 Kadu, voyager from the Caroline coral-archipel., 1061. 
 
 Ksehler, botanist, 1025. 
 
 Kaempfer, E., naturalist in Japan, 981, 9S9. 
 
 Kafur the eunuch, governor of Eg\pt, 652, 656. 
 
 Kaher, nineteenth Abbassid khalif, 650. 
 
 Kaiechos, king of Egypt, 64. 
 
 Kaim, Austrian chemist, 1017. 
 
 Kalaoon, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 756-57, 760. 
 
 Kalasa, king of Cashmere, 684, 686. 
 
 Kalidasa, Sanscrit poet, 711-12. 
 
 Kalimera, king of Karague, 730. 
 
 Kallinatha, Hindu commentator, S23. 
 
 Kalm, Peter, Swedish naturalist in N. Am., 1019, 1025. 
 
 Kalonymos, Jewish translator, 765. 
 
 Kamal Kesari, king of Orissa, 626. 
 
 Kamala Pulu, king of Ternate, 79^. 
 
 Kame-jamma, dairo of Japan, 750, 755. 
 
 Kamel, botanist at the Philippines, 990. 
 
 Kanak Sena, Ballabi king of Guzerat, 528. 
 
 Kandiawan, king of Ja\ a, 648. 
 
 Kang-hi, of the Tai-thsing, three hundred and first 
 
 Chinese emperor, 961, 999, 1004, 1006. 
 Kang-ti, of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 549. 
 Kang-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 168. 
 Kansu Abu-Said, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 857. 
 Kansu Djan-balat, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 857-58. 
 Kansu El-Gouri, Mem. suit, of Egypt, 858, 860, S62. 
 Kantemir, Antiochus, Russian writer, 1012. 
 Kan, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 96. 
 Kao-ti, of the Thsi, Chinese emperor, 569. 
 Kao-tsong, of the Chang, 127. 
 Kao-tsou, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 395. 
 Kan tsou II., of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 600. 
 Kao-tsou III., of the later Tsin, Chinese emperor, 650. 
 Kao-tsou IV., of the later Han, Chinese emperor, 652. 
 Kao-tsoung, of the Thang, Chin. emp. 605, 608, 610. 
 Kao-tsoung II , of the Soung, Chinese emp., 68q, 704. 
 Kaovvang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 279. 
 Karadshitch, Vuk Stephanovitch, Servian w liter, 1052. 
 Karamzin, Nicholas, Russian historian, 1052. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 II II 
 
 Karika, leader of a Polynesian colony, 680. 
 Karo, Joseph, Jewish writer, 872. 
 Karumamma, Egyptian queen, 193. 
 Kasembeg, Tartar author of a Turco-Tartar gram- 
 mar, 1066. 
 
 Kasiawabara, dairo of Japan, 858, 860, 868. 
 
 Kasuma Wichtra, king of Java, 620. 
 
 Kaswini, Arab geographer and naturalist, 651,752, 755. 
 
 Kasyapa, Buddhist priest, 241, 347, 592, 814. 
 
 Katha, king of Pegu in Burmah, 591. 
 
 Katharuya Deva, king of Orissa, 872. 
 
 Kutb-u-din Eibak, Ghaznian general, 716-17, 719. 
 
 Kaxapa, Buddhist high priest, 667. 
 
 Kayt-Bay, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 831, 856. 
 
 Kayu, or Cuiuc, Tartar khan, 736. 
 
 Kei Kobad, tenth sultan of Delhi, 758, 760. 
 
 Kei'-tai', twenty-seventh dairo of Japan, 572. 
 
 Keller, Ferd., discov. of pre-historic Lake village, 1069. 
 
 Kempis, Thomas a, theologian, 831. 
 
 Keng-ting, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 148. 
 
 Keng-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 251,266. 
 
 Kenkenes, king of Egypt, 63. 
 
 Kenneth II , king of Scotland, 629. 
 
 Kentmann, Io., ichthyologist and botanist, 887. 
 
 Keou-tsien, prince of Youe in China, 266. 
 
 Kepler, John, German astronomer, 936. 
 
 Kerner, Joh. Sim. de, German botanist, 1042. 
 
 Kerpheres, king of Egypt, 67. 
 
 Kertk, David, French Protestant in Canada, 944. 
 
 Khaled, Muslim general, 601. 
 
 Khaled ben Yezid, 609. 
 
 Khalil Dhaheri, Arab writer, 799. 
 
 Khalyl, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 760. 
 
 Khang-hi, of the Tai'-thsing, Chinese emperor, 961, 
 964, 967, 980, 989, 990, 1006. 
 
 Khanikof, Russian writer on the Kirgises, 1066. 
 
 Khanloung, Burmese king, 391, 398. 
 
 Khi-tsu, king of Corea, 159. 
 
 Khnumhotep, Egyptian priest, 70. 
 
 Khondemir, Persian historian, 845. 
 
 Khoubilai-khan, Tartar ruler of Northern China, 
 
 750-5 1 . 753. 756-57. 759. 762- 
 Khoung-tseu, or Confucius, Chinese philosopher, 240, 
 
 260, 266, 325, 407, 543, 639, 649, 999. 
 Khusrau, of Delhi, 752. 
 Khusru, Abdlhacan, Hindustanee poet, 751. 
 Khusru, first sultan of Lahore, 708-9. 
 Khusru, Hindu convert to Mohammedanism, 774-75. 
 Khusru Malik, second and last sultan of Lahore, 
 
 709, 716. 
 Ki, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 84. 
 Kia-king, three hundred and fourth Chinese emperor, 
 
 1048, 1062 
 Kian, king of Corea, 652. 
 
 Kian-wen-ti, of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 552. 
 Kian-wen-ti II., of the Liang, Chinese emperor, 5S3. 
 Kian-wen-ti III., of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 798. 
 Kia-tan, Chinese geographer, 626. 
 Kibino Daisi, Japanese writer, 616. 
 Kicab-Tanub, fourteenth king of Guatamala, 866. 
 Kieft, William, Dutch gov. of New Netherland, 951. 
 Kie-kouei, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 96, 9S. 
 Kie-li-tie, Hindu king, 603. 
 Kien-loung, of the Tai'-thsing, three hundred and third 
 
 Chin, emp., 1015, 1019, 1028, 1030, 1035, 1037, 1048. 
 Kien-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 235. 
 
 Kiertissry-magawarna, king of Ceylon, 545, 547. 
 
 Kilianus, theologian, 609. 
 
 Kim, Andre, traveller in Mandshuria, 1069. 
 
 Kimchi, David, of Provence, Jewish grammarian, 723. 
 
 Kimchi, Joseph, Jewish writer, 711. 
 
 Kin, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 93. 
 
 King-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 401-2. 
 
 King-ti II., of the Liang, Chinese emperor, 584. 
 
 King-ti, regent, or acting Chinese emperor, 822. 
 
 King-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 627. 
 
 King-tsoung II., of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 688. 
 
 Kin-mei, thirtieth dairo of Japan, 5S0, 588. 
 
 King-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 228, 241. 
 
 Kinsen, dairo of Japan, 963-64, 981. 
 
 Kinsen II., dairo of Japan, 9S1. 
 
 Kioung, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 92. 
 
 Kitaibel, Paul, botanist, 1053. 
 
 Ki-tsun, king of Corea, 390. 
 
 Kiu-youen, Chinese poet, 371. 
 
 Klaproth, J., philologist, 1032, 1056. 
 
 Klein, botanist, 1049. 
 
 Kleinhoff, botanist, 1025. 
 
 Knapp, J. L., English botanist, 1052. 
 
 Knaut, Christian, botanist, 997. 
 
 Knauth, Christophorus, German botanist, 9S2. 
 
 Kneller, Godfrey, German painter, 997. 
 
 Kniphof, Io. H. botanist, 1012. 
 
 Knorr, G. W., German naturalist, 1033. 
 
 Knox, John, 897. 
 
 Koa, Polynesian chief, 705 
 
 Koan, sixth dairo of Japan, 302, 373. 
 
 Kobad, or Cabades, Sasanid king of Persia, 569. 
 
 Kobell, Francis Von, mineralogist, 1066. 
 
 Kobou-daisi, Japanese convert to Buddhism, 625. 
 
 Koch, G, German botanist, 1052. 
 
 Ko-cheou-king, Chinese astronomer, 752. 
 
 Koker, CEgid. de, Dutch botanist, 997. 
 
 Kolpin, A. B., botanist, 1027. 
 
 Kolreuter, Ios. Theoph , botanist, 1027. 
 
 Konig, Io. Cr , traveller in Iceland and the East 
 
 Indies, 1026, 1033, 1056. 
 Konjei, seventy-sixth dairo of Japan, 704, 708-9. 
 Kooken, empress or dairo of Japan, 619, 621. 
 Kooko, dairo of Japan, 643-44. 
 Koonin, forty-ninth dairo of Japan, 621, 623. 
 Kopitar, B , Slavonic scholar, 1052. 
 Korah, 136. 
 
 Koschkadam, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 825, 831 
 Koster, Laurence, of Haerlem, earliest European 
 
 printer, 815. 
 Kostha ben Luca, Arab writer, 639. 
 Ko-tok, thirty-seventh dairo of Japan, 604-5. 
 Kotoz, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 750-51. 
 Kotzebue, Russian navigator, 1061. 
 Kouan-mu, fiftieth dairo of Japan, 623, 625. 
 Kouang-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 716. 
 Kouang-tsoung II., of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 936. 
 Kouang-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 228. 
 Kouang-wou-ti, of the Han, Chin emperor, 476, 4S2. 
 Koung-kia, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 93, 95. 
 Koung-tcheng, descendant of Thsao-thsao, 539. 
 Koung-ti, of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 564. 
 Koung-ti II., of the Soui, Chinese emperor, 599. 
 Koung-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 191. 
 Kouo-gien, acting dairo of Japan, 781-82. 
 Kouo-gen II., dairo of Japan, 789-go, 792. 
 
I I 12 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Kouo-tching, Cambodian ambassador, 791. 
 Knuotei, dairo of Japan, 945. 
 Koutchouk, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 785-S6. 
 Kou-yng-ti, Chinese historian, 948. 
 Kovanko, astronomer, 1065. 
 
 Koxinga, or Tching-tchin:>-koung, Chinese pirate- 
 chief, 961. 
 Kramer, Io. G. Henr., Hungarian botanist, 1025. 
 Krascheninnikovius, botanist in Siberia, 101S, 1025. 
 Kretos, early king of Crete, 113. 
 Kricg, David, botanist, 961. 
 Krunglau, king of Martaban in Burmah, 766. 
 Krusenstern, Russian navigator, 1055. 
 Krylof Ivan, Russian fabulist, 1066. 
 Kuhn, C. F., botanist, 1013. 
 Kulesekara Pandya, king of Orissa, 667. 
 Kundal Kesari, king of Orissa, 626. 
 Kunkel, alchemist, 981. 
 Kunth, C. S , German botanist, 1059. 
 Kurma Kesari, king of Urissa, 675. 
 Kutaiba ben Muslim, Muslim general, 615. 
 Kutb Shah, fourth Muslim king of Guzerat, S22, 825. 
 Kutb-u-din Eibak, first sultan of Delhi, 716-17, 719. 
 Kutrub, Arab grammarian, 624. 
 Kuyuk Khan chief of the Tartars, 733. 
 Kwo-gok, dairo empress of Japan, 603-5, 60S. 
 Kvllingius, botanist, 972. 
 Kvlwarbi, Robertus, old English writer, 753. 
 
 Laadan, 127. 
 
 Laban, 116-17. 
 
 Labat, Io. Bapt., botanist in Africa and the West 
 Indies, 1009. 
 
 Labazarris, Guido de, Spanish governor of the Philip- 
 pines, 900. 
 
 Labdacus, grandson of Cadmus, 1 ^2. 
 
 Laberius, Decimus, Roman writer, 446. 
 
 Labillardiere, Jacq. Jul., French botanist, 1028. 
 
 Laborde, Leon de, traveller in Aiabia Petraea, 1065. 
 
 Laborosoarchod, king of llabylon, 240. 
 
 Labotas, fourth Agid king of Sparta, 193. 
 
 Lachares, Greek rhetor, 565. 
 
 Lachenal, W., Swiss botanist, T027. 
 
 Lacius, leader of a Greek colony, 220. 
 
 Lacshana Pala, prime minister at Delhi, 711. 
 
 Lactantius. early Christian wiiter, S44- 
 
 Lacydes, Greek philosopher, 3X2 
 
 Ladislaus, king of Hungary, SiN. 
 
 Laertius, Diogenes, Greek biographer, 534. 
 
 La Fayette, French general and statesman, 1037. 
 
 Lagasca, Mar., botanist, 1055. 
 
 Lagerstroem, botanist, 1025. 
 
 Lahontan, French explorer in North America, 980. 
 
 Laius, king of Boeotian Thebes, 1 52, 163. 
 
 Lalande, traveller in Arabia, 1002. 
 
 Lamarck, J. B. M., French nat., 1036, 1045-46, 1049. 
 
 Lambert, A. B., English botanist, 1050, 1052-53. 
 
 Lambertus Schafnaburgensis, chronographer, 681. 
 
 Lamech, 3, 65, 73. 
 
 LamuUr, French botanist, 1070. 
 
 Lamouroux, French botanist, 1055. 
 
 Lampares, Assyrian emperor, 148. 
 
 Lamprides, Assyrian emperor, 136. 
 
 Lancarote, Portuguese navigator, S19. 
 
 Landa, Francisco de, Spanish pilot, 918. 
 
 Lando, fifty-seventh Roman archbishop, 647. 
 Landulphus Carthusianus, commentator on the book 
 
 of Psalms, 782. 
 Lane, Rafe, governor of Roanoak colony, 908. 
 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury and earliest 
 
 scholastic theologian, 676, 680. 
 Lanfranc, medical writer, 752. 
 Langius, Paulus, chronographer, S62. 
 Langsdorff, G., botanist and voyager, 1055. 
 Languliva Narsinh, king of Orissa, 725. 
 Lannoy, Guillebert de, traveller in the East, S02, 811. 
 Laodamas, king of Boeotian Thebes, 164, 167. 
 Laodice, mother of Apis and Niobe, no. 
 Laomedon, king of Troy, 152, 156. 
 Laonicus Chalcondyles, Greek historian, 828. 
 Laosthenes, Assyrian emperor, 193. 
 Laotseu, Chinese philosopher, 231. 
 Laperouse, French navigator, 1042, 1046. 
 Lapeyrouse, P. Picot, French botanist, 1048. 
 Lapilaye, French botanist in Newfoundland, 1065. 
 Lartius. Roman dictator, 254. 
 
 La Salle, M. dela, French explorer in N. America, 978. 
 Lascaris, Constanlinus, scholastic Greek writer, 831. 
 Lascaris, John, of Constantinople, 842. 
 Lassell, English astronomer, 960, 1069. 
 I.asus of Hermione, Greek poet, 244. 
 Latourette, A. L, French botanist, 1027. 
 Latro, Porcius, Roman rhetor, 4^7. 
 Laudonniere, leader of a French colony, S96-97. 
 Lauremberg, Gul., German botanist, 921. 
 Laurentius Justinianus, 814. 
 Laureritius, see Roster. 
 Lavoisier, French chemist, 1034. 
 Lawarre, Lord Thomas de, governor of Virginia, 
 
 9 2 9"3°. 93 6 - 
 Lav and Collie, botanists on Beechey's vovage, 1064. 
 Laxmann, Adam, Russian navigator, 1046. 
 Laxmann, Ericus, botanist in Siberia, 1029. 
 Lebid, Arab poet, 59;. 
 Leblond, botanist in Guavana, 1047. 
 Leche, Johan., Swedish botanist, 101S. 
 Lechford, early writer on New England, 952. 
 Le Conte, Tohn, N. American naturalist, 1057, 1060. 
 Lecoq, French botanist, 1070. 
 Ledebour, C. Fr., botanist in Siberia, 1064. 
 Ledyard, John, American vovager, 1043. 
 Leers, Io. 1 '.in , botanist, 1035. 
 Lee, Arthur, American envov at Paris, 1036. 
 Leeuwenhoek, A. van, microscopic observer, 997. 
 Legazpi, M. L de, conq. of the Philippines, 896, 900. 
 Lehmann, I. K , German botanist, 1058. 
 Lehmann, J. G. Chr., German botanist, 1062. 
 Leibnitz, mathematician and philosopher, 997. 
 Leidrade, archbishop of Lyons, 624. 
 Lcif, Scandinavian navigator, 664. 
 Lcinker, Io. S., botanist, 1027. 
 Leland, archaeologist to Henry VIII., 872. 
 Lelex, first king of Laconia, 127. 
 Le Maier, Isaac, Dutch navigator, 933. 
 Le Monnier, G., French botanist, 1019, 1025. 
 Le Moyne, J., French colonist in Florida, 896. 
 Lenaeus, Roman grammarian, 447. 
 Lenfant, James, historian and critic, 997. 
 Lentulus, C11. Cornelius, Roman consul, 467. 
 Leo, fourth Byzantine emperor, 56S. 
 Leo II., fifth Byzantine emperor, 569. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 III3 
 
 Leo III. Isaurus, twenty-third Byzantine emperor, 
 616, 618-19. 
 
 Leo IV., twenty-fifth Byzantine emperor, 622-23. 
 
 Leo V. Armenius, thirtieth Byzantine emperor, 626-27. 
 
 Leo VI., Sapiens, thirty-fifth Byzantine emperor, 643. 
 
 Leo II., fifteenth Roman archbishop, 612. 
 
 Leo III., thirty-second Roman archbishop, 624, 626. 
 
 Leo IV., thirty-ninth Roman archbishop, 631-32. 
 
 Leo V., fifty-third Roman archbishop, 647. 
 
 Leo VI., fifty-ninth Roman archbishop, 650. 
 
 Leo VII., sixty-second Roman archbishop, 650-51. 
 
 Leo VIII., sixty-seventh Roman archbishop, 655. 
 
 Leo IX., eighty-seventh Roman archbishop, 676-77. 
 
 Leo X., sixty-third pope, 861, 864. 
 
 Leo Africanus, Arab writer, 86S. 
 
 Leo diaconus, Greek writer, 655. 
 
 Leo grammaticus, 664. 
 
 Leo Hostiensis, historian, 6S2. 
 
 Leo Magnus, forty-third bishop of Rome, 566, 568. 
 
 Leo of Byzantium, Greek historian, 325. 
 
 Leo of Thessalonica, see Leo philosophus. 
 
 Leo philosophus et medicus, 629. 
 
 Leocrates, Athenian archon, 217. 
 
 Leodamas, Greek orator, 312. 
 
 Leon, Cieza de, traveller, 877, 887. 
 
 Leonicenus, Nicolaus, botanist, 846. 
 
 Leonidas, king of Sparta, 265 
 
 Leonidas of Tarentum, Greek writer, 370. 
 
 Leontius, jurist at Constantinople, 613. 
 
 Leontius Pil., restorer of Greek learning in Italy, 782. 
 
 Leopold II., forty-second emperor of Germany and 
 Italy, 1047. 
 
 Lepechin, Ivvan., Russian botanist, 1029. 
 
 Lepidus, M. Aemilius, Roman triumvir, 456, 464. 
 
 Lepsius of Berlin, archaeologist in Egypt, 106S. 
 
 Lerche, Io. lac, hot. in Persia and at Astrachan, 1012. 
 
 Lerius, J., early traveller in Brazil, 891. 
 
 Lery, Baron de, 863. 
 
 Leschenault, bot. in the Malayan archipelago, 1053. 
 
 Lesches of Mytilene, Greek poet, 227. 
 
 Leucon, Greek comic poet, 281. 
 
 Leuvigild, Gothic king of Spain, 586, 590. 
 
 Leverrier, astronomer, 1069. 
 
 Levi, Jacob, of Mayence, reputed founder of German 
 synagogue music, 799. 
 
 Levi ben Gerson, Jewish astronomer, 782. 
 
 Lewellyn, Welsh prince, 757. 
 
 Lewis and Clark, travellers across N. America, 1054. 
 
 Leysser, F. G. a, German botanist, 1024-25. 
 
 L'Heritier, C. L., French botanist, 1039, 1043. 
 
 Libanius, Greek rhetor, 552. 
 
 Liberalis, M. Antonius, Roman rhetor, 482. 
 
 Liberatus, ecclesiastical writer, 576. 
 
 Liberius, thirty-fourth bishop of Rome, yielded to 
 Arianism, 550, 552. 
 
 Libon, Greek architect, 281. 
 
 Libussa, traditional princess and prophetess of Bohe- 
 mia, 618. 
 
 Licinius, colleague of Constantine, 546. 
 
 Licinius, see Crassus. 
 
 Licinius Cal., C, Roman tribune and consul, 306, 319. 
 
 Liebmann, botanist in Mexico, 1068. 
 
 Lieou-yu, Chinese historian, 680. 
 
 Lie-tseu, Chinese philosopher, 231. 
 
 Lie-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 306. 
 
 Lightfoot, John, English botanist, 1036. 
 
 Linant, geographer and archaeologist in Egypt, 1068 
 Lincoln, Abraham, American president, 1070-71. 
 Lincoln, Benjamin, American general, 1042. 
 Lindenau, Gotske, voyager to Greenland, 924. 
 Lindern, F. B., German botanist, 1009. 
 Linderus, Johannes, Swedish botanist, 1004. 
 Lindley, John, English botanist, 1065, 1068. 
 Ling-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 529. 
 Ling-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 237. 
 Link, A. F., botanist in Portugal, 1050. 
 Link, H. F., German botanist, 1067. 
 Linnaeus, Swedish naturalist, 941, ion, 1014-15, 1018- 
 
 24, 1027, 1031. 
 Linnaeus fil., Swedish botanist, 1025-26, 1028, 1037. 
 Linocierus, Gaufridus, French botanist, 908. 
 Linschoten, voyager to the East Indies and China, 902. 
 Lin-sin, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 147. 
 Lintuiius, Johannes, chronographer, 862. 
 Linus, first bishop of Rome, 498. 
 Linus, Greek poet-musician, 154. 
 Linus, son of Psamathe, 136. 
 Lipmann of Miilhausen, Jewish writer, 799. 
 Lippershey, Hans, maker of telescopes, 928. 
 Lippi, Augustin, botanist in Egypt and Abyssinia, 997. 
 Lipsius, Justus, critic, 921. 
 Lister, Martin, English naturalist, 975. 
 Li-tai-pe, Chinese poet, 619. 
 Li-tchhing-Kouei, a revolter under Tchhang and 
 
 Yao, 797. 
 Li-tseu-tching, claimant of the Chinese empire, 956. 
 Li-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 722-23, 751. 
 Little, Henry, American botanist, 1063. 
 Liu-chi, of the Han, Chinese empress, 397. 
 Liu-koung-tchu, Chinese philosopher, 682. 
 Liu-va, Gothic king of Spain, 586. 
 Livius, Roman historian, 457. 
 Livius Andronicus, earliest writer of Latin, 388. 
 Li-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 195. 
 Li-wang II., 221. 
 
 Li-yan-tcheou, Chinese historian, 597. 
 Lloque Yupanqui, third inca of Peru, 683, 638. 
 Lloyd, William, chronographer, 997. 
 Loayza, Geronimo, archbishop of Lima, 887. 
 Lobel, Matthias, Belgian botanist, 898, 901, 903, 933 
 Locke, John, English metaphysician, 965. 
 Locrus, grandson of Amphictyon, 148. 
 Loddiges, Conr., English botanist, 1061, 1068. 
 Loefling, Peter, bot. in Spain and Cumana, 1022, 1025. 
 Loesel, loan., German botanist, 959. 
 Logan, lac, English botanist, 1012. 
 Lollianus, Greek rhetor, 519. 
 
 Lomonosof, Mich., of Archangel, Russian writer, 1012. 
 Longinus, Greek philosopher, 538, 540. 
 Lonicer, Adam, German botanist, 887. 
 Loomis, H. American botanist, 1066. 
 Lopez, Francisco, resident on the Canaries, 795. 
 Lorraine, French botanist, 1031. 
 Lot, 103. 
 
 Lotharius II., ninth emp. of Germany and Italy, 690. 
 Louis, king of Hungary, 866, 869. 
 Louis, or Ludovicus Pius, emperor of France and 
 
 Germany, 626-27, 629. 
 Louis II , king of France, 641-42. 
 Louis III., king of France, 642. 
 Louis V., king -of France, 663. 
 Louis VI., king of France, 687. 
 
 140 
 
1 1 14 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Louis VII., king of France, 704. 
 
 Louis VIII., king of Fiance, 721-22. 
 
 Louis IX. le Saint, king of France, 722, 740-41, 753- 
 
 Louis X., king of France, 774 
 
 Louis XI , king of France, 829. 
 
 Louis XII., king of France, 859, S61. 
 
 Louis XIII., king of France, 939, 947- 
 
 Louis XIV., king of France, 971, 981, 993~94, i°°4- 
 
 Louis XV., king of France, 1004, 1034. 
 
 Louis XVI., king of France, 1034, 1036, 1043, 1047. 
 
 Louis XVIII., ruler of Fr.ince, 1060. 
 
 Louis II. Bavarus, twenty-first emperor of Germany 
 
 and Italy, 774, 7S2. 
 Louis Philippe, ruler of France, 1065. 
 Loureiro, botanist in Cochinchina, 1018. 
 Lou-wan, last king of Yan in Northern China, 390. 
 Lou-wang, of the later Thang, Chinese emperor, 650. 
 Lowe, T. S. C, American aeronaut, 1070. 
 Loyola, Ignatius, founder of the Jesuit mon. order, 8S0. 
 Lucana, Andr., Spanish botanist, 890. 
 Lucanus, Roman poet, 477. 
 Lucas Ghini, Italian botanist, 8S7. 
 Lucceius, Roman historian, 446. 
 Lucianus, Greek satirist, 529. 
 Lucifer, bishop of Sardinia, 550. 
 Lucilius, Roman poet, 431. 
 Lucius, Arian bishop of Alexandria, 553. 
 Lucius, king of South Britain, 531. 
 Lucius, twentieth bishop of Rome, 539. 
 Lucius II , tenth pope, 705. 
 Lucius III., fifteenth pope, 715. 
 Lucretius, Roman poet, 453. 
 
 Lucullus, L. Licinius, Roman general and hist., 445-46. 
 Ludgerus, first monastic bishop and theologian, 624. 
 Ludius, Roman painter, 467. 
 Ludolff, Mich. Math., botanist, 1027. 
 Ludovicus Pius (Louis), emperor of France and Ger- 
 many, 626-27. 
 
 Ludwig. C. G , botanist in Barbary, 1027. 
 
 Luitprand of Pavia, historian and theologian, 650. 
 
 Luke the Evangelist, 4S2. 
 
 Lupercus, Greek grammarian, 537. 
 
 Lupicinus, Roman general in Britain, 550. 
 
 Lusitanus, Zacutus, Jewish writer, 948. 
 
 Luther-; leader of the Protectant reformation, S63-67, 
 870, 877. 
 
 Lycaon, second king of Arcadia, 128. 
 
 Lycis, Greek comic poet, 281. 
 
 Lycon, Greek philosopher, V>2- 
 
 Lycophron, Greek tragic poet, 370. 
 
 Lycortas, Achaean praetor, 398. 
 
 Lycurgus, Greek orator, 323. 
 
 Lycurgus, Spartan lawgiver, 198, 202. 
 
 Lycus of Rhegium, Greek historian, 370. 
 
 Lygdamus, Roman poet, 46S. 
 
 Lynacre, Thomas, one of the founders of the College 
 of Physicians, 858. 
 
 Lynceus, king of Argus, 147. 
 
 Lynceus of Samos, Greek writer, 370. 
 
 Lyon, John, botanist in N. America, 1053. 
 
 Lyons, British ambassador at Washington, 1070. 
 
 Lysander of Sparta, Creek admiral, 298. 
 
 Lysanias of Cyrene, Greek grammarian, 3S2. 
 
 Lysias, Greek orator, 277. 
 
 Lysicrates, choregus, or choir-master at Athens, 323, 
 3 2 5- 
 
 I Lysimachus, brother of Ptolemy III , 391. 
 Lysimachus, Greek comic poet, 2S1. 
 Lysimachus, Greek philosopher, 382. 
 Lysimachus, Macedonian general, 340, 348,372-73,377. 
 Lysippus, Greek comic poet, 281. 
 Lysippus, Greek sculptor, 325. 
 Lyte, IL, English botanist, 902. 
 
 Maadd, Ishmaelite ancestor of Mohammed, 436. 
 
 Macar, leader of a Greek colony, 132. 
 
 Macarius, fortieth bishop of Jerusalem, 546. 
 
 Macartney, first British ambassador in China, 1047. 
 
 Macbeth, king of Scotland, 676, 678. 
 
 Maccabaeus, Judas, king of Jerusalem, 400. 
 
 Macchaleus, or Aschalius, Assyrian emperor, 113. 
 
 Mace, Samuell, English navigator, 923. 
 
 Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople, 572. 
 
 Macer, Aemilius, Roman poet, 457. 
 
 Macer the younger, Roman writer, 467. 
 
 Machiavel, secretary of the Republic of Florence, S58. 
 
 Machim, discoverer of Madeira, 794, Sio. 
 
 Machir, son of Manasseh, 120-21. 
 
 Machon, Greek comic poet, 3S2. 
 
 Mackenzie, George, jurist and critic, 965. 
 
 Maclaurin, Colin, mathematician, 1012. 
 
 Macrae, James, botanist in Brazil, Chili, and the 
 
 Hawaiian Islands, 1064. 
 Macrinus, twenty-second Roman emperor, 535. 
 Macrobius, Roman grammarian, 552. 
 Madain, Arab historian, 619. 
 Madan Mahadeva, king of Orissa, 714. 
 Maeloc, Welsh voyager, 712. 
 Madschhul, Arab writer, 612. 
 Maelius, Sp , wealthy Roman plebeian, 279. 
 Maenius, M , Roman tribune of the people, 292. 
 
 Magadu, king of Marfaban in Burmah, 766. 
 Magalhan, P. Gabriel de, Jesuit mission, in China, 958. 
 
 Magas, son of Ptolemy III., 391. 
 
 Magellan, or Magalhaens, Portuguese navigator in 
 Spanish employ, 864-65. 
 
 Magncntius, claimant of the Roman empire, 549. 
 
 Magnes, Greek comic poet, 255. 
 
 M.ignol, Tetr , French botanist, 973, 988. 
 
 Magnus, Joannes. Gothic historian, S78. 
 
 Magnus, king of Norway, 747. 
 
 Mago, Carthaginian agricultural writer, 255. 
 
 Mago, Carthaginian general, 302. 
 
 Mahalo-mana, king of Ceylon, 527. 
 
 Mahaloo Wijavaba, king of Cc\ Ion, 649, 657. 
 
 Mahamandala, Hindu king, 2S5, 306. 
 
 Mahanama, Ceylon historian, ^68. 
 
 Maha-nawma, king of Ceylon, 561, 565. 
 
 Mahasena, king of Ceylon, 542, 545. 
 
 Mahayensan, king of Ceylon, 627, 630. 
 
 Mahendra-pala, Hindu king, 665. 
 
 Mahinila, Buddhist priest, 386. 
 
 Mahmed Ben Hasan, 612. 
 
 Mahmood, twenty-fifth Turkish sultan, 1010, 1022. 
 
 Mahmood IL, thirty-first Turkish sultan, 1057, 106S. 
 
 Mahmud, sultan of Ghazni, 664-65, 667-69. 
 
 Mahmud Ben Mohammed, Persian medical writer, 831. 
 
 Mahmud Shah licgara, sixth Muslim king of Guzerat, 
 825,843,855. 
 
 Mahomed Shah, first sultan of Malacca, 755. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 III5 
 
 Maigret, Catholic missionary among the Polynesians, 
 
 704-5, 1068. 
 Mailla, P. de, Jesuit missionary in China, 989. 
 Mailrosius, see Joannes. 
 Maimburg of Lorraine, historian, 965. 
 Maimonides, Jewish writer, 711, 723. 
 Maisa Lalean, king of Java, 664. 
 Majorianus, Roman emperor of the West, 568. 
 Makea, Polynesian chief, 680. 
 Makrizi, Arab writer, 799. 
 Malachi, Jewish prophet, 281. 
 
 Ma-la-ma-thou-fang, Cambodian ambassador, 6S7. 
 Malaus, leader of a Greek colony, 179. 
 Malchion, early Christian writer, 541. 
 Malchus, Greek liistorian, 568. 
 Malchus, see Porphyrius. 
 Malcolm II., king of Scotland, 675. 
 Malcolm III., king of Scotland, 678. 
 Malcolm IV., king of Scotland, 708. 
 Malebranche, metaphysician, 997. 
 Malherbe, who first imparted harmony to French 
 
 poetry, 921. 
 Malik, first Cahtan ruler of Oman, 227. 
 Malocello, Lancelote, voyager to the Canaries, 764. 
 Malpighi, Marc, microscopic observer, 965. 
 Mamercinus, M. Aemilius, Roman dictator, 2S0. 
 Mamertinus, Roman panegyrist, 544. 
 Mamertinus the younger, Roman rhetor, 548. 
 Mamylus, Assyrian emperor, 119. 
 Mamythus, Assyrian emperor, in. 
 Manardus, Johannes, Italian botanist, 865. 
 Manasseh, king of Judah, 219, 222, 226. 
 Manasseh, son of Joseph, 121. 
 Manasseh ben Israel, Jewish writer, 948. 
 Manasses, scholastic Greek writer, 703. 
 Manco Capac, first inca of Peru, 667, 678. 
 Manes, founder of the Manichaean sect, 542. 
 Manetho, Egyptian hist, and chronographer, 13, 371. 
 Manfred, Norman king of Sicily, 751. 
 Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, medical writer, 799. 
 Mang, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 91. 
 Mangou Khan, chief of the Tartars, 742, 747, 750. 
 Manik Rai, eighth Hindu king of Ajmir, 613. 
 Manka, translator of Sanscrit into Persian, 623. 
 Manliis, Io. Iacob de, botanist, 824. 
 Manlius Capitolinus, P., Roman dictator, 312. 
 Manlius Torquatus, T., Roman dictator, 318, 322. 
 Mansur, sixth Samani king of Bactria, 655-657. 
 Mansur II., eighth and last Samani king of Bactria, 664. 
 Mantegna, Andrea, Italian painter, 831. 
 Mantias, Greek pharmacologist. 389. 
 Mantuanus, Baptista, poet, 858. 
 Manu, or Menu, Institutes of, 420-21. 
 Manuel, sixty-sixt. Byzantine emperor, 796, 803. 
 Manuel, fourteenth king of Portugal, 856, 859. 
 Manutius, Paulus, lib'n of the Vatican, and critic, 897. 
 Mappus, Marcus, German botanist, 965. 
 Maputeva, Polynesian chief, 705. 
 Mar, last Talmudical authority, 568. 
 Mar Apas Catina, Armenian historian, 401. 
 Maranta, Barthol., botanist, 892. 
 Marathius, king of Sicyon, 115. 
 Maratti, Carlo, Italian painter, 965. 
 Marcellinus, twenty-seventh bishop of Rome, 544. 
 Marcellinus Comes of Illvria, chronographer, 576,586. 
 Marcellinus presbyter, theologian, 613. 
 
 Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, 548. 
 
 Marcellus, M. Claudius, Roman general 390, 393. 
 
 Marcellus, twenty-eighth bishop of Rome, 544. 
 
 Marcellus, Ulpius, Roman governor of Britain, 532. 
 
 Marcellus of Bourdeaux, medical writer, 555. 
 
 Marcellus Virgilius, of Florence, 863. 
 
 Marcgraf, G., botanist in Brazil, 950. 
 
 Marcianus, Greek physician, 466. 
 
 Marcianus, third Byzantine emperor, 566. 
 
 Marcion, heretical Christian, 527-28. 
 
 Marcius, founder of a Roman colony, 411. 
 
 Marcius, Roman writer, 389. 
 
 Marco Polo, traveller in Central and Eastern Asia, 642, 
 
 756-58, 762. 
 Marcos de Missa, Franciscan Monk, 877. 
 Marcus, first Gentile bishop of Jerusalem, 527. 
 Marcus, thirty-second bishop of Rome, 548. 
 Marcus eremita, theologian, 645. 
 Marcus Giascus, 756. 
 
 Marcus of Byzantium, Greek rhetor, 526. 
 Mardocempadus, king of Babylon, 215. 
 Mardonius, Persian genera], 256, 265. 
 Margaret, queen of Denmark and Norway, 797. 
 Margaret, queen of Scotland, 759. 
 Margaret Tudor, wife of James IV., 859. 
 Margaritone, earliest Italian painter, 723. 
 Margounius, Maximus, modern Greek writer, 897. 
 Marhum, king of Ternate, 830. 
 Maria Louisa, second wife of Napoleon, 1057. 
 Maria Theresa, empress of Germany and Italy, 1019. 
 Mariana, Spanish historian, 921. 
 Marianus Scotus, chronographer, 681. 
 Maribas, Syrian writer of Armenian history, 407. 
 Mariette, French archaeologist, 1066. 
 Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI., king of France, 
 
 1047. 
 Marignolli, John de, Franciscan missionary, 782. 
 Marini, Andreas, Italian botanist, 894. 
 Marini, J. Baptista, Italian poet, 921. 
 Marino Sanuto Torsello, Italian geographer, 766. 
 Marinus, Greek philosopher, 568. 
 
 Marinus, or Martinus, forty-fourth Roman archbp.,643. 
 Marinus II., sixty-fourth Roman archbishop, 651-52. 
 Mariti, botanist in the East, 1023, 1030. 
 Marius, Aventiensis, chronographer, 589. 
 Marius, Caius, Roman general, 432, 441-42. 
 Marius, Simon, astronomer, 928. 
 Marius, third king of the Gauls, 541. 
 Mark the Evangelist, 479, 483. 
 Marot, French poet, 872. 
 
 Marquette, Jesuit missionary in N. America, 971. 
 Marsarchis, Nestorian emigrant, 756. 
 Marsden, English philologist in Sumatra, 1038. 
 Marshall, Humphrey, N. American botanist, 1039. 
 Marsham, John, chronographer, 965. 
 Marsigli, Ludw. Ferdin , botanist, 1007. 
 Marsilius, Io., botanist, 1027. 
 Marsilius ab Ingen, scholastic theologian, 791. 
 Marsilius Ficinus, 831. 
 Marsilius Patavinus, 765. 
 Marsyas, Greek flute-player, 157. 
 Marsyas of Pella, Greek historian, 325. 
 Martens, Fried., voyager to Spitzbergen, 970. 
 Marthad, tobba of Yemen, 549. 
 Martialis, first bishop of Lemovicinis in Gaul, 539. 
 Martialis, Roman poet, 518. 
 
1 1 16 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Martin, Petrus, Swedish botanist, 941, 1025. 
 
 Martini, P. Martin, Jesuit missionary in China, 952. 
 
 Martinus, ninth Roman archbishop, 605. 
 
 Martinus, rhetor at Constantinople, 564. 
 
 Martinus, see Marinus. 
 
 Martinus II., thirty-third pope, 757-58- 
 
 Martinus III , fifty-second pope, S03, 813. 
 
 Martinus Dumiensis, ecclesiastical writer, 576. 
 
 Martinus of Tours, ecclesiastical writer, 555. 
 
 Martinus Polonus, chronographer, 758. 
 
 Martius, botanist in Brazil, 1061. 
 
 Martyn, John, English botanist, 1009. 
 
 Marudach Baldanes, king of Babylon, 219. 
 
 Mary, queen of England, 888-89, 891-92. 
 
 Mary, queen of Scotland, 892, S97, 912. 
 
 Mary II., wife of William III. of Britain, 985, 991. 
 
 Masaccio, founder of a new style of painting, S14. 
 
 Masasoit, aboriginal American, 939. 
 
 Masaud, sultan of Ghazni, 669, 676. 
 
 Masaud II., sultan of Ghazni, 6S4, 6S6 
 
 Maserjawia, Jewish writer of Arabic, 586. 
 
 Mashallah el-Andrusger, astronomer, 624. 
 
 Mason, Francis, missionary and bot. in Burmah, 1069 
 
 Mason, John, resident in Newfoundland, 935. 
 
 Masse, Enmond, first Jesuit missionary in N, Am., 930. 
 
 Masso, Papirius, jurist and historian, 921. 
 
 Massun, Francis, English botanist, 1049. 
 
 Masudi, Arab geographer, 647, 651. 
 
 Matatja ben Moses, Jewish writer, 782. 
 
 Matgenus, Phoenician king, 194. 
 
 Mather, Cotton, clergyman of Boston, 1006. 
 
 Ma-touan-lin, Chinese geographer and hist., 721, 774. 
 
 Matsva Kesari, king of Orissa, 675. 
 
 Mattiiaeus, bishop of Myra, modern Greek writer, 965. 
 
 Matthaeus Paris, English historian, 723. 
 
 Matthew of Westminster, English historian, 791. 
 
 Matthias, thirty-third emperor of Germany and Italy, 
 
 93°. 936. 
 Matthias the apostle, 476 
 
 Matthias Hunniades Cur., king of Hungary, S24, S69. 
 Matthioli, P. A., Italian botanist, 887-89, 894. 
 Mattuscha, H. G. comes, botanist, 1027. 
 Matwalesen, king of Ceylon, 627. 
 Maubant, earliest French missionary in Corea, 1067. 
 Maud, wife of king Henry of England, 684. 
 Maundeville, John, traveller to the E Indies, 6S7, 7S7. 
 Maundrell, Henrv, traveller in Palestine, <)<)-{. 
 Maupertius,Mor. de, traveller to the Arc. Ciicle, 1015. 
 Maurice of Nassau, voyager to Brazil, 950. 
 Mauricius, twelfth Byzantine emperor, 5S9, 591, 597. 
 Mausolus, king of Cam, 312, 319. 
 Mavrocordatus, Alex., scholastic Greek writer, 997. 
 Maximianus, colleague of the emperor Diocletian, 54^. 
 Maximianus, Greek ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 Maximilian, twenty eighth emperor of Germany and 
 
 Italy, 859, 864. 
 Maximilian II., thirty-first emperor of Germany and 
 
 Italy, 898. 
 Maximilla, one of the founders of the sect of Mon- 
 
 tanists, 531. 
 Maximinus, ambassador to Attila, 566. 
 Maximinus, Roman general and claimant of the 
 
 empire, 545. 
 Maximinus, twenty-fifth Roman emperor, 537-38. 
 Maximus, claimant of the Roman empire, 5 S4— 55- 
 
 M 
 
 aximus, forty-first bishop of Jerusalem, 549. 
 
 Maximus, fourteenth bishop of Alexandria, 540, 543. 
 
 Maximus, or Maximinus, seventh bp. of Antioch, 532. 
 
 Maximus, Pupienus, see Pupienus. 
 
 Maximus, rhetor at Constantinople, 564. 
 
 Maximus, Roman emperor of the West, 567. 
 
 Maximus, Valerius, see Valerius. 
 
 Maximus Confessor, ecclesiastical writer, 601. 
 
 Maximus of Ephesus, Greek philosopher, 547. 
 
 Maximus of Tyre, Greek philosopher, 526. 
 
 Mayer, Tobias, astronomer, 1037. 
 
 May, Henry, navigator, 915. 
 
 Mayronis, Franciscus, scholastic theologian, 765. 
 
 Mayta Capac, fourth Inca of Peru, 580, 688,705,709. 
 
 Ma-yuan, Chinese general, 482. 
 
 Mecophanes, Greek painter, 3S2. 
 
 Medeia of Colchis, 164. 
 
 Medhatithi, Hindu king, 192. 
 
 Medici, Cosmo de, duke of Florence, 814. 
 
 Medici, Laurence de, duke of Florence, 842. 
 
 Medius, Greek historian, 325. 
 
 Medon, first Athenian archon, 186, 191. 
 
 Meerburgh, Xicolaas, Dutch botanist, 1027. 
 
 Meese, David, botanist, 1025. 
 
 Megabazus, or Megabvzus, Persian general, 252, 269. 
 
 Mehinga, king of Karague, 730. 
 
 Mehujael, son of Irad, 3. 
 
 Meir ben Isaac, Hebrew poet, 6S4. 
 
 Meisner, Karl Friadr., botanist, 1064. 
 
 Melampus, Dionysian prophet, 153. 
 
 Melancthon, Philip, protestant reformer, 870. 
 
 Melanippides, Greek poet, 244. 
 
 Melanopus, Greek orator, 299. 
 
 Melanthius, Greek tragic poet, 2S1. 
 
 Melanthus, Greek painter, 325. 
 
 Melanthus, king of Athens, 185. 
 
 Melciades, or Miltiades, thirtieth bishop of Rome, 546. 
 
 Meleager, Greek poet, 434. 
 
 Meleager of Gadara, Greek philosopher, 3S2. 
 
 Melek-Ailel Seif-Eddin, Ayoubite sultan of Egypt, 
 
 718, 720. 
 Melek-Adel II., Ayoubite sultan of Egypt, 72c;, 730. 
 Melek-Aziz Othman, Ayoubite suit, of Egypt, 716, 71S. 
 Mclek-el-Mansur, Ayoubite sultan of Egypt, 71S. 
 Melek-Kamel, Ayoubite sultan of Egypt, 720, 725. 
 Melek-Saleh, A\oubite sultan of Egypt, 730, 735, 741. 
 Melik Shah, king of Persia, 683. 
 Mclendez, Pedro, Spanish admiral, S97. 
 Meletius of Athens, modern Greek writer, 997. 
 Meletius of Lycopolis, early Christian writer, 544. 
 Meletus, Greek tragic poet, 301. 
 Melis^us, C, Roman writer, 4". 
 Melissus, Greek philosopher, 268, 279. 
 Meliton, bishop of Sardls, ^29. 
 Mellent, earl of, 6S4. 
 Melvill, James, historian, 897. 
 Membliarus, Phoenician colonist, 150. 
 Memnon, inventor of alphabetic writing, 106. 
 Menaechmus, Greek writer. 325. 
 Menage of Anvers, critic, 96 ^. 
 Menahem, Karaite Jewish writer, 645. 
 Menahem, sixteenth king of Israel, 210. 
 Menahem ben Solomon, Jewish lexicographer, 703. 
 Menander, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 Menander, Nicator, Greek king of Bactria, 396. 
 Menander, Simonian Christian, 498. 
 Menander Protector, Greek historian, 5S6. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 II 17 
 
 Menas, ecclesiastical writer, 576. 
 
 Mencius, Chinese philosopher, see Meng-tseu. 
 
 Mendana, Alvaro de, Spanish navigator, 898, 917. 
 
 Mendelssohn, translator of Bible into German, 1027. 
 
 Mendez, Soeiro, governor of Arguin, 825. 
 
 Mendoca, Antonio de.viceroy of Mexico, 882, 
 
 Mendoza, Peter de, leader of a Spanish colony, 875. 
 
 Menecrates of Nysa, Greek grammarian, 400. 
 
 Menelaus, Greek chieftain, 176. 
 
 Menelaus, Jewish high-priest, 399. 
 
 Menelaus of Caria, Greek astronomer, 518. 
 
 Meneptha Sethos, king of Egypt, 123. 
 
 Meneptha II., king of Egypt, 130. 
 
 Meneptha III., king of Egypt, 131. 
 
 Menes, first king of Egypt, 62. 
 
 Meneses, Emman. Telez de, Portuguese navigator, 860. 
 
 Menestheus, king of Athens, 174. 
 
 Meng-tseu, Chinese philosopher, 312, 325. 
 
 Meniates, Elias, modern Greek writer, 997. 
 
 Menilec, Abyssinian king, 407. 
 
 Menippus of Caria, Greek rhetor, 434. 
 
 Menippus of Gadara, Greek philosopher, 382. 
 
 Menkera, or Mycerinus, king of Egypt, 68. 
 
 Menkera II., king of Egypt, 71. 
 
 Menodotus of Perinthus, Greek historian, 396. 
 
 Mento, C. Julius, Roman consul, 282. 
 
 Mentnatep, king of Egypt, 80. 
 
 Mentuatep II. Nebtura, see Nuantef IV. 
 
 Mentuatep III., king of Egypt, 81. 
 
 Mentuatep IV., king of Egypt, 83. 
 
 Mentzelius, Christian, German botanist, 978. 
 
 Menzel, Phil, and Alb., German botanists, 936. 
 
 Menzies, botanist on Vancouver's voyage, 1046, 1048. 
 
 Merboldus, 675. 
 
 Mercator, Gerhardus, chronographer, 902. 
 
 Mercator, Marius, ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 
 Meredyth ab Rhys, Welsh bard, 712. 
 
 Merenra, king of Egypt, 75. 
 
 Merera Miamun, king of Egypt, 131. 
 
 Merhet, Egyptian prince, 67. 
 
 Merian, M. S., naturalist in Surinam, 1004. 
 
 Merlin, or Myrdhyn, Welsh bard, 609. 
 
 Merobaudes, Latin poet, 566. 
 
 Merrett, Christopher, English botanist, 958, 965. 
 
 Merula, Georgius, philologist and historian, 831. 
 
 Mervellius, traveller in Arabia, 1002. 
 
 Merwan, fourth Ommiad khalif, 612. 
 
 Merwan 1 1., fourteenth and last Ommiad khalif, 619-20. 
 
 Mesesimordachus, king of Babylon, 220. 
 
 Mesochris, king of Egypt, 66. 
 
 Mesomedes, Greek poet, 526. 
 
 Messala, M. Valerius, Roman painter, 389. 
 
 Messala Corvinus, Roman writer, 457. 
 
 Messerschmid, traveller in Siberia, 1005, 1007, 1013. 
 
 Mestor, king of Argos, 163. 
 
 Mesue the elder, see Ebn Masawia. 
 
 Metacom, or Philip, aborig. American chief, 964, 972. 
 
 Metagenes, Greek comic poet, 2S1. 
 
 Metellus, L. Caecilius, Roman general, 417. 
 
 Metellus, Q. Caacilius, Roman consul and general, 
 
 394. 411,446- 
 Methodius, early Christian writer, 546. 
 Methodius, missionary to the Slavonians, 639. 
 Methusael, son of Mehujael, 3. 
 Methuselah, 64. 
 Metius, Hollander, inventor of the telescope, 928. 
 
 Meton, Greek astronomer, 281. 
 
 Metrodorus, Greek philosopher, 370. 
 
 Metrodorus of Chios, Greek philosopher, 299. 
 
 Metrodorus of Persia, Greek writer, 544. 
 
 Metrodorus of Scepsis, Greek writer, 424. 
 
 Metrophanes of Smyrna, Greek writer, 639. 
 
 Meursius, John, archaeologist and critic, 933. 
 
 Meyan, botanist on the Hawaiian Islands, 1066. 
 
 Meyenberg, H. I. botanist, 097. 
 
 Meyendorf, ambassador, 1062. 
 
 Meyer, Ernst H. F., botanist, 1065, 1067. 
 
 Meyer, K. A., botanist in Siberia, 1064, 1066. 
 
 Mezeray, French historian, 965. 
 
 Micah, Jewish prophet, 213. 
 
 Micah of Mount Ephraim, 150. 
 
 Michael Curopalata, twenty-ninth Byzantine emp., 626. 
 
 Michael II., Balbus, thirty-first Byzantine emp., 627-28. 
 
 Michael III., thirty-third Byzantine emperor, 630, 639. 
 
 Michael IV., Paphlago, forty-second Byzantine em- 
 peror, 675-76. 
 
 Michael V., Calaphata, forty-third Byzantine emp., 676. 
 
 Michael VI. Strato, forty-sixth Byzantine emperor, 678. 
 
 Michael VII. Ducas, forty-ninth Byzant. emp , 680-81. 
 
 Michael VIII. Palaeologus, sixty-first Byzantine em- 
 peror, 751, 757. 
 
 Michaux, Andre, botanist in N. America, 1038, 1041, 
 1043-44. 
 
 Michaux, F. A., botanist in N. America, 1053, 1056-57. 
 
 Micheli, Petr. Ant., botanist, 894, 1010. 
 
 Michetti, Italian botanist, 973. 
 
 Midas, king of Phrygia, 150. 
 
 Middleton, Conyers, 1012. 
 
 Miebidos, king of Egypt, 64. 
 
 Mieg, Ach., Swiss botanist, 1027. 
 
 Miesrob, translator of the Bible and inventor of the 
 Armenian alphabet, 561. 
 
 Millar, John, Protestant martyr, 887. 
 
 Miller, J. F., botanist, 1036. 
 
 Miller, Philip, English botanist, 1021, 1024, 1029. 
 
 Milo, Greek wrestler, 252. 
 
 Miltiades, early Christian writer, 529. 
 
 Miltiades of Athens, Greek general, 258. 
 
 Milton, John, English poet, 965. 
 
 Mimnermus, Greek poet, 227. 
 
 Minis, Christopher, Englishman, 960. 
 
 Minervius Burdigalensis, Roman rhetor, 548. 
 
 Ming-ti, king of Wei in China, 536. 
 
 Ming-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 482, 497. 
 
 Ming-ti, II , of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 546. 
 
 Ming-ti IV., of the North. Soung, Chinese emp , 56S. 
 
 Ming-ti V., of the Thsi, Chinese emperor, 570. 
 
 Ming-tsoung, of the later Thang, Chinese emp., 649. 
 
 Minos, Cretan legislator and king, 151. 
 
 Min-ti, of the later Thang, Chinese emperor, 650. 
 
 Minuart, botanist, 1025. 
 
 Minucianus, Greek rhetor, 537. 
 
 Mirbel, C. F. B., French botanist, 1052. 
 
 Miriam, sister of Moses, 129. 
 
 Mirkhond, Persian historian, 845. 
 
 Mitchell, John, American botanist, 1018. 
 
 Mithraeus, or Metraius, Assyrian emperor, 160. 
 
 Mithridates, king of Pergamus, 455. 
 
 Mithridates, king of Pontus, 318. 
 
 Mithridates IV., king of Pontus, 389. 
 
 Mithridates V., king of Pontus, 411. 
 
 Mithridates VI., king of Pontus, 411, 434, 440, 447. 
 
1 1 iS 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Mitl, sixth Toltec king of Mexico, 649. 
 
 Miyoye, introduced tea plant into Japan, 71S. 
 
 Mizraim, see Ramses III. 
 
 Mnaseas of Patava, Greek writer, 396. 
 
 Mnesiptolemus, Greek historian, 389. 
 
 Mnesitheus, Greek medical writer, 320. 
 
 Mnestheus, twelfth Attic king, 166. 
 
 Moawiyah, Syrian general, 602. 
 
 Mobarik Khilji, thirteenth sultan of Delhi, 774-75- 
 
 Mucino, botanist, 1052. 
 
 Modestus, early Christian writer, 529. 
 
 Modud, sultan of Ghazni, 676. 
 
 Moench, Conr., C.ennan botanist, 1036, 1039. 
 
 Moeris, see Anienemha III. 
 
 Moerocles of Athene, Greek orator, 323. 
 
 Moez, first Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 656. 
 
 Mohalib, Muslim general, 609. 
 
 Mohammed, founder of the Muslim relig., 59S-99, 601. 
 
 Mohammed, seventh Turkish sultan, 802, 811. 
 
 Mohammed II., ninth Turkish sultan, S22-23, 825, S31, 
 
 §34, 843- 
 Mohammed III., fifteenth Turkish sultan, 918, 923. 
 Mohammed IV , twentieth Turkish sultan, 957, 982. 
 Mohammed Abti-1-Saadat, Mem. suit, of Egypt, 856-57. 
 Mohammed Ali, pasha of Egypt, 105S. 
 Mohammed ben Abdallah, Arab chieftain, 621. 
 Mohammed Casim, Muslim general, 615. 
 Mohammed el-Mansur, Memluksult.of Egypt, 790-91. 
 Mohammed Ghori, sultan of Ghor and Ghazni, 718. 
 Mohammed Kaisi, 703. 
 Mohammed Khodah Bundah, first Persian ruler of the 
 
 sect of Ali, 765. 
 Mohammed S.ileh, Memluk sultan of Egvpt, 811. 
 Mohammed Shah, third Mus. king of Guzerat, 817,822. 
 Mohring, P. II. G., botanist, 1027. 
 
 Mohtadi, fourteenth Abbassid khalif, 639-40. 
 
 Moizz-u-din Behram, sultan of Delhi, 725. 
 
 Moktader, eighteenth AMjas-.id khalif, 647, 650. 
 
 Moktafi, seventeenth Abbassid khalif, 645-47. 
 
 Molay, last chief of the mon. ( Inlcr of Templars, 773 
 
 Moliere, French comic dramatist, 965. 
 
 Molina, C. de, on the ancient Peruvians, 898. 
 
 Molina, Giov. Ign., botanist in Chili, 1038. 
 
 Monaldus Dalmata, scholastic theologian, 7S2. 
 
 Monardes, Nicol., Spanish botanist, 900. 
 
 Monmu, forty-second dairo of Japan, 613-14. 
 
 Montagnana, Bartholom., Italian medical writer, SiS. 
 
 Montaigne, French essayist, 897. 
 
 Montalbanus, I Ivid., Italian botanist, 948 
 
 Montanus, founder of the sect of Montanists, 531,535. 
 
 Montanus Votienus, Roman rhetor, 467. 
 
 Montaser, eleventh Abbassid khalif, 638-39. 
 
 Montcalm, French general in Canada, 1023. 
 
 Montesquieu, 1012. 
 
 Montezuma, or Montezuma-Ilhuicamina, fifth Mexi- 
 can emperor, 815, 820, S29. 
 
 Montezuma II ,or Muntezuma-Xocojotzin, ninth Mexi- 
 can emperor, 859, S64. 
 
 Montfaucon, archaeologist and critic, 997. 
 
 Montfort, minister of Henry III of England, 751. 
 
 Montigiano, Italian botanist, 885. 
 
 Monti, Joseph, Italian botanist, 1005, 1025. 
 
 Montin, Larsius, botanist, 1020, T025. 
 
 Montoku, or Bontoku, dairo of Japan, 631, 634. 
 
 Monts, M. de, leader of a French colony, 923, 925. 
 
 Moorhouse, traveller, 934. 
 
 Moquin Tandon, Alfred, botanist, 1068. 
 
 Moramir, inventor of Arabic writing, 583. 
 
 More, Richard, leader of an English colony, 930. 
 
 Morga, Antonio de, historian of the Philippines, 916. 
 
 Morhoff of Mecklenburgh, critic, 965. 
 
 Moris, G. H., Italian botanist, 1065. 
 
 Morison, Robert, English botanist, 965, 975, 977-7 8 - 
 
 Moritzi of Geneva, philological botanist, 1066. 
 
 Morlaeus, Daniel, English orientalist, 680. 
 
 Morlandus, Sam., botanist, 997. 
 
 Morsimus, Greek tragic poet, 2S1. 
 
 Morton, Thomas, early colonist in New Engl. ,943, 947. 
 
 Morton, W.T G., dental experimenter with ether, 1069. 
 
 Murvchus, Greek tragic poet, 281. 
 
 Moschus, Greek bucolic poet, 393. 
 
 Moses, Jewish lawgiver and prophet, 130, 149. 
 
 Moses Barkepha, Syrian bishop, 650. 
 
 Moses ben Elia Pobian, translator of Hebrew, 901. 
 
 Moses Narboni, or Maestro Vidal, Jewish writer, 782. 
 
 Moses of Chorene, Armenian historian, 561, 565. 
 
 Mosih ben Elhakam, 612. 
 
 Mostaali, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 6S3-84. 
 
 Mostain, twelfth Abbassid khalif, 639. 
 
 Mostakfi, twenty-second Abba-.M<I khalif, 652. 
 
 Mostanser, Fatimite sultan of Egypt, 675-76, 6S3. 
 
 Mota, Antony de, Portuguese navigator, 882. 
 
 Motadhed, sixteenth Abbassid khalif, 644-45. 
 
 Motaki, twenty-first Abbassid khalif, 651-52 
 
 Motamed, fifteenth Abbassid khalif, 640, 644. 
 
 Mot afc.se m, eighth Abbassid khalif, 629-30. 
 
 Motawakkcl, tenth Abbassid khalif, 631, 638. 
 
 Motaz, thirteenth Abbassid khalif, 639. 
 
 Mothi, twenty-third Abbassid khalif, 652, 656. 
 
 Mou-koung, Chinese prince, 228. 
 
 Mou-ti, of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 549. 
 
 Mou-tsoung, of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 897. 
 
 Mou-w.ing. of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 1S0, 191. 
 
 Mozaffer Shah, first Muslim king of Guzerat, 802. 
 
 Mu'awiyah, first Ommiad khalif, 604, 607, 611-12. 
 
 Mu'awiyah II., third Ommiad khalif, 612. 
 
 Muda Sari, king of Java, 709. 
 
 Muhammad Taki, dep.-gov. of Orissa, 1007, 1013. 
 
 Muhlenberg, Henry, N Am. botanist, 1033, 1059-60. 
 
 Mukka, king ol Pegu, 812. 
 
 Mukund Deva, last king of Orissa, 897. 
 
 Mulana Ibrahim, Arab missionary on Java, 796, 801. 
 
 Mulana Ish.ik, or M. Alul Islam, Arab missionary in 
 
 Sumatra and Malacca, 813. 
 Mula-tissa, king of Ceylon, ^20, ^2. 
 Muller, Otto Frid., Danish botanist, 1031. 
 Muller, C. German, hellenist, [066. 
 Mummius, Lucius, Roman general, 402. 
 Munchhausen, O. de, botanist, 1025. 
 Munck, Danish navigator, QV>- 
 Munda, or Mudda, Hindu king, 260. 
 Mundella, Alo\sius. botanist, 872. 
 Munding Sari, king of lava, 741, 743. 
 Munding Wangi, king of Java, 743, 762. 
 Munja, Hindu king, 681. 
 Munk, S., orientalist, 1066. 
 Munster, Sebastian, 872. 
 
 Munsur Mohammed, Persian medical writer, 765. 
 Muntingius, Abr., Dutch botanist, 965. 
 Muntingius, Henr., Dutch botanist, 957. 
 Murad, or Amurath, third Turkish suit., 790,793,796. 
 Murad II., eighth Turkish sultan, Sir, S22. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSON^. 
 
 I I 19 
 
 Murad III., fourteenth Turkish sultan, 900, 918. 
 Murad IV., eighteenth Turkish sultan, 942, 951. 
 Murakami, dairo of Japan, 652, 656. 
 Murdoch, who first successfully employed gas-light- 
 ing, 1042. 
 Murillo, B. Estevan, Spanish painter, 965. 
 Murray, Io. And., botanist, 1031, 1034, 1036. 
 Murshid Kuli Khan, governor of Orissa, 1013. 
 Mus, P. Decius, Roman consul, 322. . 
 
 Musaeus, ecclesiastical writer, 565 
 Musaeus, Greek poet, 169. 
 Musanus, early Christian writer, 529. 
 Muse Gilibi, sixth Turkish sultan, 801-2. 
 Musianus. early Christian writer, 534. 
 Musir ben Muhalhil, Arab traveller in Hindustan, 651. 
 Musonius Rufus, Greek philosopher, 498. 
 Mustafa, seventeenth Turkish sultan, 935, 942. 
 Mustafa II., twenty-third Turkish sultan, 991, 997. 
 Mustafa III , twenty-seventh Turkish suit., 1023, 1034. 
 Mustafa IV , thirtieth Turkish sultan, 1056-57. 
 Mutis, Ios. Celest., bot. on the Bogotan Andes, 1032. 
 Mycerinus, see Menkera. 
 Mycon, Greek painter, 281. 
 Mylus, Greek comic poet, 255. 
 Myrdhyn, or Merlin, Welsh bard, 609. 
 Myrepsus, see Nicolaus. 
 Myro of Byzantium, Greek poetess, 325. 
 Myrtilus, Greek comic poet, 28r. 
 Myson, one of the " seven sages " of Greece, 233. 
 
 Naamah, daughter of Lamech, 3. 
 Nabonassar, king of Babylon, 212-13. 
 Nabonnedus, last king of Babylon, 240. 
 Nabopolassar, or Sardanapallus, Assyrian emp., 198, 
 
 203, 228. 
 Nabuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, 231-32. 
 Nacaxoc, fifth Toltec king of Mexico, 640. 
 Nachmanides, Jewish kabalistic writer, 752. 
 Nachshon the gaon, Jewish astronomer, 639. 
 Nacht-en-ra, king of Egypt, 82. 
 Nadab, king of Israel, 191. 
 Nadius, king of Babylon, 213. 
 Naevius, Roman poet, 394. 
 Nagadaseka, Hindu king, 260, 267. 
 Nagarisingna, king of Burmah, 517. 
 Nahor, 100. 
 
 Nahor, the younger, 103. 
 Nahshon, 136. 
 
 Nahum, Jewish prophet, 222. 
 Nahusha, Hindu king, 93. 
 
 Nanak Schah, founder of the sect of the Sikhs, 877. 
 Nanda, Hindu king, 321, 328, 337. 
 Nandaraza, king of Fugan in Burmah, 753. 
 Nan-keng, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 120. 
 Nan-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 341, 371. 
 Napier, John, mathematician, 933. 
 Narapadisaethu, king of Pugan in Burmah, 719, 753. 
 Narcissus, thirtieth bishop of Jerusalem, 533, 535. 
 Narses, seventh Sasanid king of Persia, 544. 
 Narses the eunuch, Byzantine general, 584, 586. 
 Narvaez, Pamphilo de, early traveller along the shore 
 
 of Texas, 869, 877. 
 Naser, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 760, 772, 774, 779,785. 
 Nasir-eddin Tousi, Persian geographer and astron., 723. 
 Nasir-u-din Mahmud, eighth sultan of Delhi, 736, 751. 
 
 Nathan, Jewish prophet, 179. 
 Nauclerus, Joannes, chronographer, 858. 
 Naude, Gabriel, physician and critic, 948. 
 Nausicrates, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Navarrete, Fernandez, missionary in the Malayan archi- 
 pelago, 959-60, 963. 
 Nayen, Tartar prince, 759. 
 Nazarius, Roman rhetor, 544. 
 Nazir Jung, ruler of the Deccan, 1020. 
 Neacles, Greek painter, 389. 
 Neander, Michael, 897. 
 Neanthes of Cyzicum, Greek historian, 382. 
 Nearchus, Greek navigator through the Persian Gulf, 
 
 33°. 335. 337- 
 Nebuchadnezzar, see Nabuchadnezzar. 
 Neccham, Alexander, old English writer, 720. 
 Nechao, or Nechoh, see Neku. 
 Nechepsos, king of Egypt, 221. 
 Necherophis, king of Egypt, 65. 
 Necker, French minister of Finance, 1043. 
 Necker, N. Jos., botanist, 1027. 
 Nectanebus, king of Egypt, 303, 311-12. 
 Nectanebus II., last native king of Egypt, 312. 
 Nectarius, bishop of Constantinople, 554. 
 Nee, Luis, botanist in Mexico, 1045. 
 Needham, Turb., zoologist, 1027. 
 Nees von Esenbeck, C. G , botanist, 1067. 
 Nees von Esenbeck, T. F. L., botanist, 1062. 
 Nefirikera, king of Egypt, 70. 
 Nefruatep, king of Egypt, 92. 
 Nefruke, king of Egypt, 76. 
 Nefrukera, king of Egypt, 65. 
 Nefrukera II., king of Egypt, 76. 
 Nefrukera-chentu, king of Egypt, 76. 
 Nefrukera-nebi, king of Egypt, 76. 
 Nefrukera-pepi-seneb, king of Egypt, 76. 
 Nefrukera-rerele, king of Egypt, 76. 
 Nehemiah, governor of Jerusalem, 276, 281. 
 Neku, or Nechoh, or Nechao, king of Egypt, 222. 
 Neku II., king of Egypt, 22S. 
 Neledinsky-Meletzky, Russian poet, 1027. 
 Neleus, king of Pylos in Greece, 154, 157. 
 Neleus, leader of a Greek colony, 192. 
 Nelson, botanist in Northwest America, 1058. 
 Nelson, British admiral, 1050, 1055. 
 Nemesianus, Roman poet, 541. 
 Nentef, king of Egypt, 78. 
 Nentef II., king of Egypt, 78. 
 Nentef III., king of Egypt, So. 
 Nentef IV., king of Egypt, S2. 
 Neophron, Greek tragic poet, 268. 
 Neophytus, scholastic Greek writer, 711. 
 Neoptolemus, Greek general, 434. 
 Nepherheres, a later king of Egypt, 179. 
 Nepherites, king of Egypt, 292, 298. 
 Nepherites II., king of Egypt, 303. 
 Nepos, Cornelius, Roman historian, 446. 
 Nepos, Julius, Roman emperor of the West, 569. 
 Neriglissoor, king of Babylon, 239. 
 Nero, fifth Roman emperor, 482, 498. 
 Nerses Clajensis, Armenian poet, 705. 
 Nerva, Roman emperor, 518. 
 Nestor, son of Neleus, 157, 176. 
 Nestor of Tarsus, Greek philosopher, 456. 
 Nestor the Russian monk, earliest Slavonic hist., 680. 
 Nestorianus, Greek chronographer, 569. 
 
1 1 20 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople and founder of 
 the sect of Nestorians, 565. 
 
 Newport, Chris., leader of an English colony, 926, 928. 
 
 Newton, Isaac, English astronomer, 967, 977. 
 
 Nezahualcojotl, Aztec king and poet, 831. 
 
 Nezam\s], duke of Bohemia, 620. 
 
 Ngai-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 464. 
 
 Ngai-ti II., of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 551. 
 
 Ngai-tsoung, of the Kin, ruler of Northern China, 721. 
 
 Ngan-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 519, 525. 
 
 Ngan-ti II., of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 558. 
 
 Ngan-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 298. 
 
 Niai Gedi Pinateh, a woman of Cambodia, 813,817,823. 
 
 Nicagoras, Greek rhetor, 537. 
 
 Nicander, Greek poet, 403. 
 
 Nicander, seventh Proclid king of Sparta, 207. 
 
 Nicanor, Greek grammarian, 519. 
 
 Nicephorus, twenty-eighth Byzantine emp., 624, 626. 
 
 Nicephorus II., Phocas, thirty-eighth Byzantine em- 
 peror, 655-56. 
 
 Nicephorus HI, Botoniates, fiftieth Bvzan. emp., 681. 
 
 Nicephorus Blemmides, scholastic Greek writer, 723. 
 
 Nicephorus Callistus, Xanthopulus Greek hist., 765. 
 
 Nicephorus Chumnus, scholastic Greek writer, 752. 
 
 Nicephorus Gregoras, Greek historian, 782. 
 
 Nicephorus patriarcha, ecclesiastical writer and chro- 
 nographer, 630. 
 
 Nicephorus Theotokes, modern Greek writer, 1027. 
 
 Niceratus, Greek medical writer, 467. 
 
 Nicetas Choniates, scholastic Greek writer, 718. 
 
 Nicetes of Smyrna, Greek rhetor, 518. 
 
 Nicetas of Syracuse, see Hicetas. 
 
 Nicetas Paphlago, David, (139. 
 
 Nicholas of Hereford, translator of the Bible with 
 Wiclcff, 795. 
 
 Nicholas of Linn, nautical surveyor, 790. 
 
 Nicias, Greek painter, 396. 
 
 Nicias of Athens, Greek general, 291. 
 
 Nicochares, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 
 Nicocles, king of Cyprus, 311. 
 
 Nicola Pisano, 751. 
 
 Nicolas, N. Harris, English chronographer, 1068. 
 
 Nicolas, Russian emperor, 1064. 
 
 Nicolaus, forty-first Roman archbishop, 633, 639. 
 
 Nicolaus II., ninetieth Roman archbishop, 67S. 
 
 Nicolaus III., thirty-second pope, 757. 
 
 Nicolaus IV., thirty-fifth pope, 759, 762. 
 
 Nicolaus V , fifty-fourth pope, S21, 823. 
 
 Nicolaus, Greek rhetor, 565. 
 
 Nicolaus Alexandrinus, medical writer, 765. 
 
 Nicolaus Cabasilas, 7S2. 
 
 Nicolaus de Cusa, scholastic theologian, 814. 
 
 Nicolaus de Lyra, scholastic theologian, 7S2. 
 
 Nicolaus Myrepsus, Greek medical writer, 733. 
 
 Nicolaus of Damascus, Greek historian, 456, 464. 
 
 Nicolaus of Laodicea, Greek writer, 552. 
 
 Nicolaus I'rai-posiiiis, medical writer, 685. 
 
 Nicoloso de Recco, Genoese pilot, 785. 
 
 Nicomachus, Greek comic poet, 281. 
 
 Nicomachus, Grtxl; historian, 542. 
 
 Nicomachus, Greek painter, 325. 
 
 Nicomachus, Greek tragic poet, 28T. 
 
 Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, 377, 445. 
 
 Nicon, Greek writer, 675. 
 
 Nicophanes, Greek painter, 325. 
 
 Nicophon, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 
 Nicostratus, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Nicostratus, Greek medical writer, 446. 
 
 Nicostratus of Macedonia, Greek rhetor, 526. 
 
 Nidsioo, dairo of Japan, 709, 711. 
 
 Nidsio II., dairo of Japan, 765, 767. 
 
 Niger, Pescennius, claimant of the Roman empire, 533. 
 
 Niger, Sextus, Roman pharmacologist, 468. 
 
 Nigrodha, Buddhist priest, 383. 
 
 Nikitin, Athanasius, Russian traveller in Hindustan, 
 
 83I-3-- 
 Nilus of Rhodes, 782. 
 
 Nimaquiche, Toltec king of the fifth period, 649. 
 Nimmo, English botanist in Hindustan, 1068. 
 Nimrod, see Ninus. 
 
 Ning-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 716,719. 
 Nin-ken, twenty-fifth dairo of Japan, 569, 571. 
 Ninmio, dairo of Japan, 629, 631. 
 Nino, Andrew, Spanish navigator, 865. 
 Nin-tok, seventeenth dairo of Japan, 559 
 Ninus, or Nimrod, founder of the Assyrian empire, 93. 
 Ninyas, or Zames, Assyrian emperor, 96. 
 Niobe, daughter of Phoroneus, 113. 
 Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, 153. 
 Niote, or Siote, dairo of Japan, 945, 953. 
 Niphon, Greek monk, 704. 
 Nirmoha, Hindu king, 569. 
 
 Nithardus, grandson of Charlemagne, theologian, 629. 
 Nizami, Persian poet, 687. 
 Nizar, Ishmaelite chief at Mecca, 457. 
 Noah, 73. 
 
 Xoah, or Noh, seventh Samani kingof Bactria, 663-64. 
 Xobou-firo, Japanese general, 817. 
 Nobunanga, cubo of Japan, 905. 
 Noetus, early Christian, 53S. 
 Nonianus, M Scrvilius, Roman orator and historian, 
 
 477- 
 Nonnos of Panopolis, Greek poet, 565. 
 Nono, last Wanyambo king of Karague, 730. 
 Nooreddin, sultan of Damascus, 71^-14. 
 Nooreddin Ali, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 747, 750 
 Nopaltzin, king of the Chichimecs in Mexico, 741. 
 Nori-firo, prince of Matsmaye, 967. 
 Norman, Robert, inventor of the dipping needle, 901. 
 Nossis of Locri, Greek poetess, -,70. 
 Nothippus, Greek tragic poet, 281. 
 Nova, John de, Portuguese navigator, S5S. 
 Novatianus, early schismatic Christian, 539. 
 Novatus, a presbyter, 539. 
 Nripa Kesari, king of Orissa, 651. 
 Ntare, king of Karague, 730. 
 Ntare II , king of Karague, 730. 
 Ntare VIP, king of Karague, 730. 
 Nuantef, see Nentef. 
 
 Nu ma Pompilius, second king of Rome, 220, 225, 39S. 
 Numenius, Greek medical writer, 372. 
 Numerianus the poet, colleague of the emperor, Cari- 
 
 nus, 543. 
 Nunez de Balboa, Basco, first European who saw the 
 
 Pacific, 861-62. 
 Nunho, Tristam, Portuguese navigator, 816-17, 820. 
 Nushirwan, see Chosroes. 
 Nuttall, Thomas, botanist in N. America, 1057-58, 
 
 1060-61, 1064-67. 
 Nycteus, regent in Boeotian Thebes, 152. 
 Nyctimus, third king of Arcadia, 132. 
 Nymphis of Heraclea, Greek historian, 382. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 II2I 
 
 Oakf.s, William, American botanist, 1062-64. 
 
 Oanamuchi-no-mikoto, ruler of Japan, 98. 
 
 Oannes, see Onas. 
 
 Oataia, leader of a Polynesian colony, 441. 
 
 Oates, Titus, 975. 
 
 Obadiah, Jewish prophet, 231. 
 
 Obed, 164. 
 
 Obodas, Arabian king, 461. 
 
 Obradovitch, Dosithei, of Temeswar, Servian writer, 
 
 1012. 
 Ocampo, Sebastian de, Spanish navigator, 860. 
 Occam, William, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 Oceanus, father of Clymene, 125. 
 Ochus, see Artaxerxes. 
 
 Octavia, daughter of the emperor Claudius, 482. 
 Octavius, see Augustus 
 
 Odenatus, Roman general and king of Palmyra, 540-41. 
 Odo, regent of France, 644. 
 Odoacer, founder of the Gothic kingdom of Italy, 
 
 569-70. 
 Odoric, Franciscan missionary, 776. 
 Oecumenius, ecclesiastical writer, 650. 
 Oeder, G. Ch., Danish botanist, 1024, 1030-31. 
 Oedipus, king of Boeotian Thebes, 164. 
 Oelhafen, Nicol., German botanist, 953. 
 Oemler, American botanist, 1059 
 Oenomaus, Greek philosopher, 519. 
 Oenotrus, leader of a Greek colony, 132. 
 Offa, king of Essex, 613, 615. 
 Oglethorpe, James, founder of the city of Savannah, 
 
 1012, 1016. 
 Ogotai, Mongol chief, 723. 
 Ogyges, 112. 
 
 Ohthere, a Northman navigator, 643. 
 Ojeda, Alonso de, Spanish navigator, 857, 860. 
 Okassa wara, Japanese navigator, S46, 972. 
 Okkodai, khan of the Tartars, 722-23, 733. 
 Olaus Magnus, geographer, 878. 
 Olbers. astronomer, 1052. 
 Oldenland, botanist in Austral Africa, 9S6. 
 
 Olearius, Io. Gottfr., German botanist, 997. 
 
 Olen, Greek poet, 154. 
 
 Olga (Helena), wife of Ingor, Russian prince, 651. 
 
 Olivier, G. A., naturalist on the Euphrates, 1047. 
 
 O-lo-pen, first Christian missionary in China, 601, 605. 
 
 Olybrius, Roman emperor of the West, 56S. 
 
 Olympias, of Macedonia, 340. 
 
 Olympiodorus, Greek historian, 560. 
 
 Olympus of Phrygia, Greek poet-musician, 164. 
 
 Olympus the younger, Greek composer of music, 213. 
 
 Omar, second khalif, 601, 604. 
 
 Omar II., eighth Onimiad khalif, 616. 
 
 Omar Cheyam, Persian astronomer, 683 
 
 Omri, sixth king of Israel, 192. 
 
 Onas, or Onnas, king of Egypt, 71. 
 
 Ofiate, Juan de, Spanish viceroy in Mexico, 916. 
 
 Onasimus, Greek rhetor, 544. 
 
 Ondogardo, Polo de, report on the Peruvians, 892 
 
 Onesicritus, Greek traveller in Hindustan, 330. 
 
 Onnuphis of Heliopolis, preceptor of Pythagoras, 245. 
 
 Onomacritus, Greek poet, 239. 
 
 Onomarchus, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 
 O-no-no Assa-yemi, general, 618. 
 
 Oo-da-do-kwan, founder of Yedo city in Japan, 825. 
 
 Ookimatz, dairo of Japan, 892, 897, 905, 908, 913. 
 
 Ooparaza, king of Pegu, 834. 
 
 Oosei-tsumi, inventor of pottery in Japan, 98. 
 
 Ophelas, Greek general and geographer, 346. 
 
 Ophelion, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Opilius, Aurelius, Roman grammarian, 434, 439. 
 
 Oppianus of Apamea, Greek poet, 534. 
 
 Oppianus of Cilicia, Greek poet, 529-30. 
 
 Optatus, bishop of Milevita, 552. 
 
 Opye, a Sandwich Islander, 1046. 
 
 Orbilius Pupillus, Roman grammarian, 446. 
 
 Orchan, second Turkish sultan, 779, 790. 
 
 Ordaz, Diego de, Spanish traveller in Guayana, 870. 
 
 Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon river, 880. 
 
 Orem, Nicolaus, religious reformer, 791. 
 
 Orestes, king of Argos and Mycenae, 176, 179. 
 
 Orestes, Roman general, 569. 
 
 Oribasius, Greek medical writer, 551. 
 
 Origen, early Christian writer, 536. 
 
 Origen the younger, Neo-platonist, 539, 584. 
 
 Orion, Greek grammarian, 560. 
 
 Orlandus de Lasso, musician, 897. 
 
 Oroetes, Persian prefect, 250. 
 
 Orosius, ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 
 Orpheus, Greek poet, 190. 
 
 Orpheus of Croton, Greek poet, 239. 
 
 Orsini, John Gaetan, thirty-second pope, 756. 
 
 Ortega, C. G. de, botanist, 1025, 1036. 
 
 Ortelius, Abraham, geographer, 897, 898. 
 
 Ortiz, John, Spanish traveller in Florida, 877, 881. 
 
 Osbeck, Peter, voyager to the East Indies and China, 
 
 994, 1021, 1025. 
 Oserkna, see Osorcho. 
 Osman, or Othman, founder of the Turkish empire, 
 
 764, 779- 
 Osman II., twenty-sixth Turkish sultan, 1022-23. 
 Osochor, king of Egypt, 180. 
 
 Osorcho, or Osorho, king of Egypt, see Osorkon III. 
 Osorius of Portugal, historian and critic, 897. 
 Osorkon, or Osorthon, king of Egypt, 190-91. 
 Osorkon II., king of Egypt, 191. 
 Osorkon III., king of Egypt, 209. 
 Osthanes, magian, 263. 
 Osthanes the younger, magian, 326. 
 Ostorius Scapula, Roman general in Britain, 481. 
 Ostromir, mayor of Novogorod, 678. 
 Oswin, king of Nortnumbria, 605. 
 Otacilius, Roman rhetor, 434. 
 Otfridus Wissenburgensis, theologian, 638. 
 Othman, third khalif, 604, 607. 
 Othman, see Osman. 
 
 Othman el-Mansur, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 823. 
 Othman ez-Zenjily, governor of Aden, 714. 
 Othmarus, theologian, 613. 
 Othniel, 151. 
 
 Otho, king of Greece, 1066. 
 Otho, or Otto, papal legate in England, 725. 
 Otho, or Otto,emp. Germanyand 1^^,650-51,655-56. 
 Otho II., second emp. of Ger'y and Italy, 656, 658, 660. 
 Otho III , third emp. of Germany and Italy, 660, 664. 
 Otho, seventh Roman emperor, 499. 
 Otho Frisingensis, theologian, 705. 
 Othoes, see Atai. 
 Otiartes, king of Babylon, 82. 
 Otto, see Otho. 
 Ottogar, king of Bohemia, 756. 
 Ouang-kien, first king of united Corea, 681. 
 Ouenephes, king of Egypt, 63. 
 
 141 
 
I 122 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Ouen-kong, Chinese prince, 225. 
 
 Ou-hien, Chinese astronomer, 103. 
 
 Ou-kong, king of Ouei in China, 211-12. 
 
 Ousaphaithos, king of Egypt, 64. 
 
 Ovalle, Francis de, Spanish navigator, 905. 
 
 Ovidins, Roman poet, 470. 
 
 Oviedo, early resident in the West Indies, S61, S67. 
 
 Owen, O., capt. of a British barque, 1072. 
 
 Owen Gwynedd, prince of North Wales, 712. 
 
 1 txa, Anglo-Saxon physician, 633. 
 
 Oxyartes, king of Bactria, 95. 
 
 Oxyntes, king of Athens, 178. 
 
 O-zin, sixteenth dairo of Japan, 543. 
 
 Paapios, father of Amenophis, 127. 
 
 Faawius, Petrus, Dutch botanist, 921. 
 
 Pacatus, Drepanius, Roman rhetor, 552. 
 
 Pachacutec, ninth inca of Peru, 662, 783, 7SS, 798. 
 
 Pacho, Juan, Spanish captain, 918. 
 
 Pachymeres, scholastic Greek writer, 765. 
 
 Pacianus, bishop of Barcelona in the Pyrenees, 552, 
 
 Pacificus, clockmaker, 629. 
 
 Pacificus, theologian, 831. 
 
 Pacuvius, Roman tragic poet, 400. 
 
 Paddock, Ichabod, founder of the Nantucket whale- 
 fishery, 986. 
 
 Paez, Peter, Jesuit in Abyssinia, 923. 
 
 Paine, Thomas, English political writer, 1035. 
 
 Palaemon Vicentinus, Roman grammarian, 477. 
 
 Palaephatus, Greek historian, 325. 
 
 Palladio, Italian architect, S97. 
 
 Palladius, first bishop of the Scots, 565. 
 
 Palladius, Roman agricultural writer, 550. 
 
 Pallas, Russian naturalist in Siberia, 582,759, 1028-34, 
 1039, 1054, 1058. 
 
 Palma, Cornelius, Roman prefect in Svria, 519. 
 
 Palma, Jacopo, il Vecchio, Italian painter, S72. 
 
 Palmas, bishop of Pontus, 533. 
 
 Palmerius, Matth2eus, chronographer, 822, S46. 
 
 Paludanus, Petrus, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 
 Pamphila, Greek historian, 477. 
 
 Pamphila, inventor of weaving gauze, 129. 
 
 Pamphilus, early Christian writer, 544. 
 
 Pamphilus, Creek grammarian, 477. 
 
 Pamphilus, Greek painter, 312. 
 
 Pamphos, Greek poet, 166. 
 
 Pamprepius, Greek philosopher, 568. 
 
 Panaceia, called daughter of Aesculapius, 156. 
 
 Panaenus, Greek painter, 28 1. 
 
 Panaetius, Greek philosopher, 402. 
 
 Pancirolus, professor of law at Padua, 897. 
 
 Pancovius, Thomas, Swedish botanist, 902, 948. 
 
 Pancrates, Greek poet, 517. 
 
 Pander, naturalist, 1062. 
 
 Pandien, king in Southern Hindustan, 632. 
 
 Pandion, fifth king of Athens, 150, 152. 
 
 Pandion II., eighth king of Athens, 159. 
 
 Pandion, king in Southern Hindustan, 462. 
 
 Pandita-wijeya-Chako, king of Cevlnn, 669. 
 
 Pandu Dewa Nata, chief of the Hindu colony on Java, 
 571-72, 586. 
 
 Pangeran Sabrang Lor., second suit, of Tava, S43, 845. 
 
 Pangeran Tranggana, third sultan of Java, 845. 
 
 Pan-hoei-p.m, Chinese poetess and historian, 498. 
 
 Pani, Samoan voyager, 1017. 
 
 Panina, Hindu grammarian, 320. 
 
 Panjar Masin, 814. 
 
 Panji, Javan hefo, 664. 
 
 Pan-keng, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 123. 
 
 Pan-kou, Chinese historian, 498. 
 
 Panodorus, Egyptian chronographer, 560. 
 
 Pantaenus, Stoic philosopher and early Christian, 532. 
 
 Panvinius, Onuphrius, scholar and chronographer, 898. 
 
 Panyas, Assyrian emperor, 151. 
 
 Panyasis, Greek poet, 268. 
 
 Pan young, Chinese general, 525. 
 
 Panzer, G. W. F., botanist, 1049. 
 
 Papeyan, Burmese king, 448, 469. 
 
 Papias, early Christian writer, 526, 531. 
 
 Papias, lexicographer, 677. 
 
 Papinianus, Roman jurist, 535. 
 
 Pappus, Greek mathematician, 552. 
 
 Paracelsus, Theophrastus, 872. 
 
 Parackramabahoo, king of Ceylon, 664, 667, 669. 
 
 Parasara, Hindu astronomer, 154. 
 
 Parasurama, Hindu king, 118, 616. 
 
 Paris, or Alexander, Trojan prince, 167. 
 
 Parker, Dr., missionary, 1067. 
 
 Parkinson, John, English botanist, 945, 951. 
 
 Parmenides, lawgiver in Italy and philosopher, 255. 
 
 Parmigiano, Italian painter, 872. 
 
 Parrhasius of Ephesus, Greek painter, 2S1. 
 
 Parrot, Friedrich, botanist on Ararat, 1066. 
 
 Parthenius, Greek writer, 457. 
 
 Pascal, lilaisc, mathematician anil essayist, 948. 
 
 Paschalis, thirty-fourth Roman archbishop, 626-27. 
 
 Paschalis II., fourth pope, 684, 687. 
 
 Paschasius, Ratbertus, theologian, 624. 
 
 Pasiphilus, Roman praefect, 550. 
 
 Pasoscanki, translator into A\mara, 665. 
 
 Paspati, A. G., Greek writer on Gypsies, 1066. 
 
 Pasquier, Stephen, archaeologist and jurist, 921. 
 
 Passienus, Roman rhetor, 457. 
 
 Patera, Roman rhetor, 547. 
 
 Paterculus, Velleius, Roman historian, 468. 
 
 Patricius, or St. Patrick, 566. 
 
 Patrocles. Greek geographer, 370. 
 
 Paul, Russian emperor, 1040, 1053. 
 
 Paul the apostle, 148, 378, 477-78, 480-S2, 49S. 
 
 Paula, early Christian traveller in Palestine, 555. 
 
 Paulinus Aquileiensis, theologian, 621. 
 
 Paullu, 667. 
 
 1'aiiIus, bishop of Constantinople, 54S. 
 
 Paulus, bishop of Narbonne, 539. 
 
 Paulus, Greek rhetor, 537. 
 
 Paulus, Sim , Danish botanist, 948. 
 
 Paulus, twenty-ninth Roman archbishop, 621. 
 
 Paulus II., fifty-seventh pope, S29, Sy. 
 
 Paulus III., sixty-sixth pope, 877, SSo, 8S5. 
 
 Paulus Aegineta, Greek medical writer, 607. 
 
 Paulus .l.milius, 8s . 
 
 Paulus Bcigensis, Greek writer, 799. 
 
 Paulus Diaconus, historian and theologian, 622. 
 
 Paulus Jovius, 872. 
 
 Paulus of Antioch, ecclesiastical writer, 571. 
 
 Paulus of Samosata, heretical Christ, writer, 540, 542. 
 
 Paulus of Thebes, Christian and earliest hermit, 539. 
 
 Paulus the Novatian, 565. 
 
 Pausanias, Greek archaeologist, 529, 531. 
 
 Pausanias, king of Macedonia, 306. 
 
 Pausanias, Spartan general, 265. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 II23 
 
 Pausias, Greek painter, 370. 
 
 Pauson, Greek painter, 281. 
 
 Pauthier, G., orientalist, 1067. 
 
 Pavon, Spanish botanist in Peru, 1037. 
 
 Pechi, king of Egypt, 195. 
 
 Pedro Vadillo, traveller and explorer, 877. 
 
 Pegolotti, F. Balducci, writer on commerce, 782. 
 
 Pehor Siamun, king of Egypt, 169. 
 
 Peine, Elias, German botanist, 965. 
 
 Peirasus, son of Argus, 121. 
 
 Peiresc, Fabri de, historian, and patron of learning, 948. 
 
 Peixoto, Antony, Portuguese navigator, 882. 
 
 Pekah, king of Israel, 211. 
 
 Pekahiah, king of Israel, 211. 
 
 Pelagius, bishop of Laodicea, 554. 
 
 Pelagius, fifty-eighth bishop of Rome, 584-85. 
 
 Pelagius, sixty-first bishop of Rome, 589, 591. 
 
 Pelagius Alvarus, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 
 Pelasgus, first king of Arcadia, "126. 
 
 Pelasgus, leader of a Greek colony, 120. 
 
 Peleg, son of Eber, 96. 
 
 Pellew, British navigator, 1057. 
 
 Pelops, king of Argos, 153. 
 
 Pelsart, Francis, Dutch navigator, 944. 
 
 Penco de la Vega, writer on the morality of the Stock 
 
 exchange, 965. 
 Penn, British admiral, 959. 
 
 Penn, Wm , founder of the city of Philadelphia, 978. 
 Penneius, Thomas, English botanist, 897. 
 Penthilus, leader of a Greek colony, 179. 
 Pepi, or Apappus, or Phiops, king of Egypt, 74. 
 Pepin, king of France, 620—21. 
 
 Percy, Sir George, acting governor of Virginia, 930. 
 Perdiccas, king of Macedonia, 221. 
 Perdiccas II., eleventh king of Macedonia, 288,291,318. 
 Perdiccas, Macedonian general, 337. 
 Peregrine, Petrus, physicist, 750. 
 Peregrinus, Greek philosopher, 529. 
 Perez, Juan, Spanish navigator, 1034. 
 Perez, Laurentius, Spanish bot.inist, 901. 
 Periander, king of Corinth, 228, 235. 
 Pericles of Athens, Gr statesman and orator, 268, 282. 
 Periclymenus, Aeolian chief, 160, 162. 
 Pernetty, voyager to the Falkland Islands, 1026. 
 Perring, archaeologist in Egypt, 1066. 
 Perron, Jaques Davy du, 921. 
 Perseus, Greek painter, 370. 
 Perseus, king of Argos, 155, 163. 
 Perseus, last king of Macedonia, 398-99. 
 Persius, Roman poet, 477. 
 
 Perthes, Boucher de, French archaeologist, 1069. 
 Pertinax, eighteenth Roman emperor, 533. 
 Perugina, Pietro, Italian painter, 858. 
 Petachja of Regensburg, Jewish traveller, 711. 
 Petavius of Orleans, chronographer, 948. 
 Peter III., king of Aragon and Naples, 757. 
 Peter III., Russian emperor, 1024. 
 Peter de Cintra, Portuguese navigator, 825. 
 Peter de Vignes, 723. 
 Peter the disciple, 478-79, 481, 498. 
 Peter the Great, Russian emperor, 981, 999, 1007. 
 Peter the hermit, originator of the Crusades, 683. 
 Petit, Franc, French botanist, 997. 
 Petit Thouars, French botanist, 1054. 
 Petitnicolas, French missionary in Corea, 1071. 
 Petiver, Jacob, English botanist, 990, 997, 1004. 
 
 Petrarch, Italian poet, 791. 
 
 Petronius, C, Roman satirist, 483^ 
 
 Petronius, Caius, Roman prefect over Egypt, 461, 463. 
 
 Petronius, Roman ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 
 Petronius Sabinus, early Roman scribe, 244. 
 
 Petrus, Cornelius, of Leyden, botanist, 871. 
 
 Petrus, physician to Theoderic, 570. 
 
 Petrus, sixteenth bishop of Alexandria, 544, 546. 
 
 Petrus, twentieth bishop of Alexandria, 552-53. 
 
 Petrus ab Alliaco, encyclopaedic writer, 801. 
 
 Petrus Antiochenus, Greek writer, 675. 
 
 Petrus Apianus, 872. 
 
 Petrus Aureolus, scholastic theologian, 765. 
 
 Petrus Canisius, S97. 
 
 Petrus Cantor, see Cantor. 
 
 Petrus Cluniacensis, scholastic theologian, 684. 
 
 Petrus Comestor, scholastic theologian, 711. 
 
 Petrus Damiani, ecclesiastical reformer, 678. 
 
 Petrus Lombardus, scholastic theologian, 703. 
 
 Petrus Patricius, Greek historian, 576. 
 
 Petubastes, king of Egypt, 203, 208-9. 
 
 Peucetius, leader of a Greek colony, 132. 
 
 Peyssonel, zoologist in the West Indies, 1012. 
 
 Pezagno of Genoa, Portuguese admiral, 774. 
 
 Pfeifer, Louis, German botanist, 1069. 
 
 Phaethon, 133. 
 
 Phalanthus, leader of a Greek colony, 218. 
 
 Phalaris, king of Agrigentum in Sicily, 237, 241. 
 
 Phanias of Eresus, 348. 
 
 Pharamond, first king of the French, 564. 
 
 Pharez, 120. 
 
 Pharnabazus, Persian general, 302, 311. 
 
 Pharnaces, uncle of Cyrus, 236. 
 
 Pharnaces II., king of Pontus, 447, 454-55- 
 
 Pheles, Phoenician king, 192. 
 
 Phemius, Greek poet, 175. 
 
 Phemonoe, Greek poetess, 132. 
 
 Pherecles, Athenian archon, 198. 
 
 Pherecrates, Greek comic poet, 280. 
 
 Pherecydes of Athens, Greek historian, 268. 
 
 Pherecydes of Syros, Greek philosopher, 237. 
 
 Phidias, Greek sculptor, 281. 
 
 Phidon, king of Argos, 212. 
 
 Philager, Greek rhetor, 526. 
 
 Philagrius, Greek medical writer, 547. 
 
 Philammon, Greek poet, 162, 177. 
 
 Phile, Manuel, 765. 
 
 Philelphus, Franciscus, 831. 
 
 Philemon, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 
 Philemon the younger, Greek comic poet, 370. 
 
 Philetas of Cos, Greek poet, 370. 
 
 Philetus, tenth bishop of Antioch, 536. 
 
 Philinus, Greek orator, 325. 
 
 Philinus of Agrigentum, Greek historian, 3S9. 
 
 Philinus of Cos, Greek physician, 376. 
 
 Philip, king of France, 682. 
 
 Philip II., king of France, 715-16. 
 
 Philip III., king of France, 753. 
 
 Philip IV. le Bel, king of France, 759, 765. 
 
 Philip V., king of France, 774. 
 
 Philip II , king of Spain, 889, 891-92, 897, 913, 919. 
 
 Philip III., king of Spain, 919, 935. 
 
 Philip, see Metacom 
 
 Philip the disciple, 477. 
 
 Philippicus, twentieth Byzantine emperor, 615. 
 
 Philippides, Greek comic poet, 323. 
 
I 1 24 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Philippus, Flavius, Roman consul, 549. 
 
 Philippus, Greek #>mic poet, 312. 
 
 Philippus, king of Macedonia, 31S, 322. 
 
 Philippus III. Aridaeus, king of Macedonia, 337, 340. 
 
 Philippus IV., king of Macedonia, 391. 
 
 Philippus V., king of Macedonia, 393, 396, 398. 
 
 Philippus, M. Julius, Roman emperor, 538. 
 
 Philippus, sixth king of Macedonia, 226. 
 
 Philippus Bergomensis, 831. 
 
 Philippus of Side, ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 
 Philippus Presbyter, ecclesiastical writer, 565. 
 
 Philiscus, Greek rhetor, 534. 
 
 Philiscus of Corcyra, Greek tragic poet, 370. 
 
 Philistion, Greek writer, 467. 
 
 Philistus, Greek historian, 299, 319. 
 
 Philo, Q. Publilius, Roman praetor, 322. 
 
 Philochorus, Greek historian, 370. 
 
 Philocles, Greek tragic poet, 281. 
 
 Philogonus, bishop of Antioch, 546. 
 
 Philolaus, Greek lawgiver, 213. 
 
 Philolaus, Greek philosopher, 301. 
 
 Philon Bvblius, Greek historian, 519. 
 
 Philon of Heraclea, Greek writer, 382. 
 
 Philon of Larissa, Greek philosopher, 433, 478. 
 
 Philonides, Greek comic poet, 281. 
 
 Philopaemen, praetor of the Achaean League, 397-98. 
 
 Philoponus, see Joannes. 
 
 Philostephanus of Cyrene, Greek historian, 3S2. 
 
 Philostorgius, Greek ecclesiastical historian, 564. 
 
 Philostratus the younger, Greek rhetor, 537. 
 
 Philoxenes, Greek painter, 370. 
 
 Philoxenus, translator into Syriac, 599. 
 
 Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek poet, 299. 
 
 Philumenus, Greek medical writer, 540. 
 
 Philyllius, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 
 Phinehas, Jewish high-priest, 130. 
 
 Phiops, see Pepi. 
 
 Phips, William, British colonial admiral, 9S6, 990. 
 
 Phlegon of Tralles, Greek historian, 526. 
 
 Phocas, thirteenth Byzantine emperor, 597. 
 
 Phocylides, Greek poet, 244. 
 
 Phoebadius, bishop of Agenni in Gaul, 552. 
 
 rhoenix, father of Europa, 147. 
 
 Pho-mi, viceroy of Cambodia, 623. 
 
 Phorbas, king of Argos, 124, 127. 
 
 Phnrmis, Greek comic poet, 255. 
 
 Phoroneus, second king of Argos, 107, 112. 
 
 Phortius, Leonardus, modern Greek \ ersificr, 8yS. 
 
 Photinus, bishop of Sirmich in Illyiia, 549. 
 
 Photius, patriarch at Constantinople, 640. 
 
 Phraates, Parthian king, 46S. 
 
 Phraortes, second Median emperor, 226-27. 
 
 Phrylus, Greek painter, ;Si. 
 
 Phrynichus, Greek comic poet, 2S1. 
 
 Phrynichus, Greek tragic poet, 255-56. 
 
 Phrynichus of Arabia, Greek writer, 529. 
 
 I'hi larchus, Greek historian, 3X9. 
 
 Phylas, Heraclid chief, 175, 179. 
 
 Piazzi, astronomer, 1052. 
 
 Picard, astronomer, 967, 971. 
 
 Picignano, geographer, 79: . 
 
 Pickering, Timothy, of Salem, 1034. 
 
 Picus Mirandula, Joannes, 831. 
 
 Pick-i, introduced Christianity into Corea, 1039. 
 
 Fieri, botanist in Greece, 1057. 
 
 Pierius of Alexandria, early Christian writer, 541. 
 
 Pierre le bon de Lombardie, 782. 
 
 Pigres, Greek poet, 263. 
 
 Pi-kan, minister of the emperor Cheou-sin, 155. 
 
 Pilletier Casp., Belgian botanist, 921. 
 
 Pilpay, Sanscrit writer of fables, 517, 576. 
 
 Pindar, Greek poet, 256. 
 
 Pineda, Alonzo Alv. de, discov. of the Mississippi, 864. 
 
 Ping-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 209, 215. 
 
 Pinus, Cornelius, Roman painter, 498. 
 
 Pinytus, bishop of Cnossus in Crete, 529. 
 
 Pinzon, Vincent Yanez, Spanish navigator, 858, 860. 
 
 Pisander, Greek comic poet, 268. 
 
 Pisander of Camira, Greek poet, 227. 
 
 Pisander of Laranda, Greek poet, 534. 
 
 Pisides, Georgius, Greek poet and hist., 584, 600, 601. 
 
 Pisistratus, king of Athens, 239, 249. 
 
 Piso, Calpurnius, Roman historian, 400. 
 
 Piso, W , botanist in Brazil, 950. 
 
 Pitcher, American botanist, 1067. 
 
 Pithou, Peter, French critic, S97. 
 
 Pitt, William, British statesman, 1026. 
 
 Pittacus of Mytilene, one of the " seven sages " of 
 
 Greece, 233. 
 Pittheus, son of Pelops, 157. 
 Pius, ninth bishop of Rome, 52S. 
 Pius II., fifty-sixth pope, S25, 829. 
 Pius III., sixty- first pope, 859. 
 Pius IV., seventieth pope, S92, S96. 
 Pius VI., ninety-sixth pope, 1051. 
 Pius VII., ninety-seventh pope, 1051, 1057, 1060. 
 Pizarro, Fr., Span. conq. of Peru, S66, 870-71, 875, 881. 
 Pizarro, Gonzalo, Span. trav. in S. America, 662, S6S. 
 Placidia, Rom. wife of the Goth, king Ataulphus, 562. 
 Placidus Actor, botanist, 629. 
 Plan Carpin, traveller in Central Asia, 736. 
 Plancus, leader of a Unman colony, 45s. 
 Plancus, Munatius, Roman orator, 457. 
 Planudes, Maximus, scholastic Greek writer, 765, 779. 
 Platearius, Joannes, botanist, 854. 
 Plateo, father of Pamphila, 129. 
 Platerus, Felix, botanist, 894. 
 Platina, Baptistn, historian, S31. 
 Plato, Greek comic poet, 284, 292. 
 Plato, Creek philosopher, 13, 301, 320. 
 Plato the younger, Greek comic poet, 370. 
 Pl.iuUis, Roman dramatist, 394. 
 
 Pletho, Georgius Gemistus, of Constantinople, S31. 
 Plinins, Roman encyclopedic writer, 498, 515. 
 Plinius Secundus, Roman praetor, 517, 519. 
 Plinius Yalerianus, botanist, 629. 
 Plot, Robert, English naturalist, 965. 
 Plotinus, founder of Nco-Platonism, 539. 
 Plotius Gallus, Roman rhetor, 434. 
 Plukenet, L., botanist, 9S9, 992, 995, 999. 
 Plumier, ( arolus, botanist in the West Indies, 986, 990. 
 Plutarchus, Greek biographer, 517. 
 Plutarchus of Athens, Greek philosopher, 560. 
 Pocahontas, aboriginal American, 926. 
 Pococke, R., traveller in the East, 1018. 
 Poellus, Greek writer, 684. 
 
 Poeppig, Ed., botanist in Chili and Peru, 1065. 
 Poggio, Florentine historian, 814. 
 Pohl, I. F., botanist, 1049 
 Poiret, I. L. M., French botanist, 1040, 1050. 
 Poiteau, botanist in the West Indies, 1054, 1057. 
 Poivre, Petrus, botanist in the Mauritius Islands, 1027. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 1125 
 
 Polemo, Antonius, Greek rhetor, 526. 
 
 Polemon, Greek archaeologist, 396. 
 
 Polemon, Greek philosopher, 325, 340. 
 
 Polignac, author of Anti-Lucretius, 997. 
 
 Politianus, Angelus, poet and scholar, 631. 
 
 Pollich, Io. Ad., botanist, 1035. 
 
 Pollini, Cyrus, Italian botanist, 1063. 
 
 Pollio, C. Asinius, Roman orator and consul, 457. 
 
 Pollio, Trebellius, Roman historian, 544. 
 
 Pollio, Valerius, of Alexandria, philosopher, 519. 
 
 Pollio of Tralles, Greek philosopher, 456. 
 
 Pollux, Greek chronographer, 650. 
 
 Pollux, Julius, Greek lexicographer, 531. 
 
 Polyaenus, Greek military writer, 526. 
 
 Polybius, Greek historian, 39S, 401-2. 
 
 Polycarpus, early Christian writer, 529. 
 
 Polychares, Olympic victor, 210. 
 
 Polycleitus of Argos, Greek sculptor, 285. 
 
 Polycleitus the younger, Greek sculptor, 299. 
 
 Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus, 533. 
 
 Polycrates, king of Samos, 245, 250. 
 
 Polydorus, Greek sculptor, 325. 
 
 Polydorus, son of Cadmus, 152. 
 
 Polydorus, tenth Agid king of Sparta, 213. 
 
 Polyeuctus ot Athens, Greek orator, 323. 
 
 Polygnotus, Greek painter, 281. 
 
 Polyhistor, Alexander, Greek historian, 433. 
 
 Polyidus, Greek poet, 299. 
 
 Polymnastus, Greek poet, 222. 
 
 Polynices, Cadmean chief, 164. 
 
 Polyzelus, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 
 Polyzelus, Greek historian, 244. 
 
 Pomare, New Zealand chief, 1017! 
 
 Pomerius, Julianus, ecclesiastical writer, 570. 
 
 Pompeius, Roman general and triumvir, 446, 455. 
 
 Pompeius, Sextus, rival of Antony and Octayius, 456. 
 
 Pompeius Sextus, Roman consul, 472. 
 
 Pomponatus, Petrus, of Mantua, 858. 
 
 Pomponius Bononiensis, Roman dramatist, 434. 
 
 Pona, Io., botanist at Verona, 918. 
 
 Ponce de Leon, John, Spanish navigator, 861. 
 
 Pontanus, J. Jovianus, restorer of classic learning in 
 
 Italy, 858. 
 Pontedera, Jul., botanist, 1006. 
 Pontianus, sixteenth bishop of Rome, 536. 
 Pontin, botanist in Malabar, 1025. 
 Pontius, early Christian writer, 537. 
 Pontoppidan, Ericus, Norwegian naturalist, 1021. 
 Poo, Fernando da, Portuguese navigator, 833. 
 Poole, R. S., English archaeologist, 1066. 
 Pope, Alexander, English poet, 1012. 
 Popham, George, leader of a British colony, 926-27. 
 Poppaea, wife of Nero, 498. 
 Porphyrius, or Malchus, Neo-Platonist, 540. 
 Porphyrius, Optatianus, Roman poet, 544. 
 Porsena, king of Etruria, 252. 
 Porta, Io. Bapt., Italian botanist, 913. 
 Porus, Hindu king, 328, 340. 
 Posidippus, Greek comic poet, 370. 
 Posidonius, Greek medical writer, 519. 
 Posidonius, Greek traveller and astronomer, 442. 
 Possidius, Roman ecclesiastical writer, 565. 
 Postumus, C , first king of Gaul, 539, 541. 
 Pothinns, bishop of Lugdunum, 53 r . 
 Pou-kiang, of the Ilia, Chinese emperor, 92. 
 Poukpasau, king in Burmah, 602. 
 
 Pourthie, Catholic missionary in Corea, 1071. 
 
 Poussin, Caspar, landscape painter, 965. 
 
 Poussin, Nicholas, French painter, 948. 
 
 Poutrincourt, leader of a French colony, 925. 
 
 Powatah, or Pawatah, abor. chief under Powhatan, 926. 
 
 Powhatan, or Powaton, abor. American chief, 913, 926. 
 
 Prabu Jaya Baya, king of Guj'rat, 543, 760. 
 
 Praetextatus, Vettius, heathen priest, 552. 
 
 Prasenadjit, Hindu king, 306. 
 
 Prasene, Hindu king, 241. 
 
 Pratab Rudra Deva, king of Orissa, 859. 
 
 Pratinas, inventor of Satyric drama, 255. 
 
 Praud'ha, or Pratapa Deva, Hindu king, 823. 
 
 Praxilla, Greek poetess, 255. 
 
 Praxiteles of Magna Graecia, sculptor, 370. 
 
 Prescott, Colonel William, Am. revolu. officer, 1035. 
 
 Presl, C. B., German botanist, 1067. 
 
 Prestor Johan, see Ung-kan. 
 
 Priamus, king of Troy, 156. 
 
 Prideaux, Humphrey, historian, 997. 
 
 Prieras, Sylvester, scholastic theologian, 858. 
 
 Priestley, Joseph, Engl, theologian and chemist, 1034. 
 
 Pring, Martin, British navigator, 923. 
 
 Prior, Matthew, English poet, 997. 
 
 Prior, R. C. A , philological botanist, 1071. 
 
 Priscianus, Greek grammarian, 576. 
 
 Priscilla, early heretical Christian, 531. 
 
 Priscillianus, bishop of Gallaecia, 555. 
 
 Priscus, Accius, Roman painter, 498. 
 
 Priscus, Greek historian, 566. 
 
 Priscus, Heathen priest, 558. 
 
 Prithwi, last Hindu king of Delhi, 676, 712, 716. 
 
 Pritzel, Georg August, German botanist, 1069. 
 
 Proaeresius, Greek rhetor, 547. 
 
 Probus, thirty-eighth Roman emperor, 542-43. 
 
 Probus of Berytus, Greek grammarian, 477. 
 
 Procles and Eurysthenes, kings of Sparta, 186. 
 
 Proclus, Greek mathematician, 569, 572. 
 
 Proclus of Naucrates, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 
 Procopius, historian, 577. 
 
 Prodicus of Ceos, Greek philosopher, 281. 
 
 Prodicus of Phocaea, Greek poet, 213. 
 
 Proetus, ruler at Tiryns, 153. 
 
 Pronis, French governor of Madagascar, 953, 956. 
 
 Propertius, Roman poet, 457. 
 
 Proserpina, 14S. 
 
 Prosper Aquitanus, chronog. and theologian, 563, 567. 
 
 Protagoras, Greek sophist, 2S1. 
 
 Proterius, bishop of Alexandria, 567. 
 
 Proteus, see Pehor Siamun. 
 
 Protogenes of Rhodes, Greek painter, 325. 
 
 Prudentius, Roman 'ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 
 Prusias, king of Bithynia, 389. 
 
 Prytanis, fourth Proclid king of Sparta, 193. 
 
 Psamathe, daughter of Crotopus, 136. 
 
 Psammetichus, king of Corinth, 235. 
 
 Psammetichus, see Psamtik. 
 
 Psammouthis, king of Egypt, 303. 
 
 Psammous, see Psimut. 
 
 Psamtik, or Psammetichus, king of Egypt, 224. 
 
 Psamtik II., king of Egypt, 233. 
 
 Psamtik III., king of Egypt, 249. 
 
 Psaon of Plataea, Greek historian, 370. 
 
 Psimut, king of Egypt, 211. 
 
 Psinakes, king of Egypt, 180. 
 
 Psousennes, king of Egypt, 178-79. 
 
1126 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Psousennes II., king of Egypt, 180. 
 
 Ptolemaeus, Claudius, Greek geographer and astron. 
 
 omer, 526-27. 
 Ptolemaeus Appion, king of Cyrene, 438. 
 Ptolemaeus Ceraunus, usurp, king of Macedonia, 377 
 Ptolemaeus Hoter, Gr. king of Egypt, 337, 347-S, 376 
 Ptolemaeus II. Philadelphus, Greek king of Egypt 
 
 37S,378.386. 
 Ptolemaeus III. Euergetes, Gr. king of Egypt, 386,391 
 Ptolemaeus IV. Philopator, Gr. king of Egypt, 391, 395 
 Ptolemaeus V. Epiphanes, ( Jr. king of Egypt, 395, 398 
 Ptolemaeus VI Philometor, Greek king of Egypt, 398. 
 
 400, 402. 
 Ptolemaeus VII. Physcon, Greek king of Egypt, 399, 
 
 402, 407. 
 Ptolemaeus VIII. Lathyrus, Greek king of Egypt, 417 
 
 439. 441, 443- 
 Ptolemaeus IX. Alexander, Gr. king of Egypt, 43 1,441 
 Ptolemaeus X. Alexander II., Gr. king of Egypt, 443 
 Ptolemaeus XI. Auletes, Gr. king of Egypt, 443, 453 
 Ptolemaeus XII. of Egypt, 455. 
 Ptolemaeus of Megalopolis, Greek historian, 389. 
 Ptolemaeus of Mendes, Greek historian, 456. 
 Ptolemaeus of Naucratis, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 Ptolichus, Greek sculptor, 255. 
 Puchpamitra, Hindu king, 444. 
 Puchyadharman, Hindu king, 438, 444. 
 Puffendorf of Saxony, jurist and historian, 965. 
 Pul, Assyrian emperor, 210. 
 
 Pula Sara, father of the Javan chief Abiasa, 570. 
 Pulimat, or Pulomarchish, Hindu king, 566. 
 Pungnareka, king of Pegu, ('119. 
 
 Punta Dewa, ruler of the Hindu colonies on Java, 586. 
 Pupienus Maximus, twenty-sixth Roman emperor, 538. 
 Purbach, Gcnige, inventor of decimals, 829. 
 Pursh, botanist in N. America, 1053, 1055-56, 1058. 
 Puru, Hindu prince, 99. 
 Puruhanman, Sanscrit poet, 420. 
 Pururava, Hindu king, 88. 
 Purushottama Deva, king of Orissa, 859. 
 Pushkin, Alexander, Russian poet, 1066. 
 Puteanus, Ericius, critic, 94S. 
 Putiatine, Russian ambassador to Japan, 1070. 
 Pygmalion, Phoenician king, 196, 202. 
 Pylades, Roman actor, 457. 
 Pyrrhon, Greek philosopher, 325. 
 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, 373, 377-78. 
 Pythagoras, Greek philosopher, 245. 
 Pythangelus, Greek tragic poet, 2S1. 
 Pytheas of Massilia, Greek voyager to N. Europe, 325. 
 Pytheos, Greek architect, 322. 
 Pythocles, Greek orator, 325. 
 Pythocritus, Greek musician, 237. 
 
 Quadra, Spanish navigator, 1035. 
 Quadratus, Asinius, Greek historian, 537. 
 Quadratus, early Christian writer, 525. 
 Quadrigarius, Claudius, Roman historian, 434. 
 Quakelbeen, botanist at Constantinople, 891. 
 Quassan, dairo of Japan, 662-63. 
 Quatrami, Evang., Italian pharmacologist, 918. 
 Quauhtemotzin, eleventh and last Mexican emperor, 
 
 S64-65, 867. 
 Quer y Martinez, Spanish botanist, 1026. 
 Quetzalcohuatl, teacher of civilization in Mexico, 580. 
 
 Quevedo, Francis, Spanish humorist, 948. 
 
 Quinctius, Flamininus, Roman general, 396, 398. 
 
 Quintilianus, Roman grammarian, 498. 
 
 Quintilius Crcmonensis, Roman poet, 457. 
 
 Quirinalis, Clodius, Roman rhetor, 477. 
 
 Quiros, P. Fernandez de, Portuguese navigator, 863, 
 
 920, 924-25. 
 Quo-mio, dairo of Japan, 7S2. 
 
 Rabanus Maurus, theologian, 631. 
 
 Rab, or Abba Aricha, editor of the Mishna, 532. 
 
 Rab Ashe, principal col. of the Talmud Babeli, 560. 
 
 Rabbi Jochanan, 541. 
 
 R. Abraham Aben Ezra, 703. 
 
 R. Ada;, Jewish chronographer, 549. 
 
 R. Elias Misrachi, S31. 
 
 R. Isaac the blind, founder of kabbalis. literature, 718. 
 
 R. Ishak Aben Sid, Jewish astronomer, 743. 
 
 R. Ishak Cordubensis, 680. 
 
 R. Jehuda, compiler of the Mishna, 532. 
 
 R. Jose, editor of the Talmud Babeli, 56S. 
 
 R. Oschaja, compiler of the External Mishna, 532. 
 
 Rabel, Uan, botanist, 94S. 
 
 Rabelais, French humorist, 872. 
 
 Rachel, mother of Joseph, 116. 
 
 Rachid-eddin, Persian hist, of the Mongols, 772-73. 
 
 Racine, French tragic dramatist, 965. 
 
 Radagasius, Gothic genera], 560. 
 
 Raden Aji Xirmala, king of Java, 620. 
 
 Raden Paku, appointed chief of Gresik in Java, 813, 
 
 817, 830, 854. 
 Raden Pankas, king"of Java, 709. 
 Raden Patah, first sultan of Java, 814, 824, 829, S34, 
 
 843. 
 Raden Rachmat, muslim prince and missionary on 
 
 Java, 815, 817, S30. 
 Raden Sawcla, gov. of a Hindu col. on Java, 552, 554. 
 Raden Tanduran, king of Java, 762, 775. 
 Radi, twentieth Abbassid khalif, 650-51. 
 Radulphus, Richardus of Armagh, 782. 
 Radulphus Flaviacensis, theologian, 645. 
 Radzivil, 897. 
 
 Rafinesque Schmaltz, C. S., nat. in N. America, 1066. 
 Rafn, C. G., Danish botanist, 1049. 
 Rahotep, king of Egypt, 99. 
 Raimundus Lullius, 75S. 
 Rainaldus, architect, 678. 
 Raitch, J., Servian historian, 1012. 
 Raja Lhoja, Hindu king, 6S1. 
 Rajendrala Mitra, Hindu writer, 401. 
 Rajrajcswar Deva, king of Orissa, 725. 
 Rakamai, king of Egypt, 96. 
 Rakamat, Egyptian princess, 178. 
 Rakta Bahu, Vavana invader of Orissa, 546. 
 Raleigh, Walter, 908, 913, 916, 923, 936. 
 Ralle, Jesuit missionary in N. America, 1007. 
 Ralph of Diceto, historian, 71S. 
 Ram, 140. 
 
 Rama, Hindu warrior, 118. 
 Ramanuja, Sanscrit writer and reformer of the Saiva 
 
 doctrine, 667. 
 Ramdeo, Mahratta king, 762, 766. 
 Ramessu, or Ramses, king of Egypt, 123. 
 Ramessu II., king of Egypt, 125. 
 Ramessu III , king of Egypt, 132, 139. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 II27 
 
 Ramessu IV., king of Egypt, 139, 146. 
 Ramessu V., king of Egypt, 146. 
 Ramessu VI., king of Egypt, 148, 150. 
 Ramessu VII., king of Egypt, 150. 
 Ramessu VIII., king of Egypt, 150. 
 Ramessu IX., king of Egypt, 152, 153. 
 Ramessu X., king of Egypt, 155. 
 Ramessu XI , king of Egypt, 155, 157. 
 Ramessu XII., king of Egypt, 157, 166. 
 Ramessu XIII., king of Egypt, 166, 169. 
 Ramirez, first king of Arragon in Spain, 675. 
 Ramon de la Sagra, botanist in Cuba, 1068. 
 Ramunsalingda, Burmese king, 476, 478. 
 Ramus, Jonas, Norwegian botanist, 1012. 
 Ramus, Peter, opponent of Aristotelian philos., 897. 
 Rand, Isaac, English botanist, 1012. 
 Rando, German prince, 552. 
 
 Randolph, Edward, collector of customs in New Eng- 
 land, 976-77. 
 Randolph, Peyton, pres. of the first Am. congress, 1034. 
 Ranman, Burmese king, 370, 383. 
 Ranthinkha, king in Burmah, 476. 
 Raphael, Italian painter, 858. 
 Raphael Mengs, Ant., Bohemian painter, 1027. 
 Raphael Morghen, Italian engraver, 1027. 
 Raphael Volaterranus, 858. 
 Rapin of Tours, critic, 965. 
 Ra-sekenen, king of Egypt, 103. 
 Ratanpal, or Ratibal, prince of Cabul, 613. 
 Rathgeb, botanist, 1025. 
 Rathotis, or Teti, queen of Egypt, 120. 
 Rathoures, king of Egypt, 71. 
 Ratoises, king of Egypt, 69. 
 Ratu Peng'ging, Javan admiral, 814. 
 Rauwolf, L , botanist in Palestine, 900. 
 Rawson, Grindal, missionary in New England, 994. 
 Ray, John, Eng. bot., 958, 962, 981, 988, 990, 999, 1010. 
 Raya-sena, Hindu king, 676. 
 Rea, John, English botanist, 964. 
 Reaumur, Renat. Ant., French botanist, 1012. 
 Rebekah, daughter of Bethuel, 112. 
 Rebentisch, Joh. Friedr. , German botanist, 1055. 
 Recared, Gothic king of Spain, 590. 
 Redoute P. J., artist and botanist, 1053. 
 Regas of Velestinus, modern Greek versifier, 1027. 
 Regibalus, king of Babylon, 219-20. 
 Regio, Henr., Dutch botanist, 965. 
 Regiomontanus, restorer of astronomy in Europe, 829. 
 Regulus, Roman general, 383. 
 Rehfeld, Abrah., botanist, 997. 
 Rehoboam, Jewish king, 185. 
 Reichard, J. Jac, German botanist, 1033. 
 Reiner, Jos., botanist, 1049. 
 Reisch, encyclopaedic writer, 845. 
 Rekkhan, Burmese king, 383, 391. 
 Rema, Abyssinian king, 526, 530. 
 Rembrandt van Ryn, Dutch painter, 965. 
 Remigius Antisiodorensis, theologian, 639. 
 Remy, botanist at the Hawaiian Islands, 1069. 
 Renaudot, French orientalist, 997. 
 •Renealmus, Paul, French botanist, 930. 
 Ren-sei, dairo of Japan, 656. 
 Rephah, 123. 
 
 Resanoff, Russian ambassador to Japan, 1055. 
 Resheph, 123. 
 Retzius, A. Io., botanist, 1036, 1042, 1048. 
 
 Reu, 98. 
 
 Reuchlin, 854. 
 
 Reyger, G. G., botanist, 1027. 
 
 Rezia Begum, sultana of Delhi, 724-25. 
 
 Rezin, last king of Damascus and Syria, 213. 
 
 Rezon, king of Syria, 180. 
 
 Rhazes, Arab medical writer, 586, 648. 
 
 Rheede, PI. van, botanist in Hindustan, 973. 
 
 Rhegino, Abbas, historian, 647. 
 
 Rheticius, bishop of Augustodunum in Gaul, 544. 
 
 Rhianus, Greek poet, 389. 
 
 Rhinthon, Greek dramatic poet, 370. 
 
 Rhodon, early Christian writer, 534. 
 
 Rhys Grug, Welsh prince, 722. 
 
 Rhywallon, Welsh physician, 722. 
 
 Ribault, Jean, leader of a French colony, 893. 
 
 Ricardus of Cirencester, Brit. hist, and geogr., 797. 
 
 Ricci, Matteo, Jesuit missionary in China, 921. 
 
 Riccioli, astronomer, 948. 
 
 Riccoboni of Rovigo, critic, 897. 
 
 Richard, Claude Louis, French botanist, 1045, 1057. 
 
 Richard, prior of Dover, 714. 
 
 Richard, twenty-sixth king of England, 716. 
 
 Richard II., thirty-second king of England, 795. 
 
 Richard III , thirty-seventh king of England, 843. 
 
 Richard of Cornwall, emp. of Germany and Italy, 75L 
 
 Richardus Armachanus, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 
 Richardus de media Villa, scholastic theologian, 752. 
 
 Richardus de S. Victore of Scotland, scholastic theo- 
 logian, 703. 
 
 Richer, scientific experimenter, 972. 
 
 Ridel, missionary in Corea, 107 1. 
 
 Rinder, A., Russian botanist, 1027. 
 
 Rinsifee, Japanese geographer, 818, 1032. 
 
 Riothimus, king in Britain, 568. 
 
 Rishyasringa, Hindu king, 153. 
 
 Risso, A., zoologist at Nice, 1064. 
 
 Ri-tsiou, eighteenth dairo of Japan, 559-60. 
 
 Ritter, Io. lac., German botanist, 1027. 
 
 Ritter, Paul, of Vitezovich, Croatian writer, 997. 
 
 Rivera, Domingo, 86^. 
 
 Rivinus, Aug. Quir., German botanist, 989. 
 
 Robbins, American botanist, 1065. 
 
 Robert, earl of Flanders, 683. 
 
 Robert, king of France, 672. 
 
 Robert II., king of Scotland, 792, 795. 
 
 Robert III., king of Scotland, Sol. 
 
 Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, 774. 
 
 Robert Guiscard, 685. 
 
 Robertus de Monte, chronographer, 719. 
 
 Robertus Sorbona, see Sorbona. 
 
 Robespierre, F. J. M. I., French revolutionist, 1048. 
 
 Robin, Io., French botanist, 928, 936. 
 
 Robin, Vespasian, French botanist, 941. 
 
 Robins, Benjamin, English mathematician, 1012. 
 
 Robinson, Edw., bibl. geographer in Palestine, 1066. 
 
 Robinson, William, Quaker martyr in N. Engl., 960. 
 
 Robledo, Jorge de, 877. 
 
 Robson, Stephen, English botanist, 1036. 
 
 Roca, sixth inca of Peru, 711, 717, 740. 
 
 Roche, de la, marquis, French gov. in America, 914. 
 
 Rochefoucauld, author of The Maxims, 965. 
 
 Rodney, George B., British admiral, 1038. 
 
 Rodolph of Hapsburg, seventeenth emperor of Ger- 
 many and Italy, 753, 755-56. 
 
 Rodolph of Swabia, elected king of Germany, 681. 
 
1 12; 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Rodolph II., thirty-second emperor of Germany and 
 Italy, 930. 
 
 Roe, Thos., first Brit, ambassador in Hindustan, 924. 
 
 Roemer, Io. lac, German botanist, 1061. 
 
 Roger II., Norman king of Sicily, 689. 
 
 Roger of Normandy, 678. 
 
 Rogerius, P. Michael, earliest Jesuit missionary in 
 China, 903. 
 
 Rogers, Woods, British admiral, 1005. 
 
 Roggeri, Iacobus, Italian botanist, 965. 
 
 Rohinda, Wahuma king of Karague, 730. 
 
 Rohinda II , king of Karague, 730. 
 
 Rohinda VI., king of Karague, 730. 
 
 Rohunna, king of Ceylon, 532. 
 
 Roku-dsioo, dairo of Japan, 711-12. 
 
 Rolfinck, Guerner, German botanist, 965. 
 
 Rollin, Charles, critic and historian, 1012. 
 
 Roloff, C. L., botanist, 1027. 
 
 Romano, Gulio, Italian painter, 872. 
 
 Romanus, thirty-seventh Byzantine emperor, 655. 
 
 Romanus II., forty-first Byzantine emperor, 669, 675. 
 
 Romanus Lecapinus, 652. 
 
 Romulus, first king of Rome, 214, 220. 
 
 Romulus Augustus, last Rom. emp. of the West, 569. 
 
 Rondelet, French ichthyologist, SS2 
 
 Ronmokkha, king in Burmah, 469, 476. 
 
 Ronsard, Peter, French poet, 897. 
 
 Rook, admiral, 999. 
 
 Roquetaillade, Jean de, 782. 
 
 Roscclinus of Britany, scholastic theologian, 6S0. 
 
 Roscoe, \Ym., English botanist, 1052. 
 
 Rosen, Eberh., Swedish botanist, 1020. 
 
 Rossi, As de, Jewish archaeologist, 897. 
 
 Rostkow, F. G., German botanist, I0S2. 
 
 Roth, Alb. Gul , German botanist, 1043, I0 49- 
 
 Rbttboll, Chr. F., Danish bot., 1030, 1033, 1036, 1042. 
 
 Rottler, botanist, 1049. 
 
 Routh, M. J , English hellenist, 1066. 
 
 Rouville, Hertel de, French officer, 999. 
 
 Roux, French orientalist, 1052. 
 
 Roxana, wife of Alexander, 33S, 345. 
 
 Roxburgh, botanist in Hindustan, 1048. 
 
 Royen, Adr. van, Dutch botanist, 1025. 
 
 Royerus, Io., German botanist, 948. 
 
 Rubens, Peter Paul, Flemish painter, 948. 
 
 Rubruquis, Guillaume de, traveller in Ccnlral and 
 Eastern Asia, 736, 742. 
 
 Rudbeck, Glaus, Swedish botanist. 960, 963, 981. 
 
 Rudbeck, Olaus fil., botanist in Lapland, 991, 997. 
 
 Rudge, Edw , English botanist, 1050, 1056. 
 
 Rudolphi, K. Ann., botanist, 1049. 
 Ruel, son of Esau, 119. 
 Ruellius, Io., French botanist, 876. 
 Rufinus, Roman patrician in Constantinople, 55S. 
 Rufus Ephesius, Greek medical writer, 520. 
 Ruiz, Spanish botanist in Peru, 1037. 
 Rukn-u-din, fourth sultan of Delhi, 724. 
 Ruling, botanist, '1027. 
 Rumanika, king of Karague, 730. 
 
 Rumford, Count (Benj. Thompson), Am. scient, 1049. 
 Rumphius, G. E., botanist in the East Indies, 966. 
 Runolfson, Thorlak, Icelandic bishop, 6N4 
 Rupertus de Russia, scholastic theologian, 752. 
 Rupertus of Worms, theologian, 619. 
 Rupertus PaJatinus, twenty-third emperor of Germany 
 and Italy, 801. 
 
 Rupertus Tutiensis, theologian, 684. 
 Ruppius, H. Bern., botanist, 1005. 
 Ruprecht, F. I., botanist among the Samojedes, 1069. 
 Rurik, founder of the Russian empire, 639. 
 Rusatira, king of Karague, 730. 
 Rusbrochius, Joannes, theologian, 79T. 
 Russel, Alexander, naturalist in Syria, 1023. 
 Russell, J. L., American botanist, 970. 
 Rutebeuf, Anglo-Norman French poet, 752. 
 Rutilius Numatianus, Roman poet, 560. 
 Rutilius Rufus, Roman orator, 434, 439. 
 Rutilus, C. Marcius, Roman plebeian censor and dic- 
 tator, 319. 
 Ruysdael, Jacob, landscape painter, 965. 
 Ryp, John Cornelius, Dutch navigator, 918. 
 Rzaczvnski, Gabr., Polish botanist, 1006. 
 
 Saad een Manssur, see Ebn Kemunat. 
 
 Saadi, Persian poet, 758. 
 
 Saaclja, Jewish writer, 645. 
 
 Saadja Gaon, Jewish liturgical writer, 651. 
 
 Saavedra, Alvaro de, Spanish navigator, 869-70. 
 
 Sabacon, see Shabak. 
 
 Sabatok, king of Egypt, 213, 215, 217. 
 
 Sabbati, L., Italian botanist, J019. 
 
 Sabbatai Donolo ben Abr., Jewish astronomer, 650. 
 
 Sabellicus, M. A. C , 831. 
 
 Sabina, wife of Hadrian, 527. 
 
 Saliinianus, sixty-third bishop of Rome, 597. 
 
 Sacadas, Greek poet, 231. 
 
 Sachlekes, Stephanus, modefli Greek writer, S31. 
 
 Sacmbosco, Jean de, astronomer, 71S. 
 
 Sadyattcs, king of Lydia, 227. 
 
 Saeberht, king of Essex and Christian convert, 597. 
 
 Saed, Muslim general, 602. 
 
 Saemund, Icelandic poet and historian, 711. 
 
 Saewulf, English traveller in Palestine, 6S4. 
 
 Saga, fifty-second dairo of Japan, 626-27. 
 
 Saga II., or Go-Saga, dairo of Japan, 735, 740. 
 
 Sahili, Abu-Ishac-es, Arab poet, 787. 
 
 Sahl, or Rabban el Thaberi, Jew. writer of Arabic, 624. 
 
 Said, Oman chief, 612. 
 
 Said ben Batrik (Eutychius), Arab writer, 650. 
 
 Said Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, 1071. 
 
 Saint Amans, J. F. B., French botanist, 1043. 
 
 Samt-Hilaire, Aug. J. de, botanist in Brazil, 1060. 
 
 Saint-Just, 863. 
 
 S.nsin, introduced bullock-chariots into Japan, 667. 
 
 Sakuntala, Hindu poetess, 616 
 
 Saladin, first Ayoubite sultan of Egypt, 713-14, 716. 
 
 Saladin dAsculo, Italian medical writer, 799. 
 
 Salah, or Shelah, 94. 
 
 Salam, Arab traveller, 631. 
 
 Salamesch, Mcmiuk sultan of Egypt, 756. 
 
 Salamewan, king of Ceylon, 630. 
 
 Salapar Wata, king of Java, 628. 
 
 Salatis, first Ilyksos king of Egypt, 94. 
 
 Salazar, Alonso de, Spanish navigator, 868. 
 
 Salcamavhua, P. V , Peruvian historian, 938. 
 
 Salini Kesari, king of Orissa, 6S4. 
 
 Salisbury, R. A , English botanist, 1046, 1050. 
 
 Salivahana, Hindu king, 515. 
 
 Sallustius, Roman historian, 446. 
 
 Salman ben Jerucham, Karaite Jewish writer, 645. 
 
 Salmana, Arab writer on hail, 655. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 II29 
 
 Salmasius of Burgundy, critic, 948. 
 
 Salmon, 152. 
 
 Salmoneus, Aeolic chief, 146. 
 
 Salt, Henry, traveller in Abyssinia, 1052. 
 
 Salvatore Rosa, Italian painter, 965. 
 
 Salvianus of Massilia, ecclesiastical writer, 570. 
 
 Salvius Julianus, jurist, 526. 
 
 Samatissa, king of Ceylon, 565 
 
 Samgrama, king of Cashmere, 669, 677. 
 
 Samius, Greek poet, 389. 
 
 Samlah, king of Edom, 131. 
 
 Samoset, aboriginal American, 939. 
 
 Sampada, or Samgata, Hindu king, 399, 401. 
 
 Samson, or Hercules, 164. 
 
 Samson of Germany, Jewish lexicographer, 718. 
 
 Samuel, Abyssinian monk, 800. 
 
 Samuel, Jewish prophet, 170. 
 
 Samuel ben Samson of France, Jewish traveller, 718. 
 
 Samuel of Ania, 716. 
 
 Samuel of Edessa, Syriac ecclesiastical writer, 56S. 
 
 Samuel Marochianus,. convert from Judaism, 6S3. 
 
 Sancara, commentator on the Vedas, 663. 
 
 Sancho III. the Great, king of Spain, 664, 675. 
 
 Sanctia, wife of Ferdinand of Castile, 675. 
 
 Sancu, Sanscrit writer, 681. 
 
 Sandigamonal, king of Ceylon, 520-21. 
 
 SandracotUis, or Chandragupta, Hindu king, 337, 345, 
 
 369. 373- 
 Sandusio, dairo of Japan, 667. 
 Sangot, king of Ceylon, 565. 
 Sanjar, chief of the Seljuk Tartars, 708. 
 Sannazarius of Naples, poet, 858. 
 Sannyrion, Greek comic poet, 292, 299. 
 Sand, Georg., Italian botanist, 1048. 
 Sanutious, see Shenouda. 
 Saosduchinus, king of Babylon, 222, 226. 
 Sapor, or Shahpoor, Sasa. king of Persia, 538, 540, 542. 
 Sapor II., Sasanid king of Persia, 545, 548, 553 
 Sapor III., tenth Sasanid king of Persia, 554—55. 
 Sappho, Greek poetess, 232. 
 Sarac the Indian, see Charaka. 
 Sarai, 103. 
 
 Sardanapallus, see Nabopolassar. 
 Saris, John, British navigator, 932. 
 Sarmishta, wife of the Hindu king Yayati, 99. 
 Samgi-Deva, Hindu writer on music and dancing, 823. 
 Sarpi, Paul, of Venice, historian, 921. 
 Sataspes, Persian navigator, 266. 
 Saturninus, bishop of Toulouse, 539. 
 Saturninus, Gnostic Christian, 525. 
 Satya, Hindu king, 244. 
 Satyrus, Greek biographer, 400. 
 Satyrus, Greek navigator on the Red Sea, 37S. 
 Saughatissa, king of Ceylon, 538. 
 Saul, first Jewish king, 177, 178. 
 Saul, or Shaul, king of Edom, 137, 146. 
 Saulnier, Paul, botanist in North America, 1041. 
 Saussure, H. B., geologist in the Alps, 1027. 
 Sauvages, F. B de, French botanist, 1021, 1025. 
 Savanarola of Ferrara, theologian, 857. 
 Savi, Gaetano, Italian botanist, 1050. 
 Savigny, I. C, French naturalist, 1052. 
 Saville, Henry, critic and mathematician, 921. 
 Sawela Chala, first king of Java, 597. 
 Sawira Gading, first Bugis prince, 664. 
 Saxo Grammaticus, historian, 718. 
 
 Sayle, British colonial governor, 970. 
 
 Scaliger, J. Caes., critic, 892. 
 
 Scaliger, Joseph, chronographer, 897. 
 
 Scanderbeg,' hereditary prince of Albania, 814. 
 
 Scarron, Paul, French burlesque poet, 948. 
 
 Scaurus, M. Aemilius, Roman orator, 407. 
 
 Scaurus, Terentius, Roman grammarian, 519 
 
 Scevole de St. Marthe, jurist and archaeologist, 921. 
 
 Schaal, P. Adam, Jesuit missionary in China, 958. 
 
 Schaban-Aschraf, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 791, 795. 
 
 Schaban-Kamel, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 786-87. 
 
 Schaffer, Carol., German botanist, 965. 
 
 Schaffer, lac. Christ., German botanist, 1027. 
 
 Schahabeddin, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 786. 
 
 Schanfara, Arab poet, 589. 
 
 Schelhammer, Gunth. Christ., German botanist, 997. 
 
 Scheuchzer, loan., botanist, 1002, 1005. 
 
 Scheuchzer, Io. lac , botanist, 997. 
 
 Schiede, botanist in Mexico, 1065. 
 
 Schiera, Io. Mar., botanist, 1013. 
 
 Schkuhr, Chr., German botanist, 1052. 
 
 Schlagintweit, H. and R., travellers in Cent. Asia, 1070. 
 
 Schlechtendal, D. F. L. de, botanist, 1052. 
 
 Schleicher, J. C, Swiss botanist, 1052. 
 
 Schmidel, Casim. Christ., botanist, 1021. 
 
 Schmidt, Franc, botanist, 1049. 
 
 Schmidt, J. J., translator of Kalmuk and Mongol, 1052. 
 
 Schober, Theoph., traveller in Hyrcania, 1004. 
 
 Schoeffer, early European printer, 815. 
 
 Scholarius, Genn. Georg., scholastic Gr. writer, 814. 
 
 Scholler, F. A., botanist, 1035. 
 
 Schopf, J. Dav., botanist in North America, 1042. 
 
 Schoubert, French botanist, 1052. 
 
 Schouten, William Cornelison, Dutch navigator, 933. 
 
 Schousboe, P. K. A., botanist in Morocco, 1046. 
 
 Schouw, J. Frederick, botanist, 1066. 
 
 Schrader, H. A., German botanist, 1049, io 56. 
 
 Schrank, Fr. P. von, German botanist, 1047. 
 
 Schreber, I. C. D., German botanist, 1029, 1033. 
 
 Schuebler, Gust., German botanist, 1052 
 
 Schultes, Jos. Aug., German botanist, 1061. 
 
 Schumacher, C. Fr., botanist, 1052. 
 
 Schiirer, Chris., of Bohemia, glass manufacturer, 888. 
 
 Schwaegrichen, Ch. Fr., German botanist, 1052. 
 
 Schweigger, Aug. Fr., German botanist, 1052. 
 
 Schweinitz, L. D. von, N. Amer. botanist, 1055, 1060. 
 
 Schwenk, botanist, 1027. 
 
 Schwenkfeld, Casparus, German botanist, 920, 928. 
 
 Scipio, L. Cornelius, Roman general in Asia, 397. 
 
 Scipio, P. C. Africanus, Roman general, 395, 402. 
 
 Scipio Africanus the younger, Roman general, 407. 
 
 Scipio Barbatus, L. Cornelius, Roman consul, 373. 
 
 Scipio Nasica, 401. 
 
 Scopas, Aetolian praetor and general, 396. 
 
 Scopas, Greek sculptor and architect, 302. 
 
 Scopas II., king of Thessaly, 256. 
 
 Scopelianus of Clazomenae, Greek" rhetor, 518. 
 
 Scopoli, Io. Ant., Italian botanist, 1023, 1025, 1042. 
 
 Scotus, John, 639. 
 
 Scribonius Curio, C, Roman general and consul, 444. 
 
 Scribonius Largus, Roman medical writer, 479. 
 
 Scultetus, Alexander, chronographer, 880. 
 
 Scylax, Greek navigator, 319. 
 
 Scymnus of Chios, Greek geographer, 433. 
 
 Scythianus, preceptor of Manes, 537. 
 
 Seba, Albertus, naturalist, 1014. 
 
 142 
 
U30 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Sebakem-f, king of Eg)'] 11 ' 9*>- 
 
 Sebakhotep, king of Egypt, 91. 
 
 Sebakhotep It., king of Egypt, 92. 
 
 Sebakhotep III., king of Egypt, 92. 
 
 Sebakhotep IV., king of Egypt, 92. 
 
 Sebakhotep V., king of Egypt, 92. 
 
 Scbaknefru, or Skemiophris, queen of Egypt, 91. 
 
 Sebektegin, third ruler of Ghazni, 657-58, 664. 
 
 Sebercheres, king of Egypt, 70. 
 
 Sebosus, Statius, Roman geographer, 44S. 
 
 Sechnuphis of Egypt, preceptor of Plato, 301. 
 
 Secondat, Charles de, 1012 
 
 Secundus, Lombard historian, 597. 
 
 Seehewallie, queen of Ceylon, 520. 
 
 See-ma-kuang, Chinese poet, 682. 
 
 Seguier, Io. F, Italian botanist, 1019, 1025. 
 
 Sehura, king of Egypt, 70. 
 
 Seif bin Malik, imam of Muscat, 960, 994. 
 
 Seif-Eddin, see Melek-Adel. 
 
 Seif-Eddin Tattar, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 811. 
 
 Seif-u-din Ghori, sultan of Ghor and Ghazni, 70S-9. 
 
 Sei'-nei', twenty-third dairo of Japan, 569. 
 
 Seir the Horite, 103. 
 
 Seiwa, dairo of Japan, 634, 641. 
 
 Sejanus, L. Aelius, praetorian prefect and consul, 477. 
 
 Sekander Shah, founder of the city of Malacca, 750,755. 
 
 Selden, John, jurist and critic, 94S. 
 
 Seleucus, Greek king of Syria, 340, 345, 348, 372, 377. 
 
 Seleucus II. Callinicus, Creek king of Syria, 386,389. 
 
 Seleucus III. Ceraunus, Greek king of Syria, 389-90. 
 
 Seleucus IV. Philopator, Greek king of Syria, 397, 399. 
 
 Seleucus, Greek poet, 395. 
 
 Seleucus of Babylon, Greek astronomer, 377. 
 
 Selim, eleventh Turkish sultan, 862, 864. 
 
 Selim II , thirteenth Turkish sultan, 897, 900. 
 
 Selim III., twenty-ninth Turkish sultan, 1043, I0 5^- 
 
 Sclred, king of Essex, 615, 619. 
 
 Semedo, Alvarez, Jesuit missionary and author of a 
 
 History of China, 933, 942. 
 Semempses, king of Egypt, 64. 
 Semiramis, Assyrian empress, 95. 
 Seneca, L., Roman philosopher and physicist, 47 1,47 5, 
 
 483. 
 Seneca, M., Roman rhetor, 457. 
 Senefru, king of Egypt, 66. 
 Seng-houn-i, first baptized Corean, 1039, 1052. 
 Scng-ka, or Kieou-ma-seng-ka, Cambodian amb., 687. 
 Sennacherib, Assyrian emperor, 217. 
 Sennefelder, A., inventor of Lithography, 1048. 
 Seokouo, dairo of Japan, So2 y 812. 
 Sequeira, James Lopes de, Portuguese navi., 83^,860. 
 Serano, Francisco, Portu. voy. to the Moluccas, 861. 
 Serapion, bishop of Thmuis in Egypt, 547. 
 Serapion, eighth bishop of Antioch, 532-34. 
 Serapion, Jahia-ebn, Arab medical writer, 612,624,679. 
 Serapion of Alexandria, Creek medical writer, 370. 
 Serenus Sammonicus, Roman writer, 535. 
 Serenus Sammonicus the younger, 538. 
 Sergius, nineteenth Roman archbishop, 613. 
 Sergius II., thirty-eighth Roman archbishop, 630-31. 
 Sergius III., fifty-fifth Roman archbishop, 647. 
 Sergius IV., eightieth Roman archbishop, 667. 
 Seringe, N. C, botanist, 1052. 
 Sertorius, Roman general, 442. 
 Serug, 99. 
 Servetus, Michael, of Spain, theologian, 888. 
 
 Servius, Roman grammarian, 552. 
 
 Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, 236, 244. 
 
 Sesochris, king of Egypt, 65. 
 
 Sesorthus, or Tosorthus, king of Egypt, 66. 
 
 Sesustris, see Sesurtesen II. 
 
 Sesse, botanist, 1052. 
 
 Sestini, Italian botanist, 1048. 
 
 Sesurtesen, king of Egypt, 83. 
 
 Sesurtesen IE, or Sesostris, king of Egypt, 85. 
 
 Sesurtesen III., king of Egypt, 87. 
 
 Seth, 3. 
 
 Sethenes, king of Egypt, 65. 
 
 Seti, Ethiopian prince, 132. 
 
 Seti, or Saites, Hyksos king of Egypt, 99. 
 
 Severianus, Greek ecclesiastical writer, 552. 
 
 Severinus, sixth Roman archbishop, 602. 
 
 Scyerus, Aquilius, ecclesiastical writer, 552. 
 
 Severus, Cassius, Roman satirist, 467. 
 
 Severus, Septimius, twentieth Roman emp., 533-34. 
 
 Sex erus II. Alexander, twenty-fourth Roman emp., 536. 
 
 Severus III., Roman emperor of the West, 56S. 
 
 Severus, Sulpicius, ecclesiastical historian, 560. 
 
 Severus of Antioch, ecclesiastical writer, 571. 
 
 Sextius, Greek philosopher, 467. 
 
 Sexttis, early Christian writer, 534. 
 
 Sextus of Chaeronea, Stoic philosopher, 526. 
 
 Shabak, or Sabacon, king of Egypt, 212. 
 
 Shsemuas, son of Ramessu II , 130. 
 
 Shafra, or Chephren, king of Egypt, 68. 
 
 Shah Jehan, emp. of Hindustan, 939, 943, 94S-49, 960. 
 
 Shah Rokh, sultan of Khorassan, 801, S17. 
 
 Shahab-u-din, Ghaznian general, 709, 714, 716-19. 
 
 Shahpoor, see Sapor. 
 
 Shakspear, William, English dramatist, 921. 
 
 Shallum, king of Israel, 210 
 
 Shalmaneser, Assyrian emperor, 215, 217. 
 
 Shamgar, 155. 
 
 Sharp, English navigator, 977. 
 
 Shaw, Thomas, naturalist in Barbary, 1015. 
 
 Shays, Daniel, insurrectionist in Massachusetts, 1042. 
 
 Shecutt, N. American botanist, 1056. 
 
 Shekh Mahmoudi, Memluk king of Egypt, S02, Si I. 
 
 Shemaiah, Jewish prophet, 186. 
 
 Shenouda, or Sanutious, Coptic patriarch, 641. 
 
 Shepard, American general, 1042. 
 
 Sherah, or Aeherres, Jewish queen of Egypt, 121. 
 
 Sherard, William, botanist at Smyrna, 1006, 1009. 
 
 Sherman, W. T., American general, 1071. 
 
 Shcmn, king of Southern Hindustan, 632. 
 
 Sheshet ha-N\issi, Jewish medical writer, 718. 
 
 Sheshonk, or Shishak, king of Egypt, iS^, 190. 
 
 Sheshonk II., king of Egypt, 192. 
 
 Sheshonk III., king of Egypt, 194, 195. 
 
 Sheshonk IV., king of Egypt, 198, 203. 
 
 Shimei of I'.ahurim, 1S0. 
 
 Shirley, William, British colonial governor, 985. 
 
 Shishak, see Sheshonk. 
 
 Shishkof, Russian philologist, 1052. 
 
 Sholen, king of southern Hindustan, 632. 
 
 Shomu, 618. 
 
 Shonsi, Gorodayu, introduced porcelain art into 
 
 Japan, 903. 
 Short, C. W., American botanist, 1067. 
 Shute, Samuel, colonial governor of Mass., 1007. 
 Siang, of the Elia, Chinese emperor, 85. 
 Siang-kong, first king of Tsin, 210. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 II31 
 
 Siang-koung, king of Lou in China, 239. 
 
 Siang-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emp., 226, 228. 
 
 Siang-wang II., of the Thsin, Chinese emperor, 383. 
 
 Siao-lda, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 102. 
 
 Siao-sin, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 124. 
 
 Siao-y, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 126. 
 
 Sibawaih, Arab writer, 621. 
 
 Sibbald, Robert, English botanist, 981. 
 
 Sibley, John L., librarian of Harvard University, 1071. 
 
 Sibthorp, English botanist in Greece, 1025, 1040. 
 
 Sidney, Algernon, 965. 
 
 Sidney, Philip, English poet, 897. 
 
 Sidonius Apollinaris, Roman poet, 568. 
 
 Sidsio, dairo of Japan, 723, 725, 735 
 
 Sie, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 92. 
 
 Sieber, F. \V., botanist, 1063. 
 
 Siebold, Ph. Fr. von, botanist in Japan, 1063. 
 
 Siegesbek, J. G , botanist, 1015. 
 
 Sieng-tsong, king of Corea, 831, 855. 
 
 Sievers, Joh., botanist, 1052. 
 
 Siffridus presbyter, chronographer, 767. 
 
 Sigeberht, king of Essex, 605. 
 
 Sigeberht II , king of Essex, 605, 607. 
 
 Sigebert, king of the French, 5S5, 589. 
 
 Sigebertus Gemblacensis, histor. and chronogr. 686. 
 
 Sigericus, or Singerichus, king of the Goths, 562. 
 
 Sigismund, king of Hungary and twenty-fifth emperor 
 
 of Germany and Italy, 788, 796, 798, 803, 815. 
 Signorelli, Luca, Italian painter, 85S 
 Sigonius of Modena, critic and archaeologist, 897. 
 Sigurd, admiral, 686. 
 Silco, king of the Ethiopians, 441. 
 Silenus, Greek historian, 396. 
 Silius Italicus, Roman writer, 498. 
 Silo, Albutius, Roman rhetor, 457 
 Silverius, fifty-sixth bishop of Rome, 576, 577. 
 Silvester, see Sylvester. 
 Silvius, king of Alba in Italy, 193. 
 Silvoa, Pedro de, viceroy at Mombas, 951. 
 Simaye tsaghema, Japanese navigator, 972 
 Simeon Metaphrastes, 639. 
 Simler, Josua, botanist in Switzerland, 900. 
 Simmias of Rhodes, Greek writer, 370. 
 Simon, or Simonides, Athenian archon, 234. 
 Simon, third Maccabee king, 402. 
 Simon de Cassia, theologian, 782. 
 
 Simon Magus, founder of the sect of Simonians, 477. 
 Simonides, Greek historian, 312. 
 Simonides of Amorgos, Greek iambic poet, 219. 
 Simonides of Ceos, Greek lyric poet, 256. 
 Simplicius, forty-fifth bishop of Rome, 56S, 569. 
 Simplicius, Greek philosopher, 576. 
 Sims, John, English botanist, 1056. 
 Simylus, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Sinchi Roca, second inca of Peru, 678, 683. 
 Sindbad, Arab voyager, 623 
 Sinin, dairo of Japan, 959, 963. 
 Sinosikwo of Japan, 393. 
 Sintoku, dairo of Japan, 688, 704. 
 Sio-nei, king of the Loo-Choo Islands, 92S. 
 Sioomu, forty-fifth dairo of Japan, 618-19. 
 Siotok (see Kooken). 
 
 Siouan-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 631. 
 Siouan-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 446. 
 Siouan-wang of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 201. 
 Siou-zioun, thirty-third dairo of Japan, 590, 591. 
 
 Siptah, king of Egypt, 132. 
 Siricius, thirty-sixth bishop of Rome, 554. 
 Sirinaga, king of Ceylon, 532, 534. 
 Sirinaga II., king of Ceylon, 538. 
 Sirisanghabo, king of Ceylon, 538. 
 Siroes, Sassanid king of Persia, 600. 
 Sisenna, Cornelius, Roman historian, 434. 
 Sisibut, Gothic king of Spain, 599. 
 Sisinnius, Novatian bishop, 560. 
 Sisinnius, twenty-second Roman archbishop, 615. 
 Sisires, king of Egypt, 71. 
 Sisyphus, Aeolian chief, 146. 
 Siu-kouang-ki, Chinese writer, 930. 
 Siukouo, dairo of Japan, 787, 789. 
 Siuntoku, dairo of Japan, 719, 72r. 
 Siunwa, dairo of Japan, 627, 629. 
 Siusaku, dairo of Japan, 650-52. 
 Siva Swasa, Hindu king, 655 
 Sixtus, or Xystus, sixth bishop of Rome, 518. 
 Sixtus, or Xystus, twenty-second bishop of Rome, 539. 
 Sixtus, or Xystus, forty-second bishop of Rome, 566. 
 Sixtus IV., fifty-eighth pope, 833, 842-43. 
 Siyan-siya-in, Japanese chief, 967. 
 Sledda, king of Essex, 590, 597. 
 Sleidan, John, German historian, 872. 
 Sloane, Hans, naturalist in Jamaica, 962, 982, 1004. 
 Smenthes, or Herhor-siamum, 169, 178. 
 Smith, James Edw , English hot., 1040, 1044-47, T051. 
 Smith, or Smyth, John, voyager to Va ,926-27,929,933. 
 Smith, William, editor, 1069. 
 S-nefruka-annu, king of Egypt, 76. 
 So, or Sevihos, see Sabatok. 
 Sobhan, Deva, king of Orissa, 546. 
 Socinios, or Susneus, Abyssinian king, 947. 
 Socrates, ecclesiastical historian, 565. 
 Socrates, Greek philosopher, 2S5, 301. 
 Sodre, Vincent, 859 
 
 Sogdianus, eighth Persian emperor, 385. 
 Sokolof, Nicetas, Russian botanist, 792, 1030, 1032. 
 Solander, English botanist, 1021, 1025, 1029. 
 Soliman, seventh Ommiad khalif, 616. 
 Soliman the merchant, Arab traveller in China, 624. 
 Solinus, Roman geographer, 536. 
 Solomon, Jewish king, 179, 185. 
 
 Solomon ben Isaac, or Rashi of Troyes, Jewish wri- 
 ter, 684. 
 Solon of Athens, lawgiver and poet, 233. 
 Solon Smyrnceeus, Greek botanist, 377. 
 Solvyns, author of illustr. Hindoo ethnology, 1052. 
 Somadeva, Sanscrit writer, 6S6. 
 Somapi, king of Magadha in Hindustan, 122. 
 Sonchis of Egypt, preceptor of Solon, 227. 
 Sonnerat, Pet., voyager to the East Indies, 1031. 
 Sonnetomo, third cubo of Japan, 719. 
 Sonnini, Chr. Sigis, botanist, 1052. 
 Sopater, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 Sopater, Greek voyager to Ceylon, 572. 
 Sopater of Apamea, Neo-Platonist, 544. 
 Sophilus, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Sophocles, Greek tragic poet, 270. 
 Sophocles the younger, Greek tragic poet, 299. 
 Sophron, Greek mimographer and comic poet, 281 
 Sophronius, Greek ecclesiastical writer, 552. 
 Sophronius the younger, last bishop of Jerusalem, ( 
 Soranus, Greek medical writer, 341. 
 Soranus Ephesius, Greek medical writer, 525. 
 
1132 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Sorbona, Rob., founder of the college Sorbonne, 751. 
 Soris, king of Egypt, 67. 
 Sosares, Assyrian emperor, 145. 
 Sosarmus, Assyrian emperor, 155. 
 Sosibius of Laconia, Greek grammarian, 3S2. 
 Sosicrates of Rhodes, Greek historian, 400. 
 Sosigenes, Greek astronomer, 455. 
 Sosilus, Greek historian, 396. 
 Sosiphanes, Greek tragic poet, 370. 
 . Sosippus, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 Sositheus, Greek tragic poet, 370. 
 Hossius, C, Roman genera], 456. 
 Sostratus of Cnidus, Greek architect, 3S2. 
 Sotades, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 Sotades the younger, Greek dramatic poet, 370. 
 Soter, eleventh bishop of Rome, 529. 
 Sotion, Greek philosopher, 396. 
 Sotion the Peripatetic, Greek writer, 526. 
 Sotion the younger, Greek philosopher, 467. 
 Soui-ko, female dairo of Japan, 591, 600. 
 Soui sei', second dairo of Japan, 235. 
 Sonjef, traveller in Siberia, 7S1, 1031, 1033. 
 Soun-ten-o, king of the Loo-Choo Inlands, 711, 716. 
 Sous, second Proclid king of Sparta, lyi 
 Sousa, Gonzalo de, Portuguese navigator, 847. 
 Sousa, Jao de, author of Vestig. Arab. (Lisbon, 17S9), 
 
 1027. 
 Sou-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 620. 
 Sowerby, James, artist and botanist, 1045. 
 Soyouti, Arab zoologist, 858. 
 Sozomenus, Greek ecclesiastical historian, 565. 
 Sparaethus, Assyrian emperor, 120. 
 Sparmann, And , naturalist in Austral Africa, 1032. 
 Spelman, Henry, English archaeologist, 948. 
 Spenser, Edmund, English poet, 897. 
 Sperlingius, Otho, German botanist, 94S. 
 Speusippus, Greek philosopher, 320, j22. 
 Sphaerus, Assyrian emperor, 117. 
 Spigelius, Adrian, Belgian botanist, 926. 
 Spinosa, Benedict de, 965. 
 
 Spotswood, Alexander, lieut.-gov. of Va., 1004. 
 Sprengel, C, German botanist, 1064. 
 Spurina, I.. Taruntius, Roman mathematician, 446. 
 Squanto, aboriginal American, 939. 
 Sreznefski, Russian historian, 1066. 
 Sri Boja, Hindu king, 702. 
 Sridharasena, Hindu king of Guzerat, 583. 
 Sridharasena II., Hindu king of Ciuerat, 6ot. 
 Sridharasena III., Hindu king of Guzerat, 601. 
 Sri-Pulimana, king at I'aitan, 527. 
 Sse-ma-kouang, Chinese historian, 6S0. 
 Ssc-ma-thsien, Chinese historian, 431. 
 SLickhuusc, Jnhn, cryptogamic botanist, 1027. 
 Stadias, Jo. nines, Portuguese voyager to Brazil, SS7. 
 Standish, Miles, Puritan colonist, 939. 
 Starchii, J. L., Swedish botanist, 939. 
 St a Mini-, of Cyprus, Greek poet, 210. 
 Statins, Roman poet, 49S. 
 Statins Ursulas, Roman rhetor, 477. 
 Staunton, S C, traveller in China, 1047. 
 Stavrovates, emperor of Northern Hindustan, 95. 
 Steele, Richard, English critic, 997. 
 Stcfani, Tommaso de, Italian painter, 7 S3. 
 Stefano, il Fiorentino, Italian painter, 782. 
 Stefanone, Italian painter, 682, 791. 
 Slcmschneider, Jewish bibliographer, 1066. 
 
 Steller, Georg. Gul., nat. in Kamtchatka, 1008, 1017. 
 Steno, or Stenson, Nicolaus, Danish geologist, 965. 
 Stephano, Hieronymo da Santa, voyager to Pegu, 856. 
 Stephanus, Carolus, botanist, 876. 
 Stephanus, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 Stephanus, king of Hungary, 664. 
 Stephanus, Robertus, 897. 
 Stephanus, twenty-first bishop of Rome, 539. 
 Stephanus II , twenty-seventh Roman archbishop, 620. 
 Stephanus III., twenty-eighth Roman archbp., 620-21. 
 Stephanus IV., thirtieth Roman archbishop, 621-22. 
 Stephanus V., thirty-third Roman archbishop, 626. 
 Stephanus VI., forty-sixth Roman archbishop, 643-44. 
 Stephanus VII., forty-ninth Roman archbishop, 645. 
 Stephanus VIII. , sixtieth Roman archbishop, 650. 
 Stephanus IX., sixty-third Roman archbishop, 651. 
 Stephanus X., eighty-ninth Roman archbishop, 678. 
 Stephanus Asolnichius, Armenian chronicler, 663. 
 Stephanus mathematicus, 601. 
 Stephen, first Christian martyr, 477. 
 Stephen, twenty-fourth king of England, 703. 
 Stephens, Henry, French printer and critic, 897. 
 Stephens, Robert, French printer, 872. 
 Stephenson, Marmaduke, Quaker martyr in New 
 
 England, 960. 
 Stephinates, king of Egypt, 221. 
 Sterbeek, Franc, Belgian botanist, 965. 
 Sternberg, Caspar, botanist, 1052. 
 Stesichorus, Greek poet, 231. 
 Stebinibrotus of Thasos, Greek historian, 2S1. 
 Steudel, Ernest, German botanist, 1062. 
 Stevam Affonso, Portuguese navigator, 820. 
 Steven, Christ., botanist, 1058. 
 Stewart, Capt., officer of the first American ship seen 
 
 in Japan, 1049. 
 Sthenelas, Greek tragic poet, 281. » 
 
 Sthenelas, king of Argos, 136. 
 Sthenelas II., king of Argos, 163. 
 Stieff, Io. Ern., botanist, 1027. 
 Stilicho, Roman general, 55S, 560-61. 
 Stillingrlect, Edward, controversial theologian, 965. 
 Stilpo, Greek philosopher, 325. 
 Strabo, < neck geographer, 464. 
 Strabus, Walafridus, theologian, 630. 
 Strabus Fuklensis, disciple of Rabanus Maurus, 629. 
 Strachey, VVm., author of Tra\ aile into Virginia, 929. 
 Strada, Famianus, historian and critic, 94S. 
 Stratocles, Greek orator, 325. 
 Straton, Aristotelian philosopher, 377. 
 Straton, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 Strattis, Greek comic poet, 21)2. 
 Stremonius, first bishop of Arvernis in Gaul, 539. 
 Strobelberger, Io. Stephan., botanist, 921. 
 Stiom, Io., Norwegian botanist, 1027. 
 Sturm, Jac, German botanist, 1051. 
 Stuyvesant, Dutch colonial governor, 957, 959, 963. 
 Suantana, chief of the Hindu colony on Java, 570. 
 Subala, Hindu king, 403 
 Suchi, Hindu king, 644. 
 Suckovv, Ceo. Adol., botanist, 1052. 
 Sucra, Hindu king, 647. 
 Sucriti, Hindu king, 240. 
 Sucshetra, Hindu king, 22S. 
 Sudharma, Hindu king, 438. 
 Sudraka, or Aditya, Hindu king, 532. 
 I Suen-ouang, see Siouan-wang. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 "33 
 
 Sueno II., king of Denmark, 667. 
 
 Suero de Costa, Portuguese navigator, 825. 
 
 Suetonius Paulinus, Roman general in Britain, 483. 
 
 Suetonius Tranquillus, Roman historian, 519. 
 
 Suidas, Greek historian, 655. 
 
 Suinin, see Synin. 
 
 Suinthila, Gothic king of Spain, 600. 
 
 Suj.in Kesari, king of Orissa, 684. 
 
 Sujin, dairo of Japan, 436, 457. 
 
 Suleiman, Oman chief, 612. 
 
 Suliman, fifth Turkish sultan, 800-1. 
 
 Suliman II., twelfth Turkish sultan, 864, 866, 869, 
 
 870-71, SS2, 897. 
 Suliman III., twenty-first Turkish sultan, 982, 989. 
 Sulla, L. Cornelius, Roman dictator, 439, 441, 444. 
 Sullivant, American botanist, 1068. 
 Sulpicius, see Severus. 
 Sultan Aly, Persian medical writer, 782. 
 Sultan Seif, imam of Muscat, 994. 
 Sultan Shujar, governor of Behar, &c, 952. 
 Sumers, George, admiral of Virginia, 928-29. 
 Suphis, king of Egypt, 66. 
 Suphis II., or Cheops, king of Egypt, 67. 
 Suphis III., king of Egypt, 67. 
 Surajah Dowla, Hindu nabob, 1023. 
 Surakawa, dairo of Japan, 680, 682. 
 Susanaga, Hindu king, 267, 270. 
 Susrutas, Hindu medical writer, 612, 690-91. 
 Sutapa, Hindu king, 547. 
 Suter, J. R., botanist, 1053. 
 Sutherland, Jacob, English botanist, 980. 
 Suvarna Kesari, king of Orissa, 702. 
 Suyasas, Hindu king, 391, 395. 
 
 Suyudana, ruler of the Hindu colony on Java, 572, 586. 
 Swartz, Olaus, bot. in the W. Indies, 103S, 1043, io 5^- 
 Sweertius Emanuel, Dutch botanist, 930. 
 Swift, Jonathan, English humorist, 1012. 
 Swithhelm, king of Essex, 607. 
 Sydenham, Thomas, English physician, 965. 
 Sylburg, Frederic, 897. 
 Sylvaticus, Matthaeus, Italian medical writer, 774. 
 
 Sylvester, bishop of Perejaslavl, Russian annalist, 684. 
 
 Sylvester, thirty-first bishop of Rome, 546. 
 
 Sylvester II., or Gerbert, orientalist and seventy- 
 seventh Roman archbishop, 664-65. 
 
 Symeon magister, Greek writer, 655. 
 
 Symeon Sethus, 675. 
 
 Symes, Mich., ambassador to Ava, 1050. 
 
 Symmachus, forty-ninth bishop of Rome, 570-72. 
 
 Symmachus, Q. Aurelius, Roman orator, 552, 555. 
 
 Symon Januensis, see Cordo. 
 
 Symphorianus Campegius of Lyons, botanist, 877. 
 
 Syncellus, Georgius, Greek chronographer, 624. 
 
 Synesius, early Christian ambassador, 559. 
 
 Synin, or Suinin, eleventh dairo of Japan, 457. 
 
 Synmu, or Jinmu, first emperor or dairo of Japan, 235. 
 
 Syphax of Carthage, 395. 
 
 Syrianus, Greek grammarian, 564. 
 
 Syrus, Publius, Roman writer, 446. 
 
 Szkolny, John, Polish navigator, 834. 
 
 Szu-ma-thsian, Chinese writer, 39S. 
 
 Taberncemontanus, Ia. Theo., botanist, 913. 
 
 Tachos, see Teos. 
 
 Tacitus, M. C, thirty-sixth Roman emperor, 542. 
 
 Tacitus, Roman historian, 519. 
 
 Taepah, king in Burmah, 423, 438, 44S. 
 
 Taffi, Andrea, Italian painter, 753. 
 
 Tahan, 125. 
 
 Tai-kang of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 85. 
 
 Tai-keng, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 100-1. 
 
 Tai-kia, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 99. 
 
 Tai-pe, ancestor of the emperors of Japan, 146. 
 
 Tai-soquan, Japanese sculptor, 615. 
 
 Tai-ting, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 150. 
 
 Tai-ting II., of the Youan, Chinese emperor, 776, 779. 
 
 Tai-tsou, Chinese general and emperor, 647. 
 
 Tai-tsou, II., of the later Tcheou, Chinese emp., 653. 
 
 Tai-tsou III., of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 655. 
 
 Tai-tsou IV., of the Ming, Chin, emp., 791-92, 798, 920. 
 
 Tai-tsou, Tartar chief of the Kin, 686, 789. 
 
 Tai-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 600, 601. 
 
 Tai-tsoung II., of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 621. 
 
 Tai-tsoung III , of the Soung, Chinese emp., 657, 663. 
 
 Tai-tsoung, of the Kin, ruler of Northern China, 687. 
 
 Tai-wou, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 102-3. 
 
 Takakura, dairo of Japan, 712, 715. 
 
 Takaudsi, cubo of Japan, 781, 789, 790. 
 
 Takelet or Tiglath, king of Egypt, 191. 
 
 Takelet II., king of Egypt, 192. 
 
 Talvi, historian of Slavonic literature, 1066. 
 
 Tamamar, or Tamoura-maro, Japanese general, 623. 
 
 Tamerlane, see Timur. 
 
 Tame-tomo, founder of a new dynasty on the Loo-Choo 
 
 Islands, 711. 
 Tan, king of Corea, 797-98. 
 Tanaus, Scythian king, SS. 
 Tancheres, king of Egypt, 71. 
 Tangiia, leader of a Polynesian colony, 680. 
 Tantalus, father of Pelops, 1 51. 
 Tao-kouang, three hundred and fifth Chinese Emperor, 
 
 1062, 1066-67. 
 Tapasvvi, Hindu king, 545. 
 Tapomurti, Hindu king, 251. 
 Tapovati, Hindu king, 551. 
 Tarafa, Arab poet, 597. 
 Tarasius, Greek writer, 621. 
 
 Targioni Tozetti, Antonio, Italian botanist, 1066. 
 Targioni-Tozetti, Giov., Italian botanist, 1028. 
 Targioni-Tozetti, Ottav , Italian botanist, 1048. 
 Targitaus, the first Scythian, 116. 
 Tarquinius Priscus, fifth king of Rome, 228, 236. 
 Tarquinius II., Superbus, seventh king of Rome, 244, 
 
 2 ^2. 
 
 Tasesurt, wife of king Siptah, 132. 
 
 Tasman, Abel Jansen, navigator, 953. 
 
 Tasso, Italian poet, 897. 
 
 Tatianus, founder of the sect of Encratites, 531. 
 
 Tatkara-ma, king of Egypt, 76. 
 
 Taulerus, Joannes, theologian, 791. 
 
 Taurus Berytius, Greek philosopher, 526. 
 
 Tchang-kiao, Chinese traveller, 408. 
 
 Tchang-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 503. 
 
 Tchang-tsoung, of the Kin, ruler of Nor. China, 716. 
 
 Tchao-heou, Chinese prince, 212. 
 
 Tchao-hiouan-ti, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 646. 
 
 Tchao-lie-ti, nominal Chinese emperor, 536 
 
 Tchao-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emp., 644-46. 
 
 Tchao-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 178. 
 
 Tcheou-koung, Chinese astronomer, 164. 
 
 Tchhang, king of Corea, 791, 797. 
 
U34 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Tchhe, king of Corea, 721, 723. 
 Tching, of the later Liang, Chinese emperor, 647. 
 Tching-tang, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 98. 
 Tching-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 457. 
 Tching-ti II., of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 547. 
 Tching-ting-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emp., 26S. 
 Tching-tsou, of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 800. 
 Tching-tsoung, of the Youan, Chinese emperor, 762. 
 Tching-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emp , j6i, 164. 
 Tching-wang, of the Thsin, see Chi-hoang-ti. 
 Tchin-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 664. 
 Tchi-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 52S. 
 Tchi-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 6S2. 
 Tchou, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, go. 
 Tchouang-kiang, queen of Ouei, 213. 
 Tchouang-siang-wang, of the Thsin, Chinese emp., 383. 
 Tchouang-tsoung, of the later Thang, Chin, emp., 648. 
 Tchouan-hiu, Chinese emperor, Si. 
 Tchou-liang, of the Kin, ruler of Northern China, 707. 
 Tchoung-chan, king of the Loo-Choo Islands, 79.X. 
 Tchoung-kang, of the Hi.i, Chinese emperor, 85. 
 Tchoung-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 528. 
 Tchoung-ting, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, ill. 
 Tchoung-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emp., 612, 614. 
 Tchoung-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 219. 
 Tchou-pao-kiouan, of the Thsi, Chinese emperor, 570 
 Tchou-pe-tsoung, of the Tchin, Chinese emperor, 586. 
 Tchou-tching, of the later Liang, Chinese emp. 647. 
 Tchou-tchoung-kouei, of the later Tsin, Chinese em- 
 peror, 651. 
 Tchou -young-ki, of the Kin, ruler of Nor. China, 719. 
 Tchou-yu, of the Northern Soung, Chinese emp. 568. 
 Teatumoana, leader of a Polynesian colony, 704. 
 Tecla Haimanout, Abyssinian monk, 747. 
 Tectamus, leader of a Greek migration, 146. 
 Tecum-Umam, fifteenth king of Guatemala, 866. 
 Teesdal, Rob., English botanist, 1052. 
 Teggia, Angi. del, voyager to the Canary Islands, 785. 
 Tcias, ninth and last Gothic king of Italy, 584. 
 Teige, Irish chief, 631. 
 Telah, 123. 
 
 Telchis, third king of Sicyon, 113. 
 Teleclides, Greek comic poet, 2S1. 
 Teleclus, eighth Agid king of Sparta, 207. 
 Telemachus, son of Ulysses, 176. 
 Telephus, Greek grammarian, 526. 
 Telephus, king of Mysia, 170. 
 Teles, Greek philosopher, 370. 
 Telesilla of Argos, Creek poetess, 244. 
 Telesphorus, seventh bishop of Rome, 518. 
 Telestes, eleventh king of Corinth, 204, 211. 
 Telestes, Greek poet, 299. 
 Tememi, Arab medical writer, 655, 658. 
 T (.menus, Heraclid chief, 1S0 
 Temim, founder of an Arab tribe, 525. 
 Temple, William, critic and historian, 965. 
 Teniers, David, the younger, Flemish painter, 965. 
 Tenmu, fortieth dairo of Japan, 610, 613. 
 Tenore, Michel, Italian botanist, 1058. 
 Tent-sii, "thirty-ninth " dairo of Japan, 608, 610, 614. 
 Tcofilo, or Ruggiero, painter in oil, 682. 
 Teos, or Tachos, king of Egypt, 312, 318. 
 TlimIi, 100, 103. 
 
 Tet.traku, New Zealand chief, 1017. 
 Tcrentius, Roman dramatist, 400. 
 Ternstrom, G., botanist in the East Indies, 1019. 
 
 Terpander, Greek poet and musician, 218. 
 
 Tertullianus, Latin Christian writer, 534, 536. 
 
 Tesauro, Filippo, Italian painter, 682 
 
 Tetmes, or Thothmosis, king of Egypt, 108. 
 
 Tetmes II , king of Egypt, 108. 
 
 Tetmes III., king of Eg\pt, ill. 
 
 Tetmes IV., king of Egypt, 118. 
 
 Tetricus, fourth king of the Gauls, 541-42. 
 
 Te-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 623-24. 
 
 Teucer, Greek warrior, 175. 
 
 Teuta, queen of Illyria, 389. 
 
 Teutamus, Assyrian emperor, 165, 174. 
 
 Teutomal, Ligurian chief, 409. 
 
 Thabet, Arab medical writer, 629. 
 
 Thaka, Burmese king, 483. 
 
 Thalassius, bishop, 565. 
 
 Thaleba, the grammarian, 629. 
 
 Thales of Miletus, Greek philos. and astronomer, 231. 
 
 Thaletas, Greek lyric poet, 220. 
 
 Thalius, Io., botanist, 911. 
 
 Thameinparau, Talaing general, 842. 
 
 Thampthis, king of Egypt, 70. 
 
 Thamugdareet, king in Burmah, 519. 
 
 Thamyris, (.'.reek poet, 177. 
 
 Than-chy-houai, first king of the Ainos, 53L 
 
 Than-kiun, founder of the Corean kingdom, 82. 
 
 Thathee, Burmese king, 483. 
 
 Theagenes of Rhegium, Greek writer, 244. 
 
 Thebit ben Corah, Arab astronomer, 761. 
 
 Themison, Greek medical wfiter, 454. 
 
 Themistius, Greek rhetor, 552. 
 
 Themistocles, Greek admiral, 265. 
 
 Theoclus of Messenia, Greek bard, 219. 
 
 Theoclymenus, Dionysian prophet, 1 54. 
 
 Theocritus, Greek pastoral poet, 378. 
 
 Theocritus of Chios, Greek writer, 325. 
 
 Theodahad, fourth Cothic king of Italy, 576. 
 
 Theodectes, Greek tragic poet, 312. 
 
 Theoderic, Gothic king of Italy, 567, s?o, 572, ^74. 
 
 Theoderic, or Theodores, king of the ( loths, 562, 566. 
 
 Theoderic II., king of the Goths. 567-6S. 
 
 Theoderic, second Chr. king of the French, 572, 576. 
 
 Theodocus, Greek medical writer, 6[2. 
 
 Theodora, mother of Michael III., 630. 
 
 Theodora Porphyrogeneta, Byzant. empress, 677-78. 
 
 Theodoretus, ecclesiastical historian, 565. 
 
 Theodoricus Leodiensis, theologian and poet, 6S4. 
 
 Theodorus, Abyssinian king, 800. 
 
 Theodorus, bishop of Heraclea in Thrace, 547. 
 
 Theodorus, eighth Roman archbishop, 60^-5. 
 
 Theodorus II., fiftieth Roman archbishop, 645. 
 
 Theodorus, Greek painter, 3S2. 
 
 Theodorus Gaza, see Gaza. 
 
 Theodorus Lascares, fifty-eighth Byzantine emperor, 
 
 719-21. 
 Theudni'us of Gadara, Greek rhetor, 456. 
 Thcodoius of Mopseusta, ecclesiastical writer, 560. 
 Theodorus 1'tochoprodromus, modern Gr. poet, 704. 
 Theodorus Studita, Cieek theologian, 624. 
 Theodosius, fiftieth Roman emperor, 552, 555, 55S. 
 Theodosius II., second Byzant. emp. 561, 564, 566. 
 Theodosius III., twenty second Byzantine emp., 616. 
 Theodosius acroaseis, Creek writer, <x;o 
 Theodosius of Alexandria, ecclesiastical writer, ^76. 
 Theodosius of Tripoli, Greek mathematician, 433. 
 Theodotus, Greek king of Bactria, 383, 388. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 I '35 
 
 Theodotus II., second Greek king oE Bactria, 388, 391. 
 Theodotus, Greek rhetor, 529. 
 Theodulphus of Orleans, theologian, 624. 
 Theodulus, ecclesiastical writer, 568 
 Theofilus, grammarian at Constantinople, 564. 
 Theognetus, Greek comic poet, 370. 
 Theognis, Greek tragic poet, 281. 
 Theognostus, early Christian writer, 541. 
 Theognostus, Greek writer, 621. 
 Theon of Smyrna, Greek astronomer, 519. 
 Theon the younger, Greek astronomer, 552. 
 Theonas, fifteenth bishop of Alexandria, 543-44. 
 Theophanes, Greek chronographer, 626. 
 Theophanes Byzantius, Greek historian, 586. 
 Theophanes o graptos, Greek writer, 629. 
 Theophanes Nonnus, Greek medical writer, 652. 
 Theophanes of Lesbos, Greek historian, 446. 
 Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea, 533. 
 Theophilus, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 Theophilus, Indian bishop, 549. 
 Theophilus, sixth bishop of Antioch, 532. 
 Theophilus, thirty-second Byzantine emp., 62S-30. 
 Theophilus Corydaleus, scholastic Greek writer, 1012. 
 Theophilus of Alexandria, ecclesiastical writer, 561-62. 
 Theophilus Protospatharius, 601. 
 Theophrastus, Greek botanist, 348, 841. 
 TheophyJactus, bishop of Bulgaria, scholastic Greek 
 
 writer, 684. 
 Theopompus, eighth Proclid king of Sparta, 211, 214. 
 Theopompus, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 Theorianus, theologian, 711. 
 Theotimus, Greek ecclesiastical writer, 552. 
 Theras, regent at Sparta, 186. 
 Therereet, Burmese king, 411, 423. 
 Thersander, Cadmean chief, 168. 
 Theseus, king of Athens, 164, 169. 
 Thespis, founder of Greek tragedy, 244. 
 Thespieus, Athenian archon, 204. 
 Theucles, leader of a Greek colony, 213. 
 Theudibald, sec. Chr. king of the French, 583, 584. 
 Theudibert, first Chr. king of the French, 579, 583. 
 Thevenot, traveller in Persia, 965. 
 Thian-ming, founder of the Tai-thsing or Mantchou 
 
 dynasty, 934, 942. 
 Thian-tsoung, ruler of Northern China, 943. 
 Thomas, John, aboriginal American, 100S. 
 Thomas, Syrian bishop, 599. 
 Thomas Aquinas, scholastic theologian, 753. 
 Thomas Argentinensis, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 Thomas Cantipratensis, encyclopaedic writer, 722. 
 Thomas Magister, scholastic Greek writer, 765. 
 Thomas Valdensis, scholastic theologian, 799. 
 Thompson, John V., English botanist, 1052. 
 Thomson, James, English poet, 1012. 
 Thorfinn Karlsefni, Scandinavian navigator, 666. 
 Thorwald, Scandinavian navigator, 664. 
 Thot, or Thoth, inventor of writing, 13, 62. 
 Thou, James Auguste, historian, 921. 
 Thou-fou, Chinese poet, 619 
 Thouin, Andr., French botanist, 1052. 
 Thou-yeou, Chinese archaeologist, 620 
 Thrasyas of Mantinea, Greek herbalist, 291. 
 Thrasybulus, Greek general and statesman, 298. 
 Thrasybulus of Colyttus, Greek orator, 299. 
 Thrasyllus, Greek writer, 467. 
 Threlkeld, Caleb, botanist in Ireland, 1008. 
 
 Thsan-liei-phao-pi-sie-kan-phou-tche, king of Cambo- 
 dia, 796. 
 
 Thsan-liei pho-pi-ya, king of Cambodia, 801. 
 
 Thsan-liei-tchao-phing-ya, king of Cambodia, 801, 810. 
 
 Thsantha-kan-wou-tche-the-tha-tchi, king of Cambo- 
 dia, 795. 
 
 Thsao-thsao, founder of a Chinese dynasty, 532. 
 
 Thucydides, Greek historian, 285. 
 
 Thuillier, I. L , French botanist, 1045. 
 
 Thunberg, botanist in Japan, 603, 1030, 1035. 
 
 Thuoris, see Pehor Siamun. 
 
 Thurneysser, Leon, German botanist, 902. 
 
 Thurstan, archbishop of York. 676. 
 
 Thycstes, king of Argos, 165. 
 
 Thyillus, Greek poet, 442* 
 
 Thymoetes, king of Athens, 185. 
 
 Tiaduk, see Theodocus. 
 
 Tiberius, second Roman emperor, 463, 468, 471, 478. 
 
 Tiberius Constantinus, eleventh Bazantine emp., 5S9. 
 
 Tibullus, Roman poet, 457. 
 
 Tiburtus, son of Amphiarius, 174. 
 
 Tichonius, Latin ecclesiastical writer, 552. 
 
 Tiglath, see Takelet. 
 
 Tiglath-pileser, Assyrian emperor, 213. 
 
 Tigranes, king of Armenia and Syria, 442, 446. 
 
 Ti-hien, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 755. 
 
 Tii, wife of Amenhotep III., 119, 120. 
 
 Ti-kou, Chinese emperor, 82. 
 
 Tilden, botanist at Hudson Bay, 1009. 
 
 Til-lands, Elias, Swedish botanist, 972. 
 
 Tilli, Michael Angel., Italian botanist, 1007. 
 
 Tillotson, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 965. 
 
 Timaeus, Greek historian, 370. 
 
 Timaeus, seventeenth bishop of Antioch, 542, 543. 
 
 Timagenes, Greek historian, 456. 
 
 Timagenes of Alexandria, Greek rhetor, 456. 
 
 Timar Bogha, Alemluk sultan of Egypt, 831. 
 
 Timaus, king of Egypt, 91, 94. 
 
 Timkofsky, Russian traveller, 1052. 
 
 Timm, Joach. Chr., German botanist, 1043, 1049. 
 
 Timocharis of Alexandria, Greek astronomer, 372, 377. 
 
 Timocles, Greek comic poet, 325. 
 
 Timocreon of Rhodes, Greek poet, 255. 
 
 Timoleon, king of Syracuse, 321, 322. 
 
 Timon, Greek philosopher, 370. 
 
 Timosthenes, Greek writer, 382. 
 
 Timotheus, bishop of Alexandria, 554. 
 
 Timotheus, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Timotheus of Gaza, Greek grammarian, 568. 
 
 Timotheus of Miletus, Greek poet, 293. 
 
 Timur, or Tamerlane, Tartar chief, 796, 798, 801. 
 
 Ting-wang, Chinese emperor, 230. 
 
 Tintoretto, Italian painter, 897. 
 
 Tiphernas, Gregoras, of Umbria, 834. 
 
 Ti-ping, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 756. 
 
 Tippo Saib, ruler in Hindustan, 1043. 
 
 Tirhakah, king of Egypt, 217, 221. 
 
 Tiro, Tullius, Roman writer, 457. 
 
 Tiryns, founder of the city of Tiryns, 121. 
 
 Tisamenus, Cadmean chief, 16S, 179. 
 
 Tisamenus, king of Argos, 179. 
 
 Tisio, Benvenuto, called Garofalo, Italian painter, 858. 
 
 Tissa, or Vyewahara-tissa, king of Ceylon, 534, 536. 
 
 Tita, Anton., botanist, 997. 
 
 Titian of Venice, Italian painter, 858. 
 
 Titus, bishop of Bostra, 551. 
 
1 1 36 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Titus, Roman emperor, 499, 515-16. 
 
 Ti-y, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 150. 
 
 Ti-y II , of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 552. 
 
 Ti-youan, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 476. 
 
 Tizoc, seventh Mexican emperor, 842. 
 
 Tlas, king of Egypt, 65 
 
 To-ba, daiio of Japan, 6S4, 6>S. 
 
 Toba II., or Go-Toba, dairo of Japan, 715-16, 718. 
 
 Toghlak, Abubekr, eighteenth sultan of Delhi, 797. 
 
 Toghlak, Firuz, sixteenth sultan of Delhi, 789, 796. 
 
 Toghlak, Gheias-u-din, fourteenth sultan of Delhi, 
 
 775. 773. 
 Toghlak, II., Gheias-u-din seventeenth suit, of Delhi, 
 
 796-97. 
 Toghlak, Mahmud, twenty.first and last sultan of 
 
 Delhi, 79S. 
 Toghlak, Mohammed, fifteenth sultan of Delhi, 778, 
 
 787, 7S9. 
 Toghlak, \asir-u-din, nineteenth suit. of Delhi, 797-98. 
 Toghral Beg, chief of the Seljuk Tartars, 676. 
 Toledo, Francisco de, viceroy in Peru, 900. 
 Tomau-B.iv, Memluk sultan of Egypt, S58 
 Toman-Bay II., last sultan of Egypt, S62. 
 Tonapa, apostle of the Peruvians 580. 
 T00I0011, governor of Egypt, 640-41, 646. 
 Toorandokht, Sassanid queen of Persia, 600. 
 Topiltzin, eighth Toltec king of Mexico, 672. 
 Toren, Olaus, traveller in Hindustan, 1021, 1025. 
 Torismond, or Thorismus, king of the Goths, 566-67. 
 Torres, Bernado de, navigator, 884, 925. 
 Tosertasis, king of Egypt, 66. 
 Totepeub, fourth Toltec king of Mexico, 627. 
 Totilas, eighth Gothic king of Italy, 580, 583, 584. 
 Touan-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 755. 
 Tournefort, J. P., botanist and traveller in Greece, 
 
 995-96, 998, iooi. 
 Tou-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 751. 
 Townsend, American botanist, 1067. 
 Tozetti, see Targioni. 
 Tradescant, botanist in N. America, 959. 
 Tragus, Hieronymus, botanist, 870, 878. 
 Trajanus, thirteenth Roman emperor, 518-20, 525. 
 Tranggana, sultan of Java, 855. 
 Trattenik, Leop. von, botanist, 1049, 1055. 
 Trelawney, Edward, British colonial governor, 1015. 
 Treveris, English botanist 868. 
 Treviranus, E. C., botanist, 1052. 
 Trevise, Bernard de, 831. 
 Trevv, C. J., botanist, 1020 
 
 Tribolcs, Iacobus, modern Greek versifier, 858. 
 Tribonianus, jurist, 576 
 Trinius, C. Bernhard, botanist, 1063. 
 Triopas, seventh king of Argos, 127. 
 Triphyllius, bishop in Cyprus, 547. 
 Triptolemus, 148. 
 Trissino of Vicenza, poet, 872. 
 Tristan da Cunha, Portuguese navigator, 860. 
 Trithemius, Joannes, biographer, S58. 
 Tiilrcsla, see Aji Saka. 
 
 Triumfettus, Io. Bapt , Italian botanist, 981. 
 Troilus, Greek rhetor, 560. 
 Trondad, French navigator, 1002. 
 
 Trophimus, first bishop of Aretalensibus in Gaul, 539. 
 Tros, father of Ilus, 150. 
 Truber, Vindish writer, 897. 
 Truxton, Thomas, American admiral, 1051. 
 
 Tryon, British colonial governor, 1029. 
 
 Tryphon, disciple of Origen, 537. 
 
 Tsao-fang, king of Wei in China, 538. 
 
 Tsatsi-mikaddo, dairo of Japan, 718-19. 
 
 Tsinajos, cubo and emperor of Japan, 976. 
 
 Tsiou, P. Jacques, first Christian priest in Corea, 1048. 
 
 Tsou-keng, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 137. 
 
 Tsou-kia, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 137, 146. 
 
 Tsoung-te, of the Tai-thsing, Chinese emp., 949, 956. 
 
 Tsou-pa-wang, usurping Chinese emperor, 394. 
 
 Tsou-sin, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 116. 
 
 Tsou-ting, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 119. 
 
 Tsou-v, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 114. 
 
 Tuaa, grandmother of Amunhotep IV., 119. 
 
 Tubal-cain, son of Lamech, 3. 
 
 Tubero Aelius, Roman historian, 446. 
 
 Tucca, Plotius, Roman editor, 457. 
 
 Tuckerman, Edward, American botanist, 970. 
 
 Tudor, Frederic, founder of the ice traffic, 1066. 
 
 Tulakutchi, see Calasoka. 
 
 Tupac, Savri, inca of Peru, S71. 
 
 Tupac Amaru, last inca of Peru, S94. 
 
 Tupac Vupauqui, eleventh inca of Peru, 327, 668, 815, 
 
 824-25, 834. 
 Turan Schah, Ayoubite sultan of Egypt, 741. 
 Tuns, king of Egypt, 66. 
 Furlough, Irish chief, 631. 
 Turnebus, Adrian critic, 872. 
 Turner, Dawson, cryptogamic botanist, 1053. 
 Turner, William, English botanist, 886. 
 Turpilius, Roman painter, 477. 
 Turpilius, Sextus, Roman dramatic poet, 407. 
 Turpin, J., French artist and botanist, 1056-57. 
 Turra, Anton., Italian botanist, 1037. 
 Turre, Georg a, Italian botanist, 961. 
 Turvasa, Hindu king, 99. 
 Tuscianus, Greek rhetor, 547. 
 
 Tussac, F. R. de, botanist in the West Indies, 1057. 
 Tuticanus, Roman writer, 467. 
 Tycho Brahe, astronomer, 905. 
 Tydeus, Greek warrior, 164. 
 Tyler, Watt, 795. 
 Tvnnichus, Creek poet, 150. 
 Tyrannion, Greek grammarian, 446. 
 Tyrannion the younger, Greek grammarian, 456. 
 Tyrannus, nineteenth bishop of Antioch, ^45. 
 Tyro, daughter of Salmoneus, 150. 
 Tyrtaeus, Greek elegiac poet, 219. 
 Tzathus, king of the Lazi in Persia, 57-5. 
 Tzetzes, John, scholastic Greek writer, 703. 
 
 Uapiires, see Hophra. 
 
 Ubhatta of Cashmere, medical writer, 691. 
 
 Uda, dairo of Japan, 644-45. 
 
 Udalric, earliest canonized saint, 663. 
 
 Udalricus Argentinensis, scholastic theologian, 752. 
 
 Uclayibhadra, Hindu king, 251, 254. 
 
 Uggasenah-Nandeya, Hindu king, 29S. 
 
 Uguitio, or Hugo of Pisa, lexicographer, 71S. 
 
 Ukemochi-no-kami, introduced agriculture into Japan, 
 
 146. 
 Ulfilas, bishop among the Goths, 553. 
 Ulloa, Francisco de, Spanish navigator, 880. 
 Ulloa, Ceorji. J. and Anton., naturalists in Peru and 
 
 Chili, 1020. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 "37 
 
 Ulpianus, Domitius, Roman jurist, 536. 
 
 Ulstan, bishop of Worcester, 681. 
 
 Ulugh Beg, astronomer and suit, of Samarcand, 815. 
 
 Ulysses, son of Laertes, 174, 176. 
 
 Umapatidharas, Sanscrit poet, 711. 
 
 Una, Egyptian priest, 75. 
 
 Unger, German botanist, 88. 
 
 Ung-kan, or Prestor Johan, Tartar chief, 716. 
 
 Upadeva, Hindu king, 539. 
 
 Upatissa, king of Ceylon, 552, 561. 
 
 Urbanus, fifteenth bishop of Rome, 536. 
 
 Urbanus II., third pope, 6S2-84. 
 
 Urbanus III., sixteenth pope, 715-16. 
 
 Urbanus IV., twenty-sixth pope, 751. 
 
 Urbanus V., forty-fourth pope, 791. 
 
 Urbanus VI., forty-sixth pope, 795, 797. 
 
 Urbevetanus, Bartholem., botanist, 8S5. 
 
 Uri, son of Hur, 131. 
 
 Ursacius, bishop in Spain, 555. 
 
 Ursinus, opposing bishop of Rome, 552. 
 
 Uru, Hindu king, 623. 
 
 Urzedowa, Marcus, Polish botanist, 918. 
 
 Usana, or Ushana, Sanscrit poet, 420. 
 
 Userkan, see Osorkon. 
 
 Useserkef, or Usercheres, king of Egypt, 70. 
 
 Usher, James, chronographer and critic, 948. 
 
 Usteri, Paul, German botanist, 1047, I0 49- 
 
 Usuardus the monk, author of a Martyrology, 624. 
 
 Utkarsha, king of Cashmere, 686. 
 
 Uttungadewa, king of Java, 762. 
 
 Uzzi, Jewish high-priest, 164. 
 
 Uzziah, or Azariah, king of Judah, 203, 212. 
 
 Vabalathus, colleague of Queen Zenobia, 541. 
 
 Vahl, Martin, botanist, 1036, 1042, 1046, 1049, 1055. 
 
 Vahram, Armenian historian, 752. 
 
 Vaillant, Sebast., French botanist, 1003, 1006. 
 
 Valarsace, king of Armenia, 401. 
 
 Valens, colleague of Valentinianus, 552-53. 
 
 Valentinianus, forty-seventh Roman emperor, 552-53. 
 
 Valentinianus II. ,forty-nintfT Roman emperor, 554—55. 
 
 Valentinianus III., Roman emp. of the West, 564, 567. 
 
 Valentinus, gnostic Christian, 527. 
 
 Valentinus, thirty-sixth Roman archbishop, 628. 
 
 Valentyn, Franz, naturalist in the East Indies, 1007. 
 
 Valerianus, thirty-second Roman emperor, 539-40. 
 
 Valerius Maximus, Roman historian, 472. 
 
 Valla, Laurentius, 814. 
 
 Valla Placentinus, Georgius, botanist, 831. 
 
 Valle, F., Italian botanist, 1013. 
 
 Valle, Robertus de, botanist, 858. 
 
 Vallet, Pet., French botanist, 928. 
 
 Vallot, Antonius, botanist, 948. 
 
 Valmiki, Sanscrit poet, 592, 616. 
 
 Vana-raja, king of Guzerat, 619. 
 
 Van Braam, traveller in China, 104S. 
 
 Vancouver, British navigator, 1046, 1048. 
 
 Vandelli, Dom., botanist in Brazil, 1031. 
 
 Vanderdonck, Adrian, writer on New Netherland,957. 
 
 Vandyck, Anthony, portrait painter, 948. 
 
 Van Eyck, Hubert and John, Flemish painters, 799. 
 
 Van Ghistele, Josse, traveller, 688, 843 
 
 Van Noort, Oliver, Dutch navigator, 921. 
 
 Van Vleck, American botanist, 1060. 
 
 Varaha Mihira, Hindu astronomer, 571, 681, 6S4. 
 
 Vararam, fourth Sasanid king of Persia, 542. 
 
 Vararam II., Sasanid king of Persia, 542, 544. 
 
 Vararam III., Sasanid king of Persia, 544. 
 
 Vararam IV., eleventh Sasanid king of Persia, 555, 559. 
 
 Vararam V., Sasanid king of Persia, 564, 566. 
 
 Varela, Andia y, Spanish navigator, 1034. 
 
 Vargaraya, Hindustanee poet and historian, 717. 
 
 Vargas, Alphonsus, scholastic theologian, 782. 
 
 Varin, scientific experimenter, 972. 
 
 Varius Rufus, Roman poet, 457. 
 
 Varro, Roman historian and agricultural writer, 456. 
 
 Varro Atacinus, Roman poet, 446. 
 
 Vartan, Armenian historian, 753. 
 
 Varthema, Ludovico, Italian voyager to the Malayan 
 
 archipelago, 860-1. 
 Varus, Ouintilius, Roman governor, 469-70. 
 Varus of Perga, Greek rhetor, 526. 
 Vasishtha, and other Sanscrit poets, 592, 616. 
 Vatablus, Franciscus, professor of Hebrew, 870. 
 Vater, A., German botanist, 1012. 
 Vattagamani, king of Ceylon, 441. 
 Vauquelin, French chemist, 1050. 
 Vaux, \V. S. W., historian, 1066. 
 Vayer, Mothe le, of Paris, critic, 965. 
 Vaz, Tristan, Portuguese navigator, 803. 
 Veccus, Joannes, patriarch of Constantinople, 755, 757. 
 Vega, Lopez de, Spanish dramatist, 921. 
 Velasquez, Diego, Spanish colonizer on Cuba, 861. 
 Velasquez, Diego, Spanish painter, 948. 
 Velez, botanist, 1025. 
 Vellia, P. Dionys., Italian botanist, 948. 
 Velloso de Miranda, Brazilian botanist, 1065. 
 Venantius Fortunatus, ecclesiastical writer, 586. 
 Venegas, Miguel, traveller in California, 1023. 
 Ventenat, E. P., French botanist, 1052-54. 
 Verbiest, Jesuit missionary in China, 964. 
 Vernet, Horace, French painter, 1066. 
 Vernon, British admiral, 1017. 
 Vernon, William, English botanist, 961. 
 Veronese, Paul, Italian painter, 897. 
 Verrazanus, Janus, Italian navigator, 866. 
 Verrier, Jean le, traveller in the Canary Islands, 800. 
 Vertot of Normandy, historian, 997. 
 Verus, Lucius, colleague of Aurelius Antoninus, 529. 
 Vesalius of Brussels, anatomist, 872. 
 Vesling, botanist in Egypt, 936. 
 Vespasianus, Roman emperor, 479, 498, 515. 
 Vichilra, Hindu king, 567. 
 Vichitrasena, Hindu king, 565. 
 Vicrama, Hindu king, see Raja Boja. 
 Vicramaditya, Hindu king, 453. 
 Victor, Aurelius, Roman historian, 549. 
 Victor, thirteenth bishop of Rome, 532, 534. 
 Victor II., eighty-eighth Roman archbishop, 677-78. 
 Victor III., second pope, 682. 
 
 Victor Emmanuel, first king of United Italy, 1072. 
 Victor Vitensis, ecclesiastical writer, 56S. 
 Victor Tununensis, chronog. and eccles. writer, 586. 
 Victoria, Franciscus, scholastic theologian, 85S. 
 Victorinus, Roman rhetor, 548. 
 Victorinus, second king of the Gauls, 541. 
 Victorius Aquitanus, inventor of the Paschal cycle, 56S. 
 Vida of Cremona, poet, 872. 
 
 Vigilantius of Barcelona, early Christian reformer, 561. 
 Vigilius, fifty-seventh bishop of Rome, 577, 583-84. 
 Vigraha, Hindu king of Delhi, 711. 
 
 r 43 
 
n 3 8 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Villalobos, Ruy Lopez de, Spanish navigator, 884. 
 Villars, D., French botanist, 1042. 
 Yillehardouin, Geoffrey de, historian, 719. 
 Yincentius Bellovacensis, encyclopedic writer, 741. 
 Vincentius Lirinensis, ecclesiastical writer, 565. 
 Vinci, Leonardo da, Italian painter and physicist, 
 
 858. 
 Viracocha, or Ripac, eighth inca of Peru, 760, 783. 
 Virgil, Polydor, historian, S72. 
 Virgil, Roman poet, 458. 
 Virginia, daughter of the Roman centurion L. Vir- 
 
 ginius, 270. 
 Viriathus, chief of the Numantians, 403. 
 Viridomar, leader of the Gauls, 390. 
 Visal, Hindu king of Ajmir, 676. 
 Viswamitra, Hindu king, 1 12. 
 Viswamitra, Hindu poet, 420, 6r6. 
 Vitalianus, eleventh Rinnan archbishop, 607, 609-10. 
 Vitalianus, Gothic invader of Constantinople, 572-73. 
 Vitalis de Furno, medical writer and cardinal, 773. 
 Vitellius, eighth Roman emperor, 478, 499. 
 Vitello, writer on Optics, 645. 
 Vitred, king of Kent, 613. 
 
 Vitruvius, Roman writer on Architecture, 457. 
 Vives of Valentia, critic, 872. 
 Viviani, Domin., botanist in North Africa, 1063. 
 Vladimir, V. Monomach, Russian writer, 6S4. 
 Vladimir the Great, first Christian king of Russia, 663. 
 Vlaming, Willem de, Dutch navigator, 992. 
 Vochenberg, Io. Tollat von, botanist, 831, S56. 
 Voight, Fr. Sigism, botanist, 1052. 
 Voiture, Vincent, French poet, 94S. 
 Volckamer, botanist, 990. 
 Volkof, author of a Tartar dictionary, 1052. 
 Vologesus, king of the Parthians, 529. 
 Volta of Pavia, physicist, 1046. 
 Volusianus, colleague of the emperor Trebonianus 
 
 Gallus, 539. 
 Von Frankenau, Georg Frank, botanist, 971. 
 Von Wisin, Russian dramatist, 1027. 
 Vopiscus, Roman historian, 544. 
 Vorstius, Adolph,, Dutch botanist, 948. 
 Vortigern, king of South Britain, 566. 
 Vossius, Gerard John, critic, 948. 
 Vrichasena, Hindu king, 424. 
 Vries, M. G., Dutch navigator, 953. 
 Vrihaspati, Hindu king, 401, 424. 
 Vrishaparvan, Hindu king, 9S. 
 Vyasa, or Beyauss, collector of the Vedas, 419. 
 Vytullya, Braminical writer, ^34. 
 
 Wachendorf, Ev. Ivc, botanist, 1012, 1025. 
 Wahlenberg, Georg., botanist in Lapland, 1052, 1054, 
 
 1058, 1060. 
 Wai-jen, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 112. 
 Walafridus, Strabo, 630. 
 Walakan-abha, king of Ceylon, 433. 
 Walckendorf, col. of documents on Greenland, S62. 
 Waldstein, Fr., botanist, 1053. 
 Waldus of Lyons, founder of the Waldenscs, 709. 
 Walid, sixth Ommiad khalif, 6(4-16. 
 Walid If., eleventh Ommiad khalif, 619. 
 Waller, Edmund, English poet, 965. 
 Wallia, or Vallia, king of the Goths, 562. 
 Wallich, Nathaniel, botanist at Calcutta, 1061. 
 
 Wallis, British navigator, 1028. 
 
 Wallis, John, mathematician, 965. 
 
 Walter, Thorn., N. American botanist, 1039. 
 
 Walter of Coventry, historian, 718. 
 
 Walther, A. F., German botanist, 1014. 
 
 "Wamba, king in Spain, 612. 
 
 Wang-'an-chi, Chinese philosopher, 6S0. 
 
 Wangenheim, Fr. Adol., botanist in N. Amer., 1036. 
 
 Wang-mang, usurping Chinese emp., 468, 470-71, 475. 
 
 Wang-tching, see Chi-hoang-ti. 
 
 Warka, translator of Hebrew into Arabic, 598. 
 
 Washington, George, American general and president, 
 
 1022, 1035, io 37-3 s . io 43. io 47, 1050-51. 
 Waterhouse, Benjamin, introducer of vaccination into 
 
 America, 1051. 
 Wathek, ninth Abbassid khalif, 630-31. 
 Wathil, fifth Cahtan ruler of Yemen, 227. 
 Watson, H. C, English botanist, 1069. 
 Watson, William, English botanist, 1027. 
 Watu Gunung, gov. of a Hindu colony on Java, 546. 
 Webb, Rev. John, English archaeologist, 948, 1052. 
 Wedel, Io. Wolfg., botanist, 1012. 
 Wedemeyer, botanist, 1054. 
 Weigel, C. E., botanist, 1027. 
 
 Wei-lie-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emp., 2S5, 2SS. 
 Wei-man, founder of the Yan dynasty in Corea, 390. 
 Weinmann, Io. Gnl., botanist, 1012. 
 Weis, F. G , botanist, 1027. 
 Wemala, king of Pegu in Burmah, 591. 
 Wernischek, lac, botanist, 1027. 
 Wenceslaus, twenty-second emperor of Germany and 
 
 Italy, 795. 
 Wendland, Joh. Christ., German botanist, 1051. 
 Wendt, W. German navigator, 1066. 
 Wcn-ti, king of Wei in China, 536. 
 Wen-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 398, 400. 
 
 Wen-ti II., of the Northern Soung, Chinese emp., 564. 
 
 Wen-ti III., of the Soui, Chinese emperor, 5S9. 
 
 Wen-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 62S. 
 
 Wen-tsoung II , of the Youan, Chinese emperor, 779. 
 
 Wen-wang, founder of the Tcheou dynasty, 154, 156. 
 
 Wernerus, chronographer, 843. 
 
 Wernerus, Tmerius, jurist, 707. 
 
 Wesselus, John, of ( inmingen, 831. 
 
 Weymouth, George, British navigator, 923. 
 
 Whallev, English regicide, 960. 
 
 Wheeler, George, traveller in Greece, 978. 
 
 White, John, leader of an English colony, 913. 
 
 White, Peregrine, first white child born in X. Eng.,939. 
 
 Whitefield, George, preacher in North America, 1017. 
 
 Wickramabahoo, king of Ceylon, 657, 664. 
 
 Wiclef, translator of the Bible, 791, 795, 802. 
 
 Wigandus, Joannes, German botanist, 914. 
 
 Wiggers, F. H , German botanist, 1027. 
 
 Wijaya, king of Ceylon, 53S. 
 
 Wilcke, S G , botanist, 1027. 
 
 Wilde, archaeologist, 1070. 
 
 Wilkie, D., Scotch painter, 1052. 
 
 Wilkinson, J. Gardner, archaeologist in Egypt, 1066. 
 
 Willdenow, botanist, 1049, 1051-52, 1054-55, 1057. 
 
 Willebahl, 618. 
 
 Willemet, P. R., 'botanist, 1043. 
 
 William, king of Scotland, 715. 
 
 William of Malmsbury, historian, 703. 
 
 William of Newburgh, historian, 71S. 
 
 William of Normandy, king of England, 679. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 1 1 39 
 
 William II., Rufus, twenty second king of England, 
 
 682. 
 William III., British king, 985, 986, 991, 997. 
 William of Piacenza, medical writer, 752. 
 William of Spires, mathematician, 680. 
 Williams, George, English writer, 1066. 
 Williams, Roger, clergyman in New England, 948-49, 
 
 953. 956- 
 Willich, C. L., botanist, 1027. 
 Willoughby, Hugh, English navigator, 888, 965. 
 Wilson, John, English botanist, 1018. 
 Wilson, missionary among the Polynesians, 1050. 
 Wimpheling, Jacob, 831. 
 Winckler, Emil, German botanist, 1070. 
 Wingfield, Edward Maria, first governor of Va., 926. 
 Winslow, Edward, early writer on New England, 942. 
 Winthrop, John, governor of Connecticut, 965. 
 Winthrop, John, second gov. of Mass., 943, 946. 
 Wipacher, David, botanist, 997. 
 Withering, William, English botanist, 1036. 
 Witholt, duke of Lithuania, 802. 
 Witichindus Corbeiensis, theologian, 650. 
 Witiges, fifth Gothic king of Italy, 576-77, 580. 
 Wolfe, British general in N. America, 1023. 
 Wolfius, H., hellenist, 897. 
 Wolph, Casp., botanist, 897. 
 
 Wo-nin, a Chinese who introd. writing into Japan, 543. 
 Wood, William, early resident in New Eng., 943-44. 
 Woods, Jos., English botanist, 1052. 
 Woodville, William, English botanist, 1027. 
 Woodward, T. J., cryptogamic botanist, 1047. 
 Wormskiold, botanist, 1052. 
 Wotan, a Toltec leader, 583. 
 Wou, king of Corea, 652. 
 
 Wou-heou, usurping Chinese empress, 612, 614. 
 Wou-kia, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 118. 
 Wou-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 403. 
 Wou-ti II., of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 540, 544. 
 Wou-ti III., of the Nor. Soung, Chinese emperor, 564. 
 Wou-ti IV., of the Thsi, Chinese emperor, 569. 
 Wou-ti V., of the Liang, Chinese emp., 571, 575, 581. 
 Wou-ti VI., of the Tchin, Chinese emperor, 584. 
 Wou-ti VII., of the Soul, Chinese emperor, 597. 
 Wou-ting, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 100. 
 Wou-ting II., of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 127. 
 Wou-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 630. 
 Wou-tsoung II., of the Ming, Chinese emperor, 860. 
 Wou-tsoung, of the Youan, Chinese emperor, 767. 
 Wou-wang, of the Cheou, Chinese emperor, 156, 159. 
 Wou-y, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 150. 
 Wren, Christopher, English architect, 965, 973. 
 Wright, Thomas, English archaeologist, 1066. 
 Wulflf, I. C, German botanist, 1026. 
 Wulffen, F. X., botanist on the Carinthian Alps, 1027. 
 Wulfstan, northern navigator, 643. 
 Wycliffe, John de, see Wiclef. 
 Wyeth, N., botanist, 1066. 
 
 Xanthippus, Spartan gen. of the Carthaginians, 3S3. 
 
 Xanthus, Greek historian and geologist, 269. 
 
 Xanthus, Greek lyric poet, 227. 
 
 Xanthus, leader of a Greek colony, 128. 
 
 Xavier, Francois, Jesuit missionary in Japan, 887-88. 
 
 Xenarchus, Greek mimographer, 299. 
 
 Xenarchus the younger, Greek comic poet, 312. 
 
 Xenocfes, Greek tragic poet, 281. 
 Xenocrates, Greek medical writer, 322, 503. 
 Xenocrates, Greek philosopher, 340. 
 Xenomedes of Chios, Greek historian, 268. 
 Xenophanes, Greek philosopher, 250. 
 Xenophanes of Adramyttium, Greek rhetor, 434. 
 Xenophon, Greek comic poet, 299. 
 Xenophon, Greek historian, 285, 299. 
 Xerxes, or Baleus, Assyrian emperor, 100. 
 Xerxes, Persian emperor, 259, 268. 
 Xerxes II., Persian emperor, 285. 
 Xiphilinus, scholastic Greek writer, 711. 
 Xisuthrus, king of Babylon, 83. 
 Xiuhtlato, Toltec agriculturist, 741. 
 Xiutzatlzin, Toltec queen of Mexico, 658. 
 Xystus, see Sixtus. 
 
 Yacer-Younin, Cahtan ruler of Yemen, 468. 
 
 Yacob, Abyssinian king, 923. 
 
 Yadu, Hindu prince, 99. 
 
 Yahuarhuacac, seventh inca of Peru, 740, 760. 
 
 Yakoob, king of Persia, 842. 
 
 Yakut, Arab geographer, 651. 
 
 Vania, Hindu legislator, 532. 
 
 Yang-kia, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 122. 
 
 Yang-ti, of the Soui, Chinese emperor, 597, 599. 
 
 Yao, Chinese emperor, 82. 
 
 Yao, king of Corea, 797. 
 
 Yarob, Cahtan ruler of Yemen, 212. 
 
 Yasovarman, Hindu king, 616. 
 
 Yayati, Hindu king, 99. 
 
 Yayati kesari, king of Orissa, 569. 
 
 Yeardly, Sir George, fourth gov. of Va., 933, 935. 
 
 Yei-so, king of the Loo-Choo Islands, 741. 
 
 Ye-lou-thsou-tsai, Chinese astronomer, 723. 
 
 Yeou-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 207, 209. 
 
 Yesdejerd, Sasanid king of Persia, 559, 564. 
 
 Yesdejerd II., Sasanid king of Persia, 566, 56S. 
 
 Yesdejerd III., 601, 602. 
 
 Yeshuyabus Adiebenus, Nestorian Christian, 605. 
 
 Yezid, second Ommiad khalif, 612. 
 
 Yezid II., ninth Ommiad khalif, 616, 618. 
 
 Yezid III., twelfth Ommiad khalif, 619. 
 
 Y-hang, Chinese astronomer and geographer, 616. 
 
 Ying-yagg-wang, of the Northern Soung, Chinese 
 
 emperor, 564. 
 Y-kong, king of Ouei, 225. 
 Ynal, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 823, 825. 
 Yng-tsoung, of the Soung, Chinese emperor, 678. 
 Yng-tsoung II., of the Youan, Chinese emperor, 774. 
 Yng-tsoung III., of the Ming, Chi. emp., 814, 822-23. 
 Yn-ti, of the later Han, Chinese emperor, 652. 
 Yoonas, Arab grammarian, 621. 
 Yori-tomo, first cubo, or military governor of Japan, 
 
 708, 715-16, 718. 
 Yoshi-masa, 818. 
 
 Yosi-tsoune, brother of Yori-tomo, 716. 
 Youan-ti, of the Han, Chinese emperor, 455. 
 Youan-ti II., of the Wei, Chinese emperor, 540. 
 Youan-ti III., of the Tcin, Chinese emperor, 546. 
 Youan-ti IV., of the Liang, Chinese emperor, 584. 
 Youan- Wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 266. 
 You-mei, thirty second dairo of Japan, 590. 
 Young, Edward, English poet, 1012. 
 Young-ki, of the Chang, Chinese emperor, 102. 
 
1 140 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS. 
 
 Young-tching, three hundred and second (fhinese 
 
 emperor, 1006-7. 
 You-riak, twenty-second dairo of Japan, 568-69. 
 Ypsilanti, Alexander, Greek revolutionist, 1062. 
 Y-tsoung, of the Thang, Chinese emperor, 634. 
 Yu, of the Hia, Chinese emperor, 83. 
 Yukino Murazi, Corean traveller, 607. 
 Yupanqui, tenth inca of Peru, 798-99, 801, SlI, 815. 
 Y-wang, of the Tcheou, Chinese emperor, 191. 
 
 Za-Adgaba, Abyssinian king, 483, 499. 
 
 Za-Agba, Abyssinian king, 499. 
 
 Za-Awtet, Abyssinian king, 519. 
 
 Za-Baesi, Tsawesa, Abyssinian king, 542. 
 
 Za-Baesiserk, Abyssinian king, 531. 
 
 Za-Bazen, Abyssinian king, 464, 469. 
 
 Za-Demahe, Abyssinian king, 517-19. 
 
 Za-Denghel, Abyssinian king, 923. 
 
 Za-Elasguaga, Abyssinian king, 531, 539. 
 
 Za-Elavvda, Abyssinian king, 526. 
 
 Za-Gafale, Abyssinian king, 530-31. 
 
 Za-Les, Abyssinian king, 477, 4S1. 
 
 Za-Malis, Abyssinian king, 499, 503. 
 
 Za-Maseuh, Abyssinian king, 481. 
 
 Za-Senatu, Abyssinian king, 469, 477. 
 
 Za-Sutuwa, Abyssinian king, 481, 483. 
 
 Za-Zigen, Abyssinian king, 526, 530. 
 
 Zabdas, thirty-eighth bishop of Jerusalem, 544. 
 
 Zachariah, king of Israel, 210. 
 
 Zacharias, twenty-sixth archbishop of Rome, 619-20. 
 
 Zacharias Chrysopolitanus, theologian, 6S4. 
 
 Zacuto ben Samuel, prof, of Astron. at Saragossa, 831. 
 
 Zafe-Casimanbou, Arab, 821. 
 
 Zai-to, king of the Loo-Choo Islands, 7SS. 
 
 Zainalabdin, first Muslim king of Ternate, 855. 
 
 Zaleucus, Greek lawgiver, 225. 
 
 Zalikoglous, author of modern Greek lexicon, 1052. 
 
 Zaluzanius, Adamus, Bohemian botanist, 915. 
 
 Zannichellius, Io. Hieron., botanist, 1009. 
 
 Zanoni, Jac, Italian botanist, 972. 
 
 Zarah, son of Judah, 120. 
 
 Zarco, John Gonzales, Portuguese navigator, 803, 810. 
 
 Zebinus, or Zebennus, eleventh bp. of Antioch, 536. 
 
 Zechariah, Jewish prophet, 204. 
 
 Zechariah the younger, Jewish prophet, 251. 
 
 Zedekiah, or Mattaniah, governor of Jerusalem, 232. 
 
 Zeimoto, Francis, Portuguese navigator, SS2. 
 
 Zelophehad, 136. 
 
 Zemarchus (Zemarkh), 586. 
 
 Zeno, Caterino, traveller in Persia, 833. 
 
 Zeno, Nicolo, voyager to the Faroe Islands and Green- 
 land, 798. 
 
 Zeno, sixth Byzantine emperor, 569-70. 
 
 Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, 541-42. 
 
 Zenodotus of Ephesus, Greek grammarian, 370, 382. 
 
 Zenon, Epicurean philosopher, 433. 
 
 Zenon of Citium, Stoic philosopher, 377. 
 
 Zenon of Elea, philosopher and inventor of Logic, 269. 
 
 Zenon of Rhodes, Greek historian, 396. 
 
 Zenon of Tarsus, Greek philosopher, 389. 
 
 Zenus, Demetrius, translator into modern Greek, 858. 
 
 Zephaniah, Jewish prophet, 227. 
 
 Zephyrinus, fourteenth bishop of Rome, 534. 
 
 Zerah, grandson of Esau, 120. 
 
 Zerah, see Osorkon. 
 
 Zet, king of Egypt, 207. 
 
 Zethus, colleague of Amphion in ruling Boeotian 
 Thebes, 154. 
 
 Zeuxis of Heraclea, Greek painter, 299. 
 
 Zeyathura, king of Toungoo in Burmah, 844. 
 
 Zeyher, botanist, 1052. 
 
 Zeyneddin, Memluk sultan of Egypt, 787. 
 
 Zibeon, 106. 
 
 Zillah, wife of Lamech, 3. 
 
 Zimri, king of Israel, 192. 
 
 Zin-qua, twenty-ninth dairo of Japan, 576, 5S0. 
 
 Zinn, Io. Gottfr., German botanist, 1023, 1025. 
 
 Zio-me'i, thirty-fifth dairo of Japan, 600, 603. 
 
 Zohair, Arab poet, 597. 
 
 Zoilus, Greek grammarian, 325. 
 
 Zonaras, Joannes, Greek historian, 684. 
 
 Zopvrus, Greek poet, 239. 
 
 Zopyrus, Greek medical writer, 434. 
 
 Zoroaster, king of Bactria, 84, 95. 
 
 Zoroaster of Proconnesus, or Zaravast, prophet "of the 
 Persians, 252. 
 
 Zosimus, thirty-ninth bishop of Rome, 562, 564. 
 
 Zosimus Panopolitanus, 566. 
 
 Zoskales, or Zahekale, Abyssinian king, 503, 517. 
 
 Zuccagni, Attil., botanist, 1052. 
 
 Zuheyr, Arab poet, 571. 
 
 Zunz, German hebraist, 1066. 
 
 Zwingger, Theod., botanist, 897. 
 
 Zwinglius, earliest Orthodox theologian, 863. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 THE NAMES OF PLANTS AND OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTS ARE PRINTED IN ITALICS. 
 
 Aaron's rod, 303. 
 Ababdeh, Ethiopian tribe, 1068. 
 Abbassid family, in Egypt, 747. 
 Abenaquis, abor. N.Am, tribe, 1007. 
 Abies alba, 87 5, 920. 
 
 alkokiana, 621. 
 
 balsamea, 875, 920, 935, 940, 
 942, 965. 
 
 bifida, 621. 
 
 Canadensis, hemlock, 809, 874- 
 
 75. 928. 
 Douglassii) 830. 
 excelsa, 134, 367, 451. 
 Fraseri, 1039. 
 Menziesii, 582. 
 Mertensiaua, 582 
 nigra y 809, 866, 874-75, 924, 
 
 9 2 9> 935. 940. 
 
 picea, 123, 451. 
 
 thuga, 621. 
 
 Veih-hii, 621. 
 
 yesoensis, 418. 
 Abildgaardia monostachya, 982. 
 Aboriginal Americans, 708, 767, 
 803, 926, 944, 953 "95 6 > 97°, 972, 
 992, 1003-4. 
 Aborigines, a people of Italy, of 
 
 Greek origin, 132, 154, 157. 
 Abronia arenaria, 582. 
 
 umbellata, 1043. 
 Abrus precatorius, 373. 
 Absinth^ 99. 
 
 Abu Simbel, in Egypt, 129, 131. 
 Abutiton Americanum, 987. 
 
 angtilosum, 383. 
 
 Avicennct) 670. 
 
 crispum.) 987. 
 
 Indicum, 647. 
 
 polyandrum, 725. 
 Abu Zelimah, harbour in the Sinai 
 
 peninsula, 74. 
 Abyclos, city in Upper Egypt, 126. 
 Abyssinia, 1S5, 322, 407, 439, 469, 
 
 576, 599> 747.843, 947- 
 Abyssinian Race of man, 115. 
 Acacia^ 4. 
 
 amara, 727. 
 
 catechu, \\z. 
 
 Acacia cineraria) 1000. 
 
 concinna) 740. 
 
 elata) 245. 
 
 Farnesiana, 660. 
 ferruspnea, 412. 
 fi/icina, 1012. 
 fistula) 322. 
 
 glauca, 1005. 
 
 gummifera, 203. 
 
 heterocarpa, 602. 
 
 hori'ida, 43 1. 
 
 kick-ko, 240. 
 
 intsia, 974. 
 
 latisiliqua) &c. 987. 
 
 leucophloea, 523. 
 
 longifolia) 1050. 
 
 mo/tissima, 1055. 
 
 nemu, and Julibrissin, see ^4/- 
 
 Nilotica) 48, 72. 
 
 niopo, 783. 
 
 odoratissima, 578. 
 
 Pedunculata, 1007. 
 
 pennata) 970. 
 
 PortoricensiS) 915. 
 
 reticulata) 1000. 
 
 rugata, 423. 
 
 seyal, 270. 
 
 j/., 378. 
 
 j/., 731. 
 
 (Stachychrysum), pterosperma, 
 
 384- 
 
 Stephaniana, 275. 
 
 stipulata, 737. 
 
 stricta, 1050. 
 
 sundra, 744. 
 
 tamariscina, 1000. 
 
 tortiliS) 648. 
 Academies of Sciences, 923, 956, 
 
 964, 1049. 
 Acadia, or Nova Scotia, colonized 
 by Europeans, 923, 930, 947, 965, 
 1020. 
 Acaena argentea, 1002. 
 Acalypha betulina, 966. 
 
 Carolimana, 1039. 
 
 cuspidata, 915. 
 
 fruticosa, 737. 
 
 Acalypha Indica, 461. 
 
 mappa, 966. 
 
 j/., 732. 
 
 Virgiuica, 982. 
 Acanthus JDioscoridis, 900. 
 
 edulis, see Blepharis. 
 
 illicifoliuS) see Dilivaria. 
 
 mollis ; 302. 
 
 spinosus, 302. 
 Acarus scabiei, itch insect, 725. 
 ^4f<?r barbatum, 1040. 
 
 campestre, 353. 
 
 circinatum, 580. 
 
 Creticum, 271. 
 
 dasycarpzwt, 1003. 
 
 fusini) 418. 
 
 macrophyllum, 580. 
 
 Monspessulanuni) 912. 
 
 negundO) 640. 
 
 nigruni) 1038. 
 
 opalus, 456. 
 
 picturri) 905. 
 
 platanoideS) 354. 
 
 polymorphum , 622. 
 
 rubrum, 803, 925, 942. 
 
 saccharinum, 925, 940, 942. 
 
 J/-. 4i8, 451, 632. 
 
 spicatu?n, 1031, 
 
 striatum) 1020. 
 
 Tartar ictini) 780. 
 Aceras alpinum, 937. 
 
 anthropophora, 890. 
 
 anthropomorpha, 961. 
 Acerates connivens, 1059. 
 
 viridiflora, 1056. 
 Acetosa acetosa, 969. 
 
 acetoselta, 969, 1031. 
 
 pratensiS) 953. 
 Achaean League, or Republick, 
 
 377. 397, 402. 
 Achania mollis, 915. 
 Achillea Aegyptiaca, 890. 
 
 ageratwn, 669. 
 
 Clavenuae, 907. 
 
 Cretica, 905. 
 
 filicifolia, 1008, 1013. 
 
 Gerberi) 1013. 
 
 ,for&z r<tf<2, 931. 
 
1 14: 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Achillea impatiens, 1013. 
 
 macrophylla, 937. 
 
 magna, 488. 
 
 millefolium, 170, 935, 944, 958, 
 969. 
 
 moschata, 997. 
 
 nana, 894. 
 
 nobilis, 878. 
 
 odorata, 973. 
 
 ptarmica, 488. 
 
 [Ptarmica) alpin'a, 994. 
 
 tanacetifolia, 921. 
 
 tomentosa, 170. 
 
 umbellata, 488. 
 Achlys triphylla, 580. 
 Achnodonton tenue, 971. 
 Achras dissecta, 974. 
 
 sapota, see Sapota. 
 Achyranthes argentea, 972. 
 
 aspera, 423. 
 
 brack lata, 999. 
 
 sangiunolenta, 966. 
 
 radicans, ion. 
 Acidoton urens, 983. 
 Acioa dulcis, 950. 
 A cm dl-a repens, 931. 
 Acnida camiabina, 940. 
 
 {Mont el ia) ruscocarpa, 1041. 
 Acolhue Mexicans, 717. 
 Aconite, the drug, 160, 640. 
 Aconitum album, 236. 
 
 anthora, 556. 
 
 cammarum, 907. 
 
 cernuwm, 907. 
 ferox, 640. 
 
 heterophyllum, J2S- 
 
 JCamtchaticum, 607. 
 
 luridum, 735. 
 
 napelhis, 160, 
 
 ATeubergense, 907. 
 
 palmatum, 735. 
 
 Pyrcnaicnm, 889. 
 Tauricum, 907. 
 
 uncinatum, 1025. 
 
 variegation, 907. 
 
 volnbile, 889. 
 Acorns calamus, 142, 818, 969. 
 Acrocarpus fraxinif alius, 744. 
 Acropolis, 137, 280. 
 Acrostichnm alcicorne, 1000. 
 
 aureum, 990. 
 
 auritum, 966. 
 
 Infarct? turn, 1 000. 
 
 citrifolium, &c. 987. 
 
 heterophyllum, 974. 
 
 huacsaro, Jiy. 
 
 inequale, 997. 
 
 marantic, 176. 
 
 sorbifolium, 1000. 
 
 speciosimi, 997. 
 
 velleum, 1000. 
 Aetata Americana, 747, 949. 
 
 spicata, 503. 
 Actinclla acaulis, 1057. 
 
 lanata, see Trichophytlnm. 
 
 Actinidia arguta, 622. 
 Actinomeris alata, 1033. 
 
 #/&z, 1040. 
 
 altemifolia, 962. 
 
 heliauthoides, 1044. 
 Actinospermnm angustifolium, 1033. 
 Aculan, in Central America, 867. 
 Adausonza, 814. 
 Adausonia digitata, S19. 
 Adders tongue, 513. 
 Aden in Southern Arabia, 259, 549, 
 
 711, 714, 778, 860-61. 
 Adenanthera aczileata, see Prosopis 
 spiclgera. 
 
 falcata, 966. 
 
 pavonina, 699. 
 Adenorachis arbutifolia, 804, 929. 
 Adenostemma viscosum, 428. 
 Adenostemum nitidum, 660. 
 Adiantum aculeatum, 9S7. 
 
 Aethiopicum, 1000. 
 
 capillus veneris, 37. 
 
 caudatum, 970. 
 
 denticulatum, 1000. 
 
 lanceum, 1014. 
 
 fallens, 1000. 
 
 pedatum, 93S, 958. 
 
 Philifpensc, 997. 
 
 pumilujn, 1000. 
 
 radiatum, 1000. 
 
 reiziforme, 1000. 
 
 serrulatum, 983. 
 
 tenerum, 1000. 
 
 trapezijorrue, 9S7. 
 " Adi Granth," Sacred book of the 
 
 Sikhs, 877. 
 Adjunta, in Hindustan, artificial 
 
 caves there, 277. 
 Adlumia cirrkosa, 1043. 
 Adonis aestivalis, 23. 
 
 autuimtalis, 382. 
 
 dentata, 23. 
 
 marginata, 997. 
 
 vemalis, 780. 
 
 volgensis, 779. 
 Adoxa moschatellina, 884. 
 Adule,on the Abyssinian coast, 439. 
 Adze, 12 
 Aegneras majus, 966. 
 
 minus, 966. 
 Aegitops ovata, 349. 
 
 squarrosa, 1007. 
 
 trinncialis, 1006. 
 Acginctia Indica, 974. 
 Acglc mormdos, 370. 
 Acgopodnan podagraria, 685. 
 Aeolic Greeks, 137, 179. 
 Aemdcs arachnites, 989. 
 
 multijlorum , 693. 
 Aerolites, 226, 
 Acrua lanata, 465. 
 
 tomentosa, 851. 
 Aeschynomene Americana, 983. 
 
 aspera, 274. 
 
 hispida, 1016. 
 
 Indica, 974. 
 
 Aeschynomene paludosa, 240. 
 
 pumila, 974. 
 
 Schimperi, 730. 
 
 seusitiva, 987. 
 
 sesban, see Sesbania. 
 
 viscidula, 1043. 
 Aesculapius, worship of, 372, 395. 
 Aesculapius'* rod, 372. 
 Aesculus Californica, 582. 
 
 fiava, 1039. 
 
 glabra, 1 059. 
 
 hippocastanum, 892. 
 
 parviflora, 1 040. 
 
 Paazoia, 777. 
 Aethusa cynapium, 719. 
 Aetna, mount, 285, 525. 
 Africa, Equatorial and Southern, 
 
 829, 842. 
 Afzelia Petersiana, 426. 
 Aganosma Roxburghii, 712. 
 Agapanthus umbellatus, 977. 
 Agaricus alutaceus, 514. 
 
 campestris, 407. 
 
 dryinuS) 496. 
 
 eburico, 499. 
 
 integer, 514. 
 
 ostreatus, 496. 
 
 j/. of Hindustan, 532. 
 Agasyllis galbanum, 999. 
 Agates, 536. 
 
 Agathis loranthifolia, 370. 
 Agathophyllum aromaticum, JOJ. 
 Agathotes chirayta, 694. 
 Agati, see Sesbania. 
 Agave Americana, 649. 
 
 Virginica, 777, 1023. 
 
 vivipara, 998. 
 Agawam, or Ipswich, town in Mas- 
 sachusetts, 947. 
 Ageratum ciliare, 1000. 
 
 conyzoides, 428. 
 Aglaia spectabilis, 244. 
 Agrarian laws, 292, 449. 
 Agriculture, 13, 67, 78, 105, 145, 148, 
 
 1 54. 
 Agrigentum, or Girgenti, city in 
 
 Sicily, 235, 279, 298. 
 Agvanouia agrimonoides, 934. 
 
 eupatorta, 440, 958, 969. 
 parviflora, 1043. 
 
 suaveolens, 1055. 
 Agropyrum imbricatum, IOI3. 
 prostratum, 1029. 
 
 repens, 940. 
 Agrostemma caeli-rosa, 232. 
 £7^-0,451,733. 
 
 coronaria, 215. 
 flos-yovis, 232. 
 Agrostis alba, 725. 
 
 alpina, 1002. 
 
 canina, 836. 
 pungens, 933. 
 
 spica-venti, 638, 840. 
 
 stolonifera, 725. 
 
 vulgaris, 849. 
 Agyneia impubes, 588. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 143 
 
 Ailanthus excelsa, 691. 
 
 Malabar ica, 726. 
 Ainos, people of Northern Japan, 
 417, 499. S3h 542, 55 2 > 597, 607, 
 623, 716, 818, 897, 932, 936, 953, 
 1008, 1032. 
 Aira aquatica, 1006. 
 
 Bottnica, 1012. 
 
 ccespitosa, 638. 
 
 canescens, 840. 
 
 caryophyllea, 937. 
 fiexuosa, 940. 
 
 triflora, 1063. 
 Air-plant, 901. 
 Airopsis brevifolia, 1054. 
 
 prcecox, 836. 
 Aitonia Capensis, 1016. 
 Aix, in Provence, 411, 432. 
 AizooiT* Canariense , 990. 
 
 Hispanicum, ion. 
 Ajmir, city in Hindustan, 667. 
 Ajnadin, battle of, 601. 
 Ajuga alpina, 930. 
 
 chamtepitys, 549. 
 
 C/z/a, 405. 
 
 Genevensis, 930. 
 
 «**, 339- 
 Oriental is 1 ion. 
 pyramidalis, 837. 
 reptans, 347 . 
 Akhmin, or Panopolis, in Egypt, 
 
 39 1 - 
 Alabama, North American State, 
 
 1062. 
 Alabama river, 1021. 
 Alabaster, 68, 107. 
 Alafia Thouarsii, 707. 
 Alalia, city in Corsica, 237. 
 Alangium decapetalum, 692. 
 
 hexa petahim , 692. 
 Alans, 553. 
 Albania, country near Greece, 600, 
 
 814, 1058. 
 Albanians, see Albania. 
 Albany, city in North America, 963. 
 Albemarle, in North America, 963. 
 Albigenses, 711, 715, 719. 
 Albinoes, race of, 569, 924. 
 Albizzia lebbek, 453. 
 
 nemu and jttlibrissin, 688. 
 
 sp- 573, 73 1 - 
 Albuca major, 230. 
 
 minor, 99 1. 
 Alca impennis, 154. 
 Alcacer, city in Africa, 824. 
 Alcea acaulis, 308. 
 
 ficifolia, 188. 
 
 rosea, 187. 
 Alchemilla alpina, 264. 
 
 arvensis, 599. 
 
 pentaphylla, 937. 
 
 vulgaris, 264. 
 Alcoholic distillation, 83. 
 Alcyonidium nemalion, Tfi&. 
 Alder, l6j, 175, 460, 790, 807, 953. 
 Aldrovanda vesiculosa, 990. 
 
 Alectoria Arabum, 672. 
 
 jubata, 367. 
 Aletris aurea, 1039. 
 farinosa, 999. 
 fragrans, 993. 
 Aleurites laccifera, 712. 
 
 triloba, 216, 846. 
 Aleutian Islands, in the North 
 
 Pacific, 937, 1006, 1048. 
 Alexandria, city in Egypt, 326, 348, 
 599, 603, 613, 641, 843, 1050, 
 1056. 
 Algiers, 1060, 1065. 
 Algonquins, a North American 
 
 tribe, 927, 930. 
 Alkagi Maurorum, 75. 
 
 Pseudalhagi, 487. 
 Alisanders, 250. 
 Alisma cordifolia, 976. 
 
 damasonmm, 903. 
 
 fiava, 986. 
 
 plantago, 450, 493, 969. 
 
 ranunculoides, 903. 
 
 trincrviuin, 961. 
 Alkanet dye, 405. 
 Allamanda cathartica, 987. 
 Alleghany mountains, 1004. 
 Allium album, 1048. 
 
 ambiguum, 1040. 
 
 ampeloprasum, 144. 
 
 angulosum, 813. 
 
 Askalonicum, the shallot, 68. 
 
 Canadense, 808, 927, 947, 968 
 
 carinatum, 903. 
 
 Caucasicum, 1013. 
 
 r<?/#, the onion, 104. 
 
 remuum, 929. 
 
 chamae-moly, 827. 
 
 Clusianum, 922. 
 
 coeruleum, 1031. 
 
 descendens, 896. 
 
 Dioscoridis, 138. 
 
 fistulosum, 582. 
 
 flavum, 923. 
 
 guttatum, 1058. 
 
 /'unceum, 1040. 
 
 Hi ware, 1013. 
 
 magicum, 905. 
 
 margarUaeeum , 1040. 
 
 moly, 894. 
 
 montanum , 996. 
 
 moschatum, 919. 
 
 mutabile, 1041. 
 
 narcissiflorum, 919. 
 
 nigrum, S96. 
 
 nutans, 779. 
 
 obliqitum, 813 
 
 oleraceum, 921. 
 
 pallens, 934. 
 
 paniculatum, 922. 
 
 pilosum, 1040. 
 
 ramosum, 1013. 
 
 reticulatum, 605. 
 
 rotundu?n, 827. 
 
 roseum, 188. 
 
 sativum, the garlic, 145. 
 
 Allium schcenoprasum, 375, 927. 
 
 scorodoprasum, 145. 
 
 senescens, 907, 
 
 Sibericum, 1007. 
 
 Siculum, 972. 
 
 spharocephalon, 7 53. 
 
 staticifor?ne, 1040. 
 
 Stellerianum, 1013. 
 
 striatum, 1021. 
 
 subhirsutum, 827. 
 
 tcnuissimum, 1013. 
 
 tricoccum, 1043. 
 
 triflorum, 1056. 
 
 triquetrum, 945. 
 
 uliginosum, 418. 
 
 ursinum, 512. 
 
 Victoriale, 890. 
 
 vineale, 879. 
 Allosorus atropurpureus, 995. 
 
 gracilis, 1044. 
 Allspice, or pime7tto, 609. 
 Almalik, city in Central Asia, 751. 
 Ahnond, 116, 304, 909, 917. 
 Abuts crispa, 1064. 
 
 fir ma, 622. 
 
 glaitca, 807. 
 
 glutinosa, 167, 175, 451. 
 
 incana, 419, 790, 1010. 
 
 y<^/<2 &72<?, 419. 
 
 maritima, 1060. 
 
 oblongata, 460. 
 
 serrulata, 807. 
 
 undulata, 807. 
 j4/i7^ arachnoides, 998. 
 
 arborescens, 998. 
 
 brevifolia, 998. 
 
 Commelyni, 998. 
 
 dichotoma, 230. 
 
 echinata, 1001. 
 
 glauca, 385. 
 
 Indica, 392. 
 
 littoralis, 392. 
 
 mitraeformis , 998. 
 
 /z'<r&7, &c, 993. 
 
 rhodacantha, 998. 
 
 sahundra, 385. 
 
 Socotrina, 391, 816. 
 
 spicata, 998. 
 
 variegata, 100 1. 
 
 vulgaris, 469. 
 Aloes wood, 816. 
 Aloexylum, see Aquilaria. 
 Alopeacrus agrestis, 940. 
 
 aristulatits, 1040. 
 
 geniculatus, 840. 
 
 Indicus, 999. 
 
 pratensis, 980. 
 
 utriculatus, 349. 
 Aloysia citriodora, 1039. 
 Alphabet, 106, 150, 157, 163, 725, 
 
 776, 801, 920. 
 Alphabet, Arabic, 583, 652, 821. 
 
 Armenian, 561. 
 
 Chinese, 393. 
 
 Corean, 553. 
 
 Japanese, 716. 
 
i H4 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Alphabet, Kawi, or ancient Javan, 
 
 543, 626. 
 Alpinia allughas, 832. 
 
 galanga, 570. 
 
 magnified, 707. 
 
 Malaccensis, 966. 
 Alps, of Switzerland, 402, 900. 
 A/sine bifiora, 1012. 
 
 glabra, 1040. 
 
 Groenlandica, 1048. 
 
 Michattxii, 1041. 
 
 patula, 1044. 
 
 sege talis, 1006. 
 
 squarrosa, 1040. 
 
 stricta, 1052. 
 Alstonia? let-hfitk, 322. 
 
 scholaris, 396. 
 Alstroemeria hamantha, 661. 
 
 /2£tfZ/, 66l. 
 
 pelegrina, 1002. 
 revoluta, 661. 
 
 sa/silla, 1002. 
 
 versicolor, 661. 
 Altai, range of mountains in Cen- 
 tral Asia, 582, 753. 
 Altars for sacrifice, 74. 
 Alternant he ret, achyrantha, ion. 
 
 frutescens, 9S6. 
 
 sessilis, 702. 
 Althcea cannabiua, 4S6. 
 
 hirsute, 912. 
 
 Ludwigii, 850. 
 
 officinalis, 392, 935, 958, 969. 
 
 rosea, 969. 
 Altnigia excelsa, see Liquidamher. 
 Alysicarpus vaginalis, 970. 
 Alyssum calycinum, 910. 
 
 campestre, 903. 
 
 Creticum, 905. 
 
 densifloruni, &c., 998. 
 
 halimifolium , 994. 
 
 hyperlwreum, 101S. 
 
 incanum, 922. 
 
 maritimum, 894. 
 
 minimum, 995. 
 
 montiinum, 937. 
 
 saxa/ile, 994. 
 
 spinosum, 903. 
 Amancaes lily, 711. 
 Amanita aurantiaca, 392. 
 
 muscaria, 482. 
 A mar ac us dictamnus , 290. 
 A mar ant hits albus, 750. 
 
 bliti/m, 282. 
 
 cam/rstris, 739. 
 
 caudatus, 468. 
 
 emeritus, 1009. 
 fiavus, 1025. 
 frumcntaeeits, 595. 
 
 hypochondriasis, 996. 
 
 rctro/lcxus, 749, 
 
 spinosus, 709. 
 
 tricolor, 51 1, 917. 
 
 Iris/is, 609. 
 viridis, see F.uxolus. 
 Amarna, sculptures at, 122. 
 
 Amaryllis atamasco, 776, 936. 
 belladonna, 991. 
 bicolor, 1002. 
 Caspica, 1030. 
 Chilensis, 1002. 
 equestris, 991. 
 falcata, 947. 
 flammea, 1002. 
 formosissima, 915. 
 latifolia, 974. 
 longifolia, 991. 
 Orientalis, 930. 
 Sarniensis, 688. 
 Tartar ica, 1033. 
 tubiflora, 1002. 
 Zcvlanica, 993. 
 Amazons, 186, 207. 
 Amazons, or Maranon, river, 880, 
 
 1018. 
 ^OT^r, 133, 305, 326, 884, 965. 
 Ambergris, 599, 752. 
 Ambtogyna polygonoides, 984. 
 Amboise, city in France, 892. 
 Ambrosia artemisia>folia, 709, 968. 
 bidentata, 1044. 
 hispida, 1005. 
 maritima, 206. 
 paniculata, 1000. 
 tenuifolia, 1064. 
 trifida, 978. 
 Ambrosinia Bassil, 972. 
 Amelanchier botryapium, 804. 
 oligocarpa, 804, 1064. 
 vulgaris, 356. 
 Amellus spinulosus, 1055. 
 
 villas us, 1057. 
 Amera-Cosha, Sanscrit dictionary, 
 
 813. 
 
 America, 19, 448, 572, 860, 8S7, 90S, 
 
 9 2 3; 
 America, Northwest, 19,604, 905. 
 American commerce, 1039. 
 American commerce with India and 
 
 China, beginning of, 1039. 
 American gum-animi, 901. 
 American navy, 1051. 
 American ship, first, in Japan, 
 
 1049. 
 American wormsced, 710. 
 Amhawtia jiobiiis, 590. 
 Aviiiiaiua Wigjp/tau/, see ,-7. ?vr/7- 
 
 auriculata, 374. 
 
 bacafcra, 999. 
 
 humilis, 1040. 
 
 latifolia, 9S2. 
 
 ramos'ior, 1016. 
 
 vcrticillate, 846. 
 
 vesicatoria, 523. 
 Ammi acaule, 998. 
 
 majus, 307. 
 
 visnaga, 358. 
 Ammon, the Egyptian god, 130. 
 Ammoniacum, gum, 152, 724. 
 Amomam angustifolium, 821. 
 
 aromaticum , <J79- 
 
 Amomum cardamomiwn, 776. 
 echinatum, 966. 
 
 grana-paradisi, 675. 
 
 grandiflorum, 842. 
 
 melegueta, 842. 
 
 j/., 732. 
 
 sylvestre, 855. 
 
 v/Hosum, 966. 
 Amoora rohituka, 691. 
 Amorium, in Phrygia, 629. 
 Amorpha canescens, 1057. 
 
 fruticosa, 1015. 
 
 herbacea, 1040. 
 
 microphylla, 1054. 
 Ampalis Madagascarensis \ joy. 
 Ampehpsis bipinnata, 992. 
 
 hederacea, 968. 
 
 quinquefolia, 942. 
 Amphicarpaea monoica, 1006. 
 Amphicarpum Purshii, 1055. 
 Amphictyonic League, 233, 241. 
 Amphitheatre, 476, 516. 
 Anlsinckia intermedia, 1066. 
 Amsonia ciliata, 1040. 
 
 latifolia, 999. 
 
 salicifolia, 1053. 
 Amsterdam and St. Paul, islands in 
 
 the Indian Ocean, 865. 
 Amulets, 137. 
 
 Amygdalus com?nunis, the almond, 
 116. 
 
 nana, 980. 
 
 Persica, the peach, 327. 
 
 Sinensis, 192. 
 A my r is balsamifera, 891. 
 
 commiphora, see Balsamoden- 
 droit agallocha. 
 
 elcmifcra, 1005. 
 
 hcptaphylla, 514. 
 
 kafiil, see Balsamodendron. 
 
 opobalsamum, see Balsamoden- 
 dron. 
 
 prothim, 974. 
 
 toxifcra, 1005. 
 Anaa, or Chain coral-island, 1029. 
 Anabaptists, sect of Christians, S69. 
 Anabas scandens, 755. 
 Anabasis aphylla, 2. 
 
 cretacea, 5S7. 
 
 monaudra, 1033. 
 Anacardiacdc, 425. 
 Anacardium Occidentalc, 784. 
 Anacharis Canadensis, 1044. 
 Anacyclus aureus, S98. 
 
 Crct/cus, 998. 
 pyrcthrum, 390. 
 
 Valcutimts, see Anthemis. 
 Anagalhs altcrnifolia, 1002. 
 
 arveusis, 200. 
 
 latifolia, 201. 
 
 linifolia, 960. 
 
 Mouelti, 88 5. 
 parviflora, 960. 
 
 tenella, 201. 
 Anagyris foetida, 286. 
 Anahuac, 604. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, -ETC. 
 
 I 145 
 
 Antirrhinum bcllidifolium, 906. 
 
 crassifolium, 971. 
 Anas boschas, S7, 136, 453. 
 
 mollissima, 154. 
 
 moschata, 665. 
 
 querquedula, 136, 453. 
 
 sp., 875. 
 Anastatica Hierochuntica , 516. 
 Anatherum bicorne, 982. 
 Anatomy, 63, 346, 372. 
 Anchialc, city near Tarsus, 198. 
 Anchusa httea, 998. 
 
 officinalis, 509, 935. 
 
 paniculata, 263. 
 
 parviflora, 998. 
 
 rosea, 998. 
 
 saxatilis, 1032. 
 
 sempervirens, see Caryolopha. 
 
 stylosa, 971. 
 
 tinctoria, 405. 
 
 undulata, 993. 
 Andaman Islands,near the Malayan 
 
 Archipelago, 240. 
 Andt-rsonia rohitaka, see A moor a, 
 Andra dynasty of Hindu kings, 498, 
 
 519, 566. 
 Andromeda (Leucothoe) acuminata, 
 761. 
 
 (Oxydcndron) arborea, 1003. 
 
 {Leucothoe) axillaris, 1043. 
 
 buxi folia, 1067. 
 
 ( Cassandra) calyculata, 1009. 
 
 {Leucothoe) Catesbaei, 1003. 
 
 ferruginea, 1040. 
 
 Jloribuiida, 1053. 
 
 (C<2J.«0/»<?) hyp no ides, 991, ion, 
 1031. 
 
 [Lyonia) ligustriua, 1038. 
 
 Mariana* 995. 
 
 nitida, 1022. 
 
 polifolia, 930. 
 
 [Leucothoe) racemosa, 1016. 
 
 salicifolia, 1067. 
 
 speciosa, 1029. 
 
 tetragona, 970. 
 Andropogon alopecuroides, see £>/- 
 ant has. 
 
 angustifolius, 260. 
 
 argenteus, 1061. 
 
 arundinaceus, 999. 
 
 caricosus, 966. 
 
 dissitiflorus, 1039. 
 
 distachyos, 972. 
 furcatus, 1055. 
 
 ischcemum, 260. 
 
 iwarancusa, 498. 
 
 macrounes, 1039. 
 
 Martini, 336. 
 
 muricatus, 3S7. 
 
 nardus, see A. Martini. 
 
 nutans, 1016. 
 
 pachnodes, 336. 
 
 schoenanthus, see Cymbopogon. 
 
 scoparius, 104 1. 
 
 serratus, 698. 
 
 #•> 499- 
 
 Atidropogon temarius, 1041. 
 
 virginicus, 9S2. 
 Androsace carnea, 934. 
 
 clunnaeiasme, 912. 
 
 elongata, 919. 
 
 Gmclini, 1 01 3. 
 
 lactea, 907. 
 
 Occidentalism 1057. 
 
 septentrional is, 919. 
 
 villosa, S94. 
 
 vitaliana, 934. 
 Androscemum officinale, 468. 
 Andryala cheiranthifolia, 937. , 
 
 integrifolia , 912. 
 
 Ragusina, 982. 
 Anegada, an island, 924. 
 Anethum graveolens, 232, 969. 
 
 sowa, 700. 
 Angelica carvifolia, 89S. 
 
 lucida, 909, 949. 
 
 montana, -961. 
 
 Pyrenaica, 912. 
 
 Razoulii, 993. 
 
 sylvestris, 828. 
 
 triquinata, 967. 
 Aneilema tuberosum, 729. 
 Anemone alpina, 897. 
 
 Appcnina, 906. 
 
 Baldensis, 890. 
 
 Caroliniana, 1040. 
 
 cerjiua, 146. 
 
 coronaria, 245. 
 
 hortensis, see stellata, 
 
 narcissiflora, 889. 
 
 nemorosa, 351. 
 
 palmata, 894. 
 parvi flora, 419. 
 
 [Pulsatilla] patens, 780. 
 
 Pennsylvanica, 1025. 
 pratensis, 246. 
 Pulsatilla, 246 
 
 ranunculoides, 882. 
 
 stellata, 245. 
 
 sylvestris, 780. 
 
 tr if olio, 906. 
 
 vemalis, 937. 
 
 Virginica, 982. 
 Anglo-Saxon, or ancient English, 
 
 566, 612-13. 
 Angostura bark, 709. 
 A ugrweum pectinatum, 385. 
 
 #>.. 73 2 - 
 Anguilla, eel, 154. 
 A nguria pedata, 987. 
 
 trifoliata, 987. 
 
 trilobata, 9S7. 
 Anhalwara, capital of Guzerat, 619, 
 
 669. 
 Animal-worship, 64, 82, 555, 796. 
 Anise, 248, 61S. 
 Anisochilus carnosum, 739. 
 Anisomeles Malabar ica, 524. 
 
 ovata, 739. 
 Annapolis, once Port Royal, in 
 
 Nova Scotia, 1003. 
 Annelids, or worrns, 752. 
 
 144 
 
 Ann. mus. d'hist. nat., 1054. 
 Anona Asiatica, 986. 
 
 cheri??iolia, 887. 
 
 glabra, 1005. 
 
 muricata, 754, 882. 
 
 Seuegalensis, 69. 
 
 squamosa, 867. 
 
 reticulata, 867. 
 Ansellia sp., 732. 
 Anser Canadensis, 875. 
 
 chenalopex, Egyptian goose, 
 28. 
 
 segetum, 87, 453. 
 Ant, the insect, 25. 
 Antelopes, 12, 25, 264, 818. 
 Antennaria viargaritacea, 903. 
 
 plantaginifolia and dioica, 844, 
 
 993- 
 Anthemis alpina, 1007. 
 altissima, 937. 
 arvensis, 704. 
 Barrelieri, 971. 
 OW, 294. 
 
 <T0/«, IOOO. 
 
 cotula, see Morula. 
 
 discoidea, 295. 
 
 fuscata, 961. 
 
 maratima, 898. 
 mixta, 937. 
 
 nobilis, 516. 
 
 pyrethrnm, see Anacyclus. 
 
 rosea, 294. 
 
 tinctoria, 404. 
 
 to?nentosa, 964. 
 Valentino, 310. 
 Anthenanthia villosa, 1041. 
 Anthericum aloides, ion. 
 
 elatum, 1024. 
 
 frutescens, ion. 
 
 liliago, 88 4. 
 
 ramosum, 494. 
 
 serotinum, 988. 
 Anthistiria argitens, 966. 
 
 rt/w/Vi, 733. 
 
 imberbis, 733. 
 Antholyza Aethiopica, 947. 
 
 cunonia, 1021. 
 
 Plicata, 977. 
 
 ringens, 977. 
 Anthospermu?n Aethiopicum, 1000. 
 
 ciliare, 1000. 
 Anthoxanthum odoratum, 912. 
 Anthriscus cerefolium, 272, 969. 
 
 nemoj'osa, 1013. 
 
 sylvestris, 247. 
 
 vulgaris, 24J. 
 Anthyllis barba-joz'is, 505. 
 
 Cretica, 306. 
 
 cytisoides, 92 1. 
 
 erinaceo, 92 1. 
 
 hamosa, 961. 
 
 Hermanniae, 905. 
 
 lotoides, 906. 
 
 j/., 230. 
 
 tetraphylla, 9 m. 
 
 vulneraria, 173. 
 
1 146 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Antiaris saccidora, 369. 
 
 toxica ria , 422. 
 Anticosti Island, 664, 874-75. 
 A 11 tides ma bumas, 740. 
 
 diandrum, 746. 
 
 paniculata, 84. 
 
 pubescens, 746. 
 
 sylvestris, 974. 
 
 Zeylanica, 970. 
 Antigua, settlement on Darien, 860, 
 
 965. 
 Antilopa rupicapra, 452. 
 
 sp., 54, 58. 
 Antimony, 108, 31S. 
 Antinoe, city in Egypt, 526. 
 Antinomian sect of Christians, 877. 
 Antioch, city in Syria, 478, 602, 655. 
 Antioquia, inland city S. A. 877. 
 Antirrhinum asarina, 492. 
 
 cirrhosum, 1007. 
 
 glaucum, 1007. 
 
 ma/us, J 57. 
 
 meonanthum, 961. 
 
 molle, 994. 
 
 orontium, 257. 
 
 trior nithophontm, 991. 
 
 triste, 1009. 
 Antwerp, city of, 909. 
 Anublada, island in the Pacific, S84. 
 Anvchia Canadensis, 1016. 
 
 capillacea, 1061. 
 Apactis Japonica, 976. 
 Apai'gia dubia, 919. 
 
 hirta, see Thrincia. 
 
 incana, 92 1. 
 
 taraxaci, 994, 1021. 
 
 tuberosa, 107. 
 Ape, 442. 
 
 Apeiba tibourbou, 950. 
 Aphyllanthes Monspeliensis, 898. 
 Aphyteia hydnora, 229, 
 Apic7-a albicans, 1001. 
 
 arachnoides, 1006. 
 
 imbricata, 998. 
 
 pat ula, 998. 
 
 spiralis ; 998. 
 
 tricolor, 998. 
 
 viscosa, 998. 
 Apios tuberosa, 768, 923, 929. 
 Apis, the bee, 106. 
 Apium dulee, the celery, S64, 902. 
 
 graveolens, 175, 969. 
 
 .rm', 418. 
 Apleetrum hyemale, 1039. 
 Apocynum audroSiCinifohiiiii, 794. 
 
 canuahinum, 794, K66, <SSr, 929, 
 940, 945. 
 
 hypericifolium, 794, 
 
 reticit latum, 966. 
 
 #;> 572,875,903. 
 
 Venetum, 419. 
 Apollo, worship of, 132, 150, 2S2. 
 Aponogeton distachyon, 230. 
 
 nionostachyum, 609. 
 /////<-, 134, 1S1, 451, 581, 7S8, 909, 
 951- 
 
 Apricot^ 403, 469. 
 
 Apulia, in So. Italy, 659, 672, 842. 
 
 Apurimac, river in Peru, 705. 
 
 Aquamarine, 573. 
 Aqueducts, subterranean, 641. 
 Aquila fulva, 453. 
 
 haliastus, 453. 
 Aquilaria agallochon, 189. 
 Aquilegia alpina, 937. 
 
 Canadensis, 903. 
 
 formosa, 580. 
 
 7Y.™,r, 937. 
 
 vulgaris, 352, 935. 
 Arahis albida> 1050. 
 
 alpina, 907. 
 
 arenosa, 937. 
 
 aspera, 1007. 
 
 bell idi folia, 907. 
 
 Canadensis, 1000. 
 
 ,%/Av/, 937. 
 
 hirsuta, S47. * 
 
 hispida, 1004. 
 
 laevigata 1 1052. 
 
 lyrata, 1016. 
 
 patens, 1068. 
 
 pendula, 1013. 
 
 reptans, 1000. 
 
 runcinata, 1000. 
 
 stricta, 1025. 
 
 Thaliaua, see Sisymbrium. 
 
 turrita, 854. 
 Arabs, 274, 439, 461, 538, 613, 615, 
 
 630,821,937. 
 Arab Voyages, 632, 642. 
 Aracan, province of Burmah, 1063. 
 Aracarets, tribe in the West Indies, 
 
 964. 
 Arachis hypogea, 736. 
 Aral/a arborea, 9S6. 
 
 Chiueusis, 974. 
 
 edit I is, 41S. 
 
 hispida, 927. 
 
 Japonica, 989. 
 
 nudicaidis, S05, 830, 927, 935. 
 
 raeeinosa, 805. 
 
 spinosa, 923. 
 Aramaic, or Chaldee language, 117. 
 Jrancariii imbrkata, Si 2. 
 Arbor-vit,p, 604, 866, 886. 
 Arbutus alpiua, see Aretostaphylos. 
 
 andraehne, 102. 
 
 laurifolia, 1037. 
 
 J/euziesii, 1046. 
 
 tomentosa, 1046. 
 
 nvedo, 101. 
 Arch, in building, 51, 10S, 2^, 616. 
 Arch, pointed, 63S, 641, 665, 721. 
 A rel/awje/iea atropurpurea, 948. 
 
 <>///• iuatis, S24. 
 Arihcmora ngida, 926, 977. 
 Archers, 151. 
 
 Archal, or orchil, 236, 467. 
 Architecture, 68, 666. 
 
 Muslim, 641. 
 Arctium lappa, 451, 45S, 969. 
 
 tomentosum, 625. 
 
 Arctomys Marilandica, 948. 
 Arctopns echinatits, 1016. 
 
 Aretostaphylos alpina, 780. 
 
 glauca, 582. 
 
 uva-ursi, 529. 
 Arctotis acaulis, 1001. 
 
 anthemoides, 1016. 
 
 aspera, 993. 
 
 calendulacea, 1001. 
 
 denlata, 1016. 
 
 hypochondriaca, 990. 
 
 Paleacea, 1016. 
 
 paradoxa, 1000. 
 
 pilifera, IOOO. 
 Ardea, small white egret, 41. 
 
 cinerea, 136, 453. 
 
 nycticorax, night heron, 16,869. 
 Ardisia humilis, 970. 
 
 serrulata, 9S6. 
 
 tuufolia, 9S2. 
 Areea catechu, 331, 517, 846. 
 
 Dicksonii, 746. 
 
 Afadagtiscariensis, 385. 
 
 oleracea, 853. 
 
 spieata, glandiformis, and ,£■/#- 
 bulifera, 966. 
 Arenaria Bavariea, 918. 
 
 ciliata, 995- 
 fascieulata, 1033. 
 
 grami)iifolia, IOOO. 
 
 holostea, 998. 
 juniperina, 937. 
 
 Labradorica, 1060. 
 
 lanuginosa, 1041. 
 
 larictfolia, 9SS. 
 
 (J/oermgia) lateriflora, 1025. 
 
 ligericina, 1070. 
 
 macrocajpa, 1058. 
 
 multieaiilis, 102S. 
 
 peploides, 918. 
 
 saxatilis, 919. 
 
 serpylhfolia, 45L 
 
 striata, 931. 
 
 te nit i folia, 931. 
 
 tetraquetra, 937. 
 
 triuervis, 931. 
 
 verna, 894. 
 Areuga saeeliarifera, 335. 
 Arethusa bulbosa, 1000. 
 Arelia alpina, 102S. 
 
 Helvetica, 102S. 
 Argania sideroxylon, 67S. 
 A rgeiuone J\lcxica?ia, 742, 
 Arponautic Expedition, 162. 
 Argos, city in Greece, 107, 194, 1063. 
 Arguin, castle of, S25. 
 Argyrcia sp., 731. 
 Argythamnia eaudieaus, 9S3. 
 Arian Christians, 54S-50, 5^3—54, 
 
 564-66. 
 Arimaspi, 202. 
 Aristea eyauea, 999. 
 Aristnia Ad^eensionis, 9S2, 994. 
 
 diehotoma, 1041. 
 gracilis^ 1061. 
 
 hystnx, 999. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 147 
 
 Aristlda oligantka, 1040. 
 
 purpurascens, 1050. 
 
 ramosissima, 1044. 
 
 stricta, 104 1. 
 
 tuberculosa, 1060. 
 Aristolochia angtricida, 978. 
 
 arbor escens, 915. 
 
 bcetica, 886. 
 
 bilabiata, &c, 987. 
 
 bracteata, 524. 
 
 clematitis, 447. 
 
 Cretica, 998. 
 
 fragrantissima, 705. 
 
 glauca, 921. 
 
 hirta, 996. 
 
 Indica, 696. 
 
 Kaempferi, 989. 
 
 /*«£», 455. 
 
 lutea, 998. 
 
 Maurorum, 900. 
 
 odoratissima, 983. 
 
 pallida, 307. 
 
 parvifolia, 308. 
 
 Pontica, 1008. 
 
 ringens, 950. 
 
 rotunda, 307. 
 
 sempervirens, 512. 
 
 serpentaria, 748, 919, 958. 
 
 sipho, 1039. 
 
 tomentosa, 1053. 
 Aristotclia macqui, 660. 
 Aristotelian philosophy, 705. 
 Arithmetic, among the people of 
 
 Hindustan, 64, 76. 
 Arkansas, N. American State, 1062. 
 Armenia, 87, 21S, 401, 434, 454, 
 
 566, 6oo, 786. 
 Armeniaca Siberica, 480. 
 
 Sinensis, 403. 
 
 vulgaris, 469. 
 Armenian history and language, 
 
 87, 561, 566, 6S1, 753. 
 Armeria cephatotes, 961. 
 fasciculata, 961. 
 
 humilis, 961. 
 
 scorzoneraefolia, 894. 
 
 vulgaris, 510. 
 Armoracia, see Horse-radish. 
 Army, American revolutionary, 
 
 disbanded, 1038. 
 Arnica bellidiastrum, 894. 
 
 Claytoni, 1016. 
 
 crocea, 1000. 
 
 doronicum, 907. 
 
 gerbera, 1016. 
 glacialis, 894. 
 
 mollis, 1064. 
 
 montana, 724. 
 
 nudicaulis, 1016. 
 plantaginea, 1059. 
 pyrolaefolia, 1016. 
 
 scorpioides, 3 58. 
 
 Tabular/ s, 1016. 
 
 Wulfeuiana, 890. 
 Arnopogon DalechampU, 912. 
 picroides, 33. 
 
 Arnotto, 672. 
 Arracacha esculenta, 689. 
 Arrack, an ardent spirit, 323, 630. 
 Arragon, kingdom in Spain, 675. 
 Arrhenathei'um aveuaceum, 836. 
 
 bulbosum, 903. 
 Arrouagues, tribe in the West 
 
 Indies, 964. 
 Arrows, 55, 57, 161, 665. 
 Arrow-head, 771, 847. 
 Arrow-root, 416, 579, 761, 9S5. 
 Arrow-wood, 769. 
 Artedia scjuamata, 779. 
 Artemisia, abrotauum, 358, 969. 
 
 absinthium, 99, 935, 969. 
 
 anethifolia, 1013. 
 
 annua, 1013. 
 
 arborescens, 280. 
 
 A rragonensis, 971. 
 
 Austriaca, 892. 
 
 biennis, 1037. 
 
 Borealis, 1 031. 
 
 campestris, 488. 
 
 camphorata, y^j- 
 
 Canadensis, 1044. 
 
 caudata, 1044. 
 
 cernua, 1055. 
 
 Chincnsis, 1000. 
 
 coerulescens, 8S9. 
 
 Columbiensis, 1055. 
 
 dracunculus, 283. 958. 
 
 Gallica, 910. 
 
 glacialis, 894. 
 
 gnaphalodes, 1055. 
 
 inculta, 75. 
 
 Indica, 210. 
 
 inodora, 1013. 
 
 integrifolia, 1013. 
 
 Judaica, 1. 
 
 ladniata, 1013. 
 
 Lcjr/ieaua, 1013. 
 
 Lippii, 997. 
 
 longifolia, 1057. 
 
 Ludoviciana, 1057. 
 
 maritima, 508. 
 
 moxa, 210. 
 
 ptuteliina, 894. 
 
 nitrosa, 1013. 
 palmata, 475. 
 
 palustris, 1013. 
 paucijlora, 586. 
 pectinata, T032. 
 
 Pontica, 358. 
 procera, 470. 
 
 rupestris, 1019. 
 
 santonica, 587. 
 
 scoparia, 907. 
 
 sericea, 1014. 
 
 spicata, 489. 
 
 spithamcea, 1059. 
 
 tanacetifolia, 793. 
 
 tenuifolia, 101 1. 
 
 vallesiaca, 557. 
 vermiculata, 975. 
 vulgaris, 82. 
 Arteries, 288, 515. 
 
 Artichoke, 71, 310, 749. 
 Artillery, 862. 
 Artocarpus chaplasha, 735. 
 
 ech hiatus, 112. 
 
 hirsuta, 463. 
 
 incisa, 437, 917. 
 
 integrifolia, 330. 
 
 lakoocha, 697. 
 
 myouk-loke-ngay, 112. 
 
 pitbescens, 974. 
 Arts and trades of the ancient 
 
 Egyptians, 87. 
 Arum arisarum, 344. 
 
 campanulatum, 697. 
 
 crinitum, 499. 
 
 Dioscoridis, 346. 
 
 divaricatum, 974. 
 
 dracojitium, 982, 1000. 
 
 dracunculus, 308. 
 
 esculentum, see Colocasia. 
 
 furfuraceum , 423. 
 
 hederaceum, 987. 
 
 Italicum, 314. 
 
 lingulatum, 950. 
 
 lyratum, 746. 
 
 maculatum, 314. 
 
 montanum, 746. 
 
 pentaphyllum, 973. 
 
 proboscideum, 889. 
 
 ringens, 976. 
 
 tenuifolium, 888. 
 
 {Typhonium) trilobatutn, 524. 
 
 triphyllum, 808. 
 
 (Peltandra) Virginicum, 1015. 
 Anmdinaria macrosperma, 7 57, 869, 
 909. 
 
 Schomburgkii, 715. 
 
 j/., 659. 
 Arundo donax, 57, 72. 
 festucoides, 397. 
 
 /Wv, 595. 
 Antngana mollusca, 1000. 
 Arzina, in Lapland, 8S8. 
 Asafcetida, 328, 342. 
 Asarum arifolium, 1039. 
 
 Cauadense, 808. 
 
 Europ&um, 264. 
 
 Virginicum, 777. 
 Ascalon, 125, 227. 
 Ascension Isl. in Pacific, 858, 1068. 
 Asclepiadean, medical sect, 446. 
 Asclepias alexicaca, 974. 
 
 amoena, 952. 
 
 Cornuti, 908, 927, 945. 
 
 crispa, 99S. 
 
 Curassavica, 983. 
 
 Dioscoridis, 339. 
 
 (Calotropis) gigantea, 596. 
 fruticosa, see Gomphocarpus. 
 
 iucamata, 794, 949. 
 
 nivca, 9S6. 
 
 obtusifolia, 1038. 
 parvijloi'a, 1043. 
 pauper cula, 1039 
 pkytolaccoides, 1016. 
 procera [Calotropis), 330. 
 
1148 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Aselepias pubescens, 999. 
 
 purpurasceus, 991. 
 
 quadrifolia, 1049. 
 
 rubra, 1016. 
 
 spiralis, 390. 
 
 Sullivanti, 106S. 
 
 tuberosa, 9S2. 
 
 undulata, 998. 
 
 variegata, 918. 
 
 vertieillata, 999. 
 Ascyrum crux-Andrea, 1016. 
 
 Jiypcricoides, 987. 
 
 miitilwn, 1016. 
 
 pit in Hum , 962. 
 
 selvsum, 1016. 
 
 vdlosinn, see Hypericum, 
 Ash, see Fraxaius. 
 Asimina gj-aud flora, 1033. 
 
 triloba, SSl. 
 
 farviflara, 1041. 
 
 pygmaea, 1033. 
 Asp, or cobra, 17. 
 Aspalathits araneosa, 1000. 
 
 astroites, 1000. 
 
 callosa, 1000. 
 
 capitata, 1000. 
 
 ericaefolia, iooo. 
 
 J/idica, 1000. 
 
 quuiquefolta, 1000. 
 
 tliyun'lotia, IOOO. 
 
 uuiflora, 1000. 
 Asparagus acerosus, 476. 
 
 acutif alius, 165. 
 
 a/bus, 902. 
 
 amarus, 8S4. 
 
 aphyllus, 165. 
 
 ascendents, 736. 
 
 Asiaticus, 999. 
 
 Cap en sis, 999. 
 falcatas, 970. 
 
 officinalis, 397, 969. 
 
 racemosns, G>'.i. 
 
 retrofraetus, 999. 
 
 sarme?itosits, (V>8. 
 
 j/., 442. 
 
 tenuif alius, 46X 
 
 verticilla I us, ^25. 
 
 ^A'"> 133- 
 
 Asperugo procumbens, 503. 
 
 Asperula arvensis, 887. 
 
 cynanchica , 850. 
 
 incana, 99S. 
 
 laevigata, 937. 
 
 /ftte?, 998. 
 
 nitida, <y)%, 
 
 odorata, G^\. 
 
 /[vre/iaica, 9^7, 
 
 7'uuriiia, 904. 
 
 tiitftorhi, S24. 
 Asphodelus atbus, 92 r. 
 
 Cretieus, 99S. 
 fstulosus, 2(Vj. 
 
 luteus, 273, 
 prolifer, 1007. 
 
 ramosus, 106. 
 Aspidium aculeatum, 480. 
 
 Aspidium alpiuum, 918. 
 
 [Cibalium) baronies, 646. 
 
 cicutarium, iooo. 
 
 coriaiidrifoliuin , IOOO. 
 
 cristatum, 979. 
 
 falcatum, 1000. 
 
 Jilix-mas, 123. 
 
 fontanum, 551. 
 
 Halleri, 894. 
 
 iuvisitm, 983. 
 
 lobatum, 1000. 
 
 lonchit 'ii, 496. 
 
 marginale, 1020. 
 
 Martuticciise, &c, 987. 
 
 monlauum, IOOO. 
 
 mucrojiatum, 983. 
 
 JVoveboracense, 1020. 
 
 obovatum, 564. 
 
 patens, 983. 
 
 regium, 1006. 
 
 spinulosum, 878, 9^19. 
 
 thclyptcris, S49, 969. 
 
 trifoliittiun, 1000. 
 
 umtmii, 1000. 
 Asplcuiuni adiaiitum-iiig7'inn, 367. 
 
 ambigutij?i, 974. 
 
 angustifolium, 978. 
 
 auritum, 9S3. 
 
 Breyuii, 975. 
 
 ciuieatum, 983. 
 
 ebeneum, 978. 
 
 falcatum, 970. 
 
 furcatinu, IOOO. 
 
 Germauiciun, 892. 
 
 laiiceolatum, 906. 
 
 mariuum, 904. 
 
 montanum, 1 041. 
 
 nidus, 975. 
 
 palmatum, 902. 
 
 polypodioides, 978. 
 
 Prohferiim, QN3. 
 
 ;-«/(? murana, 367. 
 
 Septeutnoualc, 880. 
 
 serration , &c , 9S7. 
 
 llie/ypleroides, 1044. 
 
 triehoinanes, 251. 
 Assiente, the, French Company 
 for transporting Negroes to 
 Spanish-American settlements, 
 997- 
 Assuan, 603, 711. 
 
 Assyrian, orcuneiform writing, 195. 
 Assyrians, 90, 113, 146, 218. 
 Astacus, or Nicomedia, city in 
 
 Asia Minor, 217, 
 Aster acuiiiinatus, 1041. 
 
 ccstivus, 1043. 
 
 alpinus, 940. 
 
 amellus, 2S6. 
 
 augur/i/Wnit, 990. 
 
 bifida r> 1014. 
 
 cuuesccns, 1055. 
 
 Carolinian its, 1040. 
 
 Chiueusis, sue Callisicphus. 
 
 coneolor, 1016. 
 
 cordifolius, 949, 
 
 Aster corymbosus, 1043. 
 dumosus, 991. 
 
 ericoides, 1 o 1 1 . 
 
 flexuosus, 1055. 
 
 foliolosus, 10 1 1. 
 
 fruticulosus, 993. 
 
 glandulosus, 985. 
 
 graminifolius, 1060. 
 
 grandiflorus, 1009. 
 
 hispidus, 9S9. 
 
 {Galatella) hyssofifolia, 1028. 
 
 laevigatas, 973. 
 
 laci'/s, 1019. 
 
 lin if alius, 979. 
 
 macrophyllus, 1003. 
 
 miser, 1011. 
 
 multiflorits , 1011. 
 
 mutabilis, 9S2. 
 
 Novae Angliae, 991. 
 
 -/VfTZ/? Belgii, 982. 
 
 paludosus, 1043. 
 
 peregrinus, 1058. 
 
 prenanthoides, 1052. 
 
 punkeus, 982. 
 
 radula, 1043 
 
 reticulahts, 1055. 
 
 rubricaulis, 990. 
 
 sagittifolius, 1054. 
 
 salic/folius, 1043. 
 
 sericeus, 1044. 
 
 simplex, 1 057. 
 
 spectabilis, 1043. 
 
 squarrosus, 1040. 
 
 sureulosus, 104 1. 
 
 tardiflorus, 1003. 
 
 tenellus, 1000. 
 
 tenia folius, 992. 
 
 Tradeseauti, 932. 
 
 tripolium, 449. 
 
 undulatus, 991. 
 
 uuijlorits, IO44. 
 Asteraeantha long/ folia, 605. 
 Astina, Hindu seat of go\ eminent 
 
 on Java, 554, 5S6. 
 Astragalus adsurgens, 1013. 
 
 alopeeuroides, 995. 
 
 ammodytcs, 1 03 1. 
 
 ampullatus, 1032. 
 
 arcnarius, 5S7. 
 
 aristatus, 327. 
 
 as per, 907. 
 
 Austriaeus, 907. 
 
 Baeticus, 952. 
 
 Baicalensis, 1013. 
 
 brachy carpus, 1007. 
 
 Canadensis, 973, 995. 
 
 carnosus, 1057. 
 
 Carolinianus, 973. 
 
 caudatus, 1 030. 
 
 Christianus, 900. 
 
 <-/<vr, 587. 
 
 eolu/eoides, 900. 
 
 eaiilorluplii alas, 100S. 
 
 Crrtiats, 325. 
 
 cymbaeearpos, 96 1. 
 
 dalgurieus, 1032. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 149 
 
 Astragalus deusifalius, 900. 
 
 echioidesy 905. 
 
 epiglottis, 9S2. 
 
 erianthus, 894. 
 
 exscapus, 937. 
 galegiformis, 1007. 
 glaber, 104 1. 
 glaux, 399. 
 glyciphytlus, 720. 
 
 grand iflor us, 781, 1029. 
 gummifer, 118. 
 
 hamosus, 889. 
 
 hypoglottis, 9J9. 
 
 incanus, 937. 
 
 laguroides, 1032. 
 
 Laxmannty 1013. 
 
 leptophy Hits, 1032. 
 
 longijlorus, 10 1 3. 
 
 melilotoides, 1005. 
 
 Mexicanus, 1061. 
 
 microphy Hits, 911. 
 
 Missourwnsis, 1055. 
 
 Monspessidanus , 931. 
 
 montanus, 912. 
 
 muricatus, 1032. 
 
 oxyphyllus, IC32. 
 pauciflorus, 10 1 3. 
 
 pentaglottis, 982. 
 
 Pilosus, 93 1, 1029. 
 
 polyphyllus, 1032. 
 
 poterium, 302. 
 
 racemosus, 1057. 
 
 Robbinsii, 1065. 
 
 secundus, 1044. 
 
 sesameus, 934. 
 
 stella, 903. 
 
 tenellus, 1055. 
 
 tragacanthoides , 1029. 
 
 idiginosus, 1013. 
 
 uralensis, 988, 1 029. 
 
 varius, 1007. 
 
 vents, 327. 
 
 viciaef alius y 894. 
 
 villosus, 1 041. 
 Astrakan, city on the Caspian, 889. 
 Astrantia epipactis, 889. 
 
 heterophylla, 998. 
 
 major, 870. 
 
 minor, 937. 
 Astraphaxis spinosa, 1007. 
 Astrea, asteroid, 1069. 
 Astrocaryum tucum, 791. 
 Astrolabes, 758. 
 Astronomical Observations, 83, 1 64, 
 
 372, 407, 643, 680, 829. 
 Astronomical Tables, the Alphon- 
 
 sian, of Ulugh Beg, 743, 815. 
 Astronomy, 67, 164, 301, 312, 323, 
 
 377, 576, 616,762. 
 Atalanta semdata, 1054. 
 Atalantia monophyf/a, 726. 
 Athamantha annua, 910. 
 
 Cretensis, 471. 
 
 libanotis, 885. 
 
 Matthwli, 889. 
 
 panacifolia, 902. 
 
 Athamantha Sicula, 972. 
 
 verticillosa, 961, 
 Athanasia annua, 982. 
 
 capitata, 975. 
 
 dentata, 1 001. 
 
 parviflora, 997. 
 
 pubescens, &c, 993. 
 
 punctata, 997. 
 Athens, 233, 239, 265-66, 280, 337, 
 
 348, 541, 576, 822. 
 Athyrium filix-ftzmina, 914, 969. 
 Atractylis cancellata, 359. 
 
 gummifera, 310. 
 
 humilis, 971. 
 Atragene Americana, 1056. 
 Atraphaxis unduhita, ion. 
 Atrlplex angustifolia, 904. 
 
 canescens, 1054. 
 
 coriacea, 236. 
 
 glauca, 971. 
 
 halimus, 12. 
 
 hastata, 511, 958, 
 
 hartensis, 24S, 958, 969. 
 
 laciniata, 904. 
 
 littoralis, 1004. 
 
 microsperma, 1053. 
 
 nitens, 1047. 
 
 Patula, 904. 
 
 porhdaccoides, 8S7. 
 
 Tatar ica, 10 13. 
 
 veiieta, 888. 
 Atropa arborescens, 950. 
 
 belladonna, 184. 
 
 frutescens, 97 1 . 
 
 ■mandragora, see Mandragora. 
 Atskesi, village of the Ainos, 1006 
 Attar of rose, 150, 304. 
 Attica, in Greece, 126. 
 Auaris, city in Egypt, 94, 103. 
 Aubergine, see Egg-plant. 
 Aubi'ietia deltoidea, 486. 
 Auchomenes Hookeri, 733. 
 Aucklajidia costns, 320. 
 Aucuba yaponica, 774 
 Augsburg, 870, 888. 
 Augury, an ancient superstition, 
 
 W 554- 
 
 Augustan Confession, 870. 
 Augustinian monks, 863, 866. 
 Auk, the bird, 154, 619. 
 Aulax pinifolia, 1006. 
 Auricular confession, 720. 
 Aurora borealis, 940, 1004-5. 
 Australia, 564, 933, 945, 985. 
 Australians, 933, 945. 
 Austria, and the Austrians, 1057, 
 
 1059. 
 Avadana Asoka, Budd. writing, 554. 
 
 Purana, Buddhist writing, S14 
 Avena fatua, 398. 
 
 fragilis, 971. 
 
 uuda, 903, 969. 
 
 Orientalis, 1023. 
 
 pallens, 960. 
 
 fratensis, 638. 
 
 saliva, 340, 451, 969. 
 
 Avena strigosa, 1031. 
 
 versicolor, 1005. 
 Avenastrum striatum, 1044. 
 Avens, 506. 
 Averrhoa bilimbi, 334. 
 
 carambola, 690. 
 Avicennia tomentosa, 324. 
 Avignon, city in France, 767. 
 Avocado, 824. 
 Axum, city in Abyssinia, 54S, 573, 
 
 6S0, 800. 
 Axyris amarantoides, 1013. 
 
 kybrida, 1013. 
 
 prostrata, 1014. 
 Aydendron laurel, 709. 
 Ayenia pusilla, 9S2. 
 Aymaras, around Lake Titicaca, 
 
 665. 
 Azadiracta Tndica, 545. 
 Azalea arborescens, 1020. 
 
 calendulacea, 1033. 
 
 canescens, 104 1. 
 
 Indica, 632. 
 
 nudijlora, 995. 
 
 pontic a, 299. 
 
 procumbens, see Loiseleuria. 
 
 viscosa, 92^5. 
 Azcapozalco, city in Mexico, 8}[. 
 Azolla Magellanica, 1002. 
 Azores Islands, 791, 813, 819, S22, 
 
 1058. 
 Aztec Mexicans, 709, 717, 720, 736, 
 
 776, 790. 
 Aztlan, ancient home of the Az- 
 tecs, 709. 
 
 Babylon, city of, 74, 231, 243, 345, 
 
 479. 483. 626. 
 Baccharis angiLsti folia, 1041. 
 
 genistelloides, 717. 
 
 glomeruli flora, 1041. 
 
 halimifolia, 962. 
 
 ivaefolia, 1002. 
 
 scandens, 668, 799. 
 
 J/., 661, 665. 
 
 venosa, 717. 
 Bacchus, worship of, 145, 150, 154, 
 
 442. 
 Bachelor's button, 879. 
 Bactra, city in Central Asia,326-27. 
 Bactria, 383, 3S8, 391, 408. 
 Bactris minor, 859. 
 Baden, city in Germany, 997. 
 Badger, 136, 452. 
 Baeoinyces deformis, 1012. 
 Baffin's Bay, discovered, 933. 
 Bagdad, city on the Tigris, 621, 71 1, 
 
 747- 
 Bahama Islands, discovered, S61. 
 Bahrite, Memluk dynasty, 741, 795. 
 Bajee, 701. 
 
 Balaena mysticetus, 323. 
 Balambangan, Java, 597. 
 Balanites Acgyptiaca, 65s, 819. 
 Balasor, town in the East Indies, 
 981. 
 
ii5o 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Balbeck, in Syria, temple there, 528, 
 1069. 
 
 Baldeyabnna, 703. 
 
 Baldwinia uuiflora, 1058. 
 
 Balearic Islands, in the Mediter- 
 ranean near Spain, 201, 411. 
 
 Ballabi dynasty of kings in Guzerat, 
 
 5-S, 574- 
 Balloon voyages, 1070. 
 Balloon-vine, 567. 
 Ballota alba, 910. 
 
 nigra , 206. 
 Balm, garden, 363. 
 Balm of Gil cad, ilS, 812. 
 Balm-tree, 115. 
 Balsam, 652. 
 
 copaiva, 783-84. 
 
 of Acouchi, 673. 
 
 of Peru, 717. 
 
 of Tolu, 889. 
 Balsam-apple, S7. 
 Balsam-fir, 920. 
 Balsam-flower, 556 
 Bahamifa ageratifoha, 898. 
 
 vulgaris, 549. 
 Balsamodendron Africanum, 2. 
 
 agallocha, 2. 
 
 kafal, 410. 
 
 muhtl, 333. 
 
 myrrha, 142. 
 
 opobalsamnm, 1 1 5. 
 Baltimore, city in Maryland, 1035, 
 
 1042, 1070. 
 Bamboo, 88, 95, 217, 264, 407, 431, 
 
 630, 659, 787. 
 Bambusa arundinacea, 88, 217. 
 
 (Jfeloean/ia) baccijera, 95. 
 
 [Dendrocalamus) ballcooa, 95. 
 
 Polyueuan, 438. 
 
 j/., 431. 
 
 {Dendrocalamus) strictus, 95. 
 
 [Dendrocalamus) In Ida, 88. 
 
 verlicillata, 966. 
 Bamia, see Hibiscus csculentits. 
 Banabe, or Ascension, island in the 
 
 Pacific, 752, 1068. 
 Banana, 277, 779. 
 
 Banda, island in the Moluccas, 933. 
 Bandolier fruit, 745. 
 Banians, Hindu merchants, 424. 
 Banian tree, 329. 
 Bauisteria dkhotoma, &c, 986. 
 
 fulgens, 9S2. 
 Banks and banking, 3SS. 
 Banksia integi'ifolia, 985. 
 Baobab, 819. 
 Baptisia alba, 1009. 
 
 coerulea, 1025. 
 
 la?iceolata, 1040. 
 
 perfoliate 1 o 1 1 . 
 
 tinctoria, 943, 958. 
 
 villosa, 1040. 
 Baptism, 476, 597, 599, 630. 
 Baptistery, 708, 751. 
 Barabra, or Nubians, 789, S r 7. 
 Barbadoes, island in \V. Indies, 943. 
 
 Barbarea prcecox, 988. 
 
 vulgaris, 175. 
 Barbary, 442, 901. 
 Barberry, 500, 830. 
 Barilla, 518, 646. 
 Barkal, see Gebel Barkal. 
 Barleria bisfiuosa, 721. 
 
 buxifolia, 702. 
 
 ciliata, 702. 
 
 coerulea, 696. 
 
 cristata, 419. 
 
 Itvstrix, 1000. 
 
 lougifolia, see Asteracantha. 
 
 noctijiora, 589. 
 
 prioiuhs, 701. 
 
 solauifolia, 9S6. 
 /^-At, 34, 45 1 . 935. 944- 
 Barnacles, 335. 
 Barnevelt's Islands, near Terra del 
 
 Fuego, 933. 
 Barmngtonia acutangula, 593. 
 
 racemosa, 593. 
 
 speciosa, 437. 
 Bartonia nuda, 1057. 
 
 ornata, 1054. 
 Bartsia alpina, 518. 
 
 maxima, 961. 
 
 pallida, 1013. 
 
 spicata, 971. 
 
 teuuifolia, 1055. 
 
 trixago, 934. 
 
 viscosa, 971. 
 Basella alba, 696. 
 
 tuberosa, 678. 
 Bashee Islets, near Luzon, 9S1. 
 Basil, 624, 654, 695, 701, 935. 
 Basra, or Bassora, citv and seaport 
 at the mouth of the Euphrates, 
 6or. 
 Bassia bu/yrarea, 603. 
 
 tati folia, 42 x. 
 
 long/folia, 523. 
 
 Parkii, 426. 
 Bastile, fortress and prison in Paris, 
 
 791, 1043. 
 Bat, 52. 
 
 Batatas edulis, 917, 976, 1017. 
 Bathenians, or Hassassins, 688,751, 
 
 779- 
 
 Batinda, city in India, 664. 
 
 Batselua caueseeus, 767. 
 
 Carol/ueusis, 767. 
 
 lougi/lora, 1057. 
 Battering ram, engine of war, 19S. 
 Battle-axe, 676. 
 Baukinia aculeata, 986. 
 
 acuminata, 561. 
 
 aurita, 1024. 
 
 diflivlla, 734. 
 
 divaricata, 1015. 
 
 porreeta, 986. 
 
 purpurea, 423. 
 
 raceniosa, 593. 
 
 scaudeus, 372. 
 
 shcen-byat, 112. 
 
 tomentosa, 632. 
 
 Baukinia Valilii, 593" 
 
 variegata, 334. 
 Bay berry, 771. 
 Bdellium, 1, ^, 472, 545. 
 Beach-pea, 873. 
 Beacons, on shoals, 9S1. 
 Bean, see /'iz&z and Phaseolus. 
 Bear, 45, 114, 136,452,753- 
 Bear Island, discovered, 918. 
 Bearberry, 529. 
 Beaver, 125, 452, 752, 1010. 
 Beckmannia erucaeformis, 97 r. 
 Bedouins, 3, 87, 212, 226. 
 Beech, 134, 451. 
 Bee-flower, 827. 
 
 •nettle, 685. 
 Beef-wood, 113. 
 ^r, 92, 818. 
 j5V^, 109, 909, 960. 
 Beftcria racemosa, 1043. 
 Begonia acutifolia, 983. 
 
 grandis, 620. 
 
 macrophylla, 987. 
 
 rotund 1 folia, 987. 
 
 tuberosa, 966. 
 
 JT/., 620. 
 
 Belal dynasty of Carnata, 773. 
 Belgium, S92, 919. 
 Belgrade, in Hungary, 866. 
 Belis jaculi folia, xooo. 
 Belle isle cress, 9S8. 
 Bellis integrifolia, 1044. 
 fereuuis, 507. 
 svlvcstris, 258. 
 Bellium bellidioides, 507. 
 Bells, invention of, 29, 75S, Soo. 
 Belonia aspera, 9S6. 
 Benares, city on the Ganges, 555, 
 
 669, 716. 
 Benedictines f Mmub tic Order), 5S9, 
 
 655. 
 
 Bengal, 7S3, 897, 94S, 1026. 
 Bengal rose, 817. 
 Benihassan, 85. 
 Benincasa ccrifera, 606. 
 Benjamin, 884. 
 -5V///, or sea-weed, 605. 
 Benzoin, 551. 
 
 odorifcrum, S93, 923. 
 Berberis aquifolium, 830. 
 
 aristata, 708. 
 
 Canadensis, 1029. 
 
 Ov^-rf, 393. 
 
 Japoniea, 632. 
 
 lycium, 446. 
 
 nervosa, 1055. 
 
 Siberica, 1031. 
 
 vulgiris, 500, 969. 
 Bercliemia volubilis, 881. 
 Berckheya ciliaris, 1000. 
 
 iucaua, 1000. 
 
 setosa, 993. 
 Bcrgamot, 686. 
 Bergera Jvcenigii, 521. 
 Bergia verlicillata, 974. 
 Berkhampsted, 613. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 "5' 
 
 Berlandiera tomentosa t 1033. 
 Berlin, city in Germany, 1056. 
 Bermudas Isls., 866, 915, 928, 930. 
 Berne, in Switzerland, 869. 
 Berrya ammonilla, 244. 
 Besleria melittaefolui, &c. 986. 
 Beta maritima, 366. 
 
 vulgaris, 109. 
 Betel, 331, 517, 588. 
 Beth-horon, two cities in Palestine, 
 
 122. 
 Bethlehem, town in Pennsylvania, 
 
 1017. 
 Betonica alopecurus, 470. 
 
 hirsuta, 919. 
 
 officinalis, see Stachys. 
 
 Orientalis, 734. 
 
 stricta, 870. 
 Betony, 340. 
 Betula alba, 134, 451, 622. 
 
 asada, 418. 
 
 beitats, 418. 
 
 bhojputra, 713. 
 
 excelsa, 1043. 
 
 fruticosa, 1014. 
 
 leuta, 807, 925. 
 
 nana, 951, 1017. 
 
 nigra, 962. 
 
 papyracea, 666, 875, 924, 940, 
 942, 1010. 
 
 populifolia, 808. 
 
 pubescens, 911. 
 
 pumila, 1019. 
 
 j/., 830. 
 
 ulmifolia, 622. 
 Beurreria sticculenla, 982. 
 Bezoars, 323, 799. 
 Bhasvati, Sanscrit writing, 6S4. 
 Bhering's Straits, 1008. 
 Bible, first printed in Hebrew, 867. 
 
 manuscripts and translations 
 of > 553. 5 6 5* 59S, 613, 684, 
 756, 79 T > 795» 9 0I > 96o t 963. 
 Bich-balik, or Ouroumtsi, city in 
 
 Tartary, 602. 
 Bidens bipiunata, 748. 
 
 cerniia, 98S. 
 
 Chinensis, 966. 
 
 chrysanthemoides, 1038. 
 
 connata, 1052. 
 
 frondosa, 785, 978. 
 
 nodiflora, ton. 
 
 psilosa, 428. 
 
 tripartita, 785. 
 Bigelowia nudata, 1041. 
 Bighorn, see Ovis. 
 Bignonia Aequinoctialis, &c, 986. 
 
 alba, 950. 
 
 capreolata, 962. 
 
 ( Stereosperm um ) chelonoides, 
 
 73s. 
 
 ckica, 715. 
 
 chrysantha, 950. 
 
 ( ^ rM rophyllum ) Comorense, 
 
 3S0. 
 (Colea) floribunda, 384. 
 
 Bignonia grandiflora, 989. 
 
 ( Calosanthes) Indica, 694. 
 
 leucoxylon, 1000. 
 
 (Arthrophyllnm) Madagascari- 
 ense, 385. 
 
 orbiculata, 950. 
 
 radiata, 1002. 
 
 ( Tecoma) radicans, 942. 
 
 (Spathodea) Rheedii, 462. 
 
 {Spathodea) Roxburghii, 728. 
 
 ( Tecoma) stans, 984, 986. 
 
 [Spathodea) stipulata, 112. 
 
 suberosa, 739, 
 
 (Colea) Telfarice, 385. 
 
 (Spathodea) temiifolia, 380. 
 
 tomentosa, 571. 
 
 xylocarpa, 739. 
 Bills of credit, 986, 1010, 1020, 1035. 
 Bindweed, 206. 
 Bintara, city in Java, 829. 
 Birch, 134, 713, 807-8, 830, 872. 
 Bird-eggs, gigantic fossil, 762. 
 Birdlime, 187, 247. 
 Bird's- nest, 848. 
 Biscuit-root, 604. 
 Biscutella apula, 485. 
 
 c o?-o n op i folia, 894. 
 
 laevigata, 485. 
 
 longifolia, 971. 
 
 montana, 1015. 
 
 picridifolia , 907. 
 
 rapham 'folia, 972. 
 
 sempervirens, 994. 
 Biserrula pelecinus, 341. 
 Bismuth, the metal, 756. 
 Bistort, see Polygonum bistorta. 
 Bithynia, in Asia Minor, 377, 445. 
 Bitter-cress, 848. 
 Bitter-sweet, 530. 
 Bitumen, 125. 
 ^/jrrt Orellana, 672. 
 Blackberry, 134, 177, 777, 869. 
 Black dam?ner, 744. 
 Black death, a pestilence, 787. 
 Blackhole, prison at Calcutta, 1023. 
 Black walnut, 778. 
 Blackwood, 463. 
 Bladder fern, 850. 
 
 ■ZCW-/, 599. 
 Bladhia crispa, 976. 
 
 Japonica, 976 
 Blaeria ericoides, 997. 
 
 glabella, 1014. 
 Blatta Germanica, 482. 
 Blazing stars, 927. 
 Blechnum Australe, 1000. 
 
 Boreal e, 760. 
 
 Occidentale, 987. 
 
 serrulatum, 1 043. 
 Blechum Brownei, 9S3 
 Blemyes, Nubian tribe, 441. 
 Blepharis boerhaaviaefolia, IOOO. 
 
 edulis, 425. 
 Blephilia ciliata, 999. 
 
 hirsuta, 1041. 
 Bletia verecunda, 1009. 
 
 Blitum capitatum, 940. 
 
 virgattcm, 882. 
 Blockading of ports, 1070. 
 Block Island, murder at, 949. 
 Bloodroot, 767. 
 Bloodwort, 638, 848. 
 Blue-bell, 828. 
 Blueberry, S06. 
 Bluebottle, 434. 
 Blue dye, 590. 
 Blue earth, 114. 
 B lite-eyed grass, 776. 
 Blue-fish, 1026 
 Blumea balsamifera, 745. 
 
 grandis, 78S. 
 Boar, 322, 452. 
 Bocconia f'utescens, 915. 
 Boebera glandulosa, 1044. 
 Boehmeria cylindrica, 983. 
 frondosa, 385. 
 
 interrufla, 974. 
 
 urticafolia, 1067. 
 Boeotia, 128. 
 Boerhaavia diffusa, 701. 
 
 hirsuta, 999. 
 
 paniculata, 1045. 
 
 scandens, 999. 
 
 ■*/-. 73 2 - 
 Bogomiles, sect of, 685. 
 Bohemia, in central Europe, 658, 
 
 669. 935-36- 
 Bohemian glass, 888. 
 
 poems, 61S. 
 Boii (Bohemians ?), 376, 5S3. 
 Bolbophyllum sunipia, 589. 
 Boletus edulis, 155. 
 
 igniarius, 187. 
 
 kuruma, 418. 
 
 laricis, 440. 
 
 luridus, 279. 
 
 polycephalus, 971. 
 
 umbellatus, 971. 
 Boleros, a sling-like implement, 875. 
 Bolgari, city on the Lower Volga, 
 
 710, 7S4, 902. 
 Bolivia, or Upper Peru, 1064. 
 £0//, 556. 
 Boltonia asteroides, 1021. 
 
 diffusa, 1061. 
 
 glastifolia, 1041. 
 Bombax (Eriod.) anfractuosu;n,yS^ 
 
 ceiba, 853. 
 
 eriauthus, 985. 
 
 (Sahnalia) iusigne, 278. 
 
 (Salmalia) Alalabaricum, 253. 
 Bombay, 855. 
 Bombs, invention of, 913. 
 Bombus, 878. 
 
 Bonin Islands, S46, 884, 972. 
 Bontia daphnoides, 1000. 
 Bonzessas, Bud. priestesses, 792. 
 Booby bird, 573. 
 
 Book of the Dead, a work in hiero- 
 glyphic writing, 81. 
 Book of Nature, an encyclopedic 
 work by Conrad, 787. 
 
1 1 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Books, 393, 396, 399, 539, 649, 689. 
 Boots, 576, 759. 
 
 Booza, qi. 
 
 Borate, 263. 
 
 Borage Africana, see Trichodesma. 
 
 Cretica, 972. 
 
 officinalis, 263. 
 
 Orientalis, 996. 
 Borassus Aethiopicus, 125. 
 
 dichotomus, 1. 
 
 fiabelliformis, 515. 
 
 A/adagasca rieu sis. 385. 
 Borax, 612. 
 Borbonia cordata, 975. 
 
 crenata, 97 5. 
 
 lauceolata, 1000. 
 
 truiervia, IOOO. 
 Borgite, Memluk d\ nasty, 796. 
 Borneo, island of, 788, Si 4, 846. 
 Boro Budur, Buddhist temple, 782. 
 Borodino, city in Russia, 1059. 
 Bomchia fruteseeus, 962. 
 Borysthenes, city at the mouth of 
 
 the Dnieper, 226. 
 Bos bubalus, 277. 
 
 American us, American bison, 
 864, 869, 878, 880-S1. 
 
 bison, 135, 452. 
 
 Caffer, African buffalo, 564. 
 
 grunniens, yak, 527. 
 
 taurus, 67, 154, 424, 452. 
 
 urus, 135. 
 Bosaa sp., 730. 
 Bosca yermaz'ora, 1014. 
 Bui».|iuru% or Panticapzeum, Greek 
 
 city in the Crimea, 265. 
 Boston, city and seaport in New 
 England, 947-48, 951, 9X1, 985, 
 994, 1004, 1028, 1035, 1070. 
 Boston Massacre, the, so-called, 
 
 1030. 
 Bosiocllia glabra, no. 
 
 papyri/era, 346. 
 
 sp., 346. 
 
 thurifera, no. 
 Bosworth, battle at, 843. 
 Botanic gardens, 472, 885, 919, 1004, 
 1027, 1032, 1045, to66. 
 
 one established in Egypt, 1066. 
 Botanical nomenclature, improve- 
 ment in, by Linnaeus, 1015. 
 Botrycltium disscctum, IOOO. 
 
 lunar/a, 849. 
 
 matricarioides, 97S. 
 
 rnlaccum, 92 \ . 
 
 Virgiuicum, 987. 
 
 Zeylanicum, 966. 
 Bon ta oppositifolia, 112. 
 Bourbon or Mascarcigne Island, 
 
 953. 957- 
 Bouriates, of Siberia, 759. 
 Bouro, one of the Molucca Islands, 
 
 2 99- 33^ 92 5- 
 
 Boulcloua curtipendula, 1044. 
 hirsuta, 1055. 
 oligostachya, 1058- 
 
 Bouton, island in the East Indies, 
 
 960, <>Sr. 
 Bows, metallic, 120, 7S9. 
 Bow-string hemp, 95 
 Box-elder, 641. 
 Box-wood, 171-72. 
 Boykinia aconitifolia, 1060. 
 Brabe/um stellul (folium, 229, 766. 
 Brachvchaeta cor da la, 1067. 
 BracJivelyii'iun aristahim, 1033. 
 Brachyris sarothrcc, 1055. 
 Brachystelma sp., 731. 
 Bradleia Bhilipf ousts, 990. 
 
 Sinica, 1000. 
 Bragautia WaUichii, 774. 
 Brakes, or bracken, 97. 
 Brambanan, first capital of Java, 
 
 597. 75 2 - 
 Bramble, 177. 
 
 Bramins, 330, 369, 444, 482, 557, 560. 
 B'raseuia pellata, IOOO. 
 Brassavola cuctdlata, 987. 
 Brassica arvensis, 556. 
 
 Cliinensis, 417. 
 
 Crc/iea, 352. 
 
 eruca, 2S1. 
 
 erucastrum, SS3. 
 
 incaua, 434. 
 
 nap-its, 320. 
 
 oleracea, 242, 960. 
 
 rapa, or campcstris, 276. 
 
 RicJierii, 919. 
 Brata Vudha, [a. van poem, 586,622. 
 Braya alpina, 1042. 
 Brayera anthelmiulica, 1X5 
 Brazen Age, 1 iS. 
 Brazil, 791, 858, 1063. 
 Brazil 'wood, 526, S57. 
 Bread, 741. 
 
 Breadfruit tree, 437, 441, 697. 
 Bread-root, 748. 
 Breakstone, 599. 
 Bretagne, in France, 325. 
 Bricks, sun-dried, or adobes, ^2, 
 
 59* ■ 
 Bridges, 519, 675, 705, 709. 
 
 Briedelia spinosa, ^22. 
 
 Brimstone, 794. 
 
 Britain, 325, 454, 47S, 516, 525, 531, 
 
 S3 6 ' 544. 5 r H* 5<A 5^8, 103X. 
 Br/za hum it is, 971. 
 
 maxima, QOJ. 
 
 media, 880. 
 
 minor, 996. 
 Brizopyrum spicatum, 1016. 
 Broduea grand/Jiora, 605. 
 Bromelia acanga, 950. 
 
 ananas, 674. 
 
 braclea/a, 950. 
 
 caraguata, 85S. 
 
 hum His, 950. 
 
 lingulata, 986. 
 
 pinguin, 999. 
 Bromns alopecuroides, 1007. 
 
 arvensis, 905. 
 
 asper, 978. 
 
 B ramus catharttcus, 662. 
 
 ciliatus, 1019. 
 
 conjertus, 1007. 
 
 erect us, 971. 
 
 giganteus, 1005. 
 
 7 tier mis, 1007. 
 
 Kalmii, 1019. 
 
 lanceolatus, 1007. 
 
 Ligusticus, 1005. 
 
 Madritensis, 97X. 
 
 mollis, 852. 
 
 piiinatns, 841. 
 
 racemosus, 976. 
 
 rubens, see Festnca. 
 
 sccalinus, 979. 
 
 sterilis, 704. 
 
 squarro^us, 1005. 
 
 tectorum, 841. 
 
 velutinus, 940. 
 Bronze, 80, 106, 612, 618-19. 
 
 Age, 167. 
 Brooklimc, 502. 
 Broom, 447. 
 Broom com, 724. 
 Brossaea cocciuea, 9S6. 
 Broussonetia ? ats'ni, 499. 
 
 kaji-no-ki, 601. 
 
 papyri/era, 591, S46. 
 Brcnvallia elata, 1015. 
 Browmoort, 206, 637. 
 Brucca antidysentemca, 185. 
 
 (AVw<?) quassioides, 497. 
 Bruchus pisi, 2S3. 
 Bruges, city in Belgium, 799. 
 Brugmausia Candida, 1003. 
 Bruguiera eriopetala, 423. 
 
 gvniuorliiza, 300. 
 Bruuella grandiplora, 907. 
 
 lac in lata, 907. 
 
 vulgaris, 419. 
 Brunfelsia Americana, 986. 
 Brunia lanuginosa, 999. 
 
 nod flora, 975. 
 Bruuuiehia eirrhosa, 1026. 
 BruusT'igia toxicaria, 766. 
 Bryonia alba, 474. 
 
 Americana, 9S7. 
 
 callosa, 745. 
 
 Cretica, 309. 
 
 dioiea, 309. 
 
 f/^rtrtr, 745. 
 
 fict folia, TOIL 
 
 laauiostu 731. 
 
 racemosa, 987. 
 
 rostrata, 523. 
 
 scabrella, see Mukia. 
 Bryopliyltitm calytiuum, 3S4. 
 Bubaslis, or Pi-besclh, city uf, 402. 
 Bubon gummifer, 993. 
 
 Maeedonicum, 466. 
 
 Sicnlits, 972. 
 Buceros, the Abyssinian hornbill, 
 
 322. 
 Buchanania angzest (folia, 729. 
 
 lancifolia, 734. 
 
 latifolia, 333. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 11 53 
 
 Buchnera 4mericana, 1016. 
 Asiatica, iooo. 
 elongata, 986. 
 Bud da buceras, 982. 
 Buckthorn, 386. 
 Buckwheat, 841, 904. 
 Buda, city in Hungary, 869. 
 Buddhism, the religion, 347, 383, 
 421, 444, 453, 476, 483, 497, 533. 
 5-1i, 560, 568, 575, 5S4, 591, 619, 
 ^ 625, 645. 
 Buddhist cave-temples, 103, 277, 
 
 3 8 3. 395> 5 6 °- 
 
 councils, 277, 347, $6, 408, 667. 
 
 Scriptures, 559, 753, 1062. 
 Buddleia Americana, 982. 
 
 coriacea, 665. 
 
 diversifolia, 385. 
 
 globosa, 1002. 
 
 incana, 799. 
 
 Madagascarensis, 707. 
 
 Occidentalis, 999. 
 Budua, city in Illyria, 150. 
 Buenos Ayres, colonized by the 
 
 Spanish, 875, 1064. 
 Bufo vulgaris, toad, 453. 
 Buffalo, 277, 880. 
 Buffoons, 758. 
 
 Bugis of Celebes, Malayans, 664. 
 Bugle, 347. 
 Bugloss, 509, 935. 
 Bulbocodiutn aulitmnale, 902. 
 Bulbophyllum pus ilium, 1067. 
 Bulgarians, Slavonic and European 
 
 nation, 571, 600, 61 1, 656, 787. 
 Bullace, 219. 
 
 Bullock, 14, 42, 64, 67, 571, 667,985. 
 Bullocks-heart, 867. 
 Bulls, the Pope's nunciamentos, 
 676, 678, 684, 714, 735, 801, 817. 
 
 hornless, 67. 
 
 the Indian, 85. 
 Bulrtish, 38S. 
 
 Bumelia decandra, or oblongifolia, 
 1028. 
 
 lanuginosa, 1040. 
 
 lycioides, 1006. 
 
 reclinata, 1041. 
 
 salicifolia, 9S2. 
 
 serrata, 1057. 
 
 tenax, 1024. 
 Bunias erucago, 4S5. 
 
 Orientalis, 781. 
 
 spinosa, 903. 
 
 Syriaca, 910. 
 
 Tartarica, 1033. 
 Bunium ai'omaticum, 903. 
 
 bulbocastaiiu?n , see Sium. 
 
 Copticum, 888. 
 ferulaceum, 196, 961. 
 Bunker Hill, battle of, 1035. 
 Buphthalmum aqualicum, 973. 
 
 durum, iooo. 
 flosculosum, 973. 
 
 mariti?num, 907. 
 
 ? sagittatum, 1055- 
 
 Buphthalmum salici folium, 921. 
 
 spinosum, 889. 
 
 #-, 764- 
 Bupleurum angulosum, 937. 
 
 aristatum, 90. 
 
 Baldense, 972. 
 
 falcatum, 878. 
 fruticosum, 371. 
 
 gramiuifolium, 918. 
 junceum, 342. 
 
 longifoliuvi, 909. 
 
 odontites, 934. 
 
 petracum, 937. 
 
 protractum, 337. 
 
 Pyrenaicu?n, 930. 
 
 ramuiculoides, 937. 
 
 rigidum, 906, 
 
 rotundifolium, 170. 
 
 stellatnm, 937. 
 
 tenuissimum, 934. 
 Burdock, 451, 458. 
 Bur grass, 430, 962. 
 Burgundians, 552, 562, 577, 579,834. 
 Burmah, n 2-13, 322, 448, 5S8, 590, 
 
 1063, 1069. 
 Burjnanuia bijlora, 1015. 
 
 disticha, 970. 
 Burnet, 487, 626. 
 Burning of widows, 330, 651, 787. 
 
 the dead, 647, 763, 802. 
 Bur-marigold, 98S. 
 Bursa, city in Turkey, 779. 
 Bursera acuminata^ 855. 
 
 gumrnifera, S55. 
 Bur-weed, 976. 
 Bustard, 26. 
 Butcher 1 s broom, 316. 
 Butea frondosa, 420. 
 
 superba, 606. 
 Butomus umbellatus, 163. 
 Butter, 107. 
 
 Buttercup, 451, 653, 7S6. 
 Butterflies, 60. 
 Butternut, 807. 
 Butter-tree, 603. 
 
 wwtf, 653. 
 Buttonzuood, 961. 
 Buxus Balearica, 171. 
 
 semperz'irens, 172. 
 Buzzard, Buteo vulgaris, 132. 
 Bystropogon Cauariense, 993. 
 Byzantium, or Constantinople, 222, 
 621, S14. 
 
 Caba, temple at Mecca, 448. 
 Cabhige, 242, 915. 
 Cabinet furniture, 137. 
 Cacalia allnfrons, 894. 
 
 alpina, S89. 
 
 anteuphorbiuni, 906. 
 
 atriplici folia, 979. 
 ficoides, 1 00 1. 
 
 hastata, 1013. 
 
 Kleinii, 915. 
 
 papillaris, ion. 
 
 Cacalia reniformis, 1052. 
 sonchifolia, see Emilia, 
 suaveotens, 1020. 
 Cachrys alata, 357. 
 Cretica, 272. 
 dichotoma, 909. 
 
 Icevigata, 294. 
 
 libauotis, 272. 
 
 microcarpa, 975, 998. 
 
 odontalgica, 1033. 
 
 Sicula, 498. 
 Cactus, see Ccrcus Opuntia, and 
 Mamillaria. 
 
 glomerulus, 986. 
 
 melocactus, 932. 
 
 paniculatus, 9S6. 
 
 phyllanthoides, iooo. 
 
 {Epiphyllum) Phyllanthus, 91 5. 
 
 viviparus, 1057. 
 Cadaba farinosa, 585. 
 Cadis, Muslim judges, 797. 
 Cadiz, city in Spain, 91S. 
 Cadmaeans from Phoenicia, 1 50, 
 
 167, 1S6. 
 Caenopteris cicutaria, 987. 
 
 rhizophylla, 983. 
 Ccenotus divaricatus, 1044. 
 Ccesalpinia coi-iarea, 674. 
 
 crista, 986. 
 
 dfc£j/«a, 744. 
 
 echi?iata, 857. 
 
 mim-osojdt'Sy 974. 
 
 mega, 208. 
 
 sappau, 526, 642. 
 
 sepiaria, 737. 
 
 vestcaria, 9S2. 
 Cairo, founded, 656. 
 Cajamts jlavus, 443. 
 Cajuput oil, 444. 
 Cakile maritima, 679, 968. 
 Calabash tree, 677. 
 Calabria, in Southern Italy, 65S. 
 Caladium, see Colocasia. 
 
 arboresceus, 950. 
 
 auritum, 987. 
 
 bicolor, 950. 
 
 pi7inatifidum , 987. 
 
 (JCauthosoma) sagitti folium, 909. 
 Calais, city in France, 787, 892. 
 Calamagrostis arundinacea, 792. 
 
 calamagrostis, 379. 
 
 Canadensis, 1044. 
 
 confinis, 1049. 
 
 epigeios, 495. 
 
 Picker -ingi, 1063. 
 
 PI i nil, 1003. 
 
 speciosa, 1005. 
 
 stricta, 1043, 1064. 
 Calamintha acinos, 654. 
 
 clinopodium, 419, 654. 
 grandiflora, 1033. 
 
 nepeta, 520. 
 
 officinalis, 263. 
 Calamus draco, 514. 
 
 equestris, 966. 
 «wrftfj, 735. 
 
 MS 
 
"54 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Calamus cxfensus, 369. 
 fascicitlatus, 304. 
 
 rotang, 309. 
 rudenium, 758. 
 scipionum, ioxS. 
 usitatus, 917. 
 verus, 966. 
 Calanchoe laciniata, 952. 
 Calceolaria cuneiform is, 67S, 
 pinnata, 1002. 
 salicifolia, 1002. 
 irijida, 678. 
 Calcutta, city in India, 1023. 
 Gz/ft* Jamaiccnsis, 9S3. 
 
 lobata, 983. 
 Caledonia, see Scotland. 
 Calendar, Chinese, 391, 400, 797- 
 
 Gregorian, 905. 
 Calendars, 65, 66, Si, 124, 140, 154, 
 159, 1S6, 199, 22S, 293, 455, 46 [ > 
 614, 683, 924. 
 Calendula, arz-eusi\, 223. 
 frut/eosa, 102 1. 
 graminifolia, 993. 
 hybrida, 977. 
 nudicdiclis, 993. 
 officinalis, 419, 550, 969. 
 pluvialis, 9^2. 
 Calepina Corvini, 931. 
 Calicut, city in Southern Hindus- 
 tan, 573, 817,857. 
 California, 1002, 1029.^ 
 
 admitted as one of the U. S , 
 1069. 
 Californians, aboriginal, 8S0. 
 Cali Vug of the Hindus, 1S0, 211. 
 Calinjer, city in Hindustan, 667. 
 Calla jElhiopicd, 993. 
 Orlentalis, 900. 
 palustris, S47. 
 Callao, in Lima, 924, 1019. 
 Callicarpa Americana, 999. 
 
 lanata, 579 
 Callicocca Muttsii, 950. 
 Cdliigouum Pallasii, 587. 
 
 polygouoide^, 996 
 Callirrhoc atecoides, 1044. 
 Cdllitfcphus Chiiiensis, 507. 
 Callilnche aquatica, 6315. 
 Callitrts quadrivalvis, 151. 
 Calmuk Tartar-*, 1030. 
 Calochortus elegans, 5.S2. 
 Calomelissa glabella, \0^\. 
 Calophvllum calaba, 521. 
 datum, 727. 
 iuophyltum, 300. 
 longifohum, 245. 
 Calopogon putcheltus, 91 5. 
 Calpidia ntiterophylla, 385. 
 Caltha palustris, 352, 419. 
 Cahtmba root, 1027. 
 Caly cant hits fori dus, 1003. 
 glauctts, 1040. 
 lareigatu^ 1022. 
 Calycocarpuin Lyoni, 1053. 
 Calypso bo r -calls \ 981. 
 
 Calysaccion ton^i folium, 712. 
 Calyslcgia ochroleuca, 381. 
 
 pdradoxd, 995. 
 
 scpium, 297. 
 
 soldanella, 419, 490. 
 
 spithamacdy 1016 
 
 to?nentosa, 902. 
 Camarina, city in Sicily, 232, 240. 
 Cambodia, or Tchm-la, 61S, 625, 
 
 6S7, 690, 762, 863. 
 Cambridge, in England, 6S5. 
 
 in Massachusetts, 951, 1062. 
 Camel, 105, 264, 542, 669. 
 
 twu-humped, 195. 
 Camclhia saliva, 352. 
 Camellia dntpifera, 787. 
 ^faponica, 622. 
 
 SdSa/l(J!tdy 632. 
 
 Camelopard, 115. 
 Camelus Bactrianus, 195. 
 
 dromas, 105. 
 Camera? h augustpolia, 9S6. 
 
 latifotia, 9S6. 
 Campanula Alpini, 930. 
 Americana, 973. 
 aparinoides, 103S. 
 bd/'bd/d, 937. 
 Bouaniensis, 930. 
 tdcspitosa, 937. 
 
 Ctifit'Jis/s, 993. 
 CQfhkdrifoltd, 971. 
 collina, 99S. 
 diffusa , 971. 
 d/'vartcata, 1041- 
 eusifotla, 1067. 
 flcxuosa, 1041. 
 glauca, 976. 
 glomerata, 835. 
 
 Gmelini, 1013. 
 gram lui folia, 915* 
 grandi flora, 1013. 
 
 hederaeea, 930. 
 
 heterophylta, 996, 00*. 
 
 /ivbr/dd, see Spccularia. 
 
 laciniata, 996. 
 
 lamiifolia, 1007. 
 
 //7/>//cr, 793, 9iS- 
 
 fan folia, 930. 
 
 medium, 490. 
 
 mollis, 972. 
 
 patula, 912. 
 
 persieifohd, 889. 
 
 pctraca, 91S. 
 
 pldiiijlora, 973. 
 
 ptarmict folia, &c , 00'8- 
 
 pul la, 919. 
 
 punctata, 1013. 
 
 ramosissiiua , 337. 
 
 rapuuculoides, 897. 
 
 rafuuculus, 685. 
 
 rhomboidca, 930. 
 
 rigiduld, 993. 
 
 rotundifolia, 828. 
 
 Ruthenica, 998. 
 
 saxatiliSy 890. 
 Siberica, 1013. 
 
 Campanula spicala, 930. 
 sfy/osfi, 937. 
 thyrsoidca, 911. 
 tracheliuni, 637. 
 uni flora, I on. 
 versicolor, 288. 
 verticillata, 1005. 
 vesula, 919. 
 Campeachy, in Cent. America, 960. 
 Campelia Zanonia, 9S2. 
 Camphor, 59S, 623, 788. 
 Camphor osm a glabra, 912. 
 
 Afonspeliaca, 433 
 Camptosonts rhizopliyllus, 97S. 
 Campuleia coccinea, 381. 
 Campus Florum vocabulary, 790. 
 Canaanites, 123. 
 Canada, 875, 920, 947, 957, 981, 986, 
 
 1023, 1046. 
 Canada thistle, 360. 
 Canal Bahr Yusuf, to the Red Sea, 
 621. 
 
 Bahr Scherkieh, 796. 
 Great, of China, 75S. 
 Canarnta campanula, 764. 
 Canarhim dibit??/, 865, 917. 
 balsaunferum, 966. 
 Bengali it $t\ 734. 
 commune, 670. 
 deeumanum, 9^0. 
 gcuiciilatum, 245. 
 harami, 706. 
 hirsutum, 966. 
 minimum, 966. 
 strictum, 744. 
 sylvestre, 966. 
 Canary bird, S91. 
 Canary grass, 734 
 
 Islands, 161, 443, 448,467, 764, 
 795, Soo, S13, 823,842,852, 
 S56. 
 Cdita-'alia ensiformis, 686. 
 
 obtusifolia, 300. 
 Cancer sp , 154. 
 Candles, 788. 
 Candy-tuft^ or Candy-mustard, 8S8. 
 
 G/w, 57,757- 
 
 Cancbrakes, 757. 
 
 Candid alba, S54. 
 
 Canis lupus, wolf, 25, 45:, 875. 
 
 familiaris, dog, 19, 452. 
 Cauua au^u^ifolia, 429. 
 
 edulis, 717. 
 
 ffaccida, 1046. 
 
 glauca, IOI I. 
 
 Judica, 430 
 
 ////c.v, 045. 
 Cannabis sativa, 77, 419, 526, 944. 
 Cannibals, 787. 
 Cannon, 756, 787. 
 Canoes, in navigation, 311, 337,862, 
 
 955, 1010. 
 Canoe birch, 666. 
 
 Canon of proportions, Egyptian, 70, 
 92, 224. 
 
 Law, 708. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1155 
 
 Canonization, 663. 
 Canouj, city in Hindustan, 667, 716. 
 Cantharellus cibarms, 521. 
 Canthium corymbosum, see Stylo- 
 car ym Weber a. 
 parviflonnn , 693. 
 Canton, seaport in China, 482, 528, 
 618, 621, 630, 641, 863, 958, 1039. 
 Cantua uniflora, 799. 
 Caoutchouc, or India-rubber, 594, 
 
 822, 1018. 
 Capac-Urcu, volcano in Peru, 827. 
 Cape Ann, 942. 
 
 Bojador, discovered by Euro- 
 peans, 814, 817, 820. 
 Breton, island near Nova Sco- 
 tia, 876, 905, 1004, 1018, 1020, 
 1023. 
 Cod, 923, 928, 939. 
 Comori, 527, 859. 
 de la Vela, 858. 
 Enganhn, 880. 
 Galera, 880. 
 Hatteras, 913. 
 Horn, 933. 
 of Good Hope, discovered, 845, 
 
 857, 1039. 
 Sable, 923. 
 Santa Maria, 953. 
 St. Augustin, discovered, 85S. 
 St Catherine, discovered, S33. 
 Verd, discovered by Euro- 
 peans, 267, 819. 
 Verd Islands, 823. 
 Caper bush, 139. 
 Capital letters, in writing, 667. 
 Capparis amplissima, 986. 
 aphylla, 690. 
 baducca, 830. 
 Breynii, 977. 
 cynophallophora , IOOO. 
 spinosa, 139 
 Capra hircus, 17, 154, 452. 
 
 ibex, the Capricorn, z^, 452. 
 Capraria biflora, 991. 
 Capricorn, 23. 
 Capromys, 852. 
 
 Capsella bursa-pastoris, 419, 969. 
 Capsicum frutescens, 560, 976. 
 Capuchin, monastic order, 870. 
 Caragana arborescent, 793. 
 frutescens, 1013. 
 halodcndron, 812. 
 pygmea, 793. 
 spinosa, 793. 
 Carallia lucida, 423. 
 Caranna, 673. 
 Carapa Guayanensis, 715. 
 Caras, South American tribe, 623, 
 
 659- 
 Carats, 80. 
 Caraway, 451, 474- 
 Cardamine Africa net* 1000. 
 
 amara, 848. 
 
 asarifolia, 919. 
 
 bellidifolia, 940. 
 
 Cardamine chelidonia, 971. 
 Graeca, 972. 
 kirsuta, 910. 
 impatieus, 930. 
 latifolia, 902. 
 macrophylla, 1013. 
 nivalis, 1031. 
 parviflora, 937. 
 Penusylvantca, 945. 
 pratensis, 634. 
 resedifolia, 937. 
 r/iomboidea, 1016. 
 rotundifolia, 1041. 
 spathulata, 1041. 
 tri folia, 907. 
 
 Virginica, 1000. 
 Cardamoms, 321, 776, 821. 
 Cardinal-flower, 945. 
 Cardiospermum heluacabum, 567. 
 Cardoon, 261. 
 Cards, playing, 765. 
 Carduus acanthoides, 899. 
 crispus, 931. 
 
 defloratus, 921. 
 
 erisithales, see Cirsium. 
 
 leucographus, 508. 
 
 Mart-anus, see Silybum. 
 
 nutans, 792. 
 
 Pannouicus y 907. 
 
 personata, 474. 
 
 py otocephalus, 359. 
 
 tenuiflorus, S27. 
 Carex acuta, 458. 
 
 agastachys, 1023. 
 
 a/fo, 1005. 
 
 ampullacea, 941. 
 
 aquatilis, 1054. 
 * arenaria, 790. 
 
 atrata, 991. 
 
 Baldensis, 937. 
 
 btcolor, 1040. 
 
 brachystachys, 1005. 
 
 brornoides, 1053. 
 
 Buxbaumii, 100S. 
 
 canescens, see curta. 
 
 capillar is, 1023. 
 
 capitata, 980 
 
 c'hordorhiza, 1042. 
 
 clandestina, 1005. 
 
 collina, 1005. 
 
 comma, 1061. 
 
 cr/n/ta, 1045. 
 
 curta, 959. 
 
 cnrvnla, 1005. 
 
 Davalliana, 1005. 
 
 decomposita, 1060. 
 
 depauperata, 99$. 
 
 digitalis, 1055. 
 
 digitata, 839. 
 
 distachya, 1050. 
 
 distans, 980. 
 
 divulsa, IOIO. 
 
 elongata, 839. 
 
 exit is, 1063. 
 
 filiformis, 1005. 
 
 flacca, 980. 
 
 Carex flava, 940, 969. 
 flexuosa, 1044. 
 foenca, 1060. 
 foetida, 1005. 
 folliatlata, 1000. 
 Fraseri, 1039. 
 fulva, 1047. 
 heleonastes, 1037. 
 hirta, 839. 
 incurva, 1036. 
 intermedia, 1029. 
 intumescens, 1044. 
 laevigata, 105 1. 
 lagopina, 1052. 
 lagopodioides, 1044. 
 lanuginosa, 1044. 
 lenticularis, 1044. 
 leporina, 839. 
 limosa, 1005. 
 livida, 1054. 
 lobata, 1005. 
 loliacea, 1019. 
 maritima, 1036. 
 miliaris, 1044. 
 muricata, 838. 
 oblongifolia, 4S5. 
 
 Ocdcri, 1024. 
 oligospermia, 1044. 
 ornithopoda, 937. 
 avails, 904. 
 ovata, 894, 1050. 
 pallescens, 838. 
 paludosa, 790. 
 panic ea, 835. 
 panicnlata, 705. 
 Pauciflora, 1036. 
 paupercula, 044. 
 
 Pcnnsvlvauica, 1045. 
 
 Persoonii, 1052. 
 pilulifera, ioor. 
 plantagtnea, 1045. 
 polymorpha, 1060. 
 poly tric/i aides, 1044. 
 praecox, 1029. 
 pseudocyperus, 904. 
 
 remota, 996. 
 
 rig/da, 1047. 
 
 riparia, 979 
 
 rostra/a, 1044. 
 
 salina, 1054. 
 
 scabrata, 1064. 
 
 scirpoidea, 1044. 
 
 secalina, 1008. 
 
 sepiaria, 1000. 
 
 serrulata, 1056. 
 
 j/., 450, 1047. 
 
 j/., rare in Egypt, 4. 
 
 sauarrosa, 1019. 
 
 stellulata, 1035. 
 
 striata, 1044. 
 
 striatula, 1044. 
 
 stricta, 1047. 
 
 subulata, 1044. 
 
 Sullivanti, 106S. 
 
 svlvatica, 9S0. 
 
 tenuiflora, 1054. 
 
1156 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Carex teretiuscula, 1045. 
 
 tomcntosa, 426. 
 
 triceps, 1044. 
 
 tripartita, 1040. 
 
 ustulata, 1052. 
 
 Vahlii, 1046. 
 
 vesicaria, 828. 
 
 V r irgiuiana, 1045. 
 
 vulgaris, 1047. 
 
 vulputa, 839. 
 
 vulpinoidea, 1044. 
 
 Wtlldcuovii, 1053. 
 Careya arborea, 421. 
 
 sfhuvica, 278. 
 Caria, in Asia Minor, 193, 213, 312. 
 Carians, or Leleges, 193, 213, 222. 
 Caribbean Islands, 1024. 
 Caribbes, a. West Indian tribe, S54, 
 
 964. 
 Carica papaya, 677. 
 
 spinosa, 950. 
 Car/ssa arduina, 766. 
 
 caraudas, 409. 
 
 diffusa, yy 
 
 edulis, 239. 
 
 spinarum, 676. 
 
 Carl hui acanthifolia, 359. 
 araulis, 870. 
 corymbosa, 231. 
 
 /tf/A?/rf, 359. 
 
 raccmasa, 921. 
 
 vulgaris, 623. 
 Carlovin^i.m dynasty of French 
 
 kings, 620. 
 Carnata, country in Hindustan, 773, 
 
 783- 
 
 Carnation, 585. 
 
 Carnea, musical contests, 222. 
 Caroh-trcc, 141. 
 
 Carolina, one of the original North 
 American colonies, 963, 965, 970, 
 9S1, 986, 995, 1005, 1009. 
 Caroline coral-archipelago, $84. 
 Carolinea insiguis, 915. 
 Citroxvlon sa/sola, 766. 
 Carp, the fish, 136. 
 Carpesinm ccriiuuui, 934. 
 Carpets, manufacture of, 757. 
 Carfcl-wcd, 737.747- 
 Caiphalea corymbosa, 957. 
 Carfhefhorus bellidifolius, 1040. 
 
 toiucutosus, 1040. 
 Carpinits Americana, 95S. 
 
 bclulus, 3S8, 451. 
 
 j/., 622. 
 Carrier-pigeons, 136. 
 Carrot, 190, 451, 929, 935, 944. 
 Cartago, in South America, 877. 
 Carthage, f/>, 231, 24^ 252, 267, 
 292, 322, 389, 395, 402, 41 r, 448, 
 
 559, 5 62 > 5 66 > 576. 
 Carthagena, city in South America, 
 871, 918, 1017. 
 
 Carthanitts cardunccllus, S9S. 
 coerulcus, 921. 
 
 Carthamus corymbosus, 315. 
 
 Cretiats, 295. 
 
 dcutatus, 359, 742. 
 
 laualus, 231. 
 
 leucocaulos, 324. 
 
 mitissimus, 919. 
 
 tiuctorius, 161, 526. 
 
 Ttugitanus, 978. 
 Carthusians, Monastic Order, 681. 
 Car it m can//, 451, ^74. 
 
 nigrum, 497. 
 Carya alba, 760, 908. 
 
 amara, 768. 
 * aquatica, 1053. 
 
 glabra, 768, 946. 
 
 myristicoeformis, 1053. 
 
 oliv&formis, 749, 869, 881. 
 
 j/., 877-78, 92S. 
 
 sulcata, 768, 90S-9, 1016. 
 
 tomentosa, 768. 
 Caryocar butyrosum, 909. 
 Caryolopha scmpcri'ircus, 898. 
 Caryophvllns aromaticus, cloves, 574. 
 Caryota ureus, 336. 
 Casearia auavigna, 737. 
 
 esculcuta, 727. 
 
 pa rz> /flora, 9S2. 
 Cashew-nut, 784. 
 Cashmere, country in Northern 
 
 Hindustan, 193, 408, 615. 
 Caspian Sea, 736. 
 Cassava, or tapioca, 575, 576, 1045. 
 Cassia absus, 417. 
 
 acut/ folia, 602. 
 
 t ?/(//</, 720. 
 
 arbarcsccus, 974. 
 
 aschrek, 179. 
 
 auriculata, 727. 
 
 b/capsulans, 1004. 
 
 bi flora, 986. 
 
 {Chanitccrista) hrcaifolia, 3S4. 
 
 ftlcata, 783. 
 
 [Cha/ucccr/sta) fascicuhita, 1041. 
 
 [C/ianiiCcrista) filifcua'ula, ^84, 
 
 ( Calharfocarptts) fistula, \2\y. 
 
 flex/tosa, 975. 
 
 y&/v//,/, 445. 
 
 glandulosa, 975. 
 
 gratrd/s, 975. 
 
 Jtirsuta, 7S3. 
 
 ( Caihartacarp/ts) fn't/uicur, 
 
 993- 
 ligti sir ina, 1009. 
 linearis, 1041. 
 longisit/qua, 950. 
 JMarilaudica, 923. 
 mollis, 975. 
 
 {Channccrista) uictitaus, 992. 
 {Calharlocarfus) nodosa, 113. 
 obtust folia, (^84. 
 Otcuteutal/s, 752. 
 planisiliqua, 9S6. 
 {C hammer ista) fulchella, 380. 
 ( Cathartocarpu* ) Roxburghii, 
 
 734- 
 senna, 139. 
 
 Cassia sericea, 950. 
 sophera, S22. 
 
 J/-, 73°- 
 stipulacea, 1002. 
 
 Ara, 628. 
 Cassia, the spice, 143, 394. 
 Cassia-buds, 776. 
 Cassine Capcusts, 928. 
 
 mauroccma, 997. 
 Cassiopea, constellation of, 900. 
 Cassumauar, &33- 
 Cassvta filiformis, 729. 
 Castauea Americana, 771, S8l, 928, 
 940. 
 
 Martabanica, Sl6. 
 
 Morgai, 917. 
 
 pumila, 770. 
 
 tribuloides, 8r6. 
 
 vesca, 77, 419. 
 Castcntospermum .-lustrale, 1065. 
 Castillon, battle at, in France, 822. 
 Castdleia cocciuea, 902. 
 
 sessilijlora, 1057. 
 Castor-bean, 225. 
 Castoreum, the drug, 125. 
 Castor fiber, beaver, 125, 452, 752, 
 
 s 7 5 . 
 
 Castitirina dislyla, 9S5. 
 
 cqnisctipolia, 416. 
 
 lateriflora, 38 1 . 
 
 muricata, 113. 
 
 quadrivalvis, 0^5- 
 Cat, the domestic, in, 224, 4^3. 
 Catabrosa aquatica, S40. 
 Catalpa bignonioides, 749. 
 Catananche coerulea, S90. 
 
 lutea, 905. 
 Catania, or Catana, city in Sicily, 
 
 213. 
 Catapult, an engine of war, 204. 
 Catchffy, S49. 
 Catechu, 4T5- 
 Catcsbaca pariu [flora, 982 . 
 
 spiuosa, 1005. 
 Catha edit I is, see Cclastrns. 
 Catheter, surgical instrument, 471, 
 
 5 r 5- 
 Catholics, 533, 569, 656, 1053. 
 Catnip, 563. 
 Cat's foot. 844. * 
 Cattack, city in Hindustan, 651. 
 Cat-tail flag, 68. 
 Cattle, 571, S-| 5. 
 Caturus sp?,. /flams, 577. 
 Cauca, in South America, S77. 
 Caucalis dam antes, 203. 
 
 elongata, 960. 
 
 graz/d /flora, S92. 
 
 icftophylla, i)z,2. 
 
 mar/ttma, 296. 
 
 One/itaJts, 886. 
 
 platycarpos, 912. 
 Caulinia fragil/s, 931. 
 Caulopliyllum thaliclroides, 747. 
 Causeway, in England, between 
 Peterborough and Ramsey, 669. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 157 
 
 Cave-temples, 277, 328, 559-60, 606. 
 Cayenne Island, 948. 
 Ceanothus Africanus, 999. 
 
 Americanus, 961. 
 
 intermedins ; 999. 
 
 microphyllns , 1043. 
 
 ovalis, 1063. 
 perennis, 1055. 
 
 sanguineus, 1054. 
 Cebus, S. American monkeys, 859. 
 Cecidomyia destructor, 267. 
 Cecropia palmata, 950. 
 
 sp., 791. 
 Cedar, 69, 157, 328, 772, 810. 
 Cedrela {Soymida) febrifuga, 616. 
 
 odorata, 714. 
 
 toona, 562. 
 Cedrota longifolia, 673. 
 Cedrus Atlantica, 157. 
 
 deodar a, 328. 
 
 Libani, 69. 
 Celandine, 242, 419. 
 Celastrus alatus, 802. 
 
 articulatus, 632. 
 
 bullatus, 999. 
 
 edulis, 811. 
 
 lucidus, 999. 
 
 montanus, 691. 
 
 paniculatus, 577. 
 
 Pyracanthus, 999. 
 
 scandens, 1004. 
 Celebes, island of, 664, 960, 981. 
 Celery, S64. 
 Celibacy of Christian priests, 561, 
 
 615,639. 
 Celosia argentea, 974. 
 
 castrensis, 888. 
 
 cocciuca, 897. 
 
 cristata, 702. 
 
 margaritacea, 851. 
 
 Monsoniae, 999. 
 
 nitida, 982. 
 
 nodijlora, 999. 
 
 spathulata, 385. 
 
 trigyna, 465. 
 Celsiaarcturtcs and Coromandeli- 
 ana, 405. 
 
 betonicaefolia, 1007. 
 
 Orientaiis, 851. 
 Celt, or smooth stone hatchet, 12. 
 Celtiberians, of Spain, 401. 
 Celtic tribes and nations, 274, 583. 
 CWW> aspera, 622. 
 
 Australis, 214. 
 
 iutcgrifolia, or Missisippensis, 
 
 73 2 > 778. 
 
 JMadagascarioisis, 385. 
 
 micrantha, 986. 
 
 Occidentalis, 778, 95S. 
 
 Oricntalis, 369. 
 
 Sinensis, 622. 
 
 Toumefortii, 529. 
 Cenchras echinatus, 430. 
 
 ? frutescens, 151. 
 
 tribuloides, 962. 
 Cenia turbinata, 975. 
 
 Censors, Roman, 277, 500. 
 Centaur ea abrotanifolia, 971. 
 
 acaulls, 1015. 
 
 #/<fo, 921. 
 
 alpina, 937. 
 
 amara, 919. 
 
 amberboi, 964. 
 
 argentea, 971. 
 
 arjnoracifolia, 530. 
 
 atrata, 973. 
 
 Babylonica, 930. 
 
 balsamita, 1 008. 
 
 behen, see Sermtula. 
 
 calcitrapa, 140. 
 
 centaurium , 236. 
 
 centauroides, 360. 
 
 cichoracea, 1007. 
 
 cineraria, 937. 
 
 [Leitzia) comfcra, 898. 
 
 crocodilinm , 888. 
 
 critpina, 934. 
 
 cyanus, 434, 451. 
 
 eruccsfotia, 921. 
 
 eryngoides, 930. 
 
 galactites, see Galactites. 
 
 glastifoha, IOOI. 
 
 hyssopifolia, 971. 
 
 Isnardi, 1004. 
 jacea, 781. 
 
 leucantha, 971. 
 
 limbata, 961. 
 
 linifolia, 971. 
 
 Lippii, 1004. 
 
 maculata, 1013. 
 
 Meliteusis, 972. 
 
 montana, 878. 
 
 moschata, 679. 
 
 muricata, 894. 
 
 napifolia, 991. 
 
 «?£w, 703. 
 
 7iigrescens, 906. 
 
 nitens, 1008. 
 
 ovina, 1013. 
 
 paniculata, 911. 
 
 pectinata, 937. 
 
 Phrygia, 911. 
 
 polyacantha, 961. 
 
 pullata, 89S. 
 
 radiata, 1013. 
 
 Ragusina, 973. 
 
 rhapontica, 530. 
 
 Romana, 973. 
 
 Ritthenica, 1013, 1 029. 
 
 salmantica, 902. 
 
 scabiosa, S94. 
 
 sempervirens, 972. 
 
 Sib erica, 1 01 4. 
 
 Sicula, 973. 
 
 solstitiatis, 935. 
 
 sonchifolia, 937. 
 
 spinosa, 360. 
 
 splendens, 894. 
 Tingitana, 991. 
 
 tomentosa, see Galactites. 
 
 trichocephala, 1013. 
 
 uliginosa, 961. 
 
 Centaurea uniflora, 994. 
 
 verutrum, 902. 
 Centaurella aestivalis, 1056. 
 paniculata, 1041. 
 
 Virginica, 1016. 
 Centaurs, or Leleges, 127. 
 Centaury, 449. 
 Central Asia, 326. 
 Centr anther a prostrata, 385. 
 Centranthus angustifolius, 894. 
 Centunculus lanceolatus, 1041. 
 
 minimus, 978. 
 Century plant, 649. 
 Cephaelis ipecacuanha, 659. 
 Cephalanthus Occidentalis, 999. 
 Cephalaria rigida, 993. 
 
 Transylvanica, 978. 
 Cephaloiaxus drupacea, 62 1. 
 Cephalophora glanca, 1002. 
 Cerastes, or horned viper, 23, 179. 
 Cerastium alpimwi, 894, 970. 
 
 aquaticum, 913. 
 
 arvense, 913. 
 
 dichotomu?n, 902. 
 
 elongatum, 1055. 
 
 latifolium, 937. 
 
 macranthum, 998. 
 
 maximum, 1013. 
 
 oblongifolium , 1059. 
 
 perfoliatum, ion. 
 
 repens, 915. 
 
 semidecandrum, 9S8. 
 
 tenuifolium, 1053. 
 
 tomentosum, 937. 
 
 viscositm, 479. 
 
 vulgatum, 479- 
 Cerasus avium, 167, 250. 
 
 capricida, 497. 
 
 (Laurocerasus) Caroliniana, 
 889. 
 
 chamcecerasus, 398. 
 
 karinka, 559. 
 
 laurocerasus, 886. 
 
 {Laurocerasus) Lusitanica, 889. 
 
 mahaleb, 356, 451. 
 
 mollis, 581. 
 
 padus-, 134, 275, 451. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 935. 
 
 semper jlor ens, 931. 
 
 serotina, 769, 866, 893. 
 
 Virginiana, 805. 
 
 vulgaris, 445. 
 Ceratiola ericoides, 1039. 
 Ceratochloa unioloides, 1049. 
 Ceratonia siliqua, 141. 
 Ceratopkyllum demersum, 450. 
 
 submersum, 894. 
 Ceratospermum papposum, 587. 
 Cerbera a/iovai, 891. 
 
 manghas, 590. 
 
 tanghin, 706. 
 
 Thevetia, 915. 
 Cercidiphyllum Japonicum, 622. 
 Cercis Canadensis, 962. 
 
 siliquastrum , 356. 
 Cercopithecus, 68. 
 
u 5 8 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Ceres, worship of, 113, 153. 
 
 the planet, 1052. 
 Cereus flagelliformis, 950. 
 hcxagouus, 1004. 
 laui/guios'us, 991. 
 P'eruvianus, 901, 903. 
 
 p'ttlitlYit, 677. 
 
 Royen/, 950. 
 
 triangularis, 950. 
 Cennthe a^era, 363. 
 
 maeulata, 508. 
 
 })i.iji>i\ 460. 
 
 minor, 363. 
 Ct'rioAs Roxburghiauus, 423. 
 Ceropeg/a candelabrum, 974. 
 
 palustris, 1053. 
 Cervus alces, elk, 135, 452. 
 
 Antisiensis, 799. 
 
 elaphus, the stag, 59, 452. 
 
 capreolus, 136, 452. 
 
 dama, fallow deer, 199. 
 
 hippelaphus, 32^. 
 
 rangiierinus, 80, 57 r, 875, 909, 
 
 9 2 7, 93 2 > 94 s - 
 
 Virginianus, 643, 866,875, 9°S- 
 
 wapiti, American elk, 866, 903. 
 Cestrum aunculatum, 1002. 
 
 diurnum, 101 1 . 
 
 laurifohum, 999. 
 
 Mutisii, 6S9. 
 
 noeturuum, 999. 
 
 par qui) 660. 
 
 veueuaium, 766. 
 
 vcsperliiiurHy 982. 
 Ceterach oj/iciuurum, 175. 
 Cctravta nivalis, 1012. 
 Ceylon, 240, 347, 572, 613, 753, 1048. 
 Chaeronea, battle at, 322. 
 CAttrophyl/um aureuiu, 1005. 
 
 Procumbcus, 976- 
 
 salivum, see Anthriscus. 
 
 sylvestre, see Anthriscus. 
 Chaitur, fort, in Hindustan, 765,897. 
 Chalcedon, city in A->u Minor, 222. 
 Chaldeans, 76, 3S2, 403. 
 Chaleur Bay, 876, 948. 
 Chalons, in France, 566. 
 Chamaeeyparis obtusa, 60S. 
 
 pisijera, 631. 
 Chumacdon-a $ rut tlte, 868. 
 Chtuuu.ncrium Amcriauium, 968. 
 
 angles "t 'ij r ohum, 357. 
 
 august issim urn , 894. 
 
 latifolinm, 1025. 
 ChtmtiL-riphis, see Clnuuterops. 
 Ckduuerops excelsa, 632, 840. 
 
 humilis, 262. 
 
 hysir/x, 1052. 
 
 palmetto, see Sakit, 
 Chameleon, 12. 
 Chamomile, 516, 704. 
 Chancas, of Peru, 760. 
 Chang, fourth Chin, dyn., 99, 160. 
 Cha-no-ya, 818. 
 Chaptalia dentata, 987. 
 
 iutegrij'olni, 1040. 
 
 Chara f&tida, 450. 
 foliolosa, 1051. 
 hispida, 937. 
 j/., 1064. 
 vulgaris, 450. 
 Chariots, 103. 
 
 Charitable institutions, 756. 
 Charles River, in Mass., 947. 
 Charleston, 970, 9S6, 1037, 1070. 
 Charlestown, city in Mass., 1035 
 Charlock^ 8S, 455. 
 Charophyllum aromaticum, 994. 
 Charts, 75S, 814, 918. 
 Chaste tree, 144 
 Chatham Island, 1021. 
 Chaitlmoogra odorata, see Hydno- 
 
 carpus. 
 Chauras dynasty in Guzerat, 574. 
 Cheats 979. 
 Chechemecas, 713. 
 Cheeta, or hunting leopard, 87. 
 Chctliinthes dealbata, 1057. 
 
 microphylla, 987. 
 
 suaveolens, 997. 
 
 tenuifoha, 966. 
 
 tt'mentoHi, 1044. 
 
 vest it, 1, 1044. 
 CheirantJiodend. pentadactylum, S42 
 Cheiranthus anuuus, 844. 
 
 cheiri, 658, 969. 
 
 euspid<itus, 1007. 
 
 iueanus, see Mathiola. 
 
 litoreus, 804. 
 
 lou^isiliquis, 961. 
 
 Pallas//, 105S. 
 
 taraxaeifohus, 1029. 
 
 tonie/itoMis, 1030. 
 
 trilobt/s, 937. 
 Chclidouium majus, 242, 419, 969. 
 Chelifer, insect, 323. 
 Cheione glabra, 962, 968. 
 
 Lyoni, 1053. 
 Chelonura serpentina, snapper, 875. 
 Chemistry, ancient Egyptian, 046 
 
 modern, 1034. 
 Cheutpodtua mantima, 897. 
 Chenopodium album, 4^2, S77. 
 
 ambrosioides, 710. 
 
 anthelmintic!//)/, 7 ro. 
 
 aristatt/n/, 1013. 
 
 bonus Ileunc//.-., 3.13. 
 
 botrys, 406, 969. 
 
 ficifolium, 1004. 
 
 fa'tidum, 1046. 
 
 glauc/////, 890. 
 
 hybrid urn, 880. 
 
 miilt/Jntum, i,ee Koi/bieva. 
 
 m urate, 90. 
 
 olidum, 287. 
 
 potyspermum, 452. 
 
 quuioa, 668. 
 
 rubrum, 419, 451. 
 
 serotuiiim , 9S9. 
 
 J/-. 45 1 - 
 itrbicum, 1006. 
 Chequers, game of, 136. 
 
 Cherleria sedoides, 918. 
 CWr, 134, 250, 445, 559, 521,769, 
 909, 960. 
 laurel, 886. 
 Tomato, 755. 
 Chervil, 247, 272. 
 Chesapeake Bay, 926-28, 1036 
 Chestnut, 77, 419, 431, 771, 816. 
 C//?', Chinese herb, 84. 
 Chiampa, first visited by a Euro- 
 pean ship, 863. 
 Chichimcc Mexicans, 713-14. 
 Chickahominy River, in Va., 926. 
 Chickasaw plum, 747. 
 Chickasaws, N. A tribe, 1016. 
 Chickrassia tabularis, 577. 
 Chickweed, 452. 
 Chicory, 256. 
 Chigoes, Acarus, 882. 
 Chili, 660, Sit, 815, 8$l, 1070. 
 Chimaphila ?//ae//tata, rooo. 
 
 umbellata, 907. 
 Chimonanthus fragraus, 632. 
 Chimpanzee, 268. 
 
 Chimu, ruined city in W. Peru, 796. 
 China, 143, 228, 240,421, 601, 625, 
 Sio, 903, 905, 934, 952, 960, 985, 
 1006, 1067. 
 
 population of, 618, 620, 667, 
 798,859, 943, 958, 961. 
 China aster, 507. 
 ^rrtw, 763. 
 rw^, 817. 
 ?-('<'/, 601 
 &Vi\f, 670. 
 China ware, 884. 
 Chinchilla fur, 915. 
 Chinese, 240, 610-11, 7S7, 818, S20, 
 84(3, 106S. 
 
 canals, 597, 1037. 
 chronological table, 797, 102S. 
 colonists, 393. 
 commerce, 77 c;, 7S2 
 cycle of sixty \cars, 76, 7S, Si- 
 83, S5, 88, 91, 92, 95, 98, 99, 
 lot, 103, in, 117, 120, 124, 
 128, 137, 150, 155, 179, 1S8, 
 i.)4, 198, 20S, 2 [7, 225, 233, 
 243, 200, 288, 318, 371, 389, 
 398, 415, 453, 468, 497, 525, 
 
 53-* 53*' 545- 55- 5^4, 5^9, 
 581, 597, 608, 618, 623, 630, 
 646, 655. 669, 682, 704, 719, 
 75*. 77 ( >> 796, S18, 859, S96, 
 9S0, 1018, 1054, 1066. 
 dictionary, 1028, 1050. 
 fashion of wearing the hair, 942. 
 language and writing, 543, 1028. 
 manufactures, 1 14,402,443.543. 
 ritual, 192, 967. 
 walls, 341. 
 Chinquapin nuts, 770. 
 Chiococcd racemosa, 9S2. 
 Chiouanthus ? sp., 779. 
 
 I'irg/uica, 1004. 
 Chiretta, 694. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1159 
 
 Chirimoya, 887. 
 Chironia baccifera, iooi. 
 frutescens, 1001. 
 linoides, 975. 
 trinervia, 970. 
 Chives, 375. 
 Chlora perfoliata, 290. 
 sessilifolia, 934. 
 sessilis, 1002. 
 Chloranthus brachystachys, 445. 
 
 officiitalis, 445. 
 Chloris cruciata, 982. 
 Mcccana, 733. 
 petraea, 999. 
 polydac/yla, 982. 
 radiata, 978. 
 Chlorogalum pomeridianum, 583. 
 Chloroxylon szvietenia, 726. 
 Chocolate, 657, 859. 
 Choke berries, 804-5. 
 Chondrilla juncea, 281. 
 
 ramosissima, 2S2 
 Chondrostoma nasus, 453. 
 Chondrus sp., 610. 
 Chonemorpha dichotoma, 682. 
 Chou-king, compiled by Confucius, 
 
 215, 407, 1030. 
 Christian Era, 619, 811. 
 Christians, the Early, 478, 482, 498, 
 519, 526, 528, 539, 542, 546, 548, 
 57i> 573>6i9. 
 Chromium, the metal, 1050. 
 Chronicle of Cashmere, 688. 
 Chrysanthellum procumbejts, 983. 
 Chrysanthemum achilleaefoL, 1013. 
 alpinum, 921. 
 Arcticum, 1013. 
 atratum, 937. 
 bipinnatum, 1013. 
 Bocconi, 994. 
 cameum, 1008. 
 coronarium, 310. 
 corymbosum, 892. 
 frutescens, 1000. 
 graminifolium, 988. 
 /fallen, 937. 
 Indicum, 98. 
 Italicum, 889. 
 maritimum, 894. 
 maximum, 973. 
 millefoliatum, 1013. 
 Monspelieuse, 988. 
 montanum, 919. 
 Myconi, 912. 
 Orientale, 1003. 
 pectinatum, 971. 
 proctimbens, 1000. 
 segetum, 90. 
 serotinum, 902. 
 trifurcatum, 930. 
 Chrysobalanus icaco, 658. 
 
 oblongifolius, 1033. 
 Chrysocoma cernua, 993. 
 ciliaris, 993. 
 coma-aurea, 990. 
 graveolens, 1055. 
 
 Chrysocoma Uuosvris, 197. 
 nauseosa, 1055. 
 scabra, ion. 
 villosa, 587. 
 Chrysogonum Virginianum, 962. 
 Chrysophyllum cainito, 754. 
 
 . ? j/., 264, 269. 
 Chrysopsis falcata, 1060. 
 gossypina, 1060. 
 graminifolia, 1040, 1052. 
 Mariana, 995. 
 Chrysosplenium alter nifolium, 951, 
 1031. 
 
 Amcricanum, 1025. 
 Chrysurus cynosuroides, 97 1 . 
 
 echinatus, 940. 
 Chunam, 67. 
 
 Churches, Christian, 546, 584, 628- 
 29, 657, 678, 683, 713, 716, 719, 
 724, 756, 796, IOOI. 
 Cicada septendecim, 948. 
 
 sp., 44. 
 0'c<Ti3 disticha, 208. 
 Cicely, 247, 488. 
 Cicendia hyssopifolia, 578. 
 OV^-r arietimtm, 183. 
 Cichorium divaricatum, 961. 
 endtvia, 257. 
 intvbus, 256. 
 spiiiosum, 920. 
 Ciconia alba, stork, 44, 453. 
 Cicuta btilbifera, 961. 
 maculata, 992. 
 virosa, 706. 
 Cilicia, country in Asia Minor, 478. 
 Cimbri, 424. 
 Ciniex iectularius, 2S6. 
 Cimicifuga Americana, 1041. 
 foetida, 1 01 3. 
 racemosa, 1000. 
 Cimmerians, or Crimeans, 186, 195, 
 
 207, 213, 228. 
 Cinaloa, in Mexico, 871. 
 Cinchona Condaminea, 921. 
 hirstita, 921. 
 lanccolata, 921. 
 micrantha, 921. 
 nilida, 921. 
 purpurea, 921. 
 j-/., 717, 921, 1032. 
 Cinclus aquaticus, 453. 
 Cineraria alpina, 921. 
 amelloides, 999. 
 campestris, 904. 
 cordifolia, 937. 
 glauca, 1013. 
 intcgrifolia, 919. 
 Japonica, 976. 
 longifolia, 971. 
 maritima, 724. 
 minuta, 971. 
 palustrts, 785. 
 Siberica, 1 01 3. 
 sonchifolia, 977. 
 Cinna arundinacea, 1019. 
 pendula, 1063. 
 
 Cinnamomum aromaticum, 143. 
 
 cassia, 143. 
 
 culilawan, 795. 
 
 iners, 394. 
 
 Loureirii, 776. 
 
 pedunculatum, 788. 
 
 rubrum, 795. 
 
 sintoc, 795. 
 
 tamala, 444. 
 
 xanthoneuron, 795. 
 
 Zeylanicum, see C. cassia. 
 Cinnamon, 143, 394, 431, 845, 854. 
 Cinquefoil, 289. 
 Cipher writing, 122. 
 Circ<ra alpina, 934. 
 
 hitetiana, 636. 
 Circle, properties of, 829. 
 Circuit courts, 714. 
 Circulation of blood, 15, 886, 936. 
 Circumcision, 107, 165, 425, 527, 
 
 549,811,845. 
 Circumnavigation of the Globe, 
 
 866,903, 913, 921. 933. 
 Cirrha, city on the Gulf of Corinth, 
 
 2 33. 2 35- 
 Cirsmm acama, 239. 
 
 acaule, 653. 
 
 altissim um , 1 o 1 1 . 
 
 arvense, 360. 
 
 bulbosum, 904. 
 
 canum, 931. 
 
 Casabonae, 904. 
 
 cernuum, 1013. 
 
 cynaroides, 359. 
 
 discolor, 1052. 
 
 eriophorum, 899. 
 
 erisithales, 508. 
 
 /<tav, 931. 
 
 Gmtiini, 1013. 
 
 heleuioides, 979. 
 
 heterophyllum, 784. 
 
 horridnlum, 103S. 
 
 Italicum, 904. 
 
 lanceolatum, 557. 
 
 Monspesstdanum, 889. 
 
 muticum, 1040. 
 
 oleraceum, 784. 
 
 pal us t re, 359. 
 
 Pitcheri, 1067. 
 
 pratense, 904. 
 
 pumihim, 1038. 
 
 rivulare, 360. 
 
 serratuloides, 793. 
 
 spinosissimum, 1028. 
 
 stellatum, 489. 
 
 Syriacum, 360. 
 
 tuberoswn, 360. 
 
 Virginiauum , 962. 
 Cissampelos caapeba, 950. 
 
 hexaudra, 411. 
 
 pareii'a, 802. 
 Cissus acida, 999. 
 
 carnosa, 973. 
 
 cor data, 104 1. 
 
 cordifolia, 986. 
 
 crenata, 966. 
 
1 1 60 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Cissus fragari-r folia, 380. 
 
 glauduloui, 59S. 
 
 iiuiivisa, 878. 
 
 Japonica, 976. 
 
 latifolia, 973. 
 
 mkrcwarpa, 9S6. 
 
 pedata, 725. 
 
 quadra ngularis, 999. 
 
 rotund/folia, S51. 
 
 sctmiXy 522. 
 
 sycioides, 9S6. 
 
 trifoliata, 9S2. 
 
 vitigmca, 4S^- 
 Cistoseira barbata, in seaweed, 453,904. 
 Cistudo Europea, 136, 453. 
 Cistus Aegyptiacus, 970. 
 
 albidus, 894. 
 
 Cittsiiy 902. 
 
 Creticus, 118. 
 
 crispus> 902. 
 
 incanus, 37S. 
 
 ladantferus, 902. 
 
 IdCZ'iptS, IOOO. 
 
 laurifolius, 902. 
 
 lavaudulijoiius, 902. 
 
 lax us, 902. 
 
 ledum, 889. 
 
 linearis, 894. 
 
 Jionspcliensis, 378. 
 
 poll folt /ts, IOOO. 
 
 populif alius, 921. 
 
 salvij'olius, 2S3. 
 
 sericeus, 971 . 
 
 verticilliflorus, 961. 
 
 villosus, 282. 
 Citharcxylou caudatuin, 982. 
 
 ciuereum, rooo 
 Citron, 311, 7O3, 779. 
 Citritllns colocynthis, 253. 
 
 pseudo-colocyntlus, 253. 
 
 water-melon, 72. 
 Citrus acida, lemon, 644. 
 fc aurautium, orange, 656. 
 
 decicmana, shaddock, 216. 
 
 Japonica, 63 1 
 
 lunonuiu, tunc, 723. 
 
 APcdica, citron, 311. 
 
 Sinensis, Mandarin orange, 216, 
 917. 
 
 torosa, 763. 
 
 trifoliata, 989. 
 Civet, 6S5, 775, 819, 8S4. 
 Civil Law , 707. 
 Civil war in America, 1070-71. 
 
 wars in England, 823, 952. 
 
 among the Romans, 441, 454. 
 Cladium /uariscoides, 1060. 
 
 mariscus, 255. 
 Cladrastis lutea, 1053. 
 Clarkia pulchella, 1055. 
 C/i//-j', 292, 446, 935. 
 Clathrus fiavescens, 971. 
 
 ruber, 924. 
 Clavar/a (linearis, 959. 
 Claytonia alsiuoides, 1055. 
 
 Caroiiniana, 104 1. 
 
 Claytonia lanceolata, 1055. 
 
 perfoliata, 1049. 
 Virginica, 992. 
 Clearing-nut, 422. 
 Cleistauthus pa/ulus, 744. 
 Clematis {Ah ageue) alpina, 918. 
 
 angustifolia, 937. 
 
 Catesbyaua, 1005. 
 
 cirr/iosa, T 27. 
 
 crispa, 1011. 
 
 cylindrica, 1 04 1. 
 
 dioica, 982. 
 
 Douglasii, 604. 
 
 erecta, 517, 1029. 
 
 flammula, 4S3. 
 
 hirsutissnna, 1055* 
 
 holosericea, 1040. 
 
 inteon/'o/ia, 907. 
 
 oc/iroleuca, IOOO. 
 
 Orientals, ion. 
 
 ovata, 1005. 
 
 reticulata, 1040. 
 
 viorna t 961. 
 
 T irginiana, IOOO. 
 
 v it alba, 210. 
 
 viticella, 351. 
 Cleome Arabica, 1015. 
 
 dodecaudra, 970. 
 
 monophylla, 974. 
 
 ornithopodioides, 1007. 
 
 Pentaphylla, 648. 
 
 polygama, 9S3. 
 
 procumbens, 9S3. 
 
 tenella, 1000. 
 
 triphylla, 982. 
 
 7'iolacea, 971. 
 Cieoiiia Lusitanica, 978. 
 Clepsydra, or water-clock, 269, 401. 
 Clerodendron fortunatum, 6S9. 
 
 fragraus, 590. 
 
 iuerme, 695. 
 
 infortuuatum, 689. 
 
 #. /,., 732. 
 
 sijuaniatum, 609. 
 Clethra acuminata, 1033. 
 
 alui/olia, 992. 
 
 tnufolia, 983. 
 Cleyera gvniuaufhcra, 744. 
 
 'Japonica, 6^2. 
 Clijfortia ilicifolia, ion. 
 
 phlomoidcs, 695. 
 
 ruseifolia, rooo. 
 
 serratum, 739. 
 
 sip/iouaut/ius, 696. 
 
 strobt/ifcra, 1000. 
 
 ternata, 1015. 
 
 trichotoutuni , 9S9. 
 
 trifoliata, 1 000. 
 Chnopodiuin Plumieri, 434. 
 
 vulgare, see Calamiutha. 
 Clintonia borealis, 1038. 
 
 umbeltata, 1041. 
 Clitoria Brasiliana, 975. 
 
 las civ a, 384. 
 
 Mariana, 1004. 
 
 Plumieri, 987. 
 
 Clitoria Ternatca, 606. 
 Virginiana, ion. 
 Clocks, 629, 829. 
 Clovienoctema aurantia, 1012. 
 Cloth, 663. 
 Cloud-berry, ygz. 
 Cloi'er, 124, 473, 557. 582. 
 Cloves, 574, 609,765, 816, 855,860-61. 
 Clove-scented creeper, 713. 
 Club-moss , 836, 988. ' 
 Club-rash, 349. 
 Clubs, Nubian and Mesopotamian, 
 
 48. 
 
 Clupea, herring, 154, 741, 
 CI usiu alba, 9S6. 
 
 flava, 98 2. 
 
 rosea, 1000. 
 
 venosa, 986. 
 Cluytia collina, 522. 
 
 daphnoides, 993. 
 
 lanceolata, 149. 
 Clvpcola louthlaspi, 934. 
 
 lasiocarpa, 1007. 
 Cneoruiu pulz-cruleutum, 764. 
 
 tricoccou, 599. 
 Cnicus acarna, see Cirsium. 
 
 benedictus, ^38, 
 Ciudium Alsaticum, 930. 
 
 apioides, 7S9. 
 
 Pyreuaeu/u, 913. 
 
 silaus, 507. 
 Cnidoscolus stimulosus, 950. 
 Coal, fossil, 723, 75S, 773. 
 Cobalt, the metal, 888, 1012. 
 Cobra haje, 17, 59, 74. 
 
 naja, 277. 
 Col>rcM,i caricina, 1052. 
 GV<v, 799. 
 
 Cocci ma grand/?, 415. 
 Coecotoba excoriata, 9S6. 
 
 pubesceus, 999. 
 
 punctata, 999. 
 
 tivifera, 0^.9, 
 Coeculus acunuuatus, 521. 
 
 &7/7J, 545. 
 
 Carolinus, 1003. 
 
 cebatha, 712. 
 
 cordifolius, see Menispermum. 
 
 crispus, 20S. 
 
 fibraurea, 39S. 
 
 Indicus, the drug, 541. 
 
 orbiculatus, 974. 
 
 palmatus, 1026. 
 
 Plukeueti, 1000. 
 
 raa'/atus, 974. 
 
 t'iJtwtis, 734. 
 Coccus cacti, cochineal, 717. 
 
 ilicis, kermes insect, 86. 
 
 lacca, lac insect, 305. 
 
 manniparus, 75, 614. 
 
 radicis, 565. 
 Cochinchina, or Anam, 399,981. 
 Cochineal, 717. 
 Cochlcaria acaulis, 961. 
 
 Anglica, 903. 
 
 armoracia, see Nasturtium, 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Il6l 
 
 Cochlearia Groenlandica, 970. 
 
 Nilotica, 997. 
 
 officinalis, 929. 
 
 S/ j., 417. 
 Cochlospermum gossypium, 254. 
 Cockatoo, or white parrot, 564, S16, 
 
 960. 
 Cock-fighting, 642, 816. 
 Cock 1 s-comb flower, 702. 
 Cocoa-nut, 417, 1068. 
 
 palms, 437, 779, 919. 
 Coco-plum, 658. 
 Cocos fusiformis, 854. 
 
 lapidea, 919. 
 
 nucifera, 427, 846. 
 Codex Gregorianus, Roman laws, 
 
 542- 
 
 Hermogenianus, Roman laws, 
 
 544- 
 Coditzum variegatum, 300, 917. 
 Coffea Arabica, 831. 
 
 Occidentalis, 986. 
 C<2^e«, 811, 831. 
 
 Coins, 161, 194, 212, 266, 457, 479, 
 542, 544, 575-76, 5 8 °. 6oI > 6 °3> 
 607, 613-14, 618, 620-21, 623, 626, 
 629, 631, 640, 647, 650-52, 656, 
 664, 667, 675, 679, 6S4, 690, 707, 
 716, 718, 720, 741, 756, 760, 783, 
 787, 790-91, 900, 918, 942, 951, 
 997, 1010, 1023, 1028, 1034, 1043. 
 Coins, Bactrian, 396, 398. 
 
 Hebrew, 402. 
 Coix, 598. 
 
 agrestis, 966. 
 lachryvia, 598. 
 Colam, city in Hindustan, and era, 
 
 627. 
 Colchians, 160, 217, 454 
 Colchicum autumuale, 164. 
 Byzantinum, 945. 
 fasciculare, 897. 
 Illyricum, 658. 
 montanum, 159. 
 tesselatum, 961. 
 variegatum, 945. 
 Coldenia procumbens, 992. 
 Coleus Africanus, 1054. 
 Amboinensis, 966. 
 aromaticus, 424. 
 barbatus, 732. 
 Colinus, 875. 
 Colladea monostachya, 964. 
 Colliguaja, 662. 
 Collinsonia anisata, 1053. 
 Canadensis, 770. 
 oz'alis, 1039. 
 . praecox, 1040. 
 scabriuscula, 1043. 
 serotina t 1040. 
 verticillata, 1059. 
 Collomia grandiflora, 1066. 
 Colocasia antiquorum, 373. 
 Indica, 697. 
 macrorhiza, 414, 416. 
 maxima, 540. 
 
 Colocasia nymphaifolia, 370. 
 odora, 322. 
 sagittifolia, 714. 
 Colocynth, 253. 
 Cologne cathedral, 740. 
 
 city on the Rhine, 740, 751. 
 Colombia, country in South Amer- 
 ica, 1061. 
 Colombo, city in Ceylon, 652. 
 Colon, earliest use in writing, 790. 
 Colosseum, at Rome, 516. 
 Colossi, 87, 119, 502, 532. 
 
 that of Rhodes, 389, 605. 
 Coltsfoot, 259. 
 Cohtbrina Asiatica, 339. 
 Columba Carolinensis, 875. 
 migratoria, 875. 
 oenas, 28. 
 
 palumbus, the domestic pigeon, 
 28, 136, 453. 
 Columbia River, in Northwest 
 
 America, 1035. 
 Columbia serratifolia, 990. 
 Columbine, 352, 580, 903. 
 Columnea scandens, 986. 
 Col u tea arborescens, 355. 
 frutescens, 975. 
 herbacea, 990. 
 Orientalis, 882. 
 Pocockii, loiS. 
 Comandra umbellata, 999. 
 Combretum purpureum, 957. 
 Comedy, 284, 306, 323. 
 Co?netes alterniflora, 999. 
 Comets, 22S, 325, 393, 471, 475, 477, 
 483, 538, 566, 580, 586, 5 S 9. 610, 
 629, 782, 795-96, 823, 846, 892, 
 926, 936, 964, 977, io6r. 
 Comfrey, 346. 
 
 Commelyua angustifolia, 1041. 
 Bcngalensis, 999. 
 Cayenncnsis, or agraria, 1047. 
 communis, 645. 
 erecta, 101 1. 
 latifotia, 466. 
 nudiflora, 999. 
 tuberosa, 915. 
 Virgiuica, 999- 
 Commerce, 74, 26S, 424, 528, 903, 
 
 909, 965, 1004. 
 Commersonia echinata, 966. 
 Commia Cochinchiuen\is, 399 
 Committee of Correspondence, the, 
 appointed in Boston, 1032. 
 in Virginia, 1033. 
 Commons of England, 751,943,952, 
 
 1038. 
 Commonwealth, of Cromwell's 
 
 time, 957, 958, 960. 
 Comocladia dentata, 658. 
 ilicifolia, 986- 
 integrifolia, 982. 
 Compass, the mariner's, 687, 758, 
 
 794, 814, 933- 
 Comptonia asplenifolia, 968. 
 Conanthera bifolia, 1002. 
 
 146 
 
 Concord, town in Massachusetts, 
 
 i°35- 
 Cone flower, 941. 
 Conessi bark, 596. 
 Conferva rivularis, 514. 
 
 rupestris, 527. 
 
 sp., 451. 
 Congea villosa, 579. 
 Congo River, 843. 
 Congress, first American Colonial, 
 1034 ; second, 1035. 
 
 of the United States, Acts of, 
 1048-50, 1059, 1062, 1070-71. 
 Conioselinitm Canadense, -873. 
 Conium Africanum, 1003. 
 
 maculatum, 633. 
 Conjunctions of the sun, moon, and 
 
 planets, 77, 391, 716. 
 Conjurers, or jugglers, 330. 
 Connarus Asiaticus, 970. 
 pinnatus, 974. 
 
 speciosus, 245. 
 Connecticut, N. American State, 
 947. 95 1 . 9S1-S2. 
 
 River, 933. 
 Conobea multiflda, 1044. 
 Conocarpus acuminatus, 745. 
 
 credits, 982. 
 
 latifolius, 728. 
 
 racemosus, 982. 
 
 robustus, 245. 
 Conoclinium ctzlestinum, 993. 
 "Considerations, &c.," 1031. 
 Constantinople, 547, 56S, 583, 600, 
 610, 616, 618, 640, 751, 823, 862. 
 Constellations, 77, 78, 26S, 900. 
 Constitution, federal, of the United 
 
 States, 1042-43. 
 Contracts, 112. 
 Contraycrva, 900, 924. 
 Convallaria Japonica, 9S9. 
 
 majalis, 419, 557. 
 Convention, federal, of the Ameri- 
 can States, 1042. 
 Convolvulus acetosaefolius, 986. 
 
 althccoides, 362. 
 
 arvensis, 206. 
 
 bifidus, 966. 
 
 ( Calonyctncm ) bona-nox, 594. 
 
 {Argyreia) bracteatus, 524. 
 
 Cairicns, see Ipomcea palmata. 
 
 Canariensis, 993. 
 
 cantabrica, 509. 
 
 cneorum, 907. 
 
 ( Calonyction) Comorensis, 381. 
 
 [Calonycttou) comospcrma, 381. 
 
 {Elythrostamma) convolvitlacea, 
 3S1. 
 
 corymbosus, 986. 
 
 {Argyreia) cuneata y 617. 
 
 dorycnitim, 324. 
 
 (Batatas) edulis, 753. 
 
 farinosuS) 1030. 
 
 jloridus, 764. 
 
 [Rivea) frairrans, 713. 
 
 {yacquemontia) hastigera^ 381. 
 
I 162 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Convolvulus [Batatas) Imperad, 876. 
 
 lanatu^ 998. 
 
 lineatus, 894. 
 
 nil and hcderacein, see Phar- 
 bitis. 
 
 {Batatas) littoralis, 915. 
 
 macroctirpitv, 986. 
 
 macrorluzus, 9S6. 
 
 [Argyreia) Malabariea, 7 28. 
 
 maximzis, 973. 
 
 meehoacatiha, 901. 
 
 Medium, 973. 
 
 {Batatas) pauiculatus, 701. 
 
 {Batatas) peutaphylla, 982. 
 peltatus, 966. 
 
 qui nq uef oli us, 999. 
 
 rupestris, 1032. 
 
 sagittif alius, 1005. 
 
 saxatilis, 912. 
 
 scammonia, 121. 
 
 sepiicm, see Calvstegia. 
 
 (Lettsotnia) se/asus, 590. 
 
 Sibthorpi, 296. 
 
 |.-ir;T/V/(?) SfcciOSd, J 12. 
 spinas us, 1 03 1. 
 ienellus, 999. 
 
 tomeulosus, 999. 
 tricolor, 938. 
 turpethum, 614. 
 
 {Jticquemontia) umbellata, 3S1. 
 nmbellatus, 986. 
 Z'erticillatus, 9S6. 
 vitifolius, 999. 
 Couyza Aegyptiaca, 972. 
 bifoliata, 1000. 
 Candida, 826. 
 cinerea, 978. 
 
 Dioscoridis, see Pluc/iea. 
 foe 1 1 da, 982. 
 odorata, &c, 987. 
 pubigera, prolifera, and C7//- 
 
 nensis, 966. 
 picrpu rase ens, 983. 
 rupestns, 986. 
 saxatilis, 937. 
 Sicula, 931. 
 sordida, 912. 
 
 squarrosa, see Inula co?tyza. 
 Coontie, 761. 
 Copaifera coriacea, 7S4. 
 Jacquini, 783. 
 Langxdorfi, 784. 
 midtijuga, 7S4. 
 Copanuj balsam, see Balsam. 
 Copal, 270. 
 
 Copenhagen Greenland Co., 949. 
 Copernican system of astronomy, 
 929. 
 
 Copper, and copper-mines, 3, 66, 
 520. 57i. 573. 582, 612-13, 626, 
 630, 651, 789, 859, 926. 
 
 Coptic, or Egyptian Language, 13, 
 74, 119, 534. 
 
 Coptis asplenifolia, 418. 
 trifolia, 818. 
 
 Copts, 567, 811, 1068. 
 
 Coral, 133, 348, 663, 965. 
 
 Coral-islands, 427. 
 Corallorhiza i/iuata, 1043. 
 
 Liuuaci, 921. 
 
 odontorhiza, rooo. 
 Coral, or trumpet, l/oucvntck/e, 959. 
 Coral-tree, 441, 44S, 616, 673. 
 Coraysh Arab tribe, 536, 5S3, 599. 
 Corcliorus acuta/igulus, 9S9. 
 
 capsularis, 764. 
 
 fascicular is, 1000. 
 
 hirsutm, 98O. 
 
 liirtus, 986. 
 
 olitorius, 646. 
 
 procumbens, 380. 
 
 siliquosus, 986. 
 
 */., 465. 
 Corcyra, or Corfu, in Greece, 213, 
 
 3"»39i- 
 
 Cord-grass, 886. 
 Cordia Africana, 185. 
 
 angustifolia, 594. 
 
 eollococca, 999. 
 
 creuata, 903. 
 
 gerascautl/i/s, 1012. 
 
 latifolia, 422. 
 
 Macleodii, 595. 
 
 monoica, 3S5. 
 
 myxa, 107. 
 
 obliqua, 422 
 
 subcordata, 385. 
 Cordylocarpus Levigatus, 94. 
 Corea, in Ka>tern Asia, 12S, 159, 
 164, 390. 4Si, 53 s . 543* 597> 6ro, 
 68 1, 915-16, 1032, 1039, 1048, 
 1052, 1060, 1065, 106S, 1070-71. 
 Coreopsis acuta, 1033. 
 
 £Z/&Z, 99I. 
 
 angustifolia, 1033. 
 
 aristosa, 1044. 
 
 aspera, 1 060. 
 
 auriculata, 962. 
 
 aurea, 1024. 
 
 chrysantha, 9S7. 
 
 eorouata, 987. 
 
 delphiiiifolia, 1045. 
 
 gladiata, 1040. 
 
 lanceolata, 1009. 
 
 lati folia, 1041. 
 
 OemUri, 1059. 
 
 reptans, 9S3. 
 
 soiifol/a, 1040. 
 
 tcuui folia, 1000. 
 
 tineioria, io6r. 
 
 trichosperma, 1(141. 
 
 trififens, 962. 
 
 verticillata, 995. 
 Corfu, or Corcyra, Creek island, 
 
 213, 224, 280-8 r, 311. 
 Coriander, 141. 
 Coriaudrum sativum, 141, 969, 
 Coriaria myrtifolia, 439. 
 
 ruscifolia, 66 r. 
 Corinth, city in Greece, 115, 162, 
 
 186, 213, 224, 280, 347, 388. 
 Corinthian architecture, 302. 
 
 Coris Afonspeliensis, 885. 
 Corisperminn hyssopifoliuin, 1008. 
 
 puugeiis, 1007. 
 G>r/-, 256. 
 Cormorant, 776. 
 CVr//, 575, 603, 939,954. 
 Corn-cockle, 733. 
 Cornel, 134. 
 Cornelian, 106, 114. 
 Corn-salad, 458. 
 Coruucopiae cucullalitm, 997. 
 Cornus alba, 753. 
 
 altemifolia, 1037. 
 
 asperl folia, 1 04 1. 
 
 brachypoda, 622. 
 Canadensis, 4T9, 937. 
 
 circiuata, 1043. 
 
 florida, 992. 
 
 mascula, 171. 
 
 paniculata, 1042. 
 
 sanguined, 134, 451. 
 
 sericea, S07. 
 
 stolonifera, 1038. 
 
 strieta, 1040. 
 
 Suetica, 788. 
 Coronation, by priests, 568. 
 Coronilla argentea, 905. 
 
 Cappadocica, 1007. 
 
 coronata, 921. 
 
 cmerus, 526. 
 
 glauca, 921. 
 
 globosa, 905. 
 
 >//^w, 931. 
 
 minima, 912. 
 
 seaudens, 9S7. 
 
 seeuridaca, 341. 
 
 valentnta, 902. 
 Coronopus Kitcllii, 352. 
 Corrigiola littoralis, 734. 
 Corrosive sublimate, from quick- 
 silver, 646. 
 Corsica, island in the Mediterra- 
 nean, 237, 243, 389. 
 Cortusa Mattluoli, 889. 
 Corvus corax, raven, 453. 
 
 corone, crow, 20, 453. 
 Coryeium erispum, 1009. 
 
 vestitum, 1009. 
 Corydalis aurea, 1057. 
 
 iiipnonies, S94. 
 
 < lavwulata, 485. 
 
 enneaphylla, 994. 
 
 fahtuou 43-- ' 
 glauca, 949. 
 ////^, 993. 
 paeoiufolia, 101 ^. 
 Siberiea, 1013. 
 solida, 1 66. 
 tubcrosa, 432. 
 Corylus Americana, 771, SSo, 893, 
 929, 935. 
 
 ,/7v//,,/m, //At/, 134, 317, 451. 
 colurua, 299. 
 rostrata, 875, 935, 96S. 
 J/., 418. 
 tubulosa, 921. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 H63 
 
 Corymbium glabrum % 999. 
 
 scabrum, 999. 
 Corypha rotundifolia, 966. 
 
 taliera, 347. 
 
 umbraculifera, 347. 
 Cosmetics, 108. 
 Cosmos caudatus, 1054. 
 Costus, 320. 
 Costits Aferianez, 1004. 
 
 sar??ientoszis, 382. 
 
 speciosus, 633. 
 
 spicatus, 950. 
 Coto master vulgaris, 505. 
 Cottage, the earliest, 51. 
 Cotton, 215, 264, 458, 657, 663, 741, 
 75S, 791, 869. 
 
 rush, 809. 
 
 /re^j, 253-54, 819-20. 
 
 wood, 965. 
 Cotton cloth, 852. 
 
 wool, 929. 
 Cottonwood willow, 604. 
 Cotula anthemoides, 1000. 
 
 aurea, 931. 
 
 coronopi folia, 975. 
 
 minima, 1029. 
 
 tanacetifolia, 1000. 
 Cotyledon caryophyllacea, 1016. 
 
 fascicularis, 1016. 
 
 hemisphaerica, ion. 
 
 /Wi'tz, 488. 
 
 ■malacophylhun, 1032. 
 
 mucronata, 1016. 
 
 orbiculata, 982. 
 
 papillaris, 1016. 
 
 parviflora, 998. 
 
 serrata, 8S9. 
 
 spuria, 1 00 1. 
 
 tuberculosa, 1016. 
 
 umbilicus, 341. 
 
 ungulata, 1016. 
 Coumarouna odorata, 1025. 
 Court plaster, 551. 
 Courts of justice, 658, 758. 
 Cow, 14, 2i, 401, S45, 957, 1030. 
 Cozvbane, 706. 
 Cowitch, 674, 699, 950. 
 Cow-parsnip, 641. 
 
 Cowries, Cyprea monetas, 758, 786. 
 Cowslip, or primrose, 557, 637. 
 Cow-wheat, 510, 848. 
 Crab, 22, 154, 846. 
 Crambe Hispanica, 949. 
 
 maritima, 473. 
 
 Orientalis, 587. 
 Cranberry, 508, 806. 
 Crane, 52, 64. 
 Cranesbilt, 500. 
 Crannoges, palisaded lake-villages 
 
 of Ireland, 167, 631, 1070. 
 Craulzia lineata, 1041. 
 Crassula alteruifolia, 1016. 
 ciliata, ion. 
 coccinea, qjy. 
 columnaris, 1016. 
 crenata, 998. 
 
 Crassula cultrata, ion. 
 
 dichotoma, 9S2. 
 
 Jlava, 999. 
 
 gentianoides, 999. 
 
 Magnolii, 973. 
 
 nudicaulls, ion. 
 
 pellucida, ion. 
 
 scabra, 1009. 
 
 subulata, 997. 
 
 tetragona, 1004. 
 
 verticillaris, 1020. 
 Crassulacea:, not found in Egypt, 4. 
 Crataegus apiifolia, 1040. 
 
 azarolus, 628. 
 
 coccinea, 923, 926, 992. 
 
 cordata, 1024. 
 
 Cretica, 998. 
 
 crus-galli, 1000. 
 
 Jlava, 1039. 
 
 glandulosa, 1039. 
 
 tnonogyna, 550. 
 
 oxycantha, 121. 
 
 parvifolia, 1000. 
 
 pyracantha, 356. 
 
 spathulata, 1041. 
 
 tanacdi folia, 219. 
 
 tomeulosa, 866, 874-75, 958. 
 
 viridis, 1016. 
 Cratuiva Adausoni, 426. 
 
 gyuandra, 1 000. 
 
 religiosa, 592. 
 Crawfurdia? sp., 588. 
 Creeks, N. American tribe, 776, 
 
 1012, 1016. 
 Crepis alpina, 919. 
 
 biennis^ 197. 
 
 corymbosa, 934. 
 
 Dioscoridis, 914. 
 foetida, 937. 
 
 leontodontoides, 1003. 
 
 Nemaurensis, 913. 
 
 scariosa, 934. 
 
 setosa, 1020. 
 
 Taurinensis, 1003. 
 
 teciorum, 878. 
 
 virens, 913. 
 Crescentia cujete, 677, 882. 
 
 cucurbitina, 1000. 
 jasminoides, 1005. 
 CVw, 94, 352, 470. 
 Cressa Cretica, 435. 
 Cressy, in France, 787. 
 Crete, Greek island, 146, 151, 446, 
 
 627, 655,719. 965- 
 Crimea, see Cimmerians. 
 Crimson clo7'er, 995. 
 Ci'inum Americanum, S98. 
 
 Asiaticitm, 301. 
 
 encbescens, 1001. 
 
 nervosum, 966. 
 Cristaria betonicaefolia, 1002. 
 Crithmum mariti?nu??i, 294. 
 Crocodile, 38, 55, 26;, 269. 
 Crocodilus Gangeticus, 432. 
 
 sp-. 55- 
 Croats bifiorus, 952. 
 
 Crocus minimus, 351. 
 nudiflortts, 351. 
 odorus, 512. 
 reticulatus, 898. 
 salivas, 115. 
 vemus, 173. 
 Cromlechs, Druidical, 149, 166. 
 Crossopteryx feb?-ifuga, 731. 
 Crotalaria bijlora, 997. 
 Brozunei, 1023. 
 glauca, 465. 
 imbricata, 1000. 
 iucaua, 984. 
 juncea, 422. 
 laburnifplia, 982. 
 laevigata, 1 000. 
 lotifolia, 983. 
 avails, 1040. 
 par?'/Jlora, 1041. 
 quiuquefolia, 974. 
 retusa, 628. 
 sagittaris, 982. 
 strigosa, 380. 
 verucosa, 974. 
 Croton aigeuteum, roi2. 
 argy r anthem um, 1037. 
 aromaticum, 966. 
 capitahnn, 1044. 
 cascarilla, 984. 
 chamaedi'ifolium, 9S3. 
 citrifolium, 987. 
 coccineum , 974. 
 eleuteria, 984. 
 furfuraceitm, 987. 
 glabellum, 983. 
 glandulostim, 1025. 
 lineare, 983. 
 lobahim, 1009. 
 maritimum, 1040. 
 palustre, 987. 
 pavana, 631. 
 phyllanthrus, 983. 
 plicatum, 98. 
 polyandra, 522. 
 sebiferuni, 846. 
 sidacfoliu?n, 1000. 
 solanifolhim, 975. 
 j/, 732. 
 spinosum, 1000. 
 thet-yen-ka-dan, 322. 
 thet-yeu-nee, 322. 
 tiglium, 631. 
 tinctorium, 97. 
 villosum, 98. 
 Croton oil, 631. 
 Crotona, city in Southern Italy, 
 
 132, 218, 631. 
 Crotonopsis argeutea, 1041. 
 Crow, 20. 
 £><??# berry, 78 1. 
 Crown-imperial, 672. 
 
 or Ztmz A?r/', 921. 
 Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, 
 
 I0 35- 
 Crucianella glomerata, 998. 
 latifolia, 921. 
 
1 164 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Crucianclla maril'ima, 894. 
 
 molluginoidcs, 1007. 
 
 Monspeliaca, 342. 
 Crucible, 40. 
 Crucifixion, 476. 
 Crusaders, 6S3-S4, 6S6, 712, 716, 
 
 719, 741. 
 Crusades, 6S3, 705, 716, 71S, 721, 
 
 740, 760. 
 Crypsis aculeata, 587. 
 
 ? squarrosa, 1058. 
 Cryptomeria Japonica, 632. 
 
 sp., 601. 
 Cryptostegia grandiflora, 72S. 
 Cryptotaenia Canadensis, 976. 
 Crystal, 663. 
 Cry stop fcris fragilis, 8 50. 
 Ctenium aromatiann, 1039. 
 Cuba, island in the West Indies, 
 
 852, 860-61, 919. 
 Ctthd-s, 312, 629,844. 
 Cuckoo-jloioer, 504, 634. 
 Cucubalus bacciferus, 504. 
 Cucumber, 72, 640, So8, 929, 944, 9S9. 
 Cucumber-melon, 627. 
 Cucumis African us, 991. 
 
 angutuus, 950. 
 
 angaria, 950. 
 
 chate, 627. 
 
 colocynthis, see Citrullus. 
 
 co}\omon, 260. 
 
 djyzar/iendi, 649. 
 
 dudaim, 116. 
 
 Jlexnosus, 72. 
 
 Hardioickii, 497. 
 
 7»<?/o, musk-melon, 229. 
 
 momordica, 73S. 
 
 prophetarum, 194. 
 
 sativus, 640. 
 
 utilissimus, 533. 
 Cucurbita maxima, 709, 876. 
 
 polymorfha, 747, 870, 929. 
 
 j-/.', S80. 
 Culcx sp., mosquito, 39. 
 Culiacan, in Mexico, 871, 880. 
 CitliLnoau bark, 795. 
 Cither foot, 718. 
 Cumse, or Cyinaa, city in Asia 
 
 Minor, 179, 186, 288. 
 Cumberland Straits, 909. 
 Ctimatiun cyminum, ill. 
 Cummin, 21 1. 
 Cunila Mariana, 999. 
 Cuinniiyjtiimia Sinensis, 622. 
 Ciuionhi Capensis, 766. 
 CupJiea viseoMSsnna, 1016, 
 Cupressus Japonica, 127. 
 
 iXulkanus, 581. 
 
 patula, 600. 
 
 senipervirens, 12S. 
 
 thyoides, 810, 866, S93. 
 Curanga amara, 966. 
 Cureuligo orchioides, S33. 
 
 Seychellensis, 385. 
 Citreitma amada, 832. 
 
 angustifolia, 579. 
 
 Cureiuna aromatica, 595. 
 
 data, 590. 
 
 leueorhiza, 579. 
 
 tonga, 189, 526. 
 petiolata, 591. 
 
 reeliuala, 4 1 4. 
 
 rubeseens, 579. 
 
 7'irtdijlora, 445. 
 
 zedoaria, 415. 
 
 zerumbei, 519. 
 Currants, 409, 856, 871, 908. 
 Currency of New England, depre- 
 ciation of, 1020. 
 Curtisia fagiuea, 766. 
 Cuseuta Amerieana, 982. 
 
 corymbosa, IO37. 
 
 epdinum, 193. 
 
 epithyittum, 313. 
 
 Europ t ea, 193. 
 
 Groiun'ii, 929. 
 
 Hassiaea, 1069. 
 
 monogyua, 193. 
 
 reflexa, 832. 
 
 tnfolii, 1069. 
 Cusouta arvensis, 929. 
 Custurd-af/le, 867. 
 Cuttle-fish, Sepia, 29, 58, 503. 
 Cuzco, city in Peru, 667, 798, 871, 
 
 875, 8S7, 892. 
 Cyamopsis psoraleoides, iZ 1 - 
 Cyanella Capensis, 230. 
 Cyathea arborea, &C, 987. 
 Cyathula prostrata, 952. 
 Cvathus oiia, 959. 
 
 striatus, 959. 
 Cybele, mother of the gods, 153. 
 
 worship of, 153, 507. 
 Cycas cireina/is, 304, 917. 
 
 revoluta, 98. 
 Cyclamen Huropa,. um, 502. 
 
 keder.e folium , 379. 
 
 Peranum, 1(15, 
 Cycle lunar, 124,281. 
 
 of Calippus, 326 
 
 of Hipparchus, 402. 
 
 of Time, 618, 623, 630, 646, 655, 
 669,682,704, 719, 7si, 776, 
 796, 818, 859, 896, 980, 101S, 
 1054. 
 Cyeloloma platyphyllum, 1044. 
 Cyclopia ^ciustotdes, IOOO. 
 Cycnutui sp. ,1., 732. 
 Cydouia Japonic*, 6SS. 
 
 Sinensis, 2^9. 
 
 7'idgaris, 177. 
 Cygnus, constellation of, 920. 
 
 olor, swan, 453. 
 Cyliudroeltue Commersonii, 1067. 
 Cymbals, musical instruments, 199. 
 Cymbaria Davurna, 1013. 
 Cymbidium aloejoltum, 974, 
 
 lutein?!, 1002. 
 
 ercatum, 974. 
 
 practuorsnni , 973. 
 
 striatum, 762. 
 
 tenitij'olium, 966. 
 
 Cymbidium veneseens, 1002. 
 Cyvibopogon schananthus, 284. 
 Cymopterus acaulis, 1057. 
 Cynara acaulis, 310. 
 
 cardunciilus, 261. 
 
 horrida, 382. 
 
 scolymus, 71. 
 Cynanchum acntum, 888. 
 
 erectum, see Afarsdeuia. 
 
 hirsutnm, 978. 
 
 Indicum, 975. 
 
 lanceolatum, see Leptadenia. 
 
 nigrum, 339. 
 
 pilosimi, 999. 
 
 [Sarcostemma) pyrotechnicum, 
 
 5°9- 
 
 reticulatum, see Leptadenia. 
 
 suberosum, 1011. 
 
 vincetoxicum, 377. 
 Cynocephalus, baboon, 18, 47. 
 Cynodon dactylum, 1S4, 214. 
 Cynoglossum Apenuinum, 316. 
 
 c/ieiri/olium, 921. 
 glastijolium, 998. 
 
 lanatum, 998. 
 
 Limeuse, 1002. 
 
 Morisoui, 97S. 
 
 officinale, 315. 
 pictum, 316. 
 
 Rinderi, 1027. 
 
 Stannneum, 998. 
 
 syhaticum, 934. 
 
 I 'irg/uicum, 1016. 
 Cyuometra caulijlora, 966. 
 
 ramiflora, 727. 
 Cynomorium cocaucum, 972. 
 
 J'hilippeuse, 690. 
 
 j/., 322. 
 Cynosunts cristatus, 63S. 
 
 . ? dnrits, 70S. 
 Cynthia dandelion, 1016. 
 
 Vinriuica, I0l6. 
 Cynurian Greeks, 192. 
 Cyperus alopeci. roides, 1 30. 
 
 arenaruts, 999. 
 
 articulatus, 916. 
 
 autumualis, 1042. 
 
 brizaeus, 1047. 
 
 bulbosus, 747. 
 
 caucsccus, 973. 
 
 Cleaveri, 1061. 
 
 compress us, Q03. 
 
 deutafus, 1060. 
 
 dijformi^ 375. 
 
 dist/ns, 1037. 
 
 rtYzw, 130. 
 
 elegaus, 9S4. 
 
 erytlirorhizos, 1060. 
 
 esculentus, 224. 
 
 exaltatus, 1004. 
 Jilicuhnis, S09. 
 
 fiavescens, 87S. 
 
 jiavicomus, 1039. 
 
 /«a-«j-, 173. 
 
 hamalosus, 1007. 
 
 haspan, 993. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 H65 
 
 Cyperus inflexus, 1056. 
 
 iria, 999. 
 Juncifolius, 414. 
 
 kyllingaeoides, 1042. 
 
 ligularis, 9S2. 
 
 longus, 173. 
 
 Michauxiamis, 104 1. 
 
 Monti, 1005. 
 
 odoratus, 98 2. 
 
 per tenuis, 472. 
 
 phymatodes, 809. 
 poaeformis, 1055. 
 
 polystachyos, 999. 
 
 pumilus, 999. 
 
 Purshii, see inflexus. 
 
 rotundus, 209. 
 
 speciosns, 1 05 1. 
 
 squarrosus, 999. 
 
 strigosus, 982. 
 
 Surinamensis, 950. 
 
 tenellus, 999. 
 
 tcxtilis, 766. 
 
 vegetus, 1022. 
 
 virtus, 1 041. 
 Cyphia bulbosa, 1015. 
 Cypress-vine, 820. 
 Cypress, 128, 581, 842. 
 Cyprinus carpio, carp, 136, 453. 
 
 dobula, 453, 
 
 leuciscus, 136, 453. 
 Cypripedium acanle, 772, 958. 
 
 arietinum, 1058. 
 
 calceolus, 888. 
 
 candidum, 1055. • 
 
 guttatum, 1013. 
 
 macranthos, 1013. 
 
 parviflorum, 995. 
 
 pubescetis, 979. 
 
 spectabile, 949. 
 Cyprus, Greek island, 115, 133, [95, 
 
 237. 256, 303, 37 f, 400, 407, 604. 
 Cyrene, in North Africa, 225, 400, 
 
 43S- 
 Cyrilla Antillana, 1043. 
 
 racemiflora, 1024. 
 Cyrillic alphabet of the Slavonians, 
 
 843- 
 
 Cystoperis btilbifera, 948. 
 Cystoseira selaginoides, 368. 
 Cytinus hypocistes, 436. 
 Cytisus argcnteus, 903. 
 
 Austriacus, 884. 
 
 biflorus, 931. 
 
 capitatus, 907. 
 
 divaricatus , 902. 
 
 foliolosus, 1000. 
 
 glomerulus, 380. 
 
 laburnum, 355. 
 
 nigricans, 884. 
 
 purpureus, 973. 
 
 scoparius, 447. 
 
 sessiliflorus, 995. 
 
 spinosus, 888. 
 
 supinus, 785, 907. 
 
 triflorus, 902. 
 Wolgaricus, 587. 
 
 Czackia liliastrum, 889. 
 Czekhs, or Bohemians, 620. 
 
 Dacia, country on the North side 
 
 of the Danube, 449, 456, 519. 
 Dactylis glomerata, 851. 
 
 littoral is, 937. 
 
 spicata, 999. 
 Dactyloctenium Aegyptiacum, or /?/«- 
 
 cronatum, 51 2. 
 Dcedalia quercina, 451. 
 Dcemia extensa, 738. 
 Daffodil, 752. 
 Dahlia variabilis, 1045. 
 Daisy, 507, 645. 
 Dakkeh, in Nubia, 391, 402. 
 Dalbergia frondosa, 593. 
 
 Hookert, 384. 
 
 lanceolaria, 974. 
 
 latifolia, 463. 
 
 melauoxylon, 431. 
 
 Oujeinensis, 617. 
 
 scandens, 711. 
 
 sissoides, 735. 
 
 sissoo, 463, 573. 
 
 J/., 383. 
 
 Telfairii, 384. 
 
 thet-ksouk-yo, 588. 
 Dalea alopecuroides, 1044. 
 
 aurea, 1057. 
 
 Cliffortiana, 10 15. 
 
 laxiflora, 1057. 
 Dalechampia scandens, 987. 
 Dalibarda repeus, 1019. 
 Dalmatia, 417, 680, 857. 
 Damascus, city in Syria, 179, 213, 
 478, 601, 607, 814. 
 
 blades, 237. 
 Damasonium Indicu?n, 375. 
 Damietta, city in Egypt, 721, 740. 
 Dammara , see Agathis. 
 Datnmer pitch, 240, 370, 593, 744. 
 Damnacanthus Gaertneri, 966. 
 Damsoii, 345. 
 Dauaea alata, 9S7. 
 
 nodosa, 9S7. 
 Dandelion , 419, 685, 870. 
 Danes, 639, 664, 667. 
 Dauthonia sericea, 1060. 
 
 spicata, 1025. 
 Danube, or Ister, river in Europe, 
 
 227, 444, 446, 519, 611. 
 Daphne alpina, 406. 
 
 arge?ztea, 217. 
 
 cncoritm, 464. 
 
 dioica, see Passerina. 
 Gnidium, 207. 
 
 hsce-liz, 423. 
 
 jasminea, 364. 
 
 laureola, 167. 
 
 mezereum, 586. 
 
 (Cansiera) monostachya, 974. 
 
 odor a, 989. 
 
 odorata, 632. 
 
 papyn-acea, 789. 
 
 Daphne ( Cansiera) polystachya, 974. 
 
 Pontica, 996. 
 
 sericea, 544. 
 
 sqnarrosa, 1016. 
 
 tartonraira, 365. 
 
 thymelea, 937. 
 
 vermiculata, 97 1. 
 
 villosa, 894. 
 Daphniphyllum Roxhurgii, 632. 
 Dar Fur, Negro country on the 
 
 Upper Nile, 1048. 
 Darien, Spanish settlement on, 860, 
 
 900. 
 Darnel, 93. 
 Date palm, 15, 67, 72, 254, 330,464, 
 
 702. 
 Datisca cannabina, 566. 
 Datura fastuosa, see Z). metel. 
 
 ferox, 622. 
 
 metel, 596. 
 
 stramonium, 622. 
 Daucus carota, 190, 451. 
 
 gingiduitn, 8S2. 
 
 gummifer, 471. 
 
 Mauritanicus, 975. 
 
 muricatus, 934. 
 
 polygamus, 975. 
 Davallia aculeata, 983. 
 
 Canariensis, 988. 
 
 clavata, 9S7. 
 
 Domingensis, 987. 
 
 #■» 632. 
 
 tcuuifolia, 1000. 
 
 trifoliata, 987. 
 Davis Straits, discovered, 909, 933. 
 Day-lily, 688. 
 
 Dead-nettle, 510, 635, 816, 822. 
 Dean's Island, 924. 
 Debod, in Nubia, 376. 
 Decamerone, the, of Boccaccio, 787. 
 Decimal fractions, 829. 
 Declaration of Independence, the, 
 
 by American colonies, 1035. 
 Decline of the arts, 126. 
 Decumaria barbara, 1023. 
 Deed, for sale of land, 431. 
 Deer, 80, 643, 866, S75, 908. 
 Deerberries, 769. 
 
 Deerfield, town in New Eng., 999. 
 Deer's hair, 792. 
 Deghop, see Lingam. 
 Degree of Latitude measured, 967, 
 
 1015. 
 Deidamia alata, 957. 
 Delaware River and Bay, 928, 936, 
 
 95^978- 
 Delaware, State in N. America, 978. 
 Deleb palm, 125. 
 Delhi, seat of government on the 
 
 Ganges, 667, 676, 711, 798, 947. 
 Delima sarmentosa, 974. 
 Delphi, in Greece, oracle at, 118, 
 
 237, 241, 271, 377- 
 Delphinapterus beluga, 875. 
 DdpJiiuium ajacis, 177. 
 ambiguum, 921. 
 
n66 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Delphinium azureum, 1039. 
 
 cousolnta, 679. 
 
 crass/folium, 1013. 
 
 datum, 906. 
 
 exaltatum, 1013. 
 
 graudiflorum, 1013. 
 
 hybridum, 1013. 
 
 intermedium, 921, 
 
 peutagyuu/u, 961. 
 
 peregriuum, 292* 
 
 punieeum, 1033. 
 
 staphisagria, 293. 
 
 ienuissimiun, 484. 
 
 trieoriie, 1 04 1. 
 
 m'ceolatum, 1013. 
 Delphinus Gangeticus, 432. 
 Demak, or Bintara, first Muslim 
 
 capital of Java, 830, 834. 
 Demotic, or Enchorial, writing, 22S, 
 
 233. 396, 4S2. 
 Dendera, temple at, 454, 457, 479, 
 
 482, 525. 
 Dendrobium catenatum, 419. 
 
 erumeuatum, 966. 
 
 moniliforme, 9S9. 
 polystachyon, 9S7. 
 
 sa/iguiueum, 983. 
 Denmark, countrv in Europe, 960. 
 Dentalium, 955. 
 Dentaria bidbifera, 848. 
 
 dipliyl/a, 74S. 
 
 enneaphylla, 504. 
 
 Liciuitttti, 1041 
 pentaphyllos, 888. 
 pinuata, 884. 
 
 quinqnefolia, 998. 
 
 ienella, 1055. 
 Dentella repens, 999. 
 Descada, inland in W. Indies, 919. 
 Desert plants, 4. 
 Desima, island of, 952. 
 Dcsmanthus brachylobus, 1044. 
 
 diffusus, 973. 
 planus, 1 o 1 2 . 
 puuetatus, 993. 
 Desmocheeta atropurpurea> 974. 
 
 see Cyathula. 
 
 mirraafha, 999. 
 murieata, 9'/). 
 DesinodJum acuminatum, 1041. 
 biarticulatum , 970. 
 catspitosum, 384. 
 Cauademe, 949, 
 caneseens, 962. 
 c/liare, \o\ I. 
 cuspid, it um , 1052. 
 Cautfe/ieum, 692. 
 glabdlum, 1 04 1. 
 glutinosum, 1052. 
 heteropkylhwi., 970. 
 humifusum, 1059. 
 incanuin, 9S8. 
 lactesceus, 380. 
 lineatum, 1041. 
 Marilaudicum, 962. 
 nudiflorum, 1016. 
 
 Desmodium pan it u latum, 1 000. 
 
 rigidum, 1 06 1. 
 
 rotundifoliiun } 1041. 
 
 scalpe, 384. 
 
 spectabile, 380. 
 
 strictitm, 1053. 
 
 tortuosnm, 984. 
 
 trijlorum, 251. 
 
 irtqttetrum, 590. 
 
 umbellatum, 384. 
 
 Z'iridi/lorum, 1000. 
 Detariiim sp., 425. 
 Deutzia scabra, 622. 
 De-aiP s bit, S24. 
 Devra Libanos monastery in Shoa, 
 
 747- 
 Dew, 34. 
 Dewal, or Dival, seaport of Sind, 
 
 615. 
 
 Dewberries, 357. 
 
 Dhamma-raza, title of Pegu king, 
 
 812. 
 Dhammawatie, title of Pegu king, 
 
 ^34- 
 Diamonds, SS6. 
 Diamorpha pusilia, 1041. 
 Diana, worship of, 132, 136, 180, 192. 
 
 Diaudla eusifolia, 966. 
 Dianthera comata, 982. 
 Dianthus arboreus, 403. 
 
 armeria, 834. 
 
 atrorubeus, 930. 
 
 atteiiuatus, 961. 
 
 barbatus, 825. 
 
 caesius, 921. 
 
 carthusiauorum, 765. 
 
 caryopkillus, 5S5. 
 
 deltoides, 903. 
 
 ferrugiucus, 971. 
 
 frutieosus, 3 ^3. 
 
 junipcrinus, yo^. 
 
 pinifoHus, 913. 
 
 Plumarius, 796. 
 
 prolifer, 903. 
 
 sujfrnticosus, <)\] ■ 
 
 superbus, 7G0. 
 
 sylvestris, 937. 
 
 tripnndatns, 1 040. 
 
 virgineus, 90(1. 
 Diapensia Lapponiea, ion. 
 Diarrhena Americana, 1044. 
 Diccrocarvum sinuatum, 381. 
 Dieeros longifolius, 074. 
 Dichoudra Caroliue/isis, 1040. 
 
 nyVw, 1034. 
 Diehromeua ciliata, 950. 
 
 latifolia, 1059. 
 
 leucocephala, 962. 
 Dicksonia apufoha, 1000. 
 
 ciattaria, 9X3. 
 Didiptera bivalvis, 966. 
 
 brachiata, 1055. 
 
 ciliaris, 1057. 
 
 Curaugd. 1057. 
 
 I/ydropityou, IO57. 
 
 Physkntm, 1057. 
 
 Dicliptera scorpioides, 1 o 1 2 . 
 Dictam mis fraxinella, 377- 
 Dicypellium- caryophyllatum, 674. 
 Didelphis-Virginiana, optmu 111,869. 
 Dieffenbachia seguina, 990. 
 Dielytra Canadensis, 949. 
 cuadlaria, 962, 1017. 
 
 eximia, 1055. 
 
 tenuifolia, 1058. 
 Diervilla Tournefortii y 1 00 1 . 
 Diet of Spires, S6S-69, 885. 
 
 at Ratisbon, 871. 
 Dighton, in New England, inscrip- 
 tion at, S03. 
 Digitalis ambi^ita, S79. 
 
 Canariensis, 764. 
 
 Jerrz/ginea, 903. 
 
 /?//az, 882. 
 
 obscura, 994. 
 
 purpurea, 654. 
 
 thaspi, 890. 
 Digitaria jiliformis, 1019. 
 
 linearis, 982. 
 
 sanguinalis, §63. 
 Dilivaria ebraetenta, 966. 
 
 ilicifolia, 74. 
 Z>///, 232, 700. 
 Dillenia dliptiea, 966. 
 
 peutagyua, 329. 
 
 scabra, 112. 
 
 serrata, 966. 
 
 speeiosa, 592. 
 
 tha-byu, 112. 
 Diocletian's column, 543. 
 Diodia teres, 1039. 
 
 I'irgiiuea, 1015. 
 Dioncea mitscipula, 1030. 
 Dioscorea aculeala, 301. 
 
 alata, 714. 
 
 altissima, 9S7. 
 
 atropinpurea, 589. 
 
 bulla /era, 416. 
 
 dtemona, 589. 
 
 de/toidea, 498. 
 
 fasciculata, 589. 
 
 ^(W, S62. 
 
 "Japonica, 571. 
 
 nummnlaria, 966. 
 
 oppositi folia, 997. 
 
 peutap/iylta, 416. 
 
 piperifo/ia, 987. 
 
 purpurea, S62. 
 
 quaternata, 1040. 
 
 quiuqudoba, 9S9. 
 
 sat h'ii, 714, 950. 
 
 J A. 5 S 9>733- 917- 
 
 toxiearia, 382. 
 triphylla, 729. 
 tugui, 865. 
 villosa, 993. 
 Diosma tiytoides, 999. 
 cupressiua, 999. 
 ericoides, 999. 
 hirsuta, 998. 
 oppositi folia, 99S. 
 pubeseens, 999. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 167 
 
 Diosma pulchella, 1015. 
 
 rubra.) 998, 
 
 uniflora, 1015. 
 Diospyrus calycina, 745. 
 
 chloroxylon, 559. 
 
 cordifolia, 559. 
 
 ebenaster, 348. 
 
 ebeuum, 331. 
 
 glutinosa, 693. 
 
 /■«/'/, 305. 
 
 lotus, 886. 
 
 melanoxylon, 331. 
 
 mollis, 423. 
 
 montana, 331. 
 
 multiflora, 917. 
 
 pen-lay-boke, 591. 
 
 pilosanthera, 917. 
 
 reticulata, 91. 
 
 tau-boke, 591. 
 
 tomentosa, 559. 
 
 Virginiana, 770, 875, 881. 
 Diotis tanata, 1055. 
 Dipavansa, history of Ceylon, 545. 
 Diphtheria, 1014. 
 Diphylleia cymosa, 1041. 
 Diplachne fascictdaris, 1044. 
 Diplazium jugla ndifolium, 983. 
 
 undulosum, 987. 
 Diplolaena sp., 9S5. 
 Diplomacy, 219, 811. 
 Diplopappus amygdalinus, 1041. 
 
 comifulius, 993. 
 
 linari if alius, 962. 
 
 obovatus, 1 06 1. 
 Dlplotaxis muratis, 971. 
 
 teuuifolia, 883. 
 Dipsacits laciniatus, 913. 
 
 sylvestris, 237. 
 Dipter acanthus ciliosus, 1056. 
 
 humistratus, 1041. 
 
 oblongifolius, or hflorus, ion. 
 
 strepens^ ion. 
 Dipter ocar pus graiidiflorus ', 278. 
 
 Indicus, 743. 
 
 lanns, 565. 
 
 #., 588. 
 Dipus hirtipes, 31. 
 
 sagitta, 31. 
 Dirca palustris, 1016. 
 Disandra prostrata, 999. 
 Dischidia nummularis, 966. 
 Discopleura capillacea, 1040. 
 Distephanus populif alius , 1 067 . 
 Distylium racemosum, 622. 
 Dittander, or dittany, 290. 
 Divination, 119, 231. 
 Diving-bell, 756. 
 Divorce, law of, 389. 
 Djiclda, on the Red Sea, the port 
 
 of Mecca, 778. 
 Dniester River, 434. 
 Dobera glabra, 390. 
 Dobi, sun-dried brick, 32, 51, 63,88. 
 Z><*-£, 262, 377, 465, 777, 1031. 
 Dodartia Orientalis, 996. 
 Dodecatheon integrifolium, 999. 
 
 Dodecatheon Meadia, 1003. 
 Dodder, 193, 313, 1069. 
 Dodona, oracle there, 128. 
 Dodonaea viscosa, 999. 
 
 Dog, 19*154,875,924,939,955,1030. 
 Dog-bane, 794, 945. 
 
 grass, 638, 876. 
 Dog sledges, 758, 781-82, 1031. 
 Dog-faced Baboon, 18. 
 Dolichos angularis, 9S9. 
 
 articulatus, 987. 
 
 catiang, 974. 
 
 cultratus, 9S9. 
 
 eiisiformis, 983. 
 
 funarius, 660. 
 
 gladiatus, 974. 
 
 hirsutus, 235. 
 
 incurvus, 989. 
 
 lablab, see lablab. 
 
 lignosus, 966. 
 
 lubia, 312. 
 
 medicagineus, 970. 
 
 minimus, 983. 
 
 rotundifolius, 974. 
 
 scarabaeoides, 1000. 
 
 Sinensis, 786. 
 
 tuber osus, 987. 
 
 unifloi'us, 332. 
 Dolmens, 149. 
 Dombeya erythroxylon, 994. 
 ferruginea, 1067. 
 
 multiflora, 466. 
 
 punctata, 1067. 
 Domestic fowl, 114, 453. 
 Dominican monastic Order, 719, 
 
 723, 999, 1019. 
 Dongola, 571,774- 
 Donkey, 35. 
 
 Doomsday Book, compiled, 681. 
 Dorema ammoniacum, 724. 
 Dorian Greeks, 132. 186. 
 Doric architecture, 85, 241, 302. 
 Dormouse, 320. 
 Doronicum Austriacam, 889. 
 
 Columnae, 934. 
 pardalianches, 292. 
 plantagi?ieum, 889. 
 
 scorpioides, 507. 
 Dorstenia Brasiliensis, 900. 
 
 caulescens, 9S7. 
 
 contravcrva, 900. 
 
 Drakcna, 924. 
 
 Houstoni, 924. 
 
 opifera, 900. 
 Doryanthcs excetsa, 564. 
 Dorycnium herbaccum, 888. 
 latifolium, 172. 
 
 Monspeliensc, 897. 
 Dosia powder, 625. 
 Doum palm, 61, 72. 
 Dourra, 475. 
 Dove' 's foot, 679. 
 
 Dowlutabad, stronghold in Hin- 
 dustan, 515, 762, 766, 787. 
 Draba aizoides, 894. 
 . arabisaus, 1044. 
 
 Draba Caroliuiana, 1 01 6. 
 
 glabella, 1060. 
 
 hirta, 419. 
 
 incana, 992. 
 
 muralis, 931. 
 
 uemorosa, 1019. 
 
 nivalis, 1 030. 
 
 Pontica, 99S. 
 
 repens, 1013. 
 
 stellata, 937. 
 
 vema, 556. 
 Dracmna Australis, 438. 
 
 draco, 442. 
 
 #., 732. 
 
 terminalis, 43S. 
 Dracocephalum Altai cum, 1007. 
 
 Austriacum, 907. 
 
 Canariense, 990. 
 
 canescens, 990. 
 
 cliamaedryoides, 1002. 
 
 lamiifolium, 998. 
 
 Moldavian?!, S90. 
 
 7iutans, 1013. 
 pinnatum, 1013. 
 
 Ruyschiana, 973. 
 
 Sibericum, 1029. 
 
 thymiflorum, 1013, 1029. 
 Dracoiitium pertusum, 986. 
 
 polyphyllum, 429. 
 Dragon's blood, 442, 514, 913. 
 Dravick, 704, 
 Drepanocarpus lunatus, see jp^a- 
 
 Dropwort, 686. 
 Drosera Anglica, 634. 
 
 brevifolia, 1053. 
 
 Burmanni, 970. 
 
 Capensis, 1016. 
 
 capillar is, 1050. 
 
 cistiflora, 977. 
 
 Indica, 974. 
 
 longifolia, 634, 969. 
 
 peltata, 737. 
 
 rotundifolia, 529, 969. 
 Droseracea, not found in Egypt, 4. 
 Drosophyllum Lusitanicum, 999. 
 Drugs, the traffic in, 63, 663. 
 Druids, 100, 167, 186. 
 Drums, 800, 862. 
 Druses of Lebanon, 665. 
 Dryandra cordata, 571. 
 Dry as octopetala, 894. 
 
 tenella, 1010. 
 Drymis Wiuteri, 1002. 
 Dryobalanops, or precious camphor, 
 
 623,788. 
 
 Drypis spinosa, 353. 
 Ducks, 87, 136. 
 Duck-weed, 163. 
 Dudley Digges, cape, 933. 
 Duelling, 939, 1007. 
 Dugong, 330. 
 
 Duke of York's Island, in the An- 
 tarctic Seas, discovered, 978. 
 Dulcimer, musical instrument, 199. 
 Dulichium spathaceum, 999. 
 
n68 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Dulse, 849. 
 
 Dumb cane, 990. 
 
 Dunkers, Christian sect, 1007. 
 
 Duranta Ptumicri, 987. 
 
 PJurieu, 816. 
 
 Dnrio tibctkimus, 816. 
 
 Dutch, 930, g 3 2, 934, 943, 948, 952, 
 
 961, 965, 970, 981, 1049. 
 
 West India Company, 939. 
 Duties on imports, 6tS, 630, 992, 
 
 1003. 
 Dwara Samudra, capital of Dowla- 
 
 tabad, 773. 
 Dioarf cornel, Or pigeon-berry, 937. 
 Dycotyles, peccary, 859. 
 Dykes, S20, 952. 
 
 Eagle, 23- 
 
 Earth, the, 20, 65, 369, 3S9, 391, 787. 
 Earth-gall, 290, 449. 
 Earthen ware, art of making, 47. 
 Earthquakes, 472, 520, 550, 569, 5K4, 
 789,866,951,961, 97O, 9S2, 990, 
 1007-8, 1010, 1015, 1019, 1022, 
 1024, 1032, 1038, 1049, 1070. 
 Easter, 533, 609, 759. 
 East India Company, of England, 
 920, 981, 1003, 1020, 1026, 1069. 
 
 of France, 953, 1020. 
 
 of Holland, 919, 104S. 
 East India Marine Society, of 
 
 Salem, AEass., 1027. 
 East Indies, 919-20, 945. 
 East Indian tribes, 215. 
 Eatonia obtitsata i see striata. 
 
 Pennsylvania!, 1060. 
 
 striata, 1016. 
 Ebony, 91, 128, 331, 34S, 591, 917. 
 Ecastapkyllui?i B remind, 988. 
 Ecbatana, city in Media, 221. 
 Ecclesiastical Councils, 52S, 554, 
 565, 566, 584, 612, 623, 640, 687, 
 703. 7i 5> 720, 736, 755, 773, 802, 
 813, 861, 885, 896. 
 Echalthim piscidiiwi, 735. 
 Echineis, 853. 
 Echiiiocloa crus-galli, 750. 
 
 crus-corvi, 750. 
 Echiivocystis lobata, 1044. 
 Echinopanax horridum, 830. 
 Echinophora spinosa, 294. 
 
 tenui folia, 348. 
 Echinops Gracens, 360. 
 
 ritro, 508. 
 
 sfhtzroCtphalit^ y 433. 
 
 spinosns, 211. 
 
 strigosus, S98. 
 Echinospermum dejle.xum, 105S. 
 
 lappida, 509. 
 
 minimum, 1034. 
 
 spinotarpos, 509. 
 Echites asperuginis, 9S6. 
 
 biflora, 98b. 
 
 i/.acropkylla, 594. 
 
 snberccta, g.' 2. 
 
 umbellata, 9S2. 
 
 Echium fmticosuvi, 993. 
 
 giganteum, 467. 
 
 Italicu/u, 404. 
 
 marilimimi, 994. 
 
 Orientate, 996. 
 
 plantagiueum, 960. 
 
 rubrum, or setosnm, 108 
 
 violaceutn, 907. 
 
 vulgar e , 368. 
 Eclipses, 26, 85, 192, 20S, 215, 218, 
 222, 226-28, 231, 236, 241, 245, 
 251, 252, 256, 203, 282, 291, 298, 
 302, 319, 326, 346, 395, 397, 399, 
 403, 466, 483, 526, 549, 560, 562, 
 566, 568-69, 591, 656, 675, 733, 
 
 8 55- 9i7, 939. 97i, *o6o. 
 
 the Babylonian series, 215, 228, 
 250, 254, 258. 
 Eclipta ereeta, 700. 
 
 procumbens, 1040. 
 
 prostrata, see E. erecta. 
 Ecliptic, 164, 241. 
 Edessa, 705. 
 Edfu, 391. 
 
 Edge%oorthia papyri/era, 601. 
 Edict of Nantes, 919, 981. 
 Editors, 239. 
 
 Edom, or Idumea, 149, 194, 199. 
 Eel, 154. 
 
 Egg-plant, 602, 656, 831. 
 Egret, 124. 
 
 Egypt, 457, 541, 599, 603, 646, 656, 
 740, 843, 854, 900, 1 00 1, 1028, 
 1050, 1058, 1066, 1071. 
 Egyptian Chronicle, 319 
 Egyptian, or Coptic, Language, 13, 
 74, H9» 534- 
 
 soldiers in Mexico, 107 1. 
 Ehrarta panicea, 1044. 
 Ehrctia buxifolia, 746. 
 
 corymbosa, 381. 
 
 serrata, 702. 
 
 tint folia, 982. 
 Eider duck, 1 ^. 
 Eileithya, or El Kab, Egyptian 
 
 walled city, 10^. 
 Eleeaguus aii^ust /folia, F91. 
 
 argeutea, 1054. 
 
 couferta, 84. 
 
 lat/folia, 970. 
 
 Orientalis, 410. 
 Elceocarptts gauttru?, 616. 
 
 oblongus, 712. 
 
 sp,, 240. 
 
 tkan-hoeu, 240. 
 Elaeococca cordata, 622. 
 EUcodendrou argam, see Argariia. 
 
 ijitegrifotium, 245. 
 
 Orientate, 590. 
 
 Roxburghii, 522. 
 Elais Guineeusis, 820. 
 
 Occidentalis, 853. 
 Elateriuni , 249. 
 Elatme alsiuastrum, 937. 
 
 Americana, 1031. 
 
 hydropiper, 504. 
 
 Elatine triajzdra, 1006. 
 
 verticillatn, 374. 
 Elba, Island of, 1060. 
 Elder, see Sambucus. 
 Eleatic philosophy, 250. 
 Elecampane, 461. 
 Elections, 402. 
 Electricity, 250, 298, 1021. 
 Electrotyping, art of, 1068. 
 Elementarium, vocabulary, 677. 
 Eleocarpus integrifolius, 966. 
 Eleocharts Baldwini, 1059. 
 
 capitata, 1016 
 
 compressa, 1068. 
 
 interstincta, 982. 
 
 obtusa, 1049. 
 
 palustris, 349. 
 
 quadraugulata, 1 041. 
 
 Robbinsii, 1065. 
 
 tenuis, 1059. 
 
 tuberculosa, 1041. 
 Elephant, African sp., 67, 80, 115. 
 
 the Indian, 95, 114, 147, 328, 
 
 37^- 573' 775- 8 97- 
 Elephant creeper -, 712. 
 
 g?-ass, 740. 
 Elephanta cave-temples, 483, 606. 
 ELphantopus angustifolius, 9S3. 
 
 Caro/iuiauus, 9S3. 
 
 scaber, 974. 
 
 spicatus, 9S3. 
 
 tomentosus, 1025. 
 Elephants' teeth, traffic in, 686, 
 
 689, 762. 
 Elettaria cardamomum, 321. 
 
 medium, 579. 
 Eleusine eoracana y 276. 
 
 Indica, 705. 
 
 stricta, 740. 
 
 7'irgata, c)S2. 
 Elizabeth Islands, 923. 
 Elizabethtown, in Xl-\v Jersey, 963. 
 El Kab, tombs at, 103. 
 Elk, Cervus alces, 135, 1030. 
 
 fossil, of Ireland, 167. 
 Elter, 790. 
 
 Elliottia raccmosa, 1058. 
 Ellisia nyetelaea, 97S. 
 Ellora, Braminical cave-temples at, 
 
 515, 766. 
 Elm, 134, 17 r, 252, 366, 873. 
 Elodaea petiolita , 1041:. 
 
 Virgnnea, 96S. 
 Elsholtzia cri^tata, loot. 
 Elymus arenarius, 912, 927. 
 
 Canadensis, 961. 
 
 criuttus, 1005. 
 
 Europaeus, 1005. 
 
 Sibericus, 1013. 
 
 striatus, 1049. 
 
 Virginicus, 666, 940. 
 Elyna spicata, 1040. 
 Elytraria creuata, 999. 
 
 7'irgata, 1040. 
 Emancipation of slaves in U.S. ,107 1. 
 Embargo, ,1056. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 169 
 
 Embelia rides, 413. 
 
 sp., 731. 
 Emblica officinalis, 408. 
 Emeralds, 274, 573, 870. 
 Emery, the mineral, 230, 1071. 
 Emetic-ioeed, 1015. 
 Emigration to NewEngland stopped 
 
 by King Charles, 947, 950-51. 
 Emilia sonchifolia, 966. 
 Empetrum album, 878. 
 
 nigrum, 781. 
 Endive, 257, 929. 
 Endosmia Gardneri, 582. 
 Endrachyum Madagascarense, 957. 
 England, and the English, 719, 965, 
 
 967, 972, 9S2, 1016, 1018, 1021. 
 English Colonies in North Amer- 
 ica, 960, 997, 1020. 
 English, first arrival of the, in China, 
 921. 
 
 language, 747. 
 
 trade of, in India, 948-49, 952. 
 Enoch, book of, 466. 
 Entada seaudens, 775, 917. 
 Euterpe sp., 715. 
 
 Entertainment, house of, first, es- 
 tablished in Boston, 948. 
 Ephedra altissima, 886. 
 
 distachya, 218. 
 fragilis, 905. 
 
 monostachya, 587, 1013. 
 Ephesus, Greek city in Asia Minor, 
 
 192, 400. 
 Ephori, of Greece, 21 1. 
 Epicarpurus asper, 697. 
 Epidendrum amabile, 966. 
 
 bifidum, 915. 
 
 eoccineum, &c, 987. 
 
 conopseum, 1043. 
 
 ensifolhim, 976. 
 
 nocturnwn, 1005. 
 
 script urn, 966. 
 Epigaea repens, 962. 
 Epilobium alpestre, 993. 
 
 alpinum, 995. 
 
 coloratum, 1059. 
 
 hirsutum, S72. 
 
 hitenm, 1058. 
 
 montanum, 906. 
 
 Palustre, 892. 
 
 parvijlorum, 913. 
 
 roseum, 882. 
 
 tetragouum, 872. 
 Epimedium alpinum, 485. 
 Epipactis ensifolia, 1037. 
 
 grandiflora, see Serapias. 
 
 latifolia, 884. 
 
 uiduravis, 848. 
 Epiphagus Virginianus, 962. 
 Epistles, or letters, the earliest, 136. 
 Equinox, observations on, 400-1, 
 
 407, 5 2 7, 571.642. 
 Equisetum arvense, 297. 
 
 ephedrioides, 297. 
 
 fluviatile, 436. 
 
 hyemale, 825. 
 
 Equisetum limosum, 496. 
 
 palustre, 825. 
 
 pratcnse, 1042. 
 
 scirpoidcs, 1044. 
 
 sylvaticum, 841. 
 
 variegatum, 1 040. 
 Equus asinus, 35, 452. 
 
 caballus, 103, 452. 
 
 hemionus, the onager, in. 
 Era, Assyrian, or Abrahamic, 91. 
 
 Burman, 602. 
 
 Chinese, 73, 76. 
 
 Christian, 574, 715, 811. 
 
 Cilician of Aegae, 455. 
 
 Diocletian, 574, 652. 
 
 Dionysian, 375. 
 
 kaliyug of the Hindus, 66. 
 
 Naci of the Arabs, 562, 601. 
 
 of Augustus, 458. 
 
 of Colam, 627. 
 
 of Gaza, the First, 448. 
 
 of Gaza, the Second, 526. 
 
 of Java, 444. 
 
 of Nabonassar, 212, 251. 
 
 of Petra and Bosra, 519. 
 
 of Prome, 515. 
 
 of Sinmu, Japanese, 225. 
 
 of Spain, 715. 
 
 of the Christians of Malabar, 
 632. 
 
 of the Seleucida^, 345. 
 
 of Yazdegird, of the Persians, 
 601. 
 
 Saca, of India, 453. 
 
 Salivahana, 515. 
 Eragrostis capitlaris, 810. 
 
 ciliaris, 992. 
 
 conferta, 1061. 
 
 cynosuroides, 238. 
 
 nitida, 1 061. 
 
 pectinacea, 1040. 
 
 pilosa, 1005. 
 
 Poaoides, 852. 
 
 Purshii, 1055. 
 
 reptans, 1044. 
 
 rigida, 978. 
 • tenella, 999. 
 
 tenuis, 810. 
 
 ? uniflora, 1060. 
 Erantkis hyemalis, 906. 
 Eras, Jewish, 63, 345. 
 
 of Calicut and Kaulam, 627. 
 Eriantlius alopecuroides, 982. 
 
 brevibarbe, 1041. 
 
 Japonicus, 812. 
 
 sac ckaro ides, 1016. 
 
 strictus, 1059. 
 Ertca abietina, IC09. 
 
 apsynthioides, 999. 
 
 arborea, 379 
 
 Australis, 902. 
 
 baccans, 1014. 
 
 bruniades, 999. 
 
 bryantha, 1013 
 
 calycina, 1014. 
 
 capitata, 1014. 
 
 147 
 
 Erica cerintkoides, 975. 
 
 ciliaris, 902. 
 
 cinerea, 902. 
 
 corifolia, 997. 
 
 curviflora, 1014. 
 
 glutinosa, 1004. 
 
 gnaphalodes, 999. 
 
 kerbacea, 258. 
 
 IMcditcrranea, 902. 
 
 multiflora, 258. 
 
 nigrita, 1014, 
 
 planifolia, 999. 
 
 Plukenetii, 999. 
 
 purpurascens, 92 1. 
 
 Sabana, 1014. 
 
 scoparia, 902. 
 
 Stelleriana, 1013. 
 
 tenuifolia, 10 1 4. 
 
 umbellata, 902. 
 
 urceolaris, 1014. 
 
 {Calluna) vulgai'is, 627. 
 Ericaccce not found in Egypt, 4. 
 Erigenia bulbosa, 1044. 
 Erigeron acre, 525. 
 
 alpinum, S95. 
 
 [Phalacrolo?na) annuum, 935. 
 
 bellidifolium, 968. 
 
 Bonaricnse, ion. 
 
 {Ccenotits) Canadense, 902. 
 
 Carol inianum, 1011. 
 
 ? compositum, 1055. 
 
 ghctinosinn, 912. 
 
 gramineum, 1013. 
 
 yamaice?ise, 983. 
 
 ? longifolium, 1050. 
 
 Philadelphia in , 1019. 
 
 pitmilum, 1057. 
 
 (Pha/aeroloma) sti'igosum, 935. 
 
 uniflornm, 919. 
 
 vermtm, 1016. 
 Erinaceus auritus, 24. 
 
 Europseus, 136, 452. 
 Erinus Africanus, 1016. 
 
 alpinus, 912. 
 
 fragrans, 1016. 
 Eriobotrya Japonica, 652. 
 Eriocalea minor, 985. 
 Eriocaulon decangulare, 1001. 
 
 {Papalanthus) Jlaz'idus, 1041. 
 
 gnaphalodes, 1016. 
 
 quinqnangttlare, 999. 
 
 septangulare, 1026. 
 
 setaceum, 973. 
 
 triaugulare, 975. 
 
 {Lachuocaulon) villosum, 1039. 
 Eriocephalus Africanus, 1014. 
 Eriochlama hiwa-nie, 240. 
 Eriogonum paucijlorum, 1057. 
 
 sericeum, 1057. 
 
 tomentosum, 1041. 
 Eriophorum alpinum, 911. 
 
 gracile, 1006. 
 
 polystachymn, 513. 
 
 Scheuchzeri, 1005. 
 
 vaginatum, 558. 
 Virginicum, 809, 929, 940. 
 
1 170 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Eriospcrmum lat/folium, 975. 
 Erithalis frutieosa, 986. 
 
 timou, 966. 
 Ermine, 124, 758 
 Ernodca l/ftora/is, 9S2. 
 
 mo/itaua, 961. 
 Erodhim chamaedrioides, 994. 
 
 Chium, 1009. 
 
 ckouinm, 518. 
 
 ciattarium, 706. 
 
 glaucophyllum, 868. 
 
 gruinum, 903. 
 
 guttatum, 1015. 
 
 laciniatu?n, 1009. 
 
 malachoides, 196. 
 
 malopoides, 994. 
 
 maritimiim, 1000. 
 
 moschatttm, 5°°- 
 
 oxyrhinchwn, 1007. 
 
 petraeum, 952. 
 
 pimpinelli folium, 913. 
 
 Romanian, 919. 
 Erucaria Ahfficd, see Cordylo- 
 
 carpus. 
 Ervum ervilid, 193. 
 
 hirsutum, 557. 
 
 /<?«j, 46, 4 c, r . 
 
 monanthos, 520. 
 
 tetraspermum, 2S0, 419. 
 Eryngiuni alpiuum, 721. 
 
 amethystinum, 909. 
 
 aromatlcum, 1059. 
 
 aquaticum, 915. 
 
 BaUhviui, 1059. 
 
 campestrc, 199. 
 
 coeruleitm, 978. 
 
 dilalatum, 993. 
 
 foetidum, 982, 991. 
 
 ilicifolium, 960. 
 
 f later iflorum, 574. 
 
 maritimum, 507. 
 
 multifidum, 998. 
 
 odoratum, 960. 
 
 parvifloruni, 998. 
 
 pentanthum, 961. 
 
 p milium, 921. 
 
 rigidum, 912. 
 
 tenue, 902. 
 
 tricuspi datum, 972. 
 
 virgatnm, 1040. 
 
 I'irgiuicum , 999. 
 
 viride, 199. 
 Erysimum all ia rid, 634. 
 
 Bocconi, 994. 
 
 cheiranthoides, 409. 
 
 eoruutum, 1029. 
 
 diffusum , 903. 
 
 hicracifolium , 937. 
 juuccum, 889. 
 
 Orientate, 921. 
 polyceratum, 1034. 
 
 virgatum, 1049. 
 Erythro?a centaurium, 449. 
 
 C/iilensis, 662. 
 
 ramosissima, 1006. 
 
 Roxburgii, 738. 
 
 Erytiinra spicata, 937. 
 Erythraean periplus, 424, 517. 
 Erythrina Abyssinica, 80. 
 
 corallodendron, 673, 921. 
 
 fulgens, 444. 
 
 JicrhdLt'd, 1005. 
 
 ///dn'd, 616. 
 
 peu-lay-kd-theet, 448. 
 
 picta, 966. 
 
 seu-fen-lai, 441. 
 
 suberosd, 444. 
 
 tou?ig-kd-theet, 588. 
 
 versicolor, 3S4. 
 Erythroniitm Americanum ,964, 96S. 
 
 dens-canis, 350. 
 
 g7'andifiorum , 605, 612. 
 Erythroxylon coca, 799, 882. 
 
 monogynum, see Sethia. 
 
 sidei'oxyloides, 1 OOO. 
 Escholtzia Californiea, 1061. 
 Esox lucius, pike, 136, 453. 
 Espiritu Santo, island of, 925. 
 Esquimaux, 78S. 
 
 Ether, anaesthetic qualities of, 1069. 
 Ethiopia, 88, 114, SiS. 
 Ethiopian, or Nubian, race, 57, 64, 
 
 217, 228, 264, 376. 
 Ethnography, 124. 
 Ethulia conyzoides, 374. 
 
 dtvarica/a, 1000. 
 Etna, see Aetna. 
 Etruria, or Tuscany, 213, 252, 319, 
 
 34<3. 
 Euboea, Greek island, 1S6, 213. 
 Eucdlyptus globulus, 1046. 
 
 gummifera, 1043. 
 
 robusta, 1047. 
 Eucharist, 79S. 
 
 Euchroma coccincd, see Castilleia. 
 Euclea racemosa, 1016. 
 
 undulata, 229. 
 Eucomis nana, 997. 
 
 regia, 101 1. 
 Eugcuid acris, 609. 
 
 a/igustifi'ltd, 986. 
 
 biixifolta, 1002. 
 
 corymbosd, 974. 
 
 eymosa, 966. 
 
 ydvanicd, 966. 
 
 parvijlora, 1)74. 
 
 pimenta, 609. 
 
 uuijiora, 1007. 
 Eulofhia saiep, 725 
 Eidophus dinhiguus, 604. 
 
 leiocarfus, c,Si. 
 
 tri/eruatus, 58 1 . 
 Eunuchs, 83, 85, 517, 645-46,854, 
 
 961. 
 Euonymus alatus, 632. 
 
 Amcrieanus, 961. 
 
 angustifolius, 1053, 
 
 atropurpurcus, 1 039. 
 
 erenulatus, 744. 
 
 Europ&us, 259, 451. 
 
 Japojiica, 632. 
 
 latifollus, 259. 
 
 Euonymus pungens, 976. 
 
 Sieboldianus, 622. 
 
 verrucosus, 921. 
 Eupatorium ageratoides, 949. 
 
 altissimum, 962. 
 
 aromaticum, 979. 
 
 ayapana, 1039. 
 
 cannabinum, 653. 
 
 Chilense, 661. 
 
 c unci folium, 1040. 
 
 divaricdtum, 977. 
 
 foeniculaceum, 1040. 
 
 hyssopi folium, 962. 
 
 iz'oe folium, 950. 
 
 mdculdtum , see purpureum. 
 
 odoratum, 950. 
 
 perfoliatum, 962. 
 
 pubeseeus, 1052. 
 
 purpureum, 949 
 
 rotundi folium, 962. 
 
 serotinum, 1041. 
 
 sessili folium, 962. 
 
 sinnatum, tSrc, 9X7. 
 
 teucrifolium, 1040. 
 
 trifoliatum , 962. 
 
 rillosu/n, 9S3. 
 Euphorbid agraria, 5S7. 
 
 ALpfica, 493. 
 
 dmygddloidcs, S94. 
 
 diiacantha, 1004. 
 
 dutiquorum, 243. 
 
 apios, 197. 
 
 balsamifera, 467. 
 
 biglandulosa, 99S. 
 
 Bojeri, 106S. 
 
 cacti form, 819. 
 
 Calaiduhfolia, 1051. 
 
 Cd/idricusis, Soo. 
 
 caput- Medusae, 977. 
 
 cattimandoo, 744. 
 
 cereiformis, 1000, 1004. 
 
 c/ianiaeyee, 436, 994. 
 
 c/idrdcids, 273. 
 
 clava, 99S. 
 
 Commelyni, 99X. 
 
 corollald, 1000. 
 
 cotiuifolid, 993. 
 
 cyaihophora, 1031, 1037. 
 
 cvparissids, 49 v 
 
 Darlington li, 106S. 
 
 dendroides, 493. 
 
 deutatd, 1044. 
 
 deutieitlata, 99S. 
 
 dulcis, 879. 
 
 epdhyiuoidcs, 934. 
 
 (W«/, 912. 
 
 exigua, S79. 
 /i/<vA/, 319. 
 
 geu/stoides, 766. 
 
 Gerardidiidy 910. 
 
 helioscopia, 89. 
 
 heptdgoiid, 349. 
 
 A/riW, 674. 
 
 hybema, 713. 
 
 hypericifolia, 732. 
 
 hystrix, 1 000. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 171 
 
 Euphorbia ipecacuanha, 10 16. 
 isatifolia, 952. 
 lathy r is, 419, 47 1. 
 laurifolia, 1002. 
 ligularia, 329. 
 lophogona, 957. 
 maaUata, 968. 
 mamillaris, 998. 
 marginata, 1055. 
 Maiiritanica, 920. 
 mercurialina, 1044. 
 micrantha, 1007. 
 microphytla, 1000. 
 myrsinites, 354. 
 ncriifolia, 329. 
 
 obconica, 381. 
 obtusata, 1055. 
 officinarum, 778. 
 
 origanoides, 994. 
 palustris, 827. 
 par alias, 311. 
 parvifloi'a, 970. 
 peplus, 306, 319. 
 pilosa, 971, 1014. 
 pihdifera, 997. 
 piscatoria, 800. 
 platyphylla, 493. 
 polygonifolia, 961, 968. 
 
 Portlandica, 989. 
 portulaccoides, 1002. 
 procera, 1013. 
 pitbe ntis sima, 1041. 
 punicea, 1038. 
 
 r^ovj yubae, 467. 
 
 rubra, 937. 
 
 salicifolia, 1050. 
 
 saturesoides, 1000. 
 
 segetalis, 894. 
 
 serrata, 894. 
 
 Sieboldiana, 817. 
 
 simplex, 464. 
 
 spinosa, 313. 
 
 splendens, 38 5. 
 
 sylvatica, 894- 
 
 terracina, 97 1. 
 
 thymifolia, 851. 
 
 tirucalli, 698. 
 
 tuberosa, 1007. 
 
 valerianaefolia, 99S. 
 
 verrucosa, 894. 
 Euph7'asia filifolia, 961. 
 
 glutinosa, 99S. 
 
 latifolia, 934. 
 
 longiflora, 994. 
 
 /z/AfiZ, 846. 
 
 minima, 994. 
 odontitis, 510. 
 officinalis, 637. 
 scabra, 961. 
 tricuspidata, 973. 
 viscosa, 1004. 
 Euphratesr the river, 114, 525, 600, 
 
 834- 
 Europe, 603, 774. 
 Eurya Japonica, 976. 
 Euryale ferox, 159. 
 
 Eurycles Amboynensis, 209. 
 Euthamia lanceolata, ion. 
 
 tenuifolia, 1041. 
 Euxolus caudatus, 1042. 
 
 deflexus, 1 03 1. 
 
 livid us, 1003. 
 
 oleraceus, 282. 
 
 polygamus, 701. 
 
 viridis, 430, 917 
 Evangelium, early Slavonic writing, 
 
 678. 
 Evax aster is ci flora, 904. 
 
 pygmaea, 265. 
 Evening primrose, 930. 
 Everlasting flower, 903. 
 
 /<f«, 849. 
 Evemia prunastri, 514. 
 Evil eye, superstition, 137, 301. 
 Evodia glauca, 526. 
 
 hortensis, see Xanthoxylum 
 triphyllum. 
 Evolvulus alsinoides, 739. 
 
 linifolius, 1007. 
 
 Nuttallii, 1057. 
 Evonymus, see Euonymus. 
 Exacum bicolor, 72S. 
 
 Jilifor?ne, 960. 
 
 hyssopifolium, 1015. 
 
 pedunculatum, 746. 
 
 pulchellum, 1055. 
 
 pnsillum, 1006. 
 
 tetragonum, 735. 
 
 verticillatum, 986. 
 Excoecaria agallocha, 334. 
 
 glandutosa, 983 
 Exocarpus Ceramicus, 966. 
 Exodus of the Hyksos, 103, 132. 
 
 of the Israelites, 140. 
 Eyebright, 510, 637. 
 Eye-paint, 108, 443. 
 Ezion-gaber, port on the Red Sea, 
 194. 
 
 Faba vulgaris, ^orjv? <^<z7z, 78, 
 
 451, 969. 
 
 Faeroe Islands, 794. 
 Fagara Avicennce, 640. 
 
 pterota, 982. 
 
 rhetsa, see Zanthoxylon. 
 
 tragodes, 999. 
 Fagonia Arabica, 1015. 
 
 Cretica, 916. 
 Fagraa fragi-ans, 448. 
 Fagus ferruginea, 909, 942, 958. 
 
 pyra, 418. 
 
 sylvatica, 134, 168, 451. 
 Falaise, city in France, 719. 
 Falco buteo, buzzard, 132, 453. 
 
 milvus, kite, 136, 453. 
 
 nisus, sparrow-hawk, 15, 136, 
 
 453- 
 palumbarius, 136, 453. 
 Falconry, 21, 758, 954. 
 Fallow-deer, 199. 
 Fallow-dock, 638. 
 
 Falls of St. Anthony on the Mis- 
 sissippi, 977. 
 False Angustura, 639. 
 
 hellebore, 809. 
 False-scorpion, 323. 
 Faneuil Hall, in Boston, built, 1017. 
 Fan palm, 515. 
 
 Fans, flag-shaped and folding, 60S. 
 Farsetia clypeata, 905. 
 Fatia Japonica, 632. 
 Fayal, one of the Azores Islands, 
 
 830. 
 Fedia cornucopiae, 921. 
 
 coronata, 934. 
 
 dentata, 934. 
 
 discoidea, 978. 
 
 echinata, 934. 
 
 mixta, 978. 
 
 radiata, 962. 
 
 vesicaria, 1003. 
 Feejeean Islands, in the Pacific, 299. 
 Felis Canadensis, 875. 
 
 catus, European wildcat, 136, 
 452. 
 
 concolor, puma, 859, 86q. 
 
 jubata, hunting leopard, 87. 
 
 lynx, 154. 
 
 maniculata, domestic cat, in, 
 224. 
 
 rufa, bay lynx, 866. 
 Fellahs, or Egyptian peasants, 51. 
 Fennel, 261,403, 653, 700, 935, 969. 
 Fenugreek, 37. 
 Fernandina, island in the West 
 
 Indies, discovered, 852. 
 Fernando Po Island, discovered, 
 
 833- 
 
 Ferns, rare in Egypt, 4; figured at 
 
 Karnak, 123. 
 Feronia elephantitm, 370. 
 Ferrai'ia ixioides, 1002. 
 Ferret, 52, 465. 
 Ferula asafostida, 328. 
 
 communis, 127. 
 
 ferulago, 156. 
 
 glauca, 518. 
 
 hooshee, 497. 
 
 meoides, 998. 
 
 ?iodiflora, 357. 
 
 nudicaulis, 581. 
 
 Orientalis, 905. 
 
 Persica, 342. 
 
 Siberica, 812. 
 
 Tingitana, 152. 
 Fescue grass, 395. 
 Festuca bromoides, 999. 
 
 caespitosa, 978. 
 
 capillata, 999. 
 
 ? distachya, 937. 
 
 ditriusciila, 395. 
 
 elatior, 9S0. 
 
 Indica, 973. 
 
 Ligustica, 1053. 
 
 loliacea, 978. 
 
 my urns, 91S. 
 
 ? nutans, 1059. 
 
I 1 72 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Feshtca ereina, 395. 
 
 parvi/lora, 1061. 
 
 pimiata, 937. 
 
 pratensis, 1005. 
 
 quadridciitata, 689. 
 
 rubens, 852. 
 
 rubra, 1005- 
 
 spicata, 1054. 
 
 Stipoides, 97 1 . 
 
 t aid la, 1039. 
 
 uniglumis, 9SS. 
 Feulllea cordifolia, 950. 
 Fei'crfeTU, 326, 104S. 
 Ficaria ranunculoides, 476. 
 Ficus Amcriama, 919. 
 
 ampelos, 973. 
 
 ari-iivi, 385. 
 
 Bcu^ale/iMS, 467. 
 
 Benjamina, 335. 
 
 cariea, 2, 72. 
 
 citrifolia, 915. 
 
 comosa, 334. 
 
 cotoneaefolia, 973. 
 
 cunia, 740. 
 
 Hitmimiini, 524. 
 
 elastica, 857. 
 
 c recta, 9S9. 
 
 execlsa, 40S. 
 
 Forskali, 390. 
 
 [Covellia) glomerata, 414. 
 
 heterophylla, 740. 
 
 hispida, see V*'. oppositifolia . 
 
 Indica, 329. 
 
 iufeetoria, 401. 
 
 *ftz£», 976. 
 
 Jyotschyaita ?, 378. 
 
 laccifei'a, 690. 
 
 Marti n i ecus is , 98 2 . 
 
 nitida, 729. 
 
 {Covellia) odoraia, S65. 
 
 (C(>7v///'</) oppositifolia, 697, 865. 
 
 peditncnlata, 999. 
 
 popnlifolia, 431. 
 
 prolixa, 441. 
 pseudo patina, 690. 
 
 puinila, 989. 
 
 raca/iosa, 335. 
 
 rcligiosa, 238. 
 
 ritfesccns, 973. 
 
 salicifolia, 708. 
 
 septic a, 973. 
 
 j-/, 269, 425. 
 
 J7/r, 366. 
 
 sycomorns, 106. 
 
 tinctoria, 441. 
 
 toxiearia, 445 
 
 to/</, 515. 
 
 vasia, 467. 
 
 *v«^>, 973. 
 Fiefs, or manor-jurisdictions, 648. 
 *fe 2, 72, 238, 334-3S> 909- 
 Fdago arvensis, 906. 
 
 Gall tea, 8ll. 
 
 Gcrmauica, 507. 
 
 minima, 904. 
 
 Filaria Medinensis, Guinea-worm, 
 
 410. 
 ^/&y/, 134, 3 r 7- 
 Fimbristylis argentea, 973. 
 
 castanea, 1040. 
 
 tyliudr itii, 1016. 
 
 dichotoma, 999. 
 
 ferruginca, 982. 
 
 ^■»'", 1055. 
 
 polytrichoides, 966. 
 
 sfadicca, 9S2. 
 Fine Arts, 115. 
 Florin, 849. 
 Fire, 862, 954. 
 Fire-arms, 756, 943, 947. 
 Fire-ships, invention of, 326. 
 Fire-worshippers, 562, 566, 651. 
 Firmiana platanifolia, 632. 
 Fir-moss, 792. 
 Fir-tree, 123, 19S. 
 Fish-glue, or isinglass, 274. 
 Fish-spear, 49. 
 Five- leaved creeper, 942. 
 Five Nations, the, federated tribes 
 
 of North America, 9S5, 990. 
 Flacourtia cataphraeta, 592. 
 
 crenata, 743. 
 
 Ramontchi, 692. 
 
 sapida, see /^. Ramontchi. 
 
 sepiaria, 725. 
 
 #■» 73°- 
 PVagellaria Indica, 443. 
 Flaveria eufatorioides, 1002. 
 A/<*.r, 44, 154, 572, S47. 
 
 •ttv</ f 899. 
 Flea, 47. 
 
 Fleabanc, 343, 525. 
 Flindersia radulifera, 966. 
 Flint, 133. 
 
 Float-grass, 397, 840. 
 Floating gardens, 799. 
 Flocrkia prpserpmat aides, 1052. 
 Florence cathedral, 762. 
 Florence, city in Italy, AS4, S15. 
 Florida, discovered, 861 : subse- 
 quent history, 877, 896-98, 939, 
 1037, 1062, 1069. 
 Flourcnsia thurifcra, 103S. 
 Flower-de-luce, 99. 
 Flo7oer-ofan-//oiir, 8S5. 
 Flo7oeriug fern, 786. 
 FtoToers of Cassia, 776. 
 Flag^ea Cotnoreusis, 3S1. 
 Flute, 234, 330, 800. 
 Ply, biting, 25. 
 
 house, 181, 766. 
 
 meat, 24. 
 Fcuiculum panmorium, 700. 
 
 vulgare, 261, 969. 
 Fonseca Lay, in Guatimala, 865. 
 Fo/itinalis autipyretiea, 959. 
 FooFs parsley, 719. 
 Fools, feast of, 813. 
 Foot ball, game of, 956. 
 Foo-to-ki, or Fung-thou-ki, Japa- 
 nese book, 615. 
 
 Forbisher's Straits, discovered, 901. 
 Forestiera acuminata, 1041. 
 
 ligustriua, 1044. „ 
 
 pornlosa, 1043. 
 Forget-me-not^ $49, 633. 
 Formica, the ant, 25. 
 Formosa, island near China, 540, 
 
 939. 94^ 961, 9 8 °- 
 Forskolea tenacissi/ua, iooo. 
 Forstera mitscifolia, 1037. 
 Forsteronia di form is, 1039. 
 Fortifications of the Senecas, 747. 
 Fortified places, 934, 940, 948, 971. 
 Fort Nelson, on Hudson's Bay, 990. 
 Fort Sumter, in Charleston (S. C.) 
 
 harbor, 1070. 
 Fortunate Isles, 424. 
 Fossils, 250. 
 
 Fostat, Egyptian city, 603. 
 Fothergilla alnifolia, 1003. 
 Fonr-leaved grass, S29. 
 Four-o'clock, 820. 
 Fowl, domestic, 114. 453. 
 Fox, 136, -152, 758, 7S9. 
 Foxglove 1 654. 
 Fragaria Chiloensis, 892. 
 
 elatior, 932. 
 
 7'dttv?, 378, 451, 873. 
 
 Virgiuiana, 771,873, SSr, 923, 
 9-7, 935- 940. 
 Frame house, first, in Connecticut, 
 
 947- 
 France, and the French, 442, 539, 
 630,719, 965, 970-71, 986, 1018, 
 1021, 1043, 10481 1061. 
 Franci, or Franks, 539-40, 811. 
 Franciscan cathedral, 721. 
 
 Monastic Order, 719, 775. 90S. 
 Frangula alnifolia, 105 s- 
 
 Caroliniana, 1040. 
 Fraiikcma hirsttta, 491. 
 
 ArtT'/j, 898. 
 
 pulz'culeiita, S9S. 
 Frankincense, no, 346, 411, 630. 
 Fraxinus Americana, 873, 945. 
 
 Caroliniana, 1005. 
 
 excelsior, 362, 451. 
 
 lentiscifolia, 999. 
 
 lon^ieitsis, 622, 
 
 omits, set Or litis. 
 
 platveaipa, 909. 
 
 pnbescens, 929, 943. 
 
 quadrangnlata, S8l. 
 
 rostrata, 460. 
 
 sanibuci folia, 92 c;, 940, 942. 
 
 r/VvV/V, 873. 
 Frazcra Carolincnsis, 1040. 
 Freemasons, 1012. 
 French Republic, first, 1047. 
 Fringilla Canaria, 891. 
 
 domestica, 19. 
 Fritillaria imperialis, 6j2. 
 
 laneeolata, 605. 
 
 melcagris, 891. 
 
 persica, 891. 
 
 pudica, 1054. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 U73 
 
 Fritillaria r-\renaica, 376, 1029. 
 
 sp-> 4I9- 
 Frog, 18, 136, 226. 
 Fuca, Straits of, 914. 
 Fuchsia macroste?na, 1002. 
 
 triphylla, 986. 
 Funis acinarius, 904. 
 
 articulatus, 978. 
 
 buccinalis, 230. 
 
 bulbosus, 937. 
 
 {Alaria) esculenta > 417. 
 filum, 937. 
 
 loreus, 906. 
 
 lumbricalis, 920. 
 
 nodosus, 703. 
 
 palmatus, 937. 
 
 palmetto., 433. 
 
 pilularia, 985. 
 
 plocamium, 920. 
 
 saccharinus, 937. 
 
 siliquosus, 906. 
 
 #., 417. 
 
 vesiculosus, 921. 
 
 volubilis, 971. 
 Fuegians, 902. 
 Fugitive Slave-law, of the U. S. 
 
 Congress, 1069. 
 Fuirena glomerata, 999. 
 
 squarrosa, 1041. 
 
 umbellata, 733. 
 Fukkara tribe, in Upper Nubia, 
 
 1068. 
 Fulica atra, coot, 453. 
 Fumaria capreolata, 503. 
 
 officinalis, 500. 
 
 pan'iflora, 205. 
 
 racemosa, 976. 
 
 spicata, 894. 
 
 vesicaria, 1 000. 
 Fumitory, 500. 
 Funeral papyri, 122. 
 Fungi, 155, 212, 451. 
 Fungia, 348. 
 Funkia Japonica, 688. 
 Furema gigantea, 993. 
 
 odorata, 854. 
 Furs, 758, 794. 
 
 Fur-trade in North America, be- 
 ginning of, 965. 
 Furze, or gorse, 635. 
 Fusi jarna, volcano in Japan, 375. 
 Fuss-balls, S27. 
 
 Galactia comosa, 1004. 
 
 diversifolia, 384. 
 
 Elliottii, 1058. 
 
 glabella, 1016. 
 
 pendula, 983. 
 
 volubilis, or pilosa, ion. 
 Galactites tomentosa, 44S. 
 Galangal, 570. 
 Galanthus nivalis, 350. 
 Galardia aristata, 1055- 
 
 bicolor, 1040. 
 Galax aphylla, 1016. 
 
 Galbanum officinale, 143, 156. 
 Galedupa, see Ponga?nia. 
 Galega Daurica, 1032. 
 Galenia Africana, 993. 
 Galeobdolon luteum, 816. 
 Galeopithecus, or flying-cat, 8j6._ 
 Galeopsis ladanum, 911. 
 
 tetrahit, 685. 
 Galinsoga parvifiora, 1002. 
 Galipagos tortoise, 775. 
 Galipea cusparia, 709. 
 officinalis, 379, 709. 
 j/., 709. 
 Galium Anglicum, 824. 
 aparine, 309, 451, 969. 
 aristatum, 993. 
 asprellum, 1044. 
 Bauhini, 937. 
 Bermudense, 962. 
 Bocconi, 993. 
 boreale, 784. 
 capillare, 998. 
 circaezans, 1038. 
 coronatum, 998. 
 cruciatum, 637. 
 cucullaria, 1007. 
 glaucum, 937. 
 Gracaan, 905- 
 hispidulum, 1041. 
 hispidum, 934. 
 latifolium, see Bermudense. 
 linifolium, 971. 
 lucidum, 913. 
 maritimum, 971. 
 micranthum, 1056. 
 jnollugo, 636. 
 palustre, 450. 
 purpureum, 1040. 
 pusillum, 937. 
 rot?tndi folium, 930. 
 rttbrum, 921. 
 saccharatum, 309. 
 saxatile, 1004. 
 sylvaticum, 882. 
 tinctorium, 748. 
 tricome, 826. 
 trifidum, ioiq. 
 triflorum, 1038. 
 tuberosum, 419. 
 uliginosum, 930. 
 tiniflorum, 1041. 
 verum, 482. 
 Galleys and ships, 219, 136. 
 Gall-nuts, 526. 
 Gall us Bankivus, II 4. 
 Galvanism, or Galvanic electricity, 
 
 1046. 
 Gama grass, 964. 
 Gamassia esculeu/a, 605. 
 Nuttallii, 742, 1057. 
 Gambia, 267. 
 Gambler, 445. 
 Gambling, 642, 955, 1007. 
 Gamboge, 763, 950. 
 Ganga-Vansa, or Gangetic dynasty 
 of Orissa, 702, 872. 
 
 Garcinia {Oxycarpus) Celebica, 966. 
 
 cornea, 966. 
 
 elliptica, 763. 
 
 gambogia, or Roxburghii^ 241. 
 
 Malabarica, 974. 
 
 mangostana, 642. 
 
 pa-ra-wa, 245. 
 
 pedunculata, 743. 
 
 pictoria, 606. 
 
 purpurea, 483. 
 Ga?'den balm, 363. 
 
 nightshade, 748. 
 
 nasturtium, 901. 
 Gardenia campanulata, 578. 
 
 clusiaefolia, 1005. 
 
 florida, 526. 
 
 gummifera, 738. 
 
 lucida, 496. 
 
 /»/AZ, 73I. 
 
 Rothmannia, 766. 
 
 Thunbergia, 766. 
 Gardening, 597. 
 Garidella nigellastrum, 988. 
 Garlic, 145, 808, 909. 
 Garnets, 114. 
 
 Gas-lighting, invention of, 1042. 
 Gasteria carinata, 1006. 
 Gastridium lendigerum, 496. 
 Gaulish writing in the Church, 683. 
 Gauls, or French, 232, 302, 303. 318, 
 
 37i, 377, 390, 39 2 > 453- 
 Gaultkeria hispidula, 961. 
 
 Leschenaultii, 745. 
 
 procumbens, 995. 
 
 shallon, 581. 
 Gaura angustifolia, 1041. 
 
 biennis, 999. 
 
 coccinea, 1057. 
 Gauze, 129. 
 Gaylussacia brachycera, 1041. 
 
 resinosa, 1036. 
 Gazania ri°ens, 999. 
 Gazelle, 54,55, 323. 
 Ge, or Gaia, worship of, 118. 
 Geastrum rufescens, 989. 
 Gebel Barkal, 125, 217, 571. 
 
 Ellaka, gold mines of, 652, 663. 
 Gecko, sp., 57. 
 Gela, city in Sicily, 235, 279. 
 Gelidium comeicm, 610. 
 Gelsemium scmpervirens, 962. 
 Gems, traffic in, 63. 
 6V«. Cucurbitac, 668. 
 General European war against 
 
 France and Spain, 997. 
 Genette, 12. 
 6^/z. ignot., 607. 
 Geniosporum proslratum, 578. 
 Genipa Americana, 950. 
 
 Merianae, 1004. 
 Genista Anglica, 894. 
 
 candicans, 541. 
 
 florida, 902. 
 Germauica, 878. 
 Hispanica, 937. 
 horrida, 243. 
 
1 1 74 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Genista Lusitauica, 894. 
 
 mouosperma, 178. 
 pilosa, 911. 
 
 sagittalis, S78. 
 
 sylvestris, 931. 
 
 tlnctoria, 86. 
 
 triaeau/lios, 961. 
 Gent in mi acaulis, 6S2. 
 
 acuta, 1044. 
 
 adscendens, 1013. 
 
 a/&x, 1059. 
 
 amarella, 653. 
 
 Andrewsn, 1050. 
 
 angustifolia, 1039. 
 
 aguatica, 1013. 
 
 asclepiadea, 509. 
 
 Bavarica, 884. 
 
 campestris, 79S. 
 
 eihata, 892. 
 
 crinata, ioiS. 
 
 cruciata, S44. 
 
 detonsa, 1025. 
 
 dichotoma, 1013. 
 
 i?nbricata, 909. 
 
 kurroo, 497. 
 
 linearis, 968, 1049. 
 
 /«&rt, 399. 
 
 macrophylla, 10 13. 
 
 montaFia, 1034. 
 
 nivalis, 907. 
 
 ochroleuca, 999. 
 
 PawionUa , S94. 
 
 pneumonanthe, 635. 
 
 prostrata, 895. 
 
 puberula, 1044. 
 
 piunila, 919. 
 
 punctata, 894. 
 
 Purpurea, 891. 
 
 Pyrenaica, 1028. 
 
 quinqtiejlora, 1019. 
 
 saponai'ia, 978. 
 
 utrieulosa, 934. 
 
 vema, 894 
 Gentian, the drug, 399, 497. 
 Geoffraea spinosa, 950. 
 Geological science, 250, 269, 965. 
 Geometry, 65, 66, 231, 312. 
 Geo noma piuFKtlifroiis, 791. 
 Geophila ; cuiformis, 659. 
 Geoponica, Greek agricultural 
 
 writings, 652. 
 Georgia, in Asia, history and lit- 
 erature, 391. 
 Georgia, N A. State, 1012, 1021. 
 Gephyrsei, Cadmean clan, 167. 
 Geranium, banded, 998. 
 Geranium argenieum, 918. 
 
 asphodeloides, 372. 
 
 Bohemicum, 1011. 
 
 Caroliniauum , 915, 968. 
 
 columbinum, 679. 
 
 disseelum, 718. 
 
 htiidum, 91 1 . 
 
 maculatuni, 958, 968. 
 
 molle, 718. 
 
 nodosum, 708. 
 
 Geranium palustre, 932. 
 phcBUin, 907. 
 
 pratense., 419, 500. 
 pusillum, 938. 
 
 Pyrcnaieum, 719. 
 
 radieatiun, 913- 
 
 reflex urn, 889. 
 
 robertianum, 1 58, 969. 
 
 rotiuidifolium, 872. 
 
 sanguineum, 834. 
 
 Siberieum, 1013. 
 
 j/., 604. 
 
 spinosum, 1016. 
 
 striatum, 945- 
 
 sylvaticum, 828. 
 
 tuberosum, 196. 
 Gerard ia aphylla, 1057. 
 
 aurieu/ata, 1044. 
 
 eiutetfolia, 1033. 
 
 delphinifolia, 1000. 
 jiava, 962. 
 
 ffrutiema, 1055. 
 
 pddiiitlaria, 962. 
 
 purpurea, 962. 
 
 quercifolia, IOOO. 
 
 tciiiiifolia, IOOO. 
 
 tuber osa, 9S6. 
 
 setacea, 1039. 
 Germander, 364. 
 Germans, 470, 517. 
 German silver, or pack-fong, 1063. 
 Germantown, near Philadelphia, 
 
 980. 
 Geropogou glaber, 404. 
 
 hirsutus, 934. 
 Gerris, Ilemipterous insects, 394 
 Gesncria acaulis, 9S2. 
 
 liuinilis, &c, 9S6. 
 
 tomentosa, 982, 
 Getae, or Dacians, 449. 
 Geum album, 1030. 
 
 ancmonoides, 1008, 
 
 Atlantieum, 961. 
 
 ciliatum, 1055. 
 
 coccineum, 440. 
 
 genicTtlatum, 1041. 
 
 montanum, 752. 
 
 71 iid inn, 1064. 
 
 radiatum, 1041. 
 
 reptans, 894. 
 
 rivalc, 626. 
 
 trijlorum , 1057. 
 
 urbanum, 506. 
 
 lirgiuicum, 968, 991. 
 Ghazni, west of the Indus, 655, 667. 
 Gibraltar, 999. 
 Gielhsidi, on the North** coast of 
 
 Africa, 915. 
 Gilding, process of, 862. 
 Gillenia stipulacea, 1057. 
 
 trifoliata, 962. 
 Gilliflower, 658. 
 Gilolo, island in the Malayan 
 
 Archipelago, 741, 869. 
 Ginger, 260, 80S, S32. 
 Ginger- grass, 336. 
 
 Ginkgo biloba, 797. 
 
 Ginseng, 558, 956. 
 
 Giraffe, or cameleopard, 535. 
 
 Gisekia pharnaceoides, 739. 
 
 Gizeh, 67, 951. 
 
 Gladiatorial combats, 382, 560. 
 
 Gladiolus angustus, 977. 
 
 Byzantinus, 951. 
 
 commwiis, 200. 
 
 galeatus, 999. 
 
 iridifolius, 930. 
 
 Lamarckii, 977. 
 
 Milleri, 102 1. 
 
 plicatus, 230. 
 
 recurvus, 1021. 
 
 stricius, 1021. 
 
 tristis, 977. 
 Glagolitic alphabet of the Slavo- 
 nians, 639, 678, S43. 
 Glasgow, city in Scotland, 897. 
 Glass, manufacture of, 232, 565, 886. 
 
 money, 714. 
 
 staining of, discovered, 883. 
 Glaucium citrinum, 648, 
 
 luteum, 196. 
 
 phoeniccum, 265. 
 
 rubrum, 472. 
 
 v'lolaceum, 378. 
 Glaux maritima, 914. 
 Glechoma hederacea, see Nepeta. 
 Gleditschia monosperma, 1003. 
 
 triacanthos, 995. 
 Glinus dictamnoides, 1000. 
 
 lotoides, 972. 
 Globes, 842. 
 Giobiilaria alyptim, 490. 
 
 bisnagarica, 999. 
 
 cordifolia, 894. 
 
 longi folia, 982. 
 
 nudicatilis, 463. 
 
 spiuosa, 937. 
 
 vulgaris, 837. 
 Gloriosa super -ba, 617. 
 Glottidium Ploridiiuum, 1037. 
 Gloxinia maeulata, 1015. 
 Glutei Travaueorica, 744. 
 Glyceria aquatica, 704. 
 
 Canadensis, 1044. 
 
 elongata, 1064. 
 
 jiuitans, 397. 
 
 nervata, 1044. 
 
 obtusa, 1060. 
 Glycine bituminosa, 982. 
 
 floribuuda, see Wistaria. 
 
 labialis, 692. 
 
 liguosa, 1056. 
 Glycyrrhiza asperrima, 793. 
 
 echiuata, 309, 
 
 glabra, 305. 
 
 glandulifcra, 309. 
 
 hirsuta, 7 53. 
 
 lepidota, 1057. 
 Gmelina arborea, 401. 
 
 Asiatiea, 746. 
 
 parvijlora, 249. 
 
 j/., 5SS. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 H/5 
 
 Gnaphaliutn alpinum, 904. 
 
 arenarium, 488. 
 
 arnicoides, 1067. 
 
 auriculatum , I o 1 6. 
 
 asspitosum, 1067. 
 
 cephalotes, 1000. 
 
 coronation, 1016. 
 
 cylindricum, 1000. 
 
 confusum, 419. 
 
 cy?nosum, 1 000. 
 
 decztrrens, see obtusifolhim. 
 
 discolor, 1016. 
 
 divaricatum, 977. 
 
 divcrgens, 1000. 
 
 Domingense, 915. 
 fasciculatum, 997. 
 
 fastigiatum, 997. 
 felimtm, 1000. 
 foetidum, 990. 
 
 Germanicum, see Filago. 
 
 grandiflorum, 1016. 
 
 helianthemifolium, 990. 
 
 ?/« bricatu ?n, 1 o 1 6 . 
 
 Indicum, 1000. 
 
 lavandula'folium, 973. 
 
 Uontopodium , 612. 
 
 luteo-album, S94. 
 
 maritimum, 1016. 
 
 mucronatum, 1016. 
 
 multicaule, 1067. 
 
 nodiflorum, 1000-3. 
 
 notatum, 1016. 
 
 nudifolium, 975 
 
 obtusifolhim, 1014. 
 
 odoratissim um, 1 000 . 
 
 Orientate, 223. 
 
 petiolatum, 1016. 
 polycephalwn, 978. 
 
 purpureum, 979. 
 
 rechtm, 930. 
 
 rutilans, ion. 
 
 sanguineum, 433. 
 
 serratum, 977. 
 
 spicatum, 997. 
 
 squarrostim , ICOO. 
 
 stellatum, roi6. 
 
 stoechas, 223. 
 
 supinum, 994, 1064. 
 
 sylvaticum, 898. 
 
 teretifolium, 1000. 
 
 uliginosum, 874. 
 
 undulatum, ion, 1030. 
 
 viravira, 662. 
 
 yucccefolium, 1067. 
 Gntdia eriocephala, 333. 
 
 oppositifolia, 999. 
 Pinifolia, 1014. 
 
 sericea, 1016. 
 
 simplex, 975. 
 Gnostic sect of Christians, 525. 
 Goat, 17,64, 154-335. 957- 
 GoaVs beard, 844. 
 
 r*w, 379. 
 Goatsucker, the bird, 22, 23. 
 Gods, the Egyptian, 65. 
 
 of Greece, 398. 
 
 Gold, i, 80, 373, 571, 573, 614, 619, 
 63°> 663, 757, 819, 852, 870, 884, 
 900, 918. 
 Golden club, 771. 
 
 ?-W, 766, 941, 949. 
 Gojd-purple, manufacture of, 981. 
 Gomphia angustifolia, 522. 
 
 jabotapita, 950. 
 
 Zeylonica, 970. 
 Gomphocarpus arborescens, 1015. 
 
 fruticosa, 986. 
 
 J/., 731. 
 Gomphrena globosa, 879. 
 
 hispida, 974. 
 
 perennis, ion. 
 Gonolobus crispiforus ; 986. 
 
 hirsutus, 1039. 
 
 laevis, 1044. 
 
 macrophyllus, 1059. 
 Good-henry, 343. 
 Goody era ? obsoleta, 1 016. 
 
 pubescans, 967. 
 
 repens, 894. 
 Goose, 28, 776. 
 Gooseberry, 611, 755, 873, 916. 
 Goosefoot, 287,431, 452,668,880,890. 
 Goose-grass, 300, 636. 
 Gordonia Jloribunda, 113. 
 
 lasianthus, 777, 929. ■ 
 
 obtusa, 744. 
 
 pubescens, 1033. 
 Gorteria per sonata, 1000. 
 Gospel, Society for the propagation 
 
 of, 997, 1001. 
 Gospels, 639, 665. 
 Gossypium arboreum, 458, 950. 
 
 B?'asiliense, 791. 
 
 herbaccum , or Indicum, 215. 
 
 hirsutum, 1000. 
 
 yamaicense, 657. 
 
 oligospermum, 657. 
 
 Peruvianmn, 663. 
 
 purpurascens, 657. 
 
 religiosum, 624. 
 
 vitifolium, see 6\ arboreum. 
 Gothic Language, 553. 
 Gothland, 326. 
 Goths, 536, 53 8 -39> 54*. 55 2 > 57°"77> 
 
 579-80, 584 
 Gouania Do??iinge?isis, 999. 
 6^r</, 137, 413, 462, 553. 
 Governor's Island, in Boston Har- 
 bor, 951. 
 Gracilaria lichenoides, 524. 
 
 tenax, 609. 
 Graha Munjari, Hindu chronologi- 
 cal tables, 687. 
 Grains of Paradise, 675. 
 67w«, 332. 
 Gra?nin-incert, 418. 
 Grammar, 119. 
 Grammarians, 303. 
 Granada, 842, 850. 
 Grangea Maderaspatana, 374. 
 Granite, 76, 84.. 
 Grfl/f, 36, 417, 517,803, 891. 
 
 Grape-hyacinth, 351, 
 
 Graphephorum melicoides, 1044. 
 
 Grasshopper, 51. 
 
 Grass of Parnassus, 834. 
 
 Grass-poley , 884. 
 
 Gratiola acuminata, see Herpestis. 
 
 aurea, 1038. 
 
 hyssopioides, 999. 
 
 linifolia, 960. 
 
 officinalis, 825. 
 
 Peruviana, 1002. 
 
 pilosa, 1039. 
 
 quadridentata, 1040. 
 
 rotundifolia, 973. 
 
 subulata, 1059. 
 
 trifida, 973. 
 Virginica, 1016. 
 Gravitation, law of, 967, 972. 
 Great Bear, the constellation, 427. 
 
 Canal, 597, 751. 
 
 Pyramid, 629, 714. 
 
 Year, 1, 69, 122, 526, 965. 
 Greco-Bactrian kingdom, 408. 
 Greece, 1062, 1065, 1069. 
 Greeds, 665. 
 Greek alphabet, 150, 639, 652. 
 
 anthology, 434. 
 
 architecture, 237, 241. 
 
 art, 153,320, 325. 
 
 Church, 584, 619, 623, 812. 
 
 comedy, 236. 
 
 fire, 610-n. 
 
 history, 105, 237, 619. 
 
 language, ioi, 704, 756, 834, 
 847, 854. 
 
 temples, 132, 136, 147, 151, 265, 
 274, 281, 285, 526. 
 
 tragedy, 244. 
 Greeks, 607, 611, 618, 639, 672, 711, 
 
 1062, 1065. 
 Green Island, in the Pacific, 953. 
 Greenland, 641, 660, 662, 678,-747, 
 753> 767, 797, 803, 834, 862, 924, 
 1010. 
 Greenweed, 86. • 
 Grewia cuneifolia, 380. 
 
 elastica, 735. 
 
 microcos, 974. 
 
 Occidentalis, 993. 
 
 oppositifolia, 369. 
 
 Orientalis, 974. 
 
 ? jt>., 278, 466. 
 
 ta-yau, 244. 
 
 tenax, 589. 
 
 ulmifolia, 380. 
 
 vdutina, 721. 
 Greyhound, 20. 
 Grielum tenuifolium, 1016. 
 Griffin, 34. 
 
 Grhnaldia assurgens, 1000. 
 Griudelia Siberica, 973. 
 
 squarrosa, 1055. 
 Grislea tomentosa, 412. 
 Groiwwell, 450. 
 Gronovia scandens, 1009. 
 Grossularia cynosbati, 926, 940. 
 
1176 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OE PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Gro^sularia hirtella, 926, 935, 95S. 
 Gronndhccle, 722. 
 Ground ivy, 409. 
 juniper, 939. 
 
 nut, 357, 706. 
 
 pine, 549. 
 Groundsel, 152. 
 Ground-tax, 119. 
 Grus, or crane, 52. 
 
 Canadensis, S75. 
 
 cinerea, 453. 
 Gruta das mumias, burial cave in 
 
 Brazil, 791. 
 Gryllus migratorius, the locust, 51. 
 Grypi, 202. 
 
 Guadalupe Island, 854, 919,940. 
 Gnaiacum officinale, S29. 
 
 sanctum, 1000. 
 ( luam, one of the Lad rone Islands, 
 
 9S1. 
 Guanch.es, of the Canaries, S56. 
 Guano, or bird-manure, 668. 
 Guctrcd bincctarifcra, 333 
 
 triehihoides, 950. 
 Guatemala, 649, S65-66. 
 Guatimala, city of, 1032. 
 Gital tena { Polyalthid) ccrasoides, 
 
 7-5- 
 
 Coriuti, 711. 
 
 lougi/olia, 690. 
 
 lueida, 380. 
 Guava, 627. 
 Guayana, 936, 963-64. 
 Guazunia ulmifolia, 713. 
 Guelfs and Gibbelines, 708. 
 Guettarda JMatthiola, 972. 
 
 speeiosa, S76 
 Guci'iua avclhuia, 1002. 
 Guilandiua axillaris, 974. 
 
 bonduc, 64S. 
 
 micropkylla, 966. 
 
 paniculata, 974. 
 Guinea, first visited by Europeans, 
 821. 
 
 fowl, 270, 4? 5. 
 
 pig, Cavia, 665. 
 
 subsequent history, 831, 999. 
 
 worm, 410, 431. 
 Guinea-grains, 675. 
 
 grass, 1038. 
 
 hen weed, 9S7. 
 Guitar, 45. 
 
 Guizotia oleife7-a, see Verbesina sat, 
 Gulo luscus, 948. 
 Gum- Arabic, 203. 
 
 lac, 690. 
 Gums, traffic in, 63, 769. 
 Giuidelid Tournejortii, 900. 
 Gunnera perpensa, 999. 
 
 scabra, 661, 799. 
 Gunpowder, 299, 588, 756, 897. 
 
 plot in England detected, 924. 
 GustdT'ia augusta, 950. 
 Guzerat, country in Hindustan, 
 
 5 r 7, 5~S- 5 8 3> 6 50. 76-1,802. 
 Gwalior, in N. Hindustan, 667, 717. 
 
 Gymnadcuia conopsea, 672. 
 
 jlava, 1060. 
 
 nivea, 10^9- 
 
 odordtissiiua, 878. 
 
 trideutata, 104 1. 
 
 viridis, 903. 
 Grmuandra borcalis, 1008. 
 Gvmnandropogou sp., 733. 
 Gyf/u/e/ua sylvestre, 694. 
 Gvmuoeladus Canadensis, 1020-22. 
 Gymuopogon brevifolins, 1057. 
 
 racemosus, 1041. 
 Gyiunosporia coriacca, 730. 
 Gy/nuos/ieliu/u hystrix, I0l6. 
 Gypsies, a scattered intrusive peo- 
 ple, 7S8. 
 Gypsophila altissiina, 993. 
 fastigiata, S94. 
 
 muralis, S95. 
 
 perfotiata, 971. 
 
 prostrata, 1000. 
 
 repeus, 894. 
 
 rrjida, 912. 
 
 saxifraga, 846. 
 
 strutkium, 504. 
 Gyro-carpus Auaticw;, 745. 
 
 Habeas Corpus Act, 976. 
 Habenaria bifolia, 882. 
 
 quiihjiieseta, 1041. 
 Hdbzelid jEthiopica, 2>2\ 
 Hackberry, 778. 
 Hackmatack, 810. 
 Haemanthus coccineus, S98. 
 
 multijlorus, 92S. 
 
 puniceus, ion. 
 Ha-matoxylon Cain pec hianum, 919. 
 Hagenia Abyssiuiea, 185. 
 Hail in Egypt, 139. 
 Halenia corniculata, 1013. 
 
 de/Jexd, 1019. 
 Pfalcsid dip/era, T024. 
 
 tetraptera, 1003. 
 Haliaetus Ponticerianus, 775. 
 Halifax, city and seaport in Nova 
 
 Scotia, 1020. 
 Ida II era clliptica, 1016. 
 
 lueida, 1016. 
 Hallia soron'a, (yjj. 
 ddalynieuia sp., S40- 
 Halys, river in Asia Minor, 600. 
 Hamamel/s ^fttpo-nica, 632. 
 
 maerophylld, 10=13. 
 
 Virgiuiea, 805. 
 Hamelia ehrvsantha, 9S6. 
 
 patens, 9S6 
 
 ventricosa, 982. 
 Hammocks, 8^2. 
 
 Han, seventh Chinese dynasty, 395, 
 540. 
 
 the later, nineteenth Chinese 
 dynastv, 652. 
 Hanan, battle of, [059. 
 Hand-mills, 139. 
 Hand-tree, of Mexico, 842. 
 
 Ilang-tcheou, city in China, 689. 
 Hard fern, 760. 
 Hardzvickia binata, 727. 
 Hare, 46, 866, 869, S75, 908. 
 Hare-bell, 828. 
 Hare's ear, 170. 
 Hare's foot, 315* 
 Harp, 3, 36. 
 Harpoons, 182. 
 Harrewort, 6yj. 
 Harrisonia sp., 730. 
 Hartwort, 321. 
 Hasseltia arborea, 445. 
 Hassocks, 638, 705. 
 Hastings, in England, 679. 
 Havana, in Cuba, 1024. 
 Haverhill, town in Mass , ioor. 
 Hawaiian Islands, 415, 8S2. 
 Hawthorn, 121. 
 
 Hayti, 853, S60, 919, 964, 1054. 
 ///;<■/, 317, 451, 771. 
 Hazor, city of, 149. 
 If cart-clover, 654. 
 _#!«///, 258. 
 Heath-cypress, SS6. 
 Heather, 627. 
 
 Heaths, not found in Egypt, 4. 
 Hebdomon, a palace in Constanti- 
 nople, 629. 
 Hebenstreitia cilia ta, 1016. 
 
 deutata, 993. 
 Hebrew language, 765, 8^4, 870. 
 
 letters, 541. 
 
 lineage, 92. 
 
 manuscripts, 6X4. 
 Hebron, city in Palestine, 105, 
 
 149-5°. J79- 
 Hedeoma Jnspida, 1057. 
 
 pulcgioides, 944. 
 
 Hedera helix, 218, 419. 
 
 umbelldta, 208. 
 
 /y^v, 121. 
 
 Hedgehog, 24, 136, 452. 
 df edge-mustard, 371. 
 Hedwigia balsam/fera, 673. 
 Hedyehiuiu coronarium, 445. 
 Hedyotis AdsccuMouts, 994. 
 
 angustifolid, 1043. 
 
 durieu/dria, 973. 
 
 cratacogonuni, 966. 
 
 deusifora, 3S0. 
 
 purpurea, 961. 
 
 r,;av//<w, 973. 
 
 rotundifotia, 1040. 
 
 rupestr'n, 9S2 
 
 scdiideus, 09 }. 
 
 umbel lata, 8^t. 
 Hedysarum alpinum, 1013. 
 
 argeuteum, J013. 
 
 bupleurifolium, 997. 
 
 caput-galli, 937. 
 
 circiuna/um, 1007. 
 
 cornutum, 996. 
 
 coronarium, S94. 
 
 flexuosum , 989. 
 
 fruticosum, 793. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1177 
 
 Hedysarum grandiflorum, 781. 
 
 maculatitm, ion. 
 
 nummular i folium, 997. 
 
 obscurum, 919. 
 
 onobrychis, 1029. 
 
 radiatum* 998. 
 
 saxatile, 919. 
 
 sericeum, 1013. 
 
 spinosissimum, 1000. 
 
 supinum, 950. 
 
 tuberosum, see Pueraria. 
 
 vaginale, 997. 
 Hegira, era of the, 600, 601. 
 Heidelberg, city in Germany, 940. 
 Heimia salicifolia, 829. 
 Helenium autumnale, 949- 
 
 quadridentatum, 1037. 
 Heliantkemuni Appeninum, 978. 
 
 Canadense, 968. 
 
 Carolinianum, 1040. 
 
 corymbosum, 1041. 
 
 elongatu?n y 902. 
 fumana, 922. 
 
 glutinosum, 931. 
 
 guttatum, 894. 
 
 kalimifolhim, 894, 902. 
 
 hirtum, 971. 
 
 Italicunt, 971. 
 
 ledifolium, 902. 
 
 libanotis, 902. 
 
 mar i folium, ion. 
 
 nummularium, 931. 
 
 ocymoides, 931. 
 
 Oelandicum, 921. 
 fiilosum, 902. 
 
 racemosum, 971. 
 
 rosmarinifolium, 1056. 
 
 squamatum, 993. 
 
 stirreiami.nl, IOII. 
 
 thymifoliujn, 894. 
 
 torosum, 971. 
 
 tuberaria, 912. 
 
 umbellatum, 921. 
 
 vulgare, 296. 
 Helianthus altissimu^, 97S. 
 
 angustifolius, 1004. 
 
 annuus, 749, 914. 
 
 atrorubens, 1009. 
 
 decapctalns, 96S. 
 
 divaricatus, 968, 978. 
 frondosus, 952. 
 
 giganteus, 1000. 
 
 longifolius, 1053. 
 
 mollis, 1044 
 
 multiflorus, 914. 
 
 r ad ul a, 1033. 
 
 strumosus, 965. 
 
 tomentosus, 104 1. 
 
 trachelifolius, 973. 
 
 tuberosus, 749, 95S. 
 Ifelichrysum cauescens, ror6. 
 
 fatidimi, 1064. 
 
 frigidum, 102S. 
 
 imbricatum, 977. 
 
 Paniculatum, 1016. 
 
 proliferum, 977. 
 
 Helichrysum retortum, ion. 
 
 speciosissimum, 1014. 
 
 spinosum, 1016. 
 
 virgatum, 977. 
 Heliconia bikai, 867. 
 Helicteres isora, 462. 
 Heliocarpics Americanus, 1015. 
 Heliophila coronopifolia, 9S2. 
 
 integrifolia, 1000. 
 Heliopolis, or On, city of, 65. 
 Heliopsis laevis, 962, 976. 
 Heliotrophcm Curassavicum, 978. 
 
 eriocarpum, 997. 
 
 Europmum, 339. 
 
 parvifiorum, 973. 
 
 Peruvia7ticm, 1024. 
 
 supinum) 363. 
 
 villosum, 998. 
 Helix, land-snail, 154. 
 Helleboriue cordigera, 996. 
 
 lingua, 494. 
 
 oxy glottis, 997. 
 Helleborus foetidus, 472. 
 
 lividus, 943. 
 
 ni^er, 235. 
 
 Orientalis, 153. 
 
 viridis, 823. 
 Hellenes, when first named, 132. 
 Helminth ia echioides, 391. 
 
 spinas a, 961. 
 Helonias angustifolium , 1041. 
 
 bullata, 992. 
 frigida, 797. 
 
 {Chamaelirium) luteum, 1016. 
 
 [Amianthium ) muscaetoxicum^ 
 1039. 
 
 officinalis, 1036. 
 Helos and Helots, 26S. 
 Helosciadium nodijloritm, 172. 
 Hemerocallis flava, 5SS. 
 fulva, 6SS. 
 
 Japonica, see Funkia. 
 Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, 1060. 
 Hemidesmus Indicus, 6S1. 
 Hemimens diffusa, 1000. 
 
 montana, 1000. 
 Hemionitis cordifolia, 69S. 
 
 lanceolata, 987. 
 
 ?-#/«, 98 3. 
 
 Hemlock, 633. 
 HemlocJz-dropwort, 291, 465. 
 
 #*w*A 77> 95' 4i9. 5 26 - 6 53> 794- 
 Hemskirk's shoals in the Pacific, 
 
 953- 
 
 Hen, 917, 953. 
 
 Henbane, 449. 
 
 Henbit, 822. 
 
 Hcnchera Americana, 959. 
 
 Henna, 189. 
 
 Hepatica triloba, 843, 969. 
 
 Heptarchy, seven Anglo-Saxon 
 
 kingdoms, 628. 
 Heracleum alpinum, 907. 
 
 angustifolium, 937 
 
 apsyjithifolium, 998. 
 
 aureum, see Lophot&nia. 
 
 Heraclewn Austriacum, 937. 
 
 elegans, 952. 
 
 lafiatum, 641, 935. 
 
 Panaces, 865. 
 
 Pyrenaiium, 998. 
 
 Sibericum, 1013. 
 
 sphondylium, 1 58. 
 
 tsima, 418. 
 
 tuberosum, 660. 
 Heraclidse, 166, 180. 
 Heraldry, 716. 
 Herbaria, 753, 941. 
 Hcrculaneum, Pompeii, 498, 515. 
 Hercules, or Samson, worship of, 
 
 166, 179. 
 Herds-grass, or Timothy, 941. 
 Hereditary nobility, 751. 
 Heritiera lit tor alls, 974. 
 
 minor, 113. 
 Hermannia alnifolia, 993. 
 
 althaeifolia, 997. 
 
 lavandulifolia, ion. 
 
 scabra, 990. 
 Hernias depauperata, 1016. 
 
 gigantea, 230. 
 Hermetic writings 544- 
 Herminiera elaphroxylon, 425. 
 Herminiutn monorchis, 892. 
 Hermits, 539, 544, 613, 683, 758, 779- 
 Hemandia ovigera, 966. 
 
 souora, 651. 
 Heruerui stellata, 1002. 
 Herniarta alpina, 937. 
 fruticosa, 366. 
 
 glabra, 366. 
 
 kirsuta, 930. 
 pay co, 662. 
 Heroic Age, 103. 
 Heron, 41, 136. 
 Herpestis amplexicaulis, 1041. 
 
 Alonuicri, 975. 
 
 nigrescens, 1040. 
 
 rotundifolia, 1044. 
 Herring, 154, 250, 741. 
 Hervey Islands in the Pacific, 680. 
 Hesiodic poems, 196. 
 Hesperis acris, 352. 
 
 Africana, 972. 
 
 alyssoides, 971. 
 
 cretacea, 1007. 
 
 inodora, 921. 
 
 laicra, 991. 
 
 matronalis, 352. 
 
 pinnatifida, 99S. 
 
 ramosissima, 850. 
 
 Tartarica, 1029. 
 
 tristis, 921. 
 Heteranthera acuta, 1044. 
 
 limosa, 9S2. 
 Heteropogon contortus, 999. 
 Heterotheca scabra, 995. 
 Heuchera caulescens, 1053. 
 
 cylindrica, 581. 
 
 hispida, 1055. 
 
 pubesccns, 1055. 
 
 villosa, 1041. 
 
1 1 78 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Heuddotia Africana, 545. 
 
 Hcrra Guianeusis, 101S. 
 
 Ilcxalobus Senegal en sis, 730. 
 
 Hexameter verse, 132. 
 
 Hia, third Chinese dynasty, 84, 99 
 
 Hiao-king, Confucian Scripture, 
 
 767. 
 Hibiscus aculeatus, 1040. 
 
 Aclhiopicus, 1000. 
 
 caunabinus, 691. 
 
 clypeatus, 983. 
 
 coccineuSy 1040. 
 
 esculejitus, 274. 
 jicuhieus, 1011. 
 furcatus, 726. 
 
 grandiflorus ; 1043. 
 
 hastatits, 1000. 
 
 [Abelmoschus) hetcrotrichus, 
 269. 
 
 hirtus, 1000. 
 
 iiicauus, 1033. 
 
 lampas, 990. 
 
 [Abehiioschus) manihot, 591. 
 
 7nilitaris, 1039. 
 
 [Abelmoschus) moschatus, 846. 
 
 7tioscheutos y 905. 
 
 mutabilis, 553. 
 
 palustris, 905. 
 
 rosa-sinensis, 675. 
 
 sabdariffa, 797, 921. 
 
 sunitteusis, 974. 
 
 Syriacus, 37 1. 
 
 tr Holms, 9S7. 
 
 triomim, SS5. 
 
 tortuosus, 691. 
 
 unilateralis, 9S7. 
 
 vitifolins, 974. 
 Hickories, 76S. 
 Ilicracium alpinum, 91 1. 
 
 amplexicaule, 919. 
 
 aurantiaeum, 934. 
 
 aurcum, 919- 
 
 auricula, 824. 
 
 bracteolatum, 1003. 
 
 bulbosum, 361. 
 
 Canadensc, 1038. 
 
 cerinthoidcs, gig. 
 
 chondrilloides, 937. 
 
 crinitum, 1003. 
 
 croceum, 1013. 
 
 cymosum, 91 1. 
 
 dubium, 910. 
 
 glut i )io sii?n, 937. 
 
 Gmelini, 1013. 
 
 ^rii/uti/larum, 937. 
 
 Grouovii, 1 01 6. 
 
 lyratum, 1013. 
 
 ff/p/A-, 1033. 
 
 murdrum , 91 1. 
 
 7iudicaule, 1044. 
 
 paludosuni, 911. 
 
 pauiadafum, 1019. 
 
 pilosella, 751. 
 
 Porrifolium, 919. 
 
 pracaltum, 937. 
 
 praemorsum, 911. 
 
 Ilicracium p7'U7iellaefoliu7n, &c, 994. 
 
 pulinonarium, 635. 
 
 Py7-e7taicum, 991. 
 
 Sabatidu77t, 911. 
 
 scabrinn, 1041. 
 
 Sibericum, 781. 
 
 staticacfoliii77i , 931. 
 
 sylvatieum, 913. 
 
 umbcllatum, 897. 
 
 veuosum, 962. 
 
 verbasci folium, 919. 
 
 ri/losufn, S94 
 Hieratic writing, 71, 80. 
 Hicrochloe alpi7ia, 1055. 
 
 Borealis, 959. 
 Hieroglyphic characters, 65, 388, 
 
 1063. 
 Hilsenbergia ca7t7tabina, 383. 
 Hunalaya7i horse-chestnut, 735. 
 Himyarite dynasty in Yemen, 407. 
 Himyarkes, 573. 
 Himyaritic monuments, 468. 
 Hindu poets, 5S3. 
 Hindustan, 66, 74. 84, 86, 252, 254, 
 25S, 465, 4S3, 503, 609, 615, 664, 
 667, 715, 843, 857. 
 Hippia frutesce7is, 993. 
 Hippocralcd volubilis, 9S6. 
 Hippocrepis comosa, 850. 
 
 mullisiliquosa, 894. 
 
 uiusiliquosa, 889. 
 Hippomane mancinella, 854. 
 Hippophac rhanuioidc*, 703. 
 Hippopotamus, 40, 267. 
 Hippuris vulgaris, 501. 
 Hiptage 7?iad(d'lota, S7 5- 
 Hirundo riparia, bank swallow, 17. 
 Hispaniola, island in the \V. I , 852. 
 Hoango-ho River in China, 789, 952. 
 Hoarwort, 811. 
 Hnchelaga, aboriginal town in 
 
 Canada, 881. 
 Hog, 953, 981. 
 Hog-plum, 371, 699. 
 Hoitzia coccinca, 797. 
 Holcus atropurpureus, 1064. 
 lauatus, 655, 969. 
 mollis, 1005. 
 ? striatus, 1016. 
 Holigarna longifolia, 522. 
 Holland, in Europe, 972, 1038. 
 Hottihoek, 1 87, 308. 
 ^//j/, 246. 
 Holly-Jem, 496. 
 Holostemma Rhccdu, 728. 
 Holostetnn cor datum, 991. 
 
 umbcllatum, 913. 
 Homdlouiciid aro7)iatica, 579. 
 Homerid hymns, 199, 218. 
 Ho-nan-fou, city in China, 476. 
 Honduras, 859, 867. 
 Honey, 299, 325, 642, S52. 
 bee, 106. 
 dew, 529. 
 
 guide, the bird, 877. 
 Hong-fan, Chin. phil. treat., 84, 159. 
 
 Hong-kong, island of, 106S. 
 Hood's Island, one of the Mar- 
 quesas, 1034. 
 Hoopoe, bird, 49, 59. 
 .//i?/, 620. 
 Hop-cloz'cr, 654, 849. 
 
 kor7ibea7H, 214. 
 Hopea odorata, 240. 
 
 fiarvijlora, 438. 
 
 #., 445- 
 
 Wightiana, 438. 
 Hordeu77i bulbosum, 349. 
 
 kysti'ix, 960. 
 jubatum, 419, 5S3, 940. 
 
 ma7'iti77iit7Ji, 978. 
 
 murinum, 207. 
 
 pratense, 918. 
 
 vulgare, 34, 154, 167, 451. 
 
 Ilorchound, 206, 316. 
 
 Hor/ibea?n } 3S8. 
 
 Hornbill, the bird, 322. 
 
 Horse, 103, 452, 482, 531, 571, 869. 
 
 I/orsechestuut, ^,2, S92. 
 
 Horse- flower, 63 5. 
 
 Horse-mint, 263, 962. 
 
 Horseradish, 298, 432. 
 
 Horseshoe retch, 850. 
 
 Horse-shoe crab, see Limulus. 
 
 Horsetail, 297, 496. 
 
 Hosackia sericea, 1057. 
 
 Hospitals, 757. 
 
 Hosta eoerutea, 9S6. 
 
 Hot-house, 752. 
 
 Hottentots, 229, 269, S45, 9S5. 
 
 Ilottouia injlata, 103S. 
 
 palustris, S89. 
 Houud's-tou^uc, 315. , 
 Hour-glasses, 7S6. 
 House flv, 181. 
 
 lizard, 57. 
 Houselcck, 293, 439. 
 Houstonia coerulea, 961. 
 
 icuclla, 1053. 
 
 scrpyllijolia, 1041. 
 Ifouttuyiiia cordata, 976. 
 fhvenhi dulcis, 622. 
 Hova pendula, 728. 
 
 z'iridiflora, 523. 
 Huacas, of Peru, 662. 
 Huancabamba on the Peruvian 
 
 Andes, Nor. 
 Huckleberry, 362, 770, 806. 
 Hitdsouia crit aides, 95S. 
 
 tomcutosa, 103S. 
 Hudson-Hay * "ompany formed, 965. 
 Hudson's Hay, 898, 936, 947. 
 
 River, 928, 940. 
 
 Straits, 892, 929, 936. 
 Huehuetlapallan, ancient country 
 
 of the Toltecs, 5S2. 
 Hugo-ilia mystdx, 744. 
 Huguenots, or Protestants, S92, 
 
 s 97 . 
 
 Human sacrifices, rov 12S. 
 Humirium balsdmiferum , 673. 
 Jlo/'ibiindufn, 673. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1 1 79 
 
 Humulus yaponica, 419. 
 
 hipulus, 620. 
 Hungarian balsam, 455. 
 Hungarians, 553, 646, 664. 
 Hungary, 733, 787. 
 Huns, 388, 395, 553, 566, 572, 600. 
 Hunting-scenes, 762. 
 Uura crepitans, 915. 
 Hutchinsia petraa, 934. 
 
 procumbens, 973. 
 Hyacinthus c Hiatus, 921. 
 
 {Agraphis) nutans, 828. 
 
 Orieutalis, 460. 
 
 Rom anus, 460. 
 
 serotinus, 921. 
 Hyaena, 12, 49, 61. 
 
 the spotted, 424. 
 Hyantheia, or Oeantheia, city in 
 
 Greece, 148. 
 Hydnocarpus inebrians, 335. 
 
 odoratus, 577. 
 Hydrangea a/isai, 632. 
 
 hortensis, 9S9. 
 
 nivea, 1040. 
 
 paniculata, 592. 
 
 quercifolia, 1033. 
 
 vulgaris, 1016. 
 Hydrastis Canadensis, 102 1. 
 Hydrocharis morsus-rauae, 889. 
 
 {Limnobium) spongia, 1050. 
 Hydrocotyle Americana, 96S. 
 
 A sitit ica, 700. 
 
 ? citriodora, 1002. 
 
 interrupta, T059. 
 
 uatans, 934. 
 
 ranitnculoides, 1037. 
 
 repanda, 1040. 
 
 umbellata, 950. 
 
 vulgaris, 450. 
 Hydrogeton fenestralis, 706. 
 Hydrolea Caroliniana, 1040. 
 
 Zeylanica, 682. 
 Hydrophobia, 391. 
 Hydrophyllum appendicular 7/2,1044. 
 
 Canadeuse, 1025. 
 
 Virginicum, 979- 
 Hydropyruin lati folium, 500. 
 Hygrophila ringens, 974. 
 
 sfinosa, 731-32. 
 Hyksos, 85, 94, 103, in, 132. 
 Hymena^a courbaril, 901. 
 
 verrucosa, 384. 
 Hymenocardia Heudelotii, 732. 
 Hy?nenodictyon excelsum, 578. 
 
 j/., 731. 
 Hymenopappus scabiosams, 104 1. 
 
 tcnuifoliiis, 1057. 
 Hymenophyllum hirsutum, &c, 987. 
 
 Tunbrigeuse, 1000. 
 Hymns, 152, 154, 166, 218, 831. 
 Hyobanche san^iuuea, 997. 
 Hyoscyamus albus, 159. 
 aureus, 480. 
 iusanus, 736 
 muticus, 534. 
 w>vr, 449, 969. 
 
 Hyoscyamus Orien talis, 998. 
 pusillus, 671. 
 reticulatus, 491. 
 Scopolia, 8S9. 
 Hyoseris foetida, 934. 
 hedypnois, 919. 
 lucida, 361. 
 minima, 507. 
 radiata, 937. 
 scabra, 507. 
 Hypaelytrum nemorum, 973. 
 Hypecoum erectum, 1013, 1032. 
 pendulum, 89S 
 procitmbens, 484. 
 Hyperboreans, 154, 202. 
 Hypericacecs, not found in Egypt, 3 
 Hypericum Aegyptiacum, 1015. 
 
 androsamium, see Androsa- 
 
 mum. 
 angulosum, 1041. 
 aureum, 1033. 
 Balcaricum, 921. 
 barbatum, 403. 
 Canadeuse, 1019. 
 calycinum, 977. 
 ciliatum, 99S. 
 cor is, 308. 
 
 corymbosum, 777, 968. 
 cri spurn, 288 
 dolabriforme, 1044. 
 ellipticum i 1063. 
 elodes, 904. 
 ericoides, 1000. 
 fasciculatum, 1049. 
 floribumhim, 993- 
 galioides, 1049. 
 hirciuum, 434. 
 hirsutum, 883. 
 hitmifusum , 878. 
 Kalmianum, 1019. 
 lanuginosum, 162. 
 li uar uicfoli urn , 961. 
 monogynum, 1024. 
 montanum, S83. 
 nudiflorum, 1044. 
 Oakesii, 1062 
 Oricntale, 996. 
 Olympicum, 97S. 
 perfoliatum , 469. 
 perforatum, 394, 969. 
 prolificum, 1016. 
 pulcJtrum, 878. 
 pyramidatum, 995. 
 quadr annulare, 486. 
 quinquenervium, 962. 
 Richer /, 919. 
 seipyllifolium, 904. 
 simplex, 1 000. 
 spharocarpon, 1 044. 
 tomentosum, 961. 
 villosum, 992. 
 Hypha>ne crinita, 61. 
 
 ?f<^. J 1 /., 126. 
 
 schatan, 385. 
 Hypnum crista-castrensis, 959. 
 recognitum, 959. 
 
 Hypochcer is glabra, 911. 
 
 maculata, 878. 
 
 minima, 934. 
 
 radicata, 901. 
 
 Sicula, 1003. 
 Hypoxis angustifolia, 1067. 
 
 decwnbens, 1023. 
 
 erecta, 992. 
 
 juncea, 1046. 
 
 stellate, 947. 
 Hyptis atrorubens, 1054. 
 
 brevipes, 1054. 
 
 capitata, 983. 
 
 pectinata, 1023. 
 
 radiata, 984. 
 
 spicata, 1054. 
 
 spicigera, 732. 
 
 suaveolens, 1001. 
 Hyrax Syriacus, 144. 
 Hyrcania, along the Southern 
 
 shores of the Caspian, 326. 
 Hyssopus foeniculum, 1057. 
 
 nepetoides, 979. 
 
 officinalis, 633, 935. 
 
 scrophulariaefolius, 991. 
 Hystrix, the Porcupine, 70. 
 
 Canadensis, 875. 
 
 Iaxartes, river flowing into Lake 
 
 Aral, 326. 
 Iberis amara, 501. 
 
 Gibraltarica, ion. 
 linifolia, 1004. 
 odorata, 921. 
 pinnata, 898. 
 rotundifolia, 971. 
 saxatihs, 919, 
 semperflorens, 293. 
 sempervirens , 293. 
 umbellata, &8>&. 
 Ibis cristata, 60. 
 
 religiosa, 29-30. 
 Icebergs, 325, 977-7S. 
 Ice-houses, 391. 
 plant, 1026. 
 
 trade, beginning of, 1066. 
 Iceland, 613, 638, 640, 662, 753, 794, 
 
 841. 
 Ichneumon, 12, 48. 
 Ichnocarpus frutescens, 413. 
 Tir/ViZ aracouchini, 673. 
 caramia, 673. 
 .? copallina, 919. 
 heptaphylla, 673. 
 Indica, 734. 
 tacamahaca, 673. 
 Ignatia amara, see Strychnos. 
 Ignatius bea?ts, 671. 
 Ikhtiarat Buddee, Persian work on 
 
 medicine, 798. 
 77<?.r aquifolium, 246, 451. 
 cassine, 777. 
 crenata, 622. 
 crocea, 766. 
 cuneifolia, 9S6. 
 
nSo 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Ilex dahoon, 10 \<~\ 
 
 deddua, 1039. 
 
 hit egret, 631. 
 
 latifolia, 63 1 . 
 
 laxiflora, 1039. 
 
 myrtifolia, 1039. 
 
 opaca, 896, 909. 
 
 Paravuayen.us, 683. 
 
 vomitoria, see /. cassine. 
 Illiauin anistitiim, 61S. 
 
 Floridanuin, 1021, 
 
 fari'iflorum, 1033. 
 
 Philippinarum, 921. 
 
 religiosum, 618. 
 Illinois, N. American State, 1061. 
 
 River, 1021. 
 Illvria, North and Wc^t of Greece, 
 
 31S, 3X9,456, 553. 
 Ilvsauthes gratioloides, 1016. 
 Image-symbols, 12S, 561, 603, 615, 
 
 618, 620-21, 623, 626, S69, 897. 
 Imamate, 607. 
 Immaculate Conception, doctrine 
 
 of, S58. 
 Impalement, punishment of, 198. 
 Impatiens balsamina, 556. 
 
 b (flora, 803. 
 
 cornnta, 970. 
 
 faseieidata, 974. 
 
 latifolia, 974. 
 
 noli-taugere, 479. 
 
 pallida, 1055. 
 
 pari'ijlora, 1064. 
 
 [llydroeera) trijlora, 689. 
 Imperata cylindriea, 287. 
 
 pedicillata, 419. 
 Impemtoria augustifoha, 910. 
 
 ostruthiuin, 760. 
 
 verticillaris, 9S0. 
 Incas, of Peru, 662, 667 
 Inclinometer, or clipping needle, 
 
 901. 
 Independence, the, of the Ameri- 
 can colonies acknowledged by 
 England, 1038. 
 India ink, 458. 
 India, see Hindustan. 
 India-rubber fig-tree, 857. 
 India u-r/iot, 430. 
 
 tobacco, 10 1 5. 
 Indiana, N. American State, 1060. 
 Indictions, in Chronology, 546. 
 /// f //-i), 443, 532, 5S3, 588, 1019, 
 
 1048. 
 Indigo J era anil, 1019. 
 
 argentea, 532. 
 
 a^palathuidcs, 692. 
 
 Carol/uiaua, 1040. 
 
 coerulea, 1048. 
 
 cyt Isoldes, 1000. 
 
 depressa, 977. 
 
 enneaphylla, 692. 
 
 glabra, 974. 
 
 f/ed\<saroide\\ 974. 
 
 l/irsula, 970. 
 
 ^/rto, 380. 
 
 Indigofera lotoides, 993. 
 
 pane i flora, 722. 
 Psoraleoides, 1000. 
 
 #•. 53 2 "33* 59°- 
 line/oria, 443, 1019. 
 Indulgences, Catholic, 711,720, 773, 
 
 863. 
 
 Indus, the river, 32S, 330. 
 7//°Y7 b/geniiua, 33 1. 
 
 bung-iua-zai, 240. 
 
 tv'vtvvn', 975- 
 
 eireinal/s, &c, 987. 
 
 dulcis, 650. 
 
 ingoides, 1002. 
 
 marginata, looo. 
 
 mcll/fera, 390. 
 
 mierophvlla, 1000. 
 
 nodosa, 1000. 
 
 sanian, 650. 
 
 sassa, 598. 
 
 Sine m 1 trie in is, see Prosopts- 
 dulcis. 
 
 unguis-eati, 649. 
 
 7vr,7, 983. 
 
 Xylocaipa, 775. 
 Ink, sympathetic, 568. 
 fuoearpus edulis, 437, 917. 
 Inoculation for small-pox, 1006, 
 
 1021. 
 Inquisition, 719, 723, 765, 863, SS7. 
 Inscriptions, Arabic, 652,, 663, 679, 
 721-22, 741, 774, 779, 784. 
 
 Armenian, 710, 902. 
 
 Assyrian, 195, 233, 255. 
 
 Canara, 715. 
 
 Chinese, 195, 209, 621, 623. 
 
 Coptic, 534, 566, 652. 
 
 Etruscan, 174. 
 
 Greek, 163-64, 200, 22S, 236, 
 2 4 r, 26S, 312, 31S, 326, 3S3, 
 388, 391, 400, 441, 443, 478, 
 481, 498, 5-7-^8, 534, 538, 
 547-48,631. 
 
 Hebrew, 302, 402. 
 
 Jain, 667, 791. 
 
 Javan, 626, 647, f>yi, 760, 762. 
 
 Kufic, (129, 641, 665, 779. 
 
 Latin, 372, 456, 477, 679. 
 
 Mongol, 1031 . 
 
 Pali, 3 ,S 3 , 389, 391, 398. 
 
 Persian, 616. 
 
 Sinaitic, 410, 441. 
 
 Tartar, 1031. 
 Insubria, battle of, S67. 
 Insurrections, 1015, 104S. 
 Interest, reduction of, on English 
 
 funds, 1020. 
 " Interim book," granted to the 
 
 Protestants by Charles V., 886. 
 Interpreters, 102. 
 fntsia Mitdagasearensis, 707. 
 Inula aestuaus, 987. 
 
 aroinaliea, 1000. 
 
 bifrons, 994. 
 
 Brilann/ca, 584. 
 
 bnbonutni, 508. 
 
 Inula conyza, 220. 
 
 conyzoides, 998. 
 
 crispa, 997. 
 
 crithwiifolia, 26. 
 
 ensifolia, 921. 
 
 foetida, 972. 
 
 Germanica, 87S. 
 
 graveolens, 254. 
 
 hetenium, 461, 969. 
 
 hirta, 1029. 
 
 Indiea, 970. 
 
 Japonica, 989. 
 
 montana, S9.S. 
 
 ocidus CJiristi, S24. 
 
 odora, see Putiearia. 
 
 pinifolia, 975. 
 
 primnlaefolia, 987. 
 
 pr ouinc ia lis, 937. 
 
 satureioides, 1012. 
 
 saxatilis, 9 [2. 
 
 spiraeaefoita, 931, 
 
 squarrosa, 1000. 
 
 tuberosa, 894, 900. 
 
 vaillanti, 102S. 
 
 viscosa, 2 ^4. 
 Ionian Gi eek 1 -, 192. 
 Ionic Migration, T92. 
 lonidium brevicaule, 7S3. 
 
 ipecacJiuanlia, 674. 
 
 mayte)isillo, 66 r. 
 
 microphvllum , 6SS. 
 
 /wiw, 783. 
 
 suffrnticosum, 725. 
 
 urticafoliuiu, 7S3. 
 Iowa, North American State, 1069. 
 IpeeaeuauJia, 659 
 Iponnea arae/iuoidea, 381. 
 
 bona-nox, see Calouyetion. 
 
 campanulata, 973. 
 
 Carolina, IO05. 
 
 cdiolata, 1044. 
 
 commntata, ion. 
 
 ''#". 93 s - 
 digttata, 986. 
 dncohr, 932. 
 dissceta, 1 03 1. 
 ^emella, 746. 
 glaueifolia, ion. 
 grand* flora, 97 3, 
 hederaefolia, 9S6. 
 jalapa, 649. 
 ligulata, 381. 
 lacunosa, 952. 
 maeropoda, 3S1. 
 manunosa, 966. 
 JMieJiditxu, ro2i. 
 ;///, (128 ; and hederacea, see 
 
 Pharbitis. 
 obscura, 972. 
 opereulala, 7S4. 
 palmata, 936. 
 paudurata, 770. 
 parviflora, 0,82. 
 pes-capnr, 429,973, 994* 
 pes-tigridis, 074. 
 platauifolia, S91. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Il8l 
 
 Ipomaa purga, 650. 
 reftens, 973. 
 reptans, 703. 
 sagittata, 999, 
 solanifolia, 986. 
 see Qitamoclit. 
 tamnifolia, ion. 
 tridentata, 973. 
 tuberosa, 999. 
 umbellata, 9S&. 
 violacea, 982. 
 Ipomopsis aggregata, 1054. 
 
 elegans, 1011. 
 Ira, city in Greece, 222. 
 Irak, 583, 612. 
 
 Ireland, 167,536, 566,708,713,952. 
 Jresine aggregata, 1051. 
 celosioides, 984. 
 elatior, 983. 
 vermicular is, 950-51. 
 /rw aphylla, 921. 
 biflora, 932. 
 cristata, 992. 
 cuprea, 1056. 
 dichotoma, 793. 
 Florentine, 290. 
 foztidissima, 351. 
 graminea, 905. 
 humilis, 1013. 
 lacitstris, 1058. 
 Lusitanica, 960. 
 lutescens, 921. 
 Mauritanica, 921. 
 ochrolcuca, 1021. 
 pseudacorus, 255, 450. 
 pumila, 921, 1029. 
 salsa, 1014. 
 sambucina, 99. 
 scorpioides, 901. 
 Siberica, 419, 785. 
 sisyrinchium, 69. 
 spuria, 921. 
 susiana, 921. 
 Swertii, 930. 
 tectorum, 632. 
 tuberosa, 551. 
 variegata, 921. 
 ventricosa, 1032. 
 verna, 992. 
 versicolor, 958, 968. 
 Virgin ica , 1 o 1 1 . 
 xiphioides, 932. 
 xiphium, 932. 
 Irish language, 573. 
 Iron, 120, 232, 252, 582. 
 
 Age, 180, 186, 211, 232. 
 Iron-clad ships, 932, 1071. 
 Iron-wood, 775. 
 Iroquois, N. A. tribe of Indians, 
 
 665, 927. 
 Irrigation, 668, 709. 
 Isabella, in Hayti, first permanent 
 
 settlement in America, 855. 
 /satis Armeniaca, 1007. 
 
 Orientalis, 313. 
 Jschaemum muticum, 973- 
 
 Ischia, island in the Bay of Naples, 
 
 765- 
 Ishmaelite Arabs, 1 18, 448. 
 Isis, worship of, 410, 538, 584. 
 Isle of Man, between England and 
 
 Ireland, 1026. 
 Ismene amancacs, 711. 
 Isnardia palustris, 962. 
 Jsochilus linearis, 9S7. 
 Isoetes lacustris, 837. 
 
 riparia, 1068. 
 Isolepis Antarctica, 1004. 
 
 j/., 500. 
 
 squarrosa, 973. 
 
 supina, 1004. 
 
 tristachya, 970. 
 Isonandra actiminata, 745. 
 Isopyrzt7n aquilegioides, 937. 
 
 fumarioides, 1013. 
 
 thalictroides, 907. 
 Isotoma longifiora, S53. 
 Issedones, 202. 
 
 Issikul, lake in Central Asia, 792. 
 Isthmian games, 306, 551. 
 Istrus, city at the mouth of the 
 
 Danube, 227, 
 Italy, 132, 646, 655, 667. 
 Itch-trefoil, 90 1. 
 Ttert: Vtrginica, 1016. 
 Itzaes, Central American tribe, 799. 
 /z'iZ axillaris, 1057. 
 
 frutescens, 979. 
 
 imbricata, 1040. 
 Ivory, 80, 630. 
 Ivory, vegetable, 717. 
 /z/jj/, 218, 804. 
 /JrzVz bulbifera, 1021. 
 
 bulb 01 odium , 90 1. 
 
 corymbosa, 999. 
 
 coelestina, 1033. 
 
 crocata, 986. 
 
 erecta, 999. 
 
 Jlexuosa, 1021. 
 
 grandiflora, 102 1. 
 Ixora alba, 973. 
 
 bandhuca, 593. 
 
 coccinea, 609. 
 
 manila, 788. 
 
 parvifio7'a, 712. 
 
 Jacara\da Brasiliensis, 950. 
 
 Caroliniana, 1005. 
 
 ovalifolia, 876. 
 Jackal, 16. 
 Jack fruit, 330. 
 Jack-in-a-box tree, 651. 
 Jacobea lily, 915. 
 Jacobites, 567, 656. 
 Jacobus ladder, 906. 
 Jacquinia armillaris, 982. 
 
 rusciflora, ion. 
 Jagannath, a form of Vishnu wor- 
 ship, 546, 569, 714, 716, 787, 897, 
 1007, 1013, 1053. 
 
 Jamaica, island in the West Indies, 
 
 855, 860, 959, 990. 
 Jambosa Malacce7isis, 416, 481, 917. 
 
 vulgaris, 699. 
 James's Bay, in Hudson's Sea, 947. 
 Jamestown, in Virginia, first per- 
 manent English settlement in 
 America, 926, 928-29. 
 Jamestown weed, 622. 
 Jang'gala, Javan seat of govern- 
 ment, 648, 651, 664. 
 Janipha Locjlingii, 950. 
 Jan Mayen Island, 927. 
 Janus, temple of, in Rome, 389, 457, 
 
 461, 499. 
 Japan and the Japanese, 98, 146, 
 225, 591, 607, 623, 822, 882, 891, 
 93°. 934, 939- 1070. 
 Japanese paintings, 905. 
 
 poetry, 646-47. 
 Jasione montajia, 490. 
 Jasminum angustifolium, 559. 
 
 arborescens, 763. 
 
 aitriculatum, 617-. 
 
 fruticans, 606. 
 
 graudifiorum, see officinale. 
 
 hirsulitm, 702. 
 
 odoratisshnum, 959. 
 
 officinale, 535. 
 
 precox, 419. 
 
 revolution, 537. 
 
 sambac, see Mogorium. 
 Jatropha citrcas, 868. 
 
 glandulosa, 721. 
 
 glauca, J 21. 
 
 Jicrbacca, 1012. 
 
 multifida, 901. 
 
 lireus, see Cnidoscolus. 
 Java almotid, 670. 
 Java, island in the Malayan Archi- 
 pelago, 444, 543, 546, 554, 571, 
 
 775*855-. 
 Jaxartes River, see Iaxartes. 
 Jeffiersonia dipkylla, 1016. 
 Jerboa, 31. 
 
 Jericho, city of, 149, 536. 
 Jerusalem, in, 125, 132, 179, 1S6, 
 
 199, 232, 239, 251, 268, 276, 399, 
 
 407,447,456,499, 526, 54S, 55t, 
 
 555, 566, 598, 602, 624, 684, 6S6, 
 
 882. 
 Jesuits, Monastic Order, S80, 908, 
 
 916, 930, 936, 957. 999* 1026-27. 
 Jesumi, inquisitorial tribunal in 
 
 Japan, 964. 
 Jet, the mineral, 536, 619. 
 Jeiv-bush, or slipper-plant, 985. 
 Jewish literature, 56S. 
 Jews, 119, I2i, 126, 165, 396, 400, 
 
 407,447,456,475' 5 20 > 5 2 7, 534, 
 
 546, 54S-9, 570, 591, 597. 599, 62S, 
 
 711, 723,760,850. 
 Jones's Sound, 933. 
 Jonesia asoca, 383. 
 Jonquill, 672. 
 Jordan River, 150. 
 
I IS2 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Jorullo, a new mountain in Mexico, 
 
 1023. 
 Juan de Nova Island, discovered, 
 
 85S. 
 Jubilaeum, Romish rite, 764. 
 Judas tree, 356. 
 Judicial decisions, 221. 
 Juggernaut, Hindu idol, see Jagan- 
 
 nath. 
 Juglans arguta, 476. 
 baccata, 983. 
 cinerea, 807, 874, 875, 927, 940, 
 
 946, 957. 
 nesiho, 417. 
 nigra, 778, 869, 893, 909, 929, 
 
 957- 
 regia, 188. 
 Jujube, 104, 222. 
 Julian Period, I. 
 
 Year, 65. 
 Juncus acuminatus, 1044. 
 
 acutus, 255. 
 
 aquattcus, 903. 
 
 arctic us, 1012. 
 
 articulatus, 838. 
 
 biglumis, 1020. 
 
 Bottnicus, 1013. 
 
 bufonius, 890. 
 
 bulbosus, 836. 
 
 effusus, 400. 
 
 ericetormu, 932. 
 filtforiiiis, 940, 1064. 
 
 Foutaucsn, [050. 
 
 Gerard/, 1024. 
 
 glaucus, 904. 
 
 Jacquini, 997. 
 
 lajnpocarpiis, 978. 
 
 ?uargi)httus, 1044. 
 
 militant, 1063. 
 
 Mu/iicnbcr^ii, 1060. 
 
 nodosus, 979, 999. 
 
 odoratus, see Cymbopogon. 
 
 polycephalus, 992. 
 
 pygimcus, T031. 
 
 repens, 1041. 
 
 setdecus, 1052. 
 
 spinosus, 19. 
 
 squarrosus, 838. 
 
 stibverikillatus, 978. 
 
 sylvaticus, 913, 937. 
 
 tenageid, 1006. 
 
 tenuis, 810. 
 
 trifidus, 892. 
 
 trigluiuis, 912. 
 
 zitiginosus, S96. 
 June-berry, 804. 
 Juugcrmanuia aspleuioidcs, 959. 
 Juuiperus Barbadeu\/s, I OOO. 
 
 Berniudiaud, 915, 982. 
 
 communis, 136, 167, 45L 
 
 drupdcea, 230. 
 
 excelsa, 502. 
 
 Japonica, 63 I . 
 
 ?/n:i croroi'pni, T70. 
 
 iKUitt, 287. 
 
 oxveedrus, 128. 
 
 Juuiperus PJiceniccd, 129. 
 
 prostrata, 939. 
 
 rufescens, 287. 
 
 sabina, 454. 
 
 thurifcra, 867. 
 
 l'irg/u/a/ia, 772, 869, 90S, 923. 
 Juno, or Hera, worship of, 105, 121, 
 
 1S0, 285. 
 Juno, the planet, 1052. 
 Jupiter, Heathen deity, 128, 130, 
 440, 526, 540. 
 
 tlie planet, 625, 92S, 971. 
 Jussiiea acuminata, 103S. 
 
 decurreus, 1040. 
 
 diffusa, see J. repens. 
 
 erecta, 983. 
 
 grandijiora, 1 041 . 
 
 hirta, 9S6. 
 
 oetovatvis, 9S6. 
 
 Peruviana, 1002. 
 
 r^/zJ, 374. 
 
 subaeaulis, 1054. 
 
 77//W, 737. 
 Justicia betoiuea, 952. 
 
 ecboliutu, 419. 
 
 eehioides, 973. 
 
 humilis, 1040. 
 
 hyssopu/oiia, 999. 
 
 Aloretiaud, 970. 
 
 [Rhinacanthus) nasuta, 594. 
 
 nitida, 982. 
 
 {Ait-drtigraphis) paniculate/, 956. 
 
 pcdunculosa r 999. 
 
 ( Graptophyllnm) picta, 147. 
 
 [Rostellaria) proatntbens. 746. 
 
 [Ply poestis) purpurea, 300. 
 
 [Ruugia) repens, 729 
 
 sericea, 798. 
 
 {IPyPocstis) serpens, 1067. 
 
 strict a, 999. 
 
 [Adhatoda] Trauquebarensis-, 
 746. 
 
 [Adhatoda) vasica, 3S7. 
 
 [(Jeudtirussti) Z'u/garis, 696. 
 Justinian codex of laws, 576. 
 Jute fibre, 646, 764. 
 
 Kadsiira Japonica, 632. 
 ]\\empferia galauga, 833. 
 
 panditrata, 966. 
 
 rotunda, 833. 
 Kai-fnung, city in China, 952. 
 Kailas monolithic temple in Hin- 
 dustan, 515. 
 APalduehoe .PSgvptiaca, 851. 
 Kali-vug, era of the Hindus, 66, 124. 
 Kalmia angustifoiia, 96S. 
 
 cuncata, 1041. 
 
 glauca, 1036. 
 
 hirsuta, 1033. 
 
 latifolia, 928, 95S, 992. 
 Kaloponax riciuifolia, 622. 
 Kamas root, see Gamassia. 
 fuimita dye, 414. 
 Kamtchatka, 986. 
 
 Kamtchatkans, 1008. 
 
 Kandahar, city in Sincl, 775. 
 
 Kandelia Rheedii, 578. 
 
 Kansas, N. American State, 1070. 
 
 Karacoroum, in Tartary, 736, 742. 
 
 Karague, country in C. Africa, 730. 
 
 Karaites, a Jewish sect, 620. 
 
 Karaitic literature, 620. 
 
 Karen tribes, in Burmah, 5SS, 757, 
 
 762. 
 Karnak, 84, 124, 185. 
 JCaruitj oil, 590. 
 A'ava drink, 43S. 
 Kau i, ancient Javan character, 626, 
 
 647, 651. 
 Keelwah, city in East Africa, 658, 
 
 994- 
 A~,7/\ 319, 417. 
 Kennebec River, 923, 926. 
 Kenucdia prostrata, 985. 
 Kentucky, State in N. America, 
 
 1033, 1046. 
 Kermes dvc, 86. 
 P\'erria Japonica, 688. 
 Keys, invention of, 198. 
 Khalifate, Muslim Empire, 656. 
 Kharesmians, 735. 
 Khawarij, 607. 
 Pv/tavd Se/ugaleusis, 545. 
 Kia-che-mi-lo (Cashmere), 615. 
 
 AW &*£•£*, 266. 
 
 Kiakhta, city in East Siberia, 1008. 
 A'igetia pinnata, 466. 
 JOggelaria Africana, 1015. 
 Kilmungaro, mountain in East 
 
 Africa, 527. 
 Kin, dynasty of Northern China, 
 
 707, 723. 
 King-bird, 954. 
 King of bitters, 957. 
 King's Chapel, in Boston, 98 5. 
 A7//<' <;'««/, 421, 643, S25. 
 Kipchak Empire, 751. 
 Kirghiz-Kazaks, a Tartar tribe, 
 
 1010. 
 Kite, the bird, 136, 775. 
 Kleiuliovia hospita, 743. 
 Kteinia anteuphorbiuni, see Cacalia. 
 Px'nappia agrostoidea, 912. 
 A w/«'«vY, 703. 
 A'lMi/iid Propoutiea, 1007. 
 Knights of Malta, 6S6. 
 
 of St. John, Monastic Order, 
 686, 772, 870. 
 
 Templars, 687, 772-73. 
 J-Pnighfs ivort, 558. 
 P\not-g?'dss, 393, 419. 
 A'ut'7dltau/a grac/Z/s, 1016. 
 
 hirsuta, 1016. 
 
 vesicatoria, 1000. 
 Kochia hyssopifolia, 1007. 
 
 prostrata, 1007. 
 
 scoparia, 511. 
 
 sedoides, 1007. 
 I'Coeleria cristata, 950. 
 
 phieoides, 97 r. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Il8 3 
 
 Koenigia Tslandica, 1028. 
 Ko-kin, Japanese poem, 646. 
 Kokum oil, 483. 
 Kongara language, of Dar Fur, 
 
 1068. 
 Koobokusi, Japanese temple, 615. 
 Koodoo antelope, 818. 
 Koran, 525, 599. 
 
 Koripan, Javan seat of gov't, 664. 
 Korusco, in Egypt, 1068. 
 Ko-si-ki, history of Japan, 615. 
 Kosteletzkya Virginica, 989. 
 Ko-teou, or Ko-tow, Chinese form 
 
 of saluting the Emperor, 624. 
 Koua symbols, forming the Y-king, 
 
 r 53- 
 Kousouri, village of the Ainos, 
 
 1006. 
 Kraft o (Saghalien) island, north of 
 
 Japan, 1070. 
 A'rameria triandra, 799. 
 Krigia Virginica, 968, 1016. 
 Kris, or short sword, 147. 
 Kshattriya, military caste of the 
 
 Hindus, 118. 
 Kuen-lun mountains, 1070. 
 Kufic inscriptions, 629, 779. 
 
 letters, 860. 
 Kuhnia eupatorioides, 992. 
 Kunasiri, island East of Yeso, 953. 
 Kurile Islands, 971, 1004, 100S, 
 
 1070. 
 Kusa grass, 238. 
 Kutab Minar, round tower near 
 
 Delhi, 716. 
 A'a te -era gum , 254. 
 Kydia calycina, 521. 
 Kyllingia macrocephala, 733. 
 moitocepkala, 973. 
 odorata, 950. 
 pumila, 430, 1 041. 
 triceps, 973. 
 umbellata, 973. 
 
 Lablab vulgaris, 614. 
 Labong, city in Burmah, 5S8. 
 Labrador, 662, 858, 1009. 
 Laburnum, 355. 
 Labyrinth, 90, 796, 1068. 
 Lac dye, 305, 691. 
 Lace-bark, 983. 
 Lace tree, 983. 
 Lachenalia orchioides, 977. 
 
 pallida, 932, 
 
 tricolor ; 1009. 
 Lachnanthes tinctoria, 1040. 
 Lacquer, 634. 
 Lactuca augustana, 894. 
 
 Canadensis, 962. 
 
 coriacca, 253. 
 
 tretica, 998. 
 
 elongata, see L. Canadensis. 
 
 graminifolia, 1041. 
 
 quercina, 889. 
 
 saligna, 884. 
 
 Lactuca scariola (sativa)> 222, 969. 
 
 sonchifolia, 1008. 
 
 virosa, 252. 
 Ladanum gum, 118. 
 Ladrone Islands, 865. 
 Lady fern, 914. 
 Lady's tresses, 848. 
 Lagenaria, the gourd, 137, 878, 926. 
 
 vulgaris, 876, 917, 929. 
 Lagerstrcemia glomerata, 278. 
 
 hirsuta, 974. 
 
 Lndica, 756. 
 
 kha-moung-phyu, 278. 
 
 klee-za, 240. 
 
 microcarpa, 728. 
 
 parviflora, 737. 
 
 regina, 692. 
 Lagetta lintearia, 9S3. 
 Lagoecia cuminoides, 158. 
 Lagurus ovatus, 163. 
 Lahaya corymbosa, 993. 
 
 spadicea, 970. 
 Lahore, city on the upper Indus, 
 
 658, 676, 684, 775. 
 Lake Champlain, 927. 
 
 Huron, 933. 
 
 Moeris, 106S. 
 
 St. John, discovered, 958. 
 
 Superior, 926, 939. 
 
 temples, 562. 
 
 villages, 154, 252, 450, 1069. 
 Lama, or Peruvian camel, 665. 
 Lamaism, religion of Thibet and 
 
 Tartary, 751, 758, 767, 791. 
 La Matanza, an island, 924. 
 Lami?iaria Btosez'illii, 319. 
 
 bulbosa, 319. 
 
 saccharina, 368. 
 Lamium album, 635. 
 
 a?nplexicaule y 419, 822. 
 flexuosum, 105S. 
 
 garganicum, 1004. 
 
 incisum, 912. 
 
 laevigatum, 870. 
 
 maculatum, 509. 
 
 multifidum, 1001. 
 
 orvala, 1004. 
 
 purpureum, 510. 
 
 rugosum, 993- 
 Lanaria plumosa, 906. 
 Lancaster Sound, 933. 
 Lanceivood, 383, 600. 
 Land-crocodile, or Monitor, 12, 38. 
 
 surveying, 66, 233. 
 
 tortoises, 957. 
 Landolphia florida, 731. 
 Langivach, on the Lower Obi, 781. 
 Language, 13, 74, 101, 821. 
 
 Burman, 322. ^ 
 
 Lydian, 148. 
 
 Peruvian, ancient, 665. 
 Lantana aculeata, 1000. 
 
 camara, S20. 
 
 involucrata, 1 000. 
 
 melissaefolia, ion. 
 
 mista, 993. 
 
 Lantana odorata, 986. 
 
 stricta, 982. 
 
 trifolia, 986. 
 Lanuvium, city in Latium, 213. 
 Laocoon group, Greek sculpture, 
 
 3 2 5- 
 Lapathum sp. t 817. 
 Lapis lazuli, 106. 
 Laplanders, 81. 
 La Plata River, 868. 
 Lappa edulis, 418. 
 
 major, see Arctium. 
 Lappago racemosa, 852. 
 Lapsana communis, 361. 
 
 virgata, 1003. 
 Lapwing, 49. 
 Larch, 424, 621, 810. 
 Larissa, cities bearing this name, 
 
 *37, 153- 
 Larix Americana, 810, 935. 
 
 Europcca, 424. 
 
 leptostachys, 499. 
 Larkspur, 177, 292-3, 679. 
 Larus sp,, sea gulls, 453. 
 Laserpitium angustisshnum, 930. 
 
 aquilegifolium, 683. 
 
 aureum, 930. 
 
 ferulaceum, 996. 
 
 Gallicum, 898. 
 
 glabrum, 669. 
 
 hirsutum, 975. 
 
 latifolium, 911. 
 
 hbanotis, 889. 
 
 Pruthenicujii, 975. 
 
 jz/^r, 342. 
 
 trilobum, Si 5. 
 Latania Borboiiica, 1038. 
 Lathrcea squamaria, 557. 
 Lathyrus amphicarpos, 355. 
 
 angulatus, 894. 
 
 antiuus, 882- 
 
 aphaca, 826. 
 
 articulatus, 1023. 
 
 cicera, 220. 
 
 clyme?2um, 1000. 
 
 decap/iyllus, 1057. 
 
 helodes, 961. 
 
 Aeterop/zyllus, 1019. 
 
 hirsutus, 93 1. 
 
 incurvus, 1007. 
 
 latifolius, S49, 911. 
 
 maritimus, 873, 926. 
 
 myrtifolius, 1052. 
 
 A T issolia, 905. 
 
 odoratus, 992. 
 
 palustns, 940. 
 
 pisiform is, 1 013. 
 
 pratensis, 911. 
 
 purpureus, 998. 
 
 sativus, 220. 
 
 setifolius, 894. 
 
 sylvestris, 906. 
 
 tuberosus, 670. 
 
 venosus, 1052. 
 Latin Church, 619. 
 
 in church services, 609. 
 
n84 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Latin literature, 3S8, 534, 794. 
 Latitude, parallels of, first estab- 
 lished, 389. 
 Latium, in Italy, 302, 318, 322. 
 
 Laurel, 28, 167, 448, 886. 
 Laureneia botrvoide^, 368. 
 Laure^t/uu\, 32S. 
 Lauras Canariensis, 44S. 
 
 {Persia) Carolinensis, ^)l- 
 earyopl/yllus, 782. 
 (Persea) Ceitesbyaua, 1005. 
 (Oreodaphne) eupularis, 431. 
 (Caryodaphue) deusiflora, 4_| 5. 
 {Sassafras) hmau-theu, 278. 
 Lndica, 795. 
 
 (Sassafras) ka-rwae, 58S. 
 Zyat-zai, 278. 
 
 (Benzoin) melissaefolium, 1039. 
 montaita, 1038. 
 nitida, 27S. 
 nobilis, 28, 969. 
 
 (Benzoin) odarifernm, 770, S75. 
 (Camphora) ojfteitiarum, 39S. 
 (Sassafras) parthenoxylon, 445. 
 sp-, 394- 
 till, 467. 
 Lavandula deutata, S89. 
 miiltifida, 902. 
 spica, 262. 
 stoechas, 466. 
 7>mr, 645, 969. 
 Lava/era arborea, 353. 
 Ov//V<7, 977. 
 maritima, 902. 
 tnicaus, 977. 
 <?//5/tz, 898. 
 Tlinriuy/aca, 932. 
 triloba, (ooo. 
 tn/neslris, 937. 
 Lar'euder, 262, 645. 
 Lwreuta decurubens, 9S3. 
 Z,/zvr, 704. 
 
 Lavinium, city in Italy, 174. 
 Law-pleadings, changed from Fr. 
 to English by Edward III., 791. 
 Laws, agrarian, 292. 
 Chinese, 589, 708. 
 of the Burgundians, 571. 
 of (Alfred) England, 644, 715. 
 of Hungary, 6S3. 
 of Lycur^us, 202, 397. 
 of the Romans, 270. 
 of the Saxons published, 615. 
 of Solon, 233, 270. 
 written, 202, 225. 
 Lawsonia alba, 1S9. 
 Lead, 113, 520. 
 League of Cambray, 860. 
 
 of Protestant princes against 
 Ferdinand II., 943. 
 Leaning tower at Pisa, 714. 
 Leather, 576, 582. 
 Leavenioorthia uniflora, 1044. 
 Leeanora parella, 436. 
 Lee /tea major, [026. 
 minor, 961. 
 
 Lcc/tea teuiii folia, 104T. 
 
 l/iyiuifolia, 1041. 
 Lectisternium, Roman religious 
 
 festival, 301. 
 Lecytlus parviflora, 950. 
 Lcdehouria hvacinthoides, 350. 
 Ledum latifolium, 1027. 
 
 Paluslre, SS9. 
 Leea li/rta, 41 2. 
 
 maeropl/ytla, 462. 
 
 sambuL ina, 691. 
 Leech, 454. 
 Leed, 704. 
 Lee/.; 1 44. 
 Leeria nutans, 9S7. 
 L,eersia leniiatlaris, 1044. 
 
 oryz.udes, 940. 
 
 Vtr^/niea, 1049. 
 Leiophyllum buxi folium, 1036. 
 Leipsic, citv of, 1059. 
 Leleges, or Carians, 193. 
 Le Mairc, Straits of, 978. 
 Lemna gibba, 478. 
 
 minor, ih\ 
 
 polyrhiza, 47S. 
 
 trtsulea, 351. 
 Lemnos, Greek island, 186. 
 Lemon, 644, 779. 
 
 grass, see Cymlopogou. 
 Lentil, 46. 
 Leonolis leouurus, 975. 
 
 nepetifolta, 982. 
 Leonine chrysoyonum, 484. 
 
 leoutopetalou, 265. 
 
 vesiearia, 1033. 
 Leontium, city in Sicily, 213. 
 Leonlodon autumnalc, S70. 
 
 cri spurn, 904. 
 
 hispidum, 826. 
 
 ol'OT'tltUS, 93I. 
 
 taraxaeum, 419, 6S5. 
 Leonurus cardiaea, 733. 
 
 lauatus, 71)3 
 
 ?narrtd>/a\trum, 993. 
 
 S/berieus, 1013. 
 Leopard, 30. 
 
 the hunting, 87. 
 Lepe/e/n'S pinna ta, 1043. 
 Lepanto, battle at, 900. 
 Lepidinm alpinum, 921. 
 
 Bonariense, ion. 
 
 campestre, S34. 
 
 coriiufum , 472. 
 
 draba, 485. 
 
 yramnitj'olium, 477. 
 
 ?ber/\\ 477. 
 
 latifolium , 473, 969. 
 
 lyratum, 996. 
 
 perfoliatum, 894. 
 
 ruderale, 634. 
 
 sath'um, 94. 
 
 sptnosum, 540. 
 
 J'iroinieum, 867. 
 
 vesieartum, 1007. 
 Lepidotum, city in Egypt, 130. 
 Lepisma, silver-fish insect, 323. 
 
 Lepraria flava, 318. 
 
 Leprosy, cutaneous disease, 13 1,141. 
 Letadeiiia lancifolia ? 426. 
 
 reticulata, 464. 
 Leptocarpns simplex, 975. 
 J^cptoeaulis divarieatus, 1040. 
 Leptochloa mucronata, 1039. 
 Lepiopoda fimbriata, 1 043. 
 Lepturus ? pauieulatus, 1058. 
 Lepurandra saccidora, see Antiaris. 
 Lepus Americanus, 866, 869, 87^, 
 908. 
 
 cuniculus, 87. 
 Grocnlandicus, 909. 
 palustris, 869, 908. 
 timidus, hare, 46, 452. 
 variabilis, 875. 
 Lesbos, Greek island, 222. 
 Z espedeza cap iL ita y or f?'ittescens t 
 1000. 
 
 crytobotria, 601. 
 hirta, 1016. 
 latebrosa, 997. 
 procumbens, 1041. 
 repens, ion. 
 violacea, 1016. 
 Letters in Inscriptions, &c, ancient 
 forms of, 49S, 544, 555, 566, 570, 
 574, 597»6i3, 684, 725, 776. 
 of Marque, 762. 
 Ztf/W, 222, 252, 361, 909, 935. 
 Leueadendron argenteum, 1006. 
 deettrreus, 975. 
 Lei'isamts, 1006. 
 squarrosiun, 1006. 
 Leucanthe?num vulgare, 645. 
 Leueas a.spera, 739. 
 biflora, 970. 
 Marttnicensis, 1019. 
 Zeylouica, 966. 
 Lcueoium icstraum, 350. 
 autumnalc, 902. 
 tricltopJiyllum, 961. 
 vernum, S70. 
 Leiuospermum conocarpitm, 1006. 
 
 hypophylhtm, 1006. 
 Levant, or Turkey co , the, for trade 
 
 betw. England and Turkey, 903. 
 Levelling, art of, 127. 
 Lezaisia rediviva, 604 
 Lexington, town in Mass., 1035. 
 Ley sera eallieornia, 1000. 
 Liang, the later, sixteenth Chinese 
 dynasty, 647. 
 
 twelfth Ch. dyn, 571, 583, 5S4. 
 Liatns eyliudrica, 1039. 
 elegaus, 1040. 
 graeilis, 1033. 
 gramiuij'olia, 1033, 
 heterophylla, 1 033. 
 odoratissima, 1040. 
 pauieulata, T040. 
 paucijlora, 1033. 
 pilosa, 1040. 
 pyenosta* l/ya, ion. 
 scariosa, 962. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Il8 5 
 
 Liatris spicata, 962. 
 
 squarrosa, 978. 
 Libations, 43. 
 Libraries, 65, 124, 245, 552. 
 
 at Alexandria, 373, 375, 382, 
 338, 555. 
 
 at Buda, 824. 
 
 at Constantinople, 618, 719, 
 824, 869. 
 
 at Heidelberg, 940. 
 
 at Rome, 400, 442, 464, 532. 
 
 in China, 403. 
 
 in France, 74 r. 
 
 in Greece, 239, 245. 
 
 in Pergamus, 457. 
 
 the Medicean, 842. 
 Lichen rocella, see Rocella. 
 Lichens, 4, 318. 
 Licitala acutifida.) 411. 
 
 spinosa, 950, 966. 
 Light, development of, by magnets, 
 
 1066. 
 Light-house, or pharos, built at 
 
 Alexandria, 373. 
 Lightning, in Greenland, 767. 
 Ligu-aloes, 189. 
 Lignum colubrinum, 639, 8 1 3. 
 Ligurian language, 154. 
 Ligusticum acteaefolium, 935, 1044. 
 
 athamanthoides, 901. 
 
 Austriacum, 920. 
 
 cervaria, see Peucedanum. 
 
 ferulaceum, 971. 
 
 levisticum, 530. 
 
 ( Trochiscanthes) nodijloi'um, 
 
 474- 
 
 Peloponnense, 889. 
 
 Scoticum, 581, 935. 
 
 Sibericum, 1013. 
 
 vaginatum, 1013. 
 Ligustrum ibota, 788. 
 
 "Japonicum, 976. 
 
 vulgare, 460. 
 Li-ki, or Chinese Ritual, 192. 
 Lilac, 362. 
 Lilium bulbifenun, 27 3. 
 
 Canadense, 641, 940, 958. 
 
 candidum, 129, 960. 
 
 Catesb.iei, 1003. 
 
 Chalcedonicum, 273. 
 
 J&zmtchaticum, 101S. 
 
 martagon, 779. 
 
 Poinsvlvanicuin , 1003. 
 
 Philadelphicum, 958, 968. 
 
 pomponium, 793, 976. 
 
 Pyrenaieum, 922. 
 
 specios?ivi, Cf~j6. 
 
 superbum, 866, 936, 958. 
 
 umbellatum, 1054. 
 ^Lily, 129. 
 Lily of the valley, 558. 
 Lima bean, 1018. 
 
 Lima, city in Peru, 875, 8Si, 1019. 
 Limestone, 87. 
 Limnanthemum cristatum, 975. 
 
 Forbesianum, 1068. 
 
 Limnanthemum lacunosum, 903. 
 
 trachyspermum, 1040. 
 Limodorum abortivum, 922. 
 
 epigonium, 1013. 
 Limonia acidissima, 725 
 
 iMadagascarensis, 957. 
 Limosella aquatica, 919 
 Limulus Americanus, 909. 
 Linaria Aegyptiaca, 491. 
 
 amethyst ma, 961. 
 
 arvensis, 937. 
 
 bipunctata, 961. 
 
 Canadensis % 1016. 
 
 Chalepensis, 9S9. 
 
 corifolia, 998. 
 
 cymbalaria, 491. 
 
 Dalmatica, 937. 
 
 dealbata, 961. 
 
 elatine, 491. 
 
 geuisfifolia , 908. 
 
 Graeca, 49 1. 
 
 grandiflora y 998. 
 
 limfolia, 937. 
 
 linogrisea, 961. 
 
 Lusitanica, 961. 
 
 minor, 910. 
 
 midticaiilis, 972. 
 
 multipunetata, 961. 
 
 origanifolia, 937. 
 
 Pelisseriana, 931. 
 
 pilosa, 1003. 
 
 purpurea, 907. 
 
 reflexa, 992. 
 
 repens, 937. 
 
 simplex, 995. 
 
 supiua, 995. 
 
 spuria, 491, 8S2. 
 
 tenella, 1054. 
 
 triphylla, 902. 
 
 villosa, 971. 
 
 vulgaris, 478, 969. 
 Linden, 214, 227. 
 Lindera sericea, 622. 
 
 triloba, 632. 
 Lindemia pyxidaria, 1009. 
 Lindus, city in Rhodes, 136. 
 Linen, 49. 
 
 Lingam, Bacchic emblem, 606, 815. 
 / inkia nostoc, 973. 
 Linnma borealis, 835. 
 Linnasan Society, London, Trans- 
 actions of, 1046. 
 Linociera compacta, 999. 
 
 cotinifolia, 999. 
 Linum alpuium, 907. 
 
 angustifolium, 154, 451. 
 
 arboreum, 90 ^- 
 
 aquilinum, 661. 
 
 Austriacum, 913. 
 
 campamdatiwi, 903. 
 
 catharticum, 847. 
 
 Gallicum, 501. 
 
 hirsutum, 584. 
 
 luteolum, 1007. 
 
 maritimum, 889. 
 
 Narbonense, 937. 
 149 
 
 Linum per -enne, 572, 880. 
 
 rigidum, 1057. 
 
 strictum, 903. 
 
 tcnue, 961. 
 
 tenuifolium, 889. 
 
 usitatissimum , 44, 944, 
 
 verticillatum, 993. 
 
 Virgiuianmn, 881, 90S, 926, 929, 
 940. 
 
 viscosum, 940. 
 Linus, the earliest Greek poet, 136. 
 Lion, 12, 18, 264, 618, 621, 791. 
 Liparia villosa, 1014. 
 Liparis liliifolia, 1016. 
 
 Loeselii, 898. 
 Lipocarpha argentea, 1045. 
 Lippia Americana, 1012. 
 
 asperifolia, 9S4. 
 
 cymosa, 983. 
 
 lanceolata, 1016. 
 
 nodiflora, 920. 
 Liqttidambar altingia, 639. 
 
 styracifiua, 741, 928-29. 
 Liquorice, 305, 309. 
 Liquor ice-vetch, 720. 
 Liriodendron tulipifera, 767, 909, 
 
 929, 958. 
 Lisbon, city in Portugal, 704, 854, 
 
 1022. 
 Lisianthus exaltatus, 915. 
 
 longifolius, 982. 
 
 trinervis, 957. 
 Listei'a convallarioides, 1044. 
 
 cordata, 930- 
 
 ovata, 541. 
 Li-tai-ki-sse, the, a collection of 
 
 Chinese annals, 1028. 
 Literature, Egyptian, 62. 
 
 Muslim, 687. 
 
 of other nations, 623, 737, 845. 
 Lithography, invention of, 104S. 
 Lithospermum angustifolium, 1044. 
 
 arvense, 835. 
 
 callosum, 433. 
 
 dispermum, 1025. 
 
 erythrorhizo7i, 526. 
 fruticosum, 490. 
 
 latifalium, 1044. 
 
 officinale, 450. 
 
 purpureo coeruleuni, 404. 
 
 tcjiuiflorum, 450. 
 
 tinctorium , or a?'nebia, 2S6. 
 Lithotomy, 306. 
 Lithotrity, 471. 
 Lithrea Chilensis, 661. 
 Lithuania, or East Poland, 802. 
 Litsaea glabraria, 966. 
 
 trincrvia, IO00. 
 Littorella lacustris, 978. 
 Liverwort, 436, 514, 843. 
 "Livre de Nature," first printed 
 
 work on Natural History, S42. 
 Lloydia Gnzca, 350. 
 Loasa acanthifolia, 1002. 
 Lobelia acuminata, 915. 
 
 ammna, 1 04 1. 
 
n86 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Lobelia arborea, 9S5. 
 
 Breyu/i, 975 
 
 cardinal is, 945. 
 
 Claytoni, 1016. 
 
 Cliffortiaua, 990. 
 
 coronopifolia, 975. 
 
 Dortmanna, 897. 
 
 erinoides, 982. 
 fulgenSy 1054. 
 
 glandulosa, 1039-40. 
 
 hirsuta, 1015* 
 
 in jlit, 1, 10 1 5. 
 
 A'al/uii, 995. 
 
 Laurenfia, 993. 
 
 longijlora, 982. 
 
 /wVrf, 1015. 
 
 nicotiani folia, 744. 
 
 paludosa, 1057. 
 
 Pinifoiia, 975. 
 
 puberula, 104 1. 
 
 siphilitica, 957. 
 
 j/., 230. 
 
 suceulenta, 1065. 
 
 AW/,/, 551. 
 
 ////v, 1002. 
 
 ureus, 937. 
 Loblolly, 761, 777. 
 Locks, invention of, 54, 198. 
 Locri, in Italy, 225. 
 Locust, 76S, 941. 
 Locust, the migratory, 51, 94S. 
 Lodoieea Seychellarimi, 856. 
 Lo£, in navigation, 865. 
 Logarithms, invention of, 933. 
 Logic, 269. 
 Log-wood, 919. 
 Loire, river in France, 442, 
 Loiseleuria procitmbeus, 907. 
 Loliitm arveuse, 978. 
 
 percnue, 93. 
 
 tcmulcntum, 93, 451. 
 Lollards, „l Christian sect, 795. 
 Lom aria graudis, 386. 
 Lombards, 553, 586, 619, 622. 
 Lombardy Poplar, 672. 
 Lonchitis aurita, 9S7. 
 
 hirsuta, 987. 
 
 repeats, 9S7. 
 Lonchocarpus laxi/lori/s, 730. 
 London bridge, 714. 
 London, city in England, 552, 964. 
 
 Great fire in, 964. 
 Long Island, in Long Island Sound, 
 
 95=. 1035. 
 Long walls at Athens, 269. 
 Longitude of places on the Earth's 
 
 surface, 929, 971. 
 Louie era brachypoda, 817. 
 
 caprifolittm, 160. 
 
 ciliosa, 1055. 
 
 corymbosa, 661. 
 fiava, 1039. 
 
 ^rata, 1039. 
 
 Japonica, 963. 
 
 phirvi flora, 1036. 
 
 pcriclynientim, 160. 
 
 Loniccra Pyrenaica, 98S. 
 
 semjervirens, 959. 
 
 xylosteiim, see Xylosteum. 
 Loo Choo Islands, 235, 597, 71 r, 
 
 716, 79S, 822, 928, 1032. 
 Loosestrife, 372, 379. 
 Lophira alata, 730. 
 Lophiola a urea, 1055. 
 LophoUcnia aurea, 480. 
 Loranthus Aincritanus, 986. 
 
 elasticus, 974. 
 
 Europ&us, 186. 
 
 longiflorus, 693. 
 
 louieeroides, 974. 
 
 Oceidentalis, 9S2. 
 
 scurrula, 997* 
 Lory, or red parrot, 564, 816. 
 Lota vulgaris, burbot, 453. 
 i>&> /m% 886. 
 Lotophagi, 174. 
 Lotus angustissimw;, 931. 
 
 cornieulatus, 172. 
 
 Creticus, 1000. 
 
 cytisoides, 902. 
 
 diffitsus, 937. 
 
 edulis, 442. 
 
 Forskali, 410. 
 
 jruticosa, 410. 
 
 glaucus, 918. 
 
 hirsutus, 894. 
 jacobacus, 993. 
 
 major, 172. 
 
 ornithopodioides, 909. 
 
 peregriuus, 894. 
 
 rectus, 213. 
 
 siliquosus, 89S. 
 
 tetragonolobus , 92 1 . 
 Lotus, or water-lily, 1 1 t . 
 Louisbourg, town on the island of 
 
 Cape Breton, 1018, 1023. 
 Louisiana, State in N. America, 925, 
 978, 1003-4, 1023, 1053-54, 1059. 
 Lavage, ^o, 581. 
 Lubec, Germany, 708. 
 Lucuma bijera, 000. 
 
 eaimilo, 754. 
 
 iHitmmosa, 659. 
 
 o/wata, 662. 
 
 spiuosa, 660. 
 
 turhuiata, 660. 
 
 J'aljaradisiea, 660. 
 Lndioigia altcruifoha, 999. 
 
 areitata, 1040. 
 
 capitata, 1040. 
 
 glandulosa, 1040. 
 
 hirsuta, 1040. 
 
 linearis, 1040. 
 
 mollis, 1040. 
 
 polyearpa, 1067. 
 
 sphcerocarpa, 106 1. 
 
 virgata, 1040. 
 Luffa acutangula, 413, 462. 
 
 a/uara, 523. 
 
 Antbum, 553. 
 
 bindaal, 497. 
 
 pcutaudra, 818. 
 
 Luma sp., 660. 
 Lumuitzera racemosa, 745. 
 Lunar ta eaneseeus, 906. 
 
 Graeca, 996. 
 
 rediviva, 517, 969. 
 Lungwort, 514, 567, 635, 978. 
 Lupines, edible, 183. 
 Lupinns albus, 301. 
 
 angustifolius, 355. 
 
 argenteus, 1055. 
 
 hirsutus, 202. 
 
 Nootkatensis, 1046. 
 
 perennis, 977. 
 
 pilosus, 202. 
 
 pusillus, 1054. 
 
 scr teens, 1055. 
 
 tennis, 183. 
 
 villosus, 1040. 
 Lusitania, or Portugal, 40T. 
 Lutra vulgaris, otter, 136, 452. 
 Luxor, 119, 123. 
 Luzon, island in the East Indies, 
 
 788, 846, 916. 
 Luzula albida, 937. 
 
 campestris, 419, 903. 
 
 glal'rata, 1042. 
 
 maxima, 512. 
 
 melanocarpa, 1044. 
 
 nivea, 976. 
 
 pallescens, 1011. 
 
 ///<w, 838. 
 
 spadieea, 1005. 
 
 spieata, 1007. 
 Lybia, in Africa, 66, 226. 
 Lycaonia, and its language, 299, 
 
 4S0. 
 Lychnis alpi/za, 991. 
 
 a petal:;, 101 [. 
 
 Chedeedouiea, 781. 
 
 d/i'/ea, 504. 
 
 Jlos-eueuli, 504. 
 
 variegata, 998. 
 
 7'espert/ua, 451, 504. 
 
 visearia, 849. 
 Lyeia, country in A^ia Minor, 128. 
 Lyeiuni A/mm, 491. 
 
 barbarum, 363. 
 
 Caroliniauum, 1033. 
 
 Europamm, 161. 
 Lyeoperdon bovista, 827. 
 
 cpidendrum , 36S. 
 
 /icratlcum, 1029. 
 
 solidum, see Paehvma cocos* 
 
 sp., 970. 
 Lycopersieum esculentum, 615. 
 
 Peruviana in, 1002. 
 Lyeojodium alopecuroides, 962. 
 
 alpinum, 8S6. 
 
 aunotimun, S36. 
 
 Caroliniauum, 1017. 
 
 clavatum, $36. 
 
 cotnplanatum, 785, 1031. 
 
 eurvatum, &c , 1001. 
 
 dendroides, 792. 
 
 deuticulatinn, 203. 
 
 imbricatum, 69S. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1187 
 
 Lycopodium inwidatum, 988. 
 
 linifolium, &c., 987. 
 
 lucidulum, 1017, 1044. 
 
 Phlegmaria, 974. 
 
 plumosum, 975. 
 
 rupestris, 962, 1017, 1032. 
 
 selago, 410. 
 Lycopsis arvensis, 828. 
 
 echioides, 368. 
 
 obtusifolia, 1007. 
 
 /«//<*, 889. 
 
 Virginica, 1016. 
 Lycopus Virginicus, 1016. 
 
 vulgaris, 454. 
 Lydia, kingdom in Asia Minor, 14S, 
 
 * 53» 241- 
 Lygeum spartum, 878. 
 Lygodium circinnatum, 997. 
 
 flexuosu??i, 974. 
 
 palmatum, 1041. 
 
 pinnatifidum, 974. 
 
 scandens, 975. 
 
 volubile, 983. 
 Lyme grass ', 927. 
 
 Lynn, town in Massachusetts, 952. 
 Lynx, 154. 
 Lyons, or Lugdunum,city in France, 
 
 455- 4§2, 531, 628, 736. 
 Lysimachia anagalloidts, 998. 
 
 angustifolia, T041. 
 
 atropurpurea, 372. 
 
 ciliata, 1014. 
 
 dubia, 774. 
 
 ephemerum, 905. 
 
 heterophylla, 992. 
 
 lanceolata, 1005. 
 
 linum-stellatum , 937. 
 
 longifolia, 1056. 
 
 nemorum, 892. 
 
 mimmuhwia, 655. 
 
 punctata, 921. 
 
 quadrifolia, 932. 
 
 sti'icta, 999. 
 
 thyrsifiora, 921. 
 
 vulgaris, 372. 
 Lythrum acuminatum, 1007. 
 
 a/a turn, 1056. 
 
 hyssopifolium, 884. 
 
 lineare, 1016 
 
 nieonanthitm, 961. 
 
 salicaria, 372, 419. 
 
 thymifolia, 930. 
 
 virgatum, 99S. 
 
 Maba euxifolia, 241. 
 
 Macao, city of, founded, 863, 921. 
 
 Macaranga Indica, 744. 
 
 Roxbuigkii, 414. 
 
 tomentosa, 744. 
 Macassar, 960. 
 Macbridca Caroliniana, IC40. 
 Maccabee coins, 402. 
 Macedonia, 221, 373, 399, 619, 789, 
 
 798. 
 Machaerina restioides, 999. 
 
 Mackerel, 874. 
 Madura, 869. 
 Macrocladus sp., 112. 
 Maculists, a religious sect, 858. 
 Madagascar, 60, 91, 165, 312, 330, 
 
 333, 706,821, 860,953, 956. 
 Madder, 275, 661. 
 
 Indian, 421, 526, 831. 
 Madeira, 794, 810, 823. 
 Madia mellosa, 1002. 
 
 saliva, 1002. 
 
 viscosa, 1046. 
 Madrid, city in Spain, 834, 967. 
 Madura, in Southern Hindustan, 
 
 571, 942. 
 Madwort, 503. 
 
 Maeonia, part of Lydia, 152. 
 M&rua crassifolia, 390. 
 Magadha, in Hindustan, 236. 
 Magellan, Straits of, discovered, 
 
 864, 902. 
 Magian religion, 252, 566. 
 Magna Charta, 720, 722, 764. 
 Magnesia, city in Asia Minor, 213. 
 
 the mineral, 279. 
 Magnetic needle, or mariner's com- 
 pass, 80, 686, 750. 
 Magnetic variation, 815, 852, 933, 
 
 980. 
 Magnetism, 302. 
 Magnolia acuminata, 1003. 
 
 cor data, 1 04 1. 
 
 glauca, 908. 
 
 grandijlora, 1 005. 
 
 hypoleuca, 500. 
 
 kobus, 989. 
 
 macrophylla, 1044. 
 
 obovata, 989. 
 
 pariflora, 632. 
 . Pyramidata, 1033. 
 
 tripetala, 1003. 
 
 yulan, 600. 
 Mahabharata, Sanscrit epic poem, 
 
 602. 
 Mahadeva emblem, 606. 
 Mahamlaipur in Hindustan, temple 
 
 there, 743. 
 Mahernia pinnata, 1001. 
 
 verticillata, 999. 
 Mahogany^ 673. 
 
 .ZTtzjf Indian, 562. 
 Mahometans, 609. 
 Maidenhair fern, 37, 938. 
 Maina bird, 743. 
 Maine, North American State, 958, 
 
 965, 975, 1062. 
 Maize, or Indian com, 610, 665, 
 
 668, 741, 859. 
 Majapahit, Hindu capital of Java, 
 
 762, 775. 798, 8H, 834- 
 Malabar, Eastern coast of Hindu- 
 stan, 573, 649, 774-75- 
 Malacca, city and Straits, 750, 861. 
 
 visited by a European ship, 
 860, 863. 
 Malacca canes, 1018. 
 
 Malachra capitata, 983. 
 
 radiata, 987. 
 Malambo bark, yog. 
 Malaria, the Italian, 214. 
 Malaxis paludosa, 1 000. 
 
 R he edit, 974. 
 Malay countries, 147. 
 
 language, 981. 
 Malayan Race of man, 147, 215, 
 
 517,787,924, 976, 981. 
 Malay-apple, 481. 
 Malcomia maritima, 556. 
 Maldive Islands, in the Indian 
 
 Ocean, 427, 786. 
 Mallow, 105, 348, 646, 723, 935. 
 Malope malacoides, 972. 
 Malpiglna coriacea, 982. 
 
 faginea, 950. 
 
 glabra, 993. 
 
 pitnicifolia, 1000. 
 
 urens, &c, 986. 
 Malta, island South of Sicily, 182, 
 
 870, 1050. 
 Malus angustifolia, 929. 
 
 baccata, 610. 
 
 coronaria, 958. 
 
 sylvestris, 134, 181, 451. 
 Malva abutiloides, 1 o 1 1 . 
 
 alcea, 486. 
 
 altha:oides, 556. 
 
 Carolinlana, see Modiola. 
 
 coccinea, 1054. 
 
 crispa, 932. 
 
 fragrans, 1000. 
 
 Gangetica, tooo. 
 
 grossidarifolia, ioil. 
 
 Hispanica, 1000. 
 
 montafia, or lYicceensis, 1026. 
 
 moschata, 969. 
 
 parviflora, 1000. 
 
 rotundifolia, 348, 958, 969. 
 
 Sherardiana, 1007. 
 
 syh'estjis, 105. 
 
 Tournefortiana, 6S3. 
 
 tuber eulata, 961. 
 
 verticillata, 723. 
 
 virgata, ion. 
 Malvva, country in Hindustan, 722. 
 Mamillai'ia simplex, 899. 
 Mammea Americana, 677, 882. 
 Mammei-sapote, 659. 
 Mane hi neel apple, 854. 
 Mandchous, 759, 908, 920, 942, 
 
 958, 1069. 
 Mandingo tribe of Negroes, 268. 
 Mandragora officinalis, 247. 
 Mandrake, 24S. 
 Mandshuria, 956, 1069-70. 
 Manettia lanceolata, 67 r. 
 Manganese, the metal, 756, 1017. 
 Mangarevan, or Gambier Inlands 
 
 in the Pacific, 704-5, 1033. 
 Mangel wurzel, no. 
 Mangifera altissima, 917. 
 
 fcetida, 445. 
 
 Indica, 237. 
 
1 188 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Mango, 237, 445, $3 2 ' 
 Mangosleen, 642. 
 Mangroves, 300, 324, 423, 622. 
 Manhattan island, 928, 03--33- 
 Manhawer, city in Hindustan, 517. 
 Ma wear hi saeehan/era, 715. 
 Manichsean sect, 542, 668, 711. 
 Main/tot dip, 576. 
 
 itlilissima, 575- 
 Manila, city on the Philippines, 
 
 78S, S14, 846, 900, 918, 1021. 
 Manilla-nut, 736. 
 Mam- suns grauulat is, 985- 
 Manna, 75, 614. 
 
 the drug, 169. 
 Man-orchis, 890. 
 
 Mansura, on the Indus, 621, 755. 
 Mantineia, battle at, 2SS, 318. 
 Mantis, or praying-insect, 48. 
 Manufactures and Mechanic Arts, 
 
 1020. 
 Manuka cheiranthns, 993. 
 
 tomentosa, 1000. 
 
 viilosd, 1016. 
 Manwantara, Hindu period of 
 time, 88, 99, 124, 179, 224, 347, 
 
 4S1, 561, 021, 687. 
 
 Many-pronged anchor, 234. 
 Manzanitta, 5S2. 
 Maple, 157, 271, 354, 580,803. 
 Maps, 241, 787, 789, 792, 79S, 87S. 
 Maracanda, see Samarcand. 
 Maranon, or Amazons, river, 858. 
 Ma run to arundiuacea, 985. 
 
 dicholoma, 697. 
 
 tonehat, 966. 
 Marathon, battle at, 258. 
 Mai blehead, seaport of New Kng 
 
 land, 1012, 
 Marcgravia umbcUala, 986. 
 Marcltanlia polymorphic 514. 
 Marcomanni, aCiermanie tribe, 542 
 Mares-tail, 501. 
 
 Margarita, isl. in \V. L, 857, 939. 
 Margaritariii nobilis, 1000. 
 Marigold, 223, 550, 785, 820. 
 Marine societies, 1027. 
 Mamscus aphyllus, 982. 
 
 glandulosus, 3S6. 
 
 maculatits, 1040. 
 
 cvularis, 999. 
 
 pautceiis, 999. 
 
 retroj'raclus, 999. 
 Marjoram, 248, 262. 
 Market, first, estab. in Boston, 948. 
 Mark Islands, in the 1'acilic, 953. 
 Markland, 787. 
 Marquesan, or Nukuhivan, Islands, 
 
 in the I'aufic, 10^4, 1046. 
 Marriage, among priests, 6X7, 740, 
 Marrubium acelabulosuni, 918. 
 
 Africauiiiii, 1000. 
 
 atyssum , 316. 
 
 Aslra/:a///a////, 1007. 
 
 cdud/dissimum, 97 l. 
 
 catarnejolium, 316. 
 
 Marruhimn dnereum, 991. 
 
 Crcticum, 463. 
 
 peregr/'num, 907. 
 
 pscudodictamnus, 317. 
 
 supinum, &c., 993* 
 
 vulgnre, 3 16. 
 Mars, worship of, 439. 
 Marsdeuia erode/, [87. 
 
 linctoria, 58S. 
 Marseilles, 231, 325, 409. 
 Marshdllia ai/gitslifolta, 1040. 
 
 lanceolala, 1040. 
 
 lalifo/ia, 1040. 
 Marsh fern, 849. 
 
 mallmo, 392. 
 
 marigold, 35- ■ 
 Maratea dentala, 698. 
 
 quadrifolia, 702. 
 Martaban, city in Burmah, 753, 766. 
 Marten weasel, 52, 136, 4^2. 
 Martha's Vineyard, island, 923. 
 Martynia diandra, IO09. 
 
 probostidea, 1024. 
 Martyrs, 632, 888, S91, 900, 918, 
 
 1019, 1071-72. 
 Manila eotn/a, 703, 969. 
 Marwar, capital of the Rahtor clan, 
 
 716. 
 
 Maryland, North American State, 
 
 947» 95 r - 95 s - 9^i- 
 Mascareitoie, or Bourbon Island, 
 
 953- 957- 
 Maserdree, 353. 
 Massachusetts, North American 
 
 State, 943, 953, 975, 9S0, .no, 
 
 io35» 10 39. I0 4i- 
 Massacre of Protestants on St. 
 Bartholomew's dav, 900. 
 
 Mascara, quarries at, 107. 
 
 Mas senna lal/folia, 978. 
 
 Maslenoort, 760. 
 
 APasl/ch, 275 
 
 Mastiff, Thibetan, 20. 
 
 Mathematical science, 65, 66. 
 
 Matricaria Capcnsis, 1014. 
 
 chamomMa, 295. 
 
 diseoidea, 1055. 
 
 parthenium , 969. 
 
 sna7',('tcus, 295. 
 JA/Af, 234. 
 
 Matsmay, city in Japan, S17. 
 Matsuri, religious festival of the 
 
 Japanese, 6t I. 
 Mdtthiold fencslralis, 434. 
 
 ineana, 375, 969. 
 
 //?'/ ( /,f, 26. 
 
 sii/nata, 894. 
 
 Irienspidata, 584. 
 Maiideli/ie, 669. 
 
 Maulmain, city and seaport in Bur- 
 mah, 766. 
 Mauritania, or llarbary, 532. 
 Mann fin //exuoso, 858. 
 Maurya, dynasty of Hindu kln^s, 
 
 554 
 
 Moytitd M/ehauxii, 1041. 
 
 Mayapan, city in Yucatan, 799. 
 
 May-apple, 767. 
 
 Mayence, city on the Rhine, 552, 
 
 631,684,796,843,858. 
 Mayflower, Puritan ship, 939. 
 Maylenus Chilcnsis, 661. 
 May-ioeed, 295, 326. 
 Mead ma clary, 630. 
 
 rite, 484, 563. 
 
 saffron, 945. 
 Mecca, 566, 583, 600, 603, 650, 652, 
 
 860. 
 MecJioaean, 784. # 
 
 Med cola angustifolia> 1007. 
 
 - lirginica, SoS. 
 Media, 136, 21S, 221, 457. 
 Median Kmpire, 221. 
 Medicare arbarea, 217. 
 
 eoronatd, 931. 
 
 dentieulata, 1052. 
 
 e/egans } Qyj. 
 P'aleala, 474. 
 
 Gerardi, 977. 
 
 intertcxta, 977. 
 
 laciuia/a, 894. 
 
 hipulina, S71. 
 
 maeuiala, 654. 
 
 marina, 808. 
 
 minima, 451. 
 
 mnrcx, 80.4. 
 
 muricata, 977. 
 
 nigra, 977. 
 
 orbicularis, 937. 
 
 puhesceus, 931. 
 
 radii/la, 904. 
 
 rigidula, 931. 
 
 saliva, 258. 
 
 scufc/lata, 945. 
 
 sylvestris, 1062. 
 
 terebellum, 977. 
 
 toruata, 894. 
 
 tuherculala, 93 r. 
 
 tnrhinala, 898. 
 Medicine, early work on, 6}, 62} 
 
 men of the N. Ametican lubes 
 604. 
 Medinet Abu, temple at Thebes, 
 *3 r >. 5-5- 
 
 Medlar, 201. 
 
 Megalopolis, city in the Peloponne- 
 sus, ^(2. 
 Meyaia, city in (".recce, 1S6. 
 
 city in Sicily, 261. 
 Mcgdrhiza Orcgana, 581. 
 MeguUlu, battle-field in Palestine, 
 
 Ir 3- 
 
 jMclalcuca cajuputi, 444. 
 
 leucadeitdrou, 444. 
 Molampodium Amerieannm , 1012. 
 Melampyrnm Amerieannm , IO38. 
 
 arveuse, 847. 
 
 crista In tn , 837. 
 
 nemoroMtm, 918. 
 
 sylvaticnm , 91 1. 
 
 vulgalnm, 635. 
 Melananlhera hastata, ion. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 189 
 
 Melanorrhtea usitatissima, 423. 
 Melanthesa rhamnoides, 737. 
 Melantkium Sibericam, 1013. 
 
 Virginicum, 999. 
 Melastoma acinodejidron, 1000. 
 
 argenteum, 9S2. 
 
 asperum t 966. 
 
 discolor, 1000. 
 
 fragile, 915. 
 
 hirta, 1000. 
 
 holosericeum, 975. 
 
 Malabathricum, 339, 974. 
 
 splendens, 986. 
 Meleagris gallipavo, turkey, 88 1, 
 
 908. 
 Meles vulgaris, badger, 136, 452. 
 Mdia azedarach, 670. 
 
 composite, 670. 
 
 yaponica, 622 
 Melianthits comosus, 1001. 
 
 major, 970. 
 
 minor, 981. 
 Melica ciliata, 840. 
 
 nutans, 921. 
 
 papilionacea, 982. 
 
 pyramidalis, 971. 
 
 speciosa, 97S. 
 
 uniflora, 89S. 
 Melicocca trijuga, 993. 
 Melilotus alba, 221. 
 
 ccBrnlea, 644. 
 
 Cretica, 271. 
 
 Indica, 802. 
 
 Italica, 802. 
 
 Messanensis, 338. 
 
 officinalis, 22 1. 
 Melissa altissima, 364. 
 
 Cretica, see Thymus Barrelieri. 
 
 grandiflora, 932. 
 
 officinalis, 363. 
 Melittis ?nelissophylliim, 824. 
 Melochia concatenata, 1000. 
 
 corchorifolia, 974. 
 
 depressa, 1012. 
 
 nodifiora, 983. 
 
 pyramidata, 950. 
 
 tomentosa, 9S3. 
 Melon, 72, 229, 929. 
 Melotkria pe/idida, 992. 
 JMcmecylon capitellatunl, 970. 
 
 tinctorium, 671. 
 Meniluks, 735, 741, 862, 105S. 
 Memphis, city in Egypt, 63. 
 Men with tails, 305. 
 Mendang Kamulan, capital of 
 
 Java, 623. 
 Mendes, city in Egypt, 65, 292. 
 Mendicant orders of Monks, 755, 
 
 757- 
 Mendoza, city of, in Chili, 1070. 
 J\h'iiisperniiim {Clypea) Burmanni y 
 521. 
 
 Canadense, 993, 1000. 
 (A/iamirta) cocculus, 541. 
 ( Tinospora) cor di folia, 690. 
 fenestration, 521. 
 
 Menispermum [Cocculus) lecBba, 541. 
 
 peltatum, 970. 
 Mentha aquatica, 190, 935. 
 
 arvensis, 227. 
 
 auricularia, 966. 
 
 borealis, 968. 
 
 Canadensis, 935. 
 
 cervina, 894. 
 
 citrata, 686. 
 
 crispa, 242. 
 
 gentilis, 475. 
 
 gracilis, 919. 
 
 piperita, 671. 
 
 pulegimn, 199, 969. 
 
 rotundifolia, 242. 
 
 rubra , 870. 
 
 sylvestris, 263. 
 
 tomentella, 492. 
 
 viridis, 886. 
 Mentzelia aspera, 986. 
 Menyanthes trifoliata, 450, Si 8. 
 Menziesia ccerulea, see Phyllodon. 
 
 e?npetriformis, 1046. 
 
 ferruginea, 1046. 
 
 globularis, 1041. 
 Mephitis Americana, 909. 
 Merchant adventurers, an associa- 
 tion so-called, 887-88, 920. 
 Merchants of the Staple, an asso- 
 ciation so-called, 773. 
 
 of the Steelyard, an association 
 so-called, 773. 
 Mcrcuriahs annua, 138. 
 
 elliptica, 961. 
 
 perennis, 354. 
 
 tomentosa, 889. 
 Mercury, the planet, 382. 
 
 worship of, 139, 151, 291. 
 Mergui Archipelago, 233. 
 Mergus merganser, 453. 
 Alcriandra Bengalensis, 578. 
 Meroe, city in Upper Nubia, 228, 
 
 441,477, 571. 
 Merovingian dynasty of French 
 
 kings, 620. 
 Mertensia dicho/oma, 976. 
 furcata, 987. 
 paniculata, 1043. 
 Merulius lobatus, 921. 
 Mesembryanthemum acinacifo?'??ia, 
 1004. 
 
 albidu?n, 1004. 
 
 bellidifolium, ion. 
 
 bicolor, 982. 
 
 bractiatum, 1011. 
 
 calamiforme, 1004. 
 
 cammtm, 1004. 
 
 Copticnm, 506. 
 
 crassifoliitm, 1004. 
 
 crystallimim, 990. 
 
 difforme, 990. 
 
 dolabriforme, 1004. 
 
 edule, 230. 
 
 emarcidum, 230. 
 
 expansttm, 975. 
 falcatum, 1004. 
 
 Mesem bryanthem um f Union , 1 009. 
 
 filamentosnm, ion. 
 
 geniculiflorum , &c, 997. 
 
 glaucwn, 1004. 
 
 glomeratum, ion. 
 
 hispidum, 1004. 
 
 latum, ion. 
 
 linguiforme, 1010. 
 
 longum, ion. 
 
 loreum, ion. 
 
 micaus, 1004. 
 
 molle, 975. 
 
 mitricatnm, 1004. 
 
 nodiflorum, 315. 
 
 obliqiuim, 101 1. 
 
 perfoliatum, 1004. 
 
 pomeridianum, 1014* 
 
 pugioniforme, IO04. 
 
 rostratiim, ion. 
 
 scabrum, ion. 
 
 scalpratum, 1004. 
 
 serratum, ion. 
 
 j/., 1048. 
 
 spinosum, 1004. 
 
 splendens, 1004. 
 
 stipulaceum, ion. 
 
 tenuifloriim, 976. 
 
 tenuifolium, 1004. 
 
 tortuosum, 1004. 
 
 tuberosum, 1004. 
 
 uncinatum, 1004. 
 
 verruculatum, ion. 
 Mespilus Germauica, 201. 
 Messene, city of Messenia in 
 
 Greece, 207, 213, 221, 269. 
 Messerschmidia arguzia, 1013. 
 Mesua ferrea, 497. 
 Metacom, 956. 
 Metallurgy, 220. 
 Metapontum, city in Southern 
 
 Italy, 209, 267. 
 Metasteima parviflorum, 975. 
 Meteoric stones, 268. 
 Meteorites, or shooting stars, 541, 
 
 1051, 1072. 
 Methodici, medical sect, 454. 
 Metonic Cycle, 28r. 
 Metrosideros hispida, 985. 
 
 Metroxylon sp., 861. 
 
 robusta, 437. 
 Meum athamantha, 396. 
 
 heterophylln?n, 902. 
 
 innndatum, 976. 
 
 mutelliua, 8S9. 
 Mexican empire, 790. 
 
 monuments, 575, 604. 
 
 silver mines discovered, 888. 
 Mexico, 532, 604, 709, 776, 863, 905, 
 
 915, 919, 1069. 
 Mezquite tree, 741. 
 Miao-tseu, independent tribes in 
 
 China, 1035. 
 Michauxia campanuloides, 900. 
 Michelia champaca, 335. 
 
 Nilagirica, 743. 
 Michigan, N. American State, 1067. 
 
1 190 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Micrduthemiuu orbiculatum, IO40. 
 Microglossa altissima, 384. 
 Mierolo/ua linear*;, 999. 
 Micronesians, 870, 884. 
 Micropus erectus, 46S. 
 Microscopes, 91-), 939. 
 Mierostylis moinphyllos, 919. 
 
 ofhn\dossoides, 1038. 
 Middle town, earlv settlement in 
 
 New Jersey, 963. 
 Mignonette, 1020. 
 Mikania guaco, 1051. 
 
 opifera, 1059. 
 
 scandens, 993. 
 Milan, or Mediolanum, Italian city, 
 on the main route across the 
 Alps, 5-12, 550, 553, 577, 579, 710. 
 Milan cathedral, 796. 
 Milder, 119. 
 Miletus, Greek cily in Asia Minor, 
 
 192, 227-28, 256. 
 M/ i foil, 170, 409. 
 Milium erfusum , 840. 
 
 glancum, 1064. 
 
 multijloruui, 960. 
 Milk thistle, 489. 
 
 wfc^, 399. 
 
 weed, 945, 9X3, 9S6. 
 Milkwort, 487. 
 Millera bijlora, 1009, 
 
 qiihiqneflora, 1009. 
 /!////<■/, 79, 59S, 898. 
 Milliugtonid [Meltosma ) simplici- 
 
 folia, 27S. 
 Milu, Greek island, 1 S7- 
 Munetes citcullata, 1006. 
 
 Hartogii, 1006. 
 
 hirta, 1006. 
 Mimosa abstergens, 670. 
 
 #<:/<?, 917. 
 
 [Prosopis) agrestis, S86. 
 
 asperata, 9^0 
 
 balsamica, 662. 
 
 Capensis, 766. 
 
 ^r/,?, 993. 
 
 {Diehrostachys} ciuerca, 727. 
 
 comigera, 915. 
 
 <?###, 303. 
 
 latispinosa, 384. 
 
 Polydaclyla, 975. 
 
 >W/Vj, 888. 
 
 rubricaulis, 692. 
 
 seusitiva, 975. 
 
 otzw, 9S3. 
 Mimiihis alatus, 1043. 
 
 Jaiuesii, 1062. 
 
 Lcwi.mi, 1054. 
 
 lu/eus, 1002. 
 
 ritijjens, 962. 
 
 JMimusops elengi, 617. 
 
 fruticosa, 380. 
 
 law and ra, 331. 
 
 kauli, 415. 
 kuinmel, 427. 
 Mina castle, S42. 
 Mindanao, island of, 918. 
 
 Minerva, worship of, 147, 265, 302, 
 322, 442. 
 
 Ming, twenty-third Chinese dyn- 
 asty, 791, Soo. 
 
 Mingan Isles, 664. 
 
 Jf/?z/, 190, 227, 263, 475,935. 
 
 Mints for coining money, 6S0, 1041. 
 
 Minyae, (Minyan) Greeks, 186, 193. 
 
 Mirabilis dichotoma, 821. 
 jalapa, S20. 
 lougi flora, 915. 
 
 Mishawum, or Charlestown, in 
 Massachusetts, 947. 
 
 Mishna, a body of Jewish literature, 
 
 53 2 - 
 Mississippi, North American State, 
 1 061. 
 
 River, discovered, S64, 881, 972, 
 977-78, 1004, 1021. 
 Missouri, N. American State, 1062. 
 Mistletoe, 1S6. 
 Mitchella repens, 999. 
 Milella diphylla, 973. 
 
 grandijlora, 1046. 
 ninia, 1013. 
 Mit/irtiliite mustard, Sir. 
 M/tliridatea tambourissa, 707. 
 Mitreola pet/otala, 1043. 
 
 sessilifo/ia, 1012. 
 Milium roseum, 937. 
 Moabitcs, 153, 194. 
 Moallakat, seven ancient poems 
 
 preserved at Mecca, 585, 597. 
 Mobile, American city, 878. 
 Moeanera grandijlora., 6S9. 
 
 thurlfera, 689. 
 
 7'cruieijlua, 6S9. 
 Moccasin jiowcr, 772. 
 Modiola Caroliuiaua, 1009. 
 Mochriugia muscosa, 912. 
 Mucjuilpura, 760. 
 Mogorunn samba c, ^37. 
 Mogul Tartars, 573, 735, 760, 79S. 
 Mohawk tribe of aboriginal Ameri- 
 cans, 944,957. 
 Mohria thurifraga, 1000. 
 Moldavia, a country of Eastern 
 
 Europe, 7S8. 
 Mole, 41. 
 
 Molina prostrata, 799. 
 Mohuia ceerulea, 495. 
 Mollugo ccrviaiut, 694. 
 
 nud/caulis, 984. 
 
 oppositijolia, 999. 
 
 pautaphvlla, 970. 
 
 spi-rirnltt, 737. 
 
 stricta, 999. 
 
 verticillata, 747. 
 Molothrus pecoris, cow bunting, 
 
 88 r. 
 Moltkia cocrulca, 1007. 
 Molucca Islands, in the Malayan 
 
 Archipelago, 208, 795, S65, S84. 
 Molueeella lacT'is, 890. 
 
 spinosa, 8^9. 
 
 tuberosa, 1033. 
 
 Mombasa, city in East Africa, first 
 visited by a European ship, 856, 
 
 949. 994- 
 Momordica balsamina, 87. 
 
 charantia, 462. 
 
 dioica, 843. 
 
 elaterium, 249. 
 
 muricata, 974. 
 
 tnyxa, 69^. 
 
 operculata, 1001. 
 
 Senegal etisis, 1 049. 
 
 trifoliata, 966. 
 Monarda didyma, 1015. 
 
 fistulas,!, 948. 
 
 punctata, 999. 
 Monarrheuus rufescens, 1067. 
 Monasteries of the East, 621. 
 
 of Europe, 629, 797. 
 Mo rut la barlerioides, 694. 
 
 diacantha, 974. 
 Money, 105, 161, 614, 621, 892,955. 
 
 first coined in \ew England, 
 958; in Maryland, 961. 
 Money-wort, 655. 
 Mongol Tartars, 721, 747, 920. 
 Mongolian race, 275, 780, 1030. 
 Moniniia ovaltfolia, 1067. 
 Monina polystachia, 678. 
 
 saticifolia, 678. 
 Monitor lizard, 12. 
 Monitors, a kind of iron-clad ves- 
 sels, 1071. 
 Monkey, 68. 
 Monkeys-face tree, 413. 
 Monks, 6^, 867. 
 Monk's hood, 160. 
 
 rhubarb, 679. 
 Monoceros unicornu, sea unicorn, 
 
 689, 949. 
 Monotropa hypopitys, 937. 
 
 uui/lora, 979. 
 Mousonia speciosa, 077. 
 
 teuuifolia, 1016. 
 Monsoons, 335, 482. 
 Monte Xuova, elevated near Na- 
 ples,. 877. 
 Moutelia, see Acuida. 
 Months, Peruvian, 799. 
 Moiitia fontana, 337. 
 Mouliuia acr.is, 1000. 
 Montpelicr, in France, 919. 
 Montreal, city on the St. Lawrence, 
 
 s 75»93°, 9 s 5- 990. 1023- 
 Monumental history of Egypt, 3, 
 217, 224, 228, 603. 
 
 of Italy, 252. 
 Moon, 269, 323, 917, 939, 1060, 
 
 1 07 1. 
 Moon-wort, 849. 
 Moor grass, 840. 
 Moors, 817, 925. 
 
 or Muslims expelled from 
 Spain, 850, S63, 929. 
 Moose deer, 948, 9^5. 
 Mooshausick, or Providence city, 
 949. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 19I 
 
 Moraea iridioides, 1021. 
 plicata, 986. 
 sisyrinchium, 901. 
 Moravia in Austria, 639, 660, 733- 
 Moravians, Christian sect, 1017. 
 Morckella esculenta, 475. 
 Morduans of the Lower Volga, 780. 
 Morina Persica, 996. 
 Morinda bracteata, 423. 
 citrifolia, 561. 
 to?nentosa, 832. 
 umbellata, 832. 
 Moringa aptera, 298. 
 
 pterygosperma, 298. 
 Morisonia Americana, 9S7. 
 Morning-glory, 628, 941. 
 Morocco leather, 180. 
 Mortmain Act, 756. 
 Morus alba, 195. 
 Indica, 570. 
 nigra, 258. 
 
 rubra, 770, 877, 880-81, 893. 
 ? ' tinctoria, 950. 
 Moschosma polystaekya, 381. 
 Moschus moschiferus, 555. 
 Moscow, city in Russia, 725, 1059. 
 Mosques, 614, 620, 641, 656, 65S, 
 
 665, 676, 787, S30-31, 947- 
 Mosquito, or gnat, 39. 
 Mosses, 4, 450. 
 
 Mosul, city on the Tigris, 1068. 
 Moth, the clothes-moth, 56. 
 Mptherwoi't, 733. 
 Mould, 475. 
 
 Moultan, city in Hindustan, 647. 
 Mounds (Ohio and Miss.), 756. 
 Mount Ararat, 800, 1066. 
 
 Desert, in Maine, 932. 
 Mountains, height of, 347. 
 Mouse, 25, 453. 
 Mouse-ear, 479, 751. 
 
 tail, 551. 
 Movable types, 676, 815 
 Moxa, for cautery in China and 
 
 Japan, 210, 781, 80S. 
 Mozambique, city of, visited by 
 
 Europeans, 856, 859. 
 Mrichchhakati, Sanscrit drama, 
 
 605-6. 
 Mucor mucedo, 475. 
 Muatna gigantea, 727. 
 pruriens, 674. 
 prurita, 699. 
 urens, 950. 
 Mudarine, 596. 
 Mitgivort, S2. 
 
 Muhlenbergia capillaris, 1039. 
 cephalophora, 1053. 
 conoidea, 1053. 
 diffusa, 1033. 
 festueacea, 1053. 
 fullata, 1053. 
 glomerata, 1044. 
 granulans, 1053. 
 grisea, 1053. 
 hystricina, 1053. 
 
 Muhlenbergia lacustris, 1053. 
 
 lagopodwides, 1053. 
 
 lupulina, 1053. 
 
 Mexicana, 1028, 1031. 
 
 miliacea, 1053. 
 
 oligocarpa, 1053. 
 
 peduncula, 1053. 
 
 pubescens, 1053. 
 
 retroflexa, 1053. 
 
 rosea, 1053. 
 
 scoparia, 1053. 
 
 sobolifera, 1060. 
 
 sparganioides, 1053. 
 
 stipata, 1053. 
 
 straminea, 1053. 
 
 sylvaiica, 1060. 
 
 tentaculata, 1053. 
 
 tetanica, 1053. 
 
 trichocarpa, 1053. 
 
 umbellata, 1053. 
 
 varia, 1053. 
 
 vest it a, 1053. 
 
 virescens, 1053. 
 
 Willdenovii, 1049. 
 Mukdishu, city in East Africa, 652. 
 Mukia scabrella, 700. 
 Mulamuli, Buddhist book, 43S. 
 Mulberry, 195, 258, 538, 570, 5S4, 
 
 591, 770, 909, 945. 
 Mulgcdium alpinum, 828. 
 
 Floridanum, see leucophceum. 
 
 leucophamm, 969. 
 
 macrophyllum, 1016. 
 
 perenne, 888. 
 
 pidchellum, 1057. 
 
 Sibericum, 828. 
 Mullein, 284, 287, 637, 914. 
 Mullera moniliformis, 1004. 
 Mullet, the fish, 24. 
 Mummy cases, 106, 221. 
 
 rags, 107 1, 
 Mummies, 122, 130, 443, 548, 1071. 
 Munchausia speciosa, 845. 
 Muntingia calabura, 986. 
 Muraena, or speckled eel, 32. 
 Murex trunculus, 142. 
 Mui'icia Cochinchuiensis, 399. 
 Murraya exotica, 608. 
 
 maykay, 278. 
 
 j/., 590. 
 Murrhine vases, 483. 
 Munituia ocellata, 9S7. 
 Mus decumanus, 757, 862. 
 
 musculus, the mouse, 25. 
 
 rattus, 665. 
 
 sylvaticus, 452. 
 Miisa bas/10, 561. 
 
 ? ensete, 81 S. 
 
 «<?#. jt>., 369 
 
 paradisica, 277, 917. 
 
 sapientum, 663, 976. 
 
 troglodytarum, 966. 
 Musca domestica, house-fly, 878. 
 
 vomitoria, 24. 
 Muscari comosum, 273. 
 
 moschatum, SS9. 
 
 Muscari racemosum, 351. 
 
 spicatum, 494. 
 Muscat, city on the Persian Gulf, 
 
 527, 831, 960. 
 Musci incert., 418. 
 Muscicapa tyrannus, king-bird, 954. 
 Mushrooms t 155, 392, 407, 521, 532. 
 Music, 3, 154, 293, 668. 
 Musical instruments, 218, 800. 
 Musk, 555, 884. 
 Musk-duck, 615. 
 Musk-melon, 944. 
 Muslim Cycle, 30 lunar years, 203. 
 
 garrison, 668. 
 
 Period, 603. 
 Muslims, 601-3, 605, 607, 611, 613, 
 615, 618-21, 623, 629, 631, 641, 
 664, 667, 678, 683, 740, 846. 
 Mussanda frondosa, 300. 
 Mustard, 246, 387, 504, 634, 847. 
 
 tree, 426. 
 Mustela erminea, 124, 452, 75S. 
 
 ferret, 52. 
 
 foina, 136, 452. 
 
 martes, 52, 136, 452. 
 
 putorius, 136, 452. 
 
 zibellinus, 752, 758. 
 Myagrum dentatum, 1009. 
 peren?ie, 937. 
 
 perfoliatum, 894. 
 
 rugosum, 894. 
 
 saxatile, 918. 
 Mycenae, city of, 155. 
 Myddfai, family of Welsh physi- 
 cians, 722. 
 Myginda niyrsinites, 1046. 
 JMylocarium ligustrinum, 1033. 
 Alyosotis Apula, 934. 
 
 arvensis, 837. 
 
 glomerata, 1057. 
 
 pahtstris, 870. 
 
 pectinata, 1032. 
 
 rupestris, 1032. 
 
 scorpioides, 850. 
 Myositrus minimus, 551. 
 Myoxus glis, dormouse, 320. 
 Myrica Aethiopica, 1000. 
 
 Carolinensis, 771. 
 
 cerifera, 771, 908. 
 
 cordifolia^ 229. 
 
 Fay a, 960. 
 
 gale, 635, 969. 
 
 inodora, 1033. 
 
 nageia, see JVageia. 
 
 quercifolia, 993. 
 
 sapida, 268. 
 
 serrata, 1000. 
 Myriophyllum alternifolium, 1058. 
 
 heterophyllum, 1040. 
 
 scabratum, 1040. 
 
 spicatum, 409. 
 
 tenellum, 1063. 
 
 verticillatum, S95. 
 Myristica amygdalina, 278. 
 
 Malabarica , 595. 
 
 microcarpa, 966. 
 
1 192 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Myristica moschata, 603. 
 
 salicifolia, 966. 
 
 sphccrocarpa, 2 78. 
 
 tomcutosa, 974. 
 Jlfyrobalaus, 40S. 
 My vv.yV rnuutt Pcrnifcrum , 717. 
 
 toluifcrum, 889. 
 Myrrh, 142. 
 Myrrhis aromatica, 912. 
 
 aurca, 903. 
 
 bulbosa, 930. 
 
 (milium, 357. 
 
 colorata, 975. 
 
 Jiirsuta, 911. 
 
 odorata, 488. 
 
 tennda, 506. 
 Jllyrsnie Afneana, 975. 
 
 dependent, 1064. 
 
 neriifolia, O22. 
 Myrtle, no, 635. 
 Afvrtus communis, no. 
 
 cortacea, 9S6. 
 
 niimmuloria, 902. 
 
 pimeuta, see Eugenia. 
 
 {Rhodomyrtus) tomentosa, 745. 
 
 7'ir/j////uos</, 986. 
 
 Zcylanica, 982. 
 Mysia, country in Asia Minor, 784, 
 
 798. 
 
 Mysore thorn, 737. 
 
 Mythology of the Egyptians, 64. 
 
 Greek, rgfi, 209. 
 
 Hindu, OS, 
 
 Nabalus albus, 944. 
 
 altissimus, 992. 
 
 ns per, 1044. 
 
 Bootii, 1063. 
 
 crepidineus, 1041. 
 
 Frascri, 1061. 
 
 noun?, 1063. 
 
 racemosm, 1044. 
 
 seipcntarius, see A^. albus. 
 
 virgins, 1040. 
 Nabatean tribe of Arabs, 410. 
 Nad Era, 562, 601. 
 Angela Aral/ea, 6ot. 
 
 Japouica, 762. 
 
 putraujh'a, see Putraujn-a. 
 Nahualtec Mexicans, 714. 
 yA 1//ir.c _/Z \r///.f , 1 044. 
 
 Pudlca, 1051. 
 
 major, 932. 
 
 tctrasperma, 1010. 
 NtimhtM domestiea, 632. 
 Nankin, city in China, 535, 546, 564, 
 
 6S9, 1068. 
 A T anklu cotton, 624. 
 Nantucket, island of, 964, 986. 
 Napaea dioica, 962. 
 
 lacvis, 982. 
 Naples, city in Italy, 192, 580,677. 
 Narbonne, city in France, 411, 566. 
 Narcissus anceps, 975. 
 
 biflorus, 470. 
 
 jVarcissus bulbocodium, 921. 
 
 calathinits, 863. 
 
 dubhes, 938. 
 
 incomparabilis, 952. 
 
 jojiquilla, O72. 
 
 lactus, 945. 
 
 minor, 921. 
 
 moschatus, 921. 
 
 odorus, 494- 
 
 Orientalis, 18S. 
 
 poeticus, 1 66. 
 
 pscudo-tiairissus, 752. 
 
 radians, 930. 
 
 serotinus, 271. 
 
 ?^., 465. 
 
 tazetta, 166, 419. 
 
 trtlobus, 997. 
 
 viridipiorus, 945. 
 A T a rdosm la fragrans, 1047. 
 
 Japoutca, 419. 
 
 pahnata, 1043. 
 Xardostachys / 'a 'tain a n si ',.3-1 ■ 
 Xardus strlcta, 903. 
 A'arcgamia alatii , 726. 
 Narraganset River, in New Eng- 
 land, 947. 
 Xartheaum ossifragum , 905. 
 Narwhal, 752. 
 Nasamonians, inhabiting the North 
 
 African Desert, 269. 
 Nasturtium amphibium, 8S5. 
 
 ariuoraeia, 432. 
 
 lacustre, 1069. 
 
 officinale, 376. 
 
 palustre, 1024. 
 
 sylvestre, S82. 
 Nat Mandir, dancing-hall of the 
 
 Siva Temple, 68-]. 
 Natchez, abon'g. Amer. tribe, 1010. 
 Natron, or carbonate of soda, 1S1. 
 A^auclea cadamba, 554. 
 
 cordijotia, 462. 
 
 /«/<?«, 689 
 
 ovahfolla, 642. 
 
 pan-lp'olia, 738. 
 
 purpurea, 966. 
 
 ?J/., 278. 
 Naucratcs, city in Egypt, 227. 
 X uimkeak, or Salem in \e\\ Eng- 
 land, 94--4.V 
 Nautaka, city in Central Asia, 327. 
 Naval combats, 133, 224, 231, 256, 
 265, 267, 280, 298, 302-3, 348, 3S2, 
 386, 3S8, 4 5 6 "57 J 54 4, 607, 783, 
 792, 863, 900, 913, 1050, 1055, 
 1071. 
 Naval pre-eminence, 151-52, 167, 
 180, 192-93,195,200,207,212-13, 
 222, 236, 243, 249, 252, 254, 259, 
 265, 298. 
 
 warfare, revolution in, 1071. 
 Navarretia heierophvlla, 1066. 
 Navidad, in Mexico, 925. 
 Navigation acts, 956, 95S, 960. 
 Navigation on the Mediterranean, 
 69, 123. 
 
 Navigation on Red Sea, 74, 1066. 
 Naxian Greeks, 252. 
 Naxos, city in Sicily, 213. 
 Nebraska, N. American State, 1070. 
 A r cchera pennata, 937. 
 A 7 cctandra cinnamomoides, S45. 
 
 piuhurv-major, 855. 
 
 puchury-minor, 855. 
 Nectris aquatica, 1025. 
 A T egretia inflexa, 799. 
 Negrillo race of man, 240, 916-17, 
 
 925- 
 Negro race of man, 69, 10S, 118, 
 
 120, 956. 
 Negro slaves, in Portugal, 831. 
 
 in South Carolina, 1015. 
 
 in Virginia, 939. 
 
 in the West Indies, S64, 1009, 
 1015. 
 A'eilghcrrv grass, 1065. 
 A'elsoma canescens, 1051. 
 A'clumbium luteum, 777. 
 
 speciosum , in. 
 A'onesia hieoniis, roi6. 
 A'emopantJies Canadensis, 804. 
 
 laueeolita, &c, 987. 
 A'eottia diuretica, 1002. 
 A'epcnthcs destillatoria, 972. 
 
 Madagascaroisis, 707. 
 
 pJivllamphora, 966. 
 A'epeta Apuleii, 972. 
 
 cataria, 563, 935, 969. 
 
 glechoma, 409, 969. 
 
 graveolens, 971. 
 
 lanata, 993. 
 
 Madagascarensis, 974. 
 
 mctissacfolia, 998. 
 
 multifida, 1013. 
 
 Mussini, 1007. 
 
 mpctella, SS8. 
 
 mtda, 931. 
 
 scordotis, 90 v 
 
 tuberoui, 894. 
 
 7'ia/acea, 993, 1029. 
 A'ephclium lichi, 763. 
 
 lou-jttiiutn, 60S. 
 Nephrite, 133. 
 
 Xcphrodnun aerostichoides, 1044. 
 Neptune, or Poseidon, worship of, 
 1 18, 152, 160, 440. 
 
 the planet, 1069. 
 Xeptuula oleraeea, 974. 
 A'erlu/u obesum, 720. 
 
 odorutn, 336. 
 
 oleander, yp. 
 A T ertera depressa, 1002. 
 Nerves, of sensation and motion, 
 
 372, 520. 
 AV'JY/i'i? 7'crticillata, 1016. 
 Neskhi Arabic, 620. 
 Neslia pauiculata, 733. 
 Nestorian Christians, 531,742,756. 
 Nets, 852. 
 
 A'ettle, 280, 406, 511, 641,- 763, 973. 
 A T eurada procumbens , 720. 
 Neustadt, city in Thuringia, 680. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1193 
 
 New Britain, island near New 
 
 Guinea, 994. 
 New England, in North America, 
 
 933. 939-40. 943. 95 2 > 957. 98 1 . 
 9S6, ioio, 1023. 
 New England Colonies, union of, 
 
 953. 957- 
 
 New England tradition, beginning 
 of, 924. 
 
 New Englander, the, character- 
 istics of, 1071. 
 
 New Guinea, 869, 933, 953, 994. 
 
 New Hampshire, North American 
 State, 940, 977, 1036. 
 
 New Hebrides, 925. 
 
 New Holland, 882. * i 
 
 New Jersey, North American State, 
 963, 1036. 
 
 New Mexico, 916. 
 
 New moons, 565. 
 
 New Orleans, city of, on the Lower 
 Mississippi, 1004, 1060. 
 
 New Providence, one of the Ba- 
 hama Islands, 1004. 
 
 New Style, in chronological reck- 
 oning, 905, 994, 1021. 
 
 New Testament, versions of, 531. 
 
 New Year's day, date of, fixed by 
 Act of Parliament, 1021. 
 
 New York, city in America, 940, 
 963. 975. 992. I03S-36, 1038, 1043. 
 
 New York, North American State, 
 981, 986. 
 
 New Zealand, 437, 953, 1060, 1066. 
 
 Newark, city in New Jersey, 963. 
 
 Newcastle, in Pennsylvania, 959. 
 
 Newfoundland, 829, 856-57, 859-60, 
 863, 866, 872, 8S7, 902, 935, 939. 
 
 Newport, in Rhode Island, 956, 
 995. 1036. 
 
 Newspapers, 999, 1053 
 
 New Zealand flax, 437. 
 
 Mew Zealand spinach, 437. 
 
 Nicandra physalodes, 1002. 
 
 Nicaragua, country in Central 
 America, 865. 
 
 Nicariagas, aboriginal N. Ameri- 
 can tribe, 1007. 
 
 Nickel, the metal, 1022. 
 
 Nicobar Islands, in the Malayan 
 Archipelago, 981. 
 
 Nicomedia, city in Asia Minor, 217, 
 550. 
 
 Nicotiana paniculata, 1002. 
 pusilla, 102 1. 
 quadrivalvis, 741. 
 rustica, 742, 876, 928. 
 tabacam, 741. 
 ? nrens, 9S6. 
 
 Nigella aristata, 403. 
 arveusis, 403- 
 damasceiia, 653- 
 Hispanica, 937. 
 Orientalis, 937. 
 saliva, 141. 
 
 Night-heron, 16. 
 
 A'ightshade, 184, 636. 
 
 Nile, 1062. 
 
 Nilometers, 90, 612, 616, 629, 63S, 
 
 683. 
 
 Nineveh, city of, 198, 227, 230, 
 
 1068. 
 Niuia quassioides, see Brucea. 
 Niobe group, in Greek art, 320. 
 Nipa fruticaus, 209. 
 Nitraria S/ioberi, 587. 
 Nitric Acid, 443. 
 Nolina Georgiana, 995. 
 Nomadic life, 3. 
 Nonea nigricans, 960. 
 
 violacea, 972. 
 Non -importation agreement be- 
 tweermhe English colonies in 
 N. America, 1029. 
 A r onsuch, 871. 
 Nootka Sound, in Northwest 
 
 America, 1034. 
 Normandy, 719. 
 Normans, 632, 643, 667, 672, 677, 
 
 679, S60. 
 Norridgwog language, dictionary 
 
 of, 1007. 
 North America, aboriginals of, 970. 
 North Carolina, one of the United 
 
 vStates, 1003, 1009. 
 Notoma grandifiora, 72S. 
 Nova Scotia, or Acadia, in North 
 
 America, 940, 942, 948, 1020. 
 Nova Zembla, 888, 891, 916, 918, 
 
 927. 
 Nov. Gen. near Copaifera, 731. 
 Novogorod, city in Russia, 639, 802. 
 Nubia, 441, 477, 571, 1062, 106S. 
 Nubian language, 106S. 
 Nubians, 64, 228. 
 Nukuhivan, or Marquesan, Islands, 
 
 in the Pacific, 441. 
 Numantians, of Spain, 403, 407. 
 Numerals, 53. 
 Numida meleagris, 270. 
 Numidia, in North Africa, 424. 
 Nummulites, fossil animals, 464. 
 Nicphar advena, 777. 
 
 A'al/niamim, 1019. 
 
 luL'tnn, 135, 450. 
 
 pumihim, 135, 450. 
 
 sagittafolia, 1040. 
 Nut-galh % 124, 151, 
 
 grass, 209. 
 Nutmeg 573, 595, 603, S16, 860-61. 
 Nux vomica, 707. 
 Nuxia verticillata, 1067. 
 Nyctanthes arbor- tristis, 334 
 Nymphaa alba, 135, 450. 
 
 ampla, 1056. 
 
 ccerzdea, 54, 72. 
 
 edit/is, 592. 
 
 lotus, 274. 
 
 Madagascar ens is, 706. 
 
 odorata, 935, 950. 
 
 rubra, 387. 
 
 stellata, 277. 
 
 150 
 
 Nyssa bijlora, 769. 
 candicans, 1 021. 
 
 denticulata, 1003. 
 multiflora, 769. 
 
 Oak, ioo-t, 128, 134, 174,772,866, 
 
 943, 9S9. 
 Oak ferns, 344, 879. 
 
 galls, 124, 
 Oannes, Babylonian deity, 72, 195. 
 Oars, 47. 
 Oases, 326. 
 Oat, 340, 935, 944. 
 Obelisks, 84, 11 1, 117, 124, 550, 6S0. 
 
 removed, 348, 457, 547. 
 Obolaria Virginica, 962. 
 Observatories, magnetic, meteoro- 
 logical, &c, 1065. 
 Obsidian, 80. 
 
 Occupations, 372, 376, 518, 625. 
 Ocean Steam-navigation, beginning 
 
 of, 1066. 
 Ochroma lagopus, 673. 
 Octopus, cuttle-fish, 58. 
 Ocymnm Americanum, 891. 
 
 basilicuvi, 624, 917. 
 
 caninn, 701. 
 
 cinnamomeum, 381. 
 
 crispum, 146. 
 
 gratis simum, 701. 
 
 monachorum, 931. 
 
 ? sat 'inum, 660. 
 
 sanctum, 687. 
 
 scutellarioides, 966. 
 
 suave, 578. 
 
 tenuijloruni, 966. 
 
 villosum, 695. 
 
 viride, 545. 
 Odina fruticosa, 730. 
 
 Schimperi, 378. 
 
 tvodier, 347. 
 Oenanthe apiifolia, 961. 
 
 C7'ocata, 465. 
 
 fistulosa, 358. 
 
 globulosa, 912. 
 
 incrassata, 291. 
 
 peucedanifolia, 291. 
 
 phellandrium, 506. 
 
 pimpinclloides, 291. 
 
 prolifera, 291. 
 
 virgata, 291. 
 Oenothera albicaulis, 1057. 
 
 biennis, 930, 970. 
 
 caespitosa, 1054. 
 
 Fraseri, 1039. 
 
 fruticosa, 995. 
 
 grandifiora, 1033. 
 
 linearis, 995. 
 
 jnolissima, ion. 
 
 Pinnatifida^ 1057. 
 
 pumila, 961. 
 
 pui-purea, 1046. 
 
 sinuata, 999. 
 
 tenuifoha, 1002. 
 Ohio, one of the United States, 1053. 
 
1 1 9 4 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Ohio Land Company, 1021. 
 Oil, 1070. 
 
 Creek, in Pennsylvania, 1070. 
 
 painting, 682. 
 Oil-ofben, 298. 
 Od-of-Namur, l$- 
 Oil tree, 565. 
 O/cnt, 274. 
 Oldenlandia lu flora, 693. 
 
 eorymbosa, 9S8. 
 
 glomerata, 992, 1009. 
 
 kerbacea, 974. 
 
 /ui/bcllata, see Pfedyotis, 
 Olca Americana, 90S. 
 
 aqnifolia, 632. 
 
 Cape /is is, 766- 
 
 dioica, j^2. 
 
 fragra/is, 540. 
 
 robiista, 735. 
 
 sylvestris, 73. 
 
 verrucosa, 766. 
 ■ Oleander, see A'er/u/n. 
 Olibamtm y or frankincense, 1 10. 
 0//Vv, 73, 332, 779, 909. 
 Olympia, in Greece, temple there, 
 
 Olympiads, 67, 174, 200, 20S, 546,573. 
 Oman, or Eastern Arabia, 227, 503, 
 
 612,937. 
 Omphalobium scandens, 3S0. 
 Omphalodes linifolia, 978. 
 
 7v/v^, 903. ^ 
 On, or Heliopolis, city of, 219. 
 Onager, or dziggetai, in. 
 Onagraceae, not found in Egypt, 4. 
 Oiicidium iwrttgatum, 983. 
 Oncoba spi/zosa, 390. 
 Ondatra zibethicus, musknit, 875. 
 Onion, 104, 909, 944. 
 Onobrychis cris/a-galli, 2S6. 
 
 saliva, 89^. 
 Onoclea sca/idens, 974. 
 sensibitis, 973. 
 sorb/folia, 983. 
 Ononis ant 1 quorum, 283. 
 Cenisia, 971. 
 Chcrleri, 283. 
 Columnae, 934. 
 erispa, 988. 
 frnticosa, 919. 
 mi/iutissi/na, 971. 
 mitissima, 977. 
 nalr/x, 505, 
 pinifnis, 912. 
 pnbescci/s, 919. 
 rot/indi folia, 903. 
 tridentata, 98 S. 
 variegata, 972. 
 vise os a, 971. 
 Onopordum acaiil/nu/iL, 792. 
 acaulon, 885. 
 Arabic/////, 270. 
 Gricciun , 489. 
 Illyric/i/11, 239. 
 rotund/folium, S94. 
 v/rens, 1058. 
 
 Onosma divaricata, 1030. 
 
 ech'/oides, 343, 1029. 
 
 erecta, 998. 
 
 Oric/italis, 998. 
 
 sericea, 998. 
 
 simplicissima, 905. 
 
 stellnlata, 405. 
 Onosmodinm Carolinianitm, 1044. 
 
 /null/flora, 746. 
 
 Vi/ginic/im, 961. 
 Onthong Java, islands in the PacifiCj 
 
 953- 
 Ophelia elegans, 746. 
 Oph/ogloss/c//i bulbosum, 514. 
 
 Lusitai/icnm, 513. 
 
 palmatum, 987. 
 
 pendulum, 966. 
 
 reticulatum, 987. 
 
 vulgat/un, 513, 969. 
 Oph/or/iiza /////ngos, 693. 
 Oph/oxylon serpcnt/i/um, 694. 
 Ophiucus, constellation of, 923. 
 Ophrys andrag/utts, 1023. 
 
 apifera, 827. 
 
 arachnitis, 896. 
 
 aramfera, 894. 
 
 atrata, 1065. 
 
 boinbylifera, 1050. 
 
 cilia/a, 1003. 
 
 da/s/'flora, 998. 
 
 ferrnm-eqniniin/ , 273. 
 
 fusca, 906. 
 
 //'/color, 998. 
 
 hitea, 979. 
 
 ?iuimmosa, 99S. 
 
 musc/fcra, 838. 
 
 my odes, 870. 
 
 picta, 1003. 
 
 scolopax, 97Q. 
 
 spec ul a in, 1 003. 
 
 ten/// red/ ////'era, S27. 
 
 u??ibellata, 99S. 
 
 villosa, 998. 
 Opium, 1068. 
 Up 1 urn war of the English on the 
 
 Chinese, 106S. 
 Ophsmen/is Bnrman/ii, 967. 
 
 polystachyas, 966. 
 Opopan^x, 158. 
 Opnnt/a cocci //ell ifera, 717. 
 
 C/irassavica, 950. 
 Jicus-T/idica, 658. 
 
 moniliformis, 9S6. 
 
 *M«<Z, 1 01 1. 
 
 vulgaris, 769. 
 <V,7,-/,, 24S. 
 
 Oraciones, Christian rite, 757. 
 < h-.ick-s, 259, 529, 841. 
 Orange, 604, 656. 
 
 mandarin, 216. 
 Orange Islands, 916. 
 Orangs, 268, 743, 775. 
 Ori/ttJ/'d-griTss, or code's foot, 852. 
 Orc/iidacor, not found in Egypt, 4. 
 Orchis {/labenar/a) bifolia, yi. 
 
 Orchis Bra/icifortii, 1056. 
 
 coriophora, 502. 
 
 eucnllata, 1013. 
 
 ensifolia, 1002. 
 
 fuscescens, 1013. 
 
 globosa, 912. 
 
 lactea, 1003. 
 
 latifolia, 905. 
 
 lo/ig/b/ acteata, 1056. 
 
 longicornis, 1050. 
 
 maculata, 672. 
 
 mascula, 502. 
 
 militaris, 838. 
 
 morio, 502. 
 
 nigra, 838. 
 
 omithis, 1003. 
 
 pal lens, 10 1 8. 
 
 pip/lioi/acea, ^r I. 
 
 pyramidalis, SS4. 
 
 sambuci/ia, 883. 
 
 si/uia, 934. 
 
 spectabilis, 1016. 
 
 S/tsannae, 966. 
 
 nndi/lat/fol/a, 392. 
 
 varicgata, SSo. 
 Orchomenus, city in Greece, 179. 
 Order of the Garter, 788. 
 Origanum .-Egypt/acnm, 30. 
 
 Cretienm, 159. 
 
 dic/amnus, see An/arac/ts. 
 
 PPeracleoticnm, 318. 
 
 marjorana, 248. 
 
 mar//, 364. 
 
 Onites, 406. 
 
 sipylenm, 364. 
 
 6'w vn/ic/t///, 262. 
 
 TournefortH, 317. 
 
 vulgare, 26 r, 944, 958. 
 Orinolco, river in S..*uth America, 
 
 870, 916, roiS. 
 Orissa, country in Southeastern 
 Hindustan, 651, 800, S97, 1021, 
 
 !053- 
 Orleans, city in France, S12. 
 
 Oriiiocarp/i/n sennoides, 523. 
 Urmuz, city on the Persian Gulf, 
 
 337, 817,859,862,937. 
 r/i/t/i again m altissimum, 978. 
 
 Arabic/////, S96. 
 
 arzvnse, 996. 
 
 bulbifer/tm, 1027. 
 
 chlora/ithitm, 961. 
 
 circin/iat/ti/i, 1033. 
 
 co/nos/ni/, 907. 
 
 elat/tm, 851. 
 fimbriatnm, 1039. 
 
 latifolinm, 912. 
 
 l/ileum, 837. 
 
 minimum, S37, 1029. 
 
 nanum, 1008. 
 
 iVarbonnense, 906. 
 
 nutans, 924. 
 pusill/tm, 907. 
 Pyra/i//ddle, 932. 
 
 Pyrc/iaic/i///, z^y 
 
 roecense, 961. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 195 
 
 Ornithogalum spathaceum, 1047. 
 
 stachyoides, 233. 
 
 thyrsaides, 1024. 
 
 umbel hit urn, 194, 
 
 villosnm, 934 
 Ornithopus compressus, 449. 
 
 ebracte.itus, 449. 
 
 perpusillus, 912. 
 
 repandtis, 961. 
 
 sativus, 961. 
 
 scorpioides, 889. 
 
 tetraphylhts, 9S3. 
 Ornithrophe camiuia, 9S2. 
 Omits Europica, 169. 
 
 rotundifolia, 169. 
 Orobanche alba, 1007. 
 
 Americana, 1003. 
 
 arenaria, 99S. 
 
 caryophyllacca, 435. 
 
 coerulea, 1007. 
 
 cruenta, 363. 
 
 elatiar, 889. 
 
 grandijlora, 435. 
 
 ramosa, 921. 
 
 unijlora, 962. 
 Orobus angustijolius, 1013. 
 
 canescens, 931. 
 
 croceus, 998. 
 
 hirsuius, 1007. 
 
 lathy roides, 1013. 
 
 laxifloruSy 998. 
 
 ? longijolius, 1057. 
 
 luteus, 937. 
 
 w^w, 835. 
 
 Pyrenaicus, 1 000. 
 
 sessilif alius, 1007. 
 
 tuberosus, 435. 
 
 vermis, 835. 
 Orontium aquaticum, 771. 
 
 Japonicum, 976. 
 Orris root, 290. 
 Ortegia Hispanica, 90 r. 
 Orvieto cathedral, 760. 
 Oryx antelope, 25, 64. 
 Oryza, or riev?, 79, 323. 
 Oryzapsis asperifoha, 1044. 
 juncea, 1044. 
 
 melauocarpa, 1059. 
 Osbeckia princeps, io6r. 
 
 Zeylanica, 999. 
 0j/<?r, 153. 
 
 Osiris, or Bacchus, 131, 145, 584. 
 Osmerus eperlanus, 875. 
 Osmites asteriscoides, 1014. 
 
 camphorata, 1014. 
 Osmorhiza Claytoni, 975. 
 
 longistylis, 945. 
 Osmunda cinnamomea, 962. 
 
 A/r/fl, &c, 987. 
 
 intcrrupta, 1016. 
 
 regalis, 786 
 
 spectabilis, 1000. 
 Osteospermuni ciliatum, 1016. 
 
 ilicifolium, 1016. 
 
 moniliferum, 975- 
 pisiferum, 1016. 
 
 Osteospermuni polygaloides, 1 000. 
 
 spinescens, 990. 
 Ostiaks, of Siberia, 78 r. 
 Ostrea, oyster, 154, 520. 
 
 Virginica, 926. 
 Ostrich, traffic in the eggs and 
 
 feathers, 36. 
 Ostrya Virginica, 927, 1000. 
 
 vulgaris, 21^. 
 Oswego, on Lake Ontario, 1023. 
 Osyris alba, 459. 
 
 peltata, see Macaranga. 
 Othonna abrotanifolia, 990. 
 
 arborescens, ion. 
 
 bulbosa, 975. 
 
 cheirifolia, 999. 
 
 denticulata, 1016. 
 
 parz'i/lora, 990. 
 
 pectiuata, &c, 993. 
 Otranto, in Southern Italy, 842 
 Ottelia alism aides, see Damasonium. 
 Otter, 136, 752. 
 Oufa, in West Siberia, 779, 
 Ouigours, Turkish tribe of E. Tar- 
 tary, 525, 602, 6ro, 719, 747, 920. 
 Outai, five short Chinese dynas- 
 ties, 647. 
 Ovieda spinosa, 986. 
 Ovis aries, 2, 26, 452. 
 
 bighorn, 877, 880. 
 Owl, 60, 1032. 
 Oxalis acetosella, 625. 
 
 Barrelieri, 971. 
 
 Burmanni, 1016. 
 
 caprina, 1016. 
 
 cernua, 1030. 
 
 couo7'hiza, 1002. 
 
 comiculata, 644. 
 
 crenata, 668. 
 
 Dillenii, ion. 
 
 Jlava, 1016. 
 
 grandijlora, 1014. 
 
 kirta y 1000. 
 
 iuearuata, 993- 
 
 ?negalorhiza, 1002. 
 
 pectinata, 1016. 
 
 P/umieri, 986. 
 
 polyphylla, 10 16. 
 
 rosea, 1002. 
 
 rubella, 1016. 
 
 [Biop/iytum) sensitiva, 966. 
 
 speciasa, 975. 
 
 stricta, 967. 
 
 tomentosa, iooo. 
 
 tuberosa, 668. 
 
 versicolor, 1 000. 
 
 violacea, 1000. 
 Oxford, university at, 725. 
 Ox-plough, introduced in Peru, 8S7. 
 Ox-tongue, 391. 
 Oxus, river flowing into Lake Aral, 
 
 326, 605. 
 Oxybaphus albidus, 1040. 
 
 angitstifolius, 1057. 
 
 nyctagineus, 1044. 
 
 ovatus, 1054. 
 
 Oxycoccus macrocarpon, 806. 
 
 palustris, 508, 788. 
 Oxygen gas, discovered, 959, 1034. 
 Oxyria digyna, 929, 937, 970. 
 Oxytropis ambigtia, 1013. 
 
 campestris, 1028. 
 
 Lamberti, 1057. 
 
 lanata, 1013. 
 
 Lapponica, 1058. 
 
 leptopkylla, 1013. 
 
 hmata, 1007-8. 
 
 myriophylla, 1013. 
 
 Pallasii, 971. 
 
 uralensis, 1028. 
 Oyster, 154, 520. 
 
 Pachacamac, ancient temple in 
 
 Peru, 662, 841. 
 Pachyma cocos, 761, 929. 
 
 . ? j/., 212. 
 
 tuber-regium, 209. 
 Pachyrkizus angulatus, 680. 
 Pac/iysaudra procunibens, 1041. 
 Pacific Ocean, discovered by Eu- 
 ropeans, 861-62, 1002. 
 Pack-fong, or German silver, 1063. 
 Padi?ia pavonia, 937. 
 Paideria foetida, 693. 
 Paderota bonarota, 918. 
 Paonia anomala, 812. 
 
 corallina, 81. 
 
 humilis, 903. 
 
 moutan, 544. 
 
 officinalis, 81, 632. 
 
 tenuifolia, 1013. 
 Paeonians, 135, 252. 
 Paestum, in Italy, 274, 325. 
 Pagodas, Hindu, 643, 716-19, 734. 
 Painters and Paintings, 120, 213-14. 
 
 393, 402, 618, 629, 721. 
 Paintings of plants, 43^. 
 
 on glass, 558. 
 Paitan, city in Hindustan, 515. 
 Pajajaran, Hindu capital of Java, 
 
 709, 741. 
 Palafoxia integrifolia, 1059. 
 Palanquins, 786. 
 Palembang, in Sumatra, 814-15. 
 Palestine, 370, 391, 656, 6S4, 106S. 
 Pali, or ancient Sanscrit language 
 
 and inscriptions, 669. 
 Palicours, tribe in the West Indies, 
 
 964. 
 Palisades, 944. 
 Paliurus aculeatus, i~j%. 
 Pallas, the planet, 1052. 
 -A?///; «/, 426, S20. 
 Palmetto, 262, 761. 
 Palmyra, city in the Syrian Desert, 
 
 540- 
 Palo Alto, in Mexico, 1069. 
 Panacea lapsorum, 724. 
 Panama, city on the Isthmus, 665, 
 
 864, 919. 
 Panathenaea instituted, 139. 
 
1 196 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Panax frulicosum, 966. 
 
 quinquefolium, 558. 
 
 tr/foiium, 995. 
 Pancratium amoeuum, 89S. 
 
 Caribacu/u, 1009. 
 
 Illyrieum, 647. 
 
 marilimam, 899. 
 
 Jlfexkauum , ion. 
 
 Zcylauieum, 9X2. 
 Panda n us fur catus, 234, 917, 925. 
 
 /'#'. 3 S 5- 
 hsat-thtva-gyee, S16. 
 hn nulls, 966. 
 odoratissinius, 142. 
 sessilis, 38 2. 
 
 #■» 543- 
 Pandean pipe, 3. 
 Pandosia, city in Italy, 209. 
 
 Panic nm agrostoides, 1045.' 
 
 amarum, 1061. 
 
 anceps, 1041. 
 
 aiitumnale, 1050. 
 
 brevtfolium, 982. 
 
 brizoides, 999. 
 
 capillarc, 74S, 9S2. 
 
 clandestinuni, 9S2, 1019. 
 
 colonum, 375. 
 
 crus-galli, see Echinochloa. 
 
 debile, 1041. 
 
 depauperatwn, 1053, 1056. 
 
 dichotomum, 1016. 
 
 elongatum, 1056. 
 fluitans, 375. 
 frunientaeeum , 4T4. 
 
 glutinosu/u, 982. 
 
 hirtellum, 993. 
 
 Ptalicum, ste Solaria, 
 jumentorum, 1038. 
 
 latifoliam, 979. 
 
 melicariuiu, 1041. 
 
 Mieliauxn, 1041. 
 
 ■microcarpon, 1060. 
 
 miliaceuin, 79, 45 1, 
 
 nitidum, 1041. 
 
 proliferum, 1041. 
 
 pubescens, 1041. 
 
 ramidosum, 1 041. 
 
 scoparhtm, 1 04 1 . 
 
 striatum t 1039. 
 
 verrucosum, 1060. 
 
 vtrgatuni, 1016. 
 
 viscid/tin, 1059. 
 
 xanthophysum, 1064. 
 Pannonia, -or Western Hungary, 
 543, 624. 
 
 ^"«y, 353- 
 
 Pantheon, at Rome, 461, 597. 
 Papacy, temporal or political power 
 
 of, ended, [072. 
 Papal hierarchy, 681. 
 
 influence, 798. 
 Pa paver atpinum, 937. 
 
 argemouc, 432. 
 
 Cambricum, 937. 
 
 dubium, 203. 
 
 jloribuudum, 99S. 
 
 Pa paver hyb? iiluni, 23. 
 
 nudicaulc, 970. 
 
 Orientate, 996. 
 
 rlneas, 204, 419. 
 
 somuiferum, 1S2, 451. 
 Paper, 402, 5<j[, 600, 663, 7S9, 107 1. 
 
 cloth, or A07, 591. 
 
 money, 75S, 7S6, 986, 1041. 
 Paper rush, 13, 72, 465. 
 
 shrub, 789. 
 Papuan Race, 7S7, 869, 917, 924-25, 
 
 953- 
 Papyri, rolls of, or books, 103, 116, 
 
 119, 124-25, 131, 326, 620. 
 Papyrus antiquarian, the paper rus/i t 
 
 *3> 72. 
 
 Paugorei, 465. 
 Paradise birds, S16, 960. 
 Paradisea, S61, 960. 
 Paraguay, in South America, 900, 
 
 1017. 
 Paraguay tea, 6S3. • 
 Para tropin digitala, 58S. 
 Parchment, 447. 
 Pardanthus Chinensis^ 476. 
 Parechites Thuubergu, 632. 
 Paremboleb, in Nubia, 39S. 
 Parictaria debilis, 1031. 
 
 Lusitanica, 972, 
 
 officinalis, 276. 
 
 P y euusvlvauiea, 1055. 
 
 platyphyllos, 960. 
 
 polygouoides, 1009. 
 Paris, city of, 550, 572, 643, S14, 964, 
 
 1047, 1060, 1072. 
 Paris incompleta, 998. 
 
 quadrifolia, 419, S29. 
 Paritiiun tlliaci um, 428. 
 Parkinson/a aenleata, 9SS. 
 Parliament, 887,958, 992, 1027, 107 1. 
 Parnielia ceutrifuqa, 1012. 
 
 fueiformis, 920. 
 Paruass/a asarifolia, IO54. 
 
 Cti roll /liana, 1041. 
 
 palnstris, 834. 
 Paronychia argyroeoma, 1041. 
 
 capitata, Xq8, 980. 
 
 ec Janata, 972. 
 
 herniartoidei, 1041. 
 
 llispann a, 921. 
 Pampamisus, Western prolonga- 
 tion of the Himalaya, 327. 
 Parrot, 304, 743, 816. 
 Parsees, 32S, 641, 651, 755. 
 /-' ( /r,v/<T, 155, 205, 599, 909, 920, 935. 
 Parsncp, 451, 474, 909, 929, 935, 944. 
 Parthenians, 218. 
 Partlieuiuni h}>\~terophorus, 99^. 
 
 iutcgrifoliuin, 929 
 Parthians, sec Persians. 
 Partridge, red-legged, 36. 
 Pascataqua River, 940. 
 Paschal Cycle, 536, 5U8, 600. 
 Paspalum digitarla, 1041. 
 
 disseetum, 999. 
 
 distielnun, 1024. 
 
 Paspalum Flomdanum, 1043- 
 Jluitans, 1 061. 
 
 /rf<^?, 1 04 1. 
 
 paniculatuin, 982. 
 plicatum, 1041. 
 scrobiculatum, 332. 
 scrotinum, 1040. 
 setae cum, 1 040. 
 stoloniferum , 1037. 
 villosuni, S45. 
 Passei'ina capitata, 1016. 
 ciliata, 10 16. 
 
 <#""'". 365- 
 
 gam pi, see Wickstroemia. 
 
 hirsuta, 492. 
 juniperifolia, 902. 
 Poly gal aefolia, 902. 
 
 nni/lora, I0l6. 
 Passijlora august/folia, 950. 
 
 coernlea, 900. 
 
 euprca, 1009. 
 Jilamentosa, 950. 
 foetida, 991. 
 
 hederaeea, 964. 
 
 hibiscifolia, 1000. 
 
 hirsuta, 991. 
 
 hoioserieca, 1009. 
 
 ineamata, 777. 
 
 lanri/olia, IOOO. 
 
 luuata, 1009. 
 
 /«A*rf, 976. 
 
 maliformiSj 950. 
 
 minima, IOOO- 
 A^'> 997- 
 
 pcltata, 992. 
 
 pcrfaliata, 915. 
 
 punctata, 1002. 
 
 quadrangular is, 7 54. 
 
 rotuudifolia, Szc, 9S6. 
 
 x< / rat 1 folia, IO09. 
 
 ti/iaet'olia, 1002. 
 
 ves pert ilia, ion. 
 Passion Jloiuer, see Passi flora. 
 Passover, 139, 144, 149. 
 Pastiuaca opepauax, 158. 
 
 W/Yw, 451, 474, 969. 
 
 seeaeul, 6X2. 
 Pasto, volcano in South America, 
 
 1049. 
 Pastoral life, 3, 67. 
 Patagouula Americana, TOIL 
 Pataliputra, or Patna, city on the 
 
 Ganges, 277, 345, 347, 369, 602. 
 Patchouly perfume, 862. 
 Patriuia rupesiris, 1013. 
 
 scabiosae folia, 321. 
 
 Siberiea, 1013. 
 Paulliuia Curassaviea, 986. 
 
 cururu, 986. 
 
 pinuata, 950. 
 Paulouuia unperialis, 632. 
 Paumotuan coral archipelago, 705, 
 
 9-4. 933- 
 Pavctta Indica, 738. 
 pcutaudra, 982. 
 Pa via Pudtca, 735. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 II97 
 
 Pavo, the peacock, 147, 180,762. 
 Pavonia coccinea, 987. 
 
 odorata, 691. 
 
 racemosa, 983. 
 
 spinifex, 9S7. 
 
 Zeylanica, 1000. 
 
 Pea, 283, 435>45 I >935> 946. 
 
 Pea field, 89. 
 
 Pea-bug, 283, 292. 
 
 Pea-nut, 736. 
 
 Peach, 192, 327, 909, 960. 
 
 Peach-wort, 705, 844. 
 
 Peacock, 147, 180, 762. 
 
 Pear, 109, 451, 804, 909, 951, 960. 
 
 thorn, 866. 
 Pearls, 147, 403, 573, 630, 663, 857. 
 Pearl-wort, 848. 
 Pecan hickory, 749. 
 
 nuts, 749. 
 Pecten, 154. 
 Pedis ciliaris, 9S7. 
 
 humifusa, 987. 
 
 limfolia, 9S3. 
 
 punctata, 987. 
 Pedalium murex, 249. 
 Pedicularis asplenifolia, 1056. 
 
 Canadensis^ 1025. 
 
 comosa, 1029. 
 
 <?/#fo, 1013. 
 
 euphrasioides, 1013. 
 
 fasciculata, 906. 
 
 flammea, ion. 
 
 flava, 1032. 
 
 foliosa, 894. 
 
 Groenlandica, 1042. 
 
 gyrofiexa, 1028. 
 
 incarnata, 894. 
 
 lanata, or verticillata, 607. 
 
 lanceolata, 1044. 
 
 Lapponica, 1011. 
 
 myriophylla, 1032. 
 
 palustris, 450. 
 
 recutita, 1028. 
 
 resupinata, 1013. 
 
 rostrata, 907. 
 
 sceptrum Carolinum, 960. 
 
 spicata, 1032. 
 
 striata, 1032. 
 
 sylvatica, S78. 
 
 tuberosa, 89S. 
 
 uncinata, 1013. 
 Pedilanthes tithymaloides, 9S5. 
 Peganum Dauricum, 1013 
 
 harmala, 138. 
 Pegu, city and kingdom in Burmah, 
 
 5S8, 619, 812, 856, 861. 
 Pekin, city in China, 753, 761, 956, 
 
 1010, 1065, 1070. 
 Pelargonium acetosum, 998. 
 
 alchemilloides, 982. 
 
 angulosum, 997. 
 
 auritum, &c, 993. 
 
 betulinnm, 1000. 
 
 bifolium, 1016. 
 
 capitatum, 9S2. 
 
 carnosuin, ion. 
 
 Pelargonium coriandr (folium, 982. 
 
 cucullatum, 982, 1009. 
 
 ferulaceum, 1016. 
 
 fulgiditm, 1007. 
 
 gibbosum, 982. 
 
 grossularioides, 982. 
 
 hybridum, ion. 
 
 inquinans, 1009. 
 
 lacerum, 975. 
 
 longifolium, 1016. 
 
 melana?zthum , 1014. 
 
 myrrhifolium, 982. 
 
 odoratissimum , ion. 
 
 papilionaceum, 1009. 
 
 peltatum, 998. 
 
 pinnatum, 998. 
 
 ramosissimimi, 1016. 
 
 trifidum, 997. 
 
 triste, 947 . 
 
 vitifolhun, 997. 
 
 zonale, 998. 
 Pelasgians, or Pelasgian Greeks, 
 
 132, 154, 1S6. 
 Peleiads, 132. 
 Pelican, ij. 
 Pellitory, 276, 390. 
 Peloponnesian war, 282. 
 Peloponnesus, 825. 
 Peltaria alliacea, 907. 
 Peltidea apthosa, 436. 
 
 canina, 436. 
 
 crocea, 1012. 
 Pemphis acidula, 966. 
 Penaea sarcocolla, 999. 
 Penang lawyer, walking sticks, 411. 
 Pendulum, applied to clocks, 960. 
 Pctmisetwn Benthami, 432. 
 
 dic/wtomum, 591. 
 
 typhoideum, 898. 
 Pennsylvania, State in N. America, 
 
 97S. 
 Pennyroyal, 199, 944. 
 Penny-wort, 700. 
 Penobscot River, in Maine, 947. 
 Pensacola, in Florida, 1037. 
 Pentapetes phoenicea, 555. 
 Pcntaptera arjuna, 617. 
 
 glabra, 412. 
 
 j/., 240. 
 
 tomentosa, 412. 
 Pentateuch, Hebrew, translated, 
 
 651, 885. 
 Penthorum Chinense, 1047. 
 
 sedoides, 1016. 
 Penthsaoyan, Chinese writing, 686. 
 Pentstcinon angustifolium, 1057. 
 
 campanulatus , 973. 
 
 cristatu?n, 1057. 
 
 erianthera, 1057. 
 frutescens, 1052. 
 
 grandijlorum, 1057. 
 
 laevigatas, 977. 
 
 pubescens, or hirsutum, 962. 
 Pentzia flabelliformis, 1016. 
 Peony, or piony, 81. 
 Peperomia pellucida, 9S6. 
 
 Peperomia peltata, 783. 
 quadrifolia, 986. 
 umbellata, 783. 
 Peplis portula, 244. 
 /V//W-, 306, 312, 344, 43S, 573, 682. 
 Peppergrass, 94, 867. 
 Peppermint, 671. 
 Pepper-wort, 94, 473, 540. 
 Pequots, N. American tribe, 949. 
 Perca fluviatilis, perch, 453, 503. 
 Perdix Graeca, 36. 
 Pereskia aculeata, 993. 
 portulacifolia, 950. 
 Perfumes, traffic in, 63. 
 Pergamus, in Asia Minor, 407. 
 Pergularia tomentosa, 67 1. 
 Per ilia ocymoides, 7S7. 
 Period, or full stop, in writing, 703. 
 Periploca angustifolia, 1028. 
 
 Grceca, 765. 
 Periwinkle, 477, 509. 
 Perotis lati/blia, 973. 
 Persea Carolinensis, 778, 866, 869. 
 
 gratissima, 824. 
 Persepolis, antiquities at, 257. 
 Persia, 257, 383, 439, 454, 457) 534, 
 
 55 2 > 57i. 59 8 > 599> 600, 602. 
 Persian Gulf, becomes known to 
 
 the Gieeks, 330, 34S, 860. 
 Persiait lilac, 930. 
 Persimmon, 770. 
 
 Persoon Synopsis Plantarum, 105c;. 
 Peru and Peruvians, 665, 862, 900, 
 
 917, 1063-64. 
 Peruvian bark, 717, 920. 
 
 willow; 789. 
 Pescadores, islets between China 
 
 and Formosa, 796, 961. 
 Pestilence, 282, 285, 313, 529, 539- 
 41, 580, 585, 602, 619, 666, 676, 
 787, 964. 
 Petaloma myrtilloides , 982. 
 Petalostemum candidum, 1044. 
 carueum, 1043. 
 corymbosum, 1040. 
 gracilc, 1057. 
 violaceum, 1044. 
 Peter Pence, tax of, 61S. 
 Peterborough cathedral, 716. 
 Petition, right of, asserted by Mas- 
 sachusetts and other colonies, 
 1028. 
 Petiveria alliacea, 9S7. 
 Petra, city of, also called Selah and 
 
 Joktheel, 199, 461, 519. 
 Petrea volubilis, 1012. 
 Petroleum, 1070. 
 Petroselinum sativum, 969. 
 Peuccdanitm album, 1013. 
 cervaria, 205. 
 foznicidaceum, 604. 
 Isetense, 1013. 
 nodosum, 342. 
 officinale, 294. 
 oreoselinum, 358. 
 palustre, 450, 520. 
 
I K 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Pcumus Dombeyi, 661. 
 
 Peziza auricula, 921, 
 
 P hat a abon \fiuorum, 641. 
 
 atp'iua, 1007. 
 
 Boet/ca, 323. 
 
 Gerardi, 1007. 
 
 salsula, 1032. 
 
 triphylla, 1057. 
 Phacelia bipinnatijida, 1044. 
 
 fimbria la, 1041. 
 
 glabra, 1061. 
 
 heterophylla, 1055. 
 
 hirsuta, 1 06 1. 
 
 linearis, 1054. 
 
 parviflora, 992. 
 
 Purshii, 1055. 
 Phacochoeres Aeliani, Abyssinian 
 
 boar, 322. 
 Phacthusa Americana, IOOO. 
 Phalacraloma annua, see Erigeron. 
 Phalangiitm coeruleuni, 1002. 
 
 croceum, 1043. 
 
 eccrcmorrhizimi, 1002. 
 Phalaris aquatica, 971. 
 
 aruudiuacea, 839. 
 
 Canariensis, 734. 
 
 intermedia, 1050. 
 
 pamdoxa, 349- 
 
 phleoides, Syj. 
 Phallus IPadriani, 971. 
 
 impudicus, 880. 
 
 J /;» 5.3- 
 Pharbitis nil, 629. 
 
 purpurea, 94 1. 
 Pliant, tecum alliens, 999. 
 
 disttchum, 999. 
 
 glomeratum, 999. 
 Pharos, or lighthouse, at Alexan- 
 dria, 373, 613. 
 Pharsalia, battle at, 455. 
 Pharus latifolius, 983. 
 Phaselis, city in Asia Minor, 220. 
 Plutseolia acouittfolius, 832. 
 
 alafits, ioil. 
 
 cocciueus, 575. 
 
 divers 1 foil us, 1040. 
 
 hclvoltt*, 101 1. 
 
 lathy r -aides ', 983. 
 
 hiuit/us, 1018. 
 
 max, 188. 
 
 »»'».;'". 373- 
 
 pcrenuis, 1016. 
 
 radial us, J 46. 
 
 sphacrospermus, 9S3. 
 
 tr/lobtts, 332. 
 
 vex Hiatus, TOIL 
 
 vulgaris, hiduey-beau, 575, 866, 
 874, 876, 926, 939, 954. 
 Phasianiib Colchicus, 286. 
 Phasis, at the foot of Caucasus, 
 
 Pheasant, 286. 
 Phelypacii tutea, 435. 
 
 Tour 1 up or til, 998. 
 Philadelphia, city in North Amer- 
 ica, 978, 980, 1035-36. 
 
 Philadelphus coronarius, 411. 
 
 Gordonianus, 604. 
 grand ijlonis, 1057. 
 inodoi'us, 1003. 
 Lcwisii, 604. 
 Philse, island at the first cataract 
 
 of the Nile, 312, 52s, 584, 106S. 
 Philippines, Northeastern portion 
 of the Malayan Archipelago, 147, 
 6S9, 846, S65, S96, 900, 916. 
 Philippopolis, city in Greece, 538. 
 Philistines-, 170. 
 Phillyrca august/folia, 362. 
 latifolia, 184. 
 media, 884, 
 Philosophers banished from Rome, 
 
 400. 
 Philoxerusvcrmicularis, see Iresinc. 
 Phleiun al pi nit in, 840. 
 areuarium, 9S9. 
 as pern m, 97 1. 
 Poeluneri, S94. 
 JPiehelii, 894. 
 pra tense, 941. 
 Phlomis frttticosa, 272. 
 
 herba-veutl, S94, 1029. 
 Italica, 89S. 
 leo/i/'/is, 979, 
 lunarijolia, 998. 
 I veh uitis, 90 T. 
 lY/ssol/i, 1021. 
 Purpurea, 971. 
 tuberasa, 793. 
 Phlox Carolina, 995, 1009. 
 dtz\incata, 1024. 
 glaberritua, IOU. 
 niiiculata, 1019. 
 paniculata, 1011. 
 pilosa, 961. 
 reptans, 1041. 
 Stberica, 1013, IO32. 
 speeiosa, 1055. 
 subulata, Q')2. 
 Phoca, seal, 71S, 
 Phocaea, Greek city in Asia Minor, 
 
 231, 236, 241, 243. 
 Phocian Greeks, 271. 
 Phoenicia, 86, 94, 133, 157, 2or. 
 Phoenician, or Punic, inscriptions, 
 
 302, _S34 ■ 
 Phoenix, period of time, 1, 60, 69, 
 
 122, 212. 
 Pha-uix dactylifera, date palm, 16, 
 67- /-. 254, 464. 
 Pi/uiuoxidlts, 382. 
 jdriuiferd, 729. 
 paludosa, 702. 
 reclinatd, 266. 
 J/., 264. 
 syltvslris, 330. 
 Phoradeudrou jln'cseens, 1039. 
 purpureunt, 990. 
 rubrum, 1005. 
 Phormium teuax, 437. 
 Phosphorus, 756. 
 Photography, art of, 1068. 
 
 Phour dynasty of Hindustan, 397. 
 Phragmites communis, 149, 425, 430, 
 
 605. 
 Phrygia, country in Asia Minor, 193. 
 Phryma leptostachya, 1000. 
 Phrynium capita-turn^ 537. 
 Phylacteries, 137, 140. 
 Phylica aeerosa, 999. 
 
 brunioides, 975. 
 
 buxifolia, 1015. 
 
 .capitata, 1015. 
 
 cordata, 998. 
 
 ericoides, 993, 
 
 pluuiosa, 999. 
 
 Pubescens, 998. 
 
 stipularis, 1015. 
 Phyllanthus atropurpureus, 38 1. 
 Carolinensis, 1 039. 
 
 duviosus, 1000. 
 
 falcatus, 1000. 
 
 multiflorus, S32. 
 
 7/iruri, 528. 
 
 ramifloruS) 1032. 
 
 rhamnoides, 975. 
 
 simplex, 52S. 
 
 stipulaeeus, 3S5. 
 
 urinaria, 328. 
 
 virosus, 377. 
 Phyllis nobla, 1011. 
 Phyllocladus trichomanoides, 437. 
 Phyllodoce eoerulea, 991. 
 
 Dabocci, 997. 
 PViyllolob/i/m Zanzibareuse, 380. 
 Phyllophora Menziesii, ^62. 
 Physalii dlkelceugi, 313, 419. 
 
 angulata, 429. 
 
 arboresceus, 1021. 
 
 Curassavica, 999. 
 
 lanccolala, 1024. 
 
 Peruviana^ 755. 
 
 pruiuosa, ioil. 
 
 pubescens, 950. 
 
 somnifcra, see Withauia. 
 
 totorep, 419. 
 
 viscosa, 1 o 1 1 . 
 Physalus, fin-back whale, 666. 
 Physeter, sperm whale, 536, 752. 
 Physic- nut, S6S. 
 
 Pliysospermum Comubieuse, 901. 
 Physostegta J'lrg/uiaua, 971. 
 Phytelcphas nnicrocarpa, flf. 
 Phytcuma eontosa, 918. 
 
 heinisphdcrica, 911. 
 
 lauceolata, 998. 
 
 limonifolia, 99S. 
 
 (■>/■/>/< itlaris, 934. 
 
 pauciplora, 930. 
 
 piuuata, 920. 
 
 Sell cue b:ert, 997. 
 
 spicata, 87S. 
 Phytolacca decandra, 750. 
 
 dioica, 1025. 
 
 icosandra, 1024. 
 
 octandra, 9S9. 
 Pichurhn beans, 855. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I 199 
 
 Pico, one of the Azores islands, 
 
 830. 
 Picramnia albidum, 894. 
 
 antidcsma, 983. 
 Picrasma ailanthoides , 601. 
 Picridium Orientale, 894. 
 
 perenne, 501. 
 
 Tingitanum, 178. 
 
 vulgare, 563. 
 Picris asplenioides, 324. 
 
 hieracioides, 140. 
 
 Sprengeriana, 931. 
 Picrorhiza hirroo, 497. 
 Picts of Scotland, 545, 550, 552, 629. 
 Piddiugtonia nummularia, 1045. 
 Picter, in Sumatra, S60. 
 Pierardia sapota, 112. 
 Piers Ploughman's Vision, an old 
 
 English writing, 791. 
 Pig, 64, 104, 917. 
 Pigeon, 28, 136. 
 Pigeon-pea, 443. 
 Pilgrims, 684. 
 
 Piliostigma Thonningii, 730. 
 Pill-ivort, 849. 
 Pilularia globulifera, 849. 
 Pitnpemcll, 200, 501, 508, 626. 
 Pimpiuella anisum, see Sison. 
 
 dioica, 898. 
 
 dissecta, 759* 
 
 magna, 759. 
 
 saxifraga, 626. 
 
 tenuis, 435. 
 
 tragium, see Traghim. 
 .Pinckneya pubens, 1033. 
 ZV»*, 73, 328, 808-9, 816, 870. 
 Pineapple, 674, 976. 
 Pine- nuts, 73. 
 Pingrass, 706. 
 Pinguecula acutifolia^ 1044. 
 
 alpina, 907. 
 
 elatior, 1040. 
 
 ////crt, 1040. 
 
 pumila, 1043. 
 
 villosa, 9S8. 
 
 vulgaris, 653. 
 
 /*«*, 353. 765. 796, 834. 
 Pinnotheres, parasitic crab, 22. 
 Pinos Island, discovered, 855. 
 Pinus austral is, 908. 
 
 Banksiana, 1043. 
 
 cembra, 652. 
 
 contorta, 604. 
 
 densiflora, 457. 
 
 deodara, see Cedrus. 
 
 exceha, 328. 
 
 fiexilis, 869, 880. 
 
 mops, 1024. 
 
 Korait'usis, 1063. 
 
 Lambertiana, 583. 
 
 longifolia, 3 28. 
 
 maritima, 168. 
 
 Massoniana, 127. 
 
 montana, 451. 
 
 monticola, 581. 
 
 Morgai, 917. 
 
 Pinus mughus, 455. 
 Occidentalism 987. 
 palustris, 877, 893. 
 parvi flora, 1035. 
 pauciflora, 418. 
 pence, 367 
 pinaster, 5 1 2. 
 pinea, 73. 
 ponderosa, 5S3. 
 pumilio, 455. 
 Pungens, 1053. 
 resinosa,<)2j, 1010. 
 rigida, 808, 940. 
 Sabiniana, 605. 
 serotiua, 1043. 
 strohus, 876. 
 syivesiris, 167, 19S, 451. 
 
 ;Wa, 761, 869, 877, 893, 909. 
 
 variabilis, 1024. 
 Piony, 81, 544. 
 Piper acuminatum, 986. 
 
 aduncum, 986. 
 
 Afzelii, 844. 
 
 amalago, 973. 
 
 £ifc/, 344. 
 
 caniuum, 629. 
 
 caudatum, 950. 
 
 chaba, 682. 
 
 cubebs, 629. 
 
 decumanum, 9S6. 
 
 diffusum, 966. 
 
 distachyum, 9S6. 
 
 excelsum, 43S. 
 
 geniculatum, 915. 
 
 longum, 306. 
 
 macrophyllum, 9S2. 
 
 macidosum, 986. 
 
 methysticum, 344, 438. 
 
 obtusifolium, 986. 
 
 peltatum, 950. 
 
 portulacoides, 1067. 
 
 retictila/iim, 9S6. 
 
 ribesioides, 5S8. 
 
 rotundifolium, 9S6. 
 
 rugosum, 950. 
 
 siriboa, 445. 
 
 subpeltatum, 966. 
 
 svlvaticum, 579. 
 
 sylvestre, 312. 
 
 trifolium, 9S6. 
 
 umbellatum, 986. 
 Pipewort, 1026. 
 Piqueria trinervia, 790. 
 Pirates, and buccaneers, S43, S8S, 
 
 918, 963-64, 976, 1005. 
 Piratinera Guayanensis, 936. 
 Pisa, city in Italy, 132, 678, 708, 
 
 7M.75I. 8S5. 
 Pisatis, city in the Peloponnesus, 
 
 153- 
 Piscidia Carthaginensis ; 1000. 
 
 erythrina, 987. 
 Pisonia aculeata, 984. 
 Pistachio nut, 327. 
 Pistacia lentiscus, 275. 
 
 reticulata, 89S. 
 
 Pistacia terebinthus, 93. 
 
 trifolia, 994. 
 
 zw#, 327. 
 Pistia stratiotes, 32. 
 Pisum arvensc, 89. 
 
 maritimum, 923, 935, 940. 
 
 ochrus, 345. 
 
 sativum, 451. 
 Pitcairnia coarctata, 1002. 
 
 latifolia, 986. 
 Pitch, 794. 
 
 Pithecus satyrus, 775. 
 Pittosporum Moluccanum, 966. 
 
 tobira, 631. 
 Pittsburg, city on the Ohio, 1023. 
 Plague, the pestilential disease, 
 
 519, 586, 668. 
 Plane-tree, 157. 
 Planera abelicea, 355. 
 
 aquatica, 1040. 
 
 Japonica, 622. 
 Plantago albicans, 89S. 
 
 alpina, 912. 
 
 Bellardi, S94. 
 
 Caroliniana, 1016. 
 
 cor data, 1044. 
 
 coronopus , 346. 
 
 crassa, 870. 
 
 Cretica, 916. 
 
 cucullata, 949. 
 
 (Psvllinm) cynops, 365. 
 
 graminca, 906. 
 
 interrupta, 1041. 
 
 ispaghula, 49S. 
 
 lagopus, 454. 
 
 lanceolata, 480. 
 
 macrorhiza, 972. 
 
 major, 156, 419, 95S, 969. 
 
 maritima, 894, 969. 
 
 media, 97. 
 
 minuta, 1033. 
 
 Patagonica, 1042. 
 
 psyllium, 197. 
 
 serpentina, 930. 
 
 serraria, 919. 
 
 stricta, 978. 
 
 subulata, 903, 
 
 Virginica, 961. 
 
 Wulfenii, S89. 
 Plantain, 156, 419, 663,917, 962, 976: 
 Plataizthera blephariglottis, 1016. 
 
 bracteata, 1016. 
 
 ciliaris, 761. 
 
 cristata, 1041. 
 
 dilatata, 1059. 
 
 fi?nbriata, 1038. 
 
 yfjjfz, 1055. 
 
 flava, or znresccns, 968. 
 
 kyperborea, 1025. 
 
 latera, 96S. 
 
 obtusata, 1060, 1064. 
 
 orbiculata, 1056. 
 
 psychodes, 962. 
 
 rotundifolia, 1060. 
 Platanus Occidentalis, 961. 
 
 Oriental's, 157. 
 
1200 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Pled rant hits a>'omaticus, see Co/ens. 
 
 crassifolius, 377. 
 
 Jfituritiau//\~, 1067. 
 
 ternatus, 3S5, 1067. 
 PL'ttroiua ventosa, 1015. 
 Pleea tenuifolia, 1041. 
 Plegorhiza guaicuru, 662. 
 Pleiades, the constellation, 186, 517. 
 Pleurogyne Carinthiaca, 1038. 
 PUttrtht'ina Babylonica, 144. 
 
 Trape~ii, 144. 
 Plic.i polonica, disease of the hair, 
 
 I OOI. 
 Pliuia crocea, 950. 
 
 Plocama feudula, 764. 
 Plocamiam eoeeineitni, 368. 
 Plocaria Candida, see Graalarta. 
 
 tenax, see Graeilana. 
 Pluchea bifrons, 992. 
 
 camphorata, 1 o 1 1 . 
 
 D/oseondis, 464. 
 
 fa-lida, 1011. 
 
 Marilandica, 1016. 
 
 V-» 731- 
 Pliikenetta cornkulata, 966. 
 
 volubilis, 987. 
 Plum, 210, 219, 692, S05, 909, 960. 
 Plumbago Enropaa, S96. 
 
 hi path/ folia, 99S. 
 
 rosea, 696. 
 
 seandens, 950. 
 
 Zevlauiea, 41 5. 
 Plumicra alba, 713. 
 
 incamata, 663. 
 
 obl/isa, 9S7. 
 
 purpurea, 663. 
 
 rubra, 713. 
 PlumiericE gen., 600. 
 Plymouth, town in Massachusetts, 
 
 939> 943- 
 Pn, the river, 1^, 390. 
 .A*7 Abyssinica, Si 8. 
 
 alpiua, 841. 
 
 annua, 750. 
 
 brevifolia, 1060. 
 
 bulbosa, 937. 
 
 Ciliititaisis, 971. 
 
 compressa, 937. 
 
 deeumbe/is, S4I. 
 
 flc.XUOMl, I060. 
 
 glafiihisa, 982. 
 
 7,/a'r/, 997. 
 
 marithna, 904. 
 
 ue//i oralis, 841. 
 
 pratensis, 279. 
 
 see Eragrostis. 
 
 S/a/la, 972. 
 
 supiua, 997. 
 
 trivial/s, 279. 
 Podalyna calyptrata, 1014. 
 
 myrtilhfolia, 1000. 
 Podocarpus ferruginea, 437. 
 
 mtikJ, 631. 
 
 nagcia, 632. 
 Podophyllum pcliatum, 767, 970. 
 Podatemoii cer atop hy Hum, 1000. 
 
 Poetry, Greek, 132, 164, 218. 
 
 Hebrew, 74. 
 Pogonia divaricata, 1003. 
 ophioglossoides, 1000. 
 parvijlora, 1000. 
 vert nil la fa , 1000 
 Pogostemou patchouli, 862. 
 Paine/ana elata, 729. 
 pulcherrima, 632. 
 r^-/rt, 384. 
 . ? spinosa, 66 1 . 
 Poitiers, in France, 789. 
 /Wr, 750. 
 Poland, 733, 994, 1032, 1047, 1048, 
 
 1060. 
 Polani\ia chelidonii, 737. 
 graveolens, 1057. 
 icosaudra, 736. 
 Polar bear, 758. 
 
 Polar night of six months, 202. 
 Polemonium coerttleum, 906. 
 
 repta/is, 1016. 
 Police, 753. 
 Pollinia gryllus, 940. 
 Poly uithes tuberosa, 915 
 Poiyearpoii tetraphyllum, 485. 
 Polychroile, 115. 
 
 Polyeueinu/n America/turn, 1057-58. 
 arvense, 913. 
 criiiaeeu/n, 903. 
 malacophyllum, 1007. 
 monandrum, 1029. 
 oppositifolium, 1007, 1029. 
 sclerosper?num, 1007, 1033. 
 Sibericum, 1013. 
 Polygala alba, 10^5- 
 aniara, 4S7. 
 brarteolata, 1007. 
 clinclin, 662. 
 erotalarioides, 497. 
 crueiata, 962. 
 cytnosa, 1040. 
 diT-ersi/'alia, 983. 
 flur-eseens, 888. 
 grandiflora, 1040. 
 Heisteria, 1000. 
 iucarnata, 962. 
 /«/t*/7, 962. 
 major, 92 r. 
 llfo/ispeliaca, 912. 
 viyrhfolia, 993. 
 paucifolia, 1052. 
 peuaca, 9S7. 
 polyga/na, 1039. 
 ra///osa, 1050. 
 sauguiuea, 995. 
 senega, 7 68. 
 setacea, 104 1. 
 Siberica, 1013. 
 stipulacea, 993. 
 supina, 1007. 
 tclepliio/des, J^J. 
 teretifolia, 975. 
 tlicezans, 970. 
 thesioides, 1002. 
 umbellata, 1016. 
 
 Polygala venenosa, 444. 
 venulosa, 487. 
 verticillata, 962. 
 viridescens, 992. 
 vulgaris, 487. 
 Polygamy, 82. 
 
 Polygonatum ambiguum, 961. 
 giganteum, 1054. 
 yapo/iieum, 418. 
 latifolium, 419. 
 i7tultifloriun, 495. 
 pubescens, 958, 968. 
 vcrttcillaium, 8S2. 
 vul^.ire, 495. 
 Polvjo/iella m-ticulata, 1019. 
 Polygonum acre, 951, 968. 
 alpinnm, 993- 
 amphibium, S44. 
 arifolium, 94S. 
 aviculare, 393, 419, 969. 
 barbatu/n , 476. 
 Bellardi, 971. 
 bistorta, 51 r. 
 blstortoides. 1055. 
 Careyi, 1064. 
 {Helxine) c Hi node, 1044. 
 dumetorum, 904, 929. 
 {Helxine) emarginatum, 743. 
 [Helxine) fagopyrum, 841. 
 hirsutum, 1040. 
 hydropiper, 450, 492, 969. 
 hydropiperoides, 1 04 1 . 
 lapathifolium, 904. 
 maritimum, 393. 
 minus, 91S. 
 ;«//c', 968. 
 
 nodosum, see Z'. lapathifolium. 
 oereatiun, 1013. 
 Orientale, 996. 
 Ozve/iii, 381. 
 Pennsylvanicum, 1 019. 
 perfoliatnm, 999. 
 persiear/a, 705, 969. 
 rainosissunuin, 1044. 
 sagittatum, 94S. 
 scandens, 9S3. 
 sericeum, 1013. 
 (Helxine) Tataricnvi, 743. 
 tenue, 1044. 
 tinctorium, 605. 
 tomentosum, 999. 
 u/idulatum, 779. 
 }'i/-^iiiiiiuu/n, see Toz'aria. 
 viviparum, 780, 970. 
 Polylepis tomentella, SS5. 
 Poly in uia Abyssinica, see Verbesina 
 sat iv a 
 
 Canadensis, 1025. 
 uvedalia, 979. 
 Polynesians, earliest notice of, 427. 
 
 subsequent notices, 5S3. 
 Polypodium acrostic hoides, 974. 
 arvonicu/n, 1000. 
 aspleniotdcs, 9S3. 
 calaguala, 717. 
 calcareum, 921. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I20I 
 
 Polypodium crassifolium, 717, 987. 
 dissimile, 1000. 
 dryopteris, 879. 
 e/fusutn, 1000. 
 fragrant, 753. 
 griseum, 1000. 
 hexagonopterujn, 1000. 
 incauum, 978. 
 leptophyllum, 988. 
 lycopodioides, 898. 
 phegopteris, 55S. 
 phymatodes, 1000. 
 piloselloides, &c , 9S7. 
 quercifolium, 924. 
 repta/is, 1000. 
 sanctum, 1000. 
 scolopendroides, 1000. 
 serrulatum, 983. 
 speluncce, 1000. 
 stigmosum, 997. 
 trapezoids, 9S3. 
 vulgare, 344, 9 58. 
 Polypogou Mouspeliense, 349. 
 Polyporus, or spunk, 451, 80S. 
 Polypremitm procumbent, 997. 
 Poly taenia tenuifolia, 1 060. 
 Polytheism, 103. 
 Pomegranate, 41, 909. 
 Pompeii and Herculaneum, 515. 
 Pongamia glabra, 412. 
 
 tetrapetahi, 590. 
 Pontederia cordata, 976. 
 kastata, 555. 
 vaginalis, 729. 
 Ponthieva pubcra, 1016. 
 Pontifex maximus, office of, 464. 
 Pontifical books, 464. 
 Pontus, country on the Black Sea, 
 
 108. 
 .Aw/ spars, 332, 728. 
 Popayan, in South America, 877. 
 Popish Plot in England, 975. 
 Poplar, 96, 10S, 133, 201, 419. 
 ><yyy, 23, 182, 203-4. 
 Populus alba, 96. 
 angulata, 102 1. 
 balsamifera, 812. 
 <&«?, 201, 41.9. 
 fastigiata, 672. 
 graudidentata, 1044. 
 heterofhylla, 10 1 6. 
 monilifera, 965. 
 nigra, 10S. 
 tacamahaca, 1021. 
 tremula, 133. 
 tremuloides, 935, 943. 
 Porcelain, 630, 903. 
 Porcupine, 70. 
 Porlieri hygrometrica, 760. 
 Porphyra laciniata, 704. 
 Porphyry quarries, 534. 
 Porpoises, 182, 432. 
 Port of Boston, closing of, by Act 
 
 of Parliament, 1034. 
 Port Possession, in California, 880. 
 Porto Rico, island of, 919. 
 
 Porto Santo, a small island near Ma- 
 deira, discovered, 803, 810. 
 Portraits of early Egyptian kings, 
 
 67, 71, 84, 126. 
 Portsmouth, city and seaport in 
 
 New England, 977. 
 Portugal, or Lusitania, 401,434, 563, 
 
 683, 842, 951, 1024, 1056, 1063. 
 Portuguese, their first entry in 
 
 China, S62. 
 Portulaca hal'tmoidcs, 950. 
 Meridiana, 729. 
 oleracea, 61 1, 891, 929, 935. 
 pilosa, 950. 
 quadrifda, 729. 
 Portulacaria Afra, iot e. 
 Postal Establishments, 214, 834. 
 Potamogcton compressus, 450. 
 crispus, 62. 
 densus, 198. 
 fluitans, 450. 
 gramhieus , 306. 
 heterophyllus, 91S. 
 lucens, 665. 
 natans, 62. 
 pectinatus, 472. 
 perfoliatus, 450. 
 Pusillns, 896. 
 Robbinsii, 1065. 
 serratus, 892. 
 setaceus, 937. 
 Potato, 660,' 668, 753, 853, 929. 
 Potentilla agrimonoides, loi^. 
 alba, S78. 
 ansei'ina, 636, 923. 
 argentea, 636. 
 arguta, 1056. 
 aurea, 907. 
 bifurca, 99S. 
 Canadensis, g53. 
 canescens, 907. 
 caulescens, 894. 
 cinerca, 892. 
 Clusiana, 907. 
 comarum, 557. 
 dissecta, io5d. 
 emarginata, 1059. 
 fragaria strum, 241. 
 frigida, 1 064. 
 fruticosa, 813. 
 gcoidcs, 1005. 
 grandiflora, 1 01 3. 
 hirsuta, 977. 
 ///'r/tf, 315. 
 intermedia, 937. 
 multifida, 889. 
 nemoralis, SS9. 
 nitida, 918. 
 nivea, 970, 1014. 
 Nonvegha, 959- 
 optica, 907. 
 
 Pcunsylvanica, see /*. strigosa. 
 pimpinelloides, lOOj. 
 recta, 760. 
 reptans, 2S9. 
 rupestris, 793. 
 
 Potentilla simplex, 968. 
 
 sped os a, 357. 
 
 stipularis, 1013. 
 
 strigosa, 1014. 
 
 subacaulis, S98. 
 
 supina, 851. 
 
 tormentilla, 563. 
 
 tridentata, 1043. 
 
 verna, 878. 
 
 verticillaris, 1013. 
 
 villosa, 1058. 
 Peter htm kybridum, 972. 
 
 polygamum , 487. 
 
 sanguisorba, 487, 969. 
 
 spinosum, 202. 
 Potkos acaulis, 986. 
 
 cordatns, 986. 
 
 ci'enatus, 986. 
 
 lanceolatus, 986. 
 
 macropkyllus, 9S6. 
 
 [Scindapsus) officinalis, 697. 
 
 palmatus, 986. 
 
 piuuata, 966. 
 
 scandens, 973. 
 Potosi, 5S0. 
 
 silver mines, S27, SS5, 90c. 
 Potter's varnish, 7S2. 
 
 wheel, 61S. 
 Pottery, art of making, 17, 98, 235, 
 721. 
 
 Poitlltc\ I52. 
 
 Pragmatic Sanction, 815-16, ioto. 
 
 Prangos pabularia, 328. 
 
 Prasias Lake, 252. 
 
 Prasium maj'us, 225. 
 
 Precession of Equinoxes, 400, 571. 
 
 Precious stones, the traffic in, 403, 
 
 663, 686, 689. 
 Premna esculenta, 735. 
 
 integrifolia, 579. 
 
 latifolia, 746. 
 
 odorata, 6S9. 
 
 tomentosa, 746. 
 Prenanthes chondrilloides, 361. 
 
 hieracifolia, 934. 
 juncea, 1057. 
 
 muralis, 361.. 
 
 purpurea, 91 1. 
 
 sar/ucntosa, 1015. 
 
 spinas a, 952. 
 
 viminca, 934. 
 Presbyterians, 1005. 
 Prickly Glassivort, 646. 
 
 /t^r, 658, 717, 769. 
 Primogeniture, 403. 
 Primula auricula, 557. 
 
 elatior, 635. 
 
 farinosa, 419. 
 
 integrifolia, S94. 
 
 long/folia, 998. 
 
 marginata, 894. 
 
 minima, 894. 
 
 Mistassinica, 1044. 
 
 nivalis, 1032. 
 
 Palinuri, 9 1 5. 
 
 zww, 637. 
 
1202 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Prince William's Islands, in the 
 
 Pacific, 953. 
 Prnucs feather, 996. 
 Principe, African island, S33. 
 Prinos ambiguus, IO40. 
 
 eoriaeeus, 1052-53. 
 
 glaber, 1019. 
 
 larvigatus, 1056. 
 
 Iditceoldtus, 1055. 
 
 verticillaius, 957. 
 Printing, art of, 649, 676, 815, S2S, 
 830, S90, 951, 1024. 
 
 press, first, set up in North 
 America, 951. 
 Pnva lappulacea, 9S3. 
 
 Afcxicana, 1011. 
 Private wais, or wager of battle, 
 
 753- 
 Privet, 460. 
 
 Proclamations, 950, 1047, 1070-71. 
 Prome, city in Uurmah, 27S, 517, 
 
 519, S12. 
 Proserpinacd pdlustris, 1017. 
 
 pectiudla, 1041, 
 Presopis didcis, 603. 
 
 horrida, 66S. 
 
 j/, 741. 
 
 spicigcra, SS. 
 Pro-tea acaulis, 1006. 
 
 drgeutca, 999. 
 
 bcirbdtd, 766. 
 
 couoca/pa, 999. 
 
 cucullata, 999. 
 
 cyanoides, 999. 
 
 cynaroidcs, 1006. 
 
 grandiflord, 766. 
 
 hypophylla, 999. 
 
 lepidocarpon , 1006. 
 
 Levisanus, 997. 
 
 /ongifiont, 1006. 
 
 longifolia, 1006. 
 
 melaleuca, 1006. 
 
 met lifer a, 1006. 
 
 mind, 997. 
 
 uereifolia, 924. 
 
 repeiiSj 1006. 
 
 saligna, 999. 
 
 scolymus, 1006. 
 
 semi rid, 999. 
 
 speciotd, 1006. 
 Protestant Reformation, 863, S69- 
 
 70, 872, 877, 885, S92. 
 Protectants, religious sect, 939, 952. 
 Pro/ocoiLtts u'njalis, red snow, 936. 
 Proverbs, 83. 
 Providence, city and seaport in 
 
 New England, 949, 956. 
 J^rovnicc rose, 506. 
 Prunella, see Prunella. 
 Primus Americana, 805, 875, 929, 
 940, 95S. 
 
 Cdplll/ll, 1000. 
 
 c/u'easa, 747, 878, 880, 896, 929 
 dtwtesf/eu, 345, 969. 
 hiemalis, see Z 3 . Americana, 
 iusititia, 167, 21S, 451. 
 
 Pr units Putemffer/, 210. 
 
 maritima, S05, 866, 92S. 
 
 mume, 632. 
 
 prostratd, 356. 
 
 Sinensis, 989. 
 
 sphiosa, 451. 
 
 nmbeltata, S7S. 
 Prussia, 994, 1056, 1059. 
 Psamma areuaria, 605, 969. 
 Pscudoeacia fol. mucr., 661. 
 Pseudocerasus, 601. 
 Psidia linearifolia, 1067. 
 Psidium aromaticum, 950. 
 
 gnayava, 627, 882. 
 
 pumilum, 966. 
 Psilolum triquetrum, 987. 
 Psi/tacus, 960. 
 
 j/., /ory, 564. 
 Psophocdrpus teira^ouolobus, S23. 
 Psora lea American,!, 901. 
 
 aphylld, 975. 
 
 argophylla, 1055, 1057. 
 
 bitumiuosa, 270. 
 
 hrddeatd, 993. 
 
 cancscens, 1041. 
 
 corvli folia, 461. 
 
 cuspidata, 1057. 
 
 csciiteuta, 74S. 
 
 gldudu/osa, 1002. 
 
 lauceotata, 1055. 
 
 iupmellus, 1041. 
 
 melilotoides, 1016. 
 
 Pdlusliua, 851. 
 
 physoides, 604. 
 
 pinnatd, 9X2. 
 
 tenuijlora, 1054. 
 
 virgaia, 1059. 
 Psychiue stylosa, 1015. 
 Psyc/ioirca hcrbacea, see Geophila, 
 
 myrtipliylluni, 9X2. 
 
 'A. 4^3- 73 1 - 
 /Yf'Aw trifoliaia, 992. 
 Pteris aquilina, 97, 450, S91, 969. 
 
 aiguta, 1000. 
 
 biauriia, 1 000. 
 
 erenatii, 970. 
 
 OV//.-.7, 894. 
 
 ensifolia, 905. 
 
 heterophylla, 9S3. 
 
 lanceolata, &c, 9X7. 
 
 lon^ifolia, 979. 
 
 pcdtita, 990, 1000, 1017. 
 
 piloselleidcs, 9X9. 
 
 j/ , 41X. 
 
 thalictroides, 966. 
 Ptcrocaipus dalbergioides, 597. 
 
 draco, 913. 
 
 r; inactous, 825. 
 
 Indicus, 423. 
 
 iunatus, 9X7. 
 
 marsitpium, 643. 
 
 pallidas, 01 7. 
 
 Sduldlinus, ^74. 
 Walliclui, ^43. 
 Plcroceiryd sorbi folia, 621. 
 Plerocaulon pyenostaehyum, 1 040. 
 
 Pterocles, sand grouse, 5S9. 
 Ptcrolobinin laccrans, 573. 
 Plcronia camphorata, IOOO. 
 
 oppositifolia, 977. 
 Pterospermum acerifolium, 244, 444. 
 
 accroidcs, 244. 
 
 ritbigiuosum, 743. 
 
 subaceri folium, 244. 
 
 suberifolium, 592. 
 Pterygodium cathoheum, 1009. 
 Ptolemais, city of, 760. 
 Ptychotis etjoiaau, 307. 
 
 Coptica, 307. 
 
 invotuerata, 497. 
 
 sylvestris, 497. 
 
 7'crticitlata, 404. 
 Puceoou, 767. 
 Pueraria Phunbergiana, 561. 
 
 tuberosa, 593. 
 Puerto Rico, island, discovered, 
 
 S55, S61. 
 Pugan, city in Burmah, 519, 1063. 
 Pugiouium coruutum, 1007. 
 Pulex, flea, 47. 
 Puliearia dvseuterica, 343. 
 
 odord, 2 11, SS9. 
 
 vulgaris, 906. 
 Pulmouaria lanceolata, 1057. 
 
 vtdrithna, 933. 
 
 officinalis, 567. 
 
 Sibcricd, 1013. 
 
 suffruOcosd, 9^0. 
 
 ( Mertensia) I 'irginica, 97S. 
 Pulo Condore, island in the East 
 
 Indies, 9X1. 
 Pulsatilla patens, 1029. 
 Pumpkin, 606, 709, X6'), 929. 
 Pumps, invention of, 136. 
 Piinica granatiim, 41. 
 Puranas, Sanscrit writings, 6S7, 691, 
 
 843- 
 
 Puritans, SS7, 939. 
 Purple Yam, 714. 
 Purshia tridentatd, IO55. 
 Purslane, 244, 611, 915, 935. 
 Putranjiva Roxbuighii, 691. 
 Pycnauthemum aristatum, 979. 
 
 cliuopodioides, 1 040. 
 
 incduum, 962, 
 
 Idiieeoldtum, 946. 
 
 montduum, 1041. 
 
 muticum, 946. 
 
 / 'irginicum, 979. 
 Pygeuni dcitmiudtiun, 462. 
 Pyramids, 63, 91, 533, 629, 951. 
 Pyrcthrum Indicum, 104S. 
 
 inodorum, SS2. 
 
 parlhcuiiiin, 32(3. 
 Pyrola chlorautha, 1044. 
 
 minor, 9S9, 1064. 
 
 rot u >i dt folia, S4 4, 969. 
 
 secuuda, 849, 
 
 uui/lora, X13. 
 Pvrrhopdppus Carolinian us, 1040. 
 Pyrularid olcifcrd, 90S. 
 Pyrulus rivularis, 5S1. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1203 
 
 Pyrus aria, 285, 451. 
 
 baccata, 759. 
 
 CUinensis, 622. 
 
 co??imunis, 109, 167, 451. 
 
 ameifolia, 356. 
 
 ma/us, see Mains sylvestris. 
 
 parviflora^ 998. 
 
 Pollveria, 931. 
 
 prumfolia, 1024. 
 
 salicifolia, 121. 
 
 (^Tr/iz) torminalis, 505. 
 Pythian Games, 235, 256. 
 Python, genus of gigantic serpents 
 
 Si, 369. 373. 
 Pyxidanthera barbulata, 1044. 
 
 Quadrant, 815. 
 
 Quaestors, Roman, 273, 288, 292. 
 
 Quakers, a religious sect, 959-60, 
 
 978, 980, 995. 
 Quaking grass, 880. 
 Quamoclit coccinea, 1001. 
 
 pennata, 820. 
 Quarry marks, 67, 70-1. 
 Quassia simaruba, see Simaruba. 
 Quebec, city in Canada, 875, 927, 
 
 930, 944, 1023. 
 Quelpaerts Island, south of Corea, 
 
 60S, 666, 765. 
 Quercus acutifolia, 1045. 
 
 cegilops, 1 01. 
 
 agrifolia, 989. 
 
 alba, 772, 929, 940. 
 
 aquatica, 896, 1003. 
 
 arisiata, 1064. 
 
 Austriaca, 921. 
 
 ballota, ior 
 
 Banisteri, se~ ilicifolla. 
 
 barbiuervis, 1067. 
 
 Benthami, 1067. 
 
 beroniy 41 8. 
 
 bicolor, 946. 
 
 calophylla, 1065. 
 
 cullosa, 1067. 
 
 candicans, 1045. 
 
 castanea, 1044-45. 
 
 Catesbcci, 1003. 
 
 cerris, 1 01. 
 
 tittered, 1003. 
 
 circinata, 10^5- 
 
 cocci fera, 85. 
 
 coccinea, 992. 
 
 confortifolia, 1054. 
 
 corrttgata, 1067. 
 
 crassifolia, 1054. 
 
 crassipes, 1054. 
 
 crispula, 622. 
 
 densijlora, 1064. 
 
 dentatay 621. 
 
 deprcssa, 1054. 
 
 Donglasii, 1064. 
 
 dysophylla, 1067. 
 
 elliptica, 1045. 
 
 esculus, 126. 
 falcata, 896, 10 16, 
 
 Quercus Garryana, 1046. 
 germana, 1065. 
 Ghiesbreghtii, 1067. 
 glabresceus, 1067. 
 glauca, 9S9. 
 glaucoides, 1067. 
 Gra/iami, 1067. 
 Humboldtii, 1051. 
 humilis, 465. 
 ?'/<?.*, J 74. 
 ilicifolia, 965, 
 imbricaria, 1044. 
 infectoria> 124. 
 ins ignis, 1 067. 
 &<?/«, 1067. 
 lanceolata, 1054. 
 lanigera, 1067. 
 laurifolia, 1065. 
 /auriua, 1054. 
 lobata, 1045. 
 Lusitanica, 902. 
 lutcsceus, 1067. 
 lyrata, 1039. 
 macrocarpa, 1044. 
 magnolicefolia, 1045. 
 microphylla, 1 04 5. 
 Moluccana, 966. 
 nigra, 896, 962, 1003. 
 nitens, 1067. 
 Oaxacana, 1068. 
 obtusata, 1054. 
 obtusiloba, 957 
 palustris, 1031 
 phellodrys, 961. 
 phellos, 962. 
 phillyroides, 622. 
 polymorp/iOy 1065. 
 prinoides, 1039. 
 priuus, 893, 957, 962, 992. 
 pseudomber, 889 
 pubescens, 10 1. 
 pulchella, 1054. 
 pumila, 992. 
 repanda, 1054. 
 reticulata, 1054. 
 rohur, 100, 4^' • 
 rubra, 875, 924-25, 927, 940, 
 
 94=^-43i 957- 
 rugulosa, 1067. 
 salicifolia, 867. 
 serrata, 610. 
 Skinneri, 1067. 
 Sonomensis, 1067. 
 j/. f 5S2. 
 
 jt/., of Burmah, 416. 
 splendetis, 1045. 
 suber, 256. 
 taitztti, 902. 
 tinctorta, 943, 957- 
 Tlapuxahuetisis, 1067. 
 Tolimensis, 105 1. 
 lomentosa, 1045. 
 Tournefortii, 101. 
 undulata, 1062. 
 virens, live oak, 761, 869, 896. 
 Xalapensis, 1054. 
 
 Queue, in hair-dressing, 946. 
 
 Quiche, city on Lake Atitan in 
 Guatemala, 649. 
 
 Quicksilver, 291, 296, 897, 900. 
 
 Quill a ia smegmadermos, 660. 
 
 Quillwort, 837. 
 
 Quiloa, city in East Africa, 860. 
 
 Quince, IJJ, 239, 688, 909, 960. 
 
 Quinc hamuli urn Chilense, 662. 
 
 Quippus, or knotted cord to assist 
 memory, 77, 783, 1009. 
 
 Quirivelia Zeylanica, 970. 
 
 Quisqualis Indica, 608, 690. 
 
 Quitch grass, 666. 
 
 Quito, city and country in Equato- 
 rial America, 659, 825, 834, 868, 
 874. 
 
 Rabbit, 87, 465, 869, 908. 
 Radack coral archipelago, 1061. 
 Radiola millegrana, 899. 
 /W/>/*, 207, 473, 909, 935, 944. 
 Rad-zerumbeth, 833. 
 Rafnia ampUxicaulis, 1014. 
 Ragged robin , 504. 
 Rahtor dynasty of kings of Canouj, 
 
 716. 
 Railroads, 1065. 
 Rain, in Egypt, 121. 
 
 remarkable, 531. 
 Rajania cordata, 987. 
 
 hastata, 987. 
 
 quinata, 976. 
 
 quinquefolia, 9S7. 
 Rajpoots, people of Northern Hin- 
 dustan, S97. 
 Ramalma fastigiata, 514. 
 Ramana, island in the China Sea, 
 
 743- 
 
 Ramayana, Sanscrit secular poem, 
 
 592, 616. 
 Ramboutati, 608. 
 
 Ranileh, city in Palestine, 616, 772. 
 Ramondia Pyrenaica, 912 
 Rampiou, 685. 
 Rana esculenta, 136, 453. 
 
 temporaria, 453. 
 Ratidia dumetorum, 413. 
 
 latifolia, 999. 
 Rangoon, city in Burmah, 244,643, 
 
 S12. 
 Ranunculus abortivus, 982. 
 
 aconitif alius. 556. 
 
 a<rrz'.r, 653, 958. 
 
 alpestris, 907. 
 
 atnplcxicaulis, 924. 
 
 aquatiUs, 450, 531. 
 
 aweusis, 8S2. 
 
 Asiaticus, 293. 
 
 auricotnits, SS2. 
 
 bulbosus, 786. 
 
 bu/latus, 902. 
 
 Cassubicus, 919. 
 
 chaeropkyllus, 934. 
 
 Creticus, 921. 
 
1204 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Ranunculus cyinbalaria, 1056. 
 falcatus, 894. 
 fascicular is, 1059. 
 ftammula, 26S, 450. 
 
 glacial is, 894. 
 
 Goua/ii, 889 
 
 gramiuens, 653. 
 
 grandiflorus, 99S- 
 
 hederaceiis, 450. 
 
 Hyperboreus, 1013. 
 
 Illyricns, 906. 
 
 laungtiiosus, 4S4. 
 
 Lapponicus, 970. 
 
 lingua, 450. 
 
 moutanus, 931. 
 
 mtiricaliu, 535. 
 
 nivalis, 931, 970. 
 
 nodijlorus, 997. 
 
 Orientalis, 296. 
 
 par vi floras, 4X4. 
 
 Pe uu sylvan ic us, 1 037. 
 
 philoiwtis, SSS. 
 
 Plantagineus, 93 r. 
 
 potyanthemus, 503. 
 
 Purshii, 1057. 
 
 pusillus, 1039. 
 
 fygmacus, 970, ion. 
 
 Pyreilaeus, 931. 
 
 recurvafus, 1050. 
 
 nyV«j, 451, 95S. 
 
 replant, 972. 
 
 rutacjolius, 91S. 
 
 salsuginosus, 1013. 
 
 seeterotus, 1S3. 
 
 spicatits, 1015. 
 
 sulphur ens, 970. 
 
 thora, 161. 
 Rapa, or Lapa, island in the Pacific, 
 
 7°5- 
 Rape-seed, 320. 
 Raphauislntm awcuse, 88. 
 
 mar iti muni) 207. 
 Rapluanis eaitdatus, 1028. 
 
 cheiraut/ufoluts, 1 003. 
 
 ly rat us, 850. 
 
 sativus, and zw. oleifer., 473. 
 
 Tanricus, 1007. 
 Raphia vinifera, 427. 
 Raphis acicularis, 4 [4. 
 Rarotongan Islands, in the Pacific, 
 
 6S0, 704-5. 
 Raspberry, 134, 805. 
 Rat, 453, 665,757, 862. 
 Ra/anhy root, 799. 
 Rathor dynasty of Hindu kings, 56S. 
 Ratisbon, city in Germany, 630. 
 Rattens, 304, 369, 515, 7 58, 776. 
 Rattlesnake weeds, 962, 967. 
 Rairwoljia cauescens, 9S6. 
 
 nit/da, 9S6. 
 Ravenna, city near the mouth of 
 
 the Po, 580, 619-20, 690. 
 Ray grass, 93. 
 Reaping grain, 59 
 Reau nutria hypericoides, 1007. 
 
 vermicidata, 724. 
 
 Red bay, 778. 
 ^twr, 473. 
 currant, S56. 
 AVA 7 '. 5 6 °- 
 
 JV/rW, 323, 936. 
 
 Rod chalk, 67. 
 
 leather, 576. 
 
 River, 8S1. 
 
 Sea, 130, 843, 1066 ; first visited 
 by a European ship, 861. 
 
 wood, traffic in, 597, 663. 
 AW, 57, 149, 425. 95°- 
 Refraction of light, 527, 905. 
 Regensburg cathedral, 755. 
 Registry of deeds, 431. 
 Reign of Terror, in France, 1047. 
 Reindeer, 80, 758, 780-81, 1031. 
 Rcniiria niaritima, 950. 
 Reseda alba, 504. 
 
 luteola, 451, 457. 
 
 Afcditerrauca, 670. 
 
 odorata, 1020. 
 
 p hyteuma, 481. 
 
 pinpurascens, 921. 
 
 undata, 971. 
 Reservoirs, artificial, 457, 525, 800. 
 Resolution, an island, when discov- 
 ered, 1032. 
 Respiration, 268. 
 Restdiarrow, 283 
 Restio dichotomies, 766. 
 
 triticeus, 1005. 
 Revival of learning, 685. 
 
 of literature, 830. 
 Rhagadiolus edit lis, 361. 
 
 Pv'oelpinia, 99S. 
 Rhamnis Jlabclliformis, 632. 
 Rhanuius alaternus, 184. 
 
 alnifolius, 1039. 
 
 alpinus, 937. 
 
 cathartiens, 2^6. 
 
 colttbrinus, 993. 
 
 Dovurn in, 1013. 
 
 erythroxylutn, 793. 
 
 fraugllla, 4^1. 
 
 in fee forms, 354. 
 
 A///, (Olatus, 1053. 
 
 lycioides, 902. 
 
 minult floras, 1041. 
 
 oleoidcs, 386. 
 
 prinoides, 101 5. 
 
 ^., 425. 
 Rhapis arundinacea, 776. 
 Rhaponticum unifiorttm, 1013. 
 Rhazya stricta, 736. 
 Rhea, American ostrich, 8^9- 
 Rhcyium, Gruuk city in Southern 
 
 Italy, 210, 5S3. 
 Rhetoric, 269. 
 Rheum compactitm, 1024. 
 
 Palniatuin , 550. 
 
 R/iapoufiinni, 389. 
 
 ?'//w, 642. 
 
 j/., 817. 
 
 uudtilatitni, 1017. 
 R hex ia ciliosa, 1041. 
 
 Rhexia glabella, 1040. 
 
 hitea, 1040. 
 
 H'Lwiana, 995. 
 
 stricta, 1056. 
 
 J'trginica, 992. 
 Rhhuuithus alpinus, 501. 
 
 Capensis, 1000. 
 
 elephas, 934. 
 
 minor, 501. 
 
 Orientalis, 996. 
 
 trifidus, 1007. 
 Rhine, river in Europe, 133, 552. 
 Rhinoceros, 630? 663, 6S6, 6S9. 
 
 African, 442. 
 Rhipsatis parasitica, 986. 
 Rhizobolus butyrosus, 92 1 . 
 Rhizophora caudel, 974. 
 
 conjugata, 324. 
 
 cylindrica, 974. 
 
 mangle, 622. 
 Rhode Island, N. American State, 
 
 949. 953- 95 6 > 9 6 3- 981, 9S5. 1043. 
 Rhodes, Greek island, 192, 389, 402, 
 
 605. 77-% S67. 
 Rhododendron arborenm, 745. 
 
 Cataiobicnse, 1041, 
 
 chamaccistus, S90. 
 
 chrysanthum, 759. 
 
 Daurieum , 582. 
 
 ferrugmeum, S94. 
 
 hirsutuni, 903. 
 
 Kamtchaticum, 1018. 
 
 Lapponicum, 940. 
 
 lepidotum, 614. 
 
 maximum, 1003. 
 
 Politician, 299. 
 
 punctatum, 1 04 1. 
 Rhodomenia sp., 5S2, S49. 
 Rltoiiora Canadensis, 1022. 
 Rhone, the river, 192. 
 R/iubarb, garden, 389. 
 
 the drug, 550, 1017. 
 Rhus angustifolia, 999. 
 
 aromatica, 1039. 
 
 copallina, 741, 90S. 
 
 coriarea, 289. 
 
 cotiuus, 232. 
 
 elegans, 1005. 
 
 £-/ ( 7Mz, 909, 937. 
 
 lucida, 993- 
 
 metopuun , 9S6. 
 
 pumila, 1041. 
 
 rosmarinifolia, 1015. 
 
 semialafa, 622. 
 
 #•, 2 3°> 73°- 
 succedauea, 7S8. 
 sylvestris, 774. 
 tomentosa, 993. 
 
 toxieodeudrum, or radicans, S04. 
 typhina, S04. 
 venenata, 992. 
 vemififera, 634. 
 villosa, 999. 
 Rhyiichosia i/ijtata, 3S0. 
 malacophylla, 3S0. 
 rufescens, 412. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I205 
 
 Rhynchospora alba, 918. 
 
 aurea, 977. 
 
 capitellata, 1041. 
 
 ciliata, 104 1. 
 
 cymosa, 1049. 
 
 distans, 1041. 
 
 Elliottii, 1059. 
 
 fascicularis, 1041. 
 
 fit sea, 1 03 1. 
 
 glomerata, 1016. 
 
 inexpansa, 1041. 
 
 longirostris, 1041. 
 
 micrantka, 1041. 
 
 sparsa, 1041. 
 Ribbon grass, 839. 
 Ribes alpinum, 937. 
 
 aureum, 1055. 
 
 (Grossularia) cynosbati, 873. 
 
 divarieatum, 5S1. 
 
 floridum, or recurvation-, 958. 
 
 { Grossularia) hirtellum, 916, 
 
 923- 
 
 lacustre, 1044. 
 
 laxiflorum, 1046. 
 
 Menziesii, 1046. 
 
 nigrum, 871. 
 
 niveum, 604. 
 
 ( Grossularia ) oxyacanthoides, 
 1001. 
 
 procumbent, 759. 
 
 prostration, 1039. 
 
 [Grossularia) rcclinata, 980. 
 
 resinosum, 1039. 
 
 ( Grossularia) rotnndifolia, 1041. 
 
 rubrum, 856,874,935,969, 1064. 
 
 sanguineum, 1055. 
 
 [Grossularia) saxatile, 582. 
 
 speciosum, 1046. 
 
 (Grossularia) uva-crispa, 61 1. 
 
 viscosissimum, 1055- 
 Riccia fluitans, 1006. 
 
 glauca, 1006. 
 -to'"?, 79* 374. 77i>820. 
 Rice-beer, 613. 
 Richardia scabra, 1012. 
 Rich-weed, 770. 
 Ricinus communis, 225. 
 
 ? Tanarius, see .//</<-. j^x. 
 Ricotia Aegyptiaca, 1 021. 
 Riedleia capitata, 380. 
 Riga, on the Baltic, 802, 812. 
 Right of search on the high seas, 
 assertion of, by British govern- 
 ment, leading to war with the 
 U. S., 1056. 
 Rimac, valley of Western Peru, 
 
 789, 841. 
 Riobamba, city on the Andes, 1049. 
 Rio de la Plata, ascended by Euro- 
 peans, 868. 
 Riu de Ouro, in West Africa, 267, 
 
 817, 819. 
 Rivina laevis, 993. 
 
 octandra, 9S6. 
 Roanoke country, 908-9, 913. 
 Robbers, in Egypt, 900. 
 
 Robinia hispida, 929, 1003. 
 pseudacacia, 768. 
 
 viscosa, 941, 
 Roc, fabulous bird, 762, 775. 
 Rocambole, 145. 
 Roca Portida, island in the Pacific, 
 
 884. 
 Rocella purpura-antiquorum, 467. 
 
 tinctorla, 236. 
 Rochelia Borbonica, 1067. 
 Rochelle, city in France, 800, 939. 
 Rocket, 281, 288. 
 Roella ciliata, 993. 
 Rolandra argentea, 9S3. 
 Rome, 252, 321, 377, 389, 402, 442, 
 498, 517, 528, 538, 540, 569, 583, 
 616, 620, 79S, 1072. 
 Roman ritual, 6S1, 703. 
 Romish church, 619-20, 623-24, 
 
 6S7. 
 Rondeletia Americana, 986. 
 Roridula dentata, 766. 
 j?<w# Abyssinica, 185. 
 
 agrestis and sepium, see _/?. 
 Montana. 
 
 alba, 506. 
 
 arborea, 963. 
 
 arveusis, 584. 
 
 blanda, 873, 935, 940. 
 
 canina, 451, 499, 969. 
 
 Carohnensis, &66, 958. 
 
 centifolia, 1 50. 
 
 cinnamomea, 991. 
 
 damascena, 304. 
 
 eglanteria, 461. 
 fraxin ifolia ,581. 
 
 glandulifera, 817. 
 
 glutinosa, 324. 
 
 Indie a, 817. 
 
 liEvigata, 1020. 
 
 lucida, 873, 923, 929, 940. 
 
 micrantha, 105 1. 
 
 ?nicrophylla, 817. 
 
 montana, 506. 
 
 multiflora, 790. 
 
 pcndulina, 1011. 
 
 pimpinellifolia, 506. 
 
 Provincialis, 506. 
 
 pumila, 471. 
 
 rubiginosa, sweet-brier, 506, 960, 
 969. 
 
 rugosa, 417. 
 
 sempervirens, 148. 
 
 setigera, 1041. 
 
 Sinica, 817. 
 
 spinosissima, 5S4. 
 
 toMentosa, 931. 
 
 villosa, 505. 
 Rosacece, rare in Egypt, 3. 
 Rosaries, 44. 
 7tW, 150, 282, 304, 417, 461, 471, 
 
 499. 5°5> 553, §73- 
 .AW of Jericho, 516. 
 Rose-apple, 699. 
 Roselle, 797. 
 Rosemary, 459, 935, 9S4. 
 
 Rose-root, 4S7. 
 Rosetta stone, 43, 369, 410. 
 Rose-water, 150, 652, 965. 
 Rose-wood, of Tropical America, 
 
 876. 
 Rosmarinus officinalis, 459, 814, 969. 
 Rotala verticillata, 973. 
 Rottboella dimidiata, 1037. 
 
 monandra, 993. 
 Rottlera tinctoria, 413. 
 Roubieva mtdtifida, ion. 
 Rouen, city in France, 6S 3, 687,719. 
 Roxalani, of Eastern Europe, com- 
 pare Russians, 434, 525. 
 Roy ena glabra, 993. 
 
 lucida, 993. 
 
 villosa, 766. 
 Rubia Bocconi, 993. 
 
 Brownei, 1023. 
 
 Chile nsis, 661. 
 
 cord/folia, 421, 526. 
 
 lucida, 307. 
 per egr ilia, 488. 
 
 tinctorum, 275. 
 Rubiac, 425. 
 Rubies, 573. 
 Rubus arctic us, 951. 
 
 casius, 357. 
 
 Canadensis, 968. 
 
 cham&morus, 792, 969. 
 
 corylifolius, 634. 
 
 cuneifolius, 1040. 
 fruticosus, 134, 177, 451. 
 
 hispidus, 1019. 
 
 Jdmus, 134, 451. 
 
 Jamaicensis, 982. 
 
 leucodermis, 604. 
 
 Motuccanus, 159, 418. 
 
 JVutkanus, 581. 
 
 Occidentalis, 805, 940. 
 
 odoratus, 945. 
 
 palmatus, 417. 
 
 parvifolius , 966. 
 
 pedatus, 1046. 
 
 pistillatus, 1044. 
 
 sanctus, 998. 
 
 saxatilis, 780. 
 
 j/., 909, 926. 
 
 spectabilis, 581. 
 
 stellatus, 1046. 
 
 strigosus, 805, 874, 923, 926-27, 
 940. 
 
 triphyllus, 417. 
 
 trivial is, 777. 
 
 villosus, 893, 968. 
 Rudbeckia amplexifolia, 1037. 
 
 columnaris, 1057. 
 
 digitata, 978. 
 
 discolor, 1033. 
 
 hirta, 962. 
 
 laciniata, 941. 
 
 purpurea, 962. 
 
 subtomentosa, 1044. 
 
 triloba, 1000. 
 Rudolphia peltala, 9S7. 
 ./?«(?, 246, 271, 525. 
 
I2o6 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Ruellia clandestina, ion, 
 cocciuea, 9S6. 
 guttata, 721. 
 nidigofcra, 305. 
 infuuddathformis, 973. 
 pauiculitfa, 9S3. 
 refaudo, 966. 
 j/., 425- 
 
 strepeus, see Diptcr acanthus, 
 taberosa, 9S3. 
 Rumex Aby^siuicus, 465. 
 acctosa, 365, 944. 
 aeetoseiia, 366, 87S, 929. 
 acutus, 625 
 AiXVftrai us, 1007. 
 alpiuus, 679 
 alt iss hurts, 807. 
 amplexicaulis, 993. 
 aquaticus, 470. 
 bucephalophorus, 447. 
 conglomcratus, 1031. 
 crispus, 262, 419, 969 
 deutatus, ion. 
 [Acetostila) hastatula, 1059. 
 lituaria, 930. 
 luxuriant, 993- 
 mar tt ii)i u\\ 63S. 
 muttijidits, 903. 
 ncrvosns, 645. 
 obluufolius, 377. 
 palustris, 63 5 
 paticntia, 262, 969. 
 pulchcr, 931. 
 ;v.wv^', 1S2. 
 sanguineus, 638, 969. 
 scutatus, 61S. 
 spiuosus, 36 <;. 
 tJ/yrsoides, <)b\. 
 Tingitauus, 937. 
 tuberosus, 511. 
 vcuosus, 1057, 
 vcrticillatus, 1016. 
 vcsicarius, 937. 
 Rumphia Amboiucusis, 973. 
 Running a muck, 816. 
 Ruppia mantima, 897. 
 Ruscas iuulcatus, 316. 
 hypo^lossum, 167. 
 hypophylhtm, 167. 
 AVr//, 19, 201, 204, 255, 400, S25, $}S 
 Russia and the Russians, 6}'), 66 -5, 
 711, 725, S27, 896, 915, 956, 9S5, 
 102S, 103S, 1070. 
 Russia leather, 785. 
 Russian language, 999. 
 Rata angusti folia, MM 6. 
 gravcolan, 271, 969. 
 /-faltpeusis, 27 r. 
 linifolia, 525. 
 moutana, 246. 
 pam/lora, 998. 
 Ra/aT'iua, 246. 
 tuber eu lata, 217. 
 villosa, 1007. 
 
 ^'<'> 5 '3- 935-944 
 Ryuchosia tomcutosa, ion. 
 
 Sabal Adansoni, 761, 866, S69, 
 
 877. 
 
 Sabal palmetto, 893. 
 
 serrulata, 1043. 
 Sabbatia augularis, 1019. 
 
 brachiata, 1061. 
 
 <w/^w, 1033. 
 
 eh/oroides, 1016. 
 
 gracilis, 1019. 
 
 lauceolata, 1039. 
 
 pauwulata, 1016, 
 
 stellaris, 1033. 
 Sabicea cinerca, 950. 
 Sabines, 254, 26S. 
 Sable, fur-hearing animal, 752, 75S. 
 
 Island, on the North Ameri- 
 can coast, S63, 914, 048. 
 Saccharum officinale, 266, 441, 917. 
 
 Ravcuinc, 259. 
 
 Jd777, 422. 
 
 j/-, 43-- 
 
 spontaneum, 595. 
 Sacrifices, 3, 64,441, 548. 
 Sacsahuaman, Peruvian fortress, 
 
 709. 
 S add harm a pundarika, Buddhist 
 
 siting, 537- 
 S,if/lo:ocr, or dyers 1 saffron, 161, 526. 
 Saffron, 115. 
 Sagapenum, 342. 
 A> A 'V, 287, 510, 579, 736. 
 Sayhalien, island north of Japan, 
 953, 1055, 1059, 1070. 
 
 Sti.ut.s-, discovered, 1042. 
 Sagiua agctata, 1027. 
 
 decumbens, 1056. 
 
 erccia, 989. 
 
 L/nucci, 1006. 
 
 nodosa, 037. 
 
 proeumbens, 84$. 
 
 snbiilata, 1025. 
 Sagittaria alpiua, 1032. 
 
 grtuniuca, 1041. 
 
 hctcrophvlla, 1053. 
 
 laucij'olia, 9S7. 
 
 naiiius, 1041. 
 
 obtusifolia, see 6". variabilis. 
 
 sagittif>h<i, 419, 847. 
 
 subutiiti! , 1 o-I-b. 
 
 tr/ folia, ()')-/. 
 
 variabilis; 77 r, 97.1. 
 
 ^'. 3°b 335"3 6 > 6 3°> 788. 
 A. /;•//, 925. 
 
 Saguuiay River, S75, 920, 9^8. 
 Saguerus Ruuiphii, see Aicwa. 
 Saguntum, utv in Spain, [36. 
 Sagus farnufera, 630. 
 
 laevis, 630. 
 
 ruffia, see A'apliia j-iutfera. 
 Sails, navigation by, X62. 
 Saimur, city in Hindustan, 65S. 
 Sainfoin, 895. 
 Solatia Sinensis, 845. 
 Salamander, 37. 
 Salamis, city on < 'ypnis, 175. 
 
 naval combat at, 265. 
 
 Salaxis abietina, 1067. 
 arboresceus, 1067. 
 in out ana, 1067. 
 Salem, seaport of New Eng., 975, 
 990, 1004, 1012, 1034, 1039, 1060. 
 Salep, 311, 728. 
 Salicomia ambigua, 929. 
 A/abica, 671. 
 brack lata, 519. 
 Caspica, 100S. 
 hcrbacea, 510, 969. 
 Indica, 5 1 8. 
 mncronata, 1063. 
 strobiltcea, lOOj, 1029. 
 Salisbury Cathedral, 721. 
 Salix acuminata, 919. 
 <//&/, 171. 
 Atuauuiaua, 931. 
 amygdalina, 889. 
 augustala, 1056. 
 arbuscula, 919. 
 arbutifolia, 931. 
 areuarta, 7X3. 
 argeutea, 460. 
 aurita, 919. 
 
 Babylonica, loceping-^oilloiv, 672. 
 berberifolia, 1014. 
 Ruergeriana, 561. 
 Candida, 1044. 
 £ - f yV^ T 457. 
 cincrea, 451. 
 cordata, 946. 
 cordifolia, 1060. 
 discolor, 946. 
 formosa, 919. 
 fragiln, I 7 I. 
 fusca, 906. 
 gluma, 101 1. 
 hastata, 1012. 
 /W/.r, 366. 
 herihiica, 937, 1064. 
 Iloustouiaua, 1012. 
 Iliiuiboldtiana, 789. 
 humilis, 1039. 
 Japonic*, 325, 601. 
 
 lillUtt.l, 101 1. 
 
 JM/pouitni, 1012. 
 
 lou^ifflut, 1055. 
 
 ///<-/,/„, 946. 
 
 murina, 460. 
 
 myrsinites, 992. 
 
 nigra, 909, 95S. 
 
 uigriciins, ion. 
 
 obovata, 105S. 
 
 obtusifolia, 1012. 
 pedicellaris, 1056. 
 petiolaris, 1051. 
 phyltafolia, 1012, 1063. 
 planifolta, 1060. 
 
 Rolor/y, 970. 
 prturoj;, 475. 
 
 repcus, 451, 1064. 
 
 /■(•//( nlita, 931. 
 
 rctusa, <}". 
 
 rhainuif'ha, 1014. 
 
 rubra, 8S2. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I207 
 
 Salix Scouleriana, 604. 
 
 sericea, 1039. 
 
 serotina, 236. 
 
 J/., 875. 
 
 subserrata, 3, 62. 
 
 tenuifolia, 1012. 
 
 tetrasperma, 617. 
 
 toisjusju, 419. 
 
 toppikara, 419. 
 
 triandra, 460. 
 
 tristis, 777. 
 
 uva-ursi, 1060. 
 
 vcsfita, 1060. 
 
 viminalis, 153. 
 Sall&iv, 457. 
 Salmon, 453, 664. 
 Salmo salar, 453. 
 Salonka dynasty of kings of Guz- 
 
 erat, 650. 
 Salpiglossis slnuata, 1002. 
 Sal sola arbuscula, 1029. 
 
 articulata, see Anabasis aphyUa. 
 
 crassa, 1007. 
 
 ericoides, 1013. 
 
 foliosa, 1007. 
 
 glauca, 1007. 
 
 Indica, 519. 
 
 /■«//, 646, 929, 969. 
 
 lanifiora, 1030. 
 
 niidifloi'a, 519. 
 
 polyclonos, 971. 
 
 rigida, 1007. 
 
 rosacea, 902. 
 
 sativa, 646. 
 
 ,T0</t7, 646. 
 
 tragus, 646. 
 
 vermirulata, 971, 1007. 
 
 verrucosa, 1013. 
 Salt, 8S1. 
 Salt-lakes, 269. 
 Salvadora Persica, 426. 
 Salvia aethlopis, 297. 
 
 Africana, 993. 
 
 argentea, 998. 
 
 aurea, 993. 
 
 Austriaca, 907. 
 
 azurea, 1033. 
 
 Barrelieri, 971. 
 
 caly ciiia, 510. 
 
 Canariensis, 999. 
 
 ceratophylla, 894. 
 
 colorata, 978. 
 
 crass if olia, 99S. 
 
 dise?'??ias, 436. 
 
 ghttinosa, 894, 903. 
 
 grandiflora, 932. 
 
 Hispanica, 913. 
 
 hormiuuni, 162. 
 
 fndica, 97S. 
 
 lanata, 736. 
 
 leonuroides, 915. 
 
 {Dicerandra) linearifolia, 1059. 
 
 Lusitanica, 971. 
 
 lyrata, 97S. 
 
 marrubioides, 936. 
 
 Mexicana, 1011. 
 
 Salvia multifida, 971. 
 
 nemoralis, J029. 
 
 odorata, 932. 
 
 officinalis, 2S7, 969. 
 
 oppositifolia, 798. 
 
 particulate, 975. 
 
 pinnata, 1003. 
 
 Plebeia, 736. 
 
 polymorpha, 960. 
 
 pom if era, 290. 
 
 p7-atensis, 630. 
 
 sclarea, 292, 969. 
 
 sylvestris, 364. 
 
 Syriaca, 932. 
 
 trichostemoides, 1054. 
 
 triloba, 8S9. 
 
 urticaefolia, 978. 
 
 Valentino, 971. 
 
 verbenaca, 446. 
 
 vertlcillata, 439. 
 
 virgata, 989. 
 Salvinia cucultata, 698. 
 
 natans, 907, 1029. 
 Salwen, river in Burmah, 240. 
 Salmon tree, 240. 
 Samadera fndica, 726. 
 Samara laeta, 970. 
 Samarcand, or Maracanda, city in 
 
 Bokhara, 800. 
 Samaria, city of, 192, 215, 217. 
 Samarians, 1068. 
 Sambucus Canadensis, 958, 968. 
 
 ebulus, 409, 451. 
 
 nigra, 126, 134, 451. 
 
 racemosa, 967. 
 Samnites, people of Italy, 319, 328, 
 
 333-39. 37L 373- 376. 
 Samuan Islands, 299, 338. 
 Samolus Valerandi, 508. 
 Samos, Greek island, 217, 245, 279. 
 Samoyedes, 779. 
 Samp, 954. 
 Samp/iire, 294. 
 Samvda serrulata, 9S6. 
 San Bernardo, an island, 924. 
 Sandalwood, 386, 591. 
 
 r^/, 574. 
 
 white, 816. 
 Sandarach resin, 152. 
 Sandbox-tree, 915. 
 Sajidoricuvi Indicnm, 20S. 
 Sandwich Islands, 1046. 
 Sangita-Ratnakara, Hindu treatise 
 
 on music and the drama, S23. 
 Sanguinaria Canadensis, 767, 958. 
 Sanguisorba Canadensis, 949. 
 
 media, 972. 
 
 officinalis, S4S. 
 
 J/-i 753- 
 Sanhedrim, a court of law, 402. 
 Sanicula Canadensis, 995. 
 
 MzAr, 418. 
 
 Europ(ra, 636. 
 
 Afaryla/nttcd, 961. 
 San Miguel, city of, founded, 870. 
 Sanscrit poets, 420. 
 
 Sanscrit writings, 320, 616, 623, 1062. 
 Sanseviera cylindrica, 382. 
 
 Gulneensis, 993. 
 
 j-/., 269. 
 
 Zeylanica, 95. 
 Santa Cruz, island in the West 
 
 Indies, 845, 917, 924, 1012. 
 Santa Elana, 753. 
 Santalum ka-ra-mai, 591, 816. 
 
 myrtifolium, 3S6. 
 
 j/., 814. 
 Santa Polonia, an island, 924. 
 Santiago, city in Chili, 881, 902. 
 Santolina alpina, 97 1 . 
 
 chamcecyparissns, 453, 969. 
 
 fragrantissima, 644. 
 
 maritima, 468. 
 
 rosmarinifolia, 907. 
 
 squarrosa, 889. 
 
 tinctoria, 661. 
 Sapindus deter gens, 421. 
 
 emarginatns, 230. 
 
 laitrifolius, 974- 
 
 mukurosi, 622. 
 
 rigidus, 999. 
 
 rubiginosus, 84. 
 
 saponaria, 993. 
 Sapium aucuparium, 1000. 
 
 ilicifolium, 9S7. 
 
 Indicum, 577. 
 
 obtusifolium, 1067. 
 
 sebiferum, 908., 997. 
 Sapodilla, 659 
 Saponaria bellidifolia, 934. 
 
 Cretica, 905. 
 
 ocymoides, 8S9. 
 
 officinalis, 288. 
 
 vaccaria, 505. 
 Sapota achras, 659. 
 Sappan wood, 642. 
 Saracens consoud, 863. 
 Sarai, city on the Volga, 751. 
 Sarca, volcanic island in the East 
 
 Indies, 990. 
 Sarcocol, 480. 
 Sarcostcmma Swartzianum, 982. 
 
 viniinale, 420. 
 Sarcostigma Kleinii, 744. 
 Sardinia, island in the Mediter- 
 ranean, 389. 
 Sardis, city in Asia Minor, 227, 241, 
 
 255, 264. 
 Sargassitm natans, 319. 
 Sarmatians, 434, 539, 546. 
 Sarmicnta 7'epens, 1002. 
 Sarothra gentianoides, 999. 
 Sarracenia ffi/va, S99. 
 
 psittacina, 1043. 
 
 purpurea, 922. 
 
 rubra, 1040. 
 
 variolaris, 1040. 
 Sarsaparilla, 805, 829-30, 901, 927, 
 
 951. 
 Sassafras, 772, 923. 
 
 «?*&, 855. 
 
 officinale, 772, 875, 923. 
 
I208 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Sass/a tinctoria, 65 1. 
 Satellites of Jupiter, 92S, 971. 
 
 of Saturn, 959-60. 
 Sat 'ui-iooihl tree ', 726. 
 Satire, in literature, 255. 
 Satureja capitata, 2S0. 
 
 Gneca, 343, 
 
 hortensis, 470, 969. 
 
 Juliana, 343. 
 
 montana, 343. 
 
 ? rigida, 1033. 
 
 thymbra, 279. 
 Saturn, the planet and its satellites, 
 
 160, 929, 9S1. 
 Satyrium coriifolium, 1009. 
 
 eucullatum, 1009. 
 
 /lireiuum, 4S3. 
 
 nigrum, -1S2. 
 
 ptantagiiteum, 983. 
 
 viride, 654. 
 Saul limber, 23S. 
 Saururus cermtus, 992. 
 Saiissurea alpina, 889. 
 
 awards 587. 
 
 discolor, 921. 
 
 multi flora, 10T3. 
 
 salicifolia, 1013. 
 S,iuragcsia erecta, 673. 
 Savannah, city in North America, 
 
 1012, 1017, 1036, 1071. 
 Savine, 454, 772. 
 few/ri', 343, 470. 
 Saw-wort, 774 
 Saxifragi adsceudeus, 891. 
 
 a/zoides, 790. 
 
 aizoon, S93. 
 
 androsacca, 934. 
 
 aspera, 930. 
 
 aittnmnalis, 891. 
 
 biflora, 970. 
 
 bronchialis, 1013. 
 
 btclbifera, 934. 
 
 Purscriaua , 903. 
 
 bryoides, 934. 
 
 eaesia, 894. 
 
 cernua, 970, ion. 
 
 cespi/osa, 893. 
 
 cotyledon, 885. 
 
 crass/folia, 793. 
 
 cwteifolia, 889. 
 
 cymbalaria, 996. 
 
 erosa, 1055. 
 geum, 976. 
 granulata, 653. 
 
 Groculandica, ioir. 
 
 Jicdcracea, 1007. 
 
 hirculus, 928. 
 
 kirsuta, 988. 
 leucanlhemifolia, 1041. 
 
 media, 488. 
 
 mo\c/iala, 930. 
 
 muscoides, 10 16. 
 mutala, 1028. 
 
 nivalis, 8S9, 970. 
 opposilifolia, 894. 
 pectinata, 1046. 
 
 Saxifraga Penusylvanica, 992. 
 
 petraea, 937. 
 
 punctata, 978. 
 
 rivularis, 970, ion, 1064. 
 
 rotund if alia, 894. 
 
 rupestris, 918. 
 
 sarmentosa, 68S. 
 
 sedoides, 891. 
 
 serpy lb folia, 1058. 
 
 sctigerct, 105S. 
 
 Siberica, 1031. 
 
 stellaris, 893, 970. 
 
 tricuspidata, 104S. 
 
 iridactylites, 556. 
 
 umbrosa, 9SS. 
 
 1'iigiuica, iot6. 
 Saxons, 543, 552, 566, 615, 6S0. 
 Scabiosa Africana, 5S5. 
 
 [Cephaleria) alpina, 89S. 
 
 argeutea, 932. 
 
 arz'cusis, 
 
 atropurpurea, 922. 
 
 Bannatiea, 932. 
 
 columbaria, 379 
 
 gr ami 11 i folia, 9S0. 
 
 intrgrifolia, 894. 
 
 Iseteusis, 10 1 3. 
 
 Hmonifotia, 930. 
 
 maritima, 919. 
 
 m lent ill iiti, 99S. 
 
 ochroleuca, 91 1. 
 
 Palacstina, 945. 
 
 ftrolifera,~8$i. 
 
 Pyrenaica, 993. 
 
 stellata, 902. 
 
 succisa, S24. 
 
 (Tric/iera) sylvatica, 921. 
 
 Ucranlea, 1013. 
 
 urccolafa, 972. 
 Scavimony, the clruc;, 121. 
 Scandinavian countries, 613. 
 Scandinavians, 640. 
 Scandix A ust raiis, 265. 
 
 grandijlora, 99S. 
 pecten, 266. 
 
 piunatifida, 037. 
 Scarabasi, of stone, 20. 
 Scardinius erythrophalmus. 453 
 Scarlet runner, 575. 
 Scarus, the fish, 58 
 Schaefferia completa, 9S3. 
 Schcuclizcria palustris, 450. 
 Schinus mollc, S53. 
 Schisandra cocci nca, 1041. 
 Schizaea dichotoma, 997. 
 pectmata, 1000. 
 pusilla, 1055. 
 Schizolaena rosea, 957. 
 SchleicJiera kyet-inouk, 1 12. 
 
 trijuga, 521. 
 Schmidelia serrata, ^z\. 
 Schoenocaulon gra, iU\ 104^5. 
 Schoeuus mucroutftus, 297. 
 
 nigricans, 201. 
 
 setae eus, 1036. 
 Sc holler a graminea, 1016. 
 
 School-boards, in Hindustan, 396. 
 School of Alexandria, 377. 
 Schools, 663, 896, 939, 1004. 
 Schotia speciosa, 229. 
 Schou ten's Island, near New 
 
 Guinea, 933. 
 Schrankia aculeata, 1012. 
 
 leptocarpa, 1064. 
 
 uuciuii/a, 1039. 
 Schrebera szoietemoides, 72S. 
 Schnltesia stenop/iylla, 1062. 
 Schwalbea Americana, 1000. 
 Schweinitzia odorata, io6r. 
 Schzaenkia Americana, 1027. 
 Sciadopitys verticillata, 632. 
 Scilta ainocna, 178. 
 
 autumnalis, 922. 
 
 />//<///, 871. 
 
 hyacintlioidcs, 350. 
 
 Indica, see Urginea. 
 
 Italica, 921. 
 
 Japonica, 976. 
 
 lilio-hyacinthus, 903. 
 
 Lusitanica, 932. 
 
 maritima, 24^ 
 
 monophyllos, 961. 
 
 JMonsoni, 921. 
 
 pancratium, 494. 
 
 Pei-uviana, see ^. Morisoni. 
 
 uu/folia, 930. 
 
 z-ema, 921. 
 Scilly Isles, 1S2. 
 Scio, Greek island, 1063. 
 Scnpus aciiidaris, 940. 
 
 articttl'itus, 973 
 
 atrovirens, I0S9. 
 
 f Trithelostylis) autumiialis, 
 1016. 
 
 bacothryon, 1005. 
 
 ccesftitosus, 37 t^, 792. 
 
 campestris, 1005. 
 
 ( O^re.c/i'/V* ) capillaris, 970. 
 
 debilis, 1053. 
 fluitans, 0,7. 
 
 [Isolepis) lioloschoenus, 204. 
 
 /'iMwr, 698. 
 
 lacusti-is, 388, 450, 903, 909. 
 
 maritimus, 665, 81S. 
 
 minimus, 9Q9. 
 
 mucrouatus, 999. 
 planifolius, 1059. 
 polyphyllus, 1055. 
 pungens, 91.")'"). 
 
 [Isolepis) sctaceus, 456. 
 
 sttbtcrminalis, 1062. 
 
 sylvaticus, 930. 
 
 Taheruaemoutaui, 913. 
 
 triqucter, 937. 
 Sciurus, 875. 
 
 cinereus, 948. 
 
 Europ^eus, squirrel, 136, 299, 
 452. 
 
 rufus, 948. 
 Scleranthus annuus, 565. 
 perennis, 913. 
 polycarftus, 934. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1209 
 
 Scleria Caroliniana, 1041. 
 ciliata, 1041. 
 flagellum, 983. 
 
 lithosperma, 974. 
 pauciflora, 1 041. 
 
 reticularis, 1040. 
 
 tetselata, 966. 
 
 triglomerata, 1041. 
 
 verticillata, 1041, 1055. 
 Sclerocarya birrea, 425 
 Sclerolepis verticillata, 1040. 
 Scollop, 154. 
 Scolopendrium hemionitis, 551. 
 
 officinarum, 407, 958. 
 Scolymus Hispanicus, 187. 
 
 maculatus, 187. 
 Scoparia dulcis, 740. 
 Scopolia lurida, 736. 
 Scorpion, 40. 
 Scorpion-grass, 850. 
 Scorpiurtis mtwicata, 977. 
 
 subvillosa, 404. 
 
 sulcata, 403. 
 
 vermiculata, 404. 
 Scorzonera angustifolia, 1013. 
 
 calcitrapifolia, 971. 
 
 caricifolia, 587. 
 
 clougata, 996. 
 
 graminifolia, 1008. 
 
 hirsuta, 934. 
 
 Hispanica, 863. 
 
 humilis, 907. 
 
 laciniata, 197. 
 
 lanata, 978. 
 
 multifida, 961. 
 
 pinifolia, 96 r. 
 
 purpurea, 907. 
 
 pusilla, 1030. 
 
 resedifolia, 563. 
 
 rosea, 907. 
 
 tuberosa, 118. 
 Scotch thistle, 792. 
 Scotland, or Caledonia, 517, 534, 
 
 552, 560, 565. 
 Scots, 597. 
 
 Scrnopiticy 142, 234, 543. 
 Scriptures translated into German, 
 
 627. 
 Scrophularia aquatica, 6yj. 
 
 bicolor, 99S. 
 
 canina, 510. 
 
 frutescens, 991. 
 
 lucida, 158. 
 
 Afarylandica, see nodosa. 
 
 minima, 998. 
 
 nodosa, 637. 
 
 peregr'tna, 206. 
 
 rupestr/s, 1044. 
 
 sambucifolia, 930. 
 
 scorodonia, 1000. 
 
 tanaceii folia, 921. 
 +trifoliata, 994 
 
 vernalis, 908. 
 Scrub-oak, 965. 
 Sculptors, 629. 
 Scurvy, 470. 
 
 Scurvy cress, 470. 
 Scutellaria albida, 931. 
 
 alpina, 937. 
 
 angustifolia, 1055. 
 
 cauesceus, 1033. 
 
 Colu?nnce, 918. 
 galericulata, 848. 
 
 hirta, 510. 
 
 integrifolia, 962. 
 
 lateriflora, 979. 
 
 minor, 919. 
 
 nervosa, 1055. 
 pallida, 1013. 
 peregrina, 949. 
 pilosa, 992. 
 
 serrata, 1033. 
 Scythians, 116, 227, 234, 320, 408, 
 
 453, 600. 
 Sea-holly, 74, 507. 
 
 &z/*, 473. 
 
 purslane, 8S7. 
 
 rocket, 679. 
 
 weeds, 368, 417, 524, 582, 610. 
 Sea-horse, 948. 
 
 otter, 937, 1006. 
 
 purple, or Tyrian dye, 142. 
 
 turtle, 276, 427. 
 
 unjcorn, 949. 
 
 voyages, 231. 
 
 water, mach. for distilling, 863. 
 Seal, marine quadruped, 154, 718, 
 
 810, S14, 816, 819, 872. 
 Searle coral-island, Paumotuan, 
 
 1050. 
 Sebaea albens, 1015. 
 
 aurea, 999. 
 
 cordata, 999. 
 Sebesten, 108. 
 Secale cereale, 513. 
 Secamone emetica, 524. 
 Securidaca virgata, 987. 
 
 volubilis, 987. 
 *W#?, 4S^- S39. 
 Sedum acre, 633. 
 
 aizoon, 10 13. 
 
 album, 585. 
 
 altissimnm, 173. 
 
 anacampreros, 921. 
 
 Anglicum, 98S. 
 
 atratum, 937. 
 
 cepaea, 487. 
 
 coerulettm, 1015. 
 
 collimun, 921. 
 
 confertum, 236, 537. 
 
 dasyphyllum, 889. 
 
 eriocarpum, 537. 
 
 Hispanicum, ion. 
 
 hybridum, 1013. 
 
 popidifolium, 1032. 
 
 pulchellum, 1016. 
 
 quadrifidum, 1031. 
 
 reftexum, S48. 
 
 rhodiola, 487. 
 
 rubens, 937. 
 
 rupestre, 837. 
 
 saxatile, 920. 
 152 
 
 Sedum sexangulare, 837. 
 
 spinosum, 812. , 
 
 spurium, looy. 
 
 stellatum, 341. 
 
 stenopetalum, 1055. 
 
 telephioides, 1041. 
 
 telephium t 303. 
 
 tematum, 1016. 
 
 villosum, 635, 907. 
 
 vireseens, 921. 
 Seiks, religious sect in Hindustan, 
 
 943- 
 Selaginella apus, 1017. 
 
 Selaginoides, 9S8. 
 Selago corymbosa, 993. 
 
 rapunculoides, 1016. 
 
 spuria, 1016. 
 Select-men, first, chosen in Boston, 
 
 948. 
 Self heal t 636. 
 Selinum Austriacum, 907. 
 
 Chabi'aei, 964. 
 
 lineare, 890. 
 
 Paluslre, see Peucedamwi. 
 
 peucedanoides, 952. 
 Selinunt, city in Sicily, 241. 
 Seljuk Tartars, 676, 678, 708. 
 Sellings, a Malayan tribe, 233. 
 Semecarpus anacardium, 447. 
 
 cuneifoliimi, 522. 
 Semneh, 87, 117. 
 Sempervivum arachnoideum, 934. 
 
 arboreum, 293. 
 
 Cauariense, 993. 
 
 tectorum, 439, 969. 
 Senators, Roman, 396. 
 Senebiera coronopus, see Coronopus. 
 
 didyjna, 1027. 
 Seneca tribe in Northeast America, 
 
 747, 982. 
 Senecio abrotanifolius, 921. 
 
 aquaticus, 931- 
 
 Arabicus, 2. 
 
 artemisiaefolius, 898. 
 
 aureus, 962. 
 
 Barrelieri, 971. 
 
 cacalioides 1067. 
 
 Canadensis, 10 19. 
 
 Camiolicus, 894. 
 
 cernuus, 1067. 
 
 chrysanthemifolius, 972. 
 
 coriaceus, 101 1. 
 
 crassifolius, 971. 
 
 cymbalaria, 1058. 
 
 delphinifolius , 972. 
 
 dentatus, 1003. 
 
 Doria, 864. 
 
 do7'onicum, 921. 
 
 elegaus, 990. 
 
 grandiflo7'us , 1000. 
 
 halimtfolius, ion. 
 
 hastatus, ion. 
 
 hieracifolius, 989. 
 
 ilicifolius, 1 00 1. 
 
 incanus, 918. 
 
 jacobma, 630. 
 
I2IO 
 
 TNDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Scnecio linif alius, 937. 
 
 longifolius, 975. 
 
 Nebrodensis, 971. 
 
 ncmorcnsis, 931. 
 
 nilguc, 662. 
 paludosus, 91 1. 
 
 penicillatus , 1067. 
 
 potlicaris, 1067. 
 
 pseudo-china, ion. 
 
 pubigerus, 975. 
 
 purpureas, 975. 
 
 rigidus, 990. 
 
 rotundifolius, 971. 
 
 Saraccnica, S63. 
 
 squalidus, 659. 
 
 sylvaticus, 1005. 
 
 tomentosus, 1041. 
 
 umjiorus, 1 OOO. 
 
 viscosus, 906. 
 
 vulgaris, 969. 
 Senegal river, discovered by Euro- 
 peans, 819, S23. 
 Senna, 139, 355, 526, 602. 
 Sensitive plants, 888. 
 Sepiadae, or cuttle fish, 29, 503. 
 Septus Cape us is, 999. 
 Septfoil, 563. 
 Sepulchral images, 105. 
 
 vases, Egyptian, 92. 
 Serapias grandi flora, 494. 
 
 inicrophylla, 952. 
 
 palustris, S84. 
 
 rubra, 574. 
 Serapis.worshipof, 371, 528, 532,555. 
 Sericocarpus conyzoidcs, 995. 
 
 solidagineus , 992. 
 
 tor tif alius , 1040. 
 Seriola urens, 992. 
 Serjana sutuata, 986. 
 
 triternata, 999. 
 Serpent-charming, 18, 24, 179. 
 Serpentine, the mineral, 133. 
 Serratula behen, 641. 
 
 Caspica, 1029. 
 
 centauroides, 973, 1013. 
 
 coronata, 994. 
 
 cyanoides, 10 14. 
 
 eynaroides, 97 8. 
 
 dubia, 898. 
 
 heterophylla, 919. 
 
 hum His, 994. 
 
 nudicaulis, 99 r. 
 
 polyclonos, 10 1 3. 
 
 simplex, 921. 
 
 tinctoria, 774. 
 Servia, country on the Danube, 812. 
 Service-tree, 102, 505. 
 Sesamum Orientate, 223. 
 Sesbaiiia aculeata, 974. 
 
 j&gyptiaca, 722. 
 
 grandijlora, 699. 
 Seseli ammoides, 472. 
 
 annuum, 205, 911. 
 
 divaricattan, IO57. 
 
 elatum, 1033, 
 
 glaucum, 899. 
 
 Seseli gracile, 912. 
 
 Jiippomarathum, 907. 
 
 montanum, 912. 
 
 rigidum, 993. 
 
 saxifragum, 919. 
 
 tortnosiim, 342. 
 
 turbith, 919. 
 Sesleria catrutea, 840. 
 
 ? dactylaides, 105S. 
 
 echinata, 937. 
 Sestos, city on the European side 
 
 of the Hellespont, 266. 
 Setaria aurea, 733. 
 
 ,£/„«<-,*, 513. 
 
 Ptalica, or glomerata, 79, 45T, 
 
 543. S9 S - 
 
 verticillata, 1 46. 
 
 viridis, 513. 
 Set km Indica, 592. 
 Seville, city in Spain, 795. 
 Seville Cathedral, 799. 
 Seymeria cassioides, 1005. 
 
 pectmata, 1005. 
 Shaddock, 216. 
 Shakua excelsa, 383. 
 
 minor, 383. 
 SAtf/^, 68. 
 Shamrock, 557. 
 
 Shans (Siamese) of Burmah, 5S8. 
 Sharks, 182. 
 
 Sharuhen, city in Palestine, 106. 
 Shawm ut, or Boston in New Eng- 
 land, 947. 
 Sheathing ships, 520. 
 Sheep, 2, 154, 452, 985. 
 
 the Somali variety, 2, 322. 
 Sheepskin, 924. 
 Shop's banc, 450. 
 
 /'//, 490. 
 Shepherdia argentea, 1054. 
 
 Canadensis, 1020. 
 Shepherd 's needle, 266. 
 
 /«*-«, 773 
 Shcrordia arvcusis, S26. 
 
 f/v<7,r, 934. 
 
 fruticosa, 994. 
 Sherbro Sound, in West Africa, 267. 
 Shetland Islands, 325, 79S. 
 Shingle tree, 744. 
 Ships and galleys, 133, 137, 15^, 
 
 424,685,719,775,951. 
 Shoc-ploioer, 675. 
 Shoes, ancient Egyptian, 180. 
 Shorea laccifera, 691. 
 
 robusta, 238. 
 
 tuiubagoia, 593, 
 Siam, 143, 399, 788, 861. 
 Sibbaldia c recta, 1013. 
 
 procumt'cus, 938. 
 Siberia, or Northern Asia, 1030-31. 
 Sibir, old city in Siberia, 812. 
 Sibola, in Mexico, 877. 
 Sibthorpia Europcea, 1004. 
 Sibylline books, 244, 540, 542. 
 Sicily, 131, 154, 265, 2S5, 312, 407, 
 583, 605, 629, 679, 757. 
 
 Sicyon, city in Greece, 347. 
 Stcyos angulata, 9S9. 
 A&V/tJ, see Abutiton. 
 
 acuta, 577. 
 
 alnifolia, roil. 
 
 altheacfolia, 983. 
 
 Americana, 987. 
 
 Capeusis, 1000. 
 
 carpinijolia, 972. 
 
 ciliaris, 9S3. 
 
 cordifolia, 697. 
 
 crispa, see Abutilon. 
 
 Dilteniana, ion. 
 
 hederaefolia, 9S7. 
 
 hirta, 966 
 
 ? hispida, 1053. 
 
 humilis, 1000. 
 
 linifolia, 1017. 
 
 mutiea, 850. 
 
 napaea, 982. 
 
 nndiflora, 987. 
 
 Occident, /lis, ion. 
 
 periplacifolia, 1000. 
 
 populifolta, 974. 
 
 retusa, 726. 
 
 rhombifolia, 972. 
 
 rhomboidea, 734. 
 
 rotundipalia, 1000. 
 
 spinosa, 850. 
 
 sti/utiita, 577. 
 
 77* tW , 9S3. 
 Sidcritis Canariensis, TOOO. 
 
 candicans, 993. 
 
 glauca, 07 T. 
 
 hirsufa, 902. 
 
 »/<-<"'", 993- 
 
 linear if olia, 971. 
 
 montana, 24S. 
 
 Romana, 931. 
 
 rosea, 99S. 
 
 scordioides, 898. 
 
 Syriaca, 8S9. 
 Sideroxylum inerme, ion. 
 
 melanophlcttm, 993. 
 
 toxiferuni, 766. 
 Side-saddle flotoer, 922. 
 Ski on, city in Phoenicia, 319, 686. 
 Sidonian needle-work, 86, 155. 
 Sieges of fortified places, 9S0. 
 Siena, in Italy, 751, Sn. 
 Sienite, 67. 
 Sigeshechia flosculosa, 1039. 
 
 Orientalis, 428, 1009. 
 Sikhs, a religious sect, S77. 
 Silene a caul is, 918, 1064. 
 
 attest V'k, 922 
 
 Altaica, 1031. 
 
 Aivjica, ion. 
 
 anttrrhina, ion. 
 
 areuaria, 961. 
 
 armcria, S26. 
 
 Baldwini, 1059. 
 
 behen, 3$$. 
 
 buplettroides, 996. 
 
 Catesbaei, 1005. 
 
 catholica, 894. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 121 I 
 
 Silene cerastoides, ion. 
 
 chlorantha, 978. 
 
 conica, 902. 
 
 conoidea, 903. 
 
 Cretica, 451. 
 fimbriate, 1007. 
 
 fruticosa, 910. 
 
 Gallica, 1006. 
 
 gigantea, 1014. 
 
 glutinosa, 992. 
 
 inaperte, ion. 
 
 inflate, 289. 
 
 Italica, 1025. 
 
 longiflora, 97 1. 
 
 Lusitanica, 973. 
 
 viaritima, 903. 
 
 mollissima, 993. 
 
 muscipula, 902. 
 
 noctiflora, 910. 
 
 noctuma, 973. 
 
 nutans, 922. 
 
 otites, 911. 
 
 ovate, 1055. 
 
 paradoxa, 973. 
 
 Pendula, ion. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1040. 
 
 polyphylla, 902. 
 
 psammites, 961. 
 
 pumilio, 907. 
 
 quinquev itinera , 973. 
 
 regia, 1056. 
 
 rubella, ion. 
 
 rupestris, 937. 
 
 sabuletorum, 961. 
 
 saxifraga, 889. 
 
 Sicula, 1003. 
 
 spergulae folia, 998. 
 
 spinescens, 504. 
 
 stellate, 962. 
 
 Tartarica, 785. 
 
 tridentata, 902. 
 
 Vallesia, 993. 
 
 Virginica, 1000. 
 
 viridiflora, 991. 
 
 viscosa, 996 
 Silesia, 733. 
 .Silk, 195, 583, 630, 663, 965. 
 
 fowl, 776. 
 
 worm, 195, 538, 583. 
 Silphium asteriscus, ion. 
 
 composition, 1040. 
 
 elatitm, 1060. 
 
 integrifolium, 1044. 
 
 laciniatum, 1 02 5. 
 
 laevigatu??i, 1056. 
 perfoliatum, 1024. 
 
 reticulatum, 1060. 
 
 tei'ebinthaceum, 1028. 
 trifoliatum, 962, 978. 
 Silsilis, 124, 131. 
 Siluridse, 57. 
 Silurus electricus, 43. 
 Silver, 105, 106, 380, 571, 611-14, 
 
 630, 689, 870, 88S, 900, 918. 
 Silver Age, 107. 
 Silverweed, 636. 
 
 Silybum marianum, 489, 95S. 
 Simaruba amara, 674. 
 Sin Puerto, an island, 924. 
 Sinabaro, fortress in Japan, 951. 
 Sinai, mount, 145, 441, 576. 
 
 Peninsula, 63. 
 Sinapis alba, 246. 
 
 Allioni, 181. 
 
 a?t>e7isis, 455. 
 
 Chinensis, 607. 
 
 dichotoma, 387. 
 
 erucoides, 486. 
 
 glauca, 387. 
 
 incana, 455. 
 
 j'uucea, 504. 
 
 nigra, 246. 
 Sind, border country of Hindustan, 
 
 615, 620-21. 
 Singapore, city of, 709. 
 Sinope, city on the Black Sea, 207. 
 Siphomeris lingun, 384. 
 Siphonia, see Hevea. 
 Sirach, book of, 26S. 
 Sirius, rising of, 59, 69. 
 Sison ammi, see Seseli amnwides. 
 
 amomum, 320 
 
 auisum, 248, 969. 
 
 segetum, 918. 
 Sistrum, 51. 
 Sisymbrium altissimuvt, 288. 
 
 asper-um, 937. 
 
 Barrelieri, 971. 
 
 bursifolium, ion. 
 
 canescens, 1016. 
 
 Columnae, 934. 
 
 integrifolium, 1013. 
 
 *W(7, 288. 
 
 Monense, ion. 
 
 obtusangulum, 931. 
 
 officinale, 371. 
 
 polyceratiuifi, 340. 
 
 Pyrenaicum, 977. 
 
 salsuginosum, 103 1. 
 
 sophia, 870, 1031. 
 
 supinum, 1004. 
 
 tanacetifolium . 973. 
 
 tenia folium, see DiploLixis. 
 
 Thalianum, 91 1. 
 
 Valentinum, 994- 
 
 vimineum, 894. 
 Sisyrinchium anceps, 776. 
 
 Bermudianum, 968. 
 
 bulbosum, 661. 
 Sitang, city in Pegu, 590. 
 Sitolobium punctilobulum, 1044. 
 Slum angustifolium , 625. 
 
 bulbocastauum, 585. 
 
 Graecum, 998. 
 
 latifoliiun, 172. 
 
 linear e, 1038. 
 
 Siruhun, 972. 
 
 sisarum, 261, 960. 
 
 verticillatum, 912. 
 Siva, Hindu deity, 606. 
 Skimmia yaponica, 9S9. 
 Skirret, 261. 
 
 Skullcap or helmet flower, 848. 
 Skunk cabbage, 808. 
 Slate, 928. 
 
 Slave-holders' rebellion of South- 
 ern States in North America, 
 1070-71. 
 Slavery, 191, 721, 803, 877, 939, 951, 
 Slavonian language, 640, 680, 999. 
 Slavonians, 274, 326, 583, 623, 639, 
 
 711,787. 
 Slavonic book, first printed, 843. 
 
 writing, the earliest, 678. 
 Slings, 150, 193, 875. 
 Slippery elm, 757. 
 Sloanea dentate, 9S6. 
 iS7tv, 134, 451. 
 
 Small pox, 586, 648, 1006, 1021. 
 Small age, 175. 
 
 Smalt, or cobalt-blue, pigment, 8S8. 
 Smelting of metals, 583. 
 Smilacina bifolia, 418, 969. 
 ciliate, 1050. 
 racemosa, 419, 944, 949. 
 stellate, 941. 
 trifolia, 1013. 
 Smilax aristolochiaefolia^ 1005. 
 aspera, 148. 
 China, 601. 
 excel sa, 1008. 
 glabra, 601. 
 glauca, 944, 962. 
 herbacea, 962. 
 hispida, 1059. 
 ICraussiana, 732. 
 lance&folia, 601. 
 lanceolate, 1003. 
 laurifolia, 1003. 
 Mauritiana, 901. 
 officinalis, 830. 
 pseudo-china, 761, 923. 
 rotundifolia, 1020. 
 sarsaparilla, 829. 
 siphilitica, 95 T. 
 tamnifolia, 104 1 . 
 tamnoides, 992, 1003. 
 Walter i, 1039. 
 Zeylanica, 950 
 Smithia sensitiva, 251. 
 Smoke-bush, 232. 
 Smolensko, city in Russia, 1059. 
 Smyrna, city of, 610. 
 Smyrnium apiifolium, 998. 
 olusatrum , 250. 
 perfoliatum, 397. 
 Snails, 30, 154. 
 Snake- gourd, 723. 
 yfcftffZ', 968. 
 
 mtf, 748, 768, 944. 
 
 w<^, 944. 
 Snowball tree, 456. 
 Sncnvdrop, 350. 
 Snow-berry, 604. 
 Soap, 503. 
 .S00/ acacia, 423. 
 
 7zm/, 230, 421. 
 
 Z£/fW, 288. 
 
1212 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Soc. hist. nat. pan's, 1047. 
 Socotra, island at the mouth of the 
 
 Red Sea, 424, 573, 642. 
 Sodada decidua, 464. 
 Sodom, city in Palestine, 107. 
 Sofala, city in Africa, 860. 
 So/a kispida, 763. 
 Solanum sEthiopicum, 831. 
 
 aggregation , 993- 
 
 anqluvi, 3S1. 
 
 Arabicum, 724. - 
 
 Bahamense, 950. 
 
 Balbisii, 3S1 
 
 Bonaricnse, 1 o 1 r . 
 
 Campechiense, 1 01 1 . 
 
 Capense, 1030. 
 
 Carl, 660. 
 
 Carolinense, 419. 
 
 chenopodioides, 1002. 
 
 coagulans, 530. 
 
 cordatum, 1S1. 
 
 dulcamara, 530. 
 
 ferox, 9S5. 
 
 ForskalU, 724. 
 
 Hermanni, 979. 
 
 [iVvlU'ti urn) keieraudrum, 1057. 
 
 heterocauthum, 381. 
 
 incamim, 724. 
 
 indicum, 695. 
 
 insanum, 656. 
 
 Jacquini, 694. 
 
 lycopersicum, see Lycopersicum. 
 
 viacrocarpon, 950. 
 
 mammosum , 999. 
 
 mclongeua, 602, 909. 
 
 viiniatum, 314. 
 
 muricalum , 1 002. 
 
 nigrum, 74S, 969. 
 
 nodijlorimi, 381. 
 
 paniadatum, 950. 
 
 polyacanthum, 9S6. 
 
 pseudo capsicum, 893. 
 
 quercifolium, 1002. 
 
 sanctum, 181. 
 
 j/., 419. 
 
 suaveolens, 381. 
 
 trilobatum, 72S. 
 
 tuberosum , the potato, 660, 882. 
 
 vascifolium, 701. 
 
 Virgniiaumn, 999. 
 Solar spots, 92S. 
 
 year, 375, 6S3. 
 Soldanella alpina, 921. 
 
 montana, 957. 
 Solea concolor, 1049. 
 Soleb in Nubia, 120. 
 Soli dago altissima, 1009- 
 
 arguta, 1043. 
 
 as per a, ion. 
 
 bieolor, 1000. 
 
 caesia, 962. 
 
 Cambrica, 1004. 
 
 Canadensis, 965. 
 
 diuca, 662. 
 
 elliptica, 102 1 
 jlexicaulis, 991. 
 
 Solldago gigantea, 1043. 
 
 glomerata, 1041. 
 
 latifolia, 992. 
 
 limonifolia, 941. 
 
 minuta, 991. 
 
 multiradiata, 1043. 
 
 nemoralis, 1043. 
 
 odor a, 1000. 
 
 patula, 1052. 
 
 panciflosculosa, 1041. 
 
 petiolai'is, 1043. 
 
 pilosa, 1 02 1. 
 
 rigida, 991. 
 
 rugosa, ion. 
 
 Saracenica, see Senecio. 
 
 sempervirens, 949. 
 
 serrotina, 1043. 
 
 squarrosa, 1059. 
 
 stricta, 1043. 
 
 idmi folia, 1052. 
 
 virgata, 104 1. 
 
 virgattrea, 766. 
 Saliva Jiasturtdjolia, 1054. 
 Solomon Islands, in the Pacific, 
 
 898, 920, 925. 
 Solomon *s seal, 495. 
 Solonka dynasty of Hindu, 722 
 Solstices, 377. 
 Somali country, 322. 
 Souclms alpi nits, 910. 
 
 arveusis, 490. 
 
 asper, 256. 
 
 dichotomus, 894. 
 
 maritimns, 937. 
 
 oleraceus, 165, 969. 
 
 palustris, 490. 
 
 Sibericus, 1013. 
 
 teuerrimus, 9 ^7. 
 Sonneratia acida, 727. 
 Sophora alopecuroides, 1007. 
 
 hcptapfiyl/a, 966 
 
 Japonica, 621. 
 
 (9/ ten talis, 5S7. 
 
 robusta, 278. 
 
 tomentosa, 982. 
 Sopub/a ramosa, 732. 
 Snibunnc, college at Paris, 751. 
 Sorbus Americana, 968. 
 
 aucuparia, 4 c; r T 505. 
 
 chamacmcspdin, 356. 
 
 domestica, 102. 
 Sorghum sacc/iaratnm, 723. 
 
 vulgare, 475. 
 •jideia Ma-dag. 
 Sorrel, 365-66, 511. 
 Soui, fourteenth Chinese dynasty, 
 
 S89» 597. 599- 
 Soutantca amara, 208. 
 Scrung, Northern, tenth Chinese 
 
 dynasty, 564. 
 
 twenty-first Chinese dynasty, 
 655, 664, 668, 756. 
 Sour sop, 754. 
 South Carolina, one of the United 
 
 States, 1001, 1004, 1009-10, 1042. 
 Southernwood, 358. 
 
 ^StfTt/ thistle, 165. 
 
 »5Vy/ bean, 763. 
 
 Soymida sp., 269. 
 
 Spain (Spanish), 498, 572,842,854, 
 
 965, 967, 1016, 1018, 1024, 1038. 
 Spanish bayonet, 761. 
 
 needles, 748. 
 Spanish Language in Palestine, S50. 
 
 settlements in America, 957. 
 Sparganium angusti folium, 1044. 
 
 curycarpitm, 1063. 
 
 natans, 835. 
 
 ramosum, 495. 
 
 simplex, 495. 
 Sparrow, 19. 
 
 Sparta, city in Greece, 222, 391. 
 Spartiua cynosuroides , 1016. 
 
 ftuviatilis, 1044. 
 
 glabra, see stricta. 
 juncea, 1041. 
 
 stricta, 886. 
 Spartium aphyllnm, T033. 
 
 horridum, see Genista. 
 junceum, 168. 
 
 multijlorum, 913. 
 
 purgans, 931. 
 
 radiatum, 934. 
 
 scorpius, 355. 
 
 sphacrocarpum, 902. 
 
 villosu?n, 243. 
 Spathelia simplex, 982. 
 Spearmint, 886. 
 Spearwort, 268. 
 Spectacles, for assisting eyesight, 
 
 75 6 - 
 Specularia hvbrida, ^42. 
 
 pentagouia, 99S. 
 
 pcifoliata, 806. 
 
 spec iilitm, 827, S94. 
 iyW^V/,633. 
 
 .S/V'// 1 , 167, 176. 
 
 Spcrgida arveusis, S47. 
 
 nodosa, see Sagina. 
 
 peutandra, 451. 
 Spcrgularia media, 520. 
 
 rubra, 520. 
 Spermaceti, 752. 
 Spermacoce articul.iris, 970. 
 
 diodiua, see Diodia teres. 
 
 glabra, 1044. 
 
 hispida, 738. 
 
 involucrata, 1039. 
 
 limfolia, 950. 
 
 teuuior, g<)9 
 Splueranthus Africanus, 1000. 
 
 suaveolens, 374. 
 Sphenoclea Zeylauica, 374. 
 Sphinx, 70, 106, 118, 4S2. 
 Spice-bush, ox fever-bush, 770. 
 Spider-orchis, S96. 
 Spielmannia Africa na, 1001. 
 Spigelia anthclmia, 997. 
 
 Marvlaudtca, 961. 
 Spikenard, 321, 805, 94^. 
 Spilanthes acmella, 966. 
 
 insipidus, 977. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1213 
 
 Spinach, 909. 
 Spinacia oleracea, 648. 
 Spindle tree, 259. 
 Spinifex squarrosus, 546. 
 Spircea aruncus, 419, 670. 
 
 betulaefolia, 1039. 
 
 capitata, 1046. 
 
 crenata, 781. 
 
 discolor, 1055. 
 filipendula, 686. 
 
 kypericifolia, 940. 
 
 Kamtchatica, 1018. 
 
 laevigata, 582. 
 
 lobata, 1034 
 
 opulifolia, 993. 
 
 salicifolia, 921. 
 
 sorbifolia, 1014. 
 
 thalictroides, 1032. 
 
 iomentosa, 962. 
 
 ulmaria, 634. 
 Spiranthes aestivalis, 10 18. 
 
 antiimnalis, 848-. 
 
 cernna, 1025. 
 
 gracilis, 1063. 
 Spitzbergen, island in the Arctic 
 
 Sea, 918, 932, 970. 
 Spleenwort, 175. 
 Spondias acuminata, 699. 
 
 dulcis, 441. 
 
 mangifcra, 371. 
 
 mombin, 673 
 
 myrobalanus, 673. 
 Sponge, 182. 
 Sporobolns Indicns, 984. 
 
 jimceus, 1 04 1 . 
 
 Virginicus, 1017. 
 Spruce, 123, 367, 5S2, 621, 809, 830, 
 
 920. 
 Spunk, 187. 
 5/*«y,?, 89, 273, 306, 313, 467, 698, 
 
 713, 778, 800, 827. 
 Spurry, 847. 
 Spurt-grass, 665. 
 Squash, 747. 
 Squinaucy, 850. 
 Squirrel, 136, 299. 
 Sri Bhagavata, Sanscrit writing, 
 
 St. Anne's Islands, 915. 
 
 St. Bartholemew, island in the 
 
 Pacific, discovered, 868. 
 St. Bernard Islands, 917. 
 St. Christopher, island in the West 
 
 Indies, 940, 965. 
 St. Croix Island, 923. 
 
 in Canada, 927. 
 St. Germain, treaty of, 947. 
 St. Helena Island, discovered, 848, 
 
 1060. 
 St. John's, town in Newfoundland, 
 
 905. i°^4- 
 St. John's Island, in the Pacific, 
 
 953- 
 
 River, 893, 896, 923. 
 St. John's wort, 394. 
 
 St. Lawrence river, discovered, 664 ; 
 subsequent history, 860, 875, 8S4, 
 920, 923, 927. 
 St. Louis, city in North America, 
 
 1022. 
 St. Paul's Church, in London, 973. 
 
 Island, discovered, 992. 
 
 School, in London, founded, 
 861. 
 St. Petersburg, city in Russia, 999. 
 St. Peter's Church, 860. 
 St. Peter's wort, 486. 
 St. Salvador, city in Brazil, 887. 
 
 island in the West Indies, 852. 
 St. Thomas, island in the Pacific, 
 
 833, 8S4. 
 Stiiavia radiata, 975. 
 Stachys Aethiopica, 1000. 
 
 alpiua, 932. 
 
 annua, 915. 
 
 arve)isis, 510, 937. 
 
 betonica, 340. 
 
 C ret lea, 937. 
 
 Germanica, 883. 
 
 glutinosa, 972. 
 
 Heraclea, 934. 
 
 hirta, S94. 
 
 hyssopifolia, 1039-40. 
 
 lanata, 324. 
 
 maritima, 993. 
 
 Palaestina, 993. 
 
 palustris, 530, 919. 
 
 recta, 8S2. 
 
 spinosa, 9 1 6. 
 
 spimtlosa, 998. 
 
 sylvatica, 878. 
 Stachytarpha yamaicensis, 9S3. 
 
 ombica, 999. 
 
 prismatica, 999. 
 Staeheliita arborescens, 905. 
 
 chamaepeuce, 489. 
 
 dubta, 360. 
 
 fruticosa, 904. 
 Staff, 59. 
 
 Stag, 59. 3 2 3- 
 Stagmaria verniciflua, 215. 
 Stamp Act of the English parlia- 
 ment, 1026. 
 
 Stanley a pinnatifida, 1057. 
 Stapclia articulata, 229. 
 
 hirsuta, 990. 
 
 incarnata, 229. 
 
 mamillaris, 1015. 
 
 ? variegata, 390. 
 Staphylea Occidentalism 982. 
 
 pinnata, 354. 
 
 trifolia, 965. 
 
 5^7- a/'//^, 754. 
 
 hyacinth, 871. 
 Star- of- Bethlehem, 194. 
 Star-shot, or Star-jelly, 790. 
 Stare, or Starr, 790. 
 Stars, maps of, and catalogues, 103, 
 
 323, 372, 400, 407, 975. 
 Staten Island, near Terra del 
 
 Fuego, 933. 
 
 Statice acerosa, 1007. 
 
 angustifolia, 961. 
 • aitrea, 1013. 
 
 bellidifolia, 993. 
 
 cor data, 937. 
 
 dichotoma, qji. 
 
 diffusa, 999. 
 
 echinus, 905. 
 
 echioides, 919. 
 
 Gmelini, 1013. 
 
 limoniiun, 492. 
 
 minuta, 937, 
 
 monopetala, 972. 
 
 mucronata, 952. 
 
 oleaefolia, 89S. 
 
 reticulata, 894. 
 
 sinuata, 492. 
 
 speciosa, 1013. 
 
 spicata, 1013. 
 
 suffruticosa, 1013. 
 
 latarica, 1003. 
 Statues, 6S, 393, 618-19, 735- 
 Stauntonia hexaphylla, 632. 
 Steam, 390, 1065-66. 
 Steam-engine, the, 1065. 
 Steatite, 423. 
 Steel, 120. 
 
 Steganotama sp., 731. 
 .SVWfr ophioglossoides, 987. 
 Stellaria alsine, 913. 
 
 boreal is, 968. 
 
 cerastoides, 1012. 
 
 dichotoma, 780. 
 
 graminca, 878. 
 
 holostca, 486. 
 
 humifusa, 1030. 
 
 longifolia, 968. 
 
 media, 419, 452, 969. 
 prost?-ata, 1061. 
 pubera, 1044. 
 Stellera chamaejasme, 1013. 
 
 passerlua, 878. 
 Stemodia durantifolia, 982. 
 
 7naritima, 9S2. 
 
 viscosa, 695. 
 Stenotaphru7?i dimidiatum, 1030. 
 Sterculia alata, 112. 
 
 balanghas, 333. 
 /*?#<&, 332. 
 ^wtfflAz, 333. 
 
 omata, 240. 
 plautanifoha , 1007. 
 
 j^., 466. 
 
 tomentosa, 269. 
 
 (Southweilia) tragacantha, 825. 
 
 [Cavallium) urens, 333. 
 
 villosa, 369. 
 Stereospermum sp , 732. 
 Stereoxylon palois, 799. 
 Sternbergia citrina, 1040. 
 
 colchiciflora, 907. 
 
 /z/^#, 827. 
 Stevia punctata, 915. 
 Stewartia malachodendron, 1003. 
 
 pentagyna, 1018. 
 Sticta puhnonacea, 514. 
 
I 2 14 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Stilbe pinastra, 993. 
 Stillingla ligustrina, 1041. 
 sebifera,see Sapium. 
 sylvatica, 830. 
 Sting-ray, 51- 
 Stifia avenacea, 1016. 
 aipilhttd, 793. 
 junccd, 973. 
 peuudtd, 785. 
 Sibcrica, 1013. 
 
 strieta, 1039. 
 
 teuacisstma, 465. 
 
 Virgin tea, 1040. 
 j^//, 799. 
 Stipttlieidd setdcca, \0\\. 
 Stitchwort, 486. 
 J>'^/', 375. 
 
 Stocks for the feet, 29. 
 .SV^fo cincreci, &c , 997. 
 
 crieotdes, 975. 
 
 gudph, /lodes, 1016. 
 plumosa, 997. 
 Stokesia craned, 1035- 
 Stomoxys, 25. 
 Stone age of nations, 12, 135, 1069. 
 
 art of squaring, 60, 373, 569. 
 
 column at Tugu, in Java, 775. 
 
 implements, 12, "SGi, 1069. 
 Stone-crop, 341, 633. 
 Slonehenge, in Britain, 569, 5S0. 
 Stoneware, 721. 
 Stonor, or Stonehore, S48. 
 Stordx, 117, 884. 
 
 liquid-, 639. 
 Stork, 44. 
 
 Stork's bill, 51S, 706. 
 Stramonium, 880 
 Strd/igle-tare, 355. 
 Strdp'-iuort, 734. 
 
 Strasburg, ciiv on the Rhine, 716. 
 Stratiotcs aeoroides, 966. 
 
 aloides, 558. 
 Strawberry, 378, 771, 892. 
 
 spinage, 940. 
 
 ifm", 101. 
 Streblus aspera, see Epicarpurus. 
 Strelitzia sp., 229. 
 Strepsiceros kudu, 818. 
 Strep/opus amplexifol/us, 495. 
 
 (Prosartes) lauugiuosus, 1041. 
 
 rose it s, 1 04 1. 
 Strix aluco, 453. 
 
 flammea, 60, 1032. 
 StrobilantJms ciltatus, 703. 
 
 strobus, 940. 
 
 vulgaris, 935. 
 Strobus Amer., 809, 875, 924, 942. 
 Strombus lentiginosis, 144. 
 Strum pfia maritima, 986. 
 Struthiola angustifolia, 1015. 
 
 longifiora, 1015. 
 Struthiopteris Germauicd, 911, 
 Strychnos colubriua, 8 1 3. 
 
 /gnat /ii, 671. 
 
 hg/tstrtua, 208. 
 
 nux-vomica, 638. 
 
 Strychnos potatorum, 422. 
 
 spinosa, 707. 
 
 //W//V, 445. 
 
 toxifera, 715. 
 Sturgeon, 274. 
 Sturnella Ludoviciana, 875. 
 Stumus vulgaris, starling, 453. 
 Stylisma alvolvulontes, 992. 
 Stylo* oryue racemosa, 990. 
 
 U'ehcra, y^ 
 Stylophorum diphyllum, 1044. 
 Stylosanthes elalior, 1004. 
 
 mucronata, 970. 
 
 procumbens, 9S3. 
 
 z</W*r, 9S3. 
 6'/j.'n?,r benzoin, 551. 
 
 graudifolinm, 1039. 
 
 /^rr, 1039. 
 
 officinalis, 1 17. 
 
 p/tlveruleutum , IO43. 
 Sit&dd bdecatd, 236. 
 
 depi'essa, 1057. 
 
 Monica, 645. 
 
 Z' (-'?';/, 648. 
 
 Subularia aquatica, 9S8, 1064. 
 Succory, or chicory, 256, 507, 929. 
 Suevi, of Germany, 448. 
 Suez canals, 127, 255, 1072. 
 Suffrenid fdiformis, 89S. 
 Sugar, 267, 330. 
 
 iw/f, 266, 441, 623, 909. 
 Sukuh, city in Java, 816. 
 Sula lard, the booby, 573. 
 Sulphur, 1S2. 
 Sulphur-wort, 294. 
 Sultan, the title first used, 664. 
 Sultanieh, city in Persia, 705. 
 Sulu Island, 91S, 1021. 
 Sumach, 232, 289, 741, 804, 992. 
 Sumatra, 860, 91S. 
 Sumbawa, 861. 
 Sumpit, tube fur blowing poisoned 
 
 darts, 776. 
 Sun, 626, 675, 6S0, Si 5, 8S0, 928,971. 
 worship of, 599, 659, 834, 926. 
 Sun-dials, 372. 
 Sunday, 813. 
 SwtdtTa, 529, 634, 737. 
 Sunflower, 296, 749, 914. 
 Sunn-hemp, 422. 
 Suriana maritima, 1000. 
 Surinam, 965, 1045. 
 Surra Siddhanta, Hindu writ , 6S1. 
 Sus scrofa, swine, 104, 136. 
 Susa, city in Persia, 562. 
 Suspension bridges, 705, 949. 
 Susquehanna River, 927. 
 Sutras, Buddhist scriptures, 552. 
 Sutta sagitti, Buddhist writing, 555. 
 Sioallow-ioort ', 476. 
 Swallows, 17. 
 Swan, 31, 154. 
 Swartz/a marginata, 731. 
 Sweating-houses, 956. 
 Sweden, Swedes, 797, 951, 1038. 
 Stueet alison, 894. 
 
 Sweet briar, 506. 
 cicely, 945. 
 flag, 142. 
 gum, 741. 
 marjoram, 935- 
 potato, 753-54, 862, 917, 1017. 
 scabious, 935. 
 william, 825. 
 Swertia dichotoma, 1013. 
 fastigiata, 1054. 
 pereitnis, 897. 
 pusilla, 1056. 
 Swietenia mahagoni, 673. 
 Swine, 154, 957. 
 Swiss cantons, 767. 
 Switzerland, 133, 450, S34. 
 Sword-bean, 300, 686. 
 Swords, 147, 237, 266, 436, 500. 
 Sybaris, city in S. Italy, 215, 277. 
 Svbilline Oracles, 464. 
 Sycamore, 106, 961. 
 Symphoricarptis racemosus, 604. 
 
 vulgaris, ioi I. 
 Symphytum asperrimum, 99S. 
 brochum, 347. 
 officinale, 346, 958, 969. 
 Onentdle, 1007. 
 Tduricum, 99S. 
 tuberosum, 903. 
 Symplocdrpus foetidus, S08, 968. 
 Symplocos ferrugiuea, &c, 594. 
 
 tiuctorid, 1005. 
 Syncarpha guaphaloides, 1014. 
 Syudesmts Tavoyana, 588. 
 Syucdrelta nodiflora, 983 
 Synods, 538-39, 542, 545. 54S-49. 
 570-73' 5*3. 59L 597, 609,012-1:, 
 615, 619-21,628-29, 631-32, 640- 
 1, 663, 666, 668, 676, 67S, 6S0-87, 
 6S9-90, 703-5, 708-15, 718-20, 
 722-25, 730, 734-35*740.743' 74", 
 75 J > 753- 755-60. 762, 764-65, 767, 
 772-73. 776, 779-So, 783, 780, 
 793- 795-96, 79 y . 8oi > ^ I -" I 3> 
 815-16, 822, 861, 896. 
 Syphilis, 829. 
 
 Syracuse, city in Sicily, 296, 393. 
 Syria, 598, 602. 
 
 Syriac, inscr'ns and mss., 531, 543. 
 Syringa Persiea, 930. 
 
 vulgaris, 362. 
 Syzygiitm Gi/nieense, 425. 
 jambolauum, 238. 
 sp., 278. 
 
 Tabakati Nasiri, a history of 
 
 Persia and India, 737. 
 Taberutrmontana aUeruijoha, 974. 
 
 citri/Wid, 9S6. 
 
 coroiidrid, 3S7. 
 
 dichotoina, 613. 
 
 laurifoiia, 9S2. 
 
 jYorouh/aua, 3S4. 
 Tdcamahdca resin, 673, 706, 1021. 
 Tacca il/adagasearieus/s, 3S6. 
 
 piuuatijida, 416. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1215 
 
 Tacsonia sp., 754. 
 
 Tadousac, at the mouth of the 
 
 Saguenay, 920, 923. 
 Tagalo language, 6S9. 
 Tagetes minnta, ion. 
 
 patula and erects, 820. 
 Taheitian Islands, in the Pacific, 
 
 338, 680, 705. 
 Tai-thsing, twenty-fourth Chinese 
 
 dynasty, 934, 956. 
 Ta-ka-seki, Japanese city, 618, 621, 
 
 623. 
 Talauma Plumieri, 986. 
 
 Sieboldli, 632. 
 Taliera Bengalensis, see Corypha. 
 Talimtm anacampseros, 993. 
 fruticosum, 993. 
 teretifolium, 1053. 
 triangulare, 1000. 
 Talipot palm, 347. 
 Tallow tree, 908. 
 Talmis, city in Nubia, 441. 
 Talmud, 723 ; Yerushlami, 553, 
 
 568 ; Babeli, 568. 
 Tamarindits Indies, 516, 917. 
 Tamarix dioica, 318. 
 
 Gallics, or Africans, 74. 
 Germanica, 447, 753. 
 Tamboura, musical instrument, 199. 
 Tambourine, 199. 
 Tame-tomo dynasty, Loo Choo 
 
 Islands, 716, 741, 788. 
 Tamias Striatus, 948. 
 Tamil language, 143, 180. 
 Ta-ming-lin, Chin, code of laws, 798. 
 Tamonea spinoss, 999. 
 Tamzts communis, 162. 
 
 Cretica, 162. 
 Tsnacetum annuitm, 889. 
 inrauum , 998. 
 Sibericum, 1013. 
 sttffrziticosnm, 993. 
 vidgare, 448, 969. 
 TancBcium jaroba, 950. 
 
 pinnatum, 380. 
 Tanarius major, 860. 
 Tanier, 714. 
 
 Tanks, or artificial ponds, 708. 
 Tanna, volcano of, 925. 
 Tansy, 448. 
 
 Taomaco, an island, 924-25. 
 Tapa, ox paper-cloth, 378, 925. 
 Tape-worm, 490. 
 Tapioca plant, 575. 
 Taprobane, island of, 481. 
 Tar, 981. 
 
 Tarawan coral-islands, 752, 884. 
 Tsraxscum dens-leonis, 419, 969. 
 Tarchonauthus camphoratus, 982. 
 Tare, 355, 557- 
 
 Tarentum, Greek city m Southern 
 Italy, 218, 325, 378, 393, SH 639- 
 Tsro, 373-74, 414- 
 Tarragon, 283. 
 
 Tarragon, or Tarraco, seaport in 
 Spain, 525, 540. 
 
 Tarsus, or Tarshish, city in Cilicia, 
 
 148, 714. 
 Tartar empire, 751. 
 Tartsr lamb, 647. 
 Tartars, 209, 663, 716, 719,721, 725, 
 
 733. 736. 747,915. 934- 
 Tattooing, 191, 499, 7S1, 869, 944. 
 Taug, 703. 
 
 Tauris, in Persia, 843. 
 Taxation of the English colonies 
 by the Mother country, resisted, 
 1027. 
 Taxes, 70, 618, 630, 764, 1027. 
 Tsxodium distichum, 842, 866, 869, 
 
 893, 908. 
 Tax us baccata, 129, 134, 451. 
 brevifalia, 583. 
 Canadensis, 1025. 
 cuspidata, 607. 
 macropkylla, 989. 
 verticillata, 812. 
 Tcheou, fifth Chinese dyn., 159,383. 
 the later, twentieth Chinese 
 dynasty, 653 
 Tchin, thirteenth Chinese dynasty, 
 . 584, 586, 589. 
 Tchin-la, see Cambodia, 599. 
 Tchouds, ancient miners of Sibe- 
 ria, 581, 779. 
 Tcin, ninth Chinese dynasty, 540, 
 564. 
 
 or Tsin, the later, eighteenth 
 Chinese dynasty, 650-51. 
 Tea, 540, 718, 753, 818. 
 
 destruction of, in Boston har- 
 bor, 1033-34. 
 Tea-tax, the, imposed by England 
 on the Massachusetts and other 
 colonies, 1030, 1033. 
 Teak, 244. 
 Teasel, 237. 
 
 Tecoma pentsphylla, 1005. 
 Tectona grandis, 244. 
 
 ternifolia, 245. 
 Teesdalia nndicanlis, 906. 
 
 regularis, 973 
 Telanthera frutescens, 1022. 
 
 ?naritima, 1051. 
 Telephiitm Imperati, 920. 
 oppositifolium, 10 15. 
 Telescopes invented, 928. 
 Telfsria pedata, 380. 
 Telingan race, 444, 783. 
 Temoe, coral islet in the Pacific, 
 
 >°33- 
 Temples, 611, 615, 619, 626, 659, 
 725, 743, 752, 782, 816, 859, 942. 
 formal destruction of Heathen, 
 
 54°, 549. 554, 559. 6 3°- 
 
 Temus moschata, 66r. 
 
 Tenasserim, province of Burmah, 
 860, 1063. 
 
 Teneriffe, one of the Canary Isl- 
 ands, 467, 821. 
 
 Tennessee, one of the United 
 States, 1048. 
 
 Teo-amoxtli, Mexican book of his- 
 tory and laws, 614. 
 Teocallis, or pyramids of Mexico, 
 
 604, 845. 
 Teotihuacan, in Mexico, 604. 
 Tephrosis srgentea, 1000. 
 
 chrysophylla, 1056. 
 
 cohites, 1000. 
 
 hirta, 380. 
 
 hispidula, 1041. 
 
 maxima, 970. 
 
 noctiflora, 380. 
 
 piscatoris, 1034. 
 
 pitrpurea, 578. 
 
 spicala, 995. 
 
 toxicaria, 987. 
 
 villoss, 1000. 
 
 Virginians, 992. 
 
 Vogelii, 730. 
 Terammts volubilis, 987. 
 Terebinth tree, 93. 
 Teredon, city on the Persian Gulf, 
 
 234- 
 Terminalia sngnstifolis, 1028. 
 
 badamia, 707. 
 
 belerica, 408. 
 
 catappa, 304, 580, 917. 
 
 chebiUa, 408. 
 
 citrina, 411. 
 
 coriacea, 744. 
 
 fatrcva, 707. 
 
 latifolia, 855. 
 
 Moluccana, 304. 
 
 sp., 425. 
 
 violats, 245. 
 Ternate Island, 741, 747, 765, 776, 
 
 788, 855, 876. 
 Ternstroemis yaponica, 632. 
 Terra del Fuego, 933. 
 Testudo, military engine, 278. 
 
 Galapagos sp., 775. 
 Tetragonia decumbens, 1021. 
 
 expansa, 437. 
 
 fmticoss, 993. 
 
 herbsces, 993. 
 Tetragonothecs helianthoides, ion. 
 Tetranthers gcniatlata, 1003. 
 
 7nonopetala, 739. 
 
 Roxburghii, 696. 
 Tetrao, 154, 875. 
 
 bonasia, 453. 
 Tetrapteris citrifolia, 986. 
 Teucrmm Achscmenis, 894. 
 
 angnstissimltm, 971. 
 
 betonicum, 982. 
 
 botrys, 883. 
 
 campanulaium, 989. 
 
 Canadcnse, 958. 
 
 capitatum, 169. 
 
 chamcedrys, 364. 
 
 coeleste, 971. 
 
 Creticum, 905. 
 
 flavescens, 971. 
 
 flamim, 364. 
 
 fruticans, 902. 
 
 gnaphalodes, 906. 
 
I 2 l6 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Tcucrium iva, see Ajw;'a. 
 
 Japoniaim , iooo. 
 
 libanotis, 971. 
 
 lucid um, 364. 
 
 marum, 477, 851. 
 
 microphyllum, 99S. 
 
 montanum, 405. 
 
 multiflorum, &c, 993. 
 
 NissoUanum, 97S. 
 
 Orientate, 989. 
 
 folium, 169. 
 
 pseudohyssopus, 934- 
 
 pumilum, 971. 
 
 pycuophyllum, 071. 
 
 scorodonia, 759. 
 
 spinosnm, 510. 
 
 tliymifoliuiu, 97:. 
 
 ValentutuBi, 971. 
 Teutones, 424, 432, 545. 
 Teutonic military Order of monk--*, 
 
 716, 802. 
 Texas, North American State, 1069. 
 Tezcuco, lake and city in Mexico, 
 
 736,831. 
 
 Vk'ilc cress, 911. 
 Thaha dealbata, 1046. 
 
 geuicalcila, 950. 
 Thalictram alpinuni, 979. 
 
 anemonoides, 1000. 
 
 angles tifolium, 937. 
 
 aqniUipfolium, 563. 
 
 Calabricum, 978. 
 
 Cormtti, 949. 
 
 dioicnm, 1016 
 
 flavin?!, 484. 
 
 feetidiim, 894. 
 
 foliolosum, 735. 
 
 galioides, 931. 
 
 minus, 484. 
 
 rugoswn, 978. 
 
 tuberosum, S92. 
 Thames River, in England, 95 r. 
 Thamud tribe of Arabs, 410. 
 Thang, fifteenth Chinese dynasty, 
 600, 605, 615, 620. 
 
 later, seventeenth Chinese dyn- 
 asty, 648-49. 
 Thapsia asclepium, 1 56. 
 foetida, 342. 
 
 Gargamea, 2S5. 
 
 silphium, 226. 
 
 villosa, 357. 
 Thaspium aureinu, 923. 
 
 barbinode, 1041. 
 
 piunarifidum, 1067. 
 
 trifoliatuni, 1016. 
 77^# bohea, 540. 
 
 Am: ( ?, 755. 
 Thebes, city in Greece, 121, 152, 28 c;, 
 323, 442, 448, 457, 464, 843, 106S" 
 The/jgonu/u cynocrainbe, 197. 
 Theobroma cacao, 657. 
 Theodosian codex of laws, 566, 572. 
 Theophrasta Americana, 986. 
 Thera, or Calliste, isl. of, 150, 236. 
 Thermae, or baths, 548. 
 
 Thermopsis mollis, 104T. 
 Thesium linophyllum, 774. 
 Thespesia populuca, 427, 438. 
 Thessaly, country in Greece, 120, 
 
 79S. 
 " The Wright's chaste wife," an 
 English tale of the time of 
 Edward IV , S29. 
 This, city in Egypt, 62. 
 Thistles, 21 r, 239, 360, 433, 508, S27. 
 Thlaspi alliaceum, 931. 
 
 alpestre, 922. 
 
 arvense, 419, Si 1. 
 
 bursa-pastoris, 419, 773, 958. 
 
 Buxbmim.ii. 1007. 
 
 campestre, see Lepidium. 
 
 ceratocarpum , 1 03 1 . 
 
 cordatum, 99S. 
 
 hirtum, 937. 
 
 montanum, 921. 
 
 pcregnniun, 931. 
 
 per/o/ialum, 934. 
 
 saxatile, 530. 
 Thorn-apple, 596. 622. 
 Thoung-tian, Chinese encyclopae- 
 dia, 620. 
 Thrace, 552, 784, 798. 
 Thracians, 153, 180. 
 Three-kings Island, near New Zea- 
 land, 953. 
 Thrift, 510. 
 
 Thrinax parviflora, 854. 
 Thrincia hirta, 361, 571. 
 Thsin, sixth Chinese dynasty, 383. 
 Thule, island north of Britain, 325. 
 Thuubergia alata, 381. 
 Thunder, in Egypt, 34, 139. 
 
 in Greenland, 767. 
 Thuringia, 6S0. 
 
 Thurium, or Sybaris, city in South- 
 ern Italy, 277. 
 Thuya euprcssoides, 1029. 
 
 gigautea, 604. 
 
 Oicidt'u/al/s, S66, 874-75, 94-' 
 
 Ot'U'jtta/is, 8S6. 
 
 ? retiuospcr/na, 419. 
 Thuyopsis dolabrata, 62 1. 
 
 laetei'ireus, 621. 
 Thylaehiuiu sumauqui, 3S3. 
 77/yint'ra sp/catci, 656. 
 
 verticil lata, 91 2. 
 Thyme, 262, 295, 654, 718, 935. 
 Thynms alpmiK, 907. 
 
 Barrcl/cri, 904. 
 
 glabratus, 272. 
 
 graveolcns, 574 
 
 iucanus, 295. 
 
 lauugiuosus, 907. 
 
 mastichiua, 906. 
 
 Paunoiucus, 907. 
 
 Pativinu^ Sec, 993. 
 
 serpillum, 272, 969 
 
 vulgaris, 718, 969. 
 
 3K?W, 376 
 
 Ti, title of Chinese emperors, 686. 
 7"/ plant, 438. 
 
 Tiahuanuco, ruins near Lake Titi- 
 
 caca, 580. 
 Tiarella biter nata, 1054. 
 
 cordifolia, 99 1. 
 
 Menziesii, 1046. 
 
 trifoliata, 1017. 
 Tiaridium Indicmn, 694. 
 Tiberias, city in Palestine, 553. 
 Tibet, 645, 735. 
 Tibetan literature, 623. 
 Tibor jars, 788. 
 Tiburtes, city in Italy, 174. 
 Ticonderoga, fortified post on Lake 
 
 Champlain, 1035. 
 Tides, 389, 852. 
 
 Tiedeniannia Caroliuetisis, 1040. 
 Tiflis, city on the West side of the 
 
 Caspian, 67S. 
 Tiger, figured, 87. 
 Tiger-floioer, 650. 
 Tigridia pavonia, 650. 
 Tikopia, island near the New Heb- 
 rides, 888. 
 Tiles, 608. 
 7///<7 Americana, C/5S, 968. 
 
 ar gentect, 227. 
 
 eordata, 561. 
 
 Europ<za, 214, 451. 
 
 heterophylla, 1053-54. 
 
 parviflora, 41S. 
 
 parvifolia, 451. 
 
 pubescens, 1021. 
 Tilliia aquatica, 1019. 
 
 muscosa, 972. 
 
 I'aillantii, 1006. 
 Tillandsia lingulata, &c, 986. 
 
 rccurvata, 9S2. 
 
 tenttifolia, 982. 
 
 usncoidcs, 866, S69, 893. 
 
 uirieulata, 901. 
 Tin, 80, 1S2, 575, 623, 642, 925. 
 Tinea, sp., 56. 
 Tine tare, 557. 
 Tipularia discolor \ 1016. 
 Tiryns, city in Greece, 153. 
 Tirzah, capital city of the kings of 
 
 Israel, 191, 
 Titicaca Lake, in Peru, 580,665, 667. 
 Toad-flax, 47S, 774. 
 Tobacco, 741-42, 926, 929, 933, 954. 
 Tobolsk, capital of Siberia, 781, 
 
 S12, 913, 1004. 
 Toddalia aculeata, 523, 
 
 angustifolia, 1067. 
 Toddy, crude sap of palms, 336, 642. 
 Todea Africana, 1000. 
 Tofieldia alpina, 907. 
 
 glutinosa, 1044. 
 
 palitstris, 894. 
 
 pubens, 1016. 
 Toghlakabad, fort at Delhi, 775. 
 Toledo cathedral, 722. 
 To/pis barbata, 934. 
 
 quadrimstata, 1003. 
 Toltec Mexicans, 5S0, 5S2-S3, 604, 
 676. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 12 1 7 
 
 Toluifera balsamum, see Myrosper- 
 
 mum. 
 Tomato, 615. 
 Tombigbee River, 1021. 
 Tondo, 949. 
 
 Tongan Islands, in Pacific, 299, 953. 
 Tonka bean, 1025. 
 Tooth-cress, or tooth-violet, 848. 
 Toothwort, 557. 
 Torch-tret:, 712. 
 
 mood, 1005. , 
 
 Tordylium Apulum, 934. 
 
 hwnile, 992. 
 
 maximum, 321. 
 
 officinale, 307. 
 
 Syriacum, 906. 
 Torenia Asiatica, 974. 
 
 parvijlora, 1051. 
 
 pumila, 731. 
 Torilis anthriscus, 472. 
 
 Helvetica, 889. 
 
 nodosa, 889. 
 Torres Straits, 925. 
 Torreya nucifera, 632. 
 
 taxifolia, 853. 
 Tortoise, 42, 136. 
 
 shell, 147, 630, 925. 
 Touch-me-not, 479, 803. 
 Toungoo, city of, 757. 
 Tourah, quarries at, 118. 
 Tourgaouts, the, 1030. 
 Tournaments, 690 
 Tournefortia argentea, 966. 
 
 bicolor, 91 5 
 
 cymosa, 982. 
 
 foetidissima, 986. 
 
 gnaphalodes, 999. 
 
 hirsutissima, 986. 
 
 humilis, 986. 
 
 serrata, 986. 
 
 suffrtiticosa, 9S2. 
 
 voliLbilis, 999. 
 Tovaria Virginiana, 952, 962. 
 Tozzia alpina, 934 
 Trachelium coerulenm, 971. 
 Tracheotomy, 535. 
 Trackymene incisa, 999. 
 Tradescantia axillaris, 974. 
 
 cristata, 729. 
 
 geniculata, 9S6. 
 
 Malabarica, 974. 
 
 rosea, 104 1. 
 Virginica, 940. 
 Trading companies, S91. 
 Trafalgar, naval combat, 1055. 
 Tragacanth gum, 118, 254,325, 327. 
 Tragedy, 244 
 Tragia cannabina, 737. 
 
 chamaelea, 726. 
 
 furialis, 38 1. 
 
 involucrata, 577. 
 
 macrocarpa, 1044. 
 
 mercurialis, 974. 
 
 lirens, 1000. 
 
 jnticifolia, 962. 
 
 volubilis, 98 3. 
 
 Tragium Columnar, 196. 
 
 peregrinum, 998. 
 Tragopogon crocifolius, 361. 
 lanatus, 900. 
 Orientatis, 910. 
 porrifolius, 625. 
 pratensis, 844. 
 Transmigration, doctrine of, 96. 
 Trapa bicornis, 124. 
 incisa, 371, 419. 
 uatans, 133, 451. 
 Trautvetteria palmata, 1 039. 
 Treason, trial for, where to be held, 
 a matter of dispute between Eng- 
 land and her North American 
 colonies, 1029. 
 Treaty between Russia and China, 
 1008. 
 of Aix la Chapelle, between 
 
 France and England, 1020 
 of Amiens, 1053. 
 of amity, &c, between Holland 
 and the North American 
 States, 1038. 
 of amity, &c, between the 
 North American States and 
 Denmark, Spain, Sweden, 
 Russia, and England, 103S ; 
 Prussia, 1039; second with 
 England, 1048. 
 of peace, between Whites and 
 Aboriginals of New Eng- 
 land, 1008. 
 of peace, between France and 
 
 England, 1025. 
 of Utrecht, between France 
 
 and England, 1004. 
 of Vienna, 1015. 
 Trebizond, or Trapezus, city on the 
 
 Black Sea, 211, 539, 825. 
 Tremella nostoc, 790. 
 Trenton, town in New Jersey, 1035. 
 Trepan, surgical instrument, 306. 
 T teres, Cimmerian tribe, 213. 
 Trianthema crystallina, 1026. 
 decandra, 738. 
 monogyna, 1000. 
 obcordata, 738. 
 pcntandra, 894. 
 Tribulus cistoides, 991. 
 lanuginosus, 970. 
 mux 'units, 982. 
 terrestris, 97. 
 Tribunes, Roman, 288, 291, 296, 
 
 301, 30S. 
 Trichecus rosmarus, walrus, 948. 
 Trichilia Capensis, 766. 
 emetica, 626. 
 hirta, 982. 
 spondioides, 9S2. 
 trifoliata, 1022. 
 Trichodesma Africauum, 563. 
 Indicum, 400. 
 Zeylanicum, 400. 
 Trichodium elatum, 1039. 
 laxifioruvi, 1033. 
 
 153 
 
 Trichodium per ennans, 1039. 
 Trichomanes membranaceum, &c, 
 987. 
 
 muscoides, 983. 
 Ti'ichophorum eriophorum, 961. 
 
 lineatum, 104 [. 
 Ti'ichophyllum lanatum, 1055. 
 Trichosanthes amara, 987. 
 
 anguina, 723. 
 
 cordata, 578, 974. 
 
 cucitmerinit) 413. 
 
 dioica, 413. 
 
 nervifolia, 974. 
 
 palmata, 523. 
 Trichostema brachiata, ioir. 
 
 dichotoma, 962. 
 Trichostomum ericoides, 937. 
 Tricuspis ambigua, 1061.- 
 
 seslerioides, 1004. 
 Trientalis Americana, 1019. 
 
 Europaa, 911. 
 Trifolium agrarium, 849. 
 
 Alexandrhtum, 124. 
 
 alpestre, 921. 
 
 alpinum, 918. 
 
 angustifolium, 898. 
 
 arvense, 315. 
 
 6adium, 971. 
 
 campestre, 882 
 
 Carolinianum , 1040. 
 
 Cherleri, 937. 
 
 clypeatum, 930. 
 
 elegans, 1035. 
 
 filiforme, 919. 
 
 fragiferum, 382. 
 
 glofneratum, 1000. 
 
 hedysaroides, 1005. 
 
 hybridum, 87 1. 
 
 incarnatum, 995. 
 
 iuvolucratum, 582. 
 
 lappaceum, 918. 
 
 macrocephaluni, 1055. 
 
 maritimum, 919. 
 
 medium, 977. 
 
 microcephalia, 1055. 
 
 montanum, 883. 
 
 pratense, 473. 
 
 procumbens, 654. 
 
 reflexuni, 1016. 
 
 repens, 557. 
 
 resupinatum, 338. 
 
 rubctis, 906. 
 
 saxatile, 937. 
 
 scabrum, 937. 
 
 spadiceum, 7SJ. 
 
 sphaerocephalum, 971. 
 
 spumosum, 937. 
 
 squarrosu??i t 479, 902. 
 
 s tell at in? 1, 826. 
 
 stoloniferum, 1059. 
 
 striatum, 989. 
 
 subterraneum, 973. 
 
 tomentosum, 894. 
 Triglochin maritimum, 903, 969. 
 
 palustre, 255. 
 
 triandrum, 1041. 
 
I2l8 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Trigonella elatior } 338. 
 
 fcenum p-tcatm, 37, 174. 
 
 hamosa, 146. 
 
 Polycerata, 889, 894. 
 
 Rnthenica, 1013. 
 
 spinoza, 975. 
 Trillium Camtschaticum, 1058. 
 
 cernuum, 1003. 
 
 erecturn, 938, 970. 
 
 erythrocarpum, 1041. 
 
 grandiflorum , 1 04 1 . 
 
 ovatum, 605. 
 
 petiolatutn, 1055. 
 
 pusillum, 1 041. 
 
 sessile, 999. 
 Trincomalee zoood, 244. 
 Trin ia dioica, 435. 
 Trinidad, island, discov., 857, 916. 
 Trinity, doctrine of, 705. 
 Trinity Church, in New York, 
 
 990. 
 Triodia pungens, 22. 
 Trionyx, river-tortoise, 42. 
 Triostcum angustifolium, 999. 
 
 perfol latum , 1 o 1 1 . 
 Triphasia trifoliata, 60S. 
 Triplasis Americana, 1059. 
 
 purpurea, 1039. 
 Tripsacum cyliudricum, 1043. 
 
 dactyloides, 964. 
 Trisetum Jlavescens, 839. 
 
 molle, 1044. 
 
 pal ust re, or Peuusylvanicum, 
 1020. 
 
 pubescens, 988. 
 
 subspicatum, 904. 
 Tristegis glutinosa, 1059. 
 Tristemma virusarum, 384. 
 Tnticum eaninicm, 876. 
 
 juueeum, 894. 
 
 loliaceum, 930. 
 
 mouococcu?n, 167, 451, 456, 
 
 Polouicum, 999. 
 
 repens, 666, 873, 940. 
 
 rigidum, 937. 
 
 spelta, 167, 176, 451. 
 
 tenet turn, 978. 
 
 turgidum, 59, 451. 
 
 unilalcrale, 993. 
 
 villosum, 801. 
 
 vutgare, wheat, 78, 154, 451. 
 Triumfetta annua, 1024. 
 
 Bartramia, 1000. 
 
 lappula, 988. 
 
 rhomboidea, 1022. 
 
 tomentosa, 380. 
 Triumphal processions, 542, 545. 
 Triumvirates, Roman, 44S, 456. 
 Trochetia Caudal I can a, 1067. 
 Troglodytes niger, chimpanzee, 268. 
 Trollius Europacus, S89. 
 
 laxus, 1050. 
 patulus y 1007. 
 Tropccolum majus, 901. 
 
 minus, S98. 
 Pcregrinnm, 1002. 
 
 Tropceolum tuberosum, 678. 
 Tropins Americana, 987. 
 
 aspera, see Epicaipurus. 
 
 spinosa, 966. 
 Troximum cuspidatum, 1057. 
 
 glaucum, 1057. 
 Troy, or Ilium, city of, 152, 174. 
 Truffle, 260. 
 Trulove, S29. 
 Trumpet-flower ', 899, 942. 
 Tsin, the later, Chinese dynasty, 
 
 (see Tcin). 
 Tsi-tsien, Corean dynasty, 798. 
 Tsiou son, dynasty, 711. 
 Ttahuantin-suyu, earliest inhabit- 
 ants of Peru, 5S0. 
 Tuber cibarium, 260. 
 Tube-rose, 915. 
 Tuckaho, 761. 
 7V#, 758. 
 Tulip-tree, 767. 
 Tulipa bijlora, 1034. 
 
 Brcyuiana, 975. 
 
 Celsiaua, 350. 
 
 Clusiana, 4S3. 
 
 Gcsncriaiia, 75S, 884. 
 
 octilus-solis , 1044. 
 
 Sibthorpiana, 350. 
 
 sylvestris, 906, 1029, 1034. 
 
 suavcolens, 903. 
 Tumebamba, in Peru, temples there, 
 
 799- 
 Tungusi tribes, 759. 
 Tupelo, a gum tree, 769. 
 Turdus Migratorius, S75. 
 Tnrgeiiia latifolia, 934. 
 Turin moghadd, 390. 
 Turkestan, in Central Asia, 133. 
 Turkey, art of printing introduced 
 
 into, with printing of books in 
 
 Turkish language, 1024. 
 war with Russia, 1028. 
 Turkey, the domestic, 614, 939. 
 Turkish empire, 764. 
 Turks ("Tourkot "), 586, 705, 774, 
 
 789, 798, 812, S62, 903, 943, 1062, 
 
 1065. 
 Turmeric, 189, 521, 526, 595. 
 Turucra cistoides, 982. 
 puinila, 982. 
 ulmifolia, 982. 
 Turnip, 276, 808, 909, 929, 935, 944. 
 Turnsole, 98. 
 Turnspit, 20. 
 Turpentine, 93, 123, 424. 
 Turquoise, 66, 106. 
 Turritis glabra, 847, 911, 958. 
 Locni/i, 882. 
 pubesceus, 1015. 
 Turtle, 915, 981. 
 Turtle-dove, 27. 
 Tuscany, 267. 
 Tuscaroras, aboriginal N. American 
 
 tribe, 1003. 
 Tussilago (Petasites) alius, 910. 
 alpina, 889. 
 
 Tussilago anandria, 1013. 
 
 discolor, 894. 
 farfa7~a, 259. 
 frigida, 991. 
 
 yaponiea, 1000. 
 
 laevigata, 1013. 
 
 lyrata, 1013. 
 
 nivea, 928. 
 
 petasites, 395 
 
 sagittata, 1060. 
 
 spuria, 928. 
 Tutui-nut, 216. 
 
 Tver, city on the Volga, 831. 
 Tway-blade, 541. 
 
 Twilight, brief between the Trop- 
 ics, 427. 
 Tylophora asthmatica, 524. 
 Typha angustifolia, 68, 419. 
 
 elephautina, 740. 
 
 latifolia, 6S, 969. 
 
 media, 898. 
 Tyre, city in Phoenicia, 139, 179, 
 
 326. 
 
 Tyrian dye, 142. 
 
 Tzompanco, city in Mexico, 720. 
 
 Tzukchi, tribe of N. Eastern Asia, 
 
 100S. 
 
 Uji'N, city in Hindustan, 667, 722. 
 t/iVjc Europ&us, 635. 
 
 nanus, S94. 
 Ulmus alata, 909. 
 
 altemifolia, 476. 
 
 Americana, 873, 923, 929, 940, 
 
 1010. 
 
 campestris, 366, 622. 
 
 effusa, 171. 
 
 /«/w, 757. 
 
 integrifolia, 252. 
 
 microphylla, 759. 
 
 suberosa, 171. 
 £7:'<7 intcstinalis, 920. 
 
 lactuca, 296. 
 
 latissima, 704. 
 Vmbelhf. iucert., 766. 
 
 plicata, 910. 
 
 umbilicalis, 904. 
 Umbrellas, invention of, 19s, 330. 
 Umbrians, original inhabitants of 
 
 Italy, 132. 
 Umiri balsam, 673. 
 Unam Sanctam, papal decretal, 
 
 765- 
 
 Uucaria gambir, 445. 
 
 Unguis odoratus, 144. 
 
 Uniformity Act in England, 961. 
 
 Unio (margaritaceus) sp., fresh- 
 water muscles, 619. 
 
 Uniola gracilis, 1016. 
 latifolia, 1025, 
 paniculata, 999. 
 
 Union between England and Scot- 
 land, signing of, 1001. 
 
 United States of America, the, first 
 formation of, 1035. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 I2ig 
 
 United States of America, news- 
 papers of, 1053. 
 
 population of, 1045. 
 
 revenues of, 1046. 
 
 shipping of, 1047. 
 
 war of, with Mexico, 1069. 
 University, at Cambridge, 685. 
 
 at Leyden, 901. 
 
 in New England, 951. 
 
 at Paris, 722. 
 Unona HgularU, 966. 
 Upas tree, 422. 
 Upsal, in Sweden, 759. 
 Upsal cathedral, 759. 
 Uraba, Spanish settlement on Da- 
 
 rien, 860, 877. 
 Uremia speciosa, 385. 
 Uranus, the planet, 989, 1037. 
 Uraria lagopodioides , 692. 
 Uredo segetum, 1 19. 
 Urena Americana, 983. 
 
 lobata, 338. 
 
 sinuata, 33S. 
 Urginea Indica, Indian squill, 350. 
 
 sp; 46s- 
 Urostehna ikema, 499. 
 Ursus Am. black, 869, S75. 
 
 arctos, 136, 452. 
 
 rfcaritimus, Polar bear, 758,932. 
 
 Syriacus, 45. 
 Urtica baccifera, 950. 
 
 Balearica, 882. 
 
 Canadensis, 973. 
 
 cannabiua, 1013. 
 
 capitata, 1020. 
 
 chamaedroides, 1053. 
 
 ciliaris, 987. 
 
 crenulata, 579. 
 
 dioica, 511, 969. 
 
 Dodartii, 973. 
 
 gracilis, 641. 
 
 grandifolia, 983. 
 
 heterophylla, 410. 
 
 yaponica, 610. 
 
 microphylla, 983. 
 
 most, 499. 
 
 nivea, 763. 
 
 nummular if olia, 9S3. 
 
 parietaria, 983. 
 
 pilulifera, 280. 
 
 (Pilea) pumila, 1016. 
 
 wrens, 406. 
 Urup, island North of Yeso, 953, 
 
 1070. 
 Use tribe of Tartars, 708. 
 Ushant, island at the Western 
 
 extremity of France, 325. 
 Usnea barbata, 367. 
 
 fiorida, 367. 
 Utica, city near Carthage, 157. 
 Utrecht, city in Holland, 971. 
 Utricular ia bi flora, 1040. 
 
 bipartite, 1061. 
 car til ea, 973. 
 cormita, 1041. 
 
 fibrosa, 1040. 
 
 Utricularia foliosa, 986. 
 
 gibba, 1 01 6. 
 
 inflata, 1039. 
 
 intermedia, 1030. 
 
 minor, 1001. 
 
 purpurea, 1039. 
 
 resupinata, 1063. 
 
 stellar is, 1037. 
 
 striata, 1 057. 
 
 subulata, 1016. 
 
 vulgaris, 599. 
 Uvaria amuyon, 689. 
 
 aromatica, see Habzelia. 
 
 grandijlora, 112. 
 
 naram, 348. 
 
 odorata, 608. 
 
 Zeylanica, 974. 
 Uvular ia fiava, 1040. 
 
 grandijlora, 949 
 
 perfoliata, 938. 
 
 puberula, 1 041. 
 
 sessilifolia, 419, 96S, ioii 
 
 Vaccination, 1051. 
 Vaccinium arboreum, 1041. 
 
 arctos taphylos, 996. 
 
 ctespitosum, 1044. 
 
 Canadense, 926, 1019. 
 
 Ckamissonis, 419. 
 
 corymbosum, 806. 
 
 crassifolium, 1039. 
 
 [Gaylussacia) dumosa, 770. 
 
 ? erythrocarpon, 1041. 
 
 ( Gaylussacia ) frondosa, 806. 
 
 fuscatum, 806. 
 
 galezans, 1 04 1. 
 
 ligustrinum , 1019. 
 
 myrsinites, 1041. 
 
 myrtillus, 362, 45 1. 
 
 nitidum, 1043. 
 
 obtusum, 1046. 
 
 ovalifolium, 581. 
 
 ovatum, 1055. 
 
 Penusylvanictmi, 806, 935. 
 
 [Gaylussacia) resinosa, 806. 
 
 salicinum, 58 1. 
 
 stamiueum, 769, 929. 
 
 uliginosum, 788. 
 
 vacillans, 806, 1029. 
 
 vitis-idcea, 451, 459, 788, 926, 
 940. 
 Vachellia Famesiana, see Acacia. 
 Vaginaria Richardi, 1043. 
 Va/iea Comoi'ensis, 380. 
 
 gummifera, 822. 
 Vaitupu, coral-island, 925. 
 Valabhi, or Balbhi, capital of Gliz- 
 
 erat, 583. 
 Valentinia ilicifolia, 999. 
 Valerian, 51S, 906. 
 Valeriana alliariaefolia, 1007. 
 
 bulbosa, 1029. 
 
 caespitosa, 99S. 
 
 [Ccntranthus) calcitrapa, 979. 
 
 Valeriana cardamines, 998. 
 
 Celtica, 358. 
 
 coai'ctata, 798. 
 
 dioica, 878. 
 
 Dioscoridis, 440. 
 
 Hardwickii, 496. 
 
 Italic a, 920. 
 
 macrophylla, 998. 
 
 montana, 937. 
 
 officinalis, 518. 
 
 pauciflora, 1041. 
 
 //*//, 779. 
 
 Pyrenaica, 724. 
 
 [Centranthus) rubra, 826. 
 
 saliunca, 459. 
 
 saxatilis, 358. 
 
 sisymbriifolia, 998. 
 
 j-/., 604. 
 
 sitpina, 971. 
 
 tripteris, 937. 
 
 tuber osa, 404. 
 Valerianella carinata, 1065. 
 
 olitoria, 458. 
 Vallisneria alternifolia, 419. 
 
 octandra, 419. 
 
 spiralis, 419. 
 Valonia dye, 101. 
 Valparaiso, city and seaport in 
 
 Chili, 902. 
 Van, fortified city in Armenia, 96. 
 Vandals, 553, 567, 56S, 576. 
 Vandellia Crustacea, 967. 
 
 diffusa, 950. 
 Van Dieman's land, or Tasmania, 
 
 discovered, 953. 
 Vangueria editlis, 700. 
 Vanilla angustifolia, 989. 
 
 aromatica, 657. 
 Vansavali, a Hindu chronicle, 767. 
 Varangul, city in Hindustan, 498. 
 Varegians, a Scandinavian tribe, 
 
 639- 
 Variation of the sun's declination, 
 
 761. 
 
 Varnish, Burmese black, 423. 
 
 Chinese, 215. 
 
 //hit, 305. 
 Varronia alba, 993. 
 
 liueata, 999. 
 
 salvifolia, 999. 
 Valeria Indica, 743. 
 
 Malabarica, 305. 
 
 pan-theet-ya, 240. 
 
 Roxlncrghiana, 305. 
 Vatica en-khyen, 439. 
 
 koung-mu, 244. 
 Vavau, island in the Pacific, 441. 
 Vedas, Sanscrit sacred books, 420, 
 
 469, 647, 651, 655. 
 Vegetable marrow, 749 
 Veii, Etruscan city, 280, 285, 293, 
 
 296. 
 Velezia rigida, 937. 
 Velia, seaport o£ Italy, 132, r45- 
 fW/a annua, S50. 
 
 pseudo-cytisus, 903. 
 
1220 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 }'eltheimia sp., 465. 
 
 uvaria, 9S1. 
 
 vtridijlora, 97S. 
 Velvet leaf, 802. 
 
 Venice, city in Italy, 657, S33, 860. 
 VeniilagO Maderaspatana, 966. 
 Venus, the goddess, 227. 
 
 de Medici, Greek statue, 442. 
 
 mercenaria, mollusk, 955. 
 
 the planet, 929; transit of, 
 1024. 
 Vcratrum album, 234. 
 
 {Stenanthium) angustifolium, 
 
 *°53- 
 
 nigrum, 235. 
 
 parviflonun, 104 1. 
 
 sabadilla, 1036. 
 
 viride, 809. 
 Verbal messages, transmission of, 
 
 ^34- 
 Verbascu/n auriculatum, 99S. 
 
 betonicae folium, 99S. 
 
 blattaria, 463, *)6j. 
 
 bl attar io ides, 960. 
 
 Bocr/iaarvii, 1021. 
 ferrugincitm, 980. 
 
 Limucnse, 287. 
 
 lychnitis, 914. 
 
 nigritm, 8S5. 
 
 Osbeckii, 996. 
 pinnatifidum, 996. 
 plicatum, 99S. 
 pitlvcrulentnm, 8S9. 
 
 s'tnuatum, 2S4. 
 thapsus, 284, 95S. 
 undulatum, 284 
 virgatum, 903. 
 Verbena august if id hi, 1041. 
 
 Aubletia, 102S. 
 
 Bonariensis, ion. 
 bracteosa, 1044 
 
 Caroliniana, <f\i. 
 chamaedrifolia, 1002. 
 citriodora, see Aloysia. 
 eri?ioides, 662. 
 hastata, 949, 96S. 
 officinalis, 433. 
 strict a, 1044. 
 suptua, 253. 
 ur tic i folia, 973. 
 Verbesiua alata, 9S8. 
 
 bifiora, see J('o/lasiou/a. 
 calendulacea, 594. 
 frut/cosa, 987. 
 gigantea, 987. 
 sativa, 724. 
 siegesbeckia, 962. 
 Virginica, 1016. 
 Vermilion, 291. 
 Vermont, State in North America, 
 
 1036, 1046. 
 Vernal grass, 912. 
 Vernon m augustifolia, 1040. 
 anthelmintica, 421. 
 appendiculata, 3.S4 
 arbor escenSy 987. 
 
 Vernonia cinerea, 738. 
 
 fascicnlata, see prua/ta. 
 
 glruca, ion. 
 
 A'oT'e/'oraet/fSis, 062 
 
 oligophylla, see glauca. 
 
 pncalta, 993. 
 
 scabra, 950 
 
 staechadifolia, 731. 
 Veronica acini folia, 993. 
 
 agrestis, 883. 
 
 alpina, 921, 1064. 
 
 Americana, 946. 
 
 ainocua, 998. 
 
 anagallis, 419, 501, 969. 
 
 aphylla, 921. 
 
 arvensis, 914. 
 
 An striata, 930. 
 
 beccabunga, 502. 
 
 be/t/dioides, S94. 
 
 biloba, 1007. 
 
 Buxbanniii, 100S. 
 
 chamadrys, 633. 
 
 cymbalaria, 1007. 
 
 dentata, 921. 
 filiform is, 1007. 
 fruticosa, 1028 
 geutiitiioides, 1007. 
 hederatc/ot/a, 822. 
 latifolia, 907. 
 longifolia, %-j\. 
 maritima, 905. 
 Montana, 934. 
 officinalis, 722. 
 
 Oriental is, 1007, 
 parvifolia, 1007. 
 fectinata, 1007. 
 pcduucularis, 1007. 
 peregi'ina, S94. 
 prostrata, 870. 
 reniformis, 1054. 
 saxatilis, 918. 
 scntellata, 895. 
 scrpylh folia, 608. 
 Siberica, 1013. 
 spicata, 870. 
 spuria, 921. 
 ienella, 999. 
 teucriuni, 882. 
 trip/iyl/or, S95. 
 urticaefolia, 91 2. 
 vema, 911. 
 Vtrginiea, 999. 
 Vervain, 433, 968, 973. 
 Vesicaria argentea, 1057. 
 reticulata, 996. 
 Shortii, 1067. 
 sinuata, 921. 
 Vestal virgins, of Rome, 517. 
 Vesta, the planet, 1052. 
 Vesuvius, eruptions of, 515, 568. 
 Vetala panchavinsati, Sanscrit 
 
 Tales, 616. 
 J-Wc//, 89, 505, 581. 
 Viburnum aeerifolium, 1016. 
 Davui'icum, 1013. 
 dentaium, 769. 
 
 Viburnum lantana, 451, 459. 
 
 lantanoides, 1044. 
 
 leutago, 1019. 
 molle, 1039. 
 
 nudum, 1016. 
 
 obovatum, 1040. 
 
 opuius, 456, 926. 
 
 oxycoccus, S06 
 
 prnuifoliwn, 999. 
 
 pubescens, 1041. 
 
 tutus, 328. 
 Vicia A?nericaua, 1052. 
 
 amphicarpos, 355. 
 
 angustifolia, 912. 
 
 Bengalensis, 982. 
 
 biennis, 1013. 
 
 Bitkyuica, 1007. 
 
 Caroliniana, 1040. 
 
 cassnbica, 1000. 
 
 cracca, 505. 
 
 dumetorum, 913. 
 
 gigantea, 581. 
 
 lathy roides, 355. 
 
 lutea, 311. 
 
 jVarboueusis, 889. 
 
 oroboides, 907. 
 
 Pannoniea, 907. 
 
 feregrina, 1000. 
 
 pisiformis, 921. 
 
 platycarpos, 931. 
 
 sativa, 89. 
 
 sepium, 835. 
 
 sylvatica, 1000. 
 
 varic-'iita, 9 ,8. 
 Victoria Nyanza Lake, 269. 
 Vienna, city on the Danube, 870- 
 
 71, 9S0, 1055. 
 Vieussenxia edutis, 230. 
 Vigna Inteola, 730. 
 FiV/tf aspera, 1044. 
 
 vagi nee flora, 1060. 
 
 Virginka, see SporolhUus. 
 Villarsia Indica, 6S1. 
 
 see Limnauthcmwn. 
 
 nymplucoides, 362. 
 Viuca lutea, 1005. 
 
 major, 509. 
 
 minor, 477. 
 pusilla, 974. 
 
 rosea, ()/0. 
 
 Vine > 3 6 * 543.909- 
 
 Vinland, (178. 
 
 £ /'(?/<? arborescens, 97 r. 
 
 bifiora, 907. 
 
 /'/,////,, 968. 
 
 calcarata, 912. 
 
 Canadensis, 1019-20. 
 
 caniua, 30S, 419. 
 
 capillaris, 1002. 
 
 clandestina, 1056. 
 
 ciccullata, 935, 958, 968. 
 
 (Hybantlius) enneasperma, 974. 
 
 Gmeliniani, 1013. 
 
 grand iflora, 907. 
 
 hastata, 1041. 
 
 /*/r/<7, 835. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 1221 
 
 Viola lanceolata, 994. 
 Muhlenbergii, 93c. 
 nitmmnlariaefolia, 993. 
 
 Nuttallii, 
 
 :>57- 
 
 odorata, 131, 1029. 
 
 ovata, 968. 
 palmata, 995. 
 
 palnstris, 870, 935, 1064. 
 
 pedata, 866, 929, 993. 
 
 pinnata, 921. 
 
 primulifolia, 1016. 
 
 pubescens, 803. 
 
 rostrata, 1056. 
 
 rotundifolia, 1041. 
 
 sagittata, 958. 
 
 striata, 1043. 
 
 tricolor, 353. 
 
 uniflora, 1013. 
 
 Zoysii, 971. 
 Kioto, 131, 308, 803. 
 Violin, 716. 
 Viper, 23. 
 Viper-grass, 863. 
 Viper's bugloss, 368. 
 Vi-plum, 441. 
 Virgilia Capensis, 766. 
 Virginia, colonized by the English, 
 908, 92S, 933, 936, 939, 942, 951, 
 95 s . 973. 9^6. 
 Viscum album, 186, 451. 
 
 ? buxifolium , 9S7. 
 
 ? flaveus, 9S7. 
 
 ? opuntioides, 9S3. 
 
 oxycedri, 902. 
 
 ?purpureum,set Phoradendron. 
 
 ? rubrum, see Phoradendron. 
 
 ? verticillatum, 983. 
 Vismia gicttifera, 950. 
 Visnea mocanera, 764. 
 Vitex agnus-castus, 144. 
 
 alata, 595. 
 
 altissima, 595. 
 
 arborea, 278. 
 
 incisa, 1024. 
 
 negundo, 596. 
 
 •*/■> 425. 73 2 - 
 trifolia, 596. 
 fr7//r aestivalis, 803, 940, 958. 
 Arkansaua, Nutt., 880. 
 Californica, 1029. 
 cordifolia, 664, 875, 927, 940. 
 Indica, 332, 867. 
 labrusca, 803, 908, 923, 927-28, 
 
 940, 958. 
 riparia, 1 021. 
 
 J/-, 857- 
 
 vinifera, 36. 
 
 vulpina, 866, 878, 893, 908. 
 
 Yesoensis, 417. 
 Vittaria lineata, 987. 
 Viverra genetta, 12. 
 I'oandzeia subterranea, 706. 
 Vocal Memnon, the statue, 250, 
 
 464. 534- 
 Vogouls, of Siberia, 1030. 
 
 Volcanic eruptions, 285, 666, 827, 
 
 1065. 
 Volkameria aatleata, 983. 
 
 Japotiica, 629. 
 Vrihat-Katha, Sanscrit writing, 686. 
 Vulgate Bible, first printed volume 
 
 issued in Europe, 828. 
 Vulpes, Arcticus, 932. 
 
 fox, 136, 452. 
 
 fulvus, 875. 
 Vulture, 21, 26. 
 
 Wachendorfia hirsuta, 975. 
 
 paniculata, 977. 
 Wadi Haifa, in Nubia, 1062. 
 
 Maghara, in the Sinai penin- 
 sula, 66, 112. 
 Wahlenbergia nutabicnda, 1064. 
 Wahuma, Ethiop. shepherds, 730. 
 Waitahu, island of, 917. 
 Waldenses, association for reform, 
 
 709, 715. 
 Waldstainia fragarioides, 1044. 
 
 lobata, 1059. 
 Wales, 573, 757, 1072. 
 Walkera serrata, 973. 
 Wallachia, country of Eastern Eu- 
 rope, 78S, 843. 
 Wallenia laurifolia, 9S2. 
 Wall- flower, 658. 
 
 ror/Yi', 883. 
 
 r;/i?, 367. 
 Walls, 231, 482, 572. 
 
 across Britain, 525, 534. 
 
 Chinese, 288, 393, 865. 
 Walnut, 188, 476. 
 Walrus, or morse, 643, 752, 94S. 
 Walsura piscidia, 245. 
 Waltheria Americana, 1000. 
 
 angustifolia, 1000. 
 
 debit is, 1067. 
 
 Indica, 970. 
 Wampum, Indian money, 952, 955. 
 Wang, Corean dynasty, 797. 
 Wanyambo, Negro nation, 730. 
 War-conch, 328. 
 Wart-cress, 352. 
 Washington, city in N. America, 
 
 1051, 1053. 
 Wasp, 17. 
 Water-avens, 625. 
 
 chinquapin, 777. 
 
 convolvulus, 703. 
 
 cress, 175, 376, 945. 
 
 dock, 470, 807. 
 
 dropiuort, 358. 
 
 fennel, 506. 
 
 hyssop, 825. 
 
 /*»///, 478. 
 
 ///>, 135, 274, 277, 362, 387, 777. 
 
 lohis, 777. 
 
 milfoil, 409, 895. 
 
 nut, 133. 
 
 peachwort, 844. 
 
 Water-pepper, 492, 504, 951. 
 plantain, 493. 
 soldier, 558. 
 Starwort, 636. 
 Water-clock, or Clepsydra, 269, 
 
 401. 
 Waterloo, battle of, 1060. 
 Wax, 774, 788, 853, 
 
 insect, 788. 
 Weaving, spinning, 154, 543, 5S3. 
 Wcdelia carnosa, 987. 
 Weeds, on the river-flats of the 
 
 Nile, 13. 
 Weigelia Japonica, 989. 
 Weights and measures, 67, 212. 
 Welding silver and iron, 220. 
 Welsh National Festival, 1072. 
 Wen-hian-thoung-khao, Chinese 
 
 history, 721, 774. 
 Wessex, Saxon kingdom in Eng- 
 land, 573, 632. 
 West Indies, aboriginals of, 882, 
 
 909, 918-19, 940. 
 Westminster abbey, 758, 859. 
 Weygats, Straits of, 891. 
 Whalebone, 676. 
 Whale-fishery, 986. 
 Whales, 323, 335, 643, 666, 902, 978. 
 Whale Sound, 933. 
 Wheat, 59, 78, 451, 819, 935, 944. 
 Wheat-fly, Cecidomya destructor, 
 
 267. 
 Whip-tongue, 636. 
 White bear, 752. 
 
 Mountains in New Hampshire, 
 first ascended by a Euro- 
 pean, 952. 
 Race, figured, 3, 55, 66, 67, 
 
 70, 85, 103. 
 Sea, or Bay, of St. Nicholas, 
 8S8. 
 White bent, 725. 
 oak, 946. 
 weed, 645. 
 Whitlow grass, 556. 
 Wickstroemia canescens, 601. 
 Wight, isle near the English shore, 
 
 479- 
 Wild oat, 638. 
 
 rye, 666. 
 Willow, 3, 62, 171, 236, 325, 561, 
 617, 874, 1060. 
 
 herb, 357. 
 
 thorn, 703. 
 Willughbeia edulis, 578. 
 
 Alartabanica , 112. 
 Windle-straw, 638. 
 Wine, the art of making, 36, 339. 
 Winter-aconite, 906. 
 
 cherry, 313. 
 
 cress, 175, 9S8. 
 
 grape, 664. 
 
 green, 844. 
 Wintera aromatica, 902. 
 
 Chilensis, 812. 
 Winter's bark, 812, 902. 
 
1222 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Wisconsin, N. American State, 1069 
 
 Wistaria Chinensis, 561. 
 
 frutescens, 1015. 
 
 Japouica, 607. 
 Witches and Witchcraft, 957, 990^ 
 Witch hazel, 805. 
 Withama coagitlaus, 736. 
 
 somnifcru, 176. 
 Witheringnt montana, 1002. 
 Woad, 86, 3 [3. 
 Wolf, 25, 947. 
 Wolfsbane, 484. 
 Wollastonia biffora, 974. 
 Wolstenholme Sound, 933. 
 Women's Islands, 933. 
 Wood-engraving, 597. 
 Woodruff, 654. 
 Wood sage, 759. 
 Woods/a Ilveusis, 912. 
 
 obtusa, 1056. 
 Woodtorrel, 625, 668. 
 Woodioardia o/ioeleoides, 979. 
 
 radicans ? 1007. 
 
 thelvpteroides, 1055. 
 
 / 'irginica, 992. 
 JFooduax, 86. 
 
 Woolen manufacture, 713, 994. 
 Worniskioldia granateo, 496. 
 Worms, city of, 68r, 865. 
 Wormivood, I, 99, 280, 935. 
 Wouudioort^ 173, 530,883. 
 Wreaths, i\±. 
 Wri^hlia anti-dysenteriea, 593. 
 
 coecinea, 590. 
 
 mollissima, 735. 
 
 tinctoria, 694. 
 
 tomentosa, S3 2. 
 
 Zeylanica, 970. 
 Writing, art of, 13, 30, 66, 77, 150, 
 
 154. 3 6 9> 30, 543- *>-'. 9 2 °. 
 Wiitings transmitted, or books, 114. 
 Wulfenia Carinthiaca, 1037. 
 
 Xaco, Japanese idol, 615. 
 
 Xanthiitm macrocarpum, 1060. 
 
 spinosnm, 976. 
 
 strnmarium, 147, 969. 
 Xanthoe/iymus pictorins, 593. 
 Xanthorrhaa kastilis, 564. 
 Xa/ithoxylon alatum, 497. 
 
 aromatiettm, 1 000. 
 
 budrunga, 590. 
 
 Carol 'internum, 1003. 
 
 dava-Herculis, 1000. 
 
 einarginatiim, 983. 
 fraxnieinn, 1024. 
 
 hastile, 735, 
 juglandifolhun, 1000. 
 
 piperitum, 146. 
 
 rketsa, 522. 
 
 rhoifoliitm, 1000. 
 
 sikerebc, 417. 
 
 Xanthoxylen triearpnm, 1043. 
 
 triphylhun, 726. 
 Xerauthemum annuum, 475. 
 
 cylindricum, 978. 
 
 Orientale, 895. 
 Xerophyllum setifolium, 999. 
 
 tenax, 58 2. 
 Xinienta spinosa, 856. 
 Xuaresia bijlora, 1002. 
 Xyloearpits granatum , 411. 
 
 keanuun, 1 13. 
 
 obovatus, 445 
 Xylopia glabra, 1000 
 Xylosteum alpigeuu/n, S92. 
 
 caemlewn, 894. 
 
 ciliatum, 1044. 
 
 nigrum, 894. 
 
 oblongifolium, 1059. 
 
 Tartariemn, 1017 
 
 villoswn, 1044. 
 
 viiIgL%n\ 879. 
 A"i'r/j" Americana, 950. 
 
 Baldwini, 1059. 
 
 brevi folia, 1041. 
 
 bulbosa, 961. 
 
 Caroliniana, 1039. 
 fimbriate, 1061. 
 
 Jndiea, 498. 
 
 A>r/tf, 1059. 
 
 Yak, bullock of Thibet, 527. 
 Kw/, 301, 416, 498, 589, 593, 733, 
 S62, 925, 976. 
 
 kidney-shaped, 416. 
 Yamassees, abo. tribe N. A , 1004. 
 }</;-;-(>««, or milfoil, 170. 
 Yaiipon, 777. 
 
 Yavano, in Hindustan, 569. 
 Yedo, citv in Japan, 825, 916. 
 Yedso, or Yc><.\ Japan island, 607, 
 
 621, 7^6, Sr 7 , 936, 952-53. 
 Yellow fever, 1009. 
 Yemen, 212, 226, 259, 439, 5X3. 
 Yeltrop, isl near Ye so., 953, 1070. 
 Yfi'cring, or Yethering bells, S49, 
 K'as 129, 134, 5S3, 607. 
 Y-king, earliest Chin, writing, 155. 
 Yoktan Arab-, 212. 
 York, city in England, ^34, 713. 
 Yorktown, Va., siege of, ioy. 
 Youan, twenty-second ( ,r Tartar 
 
 dynasty in China, 753, 767. 
 Yucatan, 862. 
 >W(.v/ aloifolia, 761. 
 
 angitstifolia, 105/. 
 
 Draconis, 924. 
 
 ftamentosa, 977. 
 
 gloriosa, 899. 
 
 rccurvifolia, 1048. 
 Yuncas, of Peru, 668, 796. 
 
 Zacintha vkrrucosa, 6S5. 
 Zaffee-Ramini, Arab tribe, 706. 
 
 Zalacca edulis, 233. 
 Zamia cyeadifolia, 229. 
 
 debilis, 993. 
 
 furfuracea, 891. 
 
 pumila, 761. 
 
 piuigens, 1007. 
 Zaftig, island in the China Sea, 743. 
 Zannichellia palustris, 938. 
 Zanonia Indica, 745. 
 Zanthorhiza apiifolia, 1039. 
 Zanzibar, in East Africa, 260, 503, 
 
 5 2 7,994- 
 Zapania nodiflora, see Lippia. 
 
 Zauiet-el-Mcitin, see Sauiet-el- 
 
 Meitin. 
 Zmi-m.iytT, 610, 874-75, 9 2 6- 
 Zebra, 775. 
 
 Zebu, or Indian bullock, 424. 
 Zedoaria, 415, 519. 
 Zend Avesta, sacred book of the 
 
 Parsees, 252. 
 Zephyranthes tnbispatha, 1043. 
 Zhafar, city in Yemen, 549. 
 Zingiber cassumunar, 833. 
 
 mioga, 976. 
 
 officinale, 260. 
 
 Zerumbet, 832, 917. 
 Zinnia multi flora, 1026. 
 Zizania aqnatica, ,71, 929. 
 
 ( Ifydrochloa ) ffuitans t 1 04 1 . 
 
 miliacea, 77S. 
 Zizia integerrnna, 1016. 
 Ziziphora eapitata, 343. 
 
 serpyllaeea, 1007. 
 
 thvmo/des, 978. 
 Zizyphus glabrata, 744. 
 
 iguanea, 993. 
 
 jujuba, 222. 
 
 lijieahts, 999. 
 
 /##/.$•, see Z. vulgaris. 
 
 nieliinogona, 426. 
 
 napeca, 999. 
 
 oenoplia, 669. 
 
 spina Christ/, 426. 
 
 xylopyra, 727. 
 Zoan, or San, city in Egypt, 105. 
 Zodiacal projections, 306. 
 Zoega Lpttiitrca, 894. 
 Zonaria pai-onia, a seaioeed, 496. 
 Zoological science, 87. 
 Zor/iiii diphylla, 973. 
 
 pule hello, 1000. 
 
 tetraphvlla, 1040. 
 
 Zeylonensis, 1 000. 
 Zostera marina, 173, 949. 
 Zygadenns elegans, 1055. 
 
 glaberrimns, 1041. 
 
 leimanthoides, 1067. 
 Zj#*a jA, 349. 
 Zygophylhtm coccincuin, 669. 
 
 fabago, 648. 
 
 morgsaua, 1000. 
 
 sessilifoliiun, 1001. 
 
 spinosum, 1016.